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Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Welcome to the Tombs) Welcome to the Tombs "Welcome to the Tombs" is the sixteenth and final episode of the third season of the post-apocalyptic horror television series "The Walking Dead", which aired on AMC on March 31, 2013. In the episode, The Governor (David Morrissey) and Rick Grimes (Andrew Lincoln) prepare for the upcoming assault on the prison. Tyreese (Chad L. Coleman) and Sasha (Sonequa Martin-Green) decide to not participate in the assault and stay on guard duty before preparing to leave, as the citizens of Woodbury become increasingly alarmed at The Governor's erratic behaviour. Meanwhile, Andrea (Laurie Holden) struggles to escape The Document [2] (Title: Hounded (The Walking Dead)) the walkers that surround the prison. Inside, Daryl (Norman Reedus) and Oscar (Vincent Ward) are clearing out walkers when they spot one with Carol's (Melissa McBride) knife in it, who they thought had died in the previous walker infestation. Seeing a secured door nearby, they open it and discover Carol inside, exhausted but alive. Zack Handlen, writing for "The A.V. Club", rated the episode an A− on an A to F scale. Of the multiple storylines weaved in this episode, he felt that Rick's was the strongest and Andrea's the weakest, but also noted that Andrea has become "more interesting" Document [3] (Title: Michonne) return to the prison with the medicine after Rick and Carl have defended the prison from a walker herd. Michonne takes the bodies to be burnt offsite and Hershel decides to go with her. In the episode "Dead Weight", Michonne and Hershel are seen chatting and laughing in the distance as they prepare the bodies for disposal, unaware they are being watched by The Governor who aims his gun at them. In the mid-season finale "Too Far Gone", the Governor kidnaps Hershel and Michonne and convinces his new group to use them as hostages to take over the prison. At Document [4] (Title: The Prisoners (The Walking Dead)) protect the prison. Oscar instead decides to go. During his plan to rescue Glenn Rhee and Maggie Greene, members of Rick's group, Oscar is shot dead by a Woodbury soldier. At the prison, Axel soon tries to win the favor of the group by trying to stir up conversations and takes a liking to Beth and Carol, flirting with them both. He is later shown saddened by Oscar's death. Axel, Hershel, and Beth, visit new arrivals Tyreese, Sasha, Allen, and Ben. He helps the group fortify the prison, and becomes friendly with Carol by telling her stories of his criminal Document [5] (Title: The King, the Widow, and Rick) food and water, while Gregory (Xander Berkeley) suggest they build gallows to hang them. However, Jesus reminds them that by killing their prisoners they would be no better than the Saviors. Maggie later decides to allow the Saviors inside, imprisoned within in a makeshift cage, as long as they do not cause trouble. She then sends Gregory into the pen to be imprisoned with the Saviors, despite his loud protests, as she cannot trust him either. In private, Jesus thanks Maggie for keeping the Saviors alive, but she sees them as future bargaining chips. In the library, Aaron shares his Document [6] (Title: Too Far Gone (The Walking Dead)) Just keep walking." This episode marked the last regular appearances of Scott Wilson (Hershel) and David Morrissey (The Governor), whose characters were killed off during the prison assault in the episode. On the decision to kill Hershel, Robert Kirkman explained: He was the moral compass of the group and it’s always good to lose the moral compass. It will all become clear when we finally show you the back half of season 4. It wasn’t enough for these characters to lose the prison. They also had to feel some kind of loss over something important and Hershel was that thing Document [7] (Title: Eugene Porter) to Finish", Eugene is rescued by Tara and Rosita from the herd of walkers, seconds after hearing Daryl on the radio and letting out a cry of help. The three seek refuge and get trapped in a nearby garage. Later, Eugene uses his lock-picking skills to escape the room. They stumble into the same room where Owen is holding Denise captive, with Carol and Morgan unconscious on the floor. He forces them to surrender their weapons and Eugene watches as the Wolf leaves the house, taking Denise with him. In the mid-season premiere "No Way Out", Eugene helps kill the Document [8] (Title: Prey (The Walking Dead)) Cantillo), will follow through on the Governor's plans. Instead, Milton urges Andrea to escape and warn Rick and the others. Andrea agrees but cannot convince Milton to come, and challenges him to stop looking the other way from the Governor's immoral actions. The Governor, Martinez, and others prepare to set off for the prison under pretense of following on the deal. Andrea wishes to come along, but Martinez confiscates all but her knife. The Governor insists that this is to keep her safe and separate from their operation until they meet with Rick. Andrea does not buy this, and sneaks Document [9] (Title: Andrea (The Walking Dead)) that they can find it themselves, planning on launching an attack in revenge. She makes it to the prison, but refuses to help Rick's group sneak back into Woodbury, and Carol instead suggests she assassinate the Governor. When she returns to Woodbury, she has the opportunity to kill a sleeping Governor but she is unable to strike the blow. Instead, Andrea arranges for the two sides to negotiate at a neutral location, but both Rick and the Governor refuse to allow her to join in their discussion. She discovers the Governor's plans to launch an attack at the prison, and Document [10] (Title: Morgan Jones (The Walking Dead)) from walkers. When the Wolf reanimates, Morgan kills it and apologizes. In the episode "Not Tomorrow Yet", Morgan tries to talk the group out of attacking the Saviors, but Rick is determined to kill them all. With the strike force gone on their sneak attack, Morgan is seen back in Alexandria welding bars together to make a new detention cell. In the episode "Twice as Far", Morgan is seen reinforcing his jail cell, telling Rick it will give them options in the future. In the episode "East", after Carol goes missing, both Morgan and Rick set out to find her. Document [11] (Title: Sick (The Walking Dead)) off on his own to get medical supplies from the infirmary, and though successful, is scolded by Lori. Carol (Melissa McBride) has Glenn (Steven Yeun) help her capture a female walker to allow her to practice performing a C-section, as Hershel may not be able to help when Lori goes into labor. They are unaware they are being watched from outside the prison fence by an unknown figure. Hershel starts to show signs of recovery, and is conscious after Rick returns from the other cell block. Later on, Lori tries to strike up an intimate conversation with Rick, who simply Document [12] (Title: Carol Peletier) killing their father Ryan who was bitten by a walker. This makes Carol even more determined to keep those she cares about safe. In the episode "Isolation", when a new disease starts spreading in the prison, two people who are infected are killed – Karen (Melissa Ponzio) the Woodbury survivor and girlfriend of Tyreese (Chad L. Coleman), and prison newcomer David. Unknown to the other survivors, Carol killed them in their sleep and burned their bodies in the belief it would stop the infection from spreading. An enraged Tyreese finds the burned bodies and attacks Rick while Carol watches, and Document [13] (Title: Home (The Walking Dead)) attempts to steal from the family after calling them slurs, but Daryl stops him and lets the family drive away. The two get into an argument initially about Daryl's willingness to help others, but it soon turns into longstanding issues from their childhood, and Daryl reveals that their father had beat them both. Merle finally admits that he had left Daryl as he feared he would kill their father if he stayed. Merle also reveals that Daryl and him were originally planning to rob the survivor's camp outside of Atlanta. At the prison, Carol (Melissa McBride) and Axel (Lew Temple) Document [14] (Title: The Governor (The Walking Dead)) their camp. Among the camp are brothers Pete and Mitch Dolgen, who have a working tank. When it becomes clear that Martinez may not be able to keep them safe, the Governor kills him by throwing him into a pit of walkers. Pete takes command, but the Governor later kills him as well after he displays an inability to kill a group of other survivors to take their belongings. The Governor plans to rally the camp and use the tank in a second attack on the prison. In the mid-season finale "Too Far Gone", the Governor encounters Michonne and Hershel Document [15] (Title: Inmates (The Walking Dead)) could have made a bold move, but chose not to, which deflated the momentum a bit, and some rocky exposition. The episode moved the plot forward with check ins on each of the prison survivors, the introduction and/or re-introduction of some key characters, and a path to a new, somewhat mysterious location. Ultimately, "Inmates" functioned mainly as a set-up for the remainder of the season." Patrick Kevin Day of The "Los Angeles Times" commented positively on the episode's simplicity, saying "This episode wasn't full of compelling plot twists (well, maybe a couple) and it didn't do a deep dive into Document [16] (Title: Glenn Rhee) after Rick taunts the group with the option of leaving on their own. In the season premiere "Seed," six to seven months after leaving the farm, Glenn has become increasingly proficient at fighting walkers. He and Maggie continue to have a strong relationship. The group finds a prison and decides to make it their new home. While clearing out part of the prison, Glenn and Maggie get separated from Hershel and Hershel gets bitten by a walker, forcing Rick to cut Hershel's leg off below the knee to prevent the infection from spreading. In the episode "Sick," Glenn escorts Carol Document [17] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 5)) (Lennie James), who was last seen in the third-season episode "Clear." The first half of the season focuses on the group's escape from Terminus, after finding themselves in a vulnerable situation, where they learn the true motives of the Terminans, and the rescue of Beth Greene (Emily Kinney) from Grady Memorial Hospital in Atlanta. In the midst of events, part of the group travels to Washington, D.C. in search of a possible cure for the walker virus. The second half of the season focuses on the group's addition and experience in a newfound sanctuary; Alexandria Safe-Zone: a walled-off community, whose Document [18] (Title: Too Far Gone (The Walking Dead)) walkers stream through the downed fences, Tyreese is cornered by Alisha (Juliana Harkavy) and another soldier, but both are killed by Lizzie (Brighton Sharbino) and Mika (Kyla Kenedy). The children then run towards the prison, with Tyreese following them, telling them to go the other way. Daryl disables the tank by rolling a grenade down the gun barrel, then kills Mitch, and flees the prison with Beth. Though urged to fight by Alisha, Tara Chambler refuses as she realizes that what they are doing is wrong and ultimately runs off without ever firing a shot. The Governor nearly strangles Rick Document [19] (Title: Michonne) college to treat a deadly illness that has broken out among the prison population, and Tyreese (Chad Coleman) joins them before they leave. On the car radio they hear a message offering sanctuary at a place called Terminus before the car is swarmed by walkers and they are forced to flee on foot. In the episode "Indifference", they obtain the needed medicine from the college. Daryl and Tyreese argue with Michonne that the Governor won't be found, and that she is more needed at the prison, and she ultimately agrees to give up her search. In the episode "Internment", they Document [20] (Title: Seed (The Walking Dead)) moving into the prison to clear out a cell block. Daryl notes one wore civilian clothes, suspecting there may have been a breach. Rick and the others start clearing away the walker bodies, giving Lori the chance to confide to Hershel that she fears her child may be stillborn and re-animate as a walker, but Hershel calms her down and affirms the child is still okay. Rick, Daryl, Hershel, Glenn (Steven Yeun), Theodore "T-Dog" Douglas (IronE Singleton), and Maggie Greene (Lauren Cohan) go on a scouting mission to other parts of the prison, many in total darkness. The group inadvertently Document [21] (Title: Isolation (The Walking Dead)) sister Sasha (Sonequa Martin-Green), Glenn Rhee (Steven Yeun), Lizzie (Brighton Sharbino) and the prison's doctor, Dr. Caleb Subramanian (Sunkrish Bala). are among those who contract the virus and are forced to enter quarantine. Hershel suggests that they could search a veterinary college for medical supplies, and Daryl, Michonne (Danai Gurira) and Bob Stookey (Lawrence Gilliard Jr.) volunteer to retrieve the medicine. After escorting the sick into Cell Block A, Carol notices that they are low in water and informs Rick about it, with the two agreeing to clean the cistern the next day. Rick cautiously approaches Tyreese to comfort him Document [22] (Title: The Walking Dead: The Fall of the Governor) group. Rick's people kill all of them, except for Bruce, who is barely alive. When the Governor arrives he shoots Bruce in the head to prevent reanimation and tells his people to follow the tracks to find the prison. They find the prison, but the Governor orders them not to attack yet. They have to wait until the guard of the prison group is down. After a few weeks the Governor and a group of Woodbury soldiers march towards the prison. Among the vehicles is a tank. They attack first, but the prison group fends off the attack and a Document [23] (Title: Conquer (The Walking Dead)) not Alexandria. In the meantime, Carol visits Pete and asks him to check on Tara Chambler (Alanna Masterson), who is still wounded. When he refuses, Carol pulls a knife and threatens him, saying that she can get away with claiming self-defense. Abraham Ford (Michael Cudlitz) visits Tara and talks with Eugene Porter (Josh McDermitt), and they apologize for things that happened on the road. Eventually, Tara wakes up while Rosita Espinosa (Christian Serratos) is watching her. Outside the walls, Sasha (Sonequa Martin-Green) buries a group of walkers she had killed. However, still emotionally unstable, she goes into the grave and Document [24] (Title: Sasha Williams (The Walking Dead)) stay on the wall with rifles in case he comes back. When Rick, Daryl (Norman Reedus) and Michonne arrive at Woodbury after the attack with Karen (Melissa Ponzio), Tyreese and Sasha are at first hostile, but after Karen tells about The Governor massacring his army, let them in Woodbury where they learn Andrea never made it to the prison and is actually captive in the town itself. After Andrea's death, caused by the Governor leaving Milton to turn and bite her, Sasha, Tyreese, Karen and the remaining Woodbury citizens return to the prison with Rick. Sasha is appointed as a Document [25] (Title: Home (The Walking Dead)) help set up barricades, during which Axel admits he has been put in prison for trying to commit armed robbery with a water pistol. Axel begins to tell a humorous story about his brother, but is suddenly shot and killed, and Carol sees The Governor standing outside the fence. The prison group quickly take up arms while The Governor's men fire upon them. The Governor orders a bread truck filled with walkers to crash through the gates, filling the entire outer prison yard and trapping Rick who is still outside the inner fence. The Governor and his men leave the Document [26] (Title: Glenn Rhee) Hershel gives Glenn his blessing. Glenn then asks Maggie to marry him, and she says yes. In the season finale "Welcome to the Tombs," the Governor launches his assault on the prison, but the group is prepared. Glenn and Maggie fight back while wearing riot gear. Later, when Rick returns with the survivors from Woodbury, and Glenn opens the prison gates for them. In the season premiere "30 Days Without an Accident," Glenn and Maggie get a pregnancy scare and decides to go out on a run in her place. When he gets back to the prison, Maggie tells him Document [27] (Title: Too Far Gone (The Walking Dead)) an escape plan, The Governor gives Rick an ultimatum to leave the prison or be killed, using Michonne and Hershel as leverage. Rick tries to reason with The Governor, who becomes frustrated and holds Michonne's katana to Hershel's neck. Rick appeals to the militia claiming that everyone isn't too far gone and they could still peacefully live together and resolve their differences, echoing Hershel's statements. The Governor calls Rick a liar, and swings Michonne's sword at Hershel's neck, partially decapitating him, and prompting Rick and the prison inhabitants to open fire. Michonne, taking advantage of the situation, rolls away and Document [28] (Title: Rick Grimes) any possibility that the possible virus continues to exist. At the same time, he returns Carl's weapon and takes out his Colt Python for protection. In the episode "Isolation", Carol admits that she killed two infected people to spare others from getting infected; Rick exiles her, Rick then burns his shirt in the fire in the following episode, "Indifference". In the episode "Internment", he resolves problems with walkers carving through the fences as the illness dies out with Hershel's medical assistance. In the mid-season finale, "Too Far Gone", The Governor returns with a militia to take over the prison and Document [29] (Title: Prey (The Walking Dead)) a flashback to Andrea and Michonne (Danai Gurira) on their own. Andrea asks if she knew Michonne's chained walkers before they turned, but she states they weren't human in the first place. In the present The Governor is preparing a cell for Michonne at Woodbury, complete with a dental chair and a number of tools to inflict torture. Milton (Dallas Roberts) warns Andrea that the Governor has reneged on the deal with Rick's group at the prison, and plans to kill them all and capture Michonne. Andrea considers assassinating the Governor, but Milton knows that his second-in-command, Martinez (Jose Pablo Document [30] (Title: The Suicide King (The Walking Dead)) his home to finish the walkers and euthanize the few residents bitten by them, then retreats back to his home. Andrea tries to coax The Governor to drop the matter, but learns from him he was aware of her friends at the prison and did not tell her, not believing that she supports Woodbury. Later, Milton (Dallas Roberts) and Andrea speak inspirational words to the Woodbury residents about rebuilding and persevering, winning over the crowd and defusing the internal strife. Meanwhile, at the prison, Hershel (Scott Wilson), Beth (Emily Kinney), and Axel (Lew Temple) visit Tyreese (Chad L. Coleman), Sasha Document [31] (Title: Inmates (The Walking Dead)) upon a walker attack by a set of railroad tracks. Two men, Christopher (Cameron Deane Stewart) and another man (Michael Harding), are fighting off a group of walkers. Tyreese kills the walkers but is unable to prevent both men being bitten. He then hears Mika's handgun fire off in the distance. As Tyreese begins to head back for the girls, the three of them, along with Carol Peletier (Melissa McBride), walk out of the bush. Tyreese welcomes her back, unaware of her exile by Rick. Before he dies, the older man (who later attacks Daryl and Beth as a walker), Document [32] (Title: I Ain't a Judas) Governor sent Merle to kill her (Michonne), demonstrating that he won't allow anyone to leave (or live) who isn't under his control. At Woodbury, Tyreese's group has been brought to the infirmary building where they are cleaned up. The Governor gives them his friendly welcome-speech and discusses their ordeals. Allen (Daniel Thomas May) reveals that they'd been at the prison, where the "crazy" leader, named Rick, chased them out. Tyreese gives The Governor the same offer he'd extended to Rick: to help out and earn their keep. The Governor asks if they could provide a layout of the prison. Allen Document [33] (Title: Alone (The Walking Dead)) In the present, Bob, Sasha (Sonequa Martin-Green), and Maggie (Lauren Cohan) are staying together after the prison attack, Maggie insisting they look for Glenn. Bob is almost bitten in a walker attack, but the wound only rips at his bandages. Sasha, who has come to appreciate Bob, is relieved. As they travel, they discover a sign near train tracks directing them to sanctuary at Terminus. Bob recalls a radio broadcast he had heard on a supply run about Terminus and suggests they go there; Maggie agrees, believing Glenn may have made it there too. Sasha, believing they should look for Document [34] (Title: When the Dead Come Knocking) he is still tied to a chair. Glenn manages to fend off and kill the walker while breaking free of his restraints. Separately The Governor (David Morrissey) interrogates Maggie (Lauren Cohan) and when she refuses to talk, he makes her take off her shirt and bra, threatening to rape her. Maggie remains silent and refuses to cooperate, even as The Governor threatens to harm Glenn, forcing him to leave her alone. The Governor then brings the two of them together, and threatens to kill Glenn in front of Maggie. Maggie finally relents, revealing that they come from a small group Document [35] (Title: Do Not Send Us Astray) However, one of the prisoners, who had also been hit by walker-coated weapons, reanimates and starts attacking them. In the confusion, another Savior, Jared (Joshua Mikel), wrestles the gun from Henry and leads the other Saviors, as well as Gregory (Xander Berkeley), to escape from the Hilltop during the turmoil. When dawn breaks, Maggie oversees more burials of their friends. They discover the missing Savior prisoners, though a few, led by Alden (Callan McAuliffe), offer to stay and help the Hilltop even though they know they will still be treated as prisoners. Additionally, Carol and Morgan go to search for Document [36] (Title: Penitenciaría Federal de Sona) there for life. Due to a prison riot the year before Season 3 takes place, Sona is no longer run by guards from within. Instead, guards only patrol from outside on the boundaries, leaving the prisoners to fend for themselves inside the walls. As stated by Lechero, it is only rules that will stop the inmates from becoming savages, and as such, Lechero runs Sona on the inside, with his rules in place. The prison first appeared in the finale of "Prison Break"'s Season 2, Sona. Michael Scofield was sent there after his self-sacrifice and confession to Sara Tancredi's crime Document [37] (Title: When the Dead Come Knocking) As they debate, they notice the walkers starting to turn towards Michonne, and due to being shot in the leg earlier by Merle, she stumbles as she tries to defend herself. Rick and Carl quickly stop the walkers and bring her inside, locking her in a cell near their cell block and taking away her katana. Michonne refuses to talk when they ask her questions. When they see the supplies that she had brought, they know she is aware there was a newborn at the prison, and both Rick and Daryl (Norman Reedus) threaten her. She explains, she had overheard Document [38] (Title: Inmates (The Walking Dead)) Inmates (The Walking Dead) "Inmates" is the tenth episode of the fourth season of the post-apocalyptic horror television series "The Walking Dead", which aired on AMC on February 16, 2014. The episode was written by Matthew Negrete and Channing Powell, and directed by Tricia Brock. The other survivors of the prison assault deal with recent losses and decide whether or not to try reuniting with each other. This episode marks the return of Carol Peletier (Melissa McBride), who has been absent since the fourth episode of season four. Scott Wilson and David Morrissey are no longer featured in the opening Document [39] (Title: The Governor (The Walking Dead)) the walkers that the Governor had been corralling; he then orders him to kill Andrea. Milton tries in vain to kill the Governor, but the Governor stabs him and locks him in with Andrea, so that Milton will reanimate and kill Andrea. The Governor then leads his army into the prison to kill Rick's entire group, but Tyreese and Sasha wants nothing to do with it, and stay behind at Woodbury. Rick and the others have set a trap at the prison, expecting the Woodbury army's arrival. Ambushed and outgunned by Maggie and Glenn, the Governor's army flees the prison Document [40] (Title: The Prisoners (The Walking Dead)) act of murder to save the group and that murder led to deaths within his own group and forced his own son to put down his mother". "Los Angeles Times" columnist Laura Hudson considered the identity of the mysterious figure breaking open the lock on the prison gates to be "not that much of a "mystery" if you consider how many black guys there are running around outside the prison with vendettas against Rick (note: one)". Ted Pigeon of" Slant Magazine" described the episode's opening sequence: "With its dreamlike, foggy setting and a conspicuously waist-down perspective of the saboteur, a Document [41] (Title: The Walking Dead: The Fall of the Governor) new arrivals attacked him and he had to chop off the leader's (Rick's) hand. While Rick is at the infirmary, Glenn and Michonne are locked up in two storage rooms. The Governor rapes and beats up Michonne regularly. When her relationship with Austin becomes more serious Lilly discovers she is pregnant and Austin is the father. One day an arena fighter named Harold Abernathy is killed by a vengeful opponent named Eugene Cooney. Because the Governor has a show planned later that day he forces Michonne to fight Eugene in the arena. During the fight Michonne decapitates Eugene using her Document [42] (Title: This Sorrowful Life) Hershel's permission to marry Maggie, and then proposes to her, using a wedding ring taken from one of the walkers at the prison fence. Rick arrives and tells the group of the offer to turn over Michonne but that he couldn't go through with it. He admits he made the decision on his own, and shouldn't have, not wanting to be a Governor. He asks the group to decide if they want to stay at the prison or leave, and leaves to go stand watch as they make their decision. There, he watches as Michonne returns to the prison. At Document [43] (Title: Merle Dixon) the Doorpost", Merle unsuccessfully tries to get the prison group to attack the Governor after fighting Glenn. He later tries to get Michonne to join him with his mission. In the penultimate season three episode "This Sorrowful Life", Rick confides in Merle, Daryl, and Hershel that the Governor promises to leave the prison alone if they hand over Michonne. Rick plans to do as the Governor requests and asks Merle to help deliver Michonne to the meeting place at noon. Merle, knowing that Rick will not go through with it, traps and ties up Michonne. However, after he and Michonne Document [44] (Title: Beth Greene) In the episode "Isolation", Beth continues to attempt to repress her sadness to Maggie when the deadly virus at the prison spreads, infecting Glenn (Steven Yeun) and endangering Hershel, who goes to the sick ward to help. During the Governor's (David Morrissey) attack on the prison in the episode "Too Far Gone", Beth and Maggie watch in horror as Hershel is decapitated during the battle, then the sisters are separated and Beth flees with Daryl. In the episodes "Inmates" and "Still", Beth and Daryl travel alone together, where the two come into conflict over the likelihood of other survivors. Beth Document [45] (Title: The Governor (The Walking Dead)) prevent her from becoming a walker before ordering his people to kill everyone in the prison. The Governor uses the tank to roll over the fences and goes into the fight himself, only to be tackled by Rick. The two of them fight, and the Governor eventually pins Rick and brutally beats him before beginning to choke him to death. At that moment, Michonne stabs the Governor and leaves him to die. Lilly then shoots him in the head, killing him. His corpse is briefly visible at the beginning of "After," lying in the middle of the field with a Document [46] (Title: Tyreese) Governor welcomes them with open arms, once they agree to provide a layout of the prison. In the episode "Prey", they are shown to have settled into the town, all four of them taking on active roles within the community. Tyreese and Sasha serve as the community's primary wall-guards. While they are on watch, Andrea reveals to them that the Governor has done terrible things and is planning worse, before she escapes over the wall. Tyreese is later taken to the Biter Pits to help collect captive walkers, and gets into a fight with Allen. He later asks the Governor Document [47] (Title: Alden (The Walking Dead)) revenge won't help him. While they're talking, a wounded prisoner reanimates and kills two others, making Henry open the gate. In the panic, Jared is able to overpower Henry and escapes with some of the prisoners. Alden and several other prisoners however stay and try to close the main gate against a walker herd drawn by the gunfire. Alden then saves Siddiq from a walker, killing it with a shovel. Maggie and others arrive and hold Alden at gunpoint, asking him what happened. Alden explains that he and the other remaining prisoners don't know where the escapees went, but that Document [48] (Title: The Walking Dead: The Fall of the Governor) lot of Woodbury soldiers are killed. After they retreat they are attacked by two prison group residents: Michonne and Tyreese. While Michonne manages to escape, Tyreese is captured and Michonne's katana is confiscated. The next morning the Governor goes to the prison gate and tells Rick to leave the prison. Otherwise he will kill Tyreese. The prison group do not respond and the Governor decapitates Tyreese using Michonne's katana. Back at camp the Governor tells the Woodbury soldiers that the prison people killed their own man so the Governor could not use him to take over the prison. Michonne returns Document [49] (Title: Michonne) an Accident", Michonne comes back to the prison from her tireless search for the Governor which have proved unsuccessful. In the episode "Infected", Michonne is about to head back out on her search, but tries to get back in when a walker attack is announced and she injures her ankle. Beth (Emily Kinney) tends to her wounds, and asks her to watch Rick's baby Judith; when Beth leaves the room, Michonne breaks down crying as she cradles the baby. In the episode "Isolation", she volunteers to go with Bob (Lawrence Gilliard Jr.) and Daryl to get antibiotics from a veterinary Document [50] (Title: Caesar Martinez (The Walking Dead)) together, the three depart. In the episode "Live Bait", in a flashback set hours after the prison attack, a depressed Governor does not try to stop a walker from killing him, forcing Martinez to shoot it. Seeing the Governor broken, Martinez and Shumpert abandon him. Months later, Martinez finds The Governor trapped in a ditch with a child. In the next episode "Dead Weight", Martinez, accompanied by Alisha and the brothers Pete and Mitch Dolgen, rescues the Governor from the pit and learn he has adopted the Chambler family, Lilly, Tara and Meghan but they identity him as "Brian" much Document [51] (Title: Too Far Gone (The Walking Dead)) and the militia infiltrates the prison. Rick ambushes The Governor and the two struggle in a fist fight. With the tank blasting holes in the prison, the inhabitants begin boarding the evacuation bus. Maggie (Lauren Cohan) takes a sick Glenn (Steven Yeun) aboard the bus, but quickly departs to find Beth (Emily Kinney), who left to find Judith. Maggie, Sasha (Sonequa Martin-Green), and Bob Stookey (Lawrence Gilliard Jr.) flee the prison after the bus drives off and Bob is shot in the shoulder (through and through). Tara (Alanna Masterson), shaken by the gunfire, runs off. As a large number of Document [52] (Title: T-Dog (The Walking Dead)) Daryl, and T-Dog confront the prisoners, who claim rights to the prison because they were there first. Rick and his group argue that they cleared out the walkers, so they earned the prison. They initially compromise to share the prison, but when Tomas, one of the prisoners, tries to assassinate Rick, the group fights them; one inmate (Andrew) escapes, and only two are left alive, Oscar and Axel. They surrender and Rick spares their lives but locks them in another cell block. In the episode "Killer Within", Oscar and Axel plead to be part of the group, but Rick declines. Document [53] (Title: Killer Within) (Scott Wilson) takes his first steps after the amputation of his foot. Suddenly, walkers swarm the courtyard, scattering the group. T-Dog (IronE Singleton) races after Carol (Melissa McBride) and sacrifices himself by barreling into a walker horde to let her escape. Rick, Glenn (Steven Yeun), and Daryl (Norman Reedus) find the gate's lock broken and re-secure it to prevent further walkers from entering. Rick accuses Axel and Oscar of the treachery, but an alarm begins sounding due to activation of a backup generator, potentially drawing more walkers. Rick realizes the prisoners cannot be at fault and lets them lead him Document [54] (Title: The Well (The Walking Dead)) people someone to follow and know there is good in the world. Carol still wishes to leave and Ezekiel suggests that she can stay nearby in the abandoned house, so that she could "go and not go". Morgan escorts her to the house, and she clears it of the walker she had seen earlier. Later, she gets a visit from Ezekiel and Shiva; he offers her a pomegranate. Beginning with this episode, Steven Yeun and Michael Cudlitz are removed from the opening credits, while Alanna Masterson, Josh McDermitt and Christian Serratos are added, having joined the series in the fourth Document [55] (Title: The Suicide King (The Walking Dead)) and they set off on their own. As the others return to the prison, Rick tells Michonne that she will also have to leave once her injuries are treated. Glenn accosts Rick for the failure of their mission, not only failing to bring back Daryl but forgoing the opportunity to assassinate The Governor. In Woodbury, the recent events have caused a number of residents to demand they be allowed to leave Woodbury, but The Governor refuses to listen, bitter over Rick's attacks. When a few walkers manage to enter Woodbury by the breach Rick's group used, The Governor only exits Document [56] (Title: Rick Grimes) they try to escape. Carl is enraged by Rick, claiming him responsible for their losses. Rick also begins hallucinating his wife. The survivors of the prison assault — Rick, Michonne and Carl — return to Hershel's farm where they reunite with the remainder of the prison group who left before the assault. They meet a new group of survivors who are on a mission to Washington, D.C., which consist of Abraham Ford (the leader), Eugene Porter (a man who claims to have knowledge on the cure, requesting to go to D.C.) and Rosita Espinosa (Abraham's girlfriend). On the journey to Document [57] (Title: Sasha Williams (The Walking Dead)) after hallucinating Lori (Sarah Wayne Callies), Rick tells Lori to get out, but Sasha's group leaves the prison in a misunderstanding. In the episode "I Ain't a Judas", a few days later, Sasha's group is found by Andrea (Laurie Holden) and Milton (Dallas Roberts), whom the latter leads back to Woodbury. The Governor appoints Sasha and Tyreese as soldiers, specifically as "wall guards." In the episode "Prey", when on their wall duties, Tyreese and Sasha are confronted by Andrea, who says she is leaving Woodbury and that they should too. Andrea also warns them about The Governor before she leaves. Document [58] (Title: Made to Suffer) Made to Suffer "Made to Suffer" is the eighth episode and mid-season finale of the third season of the post-apocalyptic horror television series "The Walking Dead". It was directed by Billy Gierhart and written by Robert Kirkman, and aired on AMC in the United States on December 2, 2012. In this episode, Rick (Andrew Lincoln), Daryl (Norman Reedus), Michonne (Danai Gurira), and Oscar (Vincent Ward) enter Woodbury in search of Glenn (Steven Yeun) and Maggie (Lauren Cohan). Meanwhile, a new group of survivors discover the prison. This episode marks the first appearances of Tyreese Williams (Chad L. Coleman) and Sasha Document [59] (Title: 30 Days Without an Accident) of the prison's children, Lizzie (Brighton Sharbino) and her sister, Mika (Kyla Kenedy), among them, for naming one of the walkers at the fence. While several survivors kill the accumulated walkers at the fence, Tyreese (Chad L. Coleman) speaks with Karen (Melissa Ponzio), and confides his discomfort with killing walkers along the gate, as it means looking into their faces. Michonne (Danai Gurira) returns to the prison after unsuccessfully hunting for The Governor and shares her intention to travel to Macon County to continue her search. She volunteers to check the hunting traps for animals, but Rick decides to go Document [60] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 3)) as Michonne and The Governor, respectively. However, Wilson and McBride are credited as "Also starring". This is the first season not to include Jeffrey DeMunn who was credited as main cast member in previous seasons. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> The third season of "The Walking Dead" has received positive reviews from critics. On Metacritic, the season holds a score of 82 out of 100, indicating "universal acclaim", based on 19 critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the season holds an 88% with an average rating of 8.12 out of 10, based on 30 reviews, and an average episode score of 85%. The site's critical consensus Document [61] (Title: Monsters (The Walking Dead)) on the escapees, killing one, before Jesus and Tara tackle him. Morgan and Jesus fight about how to handle the remaining Saviors, before Tara breaks them up. Morgan walks away. Jesus and Tara deliver the remaining prisoners to the Hilltop. Gregory attempts to discourage them from keeping the hostiles there. Maggie, though cautious of holding the prisoners, refuses to listen to Gregory. Elsewhere, Carol (Melissa McBride) and King Ezekiel (Khary Payton) lead their army against a nearby Savior outpost. They are victorious with no apparent losses, but as they revel in their win, some hiding Saviors open fire on them Document [62] (Title: Sasha Williams (The Walking Dead)) member of the prison council and a participant in supply runs. In the season premiere "30 Days Without an Accident", she is reluctant to let Bob Stookey go to the Big Spot supply run, but is eventually convinced by Bob. At the Big Spot, when walkers start falling through the ceiling, Sasha, along with all her companions except Zach (Kyle Gallner), who is bitten by a walker, are forced to leave the building after an army helicopter crashes through the roof, without any supplies. In the episode "Infected", after the D-Block attack, Sasha is at the prison council meeting regarding Document [63] (Title: Welcome to the Tombs) in no uncertain terms Carl "gunned him down." Rick, Michonne, and Daryl leave to chase down The Governor, fearing he may attack again, while the others guard the prison. The three discover the Woodbury convoy and find Karen hiding in a truck, who explains what happened. They continue to Woodbury and engage in a firefight with Tyreese and Sasha, until Karen speaks up and explains what she saw. Tyreese allows the group to come in and Rick realizes that Andrea never returned to the prison. The group quickly searches Woodbury and find the torture room. They find Milton dead, but Document [64] (Title: The Walking Dead: The Fall of the Governor) Lilly notices the Governor's absence and talks to Gabe. He brings her to the Governor, who is still in a coma. Along with some other Woodbury residents she manages to keep Woodbury running. After the Governor wakes up he speaks to her. He tells her that Martinez' escape was part of a plan to discover the prison's location. Because Martinez has been gone for a week, the Governor asks Lilly to find him. She organises a search party and they find Martinez, who was killed and has turned into a walker. They cut off his head and bring it to Document [65] (Title: Tyreese) takes part in the fight with The Governor's group and he is cornered by two of the Governor's soldiers, but both are killed by Lizzie and Mika Samuels. The children then run towards the prison, with Tyreese following them, telling them to go the other way. In the episode "Inmates", following the attack on the prison, Tyreese is split into a group with Lizzie, Mika and Judith where they are soon joined by Carol, who doesn't mention anything about her exile from the group by Rick. They follow a set of train tracks where they discover a sign indicating that Document [66] (Title: The Prisoners (The Walking Dead)) walkers is let into the prison courtyard, resulting in the deaths of T-Dog and Lori. When the prison's sirens sound off, Oscar explains that the back-up generators are powering the alarms, and takes Rick to shut them down. Andrew, who survived and is revealed to have let the walkers loose and turned on the alarms, attacks Rick in the generator room. Oscar kills Andrew, and Oscar and Axel are then allowed to stay with the others. Axel and Oscar helps dig graves for those who died during the walker attack. Axel volunteers to go to Woodbury, but stays behind to Document [67] (Title: Inmates (The Walking Dead)) reach the road near to the prison bus. Tara describes seeing her sister Lilly Chambler (Audrey Marie Anderson) being swarmed by walkers on the field outside the prison, and reveals Hershel's death to Glenn. She tells him "Brian" (David Morrissey) had told her the prison group were bad people. She'd believed him but sees now that wasn't true, and she cannot understand why Glenn would want her help. Glenn explains that he needs to find Maggie. After a small group of walkers attacks, Glenn collapses, wheezing, leaving Tara to tackle a walker on her own. She looks up to see Document [68] (Title: The Governor (The Walking Dead)) drives off as the survivors struggle with the walkers. In the episode "I Ain't a Judas", the Governor proceeds to rally Woodbury against the prison survivors, labeling them terrorists and raiders. Andrea wants to leave to negotiate peace with the prison group, but the Governor discourages her, implying that she will not be welcomed back if she leaves. When Milton tells the Governor that Andrea asked him to help her sneak out, the Governor tells him to go with her. The Governor welcomes Tyreese, Sasha, Allen, and Ben to Woodbury, after Rick kicked them out of the prison. Andrea returns Document [69] (Title: Rick Grimes) out to confront The Governor after he fails to take the prison and massacres his own troops. They discover a bitten Andrea in The Governor's torture chamber. Rick reaffirms her as a group member before she uses his revolver to commit suicide to avoid turning. Rick brings the surviving residents of Woodbury - including Tyreese (Chad L. Coleman) and his sister, Sasha (Sonequa Martin-Green) - to the prison. He also confiscates Carl's pistol after hearing that his son killed a boy from Woodbury whom he believed to be a threat. Rick stops seeing visions of Lori, realizing his ruthlessness was Document [70] (Title: Inmates (The Walking Dead)) the search gives their lives a purpose beyond mere survival. While walking, they come across the prison bus, which is filled with walkers. Maggie insists on checking to see if Glenn is inside. After Bob says they'll do it together, and Sasha reluctantly agrees, Sasha opens the emergency door with the intention of allowing one walker to exit at a time. Eventually, the press of walkers trying to exit the bus proves too much, and Sasha can no longer hold the door. As the walkers attack, forcing Bob and Sasha defend themselves. Maggie initially seems dazed, and is nearly killed Document [71] (Title: Isolation (The Walking Dead)) Daryl talks to Michonne about hunting for The Governor when they suddenly hear a voice over the car radio repeating the words "Sanctuary... those who arrive...survive..." A distracted Daryl drives into a horde of walkers, forcing the group to leave their vehicle, except for a morose Tyreese. Tyreese eventually snaps out of it, but he is overwhelmed by the walkers, forcing the remaining three to leave him. However, he miraculously survives the swarm and regroups with the others. After Rick rescues Carol, who had recklessly gone out of the prison to clean the pump on her own, from walkers, Rick Document [72] (Title: Tara Chambler) Governor decapitates Hershel, Tara tries to retreat from the battle in shock. Alisha tries to get her to fight back but Tara is disgusted with the Governor and ultimately walks off, traumatized. In the mid-season premiere "Inmates", in the aftermath of the prison attack, Glenn finds Tara hiding within the gates and tells her that he needs her help to escape the prison and find his wife, Maggie, Hershel's daughter. Tara is too disgusted with herself for trusting the Governor and reveals that she saw Lilly die and questions why Glenn wants her help; he states that he doesn't want Document [73] (Title: Maggie Greene) Governor's group attacks the prison. Maggie rescues Glenn and puts him on the bus, but they get separated once the bus leaves. When Bob is shot, she escapes the prison with Sasha (Sonequa Martin-Green) and Bob. In the episode "Inmates", Maggie searches for Glenn with Sasha and Bob following her. Afterwards she finds the bus and clears it but finds no sign of Glenn, she breaks down first in tears, then in laughter as she knows Glenn is out there somewhere. In the episode "Alone", when she finds a Terminus sign she wants to go. She believes Glenn could be Document [74] (Title: Inmates (The Walking Dead)) a military truck has pulled up. Tara yells at the truck and three people climb out: Sgt. Abraham Ford (Michael Cudlitz), Dr. Eugene Porter (Josh McDermitt), and Rosita Espinosa (Christian Serratos). Abraham says to Tara, "You got a damn mouth on you, you know that? What else you got?" "Inmates" was co-written by co-producers Matthew Negrete and Channing Powell and directed by Tricia Brock. This episode marks the first appearances of Sgt. Abraham Ford (Michael Cudlitz), Dr. Eugene Porter (Josh McDermitt), and Rosita Espinosa (Christian Serratos), notable characters from the comic book series. On Abraham's character, Cudlitz said: When we Document [75] (Title: The Governor (The Walking Dead)) back to Woodbury and strapping her in the dentist's chair that he meant to use on Michonne. In the episode "This Sorrowful Life", Merle kidnaps Michonne at Rick's suggestion to turn her over to the Governor, but lets her go and instead lures walkers to the Governor's meeting place to ambush the Woodbury army. Then, the Governor maims, shoots, and kills Merle, leaving his body to reanimate as a walker, which Daryl later kills, out of pure anger, remorse, and pain. In the season finale "Welcome to the Tombs", the Governor brutally beats Milton up after learning that he burned Document [76] (Title: Carol Peletier) has died at the end of the episode, and watches the remaining Woodbury residents enter their new home in the prison. In the season premiere, "30 Days Without an Accident", six months after the conflict with the Governor has ended, Carol begins secretly teaching the children of the prison how to use knives to defend themselves and not to have any sympathy for the walkers. Carl Grimes discovers the lessons are taking place, and she asks him not to tell his father. In the episode, "Infected", Carol begins caring for two girls, Lizzie (Brighton Sharbino) and Mika (Kyla Kenedy), after Document [77] (Title: Welcome to the Tombs) and Sasha (Sonequa Martin-Green) will stay behind to protect the citizens of Woodbury, as they only kill walkers, not humans. The Governor, after a moment, agrees and gives Tyreese a gun, and thanks him. At the prison, Rick (Andrew Lincoln) and his group pack up supplies in cars. Rick is still seeing hallucinations of Lori (Sarah Wayne Callies), making him question his judgement. Michonne (Danai Gurira) finds Rick and forgives him for his decision to try to turn her over to The Governor, and his decision to bring her into the group. Rick admits it was Carl's (Chandler Riggs) choice, Document [78] (Title: Too Far Gone (The Walking Dead)) (Meyrick Murphy) before leaving her and Lilly near a river bank, where Meghan gets attacked by a walker and is killed. At the prison, the remaining sick are recuperating. Daryl Dixon (Norman Reedus) is upset at Rick (Andrew Lincoln) for exiling Carol after learning she killed Karen and David, and the two decide to tell Tyreese (Chad L. Coleman) about her involvement in the murders. Tyreese discovers a dissected rabbit and believes whoever did it was the killer. Rick tells him otherwise, but before he can explain, the three hear a large explosion, signaling The Governor's arrival. While Daryl formulates Document [79] (Title: The Governor (The Walking Dead)) guards, Caesar Martinez. However, Michonne stays behind and finds her way to The Governor's apartment, where she brutally tortures him, severing his right arm, fingernails, penis, and left eye. When Michonne rejoins the group and they ask her if The Governor is still alive, Michonne is uncertain. The Governor survives with the help of Bob Stookey, a citizen who had medical experience, and is eventually able to find the prison. The Governor uses Rick's murder of Martinez to rally Woodbury's townspeople against the prison's inhabitants. Things do not go according to plan, however, as Rick's group puts up a tenacious Document [80] (Title: Sick (The Walking Dead)) last ten months and were unaware of the extent of the walker epidemic. Tomas believes the prison should be theirs, but Rick asserts that since they spilled blood to clear it, the prison belongs to Rick's group. However, Rick does offer to let the prisoners stay in a separate cell block and split the supplies. The group returns back to their cell block where Hershel is kept in a separate cell and watched over in case he turns. Rick keeps the prisoners in a locked cell temporarily. Rick later tells Lori (Sarah Wayne Callies) he does not trust the prisoners Document [81] (Title: Michonne) the car he has second thoughts and releases her; he instead ambushes the Governor's group alone and kills a number of them before the Governor finds him and kills him. In the season finale "Welcome to the Tombs", following another attack on the prison Rick, accompanied by Michonne and Daryl, sets out to locate the Governor. However, they come across the scene where the Governor slaughtered his own troops. One survivor (Karen) (Melissa Ponzio) leads the group back to Woodbury to locate Andrea, as they fear the worst for her safety after learning she had fled Woodbury for the prison, Document [82] (Title: Welcome to the Tombs) believing she belonged here. Elsewhere, Daryl (Norman Reedus) talks through his grief of losing his brother Merle (Michael Rooker) with Carol (Melissa McBride). She reminds him that Merle gave them a chance against The Governor. Later, a small army from Woodbury arrives at the prison. They use their heavy weapons to break through the outer walls and breach the fences with their vehicles. The prison, outside of walkers, appears empty. As they search the cell blocks they find a Bible left by Hershel open to a highlighted passage John 5:29, "And shall come forth: they that have done good, unto Document [83] (Title: Tyreese) The lone survivor of the massacre, Karen, guides Rick's group to Woodbury, where Tyreese is keeping watch. He lets them all in, guides them to a room where they find Andrea bitten, and stands vigil outside the door while Andrea shoots herself. Awakened to The Governor's maliciousness and concerned for everyone's well-being, he and Rick agree on moving everyone to the prison. In the season premiere "30 Days Without an Accident", Tyreese is shown to have adapted to life in the prison and begins a romantic relationship with Karen. He goes with others on a supply run that turns deadly Document [84] (Title: Tyreese) encourage her to face her demons rather than ignore them. Glenn recalled the story of his miraculous survival in the prison gym to several Alexandria citizens at the group's welcome party, all of whom were stunned and in awe upon hearing this. In the episode "Made to Suffer", Tyreese and his group discover the prison and proceed to sneak in, through the exposed back side of one of the buildings. They are no sooner locked in a cell block by Carl, while Rick and others are away at Woodbury. Donna, having been bit in the woods, succumbs to her infection Document [85] (Title: T-Dog (The Walking Dead)) T-Dog tries to convince Rick and Daryl to let the two surviving prisoners join their group, but he is overruled. Later, a horde of walkers somehow invades the prison courtyard, and T-Dog is bitten on the shoulder by a walker while securing the gate, and is then killed while sacrificing his life to allow Carol to escape when they run out of ammunition. Later in the episode, it is revealed that the escaped Andrew let the walkers in. IronE Singleton, who played T-Dog, recalled: "when I was first cast in the show, I was told that I would do two, Document [86] (Title: Tyreese) rage and badly beats Tyreese before Daryl pulls him off. After recovering, Tyreese finds out his sister Sasha is also sick and goes with Daryl, Michonne and Bob to find medicine. In the episode "Indifference", they get the supplies and return to the prison to treat the surviving patients. In the mid-season finale "Too Far Gone", Tyrese discovers a dissected rabbit in the tombs and tells Rick and Daryl he thinks it was the same person who killed Karen, but when they try to tell Tyreese who really killed Karen, they are interrupted as The Governor attacks the prison. Tyreese Document [87] (Title: Rick Grimes) finds Michonne killing a Savior to death and he stops her, she takes him to the sewer where they all hide, Judith and Carl are safe there with all the In addition to Alexandria, Rick finds Dwight among his people, resting against a wall, although Rick seems surprised to see him, continues without saying a word, is also surprised to find Siddiq in the sewers with the rest of the survivors. Carl reveals that he brought Siddiq there, then Carl reveals Rick, Michonne and the rest of the people who were bitten by a walker. In the mid-season premiere episode Document [88] (Title: Maggie Greene) with the surviving others on the highway. In the season premiere "Seed", after spending the winter on the run, the group spots an abandoned prison and Maggie proves herself a capable soldier in helping to clear the yard of walkers. However, Hershel's leg is bitten and amputated in the process. In the episode "Sick", Maggie must come to terms with the possibility of losing her father. She sits with Hershel while he's unconscious and urges him to let go. In the episode "Killer Within", she is present when Lori goes into labor during a walker attack on the prison. Once Document [89] (Title: Hershel Greene) and kill the walkers. Right after, Hershel goes to get the breathing tube from the walker to save Glenn, but is pinned. Maggie, after hearing the gunfire from outside the prison, finally breaks into the cell block, and kills the walker and saves Hershel. She kills the remaining walkers and then they go to save Glenn, which they do. Afterwards, Hershel is seen back in Caleb's cell, where he tends to his corpse and attempts to read his bible before breaking down and sobbing over the events of the day. The next day, Hershel is confronted by Daryl, who asks Document [90] (Title: Carl Grimes) of survivors led by Tyreese, one who had been bitten by a walker, and he allows them shelter of the prison but locked away from the rest of the group, though says he will ask Rick to evaluate them when he returns. Rick's group returns successfully, but Rick is still troubled by visions of Lori, and when Carl introduces him to Tyreese's group, Carl interprets Rick's cries of "Get out!", which he is shouting at his hallucinations, as his decision to refuse Tyreese's group to stay. Carl leads them out and apologizes for Rick's lack of understanding. With war between Document [91] (Title: After (The Walking Dead)) on the episode's pace. Following The Governor's (David Morrissey) deadly assault on the prison, the survivors are forced to scatter and try to regroup. Michonne (Danai Gurira) reconnoiters the prison for survivors. She discovers the reanimated head of her friend, Hershel (Scott Wilson), and stabs it to put him out of his torment. She discovers a trail of footprints leading away from the prison. To protect herself, she slices off the arms and jaws of two walkers, leading them pet-like to help mask her presence from other walkers, however this appears to draw more walkers towards her. While taking shelter Document [92] (Title: Michonne) the details of Andre's death and the reasoning behind keeping two walker pets. Upon entering Terminus and realizing it is a trap, Michonne along with Rick, Carl and Daryl flee across the grounds, to eventually become captured. Forced into a container, the group are reunited with Glenn, Maggie, Bob and Sasha, as well as meeting Sergeant Abraham Ford, Dr. Eugene Porter, Rosita Espinosa and Tara Chambler. Michonne is present as the season closes with Rick uttering the words: "...they're screwing with the wrong people." In the season five premiere "No Sanctuary" Michonne and the others are able to escape Terminus Document [93] (Title: Dead Weight (The Walking Dead)) Lilly's insistence that the camp is safe, The Governor believes they need to move to a more secure location. During a game of tag, a walker who has entered the camp attacks Meghan and Tara, but The Governor quickly kills it. Concluding that the prison is a safe place for his family, The Governor scouts the prison and observes Rick (Andrew Lincoln) and his son Carl (Chandler Riggs) digging in the prison yard. He looks away and notices Hershel (Scott Wilson) and a smiling Michonne (Danai Gurira) burning walker corpses. Angered, he aims his pistol at them. This episode marks Document [94] (Title: Infected (The Walking Dead)) Back in Cell Block "D", a zombified Patrick (Vincent Martella) enters a cell and kills the man sleeping inside. After Patrick feeds on him, the man reanimates. Michonne (Danai Gurira) goes to hunt for The Governor, while Rick (Andrew Lincoln) and Carl (Chandler Riggs) head out to tend to the pigs. Carl asks if he can help clear the walkers at the fence, but Rick shuts the idea down. Carl apologizes but asks for his gun back. They hear gunshots and see Lizzie and Mika Samuels (Brighton Sharbino and Kyla Kenedy) run out of Cell Block "D", screaming for help. Document [95] (Title: Claimed) Abraham (Michael Cudlitz), Rosita (Christian Serratos) and Eugene (Josh McDermitt) in their military vehicle as they drive north. After recovering from the past day, Glenn insists that Abraham stop so that they look for Maggie and other survivors from the prison. Abraham refuses, stating that he and Rosita are on a mission to bring Eugene to Washington D.C., as Eugene, a scientist, says he knows how to stop the walkers once there. Glenn and Abraham get into an argument, drawing a small group of walkers towards them. As they start to fire upon the walkers, Eugene fumbles with his weapon Document [96] (Title: Tara Chambler) from the prison but says nothing on the subject. In the episode "No Sanctuary", Tara crafts a makeshift weapon to use in the escape attempt, but it fails and she is left inside. She encourages the group and is confident that they will be able to survive their break-out. When Rick opens the boxcar for everyone to escape, Tara helps kill walkers on their way out and aids in protecting the group. In the episode "Strangers", Tara speaks to Rick about her involvement with the Governor; he tells her that he was aware of her hesitation to be there and Document [97] (Title: 30 Days Without an Accident) himself. As he leaves, Hershel Greene (Scott Wilson) tells Rick that their council – himself, Glenn, Carol, Daryl, and Tyreese's sister, Sasha (Sonequa Martin-Green) – prefers that Rick carry a gun when he goes outside the gates, for protection. Carol meanwhile secretly uses a storytime session with the prison's children to teach them about the use of weaponry. Patrick, feeling ill, leaves early. Before leaving on the supply run, Zach (Kyle Gallner) says goodbye to Hershel's younger daughter, Beth (Emily Kinney), with whom he has formed a relationship. Bob Stookey (Lawrence Gilliard Jr.), a former army medic and a new Document [98] (Title: Daryl Dixon) a prison as a new shelter at the start of Season 3. In dealing with this, Rick's wife Lori dies after giving birth to her daughter, and Rick is devastated, having hallucinations of her and unable to make decisions. Daryl steps up to help lead the group alongside Hershel during Rick's lapse. His friendship with Carol strengthens after she was feared lost dealing with the walkers. The group is forced to deal with the Governor from the nearby Woodbury community, who seeks to kill them and take their supplies for himself. In rescuing two of their allies kidnapped by the Document [99] (Title: 30 Days Without an Accident) by 16.11 million viewers, marking a series high in viewers and adults 18-49. Several months have passed, in which the remaining citizens of Woodbury have joined the survivor group at the prison. Rick Grimes (Andrew Lincoln), having renounced leadership of the group, has taken to farming to set an example to his son Carl Grimes (Chandler Riggs). While he is walking outside in his garden, he notices several walkers have accumulated outside the prison. Carl approaches him and notices that one of the pigs his father takes care of, "Violet", appears ill. Rick tells Carl to stop naming the pigs Document [100] (Title: Michonne) achieves its objective with those of Oceaneside but an angry Natania agrees to give them the weapons and rejects that their community go to war, late at night the group returns to Alexandria and Rosita opens the door, she takes them to the prison cell, where Dwight is waiting. Rick and Michonne retain Daryl when he wanted to kill him, moments later Dwight reveals that he wants to help them. In the season finale "The First Day of the Rest of Your Life", Rick and his group are betrayed by Jadis and the Scavengers, and it is revealed that Sasha Document [101] (Title: Made to Suffer) Donna has been bitten by a walker. Their cries for help are heard by Carl (Chandler Riggs), who helps lead them to a safe area of the prison. Donna succumbs to the bite, and after a brief moment of silence, Tyreese smashes her head with a hammer to prevent her re-animating. Carl keeps the newcomers locked in a commons area for safekeeping; Tyreese understands and accepts. In Woodbury, Rick's group sneaks into a building while at the same time, Glenn and Maggie attempt to escape. The Governor orders Merle (Michael Rooker) and his men to execute them, but as they Document [102] (Title: Merle Dixon) crashed a truck through the prison gate and unleashed a horde of walkers onto the prison grounds. Merle and Daryl save Rick from attacking walkers. In the episode "I Ain't a Judas", Merle is promptly locked inside a prison cell, where he shares what he knows about Woodbury and the Governor with the group. He bonds with Hershel and apologizes to Michonne, claiming his attack on her was simply following the Governor's orders. Later, Merle, hearing Beth's singing, walks into the cell block where he and Rick share an antagonizing look from across the room. In the episode "Arrow on Document [103] (Title: The Prisoners (The Walking Dead)) of letting in strangers." The Prisoners (The Walking Dead) The Prisoners are fictional characters from the comic book series "The Walking Dead" and the television series of the same name. During Rick's coma, due to the news broadcasts, the inmates and guards had a basic understanding of what was going on. Soon, many of the guards abandoned the prison and the inmates to fend for themselves; at about the same time, a few walkers had somehow gotten inside and began to kill the inmates. Several of the guards freed the inmates and joined together to fight their way out, resulting Document [104] (Title: Glenn Rhee) administers them to Glenn. In the mid-season finale "Too Far Gone," when the Governor arrives and attacks the prison, Glenn is rescued by Maggie and gets separated from her once the bus leaves. In the mid-season premiere "Inmates," after the prison attack, Glenn wakes up and finds himself trapped in the prison after leaving the escape bus. He heads to his room and finds the photo he took of Maggie. He grabs his riot gear, assault rifle, and an alcohol bottle from a survivor and heads out. Along the way, he encounters Tara, a survivor of the attacking army. She Document [105] (Title: Carl Grimes) of whom turns on the group and is abandoned to walkers by Rick. The prisoner gets his revenge by leading walkers into a breach into the prison. The group is forced to split up, and Carl helps to cover Lori and Maggie. The events have caused Lori to enter into childbirth, but she knows she requires a C-section that will likely be lethal, and says her goodbyes to Carl as Maggie operates. Her daughter is born safely, but she dies, and a traumatized Carl is forced to euthanize his mother to prevent her reanimation. When Carl and Maggie regroup with Document [106] (Title: Glenn Rhee) "When the Dead Come Knocking," Merle brutally beats Glenn while trying to find the whereabouts of their camp. Despite this, as well as being forced to fight a walker while strapped to a chair and having the Governor threaten to shoot Maggie, Glenn remains unbroken. But when the Governor threatens to shoot Glenn, Maggie tells her about the prison and their group. In the mid-season finale "Made to Suffer," when Glenn and Maggie attempt to escape, the Governor orders Merle to execute them; they fight back and Merle's group is overwhelmed by Rick's group. Rick, Glenn, and Maggie escape over Document [107] (Title: Too Far Gone (The Walking Dead)) to death, but Michonne stabs him through the chest and leaves him lying on the ground to die. Searching for Judith, Rick and Carl (Chandler Riggs) find only her empty, bloody baby carrier. Devastated, the pair limps off from the prison. Meanwhile, The Governor lies dying in the field as walkers, among them a reanimated Clara (Kerry Condon), move into the prison. Lilly approaches the wounded Governor and bitterly shoots him in the head. Carl and Rick walk away from the prison, watching as hundreds of walkers stream in. Rick turns Carl away and tells him, "Don't look back, Carl. Document [108] (Title: Inmates (The Walking Dead)) After escaping the crush, he sees Tara Chambler (Alanna Masterson), who has locked herself behind a fence. Glenn joins her and, after checking to see that her weapon was not fired during the attack on the prison, tells her they should go. Tara refuses, saying that she joined the prison attack and is thus responsible for its outcome. However, Glenn insists he needs her help. Glenn grabs Bob's bottle of brandy and, using it to create a Molotov cocktail, throws it to ignite a car. While the walkers are distracted by the fire, Glenn and Tara escape the prison and Document [109] (Title: The Prisoners (The Walking Dead)) the time Rick and his group discovered the prison, it was discovered that there were only four survivors left who were locked up inside the cafeteria. The two groups come into conflict after one of them, Thomas Richards, kills two of the survivors, Rachel and Susie Greene, Hershel Greene's two youngest twin daughters. Dexter is falsely accused of the crime due to him being the "only" prisoner who was arrested for murder (it is later revealed that Thomas was arrested for murder as well and initially lied about being arrested for committing tax fraud). Thomas also tries to kill Andrea Document [110] (Title: Alden (The Walking Dead)) to only kill who he needs to kill and to give the other Saviors, who Alden believes are just scared, a chance to join up with them as Alden's group did. When Rick returns with Morgan, Alden is sitting by the fire with Dianne and realizes that Rick killed all of the Saviors despite Alden's request. In "Wrath," Alden and the other defected Savior prisoners volunteer for a mission to lead the walker herd that was drawn by the battle in "Do Not Send Us Astray" away from the Hilltop, an offer that is accepted. After they return, Alden is Document [111] (Title: Sasha Williams (The Walking Dead)) and his group of survivors in the prison but are quickly thrown out by an emotionally unstable Rick. Sasha and Tyreese then encounter The Governor (David Morrissey) and Woodbury, but after learning of the monster The Governor truly is, Sasha returns to the prison with the other newcomers, becoming a council member to the community. Sasha forms a romantic attraction with fellow survivor Bob Stookey (Lawrence Gilliard, Jr.) and is one of the victims of the illness that affects the prison. Of those so infected, only she and Glenn (Steven Yeun) survive. Following the destruction of the prison in The Document [112] (Title: Sasha Williams (The Walking Dead)) Sasha, along with Tyreese, Allen, Ben and a mortally wounded Donna (who later dies of her wound), find an entrance into A-Block of the prison. They are found by Carl (Chandler Riggs), who leads them into the foyer of the cell block. In the episode "The Suicide King", Hershel (Scott Wilson) tends to any wounds that the small group have, before Beth (Emily Kinney) walks into the room with baby Judith, to which Sasha, shocked, says that she never thought she would see another baby again. After Rick's group returns from Woodbury, Rick almost accepts them into his group. However, Document [113] (Title: The Prisoners (The Walking Dead)) said they were harmless—why would they lie?" Showrunner Glen Mazzara commented that in "Killer Within", Axel and Oscar want to be let into the group so they "prove themselves, which is why Oscar takes action and kills Andrew (Markice Moore), so that he can gain access to the group. Throughout the entire season, it's a major theme: Who can Rick let in? Not just into the prison, but let in emotionally." "Los Angeles Times" columnist Laura Hudson observed tribalism as a trope in "Killer Within", which she ascribed to the reluctance of Maggie, Rick, and others in the group to Document [114] (Title: The Suicide King (The Walking Dead)) Holden)'s protests to The Governor (David Morrissey). As they wrestle, Merle discreetly tells Daryl to follow his lead as walkers are herded into the arena. Suddenly, Rick (Andrew Lincoln) and Maggie (Lauren Cohan) appear, throw a smoke bomb into the arena and help Daryl and Merle to escape through a breach in Woodbury's fence. On rejoining Glenn (Steven Yeun) and Michonne (Danai Gurira) nearby, Merle's past interactions antagonize the group, particularly when he reveals that he had brought Michonne and Andrea there. Rick forbids Merle from returning with them to the prison, and Daryl refuses to leave his brother's side, Document [115] (Title: I Ain't a Judas) per his assignment to "keep tabs on her"). The Governor tells Milton to help her. In the woods, Milton helps Andrea capture and disable a walker, hacking off its arms, breaking its jaws, and tethering it (imitating Michonne (Danai Gurira)). While they are doing so, Tyreese's (Chad L. Coleman) group comes upon them and kills several approaching walkers. Milton agrees to take Tyreese's group back to Woodbury, while Andrea leaves with her disabled walker for the prison. At the prison, Glenn quietly suggests handing Merle over to The Governor in a desperate hope of appeasing him. Merle, meanwhile, tries to Document [116] (Title: Home (The Walking Dead)) that he would die for him, and to keep tabs on Andrea. Some time later, Andrea tries to find where The Governor and his right-hand man Martinez (Jose Pablo Cantillo) have gone, but Milton only tells her they have left Woodbury and dodges her other questions. Elsewhere, Daryl and Merle make their way through the forest, Daryl wanting to return to the prison but Merle considered The Governor will slaughter everyone there. They come across a Hispanic family trapped in their car by walkers, and Daryl races to help while Merle only half-heartedly contributes. With the walkers dealt with, Merle Document [117] (Title: Inmates (The Walking Dead)) tells Tyreese about a sanctuary up the tracks. The group follow the track, and come upon a sign promising 'community for all' at a nearby place of safety. Maggie Greene (Lauren Cohan), Bob Stookey (Lawrence Gilliard Jr.), and Sasha (Sonequa Martin-Green) are in the woods by a quarry. Maggie sharpens her knife on a rock, while Sasha bandages Bob's shoulder. Sasha tells Maggie they should camp there for the night. Maggie however sets off in search of Glenn, reluctantly followed by Bob and Sasha. Sasha is angry/upset at what she sees as a waste of time; Bob, however, argues that Document [118] (Title: Indifference (The Walking Dead)) accepts them into his group, but warns them about the flu at the prison. He then tells them to stay put until he and Carol return, but Carol urges them to look for supplies against his wishes. Rick relents after the two insist that they want to help, and tells them to meet back at the house in two hours. Meanwhile, Daryl, Michonne (Danai Gurira), Bob Stookey (Lawrence Gilliard Jr.), and Tyreese (Chad L. Coleman) find a new car at an auto shop, but the battery is dead. The group encounters a few walkers, but a bitter Tyreese intentionally lets Document [119] (Title: Infected (The Walking Dead)) to take an emotional toll on Rick. Meanwhile, the prison group is able to secure the fence with tree trunks. Carol again finds Lizzie and Mika near the fence looking at walkers. Carol warns Lizzie not to identify with the walkers, but instead to take the time to grieve for, and let go of, her father. Lizzie takes her knife (which Carol used to stab Lizzie's father to prevent reanimation) from Carol's hand and puts it in her belt. Carl reveals Carol's weapons teachings to his father, asking that he not confront her. Rick complies. Rick returns Carl's gun and Document [120] (Title: The Governor (The Walking Dead)) to Woodbury and warily resumes her place at the Governor's side. In the episode "Arrow on the Doorpost", encouraged by Andrea, the Governor meets with Rick in a secluded grain silo to offer him peace in exchange for turning over Michonne, giving him two days to think about it. The Governor returns to Woodbury and secretly orders Martinez to set an ambush at the barn, to kill all of Rick's group and bring Michonne to Woodbury so The Governor can torture her. In the episode "Prey", Andrea flees for the prison, and the Governor hunts her down personally, bringing her Document [121] (Title: Carol Peletier) has become and ultimately decides that she cannot return to the prison. He sees her as a threat, but is also concerned that Tyreese will kill her when he finds out that she murdered Karen. Carol is forced to accept banishment, leaving everyone she cares about behind. In the episode "Inmates", Carol reappears unexpectedly, saving Lizzie, Mika, and Judith from a pair of Walkers in a forest. She returns the children to Tyreese and tells him that she saw the prison fall, and, after losing sight of him and the children, managed to catch up with them. Sensing that Tyreese Document [122] (Title: Inmates (The Walking Dead)) credits. This episode also marks the first appearances of Michael Cudlitz, Josh McDermitt, and Christian Serratos as Sgt. Abraham Ford, Dr. Eugene Porter and Rosita Espinosa, respectively. Upon airing, the episode was watched by 13.34 million viewers, and received an 18-49 rating of 6.8. In a flashback, Beth Greene (Emily Kinney) narrates a diary entry discussing her hopes of a new life in the prison. In the present, she and Daryl Dixon (Norman Reedus) are sitting around a campfire, having fled the prison. Beth insists that they must not be the only survivors of The Governor's attack, and demands Daryl Document [123] (Title: The Suicide King (The Walking Dead)) (Sonequa Martin-Green), Allen (Daniel Thomas May), and Ben (Tyler Chase), the last survivors of a larger group that recently found their way into the prison. Carl (Chandler Riggs) has kept them locked in a different cell block, unsure of their loyalty and waiting for Rick to return to make a decision about whether they can stay. Ben and Allen discuss a plan to overpower their captors, but Tyreese and Sasha refuse to allow this to happen, still hoping for the best. Rick's group returns, and Carol (Melissa McBride) is dismayed to see Daryl is not with them, but understands why Document [124] (Title: Sasha Williams (The Walking Dead)) Later, Sasha goes to the walker pit, where she and Tyreese are shocked to hear about The Governor's plans for the prison. Sasha also witnesses the fight between Tyreese and Allen but when Tyreese tries to push Allen into the walker pit Sasha begs Tyreese not to and he listens. In the season finale "Welcome to the Tombs", Tyreese and Sasha stay behind to protect Woodbury after The Governor's army leads an attack on the prison but Sasha begins to suspect that the Governor might kill them when he returns but knows there may be nowhere to run, so both Document [125] (Title: Rick Grimes) Maggie, Sasha and Bob Stookey (Lawrence Gilliard, Jr.) and new allies Tara Chambler (Alanna Masterson), whom Rick recognizes from the prison invasion, Sergeant Abraham Ford (Michael Cudlitz), Eugene Porter (Josh McDermitt), and Rosita Espinosa (Christian Serratos). In the season premiere, "No Sanctuary", Rick's group escapes Terminus as an explosion set off by Carol destroys the compound and infests it with walkers. He reunites with his daughter, Judith and graciously thanks Carol, who resettles into the group. In the episode "Strangers", the group meets Father Gabriel Stokes (Seth Gilliam) who brings them to his church to stay before going to Washington, Document [126] (Title: Rosita Espinosa) it as far as Georgia near the prison, just days after The Governor's attack. In the episode "Inmates", Abraham, Rosita, and Eugene meet survivors Tara and an unconscious Glenn on the road. In the episode "Claimed", Abraham reveals to Glenn and Tara that Eugene knows what caused the apocalypse, and they are on their way to Washington, D.C. to put an end to the walkers. In the episode "Us", Rosita accompanies Glenn to Terminus when they reunite with Maggie, Sasha, and Bob. In the season finale "A", when Rick, his son Carl, and Michonne and Daryl are locked up a Document [127] (Title: When the Dead Come Knocking) When the Dead Come Knocking "When the Dead Come Knocking" is the seventh episode of the third season of the post-apocalyptic horror television series "The Walking Dead". It was directed by Dan Sackheim and written by Frank Renzulli, and originally aired on AMC in the United States on November 25, 2012. At the prison, Rick (Andrew Lincoln) and Carl (Chandler Riggs) observe Michonne (Danai Gurira), who remains at the prison fence with infant formula and other supplies collected by Glenn and Maggie, the walker guts she is covered in keeping her undetected by the walkers that roam outside the prison. Document [128] (Title: Maggie Greene) there and leaves Sasha and Bob. Following the tracks she leaves signs that she wrote in walker blood telling Glenn to go to Terminus. Eventually, she rejoins Sasha and Bob to Terminus. In the episode "Us", the three run into Abraham (Michael Cudlitz), Eugene (Josh McDermitt), and Rosita (Christian Serratos), and save Glenn and Tara (Alanna Masterson) from walkers in a tunnel. Maggie, with Glenn and the others, finally reach Terminus and are greeted by a resident named Mary who offers them a plate of food. In the season finale "A", after Rick, Carl, Michonne and Daryl are captured by Document [129] (Title: Glenn Rhee) the wall, and meet up with Michonne. In the mid-season premiere "The Suicide King," while Glenn remains behind, Rick and Maggie set off smoke grenades, killing several Woodbury residents and rescuing Merle and Daryl in the process. Glenn shows great frustration (at one point bludgeoning a walker pulled from a nearby vehicle) when he finds out that not only is Merle going with them, but Rick had not taken the opportunity to kill the Governor as well (still believing that he raped Maggie when they were held captive). They return to the prison without Merle and Daryl, but Glenn's relationship Document [130] (Title: The Cell (The Walking Dead)) Daryl. Under Negan's (Jeffrey Dean Morgan) orders, Daryl (Norman Reedus) is taken to the Saviors' home, the Sanctuary, and locked in a dark cell, to be converted to join the Saviors by Dwight (Austin Amelio). Dwight feeds Daryl only dog food sandwiches and forces him to listen to the song "Easy Street" played through the walls. Dwight shows that if Daryl refuses to join the Saviors, he could end up like other prisoners, who have become walkers wandering in a fenced off area. Daryl attempts an escape one day when he finds his cell unlocked, but this is revealed to Document [131] (Title: The Governor (The Walking Dead)) Greene, and takes them hostage, intending to use them as leverage over Rick. The Governor then rallies the camp to take over the prison. Upon arriving at the prison with his army and tank, the Governor tells Rick that he is going to give their group a chance to leave without anyone getting killed. Rick says that they can co-exist peacefully, but the Governor calls him a liar and beheads Hershel. During the ensuing gunfight, Lilly arrives in time to see him murder Hershel. She is carrying Meghan, who has been bitten by a walker. He dispassionately shoots Meghan to Document [132] (Title: Fear the Walking Dead (season 3)) for a 16-episode third season on April 15, 2016. Production began in January 2017 in Baja, Mexico. This is the final season with co-creator Dave Erickson as showrunner as he will leave the series after the conclusion of the third season. In February 2017, it was announced that Emma Caulfield was cast in the season. In March 2017, it was revealed that Daniel Sharman joined the cast as a series regular. In April 2017, several new actors were announced having joined the series; including Dayton Callie (reprising his guest role from season 2) and Sam Underwood, who, along with Daniel Document [133] (Title: Internment (The Walking Dead)) truck, and she and Hershel leave the prison to dispose of them. As Rick and Carl tend to their crops, a man is observing the prison from beyond the gates: The Governor (David Morrissey). The episode was written by co-producer Channing Powell, her first writing credit for the series after joining the writing staff this season. It was directed by David Boyd, who previously directed the season 3 episode "Arrow on the Doorpost" and served as the director of photography on the series during the first two seasons. This episode marks the return of The Governor (David Morrissey), who appears Document [134] (Title: Home (The Walking Dead)) for Lew Temple (Axel) Rick (Andrew Lincoln) suffers further hallucinations of his deceased wife Lori (Sarah Wayne Callies) at the prison fence, while Michonne (Danai Gurira) tracks him from a distance. With Rick's lack of mental stability and Daryl (Norman Reedus) having left the group with his brother Merle (Michael Rooker), Glenn (Steven Yeun) makes an executive decision to fortify the prison against The Governor, despite Hershel's (Scott Wilson) suggestion that they flee. When Carl (Chandler Riggs) finds more walkers in the prison's boiler room, Glenn says that he will take Maggie (Lauren Cohan) to find where the walkers have Document [135] (Title: Glenn Rhee) to break free from his cuffs, kill the guards, then set Glenn, Daryl and Bob free. The four soon discover that the people of Terminus are cannibals and Rick orders everyone shot on sight. They make their way back to the boxcar and free their friends as they fight their way out. As Glenn tries to oppose Rick's plan to go back they are reunited with Carol, Tyreese and Judith and move on. In the episode "Strangers," the group hear screams for help. They go and assist the man from a group of walkers. He introduces himself as Gabriel. He Document [136] (Title: The Walking Dead: The Fall of the Governor) and attacks again. While failing to kill the Governor she steals her sword back. The Woodbury soldiers attack again, but are repelled by grenades. Gabe is killed by a prison resident who attacks them from outside. The Governor uses his tank to destroy the prison fences and the Woodbury soldiers invade the prison, searching for survivors to kill. They see three people trying to flee and kill two of them, while the third one surrenders. Then another group of survivors, led by Rick tries to escape and Alice is with them. Alice is shot in the leg and the Governor Document [137] (Title: Glenn Rhee) to the prison yard so that she can practice a C-section in preparation for Lori's delivery. In the episode "Killer Within," when Andrew lets walkers into the prison yard to attack the survivors, Glenn helps kill the walkers and stabilize the prison, but not before T-Dog and Lori are killed. In the episode "Say the Word," Glenn finds Rick losing control and pleads for him to stop, but Rick nearly assaults Glenn. In the episode "Hounded," while out on a supply run, Glenn and Maggie are ambushed and captured by Merle and brought to Woodbury for interrogation. In the episode Document [138] (Title: Rick Grimes) called Woodbury, after Michonne (Danai Gurira), a mysterious katana-wielding survivor arrives at the prison to reveal Glenn and Maggie Greene (Lauren Cohan) have been kidnapped (in order to gain information on the location of the prison, a more secure environment than Woodbury). Rick follows Michonne while somewhat distrustful of her in the episode "Made to Suffer" and retrieves the couple by killing several soldiers and consequently causing a firefight in the streets. The Governor launches an assault on the prison in the episode "Home" in retaliation. A former member of Rick's group, Andrea (Laurie Holden), now a Woodbury citizen and Document [139] (Title: Too Far Gone (The Walking Dead)) at the prison face imminent danger as The Governor (David Morrissey) and his forces suddenly close in. Hershel Greene and Michonne are held captive, as The Governor demands to take hold of the prison, despite the urges of the group to stay. This episode marks the conclusion to the prison story arc in the television series, as well as the conflict with The Governor, which had begun in the third season. It features the most character deaths and final appearances (detailed below). Commentators lauded the episode, while many particularly praised the climactic ending, deaths, the demolition of the prison and Document [140] (Title: The Governor (The Walking Dead)) in terror. The Governor stops the fast-fleeing convoy, and, in response to their protests against returning to the prison, he opens fire and slaughters them all, sparing only Martinez and Shumpert, his two primary henchmen. Only Karen escapes his rampage (by playing dead under a corpse). The Governor, Martinez, and Shumpert are last seen driving off as Rick and Tyreese bring everyone from Woodbury to the prison, and leave Woodbury to be overrun. "Live Bait" reveals that, just after massacring his own people, the Governor sets up camp with Martinez and Shumpert. Martinez and Shumpert abandon him after he does Document [141] (Title: The Prisoners (The Walking Dead)) past. He reveals that he was sentenced for trying to rob a convenience store with a toy gun, but the police did not believe him and found his brother's gun and assumed it to be the real weapon and he was incarcerated. He is killed by The Governor by a shot to the head as part of a surprise attack initiating his assault on the prison. Andrew was portrayed by actor and rapper Markice Moore. He had originally auditioned for the pilot episode for the role of T-Dog, which went to IronE Singleton. Moore was later cast on season 3 Document [142] (Title: The Walking Dead: The Fall of the Governor) katana, which upsets the audience. The Governor discovers that Rick, Glenn and Michonne live in a prison and he wants to find out where the prison is. He enlists Martinez to gain Rick's trust and help them escape, so he can find the prison. Martinez succeeds to convince Rick that they are on the same side. He helps him escape and frees Glenn and Michonne. When they flee Dr. Stevens and his assistant Alice join them. Outside Woodbury Stevens is bitten and killed by a zombie. Meanwhile, Michonne goes back to The Governor's apartment for revenge. She knocks him out Document [143] (Title: Made to Suffer) Williams (Sonequa Martin-Green). It also features a cameo from Jon Bernthal (Shane Walsh). Rick (Andrew Lincoln), Michonne (Danai Gurira), Daryl (Norman Reedus), and Oscar (Vincent Ward) head towards Woodbury to rescue Glenn (Steven Yeun) and Maggie (Lauren Cohan) from The Governor (David Morrissey). While they are gone, a group of five survivors—siblings Tyreese Williams (Chad L. Coleman) and Sasha Williams (Sonequa Martin-Green), and Allen (Daniel Thomas May) and Donna (Cherie Dvorak) with their son Ben (Tyler Chase)—come across the prison while fleeing a horde of walkers, and discover a breach in its fence. They make their way inside, discovering that Document [144] (Title: Morgan Jones (The Walking Dead)) that he let the Wolves escape, believing that people can change, though Rick doubts his ability to survive without getting his hands dirty. Morgan later visits Denise Cloyd and gains her help in treating the Wolf he captured. In the mid-season finale "Start to Finish", when Alexandria's walls are breached by a horde of walkers, Carol and Morgan take shelter in Morgan's house. She finds the captive Wolf, and threatens him with a knife, but Morgan intervenes and they fight, allowing the Wolf to escape. In the mid-season premiere "No Way Out", the escaped Wolf is killed while saving Denise Document [145] (Title: Sasha Williams (The Walking Dead)) the disease. In the episode "Internment", she is one of the people infected but still assists Hershel and Glenn in treating the other sick patients. In the mid-season finale episode "Too Far Gone" she along with Maggie and Bob are separated from the main group after an attack by The Governor and his followers on the prison. In the mid-season premiere "Inmates", Sasha, Maggie and Bob find the prison bus, hoping to find Glenn inside; instead it is filled with undead prison residents which they kill. In the episode "Alone", Sasha disagrees with Bob and Maggie about going to Terminus. Document [146] (Title: Glenn Rhee) explains that she was the reason behind this and has no need for living as she watched her sister and niece die. She also tells him about the death of Hershel, which leaves Glenn saddened. Glenn convinces her that they need each other to get out alive. Glenn throws the bottle at a nearby car to distract the walkers and he and Tara escape. Along the road, Tara mentions that The Governor told her that the prison group were bad people and she didn't believe him for one second. She then apologizes for everything. They both get attacked by walkers Document [147] (Title: Killer Within) Within" was viewed by 9.27 million viewers, including 4.9 percent of those in the 18 to 49 demographic upon its initial broadcast in the United States. Outside the prison, an unidentified individual lures a group of walkers towards the prison, breaking open the front gate's lock to allow them inside. In Woodbury, Michonne (Danai Gurira) is suspicious of how The Governor (David Morrissey) recovered supplies from a nearby National Guard camp, but he refuses to discuss it. She expresses her concerns with Andrea (Laurie Holden), and believes they should leave and head for the coast. Andrea would rather stay, and Document [148] (Title: Say the Word (The Walking Dead)) she is forced to hide as The Governor returns and overhears Milton (Dallas Roberts) warn The Governor that his celebration will delay his experiments. She opts to exit out a back window to avoid being caught and discovers a courtyard with several cages filled with walkers. She proceeds to open the cages and methodically kill them. However, she is caught and taken to The Governor, who orders her to become part of the "research team". This team, including Milton and Merle (Michael Rooker), is tasked to bring still-animated walkers that are trapped in pits back to Woodbury. The Governor speaks Document [149] (Title: Glenn Rhee) stabbing a roamer. Then he moves into the same cell as Maggie. Later on, Hershel gives Maggie permission to be in a relationship with Glenn, and helps him settle into a prison-turned-refuge with Maggie and helps the group find fuel and supplies. Glenn is later imprisoned by the Governor, an encounter that leaves him with physical and mental scars; Glenn is beaten and forced to hear the Governor brutally rape Michonne in a neighboring cell. After his escape and return to the prison, Glenn grows to love Maggie and proposed to her with a ring stolen from a zombie's finger; Document [150] (Title: Too Far Gone (The Walking Dead)) the performances, particularly from Andrew Lincoln, David Morrissey and Scott Wilson. In addition to its positive reviews, the episode also saw a rise in ratings from the previous episode, with 12.05 million viewers watching its original airing. After capturing Michonne (Danai Gurira) and Hershel Greene (Scott Wilson), The Governor (David Morrissey) convinces his camp to help him take the prison. Lilly Chambler (Audrey Marie Anderson), however, is not convinced, but The Governor reassures her that her family will be safe. While Michonne seethes, The Governor dismisses Hershel's proposal for the two groups to coexist peacefully. He says goodbye to Meghan Document [151] (Title: I Ain't a Judas) Morrissey) brief but costly attack on the prison, Hershel (Scott Wilson) wants to abandon it. Merle (Michael Rooker) points out it is now too late for that; The Governor has had more than enough time to block all possible escape routes, moreover The Governor can simply besiege the prison and starve them out. Rick (Andrew Lincoln) and Glenn (Steven Yeun), however, argue that the group should stay, but they don't have enough ammunition to clear out the walkers. Rick begins to walk away causing Hershel to challenge him to get his head clear so that he can lead them. Even Document [152] (Title: Carl Grimes) in getting the photo safely. As they return to the prison with weapons and supplies, Carl tells Rick that he believes Michonne is one of them, having gained trust in her. When the Governor attacks the prison, Carl helps in its defense, including killing a terrified teenager compelled to fight when he was advancing on the unarmed Hershel and Judith. Carl later tells Rick he didn't want what happened to Dale, caused by his inaction, happen to anyone else. The Governor is chased away, and the Woodbury group is integrated into the prison, as Rick finally has come to terms Document [153] (Title: Milton Mamet) and his eye). In the episode "Prey", Milton commands Andrea to escape to the Prison to warn her old team about the Governor's plans and for the first time, takes a direct stand against the Governor by burning the captured walkers the Governor planned to use against the Prison group. Andrea made the escape to the Prison but was chased and captured by the Governor himself. The Governor realizes Milton revealed his plans to Andrea; this creates a final rift between Milton and the Governor. At the beginning of the Third Season finale, "Welcome to the Tombs", the Governor viciously Document [154] (Title: Caesar Martinez (The Walking Dead)) from Martinez's operations. Allen and Tyreese later accompany Martinez to the Biter Pits. In the episode "This Sorrowful Life", Merle makes a surprise attack on the Woodbury army, but Martinez and the Governor attack him when he is distracted, beating Merle so that the Governor can kill him. In the third-season finale, "Welcome to the Tombs", Martinez accompanies the Governor when he leads his army against the prison. After the assault fails, Martinez is shocked when The Governor massacres his army for refusing to resume the attack. Because Martinez and Shumpert allied themselves with him, The Governor spares them, and Document [155] (Title: Try (The Walking Dead)) outburst from Sasha. Glenn confronts Nicholas and tells him men like him should have died to the walkers, but he was lucky that the Alexandria's walls came up in time. Glenn tells Nicholas never to set foot outside of the walls again. Fearing that Glenn will reveal his cowardice, Nicholas later retrieves a pistol, the same one that Rick had stashed away but lost. Meanwhile, Carl Grimes (Chandler Riggs) follows Enid (Katelyn Nacon) outside the walls. She reveals she knows Carl has been following her, but allows him to come with her. They bond over their shared experiences as survivors Document [156] (Title: Indifference (The Walking Dead)) a walker overtake him and pin him to the ground, before being saved by Daryl and Bob. Michonne scolds him about his actions, saying that his anger might get him killed. Tyreese responds by bringing up her continued attempts to find and kill The Governor. While Daryl is hooking up a new battery, Bob confides in him about being the reasons for his alcoholism. He also confesses that he only joined the team scouting the retail store to find some liquor, and that his actions led to the walker attack that killed Zach. Daryl tells Bob not to be so Document [157] (Title: Too Far Gone (The Walking Dead)) unties herself. A severely wounded Hershel attempts to crawl away, but The Governor catches him and repeatedly strikes him with the sword, severing his head and killing him. Lilly, who witnesses the execution, arrives at the prison with Meghan's body. The Governor takes her in his arms and coldly shoots her in the head. With Meghan dead and his family no longer trusting him, he has no use for the prison, and he orders his militia to run down the fences and kill all the prison inhabitants. Mitch (Kirk Acevedo) destroys the fences with his tank, leaving the prison vulnerable, Document [158] (Title: Alden (The Walking Dead)) transported to the Hilltop Colony. On their way a walker attack occurred. His fellow Savoirs who are chained together with him attend to flee in the panic, but he refuses and reminds them that the Militia has guns handy they don't. After successfully being brought to the Hilltop in the episode "The King, the Widow, and Rick", he asks Jesus what the colonists of the Hilltop are building inside. He is then imprisoned with the other Saviors and Gregory. He then stops Jared, a Savior who has tried to flee several times before, from escaping because he doesn't want any Document [159] (Title: The Grove (The Walking Dead)) points out that, as an infant, she can't even walk yet. Lizzie agrees and goes inside with Tyreese. Carol starts to cry as she mourns over Mika and slowly pulls out her knife to put her down for good. Later, Carol and Tyreese discuss what to do with Lizzie; he reveals Lizzie admitted to luring walkers to the prison fence using rats as bait. It was also Lizzie who made the bizarre splayed rabbit effigy back at the prison. Tyreese wonders if she was the one responsible for killing Karen and David but Carol professes that Lizzie is innocent, however Document [160] (Title: Indifference (The Walking Dead)) if he catches him taking a drink before their people get the medicine. On the drive back to the prison, Michonne tells Daryl that she will stop looking for The Governor. While searching the neighborhood, Rick and Carol continue to debate her actions, with Carol still acting indifferent. Later, they see Ana's dead body being eaten by some walkers. They return to the house, but Sam has not returned. As they prepare to leave, Rick tells Carol that she cannot return to the prison because Tyreese would kill her when he finds out. When Carol objects, Rick also says that Document [161] (Title: Inmates (The Walking Dead)) by a walker before Bob intervenes. She then becomes enraged and begins to kill the walkers, repeatedly smashing a female walker's head into the bus before stabbing it. Maggie then goes onto the bus to see if Glenn is inside. After killing a walker that had been stuck inside, she sits down and begins to cry. After awakening on a prison walkway that was destroyed by the tank, Glenn Rhee calls for Maggie. Despite his initial despair, he collects some clothes and supplies, including Bob's bottle of brandy, puts on riot gear, and then pushes his way through the walkers. Question: who let the walkers in the prison in season 3 Answer: an unidentified individual Long Answer: Outside the prison, an unidentified individual lures a group of walkers towards the prison, breaking open the front gate's lock to allow them inside. Gold Document ID: 147

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Welcome to the Tombs) Welcome to the Tombs "Welcome to the Tombs" is the sixteenth and final episode of the third season of the post-apocalyptic horror television series "The Walking Dead", which aired on AMC on March 31, 2013. In the episode, The Governor (David Morrissey) and Rick Grimes (Andrew Lincoln) prepare for the upcoming assault on the prison. Tyreese (Chad L. Coleman) and Sasha (Sonequa Martin-Green) decide to not participate in the assault and stay on guard duty before preparing to leave, as the citizens of Woodbury become increasingly alarmed at The Governor's erratic behaviour. Meanwhile, Andrea (Laurie Holden) struggles to escape The Document [2] (Title: Hounded (The Walking Dead)) the walkers that surround the prison. Inside, Daryl (Norman Reedus) and Oscar (Vincent Ward) are clearing out walkers when they spot one with Carol's (Melissa McBride) knife in it, who they thought had died in the previous walker infestation. Seeing a secured door nearby, they open it and discover Carol inside, exhausted but alive. Zack Handlen, writing for "The A.V. Club", rated the episode an A− on an A to F scale. Of the multiple storylines weaved in this episode, he felt that Rick's was the strongest and Andrea's the weakest, but also noted that Andrea has become "more interesting" Document [3] (Title: Michonne) return to the prison with the medicine after Rick and Carl have defended the prison from a walker herd. Michonne takes the bodies to be burnt offsite and Hershel decides to go with her. In the episode "Dead Weight", Michonne and Hershel are seen chatting and laughing in the distance as they prepare the bodies for disposal, unaware they are being watched by The Governor who aims his gun at them. In the mid-season finale "Too Far Gone", the Governor kidnaps Hershel and Michonne and convinces his new group to use them as hostages to take over the prison. At Document [4] (Title: The Prisoners (The Walking Dead)) protect the prison. Oscar instead decides to go. During his plan to rescue Glenn Rhee and Maggie Greene, members of Rick's group, Oscar is shot dead by a Woodbury soldier. At the prison, Axel soon tries to win the favor of the group by trying to stir up conversations and takes a liking to Beth and Carol, flirting with them both. He is later shown saddened by Oscar's death. Axel, Hershel, and Beth, visit new arrivals Tyreese, Sasha, Allen, and Ben. He helps the group fortify the prison, and becomes friendly with Carol by telling her stories of his criminal Document [5] (Title: The King, the Widow, and Rick) food and water, while Gregory (Xander Berkeley) suggest they build gallows to hang them. However, Jesus reminds them that by killing their prisoners they would be no better than the Saviors. Maggie later decides to allow the Saviors inside, imprisoned within in a makeshift cage, as long as they do not cause trouble. She then sends Gregory into the pen to be imprisoned with the Saviors, despite his loud protests, as she cannot trust him either. In private, Jesus thanks Maggie for keeping the Saviors alive, but she sees them as future bargaining chips. In the library, Aaron shares his Document [6] (Title: Too Far Gone (The Walking Dead)) Just keep walking." This episode marked the last regular appearances of Scott Wilson (Hershel) and David Morrissey (The Governor), whose characters were killed off during the prison assault in the episode. On the decision to kill Hershel, Robert Kirkman explained: He was the moral compass of the group and it’s always good to lose the moral compass. It will all become clear when we finally show you the back half of season 4. It wasn’t enough for these characters to lose the prison. They also had to feel some kind of loss over something important and Hershel was that thing Document [7] (Title: Eugene Porter) to Finish", Eugene is rescued by Tara and Rosita from the herd of walkers, seconds after hearing Daryl on the radio and letting out a cry of help. The three seek refuge and get trapped in a nearby garage. Later, Eugene uses his lock-picking skills to escape the room. They stumble into the same room where Owen is holding Denise captive, with Carol and Morgan unconscious on the floor. He forces them to surrender their weapons and Eugene watches as the Wolf leaves the house, taking Denise with him. In the mid-season premiere "No Way Out", Eugene helps kill the Document [8] (Title: Prey (The Walking Dead)) Cantillo), will follow through on the Governor's plans. Instead, Milton urges Andrea to escape and warn Rick and the others. Andrea agrees but cannot convince Milton to come, and challenges him to stop looking the other way from the Governor's immoral actions. The Governor, Martinez, and others prepare to set off for the prison under pretense of following on the deal. Andrea wishes to come along, but Martinez confiscates all but her knife. The Governor insists that this is to keep her safe and separate from their operation until they meet with Rick. Andrea does not buy this, and sneaks Document [9] (Title: Andrea (The Walking Dead)) that they can find it themselves, planning on launching an attack in revenge. She makes it to the prison, but refuses to help Rick's group sneak back into Woodbury, and Carol instead suggests she assassinate the Governor. When she returns to Woodbury, she has the opportunity to kill a sleeping Governor but she is unable to strike the blow. Instead, Andrea arranges for the two sides to negotiate at a neutral location, but both Rick and the Governor refuse to allow her to join in their discussion. She discovers the Governor's plans to launch an attack at the prison, and Document [10] (Title: Morgan Jones (The Walking Dead)) from walkers. When the Wolf reanimates, Morgan kills it and apologizes. In the episode "Not Tomorrow Yet", Morgan tries to talk the group out of attacking the Saviors, but Rick is determined to kill them all. With the strike force gone on their sneak attack, Morgan is seen back in Alexandria welding bars together to make a new detention cell. In the episode "Twice as Far", Morgan is seen reinforcing his jail cell, telling Rick it will give them options in the future. In the episode "East", after Carol goes missing, both Morgan and Rick set out to find her. Document [11] (Title: Sick (The Walking Dead)) off on his own to get medical supplies from the infirmary, and though successful, is scolded by Lori. Carol (Melissa McBride) has Glenn (Steven Yeun) help her capture a female walker to allow her to practice performing a C-section, as Hershel may not be able to help when Lori goes into labor. They are unaware they are being watched from outside the prison fence by an unknown figure. Hershel starts to show signs of recovery, and is conscious after Rick returns from the other cell block. Later on, Lori tries to strike up an intimate conversation with Rick, who simply Document [12] (Title: Carol Peletier) killing their father Ryan who was bitten by a walker. This makes Carol even more determined to keep those she cares about safe. In the episode "Isolation", when a new disease starts spreading in the prison, two people who are infected are killed – Karen (Melissa Ponzio) the Woodbury survivor and girlfriend of Tyreese (Chad L. Coleman), and prison newcomer David. Unknown to the other survivors, Carol killed them in their sleep and burned their bodies in the belief it would stop the infection from spreading. An enraged Tyreese finds the burned bodies and attacks Rick while Carol watches, and Document [13] (Title: Home (The Walking Dead)) attempts to steal from the family after calling them slurs, but Daryl stops him and lets the family drive away. The two get into an argument initially about Daryl's willingness to help others, but it soon turns into longstanding issues from their childhood, and Daryl reveals that their father had beat them both. Merle finally admits that he had left Daryl as he feared he would kill their father if he stayed. Merle also reveals that Daryl and him were originally planning to rob the survivor's camp outside of Atlanta. At the prison, Carol (Melissa McBride) and Axel (Lew Temple) Document [14] (Title: The Governor (The Walking Dead)) their camp. Among the camp are brothers Pete and Mitch Dolgen, who have a working tank. When it becomes clear that Martinez may not be able to keep them safe, the Governor kills him by throwing him into a pit of walkers. Pete takes command, but the Governor later kills him as well after he displays an inability to kill a group of other survivors to take their belongings. The Governor plans to rally the camp and use the tank in a second attack on the prison. In the mid-season finale "Too Far Gone", the Governor encounters Michonne and Hershel Document [15] (Title: Inmates (The Walking Dead)) could have made a bold move, but chose not to, which deflated the momentum a bit, and some rocky exposition. The episode moved the plot forward with check ins on each of the prison survivors, the introduction and/or re-introduction of some key characters, and a path to a new, somewhat mysterious location. Ultimately, "Inmates" functioned mainly as a set-up for the remainder of the season." Patrick Kevin Day of The "Los Angeles Times" commented positively on the episode's simplicity, saying "This episode wasn't full of compelling plot twists (well, maybe a couple) and it didn't do a deep dive into Document [16] (Title: Glenn Rhee) after Rick taunts the group with the option of leaving on their own. In the season premiere "Seed," six to seven months after leaving the farm, Glenn has become increasingly proficient at fighting walkers. He and Maggie continue to have a strong relationship. The group finds a prison and decides to make it their new home. While clearing out part of the prison, Glenn and Maggie get separated from Hershel and Hershel gets bitten by a walker, forcing Rick to cut Hershel's leg off below the knee to prevent the infection from spreading. In the episode "Sick," Glenn escorts Carol Document [17] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 5)) (Lennie James), who was last seen in the third-season episode "Clear." The first half of the season focuses on the group's escape from Terminus, after finding themselves in a vulnerable situation, where they learn the true motives of the Terminans, and the rescue of Beth Greene (Emily Kinney) from Grady Memorial Hospital in Atlanta. In the midst of events, part of the group travels to Washington, D.C. in search of a possible cure for the walker virus. The second half of the season focuses on the group's addition and experience in a newfound sanctuary; Alexandria Safe-Zone: a walled-off community, whose Document [18] (Title: Too Far Gone (The Walking Dead)) walkers stream through the downed fences, Tyreese is cornered by Alisha (Juliana Harkavy) and another soldier, but both are killed by Lizzie (Brighton Sharbino) and Mika (Kyla Kenedy). The children then run towards the prison, with Tyreese following them, telling them to go the other way. Daryl disables the tank by rolling a grenade down the gun barrel, then kills Mitch, and flees the prison with Beth. Though urged to fight by Alisha, Tara Chambler refuses as she realizes that what they are doing is wrong and ultimately runs off without ever firing a shot. The Governor nearly strangles Rick Document [19] (Title: Michonne) college to treat a deadly illness that has broken out among the prison population, and Tyreese (Chad Coleman) joins them before they leave. On the car radio they hear a message offering sanctuary at a place called Terminus before the car is swarmed by walkers and they are forced to flee on foot. In the episode "Indifference", they obtain the needed medicine from the college. Daryl and Tyreese argue with Michonne that the Governor won't be found, and that she is more needed at the prison, and she ultimately agrees to give up her search. In the episode "Internment", they Document [20] (Title: Seed (The Walking Dead)) moving into the prison to clear out a cell block. Daryl notes one wore civilian clothes, suspecting there may have been a breach. Rick and the others start clearing away the walker bodies, giving Lori the chance to confide to Hershel that she fears her child may be stillborn and re-animate as a walker, but Hershel calms her down and affirms the child is still okay. Rick, Daryl, Hershel, Glenn (Steven Yeun), Theodore "T-Dog" Douglas (IronE Singleton), and Maggie Greene (Lauren Cohan) go on a scouting mission to other parts of the prison, many in total darkness. The group inadvertently Document [21] (Title: Isolation (The Walking Dead)) sister Sasha (Sonequa Martin-Green), Glenn Rhee (Steven Yeun), Lizzie (Brighton Sharbino) and the prison's doctor, Dr. Caleb Subramanian (Sunkrish Bala). are among those who contract the virus and are forced to enter quarantine. Hershel suggests that they could search a veterinary college for medical supplies, and Daryl, Michonne (Danai Gurira) and Bob Stookey (Lawrence Gilliard Jr.) volunteer to retrieve the medicine. After escorting the sick into Cell Block A, Carol notices that they are low in water and informs Rick about it, with the two agreeing to clean the cistern the next day. Rick cautiously approaches Tyreese to comfort him Document [22] (Title: The Walking Dead: The Fall of the Governor) group. Rick's people kill all of them, except for Bruce, who is barely alive. When the Governor arrives he shoots Bruce in the head to prevent reanimation and tells his people to follow the tracks to find the prison. They find the prison, but the Governor orders them not to attack yet. They have to wait until the guard of the prison group is down. After a few weeks the Governor and a group of Woodbury soldiers march towards the prison. Among the vehicles is a tank. They attack first, but the prison group fends off the attack and a Document [23] (Title: Conquer (The Walking Dead)) not Alexandria. In the meantime, Carol visits Pete and asks him to check on Tara Chambler (Alanna Masterson), who is still wounded. When he refuses, Carol pulls a knife and threatens him, saying that she can get away with claiming self-defense. Abraham Ford (Michael Cudlitz) visits Tara and talks with Eugene Porter (Josh McDermitt), and they apologize for things that happened on the road. Eventually, Tara wakes up while Rosita Espinosa (Christian Serratos) is watching her. Outside the walls, Sasha (Sonequa Martin-Green) buries a group of walkers she had killed. However, still emotionally unstable, she goes into the grave and Document [24] (Title: Sasha Williams (The Walking Dead)) stay on the wall with rifles in case he comes back. When Rick, Daryl (Norman Reedus) and Michonne arrive at Woodbury after the attack with Karen (Melissa Ponzio), Tyreese and Sasha are at first hostile, but after Karen tells about The Governor massacring his army, let them in Woodbury where they learn Andrea never made it to the prison and is actually captive in the town itself. After Andrea's death, caused by the Governor leaving Milton to turn and bite her, Sasha, Tyreese, Karen and the remaining Woodbury citizens return to the prison with Rick. Sasha is appointed as a Document [25] (Title: Home (The Walking Dead)) help set up barricades, during which Axel admits he has been put in prison for trying to commit armed robbery with a water pistol. Axel begins to tell a humorous story about his brother, but is suddenly shot and killed, and Carol sees The Governor standing outside the fence. The prison group quickly take up arms while The Governor's men fire upon them. The Governor orders a bread truck filled with walkers to crash through the gates, filling the entire outer prison yard and trapping Rick who is still outside the inner fence. The Governor and his men leave the Document [26] (Title: Glenn Rhee) Hershel gives Glenn his blessing. Glenn then asks Maggie to marry him, and she says yes. In the season finale "Welcome to the Tombs," the Governor launches his assault on the prison, but the group is prepared. Glenn and Maggie fight back while wearing riot gear. Later, when Rick returns with the survivors from Woodbury, and Glenn opens the prison gates for them. In the season premiere "30 Days Without an Accident," Glenn and Maggie get a pregnancy scare and decides to go out on a run in her place. When he gets back to the prison, Maggie tells him Document [27] (Title: Too Far Gone (The Walking Dead)) an escape plan, The Governor gives Rick an ultimatum to leave the prison or be killed, using Michonne and Hershel as leverage. Rick tries to reason with The Governor, who becomes frustrated and holds Michonne's katana to Hershel's neck. Rick appeals to the militia claiming that everyone isn't too far gone and they could still peacefully live together and resolve their differences, echoing Hershel's statements. The Governor calls Rick a liar, and swings Michonne's sword at Hershel's neck, partially decapitating him, and prompting Rick and the prison inhabitants to open fire. Michonne, taking advantage of the situation, rolls away and Document [28] (Title: Rick Grimes) any possibility that the possible virus continues to exist. At the same time, he returns Carl's weapon and takes out his Colt Python for protection. In the episode "Isolation", Carol admits that she killed two infected people to spare others from getting infected; Rick exiles her, Rick then burns his shirt in the fire in the following episode, "Indifference". In the episode "Internment", he resolves problems with walkers carving through the fences as the illness dies out with Hershel's medical assistance. In the mid-season finale, "Too Far Gone", The Governor returns with a militia to take over the prison and Document [29] (Title: Prey (The Walking Dead)) a flashback to Andrea and Michonne (Danai Gurira) on their own. Andrea asks if she knew Michonne's chained walkers before they turned, but she states they weren't human in the first place. In the present The Governor is preparing a cell for Michonne at Woodbury, complete with a dental chair and a number of tools to inflict torture. Milton (Dallas Roberts) warns Andrea that the Governor has reneged on the deal with Rick's group at the prison, and plans to kill them all and capture Michonne. Andrea considers assassinating the Governor, but Milton knows that his second-in-command, Martinez (Jose Pablo Document [30] (Title: The Suicide King (The Walking Dead)) his home to finish the walkers and euthanize the few residents bitten by them, then retreats back to his home. Andrea tries to coax The Governor to drop the matter, but learns from him he was aware of her friends at the prison and did not tell her, not believing that she supports Woodbury. Later, Milton (Dallas Roberts) and Andrea speak inspirational words to the Woodbury residents about rebuilding and persevering, winning over the crowd and defusing the internal strife. Meanwhile, at the prison, Hershel (Scott Wilson), Beth (Emily Kinney), and Axel (Lew Temple) visit Tyreese (Chad L. Coleman), Sasha Document [31] (Title: Inmates (The Walking Dead)) upon a walker attack by a set of railroad tracks. Two men, Christopher (Cameron Deane Stewart) and another man (Michael Harding), are fighting off a group of walkers. Tyreese kills the walkers but is unable to prevent both men being bitten. He then hears Mika's handgun fire off in the distance. As Tyreese begins to head back for the girls, the three of them, along with Carol Peletier (Melissa McBride), walk out of the bush. Tyreese welcomes her back, unaware of her exile by Rick. Before he dies, the older man (who later attacks Daryl and Beth as a walker), Document [32] (Title: I Ain't a Judas) Governor sent Merle to kill her (Michonne), demonstrating that he won't allow anyone to leave (or live) who isn't under his control. At Woodbury, Tyreese's group has been brought to the infirmary building where they are cleaned up. The Governor gives them his friendly welcome-speech and discusses their ordeals. Allen (Daniel Thomas May) reveals that they'd been at the prison, where the "crazy" leader, named Rick, chased them out. Tyreese gives The Governor the same offer he'd extended to Rick: to help out and earn their keep. The Governor asks if they could provide a layout of the prison. Allen Document [33] (Title: Alone (The Walking Dead)) In the present, Bob, Sasha (Sonequa Martin-Green), and Maggie (Lauren Cohan) are staying together after the prison attack, Maggie insisting they look for Glenn. Bob is almost bitten in a walker attack, but the wound only rips at his bandages. Sasha, who has come to appreciate Bob, is relieved. As they travel, they discover a sign near train tracks directing them to sanctuary at Terminus. Bob recalls a radio broadcast he had heard on a supply run about Terminus and suggests they go there; Maggie agrees, believing Glenn may have made it there too. Sasha, believing they should look for Document [34] (Title: When the Dead Come Knocking) he is still tied to a chair. Glenn manages to fend off and kill the walker while breaking free of his restraints. Separately The Governor (David Morrissey) interrogates Maggie (Lauren Cohan) and when she refuses to talk, he makes her take off her shirt and bra, threatening to rape her. Maggie remains silent and refuses to cooperate, even as The Governor threatens to harm Glenn, forcing him to leave her alone. The Governor then brings the two of them together, and threatens to kill Glenn in front of Maggie. Maggie finally relents, revealing that they come from a small group Document [35] (Title: Do Not Send Us Astray) However, one of the prisoners, who had also been hit by walker-coated weapons, reanimates and starts attacking them. In the confusion, another Savior, Jared (Joshua Mikel), wrestles the gun from Henry and leads the other Saviors, as well as Gregory (Xander Berkeley), to escape from the Hilltop during the turmoil. When dawn breaks, Maggie oversees more burials of their friends. They discover the missing Savior prisoners, though a few, led by Alden (Callan McAuliffe), offer to stay and help the Hilltop even though they know they will still be treated as prisoners. Additionally, Carol and Morgan go to search for Document [36] (Title: Penitenciaría Federal de Sona) there for life. Due to a prison riot the year before Season 3 takes place, Sona is no longer run by guards from within. Instead, guards only patrol from outside on the boundaries, leaving the prisoners to fend for themselves inside the walls. As stated by Lechero, it is only rules that will stop the inmates from becoming savages, and as such, Lechero runs Sona on the inside, with his rules in place. The prison first appeared in the finale of "Prison Break"'s Season 2, Sona. Michael Scofield was sent there after his self-sacrifice and confession to Sara Tancredi's crime Document [37] (Title: When the Dead Come Knocking) As they debate, they notice the walkers starting to turn towards Michonne, and due to being shot in the leg earlier by Merle, she stumbles as she tries to defend herself. Rick and Carl quickly stop the walkers and bring her inside, locking her in a cell near their cell block and taking away her katana. Michonne refuses to talk when they ask her questions. When they see the supplies that she had brought, they know she is aware there was a newborn at the prison, and both Rick and Daryl (Norman Reedus) threaten her. She explains, she had overheard Document [38] (Title: Inmates (The Walking Dead)) Inmates (The Walking Dead) "Inmates" is the tenth episode of the fourth season of the post-apocalyptic horror television series "The Walking Dead", which aired on AMC on February 16, 2014. The episode was written by Matthew Negrete and Channing Powell, and directed by Tricia Brock. The other survivors of the prison assault deal with recent losses and decide whether or not to try reuniting with each other. This episode marks the return of Carol Peletier (Melissa McBride), who has been absent since the fourth episode of season four. Scott Wilson and David Morrissey are no longer featured in the opening Document [39] (Title: The Governor (The Walking Dead)) the walkers that the Governor had been corralling; he then orders him to kill Andrea. Milton tries in vain to kill the Governor, but the Governor stabs him and locks him in with Andrea, so that Milton will reanimate and kill Andrea. The Governor then leads his army into the prison to kill Rick's entire group, but Tyreese and Sasha wants nothing to do with it, and stay behind at Woodbury. Rick and the others have set a trap at the prison, expecting the Woodbury army's arrival. Ambushed and outgunned by Maggie and Glenn, the Governor's army flees the prison Document [40] (Title: The Prisoners (The Walking Dead)) act of murder to save the group and that murder led to deaths within his own group and forced his own son to put down his mother". "Los Angeles Times" columnist Laura Hudson considered the identity of the mysterious figure breaking open the lock on the prison gates to be "not that much of a "mystery" if you consider how many black guys there are running around outside the prison with vendettas against Rick (note: one)". Ted Pigeon of" Slant Magazine" described the episode's opening sequence: "With its dreamlike, foggy setting and a conspicuously waist-down perspective of the saboteur, a Document [41] (Title: The Walking Dead: The Fall of the Governor) new arrivals attacked him and he had to chop off the leader's (Rick's) hand. While Rick is at the infirmary, Glenn and Michonne are locked up in two storage rooms. The Governor rapes and beats up Michonne regularly. When her relationship with Austin becomes more serious Lilly discovers she is pregnant and Austin is the father. One day an arena fighter named Harold Abernathy is killed by a vengeful opponent named Eugene Cooney. Because the Governor has a show planned later that day he forces Michonne to fight Eugene in the arena. During the fight Michonne decapitates Eugene using her Document [42] (Title: This Sorrowful Life) Hershel's permission to marry Maggie, and then proposes to her, using a wedding ring taken from one of the walkers at the prison fence. Rick arrives and tells the group of the offer to turn over Michonne but that he couldn't go through with it. He admits he made the decision on his own, and shouldn't have, not wanting to be a Governor. He asks the group to decide if they want to stay at the prison or leave, and leaves to go stand watch as they make their decision. There, he watches as Michonne returns to the prison. At Document [43] (Title: Merle Dixon) the Doorpost", Merle unsuccessfully tries to get the prison group to attack the Governor after fighting Glenn. He later tries to get Michonne to join him with his mission. In the penultimate season three episode "This Sorrowful Life", Rick confides in Merle, Daryl, and Hershel that the Governor promises to leave the prison alone if they hand over Michonne. Rick plans to do as the Governor requests and asks Merle to help deliver Michonne to the meeting place at noon. Merle, knowing that Rick will not go through with it, traps and ties up Michonne. However, after he and Michonne Document [44] (Title: Beth Greene) In the episode "Isolation", Beth continues to attempt to repress her sadness to Maggie when the deadly virus at the prison spreads, infecting Glenn (Steven Yeun) and endangering Hershel, who goes to the sick ward to help. During the Governor's (David Morrissey) attack on the prison in the episode "Too Far Gone", Beth and Maggie watch in horror as Hershel is decapitated during the battle, then the sisters are separated and Beth flees with Daryl. In the episodes "Inmates" and "Still", Beth and Daryl travel alone together, where the two come into conflict over the likelihood of other survivors. Beth Document [45] (Title: The Governor (The Walking Dead)) prevent her from becoming a walker before ordering his people to kill everyone in the prison. The Governor uses the tank to roll over the fences and goes into the fight himself, only to be tackled by Rick. The two of them fight, and the Governor eventually pins Rick and brutally beats him before beginning to choke him to death. At that moment, Michonne stabs the Governor and leaves him to die. Lilly then shoots him in the head, killing him. His corpse is briefly visible at the beginning of "After," lying in the middle of the field with a Document [46] (Title: Tyreese) Governor welcomes them with open arms, once they agree to provide a layout of the prison. In the episode "Prey", they are shown to have settled into the town, all four of them taking on active roles within the community. Tyreese and Sasha serve as the community's primary wall-guards. While they are on watch, Andrea reveals to them that the Governor has done terrible things and is planning worse, before she escapes over the wall. Tyreese is later taken to the Biter Pits to help collect captive walkers, and gets into a fight with Allen. He later asks the Governor Document [47] (Title: Alden (The Walking Dead)) revenge won't help him. While they're talking, a wounded prisoner reanimates and kills two others, making Henry open the gate. In the panic, Jared is able to overpower Henry and escapes with some of the prisoners. Alden and several other prisoners however stay and try to close the main gate against a walker herd drawn by the gunfire. Alden then saves Siddiq from a walker, killing it with a shovel. Maggie and others arrive and hold Alden at gunpoint, asking him what happened. Alden explains that he and the other remaining prisoners don't know where the escapees went, but that Document [48] (Title: The Walking Dead: The Fall of the Governor) lot of Woodbury soldiers are killed. After they retreat they are attacked by two prison group residents: Michonne and Tyreese. While Michonne manages to escape, Tyreese is captured and Michonne's katana is confiscated. The next morning the Governor goes to the prison gate and tells Rick to leave the prison. Otherwise he will kill Tyreese. The prison group do not respond and the Governor decapitates Tyreese using Michonne's katana. Back at camp the Governor tells the Woodbury soldiers that the prison people killed their own man so the Governor could not use him to take over the prison. Michonne returns Document [49] (Title: Michonne) an Accident", Michonne comes back to the prison from her tireless search for the Governor which have proved unsuccessful. In the episode "Infected", Michonne is about to head back out on her search, but tries to get back in when a walker attack is announced and she injures her ankle. Beth (Emily Kinney) tends to her wounds, and asks her to watch Rick's baby Judith; when Beth leaves the room, Michonne breaks down crying as she cradles the baby. In the episode "Isolation", she volunteers to go with Bob (Lawrence Gilliard Jr.) and Daryl to get antibiotics from a veterinary Document [50] (Title: Caesar Martinez (The Walking Dead)) together, the three depart. In the episode "Live Bait", in a flashback set hours after the prison attack, a depressed Governor does not try to stop a walker from killing him, forcing Martinez to shoot it. Seeing the Governor broken, Martinez and Shumpert abandon him. Months later, Martinez finds The Governor trapped in a ditch with a child. In the next episode "Dead Weight", Martinez, accompanied by Alisha and the brothers Pete and Mitch Dolgen, rescues the Governor from the pit and learn he has adopted the Chambler family, Lilly, Tara and Meghan but they identity him as "Brian" much Document [51] (Title: Too Far Gone (The Walking Dead)) and the militia infiltrates the prison. Rick ambushes The Governor and the two struggle in a fist fight. With the tank blasting holes in the prison, the inhabitants begin boarding the evacuation bus. Maggie (Lauren Cohan) takes a sick Glenn (Steven Yeun) aboard the bus, but quickly departs to find Beth (Emily Kinney), who left to find Judith. Maggie, Sasha (Sonequa Martin-Green), and Bob Stookey (Lawrence Gilliard Jr.) flee the prison after the bus drives off and Bob is shot in the shoulder (through and through). Tara (Alanna Masterson), shaken by the gunfire, runs off. As a large number of Document [52] (Title: T-Dog (The Walking Dead)) Daryl, and T-Dog confront the prisoners, who claim rights to the prison because they were there first. Rick and his group argue that they cleared out the walkers, so they earned the prison. They initially compromise to share the prison, but when Tomas, one of the prisoners, tries to assassinate Rick, the group fights them; one inmate (Andrew) escapes, and only two are left alive, Oscar and Axel. They surrender and Rick spares their lives but locks them in another cell block. In the episode "Killer Within", Oscar and Axel plead to be part of the group, but Rick declines. Document [53] (Title: Killer Within) (Scott Wilson) takes his first steps after the amputation of his foot. Suddenly, walkers swarm the courtyard, scattering the group. T-Dog (IronE Singleton) races after Carol (Melissa McBride) and sacrifices himself by barreling into a walker horde to let her escape. Rick, Glenn (Steven Yeun), and Daryl (Norman Reedus) find the gate's lock broken and re-secure it to prevent further walkers from entering. Rick accuses Axel and Oscar of the treachery, but an alarm begins sounding due to activation of a backup generator, potentially drawing more walkers. Rick realizes the prisoners cannot be at fault and lets them lead him Document [54] (Title: The Well (The Walking Dead)) people someone to follow and know there is good in the world. Carol still wishes to leave and Ezekiel suggests that she can stay nearby in the abandoned house, so that she could "go and not go". Morgan escorts her to the house, and she clears it of the walker she had seen earlier. Later, she gets a visit from Ezekiel and Shiva; he offers her a pomegranate. Beginning with this episode, Steven Yeun and Michael Cudlitz are removed from the opening credits, while Alanna Masterson, Josh McDermitt and Christian Serratos are added, having joined the series in the fourth Document [55] (Title: The Suicide King (The Walking Dead)) and they set off on their own. As the others return to the prison, Rick tells Michonne that she will also have to leave once her injuries are treated. Glenn accosts Rick for the failure of their mission, not only failing to bring back Daryl but forgoing the opportunity to assassinate The Governor. In Woodbury, the recent events have caused a number of residents to demand they be allowed to leave Woodbury, but The Governor refuses to listen, bitter over Rick's attacks. When a few walkers manage to enter Woodbury by the breach Rick's group used, The Governor only exits Document [56] (Title: Rick Grimes) they try to escape. Carl is enraged by Rick, claiming him responsible for their losses. Rick also begins hallucinating his wife. The survivors of the prison assault — Rick, Michonne and Carl — return to Hershel's farm where they reunite with the remainder of the prison group who left before the assault. They meet a new group of survivors who are on a mission to Washington, D.C., which consist of Abraham Ford (the leader), Eugene Porter (a man who claims to have knowledge on the cure, requesting to go to D.C.) and Rosita Espinosa (Abraham's girlfriend). On the journey to Document [57] (Title: Sasha Williams (The Walking Dead)) after hallucinating Lori (Sarah Wayne Callies), Rick tells Lori to get out, but Sasha's group leaves the prison in a misunderstanding. In the episode "I Ain't a Judas", a few days later, Sasha's group is found by Andrea (Laurie Holden) and Milton (Dallas Roberts), whom the latter leads back to Woodbury. The Governor appoints Sasha and Tyreese as soldiers, specifically as "wall guards." In the episode "Prey", when on their wall duties, Tyreese and Sasha are confronted by Andrea, who says she is leaving Woodbury and that they should too. Andrea also warns them about The Governor before she leaves. Document [58] (Title: Made to Suffer) Made to Suffer "Made to Suffer" is the eighth episode and mid-season finale of the third season of the post-apocalyptic horror television series "The Walking Dead". It was directed by Billy Gierhart and written by Robert Kirkman, and aired on AMC in the United States on December 2, 2012. In this episode, Rick (Andrew Lincoln), Daryl (Norman Reedus), Michonne (Danai Gurira), and Oscar (Vincent Ward) enter Woodbury in search of Glenn (Steven Yeun) and Maggie (Lauren Cohan). Meanwhile, a new group of survivors discover the prison. This episode marks the first appearances of Tyreese Williams (Chad L. Coleman) and Sasha Document [59] (Title: 30 Days Without an Accident) of the prison's children, Lizzie (Brighton Sharbino) and her sister, Mika (Kyla Kenedy), among them, for naming one of the walkers at the fence. While several survivors kill the accumulated walkers at the fence, Tyreese (Chad L. Coleman) speaks with Karen (Melissa Ponzio), and confides his discomfort with killing walkers along the gate, as it means looking into their faces. Michonne (Danai Gurira) returns to the prison after unsuccessfully hunting for The Governor and shares her intention to travel to Macon County to continue her search. She volunteers to check the hunting traps for animals, but Rick decides to go Document [60] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 3)) as Michonne and The Governor, respectively. However, Wilson and McBride are credited as "Also starring". This is the first season not to include Jeffrey DeMunn who was credited as main cast member in previous seasons. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> The third season of "The Walking Dead" has received positive reviews from critics. On Metacritic, the season holds a score of 82 out of 100, indicating "universal acclaim", based on 19 critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the season holds an 88% with an average rating of 8.12 out of 10, based on 30 reviews, and an average episode score of 85%. The site's critical consensus Document [61] (Title: Monsters (The Walking Dead)) on the escapees, killing one, before Jesus and Tara tackle him. Morgan and Jesus fight about how to handle the remaining Saviors, before Tara breaks them up. Morgan walks away. Jesus and Tara deliver the remaining prisoners to the Hilltop. Gregory attempts to discourage them from keeping the hostiles there. Maggie, though cautious of holding the prisoners, refuses to listen to Gregory. Elsewhere, Carol (Melissa McBride) and King Ezekiel (Khary Payton) lead their army against a nearby Savior outpost. They are victorious with no apparent losses, but as they revel in their win, some hiding Saviors open fire on them Document [62] (Title: Sasha Williams (The Walking Dead)) member of the prison council and a participant in supply runs. In the season premiere "30 Days Without an Accident", she is reluctant to let Bob Stookey go to the Big Spot supply run, but is eventually convinced by Bob. At the Big Spot, when walkers start falling through the ceiling, Sasha, along with all her companions except Zach (Kyle Gallner), who is bitten by a walker, are forced to leave the building after an army helicopter crashes through the roof, without any supplies. In the episode "Infected", after the D-Block attack, Sasha is at the prison council meeting regarding Document [63] (Title: Welcome to the Tombs) in no uncertain terms Carl "gunned him down." Rick, Michonne, and Daryl leave to chase down The Governor, fearing he may attack again, while the others guard the prison. The three discover the Woodbury convoy and find Karen hiding in a truck, who explains what happened. They continue to Woodbury and engage in a firefight with Tyreese and Sasha, until Karen speaks up and explains what she saw. Tyreese allows the group to come in and Rick realizes that Andrea never returned to the prison. The group quickly searches Woodbury and find the torture room. They find Milton dead, but Document [64] (Title: The Walking Dead: The Fall of the Governor) Lilly notices the Governor's absence and talks to Gabe. He brings her to the Governor, who is still in a coma. Along with some other Woodbury residents she manages to keep Woodbury running. After the Governor wakes up he speaks to her. He tells her that Martinez' escape was part of a plan to discover the prison's location. Because Martinez has been gone for a week, the Governor asks Lilly to find him. She organises a search party and they find Martinez, who was killed and has turned into a walker. They cut off his head and bring it to Document [65] (Title: Tyreese) takes part in the fight with The Governor's group and he is cornered by two of the Governor's soldiers, but both are killed by Lizzie and Mika Samuels. The children then run towards the prison, with Tyreese following them, telling them to go the other way. In the episode "Inmates", following the attack on the prison, Tyreese is split into a group with Lizzie, Mika and Judith where they are soon joined by Carol, who doesn't mention anything about her exile from the group by Rick. They follow a set of train tracks where they discover a sign indicating that Document [66] (Title: The Prisoners (The Walking Dead)) walkers is let into the prison courtyard, resulting in the deaths of T-Dog and Lori. When the prison's sirens sound off, Oscar explains that the back-up generators are powering the alarms, and takes Rick to shut them down. Andrew, who survived and is revealed to have let the walkers loose and turned on the alarms, attacks Rick in the generator room. Oscar kills Andrew, and Oscar and Axel are then allowed to stay with the others. Axel and Oscar helps dig graves for those who died during the walker attack. Axel volunteers to go to Woodbury, but stays behind to Document [67] (Title: Inmates (The Walking Dead)) reach the road near to the prison bus. Tara describes seeing her sister Lilly Chambler (Audrey Marie Anderson) being swarmed by walkers on the field outside the prison, and reveals Hershel's death to Glenn. She tells him "Brian" (David Morrissey) had told her the prison group were bad people. She'd believed him but sees now that wasn't true, and she cannot understand why Glenn would want her help. Glenn explains that he needs to find Maggie. After a small group of walkers attacks, Glenn collapses, wheezing, leaving Tara to tackle a walker on her own. She looks up to see Document [68] (Title: The Governor (The Walking Dead)) drives off as the survivors struggle with the walkers. In the episode "I Ain't a Judas", the Governor proceeds to rally Woodbury against the prison survivors, labeling them terrorists and raiders. Andrea wants to leave to negotiate peace with the prison group, but the Governor discourages her, implying that she will not be welcomed back if she leaves. When Milton tells the Governor that Andrea asked him to help her sneak out, the Governor tells him to go with her. The Governor welcomes Tyreese, Sasha, Allen, and Ben to Woodbury, after Rick kicked them out of the prison. Andrea returns Document [69] (Title: Rick Grimes) out to confront The Governor after he fails to take the prison and massacres his own troops. They discover a bitten Andrea in The Governor's torture chamber. Rick reaffirms her as a group member before she uses his revolver to commit suicide to avoid turning. Rick brings the surviving residents of Woodbury - including Tyreese (Chad L. Coleman) and his sister, Sasha (Sonequa Martin-Green) - to the prison. He also confiscates Carl's pistol after hearing that his son killed a boy from Woodbury whom he believed to be a threat. Rick stops seeing visions of Lori, realizing his ruthlessness was Document [70] (Title: Inmates (The Walking Dead)) the search gives their lives a purpose beyond mere survival. While walking, they come across the prison bus, which is filled with walkers. Maggie insists on checking to see if Glenn is inside. After Bob says they'll do it together, and Sasha reluctantly agrees, Sasha opens the emergency door with the intention of allowing one walker to exit at a time. Eventually, the press of walkers trying to exit the bus proves too much, and Sasha can no longer hold the door. As the walkers attack, forcing Bob and Sasha defend themselves. Maggie initially seems dazed, and is nearly killed Document [71] (Title: Isolation (The Walking Dead)) Daryl talks to Michonne about hunting for The Governor when they suddenly hear a voice over the car radio repeating the words "Sanctuary... those who arrive...survive..." A distracted Daryl drives into a horde of walkers, forcing the group to leave their vehicle, except for a morose Tyreese. Tyreese eventually snaps out of it, but he is overwhelmed by the walkers, forcing the remaining three to leave him. However, he miraculously survives the swarm and regroups with the others. After Rick rescues Carol, who had recklessly gone out of the prison to clean the pump on her own, from walkers, Rick Document [72] (Title: Tara Chambler) Governor decapitates Hershel, Tara tries to retreat from the battle in shock. Alisha tries to get her to fight back but Tara is disgusted with the Governor and ultimately walks off, traumatized. In the mid-season premiere "Inmates", in the aftermath of the prison attack, Glenn finds Tara hiding within the gates and tells her that he needs her help to escape the prison and find his wife, Maggie, Hershel's daughter. Tara is too disgusted with herself for trusting the Governor and reveals that she saw Lilly die and questions why Glenn wants her help; he states that he doesn't want Document [73] (Title: Maggie Greene) Governor's group attacks the prison. Maggie rescues Glenn and puts him on the bus, but they get separated once the bus leaves. When Bob is shot, she escapes the prison with Sasha (Sonequa Martin-Green) and Bob. In the episode "Inmates", Maggie searches for Glenn with Sasha and Bob following her. Afterwards she finds the bus and clears it but finds no sign of Glenn, she breaks down first in tears, then in laughter as she knows Glenn is out there somewhere. In the episode "Alone", when she finds a Terminus sign she wants to go. She believes Glenn could be Document [74] (Title: Inmates (The Walking Dead)) a military truck has pulled up. Tara yells at the truck and three people climb out: Sgt. Abraham Ford (Michael Cudlitz), Dr. Eugene Porter (Josh McDermitt), and Rosita Espinosa (Christian Serratos). Abraham says to Tara, "You got a damn mouth on you, you know that? What else you got?" "Inmates" was co-written by co-producers Matthew Negrete and Channing Powell and directed by Tricia Brock. This episode marks the first appearances of Sgt. Abraham Ford (Michael Cudlitz), Dr. Eugene Porter (Josh McDermitt), and Rosita Espinosa (Christian Serratos), notable characters from the comic book series. On Abraham's character, Cudlitz said: When we Document [75] (Title: The Governor (The Walking Dead)) back to Woodbury and strapping her in the dentist's chair that he meant to use on Michonne. In the episode "This Sorrowful Life", Merle kidnaps Michonne at Rick's suggestion to turn her over to the Governor, but lets her go and instead lures walkers to the Governor's meeting place to ambush the Woodbury army. Then, the Governor maims, shoots, and kills Merle, leaving his body to reanimate as a walker, which Daryl later kills, out of pure anger, remorse, and pain. In the season finale "Welcome to the Tombs", the Governor brutally beats Milton up after learning that he burned Document [76] (Title: Carol Peletier) has died at the end of the episode, and watches the remaining Woodbury residents enter their new home in the prison. In the season premiere, "30 Days Without an Accident", six months after the conflict with the Governor has ended, Carol begins secretly teaching the children of the prison how to use knives to defend themselves and not to have any sympathy for the walkers. Carl Grimes discovers the lessons are taking place, and she asks him not to tell his father. In the episode, "Infected", Carol begins caring for two girls, Lizzie (Brighton Sharbino) and Mika (Kyla Kenedy), after Document [77] (Title: Welcome to the Tombs) and Sasha (Sonequa Martin-Green) will stay behind to protect the citizens of Woodbury, as they only kill walkers, not humans. The Governor, after a moment, agrees and gives Tyreese a gun, and thanks him. At the prison, Rick (Andrew Lincoln) and his group pack up supplies in cars. Rick is still seeing hallucinations of Lori (Sarah Wayne Callies), making him question his judgement. Michonne (Danai Gurira) finds Rick and forgives him for his decision to try to turn her over to The Governor, and his decision to bring her into the group. Rick admits it was Carl's (Chandler Riggs) choice, Document [78] (Title: Too Far Gone (The Walking Dead)) (Meyrick Murphy) before leaving her and Lilly near a river bank, where Meghan gets attacked by a walker and is killed. At the prison, the remaining sick are recuperating. Daryl Dixon (Norman Reedus) is upset at Rick (Andrew Lincoln) for exiling Carol after learning she killed Karen and David, and the two decide to tell Tyreese (Chad L. Coleman) about her involvement in the murders. Tyreese discovers a dissected rabbit and believes whoever did it was the killer. Rick tells him otherwise, but before he can explain, the three hear a large explosion, signaling The Governor's arrival. While Daryl formulates Document [79] (Title: The Governor (The Walking Dead)) guards, Caesar Martinez. However, Michonne stays behind and finds her way to The Governor's apartment, where she brutally tortures him, severing his right arm, fingernails, penis, and left eye. When Michonne rejoins the group and they ask her if The Governor is still alive, Michonne is uncertain. The Governor survives with the help of Bob Stookey, a citizen who had medical experience, and is eventually able to find the prison. The Governor uses Rick's murder of Martinez to rally Woodbury's townspeople against the prison's inhabitants. Things do not go according to plan, however, as Rick's group puts up a tenacious Document [80] (Title: Sick (The Walking Dead)) last ten months and were unaware of the extent of the walker epidemic. Tomas believes the prison should be theirs, but Rick asserts that since they spilled blood to clear it, the prison belongs to Rick's group. However, Rick does offer to let the prisoners stay in a separate cell block and split the supplies. The group returns back to their cell block where Hershel is kept in a separate cell and watched over in case he turns. Rick keeps the prisoners in a locked cell temporarily. Rick later tells Lori (Sarah Wayne Callies) he does not trust the prisoners Document [81] (Title: Michonne) the car he has second thoughts and releases her; he instead ambushes the Governor's group alone and kills a number of them before the Governor finds him and kills him. In the season finale "Welcome to the Tombs", following another attack on the prison Rick, accompanied by Michonne and Daryl, sets out to locate the Governor. However, they come across the scene where the Governor slaughtered his own troops. One survivor (Karen) (Melissa Ponzio) leads the group back to Woodbury to locate Andrea, as they fear the worst for her safety after learning she had fled Woodbury for the prison, Document [82] (Title: Welcome to the Tombs) believing she belonged here. Elsewhere, Daryl (Norman Reedus) talks through his grief of losing his brother Merle (Michael Rooker) with Carol (Melissa McBride). She reminds him that Merle gave them a chance against The Governor. Later, a small army from Woodbury arrives at the prison. They use their heavy weapons to break through the outer walls and breach the fences with their vehicles. The prison, outside of walkers, appears empty. As they search the cell blocks they find a Bible left by Hershel open to a highlighted passage John 5:29, "And shall come forth: they that have done good, unto Document [83] (Title: Tyreese) The lone survivor of the massacre, Karen, guides Rick's group to Woodbury, where Tyreese is keeping watch. He lets them all in, guides them to a room where they find Andrea bitten, and stands vigil outside the door while Andrea shoots herself. Awakened to The Governor's maliciousness and concerned for everyone's well-being, he and Rick agree on moving everyone to the prison. In the season premiere "30 Days Without an Accident", Tyreese is shown to have adapted to life in the prison and begins a romantic relationship with Karen. He goes with others on a supply run that turns deadly Document [84] (Title: Tyreese) encourage her to face her demons rather than ignore them. Glenn recalled the story of his miraculous survival in the prison gym to several Alexandria citizens at the group's welcome party, all of whom were stunned and in awe upon hearing this. In the episode "Made to Suffer", Tyreese and his group discover the prison and proceed to sneak in, through the exposed back side of one of the buildings. They are no sooner locked in a cell block by Carl, while Rick and others are away at Woodbury. Donna, having been bit in the woods, succumbs to her infection Document [85] (Title: T-Dog (The Walking Dead)) T-Dog tries to convince Rick and Daryl to let the two surviving prisoners join their group, but he is overruled. Later, a horde of walkers somehow invades the prison courtyard, and T-Dog is bitten on the shoulder by a walker while securing the gate, and is then killed while sacrificing his life to allow Carol to escape when they run out of ammunition. Later in the episode, it is revealed that the escaped Andrew let the walkers in. IronE Singleton, who played T-Dog, recalled: "when I was first cast in the show, I was told that I would do two, Document [86] (Title: Tyreese) rage and badly beats Tyreese before Daryl pulls him off. After recovering, Tyreese finds out his sister Sasha is also sick and goes with Daryl, Michonne and Bob to find medicine. In the episode "Indifference", they get the supplies and return to the prison to treat the surviving patients. In the mid-season finale "Too Far Gone", Tyrese discovers a dissected rabbit in the tombs and tells Rick and Daryl he thinks it was the same person who killed Karen, but when they try to tell Tyreese who really killed Karen, they are interrupted as The Governor attacks the prison. Tyreese Document [87] (Title: Rick Grimes) finds Michonne killing a Savior to death and he stops her, she takes him to the sewer where they all hide, Judith and Carl are safe there with all the In addition to Alexandria, Rick finds Dwight among his people, resting against a wall, although Rick seems surprised to see him, continues without saying a word, is also surprised to find Siddiq in the sewers with the rest of the survivors. Carl reveals that he brought Siddiq there, then Carl reveals Rick, Michonne and the rest of the people who were bitten by a walker. In the mid-season premiere episode Document [88] (Title: Maggie Greene) with the surviving others on the highway. In the season premiere "Seed", after spending the winter on the run, the group spots an abandoned prison and Maggie proves herself a capable soldier in helping to clear the yard of walkers. However, Hershel's leg is bitten and amputated in the process. In the episode "Sick", Maggie must come to terms with the possibility of losing her father. She sits with Hershel while he's unconscious and urges him to let go. In the episode "Killer Within", she is present when Lori goes into labor during a walker attack on the prison. Once Document [89] (Title: Hershel Greene) and kill the walkers. Right after, Hershel goes to get the breathing tube from the walker to save Glenn, but is pinned. Maggie, after hearing the gunfire from outside the prison, finally breaks into the cell block, and kills the walker and saves Hershel. She kills the remaining walkers and then they go to save Glenn, which they do. Afterwards, Hershel is seen back in Caleb's cell, where he tends to his corpse and attempts to read his bible before breaking down and sobbing over the events of the day. The next day, Hershel is confronted by Daryl, who asks Document [90] (Title: Carl Grimes) of survivors led by Tyreese, one who had been bitten by a walker, and he allows them shelter of the prison but locked away from the rest of the group, though says he will ask Rick to evaluate them when he returns. Rick's group returns successfully, but Rick is still troubled by visions of Lori, and when Carl introduces him to Tyreese's group, Carl interprets Rick's cries of "Get out!", which he is shouting at his hallucinations, as his decision to refuse Tyreese's group to stay. Carl leads them out and apologizes for Rick's lack of understanding. With war between Document [91] (Title: After (The Walking Dead)) on the episode's pace. Following The Governor's (David Morrissey) deadly assault on the prison, the survivors are forced to scatter and try to regroup. Michonne (Danai Gurira) reconnoiters the prison for survivors. She discovers the reanimated head of her friend, Hershel (Scott Wilson), and stabs it to put him out of his torment. She discovers a trail of footprints leading away from the prison. To protect herself, she slices off the arms and jaws of two walkers, leading them pet-like to help mask her presence from other walkers, however this appears to draw more walkers towards her. While taking shelter Document [92] (Title: Michonne) the details of Andre's death and the reasoning behind keeping two walker pets. Upon entering Terminus and realizing it is a trap, Michonne along with Rick, Carl and Daryl flee across the grounds, to eventually become captured. Forced into a container, the group are reunited with Glenn, Maggie, Bob and Sasha, as well as meeting Sergeant Abraham Ford, Dr. Eugene Porter, Rosita Espinosa and Tara Chambler. Michonne is present as the season closes with Rick uttering the words: "...they're screwing with the wrong people." In the season five premiere "No Sanctuary" Michonne and the others are able to escape Terminus Document [93] (Title: Dead Weight (The Walking Dead)) Lilly's insistence that the camp is safe, The Governor believes they need to move to a more secure location. During a game of tag, a walker who has entered the camp attacks Meghan and Tara, but The Governor quickly kills it. Concluding that the prison is a safe place for his family, The Governor scouts the prison and observes Rick (Andrew Lincoln) and his son Carl (Chandler Riggs) digging in the prison yard. He looks away and notices Hershel (Scott Wilson) and a smiling Michonne (Danai Gurira) burning walker corpses. Angered, he aims his pistol at them. This episode marks Document [94] (Title: Infected (The Walking Dead)) Back in Cell Block "D", a zombified Patrick (Vincent Martella) enters a cell and kills the man sleeping inside. After Patrick feeds on him, the man reanimates. Michonne (Danai Gurira) goes to hunt for The Governor, while Rick (Andrew Lincoln) and Carl (Chandler Riggs) head out to tend to the pigs. Carl asks if he can help clear the walkers at the fence, but Rick shuts the idea down. Carl apologizes but asks for his gun back. They hear gunshots and see Lizzie and Mika Samuels (Brighton Sharbino and Kyla Kenedy) run out of Cell Block "D", screaming for help. Document [95] (Title: Claimed) Abraham (Michael Cudlitz), Rosita (Christian Serratos) and Eugene (Josh McDermitt) in their military vehicle as they drive north. After recovering from the past day, Glenn insists that Abraham stop so that they look for Maggie and other survivors from the prison. Abraham refuses, stating that he and Rosita are on a mission to bring Eugene to Washington D.C., as Eugene, a scientist, says he knows how to stop the walkers once there. Glenn and Abraham get into an argument, drawing a small group of walkers towards them. As they start to fire upon the walkers, Eugene fumbles with his weapon Document [96] (Title: Tara Chambler) from the prison but says nothing on the subject. In the episode "No Sanctuary", Tara crafts a makeshift weapon to use in the escape attempt, but it fails and she is left inside. She encourages the group and is confident that they will be able to survive their break-out. When Rick opens the boxcar for everyone to escape, Tara helps kill walkers on their way out and aids in protecting the group. In the episode "Strangers", Tara speaks to Rick about her involvement with the Governor; he tells her that he was aware of her hesitation to be there and Document [97] (Title: 30 Days Without an Accident) himself. As he leaves, Hershel Greene (Scott Wilson) tells Rick that their council – himself, Glenn, Carol, Daryl, and Tyreese's sister, Sasha (Sonequa Martin-Green) – prefers that Rick carry a gun when he goes outside the gates, for protection. Carol meanwhile secretly uses a storytime session with the prison's children to teach them about the use of weaponry. Patrick, feeling ill, leaves early. Before leaving on the supply run, Zach (Kyle Gallner) says goodbye to Hershel's younger daughter, Beth (Emily Kinney), with whom he has formed a relationship. Bob Stookey (Lawrence Gilliard Jr.), a former army medic and a new Document [98] (Title: Daryl Dixon) a prison as a new shelter at the start of Season 3. In dealing with this, Rick's wife Lori dies after giving birth to her daughter, and Rick is devastated, having hallucinations of her and unable to make decisions. Daryl steps up to help lead the group alongside Hershel during Rick's lapse. His friendship with Carol strengthens after she was feared lost dealing with the walkers. The group is forced to deal with the Governor from the nearby Woodbury community, who seeks to kill them and take their supplies for himself. In rescuing two of their allies kidnapped by the Document [99] (Title: 30 Days Without an Accident) by 16.11 million viewers, marking a series high in viewers and adults 18-49. Several months have passed, in which the remaining citizens of Woodbury have joined the survivor group at the prison. Rick Grimes (Andrew Lincoln), having renounced leadership of the group, has taken to farming to set an example to his son Carl Grimes (Chandler Riggs). While he is walking outside in his garden, he notices several walkers have accumulated outside the prison. Carl approaches him and notices that one of the pigs his father takes care of, "Violet", appears ill. Rick tells Carl to stop naming the pigs Document [100] (Title: Michonne) achieves its objective with those of Oceaneside but an angry Natania agrees to give them the weapons and rejects that their community go to war, late at night the group returns to Alexandria and Rosita opens the door, she takes them to the prison cell, where Dwight is waiting. Rick and Michonne retain Daryl when he wanted to kill him, moments later Dwight reveals that he wants to help them. In the season finale "The First Day of the Rest of Your Life", Rick and his group are betrayed by Jadis and the Scavengers, and it is revealed that Sasha Document [101] (Title: Made to Suffer) Donna has been bitten by a walker. Their cries for help are heard by Carl (Chandler Riggs), who helps lead them to a safe area of the prison. Donna succumbs to the bite, and after a brief moment of silence, Tyreese smashes her head with a hammer to prevent her re-animating. Carl keeps the newcomers locked in a commons area for safekeeping; Tyreese understands and accepts. In Woodbury, Rick's group sneaks into a building while at the same time, Glenn and Maggie attempt to escape. The Governor orders Merle (Michael Rooker) and his men to execute them, but as they Document [102] (Title: Merle Dixon) crashed a truck through the prison gate and unleashed a horde of walkers onto the prison grounds. Merle and Daryl save Rick from attacking walkers. In the episode "I Ain't a Judas", Merle is promptly locked inside a prison cell, where he shares what he knows about Woodbury and the Governor with the group. He bonds with Hershel and apologizes to Michonne, claiming his attack on her was simply following the Governor's orders. Later, Merle, hearing Beth's singing, walks into the cell block where he and Rick share an antagonizing look from across the room. In the episode "Arrow on Document [103] (Title: The Prisoners (The Walking Dead)) of letting in strangers." The Prisoners (The Walking Dead) The Prisoners are fictional characters from the comic book series "The Walking Dead" and the television series of the same name. During Rick's coma, due to the news broadcasts, the inmates and guards had a basic understanding of what was going on. Soon, many of the guards abandoned the prison and the inmates to fend for themselves; at about the same time, a few walkers had somehow gotten inside and began to kill the inmates. Several of the guards freed the inmates and joined together to fight their way out, resulting Document [104] (Title: Glenn Rhee) administers them to Glenn. In the mid-season finale "Too Far Gone," when the Governor arrives and attacks the prison, Glenn is rescued by Maggie and gets separated from her once the bus leaves. In the mid-season premiere "Inmates," after the prison attack, Glenn wakes up and finds himself trapped in the prison after leaving the escape bus. He heads to his room and finds the photo he took of Maggie. He grabs his riot gear, assault rifle, and an alcohol bottle from a survivor and heads out. Along the way, he encounters Tara, a survivor of the attacking army. She Document [105] (Title: Carl Grimes) of whom turns on the group and is abandoned to walkers by Rick. The prisoner gets his revenge by leading walkers into a breach into the prison. The group is forced to split up, and Carl helps to cover Lori and Maggie. The events have caused Lori to enter into childbirth, but she knows she requires a C-section that will likely be lethal, and says her goodbyes to Carl as Maggie operates. Her daughter is born safely, but she dies, and a traumatized Carl is forced to euthanize his mother to prevent her reanimation. When Carl and Maggie regroup with Document [106] (Title: Glenn Rhee) "When the Dead Come Knocking," Merle brutally beats Glenn while trying to find the whereabouts of their camp. Despite this, as well as being forced to fight a walker while strapped to a chair and having the Governor threaten to shoot Maggie, Glenn remains unbroken. But when the Governor threatens to shoot Glenn, Maggie tells her about the prison and their group. In the mid-season finale "Made to Suffer," when Glenn and Maggie attempt to escape, the Governor orders Merle to execute them; they fight back and Merle's group is overwhelmed by Rick's group. Rick, Glenn, and Maggie escape over Document [107] (Title: Too Far Gone (The Walking Dead)) to death, but Michonne stabs him through the chest and leaves him lying on the ground to die. Searching for Judith, Rick and Carl (Chandler Riggs) find only her empty, bloody baby carrier. Devastated, the pair limps off from the prison. Meanwhile, The Governor lies dying in the field as walkers, among them a reanimated Clara (Kerry Condon), move into the prison. Lilly approaches the wounded Governor and bitterly shoots him in the head. Carl and Rick walk away from the prison, watching as hundreds of walkers stream in. Rick turns Carl away and tells him, "Don't look back, Carl. Document [108] (Title: Inmates (The Walking Dead)) After escaping the crush, he sees Tara Chambler (Alanna Masterson), who has locked herself behind a fence. Glenn joins her and, after checking to see that her weapon was not fired during the attack on the prison, tells her they should go. Tara refuses, saying that she joined the prison attack and is thus responsible for its outcome. However, Glenn insists he needs her help. Glenn grabs Bob's bottle of brandy and, using it to create a Molotov cocktail, throws it to ignite a car. While the walkers are distracted by the fire, Glenn and Tara escape the prison and Document [109] (Title: The Prisoners (The Walking Dead)) the time Rick and his group discovered the prison, it was discovered that there were only four survivors left who were locked up inside the cafeteria. The two groups come into conflict after one of them, Thomas Richards, kills two of the survivors, Rachel and Susie Greene, Hershel Greene's two youngest twin daughters. Dexter is falsely accused of the crime due to him being the "only" prisoner who was arrested for murder (it is later revealed that Thomas was arrested for murder as well and initially lied about being arrested for committing tax fraud). Thomas also tries to kill Andrea Document [110] (Title: Alden (The Walking Dead)) to only kill who he needs to kill and to give the other Saviors, who Alden believes are just scared, a chance to join up with them as Alden's group did. When Rick returns with Morgan, Alden is sitting by the fire with Dianne and realizes that Rick killed all of the Saviors despite Alden's request. In "Wrath," Alden and the other defected Savior prisoners volunteer for a mission to lead the walker herd that was drawn by the battle in "Do Not Send Us Astray" away from the Hilltop, an offer that is accepted. After they return, Alden is Document [111] (Title: Sasha Williams (The Walking Dead)) and his group of survivors in the prison but are quickly thrown out by an emotionally unstable Rick. Sasha and Tyreese then encounter The Governor (David Morrissey) and Woodbury, but after learning of the monster The Governor truly is, Sasha returns to the prison with the other newcomers, becoming a council member to the community. Sasha forms a romantic attraction with fellow survivor Bob Stookey (Lawrence Gilliard, Jr.) and is one of the victims of the illness that affects the prison. Of those so infected, only she and Glenn (Steven Yeun) survive. Following the destruction of the prison in The Document [112] (Title: Sasha Williams (The Walking Dead)) Sasha, along with Tyreese, Allen, Ben and a mortally wounded Donna (who later dies of her wound), find an entrance into A-Block of the prison. They are found by Carl (Chandler Riggs), who leads them into the foyer of the cell block. In the episode "The Suicide King", Hershel (Scott Wilson) tends to any wounds that the small group have, before Beth (Emily Kinney) walks into the room with baby Judith, to which Sasha, shocked, says that she never thought she would see another baby again. After Rick's group returns from Woodbury, Rick almost accepts them into his group. However, Document [113] (Title: The Prisoners (The Walking Dead)) said they were harmless—why would they lie?" Showrunner Glen Mazzara commented that in "Killer Within", Axel and Oscar want to be let into the group so they "prove themselves, which is why Oscar takes action and kills Andrew (Markice Moore), so that he can gain access to the group. Throughout the entire season, it's a major theme: Who can Rick let in? Not just into the prison, but let in emotionally." "Los Angeles Times" columnist Laura Hudson observed tribalism as a trope in "Killer Within", which she ascribed to the reluctance of Maggie, Rick, and others in the group to Document [114] (Title: The Suicide King (The Walking Dead)) Holden)'s protests to The Governor (David Morrissey). As they wrestle, Merle discreetly tells Daryl to follow his lead as walkers are herded into the arena. Suddenly, Rick (Andrew Lincoln) and Maggie (Lauren Cohan) appear, throw a smoke bomb into the arena and help Daryl and Merle to escape through a breach in Woodbury's fence. On rejoining Glenn (Steven Yeun) and Michonne (Danai Gurira) nearby, Merle's past interactions antagonize the group, particularly when he reveals that he had brought Michonne and Andrea there. Rick forbids Merle from returning with them to the prison, and Daryl refuses to leave his brother's side, Document [115] (Title: I Ain't a Judas) per his assignment to "keep tabs on her"). The Governor tells Milton to help her. In the woods, Milton helps Andrea capture and disable a walker, hacking off its arms, breaking its jaws, and tethering it (imitating Michonne (Danai Gurira)). While they are doing so, Tyreese's (Chad L. Coleman) group comes upon them and kills several approaching walkers. Milton agrees to take Tyreese's group back to Woodbury, while Andrea leaves with her disabled walker for the prison. At the prison, Glenn quietly suggests handing Merle over to The Governor in a desperate hope of appeasing him. Merle, meanwhile, tries to Document [116] (Title: Home (The Walking Dead)) that he would die for him, and to keep tabs on Andrea. Some time later, Andrea tries to find where The Governor and his right-hand man Martinez (Jose Pablo Cantillo) have gone, but Milton only tells her they have left Woodbury and dodges her other questions. Elsewhere, Daryl and Merle make their way through the forest, Daryl wanting to return to the prison but Merle considered The Governor will slaughter everyone there. They come across a Hispanic family trapped in their car by walkers, and Daryl races to help while Merle only half-heartedly contributes. With the walkers dealt with, Merle Document [117] (Title: Inmates (The Walking Dead)) tells Tyreese about a sanctuary up the tracks. The group follow the track, and come upon a sign promising 'community for all' at a nearby place of safety. Maggie Greene (Lauren Cohan), Bob Stookey (Lawrence Gilliard Jr.), and Sasha (Sonequa Martin-Green) are in the woods by a quarry. Maggie sharpens her knife on a rock, while Sasha bandages Bob's shoulder. Sasha tells Maggie they should camp there for the night. Maggie however sets off in search of Glenn, reluctantly followed by Bob and Sasha. Sasha is angry/upset at what she sees as a waste of time; Bob, however, argues that Document [118] (Title: Indifference (The Walking Dead)) accepts them into his group, but warns them about the flu at the prison. He then tells them to stay put until he and Carol return, but Carol urges them to look for supplies against his wishes. Rick relents after the two insist that they want to help, and tells them to meet back at the house in two hours. Meanwhile, Daryl, Michonne (Danai Gurira), Bob Stookey (Lawrence Gilliard Jr.), and Tyreese (Chad L. Coleman) find a new car at an auto shop, but the battery is dead. The group encounters a few walkers, but a bitter Tyreese intentionally lets Document [119] (Title: Infected (The Walking Dead)) to take an emotional toll on Rick. Meanwhile, the prison group is able to secure the fence with tree trunks. Carol again finds Lizzie and Mika near the fence looking at walkers. Carol warns Lizzie not to identify with the walkers, but instead to take the time to grieve for, and let go of, her father. Lizzie takes her knife (which Carol used to stab Lizzie's father to prevent reanimation) from Carol's hand and puts it in her belt. Carl reveals Carol's weapons teachings to his father, asking that he not confront her. Rick complies. Rick returns Carl's gun and Document [120] (Title: The Governor (The Walking Dead)) to Woodbury and warily resumes her place at the Governor's side. In the episode "Arrow on the Doorpost", encouraged by Andrea, the Governor meets with Rick in a secluded grain silo to offer him peace in exchange for turning over Michonne, giving him two days to think about it. The Governor returns to Woodbury and secretly orders Martinez to set an ambush at the barn, to kill all of Rick's group and bring Michonne to Woodbury so The Governor can torture her. In the episode "Prey", Andrea flees for the prison, and the Governor hunts her down personally, bringing her Document [121] (Title: Carol Peletier) has become and ultimately decides that she cannot return to the prison. He sees her as a threat, but is also concerned that Tyreese will kill her when he finds out that she murdered Karen. Carol is forced to accept banishment, leaving everyone she cares about behind. In the episode "Inmates", Carol reappears unexpectedly, saving Lizzie, Mika, and Judith from a pair of Walkers in a forest. She returns the children to Tyreese and tells him that she saw the prison fall, and, after losing sight of him and the children, managed to catch up with them. Sensing that Tyreese Document [122] (Title: Inmates (The Walking Dead)) credits. This episode also marks the first appearances of Michael Cudlitz, Josh McDermitt, and Christian Serratos as Sgt. Abraham Ford, Dr. Eugene Porter and Rosita Espinosa, respectively. Upon airing, the episode was watched by 13.34 million viewers, and received an 18-49 rating of 6.8. In a flashback, Beth Greene (Emily Kinney) narrates a diary entry discussing her hopes of a new life in the prison. In the present, she and Daryl Dixon (Norman Reedus) are sitting around a campfire, having fled the prison. Beth insists that they must not be the only survivors of The Governor's attack, and demands Daryl Document [123] (Title: The Suicide King (The Walking Dead)) (Sonequa Martin-Green), Allen (Daniel Thomas May), and Ben (Tyler Chase), the last survivors of a larger group that recently found their way into the prison. Carl (Chandler Riggs) has kept them locked in a different cell block, unsure of their loyalty and waiting for Rick to return to make a decision about whether they can stay. Ben and Allen discuss a plan to overpower their captors, but Tyreese and Sasha refuse to allow this to happen, still hoping for the best. Rick's group returns, and Carol (Melissa McBride) is dismayed to see Daryl is not with them, but understands why Document [124] (Title: Sasha Williams (The Walking Dead)) Later, Sasha goes to the walker pit, where she and Tyreese are shocked to hear about The Governor's plans for the prison. Sasha also witnesses the fight between Tyreese and Allen but when Tyreese tries to push Allen into the walker pit Sasha begs Tyreese not to and he listens. In the season finale "Welcome to the Tombs", Tyreese and Sasha stay behind to protect Woodbury after The Governor's army leads an attack on the prison but Sasha begins to suspect that the Governor might kill them when he returns but knows there may be nowhere to run, so both Document [125] (Title: Rick Grimes) Maggie, Sasha and Bob Stookey (Lawrence Gilliard, Jr.) and new allies Tara Chambler (Alanna Masterson), whom Rick recognizes from the prison invasion, Sergeant Abraham Ford (Michael Cudlitz), Eugene Porter (Josh McDermitt), and Rosita Espinosa (Christian Serratos). In the season premiere, "No Sanctuary", Rick's group escapes Terminus as an explosion set off by Carol destroys the compound and infests it with walkers. He reunites with his daughter, Judith and graciously thanks Carol, who resettles into the group. In the episode "Strangers", the group meets Father Gabriel Stokes (Seth Gilliam) who brings them to his church to stay before going to Washington, Document [126] (Title: Rosita Espinosa) it as far as Georgia near the prison, just days after The Governor's attack. In the episode "Inmates", Abraham, Rosita, and Eugene meet survivors Tara and an unconscious Glenn on the road. In the episode "Claimed", Abraham reveals to Glenn and Tara that Eugene knows what caused the apocalypse, and they are on their way to Washington, D.C. to put an end to the walkers. In the episode "Us", Rosita accompanies Glenn to Terminus when they reunite with Maggie, Sasha, and Bob. In the season finale "A", when Rick, his son Carl, and Michonne and Daryl are locked up a Document [127] (Title: When the Dead Come Knocking) When the Dead Come Knocking "When the Dead Come Knocking" is the seventh episode of the third season of the post-apocalyptic horror television series "The Walking Dead". It was directed by Dan Sackheim and written by Frank Renzulli, and originally aired on AMC in the United States on November 25, 2012. At the prison, Rick (Andrew Lincoln) and Carl (Chandler Riggs) observe Michonne (Danai Gurira), who remains at the prison fence with infant formula and other supplies collected by Glenn and Maggie, the walker guts she is covered in keeping her undetected by the walkers that roam outside the prison. Document [128] (Title: Maggie Greene) there and leaves Sasha and Bob. Following the tracks she leaves signs that she wrote in walker blood telling Glenn to go to Terminus. Eventually, she rejoins Sasha and Bob to Terminus. In the episode "Us", the three run into Abraham (Michael Cudlitz), Eugene (Josh McDermitt), and Rosita (Christian Serratos), and save Glenn and Tara (Alanna Masterson) from walkers in a tunnel. Maggie, with Glenn and the others, finally reach Terminus and are greeted by a resident named Mary who offers them a plate of food. In the season finale "A", after Rick, Carl, Michonne and Daryl are captured by Document [129] (Title: Glenn Rhee) the wall, and meet up with Michonne. In the mid-season premiere "The Suicide King," while Glenn remains behind, Rick and Maggie set off smoke grenades, killing several Woodbury residents and rescuing Merle and Daryl in the process. Glenn shows great frustration (at one point bludgeoning a walker pulled from a nearby vehicle) when he finds out that not only is Merle going with them, but Rick had not taken the opportunity to kill the Governor as well (still believing that he raped Maggie when they were held captive). They return to the prison without Merle and Daryl, but Glenn's relationship Document [130] (Title: The Cell (The Walking Dead)) Daryl. Under Negan's (Jeffrey Dean Morgan) orders, Daryl (Norman Reedus) is taken to the Saviors' home, the Sanctuary, and locked in a dark cell, to be converted to join the Saviors by Dwight (Austin Amelio). Dwight feeds Daryl only dog food sandwiches and forces him to listen to the song "Easy Street" played through the walls. Dwight shows that if Daryl refuses to join the Saviors, he could end up like other prisoners, who have become walkers wandering in a fenced off area. Daryl attempts an escape one day when he finds his cell unlocked, but this is revealed to Document [131] (Title: The Governor (The Walking Dead)) Greene, and takes them hostage, intending to use them as leverage over Rick. The Governor then rallies the camp to take over the prison. Upon arriving at the prison with his army and tank, the Governor tells Rick that he is going to give their group a chance to leave without anyone getting killed. Rick says that they can co-exist peacefully, but the Governor calls him a liar and beheads Hershel. During the ensuing gunfight, Lilly arrives in time to see him murder Hershel. She is carrying Meghan, who has been bitten by a walker. He dispassionately shoots Meghan to Document [132] (Title: Fear the Walking Dead (season 3)) for a 16-episode third season on April 15, 2016. Production began in January 2017 in Baja, Mexico. This is the final season with co-creator Dave Erickson as showrunner as he will leave the series after the conclusion of the third season. In February 2017, it was announced that Emma Caulfield was cast in the season. In March 2017, it was revealed that Daniel Sharman joined the cast as a series regular. In April 2017, several new actors were announced having joined the series; including Dayton Callie (reprising his guest role from season 2) and Sam Underwood, who, along with Daniel Document [133] (Title: Internment (The Walking Dead)) truck, and she and Hershel leave the prison to dispose of them. As Rick and Carl tend to their crops, a man is observing the prison from beyond the gates: The Governor (David Morrissey). The episode was written by co-producer Channing Powell, her first writing credit for the series after joining the writing staff this season. It was directed by David Boyd, who previously directed the season 3 episode "Arrow on the Doorpost" and served as the director of photography on the series during the first two seasons. This episode marks the return of The Governor (David Morrissey), who appears Document [134] (Title: Home (The Walking Dead)) for Lew Temple (Axel) Rick (Andrew Lincoln) suffers further hallucinations of his deceased wife Lori (Sarah Wayne Callies) at the prison fence, while Michonne (Danai Gurira) tracks him from a distance. With Rick's lack of mental stability and Daryl (Norman Reedus) having left the group with his brother Merle (Michael Rooker), Glenn (Steven Yeun) makes an executive decision to fortify the prison against The Governor, despite Hershel's (Scott Wilson) suggestion that they flee. When Carl (Chandler Riggs) finds more walkers in the prison's boiler room, Glenn says that he will take Maggie (Lauren Cohan) to find where the walkers have Document [135] (Title: Glenn Rhee) to break free from his cuffs, kill the guards, then set Glenn, Daryl and Bob free. The four soon discover that the people of Terminus are cannibals and Rick orders everyone shot on sight. They make their way back to the boxcar and free their friends as they fight their way out. As Glenn tries to oppose Rick's plan to go back they are reunited with Carol, Tyreese and Judith and move on. In the episode "Strangers," the group hear screams for help. They go and assist the man from a group of walkers. He introduces himself as Gabriel. He Document [136] (Title: The Walking Dead: The Fall of the Governor) and attacks again. While failing to kill the Governor she steals her sword back. The Woodbury soldiers attack again, but are repelled by grenades. Gabe is killed by a prison resident who attacks them from outside. The Governor uses his tank to destroy the prison fences and the Woodbury soldiers invade the prison, searching for survivors to kill. They see three people trying to flee and kill two of them, while the third one surrenders. Then another group of survivors, led by Rick tries to escape and Alice is with them. Alice is shot in the leg and the Governor Document [137] (Title: Glenn Rhee) to the prison yard so that she can practice a C-section in preparation for Lori's delivery. In the episode "Killer Within," when Andrew lets walkers into the prison yard to attack the survivors, Glenn helps kill the walkers and stabilize the prison, but not before T-Dog and Lori are killed. In the episode "Say the Word," Glenn finds Rick losing control and pleads for him to stop, but Rick nearly assaults Glenn. In the episode "Hounded," while out on a supply run, Glenn and Maggie are ambushed and captured by Merle and brought to Woodbury for interrogation. In the episode Document [138] (Title: Rick Grimes) called Woodbury, after Michonne (Danai Gurira), a mysterious katana-wielding survivor arrives at the prison to reveal Glenn and Maggie Greene (Lauren Cohan) have been kidnapped (in order to gain information on the location of the prison, a more secure environment than Woodbury). Rick follows Michonne while somewhat distrustful of her in the episode "Made to Suffer" and retrieves the couple by killing several soldiers and consequently causing a firefight in the streets. The Governor launches an assault on the prison in the episode "Home" in retaliation. A former member of Rick's group, Andrea (Laurie Holden), now a Woodbury citizen and Document [139] (Title: Too Far Gone (The Walking Dead)) at the prison face imminent danger as The Governor (David Morrissey) and his forces suddenly close in. Hershel Greene and Michonne are held captive, as The Governor demands to take hold of the prison, despite the urges of the group to stay. This episode marks the conclusion to the prison story arc in the television series, as well as the conflict with The Governor, which had begun in the third season. It features the most character deaths and final appearances (detailed below). Commentators lauded the episode, while many particularly praised the climactic ending, deaths, the demolition of the prison and Document [140] (Title: The Governor (The Walking Dead)) in terror. The Governor stops the fast-fleeing convoy, and, in response to their protests against returning to the prison, he opens fire and slaughters them all, sparing only Martinez and Shumpert, his two primary henchmen. Only Karen escapes his rampage (by playing dead under a corpse). The Governor, Martinez, and Shumpert are last seen driving off as Rick and Tyreese bring everyone from Woodbury to the prison, and leave Woodbury to be overrun. "Live Bait" reveals that, just after massacring his own people, the Governor sets up camp with Martinez and Shumpert. Martinez and Shumpert abandon him after he does Document [141] (Title: The Prisoners (The Walking Dead)) past. He reveals that he was sentenced for trying to rob a convenience store with a toy gun, but the police did not believe him and found his brother's gun and assumed it to be the real weapon and he was incarcerated. He is killed by The Governor by a shot to the head as part of a surprise attack initiating his assault on the prison. Andrew was portrayed by actor and rapper Markice Moore. He had originally auditioned for the pilot episode for the role of T-Dog, which went to IronE Singleton. Moore was later cast on season 3 Document [142] (Title: The Walking Dead: The Fall of the Governor) katana, which upsets the audience. The Governor discovers that Rick, Glenn and Michonne live in a prison and he wants to find out where the prison is. He enlists Martinez to gain Rick's trust and help them escape, so he can find the prison. Martinez succeeds to convince Rick that they are on the same side. He helps him escape and frees Glenn and Michonne. When they flee Dr. Stevens and his assistant Alice join them. Outside Woodbury Stevens is bitten and killed by a zombie. Meanwhile, Michonne goes back to The Governor's apartment for revenge. She knocks him out Document [143] (Title: Made to Suffer) Williams (Sonequa Martin-Green). It also features a cameo from Jon Bernthal (Shane Walsh). Rick (Andrew Lincoln), Michonne (Danai Gurira), Daryl (Norman Reedus), and Oscar (Vincent Ward) head towards Woodbury to rescue Glenn (Steven Yeun) and Maggie (Lauren Cohan) from The Governor (David Morrissey). While they are gone, a group of five survivors—siblings Tyreese Williams (Chad L. Coleman) and Sasha Williams (Sonequa Martin-Green), and Allen (Daniel Thomas May) and Donna (Cherie Dvorak) with their son Ben (Tyler Chase)—come across the prison while fleeing a horde of walkers, and discover a breach in its fence. They make their way inside, discovering that Document [144] (Title: Morgan Jones (The Walking Dead)) that he let the Wolves escape, believing that people can change, though Rick doubts his ability to survive without getting his hands dirty. Morgan later visits Denise Cloyd and gains her help in treating the Wolf he captured. In the mid-season finale "Start to Finish", when Alexandria's walls are breached by a horde of walkers, Carol and Morgan take shelter in Morgan's house. She finds the captive Wolf, and threatens him with a knife, but Morgan intervenes and they fight, allowing the Wolf to escape. In the mid-season premiere "No Way Out", the escaped Wolf is killed while saving Denise Document [145] (Title: Sasha Williams (The Walking Dead)) the disease. In the episode "Internment", she is one of the people infected but still assists Hershel and Glenn in treating the other sick patients. In the mid-season finale episode "Too Far Gone" she along with Maggie and Bob are separated from the main group after an attack by The Governor and his followers on the prison. In the mid-season premiere "Inmates", Sasha, Maggie and Bob find the prison bus, hoping to find Glenn inside; instead it is filled with undead prison residents which they kill. In the episode "Alone", Sasha disagrees with Bob and Maggie about going to Terminus. Document [146] (Title: Glenn Rhee) explains that she was the reason behind this and has no need for living as she watched her sister and niece die. She also tells him about the death of Hershel, which leaves Glenn saddened. Glenn convinces her that they need each other to get out alive. Glenn throws the bottle at a nearby car to distract the walkers and he and Tara escape. Along the road, Tara mentions that The Governor told her that the prison group were bad people and she didn't believe him for one second. She then apologizes for everything. They both get attacked by walkers Document [147] (Title: Killer Within) Within" was viewed by 9.27 million viewers, including 4.9 percent of those in the 18 to 49 demographic upon its initial broadcast in the United States. Outside the prison, an unidentified individual lures a group of walkers towards the prison, breaking open the front gate's lock to allow them inside. In Woodbury, Michonne (Danai Gurira) is suspicious of how The Governor (David Morrissey) recovered supplies from a nearby National Guard camp, but he refuses to discuss it. She expresses her concerns with Andrea (Laurie Holden), and believes they should leave and head for the coast. Andrea would rather stay, and Document [148] (Title: Say the Word (The Walking Dead)) she is forced to hide as The Governor returns and overhears Milton (Dallas Roberts) warn The Governor that his celebration will delay his experiments. She opts to exit out a back window to avoid being caught and discovers a courtyard with several cages filled with walkers. She proceeds to open the cages and methodically kill them. However, she is caught and taken to The Governor, who orders her to become part of the "research team". This team, including Milton and Merle (Michael Rooker), is tasked to bring still-animated walkers that are trapped in pits back to Woodbury. The Governor speaks Document [149] (Title: Glenn Rhee) stabbing a roamer. Then he moves into the same cell as Maggie. Later on, Hershel gives Maggie permission to be in a relationship with Glenn, and helps him settle into a prison-turned-refuge with Maggie and helps the group find fuel and supplies. Glenn is later imprisoned by the Governor, an encounter that leaves him with physical and mental scars; Glenn is beaten and forced to hear the Governor brutally rape Michonne in a neighboring cell. After his escape and return to the prison, Glenn grows to love Maggie and proposed to her with a ring stolen from a zombie's finger; Document [150] (Title: Too Far Gone (The Walking Dead)) the performances, particularly from Andrew Lincoln, David Morrissey and Scott Wilson. In addition to its positive reviews, the episode also saw a rise in ratings from the previous episode, with 12.05 million viewers watching its original airing. After capturing Michonne (Danai Gurira) and Hershel Greene (Scott Wilson), The Governor (David Morrissey) convinces his camp to help him take the prison. Lilly Chambler (Audrey Marie Anderson), however, is not convinced, but The Governor reassures her that her family will be safe. While Michonne seethes, The Governor dismisses Hershel's proposal for the two groups to coexist peacefully. He says goodbye to Meghan Document [151] (Title: I Ain't a Judas) Morrissey) brief but costly attack on the prison, Hershel (Scott Wilson) wants to abandon it. Merle (Michael Rooker) points out it is now too late for that; The Governor has had more than enough time to block all possible escape routes, moreover The Governor can simply besiege the prison and starve them out. Rick (Andrew Lincoln) and Glenn (Steven Yeun), however, argue that the group should stay, but they don't have enough ammunition to clear out the walkers. Rick begins to walk away causing Hershel to challenge him to get his head clear so that he can lead them. Even Document [152] (Title: Carl Grimes) in getting the photo safely. As they return to the prison with weapons and supplies, Carl tells Rick that he believes Michonne is one of them, having gained trust in her. When the Governor attacks the prison, Carl helps in its defense, including killing a terrified teenager compelled to fight when he was advancing on the unarmed Hershel and Judith. Carl later tells Rick he didn't want what happened to Dale, caused by his inaction, happen to anyone else. The Governor is chased away, and the Woodbury group is integrated into the prison, as Rick finally has come to terms Document [153] (Title: Milton Mamet) and his eye). In the episode "Prey", Milton commands Andrea to escape to the Prison to warn her old team about the Governor's plans and for the first time, takes a direct stand against the Governor by burning the captured walkers the Governor planned to use against the Prison group. Andrea made the escape to the Prison but was chased and captured by the Governor himself. The Governor realizes Milton revealed his plans to Andrea; this creates a final rift between Milton and the Governor. At the beginning of the Third Season finale, "Welcome to the Tombs", the Governor viciously Document [154] (Title: Caesar Martinez (The Walking Dead)) from Martinez's operations. Allen and Tyreese later accompany Martinez to the Biter Pits. In the episode "This Sorrowful Life", Merle makes a surprise attack on the Woodbury army, but Martinez and the Governor attack him when he is distracted, beating Merle so that the Governor can kill him. In the third-season finale, "Welcome to the Tombs", Martinez accompanies the Governor when he leads his army against the prison. After the assault fails, Martinez is shocked when The Governor massacres his army for refusing to resume the attack. Because Martinez and Shumpert allied themselves with him, The Governor spares them, and Document [155] (Title: Try (The Walking Dead)) outburst from Sasha. Glenn confronts Nicholas and tells him men like him should have died to the walkers, but he was lucky that the Alexandria's walls came up in time. Glenn tells Nicholas never to set foot outside of the walls again. Fearing that Glenn will reveal his cowardice, Nicholas later retrieves a pistol, the same one that Rick had stashed away but lost. Meanwhile, Carl Grimes (Chandler Riggs) follows Enid (Katelyn Nacon) outside the walls. She reveals she knows Carl has been following her, but allows him to come with her. They bond over their shared experiences as survivors Document [156] (Title: Indifference (The Walking Dead)) a walker overtake him and pin him to the ground, before being saved by Daryl and Bob. Michonne scolds him about his actions, saying that his anger might get him killed. Tyreese responds by bringing up her continued attempts to find and kill The Governor. While Daryl is hooking up a new battery, Bob confides in him about being the reasons for his alcoholism. He also confesses that he only joined the team scouting the retail store to find some liquor, and that his actions led to the walker attack that killed Zach. Daryl tells Bob not to be so Document [157] (Title: Too Far Gone (The Walking Dead)) unties herself. A severely wounded Hershel attempts to crawl away, but The Governor catches him and repeatedly strikes him with the sword, severing his head and killing him. Lilly, who witnesses the execution, arrives at the prison with Meghan's body. The Governor takes her in his arms and coldly shoots her in the head. With Meghan dead and his family no longer trusting him, he has no use for the prison, and he orders his militia to run down the fences and kill all the prison inhabitants. Mitch (Kirk Acevedo) destroys the fences with his tank, leaving the prison vulnerable, Document [158] (Title: Alden (The Walking Dead)) transported to the Hilltop Colony. On their way a walker attack occurred. His fellow Savoirs who are chained together with him attend to flee in the panic, but he refuses and reminds them that the Militia has guns handy they don't. After successfully being brought to the Hilltop in the episode "The King, the Widow, and Rick", he asks Jesus what the colonists of the Hilltop are building inside. He is then imprisoned with the other Saviors and Gregory. He then stops Jared, a Savior who has tried to flee several times before, from escaping because he doesn't want any Document [159] (Title: The Grove (The Walking Dead)) points out that, as an infant, she can't even walk yet. Lizzie agrees and goes inside with Tyreese. Carol starts to cry as she mourns over Mika and slowly pulls out her knife to put her down for good. Later, Carol and Tyreese discuss what to do with Lizzie; he reveals Lizzie admitted to luring walkers to the prison fence using rats as bait. It was also Lizzie who made the bizarre splayed rabbit effigy back at the prison. Tyreese wonders if she was the one responsible for killing Karen and David but Carol professes that Lizzie is innocent, however Document [160] (Title: Indifference (The Walking Dead)) if he catches him taking a drink before their people get the medicine. On the drive back to the prison, Michonne tells Daryl that she will stop looking for The Governor. While searching the neighborhood, Rick and Carol continue to debate her actions, with Carol still acting indifferent. Later, they see Ana's dead body being eaten by some walkers. They return to the house, but Sam has not returned. As they prepare to leave, Rick tells Carol that she cannot return to the prison because Tyreese would kill her when he finds out. When Carol objects, Rick also says that Document [161] (Title: Inmates (The Walking Dead)) by a walker before Bob intervenes. She then becomes enraged and begins to kill the walkers, repeatedly smashing a female walker's head into the bus before stabbing it. Maggie then goes onto the bus to see if Glenn is inside. After killing a walker that had been stuck inside, she sits down and begins to cry. After awakening on a prison walkway that was destroyed by the tank, Glenn Rhee calls for Maggie. Despite his initial despair, he collects some clothes and supplies, including Bob's bottle of brandy, puts on riot gear, and then pushes his way through the walkers. Question: who let the walkers in the prison in season 3

Answer: an unidentified individual Long Answer: Outside the prison, an unidentified individual lures a group of walkers towards the prison, breaking open the front gate's lock to allow them inside. Gold Document ID: 147

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: St. Petersburg International Economic Forum) from 700 organizations. The theme for SPIEF 2016 was ‘Capitalizing on the New Global Economic Reality’. More than 300 events were held on the margins of the Forum, including SCO, BRICS, and B20 forums, and a meeting with prominent academics and Nobel Prize winners. Italian Prime Minister Matteo Renzi, President of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev, President of Guinea Alpha Condé, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, and President of the European Commission Jean-Claude Juncker all took part in the Forum alongside other high-ranking personalities. The twentieth anniversary Forum was held at a new venue – the ExpoForum Convention and Exhibition Centre. The XXI Document [2] (Title: The Russia Forum) investors, cultural-societal figureheads and influential members of the media from around the world. In addition to the large number of panel sessions and conferences, one-on-one investor meetings were also held as part of the format and unparalleled networking opportunities of The Russia Forum. The Russia Forum 2013 was held at the World Trade Center in Moscow from April 16–19. The event was hosted by Sberbank and Sberbank CIB. The plenary sessions of the Forum touched on a number of subjects including relevant economic and political issues and the prospects for, and challenges facing particular sectors of the economy. Among the Document [3] (Title: 1st BRIC summit) international community to push for comprehensive results of the Doha Round. Amongst the important issues discussed were United Nations reform. "We reiterate the importance we attach to the status of India and Brazil in international affairs, and understand and support their aspirations to play a greater role in the United Nations." Regarding the 2007–2008 world food price crisis, the leaders issued a joint statement on global food security, calling for "action by all governments and the relevant international agencies"; and reaffirmed "their commitment to contribute to the efforts to overcome the global food crisis". 1st BRIC summit The inaugural BRIC Document [4] (Title: St. Petersburg International Economic Forum) media were present at the forum. Media outlets of 24 countries were represented, namely: Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain, Germany, India, Iran, Spain, Italy, Qatar, China, Lithuania, Nigeria, Poland, Russia, Romania, Slovenia, USA, Turkey, Ukraine, Finland, France and Japan. The XV St Petersburg International Economic Forum was convened on June 16–18, 2011 under the theme ‘Emerging Leadership for a New Era’. The Forum was attended by Russian President Dmitry Medvedev and five foreign government leaders: Prime Minister of Spain José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, President of the People’s Republic of China Hu Jintao, President of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev, President Document [5] (Title: BRICS) democracy in Brazil to entrenched Oligarchy in Russia, and their economies are little integrated and are different in size by orders of magnitude. Also she states that the great difference in GDP, influences the reserves, for China taking up of over 41% of the contribution, which in turn leads to bigger political say within the association. The group at each summit elects one of the heads of state of the component countries to serve as President Pro Tempore of the BRICS, currently in 2018, the pro tempore presidency is held by the president of South Africa. BRICS BRICS is the Document [6] (Title: 2015 G20 Antalya summit) central bankers. Throughout the year leading up to the November summit, preparatory and regular meetings, many in locations in Turkey this year, on Women-20, Youth-20, Energy in Sub-Saharan Africa, The silver economy, Islamic finance, tourism, agriculture and other subjects have convened or, as of September, were planned. The G20 summit was mostly focused on political rather than economic issues due to the terrorist attacks in Paris, in which 132 people were killed. As an organization dealing with global issues of financial and economic cooperation, the G20 decided to change the format of the session. Nevertheless, the format has always been Document [7] (Title: Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia) states to finalize their respective internal procedures with a view to sign it at the earliest possible. The third CICA Summit was held in Istanbul, Turkey on 8 June 2010 with participation of the Heads of State/Government of Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Russia and Turkey; Deputy Heads of State/Government of Iraq and Vietnam; and Special Envoys of China, Egypt, India, Israel, Jordan, Kyrgyzstan, Republic of Korea, Pakistan, Palestine, Tajikistan, Thailand and United Arab Emirates. Uzbekistan was the only member state that was not represented at the Summit. For the first time in the short history of CICA, Chairmanship passed Document [8] (Title: 4th BRICS summit) in international financial institutions, there is lack of movement on the political side. BRICS should speak with one voice on important issues such as the reform of the UN Security Council." To promote trade in local currencies, the BRICS countries signed the Master Agreement on Extending Credit Facility in Local Currency and the Multilateral Letter of Credit Confirmation Facility Agreement to replace the United States dollar as the main unit of trade between them. The trade ministers also said that tightening intra-BRICS trade would help as an antidote to the European sovereign debt crisis. The trade ministers also called for Document [9] (Title: BRICS) leaders meeting in St Petersburg in September 2013, China committed $41 billion towards the pool; Brazil, India and Russia $18 billion each; and South Africa $5 billion. China, holder of the world's largest foreign exchange reserves and who is to contribute the bulk of the currency pool, wants a greater managing role, said one BRICS official. China also wants to be the location of the reserve. "Brazil and India want the initial capital to be shared equally. We know that China wants more," said a Brazilian official. "However, we are still negotiating, there are no tensions arising yet." On 11 Document [10] (Title: 3rd BRICS summit) declaration in favour of "comprehensive reform of the UN, including its Security Council." 3rd BRICS summit The 2011 BRICS summit () took place in Sanya on the island of Hainan, China, on 14 April 2011. This was the third BRICS summit since 2009. The meeting took place between the five heads of state/heads of government from the BRICS states following bilateral meetings in the prior days. Following a meeting in Brasilia in 2010, to which South Africa was invited as a guest, the group invited South Africa to join as a full member in 2011 and the group formerly called Document [11] (Title: APEC Russia 2012) the conference, which stands at 351 billion rubles, may be reduced by 25 billion rubles, due to reduction in the price of construction materials and streamlining of works. Despite these reductions, the Ministry of Finance of Russia announced in March 2009 that due to the crisis the federal budget was unlikely to have the previously committed 202 billion rubles fully available to finance the summit preparation projects. One of the proposed resolutions was to move the summit to Saint Petersburg, as that city's infrastructure is better developed to host the summit and would be less costly. Originally, First Deputy Prime Document [12] (Title: 4th BRICS summit) to engage in global multilateral institutions productively can only strengthen the international system", adding that its efforts to support the global economy and development in Afghanistan were welcomed. However, in regards to Iran, he said that U.S. President Barack Obama "has said that no option has been taken off the table, he's also been very clear that there's still... time for a diplomatic solution." 4th BRICS summit The 2012 BRICS summit was the fourth annual BRICS summit, an international relations conference attended by the heads of state or heads of government of the five member states Brazil, Russia, India, China Document [13] (Title: East Asia Summit) Australia and to a lesser extent New Zealand were present to balance the growing China power all meant the first meeting's achievements were limited. Russia expressed early interest in EAS membership and attended the first EAS as an observer at the invitation of 2005 EAS host Malaysia. The next EAS was to be held on 13 December 2006 in Metro Cebu, Philippines. After the confidence building of the inaugural EAS the 2006 EAS will help to define the future role of the EAS, its relationship with ASEAN Plus Three and the involvement of Russia in EAS. However, in the face Document [14] (Title: Expoforum) to become the base location for St. Petersburg International Economic Forum instead of older Lenexpo. The first forum at the new location was held in 2016. Expoforum Expoforum is the newly built large-scale exhibition and business center in Saint-Petersburg, Russia. It is situated between the city's main Pulkovo Airport and inner-city historically significant Pushkin town formerly known as Tsarskoye Selo. It is aimed to substitute older and smaller Lenexpo complex built in 1968. It was opened on October 7, 2014 by local governor Poltavchenko and was under construction until 2016. The complex features 3 helicopter pads and has adjacent Eastern Document [15] (Title: World Congress of Families) 2014 WCF conference was scheduled to be held in September in Russia, and is being promoting as "the 'Olympics' of the international Pro-Life movement supporting the Natural Family". Because of the situation in the Ukraine and Crimea, planning for the conference was suspended. Larry Jacobs was invited to Russia to advise Russian Orthodox leaders in setting up Christian right coalitions that unite Protestant Evangelical and Roman Catholic groups opposing legalized abortion. Larry Jacobs has been a strong advocate of the Russian LGBT propaganda law, commenting that "The Russians might be the Christian saviors of the world" The coalition stated "Russia, Document [16] (Title: 6th BRICS summit) the US authorities. The BRICS countries want to change this. During the summit, Xi Jinping was said to have told Narendra Modi that China was willing to consider expanding the Shanghai Cooperation Organization to include India as a full member at the 2014 SCO summit. The summit further established the principles of non-interference and mutual benefit underpinning bilateral relations within the BRICS. The BRICS held a summit with the UNASUR leaders in Brasília on 16 and 17 July. Members:<br> 6th BRICS summit The 6th BRICS summit was the sixth annual diplomatic meeting of the BRICS, a grouping of major emerging Document [17] (Title: St. Petersburg International Economic Forum) "Challenges of Globalization and the Competitive Advantages of Developing Countries". The organizers provided participants an opportunity to discuss the most urgent issues of the world economy: common development trends in Brazil, Russia, India and China — countries which in recent years have become world leaders in terms of economic growth — as well as trends and prospects for the development of Russia's economy. The ceremonial presentation of the Global Energy Awards was followed by a discussion on the most critical problems in the energy sector. The Lenexpo Exhibition Centre, which has all the necessary infrastructure for top-level plenary sessions, roundtables Document [18] (Title: 2nd BRIC summit) President Barack Obama which was attended by all four BRIC states. Between 2003 and 2007, BRIC countries carried 65% of the expansion of global GDP. In 2009, the combined PPP GDP of the BRIC countries was US$16.3 trillion, or 23.4% of global total. From 2003 to 2008, Brazil trade with the other BRIC countries increased by 382%, or US$10.7 billion to US$51.7 billion. The heads of state and heads of government of the four countries participated. A few months before the summit, the Indian Foreign Minister, SM Krishna, met President Lula in Brasília, where he stressed for the need to Document [19] (Title: 2nd BRIC summit) as to bring the benefits of inclusive social and economic development to them. Our grouping includes two of the largest energy producers and two of the largest consumers in the world. We can cooperate in both upstream and downstream areas, and in the development of new fuels and clean energy technologies." The Chinese president, Hu Jintao, brought forward his departure to April 15 (before the actual talks) instead of April 17 due to the earthquake in Qinghai. Despite this he did continue with the working meeting and signed a bilateral agreement between the four countries. At least one Indian media Document [20] (Title: BRICS Universities League) University, with the BNU as a leading university in terms of BRICS higher education and academic cooperation. The League is expanding to attract more and more outstanding BRICS universities to participate in its activities. The BRICS Universities League has performed as a strategic pillar for the BRICS cooperation. BRICS Universities League BRICS Universities League is a consortium of leading research universities from BRICS countries including Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. Initiated in Shanghai on July 6, 2013, the League aims to become a platform for academic and expert cooperation, comparative research, and international educational projects. In October 2015, Document [21] (Title: BRICS) forecasted to expand 4.6% in 2016, from an estimated growth of 3.9% in 2015. The World Bank expected BRICS growth to increase to 5.3% in 2017. The BRICS have received both praise and criticism from numerous commentators. Bilateral relations among BRICS nations have mainly been conducted on the basis of non-interference, equality, and mutual benefit. The term "BRIC" was coined in 2001 by then-chairman of Goldman Sachs Asset Management, Jim O'Neill, in his publication "Building Better Global Economic BRICs". The foreign ministers of the initial four BRIC states (Brazil, Russia, India, and China) met in New York City in September Document [22] (Title: Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism) 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. IAEA (observer) UNODC (observer) INTERPOL (observer) UNICRI (observer) June 1-2 in Tokyo Japan February 8-10 New Delhi India June 16-17, 2015 Helsinki, Finland May 23-24, 2013 Mexico City, Mexico June 30, 2011 Daejeon, Republic of Korea June 29, 2010 Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates June 16, 2009 The Hague, Netherlands June 16-18, 2008 Madrid, Spain June 11-12, 2007 Astana, Kazakhstan February 12-13, 2007 Ankara, Turkey October 30-31, 2006 Rabat, Morocco While the GICNT has garnered many members and held many events, there are some in the academic community who believe there is room Document [23] (Title: Vibrant Gujarat) was from Japan, totalling to over 70 members. Another major delegation was from USA. The exhibition was organized in a grand way, spread over an area of 19,200 sq. mts. There were 232 stalls, quite impressive and informative, having participation of eminent companies of India. Sixteen countries participated in the exhibition from countries such as Japan, Korea, UK, Kenya, Arab League, Russia, Netherlands, Trinidad & Tobago, Czech Republic, El Salvador and Uganda. Earlier Summits were organized in the year 2003, 2005 and 2007. The 2003 Global Investors' Summit was held coinciding with the glorious Navratri festival where a total of Document [24] (Title: 2nd BRIC summit) be standing their ground. Despite the refusal to discuss this the currency fell. The day before the summit Brazil expressed "affinity" with China towards the Iranian nuclear issue. Foreign Minister of Brazil, Celso Amorim, said "Our impression... is that the effectiveness of sanctions is debatable." He added that President Lula had brought up the same with the Indian Prime Minister Singh. In the same vein, the IBSA talk preceding the summit called for further talk on the Iranian issue. Chinese Premier Hu Jintao showed China's willingness to be a positive partner in global development when he showed China's meteoric rise Document [25] (Title: St. Petersburg International Economic Forum) differed from previous Forums not only in its strategic focus, but also in its pragmatic approach. Issues of future investment in Russia and CIS countries were touched on as well. The Forum was held on June 17–21, 2003 under the motto "Efficient Economy — a Decent Life". This international conference was attended by some 2,500 people from 48 countries. Among the honoured guests were EBRD President Jean Lemierre, Deputy UN Secretary General Brigita Schmögnerová, IMF First Deputy managing director Anne Krueger, OECD Secretary General Donald Johnston, and Deputy Director General of the World Intellectual Property Organization Philippe Petit. The Forum Document [26] (Title: 2014 G20 Brisbane summit) an international gathering that operates by consensus – it's not Australia's right to say yes or no to individual members of the G20". In November 2014, Russia sent a fleet of warships into international waters off the coast of Australia to accompany Putin's visit. The fleet consisted of "Varyag", "Marshal Shaposhnikov", a salvage and rescue tug, and a replenishment oiler. Australia responded by sending and , as well as a P-3 Orion surveillance plane, to monitor the Russians. Although Russia had previously sent warships to accompany presidential attendance at international summits, the size of fleet and the lack of official Document [27] (Title: Canada–Russia relations) areas of agri-food and agriculture, fuel and energy, construction and housing, mining, and the Arctic and North. The first ever Canada-Russia Business Summit,organized jointly by Canada Eurasia Russia Business Association (CERBA) and the Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs (RSPP), was held March 26–27, 2007, in Ottawa. This event successfully combined the 6th session of the Canada-Russia IEC, co-chaired by Minister Emerson and Russian Agriculture Minister Alexey Gordeyev, and the second meeting of the Canada-Russia Business Council (CRBC). Interest and attendance from both sides was high with over 300 participants including special guest Vladislav Tretyak, the famed Russian goalie in Document [28] (Title: KAZANSUMMIT) The prospect of closer reapproachment between Russia and the Islamic world has been emerged in 2003 when Vladimir Putin took part in the meeting of the most important international institution of the Islamic world - the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The OIC observed that the result has been assigned to Russia in June 2005. KAZANSUMMIT 2009 was conducted on five academic and business sessions and one final panel discussion on the prospects of Islamic finance in Russia. The organizers were the IFC Linova (Tatarstan, Russia), the Islamic Research and Training Institute (Saudi Arabia), Kuala Document [29] (Title: 1st BRIC summit) 1st BRIC summit The inaugural BRIC summit took place in Yekaterinburg, Russia on June 16, 2009. The four heads of government from the BRIC countries attended. The acronym BRIC (for Brazil, Russia, India, China) was first used in a Goldman Sachs thesis projecting that the economic potential of Brazil, Russia, India and China is such that they may become among the five most dominant economies by the year 2050. Today, the four countries produce about 15 percent of the world’s gross domestic product and hold about 40 percent of the gold and hard currency reserves. Political dialogue between the BRIC Document [30] (Title: KAZANSUMMIT) from Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kamchatka, Bashkortostan, Orenburg, Sverdlovsk, Rostov, Nizhny Novgorod, Samara, Tomsk regions. A special event within the framework of KazanSummit 2014 was the second meeting of the "Investors Club of the Republic of Tatarstan". The 7th International Economic Summit of Russia and the OIC countries KazanSummit 2015 was held on June 15–16. 746 people from 45 countries of the world attended the event. Also among visitor there were Ahmed Galal Eldin, the chairman of the Association IBIA, Necdet Sensoy, Member of the Central Bank of Turkey Board of Directors, Victor Chetverikov, the president of the National Rating Agency Document [31] (Title: BRICS) in 2011. In June 2012, the BRICS nations pledged $75 billion to boost the lending power of the International Monetary Fund (IMF). However, this loan was conditional on IMF voting reforms. In late March 2013, during the fifth BRICS summit in Durban, South Africa, the member countries agreed to create a global financial institution which they intended to rival the western-dominated IMF and World Bank. After the summit, the BRICS stated that they planned to finalise the arrangements for this New Development Bank by 2014. However, disputes relating to burden sharing and location slowed down the agreements. At the BRICS Document [32] (Title: BRICS Universities League) BRICS Universities League BRICS Universities League is a consortium of leading research universities from BRICS countries including Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. Initiated in Shanghai on July 6, 2013, the League aims to become a platform for academic and expert cooperation, comparative research, and international educational projects. In October 2015, around 40 outstanding universities from the five BRICS countries gathered in Beijing Normal University to hold the BRICS Universities Presidents Forum. After this Forum, the participating universities declared the Beijing Consensus, and they decided to establish the BRICS Universities League. The League Secretariat is located in Beijing Normal Document [33] (Title: The Russia Forum) The Russia Forum The Russia Forum was an annual event held in Moscow, hosted by Troika Dialog from 2008 to 2013. From 2012, The Russia Forum was jointly presented by Sberbank of Russia and Troika Dialog. Sometimes referred to as the "Russian Davos" (World Economic Forum in Davos), not only because the event in Switzerland is held a few days before the forum in Moscow, but also because of the high-profile nature of the speakers and scale of the industry leading agenda and high-level discussion attracted to The Russia Forum. The Russia Forum was one of the key economic events Document [34] (Title: 40th G7 summit) 40th G7 summit The 40th G8 summit was due to be held in Russia in 2014. The meeting was planned for June 4–5, 2014 at the Black Sea resort of Sochi. However, the other seven countries decided on March 24 that a summit would be held without Russia, in Brussels, Belgium. It was held in Brussels on June 4–5. Following 2014 Crimean crisis and accompanying Russian intervention in Crimea, there was talk of suspending or expelling Russia from the G8. On March 24, British prime minister David Cameron announced that the meeting would not take place in Russia due to Document [35] (Title: 5th BRICS summit) of the global order: tensions between China and Brazil on trade, India on security, and Russia on status highlight the difficulty Beijing will have in staking its claim to global leadership." The media suggested the bank was way to bypass the IMF and the World Bank. Despite high hopes for the 2013 summit, BRICS was not as involved as they had planned to be. 5th BRICS summit The 2013 BRICS summit was the fifth annual BRICS summit, an international relations conference attended by the head of states or heads of government of the five member states Brazil, Russia, India, China Document [36] (Title: BRICS) abroad... and can highlight the strengthening positions of countries whose opinion is frequently ignored by their developed American and European colleagues." In March 2014, at a meeting on the margins of the Nuclear Security Summit in The Hague, the BRICS Foreign Ministers issued a communique that "noted with concern, the recent media statement on the forthcoming G20 Summit to be held in Brisbane in November 2014. The custodianship of the G20 belongs to all Member States equally and no one Member State can unilaterally determine its nature and character." In light of the tensions surrounding the 2014 Crimean crisis, the Document [37] (Title: 2nd BRIC summit) returns." 2nd BRIC summit The 2010 BRIC summit took place in Brasília, Brazil on April 16, 2010. This was the second BRIC summit after Yekaterinburg in 2009. The meeting took place between the four heads of government from the BRIC states following bilateral meetings in the prior days. The acronym BRIC (for Brazil, Russia, India, China) was first used in a Goldman Sachs thesis projecting the economic potential of Brazil, Russia, India and China. Previously, the 1st BRIC summit took place in Yekaterinburg, Russia in 2009 and discussed global issues. This year's summit follows the Washington Nuclear summit hosted by Document [38] (Title: BRICS) 2006 at the margins of the General Debate of the UN General Assembly, beginning a series of high-level meetings. A full-scale diplomatic meeting was held in Yekaterinburg, Russia, on 16 June 2009. The BRIC grouping's first formal summit, also held in Yekaterinburg, commenced on 16 June 2009, with Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, Dmitry Medvedev, Manmohan Singh, and Hu Jintao, the respective leaders of Brazil, Russia, India and China, all attending. The summit's focus was on means of improving the global economic situation and reforming financial institutions, and discussed how the four countries could better co-operate in the future. There Document [39] (Title: European Young Conservatives) training to newly established democratic political parties in Russia, Belarus, and Azerbaijan. The EYC generally holds three conference events per year, with the largest being the autumn Freedom Summit. It has held Freedom Summits in Cambridge, United Kingdom (2014 and 2015), Porto, Portugal (2016), and Warsaw, Poland (2017) as well as summer camps in Stockholm, Sweden (2014), Tbilisi, Georgia (2016), and Prague, Czech Republic (2017), and annual congresses in Warsaw, Poland (2012), Istanbul, Turkey (2014), Prague, Czech Republic (2012, 2013 and 2015), Brussels, Belgium (2016) and London, United Kingdom (2017). Since 2016, an internal conflict between civic and ethnic nationalists Document [40] (Title: 8th BRICS summit) to set up a credit rating agency at some point in the future. They also called on the BRICS' New Development Bank to focus on funding specific development priorities and to create a network of angel investors. Other agreements included to set up research centres in the fields of agriculture, railways and a BRICS sports council. The final communique focused on promoting "international norms that promote stability and inclusion in common spaces." It suggested that with "mega-regional trading agreements have significantly altered the discourse on cross-border trade, the summit stressed the need for co-operation in crucial matters relating to intellectual Document [41] (Title: Major Economies Forum on Energy and Climate Change) Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Mexico, Russia, South Africa, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Denmark, in its capacity as the President of the December 2009 Conference of the Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, and the United Nations have also participated in this dialogue along with Observers. The first preparatory meeting of the Major Economies Forum on Energy and Climate met April 27–28, 2009, in Washington, DC, attended by Leaders’ representatives and other officials from seventeen major economies, as well as the United Nations and Denmark. Participants welcomed President Obama’s initiative in convening Document [42] (Title: 6th BRICS summit) President Cristina Kirchner was a special guest of the summit, and the BRICS leaders met with their UNASUR counterparts shortly after. The 6th BRICS summit resulted in the official inauguration of the New Development Bank, a multilateral development bank intended as an alternative to the World Bank and International Monetary Fund. Following the 2013 BRICS summit in Durban, South Africa, the BRICS countries released a joint statement summarising the results of their discussions and naming Brazil as the host country for the 2014 summit. Having agreed to set up a new international development bank during the 2013 summit, the member Document [43] (Title: St. Petersburg International Economic Forum) and exhibitions, became the new SPIEF venue. The Forum was held on June 8–10, 2007. The Forum was a cooperation between two venues – the St. Petersburg International Economic Forum and the World Economic Forum in Davos. It was commemorated by the signing of a Memorandum of Understanding between the Russian Ministry of Economic Development and the Trade and the World Economic Forum. SPIEF was attended by more than 8,000 people and delegations from 76 countries, including 9 heads of state, 3 prime ministers, representatives of 340 foreign businesses from 65 countries, 37 representatives of the Federation Council of the Document [44] (Title: Boao Forum for Asia) including Armenia, Australia, Austria, China, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Nepal, the Netherlands, Qatar, Russia, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Thailand, Uganda, and Zambia, attended the forum held from March 26 to 29. The theme of this year forum is "community of shared destiny". The 2016 forum was held in Hainan, from 22-25 March, 2016. Participants at the annual conference focused on Asia's New future: New Dynamics, New Vision and took part in panel discussions. Chinese Premier Li Keqiang made the keynote speech at the opening of the annual conference. The 2017 forum was held from 23-26 March, 2017. Keynote speech was made by Document [45] (Title: 7th BRICS summit) and in the Internet sphere there is a monopoly of one state or a couple of states and just several companies. These companies are acting as if they were part of the state machine, not independent market actors." 7th BRICS summit The 7th BRICS summit was the seventh annual diplomatic summit of the head of states or government of the BRICS member states. It was held in the Russian city of Ufa in Bashkortostan on 8–9 July 2015. During the 6th BRICS summit in Fortaleza, Brazil, the BRICS leaders signed a declaration reading: "Brazil, India, China and South Africa convey Document [46] (Title: Eastern Economic Forum) Eastern Economic Forum Eastern Economic Forum ( or ВЭФ) is an international forum held each year in Vladivostok, Russia, for the purpose of encouraging foreign investment in the Russian Far East. Eastern Economic Forum is an international forum held each year since 2015 in September, at Far Eastern Federal University in Vladivostok, Russia, for the purpose of encouraging foreign investment in the Russian Far East. The Russian president and the Japanese premier have attended this forum since its beginning. Far East Economic Forum is sponsored by the organizing committee appointed by Roscongress, an association of the Russian Government, which also Document [47] (Title: KAZANSUMMIT) Lumpur Business School (Malaysia), and the Russian Center for Islamic Economics and Finance(Tatarstan, Russia). The idea of holding such an event in the capital of Tatarstan came up in June 2008 in conjunction with the Islamic Development Bank, in the International Investment Conference. On June 27, 2010 in the "Pyramid", the opening of KAZANSUMMIT 2010 was held, with the participation of President of Tatarstan Rustam Minnikhanov and the International Islamic Business and Finance group. The forum was from June 27 to 28. It was held under the slogan "Kazan - New Gateway to Russia." At the official opening ceremony of Document [48] (Title: 7th BRICS summit) agreements of the New Development Bank and the BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement and during the summit inaugural meetings of the NDB were held, and it was announced it would be lending in local currency; and open up membership to non-BRICS countries in the coming months. The BRICS held a joint summit with the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Eurasian Economic Union in Ufa on 9 July. Invited heads of states or government: Though other sectoral ministers have met, as a result of this meeting, the Russian proposal for an ICT minister's meeting took place in October. Russia's Minister of Communications Document [49] (Title: Foreign policy of the Narendra Modi government) group of emerging economies comprising Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa, called for brotherhood among the member states citing "Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam", an ancient Indian concept meaning the entire world is one family, to unitedly face the global challenges. India together with its BRICS partner working toward launching of a financial institute rivalling the western dominated World Bank and IMF which was first proposed during the New Delhi summit in 2012 by the then Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. In the 6th BRICS summit held on 14–26 July in Fortaleza, Brazil the group have agreed to establish the bank with Document [50] (Title: 8th BRICS summit) Maidan exhibition ground, New Delhi from 12 to 14 October. Controversially, China skipped the event over trade barriers, but was read in the media in India as a snub amidst a diplomatic row following the latter's veto over India's request to name JeM leader Masood Azhar to the UN as a "designated terrorist." The first BRICS U-17 Football Cup was held at Goa from 5 to 15 October. A statement was issued that read the member states "strongly condemn terrorism in all its forms and manifestations and stressed that there can be no justification whatsoever." The group had also decided Document [51] (Title: Durban Review Conference) the Iranian President. UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon expressed dismay at both the boycotts and the speech. Durban III, a follow-up conference that took place on 22 September 2011 in New York City, was boycotted by the ten aforementioned countries (including the Czech Republic), along with Austria, Bulgaria, France and the United Kingdom. The Durban Review Conference was run by the Bureau of the Preparatory Committee, which was chaired by Ms. Najat Al-Hajjaji of Libya. The eighteen vice-chairpersons hailed from Cameroon, South Africa, Senegal, India, Indonesia, Iran, Pakistan, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Armenia, Croatia, Estonia, Russia, Belgium, Greece, Norway and Turkey, and Document [52] (Title: 4th BRICS summit) included the Minister of Trade and Industry, Rob Davies and business executives. All five trade ministers were present as well. The heads of state/heads of government of the five countries participated in the summit. The main agenda for the summit was the creation of a new development bank. The idea for setting up such a bank was put forward by India, as a sign of firming the power of the group and increasing its influence in global decision-making; Sudhir Vyas, a senior Indian official, said that the idea for a BRICS bank had been "in the air for some time." Document [53] (Title: 3rd BRICS summit) national currencies. The leaders of BRICS states expressed misgivings about NATO air strikes during the 2011 Libyan civil war and urged an end to the two-month conflict in Libya. The heads of state/heads of government of the five countries participated. "Al Jazeera" read the meeting as that of giving "this ad-hoc group an opportunity to test its collective strength ahead of an all-important G-20 meeting in France in November and to bring the concerns of developing nations ("sic") to the top of the global agenda." Jim O’Neill, the chairman of Goldman Sachs Asset Management International and the person who coined Document [54] (Title: Third GECF summit) Third GECF summit The 3rd GECF summit was a biennial Gas Exporting Countries Forum summit, an international relations conference attended by the heads of state or heads of government of most member states of the GECF. The summit was held in Tehran, Iran, the first time the city has hosted the summit. Iran assumed the chair of the GECF from Russia on 1 January 2014. The summit was announced during the first meeting of the High-Level Ad Hoc Group for the 3rd Gas Summit on 20 May 2015. The group also discussed the draft summit declaration and other issues. In Document [55] (Title: Ufa) residential areas. Control of MPC and air quality in residential areas is not carried out. The major religions in the city are Sunni Islam and Russian Orthodoxy. The Bezpopovtsy strain of Russian Old Believers is also registered in Ufa. Ufa is a place of location of . In 1989, the Russian Islamic University was opened. One of the largest mosques in Europe, , is under construction in Ufa. Notable Ufa people include: Ufa is twinned with: Ufa Ufa (; "Öfö"; , ) is the capital city of the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia, and the industrial, economic, scientific and cultural center Document [56] (Title: Richard Attias) the High Patronage of Denis Sassou Nguesso, President of the Republic of the Congo, it is the premier international business & investment forum focused on infrastructure in Africa. RA&A organized the XVth Francophonie Summit, the biennal meeting of the Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie (OIF). The event was held in Dakar, Senegal in 2014, with approximately 3000 participants. For the first time, the summit was concluded by an economic forum on December 1–2. During this event, many political leaders, and CEO proposed to reinforce the links between this community, such as Macky Sall, Alain Juppé, or Thierry Breton. In 2015, Document [57] (Title: Group of Seven) sovereignty, in their joint statement and stated they were prepared to impose further sanctions on Russia. This meeting was the first since Russia was expelled from the G8 following its annexation of Crimea in March. The annual G7 leaders summit is attended by the heads of government. The member country holding the G7 presidency is responsible for organizing and hosting the year's summit. The serial annual summits can be parsed chronologically in arguably distinct ways, including as the sequence of host countries for the summits has recurred over time and series. Generally every country hosts the summit once every 7 Document [58] (Title: St. Petersburg International Economic Forum) countries, out of which total there were 1245 media representatives. Another record statistic concerning SPIEF 2013 was the number of agreements signed – 102 deals amounting to a financial value of 9.6 trillion roubles (US$291 billion), which is approximately 30 times more than equivalent figure from last year’s forum. The proceedings of the Forum were attended by the Federal Chancellor of Germany, Mrs Angela Merkel, and the Prime Minister of the Netherlands, Mr Mark Rutte. Since Russia holds the rotating presidency of the G20 this year, a special Business 20 (B20) summit was held on June 20 at SPIEF 2013. Document [59] (Title: Istanbul Process) Ministerial Process was held in Islamabad, Pakistan on December 9, 2015. It was co-chaired by Mr. Salahuddin Rabbani, Minister of Foreign Affairs and Mr. Sartaj Aziz, Advisor to the Prime Minister of Pakistan on Foreign Affairs. 6th Ministerial Conference of Heart of Asia summit was held in Amritsar, India, from December 3 to December 4, 2016. The meeting was inaugurated by president of Afghanistan, Ashraf Ghani and Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi, and co-chaired by Arun Jaitley, Finance Minister of India and Salahuddin Rabbani, minister of Foreign Affairs of Afghanistan. The 7th Ministerial Conference will be held in Azerbaijan Document [60] (Title: Adilbek Zhaksybekov) Ukraine in 2004 in which a Common Economic Area was proposed for Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia. On 4 April 2004, he gave a speech entitled "The Industrial Innovation Development Strategy of Kazakhstan, 2003-2015" in Washington, DC. Supachai Panitchpakdi, the Director-General of the World Trade Organization, met with Zhaksybekov and a government delegation in Geneva on 9-15 July to discuss Kazakh admission into the World Trade Organization. The Kazakh Foreign Ministry issued a press release about the talks on 17 July. "Radio Free Europe" reported that a WTO Secretariat offered to "provide technical and organizational help to prepare Kazakhstan for Document [61] (Title: Sochi Olympic Park) by several stations along the planned Sochi Metro, before that project was cancelled. Motor racing events held at the Sochi Autodrom: Sochi was originally scheduled to host the 40th G8 summit 4–5 June 2014. On 24 March 2014, the other seven member nations decided that a summit would instead be held in Brussels, Belgium, without Russia's participation. It was held in Brussels on the same dates it was planned for in Sochi. The decision to suspend Russia from the organization was in response to the 2014 Crimean crisis and accompanying Russian intervention in Crimea. On 24 March, British Prime Minister Document [62] (Title: 8th BRICS summit) 8th BRICS summit The 2016 BRICS summit was the eighth annual BRICS summit, an international relations conference attended by the heads of country or heads of government of the five member countries Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. The summit was held from 15 to 16 October 2016 at the Taj Exotica hotel in Benaulim, Goa, India. India holds the chair of the BRICS from February 2016 to December 2016. In July 2015, during the 7th BRICS summit, it was announced that India will host the 8th BRICS summit in 2016. In March 2016, Goa was announced as the Document [63] (Title: BRICS) Ministers remarked that "The escalation of hostile language, sanctions and counter-sanctions, and force does not contribute to a sustainable and peaceful solution, according to international law, including the principles and purposes of the United Nations Charter." This was in response to the statement of Australian Foreign Minister Julie Bishop, who had said earlier that Russian President Vladimir Putin might be barred from attending the G20 Summit in Brisbane. In July 2014, the Governor of the Russian Central Bank, Elvira Nabiullina, claimed that the "BRICS partners the establishment of a system of multilateral swaps that will allow to transfer resources to Document [64] (Title: New Development Bank) 4th BRICS summit in 2012 held in Delhi. The creation of a new development bank was the main theme of the meeting. BRICS leaders agreed to set up a Development bank at the 5th BRICS summit held in Durban, South Africa on 27 March 2013. On 15 July 2014, the first day of the 6th BRICS summit held in Fortaleza, Brazil, the BRICS states signed the Agreement on the New Development Bank, which makes provisions for the legal basis of the bank. In a separate agreement, a reserve currency pool worth $100 bln was set up by BRICS nations. Documents Document [65] (Title: BRIC) of each of the four countries. Trilateral agreements and frameworks made among the BRICs include the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (member states include Russia and China, observers include India) and the IBSA Trilateral Forum, which unites Brazil, India, and South Africa in annual dialogues. Also important to note is the G-20 coalition of developing states which includes all the BRICs. Also, because of the popularity of the Goldman Sachs thesis "BRIC", this term has sometimes been extended whereby "BRICK" (K for South Korea), "BRIMC" (M for Mexico), "BRICA" (GCC Arab countries—Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Kuwait, Bahrain, Oman and the United Arab Emirates) Document [66] (Title: 2015 World Aquatics Championships) on 15 July 2011 at the biennial General Congress of FINA in Shanghai, the host city of the Championships that year. Kazan defeated rival bids from Guadalajara (Mexico), Hong Kong, Guangzhou (China), and Montreal (Canada). The last two cities withdrew their bids shortly before the vote. The dates of these Championships were moved back one week to lengthen the gap between it and the aquatics competitions at the 2015 Pan American Games in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Kazan is the capital of the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia. With a population of near 1.2 million (2015), it is the sixth largest city Document [67] (Title: Eastern Economic Forum) sponsors other international forums, such as St. Petersburg International Economic Forum. Eastern Economic Forum Eastern Economic Forum ( or ВЭФ) is an international forum held each year in Vladivostok, Russia, for the purpose of encouraging foreign investment in the Russian Far East. Eastern Economic Forum is an international forum held each year since 2015 in September, at Far Eastern Federal University in Vladivostok, Russia, for the purpose of encouraging foreign investment in the Russian Far East. The Russian president and the Japanese premier have attended this forum since its beginning. Far East Economic Forum is sponsored by the organizing committee Document [68] (Title: 44th G7 summit) of Russia. Italy also requested a restoration of the G8 shortly after. President Trump also pushed for other countries to recognize Crimea as part of Russia, and stated that Ukraine was "one of the most corrupt countries in the world" to G7 leaders. The summit received much attention due to a significant decline of relations of members with the United States. As a result, the summit was dubbed the "G6+1" by France and some members of the media, signifying the "isolation of the United States" in light of recent events. The Fairmont Le Manoir Richelieu in La Malbaie, Quebec, Canada, Document [69] (Title: Expo 2020) the slot for a world's fair in 2020, with four remaining: Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Yekaterinburg, Russia; Izmir, Turkey; or São Paulo, Brazil. Expo 2020 will represent a first as a Middle Eastern destination will be hosting the event for the first time. The following cities lodged bids to the BIE for hosting the 2020 EXPO: São Paulo was eliminated from contention after the first round of votes. Izmir was knocked out in the second. Yekaterinburg lost to Dubai in the third and final round of voting. UAE selected the theme "Connecting Minds, Creating the Future", sub-themes being Sustainability, Mobility Document [70] (Title: Open Innovations (event)) mayor of Moscow Sergey Sobyanin, Cabinet members of Russia, India, China, Brazil, Israel, the Republic of South Africa. As part of Forum winners of competitions such as Venture Investor, 2015, TechUp 2015, Tech in Media 2015 and other were announced. The exhibition part of Forum featured Russian and foreign exhibits including the Moscow City Government, Russian development institutes, ministries of Russia, Association of Innovative Regions of Russia, IBM, Intel to name a few. The table below lists top public officials who participated in the events of Forum as well as events throughout. Apart from plenary sessions, Forum's program includes the Document [71] (Title: 4th BRICS summit) would be put forward to the attending state heads for further consideration. At the end of the forum, 18 recommendations were put forward for increasing the effectiveness of the group. A BRICS business forum, organised by the Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Confederation of Indian Industry and Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India, took place the day before the leaders official summit. Hu arrived in New Delhi on 28 March 2012 along with a delegation of senior ministers which included Foreign Minister Yang Jiechi, State Councillor Dai Bingguo as well as business executives. Zuma's delegation Document [72] (Title: St. Petersburg International Economic Forum) The participants in this B20 summit brought concrete proposals to St. Petersburg with them – aimed at stimulating the global economy, creating jobs, and improving the world's monetary and financial system. From June 18 to 20 SPIEF hosted a Y20 youth summit, and on June 22, 2013 there was a Russia–ASEAN Business Forum. The XVIII St. Petersburg International Economic Forum was held from May 22 to 24, 2014. Theme of SPIEF 2014: "Sustaining Confidence in a World Undergoing Transformation". The Forum included 82 events, and welcomed three foreign heads of state. In total, the Forum was attended by over 7,500 Document [73] (Title: International counter-terrorism operations of Russia) International counter-terrorism operations of Russia Russian government has been involved in many counter-terrorism operations abroad, in cooperation with other nations. The Delhi summit on security took place on February 14, 2007 with the foreign ministers of China, India, and Russia meeting in Hyderabad House, Delhi, India to discuss terrorism, drug trafficking, reform of the United Nations, and the security situations in Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, and North Korea. The Indian Foreign Ministry released a statement on behalf of all three governments saying, "We shared our thoughts on the political, economic and security aspects of the global situation, the present world order Document [74] (Title: Prague) Prague is the site of many sports events, national stadiums and teams. The city of Prague maintains its own EU delegation in Brussels called Prague House. Prague was the location of U.S. President Barack Obama's speech on 5 April 2009, which led to the New START treaty with Russia, signed in Prague on 8 April 2010. The annual conference Forum 2000, which was founded by former Czech President Václav Havel, Japanese philanthropist Yōhei Sasakawa, and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Elie Wiesel in 1996, is held in Prague. Its main objective is "to identify the key issues facing civilization and to Document [75] (Title: Brazil–India relations) a novel grouping for this realisation. Brazil and India are involved in the IBSA initiative. The first ever IBSA Summit was held in Brasília in September 2006, followed by the Second IBSA Summit held in Pretoria in October 2007, with the third one held in New Delhi in October 2008. The fourth IBSA meet was again hosted in Brasília, just before the second BRIC summit. Four IBSA Trilateral Commission meetings were already held till 2007 since the first one was held in 2004 and had covered many areas such as science, technology, education, agriculture, energy, culture, health, social issues, public Document [76] (Title: Brazil–Russia relations) Alliance. As well as an agreement that made it possible for the Brazilian Space Agency to send the first Brazilian astronaut, Marcos Pontes, into space aboard Soyuz TMA-8. On November 26, 2008, during a state visit of President Dmitry Medvedev to Brazil, the two countries signed agreements on visa exemption, and cooperation in the aerospace, nuclear and defense industries. The second BRIC summit was held in Brasília, following the first in Russia. Brazil has an embassy in Moscow and Russia has an embassy in Brasilia. BIS • BRICS • IAEA • IBRD • ICAO • ICRM • IDA • IFC Document [77] (Title: World Economic Forum) and Tianjin, bringing together 1,500 participants from what the foundation calls Global Growth Companies, primarily from rapidly growing emerging countries such as China, India, Russia, Mexico, and Brazil, but also including quickly growing companies from developed countries. The meeting also engages with the next generation of global leaders from fast-growing regions and competitive cities, as well as technology pioneers from around the globe. The Chinese Premier has delivered a plenary address at each annual meeting. Every year regional meetings take place, enabling close contact among corporate business leaders, local government leaders, and NGOs. Meetings are held in Africa, East Asia, Document [78] (Title: BRICS) 2015 BRICS summit in Russia, ministers from BRICS nations, initiated consultations for a payment system that would be an alternative to the SWIFT system. Russian Deputy Foreign Minister Sergey Ryabkov stated in an interview, "The finance ministers and executives of the BRICS central banks are negotiating ... setting up payment systems and moving on to settlements in national currencies. SWIFT or not, in any case we’re talking about ... a transnational multilateral payment system that would provide greater independence, would create a definite guarantee for BRICS." The Central Bank of Russia (CBR) also started consultations with BRICS nations for a Document [79] (Title: Universal electronic card) UEC payment system PRO100, excluding the participation of international payment systems Visa and MasterCard. And in the Savings Bank promised to "neutralize lobbyists international payment systems in the bodies of the Russian government". Since February 2012, in nine pilot regions of Russia: Moscow, St. Petersburg, the Astrakhan region, the Republic of Bashkortostan, the Volgograd Oblast, Novosibirsk Oblast, Penza Oblast, Krasnodar Krai and Tatarstan started issuing cards to participants of the project, in order to verify it works in practice. On 16 February 2012, there was published "How to use UEC", which set out the anecdotal evidence of the pin-code, which Document [80] (Title: Sino-Russian relations since 1991) domestic economies in the conditions of the world financial crisis. The trading of the Chinese yuan against the Russian ruble has started in the Chinese interbank market, while the yuan's trading against the ruble started on the Russian foreign exchange market in December 2010. In coordination with other emerging economies the second BRIC summit was held in Brasília in April 2010. In 2014, Beijing and Moscow signed a 150 billion yuan central bank liquidity swap line agreement to get around American sanctions on their behaviors. In December 2014, Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi pledged to offer financial support to Russia Document [81] (Title: Group of Eight) to be held in June that year in the Russian city of Sochi, and suspended Russia's membership of the group, due to Russia's annexation of Crimea; nevertheless, they stopped short of outright permanent expulsion. Russian foreign minister Sergei Lavrov downplayed the importance of the decision by the U.S. and its allies, and pointed up that major international decisions were taken by the G20 countries. Later on, the Italian Foreign Affairs minister Federica Mogherini and other Italian authorities, along with the EastWest Institute board member Wolfgang Ischinger, suggested that Russia may restore its membership in the group. In April 2015, the Document [82] (Title: KAZANSUMMIT) and Vladimir Korovkin, Head of Innovations and Digital Research. In 2015, Ahmed Mohamed Ali Al-Madani, the President of the Islamic Development Bank visited the Summit. Islamic finance for constructive global trade and investment was the main theme of the VII International economic summit of Russia and OIC members countries in 2015. The Islamic financial industry is an economic tool for the development of trade, attracting investment and effective cooperation of Russia with the countries of the Islamic world. Participants discussed the cooperation between Russia and the OIC countries and Islamic banking. For the first time, there was the Forum of Document [83] (Title: 2014 SCO summit) at the 6th BRICS summit. 2014 SCO summit The 2014 SCO summit was the 13th annual summit of heads of state of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation held between 11-12 September in Dushanbe, Tajikistan. Security was among the top issues for 13th annual summit and all members during the last meeting reached a consensus on fighting against separatism, extremism and terrorism, as well as on safeguarding regional peace and security therefore Afghanistan will be focal point during talks in Dushanbe, claim some diplomats of member countries. In the build-up to the summit, a foreign ministers meeting was held on 30 July. Document [84] (Title: 6th BRICS summit) countries intended to complete the arrangements for the bank prior to the 2014 summit. The summit was initially scheduled for March 2014, but was shifted to a later date at China's request; it was ultimately held on 14–16 July 2014. The heads of state and heads of government that participated in the summit were: The 6th BRICS summit was Narendra Modi's first major international summit as Prime Minister of India. In addition to the five BRICS leaders, Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, President of Argentina, was invited to join the proceedings. At the summit, the BRIC nations agreed to create the Document [85] (Title: Third India-Africa Forum Summit) Third India-Africa Forum Summit The Third India-Africa Forum Summit (IAFS-III) was held in New Delhi, India from 26–30 October 2015. The five-day summit started with consultations on official level followed by the head of states/governments level summit on 29 October 2015 with scheduled bilateral meetings on 30 October 2015. This is going to be India's biggest diplomatic outreach involving delegates from a large number of African nations. The summit was earlier scheduled to be held in December 2014, with a three-year gap after the 2011 Adis Ababa summit. But Syed Akbaruddin, the official spokesperson of Indian Foreign Ministry, told the Document [86] (Title: 4th BRICS summit) 4th BRICS summit The 2012 BRICS summit was the fourth annual BRICS summit, an international relations conference attended by the heads of state or heads of government of the five member states Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. The summit was held at Taj Hotel in New Delhi, India on 29 March 2012 and began at 10:00 Indian Standard Time. This is the first time that India has hosted a BRICS summit. The theme of the summit was "BRICS Partnership for Global Stability, Security and Prosperity". Preparations for the summit began with the announcement from the Ministry of External Document [87] (Title: Foreign policy of the Narendra Modi government) friend". This meeting in Brazil at the sidelines of BRICS summit served well as the familiarisation between the two leaders. President Putin visited New Delhi on 11 December 2014 for the annual summit, first after Modi assumed office. Trade and energy cooperation dominated the talks as they set a target of US$30 billion of bilateral trade by 2025 with equal amount of investment in each other's economy. On the backdrop of increasing western sanctions Putin earlier signed a gas deals with China worth US$400 billion believed to be heavily tilted in China's favour. India too was keen to strike an Document [88] (Title: KAZANSUMMIT) KAZANSUMMIT KAZANSUMMIT ( International Economic Summit “Russia — Islamic World: KazanSummit”) is one of the leading international economic events of the Russian Federation and the countries of OIC. From the first day of its existence, the Summit has been held under the patronage of the President of the Republic of Tatarstan – Rustam Minnikhanov. Since 2009, KazanSummit is held annually and strongly supported by the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Tatarstan. Top international investment conference remains the main and unique platform for cooperation between the Russian Federation and Document [89] (Title: Praful Patel) is progressing very well under the leadership of Praful Patel. Under the tenure of AIFF President Praful Patel, the first edition of the BRICS U-17 Football Cup tournament was held in the state of Goa where Brazil, Russia, China, India and South Africa participated. On 1 October 2016, the trophy of the BRICS U-17 Football Cup competition was unveiled by the Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi in presence of Praful Patel and Minister of State Youth Affairs and Sports Vijay Goel. On 1 December 2016 the AIFF President Praful Patel was appointed as the Senior Vice President of the Document [90] (Title: 2nd ASEAN-Russia Summit) 2nd ASEAN-Russia Summit The Second Association of South East Asian Nations-Russia Summit is the second summit of ASEAN leaders and the leader from Russia. It was chaired by Vietnam on October 30, 2010. The ASEAN-Russian summit is a political and economic organization of ten countries located in Southeast Asia, which was formed on August 8, 1967, by Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. Since then, membership has expanded to include Brunei, Burma (Myanmar), Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. Its aims include the acceleration of economic growth, social progress, cultural development among its members, the protection of the peace and stability Document [91] (Title: Munich Security Conference) Quartet on the Middle East, consisting of the EU, Russia, the United States and the UN, to meet within the setting of the 2011 Munich Security Conference and during a ceremony on the sidelines of the conference Russia's Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov and U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton exchanged the instruments for ratifying the New START Treaty (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty) that entered into force in Munich New START. The 48th Munich Security Conference was held from February 2–5, 2012. The 53rd Munich Security Conference (MSC 2017) took place from 17 to 19 February 2017 at the Bayerischer Hof Document [92] (Title: Shanghai Cooperation Organisation) April 2006. An SCO Arts Festival and Exhibition was held for the first time during the Astana Summit in 2005. Kazakhstan has also suggested an SCO folk dance festival to take place in 2008, in Astana. According to the Charter of the SCO, summits of the Council of Heads of State shall be held annually at alternating venues. The locations of these summits follow the alphabetical order of the member state's name in Russian. The charter also dictates that the Council of Heads of Government (that is, the Prime Ministers) shall meet annually in a place decided upon by the Document [93] (Title: 7th BRICS summit) and Mass Media Nikolai Nikiforov hosted a Ministers of Communications meeting in Russia. At the meeting he proposed that BRICS states support their information technology companies and to open their respective markets to the rest of the bloc in order to challenge the U.S, monopoly in the sector. He said on 22 October: "All BRICS states are interested in cooperation in the sphere of information and communications technologies (ICT). [While every BRICS state has advantages in a particular sphere of ICT] but today, information technologies are a driver of economic growth for all [BRICS countries], without exception. On the IT-market Document [94] (Title: IBSA Dialogue Forum) by ensuring more cooperation among the governmental institutions in order to simplify many regulations and streamlining the process. The private sector was also of the view that number of flights between India, Brazil and South Africa need to be increased, which eliminate the barrier of distances and lack of information no problem.. The following agreements have been signed so far: South Africa sought to join BRIC starting August 2010 and in December 2010 was officially invited to join. South Africa attended the April 2011 summit, and the group is now known as BRICS, with "S" standing for South Africa. Brazil,Russia,India,China,South Document [95] (Title: 2018 Brussels summit) the right rooftop of the summit picture). 2018 Brussels summit The 2018 Brussels Summit of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was the 29th formal meeting of the heads of state and heads of government of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, held in Brussels, Belgium, on 11 and 12 July 2018. On the opening day of the conference the President of the United States, Donald Trump, caused controversy by asserting that Germany is beholden to Russia over its involvement in the Nord Stream gas pipeline project aimed at doubling energy imports from Russia. German Chancellor Angela Merkel, who grew up Document [96] (Title: St. Petersburg International Economic Forum) for economic interaction between federal subjects of the RF. The Forum was held on June 13–15, 2000 under the motto "Strategies for the XXI Century: Concerted Efforts in the Interests of Creativity and Sustainable Development". The Forum was attended by more than 2,200 people from 57 countries, including Belarus, Ukraine, Germany, China, Egypt, Brazil, and Peru. Forum participants included the UN Under Secretary General, Mark Brown; Acting President of the EBRD, Charles Frank; and representatives of OSCE and other international organizations and institutions. During the Forum, a Moscow-Paris teleconference dedicated to a number of social and economic problems was organized, Document [97] (Title: 2015 Western Balkans Summit, Vienna) with Vienna as a host city in 2015 and Paris in 2016. The focus of the Berlin Process is on countries of the region that are not yet members of European Union (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia) with participation of countries who have committed themselves to organise summit meetings (Germany, Austria, France and Italy) and with strong support by Slovenia and Croatia. Civil society initiative "The Balkans in Europe Policy Advisory Group (BiEPAG)" organized three preparatory meetings in Tirana, Belgrade and Sarajevo. The first preparatory meeting held in Tirana focused on job creation and Document [98] (Title: 6th BRICS summit) read the announcement of the NDB as a challenge to the IMF and World Bank. The NDB is designed to represent all five of the group's member nations – its headquarters will be in Shanghai, the institution's first president will be from India, the bank's first regional office will be in Johannesburg, the inaugural chairman of the board of governors will be from Russia and the first chairman of the board of directors will be from Brazil. The presidency, with a term of five years, will rotate among the members of the BRICS. Russian President Vladimir Putin stated that the Document [99] (Title: Moscow International Model United Nations) on the base of Moscow State University, Russian State University for Humanity, Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Moscow State Law University, and others. MIMUN 2015 is to be held from April 19 to April 24, 2015. The conference is going to host committees in all the 6 languages: for the first time Spanish, Arabic and Chinese are to be included. In comparison to the previous Model, the number of committees has increased notably: there will be represented 12 committees with 13 agendas this year. Moscow International Model United Nations Moscow International Model United Nations (MIMUN) is the Document [100] (Title: 2nd BRIC summit) outlet call the meet "answer to the G7 platform of top industrialised countries." It added that the meet "underscore[d] a shared quest for greater collective influence within the changing geometry of the international system." Investors cited India and China as the best bets of BRIC, of which India was seen as providing investors with the best bet over the long haul, however it also faces challenges to finance the "modernization of its woeful infrastructure given its high debt levels and ambivalence towards foreign investment and privatization." But it was added that "these faster growing markets will translate into above average Document [101] (Title: BRICS) 2013, Morgan Stanley rated India and Indonesia, together with Brazil, Turkey and South Africa, as the 'fragile five' due to their vulnerable currencies. But since then, India and Indonesia have reformed their economies, completing 85% and 65% of the necessary adjustments respectively, while Brazil had only achieved 15%, Turkey only 10%, and South Africa even less. After the 2015 summit, the respective communications ministers, under a Russian proposal, had a first summit for their ministries in Moscow in October where the host minister, Nikolai Nikiforov, proposed an initiative to further tighten their information technology sectors and challenge the monopoly of Document [102] (Title: Third India-Africa Forum Summit) the iconic landmark of Delhi, the host city will be illuminated with 3D laser projection showing India-Africa shared heritage and India's contribution in African peace and prosperity, throughout the summit week. The host country, India, had sent invitations to all 54 African head of state/government and trying to ensure maximum participation at the highest level. As of September 2015, the following dignitaries were expected to attend the summit in Delhi, India. Third India-Africa Forum Summit The Third India-Africa Forum Summit (IAFS-III) was held in New Delhi, India from 26–30 October 2015. The five-day summit started with consultations on official level Document [103] (Title: APEC Russia 2012) APEC Russia 2012 The APEC Russia 2012 () was the 24th annual gathering of APEC leaders. Leaders from the member economies met on Russky Island, off the coast of Vladivostok, Russia on September 9–10, 2012. The summit on Russky Island saw the resort, catering and entertainment facilities, in addition to the renovation and upgrading of Vladivostok International Airport. Two giant cable-stayed bridges were built in preparation for the summit, namely the Zolotoy Rog bridge over the Zolotoy Rog bay in the downtown, and Russky Island Bridge from mainland to Russky Island (which is the longest cable-stayed bridge in the world Document [104] (Title: St. Petersburg International Economic Forum) Italy, Canada, Qatar, Kyrgyzstan, China, Lithuania, Macedonia, Russia, Rumania, the United States, Serbia, Turkey, Ukraine, the Philippines, Finland, France, Switzerland, Sweden, and Japan). More than 4,200 delegates from 87 countries took part in the St. Petersburg 2010 International Economic Forum. Representatives for 2,066 Russian and 2,142 foreign businesses visited the site of the forum between June 17 and 19, 2010. Among the participants in the official program were nearly 80 top executives of major global companies, high-ranking officers and managers of 325 foreign and 360 Russian companies, as well as official delegations from 80 countries. 1134 members of the mass Document [105] (Title: 4th BRICS summit) sustain a high level of growth." Russian Minister for Economic Development and Trade Elvira Nabioullina added that "the world has to stop accumulating risks. There is a need to work closer." In order to bring the economies of BRICS closer, all members agreed to launch a benchmark equity index derivative allowing investors in one BRICS country to bet on the performance of stock markets in the other four members without currency risk. The indices will be cross-listed in BRICS' flagship stock exchanges from 30 March. All five countries called for the international community to continue development projects in Afghanistan for Document [106] (Title: International Economic Forum of the Americas) construct a global market that would benefit of every countries. A desire emerged to create an independent international forum in Montreal, to identify and understand the impact of all these developments on the global economic system. The IEFA now hosts four annual events: the Conference of Montreal, the Toronto Global Forum, the World Strategic Forum, held in Miami and The Conference of Paris. These conferences and forums have welcomed past and present politicians, heads of states, corporate executives, central bankers and global economic decision makers. The Conference of Montreal is an annual event organized by the International Economic Forum of Document [107] (Title: BRICS) a competitor to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and along with the New Development Bank is viewed as an example of increasing South-South cooperation. It was established in 2015 by the BRICS countries. The legal basis is formed by the "Treaty for the Establishment of a BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement", signed at Fortaleza, Brazil on 15 July 2014. With its inaugural meetings of the BRICS CRA Governing Council and Standing Committee, held on September 4, 2015, in Ankara, Turkey it entered into force upon ratification by all BRICS states, announced at the 7th BRICS summit in July 2015. At the Document [108] (Title: World Trade Organization) conference (in Hong Kong) which agreed to phase out agricultural export subsidies and to adopt the European Union's Everything but Arms initiative to phase out tariffs for goods from the Least Developed Countries. The Twelfth Ministerial Conference (MC12) is set to be held in Astana, Kazakhstan, in 2020. The decision was taken by consensus at the General Council meeting on 26 July 2018 and marks the first time a Ministerial Conference is to be organized in Central Asia. The WTO launched the current round of negotiations, the Doha Development Round, at the fourth ministerial conference in Doha, Qatar in November Document [109] (Title: Gas Exporting Countries Forum) a statement calling the summit "an important event, which marked a new stage in the development of the global energy sector and the gas sector in particular." The members are Algeria, Bolivia, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Iran, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Russia, Trinidad and Tobago and Venezuela. Kazakhstan, Netherlands, Iraq, Oman, Peru, Azerbaijan and Norway are observers. Other countries like Turkmenistan, Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen have participated at different meetings. Yemen and Angola are interested to become members of the organisation. The full membership will be granted by the approval of at least three quarters of all Document [110] (Title: 2015 G20 Antalya summit) 2015 G20 Antalya summit The 2015 G20 Antalya summit was the tenth annual meeting of the G20 heads of government/heads of state. It was held in Belek, Antalya Province, Turkey on 15–16 November 2015. The venue for the Leaders Summit was Regnum Carya Hotel Convention Centre at the Regnum Carya Golf & Resort Spa. Turkey officially took over the presidency of the G20 from Australia on 1 December 2014, and China will preside over the summit in 2016. The Antalya summit is the 10th edition of the G20 leaders' meeting. Together, the G20 represent around 90% of global GDP, 80% Document [111] (Title: Ministerial Conference) Membership agreement where made for Russia, Samoa, and Montenegro. Was held 3–6 December 2013 in Bali, Indonesia. 159 members of World Trade Organization agreed to the Bali Package which eases barriers to international trade. The WTO's 10th Ministerial Conference was held in Nairobi, Kenya, from 15 to 19 December 2015. The completion of Afghanistan and Liberia's accession to the WTO was on the agenda. It culminated in the adoption of the "Nairobi Package", a series of six Ministerial Decisions on agriculture, cotton and issues related to least-developed countries (LDCs). The Conference was chaired by Kenya's Cabinet Secretary for Foreign Affairs Document [112] (Title: BRICS U-17 Football Cup) BRICS U-17 Football Cup The BRICS U-17 Football Cup is a U-17 Football tournament played among teams of five BRICS countries - economic block formed by Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. The 1st historic edition was played in Goa, India in 2016 on the occasion of the 8th BRICS summit that was held in India. The Tournament will take place once every year with 10-day and following the lines of the tournaments under-17 FIFA. Each edition will be held in a BRICS nation. On 1 October 2016 The Prime Minister of India Shri Narendra Modi, unveiled the Trophy Document [113] (Title: 6th BRICS summit) US$100 billion New Development Bank (NDB) to allow states to pool resources for economic stabilization. The countries also set forth plans to acquire reserves of $100 billion (€90.8b billion) through investment from the BRICS nations. The BRICS nations also signed an agreement on cooperation between the BRICS nations' export credit agencies: EXIAR (Russia); ABGF (Brazil), ECGC (India), SINOSURE (China) and ECIC (South Africa). In a press release, the group wrote: "We remain disappointed and seriously concerned with the current non-implementation of the 2010 International Monetary Fund (IMF) reforms, which negatively impacts on the IMF's legitimacy, credibility and effectiveness." Some analysts Document [114] (Title: 2014 Conference of Western Balkan States, Berlin) organised annually with Vienna as a host city in 2015 and Paris in 2016. The German chancellor announced intention to organize a conference on 7 June 2014. Invitation for participation was sent to all the countries of South Eastern Europe including Croatia and Slovenia that were already members of the European Union at the time of conference. The main intention was to show commitment for process of Future enlargement of the European Union, little progress of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Macedonia in that process and relations of Serbia with Russia in the light of International sanctions during the 2014 pro-Russian Document [115] (Title: Yekaterinburg) Silva, Dmitry Medvedev, Manmohan Singh, and Hu Jintao, the respective leaders of Brazil, Russia, India and China, all attending. The foreign ministers of the BRIC countries had also met in Yekaterinburg previously on 16 May 2008. In June 2013, at the 153rd General Assembly of the Bureau of International Expositions held in Paris, representatives from Yekaterinburg presented the city’s bid to host the 2020 World Expo. Yekaterinburg's concept for the upcoming exhibition relates to the impact of globalization on the modern world. Russian President Vladimir Putin confirmed during a televised statement in English to earmark the required funds to build Document [116] (Title: KAZANSUMMIT) June 2014. The event was organized by the Nonprofit fund for the development of Islamic business and finance (IBFD Fund) and co-organized by the Tatarstan Investment Development Agency. The key topic of the strategic forum was the investors, business and government interaction in solving food security problems in Russia and the OIC countries. It was attended by 500 representatives from 25 countries, including 30 parliamentarians and 20 ambassadors. In addition to participants from OIC countries, representatives of European countries, participants from Cuba, Ecuador, Singapore, the UAE, Qatar and other countries visited Kazan. Russia was represented at the summit by participants Document [117] (Title: BRICS) 27% of the world's land surface. The grouping has held annual summits since 2009, with member countries taking turns to host. Prior to South Africa's admission, two BRIC summits were held, in 2009 and 2010. The first five-member BRICS summit was held in 2011. The most recent BRICS summit took place in South Africa from 25 to 27 July 2018 . Afghanistan, Argentina, Indonesia, Mexico and Turkey have expressed strong interest in full membership of the BRICS, while Egypt, Iran, Nigeria, Sudan, Syria and most recently Bangladesh and Greece have also expressed interest in joining BRICS. Currently, there are two Document [118] (Title: 4th BRICS summit) the visiting nations, and involved body checks and metal detectors. To ensure the security of the attending delegates, the floors above and below the rooms to be occupied were left vacant. In addition, the entire hotel was occupied by the BRICS summit, and guests were re-directed to other hotels. Security personnel were posted even on the rooftops of the venue. During 4–6 March 2012, the Delhi-based public policy organisation Observer Research Foundation conducted the 4th BRICS Academic Forum, which involved the participation of approximately 60 scholars from all five states. The forum was held to generate ideas and proposals, which Document [119] (Title: Shanghai Cooperation Organisation) Summit, China announced plans to provide a US$10 billion loan to SCO member states to shore up the struggling economies of its members amid the global financial crisis. The summit was held together with the first BRIC summit, and the China-Russia joint statement said that they want a bigger quota in the International Monetary Fund. Cultural cooperation also occurs in the SCO framework. Culture ministers of the SCO met for the first time in Beijing on 12 April 2002, signing a joint statement for continued cooperation. The third meeting of the Culture Ministers took place in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, on 27–28 Document [120] (Title: Brazil–India relations) visited Brazil for his first multilateral visit, the 6th BRICS summit was held at the north-eastern beach city of Fortaleza. In the Fortaleza summit the group have agreed to establish a financial institution rivaling the Western-dominated World Bank and IMF, The bank would be named the New Development Bank as suggested by the Indian side but the Modi government failed to bag the bank's headquarters for New Delhi. Later the BRICS leader also attended an event in Brasilia where they met the UNASUR heads of government. At the same time, the Ministry of External Affairs added Spanish to its list Document [121] (Title: 2nd ASEAN-Russia Summit) of the region, and to provide opportunities for member countries to discuss differences peacefully. 2nd ASEAN-Russia Summit The Second Association of South East Asian Nations-Russia Summit is the second summit of ASEAN leaders and the leader from Russia. It was chaired by Vietnam on October 30, 2010. The ASEAN-Russian summit is a political and economic organization of ten countries located in Southeast Asia, which was formed on August 8, 1967, by Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. Since then, membership has expanded to include Brunei, Burma (Myanmar), Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. Its aims include the acceleration of economic growth, Document [122] (Title: 2015 G20 Antalya summit) Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius as his representative. This meeting was the second time Argentine President could not be in attendance, Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner being represented by Economy Minister Axel Kicillof, owing to the timing of a general election on 22 November. 2015 G20 Antalya summit The 2015 G20 Antalya summit was the tenth annual meeting of the G20 heads of government/heads of state. It was held in Belek, Antalya Province, Turkey on 15–16 November 2015. The venue for the Leaders Summit was Regnum Carya Hotel Convention Centre at the Regnum Carya Golf & Resort Spa. Turkey officially took over Document [123] (Title: 2015 G20 Antalya summit) they are the 2015 chair of the African Union, Malaysia was invited as they are the 2015 Chair of the Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN), Senegal was representing the New Partnership for Africa's Development, and Azerbaijan and Singapore were also invited. The 11th edition of the G20 summit will be hosted by China in Hangzhou, in 2016. To discuss the world's biggest political and security crises, including Syria and the mass migration of refugees. In September 2015, U.S. Secretary of the Treasury Jack Lew planned to visit Turkey, as did his Chinese and other G20 finance minister counterparts and Document [124] (Title: 3rd BRICS summit) 3rd BRICS summit The 2011 BRICS summit () took place in Sanya on the island of Hainan, China, on 14 April 2011. This was the third BRICS summit since 2009. The meeting took place between the five heads of state/heads of government from the BRICS states following bilateral meetings in the prior days. Following a meeting in Brasilia in 2010, to which South Africa was invited as a guest, the group invited South Africa to join as a full member in 2011 and the group formerly called BRIC officially became BRICS. The Chinese president chaired the BRICS Leaders Meeting in Document [125] (Title: BRICS) one or another country, if needed" in an article which concluded that "If the current trend continues, soon the dollar will be abandoned by most of the significant global economies and it will be kicked out of the global trade finance." Over the weekend of 13 July 2014, when the final game of the FIFA World Cup was held, and in advance of the BRICS Fortaleza summit, Putin met fellow leader Dilma Rouseff to discuss the BRICS development bank, and sign some other bilateral accords on air defence, gas and education. Rouseff said that the BRICS countries "are among the Document [126] (Title: BRICS) October 2013, Russia's Finance Minister Anton Siluanov said that a decision on creating a $100 billion fund designated to steady currency markets would be taken in early 2014. The Brazilian finance minister, Guido Mantega stated that the fund would be created by March 2014. However, by April 2014, the currency reserve pool and development bank had yet to be set up, and the date was rescheduled to 2015. One driver for the BRICS development bank is that the existing institutions primarily benefit extra-BRICS corporations, and the political significance is notable because it allows BRICS member states "to promote their interests Document [127] (Title: G20) held since 2010. Agriculture ministerial meetings were conducted in 2011 and 2012; meetings of foreign ministers were held in 2012 and 2013; trade ministers met in 2012 and 2014, and employment ministerial meetings have taken place annually since 2010. In March 2014, the former Australian foreign minister Julie Bishop, as host of the 2014 G20 summit in Brisbane, proposed to ban Russia from the summit over its role in the 2014 Crimean crisis. The BRICS foreign ministers subsequently reminded Bishop that "the custodianship of the G20 belongs to all Member States equally and no one Member State can unilaterally determine Document [128] (Title: KAZANSUMMIT) to present economic and investment potential of Russia. KazanSummit 2017 brought together 2641 participants from international organizations, federal and local authorities, financial institutions, embassies of 15 states, members of parliament, investors and businessmen, representing 53 country, and 250 journalists. This was the largest event for the entire 9-year history of the summit. KAZANSUMMIT KAZANSUMMIT ( International Economic Summit “Russia — Islamic World: KazanSummit”) is one of the leading international economic events of the Russian Federation and the countries of OIC. From the first day of its existence, the Summit has been held under the patronage of the President of the Document [129] (Title: Sound Diplomacy) Spafax, on the first music business event in Costa Rica called Epicentro, Germany, the Adam Mickiewicz Institute in Poland and Berklee College of Music and their online degree program. In 2018 they delivered the first ever music focused panel at the United Nations World Urban Forum, outlining how music is a highly effective tool in delivering the UN's Strategic Development Goals. In November 2018 a white paper co-written by Sound Diplomacy and Pro Colombia (commissioned by the United Nations World Travel Organisation) was launched at the World Travel Market in London. The white paper outlines how destinations around the world Document [130] (Title: BRICS U-17 Football Cup) for the 2016 BRICS U-17 Football Tournament in London. Brics Football Cup was not held in 2017 during the Xiamen Summit, but the tournament come back for the second edition for Johannesburg Summit, 2018. In this edition Women's U-17 teams of respective countries competed for the cup. BRICS U-17 Football Cup The BRICS U-17 Football Cup is a U-17 Football tournament played among teams of five BRICS countries - economic block formed by Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. The 1st historic edition was played in Goa, India in 2016 on the occasion of the 8th BRICS summit that Document [131] (Title: 5th BRICS summit) discuss the establishment of a new development bank. According to Mikhail Margelov they will seek agreement on the amount of starting capital. China's Xi Jingping made this the first summit of his presidency. The heads of state/heads of government of the five countries that participated in the summit were: Members:<br> The summit commenced on 26 March at 17:30 GMT. Amongst the important issues being discussed was the creation of the development bank, in follow up from the previous summit. It sought to create an infrastructure-focused bank. The disputes over the bank were in regards to what it would do and Document [132] (Title: Conference of Montreal) international forum in Montreal, to identify and discuss the impact of all these developments on the global economic system. A first conference was organized on June 20–22, 1995. The IEFA now hosts four annual events: the Conference of Montreal, the Toronto Global Forum (founded in 2007), the World Strategic Forum, held in Miami (founded in 2011), as well as the Conference of Paris (founded in 2017). In June 2018, the Conference of Montreal will celebrate its 25th Anniversary edition under the theme ""Embracing Change"," and will reiterate its position among the most important international economic forums, connecting world leaders for Document [133] (Title: Expo 2010) Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lebanon, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macau, Macedonia, Malaysia, Malta, Mexico, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Myanmar, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, North Korea, Norway, Oman, Pacific Pavilion, Pakistan, Palestine, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam and Yemen. Corporate pavilions included: Aurora Pavilion, Broad Pavilion, Document [134] (Title: 4th BRICS summit) improve trade opportunities, and may be a major step to support the EU to overcome its financial crisis." In the Delhi Declaration at the end of the summit, the BRICS announced the setting up of the bank, described as a "BRICS-led South-South development bank." The finance ministers of the member states were directed to conduct feasibility studies of the initiative and to submit their reports at the next BRICS summit. Pimentel said that the proposed bank was not meant as a sign of abandonment of existing global financial institutions, but that it was a response to current economic necessities. Vyas Document [135] (Title: APEC Russia 2012) right now). The new campus of the Far Eastern Federal University was also completed on the island by 2012 to house the summit. At APEC Vietnam 2006 in Hanoi, Russia put forward a proposal to host the 2012 summit. Originally, Patrokl Bay (southern part of Vladivostok) was suggested as the site to hold the summit. The original plan was to build a palace to host the actual summit, and a number of five-star hotels for visitors. After the summit, the palace would be converted into a wedding palace, its conference centre into the Opera, and the hotels into residential buildings. Document [136] (Title: New Delhi) WFP, UNV, UNCTAD, FAO, UNFPA, WHO, World Bank, ILO, IMF, UNIFEM, IFC and UNAIDS. UNHCR Representation in India is also located in the city. New Delhi hosts 145 foreign embassies and high commissions. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development hosted its second meeting conference in the year 1968 at New Delhi. New Delhi hosted the 7th NAM Summit in 1983, 4th BRICS Summit in 2012 and the IBSA Summit in 2015. It will also host 5th Global Conference on CyberSpace in November 2017. India will also host the G20 summit in 2022 in New Delhi. New Delhi New Delhi Document [137] (Title: 3rd BRICS summit) southern China's resort city of Sanya, and gave a speech under the theme of "Broad Vision, Shared Prosperity." The theme was based under the vision as 'The 21st century should be marked by peace, harmony, cooperation and scientific development.' On 13 April, prior to the heads of state meeting, economic delegations met for discussions. China was lobbied by the other leaders to import not only commodities but also value added products and other commodities such as oil, soybeans and iron ore. Indian Trade Minister Anand Sharma said that China's Commerce Minister Chen Deming had assured the other leaders that his Document [138] (Title: 2012 G20 Los Cabos summit) the importance of emerging markets." Brazilian Finance Minister Guido Mantega added that the BRICS countries were "going to make an additional contribution to the IMF that will be announced at the leaders’ meeting," in relation to similar amount announced by the group in April of about US$75 billion. European leaders were pressured by major economies to resolve the European sovereign-debt crisis after New Democracy won a plurality Greek legislative election in June. The list below shows the leaders that have attended the 2012 G20 Leaders Summit. U.S. President Barack Obama planned, first, a meeting with Russian President Vladimir Putin which Document [139] (Title: 7th BRICS summit) 7th BRICS summit The 7th BRICS summit was the seventh annual diplomatic summit of the head of states or government of the BRICS member states. It was held in the Russian city of Ufa in Bashkortostan on 8–9 July 2015. During the 6th BRICS summit in Fortaleza, Brazil, the BRICS leaders signed a declaration reading: "Brazil, India, China and South Africa convey their appreciation to Russia for its offer to host the Seventh BRICS Summit in 2015 in the city of Ufa and extend their full support to that end." The summit coincided with the entry into force of constituting Document [140] (Title: Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 2015) Sri Lanka, and thus withdrew as the host of the 2015 summit as protocol had required him to attend the summit in order to personally invite other member states. The summit was held at various venues in Valletta and Għajn Tuffieħa's Golden Bay with retreats at Fort St. Angelo in Birgu. The opening ceremony and reception were held at the Mediterranean Conference Centre in Valletta with executive and special sessions held at the Radisson Golden Sands at Golden Beach. Most press conferences were being held at the InterContinental Hotel in St. Julian's. The official theme of the event was "The Document [141] (Title: 2014 Nuclear Security Summit) Emirates, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Vietnam. The leaders of the remaining 18 countries have refused to adopt the Nuclear Security Guidelines, namely China, Russia, Brazil, India, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, Switzerland, Argentina, Thailand, South Africa, Malaysia, Nigeria, Singapore, Egypt, Pakistan, Azerbaijan, Jordan, and Gabon. The next Nuclear Security Summit was in 2016, hosted by the United States. During the summit in The Hague, both Washington and Chicago were mentioned as locations. With the gathering of 58 high officials, security was an absolute priority. As a result, the security measures taken during the summit were unprecedented for the Netherlands. Document [142] (Title: 6th BRICS summit) 6th BRICS summit The 6th BRICS summit was the sixth annual diplomatic meeting of the BRICS, a grouping of major emerging economies that includes Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. It was hosted by Brazil, as the first host country of the current five-year summit cycle; the host city was Fortaleza. Though Brazil had previously hosted a four-member BRIC summit in April 2010, 2014 marked its first full BRICS summit; the 2010 summit in Brasília did not officially include South Africa, who were only invited as guests as a prelude to their gaining full membership in December 2010. Argentine Document [143] (Title: 1st BRIC summit) countries began in New York in September 2006, with a meeting of the BRIC foreign ministers. Four high-level meetings have followed, including a full-scale meeting in Yekaterinburg, Russia, on May 16, 2008. The heads of state and heads of government of the four countries participated. The leaders discussed the current global financial crisis, global development, and further strengthening of the BRIC group. The BRIC leaders called for increased economic reform, demanding a "greater voice and representation in international financial institutions, and their heads and senior leadership should be appointed through an open, transparent and merit-based selection process." They urged the Document [144] (Title: St. Petersburg International Economic Forum) projects were agreed on, and 52 agreements and protocols on investments totaling approximately US$1 billion were signed. The Forum was held on June 16–17, 1999 under the auspices of the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation and the Inter-parliamentary Assembly of CIS Member States, as well as with the support of the Russian President and Government. The Forum was attended by more than 2,000 people. Among the most memorable events of the Forum was the exhibition on Regional Markets of Russia and CIS countries, and the presentation of the Greater Volga and Siberian Agreement inter-regional associations Document [145] (Title: Jonas Staal) air parliament was built in front of a former British colonial complex, but by order of the State Intelligence, flags in the parliament were painted over and three members of the summit were accused of material support to blacklisted organizations. The fourth New World Summit took place from September 19–21, 2014 in the Royal Flemish Theater in Brussels, bringing together twenty representatives of what the organization describes as "stateless states," such as representatives of organizations in Kurdistan, Somaliland, West Papua and Azawad. The New World Summit in this context also speaks of their work as the "art of the stateless Document [146] (Title: 2006 G20 ministerial meeting) India, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey, the United Kingdom, America and the European Union Security throughout Melbourne was extremely tight for the duration of the summit. As of midnight 14 November parking was banned throughout the eastern CBD surrounding the Grand Hyatt. Concern had been sparked that Victoria Police may be overstretched due to the large amount of events in Melbourne that weekend, on top of the G20 summit there was a U2 concert at the Telstra Dome and a 'Make Poverty History' concert at the Sidney Myer Music Bowl. Victoria Police also warned Document [147] (Title: 8th BRICS summit) venue of the summit. The first BRICS film festival was held at New Delhi from 2 September to 6 September 2016. The five-day film festival screened four films each from the participating States. The environment ministers of BRICS states held a meeting on 16 September in Goa and they agreed on a memorandum of understanding and announced the setting up of a joint working group institutionalising their mutual cooperation on environment related issues. The agriculture ministers of BRICS nations held a meeting on 23 September in New Delhi. The first trade fair of the BRICS countries, was held at Pragati Document [148] (Title: 2015 G20 Antalya summit) of global trade and two-thirds of the world’s population. This year, Turkey holds the rotating Presidency of the G20. The G20 members are Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, Italy, India, Indonesia, Japan, Mexico, Republic of Korea, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States and the European Union. The European Union thus is a full member of the G20 and is represented at G20 summits by the President of the European Commission and the President of the European Council. The G20 members have invited Spain as a permanent invitee. Additionally, Zimbabwe was invited as Document [149] (Title: BRICS) largest in the world and cannot content themselves in the middle of the 21st century with any kind of dependency." The Fortaleza summit was followed by a BRICS meeting with the Union of South American Nations president's in Brasilia, where the development bank and the monetary fund were introduced. The development bank will have capital of US$50 billion with each country contributing US$10 billion, while the monetary fund will have US$100 billion at its disposal. On 15 July, the first day of the BRICS 6th summit in Fortaleza, Brazil, the group of emerging economies signed the long-anticipated document to create Document [150] (Title: Vafa Guluzade) NATO's summits held in 1997 in Madrid and in 1999 in Washington, D.C., Monaco World Summit. He headed numerous delegations from Azerbaijan participating at the OSCE Minsk Group meetings held in Rome, Paris, Vienna, Prague, Geneva, Brussels, Ankara and Moscow. He is a recognized expert on the issues of the Commonwealth of Independent States, and in particular, Russia and the Caucasus. He published numerous articles in newspapers analyzing the policy of Russia in the Caucasus. Guluzade is known as an advocate of a pro-Western orientation for Azerbaijan, and was characterized by the US Department of State as "the architect of Document [151] (Title: St. Petersburg International Economic Forum) participants, including 248 heads of major international companies and 445 heads of Russian companies, 40 international and 24 Russian executives listed in the "Forbes" and "Fortune" rankings, 219 international delegates from 73 countries. The Forum was covered by 1,439 media representatives from 24 countries The XVII St. Petersburg International Economic Forum was held from June 18 to 20, 2015. Theme of SPIEF 2015: "Time to Act: Shared Paths to Stability and Growth". SPIEF included over 150 events, including SCO and the BRICS forums. The Forum programme alone offered 84 events: summits, panel discussions, roundtables, briefings, and televised debates. Those present Document [152] (Title: Ufa) Ufa Ufa (; "Öfö"; , ) is the capital city of the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia, and the industrial, economic, scientific and cultural center of the republic. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 1,062,319, making it the eleventh most populous city in Russia. Early history of the surrounding area of Ufa dates back to Paleolithic times. Presumably, from the 5th to the 16th century there was a medieval city on the site of Ufa. On the Pizzigano brothers' map (1367) and on the Catalan Atlas (1375) a town approximately on the Belaya River was designated Pascherti (Bashkort), and Document [153] (Title: 3rd BRICS summit) of India, Brazil and South Africa for permanent membership of the UNSC. Coincidentally, the five countries are all now members of the Security Council, China and Russia as permanent members and the other three non-permanent. The groups announced their decision to cease mutual trade payments in U.S. dollars and instead henceforth give credits to one another in their national currencies alone. The development banks of each state signed an agreement to further gradually alter loan currencies from U.S. dollars. This was intended to strengthen financial cooperation between the BRICS countries, as well as to expand the international significance of their Document [154] (Title: St. Petersburg International Economic Forum) Economy — a Decent Life". The forum was attended by more than 3,000 people from 50 countries, including representatives from the UN, the EBRD, the World Intellectual Property Organization, Nordic Investment Bank, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, the Organization for Black Sea Economic Cooperation and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe. President Vladimir Putin and UN Secretary General Kofi Annan delivered a welcome speech. The forum programme included presentations and exhibitions of the Southern Federal District of Russia, Armenia and the Czech Republic, as well as an exhibition on Mineral Resources of the CIS. The Document [155] (Title: International Council of Organizations of Folklore Festivals and Folk Arts) Secretary General and the Council consisting of the EXCO, the Chairmen of the Commissions, the Representatives of the Sectors, the Representative to UNESCO and the Chairman of the Youth Coordinating Committee. Asian and Oceania Sector: Australia, China, Chinese Taipei, India, Indonesia, Kyrgyzstan, Japan, Jordan, Rep. of Korea, Kuwait, Malaysia, New Zealand, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Syria, Tahiti, Thailand, Turkey, United Arab Emirates (UAE), Uzbekistan. Central European Sector: Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Georgia, Germany, Hungary, Israel, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovenia, Ukraine. Latin American Sector: Argentina, Brazil, Brazil Abrasoffa, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, El Document [156] (Title: KAZANSUMMIT) Young Entrepreneurs which became a traditional event of the Summit. In 2016, the summit was held for the eighth time. In December 2015, according to the Decree of the President of the Republic of Tatarstan, the event was renamed the "VIII International Economic Summit" Russia - Islamic World: KazanSummit 2016. The number of participants increased sharply - 1556 people from 51 countries. The key topic of KazanSummit 2017 was Islamic investments in the context of international economic relations. A leading international platform has been created to discuss issues of cooperation and implementation of joint projects, as well as an opportunity Document [157] (Title: 4th BRICS summit) Affairs, India about a competition to choose the official logo for the meeting. The logo was expected to "bring out the essence of this grouping of countries, which has received unprecedented global attention in recent years and now occupies a prominent space in the global political and economic landscape." A specially-constituted jury announced the winning design on 10 February 2012 as the submission of Sonesh Jain, an architecture student of the Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee. The logo is a symbolic representation of a peacock with "colours suggesting resurgence and renewal". Officials also commented that the BRICS logo drew inspiration Document [158] (Title: Free Trade Area of the Americas) Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago. The U.S. city of Colorado Springs also submitted its candidacy in the early days but subsequently withdrew. Miami, Panama City and Puebla served successively as interim secretariat headquarters during the negotiation process. The last summit was held at Mar del Plata, Argentina, in November 2005, but no agreement on FTAA was reached. Of the 34 countries present at the negotiations, 26 pledged to meet again in 2006 to resume negotiations, but no such meeting took place. The failure of the Mar del Plata summit to establish a comprehensive FTAA agenda augured poorly. The FTAA Document [159] (Title: 4th BRICS summit) from the lotus in addition to the peacock. The logo caused controversy regarding its similarity to that of the National Broadcasting Corporation. The Ministry of External Affairs said that there should have been a more careful selection process, but defended the logo by saying that there were more differences than similarities. Hosting the summit involved elaborate security arrangements in the city. 2,000 police personnel and National Security Guard commandos were deployed throughout the city's arterial areas, with special emphasis on the summit venue. The venue's security involved a three-tier arrangement handled by the Delhi Police and the embassy officials of Document [160] (Title: Confédération Internationale des Sociétés d'Auteurs et Compositeurs) WIPO's Director General to agree on joint projects and promote increased visibility for creators within WIPO. Historically, CISAC organised the World Copyright Summit, which subsequently became the World Creators Summit, an international forum that brought together authors' societies, creators, industry leaders from the technology and entertainment sectors, policymakers and consumer representatives to discuss the future of copyright/authors' rights and creativity in the digital era. Four summits were held in 2007, 2009, 2011 and 2013. In 2014, CISAC released an economic study that identifies the potential within Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS) to increase their creative industries' and Document [161] (Title: St. Petersburg International Economic Forum) which was attended by members of the Federation Council of Russia, and French senators, as well as prominent thought leaders and public figures of the two countries. The Forum was held on June 12–16, 2001 under the motto "The XXI Century: Innovative Development for the Benefit of Humanity". By 2001, the Forum's status had grown significantly. It was officially recognized as the primary economic conference for the CIS. The presidents of Russia and Belarus, Vladimir Putin and Alexander Lukashenko, and UN Secretary General Kofi Annan sent letters of welcome to Forum participants. The Forum was attended by Czech Prime Minister Document [162] (Title: 8th BRICS summit) with the BRICS for the latter's regional outreach. Modi was due to meet Putin and Jinping the day before the summit started. On the way to the summit, Jinping stopped in Bangladesh and oversaw deals worth US$13.6 billion being signed, as well as US$20 billion in loan agreements. Following the summit, India and Myanmar's representatives met in New Delhi and signed three MOUs: on cooperation in the power sector; on banking supervision between the Reserve Bank of India and the Central Bank of Myanmar; and on designing an academic and professional building programme for the insurance industry of Myanmar. On Document [163] (Title: AgroEurasia) Libya, Macedonia, Moldova, Russia, Sudan, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. The exhibition is organised by TÜYAP Fairs and Exhibitions Inc. in cooperation with the Turkish Ministry of Agriculture, the Union of Turkish Chambers of Agriculture, and the Turkish Association of Agricultural Machinery Manufacturers (TARMAKBİR). The fair is supported by the İstanbul Directorate of Urban Agriculture, the Union of İstanbul Chambers of Agriculture and the Oilseeds & Agricultural Sales Cooperatives Union of Thrace. AgroEurasia The AgroEurasia International Agriculture Fair () is one of the largest agricultural exhibitions in Eurasia. Since 2006, it has been held in December in Document [164] (Title: Ufa) also became the wartime seat of the Soviet Ukrainian government. During 9—10 July 2015 Ufa hosted summits of the BRICS group and the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation. Ufa is the capital of the republic and, within the framework of the administrative divisions, it also serves as the administrative center of Ufimsky District, even though it is not a part of it. As an administrative division, it is, together with twenty-four rural localities, incorporated separately as the city of republic significance of Ufa, an administrative unit with status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the city of republic Document [165] (Title: 2017 Brussels summit) Russia. But we have to know that we must fight for our future on our own, for our destiny as Europeans." The next major summit (29th) was to take place in Istanbul, Turkey in 2018. However, Germany, France, the Netherlands and Denmark have reportedly led a drive to block it. On 20 Oct. 2017 the NATO Secretary General announces that the 29th summit would be on 11 and 12 July 2018 in Brussels. 2017 Brussels summit The 2017 Brussels Summit of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was the 28th formal meeting of the heads of state and heads of Document [166] (Title: 40th G7 summit) prepared to impose further sanctions on Russia over its actions in Ukraine. The G7 summit on June 4–5, 2014 is the first since Russia was expelled from the group following its annexation of Crimea in March. 40th G7 summit The 40th G8 summit was due to be held in Russia in 2014. The meeting was planned for June 4–5, 2014 at the Black Sea resort of Sochi. However, the other seven countries decided on March 24 that a summit would be held without Russia, in Brussels, Belgium. It was held in Brussels on June 4–5. Following 2014 Crimean crisis and Document [167] (Title: Pablo Ganguli) mid-December 2006 it was reported that the festival's location had changed to Dubai. It eventually did not take place. Jewel of Russia An international festival of arts, literature and music called "Jewel of Russia" was held in St Petersburg from 27–31 October 2007. As of February 2007, Ganguli was hoping to stage talks, readings and discussions. Lufthansa was the title sponsor of the festival, therefore the name of the festival was Lufthansa Jewel of Russia. AngloMockBa According to the Liberatum website, Ganguli's most recent venture (1–3 May 2009) was a festival of British-Russian arts, fashion, film, media, music and literature Document [168] (Title: 2nd BRIC summit) 2nd BRIC summit The 2010 BRIC summit took place in Brasília, Brazil on April 16, 2010. This was the second BRIC summit after Yekaterinburg in 2009. The meeting took place between the four heads of government from the BRIC states following bilateral meetings in the prior days. The acronym BRIC (for Brazil, Russia, India, China) was first used in a Goldman Sachs thesis projecting the economic potential of Brazil, Russia, India and China. Previously, the 1st BRIC summit took place in Yekaterinburg, Russia in 2009 and discussed global issues. This year's summit follows the Washington Nuclear summit hosted by U.S. Document [169] (Title: IBLA International Competition) Romania, Slovenia, Serbia, Albania, the Czech Republic, Belarus, Estonia, Lithuania, Ukraine, Russia, Kazakhstan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, the Republic of Georgia, Uzbekistan, Siberia, India, Pakistan, Vietnam, Singapore, Philippines, Indonesia, Australia, China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, New Zealand, Israel, Syria, Lebanon, Egypt, Ghana, South Africa, Brazil, Argentina, Venezuela, Peru, Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic, Canada and the United States come to the IBLA Grand Prize International Music Competitions, which take place in Ragusa Ibla, Sicily, with hopes of being selected for the IBLA International Roster. While in Sicily, through the co-operation of the Mayors of Chiaramonte, Comiso, Ispica, Pozzallo, Santa Croce, Camerina Document [170] (Title: 5th BRICS summit) 5th BRICS summit The 2013 BRICS summit was the fifth annual BRICS summit, an international relations conference attended by the head of states or heads of government of the five member states Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. The summit was held in Durban, South Africa in 2013. This completed the first cycle of BRICS summits. A declaration at the end of 2012 BRICS summit read that: "Brazil, Russia, India and China thank South Africa for the proposal to host the 5th summit in 2013. They intend to provide multifaceted support for it." The BRICS leaders are expected to Document [171] (Title: St. Petersburg International Economic Forum) brought together representatives of political and business circles from Brazil and Turkey, as well as Nepal, Cameroon, Nigeria and Ethiopia. Chairman of the Latin American Parliament (LAP) Ney Lopes headed the official delegation of the LAP. The Business Council of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation organization was represented by its Secretary General Costas Masmanidis, and the Turkish-Russian Trade Council was represented by its president Turgut Gur. Two plenary sessions and 20 roundtables addressed issues of Eurasia's social and economic strategy in the 21st century. The Forum was held on June 15–19, 2004 under the motto of the previous conference: "Efficient Document [172] (Title: Mercedes-Benz Arena (Berlin)) government of the Prime Minister of Israel has announced Jerusalem as the venue for the festival in May 2019. Rumors suggest that the organizing body of the European Broadcasting Union EBU-UER would move the headquarters of the eurofestival to Germany. Being one of the few countries that would have the necessary requirements to host the contest, the same was rumored in 2017 when political conflicts between Russia and Ukraine put at risk the headquarters of Kiev 2017. The rumors and the press suggest that the NDR Norddeutscher Rundfunk would be the option to organize the show with Berlin as the Document [173] (Title: St. Petersburg International Economic Forum) included Prime Minister of Greece Alexis Tsipras, President of the People's Republic of China Xi Jinping, and heads of state of Kyrgyzstan, Myanmar, Mongolia, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, and Iraq. In total, the Forum was attended by over 10,000 participants from 120 countries, including Russia; 486 heads of major Russian companies and 319 heads of international companies. 2,061 media representatives. The XX St. Petersburg International Economic Forum was held on June 16–18, 2016. The Forum was attended by more than 12,000 participants from 133 countries; more than 600 heads of Russian companies and approximately 300 foreign executives; and 2,651 media representatives Document [174] (Title: BRICS) BRICS BRICS is the acronym coined for an association of five major emerging national economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. Originally the first four were grouped as "BRIC" (or "the BRICs"), before the induction of South Africa in 2010. The BRICS members are known for their significant influence on regional affairs; all are members of G20. Since 2009, the BRICS nations have met annually at formal summits. China hosted the 9th BRICS summit in Xiamen on September 2017, while South Africa hosted the most recent 10th BRICS summit in July 2018. The term does not include countries such Document [175] (Title: 2008 G20 Washington summit) set up to respond to the financial turmoil of 1997-99 through the development of policies that "promote international financial stability". The G20 comprises countries considered to be systemically important, but omits over 170 governments (192 governments are members of the United Nations). The first meeting of the G20 leaders on financial markets and the world economy was held in Washington, D.C. on November 14–15, 2008, at the National Building Museum. The participants were: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, the People's Republic of China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Republic of Korea, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Turkey, the United Question: the ufa city where annual brics summit-2015 is scheduled to be held is in which country Answer: Russia Long Answer: 7th BRICS Summit VII саммит БРИКС Host country Russia Date 8--9 July 2015 Cities Ufa, Bashkortostan Participants BRICS Follows 6th BRICS summit Precedes 8th BRICS summit Website en.brics2015.ru Gold Document ID: 175

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: St. Petersburg International Economic Forum) from 700 organizations. The theme for SPIEF 2016 was ‘Capitalizing on the New Global Economic Reality’. More than 300 events were held on the margins of the Forum, including SCO, BRICS, and B20 forums, and a meeting with prominent academics and Nobel Prize winners. Italian Prime Minister Matteo Renzi, President of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev, President of Guinea Alpha Condé, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, and President of the European Commission Jean-Claude Juncker all took part in the Forum alongside other high-ranking personalities. The twentieth anniversary Forum was held at a new venue – the ExpoForum Convention and Exhibition Centre. The XXI Document [2] (Title: The Russia Forum) investors, cultural-societal figureheads and influential members of the media from around the world. In addition to the large number of panel sessions and conferences, one-on-one investor meetings were also held as part of the format and unparalleled networking opportunities of The Russia Forum. The Russia Forum 2013 was held at the World Trade Center in Moscow from April 16–19. The event was hosted by Sberbank and Sberbank CIB. The plenary sessions of the Forum touched on a number of subjects including relevant economic and political issues and the prospects for, and challenges facing particular sectors of the economy. Among the Document [3] (Title: 1st BRIC summit) international community to push for comprehensive results of the Doha Round. Amongst the important issues discussed were United Nations reform. "We reiterate the importance we attach to the status of India and Brazil in international affairs, and understand and support their aspirations to play a greater role in the United Nations." Regarding the 2007–2008 world food price crisis, the leaders issued a joint statement on global food security, calling for "action by all governments and the relevant international agencies"; and reaffirmed "their commitment to contribute to the efforts to overcome the global food crisis". 1st BRIC summit The inaugural BRIC Document [4] (Title: St. Petersburg International Economic Forum) media were present at the forum. Media outlets of 24 countries were represented, namely: Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain, Germany, India, Iran, Spain, Italy, Qatar, China, Lithuania, Nigeria, Poland, Russia, Romania, Slovenia, USA, Turkey, Ukraine, Finland, France and Japan. The XV St Petersburg International Economic Forum was convened on June 16–18, 2011 under the theme ‘Emerging Leadership for a New Era’. The Forum was attended by Russian President Dmitry Medvedev and five foreign government leaders: Prime Minister of Spain José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, President of the People’s Republic of China Hu Jintao, President of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev, President Document [5] (Title: BRICS) democracy in Brazil to entrenched Oligarchy in Russia, and their economies are little integrated and are different in size by orders of magnitude. Also she states that the great difference in GDP, influences the reserves, for China taking up of over 41% of the contribution, which in turn leads to bigger political say within the association. The group at each summit elects one of the heads of state of the component countries to serve as President Pro Tempore of the BRICS, currently in 2018, the pro tempore presidency is held by the president of South Africa. BRICS BRICS is the Document [6] (Title: 2015 G20 Antalya summit) central bankers. Throughout the year leading up to the November summit, preparatory and regular meetings, many in locations in Turkey this year, on Women-20, Youth-20, Energy in Sub-Saharan Africa, The silver economy, Islamic finance, tourism, agriculture and other subjects have convened or, as of September, were planned. The G20 summit was mostly focused on political rather than economic issues due to the terrorist attacks in Paris, in which 132 people were killed. As an organization dealing with global issues of financial and economic cooperation, the G20 decided to change the format of the session. Nevertheless, the format has always been Document [7] (Title: Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia) states to finalize their respective internal procedures with a view to sign it at the earliest possible. The third CICA Summit was held in Istanbul, Turkey on 8 June 2010 with participation of the Heads of State/Government of Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Russia and Turkey; Deputy Heads of State/Government of Iraq and Vietnam; and Special Envoys of China, Egypt, India, Israel, Jordan, Kyrgyzstan, Republic of Korea, Pakistan, Palestine, Tajikistan, Thailand and United Arab Emirates. Uzbekistan was the only member state that was not represented at the Summit. For the first time in the short history of CICA, Chairmanship passed Document [8] (Title: 4th BRICS summit) in international financial institutions, there is lack of movement on the political side. BRICS should speak with one voice on important issues such as the reform of the UN Security Council." To promote trade in local currencies, the BRICS countries signed the Master Agreement on Extending Credit Facility in Local Currency and the Multilateral Letter of Credit Confirmation Facility Agreement to replace the United States dollar as the main unit of trade between them. The trade ministers also said that tightening intra-BRICS trade would help as an antidote to the European sovereign debt crisis. The trade ministers also called for Document [9] (Title: BRICS) leaders meeting in St Petersburg in September 2013, China committed $41 billion towards the pool; Brazil, India and Russia $18 billion each; and South Africa $5 billion. China, holder of the world's largest foreign exchange reserves and who is to contribute the bulk of the currency pool, wants a greater managing role, said one BRICS official. China also wants to be the location of the reserve. "Brazil and India want the initial capital to be shared equally. We know that China wants more," said a Brazilian official. "However, we are still negotiating, there are no tensions arising yet." On 11 Document [10] (Title: 3rd BRICS summit) declaration in favour of "comprehensive reform of the UN, including its Security Council." 3rd BRICS summit The 2011 BRICS summit () took place in Sanya on the island of Hainan, China, on 14 April 2011. This was the third BRICS summit since 2009. The meeting took place between the five heads of state/heads of government from the BRICS states following bilateral meetings in the prior days. Following a meeting in Brasilia in 2010, to which South Africa was invited as a guest, the group invited South Africa to join as a full member in 2011 and the group formerly called Document [11] (Title: APEC Russia 2012) the conference, which stands at 351 billion rubles, may be reduced by 25 billion rubles, due to reduction in the price of construction materials and streamlining of works. Despite these reductions, the Ministry of Finance of Russia announced in March 2009 that due to the crisis the federal budget was unlikely to have the previously committed 202 billion rubles fully available to finance the summit preparation projects. One of the proposed resolutions was to move the summit to Saint Petersburg, as that city's infrastructure is better developed to host the summit and would be less costly. Originally, First Deputy Prime Document [12] (Title: 4th BRICS summit) to engage in global multilateral institutions productively can only strengthen the international system", adding that its efforts to support the global economy and development in Afghanistan were welcomed. However, in regards to Iran, he said that U.S. President Barack Obama "has said that no option has been taken off the table, he's also been very clear that there's still... time for a diplomatic solution." 4th BRICS summit The 2012 BRICS summit was the fourth annual BRICS summit, an international relations conference attended by the heads of state or heads of government of the five member states Brazil, Russia, India, China Document [13] (Title: East Asia Summit) Australia and to a lesser extent New Zealand were present to balance the growing China power all meant the first meeting's achievements were limited. Russia expressed early interest in EAS membership and attended the first EAS as an observer at the invitation of 2005 EAS host Malaysia. The next EAS was to be held on 13 December 2006 in Metro Cebu, Philippines. After the confidence building of the inaugural EAS the 2006 EAS will help to define the future role of the EAS, its relationship with ASEAN Plus Three and the involvement of Russia in EAS. However, in the face Document [14] (Title: Expoforum) to become the base location for St. Petersburg International Economic Forum instead of older Lenexpo. The first forum at the new location was held in 2016. Expoforum Expoforum is the newly built large-scale exhibition and business center in Saint-Petersburg, Russia. It is situated between the city's main Pulkovo Airport and inner-city historically significant Pushkin town formerly known as Tsarskoye Selo. It is aimed to substitute older and smaller Lenexpo complex built in 1968. It was opened on October 7, 2014 by local governor Poltavchenko and was under construction until 2016. The complex features 3 helicopter pads and has adjacent Eastern Document [15] (Title: World Congress of Families) 2014 WCF conference was scheduled to be held in September in Russia, and is being promoting as "the 'Olympics' of the international Pro-Life movement supporting the Natural Family". Because of the situation in the Ukraine and Crimea, planning for the conference was suspended. Larry Jacobs was invited to Russia to advise Russian Orthodox leaders in setting up Christian right coalitions that unite Protestant Evangelical and Roman Catholic groups opposing legalized abortion. Larry Jacobs has been a strong advocate of the Russian LGBT propaganda law, commenting that "The Russians might be the Christian saviors of the world" The coalition stated "Russia, Document [16] (Title: 6th BRICS summit) the US authorities. The BRICS countries want to change this. During the summit, Xi Jinping was said to have told Narendra Modi that China was willing to consider expanding the Shanghai Cooperation Organization to include India as a full member at the 2014 SCO summit. The summit further established the principles of non-interference and mutual benefit underpinning bilateral relations within the BRICS. The BRICS held a summit with the UNASUR leaders in Brasília on 16 and 17 July. Members:<br> 6th BRICS summit The 6th BRICS summit was the sixth annual diplomatic meeting of the BRICS, a grouping of major emerging Document [17] (Title: St. Petersburg International Economic Forum) "Challenges of Globalization and the Competitive Advantages of Developing Countries". The organizers provided participants an opportunity to discuss the most urgent issues of the world economy: common development trends in Brazil, Russia, India and China — countries which in recent years have become world leaders in terms of economic growth — as well as trends and prospects for the development of Russia's economy. The ceremonial presentation of the Global Energy Awards was followed by a discussion on the most critical problems in the energy sector. The Lenexpo Exhibition Centre, which has all the necessary infrastructure for top-level plenary sessions, roundtables Document [18] (Title: 2nd BRIC summit) President Barack Obama which was attended by all four BRIC states. Between 2003 and 2007, BRIC countries carried 65% of the expansion of global GDP. In 2009, the combined PPP GDP of the BRIC countries was US$16.3 trillion, or 23.4% of global total. From 2003 to 2008, Brazil trade with the other BRIC countries increased by 382%, or US$10.7 billion to US$51.7 billion. The heads of state and heads of government of the four countries participated. A few months before the summit, the Indian Foreign Minister, SM Krishna, met President Lula in Brasília, where he stressed for the need to Document [19] (Title: 2nd BRIC summit) as to bring the benefits of inclusive social and economic development to them. Our grouping includes two of the largest energy producers and two of the largest consumers in the world. We can cooperate in both upstream and downstream areas, and in the development of new fuels and clean energy technologies." The Chinese president, Hu Jintao, brought forward his departure to April 15 (before the actual talks) instead of April 17 due to the earthquake in Qinghai. Despite this he did continue with the working meeting and signed a bilateral agreement between the four countries. At least one Indian media Document [20] (Title: BRICS Universities League) University, with the BNU as a leading university in terms of BRICS higher education and academic cooperation. The League is expanding to attract more and more outstanding BRICS universities to participate in its activities. The BRICS Universities League has performed as a strategic pillar for the BRICS cooperation. BRICS Universities League BRICS Universities League is a consortium of leading research universities from BRICS countries including Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. Initiated in Shanghai on July 6, 2013, the League aims to become a platform for academic and expert cooperation, comparative research, and international educational projects. In October 2015, Document [21] (Title: BRICS) forecasted to expand 4.6% in 2016, from an estimated growth of 3.9% in 2015. The World Bank expected BRICS growth to increase to 5.3% in 2017. The BRICS have received both praise and criticism from numerous commentators. Bilateral relations among BRICS nations have mainly been conducted on the basis of non-interference, equality, and mutual benefit. The term "BRIC" was coined in 2001 by then-chairman of Goldman Sachs Asset Management, Jim O'Neill, in his publication "Building Better Global Economic BRICs". The foreign ministers of the initial four BRIC states (Brazil, Russia, India, and China) met in New York City in September Document [22] (Title: Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism) 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. IAEA (observer) UNODC (observer) INTERPOL (observer) UNICRI (observer) June 1-2 in Tokyo Japan February 8-10 New Delhi India June 16-17, 2015 Helsinki, Finland May 23-24, 2013 Mexico City, Mexico June 30, 2011 Daejeon, Republic of Korea June 29, 2010 Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates June 16, 2009 The Hague, Netherlands June 16-18, 2008 Madrid, Spain June 11-12, 2007 Astana, Kazakhstan February 12-13, 2007 Ankara, Turkey October 30-31, 2006 Rabat, Morocco While the GICNT has garnered many members and held many events, there are some in the academic community who believe there is room Document [23] (Title: Vibrant Gujarat) was from Japan, totalling to over 70 members. Another major delegation was from USA. The exhibition was organized in a grand way, spread over an area of 19,200 sq. mts. There were 232 stalls, quite impressive and informative, having participation of eminent companies of India. Sixteen countries participated in the exhibition from countries such as Japan, Korea, UK, Kenya, Arab League, Russia, Netherlands, Trinidad & Tobago, Czech Republic, El Salvador and Uganda. Earlier Summits were organized in the year 2003, 2005 and 2007. The 2003 Global Investors' Summit was held coinciding with the glorious Navratri festival where a total of Document [24] (Title: 2nd BRIC summit) be standing their ground. Despite the refusal to discuss this the currency fell. The day before the summit Brazil expressed "affinity" with China towards the Iranian nuclear issue. Foreign Minister of Brazil, Celso Amorim, said "Our impression... is that the effectiveness of sanctions is debatable." He added that President Lula had brought up the same with the Indian Prime Minister Singh. In the same vein, the IBSA talk preceding the summit called for further talk on the Iranian issue. Chinese Premier Hu Jintao showed China's willingness to be a positive partner in global development when he showed China's meteoric rise Document [25] (Title: St. Petersburg International Economic Forum) differed from previous Forums not only in its strategic focus, but also in its pragmatic approach. Issues of future investment in Russia and CIS countries were touched on as well. The Forum was held on June 17–21, 2003 under the motto "Efficient Economy — a Decent Life". This international conference was attended by some 2,500 people from 48 countries. Among the honoured guests were EBRD President Jean Lemierre, Deputy UN Secretary General Brigita Schmögnerová, IMF First Deputy managing director Anne Krueger, OECD Secretary General Donald Johnston, and Deputy Director General of the World Intellectual Property Organization Philippe Petit. The Forum Document [26] (Title: 2014 G20 Brisbane summit) an international gathering that operates by consensus – it's not Australia's right to say yes or no to individual members of the G20". In November 2014, Russia sent a fleet of warships into international waters off the coast of Australia to accompany Putin's visit. The fleet consisted of "Varyag", "Marshal Shaposhnikov", a salvage and rescue tug, and a replenishment oiler. Australia responded by sending and , as well as a P-3 Orion surveillance plane, to monitor the Russians. Although Russia had previously sent warships to accompany presidential attendance at international summits, the size of fleet and the lack of official Document [27] (Title: Canada–Russia relations) areas of agri-food and agriculture, fuel and energy, construction and housing, mining, and the Arctic and North. The first ever Canada-Russia Business Summit,organized jointly by Canada Eurasia Russia Business Association (CERBA) and the Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs (RSPP), was held March 26–27, 2007, in Ottawa. This event successfully combined the 6th session of the Canada-Russia IEC, co-chaired by Minister Emerson and Russian Agriculture Minister Alexey Gordeyev, and the second meeting of the Canada-Russia Business Council (CRBC). Interest and attendance from both sides was high with over 300 participants including special guest Vladislav Tretyak, the famed Russian goalie in Document [28] (Title: KAZANSUMMIT) The prospect of closer reapproachment between Russia and the Islamic world has been emerged in 2003 when Vladimir Putin took part in the meeting of the most important international institution of the Islamic world - the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The OIC observed that the result has been assigned to Russia in June 2005. KAZANSUMMIT 2009 was conducted on five academic and business sessions and one final panel discussion on the prospects of Islamic finance in Russia. The organizers were the IFC Linova (Tatarstan, Russia), the Islamic Research and Training Institute (Saudi Arabia), Kuala Document [29] (Title: 1st BRIC summit) 1st BRIC summit The inaugural BRIC summit took place in Yekaterinburg, Russia on June 16, 2009. The four heads of government from the BRIC countries attended. The acronym BRIC (for Brazil, Russia, India, China) was first used in a Goldman Sachs thesis projecting that the economic potential of Brazil, Russia, India and China is such that they may become among the five most dominant economies by the year 2050. Today, the four countries produce about 15 percent of the world’s gross domestic product and hold about 40 percent of the gold and hard currency reserves. Political dialogue between the BRIC Document [30] (Title: KAZANSUMMIT) from Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kamchatka, Bashkortostan, Orenburg, Sverdlovsk, Rostov, Nizhny Novgorod, Samara, Tomsk regions. A special event within the framework of KazanSummit 2014 was the second meeting of the "Investors Club of the Republic of Tatarstan". The 7th International Economic Summit of Russia and the OIC countries KazanSummit 2015 was held on June 15–16. 746 people from 45 countries of the world attended the event. Also among visitor there were Ahmed Galal Eldin, the chairman of the Association IBIA, Necdet Sensoy, Member of the Central Bank of Turkey Board of Directors, Victor Chetverikov, the president of the National Rating Agency Document [31] (Title: BRICS) in 2011. In June 2012, the BRICS nations pledged $75 billion to boost the lending power of the International Monetary Fund (IMF). However, this loan was conditional on IMF voting reforms. In late March 2013, during the fifth BRICS summit in Durban, South Africa, the member countries agreed to create a global financial institution which they intended to rival the western-dominated IMF and World Bank. After the summit, the BRICS stated that they planned to finalise the arrangements for this New Development Bank by 2014. However, disputes relating to burden sharing and location slowed down the agreements. At the BRICS Document [32] (Title: BRICS Universities League) BRICS Universities League BRICS Universities League is a consortium of leading research universities from BRICS countries including Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. Initiated in Shanghai on July 6, 2013, the League aims to become a platform for academic and expert cooperation, comparative research, and international educational projects. In October 2015, around 40 outstanding universities from the five BRICS countries gathered in Beijing Normal University to hold the BRICS Universities Presidents Forum. After this Forum, the participating universities declared the Beijing Consensus, and they decided to establish the BRICS Universities League. The League Secretariat is located in Beijing Normal Document [33] (Title: The Russia Forum) The Russia Forum The Russia Forum was an annual event held in Moscow, hosted by Troika Dialog from 2008 to 2013. From 2012, The Russia Forum was jointly presented by Sberbank of Russia and Troika Dialog. Sometimes referred to as the "Russian Davos" (World Economic Forum in Davos), not only because the event in Switzerland is held a few days before the forum in Moscow, but also because of the high-profile nature of the speakers and scale of the industry leading agenda and high-level discussion attracted to The Russia Forum. The Russia Forum was one of the key economic events Document [34] (Title: 40th G7 summit) 40th G7 summit The 40th G8 summit was due to be held in Russia in 2014. The meeting was planned for June 4–5, 2014 at the Black Sea resort of Sochi. However, the other seven countries decided on March 24 that a summit would be held without Russia, in Brussels, Belgium. It was held in Brussels on June 4–5. Following 2014 Crimean crisis and accompanying Russian intervention in Crimea, there was talk of suspending or expelling Russia from the G8. On March 24, British prime minister David Cameron announced that the meeting would not take place in Russia due to Document [35] (Title: 5th BRICS summit) of the global order: tensions between China and Brazil on trade, India on security, and Russia on status highlight the difficulty Beijing will have in staking its claim to global leadership." The media suggested the bank was way to bypass the IMF and the World Bank. Despite high hopes for the 2013 summit, BRICS was not as involved as they had planned to be. 5th BRICS summit The 2013 BRICS summit was the fifth annual BRICS summit, an international relations conference attended by the head of states or heads of government of the five member states Brazil, Russia, India, China Document [36] (Title: BRICS) abroad... and can highlight the strengthening positions of countries whose opinion is frequently ignored by their developed American and European colleagues." In March 2014, at a meeting on the margins of the Nuclear Security Summit in The Hague, the BRICS Foreign Ministers issued a communique that "noted with concern, the recent media statement on the forthcoming G20 Summit to be held in Brisbane in November 2014. The custodianship of the G20 belongs to all Member States equally and no one Member State can unilaterally determine its nature and character." In light of the tensions surrounding the 2014 Crimean crisis, the Document [37] (Title: 2nd BRIC summit) returns." 2nd BRIC summit The 2010 BRIC summit took place in Brasília, Brazil on April 16, 2010. This was the second BRIC summit after Yekaterinburg in 2009. The meeting took place between the four heads of government from the BRIC states following bilateral meetings in the prior days. The acronym BRIC (for Brazil, Russia, India, China) was first used in a Goldman Sachs thesis projecting the economic potential of Brazil, Russia, India and China. Previously, the 1st BRIC summit took place in Yekaterinburg, Russia in 2009 and discussed global issues. This year's summit follows the Washington Nuclear summit hosted by Document [38] (Title: BRICS) 2006 at the margins of the General Debate of the UN General Assembly, beginning a series of high-level meetings. A full-scale diplomatic meeting was held in Yekaterinburg, Russia, on 16 June 2009. The BRIC grouping's first formal summit, also held in Yekaterinburg, commenced on 16 June 2009, with Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, Dmitry Medvedev, Manmohan Singh, and Hu Jintao, the respective leaders of Brazil, Russia, India and China, all attending. The summit's focus was on means of improving the global economic situation and reforming financial institutions, and discussed how the four countries could better co-operate in the future. There Document [39] (Title: European Young Conservatives) training to newly established democratic political parties in Russia, Belarus, and Azerbaijan. The EYC generally holds three conference events per year, with the largest being the autumn Freedom Summit. It has held Freedom Summits in Cambridge, United Kingdom (2014 and 2015), Porto, Portugal (2016), and Warsaw, Poland (2017) as well as summer camps in Stockholm, Sweden (2014), Tbilisi, Georgia (2016), and Prague, Czech Republic (2017), and annual congresses in Warsaw, Poland (2012), Istanbul, Turkey (2014), Prague, Czech Republic (2012, 2013 and 2015), Brussels, Belgium (2016) and London, United Kingdom (2017). Since 2016, an internal conflict between civic and ethnic nationalists Document [40] (Title: 8th BRICS summit) to set up a credit rating agency at some point in the future. They also called on the BRICS' New Development Bank to focus on funding specific development priorities and to create a network of angel investors. Other agreements included to set up research centres in the fields of agriculture, railways and a BRICS sports council. The final communique focused on promoting "international norms that promote stability and inclusion in common spaces." It suggested that with "mega-regional trading agreements have significantly altered the discourse on cross-border trade, the summit stressed the need for co-operation in crucial matters relating to intellectual Document [41] (Title: Major Economies Forum on Energy and Climate Change) Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Mexico, Russia, South Africa, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Denmark, in its capacity as the President of the December 2009 Conference of the Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, and the United Nations have also participated in this dialogue along with Observers. The first preparatory meeting of the Major Economies Forum on Energy and Climate met April 27–28, 2009, in Washington, DC, attended by Leaders’ representatives and other officials from seventeen major economies, as well as the United Nations and Denmark. Participants welcomed President Obama’s initiative in convening Document [42] (Title: 6th BRICS summit) President Cristina Kirchner was a special guest of the summit, and the BRICS leaders met with their UNASUR counterparts shortly after. The 6th BRICS summit resulted in the official inauguration of the New Development Bank, a multilateral development bank intended as an alternative to the World Bank and International Monetary Fund. Following the 2013 BRICS summit in Durban, South Africa, the BRICS countries released a joint statement summarising the results of their discussions and naming Brazil as the host country for the 2014 summit. Having agreed to set up a new international development bank during the 2013 summit, the member Document [43] (Title: St. Petersburg International Economic Forum) and exhibitions, became the new SPIEF venue. The Forum was held on June 8–10, 2007. The Forum was a cooperation between two venues – the St. Petersburg International Economic Forum and the World Economic Forum in Davos. It was commemorated by the signing of a Memorandum of Understanding between the Russian Ministry of Economic Development and the Trade and the World Economic Forum. SPIEF was attended by more than 8,000 people and delegations from 76 countries, including 9 heads of state, 3 prime ministers, representatives of 340 foreign businesses from 65 countries, 37 representatives of the Federation Council of the Document [44] (Title: Boao Forum for Asia) including Armenia, Australia, Austria, China, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Nepal, the Netherlands, Qatar, Russia, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Thailand, Uganda, and Zambia, attended the forum held from March 26 to 29. The theme of this year forum is "community of shared destiny". The 2016 forum was held in Hainan, from 22-25 March, 2016. Participants at the annual conference focused on Asia's New future: New Dynamics, New Vision and took part in panel discussions. Chinese Premier Li Keqiang made the keynote speech at the opening of the annual conference. The 2017 forum was held from 23-26 March, 2017. Keynote speech was made by Document [45] (Title: 7th BRICS summit) and in the Internet sphere there is a monopoly of one state or a couple of states and just several companies. These companies are acting as if they were part of the state machine, not independent market actors." 7th BRICS summit The 7th BRICS summit was the seventh annual diplomatic summit of the head of states or government of the BRICS member states. It was held in the Russian city of Ufa in Bashkortostan on 8–9 July 2015. During the 6th BRICS summit in Fortaleza, Brazil, the BRICS leaders signed a declaration reading: "Brazil, India, China and South Africa convey Document [46] (Title: Eastern Economic Forum) Eastern Economic Forum Eastern Economic Forum ( or ВЭФ) is an international forum held each year in Vladivostok, Russia, for the purpose of encouraging foreign investment in the Russian Far East. Eastern Economic Forum is an international forum held each year since 2015 in September, at Far Eastern Federal University in Vladivostok, Russia, for the purpose of encouraging foreign investment in the Russian Far East. The Russian president and the Japanese premier have attended this forum since its beginning. Far East Economic Forum is sponsored by the organizing committee appointed by Roscongress, an association of the Russian Government, which also Document [47] (Title: KAZANSUMMIT) Lumpur Business School (Malaysia), and the Russian Center for Islamic Economics and Finance(Tatarstan, Russia). The idea of holding such an event in the capital of Tatarstan came up in June 2008 in conjunction with the Islamic Development Bank, in the International Investment Conference. On June 27, 2010 in the "Pyramid", the opening of KAZANSUMMIT 2010 was held, with the participation of President of Tatarstan Rustam Minnikhanov and the International Islamic Business and Finance group. The forum was from June 27 to 28. It was held under the slogan "Kazan - New Gateway to Russia." At the official opening ceremony of Document [48] (Title: 7th BRICS summit) agreements of the New Development Bank and the BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement and during the summit inaugural meetings of the NDB were held, and it was announced it would be lending in local currency; and open up membership to non-BRICS countries in the coming months. The BRICS held a joint summit with the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Eurasian Economic Union in Ufa on 9 July. Invited heads of states or government: Though other sectoral ministers have met, as a result of this meeting, the Russian proposal for an ICT minister's meeting took place in October. Russia's Minister of Communications Document [49] (Title: Foreign policy of the Narendra Modi government) group of emerging economies comprising Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa, called for brotherhood among the member states citing "Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam", an ancient Indian concept meaning the entire world is one family, to unitedly face the global challenges. India together with its BRICS partner working toward launching of a financial institute rivalling the western dominated World Bank and IMF which was first proposed during the New Delhi summit in 2012 by the then Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. In the 6th BRICS summit held on 14–26 July in Fortaleza, Brazil the group have agreed to establish the bank with Document [50] (Title: 8th BRICS summit) Maidan exhibition ground, New Delhi from 12 to 14 October. Controversially, China skipped the event over trade barriers, but was read in the media in India as a snub amidst a diplomatic row following the latter's veto over India's request to name JeM leader Masood Azhar to the UN as a "designated terrorist." The first BRICS U-17 Football Cup was held at Goa from 5 to 15 October. A statement was issued that read the member states "strongly condemn terrorism in all its forms and manifestations and stressed that there can be no justification whatsoever." The group had also decided Document [51] (Title: Durban Review Conference) the Iranian President. UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon expressed dismay at both the boycotts and the speech. Durban III, a follow-up conference that took place on 22 September 2011 in New York City, was boycotted by the ten aforementioned countries (including the Czech Republic), along with Austria, Bulgaria, France and the United Kingdom. The Durban Review Conference was run by the Bureau of the Preparatory Committee, which was chaired by Ms. Najat Al-Hajjaji of Libya. The eighteen vice-chairpersons hailed from Cameroon, South Africa, Senegal, India, Indonesia, Iran, Pakistan, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Armenia, Croatia, Estonia, Russia, Belgium, Greece, Norway and Turkey, and Document [52] (Title: 4th BRICS summit) included the Minister of Trade and Industry, Rob Davies and business executives. All five trade ministers were present as well. The heads of state/heads of government of the five countries participated in the summit. The main agenda for the summit was the creation of a new development bank. The idea for setting up such a bank was put forward by India, as a sign of firming the power of the group and increasing its influence in global decision-making; Sudhir Vyas, a senior Indian official, said that the idea for a BRICS bank had been "in the air for some time." Document [53] (Title: 3rd BRICS summit) national currencies. The leaders of BRICS states expressed misgivings about NATO air strikes during the 2011 Libyan civil war and urged an end to the two-month conflict in Libya. The heads of state/heads of government of the five countries participated. "Al Jazeera" read the meeting as that of giving "this ad-hoc group an opportunity to test its collective strength ahead of an all-important G-20 meeting in France in November and to bring the concerns of developing nations ("sic") to the top of the global agenda." Jim O’Neill, the chairman of Goldman Sachs Asset Management International and the person who coined Document [54] (Title: Third GECF summit) Third GECF summit The 3rd GECF summit was a biennial Gas Exporting Countries Forum summit, an international relations conference attended by the heads of state or heads of government of most member states of the GECF. The summit was held in Tehran, Iran, the first time the city has hosted the summit. Iran assumed the chair of the GECF from Russia on 1 January 2014. The summit was announced during the first meeting of the High-Level Ad Hoc Group for the 3rd Gas Summit on 20 May 2015. The group also discussed the draft summit declaration and other issues. In Document [55] (Title: Ufa) residential areas. Control of MPC and air quality in residential areas is not carried out. The major religions in the city are Sunni Islam and Russian Orthodoxy. The Bezpopovtsy strain of Russian Old Believers is also registered in Ufa. Ufa is a place of location of . In 1989, the Russian Islamic University was opened. One of the largest mosques in Europe, , is under construction in Ufa. Notable Ufa people include: Ufa is twinned with: Ufa Ufa (; "Öfö"; , ) is the capital city of the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia, and the industrial, economic, scientific and cultural center Document [56] (Title: Richard Attias) the High Patronage of Denis Sassou Nguesso, President of the Republic of the Congo, it is the premier international business & investment forum focused on infrastructure in Africa. RA&A organized the XVth Francophonie Summit, the biennal meeting of the Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie (OIF). The event was held in Dakar, Senegal in 2014, with approximately 3000 participants. For the first time, the summit was concluded by an economic forum on December 1–2. During this event, many political leaders, and CEO proposed to reinforce the links between this community, such as Macky Sall, Alain Juppé, or Thierry Breton. In 2015, Document [57] (Title: Group of Seven) sovereignty, in their joint statement and stated they were prepared to impose further sanctions on Russia. This meeting was the first since Russia was expelled from the G8 following its annexation of Crimea in March. The annual G7 leaders summit is attended by the heads of government. The member country holding the G7 presidency is responsible for organizing and hosting the year's summit. The serial annual summits can be parsed chronologically in arguably distinct ways, including as the sequence of host countries for the summits has recurred over time and series. Generally every country hosts the summit once every 7 Document [58] (Title: St. Petersburg International Economic Forum) countries, out of which total there were 1245 media representatives. Another record statistic concerning SPIEF 2013 was the number of agreements signed – 102 deals amounting to a financial value of 9.6 trillion roubles (US$291 billion), which is approximately 30 times more than equivalent figure from last year’s forum. The proceedings of the Forum were attended by the Federal Chancellor of Germany, Mrs Angela Merkel, and the Prime Minister of the Netherlands, Mr Mark Rutte. Since Russia holds the rotating presidency of the G20 this year, a special Business 20 (B20) summit was held on June 20 at SPIEF 2013. Document [59] (Title: Istanbul Process) Ministerial Process was held in Islamabad, Pakistan on December 9, 2015. It was co-chaired by Mr. Salahuddin Rabbani, Minister of Foreign Affairs and Mr. Sartaj Aziz, Advisor to the Prime Minister of Pakistan on Foreign Affairs. 6th Ministerial Conference of Heart of Asia summit was held in Amritsar, India, from December 3 to December 4, 2016. The meeting was inaugurated by president of Afghanistan, Ashraf Ghani and Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi, and co-chaired by Arun Jaitley, Finance Minister of India and Salahuddin Rabbani, minister of Foreign Affairs of Afghanistan. The 7th Ministerial Conference will be held in Azerbaijan Document [60] (Title: Adilbek Zhaksybekov) Ukraine in 2004 in which a Common Economic Area was proposed for Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia. On 4 April 2004, he gave a speech entitled "The Industrial Innovation Development Strategy of Kazakhstan, 2003-2015" in Washington, DC. Supachai Panitchpakdi, the Director-General of the World Trade Organization, met with Zhaksybekov and a government delegation in Geneva on 9-15 July to discuss Kazakh admission into the World Trade Organization. The Kazakh Foreign Ministry issued a press release about the talks on 17 July. "Radio Free Europe" reported that a WTO Secretariat offered to "provide technical and organizational help to prepare Kazakhstan for Document [61] (Title: Sochi Olympic Park) by several stations along the planned Sochi Metro, before that project was cancelled. Motor racing events held at the Sochi Autodrom: Sochi was originally scheduled to host the 40th G8 summit 4–5 June 2014. On 24 March 2014, the other seven member nations decided that a summit would instead be held in Brussels, Belgium, without Russia's participation. It was held in Brussels on the same dates it was planned for in Sochi. The decision to suspend Russia from the organization was in response to the 2014 Crimean crisis and accompanying Russian intervention in Crimea. On 24 March, British Prime Minister Document [62] (Title: 8th BRICS summit) 8th BRICS summit The 2016 BRICS summit was the eighth annual BRICS summit, an international relations conference attended by the heads of country or heads of government of the five member countries Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. The summit was held from 15 to 16 October 2016 at the Taj Exotica hotel in Benaulim, Goa, India. India holds the chair of the BRICS from February 2016 to December 2016. In July 2015, during the 7th BRICS summit, it was announced that India will host the 8th BRICS summit in 2016. In March 2016, Goa was announced as the Document [63] (Title: BRICS) Ministers remarked that "The escalation of hostile language, sanctions and counter-sanctions, and force does not contribute to a sustainable and peaceful solution, according to international law, including the principles and purposes of the United Nations Charter." This was in response to the statement of Australian Foreign Minister Julie Bishop, who had said earlier that Russian President Vladimir Putin might be barred from attending the G20 Summit in Brisbane. In July 2014, the Governor of the Russian Central Bank, Elvira Nabiullina, claimed that the "BRICS partners the establishment of a system of multilateral swaps that will allow to transfer resources to Document [64] (Title: New Development Bank) 4th BRICS summit in 2012 held in Delhi. The creation of a new development bank was the main theme of the meeting. BRICS leaders agreed to set up a Development bank at the 5th BRICS summit held in Durban, South Africa on 27 March 2013. On 15 July 2014, the first day of the 6th BRICS summit held in Fortaleza, Brazil, the BRICS states signed the Agreement on the New Development Bank, which makes provisions for the legal basis of the bank. In a separate agreement, a reserve currency pool worth $100 bln was set up by BRICS nations. Documents Document [65] (Title: BRIC) of each of the four countries. Trilateral agreements and frameworks made among the BRICs include the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (member states include Russia and China, observers include India) and the IBSA Trilateral Forum, which unites Brazil, India, and South Africa in annual dialogues. Also important to note is the G-20 coalition of developing states which includes all the BRICs. Also, because of the popularity of the Goldman Sachs thesis "BRIC", this term has sometimes been extended whereby "BRICK" (K for South Korea), "BRIMC" (M for Mexico), "BRICA" (GCC Arab countries—Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Kuwait, Bahrain, Oman and the United Arab Emirates) Document [66] (Title: 2015 World Aquatics Championships) on 15 July 2011 at the biennial General Congress of FINA in Shanghai, the host city of the Championships that year. Kazan defeated rival bids from Guadalajara (Mexico), Hong Kong, Guangzhou (China), and Montreal (Canada). The last two cities withdrew their bids shortly before the vote. The dates of these Championships were moved back one week to lengthen the gap between it and the aquatics competitions at the 2015 Pan American Games in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Kazan is the capital of the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia. With a population of near 1.2 million (2015), it is the sixth largest city Document [67] (Title: Eastern Economic Forum) sponsors other international forums, such as St. Petersburg International Economic Forum. Eastern Economic Forum Eastern Economic Forum ( or ВЭФ) is an international forum held each year in Vladivostok, Russia, for the purpose of encouraging foreign investment in the Russian Far East. Eastern Economic Forum is an international forum held each year since 2015 in September, at Far Eastern Federal University in Vladivostok, Russia, for the purpose of encouraging foreign investment in the Russian Far East. The Russian president and the Japanese premier have attended this forum since its beginning. Far East Economic Forum is sponsored by the organizing committee Document [68] (Title: 44th G7 summit) of Russia. Italy also requested a restoration of the G8 shortly after. President Trump also pushed for other countries to recognize Crimea as part of Russia, and stated that Ukraine was "one of the most corrupt countries in the world" to G7 leaders. The summit received much attention due to a significant decline of relations of members with the United States. As a result, the summit was dubbed the "G6+1" by France and some members of the media, signifying the "isolation of the United States" in light of recent events. The Fairmont Le Manoir Richelieu in La Malbaie, Quebec, Canada, Document [69] (Title: Expo 2020) the slot for a world's fair in 2020, with four remaining: Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Yekaterinburg, Russia; Izmir, Turkey; or São Paulo, Brazil. Expo 2020 will represent a first as a Middle Eastern destination will be hosting the event for the first time. The following cities lodged bids to the BIE for hosting the 2020 EXPO: São Paulo was eliminated from contention after the first round of votes. Izmir was knocked out in the second. Yekaterinburg lost to Dubai in the third and final round of voting. UAE selected the theme "Connecting Minds, Creating the Future", sub-themes being Sustainability, Mobility Document [70] (Title: Open Innovations (event)) mayor of Moscow Sergey Sobyanin, Cabinet members of Russia, India, China, Brazil, Israel, the Republic of South Africa. As part of Forum winners of competitions such as Venture Investor, 2015, TechUp 2015, Tech in Media 2015 and other were announced. The exhibition part of Forum featured Russian and foreign exhibits including the Moscow City Government, Russian development institutes, ministries of Russia, Association of Innovative Regions of Russia, IBM, Intel to name a few. The table below lists top public officials who participated in the events of Forum as well as events throughout. Apart from plenary sessions, Forum's program includes the Document [71] (Title: 4th BRICS summit) would be put forward to the attending state heads for further consideration. At the end of the forum, 18 recommendations were put forward for increasing the effectiveness of the group. A BRICS business forum, organised by the Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Confederation of Indian Industry and Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India, took place the day before the leaders official summit. Hu arrived in New Delhi on 28 March 2012 along with a delegation of senior ministers which included Foreign Minister Yang Jiechi, State Councillor Dai Bingguo as well as business executives. Zuma's delegation Document [72] (Title: St. Petersburg International Economic Forum) The participants in this B20 summit brought concrete proposals to St. Petersburg with them – aimed at stimulating the global economy, creating jobs, and improving the world's monetary and financial system. From June 18 to 20 SPIEF hosted a Y20 youth summit, and on June 22, 2013 there was a Russia–ASEAN Business Forum. The XVIII St. Petersburg International Economic Forum was held from May 22 to 24, 2014. Theme of SPIEF 2014: "Sustaining Confidence in a World Undergoing Transformation". The Forum included 82 events, and welcomed three foreign heads of state. In total, the Forum was attended by over 7,500 Document [73] (Title: International counter-terrorism operations of Russia) International counter-terrorism operations of Russia Russian government has been involved in many counter-terrorism operations abroad, in cooperation with other nations. The Delhi summit on security took place on February 14, 2007 with the foreign ministers of China, India, and Russia meeting in Hyderabad House, Delhi, India to discuss terrorism, drug trafficking, reform of the United Nations, and the security situations in Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, and North Korea. The Indian Foreign Ministry released a statement on behalf of all three governments saying, "We shared our thoughts on the political, economic and security aspects of the global situation, the present world order Document [74] (Title: Prague) Prague is the site of many sports events, national stadiums and teams. The city of Prague maintains its own EU delegation in Brussels called Prague House. Prague was the location of U.S. President Barack Obama's speech on 5 April 2009, which led to the New START treaty with Russia, signed in Prague on 8 April 2010. The annual conference Forum 2000, which was founded by former Czech President Václav Havel, Japanese philanthropist Yōhei Sasakawa, and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Elie Wiesel in 1996, is held in Prague. Its main objective is "to identify the key issues facing civilization and to Document [75] (Title: Brazil–India relations) a novel grouping for this realisation. Brazil and India are involved in the IBSA initiative. The first ever IBSA Summit was held in Brasília in September 2006, followed by the Second IBSA Summit held in Pretoria in October 2007, with the third one held in New Delhi in October 2008. The fourth IBSA meet was again hosted in Brasília, just before the second BRIC summit. Four IBSA Trilateral Commission meetings were already held till 2007 since the first one was held in 2004 and had covered many areas such as science, technology, education, agriculture, energy, culture, health, social issues, public Document [76] (Title: Brazil–Russia relations) Alliance. As well as an agreement that made it possible for the Brazilian Space Agency to send the first Brazilian astronaut, Marcos Pontes, into space aboard Soyuz TMA-8. On November 26, 2008, during a state visit of President Dmitry Medvedev to Brazil, the two countries signed agreements on visa exemption, and cooperation in the aerospace, nuclear and defense industries. The second BRIC summit was held in Brasília, following the first in Russia. Brazil has an embassy in Moscow and Russia has an embassy in Brasilia. BIS • BRICS • IAEA • IBRD • ICAO • ICRM • IDA • IFC Document [77] (Title: World Economic Forum) and Tianjin, bringing together 1,500 participants from what the foundation calls Global Growth Companies, primarily from rapidly growing emerging countries such as China, India, Russia, Mexico, and Brazil, but also including quickly growing companies from developed countries. The meeting also engages with the next generation of global leaders from fast-growing regions and competitive cities, as well as technology pioneers from around the globe. The Chinese Premier has delivered a plenary address at each annual meeting. Every year regional meetings take place, enabling close contact among corporate business leaders, local government leaders, and NGOs. Meetings are held in Africa, East Asia, Document [78] (Title: BRICS) 2015 BRICS summit in Russia, ministers from BRICS nations, initiated consultations for a payment system that would be an alternative to the SWIFT system. Russian Deputy Foreign Minister Sergey Ryabkov stated in an interview, "The finance ministers and executives of the BRICS central banks are negotiating ... setting up payment systems and moving on to settlements in national currencies. SWIFT or not, in any case we’re talking about ... a transnational multilateral payment system that would provide greater independence, would create a definite guarantee for BRICS." The Central Bank of Russia (CBR) also started consultations with BRICS nations for a Document [79] (Title: Universal electronic card) UEC payment system PRO100, excluding the participation of international payment systems Visa and MasterCard. And in the Savings Bank promised to "neutralize lobbyists international payment systems in the bodies of the Russian government". Since February 2012, in nine pilot regions of Russia: Moscow, St. Petersburg, the Astrakhan region, the Republic of Bashkortostan, the Volgograd Oblast, Novosibirsk Oblast, Penza Oblast, Krasnodar Krai and Tatarstan started issuing cards to participants of the project, in order to verify it works in practice. On 16 February 2012, there was published "How to use UEC", which set out the anecdotal evidence of the pin-code, which Document [80] (Title: Sino-Russian relations since 1991) domestic economies in the conditions of the world financial crisis. The trading of the Chinese yuan against the Russian ruble has started in the Chinese interbank market, while the yuan's trading against the ruble started on the Russian foreign exchange market in December 2010. In coordination with other emerging economies the second BRIC summit was held in Brasília in April 2010. In 2014, Beijing and Moscow signed a 150 billion yuan central bank liquidity swap line agreement to get around American sanctions on their behaviors. In December 2014, Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi pledged to offer financial support to Russia Document [81] (Title: Group of Eight) to be held in June that year in the Russian city of Sochi, and suspended Russia's membership of the group, due to Russia's annexation of Crimea; nevertheless, they stopped short of outright permanent expulsion. Russian foreign minister Sergei Lavrov downplayed the importance of the decision by the U.S. and its allies, and pointed up that major international decisions were taken by the G20 countries. Later on, the Italian Foreign Affairs minister Federica Mogherini and other Italian authorities, along with the EastWest Institute board member Wolfgang Ischinger, suggested that Russia may restore its membership in the group. In April 2015, the Document [82] (Title: KAZANSUMMIT) and Vladimir Korovkin, Head of Innovations and Digital Research. In 2015, Ahmed Mohamed Ali Al-Madani, the President of the Islamic Development Bank visited the Summit. Islamic finance for constructive global trade and investment was the main theme of the VII International economic summit of Russia and OIC members countries in 2015. The Islamic financial industry is an economic tool for the development of trade, attracting investment and effective cooperation of Russia with the countries of the Islamic world. Participants discussed the cooperation between Russia and the OIC countries and Islamic banking. For the first time, there was the Forum of Document [83] (Title: 2014 SCO summit) at the 6th BRICS summit. 2014 SCO summit The 2014 SCO summit was the 13th annual summit of heads of state of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation held between 11-12 September in Dushanbe, Tajikistan. Security was among the top issues for 13th annual summit and all members during the last meeting reached a consensus on fighting against separatism, extremism and terrorism, as well as on safeguarding regional peace and security therefore Afghanistan will be focal point during talks in Dushanbe, claim some diplomats of member countries. In the build-up to the summit, a foreign ministers meeting was held on 30 July. Document [84] (Title: 6th BRICS summit) countries intended to complete the arrangements for the bank prior to the 2014 summit. The summit was initially scheduled for March 2014, but was shifted to a later date at China's request; it was ultimately held on 14–16 July 2014. The heads of state and heads of government that participated in the summit were: The 6th BRICS summit was Narendra Modi's first major international summit as Prime Minister of India. In addition to the five BRICS leaders, Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, President of Argentina, was invited to join the proceedings. At the summit, the BRIC nations agreed to create the Document [85] (Title: Third India-Africa Forum Summit) Third India-Africa Forum Summit The Third India-Africa Forum Summit (IAFS-III) was held in New Delhi, India from 26–30 October 2015. The five-day summit started with consultations on official level followed by the head of states/governments level summit on 29 October 2015 with scheduled bilateral meetings on 30 October 2015. This is going to be India's biggest diplomatic outreach involving delegates from a large number of African nations. The summit was earlier scheduled to be held in December 2014, with a three-year gap after the 2011 Adis Ababa summit. But Syed Akbaruddin, the official spokesperson of Indian Foreign Ministry, told the Document [86] (Title: 4th BRICS summit) 4th BRICS summit The 2012 BRICS summit was the fourth annual BRICS summit, an international relations conference attended by the heads of state or heads of government of the five member states Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. The summit was held at Taj Hotel in New Delhi, India on 29 March 2012 and began at 10:00 Indian Standard Time. This is the first time that India has hosted a BRICS summit. The theme of the summit was "BRICS Partnership for Global Stability, Security and Prosperity". Preparations for the summit began with the announcement from the Ministry of External Document [87] (Title: Foreign policy of the Narendra Modi government) friend". This meeting in Brazil at the sidelines of BRICS summit served well as the familiarisation between the two leaders. President Putin visited New Delhi on 11 December 2014 for the annual summit, first after Modi assumed office. Trade and energy cooperation dominated the talks as they set a target of US$30 billion of bilateral trade by 2025 with equal amount of investment in each other's economy. On the backdrop of increasing western sanctions Putin earlier signed a gas deals with China worth US$400 billion believed to be heavily tilted in China's favour. India too was keen to strike an Document [88] (Title: KAZANSUMMIT) KAZANSUMMIT KAZANSUMMIT ( International Economic Summit “Russia — Islamic World: KazanSummit”) is one of the leading international economic events of the Russian Federation and the countries of OIC. From the first day of its existence, the Summit has been held under the patronage of the President of the Republic of Tatarstan – Rustam Minnikhanov. Since 2009, KazanSummit is held annually and strongly supported by the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Tatarstan. Top international investment conference remains the main and unique platform for cooperation between the Russian Federation and Document [89] (Title: Praful Patel) is progressing very well under the leadership of Praful Patel. Under the tenure of AIFF President Praful Patel, the first edition of the BRICS U-17 Football Cup tournament was held in the state of Goa where Brazil, Russia, China, India and South Africa participated. On 1 October 2016, the trophy of the BRICS U-17 Football Cup competition was unveiled by the Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi in presence of Praful Patel and Minister of State Youth Affairs and Sports Vijay Goel. On 1 December 2016 the AIFF President Praful Patel was appointed as the Senior Vice President of the Document [90] (Title: 2nd ASEAN-Russia Summit) 2nd ASEAN-Russia Summit The Second Association of South East Asian Nations-Russia Summit is the second summit of ASEAN leaders and the leader from Russia. It was chaired by Vietnam on October 30, 2010. The ASEAN-Russian summit is a political and economic organization of ten countries located in Southeast Asia, which was formed on August 8, 1967, by Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. Since then, membership has expanded to include Brunei, Burma (Myanmar), Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. Its aims include the acceleration of economic growth, social progress, cultural development among its members, the protection of the peace and stability Document [91] (Title: Munich Security Conference) Quartet on the Middle East, consisting of the EU, Russia, the United States and the UN, to meet within the setting of the 2011 Munich Security Conference and during a ceremony on the sidelines of the conference Russia's Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov and U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton exchanged the instruments for ratifying the New START Treaty (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty) that entered into force in Munich New START. The 48th Munich Security Conference was held from February 2–5, 2012. The 53rd Munich Security Conference (MSC 2017) took place from 17 to 19 February 2017 at the Bayerischer Hof Document [92] (Title: Shanghai Cooperation Organisation) April 2006. An SCO Arts Festival and Exhibition was held for the first time during the Astana Summit in 2005. Kazakhstan has also suggested an SCO folk dance festival to take place in 2008, in Astana. According to the Charter of the SCO, summits of the Council of Heads of State shall be held annually at alternating venues. The locations of these summits follow the alphabetical order of the member state's name in Russian. The charter also dictates that the Council of Heads of Government (that is, the Prime Ministers) shall meet annually in a place decided upon by the Document [93] (Title: 7th BRICS summit) and Mass Media Nikolai Nikiforov hosted a Ministers of Communications meeting in Russia. At the meeting he proposed that BRICS states support their information technology companies and to open their respective markets to the rest of the bloc in order to challenge the U.S, monopoly in the sector. He said on 22 October: "All BRICS states are interested in cooperation in the sphere of information and communications technologies (ICT). [While every BRICS state has advantages in a particular sphere of ICT] but today, information technologies are a driver of economic growth for all [BRICS countries], without exception. On the IT-market Document [94] (Title: IBSA Dialogue Forum) by ensuring more cooperation among the governmental institutions in order to simplify many regulations and streamlining the process. The private sector was also of the view that number of flights between India, Brazil and South Africa need to be increased, which eliminate the barrier of distances and lack of information no problem.. The following agreements have been signed so far: South Africa sought to join BRIC starting August 2010 and in December 2010 was officially invited to join. South Africa attended the April 2011 summit, and the group is now known as BRICS, with "S" standing for South Africa. Brazil,Russia,India,China,South Document [95] (Title: 2018 Brussels summit) the right rooftop of the summit picture). 2018 Brussels summit The 2018 Brussels Summit of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was the 29th formal meeting of the heads of state and heads of government of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, held in Brussels, Belgium, on 11 and 12 July 2018. On the opening day of the conference the President of the United States, Donald Trump, caused controversy by asserting that Germany is beholden to Russia over its involvement in the Nord Stream gas pipeline project aimed at doubling energy imports from Russia. German Chancellor Angela Merkel, who grew up Document [96] (Title: St. Petersburg International Economic Forum) for economic interaction between federal subjects of the RF. The Forum was held on June 13–15, 2000 under the motto "Strategies for the XXI Century: Concerted Efforts in the Interests of Creativity and Sustainable Development". The Forum was attended by more than 2,200 people from 57 countries, including Belarus, Ukraine, Germany, China, Egypt, Brazil, and Peru. Forum participants included the UN Under Secretary General, Mark Brown; Acting President of the EBRD, Charles Frank; and representatives of OSCE and other international organizations and institutions. During the Forum, a Moscow-Paris teleconference dedicated to a number of social and economic problems was organized, Document [97] (Title: 2015 Western Balkans Summit, Vienna) with Vienna as a host city in 2015 and Paris in 2016. The focus of the Berlin Process is on countries of the region that are not yet members of European Union (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia) with participation of countries who have committed themselves to organise summit meetings (Germany, Austria, France and Italy) and with strong support by Slovenia and Croatia. Civil society initiative "The Balkans in Europe Policy Advisory Group (BiEPAG)" organized three preparatory meetings in Tirana, Belgrade and Sarajevo. The first preparatory meeting held in Tirana focused on job creation and Document [98] (Title: 6th BRICS summit) read the announcement of the NDB as a challenge to the IMF and World Bank. The NDB is designed to represent all five of the group's member nations – its headquarters will be in Shanghai, the institution's first president will be from India, the bank's first regional office will be in Johannesburg, the inaugural chairman of the board of governors will be from Russia and the first chairman of the board of directors will be from Brazil. The presidency, with a term of five years, will rotate among the members of the BRICS. Russian President Vladimir Putin stated that the Document [99] (Title: Moscow International Model United Nations) on the base of Moscow State University, Russian State University for Humanity, Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Moscow State Law University, and others. MIMUN 2015 is to be held from April 19 to April 24, 2015. The conference is going to host committees in all the 6 languages: for the first time Spanish, Arabic and Chinese are to be included. In comparison to the previous Model, the number of committees has increased notably: there will be represented 12 committees with 13 agendas this year. Moscow International Model United Nations Moscow International Model United Nations (MIMUN) is the Document [100] (Title: 2nd BRIC summit) outlet call the meet "answer to the G7 platform of top industrialised countries." It added that the meet "underscore[d] a shared quest for greater collective influence within the changing geometry of the international system." Investors cited India and China as the best bets of BRIC, of which India was seen as providing investors with the best bet over the long haul, however it also faces challenges to finance the "modernization of its woeful infrastructure given its high debt levels and ambivalence towards foreign investment and privatization." But it was added that "these faster growing markets will translate into above average Document [101] (Title: BRICS) 2013, Morgan Stanley rated India and Indonesia, together with Brazil, Turkey and South Africa, as the 'fragile five' due to their vulnerable currencies. But since then, India and Indonesia have reformed their economies, completing 85% and 65% of the necessary adjustments respectively, while Brazil had only achieved 15%, Turkey only 10%, and South Africa even less. After the 2015 summit, the respective communications ministers, under a Russian proposal, had a first summit for their ministries in Moscow in October where the host minister, Nikolai Nikiforov, proposed an initiative to further tighten their information technology sectors and challenge the monopoly of Document [102] (Title: Third India-Africa Forum Summit) the iconic landmark of Delhi, the host city will be illuminated with 3D laser projection showing India-Africa shared heritage and India's contribution in African peace and prosperity, throughout the summit week. The host country, India, had sent invitations to all 54 African head of state/government and trying to ensure maximum participation at the highest level. As of September 2015, the following dignitaries were expected to attend the summit in Delhi, India. Third India-Africa Forum Summit The Third India-Africa Forum Summit (IAFS-III) was held in New Delhi, India from 26–30 October 2015. The five-day summit started with consultations on official level Document [103] (Title: APEC Russia 2012) APEC Russia 2012 The APEC Russia 2012 () was the 24th annual gathering of APEC leaders. Leaders from the member economies met on Russky Island, off the coast of Vladivostok, Russia on September 9–10, 2012. The summit on Russky Island saw the resort, catering and entertainment facilities, in addition to the renovation and upgrading of Vladivostok International Airport. Two giant cable-stayed bridges were built in preparation for the summit, namely the Zolotoy Rog bridge over the Zolotoy Rog bay in the downtown, and Russky Island Bridge from mainland to Russky Island (which is the longest cable-stayed bridge in the world Document [104] (Title: St. Petersburg International Economic Forum) Italy, Canada, Qatar, Kyrgyzstan, China, Lithuania, Macedonia, Russia, Rumania, the United States, Serbia, Turkey, Ukraine, the Philippines, Finland, France, Switzerland, Sweden, and Japan). More than 4,200 delegates from 87 countries took part in the St. Petersburg 2010 International Economic Forum. Representatives for 2,066 Russian and 2,142 foreign businesses visited the site of the forum between June 17 and 19, 2010. Among the participants in the official program were nearly 80 top executives of major global companies, high-ranking officers and managers of 325 foreign and 360 Russian companies, as well as official delegations from 80 countries. 1134 members of the mass Document [105] (Title: 4th BRICS summit) sustain a high level of growth." Russian Minister for Economic Development and Trade Elvira Nabioullina added that "the world has to stop accumulating risks. There is a need to work closer." In order to bring the economies of BRICS closer, all members agreed to launch a benchmark equity index derivative allowing investors in one BRICS country to bet on the performance of stock markets in the other four members without currency risk. The indices will be cross-listed in BRICS' flagship stock exchanges from 30 March. All five countries called for the international community to continue development projects in Afghanistan for Document [106] (Title: International Economic Forum of the Americas) construct a global market that would benefit of every countries. A desire emerged to create an independent international forum in Montreal, to identify and understand the impact of all these developments on the global economic system. The IEFA now hosts four annual events: the Conference of Montreal, the Toronto Global Forum, the World Strategic Forum, held in Miami and The Conference of Paris. These conferences and forums have welcomed past and present politicians, heads of states, corporate executives, central bankers and global economic decision makers. The Conference of Montreal is an annual event organized by the International Economic Forum of Document [107] (Title: BRICS) a competitor to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and along with the New Development Bank is viewed as an example of increasing South-South cooperation. It was established in 2015 by the BRICS countries. The legal basis is formed by the "Treaty for the Establishment of a BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement", signed at Fortaleza, Brazil on 15 July 2014. With its inaugural meetings of the BRICS CRA Governing Council and Standing Committee, held on September 4, 2015, in Ankara, Turkey it entered into force upon ratification by all BRICS states, announced at the 7th BRICS summit in July 2015. At the Document [108] (Title: World Trade Organization) conference (in Hong Kong) which agreed to phase out agricultural export subsidies and to adopt the European Union's Everything but Arms initiative to phase out tariffs for goods from the Least Developed Countries. The Twelfth Ministerial Conference (MC12) is set to be held in Astana, Kazakhstan, in 2020. The decision was taken by consensus at the General Council meeting on 26 July 2018 and marks the first time a Ministerial Conference is to be organized in Central Asia. The WTO launched the current round of negotiations, the Doha Development Round, at the fourth ministerial conference in Doha, Qatar in November Document [109] (Title: Gas Exporting Countries Forum) a statement calling the summit "an important event, which marked a new stage in the development of the global energy sector and the gas sector in particular." The members are Algeria, Bolivia, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Iran, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Russia, Trinidad and Tobago and Venezuela. Kazakhstan, Netherlands, Iraq, Oman, Peru, Azerbaijan and Norway are observers. Other countries like Turkmenistan, Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen have participated at different meetings. Yemen and Angola are interested to become members of the organisation. The full membership will be granted by the approval of at least three quarters of all Document [110] (Title: 2015 G20 Antalya summit) 2015 G20 Antalya summit The 2015 G20 Antalya summit was the tenth annual meeting of the G20 heads of government/heads of state. It was held in Belek, Antalya Province, Turkey on 15–16 November 2015. The venue for the Leaders Summit was Regnum Carya Hotel Convention Centre at the Regnum Carya Golf & Resort Spa. Turkey officially took over the presidency of the G20 from Australia on 1 December 2014, and China will preside over the summit in 2016. The Antalya summit is the 10th edition of the G20 leaders' meeting. Together, the G20 represent around 90% of global GDP, 80% Document [111] (Title: Ministerial Conference) Membership agreement where made for Russia, Samoa, and Montenegro. Was held 3–6 December 2013 in Bali, Indonesia. 159 members of World Trade Organization agreed to the Bali Package which eases barriers to international trade. The WTO's 10th Ministerial Conference was held in Nairobi, Kenya, from 15 to 19 December 2015. The completion of Afghanistan and Liberia's accession to the WTO was on the agenda. It culminated in the adoption of the "Nairobi Package", a series of six Ministerial Decisions on agriculture, cotton and issues related to least-developed countries (LDCs). The Conference was chaired by Kenya's Cabinet Secretary for Foreign Affairs Document [112] (Title: BRICS U-17 Football Cup) BRICS U-17 Football Cup The BRICS U-17 Football Cup is a U-17 Football tournament played among teams of five BRICS countries - economic block formed by Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. The 1st historic edition was played in Goa, India in 2016 on the occasion of the 8th BRICS summit that was held in India. The Tournament will take place once every year with 10-day and following the lines of the tournaments under-17 FIFA. Each edition will be held in a BRICS nation. On 1 October 2016 The Prime Minister of India Shri Narendra Modi, unveiled the Trophy Document [113] (Title: 6th BRICS summit) US$100 billion New Development Bank (NDB) to allow states to pool resources for economic stabilization. The countries also set forth plans to acquire reserves of $100 billion (€90.8b billion) through investment from the BRICS nations. The BRICS nations also signed an agreement on cooperation between the BRICS nations' export credit agencies: EXIAR (Russia); ABGF (Brazil), ECGC (India), SINOSURE (China) and ECIC (South Africa). In a press release, the group wrote: "We remain disappointed and seriously concerned with the current non-implementation of the 2010 International Monetary Fund (IMF) reforms, which negatively impacts on the IMF's legitimacy, credibility and effectiveness." Some analysts Document [114] (Title: 2014 Conference of Western Balkan States, Berlin) organised annually with Vienna as a host city in 2015 and Paris in 2016. The German chancellor announced intention to organize a conference on 7 June 2014. Invitation for participation was sent to all the countries of South Eastern Europe including Croatia and Slovenia that were already members of the European Union at the time of conference. The main intention was to show commitment for process of Future enlargement of the European Union, little progress of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Macedonia in that process and relations of Serbia with Russia in the light of International sanctions during the 2014 pro-Russian Document [115] (Title: Yekaterinburg) Silva, Dmitry Medvedev, Manmohan Singh, and Hu Jintao, the respective leaders of Brazil, Russia, India and China, all attending. The foreign ministers of the BRIC countries had also met in Yekaterinburg previously on 16 May 2008. In June 2013, at the 153rd General Assembly of the Bureau of International Expositions held in Paris, representatives from Yekaterinburg presented the city’s bid to host the 2020 World Expo. Yekaterinburg's concept for the upcoming exhibition relates to the impact of globalization on the modern world. Russian President Vladimir Putin confirmed during a televised statement in English to earmark the required funds to build Document [116] (Title: KAZANSUMMIT) June 2014. The event was organized by the Nonprofit fund for the development of Islamic business and finance (IBFD Fund) and co-organized by the Tatarstan Investment Development Agency. The key topic of the strategic forum was the investors, business and government interaction in solving food security problems in Russia and the OIC countries. It was attended by 500 representatives from 25 countries, including 30 parliamentarians and 20 ambassadors. In addition to participants from OIC countries, representatives of European countries, participants from Cuba, Ecuador, Singapore, the UAE, Qatar and other countries visited Kazan. Russia was represented at the summit by participants Document [117] (Title: BRICS) 27% of the world's land surface. The grouping has held annual summits since 2009, with member countries taking turns to host. Prior to South Africa's admission, two BRIC summits were held, in 2009 and 2010. The first five-member BRICS summit was held in 2011. The most recent BRICS summit took place in South Africa from 25 to 27 July 2018 . Afghanistan, Argentina, Indonesia, Mexico and Turkey have expressed strong interest in full membership of the BRICS, while Egypt, Iran, Nigeria, Sudan, Syria and most recently Bangladesh and Greece have also expressed interest in joining BRICS. Currently, there are two Document [118] (Title: 4th BRICS summit) the visiting nations, and involved body checks and metal detectors. To ensure the security of the attending delegates, the floors above and below the rooms to be occupied were left vacant. In addition, the entire hotel was occupied by the BRICS summit, and guests were re-directed to other hotels. Security personnel were posted even on the rooftops of the venue. During 4–6 March 2012, the Delhi-based public policy organisation Observer Research Foundation conducted the 4th BRICS Academic Forum, which involved the participation of approximately 60 scholars from all five states. The forum was held to generate ideas and proposals, which Document [119] (Title: Shanghai Cooperation Organisation) Summit, China announced plans to provide a US$10 billion loan to SCO member states to shore up the struggling economies of its members amid the global financial crisis. The summit was held together with the first BRIC summit, and the China-Russia joint statement said that they want a bigger quota in the International Monetary Fund. Cultural cooperation also occurs in the SCO framework. Culture ministers of the SCO met for the first time in Beijing on 12 April 2002, signing a joint statement for continued cooperation. The third meeting of the Culture Ministers took place in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, on 27–28 Document [120] (Title: Brazil–India relations) visited Brazil for his first multilateral visit, the 6th BRICS summit was held at the north-eastern beach city of Fortaleza. In the Fortaleza summit the group have agreed to establish a financial institution rivaling the Western-dominated World Bank and IMF, The bank would be named the New Development Bank as suggested by the Indian side but the Modi government failed to bag the bank's headquarters for New Delhi. Later the BRICS leader also attended an event in Brasilia where they met the UNASUR heads of government. At the same time, the Ministry of External Affairs added Spanish to its list Document [121] (Title: 2nd ASEAN-Russia Summit) of the region, and to provide opportunities for member countries to discuss differences peacefully. 2nd ASEAN-Russia Summit The Second Association of South East Asian Nations-Russia Summit is the second summit of ASEAN leaders and the leader from Russia. It was chaired by Vietnam on October 30, 2010. The ASEAN-Russian summit is a political and economic organization of ten countries located in Southeast Asia, which was formed on August 8, 1967, by Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. Since then, membership has expanded to include Brunei, Burma (Myanmar), Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. Its aims include the acceleration of economic growth, Document [122] (Title: 2015 G20 Antalya summit) Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius as his representative. This meeting was the second time Argentine President could not be in attendance, Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner being represented by Economy Minister Axel Kicillof, owing to the timing of a general election on 22 November. 2015 G20 Antalya summit The 2015 G20 Antalya summit was the tenth annual meeting of the G20 heads of government/heads of state. It was held in Belek, Antalya Province, Turkey on 15–16 November 2015. The venue for the Leaders Summit was Regnum Carya Hotel Convention Centre at the Regnum Carya Golf & Resort Spa. Turkey officially took over Document [123] (Title: 2015 G20 Antalya summit) they are the 2015 chair of the African Union, Malaysia was invited as they are the 2015 Chair of the Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN), Senegal was representing the New Partnership for Africa's Development, and Azerbaijan and Singapore were also invited. The 11th edition of the G20 summit will be hosted by China in Hangzhou, in 2016. To discuss the world's biggest political and security crises, including Syria and the mass migration of refugees. In September 2015, U.S. Secretary of the Treasury Jack Lew planned to visit Turkey, as did his Chinese and other G20 finance minister counterparts and Document [124] (Title: 3rd BRICS summit) 3rd BRICS summit The 2011 BRICS summit () took place in Sanya on the island of Hainan, China, on 14 April 2011. This was the third BRICS summit since 2009. The meeting took place between the five heads of state/heads of government from the BRICS states following bilateral meetings in the prior days. Following a meeting in Brasilia in 2010, to which South Africa was invited as a guest, the group invited South Africa to join as a full member in 2011 and the group formerly called BRIC officially became BRICS. The Chinese president chaired the BRICS Leaders Meeting in Document [125] (Title: BRICS) one or another country, if needed" in an article which concluded that "If the current trend continues, soon the dollar will be abandoned by most of the significant global economies and it will be kicked out of the global trade finance." Over the weekend of 13 July 2014, when the final game of the FIFA World Cup was held, and in advance of the BRICS Fortaleza summit, Putin met fellow leader Dilma Rouseff to discuss the BRICS development bank, and sign some other bilateral accords on air defence, gas and education. Rouseff said that the BRICS countries "are among the Document [126] (Title: BRICS) October 2013, Russia's Finance Minister Anton Siluanov said that a decision on creating a $100 billion fund designated to steady currency markets would be taken in early 2014. The Brazilian finance minister, Guido Mantega stated that the fund would be created by March 2014. However, by April 2014, the currency reserve pool and development bank had yet to be set up, and the date was rescheduled to 2015. One driver for the BRICS development bank is that the existing institutions primarily benefit extra-BRICS corporations, and the political significance is notable because it allows BRICS member states "to promote their interests Document [127] (Title: G20) held since 2010. Agriculture ministerial meetings were conducted in 2011 and 2012; meetings of foreign ministers were held in 2012 and 2013; trade ministers met in 2012 and 2014, and employment ministerial meetings have taken place annually since 2010. In March 2014, the former Australian foreign minister Julie Bishop, as host of the 2014 G20 summit in Brisbane, proposed to ban Russia from the summit over its role in the 2014 Crimean crisis. The BRICS foreign ministers subsequently reminded Bishop that "the custodianship of the G20 belongs to all Member States equally and no one Member State can unilaterally determine Document [128] (Title: KAZANSUMMIT) to present economic and investment potential of Russia. KazanSummit 2017 brought together 2641 participants from international organizations, federal and local authorities, financial institutions, embassies of 15 states, members of parliament, investors and businessmen, representing 53 country, and 250 journalists. This was the largest event for the entire 9-year history of the summit. KAZANSUMMIT KAZANSUMMIT ( International Economic Summit “Russia — Islamic World: KazanSummit”) is one of the leading international economic events of the Russian Federation and the countries of OIC. From the first day of its existence, the Summit has been held under the patronage of the President of the Document [129] (Title: Sound Diplomacy) Spafax, on the first music business event in Costa Rica called Epicentro, Germany, the Adam Mickiewicz Institute in Poland and Berklee College of Music and their online degree program. In 2018 they delivered the first ever music focused panel at the United Nations World Urban Forum, outlining how music is a highly effective tool in delivering the UN's Strategic Development Goals. In November 2018 a white paper co-written by Sound Diplomacy and Pro Colombia (commissioned by the United Nations World Travel Organisation) was launched at the World Travel Market in London. The white paper outlines how destinations around the world Document [130] (Title: BRICS U-17 Football Cup) for the 2016 BRICS U-17 Football Tournament in London. Brics Football Cup was not held in 2017 during the Xiamen Summit, but the tournament come back for the second edition for Johannesburg Summit, 2018. In this edition Women's U-17 teams of respective countries competed for the cup. BRICS U-17 Football Cup The BRICS U-17 Football Cup is a U-17 Football tournament played among teams of five BRICS countries - economic block formed by Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. The 1st historic edition was played in Goa, India in 2016 on the occasion of the 8th BRICS summit that Document [131] (Title: 5th BRICS summit) discuss the establishment of a new development bank. According to Mikhail Margelov they will seek agreement on the amount of starting capital. China's Xi Jingping made this the first summit of his presidency. The heads of state/heads of government of the five countries that participated in the summit were: Members:<br> The summit commenced on 26 March at 17:30 GMT. Amongst the important issues being discussed was the creation of the development bank, in follow up from the previous summit. It sought to create an infrastructure-focused bank. The disputes over the bank were in regards to what it would do and Document [132] (Title: Conference of Montreal) international forum in Montreal, to identify and discuss the impact of all these developments on the global economic system. A first conference was organized on June 20–22, 1995. The IEFA now hosts four annual events: the Conference of Montreal, the Toronto Global Forum (founded in 2007), the World Strategic Forum, held in Miami (founded in 2011), as well as the Conference of Paris (founded in 2017). In June 2018, the Conference of Montreal will celebrate its 25th Anniversary edition under the theme ""Embracing Change"," and will reiterate its position among the most important international economic forums, connecting world leaders for Document [133] (Title: Expo 2010) Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lebanon, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macau, Macedonia, Malaysia, Malta, Mexico, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Myanmar, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, North Korea, Norway, Oman, Pacific Pavilion, Pakistan, Palestine, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam and Yemen. Corporate pavilions included: Aurora Pavilion, Broad Pavilion, Document [134] (Title: 4th BRICS summit) improve trade opportunities, and may be a major step to support the EU to overcome its financial crisis." In the Delhi Declaration at the end of the summit, the BRICS announced the setting up of the bank, described as a "BRICS-led South-South development bank." The finance ministers of the member states were directed to conduct feasibility studies of the initiative and to submit their reports at the next BRICS summit. Pimentel said that the proposed bank was not meant as a sign of abandonment of existing global financial institutions, but that it was a response to current economic necessities. Vyas Document [135] (Title: APEC Russia 2012) right now). The new campus of the Far Eastern Federal University was also completed on the island by 2012 to house the summit. At APEC Vietnam 2006 in Hanoi, Russia put forward a proposal to host the 2012 summit. Originally, Patrokl Bay (southern part of Vladivostok) was suggested as the site to hold the summit. The original plan was to build a palace to host the actual summit, and a number of five-star hotels for visitors. After the summit, the palace would be converted into a wedding palace, its conference centre into the Opera, and the hotels into residential buildings. Document [136] (Title: New Delhi) WFP, UNV, UNCTAD, FAO, UNFPA, WHO, World Bank, ILO, IMF, UNIFEM, IFC and UNAIDS. UNHCR Representation in India is also located in the city. New Delhi hosts 145 foreign embassies and high commissions. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development hosted its second meeting conference in the year 1968 at New Delhi. New Delhi hosted the 7th NAM Summit in 1983, 4th BRICS Summit in 2012 and the IBSA Summit in 2015. It will also host 5th Global Conference on CyberSpace in November 2017. India will also host the G20 summit in 2022 in New Delhi. New Delhi New Delhi Document [137] (Title: 3rd BRICS summit) southern China's resort city of Sanya, and gave a speech under the theme of "Broad Vision, Shared Prosperity." The theme was based under the vision as 'The 21st century should be marked by peace, harmony, cooperation and scientific development.' On 13 April, prior to the heads of state meeting, economic delegations met for discussions. China was lobbied by the other leaders to import not only commodities but also value added products and other commodities such as oil, soybeans and iron ore. Indian Trade Minister Anand Sharma said that China's Commerce Minister Chen Deming had assured the other leaders that his Document [138] (Title: 2012 G20 Los Cabos summit) the importance of emerging markets." Brazilian Finance Minister Guido Mantega added that the BRICS countries were "going to make an additional contribution to the IMF that will be announced at the leaders’ meeting," in relation to similar amount announced by the group in April of about US$75 billion. European leaders were pressured by major economies to resolve the European sovereign-debt crisis after New Democracy won a plurality Greek legislative election in June. The list below shows the leaders that have attended the 2012 G20 Leaders Summit. U.S. President Barack Obama planned, first, a meeting with Russian President Vladimir Putin which Document [139] (Title: 7th BRICS summit) 7th BRICS summit The 7th BRICS summit was the seventh annual diplomatic summit of the head of states or government of the BRICS member states. It was held in the Russian city of Ufa in Bashkortostan on 8–9 July 2015. During the 6th BRICS summit in Fortaleza, Brazil, the BRICS leaders signed a declaration reading: "Brazil, India, China and South Africa convey their appreciation to Russia for its offer to host the Seventh BRICS Summit in 2015 in the city of Ufa and extend their full support to that end." The summit coincided with the entry into force of constituting Document [140] (Title: Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 2015) Sri Lanka, and thus withdrew as the host of the 2015 summit as protocol had required him to attend the summit in order to personally invite other member states. The summit was held at various venues in Valletta and Għajn Tuffieħa's Golden Bay with retreats at Fort St. Angelo in Birgu. The opening ceremony and reception were held at the Mediterranean Conference Centre in Valletta with executive and special sessions held at the Radisson Golden Sands at Golden Beach. Most press conferences were being held at the InterContinental Hotel in St. Julian's. The official theme of the event was "The Document [141] (Title: 2014 Nuclear Security Summit) Emirates, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Vietnam. The leaders of the remaining 18 countries have refused to adopt the Nuclear Security Guidelines, namely China, Russia, Brazil, India, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, Switzerland, Argentina, Thailand, South Africa, Malaysia, Nigeria, Singapore, Egypt, Pakistan, Azerbaijan, Jordan, and Gabon. The next Nuclear Security Summit was in 2016, hosted by the United States. During the summit in The Hague, both Washington and Chicago were mentioned as locations. With the gathering of 58 high officials, security was an absolute priority. As a result, the security measures taken during the summit were unprecedented for the Netherlands. Document [142] (Title: 6th BRICS summit) 6th BRICS summit The 6th BRICS summit was the sixth annual diplomatic meeting of the BRICS, a grouping of major emerging economies that includes Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. It was hosted by Brazil, as the first host country of the current five-year summit cycle; the host city was Fortaleza. Though Brazil had previously hosted a four-member BRIC summit in April 2010, 2014 marked its first full BRICS summit; the 2010 summit in Brasília did not officially include South Africa, who were only invited as guests as a prelude to their gaining full membership in December 2010. Argentine Document [143] (Title: 1st BRIC summit) countries began in New York in September 2006, with a meeting of the BRIC foreign ministers. Four high-level meetings have followed, including a full-scale meeting in Yekaterinburg, Russia, on May 16, 2008. The heads of state and heads of government of the four countries participated. The leaders discussed the current global financial crisis, global development, and further strengthening of the BRIC group. The BRIC leaders called for increased economic reform, demanding a "greater voice and representation in international financial institutions, and their heads and senior leadership should be appointed through an open, transparent and merit-based selection process." They urged the Document [144] (Title: St. Petersburg International Economic Forum) projects were agreed on, and 52 agreements and protocols on investments totaling approximately US$1 billion were signed. The Forum was held on June 16–17, 1999 under the auspices of the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation and the Inter-parliamentary Assembly of CIS Member States, as well as with the support of the Russian President and Government. The Forum was attended by more than 2,000 people. Among the most memorable events of the Forum was the exhibition on Regional Markets of Russia and CIS countries, and the presentation of the Greater Volga and Siberian Agreement inter-regional associations Document [145] (Title: Jonas Staal) air parliament was built in front of a former British colonial complex, but by order of the State Intelligence, flags in the parliament were painted over and three members of the summit were accused of material support to blacklisted organizations. The fourth New World Summit took place from September 19–21, 2014 in the Royal Flemish Theater in Brussels, bringing together twenty representatives of what the organization describes as "stateless states," such as representatives of organizations in Kurdistan, Somaliland, West Papua and Azawad. The New World Summit in this context also speaks of their work as the "art of the stateless Document [146] (Title: 2006 G20 ministerial meeting) India, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey, the United Kingdom, America and the European Union Security throughout Melbourne was extremely tight for the duration of the summit. As of midnight 14 November parking was banned throughout the eastern CBD surrounding the Grand Hyatt. Concern had been sparked that Victoria Police may be overstretched due to the large amount of events in Melbourne that weekend, on top of the G20 summit there was a U2 concert at the Telstra Dome and a 'Make Poverty History' concert at the Sidney Myer Music Bowl. Victoria Police also warned Document [147] (Title: 8th BRICS summit) venue of the summit. The first BRICS film festival was held at New Delhi from 2 September to 6 September 2016. The five-day film festival screened four films each from the participating States. The environment ministers of BRICS states held a meeting on 16 September in Goa and they agreed on a memorandum of understanding and announced the setting up of a joint working group institutionalising their mutual cooperation on environment related issues. The agriculture ministers of BRICS nations held a meeting on 23 September in New Delhi. The first trade fair of the BRICS countries, was held at Pragati Document [148] (Title: 2015 G20 Antalya summit) of global trade and two-thirds of the world’s population. This year, Turkey holds the rotating Presidency of the G20. The G20 members are Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, Italy, India, Indonesia, Japan, Mexico, Republic of Korea, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States and the European Union. The European Union thus is a full member of the G20 and is represented at G20 summits by the President of the European Commission and the President of the European Council. The G20 members have invited Spain as a permanent invitee. Additionally, Zimbabwe was invited as Document [149] (Title: BRICS) largest in the world and cannot content themselves in the middle of the 21st century with any kind of dependency." The Fortaleza summit was followed by a BRICS meeting with the Union of South American Nations president's in Brasilia, where the development bank and the monetary fund were introduced. The development bank will have capital of US$50 billion with each country contributing US$10 billion, while the monetary fund will have US$100 billion at its disposal. On 15 July, the first day of the BRICS 6th summit in Fortaleza, Brazil, the group of emerging economies signed the long-anticipated document to create Document [150] (Title: Vafa Guluzade) NATO's summits held in 1997 in Madrid and in 1999 in Washington, D.C., Monaco World Summit. He headed numerous delegations from Azerbaijan participating at the OSCE Minsk Group meetings held in Rome, Paris, Vienna, Prague, Geneva, Brussels, Ankara and Moscow. He is a recognized expert on the issues of the Commonwealth of Independent States, and in particular, Russia and the Caucasus. He published numerous articles in newspapers analyzing the policy of Russia in the Caucasus. Guluzade is known as an advocate of a pro-Western orientation for Azerbaijan, and was characterized by the US Department of State as "the architect of Document [151] (Title: St. Petersburg International Economic Forum) participants, including 248 heads of major international companies and 445 heads of Russian companies, 40 international and 24 Russian executives listed in the "Forbes" and "Fortune" rankings, 219 international delegates from 73 countries. The Forum was covered by 1,439 media representatives from 24 countries The XVII St. Petersburg International Economic Forum was held from June 18 to 20, 2015. Theme of SPIEF 2015: "Time to Act: Shared Paths to Stability and Growth". SPIEF included over 150 events, including SCO and the BRICS forums. The Forum programme alone offered 84 events: summits, panel discussions, roundtables, briefings, and televised debates. Those present Document [152] (Title: Ufa) Ufa Ufa (; "Öfö"; , ) is the capital city of the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia, and the industrial, economic, scientific and cultural center of the republic. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 1,062,319, making it the eleventh most populous city in Russia. Early history of the surrounding area of Ufa dates back to Paleolithic times. Presumably, from the 5th to the 16th century there was a medieval city on the site of Ufa. On the Pizzigano brothers' map (1367) and on the Catalan Atlas (1375) a town approximately on the Belaya River was designated Pascherti (Bashkort), and Document [153] (Title: 3rd BRICS summit) of India, Brazil and South Africa for permanent membership of the UNSC. Coincidentally, the five countries are all now members of the Security Council, China and Russia as permanent members and the other three non-permanent. The groups announced their decision to cease mutual trade payments in U.S. dollars and instead henceforth give credits to one another in their national currencies alone. The development banks of each state signed an agreement to further gradually alter loan currencies from U.S. dollars. This was intended to strengthen financial cooperation between the BRICS countries, as well as to expand the international significance of their Document [154] (Title: St. Petersburg International Economic Forum) Economy — a Decent Life". The forum was attended by more than 3,000 people from 50 countries, including representatives from the UN, the EBRD, the World Intellectual Property Organization, Nordic Investment Bank, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, the Organization for Black Sea Economic Cooperation and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe. President Vladimir Putin and UN Secretary General Kofi Annan delivered a welcome speech. The forum programme included presentations and exhibitions of the Southern Federal District of Russia, Armenia and the Czech Republic, as well as an exhibition on Mineral Resources of the CIS. The Document [155] (Title: International Council of Organizations of Folklore Festivals and Folk Arts) Secretary General and the Council consisting of the EXCO, the Chairmen of the Commissions, the Representatives of the Sectors, the Representative to UNESCO and the Chairman of the Youth Coordinating Committee. Asian and Oceania Sector: Australia, China, Chinese Taipei, India, Indonesia, Kyrgyzstan, Japan, Jordan, Rep. of Korea, Kuwait, Malaysia, New Zealand, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Syria, Tahiti, Thailand, Turkey, United Arab Emirates (UAE), Uzbekistan. Central European Sector: Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Georgia, Germany, Hungary, Israel, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovenia, Ukraine. Latin American Sector: Argentina, Brazil, Brazil Abrasoffa, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, El Document [156] (Title: KAZANSUMMIT) Young Entrepreneurs which became a traditional event of the Summit. In 2016, the summit was held for the eighth time. In December 2015, according to the Decree of the President of the Republic of Tatarstan, the event was renamed the "VIII International Economic Summit" Russia - Islamic World: KazanSummit 2016. The number of participants increased sharply - 1556 people from 51 countries. The key topic of KazanSummit 2017 was Islamic investments in the context of international economic relations. A leading international platform has been created to discuss issues of cooperation and implementation of joint projects, as well as an opportunity Document [157] (Title: 4th BRICS summit) Affairs, India about a competition to choose the official logo for the meeting. The logo was expected to "bring out the essence of this grouping of countries, which has received unprecedented global attention in recent years and now occupies a prominent space in the global political and economic landscape." A specially-constituted jury announced the winning design on 10 February 2012 as the submission of Sonesh Jain, an architecture student of the Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee. The logo is a symbolic representation of a peacock with "colours suggesting resurgence and renewal". Officials also commented that the BRICS logo drew inspiration Document [158] (Title: Free Trade Area of the Americas) Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago. The U.S. city of Colorado Springs also submitted its candidacy in the early days but subsequently withdrew. Miami, Panama City and Puebla served successively as interim secretariat headquarters during the negotiation process. The last summit was held at Mar del Plata, Argentina, in November 2005, but no agreement on FTAA was reached. Of the 34 countries present at the negotiations, 26 pledged to meet again in 2006 to resume negotiations, but no such meeting took place. The failure of the Mar del Plata summit to establish a comprehensive FTAA agenda augured poorly. The FTAA Document [159] (Title: 4th BRICS summit) from the lotus in addition to the peacock. The logo caused controversy regarding its similarity to that of the National Broadcasting Corporation. The Ministry of External Affairs said that there should have been a more careful selection process, but defended the logo by saying that there were more differences than similarities. Hosting the summit involved elaborate security arrangements in the city. 2,000 police personnel and National Security Guard commandos were deployed throughout the city's arterial areas, with special emphasis on the summit venue. The venue's security involved a three-tier arrangement handled by the Delhi Police and the embassy officials of Document [160] (Title: Confédération Internationale des Sociétés d'Auteurs et Compositeurs) WIPO's Director General to agree on joint projects and promote increased visibility for creators within WIPO. Historically, CISAC organised the World Copyright Summit, which subsequently became the World Creators Summit, an international forum that brought together authors' societies, creators, industry leaders from the technology and entertainment sectors, policymakers and consumer representatives to discuss the future of copyright/authors' rights and creativity in the digital era. Four summits were held in 2007, 2009, 2011 and 2013. In 2014, CISAC released an economic study that identifies the potential within Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS) to increase their creative industries' and Document [161] (Title: St. Petersburg International Economic Forum) which was attended by members of the Federation Council of Russia, and French senators, as well as prominent thought leaders and public figures of the two countries. The Forum was held on June 12–16, 2001 under the motto "The XXI Century: Innovative Development for the Benefit of Humanity". By 2001, the Forum's status had grown significantly. It was officially recognized as the primary economic conference for the CIS. The presidents of Russia and Belarus, Vladimir Putin and Alexander Lukashenko, and UN Secretary General Kofi Annan sent letters of welcome to Forum participants. The Forum was attended by Czech Prime Minister Document [162] (Title: 8th BRICS summit) with the BRICS for the latter's regional outreach. Modi was due to meet Putin and Jinping the day before the summit started. On the way to the summit, Jinping stopped in Bangladesh and oversaw deals worth US$13.6 billion being signed, as well as US$20 billion in loan agreements. Following the summit, India and Myanmar's representatives met in New Delhi and signed three MOUs: on cooperation in the power sector; on banking supervision between the Reserve Bank of India and the Central Bank of Myanmar; and on designing an academic and professional building programme for the insurance industry of Myanmar. On Document [163] (Title: AgroEurasia) Libya, Macedonia, Moldova, Russia, Sudan, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. The exhibition is organised by TÜYAP Fairs and Exhibitions Inc. in cooperation with the Turkish Ministry of Agriculture, the Union of Turkish Chambers of Agriculture, and the Turkish Association of Agricultural Machinery Manufacturers (TARMAKBİR). The fair is supported by the İstanbul Directorate of Urban Agriculture, the Union of İstanbul Chambers of Agriculture and the Oilseeds & Agricultural Sales Cooperatives Union of Thrace. AgroEurasia The AgroEurasia International Agriculture Fair () is one of the largest agricultural exhibitions in Eurasia. Since 2006, it has been held in December in Document [164] (Title: Ufa) also became the wartime seat of the Soviet Ukrainian government. During 9—10 July 2015 Ufa hosted summits of the BRICS group and the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation. Ufa is the capital of the republic and, within the framework of the administrative divisions, it also serves as the administrative center of Ufimsky District, even though it is not a part of it. As an administrative division, it is, together with twenty-four rural localities, incorporated separately as the city of republic significance of Ufa, an administrative unit with status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the city of republic Document [165] (Title: 2017 Brussels summit) Russia. But we have to know that we must fight for our future on our own, for our destiny as Europeans." The next major summit (29th) was to take place in Istanbul, Turkey in 2018. However, Germany, France, the Netherlands and Denmark have reportedly led a drive to block it. On 20 Oct. 2017 the NATO Secretary General announces that the 29th summit would be on 11 and 12 July 2018 in Brussels. 2017 Brussels summit The 2017 Brussels Summit of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was the 28th formal meeting of the heads of state and heads of Document [166] (Title: 40th G7 summit) prepared to impose further sanctions on Russia over its actions in Ukraine. The G7 summit on June 4–5, 2014 is the first since Russia was expelled from the group following its annexation of Crimea in March. 40th G7 summit The 40th G8 summit was due to be held in Russia in 2014. The meeting was planned for June 4–5, 2014 at the Black Sea resort of Sochi. However, the other seven countries decided on March 24 that a summit would be held without Russia, in Brussels, Belgium. It was held in Brussels on June 4–5. Following 2014 Crimean crisis and Document [167] (Title: Pablo Ganguli) mid-December 2006 it was reported that the festival's location had changed to Dubai. It eventually did not take place. Jewel of Russia An international festival of arts, literature and music called "Jewel of Russia" was held in St Petersburg from 27–31 October 2007. As of February 2007, Ganguli was hoping to stage talks, readings and discussions. Lufthansa was the title sponsor of the festival, therefore the name of the festival was Lufthansa Jewel of Russia. AngloMockBa According to the Liberatum website, Ganguli's most recent venture (1–3 May 2009) was a festival of British-Russian arts, fashion, film, media, music and literature Document [168] (Title: 2nd BRIC summit) 2nd BRIC summit The 2010 BRIC summit took place in Brasília, Brazil on April 16, 2010. This was the second BRIC summit after Yekaterinburg in 2009. The meeting took place between the four heads of government from the BRIC states following bilateral meetings in the prior days. The acronym BRIC (for Brazil, Russia, India, China) was first used in a Goldman Sachs thesis projecting the economic potential of Brazil, Russia, India and China. Previously, the 1st BRIC summit took place in Yekaterinburg, Russia in 2009 and discussed global issues. This year's summit follows the Washington Nuclear summit hosted by U.S. Document [169] (Title: IBLA International Competition) Romania, Slovenia, Serbia, Albania, the Czech Republic, Belarus, Estonia, Lithuania, Ukraine, Russia, Kazakhstan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, the Republic of Georgia, Uzbekistan, Siberia, India, Pakistan, Vietnam, Singapore, Philippines, Indonesia, Australia, China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, New Zealand, Israel, Syria, Lebanon, Egypt, Ghana, South Africa, Brazil, Argentina, Venezuela, Peru, Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic, Canada and the United States come to the IBLA Grand Prize International Music Competitions, which take place in Ragusa Ibla, Sicily, with hopes of being selected for the IBLA International Roster. While in Sicily, through the co-operation of the Mayors of Chiaramonte, Comiso, Ispica, Pozzallo, Santa Croce, Camerina Document [170] (Title: 5th BRICS summit) 5th BRICS summit The 2013 BRICS summit was the fifth annual BRICS summit, an international relations conference attended by the head of states or heads of government of the five member states Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. The summit was held in Durban, South Africa in 2013. This completed the first cycle of BRICS summits. A declaration at the end of 2012 BRICS summit read that: "Brazil, Russia, India and China thank South Africa for the proposal to host the 5th summit in 2013. They intend to provide multifaceted support for it." The BRICS leaders are expected to Document [171] (Title: St. Petersburg International Economic Forum) brought together representatives of political and business circles from Brazil and Turkey, as well as Nepal, Cameroon, Nigeria and Ethiopia. Chairman of the Latin American Parliament (LAP) Ney Lopes headed the official delegation of the LAP. The Business Council of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation organization was represented by its Secretary General Costas Masmanidis, and the Turkish-Russian Trade Council was represented by its president Turgut Gur. Two plenary sessions and 20 roundtables addressed issues of Eurasia's social and economic strategy in the 21st century. The Forum was held on June 15–19, 2004 under the motto of the previous conference: "Efficient Document [172] (Title: Mercedes-Benz Arena (Berlin)) government of the Prime Minister of Israel has announced Jerusalem as the venue for the festival in May 2019. Rumors suggest that the organizing body of the European Broadcasting Union EBU-UER would move the headquarters of the eurofestival to Germany. Being one of the few countries that would have the necessary requirements to host the contest, the same was rumored in 2017 when political conflicts between Russia and Ukraine put at risk the headquarters of Kiev 2017. The rumors and the press suggest that the NDR Norddeutscher Rundfunk would be the option to organize the show with Berlin as the Document [173] (Title: St. Petersburg International Economic Forum) included Prime Minister of Greece Alexis Tsipras, President of the People's Republic of China Xi Jinping, and heads of state of Kyrgyzstan, Myanmar, Mongolia, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, and Iraq. In total, the Forum was attended by over 10,000 participants from 120 countries, including Russia; 486 heads of major Russian companies and 319 heads of international companies. 2,061 media representatives. The XX St. Petersburg International Economic Forum was held on June 16–18, 2016. The Forum was attended by more than 12,000 participants from 133 countries; more than 600 heads of Russian companies and approximately 300 foreign executives; and 2,651 media representatives Document [174] (Title: BRICS) BRICS BRICS is the acronym coined for an association of five major emerging national economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. Originally the first four were grouped as "BRIC" (or "the BRICs"), before the induction of South Africa in 2010. The BRICS members are known for their significant influence on regional affairs; all are members of G20. Since 2009, the BRICS nations have met annually at formal summits. China hosted the 9th BRICS summit in Xiamen on September 2017, while South Africa hosted the most recent 10th BRICS summit in July 2018. The term does not include countries such Document [175] (Title: 2008 G20 Washington summit) set up to respond to the financial turmoil of 1997-99 through the development of policies that "promote international financial stability". The G20 comprises countries considered to be systemically important, but omits over 170 governments (192 governments are members of the United Nations). The first meeting of the G20 leaders on financial markets and the world economy was held in Washington, D.C. on November 14–15, 2008, at the National Building Museum. The participants were: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, the People's Republic of China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Republic of Korea, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Turkey, the United Question: the ufa city where annual brics summit-2015 is scheduled to be held is in which country

Answer: Russia Long Answer: 7th BRICS Summit VII саммит БРИКС Host country Russia Date 8--9 July 2015 Cities Ufa, Bashkortostan Participants BRICS Follows 6th BRICS summit Precedes 8th BRICS summit Website en.brics2015.ru Gold Document ID: 175

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: 2009 New Jersey gubernatorial election) Lieutenant Governor. The candidates for governor and lieutenant governor were joined together as a single choice, so that voters did not have the opportunity to split the ticket. Kim Guadagno, Christie's running mate, became New Jersey's first lieutenant governor following her inauguration. Although Corzine was unpopular among independents and Republicans, he polled much more highly among registered Democrats. His three opponents were former Glen Ridge mayor Carl Bergmanson, who ran on a platform of fiscal discipline, governmental reform, and removing the tolls on the Garden State Parkway, the New Jersey Turnpike and the Atlantic City Expressway; perennial candidate Jeff Boss; Document [2] (Title: 2006 United States Senate election in New Jersey) 2006 United States Senate election in New Jersey The 2006 United States Senate election in New Jersey was held November 7, 2006. Incumbent Democrat Bob Menendez was elected to represent New Jersey in the United States Senate for a six-year term which ended in January 2013. The seat was previously held by Democratic Governor of New Jersey Jon Corzine. After he stepped down from his Senate seat and was sworn in Governor, Corzine appointed Rep. Menendez, who was sworn in on January 18, 2006. Menendez was challenged by Republican Thomas Kean, Jr. and seven other candidates. Filing for the primary Document [3] (Title: Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey) defeated Corzine by a margin of 48.5% (1,174,445 votes) to 44.9% (1,087,731 votes), with 5.8% (139,579 votes) of the vote going to Daggett. With Christie's election as governor, Kim Guadagno was slated to become the state's first lieutenant governor in its modern form. Christie and Guadagno were installed at inaugural ceremonies held on January 19, 2010. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Guadagno was again chosen as lieutenant governor as Christie's running mate. The Christie-Guadagno ticket defeated Democratic candidates state Senator Barbara Buono (for governor) and labor union leader Milly Silva (for lieutenant governor.) In 2017, after winning the Republican primary Document [4] (Title: 2012 United States Senate elections) a candidate for this seat received over 55% of the vote. Bob Menendez became the first Hispanic-American U.S. senator to represent New Jersey in January 2006 when former U.S. senator Jon Corzine appointed him to the seat after having resigned to become governor of New Jersey, following his election in November 2005. In November 2006, after a tough and painful election, Menendez defeated Republican state senator Thomas Kean, Jr. with 53.3% of the vote. A special election was held October 16, 2013 to fill the Class 2 seat for the remainder of the term ending January 3, 2015. The vacancy Document [5] (Title: Chris Christie) elected county freeholder (legislator) for Morris County, serving from 1995 to 1998. By 2002, he had campaigned for Presidents George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush; the latter appointed him U.S. Attorney for New Jersey, a position he held from 2002 to 2008. Christie won the 2009 Republican primary for Governor of New Jersey, defeating the incumbent Jon Corzine in the general election. During his first term, he was credited with cutting spending, capping property tax growth, and was praised for his response to and recovery efforts after Hurricane Sandy, and was re-elected by a wide margin in 2013. Document [6] (Title: Webster B. Todd) government levels, with Christine Todd Whitman going on to serve as Governor of New Jersey. In 1950, Todd retired from business and devoted much of the remainder of his life to Republican politics in New Jersey. He was the state chairman for Dwight D. Eisenhower's presidential campaign in 1952. Upon Eisenhower's election he was appointed director of the Office of Economic Affairs of the United States mission to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in Paris. He served as chairman of the New Jersey Republican Finance Committee from 1948 to 1953 and from 1973 to 1974. He was chairman of the Document [7] (Title: Governor of New Jersey) executive processes. As a result of the constitutional amendment passed in 2005, Governor Richard Codey, serving from November 2004 to January 2006 as governor, was the final person to wield such power. Kim Guadagno, a former prosecutor, was sworn in as New Jersey's first lieutenant governor on January 19, 2010 under Governor Christie. Succeeding Guadagno, former assemblywoman Sheila Oliver was sworn in on January 16, 2018 under Governor Murphy. The Center on the American Governor, at Rutgers' Eagleton Institute of Politics, was established in 2006 to study the governors of New Jersey and, to a lesser degree, the governors of Document [8] (Title: Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey) seating of the new state legislature and the inauguration of Governor-elect Jim McGreevey, four men held the position of acting governor: After Governor Jim McGreevey resigned in the midst of a sex scandal in 2004, Richard Codey served again as acting governor from November 15, 2004 to January 17, 2006. Codey was the only acting governor during this time, as the 2003 legislative elections had given the Democrats outright control of the state senate. Codey's tenure ended with the inauguration of Governor Jon Corzine on January 17, 2006. Public attention was directed to the issue of succession in the wake Document [9] (Title: 2006 United States Senate election in New Jersey) together, that could be printed in the media. On March 27, 2006, at a news conference billed as a "major announcement", Kean called for state and federal tax cuts, asking Menendez and Governor of New Jersey Jon Corzine to support them. In response, Matthew Miller, a spokesman for Menendez, said the U.S. senator supports "balanced tax cuts," not just ones that benefit the wealthiest Americans while expanding national debt. On April 1, 2006, at the Middlesex County Republican Convention, Kean won the endorsement for the Republican nomination for U.S. Senate (in other words, Kean was chosen as the county organization's Document [10] (Title: Chris Daggett) On April 20, 2009, Daggett announced that he was entering the New Jersey gubernatorial race as an independent candidate. He raised enough money to qualify him for taxpayer matching funds, which would allow him to participate in televised debates with Governor Corzine and Republican candidate Christopher J. Christie. On July 27, 2009, Daggett named Frank J. Esposito of Ocean Township as his ticket's candidate for Lieutenant Governor. Esposito is a history professor at Kean University and once served as interim president there. In the gubernatorial race, Daggett received the endorsement of the New Jersey Sierra Club. It was the first Document [11] (Title: 2009 New Jersey gubernatorial election) 2009 New Jersey gubernatorial election The New Jersey gubernatorial election of 2009 took place on November 3, 2009. Democratic Governor Jon Corzine was running for a second term and was being challenged by Republican Chris Christie, Independent Christopher Daggett and nine others, in addition to several write-in candidates. Christie won the election, with about 48.5 percent of the vote, to 44.9 percent for Corzine and 5.8 percent for Daggett. Christie won the largest margin for a first term Republican since 1969. Christie assumed office on January 19, 2010. This was the first election to fill the newly created office of Document [12] (Title: Governorship of Chris Christie) new ones have emerged, and the state continues to struggle with an unemployment rate that's greater than the national average. Yet, Governor Christe remains in good standing with a broad cross-section of registered voters." In 2013, shortly after having handled Hurricane Sandy, Gov. Christie began the year with strong approval ratings from New Jersey residents. According to a Fairleigh Dickinson University's PublicMind Poll conducted in January, the governor received the "second highest approval rating the poll has measured for Chris Christie." The numbers showed that a sizable majority (73%) of registered voters approved of the way Christie is handling his Document [13] (Title: History of the New Jersey State Constitution) was amended to create the post of Lieutenant Governor, and to alter the order of succession in the event the governor's office was vacated. The resignation of two governors in 2001 and 2004 led to the state being led by several acting governor who simultaneously served as the president of the state senate. The issues regarding the separation of executive and legislative powers, and other concerns created a political controversy where public and media pressure sought a permanent solution to this problem which was inherited from previous state and colonial constitutions and political conventions. New Jersey has been governed under Document [14] (Title: Brendan Byrne) Brendan Byrne Brendan Thomas Byrne (April 1, 1924 – January 4, 2018) was an American politician, statesman, and prosecutor, serving as the 47th Governor of New Jersey from 1974 to 1982. A member of the Democratic Party, Byrne started his career as a private attorney and worked in the New Jersey state government starting in 1955 before resuming his legal career after leaving office in 1982. During his time as Governor, Byrne oversaw the opening of the first gambling casinos in Atlantic City and expanded the oceanside municipality's economic base, establishing the New Jersey Department of the Public Advocate. He Document [15] (Title: Eric Munoz) Panel, where he was first appointed by Governor of New Jersey James Florio in 1990 and reappointed by Governor Christine Todd Whitman in 1995. A longtime resident of Summit, New Jersey, Munoz served on the Summit Common Council from 1996 until 2001. He was a former Republican Municipal Chairman in Summit. He was elected to an unexpired term as Assemblyman in the old 21st Legislative District in 2001 to succeed Kevin J. O'Toole who became a State Senator. He was elected in 2001, and reelected in 2003, 2005 and 2007, to represent the new 21st District consisting of municipalities in Document [16] (Title: Phil Murphy) his candidacy for governor, New Way for New Jersey folded. New Start New Jersey continued, albeit without Murphy on its board. In May 2016, Murphy announced his candidacy for the Democratic nomination in the 2017 New Jersey gubernatorial election. He became the race's first announced candidate. He has said of his rationale, "I am running for governor because New Jersey desperately needs adult leadership that puts our people first." Announcing so early was unusual. Comparisons with unpopular former governor Jon Corzine, another wealthy former Goldman Sachs executive, were a challenge Murphy had to meet. Murphy also began the campaign with Document [17] (Title: Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey) for governor, Guadagno chose Woodcliff Lake Mayor Carlos Rendo as her running mate. Phil Murphy, winner of the Democratic primary for governor, selected Assemblywoman Sheila Oliver for the second spot on his ticket. The Murphy-Oliver democratic team ticket defeated the Guadagno-Rendo republican ticket in November of the same year's general gubernatorial election . As amended on January 17, 2006, New Jersey's state constitution mandates that a person may only be eligible for the position of lieutenant governor if they meet the eligibility qualifications to serve as governor. Article V, Section I, paragraph 2, requires that a candidate for governor (and Document [18] (Title: Brendan Byrne) City. He is the most recent Democrat to be elected governor twice. The other Governors elected to two terms (Thomas Kean, Christie Whitman, and Chris Christie) have all been Republicans. After leaving office in 1982, Governor Byrne became a senior partner at Carella, Byrne, Bain, Gilfillan, Cecchi, Stewart & Olstein in Roseland, New Jersey (now Carella, Byrne, Cecchi, Olstein, Brody and Agnello, P.C.). Additionally, Byrne and his successor as governor, Thomas Kean, co-wrote a weekly column in "The Star-Ledger", containing their "dialogue" on state and national public affairs and politics. He has also taught courses at Princeton University and Rutgers Document [19] (Title: 2006 United States Senate elections) won the primary by a 3-1 margin. The biggest factors in the New Jersey Senate race may have had little to do with the candidates involved and more to do with Governor of New Jersey Jon Corzine and President George W. Bush. In mid-summer, Jon Corzine and the Democratic-controlled state legislature held a brief shutdown of state government, which ultimately resulted in a sales tax increase, among other things. In a September 2006 poll, SurveyUSA found that Corzine received an approval rate of only 43%, with 48% of the state disapproving. Since Menendez had been appointed by Corzine, some pundits Document [20] (Title: Wilda Diaz) was elected mayor in 2008. She and her husband, Greg Diaz, have two children, Greg, Jr. and Samantha. Greg, Jr. is an Enlisted member of the United States Army and currently serving in Afghanistan. On March 14, 2009, the local Republican Club honored Diaz at an event attended by Chris Christie, a former United States Attorney for the District of New Jersey who was actively seeking the Republican Party nomination for governor for the November 2009 general election against incumbent governor Jon Corzine. Diaz cooperated in an investigation being conducted by federal and state law enforcement agencies relating to activities Document [21] (Title: Donald DiFrancesco) elected President George W. Bush. At the time of Whitman's resignation, the New Jersey Constitution stipulated that the Senate president retains that position while also serving as acting governor. This made DiFrancesco, in his own words, the most powerful New Jersey governor ever (and perhaps the most powerful governor ever) because he was the leader of both the State Senate and executive branch simultaneously. This distinction was shared by later acting governors John O. Bennett and Richard Codey. DiFrancesco's title was officially Acting Governor until it was changed retroactively by legislation passed on January 10, 2006. DiFrancesco initially planned to Document [22] (Title: Governorship of Chris Christie) least popular governor in the United States, with a 71% disapproval rating. In June 2017, a Quinnipiac poll of New Jersey voters found that 15% approved of Christie, and 81% disapproved. This was the lowest recorded approval rating of a New Jersey governor in history, and the lowest approval rating found by Quinnipiac for any governor in any state in more than two decades. Christie said that he did not care about approval ratings because he was not running for office. Governorship of Chris Christie Chris Christie took office as the 55th Governor of New Jersey on January 19, 2010, Document [23] (Title: Acting governor) participate) is held. Prior to the establishment of the modern office of lieutenant governor following a constitutional referendum in 2005, a vacancy in the office of governor would lead to the president of the New Jersey Senate to become acting governor while still retaining the title of senate president. Following the resignation of Christine Todd Whitman in 2001 to become EPA Administrator, Donald DiFrancesco assumed the acting governor's post, serving until January 2002. Following DiFrancesco's departure from the senate, John O. Bennett and Richard J. Codey each served as acting governor as well. As control of the New Jersey Senate Document [24] (Title: Richard Codey) Richard Codey Richard James Codey (born November 27, 1946) is an American Democratic Party politician who served as the 53rd Governor of New Jersey from 2004 to 2006. He has served in the New Jersey Senate since 1982 and served as the President of the Senate from 2002 to 2010. He represents the 27th Legislative District, which covers the western portions of Essex County and the southeastern portion of Morris County. Codey is the longest-serving state legislator in New Jersey history, having served in the New Jersey Legislature continuously since January 8, 1974. Codey grew up in his family's funeral Document [25] (Title: Frank J. Esposito) conducted for a permanent president. When Dawood Farahi was chosen, Esposito returned to teaching in the Department of History. He was named interim dean of the College of Education in 2006, serving until 2008. On July 27, 2009, independent gubernatorial candidate Christopher Daggett named Esposito as his running mate. If elected, Esposito would be the first Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey. Since Daggett qualified for matching funds, Esposito was eligible to participate in the televised Lieutenant Governor debate with Republican candidate Kim Guadagno and Democratic candidate Loretta Weinberg, held on October 8, 2009. In regards to the accusation that his Document [26] (Title: Zulima Farber) the first Latina to serve as Acting Governor of New Jersey. This occurred when the Governor, Senate President and Assembly Speaker all left the state for a dinner in Washington, D.C. Under the New Jersey State Constitution, Farber exercised the powers of the Governor until Governor Corzine or one of the legislative leaders returned to the state. On May 26, 2006, Farber's boyfriend, Hamlet Goore, was stopped by police in Fairview, in Bergen County, for driving an unregistered vehicle. The police issued at least one ticket to Goore and were going to impound the vehicle. As this was happening, Goore Document [27] (Title: Richard Codey) will be "Governor of the State of New Jersey" for official and historical purposes. This law was made retroactive to 2001, covering both Codey's service after McGreevey's resignation and the service of Donald DiFrancesco following the resignation of Governor Christine Todd Whitman in 2001. This made DiFrancesco New Jersey's 51st governor and Codey the 53rd. Codey is an advocate of mental health awareness and strongly favors including mental health funding in employee medical benefit packages and Medicare. Both Codey and his wife, Mary Jo, have spoken candidly about her past struggles with postpartum depression. In early 2005, Codey responded in Document [28] (Title: Richard Codey) and Frank Pallone. In 2011, former Gov. Codey also published his autobiography entitled "Me, Governor?", a humorous autobiography in which he discusses various chapters of his life as governor of New Jersey. In a section of his book, he cites a FDU PublicMind poll study that was conducted about three years after he left office. According to the results from the poll on March 4, 2009, he was still the most popular politician in the state of New Jersey with 41% favorable over 15% unfavorable views. Woolley was quoted in the text saying, "If he could sing, he'd be a Document [29] (Title: Governorship of Chris Christie) stimulus eligibility and avoiding the need for the legislature to pass a bill. Due to falling revenues and growing expenses, the Christie administration inherited a US$1.3 billion budget deficit from the US$29 billion 2009 New Jersey budget passed by Jon Corzine's administration. On February 9, 2010, he signed Executive Order No. 12, which placed a 90-day freeze on the Council on Affordable Housing (COAH) and established the Housing Opportunity Task Force to examine the State's affordable housing laws, constitutional obligations, and the effectiveness of the current framework. On February 11, 2010, Christie signed Executive Order No. 14, which declared a Document [30] (Title: New Jersey) Authority operates the RiverLink Ferry between the Camden waterfront and Penn's Landing in Philadelphia. The position of Governor of New Jersey has been considered one of the most powerful in the nation. Until 2010, the governor was the only statewide elected executive official in the state and appointed numerous government officials. Formerly, an acting governor was even more powerful as he simultaneously served as President of the New Jersey State Senate, thus directing half of the legislative and all of the executive process. In 2002 and 2007, President of the State Senate Richard Codey held the position of acting governor Document [31] (Title: Edward C. Stokes) Edward C. Stokes Edward Casper Stokes (December 22, 1860November 4, 1942) was an American Republican Party politician, who served as the 32nd Governor of New Jersey, from 1905 to 1908. Stokes was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1860. He attended the Friends School in Rhode Island, and graduated from Brown University in 1883. Stokes was elected to the New Jersey General Assembly in 1891, and was a member of the New Jersey Senate from Cumberland County between 1893 and 1901. He was the Governor between 1905 and 1908. Stokes made his first attempt at the United States Senate in 1902 Document [32] (Title: New Jersey in the 21st century) ago, and the number of postal inspectors investigating the case is nine. Former Governor James E. McGreevey resigned on November 15, 2004 after charges of pay-to-play and extortion scandals involving the impropriety of the appointment of a homosexual love interest. New Jersey had no Lieutenant Governor position at the time, leaving a vacancy in the office. Senate President Richard Codey served as Acting Governor (then Governor) in McGreevey's place. Jon Corzine was elected Governor of New Jersey on November 8, 2005, and took office on January 17, 2006. On Election Day, November 8, 2005, the voters passed an amendment to Document [33] (Title: 2005 New Jersey gubernatorial election) 836,134 votes (56.1%) to 655,333 (43.9%) The New Jersey Election Law Enforcement Commission declared that the four candidates would be included in the official gubernatorial debates to be aired on NJN. They included Jeffrey Pawlowski and Hector Castillo. 2005 New Jersey gubernatorial election The New Jersey gubernatorial election of 2005 was a race for the Governor of New Jersey. It was held on November 8, 2005. Democratic Governor Richard Codey, who replaced Governor Jim McGreevey in 2004 after his resignation, did not run for election for a full term of office. The primary election was held on June 7, 2005. Document [34] (Title: Sheila Oliver) Sheila Oliver Sheila Y. Oliver (born July 14, 1952) is an American politician serving as the Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey since 2018. She previously served in the New Jersey General Assembly from 2004 to 2018, where she represented the 34th legislative district while also serving as the Speaker of the New Jersey General Assembly for two terms, from January 12, 2010, to January 14, 2014, as a member of the Democratic Party. In July 2017, Phil Murphy, the Democratic Party nominee for governor, selected Oliver as his running mate for Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey in the November 2017 Document [35] (Title: 22nd Legislative District (New Jersey)) and Richard Bagger won the now-vacant ballot spot in the 22nd District. Alan Augustine left office as of March 31, 2001, just several weeks before his death, due to health problems, and was succeeded by Thomas Kean Jr. As of January 21, 2001, DiFrancesco became the 51st Governor of New Jersey after Christine Todd Whitman left office to become Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, with DiFrancesco simultaneously holding his post as Senate President. In the 2001 redistricting following the 2000 United States Census, several of the suburban, Republican-leaning municipalities in the district were replaced by Linden, Plainfield and Rahway, Document [36] (Title: New Jersey Senate) retain their role in the Senate (or Assembly). An Acting Governor would then assume the governorship while retaining the reins of power in their house of the legislature. The Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey took office for the first time on January 19, 2010, following conjoint election with the Governor of New Jersey. The position was created as the result of a Constitutional amendment to the New Jersey State Constitution passed by the voters on November 8, 2005. While the amendment itself took effect as of January 17, 2006, and made some interim changes to the succession to the governorship, Document [37] (Title: Richard Codey) rock star." Richard Codey Richard James Codey (born November 27, 1946) is an American Democratic Party politician who served as the 53rd Governor of New Jersey from 2004 to 2006. He has served in the New Jersey Senate since 1982 and served as the President of the Senate from 2002 to 2010. He represents the 27th Legislative District, which covers the western portions of Essex County and the southeastern portion of Morris County. Codey is the longest-serving state legislator in New Jersey history, having served in the New Jersey Legislature continuously since January 8, 1974. Codey grew up in his Document [38] (Title: 1997 New Jersey gubernatorial election) 1997 New Jersey gubernatorial election The New Jersey gubernatorial election of 1997 was a race for Governor of New Jersey. It was held on November 4, 1997. In the Democratic primary state senator and Woodbridge Township mayor James McGreevey defeated pre-primary front-runner Rep. Rob Andrews by 9,993 votes. Although incumbent Republican Governor Christine Todd Whitman had a comfortable lead in polls in the run up to the vote, on election night she prevailed over McGreevey by a narrow margin of 26,953 votes (1.05%), a similarly narrow margin to her previous election. Whitman won 46.87% of the vote, with Democratic nominee Document [39] (Title: Morgan Foster Larson) Morgan Foster Larson Morgan Foster Larson (June 15, 1882March 21, 1961) was an American Republican politician who served as the 40th Governor of New Jersey. He was born on June 15, 1882, in Perth Amboy, New Jersey. Larson attended Cooper Union in New York City, receiving a Bachelor of Science degree in 1907 and an Engineer's degree in 1910. He initially worked as an engineer. He was a member of New Jersey Senate from Middlesex County, New Jersey from 1922 through 1928. He was governor of New Jersey from 1929 through 1932. He was elected Governor of New Jersey in Document [40] (Title: Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey) Section I, paragraph 10 of the state constitution, which provides that the lieutenant governor be appointed as a head of a cabinet-level department or administrative agency within the governor's administration, with the exception that he or she cannot be the state's attorney general. The current lieutenant governor, Sheila Oliver, serves as New Jersey's Commissioner of Community Affairs. The order of succession in the event the governor's office is left vacant is specified in Article V, Section I, paragraph 6 of the New Jersey State Constitution, as amended, effective January 17, 2006, which states: <poem>In the event of a vacancy in Document [41] (Title: Kim Guadagno) in the primary to earn one of the two top spots on the ballot. Lt. Governor Guadagno oversaw the Division of Programs which includes the Governor's Office of Volunteerism, the New Jersey Commission on National and Community Service, the Office of Faith Based Initiatives and the Center for Hispanic Policy, Research, and Development. Finally, as the Secretary of State, Lt. Governor has purview over the NJ Council on the Arts, the NJ Cultural Trust and the NJ Historical Commission, and the Trenton War Memorial. Kim Guadagno was the 2017 Republican gubernatorial nominee, having won approximately 46.8% of the popular vote Document [42] (Title: James Fairman Fielder) James Fairman Fielder James Fairman Fielder (February 26, 1867 – December 2, 1954) was an American politician of the Democratic party, who served as the 35th Governor of New Jersey, from 1913 to 1917, with a break of several months when he stepped down from office to avoid constitutional limits on serving successive terms. He was born in Jersey City, New Jersey on February 26, 1867 to United States Congressman George Bragg Fielder. After law school, he became a member of the New Jersey General Assembly representing Hudson County, New Jersey from 1903 to 1904. He was then a member Document [43] (Title: John F. McKeon) in the state law enacted by the New Jersey Legislature and signed into law by Governor of New Jersey Jon Corzine in September 2007 that prevents dual-office-holding but allows those who had held both positions as of February 1, 2008, to retain both posts. On July 1, 2010, Robert Parisi took over the Mayoral position. During his first term in the Legislature, McKeon was the prime sponsor of the Assembly version of the laws requiring school districts to adopt anti-harassment policies, strengthening school bus driver background checks and revising the State’s laws concerning the release of wild animals, and was Document [44] (Title: Richard McGlynn) Richard McGlynn Richard McGlynn is an American Republican Party politician who sought the Republican nomination for Governor of New Jersey in 1981. A former Superior Court Judge and Commissioner of the New Jersey Board of Public Utilities, he won just 1% of the vote as a candidate for Governor, finishing last in a field of 8 candidates. He now serves as Counsel at United Water Resources. He is a graduate of Princeton University and Rutgers University Law School. McGlynn's brother, Edward R. McGlynn, later served as Chief of Staff to Governor Thomas Kean, the winner of the 1981 primary. His Document [45] (Title: 2009 New Jersey gubernatorial election) be held at Rutgers University, but ultimately it was held at the PNC Bank Arts Center instead. "*" denotes voluntary response only. In the August 26–30 FDU poll, 4% also responded "neither" or "other." Campaign websites (Archived) 2009 New Jersey gubernatorial election The New Jersey gubernatorial election of 2009 took place on November 3, 2009. Democratic Governor Jon Corzine was running for a second term and was being challenged by Republican Chris Christie, Independent Christopher Daggett and nine others, in addition to several write-in candidates. Christie won the election, with about 48.5 percent of the vote, to 44.9 percent for Document [46] (Title: 2001 New Jersey gubernatorial election) division by painting Schundler as too conservative for New Jersey. 2001 New Jersey gubernatorial election The New Jersey gubernatorial election of 2001 was a race for the Governor of New Jersey. It was held on November 6, 2001. Primaries took place on June 25. Democrat nominee Jim McGreevey won the general election with 56% of the vote — the first majority-elected governor since James Florio in 1989. His Republican opponent in that race was Bret Schundler. Towards the end of his tenure as mayor, Schundler served as chairman of the Hudson County Republican Committee, and in 2001, Schundler won the Document [47] (Title: New Jersey in the 21st century) the state constitution creating the position of Lieutenant Governor, effective with the 2009 elections. The amendment also provides that in the event of a permanent vacancy in the office of Governor now that Governor Corzine has been sworn in and before the first Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey takes office in 2010, the President of the Senate, followed by the Speaker of the General Assembly, would become Governor (rather than Acting Governor) and will be required to vacate his or her Senate (or Assembly) seat. After the New Jersey Legislature and Governor Jon Corzine failed to agree on a state Document [48] (Title: 2009 New Jersey elections) the creation of the office, governors who died in office or stepped down were succeeded by the President of the New Jersey Senate. This has happened twice in recent years, with the resignations of Christine Todd Whitman in 2001 and James McGreevey in 2004. Concerns over separation of powers (Acting Governors continued to serve concurrently in the Senate) and the fact that Acting Governors were not elected by the people to succeed the Governor led to the Constitutional amendment that created the new office. All 12 candidates for governor appearing on the ballot selected their running mates by the June Document [49] (Title: Clifford Ross Powell) He was Majority Leader in 1924, and served as Speaker in 1925. He was a member of the New Jersey Senate from Burlington County, New Jersey from 1928 to 1939. He served as acting governor for the last five days of his tenure as President of the New Jersey Senate, after A. Harry Moore resigned to take a seat in the United States Senate. In his brief time as Acting Governor, he took the opportunity to abolish the New Jersey State Recovery Administration, the state-level counterpart of the National Recovery Administration, which had been establishing minimum prices and other "fair Document [50] (Title: Richard Codey) any state in the nation. The moratorium ended with the permanent ban of capital punishment by Codey's successor, Jon Corzine. As Corzine attended the swearing in of Bob Menendez as a U.S. Senator on January 18, 2006, in Washington, D.C., Codey spent part of his first day as former governor as the acting governor of the state. Codey was re-elected to the New Jersey Senate in 2007. Codey represents the 27th Legislative District together with Assemblyman John F. McKeon, who was coincidentally also the mayor of West Orange, a town in Essex County, New Jersey, where Senator Codey's family was Document [51] (Title: Richard W. DeKorte) as speaker. In 1970, DeKorte was appointed counsel to Governor of New Jersey William T. Cahill When Cahill lost his bid for re-election as Governor (due to the Watergate scandal's nationwide impact on Republicans), there were "Transition Meetings" where DeKorte assisted in bringing the governor-elect, Brendan Byrne up to speed. It is said that Byrne was so impressed with the DeKorte during those meetings he made DeKorte Head of the New Jersey State Energy Office (or "Energy Czar" as he was called). DeKorte chaired the New Jersey's United States Bicentennial Commission. On March 16, 1975, DeKorte died of cancer at Document [52] (Title: Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey) remaining in her second term after being appointed by President George W. Bush to the position of administrator of the federal Environmental Protection Agency. Senate President Donald DiFrancesco became acting governor following Whitman's resignation on January 31, 2001, and remained in office until he retired from the state senate on January 8, 2002. In an unusual political circumstance, the 2001 legislative elections returned a senate with equal numbers of Republicans and Democrats, with each party having 20 senators. Both sides negotiated to choose two senators from their respective parties to serve as co-presidents. Because of an 8-day gap between the Document [53] (Title: Jon Corzine) New Jersey gubernatorial election, news first emerged of his relationship with Katz and the money she had received. Corzine was elected governor despite the scandal. In the fall of 2006, during an impasse in contract negotiations between the Corzine administration and the state's seven major state employee unions (including the CWA), Katz contacted the governor by phone and e-mail to lobby for a renewal of the negotiations. Their relationship and the financial settlement Katz received after their breakup led to allegations of many potential conflicts of interest in labor negotiations while Corzine was governor. A state ethics panel, acting on Document [54] (Title: John M. Summerill Jr.) of Governor Alfred Driscoll, he served as the Acting Governor. Summerill was defeated in his 1955 bid for re-election by Democrat John A. Waddington, an Assemblyman. John M. Summerill Jr. John M. Summerill Jr. (August 3, 1898 – August 24, 1969) is an American Republican Party politician who served as President of the New Jersey State Senate and as Acting Governor of New Jersey. Summerill was born August 3, 1898, in Penns Grove, New Jersey, the son of Dr. John M. Summerill and Eleanor W. Jacoby Summerill. He attended Wenonah Academy and is a 1922 graduate of Rutgers University, where Document [55] (Title: New Jersey in the 21st century) budget by the constitutional deadline, the state government shutdown beginning at midnight on July 1, 2006. Operation did not resume until the legislature adopted a budget on July 8. A bill was passed legalizing Civil unions between homosexual couples, taking effect February 19, 2007. The bill grants all of the same rights as those granted to married heterosexual couples. Governor Jon Corzine was nearly killed in a car wreck on the Garden State Parkway in Galloway Township in 2007, as he was traveling to a meeting between a Rutgers sports team and radio personality Don Imus. Imus had infamously called Document [56] (Title: James Florio) teaches a course each semester at the Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy at Rutgers University. In 2014, Florio was inducted into the New Jersey Hall of Fame. James Florio James Joseph Florio (born August 29, 1937) is an American Democratic politician who served as the 49th Governor of New Jersey from 1990 to 1994, the first Italian American to hold the position (he is of half Italian ancestry). He also served as a member of the United States House of Representatives for 15 years between 1975 and 1990. Florio was born and raised in Brooklyn, New Document [57] (Title: Fort Lee lane closure scandal) a Republican, was first elected Governor of New Jersey in November 2009 and re-elected in November 2013. During his first term, he appointed Bill Baroni as deputy executive director of the PA. David Wildstein, a local politician and political blogger who had known Christie during high school, was hired by Baroni based on Christie's referral and recommendation in May 2010. As director of interstate capital projects, Wildstein was New Jersey's second highest executive at the Port Authority, and often substituted for Baroni at major meetings. During the week of August 4, 2013, Christie met with David Samson, Christie's appointed chairman Document [58] (Title: 2006 United States Senate election in New Jersey) race 63%-35%.) Here are some past summer polling numbers from the Eagleton Institute archive: A September 2006 SurveyUSA poll showed Menendez's approval rating at 40% and disapproval rating at 40% with 20% undecided, resulting in a net approval of 0%. 2006 United States Senate election in New Jersey The 2006 United States Senate election in New Jersey was held November 7, 2006. Incumbent Democrat Bob Menendez was elected to represent New Jersey in the United States Senate for a six-year term which ended in January 2013. The seat was previously held by Democratic Governor of New Jersey Jon Corzine. After Document [59] (Title: 2005 New Jersey gubernatorial election) 2005 New Jersey gubernatorial election The New Jersey gubernatorial election of 2005 was a race for the Governor of New Jersey. It was held on November 8, 2005. Democratic Governor Richard Codey, who replaced Governor Jim McGreevey in 2004 after his resignation, did not run for election for a full term of office. The primary election was held on June 7, 2005. U.S. Senator Jon Corzine won the Democratic nomination with no serious opposition. Former Mayor Doug Forrester received the Republican nomination with a plurality of 36%. Corzine defeated Forrester in the general election. Despite being a reliable blue Democratic Document [60] (Title: Elections in New Jersey) divided over the decades, with little change due to political trends in the state. New Jersey currently has a Democratic governor, Phil Murphy and recently elected their second lieutenant governor, Democrat Sheila Oliver. At the national level, the state favors the Democratic Party: Both of its Senators have been Democrats since 1982, and George H.W. Bush was the last Republican candidate for President to carry the state, in 1988. However, previous governor Chris Christie was a Republican serving from 2010 to 2018, as was Christine Todd Whitman, who served from 1994 to 2001. New Jersey is split almost down the Document [61] (Title: Thomas Kean) published by Free Press, which urged political cooperation among historically divided interest groups and politicians. Limited to two consecutive terms as governor by the New Jersey State Constitution, Kean left office in January 1990 as one of the most popular political figures in New Jersey political history. Former New Jersey gubernatorial candidate Doug Forrester, New Jersey Congressman Bob Franks, and other leading New Jersey and national Republican figures began their political and public policy careers in his state administration. He was succeeded by James Florio, who won a landslide victory in November 1989. In the aftermath of Governor Kean's gubernatorial Document [62] (Title: Rob Andrews) were dismissed in their entirety by the Federal Election Commission in May 2014. In 1997, Andrews ran for Governor of New Jersey. In the Democratic primary, he was defeated 40%-37%, a margin of just 9,993 votes, by State Senator Jim McGreevey. Andrews was reportedly considering a primary challenge in 2005, before McGreevey's resignation. While Andrews had been frequently mentioned as a possible replacement for Jon Corzine's United States Senate seat after Corzine's November 2005 gubernatorial victory, Bob Menendez was eventually chosen by Corzine to fill the vacancy. Andrews had informally announced his plan to run in the 2006 Democratic primary Document [63] (Title: 2013 New Jersey gubernatorial election) won the Senate election handily. Araujo, Bergmanson, Boss, and Webster had their nominating petitions challenged by the New Jersey Democratic State Committee; only Webster's petitions were found to be valid therefore allowing his name to remain on the primary ballot with Buono. Araujo and Boss subsequently filed new petitions to run in the general election as independents. 2013 New Jersey gubernatorial election The New Jersey gubernatorial election of 2013 took place on November 5, 2013, to elect the Governor of New Jersey. Incumbent Republican Governor Chris Christie ran for re-election to a second term in office. He faced Democratic nominee Document [64] (Title: Christine Todd Whitman) a resident of Tewksbury Township, New Jersey. Christine Todd Whitman Christine Todd Whitman (born September 26, 1946) is an American Republican politician and author who served as the 50th Governor of New Jersey, from 1994 to 2001, and was the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency in the administration of President George W. Bush from 2001 to 2003. She was New Jersey's first and, to date, only female governor. She was the second woman and first Republican woman to defeat an incumbent governor in a general election in the United States. She was also the first Republican woman to be Document [65] (Title: Government of New Jersey) few years following the resignations of Governor Christine Todd Whitman in 2001 and Governor James E. McGreevey in 2004, popular sentiment and political pressure from the state's residents and news media outlets sought a permanent and tenable solution to the issue of succession when the governor's office became vacant. A 2005 referendum to amend the constitution provided for the position of lieutenant governor to be created, to change the order of succession, and that the post would be filled in next gubernatorial election (2009). Republican Kim Guadagno is the first to serve in the post in its modern form. Guadagno, Document [66] (Title: Tom Wilson (New Jersey)) communications director for Donald DiFrancesco, then president of the New Jersey Senate and acting governor. He also served under Richard Codey when he briefly took over as acting governor in January 2002. In November 2004 Wilson was elected chairman of the New Jersey Republican State Committee, in the lead-up to the 2005 gubernatorial primary battle between Doug Forrester, Bret Schundler, and five other candidates. Forrester won the primary but lost in the general election to Jon Corzine. During the Corzine administration, Wilson was especially critical of the governor's relationship with Carla Katz, president of Local 1034 of the Communications Workers Document [67] (Title: Richard Codey) 8, when Senator Codey was reelected to the Senate Presidency for the next legislative session. On April 12, 2007, Codey became Acting Governor of New Jersey when Corzine was incapacitated due to serious injuries suffered in a car accident that day. Codey became acting governor since New Jersey did not have the position of lieutenant governor until after the 2009 election. Corzine resumed his duties as governor on May 7, 2007. The Obama administration approached Codey in 2009 to consider running for governor in Corzine's place if the incumbent withdrew from his reelection bid, citing polls showing that Codey led Document [68] (Title: New Jersey) for a short time, and from 2004 to 2006 Codey became a long-term acting governor due to Jim McGreevey's resignation. A 2005 amendment to the state Constitution prevents the Senate President from becoming acting governor in the event of a permanent gubernatorial vacancy without giving up her or his seat in the state Senate. Phil Murphy (D) is the Governor. The governor's mansion is Drumthwacket, located in Princeton. Before 2010, New Jersey was one of the few states without a lieutenant governor. Republican Kim Guadagno was elected the first Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey and took office on January 19, Document [69] (Title: Steve Lonegan) Second, that the debt was technically not backed by the full faith and credit of New Jersey, and future lawmakers could refuse to honor that contract at any time. Lonegan ran for the Republican nomination for governor in the state's 2005 election and finished fourth, in a field of 7 with 8.08% of the vote after the nominee, businessman Doug Forrester, former Jersey City Mayor Bret Schundler and Morris County Freeholder John Murphy and defeated Assembly Majority Leader Paul DeGaetano, Former Freedholder Todd Caliguire and Assemblyman Robert Schroeder. On December 1, 2008, Lonegan announced that he would run for the Document [70] (Title: David Ogden Watkins) David Ogden Watkins David Ogden Watkins (June 8, 1862June 20, 1938) was the acting Governor of New Jersey from 1898 to 1899. Watkins was born in Woodbury, New Jersey. He studied law and was admitted to practice in New Jersey in 1893. Watkins' first political foray was as Mayor of Woodbury, New Jersey from 1886 to 1890, later serving on the Woodbury City Council from 1892 to 1898, and as president of the council from 1895 to 1897. He served in the New Jersey General Assembly from 1887 to 1899 as a Republican. On October 18, 1898, Governor Foster MacGowan Document [71] (Title: Elizabeth Randall) switched to Donovan's ticket. Randall was defeated in the primary by Caliguire's running mates. On February 26, 2008, Randall was nominated by Governor of New Jersey Jon Corzine to serve on the New Jersey Board of Public Utilities. Her father, Harry Randall, Jr., served as an Assemblyman from 1962 to 1966 and from 1968 to 1970. Elizabeth Randall Elizabeth Randall is an American Republican Party politician who serves as a Commissioner of the New Jersey Board of Public Utilities and served on the Bergen County Board of Chosen Freeholders from 2003 to 2007. She previously served as county counsel under Document [72] (Title: Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey) during the colonial era by the president of the royal governor's Provincial Council. After several episodes during which the state had multiple "acting governors" in the span of a few years following the resignations of Governor Christine Todd Whitman in 2001 and Governor James E. McGreevey in 2004, popular sentiment and political pressure from the state's residents and news media outlets sought a permanent and tenable solution to the issue of gubernatorial succession. A referendum put before the state's voters authorized the amendment of the state's constitution in 2006. This amendment provided for the state's first lieutenant governor to be Document [73] (Title: 2006 New Jersey state government shutdown) 2006 New Jersey state government shutdown The 2006 New Jersey state government shutdown was the first shutdown in the history of the U.S. state of New Jersey. The shutdown occurred after the New Jersey Legislature and Governor Jon Corzine failed to agree on a state budget by the constitutional deadline. Furthermore, Corzine and the Legislature clashed on the issue of raising the state sales tax to help balance budget. Exercising his constitutional powers as governor, Corzine ordered the shutdown as a means of pressuring the Legislature to pass a budget. The shutdown began at midnight on July 1, 2006, when Document [74] (Title: Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey) such an announcement was moved from July 2 (30 days after the primary election) to July 27 (30 days after the certification of election results). In the week before the deadline, the three candidates nominated for governor and running in the November general election selected their running mates. The incumbent, Democratic nominee Governor Jon Corzine, chose State Senator Loretta Weinberg. His Republican challenger, Chris Christie, a former U.S. Attorney for New Jersey, selected Monmouth County Sheriff Kim Guadagno. Independent candidate Chris Daggett selected Frank J. Esposito, a history professor and former administrator at Kean University. On November 3, 2009, Christie Document [75] (Title: 2005 New Jersey gubernatorial election) state, this was the first gubernatorial election since 1977 where a Democratic candidate would be elected for consecutive terms, with that same year to this day being the most recent one where the same Democrat would be elected governor twice in a row. The 2005 general election also saw a public referendum question on the ballot for the voters to decide whether to create a position of lieutenant governor, alter the state's order of succession, and whether the state's first lieutenant governor would be chosen in the subsequent gubernatorial election held in 2009. The question passed by a tally of Document [76] (Title: Jim McGreevey) Jim McGreevey James Edward McGreevey (born August 6, 1957) is an American politician and member of the Democratic Party, who served as the 52nd Governor of New Jersey from 2002 until his resignation in 2004. He served in the New Jersey General Assembly from 1990 to 1992, as the Mayor of Woodbridge Township from 1991 to 2002 and in the New Jersey Senate from 1994 to 1998. He was the Democratic nominee for Governor of New Jersey in 1997 but was narrowly defeated by Republican incumbent Christine Todd Whitman. He ran again in 2001 and was elected by a large Document [77] (Title: New Jersey in the 21st century) the Rutgers University women's basketball team nappy-headed hos, leading to his firing by two communications networks. Imus met with the team at Drumthwacket to apologize, and Governor Corzine attempted to arrive at that meeting from Atlantic City, reaching speeds of at least 91 mph (146 km/h), without wearing a seatbelt. His chauffeur, a New Jersey State Police officer, lost control of the vehicle, seriously injuring the Governor and leading to a new period of acting governorship by Richard Codey while Corzine recuperated. Chris Christie became governor in 2010 and promoted a number of budget cuts. At around the same time, Document [78] (Title: 2013 United States gubernatorial elections) Jersey governor in a recent Fairleigh Dickinson poll. State Senator and former State Senate Democratic Leader Barbara Buono was the Democratic nominee. The Libertarian nominee was Ken Kaplan, who also ran for U.S. Senator in 2012. Chris Christie cruised to victory on November 5, 2013 when he won in a landslide victory against his adversary, Barbara Buono. Christie won 60.4% of the vote compared to 38.1% of the vote Buono earned. Exit polls also showed that Christie appealed to ethnic minorities, an increasing priority for Republicans. 2013 United States gubernatorial elections United States gubernatorial elections were held on November 5, Document [79] (Title: 2006 New Jersey state government shutdown) Assembly, which was dominated by Democrats, refused to pass a budget before the deadline. After the legislature failed to pass a budget by midnight July 1 when the old budget ended, the governor signed executive order number 17 that immediately stopped numerous non-essential government functions, with more to come after the Independence Day holiday on July 4, 2006. State functions that ceased immediately included the New Jersey Lottery (the interstate Mega Millions game continued although players temporarily could not buy tickets in New Jersey), the New Jersey Motor Vehicle Commission, MVC offices and inspection stations, the New Jersey Department of Document [80] (Title: 2009 New Jersey gubernatorial election) became a three-way race on July 7, when independent candidate Christopher Daggett, a former regional administrator for the Environmental Protection Agency and Deputy Chief of Staff to former governor Tom Kean, announced that he had raised enough money to qualify for public funds and to qualify for participation in the debates. During the campaign, many pundits suggested that Daggett could act as a "spoiler," helping Corzine win a second term by splitting his opposition. Both Democratic and Republican leaders took Daggett's campaign seriously. Only a day before the election, the New Jersey Democratic State Committee admitted to funding political robocalls Document [81] (Title: Bob Menendez) recommit Iran not to pursue a nuclear bomb, a promise they have already violated in the past." In January 2006, Menendez was appointed by Governor Jon Corzine to fill the remaining year in the Senate seat from which Corzine resigned upon being elected the previous month as Governor of New Jersey. While several other names had been mentioned, Menendez was the early favorite among pundits for Governor-elect Corzine's replacement to fill the vacancy that would be created when Corzine resigned from the Senate. Corzine's decision to appoint Menendez got the support of several Latino groups, including the National Association of Document [82] (Title: John M. Summerill Jr.) John M. Summerill Jr. John M. Summerill Jr. (August 3, 1898 – August 24, 1969) is an American Republican Party politician who served as President of the New Jersey State Senate and as Acting Governor of New Jersey. Summerill was born August 3, 1898, in Penns Grove, New Jersey, the son of Dr. John M. Summerill and Eleanor W. Jacoby Summerill. He attended Wenonah Academy and is a 1922 graduate of Rutgers University, where he was a four-letter man. He was an assistant coach of the Rutgers football team under coach George Sanford. He received his law degree from the Document [83] (Title: 1997 New Jersey gubernatorial election) tunnel, a $215 million project for which a private investor gave $55 million. 1997 New Jersey gubernatorial election The New Jersey gubernatorial election of 1997 was a race for Governor of New Jersey. It was held on November 4, 1997. In the Democratic primary state senator and Woodbridge Township mayor James McGreevey defeated pre-primary front-runner Rep. Rob Andrews by 9,993 votes. Although incumbent Republican Governor Christine Todd Whitman had a comfortable lead in polls in the run up to the vote, on election night she prevailed over McGreevey by a narrow margin of 26,953 votes (1.05%), a similarly narrow margin Document [84] (Title: 2006 United States Senate election in New Jersey) closed on April 10, 2006. The primary election was held June 6, 2006. Menendez became the first Hispanic to hold a U.S. Senate seat from New Jersey, and was the first Latino elected to statewide office in the state. Menendez won the Democratic primary, with 86% of the vote, against James D. Kelly, Jr. Ginty represented the conservative wing of the New Jersey Republican party. Kean is a moderate, who is the son of the former Governor of New Jersey Thomas Kean. Important factors in Kean's primary victory were his father's name recognition, along with Kean's self-described persona as a Document [85] (Title: Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey) speaker of the general assembly, who would vacate their legislative seat upon assuming the governor's office. New Jersey elected its first lieutenant governor in 2009. After the primary election in June 2009, Governor Corzine signed into law A.3902, a bill from the state legislature that sought to clarify a vague passage in the state constitution concerning a gubernatorial candidate's selection of a running mate. Corzine signed the bill into law on June 25, 2009. The constitution provided that a gubernatorial candidate select a running mate within 30 days after the "nomination." The confusion that arose concerned whether the "nomination" was Document [86] (Title: New Jersey Department of the Public Advocate) the Public Advocate Restoration Act in 2005, which was signed into law on July 12, 2005, by Governor Richard Codey. In 2006, Governor Jon Corzine appointed Ronald Chen to serve as the first Public Advocate since the position had been abolished in 1994. The previous Public Advocate was Zulima Farber, who served as state Public Advocate from 1992 to 1994 in the Cabinet of former Governor James Florio. Wilfredo Caraballo served as Public Advocate from 1990 to 1992, resigning in protest of Republican Party efforts in the legislature to reduce his powers. Upon entering office as governor in early 2010, Document [87] (Title: Governor of New Jersey) Governor of New Jersey The Governor of the State of New Jersey is head of the executive branch of New Jersey's state government. The office of governor is an elected position, for which elected officials serve four-year terms. Governors cannot be elected to more than two "consecutive" terms, but there is no limit on the total number of terms they may serve. The official residence for the governor is Drumthwacket, a mansion located in Princeton, New Jersey; the office of the governor is at the New Jersey State House in Trenton. The first Governor of New Jersey was William Livingston, Document [88] (Title: Endorsements in the 2016 Republican Party presidential primaries) his campaign on March 4 and later endorsed Trump on March 11. Chris Christie (born in 1962) has been Governor of New Jersey since 2010. He was raised in New Jersey. He was a lawyer in New Jersey (1987–2002) before entering politics. He was elected Morris County legislator in 1995 and served until 1998. In 2002, he was appointed by George W. Bush to the position of United States Attorney for New Jersey, he held this position until 2008. On February 10, 2016, he suspended his campaign. He later endorsed Trump on the 26th. Background: Ted Cruz (born in 1970) Document [89] (Title: 2006 New Jersey state government shutdown) PublicMind poll, the situation of the election was similar to the 1990 election, when underdog Senate candidate Christie Whitman, a Republican, nearly defeated well-known Senator Bill Bradley due to Democratic Governor Jim Florio's sales- and income-tax increases. By August, Woolley concluded that the tax increase had had no effect on Menendez's re-election chances. 2006 New Jersey state government shutdown The 2006 New Jersey state government shutdown was the first shutdown in the history of the U.S. state of New Jersey. The shutdown occurred after the New Jersey Legislature and Governor Jon Corzine failed to agree on a state budget by Document [90] (Title: Jim McGreevey) McGreevey's decision to delay the effective date of his resignation until after September 3, 2004, avoided a special election in November to replace the governor. Doing so allowed the Democratic Party to retain control of the governorship for the rest (until January 2006) of the 4-year term. It avoided the prospect of a special election in tandem with the presidential election, which could have resulted in a Republican victory and helped George W. Bush capture New Jersey's electoral votes. Bush did not win New Jersey's electoral votes in the 2004 presidential election, but captured 46% of the statewide vote, compared Document [91] (Title: Jim McGreevey) At the time of McGreevey's resignation, the New Jersey State Constitution stipulated that the Senate president retains that position while serving as acting governor. Intense public attention and political pressure directed to the issue of gubernatorial succession in the wake of McGreevey's resignation resulted in a 2006 amendment to the state constitution that created the post of Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey. In September 2006, McGreevey published a memoir, written with assistance from ghostwriter David France. The memoir was titled "The Confession". McGreevey appeared on "The Oprah Winfrey Show" on September 19, 2006, to discuss and promote the book. It Document [92] (Title: Richard Codey) gubernatorial election. After taking over in 2004 Codey became popular with many New Jersey residents and reportedly considered a run for a full four-year term. However, U.S. Senator Jon Corzine's large number of endorsements as well as his large campaign war chest, funded primarily by his great personal wealth, convinced Codey to announce officially on January 31, 2005 that he would step aside. Codey served as governor until Corzine was sworn in on January 17, 2006 following Corzine's victory in the November 8, 2005 elections. Some had speculated that Codey could be a possible candidate for Corzine's vacant seat in Document [93] (Title: History of New Jersey) served as Acting Governor (then Governor) in McGreevey's place. Jon Corzine was elected Governor of New Jersey on November 8, 2005, and took office on January 17, 2006. On Election Day, November 8, 2005, the voters passed an amendment to the state constitution creating the position of Lieutenant Governor, effective with the 2009 elections. This position was first filled by the election of Kim Guadagno who assumed office in 2009. History of New Jersey The story of the area of present-day New Jersey begins at the end of the Younger Dryas, about 15,000 years ago. Native Americans moved into New Document [94] (Title: Governorship of Phil Murphy) Governorship of Phil Murphy Phil Murphy became the 56th Governor of New Jersey in 2018. Murphy, a Democrat, was elected on November 7, 2017, in the New Jersey gubernatorial election. His election made New Jersey seventh state in the US where control of the legislative and executive branches fell to Democrats. His transition team comprised over 500 persons who produced 14 reports with recommendations. He was sworn in at the Trenton War Memorial on January 16, 2018, for a term of four years. An inaugural ball was held at MetLife Stadium in the Meadowlands. As of 2018, there were 24 Document [95] (Title: 2006 United States Senate elections) his formidable speaking abilities and kinship with a former U.S. President. On the other hand, Ensign was also considered to be an effective speaker and as of the first quarter of 2006, held an approximately 5-1 advantage over Carter in cash-on-hand. Ensign won a majority of the votes in every county in the state, with his lowest percentage at 53%. Incumbent Democrat Bob Menendez was re-elected. The seat was previously held by Democratic Governor of New Jersey Jon Corzine. After Corzine resigned and was sworn in Governor, Corzine appointed Congressman Menendez on January 18, 2006. Menendez was challenged by Republican Document [96] (Title: John Farmer Jr.) John Farmer Jr. John J. Farmer Jr. (born June 24, 1957) is an American author, lawyer, politician and jurist. He is Special Counsel to the President of Rutgers University, and was formerly Dean of Rutgers School of Law–Newark. He served as Acting Governor of New Jersey for 90 minutes on January 8, 2002, by virtue of his status as New Jersey Attorney General. Farmer was born in Jersey City, New Jersey, in 1957. He attended Georgetown University receiving a B.A. degree in 1979 and a J.D. degree in 1986. After law school he worked as a clerk for New Jersey Document [97] (Title: Stephen M. Sweeney) hurricane had distracted voters from New Jersey's slow economic recovery, an issue that many political observers believed was a potential point of weakness for Christie. He was heavily criticized for his remark, and a spokesman for Christie called it "politics at its worst". Before New Jersey's 2010 creation of the Lieutenant Governor position, Sweeney often served as New Jersey's Acting Governor by virtue of his position as Senate President. As a presiding officer, Sweeney also receives protection from the New Jersey State Police's Executive Protection Unit. During Chris Christie's tenure as Governor, Sweeney was the lead advocate of legislation to Document [98] (Title: William T. Cahill) Jersey's first Republican governor in 16 years. As of the 2017 election, his total vote tally of 1,411,905 is the highest ever received by a candidate for governor in New Jersey history. Cahill served as governor from January 20, 1970 to January 15, 1974, and assumed office with a Republican-controlled legislature to support him. Among his accomplishments as governor were new automobile emission standards, an increase in the sales tax from 3 to 5 percent, the introduction of the state lottery, and the passage of no-fault auto insurance. He also played a role in bringing the New York Giants from Document [99] (Title: Governorship of Chris Christie) Governorship of Chris Christie Chris Christie took office as the 55th Governor of New Jersey on January 19, 2010, and began his second term on January 21, 2014, and left office on January 16, 2018. Governor Christie declared a "state of emergency" and laid out plans for more than US$1 billion in cuts to the state budget in an address to the New Jersey State Assembly on February 10, 2010. The budget included a carefully crafted plan requiring school districts to spend their surpluses in order to allow the state to withhold US$400 million in aid funding while retaining federal Document [100] (Title: Governorship of Phil Murphy) Murphy's wife has taken a prominent enough role to warrant the office. Democratic state Assembly Majority Leader Lou Greenwald suggested that Tammy Murphy should be given an official title to reduce confusion. Governorship of Phil Murphy Phil Murphy became the 56th Governor of New Jersey in 2018. Murphy, a Democrat, was elected on November 7, 2017, in the New Jersey gubernatorial election. His election made New Jersey seventh state in the US where control of the legislative and executive branches fell to Democrats. His transition team comprised over 500 persons who produced 14 reports with recommendations. He was sworn in Document [101] (Title: Elections in New Jersey) percent of the vote in a New Jersey election for three decades until Chris Christie was re-elected in 2013 with 60% of the vote. Christine Todd Whitman was elected governor with 47 percent of the vote in 1993 and with 49 percent in 1997. On November 3, 2009, incumbent Democratic Governor Jon Corzine was unseated by Republican challenger Chris Christie. Christie's margin of victory was 49%-45%. Four years later, Christie was reelected with 60 percent of the vote, becoming the first Republican to clear the 50 percent mark since 1985. As New Jersey is split almost down the middle between Document [102] (Title: Kim Guadagno) her. Out of the New Jersey voters that knew of Guadagno, 4% reported having a "very favorable" or "somewhat favorable" opinion while 3% reported that they had a "very unfavorable" or "somewhat unfavorable" opinion of the prospective Lieutenant Governor. Christie and Guadagno defeated Jon Corzine and Loretta Weinberg on November 3, 2009. Christie announced that as lieutenant governor, Guadagno would also serve as New Jersey's Secretary of State, along with overseeing economic development efforts and the streamlining of government regulations. She was sworn in on January 19, 2010 as the first Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey and the 33rd Secretary Document [103] (Title: John O. Bennett) John O. Bennett John O. Bennett III (born August 6, 1948) is a former New Jersey Republican politician who served as State Senator, President of the State Senate. Bennett served as Acting Governor of New Jersey for four days in January 2002. Bennett attended Dickinson College from 1966 to 1968, graduated from West Virginia University with a B.A. in 1970, and earned a J.D. from Seton Hall University School of Law in 1974. Bennett served as Acting Governor for three and a half days in January 2002. Following Governor Christine Todd Whitman's resignation the previous year to become head of Document [104] (Title: Chris Christie) chose Kimberly Guadagno, Monmouth County sheriff, to complete his campaign ticket as a candidate for lieutenant governor. On November 3, Christie defeated Jon Corzine by a margin of 49% to 45%, with 6% of the vote going to independent candidate Chris Daggett. Christie took office as Governor of New Jersey on January 19, 2010. He chose not to move his family into Drumthwacket, the governor's official mansion, and instead resides in a private Mendham Township, New Jersey, residence. Christie has promised not to raise taxes. He has also vowed to lower the state income and business taxes, with the qualification Document [105] (Title: New Jersey) U.S. House of Representatives, and both U.S. Senate seats. Although the Democratic Party is very successful statewide, the state had a Republican governor from 1994 to 2002, as Christine Todd Whitman won twice with 47% and 49% of the votes, and in the 2009 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie defeated incumbent Democrat Jon Corzine with 48%. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Christie won reelection with over 60% of the votes. Because each candidate for lieutenant governor runs on the same ticket as the party's candidate for governor, the current Governor and Lieutenant Governor are members of the Democratic Party. The Document [106] (Title: 2009 New Jersey elections) in 2001. In August 2009, Bush political strategist Karl Rove revealed that he had held conversations with Christie about a potential gubernatorial run during Christie's time as U.S. Attorney. U.S. Attorneys are prohibited from engaging in partisan political activities by the Hatch Act of 1939. Corzine quickly incorporated this into his advertisements targeting Christie. On November 8, 2005, voters passed an Constitutional amendment to the New Jersey State Constitution which created the office of Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey, the first of whom is to be elected in the 2009 general election and to take office in January 2010. Until Document [107] (Title: 2006 United States Senate election in New Jersey) only 43%, with 48% of the state disapproving. Since Menendez had been appointed by Corzine, some pundits argued that this would be a resonating factor with a number of voters. According to a separate September 2006 poll, SurveyUSA found that the state of New Jersey had a rather high disapproval rating for Republican President George W. Bush, with 64% disapproving and only 32% approving. This led some to argue that voters would take their discontent with Bush out on Kean in the November election. Indeed, some pollsters demonstrated that concerns over the Iraq War and discontent with President Bush solidified Document [108] (Title: 1993 New Jersey gubernatorial election) the election. 1993 New Jersey gubernatorial election The New Jersey gubernatorial election of 1993 was a race for Governor of New Jersey held on November 2, 1993. Incumbent Democratic governor James Florio was narrowly defeated by Republican Christine Todd Whitman following backlash from voters regarding tax increases that had occurred during Florio's tenure. Primary elections for the Democratic and Republican parties were held on Tuesday June 8, 1993. Florio was unopposed in the June primary election. Former Howell Township postal worker, John Budzash, originally filed to run against Florio in the primary. Budzash, who switched his party registration from Republican Document [109] (Title: Jim McGreevey) he had "engaged in an adult consensual affair with another man" (whom his aides immediately named as Cipel), and that he would resign effective November 15, 2004. New Jersey political circles had speculated about McGreevey's sexual orientation and questions about his relationship with Cipel had been alluded to in the media. McGreevey's announcement made him the first openly gay state governor in United States history. "The Star-Ledger" won the 2005 Pulitzer Prize for Breaking News Reporting for its "coverage of the resignation of New Jersey's governor after he announced he was gay and confessed to adultery with a male lover." Document [110] (Title: Christine Todd Whitman) Christine Todd Whitman Christine Todd Whitman (born September 26, 1946) is an American Republican politician and author who served as the 50th Governor of New Jersey, from 1994 to 2001, and was the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency in the administration of President George W. Bush from 2001 to 2003. She was New Jersey's first and, to date, only female governor. She was the second woman and first Republican woman to defeat an incumbent governor in a general election in the United States. She was also the first Republican woman to be reelected governor. Whitman was born Christine Temple Document [111] (Title: Kris Kolluri) Windsor Township with his wife and two daughters. On December 28, 2006, Kolluri served as acting Governor, while New Jersey Governor Jon Corzine, the Senate president, Assembly speaker, and attorney general were all out of state. Under state law, an acting governor has to be appointed whenever the governor is absent from the state. Kris Kolluri Kris Kolluri (born c. 1969) serves as head of the New Jersey Schools Development Authority, having taken office as of December 1, 2008, where he succeeded Scott Weiner. He had previously served as Commissioner of the New Jersey Department of Transportation (NJDOT), having been Document [112] (Title: 2012 United States Senate election in New Jersey) senator Jon Corzine appointed him to the seat after having resigned to become governor of New Jersey, following his election in November 2005. In November 2006, after a tough and painful election, Menendez defeated Republican state senator Thomas Kean, Jr. with 53.3% of the vote. Three debates were scheduled. The first debate took place on October 4, 2012 at Montclair State University. Menendez and Kyrillos participated. The second took place on October 10 at NJ 101.5 studios, Trenton NJ The third was to take place on October 17 at Mercer County Community College 2012 United States Senate election in New Document [113] (Title: Governorship of Chris Christie) over New Jersey's state budget for the 2012 fiscal year starting July 1, 2011, began in February 2011. Governor Christie vetoed 14 bills on February 21, 2011, which were intended to promote economic growth and job creation and were passed by the New Jersey State Assembly earlier in the month. Christie justified his vetoes by stating that the bills failed to pay for themselves, while Assembly Democrats replied that the bills would not have cost money immediately, and that their funding could have been addressed at a later date. Christie followed up by announcing that his own budget would be Document [114] (Title: The Save Jersey Blog) spent a considerable amount of time attacking former New Jersey Governor Jon Corzine (D). Numerous posts and videos were devoted to lampooning the former Democratic governor. During its first full year of operation, Save Jersey covered and commented on the heated N.J. GOP gubernatorial primary contest between rival candidates Chris Christie and Steve Lonegan. Save Jersey, and Matt Rooney specifically, emerged as early, vocal supporters of Christie's candidacy, a fact which enraged some conservatives who view Christie as a "Republican In Name Only" or a RINO. In April 2009, Chris Cillizza of the Washington Post's "The Fix" named Save Jersey Document [115] (Title: Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey) at Rutgers University in New Brunswick. Driscoll's proposal was not approved. In 1986, Governor Thomas Kean proposed the creation of the office in a move seen at the time as a political maneuver "apparently to preclude the possibility of a Democratic successor" as Kean was being considered as a viable presidential or senatorial candidate in the 1988 election and the senate president was a Democrat. Kean's proposal was not successful. New Jersey had two recent periods during which several politicians assumed the governorship within the span of a few years. In 2001, Governor Christine Todd Whitman resigned with one year Document [116] (Title: Douglas Forrester) Douglas Forrester Douglas "Doug" Forrester (born January 24, 1953 in Glendale, California) is an American businessman from New Jersey. He was the 2002 Republican nominee for New Jersey U.S. Senator and the 2005 Republican nominee for Governor of New Jersey. Forrester was defeated by his two Democratic opponents, Frank Lautenberg and then-U.S. Senator Jon Corzine, respectively. Forrester currently serves as the president of Integrity Health, a health benefits management firm. Forrester is the youngest of five children. His father never graduated from high school, but worked his way through the ranks at Lockheed Martin, while his mother died when he Document [117] (Title: Carlos Rendo) 2016. Rendo was the Republican candidate for Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey in the 2017 gubernatorial election as the running mate of candidate for Governor of New Jersey, Kim Guadagno, the incumbent lieutenant governor. If elected, Rendo would have been the first Latino and the first male to hold the position, which has been held by Guadagno since it was created effective with the 2009 gubernatorial election. Carlos Rendo Carlos Rendo (born 1964) is an American attorney and Republican Party politician from New Jersey. He is the mayor of Woodcliff Lake and was the nominee for Lieutenant Governor of New Document [118] (Title: 1985 New Jersey gubernatorial election) 1985 New Jersey gubernatorial election The New Jersey gubernatorial election of 1985 was a race for Governor of New Jersey held on November 5, 1985. Incumbent Republican Governor Thomas Kean sought reelection for a second term following his 1797-vote win in the 1981 election. Kean's 40-point landslide victory against the Democratic candidate, Essex County Executive Peter Shapiro, is the largest plurality in terms of percentage and raw votes in all modern New Jersey gubernatorial elections. Kean won 564 out of 567 municipalities (losing only Audubon Park, Chesilhurst, and Roosevelt) and his coattails led the Republicans to win the General Assembly Document [119] (Title: Richard Codey) The latter two then divided the last week of the term between them, with Codey serving for three days, from January 12, 2002, to January 15, 2002, leading to a situation in which the state had five different people serving as governor during a period of eight days. Codey became acting governor again with the resignation of Jim McGreevey on November 15, 2004. According to the New Jersey State Constitution at the time, in the event of a vacancy in the governor's office, the President of the State Senate takes on the additional position of acting governor until the next Document [120] (Title: Albio Sires) and became a registered independent. Sires rejoined the Democratic Party in 1998. Just three years later, he became Speaker. During his tenure as speaker, Sires served as Acting Governor of New Jersey on several occasions, when former Gov. Jim McGreevey and former Gov. Richard Codey left the state. He was the first Hispanic person to serve as an Acting Governor of New Jersey. As Acting Governor, Sires signed several bills into law and performed routine duties of the office. For the 2006–2008 legislative session, Sires was given the largely honorary title of Speaker Emeritus. Sires is a former Chairman of Document [121] (Title: 2006 United States Senate election in New Jersey) favors oil exploration in Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR), something that Kean and Menendez both opposed. Kean won by a 3-1 margin. The biggest factors in the New Jersey Senate race may have had little to do with the candidates involved and more to do with Governor of New Jersey Jon Corzine and President George W. Bush. In mid-summer, Jon Corzine and the Democratic-controlled state legislature held a brief shutdown of state government, which ultimately resulted in a sales tax increase, among other things. In a September 2006 poll, SurveyUSA found that Governor Jon Corzine received an approval rate of Document [122] (Title: Marion West Higgins) Speaker. When Governor Richard J. Hughes was out of the state in January 1965, Higgins became Acting Governor. Normally, New Jersey Senate President Charles W. Sandman, Jr. would have taken the post, as he stood first in the line of succession to the governorship. However, Sandman absented himself from the state so that Higgins would be accorded the honor of serving as the first woman to lead the state. Higgins ran for State Senate in 1965 on the Republican Party's Bergen County slate, but all four Republican candidates went down to defeat in the general election, as Democrats took control Document [123] (Title: 2017 New Jersey gubernatorial election) 2017 New Jersey gubernatorial election The New Jersey gubernatorial election of 2017 was held on November 7, 2017. There were seven candidates. Candidates for Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey run on the same ticket and thus are elected at the same time. Incumbent Republican Governor Chris Christie, who was re-elected to a second term in 2013, was term-limited and could not run for a third consecutive term. Primary elections took place on June 6, 2017. Kim Guadagno, Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey, won the Republican primary. Woodcliff Lake Mayor Carlos Rendo was her running mate. Phil Murphy, banker and former Document [124] (Title: Jeff Boss) New Jersey. He finished third, with 8.3% of the vote, in the primary which was won by Jon Corzine, who received 77.2% of the vote. In the 2012 election, Boss received 1,024 votes for President of the United States. He ran for the Democratic nomination for Governor of New Jersey in 2013, but was removed from the ballot after the New Jersey Democratic State Committee challenged the nominating petitions of all independent candidates seeking the Democratic nomination. He subsequently filed new petitions to run for governor in the general election and appeared on the ballot as the "NSA Did 911" Document [125] (Title: 2013 New Jersey gubernatorial election) 2013 New Jersey gubernatorial election The New Jersey gubernatorial election of 2013 took place on November 5, 2013, to elect the Governor of New Jersey. Incumbent Republican Governor Chris Christie ran for re-election to a second term in office. He faced Democratic nominee Barbara Buono and six others in the general election. He was re-elected by a wide margin, tallying over 60 percent of the vote Less than 40% of registered voters cast ballots, the lowest ever for a gubernatorial election. Christie became the first Republican gubernatorial candidate to win more than 50 percent of the vote since Tom Kean, Document [126] (Title: Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey) elected in the state's 2009 gubernatorial election. Republican Kim Guadagno was the first to serve in the post in its modern form. Guadagno, previously the sheriff in Monmouth County, was chosen by Governor Chris Christie to be his running mate on the Republican party ticket in the 2009 election. In 2017, Democratic New Jersey Assemblywoman and former Speaker of the Assembly Sheila Oliver was elected lieutenant governor as the running mate of Phil Murphy, and was sworn in as the second lieutenant governor on January 16, 2018. During the proprietary period (1664–1702), New Jersey was divided into two separate colonies, Document [127] (Title: Chris Christie) they're just weary of the taxes." Under Christie's governorship, New Jersey's credit rating has been downgraded nine times (across Standard & Poor, Fitch Ratings, and Moody's Investors Service), leaving only Illinois with a lower rating among US states. As Governor of New Jersey, Christie has received grades of B in 2012 and B in 2014 from the Cato Institute, a libertarian think tank, in their biennial Fiscal Policy Report Card on America's governors. On September 18, 2013, Christie signed legislation to overhaul the state's business tax incentive programs. The legislation reduces the number of tax incentive programs from five to Document [128] (Title: Jim McGreevey) second try (on November 6, 2001), McGreevey inherited a US$5 billion budget deficit. During his term, McGreevey raised the tax on cigarettes and increased the state income tax for the wealthy. Raised as a Roman Catholic but maintaining a pro-choice stance on abortion, he stated as governor that he would not receive Communion at public church services. Among McGreevey's accomplishments were implementing a stem cell research plan for New Jersey, heavily lobbying for the state's first domestic partnership law for same-sex couples and signing such a law in early 2004. McGreevey's term was controversial, with questions about the credentials of Document [129] (Title: Chuck Hardwick) tenure as governor, pointing out some of their similarities; part of his stump speech was to ask: "How can a Republican Assembly Speaker with a gap-toothed smile, who isn't a lawyer, expect to be Governor?" But without mentioning the Governor, he attacked Kean's proposals for property tax reform and to create a coastal commission to control growth on the Jersey shore; he was highly critical of Kean's decision to renominate New Jersey Supreme Court Chief Justice Robert Wilentz, a liberal. Hardwick also picked a public fight with New York Governor Mario Cuomo, attacking New York's income tax on New Jerseyans Document [130] (Title: Donald DiFrancesco) over whether DiFrancesco would be invited to the tenth anniversary of the September 11th attacks ceremony in Lower Manhattan, since DiFrancesco was governor during the attacks. Donald DiFrancesco Donald Thomas DiFrancesco (born November 20, 1944) was the 51st Governor of New Jersey from 2001 to 2002 by virtue of his status as President of the New Jersey Senate, the upper house of the New Jersey Legislature. Born in Scotch Plains, New Jersey, DiFrancesco attended Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School, where he was senior class president. He graduated in 1966 with a Bachelor's Degree from Penn State University in business, and was Document [131] (Title: 2009 New Jersey gubernatorial election) on the ballot selected their running mates by the July 27, 2009 deadline. Christie, as the Republican nominee for governor, selected Monmouth Beach's Kim Guadagno, the sheriff of Monmouth County, as his running mate. Others mentioned for the post had included New Jersey Senators Diane Allen and Jennifer Beck, as well as Bergen County Clerk Kathleen Donovan. Corzine, as the Democratic nominee, selected Teaneck's Loretta Weinberg, a New Jersey Senator and former New Jersey General Assemblywoman, as his running mate. Other mentioned for the post had included Newark Mayor Cory Booker, New Jersey Senators Nia Gill and Barbara Buono, New Document [132] (Title: Jon Corzine) Jon Corzine Jon Stevens Corzine (born January 1, 1947) is an American financial executive and retired politician who served as a United States Senator from New Jersey from 2001 to 2006 and the 54th Governor of New Jersey from 2006 to 2010. A member of the Democratic Party, he previously worked at Goldman Sachs; after leaving politics, he was CEO of MF Global from 2010 to 2011. Corzine was born in Central Illinois, the son of Nancy June (née Hedrick) and Roy Allen Corzine, Jr. His grandfather Roy A. Corzine, Sr. served in the Illinois General Assembly. He is of Document [133] (Title: Richard McGlynn) father, William E. McGlynn, was a two-term Councilman in Kearny, New Jersey and an unsuccessful candidate for Congress against Peter Rodino in 1954. Source: Richard McGlynn Richard McGlynn is an American Republican Party politician who sought the Republican nomination for Governor of New Jersey in 1981. A former Superior Court Judge and Commissioner of the New Jersey Board of Public Utilities, he won just 1% of the vote as a candidate for Governor, finishing last in a field of 8 candidates. He now serves as Counsel at United Water Resources. He is a graduate of Princeton University and Rutgers University Document [134] (Title: 1993 New Jersey gubernatorial election) 1993 New Jersey gubernatorial election The New Jersey gubernatorial election of 1993 was a race for Governor of New Jersey held on November 2, 1993. Incumbent Democratic governor James Florio was narrowly defeated by Republican Christine Todd Whitman following backlash from voters regarding tax increases that had occurred during Florio's tenure. Primary elections for the Democratic and Republican parties were held on Tuesday June 8, 1993. Florio was unopposed in the June primary election. Former Howell Township postal worker, John Budzash, originally filed to run against Florio in the primary. Budzash, who switched his party registration from Republican to Democratic Document [135] (Title: 2009 New Jersey elections) 27, 2009 deadline. Chris Christie, the Republican nominee for governor, selected Monmouth Beach's Kim Guadagno, the sheriff of Monmouth County, as his running mate. Others mentioned for the post had included New Jersey Senators Diane Allen and Jennifer Beck, as well as Bergen County Clerk Kathleen Donovan. Incumbent Governor Jon Corzine, the Democratic nominee, selected Teaneck's Loretta Weinberg, a New Jersey Senator and former New Jersey General Assemblywoman, as his running mate. Other mentioned for the post had included New Jersey Senator Barbara Buono, New Jersey General Assemblywoman Bonnie Watson Coleman, and wealthy businessman Randal Pinkett. Chris Daggett, an independent Document [136] (Title: Governorship of Chris Christie) for the next open enrollment. Governor Christie was not in New Jersey during the December 2010 North American blizzard. Acting Governor and Senate President Stephen M. Sweeney, took charge during this historic blizzard while the Governor and Lt. Governor were on vacation. Governor Christie played a very vocal role in responding to the August 2011 landfall in New Jersey of Hurricane Irene. Prior to the storm's arrival he ordered massive evacuations of coastal areas of the state. At one press conference he directly told people who had not heeded evacuation orders to "get the hell off the beach". Christie played Document [137] (Title: John J. Murphy) served five years on the Morris Township governing body from 1994 to 1998. He was Mayor of Morris Township in both 1996 and 1997. In January 2005, Murphy announced his candidacy for the Republican nomination for the 2005 race for Governor of New Jersey, with plans to advocate for an elected attorney general and an elected auditor general. He planned to decrease waste and fraud in state government. Murphy's campaign touched on bringing three basic ideas back to state government—accountability, accessibility, and honesty. Murphy finished third in balloting for the Republican nomination, with 14% of the vote, behind Doug Forrester Document [138] (Title: Michael DuHaime) for Republican Chris Christie, who was elected Governor of New Jersey in 2009. Christie defeated incumbent Governor Jon S. Corzine by nearly 100,000 votes. Christie named DuHaime as one of ten members of his transition team. DuHaime headed the transition panel for the state's independent authorities, which includes the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, and the New Jersey Sports and Exposition Authority. DuHaime was one of ten members of Gov.-elect Chris Christie's Transition Team, and chaired the Authorities Subcommittee, which deal with the state's independent authorities and agencies. DuHaime has been a resident of Westfield, New Jersey. Document [139] (Title: Donald DiFrancesco) Donald DiFrancesco Donald Thomas DiFrancesco (born November 20, 1944) was the 51st Governor of New Jersey from 2001 to 2002 by virtue of his status as President of the New Jersey Senate, the upper house of the New Jersey Legislature. Born in Scotch Plains, New Jersey, DiFrancesco attended Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School, where he was senior class president. He graduated in 1966 with a Bachelor's Degree from Penn State University in business, and was awarded a law degree from Seton Hall University School of Law in 1969. He served as Scotch Plains Municipal Attorney. DiFrancesco was elected to the New Document [140] (Title: Leon Rutherford Taylor) Leon Rutherford Taylor Leon Rutherford Taylor (October 26, 1883 – April 1, 1924) was a New Jersey politician, who was the acting governor of New Jersey from October 28, 1913, to January 20, 1914. Taylor took office upon the resignation of James Fairman Fielder, who had stepped down to create a vacancy in the governorship and avoid constitutional limits on succeeding himself. Taylor was born in Asbury Park, New Jersey on October 26, 1883. He attended Denison University in Ohio, studied law and established himself as a lawyer in New Jersey. Taylor was elected to three terms in the New Document [141] (Title: Ronald Chen) 2010, he served as the New Jersey Public Advocate, having been nominated to fill that position on January 5, 2006, by Governor of New Jersey Jon Corzine. He was the first public advocate since 1994, when the job was abolished by former Governor Christine Todd Whitman following the two-year tenure of Zulima Farber, who was Governor James Florio's Public Advocate. The first New Jersey public advocate—and the first of any state—was Stanley Van Ness, whose office filed an Amicus Brief in the case resulting in a decision which was to become known as the Mt. Laurel Doctrine, which prevents municipalities Document [142] (Title: Jim McGreevey) initially to four other counties. Jim McGreevey James Edward McGreevey (born August 6, 1957) is an American politician and member of the Democratic Party, who served as the 52nd Governor of New Jersey from 2002 until his resignation in 2004. He served in the New Jersey General Assembly from 1990 to 1992, as the Mayor of Woodbridge Township from 1991 to 2002 and in the New Jersey Senate from 1994 to 1998. He was the Democratic nominee for Governor of New Jersey in 1997 but was narrowly defeated by Republican incumbent Christine Todd Whitman. He ran again in 2001 and Document [143] (Title: 2001 New Jersey gubernatorial election) 2001 New Jersey gubernatorial election The New Jersey gubernatorial election of 2001 was a race for the Governor of New Jersey. It was held on November 6, 2001. Primaries took place on June 25. Democrat nominee Jim McGreevey won the general election with 56% of the vote — the first majority-elected governor since James Florio in 1989. His Republican opponent in that race was Bret Schundler. Towards the end of his tenure as mayor, Schundler served as chairman of the Hudson County Republican Committee, and in 2001, Schundler won the Republican gubernatorial nomination, facing former Congressman Bob Franks, a considerably Document [144] (Title: Governor of New Jersey) person security detail from the New Jersey State Police, for up to 6 months after leaving office. On Tuesday, November 8, 2005, the voters passed an amendment to the New Jersey State Constitution that created the position of Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey, effective with the 2009 elections. Before this amendment was passed, the president of the New Jersey Senate would have become governor or acting governor in the event that office of governor became vacant. This dual position was more powerful than that of an elected governor, as the individual would have had a major role in legislative and Question: who was the governor of new jersey in 2006 Answer: Jon Corzine Long Answer: # Portrait Governor Term start Term end Party Lt. Governor Terms William Livingston August 31, 1776 July 25, 1790 Federalist None 13 ⁄ -- Elisha Lawrence July 25, 1790 October 29, 1790 Federalist ⁄ William Paterson October 29, 1790 March 30, 1793 Federalist 2 ⁄ -- Thomas Henderson March 30, 1793 June 3, 1793 Federalist ⁄ Richard Howell June 3, 1793 October 31, 1801 Federalist 8 Joseph Bloomfield October 31, 1801 October 28, 1802 Democratic - Republican -- John Lambert October 28, 1802 October 29, 1803 Democratic - Republican Joseph Bloomfield October 29, 1803 October 29, 1812 Democratic - Republican 9 5 Aaron Ogden October 29, 1812 October 29, 1813 Federalist 6 William Sanford Pennington October 29, 1813 June 19, 1815 Democratic - Republican 1 ⁄ -- William Kennedy June 19, 1815 October 26, 1815 Democratic - Republican ⁄ 7 Mahlon Dickerson October 26, 1815 February 1, 1817 Democratic - Republican 1 ⁄ 8 Isaac Halstead Williamson February 6, 1817 October 30, 1829 Federalist 12 ⁄ -- Garret D. Wall -- -- Democratic -- 9 Peter Dumont Vroom November 6, 1829 October 26, 1832 Democratic 10 Samuel L. Southard October 26, 1832 February 27, 1833 Whig ⁄ 11 Elias P. Seeley February 27, 1833 October 25, 1833 Whig ⁄ 9 Peter Dumont Vroom October 25, 1833 November 3, 1836 Democratic 12 Philemon Dickerson November 3, 1836 October 27, 1837 Democratic 13 William Pennington October 27, 1837 October 27, 1843 Whig 6 14 Daniel Haines October 27, 1843 January 21, 1845 Democratic 15 Charles C. Stratton January 21, 1845 January 18, 1848 Whig 14 Daniel Haines January 18, 1848 January 21, 1851 Democratic 16 George Franklin Fort January 21, 1851 January 17, 1854 Democratic 17 Rodman M. Price January 17, 1854 January 20, 1857 Democratic 18 William A. Newell January 20, 1857 January 17, 1860 Republican 19 Charles Smith Olden January 17, 1860 January 20, 1863 Republican 20 Joel Parker January 20, 1863 January 16, 1866 Democratic 21 Marcus Lawrence Ward January 16, 1866 January 19, 1869 Republican 22 Theodore Fitz Randolph January 19, 1869 January 16, 1872 Democratic 20 Joel Parker January 16, 1872 January 19, 1875 Democratic 23 Joseph D. Bedle January 19, 1875 January 15, 1878 Democratic 24 George B. McClellan January 15, 1878 January 18, 1881 Democratic 25 George C. Ludlow January 18, 1881 January 15, 1884 Democratic 26 Leon Abbett January 15, 1884 January 18, 1887 Democratic 27 Robert Stockton Green January 18, 1887 January 21, 1890 Democratic 26 Leon Abbett January 21, 1890 January 17, 1893 Democratic 28 George Theodore Werts January 17, 1893 January 21, 1896 Democratic 29 John W. Griggs January 21, 1896 January 31, 1898 Republican ⁄ -- Foster McGowan Voorhees January 31, 1898 October 18, 1898 Republican ⁄ -- David Ogden Watkins October 18, 1898 January 17, 1899 Republican ⁄ 30 Foster McGowan Voorhees January 17, 1899 January 21, 1902 Republican 31 Franklin Murphy January 21, 1902 January 17, 1905 Republican 32 Edward C. Stokes January 17, 1905 January 21, 1908 Republican 33 John Franklin Fort January 21, 1908 January 17, 1911 Republican 34 Woodrow Wilson January 17, 1911 March 1, 1913 Democratic ⁄ -- James Fairman Fielder March 1, 1913 October 28, 1913 Democratic ⁄ -- Leon R. Taylor October 28, 1913 January 20, 1914 Democratic ⁄ 35 James Fairman Fielder January 20, 1914 January 16, 1917 Democratic 36 Walter Evans Edge January 16, 1917 May 16, 1919 Republican ⁄ -- William Nelson Runyon May 16, 1919 January 13, 1920 Republican ⁄ -- Clarence E. Case January 13, 1920 January 20, 1920 Republican ⁄ 37 Edward I. Edwards January 20, 1920 January 15, 1923 Democratic 38 George Sebastian Silzer January 15, 1923 January 19, 1926 Democratic 39 A. Harry Moore January 19, 1926 January 15, 1929 Democratic 40 Morgan Foster Larson January 15, 1929 January 19, 1932 Republican 39 A. Harry Moore January 19, 1932 January 3, 1935 Democratic ⁄ -- Clifford Ross Powell January 3, 1935 January 8, 1935 Republican ⁄ -- Horace Griggs Prall January 8, 1935 January 15, 1935 Republican ⁄ 41 Harold G. Hoffman January 15, 1935 January 18, 1938 Republican 39 A. Harry Moore January 18, 1938 January 21, 1941 Democratic 42 Charles Edison January 21, 1941 January 18, 1944 Democratic 36 Walter Evans Edge January 18, 1944 January 21, 1947 Republican 43 Alfred E. Driscoll January 21, 1947 January 19, 1954 Republican 44 Robert B. Meyner January 19, 1954 January 16, 1962 Democratic 45 Richard J. Hughes January 16, 1962 January 20, 1970 Democratic 46 William T. Cahill January 20, 1970 January 15, 1974 Republican 47 Brendan Byrne January 15, 1974 January 19, 1982 Democratic 48 Thomas Kean January 19, 1982 January 16, 1990 Republican 49 James Florio January 16, 1990 January 18, 1994 Democratic 50 Christine Todd Whitman January 18, 1994 January 31, 2001 Republican 1 ⁄ 51 Donald DiFrancesco January 31, 2001 January 8, 2002 Republican ⁄ -- John Farmer Jr . January 8, 2002 January 8, 2002 Republican ⁄ -- John O. Bennett January 8, 2002 January 12, 2002 Republican ⁄ -- Richard Codey January 12, 2002 January 15, 2002 Democratic ⁄ 52 Jim McGreevey January 15, 2002 November 15, 2004 Democratic ⁄ 53 Richard Codey November 15, 2004 January 17, 2006 Democratic ⁄ 54 Jon Corzine January 17, 2006 January 19, 2010 Democratic 55 Chris Christie January 19, 2010 Incumbent Republican Kim Guadagno Gold Document ID: 141

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: 2009 New Jersey gubernatorial election) Lieutenant Governor. The candidates for governor and lieutenant governor were joined together as a single choice, so that voters did not have the opportunity to split the ticket. Kim Guadagno, Christie's running mate, became New Jersey's first lieutenant governor following her inauguration. Although Corzine was unpopular among independents and Republicans, he polled much more highly among registered Democrats. His three opponents were former Glen Ridge mayor Carl Bergmanson, who ran on a platform of fiscal discipline, governmental reform, and removing the tolls on the Garden State Parkway, the New Jersey Turnpike and the Atlantic City Expressway; perennial candidate Jeff Boss; Document [2] (Title: 2006 United States Senate election in New Jersey) 2006 United States Senate election in New Jersey The 2006 United States Senate election in New Jersey was held November 7, 2006. Incumbent Democrat Bob Menendez was elected to represent New Jersey in the United States Senate for a six-year term which ended in January 2013. The seat was previously held by Democratic Governor of New Jersey Jon Corzine. After he stepped down from his Senate seat and was sworn in Governor, Corzine appointed Rep. Menendez, who was sworn in on January 18, 2006. Menendez was challenged by Republican Thomas Kean, Jr. and seven other candidates. Filing for the primary Document [3] (Title: Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey) defeated Corzine by a margin of 48.5% (1,174,445 votes) to 44.9% (1,087,731 votes), with 5.8% (139,579 votes) of the vote going to Daggett. With Christie's election as governor, Kim Guadagno was slated to become the state's first lieutenant governor in its modern form. Christie and Guadagno were installed at inaugural ceremonies held on January 19, 2010. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Guadagno was again chosen as lieutenant governor as Christie's running mate. The Christie-Guadagno ticket defeated Democratic candidates state Senator Barbara Buono (for governor) and labor union leader Milly Silva (for lieutenant governor.) In 2017, after winning the Republican primary Document [4] (Title: 2012 United States Senate elections) a candidate for this seat received over 55% of the vote. Bob Menendez became the first Hispanic-American U.S. senator to represent New Jersey in January 2006 when former U.S. senator Jon Corzine appointed him to the seat after having resigned to become governor of New Jersey, following his election in November 2005. In November 2006, after a tough and painful election, Menendez defeated Republican state senator Thomas Kean, Jr. with 53.3% of the vote. A special election was held October 16, 2013 to fill the Class 2 seat for the remainder of the term ending January 3, 2015. The vacancy Document [5] (Title: Chris Christie) elected county freeholder (legislator) for Morris County, serving from 1995 to 1998. By 2002, he had campaigned for Presidents George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush; the latter appointed him U.S. Attorney for New Jersey, a position he held from 2002 to 2008. Christie won the 2009 Republican primary for Governor of New Jersey, defeating the incumbent Jon Corzine in the general election. During his first term, he was credited with cutting spending, capping property tax growth, and was praised for his response to and recovery efforts after Hurricane Sandy, and was re-elected by a wide margin in 2013. Document [6] (Title: Webster B. Todd) government levels, with Christine Todd Whitman going on to serve as Governor of New Jersey. In 1950, Todd retired from business and devoted much of the remainder of his life to Republican politics in New Jersey. He was the state chairman for Dwight D. Eisenhower's presidential campaign in 1952. Upon Eisenhower's election he was appointed director of the Office of Economic Affairs of the United States mission to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in Paris. He served as chairman of the New Jersey Republican Finance Committee from 1948 to 1953 and from 1973 to 1974. He was chairman of the Document [7] (Title: Governor of New Jersey) executive processes. As a result of the constitutional amendment passed in 2005, Governor Richard Codey, serving from November 2004 to January 2006 as governor, was the final person to wield such power. Kim Guadagno, a former prosecutor, was sworn in as New Jersey's first lieutenant governor on January 19, 2010 under Governor Christie. Succeeding Guadagno, former assemblywoman Sheila Oliver was sworn in on January 16, 2018 under Governor Murphy. The Center on the American Governor, at Rutgers' Eagleton Institute of Politics, was established in 2006 to study the governors of New Jersey and, to a lesser degree, the governors of Document [8] (Title: Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey) seating of the new state legislature and the inauguration of Governor-elect Jim McGreevey, four men held the position of acting governor: After Governor Jim McGreevey resigned in the midst of a sex scandal in 2004, Richard Codey served again as acting governor from November 15, 2004 to January 17, 2006. Codey was the only acting governor during this time, as the 2003 legislative elections had given the Democrats outright control of the state senate. Codey's tenure ended with the inauguration of Governor Jon Corzine on January 17, 2006. Public attention was directed to the issue of succession in the wake Document [9] (Title: 2006 United States Senate election in New Jersey) together, that could be printed in the media. On March 27, 2006, at a news conference billed as a "major announcement", Kean called for state and federal tax cuts, asking Menendez and Governor of New Jersey Jon Corzine to support them. In response, Matthew Miller, a spokesman for Menendez, said the U.S. senator supports "balanced tax cuts," not just ones that benefit the wealthiest Americans while expanding national debt. On April 1, 2006, at the Middlesex County Republican Convention, Kean won the endorsement for the Republican nomination for U.S. Senate (in other words, Kean was chosen as the county organization's Document [10] (Title: Chris Daggett) On April 20, 2009, Daggett announced that he was entering the New Jersey gubernatorial race as an independent candidate. He raised enough money to qualify him for taxpayer matching funds, which would allow him to participate in televised debates with Governor Corzine and Republican candidate Christopher J. Christie. On July 27, 2009, Daggett named Frank J. Esposito of Ocean Township as his ticket's candidate for Lieutenant Governor. Esposito is a history professor at Kean University and once served as interim president there. In the gubernatorial race, Daggett received the endorsement of the New Jersey Sierra Club. It was the first Document [11] (Title: 2009 New Jersey gubernatorial election) 2009 New Jersey gubernatorial election The New Jersey gubernatorial election of 2009 took place on November 3, 2009. Democratic Governor Jon Corzine was running for a second term and was being challenged by Republican Chris Christie, Independent Christopher Daggett and nine others, in addition to several write-in candidates. Christie won the election, with about 48.5 percent of the vote, to 44.9 percent for Corzine and 5.8 percent for Daggett. Christie won the largest margin for a first term Republican since 1969. Christie assumed office on January 19, 2010. This was the first election to fill the newly created office of Document [12] (Title: Governorship of Chris Christie) new ones have emerged, and the state continues to struggle with an unemployment rate that's greater than the national average. Yet, Governor Christe remains in good standing with a broad cross-section of registered voters." In 2013, shortly after having handled Hurricane Sandy, Gov. Christie began the year with strong approval ratings from New Jersey residents. According to a Fairleigh Dickinson University's PublicMind Poll conducted in January, the governor received the "second highest approval rating the poll has measured for Chris Christie." The numbers showed that a sizable majority (73%) of registered voters approved of the way Christie is handling his Document [13] (Title: History of the New Jersey State Constitution) was amended to create the post of Lieutenant Governor, and to alter the order of succession in the event the governor's office was vacated. The resignation of two governors in 2001 and 2004 led to the state being led by several acting governor who simultaneously served as the president of the state senate. The issues regarding the separation of executive and legislative powers, and other concerns created a political controversy where public and media pressure sought a permanent solution to this problem which was inherited from previous state and colonial constitutions and political conventions. New Jersey has been governed under Document [14] (Title: Brendan Byrne) Brendan Byrne Brendan Thomas Byrne (April 1, 1924 – January 4, 2018) was an American politician, statesman, and prosecutor, serving as the 47th Governor of New Jersey from 1974 to 1982. A member of the Democratic Party, Byrne started his career as a private attorney and worked in the New Jersey state government starting in 1955 before resuming his legal career after leaving office in 1982. During his time as Governor, Byrne oversaw the opening of the first gambling casinos in Atlantic City and expanded the oceanside municipality's economic base, establishing the New Jersey Department of the Public Advocate. He Document [15] (Title: Eric Munoz) Panel, where he was first appointed by Governor of New Jersey James Florio in 1990 and reappointed by Governor Christine Todd Whitman in 1995. A longtime resident of Summit, New Jersey, Munoz served on the Summit Common Council from 1996 until 2001. He was a former Republican Municipal Chairman in Summit. He was elected to an unexpired term as Assemblyman in the old 21st Legislative District in 2001 to succeed Kevin J. O'Toole who became a State Senator. He was elected in 2001, and reelected in 2003, 2005 and 2007, to represent the new 21st District consisting of municipalities in Document [16] (Title: Phil Murphy) his candidacy for governor, New Way for New Jersey folded. New Start New Jersey continued, albeit without Murphy on its board. In May 2016, Murphy announced his candidacy for the Democratic nomination in the 2017 New Jersey gubernatorial election. He became the race's first announced candidate. He has said of his rationale, "I am running for governor because New Jersey desperately needs adult leadership that puts our people first." Announcing so early was unusual. Comparisons with unpopular former governor Jon Corzine, another wealthy former Goldman Sachs executive, were a challenge Murphy had to meet. Murphy also began the campaign with Document [17] (Title: Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey) for governor, Guadagno chose Woodcliff Lake Mayor Carlos Rendo as her running mate. Phil Murphy, winner of the Democratic primary for governor, selected Assemblywoman Sheila Oliver for the second spot on his ticket. The Murphy-Oliver democratic team ticket defeated the Guadagno-Rendo republican ticket in November of the same year's general gubernatorial election . As amended on January 17, 2006, New Jersey's state constitution mandates that a person may only be eligible for the position of lieutenant governor if they meet the eligibility qualifications to serve as governor. Article V, Section I, paragraph 2, requires that a candidate for governor (and Document [18] (Title: Brendan Byrne) City. He is the most recent Democrat to be elected governor twice. The other Governors elected to two terms (Thomas Kean, Christie Whitman, and Chris Christie) have all been Republicans. After leaving office in 1982, Governor Byrne became a senior partner at Carella, Byrne, Bain, Gilfillan, Cecchi, Stewart & Olstein in Roseland, New Jersey (now Carella, Byrne, Cecchi, Olstein, Brody and Agnello, P.C.). Additionally, Byrne and his successor as governor, Thomas Kean, co-wrote a weekly column in "The Star-Ledger", containing their "dialogue" on state and national public affairs and politics. He has also taught courses at Princeton University and Rutgers Document [19] (Title: 2006 United States Senate elections) won the primary by a 3-1 margin. The biggest factors in the New Jersey Senate race may have had little to do with the candidates involved and more to do with Governor of New Jersey Jon Corzine and President George W. Bush. In mid-summer, Jon Corzine and the Democratic-controlled state legislature held a brief shutdown of state government, which ultimately resulted in a sales tax increase, among other things. In a September 2006 poll, SurveyUSA found that Corzine received an approval rate of only 43%, with 48% of the state disapproving. Since Menendez had been appointed by Corzine, some pundits Document [20] (Title: Wilda Diaz) was elected mayor in 2008. She and her husband, Greg Diaz, have two children, Greg, Jr. and Samantha. Greg, Jr. is an Enlisted member of the United States Army and currently serving in Afghanistan. On March 14, 2009, the local Republican Club honored Diaz at an event attended by Chris Christie, a former United States Attorney for the District of New Jersey who was actively seeking the Republican Party nomination for governor for the November 2009 general election against incumbent governor Jon Corzine. Diaz cooperated in an investigation being conducted by federal and state law enforcement agencies relating to activities Document [21] (Title: Donald DiFrancesco) elected President George W. Bush. At the time of Whitman's resignation, the New Jersey Constitution stipulated that the Senate president retains that position while also serving as acting governor. This made DiFrancesco, in his own words, the most powerful New Jersey governor ever (and perhaps the most powerful governor ever) because he was the leader of both the State Senate and executive branch simultaneously. This distinction was shared by later acting governors John O. Bennett and Richard Codey. DiFrancesco's title was officially Acting Governor until it was changed retroactively by legislation passed on January 10, 2006. DiFrancesco initially planned to Document [22] (Title: Governorship of Chris Christie) least popular governor in the United States, with a 71% disapproval rating. In June 2017, a Quinnipiac poll of New Jersey voters found that 15% approved of Christie, and 81% disapproved. This was the lowest recorded approval rating of a New Jersey governor in history, and the lowest approval rating found by Quinnipiac for any governor in any state in more than two decades. Christie said that he did not care about approval ratings because he was not running for office. Governorship of Chris Christie Chris Christie took office as the 55th Governor of New Jersey on January 19, 2010, Document [23] (Title: Acting governor) participate) is held. Prior to the establishment of the modern office of lieutenant governor following a constitutional referendum in 2005, a vacancy in the office of governor would lead to the president of the New Jersey Senate to become acting governor while still retaining the title of senate president. Following the resignation of Christine Todd Whitman in 2001 to become EPA Administrator, Donald DiFrancesco assumed the acting governor's post, serving until January 2002. Following DiFrancesco's departure from the senate, John O. Bennett and Richard J. Codey each served as acting governor as well. As control of the New Jersey Senate Document [24] (Title: Richard Codey) Richard Codey Richard James Codey (born November 27, 1946) is an American Democratic Party politician who served as the 53rd Governor of New Jersey from 2004 to 2006. He has served in the New Jersey Senate since 1982 and served as the President of the Senate from 2002 to 2010. He represents the 27th Legislative District, which covers the western portions of Essex County and the southeastern portion of Morris County. Codey is the longest-serving state legislator in New Jersey history, having served in the New Jersey Legislature continuously since January 8, 1974. Codey grew up in his family's funeral Document [25] (Title: Frank J. Esposito) conducted for a permanent president. When Dawood Farahi was chosen, Esposito returned to teaching in the Department of History. He was named interim dean of the College of Education in 2006, serving until 2008. On July 27, 2009, independent gubernatorial candidate Christopher Daggett named Esposito as his running mate. If elected, Esposito would be the first Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey. Since Daggett qualified for matching funds, Esposito was eligible to participate in the televised Lieutenant Governor debate with Republican candidate Kim Guadagno and Democratic candidate Loretta Weinberg, held on October 8, 2009. In regards to the accusation that his Document [26] (Title: Zulima Farber) the first Latina to serve as Acting Governor of New Jersey. This occurred when the Governor, Senate President and Assembly Speaker all left the state for a dinner in Washington, D.C. Under the New Jersey State Constitution, Farber exercised the powers of the Governor until Governor Corzine or one of the legislative leaders returned to the state. On May 26, 2006, Farber's boyfriend, Hamlet Goore, was stopped by police in Fairview, in Bergen County, for driving an unregistered vehicle. The police issued at least one ticket to Goore and were going to impound the vehicle. As this was happening, Goore Document [27] (Title: Richard Codey) will be "Governor of the State of New Jersey" for official and historical purposes. This law was made retroactive to 2001, covering both Codey's service after McGreevey's resignation and the service of Donald DiFrancesco following the resignation of Governor Christine Todd Whitman in 2001. This made DiFrancesco New Jersey's 51st governor and Codey the 53rd. Codey is an advocate of mental health awareness and strongly favors including mental health funding in employee medical benefit packages and Medicare. Both Codey and his wife, Mary Jo, have spoken candidly about her past struggles with postpartum depression. In early 2005, Codey responded in Document [28] (Title: Richard Codey) and Frank Pallone. In 2011, former Gov. Codey also published his autobiography entitled "Me, Governor?", a humorous autobiography in which he discusses various chapters of his life as governor of New Jersey. In a section of his book, he cites a FDU PublicMind poll study that was conducted about three years after he left office. According to the results from the poll on March 4, 2009, he was still the most popular politician in the state of New Jersey with 41% favorable over 15% unfavorable views. Woolley was quoted in the text saying, "If he could sing, he'd be a Document [29] (Title: Governorship of Chris Christie) stimulus eligibility and avoiding the need for the legislature to pass a bill. Due to falling revenues and growing expenses, the Christie administration inherited a US$1.3 billion budget deficit from the US$29 billion 2009 New Jersey budget passed by Jon Corzine's administration. On February 9, 2010, he signed Executive Order No. 12, which placed a 90-day freeze on the Council on Affordable Housing (COAH) and established the Housing Opportunity Task Force to examine the State's affordable housing laws, constitutional obligations, and the effectiveness of the current framework. On February 11, 2010, Christie signed Executive Order No. 14, which declared a Document [30] (Title: New Jersey) Authority operates the RiverLink Ferry between the Camden waterfront and Penn's Landing in Philadelphia. The position of Governor of New Jersey has been considered one of the most powerful in the nation. Until 2010, the governor was the only statewide elected executive official in the state and appointed numerous government officials. Formerly, an acting governor was even more powerful as he simultaneously served as President of the New Jersey State Senate, thus directing half of the legislative and all of the executive process. In 2002 and 2007, President of the State Senate Richard Codey held the position of acting governor Document [31] (Title: Edward C. Stokes) Edward C. Stokes Edward Casper Stokes (December 22, 1860November 4, 1942) was an American Republican Party politician, who served as the 32nd Governor of New Jersey, from 1905 to 1908. Stokes was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1860. He attended the Friends School in Rhode Island, and graduated from Brown University in 1883. Stokes was elected to the New Jersey General Assembly in 1891, and was a member of the New Jersey Senate from Cumberland County between 1893 and 1901. He was the Governor between 1905 and 1908. Stokes made his first attempt at the United States Senate in 1902 Document [32] (Title: New Jersey in the 21st century) ago, and the number of postal inspectors investigating the case is nine. Former Governor James E. McGreevey resigned on November 15, 2004 after charges of pay-to-play and extortion scandals involving the impropriety of the appointment of a homosexual love interest. New Jersey had no Lieutenant Governor position at the time, leaving a vacancy in the office. Senate President Richard Codey served as Acting Governor (then Governor) in McGreevey's place. Jon Corzine was elected Governor of New Jersey on November 8, 2005, and took office on January 17, 2006. On Election Day, November 8, 2005, the voters passed an amendment to Document [33] (Title: 2005 New Jersey gubernatorial election) 836,134 votes (56.1%) to 655,333 (43.9%) The New Jersey Election Law Enforcement Commission declared that the four candidates would be included in the official gubernatorial debates to be aired on NJN. They included Jeffrey Pawlowski and Hector Castillo. 2005 New Jersey gubernatorial election The New Jersey gubernatorial election of 2005 was a race for the Governor of New Jersey. It was held on November 8, 2005. Democratic Governor Richard Codey, who replaced Governor Jim McGreevey in 2004 after his resignation, did not run for election for a full term of office. The primary election was held on June 7, 2005. Document [34] (Title: Sheila Oliver) Sheila Oliver Sheila Y. Oliver (born July 14, 1952) is an American politician serving as the Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey since 2018. She previously served in the New Jersey General Assembly from 2004 to 2018, where she represented the 34th legislative district while also serving as the Speaker of the New Jersey General Assembly for two terms, from January 12, 2010, to January 14, 2014, as a member of the Democratic Party. In July 2017, Phil Murphy, the Democratic Party nominee for governor, selected Oliver as his running mate for Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey in the November 2017 Document [35] (Title: 22nd Legislative District (New Jersey)) and Richard Bagger won the now-vacant ballot spot in the 22nd District. Alan Augustine left office as of March 31, 2001, just several weeks before his death, due to health problems, and was succeeded by Thomas Kean Jr. As of January 21, 2001, DiFrancesco became the 51st Governor of New Jersey after Christine Todd Whitman left office to become Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, with DiFrancesco simultaneously holding his post as Senate President. In the 2001 redistricting following the 2000 United States Census, several of the suburban, Republican-leaning municipalities in the district were replaced by Linden, Plainfield and Rahway, Document [36] (Title: New Jersey Senate) retain their role in the Senate (or Assembly). An Acting Governor would then assume the governorship while retaining the reins of power in their house of the legislature. The Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey took office for the first time on January 19, 2010, following conjoint election with the Governor of New Jersey. The position was created as the result of a Constitutional amendment to the New Jersey State Constitution passed by the voters on November 8, 2005. While the amendment itself took effect as of January 17, 2006, and made some interim changes to the succession to the governorship, Document [37] (Title: Richard Codey) rock star." Richard Codey Richard James Codey (born November 27, 1946) is an American Democratic Party politician who served as the 53rd Governor of New Jersey from 2004 to 2006. He has served in the New Jersey Senate since 1982 and served as the President of the Senate from 2002 to 2010. He represents the 27th Legislative District, which covers the western portions of Essex County and the southeastern portion of Morris County. Codey is the longest-serving state legislator in New Jersey history, having served in the New Jersey Legislature continuously since January 8, 1974. Codey grew up in his Document [38] (Title: 1997 New Jersey gubernatorial election) 1997 New Jersey gubernatorial election The New Jersey gubernatorial election of 1997 was a race for Governor of New Jersey. It was held on November 4, 1997. In the Democratic primary state senator and Woodbridge Township mayor James McGreevey defeated pre-primary front-runner Rep. Rob Andrews by 9,993 votes. Although incumbent Republican Governor Christine Todd Whitman had a comfortable lead in polls in the run up to the vote, on election night she prevailed over McGreevey by a narrow margin of 26,953 votes (1.05%), a similarly narrow margin to her previous election. Whitman won 46.87% of the vote, with Democratic nominee Document [39] (Title: Morgan Foster Larson) Morgan Foster Larson Morgan Foster Larson (June 15, 1882March 21, 1961) was an American Republican politician who served as the 40th Governor of New Jersey. He was born on June 15, 1882, in Perth Amboy, New Jersey. Larson attended Cooper Union in New York City, receiving a Bachelor of Science degree in 1907 and an Engineer's degree in 1910. He initially worked as an engineer. He was a member of New Jersey Senate from Middlesex County, New Jersey from 1922 through 1928. He was governor of New Jersey from 1929 through 1932. He was elected Governor of New Jersey in Document [40] (Title: Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey) Section I, paragraph 10 of the state constitution, which provides that the lieutenant governor be appointed as a head of a cabinet-level department or administrative agency within the governor's administration, with the exception that he or she cannot be the state's attorney general. The current lieutenant governor, Sheila Oliver, serves as New Jersey's Commissioner of Community Affairs. The order of succession in the event the governor's office is left vacant is specified in Article V, Section I, paragraph 6 of the New Jersey State Constitution, as amended, effective January 17, 2006, which states: <poem>In the event of a vacancy in Document [41] (Title: Kim Guadagno) in the primary to earn one of the two top spots on the ballot. Lt. Governor Guadagno oversaw the Division of Programs which includes the Governor's Office of Volunteerism, the New Jersey Commission on National and Community Service, the Office of Faith Based Initiatives and the Center for Hispanic Policy, Research, and Development. Finally, as the Secretary of State, Lt. Governor has purview over the NJ Council on the Arts, the NJ Cultural Trust and the NJ Historical Commission, and the Trenton War Memorial. Kim Guadagno was the 2017 Republican gubernatorial nominee, having won approximately 46.8% of the popular vote Document [42] (Title: James Fairman Fielder) James Fairman Fielder James Fairman Fielder (February 26, 1867 – December 2, 1954) was an American politician of the Democratic party, who served as the 35th Governor of New Jersey, from 1913 to 1917, with a break of several months when he stepped down from office to avoid constitutional limits on serving successive terms. He was born in Jersey City, New Jersey on February 26, 1867 to United States Congressman George Bragg Fielder. After law school, he became a member of the New Jersey General Assembly representing Hudson County, New Jersey from 1903 to 1904. He was then a member Document [43] (Title: John F. McKeon) in the state law enacted by the New Jersey Legislature and signed into law by Governor of New Jersey Jon Corzine in September 2007 that prevents dual-office-holding but allows those who had held both positions as of February 1, 2008, to retain both posts. On July 1, 2010, Robert Parisi took over the Mayoral position. During his first term in the Legislature, McKeon was the prime sponsor of the Assembly version of the laws requiring school districts to adopt anti-harassment policies, strengthening school bus driver background checks and revising the State’s laws concerning the release of wild animals, and was Document [44] (Title: Richard McGlynn) Richard McGlynn Richard McGlynn is an American Republican Party politician who sought the Republican nomination for Governor of New Jersey in 1981. A former Superior Court Judge and Commissioner of the New Jersey Board of Public Utilities, he won just 1% of the vote as a candidate for Governor, finishing last in a field of 8 candidates. He now serves as Counsel at United Water Resources. He is a graduate of Princeton University and Rutgers University Law School. McGlynn's brother, Edward R. McGlynn, later served as Chief of Staff to Governor Thomas Kean, the winner of the 1981 primary. His Document [45] (Title: 2009 New Jersey gubernatorial election) be held at Rutgers University, but ultimately it was held at the PNC Bank Arts Center instead. "*" denotes voluntary response only. In the August 26–30 FDU poll, 4% also responded "neither" or "other." Campaign websites (Archived) 2009 New Jersey gubernatorial election The New Jersey gubernatorial election of 2009 took place on November 3, 2009. Democratic Governor Jon Corzine was running for a second term and was being challenged by Republican Chris Christie, Independent Christopher Daggett and nine others, in addition to several write-in candidates. Christie won the election, with about 48.5 percent of the vote, to 44.9 percent for Document [46] (Title: 2001 New Jersey gubernatorial election) division by painting Schundler as too conservative for New Jersey. 2001 New Jersey gubernatorial election The New Jersey gubernatorial election of 2001 was a race for the Governor of New Jersey. It was held on November 6, 2001. Primaries took place on June 25. Democrat nominee Jim McGreevey won the general election with 56% of the vote — the first majority-elected governor since James Florio in 1989. His Republican opponent in that race was Bret Schundler. Towards the end of his tenure as mayor, Schundler served as chairman of the Hudson County Republican Committee, and in 2001, Schundler won the Document [47] (Title: New Jersey in the 21st century) the state constitution creating the position of Lieutenant Governor, effective with the 2009 elections. The amendment also provides that in the event of a permanent vacancy in the office of Governor now that Governor Corzine has been sworn in and before the first Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey takes office in 2010, the President of the Senate, followed by the Speaker of the General Assembly, would become Governor (rather than Acting Governor) and will be required to vacate his or her Senate (or Assembly) seat. After the New Jersey Legislature and Governor Jon Corzine failed to agree on a state Document [48] (Title: 2009 New Jersey elections) the creation of the office, governors who died in office or stepped down were succeeded by the President of the New Jersey Senate. This has happened twice in recent years, with the resignations of Christine Todd Whitman in 2001 and James McGreevey in 2004. Concerns over separation of powers (Acting Governors continued to serve concurrently in the Senate) and the fact that Acting Governors were not elected by the people to succeed the Governor led to the Constitutional amendment that created the new office. All 12 candidates for governor appearing on the ballot selected their running mates by the June Document [49] (Title: Clifford Ross Powell) He was Majority Leader in 1924, and served as Speaker in 1925. He was a member of the New Jersey Senate from Burlington County, New Jersey from 1928 to 1939. He served as acting governor for the last five days of his tenure as President of the New Jersey Senate, after A. Harry Moore resigned to take a seat in the United States Senate. In his brief time as Acting Governor, he took the opportunity to abolish the New Jersey State Recovery Administration, the state-level counterpart of the National Recovery Administration, which had been establishing minimum prices and other "fair Document [50] (Title: Richard Codey) any state in the nation. The moratorium ended with the permanent ban of capital punishment by Codey's successor, Jon Corzine. As Corzine attended the swearing in of Bob Menendez as a U.S. Senator on January 18, 2006, in Washington, D.C., Codey spent part of his first day as former governor as the acting governor of the state. Codey was re-elected to the New Jersey Senate in 2007. Codey represents the 27th Legislative District together with Assemblyman John F. McKeon, who was coincidentally also the mayor of West Orange, a town in Essex County, New Jersey, where Senator Codey's family was Document [51] (Title: Richard W. DeKorte) as speaker. In 1970, DeKorte was appointed counsel to Governor of New Jersey William T. Cahill When Cahill lost his bid for re-election as Governor (due to the Watergate scandal's nationwide impact on Republicans), there were "Transition Meetings" where DeKorte assisted in bringing the governor-elect, Brendan Byrne up to speed. It is said that Byrne was so impressed with the DeKorte during those meetings he made DeKorte Head of the New Jersey State Energy Office (or "Energy Czar" as he was called). DeKorte chaired the New Jersey's United States Bicentennial Commission. On March 16, 1975, DeKorte died of cancer at Document [52] (Title: Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey) remaining in her second term after being appointed by President George W. Bush to the position of administrator of the federal Environmental Protection Agency. Senate President Donald DiFrancesco became acting governor following Whitman's resignation on January 31, 2001, and remained in office until he retired from the state senate on January 8, 2002. In an unusual political circumstance, the 2001 legislative elections returned a senate with equal numbers of Republicans and Democrats, with each party having 20 senators. Both sides negotiated to choose two senators from their respective parties to serve as co-presidents. Because of an 8-day gap between the Document [53] (Title: Jon Corzine) New Jersey gubernatorial election, news first emerged of his relationship with Katz and the money she had received. Corzine was elected governor despite the scandal. In the fall of 2006, during an impasse in contract negotiations between the Corzine administration and the state's seven major state employee unions (including the CWA), Katz contacted the governor by phone and e-mail to lobby for a renewal of the negotiations. Their relationship and the financial settlement Katz received after their breakup led to allegations of many potential conflicts of interest in labor negotiations while Corzine was governor. A state ethics panel, acting on Document [54] (Title: John M. Summerill Jr.) of Governor Alfred Driscoll, he served as the Acting Governor. Summerill was defeated in his 1955 bid for re-election by Democrat John A. Waddington, an Assemblyman. John M. Summerill Jr. John M. Summerill Jr. (August 3, 1898 – August 24, 1969) is an American Republican Party politician who served as President of the New Jersey State Senate and as Acting Governor of New Jersey. Summerill was born August 3, 1898, in Penns Grove, New Jersey, the son of Dr. John M. Summerill and Eleanor W. Jacoby Summerill. He attended Wenonah Academy and is a 1922 graduate of Rutgers University, where Document [55] (Title: New Jersey in the 21st century) budget by the constitutional deadline, the state government shutdown beginning at midnight on July 1, 2006. Operation did not resume until the legislature adopted a budget on July 8. A bill was passed legalizing Civil unions between homosexual couples, taking effect February 19, 2007. The bill grants all of the same rights as those granted to married heterosexual couples. Governor Jon Corzine was nearly killed in a car wreck on the Garden State Parkway in Galloway Township in 2007, as he was traveling to a meeting between a Rutgers sports team and radio personality Don Imus. Imus had infamously called Document [56] (Title: James Florio) teaches a course each semester at the Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy at Rutgers University. In 2014, Florio was inducted into the New Jersey Hall of Fame. James Florio James Joseph Florio (born August 29, 1937) is an American Democratic politician who served as the 49th Governor of New Jersey from 1990 to 1994, the first Italian American to hold the position (he is of half Italian ancestry). He also served as a member of the United States House of Representatives for 15 years between 1975 and 1990. Florio was born and raised in Brooklyn, New Document [57] (Title: Fort Lee lane closure scandal) a Republican, was first elected Governor of New Jersey in November 2009 and re-elected in November 2013. During his first term, he appointed Bill Baroni as deputy executive director of the PA. David Wildstein, a local politician and political blogger who had known Christie during high school, was hired by Baroni based on Christie's referral and recommendation in May 2010. As director of interstate capital projects, Wildstein was New Jersey's second highest executive at the Port Authority, and often substituted for Baroni at major meetings. During the week of August 4, 2013, Christie met with David Samson, Christie's appointed chairman Document [58] (Title: 2006 United States Senate election in New Jersey) race 63%-35%.) Here are some past summer polling numbers from the Eagleton Institute archive: A September 2006 SurveyUSA poll showed Menendez's approval rating at 40% and disapproval rating at 40% with 20% undecided, resulting in a net approval of 0%. 2006 United States Senate election in New Jersey The 2006 United States Senate election in New Jersey was held November 7, 2006. Incumbent Democrat Bob Menendez was elected to represent New Jersey in the United States Senate for a six-year term which ended in January 2013. The seat was previously held by Democratic Governor of New Jersey Jon Corzine. After Document [59] (Title: 2005 New Jersey gubernatorial election) 2005 New Jersey gubernatorial election The New Jersey gubernatorial election of 2005 was a race for the Governor of New Jersey. It was held on November 8, 2005. Democratic Governor Richard Codey, who replaced Governor Jim McGreevey in 2004 after his resignation, did not run for election for a full term of office. The primary election was held on June 7, 2005. U.S. Senator Jon Corzine won the Democratic nomination with no serious opposition. Former Mayor Doug Forrester received the Republican nomination with a plurality of 36%. Corzine defeated Forrester in the general election. Despite being a reliable blue Democratic Document [60] (Title: Elections in New Jersey) divided over the decades, with little change due to political trends in the state. New Jersey currently has a Democratic governor, Phil Murphy and recently elected their second lieutenant governor, Democrat Sheila Oliver. At the national level, the state favors the Democratic Party: Both of its Senators have been Democrats since 1982, and George H.W. Bush was the last Republican candidate for President to carry the state, in 1988. However, previous governor Chris Christie was a Republican serving from 2010 to 2018, as was Christine Todd Whitman, who served from 1994 to 2001. New Jersey is split almost down the Document [61] (Title: Thomas Kean) published by Free Press, which urged political cooperation among historically divided interest groups and politicians. Limited to two consecutive terms as governor by the New Jersey State Constitution, Kean left office in January 1990 as one of the most popular political figures in New Jersey political history. Former New Jersey gubernatorial candidate Doug Forrester, New Jersey Congressman Bob Franks, and other leading New Jersey and national Republican figures began their political and public policy careers in his state administration. He was succeeded by James Florio, who won a landslide victory in November 1989. In the aftermath of Governor Kean's gubernatorial Document [62] (Title: Rob Andrews) were dismissed in their entirety by the Federal Election Commission in May 2014. In 1997, Andrews ran for Governor of New Jersey. In the Democratic primary, he was defeated 40%-37%, a margin of just 9,993 votes, by State Senator Jim McGreevey. Andrews was reportedly considering a primary challenge in 2005, before McGreevey's resignation. While Andrews had been frequently mentioned as a possible replacement for Jon Corzine's United States Senate seat after Corzine's November 2005 gubernatorial victory, Bob Menendez was eventually chosen by Corzine to fill the vacancy. Andrews had informally announced his plan to run in the 2006 Democratic primary Document [63] (Title: 2013 New Jersey gubernatorial election) won the Senate election handily. Araujo, Bergmanson, Boss, and Webster had their nominating petitions challenged by the New Jersey Democratic State Committee; only Webster's petitions were found to be valid therefore allowing his name to remain on the primary ballot with Buono. Araujo and Boss subsequently filed new petitions to run in the general election as independents. 2013 New Jersey gubernatorial election The New Jersey gubernatorial election of 2013 took place on November 5, 2013, to elect the Governor of New Jersey. Incumbent Republican Governor Chris Christie ran for re-election to a second term in office. He faced Democratic nominee Document [64] (Title: Christine Todd Whitman) a resident of Tewksbury Township, New Jersey. Christine Todd Whitman Christine Todd Whitman (born September 26, 1946) is an American Republican politician and author who served as the 50th Governor of New Jersey, from 1994 to 2001, and was the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency in the administration of President George W. Bush from 2001 to 2003. She was New Jersey's first and, to date, only female governor. She was the second woman and first Republican woman to defeat an incumbent governor in a general election in the United States. She was also the first Republican woman to be Document [65] (Title: Government of New Jersey) few years following the resignations of Governor Christine Todd Whitman in 2001 and Governor James E. McGreevey in 2004, popular sentiment and political pressure from the state's residents and news media outlets sought a permanent and tenable solution to the issue of succession when the governor's office became vacant. A 2005 referendum to amend the constitution provided for the position of lieutenant governor to be created, to change the order of succession, and that the post would be filled in next gubernatorial election (2009). Republican Kim Guadagno is the first to serve in the post in its modern form. Guadagno, Document [66] (Title: Tom Wilson (New Jersey)) communications director for Donald DiFrancesco, then president of the New Jersey Senate and acting governor. He also served under Richard Codey when he briefly took over as acting governor in January 2002. In November 2004 Wilson was elected chairman of the New Jersey Republican State Committee, in the lead-up to the 2005 gubernatorial primary battle between Doug Forrester, Bret Schundler, and five other candidates. Forrester won the primary but lost in the general election to Jon Corzine. During the Corzine administration, Wilson was especially critical of the governor's relationship with Carla Katz, president of Local 1034 of the Communications Workers Document [67] (Title: Richard Codey) 8, when Senator Codey was reelected to the Senate Presidency for the next legislative session. On April 12, 2007, Codey became Acting Governor of New Jersey when Corzine was incapacitated due to serious injuries suffered in a car accident that day. Codey became acting governor since New Jersey did not have the position of lieutenant governor until after the 2009 election. Corzine resumed his duties as governor on May 7, 2007. The Obama administration approached Codey in 2009 to consider running for governor in Corzine's place if the incumbent withdrew from his reelection bid, citing polls showing that Codey led Document [68] (Title: New Jersey) for a short time, and from 2004 to 2006 Codey became a long-term acting governor due to Jim McGreevey's resignation. A 2005 amendment to the state Constitution prevents the Senate President from becoming acting governor in the event of a permanent gubernatorial vacancy without giving up her or his seat in the state Senate. Phil Murphy (D) is the Governor. The governor's mansion is Drumthwacket, located in Princeton. Before 2010, New Jersey was one of the few states without a lieutenant governor. Republican Kim Guadagno was elected the first Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey and took office on January 19, Document [69] (Title: Steve Lonegan) Second, that the debt was technically not backed by the full faith and credit of New Jersey, and future lawmakers could refuse to honor that contract at any time. Lonegan ran for the Republican nomination for governor in the state's 2005 election and finished fourth, in a field of 7 with 8.08% of the vote after the nominee, businessman Doug Forrester, former Jersey City Mayor Bret Schundler and Morris County Freeholder John Murphy and defeated Assembly Majority Leader Paul DeGaetano, Former Freedholder Todd Caliguire and Assemblyman Robert Schroeder. On December 1, 2008, Lonegan announced that he would run for the Document [70] (Title: David Ogden Watkins) David Ogden Watkins David Ogden Watkins (June 8, 1862June 20, 1938) was the acting Governor of New Jersey from 1898 to 1899. Watkins was born in Woodbury, New Jersey. He studied law and was admitted to practice in New Jersey in 1893. Watkins' first political foray was as Mayor of Woodbury, New Jersey from 1886 to 1890, later serving on the Woodbury City Council from 1892 to 1898, and as president of the council from 1895 to 1897. He served in the New Jersey General Assembly from 1887 to 1899 as a Republican. On October 18, 1898, Governor Foster MacGowan Document [71] (Title: Elizabeth Randall) switched to Donovan's ticket. Randall was defeated in the primary by Caliguire's running mates. On February 26, 2008, Randall was nominated by Governor of New Jersey Jon Corzine to serve on the New Jersey Board of Public Utilities. Her father, Harry Randall, Jr., served as an Assemblyman from 1962 to 1966 and from 1968 to 1970. Elizabeth Randall Elizabeth Randall is an American Republican Party politician who serves as a Commissioner of the New Jersey Board of Public Utilities and served on the Bergen County Board of Chosen Freeholders from 2003 to 2007. She previously served as county counsel under Document [72] (Title: Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey) during the colonial era by the president of the royal governor's Provincial Council. After several episodes during which the state had multiple "acting governors" in the span of a few years following the resignations of Governor Christine Todd Whitman in 2001 and Governor James E. McGreevey in 2004, popular sentiment and political pressure from the state's residents and news media outlets sought a permanent and tenable solution to the issue of gubernatorial succession. A referendum put before the state's voters authorized the amendment of the state's constitution in 2006. This amendment provided for the state's first lieutenant governor to be Document [73] (Title: 2006 New Jersey state government shutdown) 2006 New Jersey state government shutdown The 2006 New Jersey state government shutdown was the first shutdown in the history of the U.S. state of New Jersey. The shutdown occurred after the New Jersey Legislature and Governor Jon Corzine failed to agree on a state budget by the constitutional deadline. Furthermore, Corzine and the Legislature clashed on the issue of raising the state sales tax to help balance budget. Exercising his constitutional powers as governor, Corzine ordered the shutdown as a means of pressuring the Legislature to pass a budget. The shutdown began at midnight on July 1, 2006, when Document [74] (Title: Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey) such an announcement was moved from July 2 (30 days after the primary election) to July 27 (30 days after the certification of election results). In the week before the deadline, the three candidates nominated for governor and running in the November general election selected their running mates. The incumbent, Democratic nominee Governor Jon Corzine, chose State Senator Loretta Weinberg. His Republican challenger, Chris Christie, a former U.S. Attorney for New Jersey, selected Monmouth County Sheriff Kim Guadagno. Independent candidate Chris Daggett selected Frank J. Esposito, a history professor and former administrator at Kean University. On November 3, 2009, Christie Document [75] (Title: 2005 New Jersey gubernatorial election) state, this was the first gubernatorial election since 1977 where a Democratic candidate would be elected for consecutive terms, with that same year to this day being the most recent one where the same Democrat would be elected governor twice in a row. The 2005 general election also saw a public referendum question on the ballot for the voters to decide whether to create a position of lieutenant governor, alter the state's order of succession, and whether the state's first lieutenant governor would be chosen in the subsequent gubernatorial election held in 2009. The question passed by a tally of Document [76] (Title: Jim McGreevey) Jim McGreevey James Edward McGreevey (born August 6, 1957) is an American politician and member of the Democratic Party, who served as the 52nd Governor of New Jersey from 2002 until his resignation in 2004. He served in the New Jersey General Assembly from 1990 to 1992, as the Mayor of Woodbridge Township from 1991 to 2002 and in the New Jersey Senate from 1994 to 1998. He was the Democratic nominee for Governor of New Jersey in 1997 but was narrowly defeated by Republican incumbent Christine Todd Whitman. He ran again in 2001 and was elected by a large Document [77] (Title: New Jersey in the 21st century) the Rutgers University women's basketball team nappy-headed hos, leading to his firing by two communications networks. Imus met with the team at Drumthwacket to apologize, and Governor Corzine attempted to arrive at that meeting from Atlantic City, reaching speeds of at least 91 mph (146 km/h), without wearing a seatbelt. His chauffeur, a New Jersey State Police officer, lost control of the vehicle, seriously injuring the Governor and leading to a new period of acting governorship by Richard Codey while Corzine recuperated. Chris Christie became governor in 2010 and promoted a number of budget cuts. At around the same time, Document [78] (Title: 2013 United States gubernatorial elections) Jersey governor in a recent Fairleigh Dickinson poll. State Senator and former State Senate Democratic Leader Barbara Buono was the Democratic nominee. The Libertarian nominee was Ken Kaplan, who also ran for U.S. Senator in 2012. Chris Christie cruised to victory on November 5, 2013 when he won in a landslide victory against his adversary, Barbara Buono. Christie won 60.4% of the vote compared to 38.1% of the vote Buono earned. Exit polls also showed that Christie appealed to ethnic minorities, an increasing priority for Republicans. 2013 United States gubernatorial elections United States gubernatorial elections were held on November 5, Document [79] (Title: 2006 New Jersey state government shutdown) Assembly, which was dominated by Democrats, refused to pass a budget before the deadline. After the legislature failed to pass a budget by midnight July 1 when the old budget ended, the governor signed executive order number 17 that immediately stopped numerous non-essential government functions, with more to come after the Independence Day holiday on July 4, 2006. State functions that ceased immediately included the New Jersey Lottery (the interstate Mega Millions game continued although players temporarily could not buy tickets in New Jersey), the New Jersey Motor Vehicle Commission, MVC offices and inspection stations, the New Jersey Department of Document [80] (Title: 2009 New Jersey gubernatorial election) became a three-way race on July 7, when independent candidate Christopher Daggett, a former regional administrator for the Environmental Protection Agency and Deputy Chief of Staff to former governor Tom Kean, announced that he had raised enough money to qualify for public funds and to qualify for participation in the debates. During the campaign, many pundits suggested that Daggett could act as a "spoiler," helping Corzine win a second term by splitting his opposition. Both Democratic and Republican leaders took Daggett's campaign seriously. Only a day before the election, the New Jersey Democratic State Committee admitted to funding political robocalls Document [81] (Title: Bob Menendez) recommit Iran not to pursue a nuclear bomb, a promise they have already violated in the past." In January 2006, Menendez was appointed by Governor Jon Corzine to fill the remaining year in the Senate seat from which Corzine resigned upon being elected the previous month as Governor of New Jersey. While several other names had been mentioned, Menendez was the early favorite among pundits for Governor-elect Corzine's replacement to fill the vacancy that would be created when Corzine resigned from the Senate. Corzine's decision to appoint Menendez got the support of several Latino groups, including the National Association of Document [82] (Title: John M. Summerill Jr.) John M. Summerill Jr. John M. Summerill Jr. (August 3, 1898 – August 24, 1969) is an American Republican Party politician who served as President of the New Jersey State Senate and as Acting Governor of New Jersey. Summerill was born August 3, 1898, in Penns Grove, New Jersey, the son of Dr. John M. Summerill and Eleanor W. Jacoby Summerill. He attended Wenonah Academy and is a 1922 graduate of Rutgers University, where he was a four-letter man. He was an assistant coach of the Rutgers football team under coach George Sanford. He received his law degree from the Document [83] (Title: 1997 New Jersey gubernatorial election) tunnel, a $215 million project for which a private investor gave $55 million. 1997 New Jersey gubernatorial election The New Jersey gubernatorial election of 1997 was a race for Governor of New Jersey. It was held on November 4, 1997. In the Democratic primary state senator and Woodbridge Township mayor James McGreevey defeated pre-primary front-runner Rep. Rob Andrews by 9,993 votes. Although incumbent Republican Governor Christine Todd Whitman had a comfortable lead in polls in the run up to the vote, on election night she prevailed over McGreevey by a narrow margin of 26,953 votes (1.05%), a similarly narrow margin Document [84] (Title: 2006 United States Senate election in New Jersey) closed on April 10, 2006. The primary election was held June 6, 2006. Menendez became the first Hispanic to hold a U.S. Senate seat from New Jersey, and was the first Latino elected to statewide office in the state. Menendez won the Democratic primary, with 86% of the vote, against James D. Kelly, Jr. Ginty represented the conservative wing of the New Jersey Republican party. Kean is a moderate, who is the son of the former Governor of New Jersey Thomas Kean. Important factors in Kean's primary victory were his father's name recognition, along with Kean's self-described persona as a Document [85] (Title: Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey) speaker of the general assembly, who would vacate their legislative seat upon assuming the governor's office. New Jersey elected its first lieutenant governor in 2009. After the primary election in June 2009, Governor Corzine signed into law A.3902, a bill from the state legislature that sought to clarify a vague passage in the state constitution concerning a gubernatorial candidate's selection of a running mate. Corzine signed the bill into law on June 25, 2009. The constitution provided that a gubernatorial candidate select a running mate within 30 days after the "nomination." The confusion that arose concerned whether the "nomination" was Document [86] (Title: New Jersey Department of the Public Advocate) the Public Advocate Restoration Act in 2005, which was signed into law on July 12, 2005, by Governor Richard Codey. In 2006, Governor Jon Corzine appointed Ronald Chen to serve as the first Public Advocate since the position had been abolished in 1994. The previous Public Advocate was Zulima Farber, who served as state Public Advocate from 1992 to 1994 in the Cabinet of former Governor James Florio. Wilfredo Caraballo served as Public Advocate from 1990 to 1992, resigning in protest of Republican Party efforts in the legislature to reduce his powers. Upon entering office as governor in early 2010, Document [87] (Title: Governor of New Jersey) Governor of New Jersey The Governor of the State of New Jersey is head of the executive branch of New Jersey's state government. The office of governor is an elected position, for which elected officials serve four-year terms. Governors cannot be elected to more than two "consecutive" terms, but there is no limit on the total number of terms they may serve. The official residence for the governor is Drumthwacket, a mansion located in Princeton, New Jersey; the office of the governor is at the New Jersey State House in Trenton. The first Governor of New Jersey was William Livingston, Document [88] (Title: Endorsements in the 2016 Republican Party presidential primaries) his campaign on March 4 and later endorsed Trump on March 11. Chris Christie (born in 1962) has been Governor of New Jersey since 2010. He was raised in New Jersey. He was a lawyer in New Jersey (1987–2002) before entering politics. He was elected Morris County legislator in 1995 and served until 1998. In 2002, he was appointed by George W. Bush to the position of United States Attorney for New Jersey, he held this position until 2008. On February 10, 2016, he suspended his campaign. He later endorsed Trump on the 26th. Background: Ted Cruz (born in 1970) Document [89] (Title: 2006 New Jersey state government shutdown) PublicMind poll, the situation of the election was similar to the 1990 election, when underdog Senate candidate Christie Whitman, a Republican, nearly defeated well-known Senator Bill Bradley due to Democratic Governor Jim Florio's sales- and income-tax increases. By August, Woolley concluded that the tax increase had had no effect on Menendez's re-election chances. 2006 New Jersey state government shutdown The 2006 New Jersey state government shutdown was the first shutdown in the history of the U.S. state of New Jersey. The shutdown occurred after the New Jersey Legislature and Governor Jon Corzine failed to agree on a state budget by Document [90] (Title: Jim McGreevey) McGreevey's decision to delay the effective date of his resignation until after September 3, 2004, avoided a special election in November to replace the governor. Doing so allowed the Democratic Party to retain control of the governorship for the rest (until January 2006) of the 4-year term. It avoided the prospect of a special election in tandem with the presidential election, which could have resulted in a Republican victory and helped George W. Bush capture New Jersey's electoral votes. Bush did not win New Jersey's electoral votes in the 2004 presidential election, but captured 46% of the statewide vote, compared Document [91] (Title: Jim McGreevey) At the time of McGreevey's resignation, the New Jersey State Constitution stipulated that the Senate president retains that position while serving as acting governor. Intense public attention and political pressure directed to the issue of gubernatorial succession in the wake of McGreevey's resignation resulted in a 2006 amendment to the state constitution that created the post of Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey. In September 2006, McGreevey published a memoir, written with assistance from ghostwriter David France. The memoir was titled "The Confession". McGreevey appeared on "The Oprah Winfrey Show" on September 19, 2006, to discuss and promote the book. It Document [92] (Title: Richard Codey) gubernatorial election. After taking over in 2004 Codey became popular with many New Jersey residents and reportedly considered a run for a full four-year term. However, U.S. Senator Jon Corzine's large number of endorsements as well as his large campaign war chest, funded primarily by his great personal wealth, convinced Codey to announce officially on January 31, 2005 that he would step aside. Codey served as governor until Corzine was sworn in on January 17, 2006 following Corzine's victory in the November 8, 2005 elections. Some had speculated that Codey could be a possible candidate for Corzine's vacant seat in Document [93] (Title: History of New Jersey) served as Acting Governor (then Governor) in McGreevey's place. Jon Corzine was elected Governor of New Jersey on November 8, 2005, and took office on January 17, 2006. On Election Day, November 8, 2005, the voters passed an amendment to the state constitution creating the position of Lieutenant Governor, effective with the 2009 elections. This position was first filled by the election of Kim Guadagno who assumed office in 2009. History of New Jersey The story of the area of present-day New Jersey begins at the end of the Younger Dryas, about 15,000 years ago. Native Americans moved into New Document [94] (Title: Governorship of Phil Murphy) Governorship of Phil Murphy Phil Murphy became the 56th Governor of New Jersey in 2018. Murphy, a Democrat, was elected on November 7, 2017, in the New Jersey gubernatorial election. His election made New Jersey seventh state in the US where control of the legislative and executive branches fell to Democrats. His transition team comprised over 500 persons who produced 14 reports with recommendations. He was sworn in at the Trenton War Memorial on January 16, 2018, for a term of four years. An inaugural ball was held at MetLife Stadium in the Meadowlands. As of 2018, there were 24 Document [95] (Title: 2006 United States Senate elections) his formidable speaking abilities and kinship with a former U.S. President. On the other hand, Ensign was also considered to be an effective speaker and as of the first quarter of 2006, held an approximately 5-1 advantage over Carter in cash-on-hand. Ensign won a majority of the votes in every county in the state, with his lowest percentage at 53%. Incumbent Democrat Bob Menendez was re-elected. The seat was previously held by Democratic Governor of New Jersey Jon Corzine. After Corzine resigned and was sworn in Governor, Corzine appointed Congressman Menendez on January 18, 2006. Menendez was challenged by Republican Document [96] (Title: John Farmer Jr.) John Farmer Jr. John J. Farmer Jr. (born June 24, 1957) is an American author, lawyer, politician and jurist. He is Special Counsel to the President of Rutgers University, and was formerly Dean of Rutgers School of Law–Newark. He served as Acting Governor of New Jersey for 90 minutes on January 8, 2002, by virtue of his status as New Jersey Attorney General. Farmer was born in Jersey City, New Jersey, in 1957. He attended Georgetown University receiving a B.A. degree in 1979 and a J.D. degree in 1986. After law school he worked as a clerk for New Jersey Document [97] (Title: Stephen M. Sweeney) hurricane had distracted voters from New Jersey's slow economic recovery, an issue that many political observers believed was a potential point of weakness for Christie. He was heavily criticized for his remark, and a spokesman for Christie called it "politics at its worst". Before New Jersey's 2010 creation of the Lieutenant Governor position, Sweeney often served as New Jersey's Acting Governor by virtue of his position as Senate President. As a presiding officer, Sweeney also receives protection from the New Jersey State Police's Executive Protection Unit. During Chris Christie's tenure as Governor, Sweeney was the lead advocate of legislation to Document [98] (Title: William T. Cahill) Jersey's first Republican governor in 16 years. As of the 2017 election, his total vote tally of 1,411,905 is the highest ever received by a candidate for governor in New Jersey history. Cahill served as governor from January 20, 1970 to January 15, 1974, and assumed office with a Republican-controlled legislature to support him. Among his accomplishments as governor were new automobile emission standards, an increase in the sales tax from 3 to 5 percent, the introduction of the state lottery, and the passage of no-fault auto insurance. He also played a role in bringing the New York Giants from Document [99] (Title: Governorship of Chris Christie) Governorship of Chris Christie Chris Christie took office as the 55th Governor of New Jersey on January 19, 2010, and began his second term on January 21, 2014, and left office on January 16, 2018. Governor Christie declared a "state of emergency" and laid out plans for more than US$1 billion in cuts to the state budget in an address to the New Jersey State Assembly on February 10, 2010. The budget included a carefully crafted plan requiring school districts to spend their surpluses in order to allow the state to withhold US$400 million in aid funding while retaining federal Document [100] (Title: Governorship of Phil Murphy) Murphy's wife has taken a prominent enough role to warrant the office. Democratic state Assembly Majority Leader Lou Greenwald suggested that Tammy Murphy should be given an official title to reduce confusion. Governorship of Phil Murphy Phil Murphy became the 56th Governor of New Jersey in 2018. Murphy, a Democrat, was elected on November 7, 2017, in the New Jersey gubernatorial election. His election made New Jersey seventh state in the US where control of the legislative and executive branches fell to Democrats. His transition team comprised over 500 persons who produced 14 reports with recommendations. He was sworn in Document [101] (Title: Elections in New Jersey) percent of the vote in a New Jersey election for three decades until Chris Christie was re-elected in 2013 with 60% of the vote. Christine Todd Whitman was elected governor with 47 percent of the vote in 1993 and with 49 percent in 1997. On November 3, 2009, incumbent Democratic Governor Jon Corzine was unseated by Republican challenger Chris Christie. Christie's margin of victory was 49%-45%. Four years later, Christie was reelected with 60 percent of the vote, becoming the first Republican to clear the 50 percent mark since 1985. As New Jersey is split almost down the middle between Document [102] (Title: Kim Guadagno) her. Out of the New Jersey voters that knew of Guadagno, 4% reported having a "very favorable" or "somewhat favorable" opinion while 3% reported that they had a "very unfavorable" or "somewhat unfavorable" opinion of the prospective Lieutenant Governor. Christie and Guadagno defeated Jon Corzine and Loretta Weinberg on November 3, 2009. Christie announced that as lieutenant governor, Guadagno would also serve as New Jersey's Secretary of State, along with overseeing economic development efforts and the streamlining of government regulations. She was sworn in on January 19, 2010 as the first Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey and the 33rd Secretary Document [103] (Title: John O. Bennett) John O. Bennett John O. Bennett III (born August 6, 1948) is a former New Jersey Republican politician who served as State Senator, President of the State Senate. Bennett served as Acting Governor of New Jersey for four days in January 2002. Bennett attended Dickinson College from 1966 to 1968, graduated from West Virginia University with a B.A. in 1970, and earned a J.D. from Seton Hall University School of Law in 1974. Bennett served as Acting Governor for three and a half days in January 2002. Following Governor Christine Todd Whitman's resignation the previous year to become head of Document [104] (Title: Chris Christie) chose Kimberly Guadagno, Monmouth County sheriff, to complete his campaign ticket as a candidate for lieutenant governor. On November 3, Christie defeated Jon Corzine by a margin of 49% to 45%, with 6% of the vote going to independent candidate Chris Daggett. Christie took office as Governor of New Jersey on January 19, 2010. He chose not to move his family into Drumthwacket, the governor's official mansion, and instead resides in a private Mendham Township, New Jersey, residence. Christie has promised not to raise taxes. He has also vowed to lower the state income and business taxes, with the qualification Document [105] (Title: New Jersey) U.S. House of Representatives, and both U.S. Senate seats. Although the Democratic Party is very successful statewide, the state had a Republican governor from 1994 to 2002, as Christine Todd Whitman won twice with 47% and 49% of the votes, and in the 2009 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie defeated incumbent Democrat Jon Corzine with 48%. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Christie won reelection with over 60% of the votes. Because each candidate for lieutenant governor runs on the same ticket as the party's candidate for governor, the current Governor and Lieutenant Governor are members of the Democratic Party. The Document [106] (Title: 2009 New Jersey elections) in 2001. In August 2009, Bush political strategist Karl Rove revealed that he had held conversations with Christie about a potential gubernatorial run during Christie's time as U.S. Attorney. U.S. Attorneys are prohibited from engaging in partisan political activities by the Hatch Act of 1939. Corzine quickly incorporated this into his advertisements targeting Christie. On November 8, 2005, voters passed an Constitutional amendment to the New Jersey State Constitution which created the office of Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey, the first of whom is to be elected in the 2009 general election and to take office in January 2010. Until Document [107] (Title: 2006 United States Senate election in New Jersey) only 43%, with 48% of the state disapproving. Since Menendez had been appointed by Corzine, some pundits argued that this would be a resonating factor with a number of voters. According to a separate September 2006 poll, SurveyUSA found that the state of New Jersey had a rather high disapproval rating for Republican President George W. Bush, with 64% disapproving and only 32% approving. This led some to argue that voters would take their discontent with Bush out on Kean in the November election. Indeed, some pollsters demonstrated that concerns over the Iraq War and discontent with President Bush solidified Document [108] (Title: 1993 New Jersey gubernatorial election) the election. 1993 New Jersey gubernatorial election The New Jersey gubernatorial election of 1993 was a race for Governor of New Jersey held on November 2, 1993. Incumbent Democratic governor James Florio was narrowly defeated by Republican Christine Todd Whitman following backlash from voters regarding tax increases that had occurred during Florio's tenure. Primary elections for the Democratic and Republican parties were held on Tuesday June 8, 1993. Florio was unopposed in the June primary election. Former Howell Township postal worker, John Budzash, originally filed to run against Florio in the primary. Budzash, who switched his party registration from Republican Document [109] (Title: Jim McGreevey) he had "engaged in an adult consensual affair with another man" (whom his aides immediately named as Cipel), and that he would resign effective November 15, 2004. New Jersey political circles had speculated about McGreevey's sexual orientation and questions about his relationship with Cipel had been alluded to in the media. McGreevey's announcement made him the first openly gay state governor in United States history. "The Star-Ledger" won the 2005 Pulitzer Prize for Breaking News Reporting for its "coverage of the resignation of New Jersey's governor after he announced he was gay and confessed to adultery with a male lover." Document [110] (Title: Christine Todd Whitman) Christine Todd Whitman Christine Todd Whitman (born September 26, 1946) is an American Republican politician and author who served as the 50th Governor of New Jersey, from 1994 to 2001, and was the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency in the administration of President George W. Bush from 2001 to 2003. She was New Jersey's first and, to date, only female governor. She was the second woman and first Republican woman to defeat an incumbent governor in a general election in the United States. She was also the first Republican woman to be reelected governor. Whitman was born Christine Temple Document [111] (Title: Kris Kolluri) Windsor Township with his wife and two daughters. On December 28, 2006, Kolluri served as acting Governor, while New Jersey Governor Jon Corzine, the Senate president, Assembly speaker, and attorney general were all out of state. Under state law, an acting governor has to be appointed whenever the governor is absent from the state. Kris Kolluri Kris Kolluri (born c. 1969) serves as head of the New Jersey Schools Development Authority, having taken office as of December 1, 2008, where he succeeded Scott Weiner. He had previously served as Commissioner of the New Jersey Department of Transportation (NJDOT), having been Document [112] (Title: 2012 United States Senate election in New Jersey) senator Jon Corzine appointed him to the seat after having resigned to become governor of New Jersey, following his election in November 2005. In November 2006, after a tough and painful election, Menendez defeated Republican state senator Thomas Kean, Jr. with 53.3% of the vote. Three debates were scheduled. The first debate took place on October 4, 2012 at Montclair State University. Menendez and Kyrillos participated. The second took place on October 10 at NJ 101.5 studios, Trenton NJ The third was to take place on October 17 at Mercer County Community College 2012 United States Senate election in New Document [113] (Title: Governorship of Chris Christie) over New Jersey's state budget for the 2012 fiscal year starting July 1, 2011, began in February 2011. Governor Christie vetoed 14 bills on February 21, 2011, which were intended to promote economic growth and job creation and were passed by the New Jersey State Assembly earlier in the month. Christie justified his vetoes by stating that the bills failed to pay for themselves, while Assembly Democrats replied that the bills would not have cost money immediately, and that their funding could have been addressed at a later date. Christie followed up by announcing that his own budget would be Document [114] (Title: The Save Jersey Blog) spent a considerable amount of time attacking former New Jersey Governor Jon Corzine (D). Numerous posts and videos were devoted to lampooning the former Democratic governor. During its first full year of operation, Save Jersey covered and commented on the heated N.J. GOP gubernatorial primary contest between rival candidates Chris Christie and Steve Lonegan. Save Jersey, and Matt Rooney specifically, emerged as early, vocal supporters of Christie's candidacy, a fact which enraged some conservatives who view Christie as a "Republican In Name Only" or a RINO. In April 2009, Chris Cillizza of the Washington Post's "The Fix" named Save Jersey Document [115] (Title: Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey) at Rutgers University in New Brunswick. Driscoll's proposal was not approved. In 1986, Governor Thomas Kean proposed the creation of the office in a move seen at the time as a political maneuver "apparently to preclude the possibility of a Democratic successor" as Kean was being considered as a viable presidential or senatorial candidate in the 1988 election and the senate president was a Democrat. Kean's proposal was not successful. New Jersey had two recent periods during which several politicians assumed the governorship within the span of a few years. In 2001, Governor Christine Todd Whitman resigned with one year Document [116] (Title: Douglas Forrester) Douglas Forrester Douglas "Doug" Forrester (born January 24, 1953 in Glendale, California) is an American businessman from New Jersey. He was the 2002 Republican nominee for New Jersey U.S. Senator and the 2005 Republican nominee for Governor of New Jersey. Forrester was defeated by his two Democratic opponents, Frank Lautenberg and then-U.S. Senator Jon Corzine, respectively. Forrester currently serves as the president of Integrity Health, a health benefits management firm. Forrester is the youngest of five children. His father never graduated from high school, but worked his way through the ranks at Lockheed Martin, while his mother died when he Document [117] (Title: Carlos Rendo) 2016. Rendo was the Republican candidate for Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey in the 2017 gubernatorial election as the running mate of candidate for Governor of New Jersey, Kim Guadagno, the incumbent lieutenant governor. If elected, Rendo would have been the first Latino and the first male to hold the position, which has been held by Guadagno since it was created effective with the 2009 gubernatorial election. Carlos Rendo Carlos Rendo (born 1964) is an American attorney and Republican Party politician from New Jersey. He is the mayor of Woodcliff Lake and was the nominee for Lieutenant Governor of New Document [118] (Title: 1985 New Jersey gubernatorial election) 1985 New Jersey gubernatorial election The New Jersey gubernatorial election of 1985 was a race for Governor of New Jersey held on November 5, 1985. Incumbent Republican Governor Thomas Kean sought reelection for a second term following his 1797-vote win in the 1981 election. Kean's 40-point landslide victory against the Democratic candidate, Essex County Executive Peter Shapiro, is the largest plurality in terms of percentage and raw votes in all modern New Jersey gubernatorial elections. Kean won 564 out of 567 municipalities (losing only Audubon Park, Chesilhurst, and Roosevelt) and his coattails led the Republicans to win the General Assembly Document [119] (Title: Richard Codey) The latter two then divided the last week of the term between them, with Codey serving for three days, from January 12, 2002, to January 15, 2002, leading to a situation in which the state had five different people serving as governor during a period of eight days. Codey became acting governor again with the resignation of Jim McGreevey on November 15, 2004. According to the New Jersey State Constitution at the time, in the event of a vacancy in the governor's office, the President of the State Senate takes on the additional position of acting governor until the next Document [120] (Title: Albio Sires) and became a registered independent. Sires rejoined the Democratic Party in 1998. Just three years later, he became Speaker. During his tenure as speaker, Sires served as Acting Governor of New Jersey on several occasions, when former Gov. Jim McGreevey and former Gov. Richard Codey left the state. He was the first Hispanic person to serve as an Acting Governor of New Jersey. As Acting Governor, Sires signed several bills into law and performed routine duties of the office. For the 2006–2008 legislative session, Sires was given the largely honorary title of Speaker Emeritus. Sires is a former Chairman of Document [121] (Title: 2006 United States Senate election in New Jersey) favors oil exploration in Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR), something that Kean and Menendez both opposed. Kean won by a 3-1 margin. The biggest factors in the New Jersey Senate race may have had little to do with the candidates involved and more to do with Governor of New Jersey Jon Corzine and President George W. Bush. In mid-summer, Jon Corzine and the Democratic-controlled state legislature held a brief shutdown of state government, which ultimately resulted in a sales tax increase, among other things. In a September 2006 poll, SurveyUSA found that Governor Jon Corzine received an approval rate of Document [122] (Title: Marion West Higgins) Speaker. When Governor Richard J. Hughes was out of the state in January 1965, Higgins became Acting Governor. Normally, New Jersey Senate President Charles W. Sandman, Jr. would have taken the post, as he stood first in the line of succession to the governorship. However, Sandman absented himself from the state so that Higgins would be accorded the honor of serving as the first woman to lead the state. Higgins ran for State Senate in 1965 on the Republican Party's Bergen County slate, but all four Republican candidates went down to defeat in the general election, as Democrats took control Document [123] (Title: 2017 New Jersey gubernatorial election) 2017 New Jersey gubernatorial election The New Jersey gubernatorial election of 2017 was held on November 7, 2017. There were seven candidates. Candidates for Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey run on the same ticket and thus are elected at the same time. Incumbent Republican Governor Chris Christie, who was re-elected to a second term in 2013, was term-limited and could not run for a third consecutive term. Primary elections took place on June 6, 2017. Kim Guadagno, Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey, won the Republican primary. Woodcliff Lake Mayor Carlos Rendo was her running mate. Phil Murphy, banker and former Document [124] (Title: Jeff Boss) New Jersey. He finished third, with 8.3% of the vote, in the primary which was won by Jon Corzine, who received 77.2% of the vote. In the 2012 election, Boss received 1,024 votes for President of the United States. He ran for the Democratic nomination for Governor of New Jersey in 2013, but was removed from the ballot after the New Jersey Democratic State Committee challenged the nominating petitions of all independent candidates seeking the Democratic nomination. He subsequently filed new petitions to run for governor in the general election and appeared on the ballot as the "NSA Did 911" Document [125] (Title: 2013 New Jersey gubernatorial election) 2013 New Jersey gubernatorial election The New Jersey gubernatorial election of 2013 took place on November 5, 2013, to elect the Governor of New Jersey. Incumbent Republican Governor Chris Christie ran for re-election to a second term in office. He faced Democratic nominee Barbara Buono and six others in the general election. He was re-elected by a wide margin, tallying over 60 percent of the vote Less than 40% of registered voters cast ballots, the lowest ever for a gubernatorial election. Christie became the first Republican gubernatorial candidate to win more than 50 percent of the vote since Tom Kean, Document [126] (Title: Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey) elected in the state's 2009 gubernatorial election. Republican Kim Guadagno was the first to serve in the post in its modern form. Guadagno, previously the sheriff in Monmouth County, was chosen by Governor Chris Christie to be his running mate on the Republican party ticket in the 2009 election. In 2017, Democratic New Jersey Assemblywoman and former Speaker of the Assembly Sheila Oliver was elected lieutenant governor as the running mate of Phil Murphy, and was sworn in as the second lieutenant governor on January 16, 2018. During the proprietary period (1664–1702), New Jersey was divided into two separate colonies, Document [127] (Title: Chris Christie) they're just weary of the taxes." Under Christie's governorship, New Jersey's credit rating has been downgraded nine times (across Standard & Poor, Fitch Ratings, and Moody's Investors Service), leaving only Illinois with a lower rating among US states. As Governor of New Jersey, Christie has received grades of B in 2012 and B in 2014 from the Cato Institute, a libertarian think tank, in their biennial Fiscal Policy Report Card on America's governors. On September 18, 2013, Christie signed legislation to overhaul the state's business tax incentive programs. The legislation reduces the number of tax incentive programs from five to Document [128] (Title: Jim McGreevey) second try (on November 6, 2001), McGreevey inherited a US$5 billion budget deficit. During his term, McGreevey raised the tax on cigarettes and increased the state income tax for the wealthy. Raised as a Roman Catholic but maintaining a pro-choice stance on abortion, he stated as governor that he would not receive Communion at public church services. Among McGreevey's accomplishments were implementing a stem cell research plan for New Jersey, heavily lobbying for the state's first domestic partnership law for same-sex couples and signing such a law in early 2004. McGreevey's term was controversial, with questions about the credentials of Document [129] (Title: Chuck Hardwick) tenure as governor, pointing out some of their similarities; part of his stump speech was to ask: "How can a Republican Assembly Speaker with a gap-toothed smile, who isn't a lawyer, expect to be Governor?" But without mentioning the Governor, he attacked Kean's proposals for property tax reform and to create a coastal commission to control growth on the Jersey shore; he was highly critical of Kean's decision to renominate New Jersey Supreme Court Chief Justice Robert Wilentz, a liberal. Hardwick also picked a public fight with New York Governor Mario Cuomo, attacking New York's income tax on New Jerseyans Document [130] (Title: Donald DiFrancesco) over whether DiFrancesco would be invited to the tenth anniversary of the September 11th attacks ceremony in Lower Manhattan, since DiFrancesco was governor during the attacks. Donald DiFrancesco Donald Thomas DiFrancesco (born November 20, 1944) was the 51st Governor of New Jersey from 2001 to 2002 by virtue of his status as President of the New Jersey Senate, the upper house of the New Jersey Legislature. Born in Scotch Plains, New Jersey, DiFrancesco attended Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School, where he was senior class president. He graduated in 1966 with a Bachelor's Degree from Penn State University in business, and was Document [131] (Title: 2009 New Jersey gubernatorial election) on the ballot selected their running mates by the July 27, 2009 deadline. Christie, as the Republican nominee for governor, selected Monmouth Beach's Kim Guadagno, the sheriff of Monmouth County, as his running mate. Others mentioned for the post had included New Jersey Senators Diane Allen and Jennifer Beck, as well as Bergen County Clerk Kathleen Donovan. Corzine, as the Democratic nominee, selected Teaneck's Loretta Weinberg, a New Jersey Senator and former New Jersey General Assemblywoman, as his running mate. Other mentioned for the post had included Newark Mayor Cory Booker, New Jersey Senators Nia Gill and Barbara Buono, New Document [132] (Title: Jon Corzine) Jon Corzine Jon Stevens Corzine (born January 1, 1947) is an American financial executive and retired politician who served as a United States Senator from New Jersey from 2001 to 2006 and the 54th Governor of New Jersey from 2006 to 2010. A member of the Democratic Party, he previously worked at Goldman Sachs; after leaving politics, he was CEO of MF Global from 2010 to 2011. Corzine was born in Central Illinois, the son of Nancy June (née Hedrick) and Roy Allen Corzine, Jr. His grandfather Roy A. Corzine, Sr. served in the Illinois General Assembly. He is of Document [133] (Title: Richard McGlynn) father, William E. McGlynn, was a two-term Councilman in Kearny, New Jersey and an unsuccessful candidate for Congress against Peter Rodino in 1954. Source: Richard McGlynn Richard McGlynn is an American Republican Party politician who sought the Republican nomination for Governor of New Jersey in 1981. A former Superior Court Judge and Commissioner of the New Jersey Board of Public Utilities, he won just 1% of the vote as a candidate for Governor, finishing last in a field of 8 candidates. He now serves as Counsel at United Water Resources. He is a graduate of Princeton University and Rutgers University Document [134] (Title: 1993 New Jersey gubernatorial election) 1993 New Jersey gubernatorial election The New Jersey gubernatorial election of 1993 was a race for Governor of New Jersey held on November 2, 1993. Incumbent Democratic governor James Florio was narrowly defeated by Republican Christine Todd Whitman following backlash from voters regarding tax increases that had occurred during Florio's tenure. Primary elections for the Democratic and Republican parties were held on Tuesday June 8, 1993. Florio was unopposed in the June primary election. Former Howell Township postal worker, John Budzash, originally filed to run against Florio in the primary. Budzash, who switched his party registration from Republican to Democratic Document [135] (Title: 2009 New Jersey elections) 27, 2009 deadline. Chris Christie, the Republican nominee for governor, selected Monmouth Beach's Kim Guadagno, the sheriff of Monmouth County, as his running mate. Others mentioned for the post had included New Jersey Senators Diane Allen and Jennifer Beck, as well as Bergen County Clerk Kathleen Donovan. Incumbent Governor Jon Corzine, the Democratic nominee, selected Teaneck's Loretta Weinberg, a New Jersey Senator and former New Jersey General Assemblywoman, as his running mate. Other mentioned for the post had included New Jersey Senator Barbara Buono, New Jersey General Assemblywoman Bonnie Watson Coleman, and wealthy businessman Randal Pinkett. Chris Daggett, an independent Document [136] (Title: Governorship of Chris Christie) for the next open enrollment. Governor Christie was not in New Jersey during the December 2010 North American blizzard. Acting Governor and Senate President Stephen M. Sweeney, took charge during this historic blizzard while the Governor and Lt. Governor were on vacation. Governor Christie played a very vocal role in responding to the August 2011 landfall in New Jersey of Hurricane Irene. Prior to the storm's arrival he ordered massive evacuations of coastal areas of the state. At one press conference he directly told people who had not heeded evacuation orders to "get the hell off the beach". Christie played Document [137] (Title: John J. Murphy) served five years on the Morris Township governing body from 1994 to 1998. He was Mayor of Morris Township in both 1996 and 1997. In January 2005, Murphy announced his candidacy for the Republican nomination for the 2005 race for Governor of New Jersey, with plans to advocate for an elected attorney general and an elected auditor general. He planned to decrease waste and fraud in state government. Murphy's campaign touched on bringing three basic ideas back to state government—accountability, accessibility, and honesty. Murphy finished third in balloting for the Republican nomination, with 14% of the vote, behind Doug Forrester Document [138] (Title: Michael DuHaime) for Republican Chris Christie, who was elected Governor of New Jersey in 2009. Christie defeated incumbent Governor Jon S. Corzine by nearly 100,000 votes. Christie named DuHaime as one of ten members of his transition team. DuHaime headed the transition panel for the state's independent authorities, which includes the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, and the New Jersey Sports and Exposition Authority. DuHaime was one of ten members of Gov.-elect Chris Christie's Transition Team, and chaired the Authorities Subcommittee, which deal with the state's independent authorities and agencies. DuHaime has been a resident of Westfield, New Jersey. Document [139] (Title: Donald DiFrancesco) Donald DiFrancesco Donald Thomas DiFrancesco (born November 20, 1944) was the 51st Governor of New Jersey from 2001 to 2002 by virtue of his status as President of the New Jersey Senate, the upper house of the New Jersey Legislature. Born in Scotch Plains, New Jersey, DiFrancesco attended Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School, where he was senior class president. He graduated in 1966 with a Bachelor's Degree from Penn State University in business, and was awarded a law degree from Seton Hall University School of Law in 1969. He served as Scotch Plains Municipal Attorney. DiFrancesco was elected to the New Document [140] (Title: Leon Rutherford Taylor) Leon Rutherford Taylor Leon Rutherford Taylor (October 26, 1883 – April 1, 1924) was a New Jersey politician, who was the acting governor of New Jersey from October 28, 1913, to January 20, 1914. Taylor took office upon the resignation of James Fairman Fielder, who had stepped down to create a vacancy in the governorship and avoid constitutional limits on succeeding himself. Taylor was born in Asbury Park, New Jersey on October 26, 1883. He attended Denison University in Ohio, studied law and established himself as a lawyer in New Jersey. Taylor was elected to three terms in the New Document [141] (Title: Ronald Chen) 2010, he served as the New Jersey Public Advocate, having been nominated to fill that position on January 5, 2006, by Governor of New Jersey Jon Corzine. He was the first public advocate since 1994, when the job was abolished by former Governor Christine Todd Whitman following the two-year tenure of Zulima Farber, who was Governor James Florio's Public Advocate. The first New Jersey public advocate—and the first of any state—was Stanley Van Ness, whose office filed an Amicus Brief in the case resulting in a decision which was to become known as the Mt. Laurel Doctrine, which prevents municipalities Document [142] (Title: Jim McGreevey) initially to four other counties. Jim McGreevey James Edward McGreevey (born August 6, 1957) is an American politician and member of the Democratic Party, who served as the 52nd Governor of New Jersey from 2002 until his resignation in 2004. He served in the New Jersey General Assembly from 1990 to 1992, as the Mayor of Woodbridge Township from 1991 to 2002 and in the New Jersey Senate from 1994 to 1998. He was the Democratic nominee for Governor of New Jersey in 1997 but was narrowly defeated by Republican incumbent Christine Todd Whitman. He ran again in 2001 and Document [143] (Title: 2001 New Jersey gubernatorial election) 2001 New Jersey gubernatorial election The New Jersey gubernatorial election of 2001 was a race for the Governor of New Jersey. It was held on November 6, 2001. Primaries took place on June 25. Democrat nominee Jim McGreevey won the general election with 56% of the vote — the first majority-elected governor since James Florio in 1989. His Republican opponent in that race was Bret Schundler. Towards the end of his tenure as mayor, Schundler served as chairman of the Hudson County Republican Committee, and in 2001, Schundler won the Republican gubernatorial nomination, facing former Congressman Bob Franks, a considerably Document [144] (Title: Governor of New Jersey) person security detail from the New Jersey State Police, for up to 6 months after leaving office. On Tuesday, November 8, 2005, the voters passed an amendment to the New Jersey State Constitution that created the position of Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey, effective with the 2009 elections. Before this amendment was passed, the president of the New Jersey Senate would have become governor or acting governor in the event that office of governor became vacant. This dual position was more powerful than that of an elected governor, as the individual would have had a major role in legislative and Question: who was the governor of new jersey in 2006

Answer: Jon Corzine Long Answer: # Portrait Governor Term start Term end Party Lt. Governor Terms William Livingston August 31, 1776 July 25, 1790 Federalist None 13 ⁄ -- Elisha Lawrence July 25, 1790 October 29, 1790 Federalist ⁄ William Paterson October 29, 1790 March 30, 1793 Federalist 2 ⁄ -- Thomas Henderson March 30, 1793 June 3, 1793 Federalist ⁄ Richard Howell June 3, 1793 October 31, 1801 Federalist 8 Joseph Bloomfield October 31, 1801 October 28, 1802 Democratic - Republican -- John Lambert October 28, 1802 October 29, 1803 Democratic - Republican Joseph Bloomfield October 29, 1803 October 29, 1812 Democratic - Republican 9 5 Aaron Ogden October 29, 1812 October 29, 1813 Federalist 6 William Sanford Pennington October 29, 1813 June 19, 1815 Democratic - Republican 1 ⁄ -- William Kennedy June 19, 1815 October 26, 1815 Democratic - Republican ⁄ 7 Mahlon Dickerson October 26, 1815 February 1, 1817 Democratic - Republican 1 ⁄ 8 Isaac Halstead Williamson February 6, 1817 October 30, 1829 Federalist 12 ⁄ -- Garret D. Wall -- -- Democratic -- 9 Peter Dumont Vroom November 6, 1829 October 26, 1832 Democratic 10 Samuel L. Southard October 26, 1832 February 27, 1833 Whig ⁄ 11 Elias P. Seeley February 27, 1833 October 25, 1833 Whig ⁄ 9 Peter Dumont Vroom October 25, 1833 November 3, 1836 Democratic 12 Philemon Dickerson November 3, 1836 October 27, 1837 Democratic 13 William Pennington October 27, 1837 October 27, 1843 Whig 6 14 Daniel Haines October 27, 1843 January 21, 1845 Democratic 15 Charles C. Stratton January 21, 1845 January 18, 1848 Whig 14 Daniel Haines January 18, 1848 January 21, 1851 Democratic 16 George Franklin Fort January 21, 1851 January 17, 1854 Democratic 17 Rodman M. Price January 17, 1854 January 20, 1857 Democratic 18 William A. Newell January 20, 1857 January 17, 1860 Republican 19 Charles Smith Olden January 17, 1860 January 20, 1863 Republican 20 Joel Parker January 20, 1863 January 16, 1866 Democratic 21 Marcus Lawrence Ward January 16, 1866 January 19, 1869 Republican 22 Theodore Fitz Randolph January 19, 1869 January 16, 1872 Democratic 20 Joel Parker January 16, 1872 January 19, 1875 Democratic 23 Joseph D. Bedle January 19, 1875 January 15, 1878 Democratic 24 George B. McClellan January 15, 1878 January 18, 1881 Democratic 25 George C. Ludlow January 18, 1881 January 15, 1884 Democratic 26 Leon Abbett January 15, 1884 January 18, 1887 Democratic 27 Robert Stockton Green January 18, 1887 January 21, 1890 Democratic 26 Leon Abbett January 21, 1890 January 17, 1893 Democratic 28 George Theodore Werts January 17, 1893 January 21, 1896 Democratic 29 John W. Griggs January 21, 1896 January 31, 1898 Republican ⁄ -- Foster McGowan Voorhees January 31, 1898 October 18, 1898 Republican ⁄ -- David Ogden Watkins October 18, 1898 January 17, 1899 Republican ⁄ 30 Foster McGowan Voorhees January 17, 1899 January 21, 1902 Republican 31 Franklin Murphy January 21, 1902 January 17, 1905 Republican 32 Edward C. Stokes January 17, 1905 January 21, 1908 Republican 33 John Franklin Fort January 21, 1908 January 17, 1911 Republican 34 Woodrow Wilson January 17, 1911 March 1, 1913 Democratic ⁄ -- James Fairman Fielder March 1, 1913 October 28, 1913 Democratic ⁄ -- Leon R. Taylor October 28, 1913 January 20, 1914 Democratic ⁄ 35 James Fairman Fielder January 20, 1914 January 16, 1917 Democratic 36 Walter Evans Edge January 16, 1917 May 16, 1919 Republican ⁄ -- William Nelson Runyon May 16, 1919 January 13, 1920 Republican ⁄ -- Clarence E. Case January 13, 1920 January 20, 1920 Republican ⁄ 37 Edward I. Edwards January 20, 1920 January 15, 1923 Democratic 38 George Sebastian Silzer January 15, 1923 January 19, 1926 Democratic 39 A. Harry Moore January 19, 1926 January 15, 1929 Democratic 40 Morgan Foster Larson January 15, 1929 January 19, 1932 Republican 39 A. Harry Moore January 19, 1932 January 3, 1935 Democratic ⁄ -- Clifford Ross Powell January 3, 1935 January 8, 1935 Republican ⁄ -- Horace Griggs Prall January 8, 1935 January 15, 1935 Republican ⁄ 41 Harold G. Hoffman January 15, 1935 January 18, 1938 Republican 39 A. Harry Moore January 18, 1938 January 21, 1941 Democratic 42 Charles Edison January 21, 1941 January 18, 1944 Democratic 36 Walter Evans Edge January 18, 1944 January 21, 1947 Republican 43 Alfred E. Driscoll January 21, 1947 January 19, 1954 Republican 44 Robert B. Meyner January 19, 1954 January 16, 1962 Democratic 45 Richard J. Hughes January 16, 1962 January 20, 1970 Democratic 46 William T. Cahill January 20, 1970 January 15, 1974 Republican 47 Brendan Byrne January 15, 1974 January 19, 1982 Democratic 48 Thomas Kean January 19, 1982 January 16, 1990 Republican 49 James Florio January 16, 1990 January 18, 1994 Democratic 50 Christine Todd Whitman January 18, 1994 January 31, 2001 Republican 1 ⁄ 51 Donald DiFrancesco January 31, 2001 January 8, 2002 Republican ⁄ -- John Farmer Jr . January 8, 2002 January 8, 2002 Republican ⁄ -- John O. Bennett January 8, 2002 January 12, 2002 Republican ⁄ -- Richard Codey January 12, 2002 January 15, 2002 Democratic ⁄ 52 Jim McGreevey January 15, 2002 November 15, 2004 Democratic ⁄ 53 Richard Codey November 15, 2004 January 17, 2006 Democratic ⁄ 54 Jon Corzine January 17, 2006 January 19, 2010 Democratic 55 Chris Christie January 19, 2010 Incumbent Republican Kim Guadagno Gold Document ID: 141

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: For My Daughter's Honor) to experience what she endured. For My Daughter's Honor For My Daughter's Honor (also released as Indecent Seduction) is a 1996 American made-for-television drama film directed by Alan Metzger and starring Gary Cole, Nicholle Tom, Mac Davis and Mary Kay Place. It originally aired on CBS on November 20, 1996. Fourteen-year-old high school student Amy Dustin becomes an object of romantic affection to Pete Nash, the school's biology teacher and football coach. They take a sudden interest in each other, and begin sending each other notes and talking on the telephone. Although Pete has a family, the two begin a Document [2] (Title: Je suis une célébrité, sortez-moi de là ! (series 1)) Trials the celebrities took part in: Je suis une célébrité, sortez-moi de là ! (series 1) The first series of "Je suis une célébrité, sortez-moi de là !", the French version of "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!", began on 14 April 2006 and ended on 28 April 2006. The programme ran for 14 days (16 days if counting the day the celebrities arrived and the morning the finalists exited). The series was won by Richard Virenque. The contestants take part in daily trials to earn food. The participants are chosen by the public (Day 1–8) and the production Document [3] (Title: Celebs Go Dating (series 3)) gay man to appear on the show. Norris's co-star James Argent also joined the cast, making his first television appearance since taking a break "The Only Way Is Essex" earlier in the year. They were joined by television presenter Sarah-Jane Crawford, "The X Factor" finalist and singer Frankie Cocozza, "Made in Chelsea"'s Georgia Toffolo, model and television personality Calum Best, and Charlotte Dawson from "Ex on the Beach". American reality star Courtney Stodden joined the cast in July, and made her first appearance in the show during the third week. Celebs Go Dating (series 3) The third series of the Document [4] (Title: Celebs Go Dating (series 2)) his removal from the show. Filming began for the second series in late January with the series launching in February 2017, with filming finishing in early March. This is a list of the celebrities starring in the second series of Celebs Go Dating. "Note: Joey Essex is the only original celeb to return for a second series." Celebs Go Dating (series 2) The second series of the British reality dating programme "Celebs Go Dating" aired from 13 February to 10 March 2017. Following the success of the first series, it was announced that E4 had renewed the series for 2 Document [5] (Title: Start It Up (Shake It Up)) Start It Up (Shake It Up) "Start It Up" is the pilot episode of the American television series "Shake It Up", a female buddy-show with a dance concept, starring Bella Thorne and Zendaya. As the series' opening episode, it introduces the main characters in the series, and follows Rocky (Zendaya) and CeCe (Thorne) as they try out for "Shake It Up Chicago", after being encouraged by Deuce (Adam Irigoyen) and Ty (Roshon Fegan). Also in this episode, Flynn (Davis Cleveland) tries to avenge CeCe and Rocky for his breakfast. The episode premiered on the Disney Channel on November 7, 2010. Document [6] (Title: Cea Sunrise Person) 15, Person was working as a high-fashion model in Manhattan and Paris and was also posing for photo shoots in Mauritius. In her early–to-late 20s, she lived in Europe and worked as a catalogue model. At the age of 29, she retired from full-time modeling. She then moved to Vancouver where she started a swimwear company. In 2007, she began writing her memoir, "North of Normal", about her upbringing in the wilderness. The book details her early life prior to moving to Calgary and then starting her modelling career. The book underwent numerous revisions over 6 years before it was Document [7] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 14)) I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 14) "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!" returned for its fourteenth series on 16 November 2014 on ITV and ended on 7 December 2014. The show was confirmed to be returning to ITV at the end of the previous series. On 22 October 2014, the trailer was revealed for the new series, which was broadcast on air across the ITV network in the run up to the series' premiere. Ant & Dec both returned as presenters of the show, whilst Joe Swash, Laura Whitmore and Rob Beckett returned to present Document [8] (Title: Celebracadabra) Celebracadabra Celebracadabra is an American reality television series on VH1 that premiered on April 27, 2008. The series involves celebrities attempting to learn and perform magic. Magician/actor Jonathan Levit serves as the host. On Thursday, June 12, 2008, C. Thomas Howell was named "Greatest Celebrity Magician". For the premiere episode of Celebracadabra, the seven celebrities try their hand at magic, paired with professional magicians. This week's first challenge is Street Magic, hitting the streets armed with only their skills to impress the crowds. At the end, only six of the seven celebrities will continue onto next week. For their next Document [9] (Title: Celebs Go Dating) was renewed for a fourth series to air in 2018. The fourth series premiered on 4 February 2018 The fourth series was the first series to air during the week and weekend, but there was episode on Fridays or Saturdays. On 21 May 2018, "Celebs Go Dating" was renewed for another series. It began broadcasting on 14 October 2018. In November 2018, "Celebs Go Dating" was renewed for a sixth series, which is set to air in 2019. The first series of the show was confirmed in March 2016, and began airing on 29 August 2016. It concluded after fifteen Document [10] (Title: Celebs Go Dating) weekday. In 2017, a second and third series was confirmed to air in early and late 2017 unlike the first series the second and third series would last one week longer with 20 episodes. Filming began for the second series in late January with the series launching in February 2017, with filming finishing in early March. Series two saw the return of Joey Essex who broke the rules in the first series when he started dating a celebrity on the show. During the filming of series two, Stephen Bear brought many problems to the dating agency, breaking the rules of Document [11] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 2)) to Danniella walking out of the jungle. The contestants take part in daily trials to earn food All ratings are taken from the UK Programme Ratings website, BARB. Series average = 8.55 million viewers. I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 2) The second series of I'm a Celebrity... Get Me out of Here! was broadcast on ITV from 28 April to 12 May 2003. Ant & Dec presented the main show on ITV, whilst Mark Durden-Smith and former contestant Tara Palmer-Tomkinson hosted the spin-off show "I'm A Celebrity... Get Me Out Of Here... Now!" on ITV2. The Document [12] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (Australia season 2)) I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (Australia season 2) The second season of "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here", which was commissioned on 16 July 2015, premiered on Network Ten on 31 January 2016. The season was won by Brendan Fevola who received $100,000 for his charity, and gave half ($50,000) to Paul Harragon's charity. The contestants take part in daily trials to earn food. These trials aim to test both physical and mental abilities. Success is usually determined by the number of stars collected during the trial, with each star representing a meal earned by the winning Document [13] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 13)) achieved the highest ever rating for an opening "I'm a Celebrity" episode. I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 13) "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!" returned for its thirteenth series on 17 November 2013 on ITV, and ended on 8 December 2013. The show was confirmed to be returning to ITV at the end of the previous series. On 21 October 2013, two teasers were revealed for the new series, which were broadcast on air across the ITV network in the run up to the series' premiere. Ant & Dec both returned as presenters of the Document [14] (Title: Tonite with HSY) gossip nor will it promote or project upcoming projects, it is a platform for the masses to get to know who our celebrities are and what they think about topics that do not necessarily pertain to their jobs." Show will air once a week for an hour or about 40 minutes, the show will be a completely entertainment for people. Opening of episodes usually includes a brief introduction of invited guest and then beginning interactive talk among host and guest, usually after fifteen minutes or more shows main portion begins.The show follow three different segments, as follows: Love em Hate Document [15] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 11)) average, as it is an extra show shown after the series has ended. There were no shows on 15 or 23 November due to live football being shown, however, the ITV2 show still aired as normal. I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 11) I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! returned for its eleventh series on 13 November 2011. Ant & Dec returned as presenters for the main show, and its spin off show "Get Me Out of Here...NOW!" returned with new host Laura Whitmore, Russell Kane and Joe Swash as presenters. On 3 December 2011, Dougie Document [16] (Title: Celebrity (TV programme)) October 8, with five weekly episodes. In 2000 she signed with ITV and hosted the breakfast programme, broadcast on weekdays from 9.00 am to 10.00 am. Bunton talked about the celebrity universe, including news about music, films and interviews with artists as Madonna and Bon Jovi. She left the program to start her solo career. Celebrity (TV programme) Celebrity is a British breakfast programme, broadcast on weekdays from 9.00 am to 10.00 am on ITV. It was hosted by Emma Bunton from 8 October to 31 December 2000. After Geri Halliwell's departure, the Spice Girls had a hiatus in 1999. Document [17] (Title: Start the Week) Listener & Viewer Awards, and is only the second programme to win the award twice. Start the Week Start the Week is a discussion programme broadcast on BBC Radio 4 which began in April 1970. The current presenter is the former BBC political editor Andrew Marr. The previous regular presenters were Richard Baker, Russell Harty, Melvyn Bragg and Jeremy Paxman. It is broadcast (usually) live on Monday mornings between 9:02am and 9:45am, and repeated in a shortened, edited version at 9:30pm the same evening. Its guests typically come from the worlds of politics, journalism, science and the arts. Prior to Document [18] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 5)) I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 5) The fifth series of "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!" began on 20 November 2005 and ended on 5 December 2005. The programme ran for 16 days (18 days if counting the day the celebrities arrived and the morning the finalists exited). The series was won by Carol Thatcher. 12 contestants participated, one more than in the previous series. The contestants take part in daily trials to earn food. The participants are chosen by the public, up until the first eviction, when the campers decide who will take part Document [19] (Title: Startalk (Philippine TV program)) story after another, "Startalk" finally earned its tagline "The Showbiz Authority" and in October 1996, "Startalk" won its first award in the 10th PMPC Star Awards for Television as Best Showbiz Oriented Talk Show. Startalk said goodbye to Aquino in 1996, after her contract with Viva Entertainment expired and the network dropped her and transferred to rival network ABS-CBN and was given several shows, and so actress Dawn Zulueta came in to fill the vacant slot as host. During the show's second year, it slowly gained significant loyal following and considerable commercial load. Unfortunately, Zulueta didn't last long and so Document [20] (Title: Ceroc) classes often start earlier. Whatever the start time, the entire evening lasts three to four hours in most venues (with rare exceptions). A "Beginner Progression" class (also known variously as "Bridging", "Beginner Consolidation", "Intromediate" or "Freestyle class" ) taught at the same time as the "Intermediate" or "Intermediate/Advanced" class has also been introduced in Sydney, Brisbane, Melbourne, Perth, and Adelaide, involving a breakdown of technique and either a review of the preceding "Beginner" class (possibly with some extensions or variations to the moves from that class) or a new routine drawn from a mixture of intermediate and beginner level moves Document [21] (Title: Brenda Frazier) Hutton, who consequently were frequently written about and photographed. The press eventually began calling them "Glamour Girls". Frazier began to gain attention as a teenager after columnist Walter Winchell began writing about her; he reportedly coined the portmanteau "celebutante" in her honor. In 1936, two years before her society debut, society journalist Maury Henry Biddle Paul (known as Cholly Knickerbocker) wrote, "It may seem a bit early, but I – here and now – predict Brenda Frazier will be one of the belles - if not "the" Belle - of her season." Cholly Knickerbocker's prediction boosted Frazier's profile and her Document [22] (Title: Celebs Go Dating (series 1)) show uses a fly on the wall filming style with fixed cameras across the room, with a crew controlling them from another room. This is a list of the celebrities who featured in the first series of Celebs Go Dating. Celebs Go Dating (series 1) The first series of the British reality dating programme "Celebs Go Dating" aired from 29 August to 16 September 2016, with the concept of the show celebrities going on a number of dates with members of the public to see if they can find love. The series stars Eden Blackman and Nadia Essex as the Document [23] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (Australia season 5)) I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (Australia season 5) The fifth season of Australia's "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here", which was commissioned by Network Ten on 10 September 2018, will premiere on 13 January 2019. On 13 December 2018, 3 clues were released to the public by Network 10 on the identities of three celebrities. More clues are expected to be released over the next few weeks on the celebrities. Currently the clues to the professions of the celebrities include a red carpet gossip guru, two controversial politicians and a AFL footy legend. A number of celebrities Document [24] (Title: Celebrity Juice) guest panellist (as of 20 September 2018). This doesn't include being a fill-in judge: In 2009, 2010 and 2011, the show was voted "Worst British TV Panel Show" in the British Comedy Guide's annual awards. Celebrity Juice Celebrity Juice, often referred to as Celeb Juice, is a British television comedy panel game on ITV2, broadcast since 24 September 2008. The show is written and presented by Keith Lemon, the alter-ego of comedian Leigh Francis. The format for the series was first suggested in 2007, after the final series of Leigh Francis' Channel 4 sketch show "Bo' Selecta!". ITV approached Francis Document [25] (Title: The Tuxedo Begins) Rock" was watched by 3.59 million households in its original American broadcast. It earned a 1.5 rating/4 share in the 18–49 demographic. This means that it was seen by 1.5 percent of all 18- to 49-year-olds, and 4 percent of all 18- to 49-year-olds watching television at the time of the broadcast. Tina Fey submitted this episode for consideration due to her nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series at the 64th Primetime Emmy Awards. The Tuxedo Begins "The Tuxedo Begins" is the eighth episode of the sixth season of the American television Document [26] (Title: Loose Women) of the day's topics and guests before introducing the panellists as they walk on. On 15 May the show celebrated its 3,000th episode with a look-back at the show's best bits and a mini-awards ceremony dubbed 'The Loosie Awards'. Mel B started making recurring appearances on the panel, whilst Denise Welch and Carol McGiffin returned to the panel after 5 year absences, making their returns on 7 June 2018 and 5 July 2018 respectively. Series 23 began airing on ITV on 3 September 2018 the return of your presenters and panellists whereas Denise Welch and Carol McGiffin re-joined the show Document [27] (Title: Academy Awards pre-show) later) began their red carpet pre-shows with focus on fashion. It would pass another decade, in 1999, when the AMPAS eventually produced its own red carpet pre-show to air on ABC. KABC-TV continues to produce its own pre- and post-show editions of its syndicated entertainment program "On the Red Carpet", which air on some ABC affiliates and O&Os as a compliment to network coverage. Although other broadcasters (including, , CNN, E!, and Pop) may air their own red carpet coverage, ABC has an exclusive window during the final hour before the ceremony (4:30 p.m. to 5:30 p.m. PT) during which Document [28] (Title: Celebs Go Dating) the show by dating another celebrity outside of the show; this led to his removal from the show. It was announced on the official "Celebs Go Dating" Twitter account that the third series of the show will feature same-sex relationships for the first time. In September 2017 it was confirmed that the series would return for a fourth series in 2018. The fourth series does also feature same-sex relationships. It started on 4 February 2018. The first and second series of "Celebs Go Dating" aired every week night on E4 with a repeat at the weekend on Sunday morning. The Document [29] (Title: Celebs Go Dating (series 1)) Celebs Go Dating (series 1) The first series of the British reality dating programme "Celebs Go Dating" aired from 29 August to 16 September 2016, with the concept of the show celebrities going on a number of dates with members of the public to see if they can find love. The series stars Eden Blackman and Nadia Essex as the dating experts, and Tom Read Wilson as a receptionist. After the success of the first series, it was announced that E4 had ordered two more series of the show to air in 2017. It was announced in March 2016 that Document [30] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK TV series)) Coming Out show on 7 December 2016. It began airing on 19 November 2017. 12 contestants, broadcast from 19 November – 10 December 2017: Ant & Dec confirmed at the end of the Coming Out show on 15 December 2017 that the show will return the following year (2018). It is the first series in its brand-new two-year contract. However, on 9 August 2018, Anthony McPartlin confirmed that he will not be presenting the eighteenth series as he continues to get treatment after being admitted to rehab in March. It began airing on 18 November 2018. On 29 August, ITV Document [31] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (Australian TV series)) rates. On 1 August 2016 the series was renewed for a third season with Morris and Brown returning as hosts, which premiered on 29 January 2017. A fourth season commenced on 28 January 2018 and concluded 12 March 2018. A fifth season has been announced and will air from 13 January 2019. The show is set to be reduced from airing over a six week period to four weeks for the 2019 season. The premise of the show is that there is a group of well known personalities living together in a specially constructed camp site in a jungle. During Document [32] (Title: Celebdaq) Celebdaq Celebdaq was an online "celebrity stock exchange" game on the BBC's website which had its own television show on BBC Three. The television show was presented by Paddy O'Connell & Libby Potter. Later, the comedian Jenny Eclair was the presenter. Players were given the opportunity to buy and sell shares in celebrities using £10,000 of virtual cash. As in real-life stock markets, the trading of shares caused each celebrity's share price to fluctuate, allowing profits to be realised. Weekly dividends were paid on shares owned based upon how much press coverage the celebrity received in a number of daily Document [33] (Title: Celebs Go Dating (series 3)) months. Nadia Essex and Eden Blackman returned as the dating experts, along with receptionist Tom Read Wilson. Psychologist Dr. Pam Spurr helped the celebrities get in touch with their feelings and analyse their body language. The series features same-sex relationships for the first time, as well as blind and silent dating. "Celebs Go Dating" began airing from 4 September 2017 for four weeks. "The Only Way Is Essex" cast member Bobby Norris was confirmed to be appearing in the series in May 2017. He previously made a brief appearance at the end of the second series. Norris became the first Document [34] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (Australia season 1)) I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (Australia season 1) The first season of "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here" premiered on Network Ten on 1 February 2015. The season was hosted by Julia Morris and Chris Brown. Andrew 'Freddie' Flintoff won the season, getting crowned "King of the Jungle" on 15 March 2015. Before the new contestants ('intruders') enter camp and meet the other celebrities, they have to undergo trials. The contestants take part in daily trials to earn food. These trials aim to test both physical and mental abilities. The winner is usually determined by the number Document [35] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 16)) I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 16) "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!" returned for its sixteenth series on 13 November 2016 on ITV. It was the second in a three-year contract, as confirmed by Ant & Dec at the end of the "Coming Out" show on 9 December 2015. Following the end of the previous series, the spin-off show, "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! NOW!" was rebranded "I'm a Celebrity: Extra Camp". It was also announced that Laura Whitmore and David Morgan had quit the show and were replaced by Vicky Pattison, Stacey Document [36] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 5)) in the trial I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 5) The fifth series of "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!" began on 20 November 2005 and ended on 5 December 2005. The programme ran for 16 days (18 days if counting the day the celebrities arrived and the morning the finalists exited). The series was won by Carol Thatcher. 12 contestants participated, one more than in the previous series. The contestants take part in daily trials to earn food. The participants are chosen by the public, up until the first eviction, when the campers decide who Document [37] (Title: VH1) Gross used a hyphenated form of the word ("celeb-reality") to describe the tendency of certain contemporary celebrities to downplay the traditional trappings of Hollywood glamour. "You could see the new celeb-reality on display at this year's Oscars," wrote Gross. "It is Kathy Bates and Whoopi Goldberg, not Kim Basinger and Michelle Pfeiffer. It is Jeremy Irons in black tie and the sneakers he says keep his feet on the ground. It is Kevin Costner, fighting small, important battles, winning big, but reacting with modesty and going off to party privately. The new celebrities are human first, famous second." The next Document [38] (Title: StarTomorrow) StarTomorrow StarTomorrow was an online-only musical talent search created by NBC and music executive Tommy Mottola produced by 25/7 Productions in association with CenterStaging and Rehearsals.Com. NBC announced that it would air StarTomorrow in February 2006. Mottola severed his relationship with the show in June 2006, and producer David Foster was brought in. The prize was subsequently changed from a recording contract with Mottola's Casablanca Records to a contract with Foster's label. Hosted by Michele Merkin, StarTomorrow premiered on NBC and NBC.com on July 31, 2006, when a one-hour show about the auditions aired on NBC. In a format similar Document [39] (Title: Anna Richardson) series, called "The Sex Education Show: Stop Pimping Our Kids", aired from 19–21 April 2011. The fifth series began on 19 July 2011. Richardson presents Channel 4's "Secret Eaters", which began on 16 May 2012. She also presents "How Not to Get Old" alongside Louise Redknapp which began on 7 August 2013. Richardson and Andi Osho present "Supershoppers", which began on Channel 4 on 1 February 2016, although Osho has now been replaced by Sabrina Grant. She presents Channel 4's "Naked Attraction", which began on 25 July 2016. In 2017, Richardson co-presented "How to Retire at 40" on Channel 4. Document [40] (Title: Celebs Go Dating) episodes on 16 September 2016. Shortly after the series it was announced that E4 had commissioned a further two series to air in 2017. The following is a list of celebrities who featured in the first series. The second series of the show was confirmed on 7 November 2016, and began on 13 February 2017. It concluded after twenty episodes on 10 March 2017. Along with the announcement of the cast for the series, it was confirmed that Joey Essex would be returning, having previously appeared in the first series. Stephen Bear was also removed from the series during the Document [41] (Title: Boys and Girls (TV series)) to home viewers living in a featured street who performed a task set out by the host (such as opening the front door in their pyjamas). Then the 'quiz' would be played. Two celebrity guests – one for each team – would enter the audience to canvas the team's opinions in response to a series of questions posed by Kay. These questions would be on the subject of relationships and would take the form of an 'either/or' choice, i.e. "What's more important, a big heart or a big wallet?". The celeb would gather the audience's apparent majority opinion and present Document [42] (Title: Grill Me) of questions regarding celebrities) were presented to the celebs, who were given $99.95 to start with (the first category picked by the winner of a drawing of straws [or in Jordan's case, "Indian leg wrestling"]). Each category had a different value, from as low as $9.95 to as big as $17.95, and the first question in each category was asked as a toss-up. Whoever buzzed in with the right answer earned money and control of answering two more questions worth the same amount. If a contestant did not know the answer to a question, he or she could force an Document [43] (Title: Fame Academy) Teachers and judges gave their opinions of the students' performances on air, and the television audience voted to "save" their favourite student throughout the week and at the live showdowns each Friday night, with one student leaving each week. The first live show took place on 7 March 2003 and lasted until Red Nose Day on 14 March, where the final show was presented and the winner was announced as Will Mellor. On 26 February 2005, "Comic Relief does Fame Academy" returned for a second live airing. During the Comic Relief show on 11 March (Red Nose Day), Edith Bowman Document [44] (Title: Celebrity Juice) Celebrity Juice Celebrity Juice, often referred to as Celeb Juice, is a British television comedy panel game on ITV2, broadcast since 24 September 2008. The show is written and presented by Keith Lemon, the alter-ego of comedian Leigh Francis. The format for the series was first suggested in 2007, after the final series of Leigh Francis' Channel 4 sketch show "Bo' Selecta!". ITV approached Francis to create a show featuring popular alter-ego Keith Lemon, and after the success of the five-part series "Keith Lemon's Very Brilliant World Tour", the channel commissioned "Celebrity Juice". The original premise of the show was Document [45] (Title: Startalk (Philippine TV program)) hosts would pick it up from there and the mainstays of both shows exchange on-air banter for a couple of minutes, punctuated with a lot of friendly jeers, private jokes and ribbing. After Magalona died on March 6, 2009, the "Eat Bulaga!" and "Startalk" hosts continued with the seamless tradition until it was stopped in the later part of the year, switching timeslots between S-Files, another showbiz talk show first hosted by Lyn Ching and Paolo Bediones. The move favored Boy, Lolit, Osang and the staff of "Startalk" (led by Floy Quintos) since they can dish out more exclusive showbiz Document [46] (Title: I Start Counting) I Start Counting I Start Counting is a British thriller film released in 1970, directed by David Greene and starring Jenny Agutter in one of her first major roles. It was based on the 1966 novel of the same name by Audrey Erskine Lindop. The film was moderately controversial because of Agutter's squeaky-clean image and youth (16, playing a 14-year-old), when coupled with the film's sexual content. It also included Simon Ward's first major film role. Wynne (Agutter), an adopted 14-year-old girl, has a crush on her 32-year-old stepbrother, George (Bryan Marshall). While spying on George in the bathroom, Wynne Document [47] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK TV series)) It was also reported that, as a result, cash-strapped ITV were unable to provide any more money for the series, and that the quality of the trials had gone down. The first three series of "I'm a Celebrity" occurred at various different times during the years they were broadcast. From series 4 onwards, the show is broadcast from around mid November until late November/early December. 8 contestants, broadcast from 25 August – 8 September 2002: 10 contestants, broadcast from 28 April – 12 May 2003: 10 contestants, broadcast from 26 January – 9 February 2004: 11 contestants, broadcast from 21 Document [48] (Title: Celebs Go Dating (series 4)) the series finale at Cape Verde. Jonathan Lipnicki took "Becca" to Los Angeles, America and before he left for Los Angeles, Lipnicki left the agency after finding a suitable girlfriend. Gemma Collins stood up "Lawrence" who was due to host the date in Paris, France and left him waiting on the Eurostar platform at St Pancras. The fourth series was announced prior to the final of the third series in September 2017. The fourth series is due to begin airing from 4 February on E4. Filming for the fourth series began on 20 November 2017 in London. It was announced Document [49] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 18)) handed. Official ratings are taken from BARB, utilising the four-screen dashboard which includes viewers who watched the programme on laptops, smartphones, and tablets within 7 days of the original broadcast. I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 18) "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!" returned for its eighteenth series on 18 November 2018 on ITV, as confirmed by Ant & Dec at the end of the Coming Out show in December 2017. On 9 August 2018, Anthony McPartlin confirmed that he would not be presenting the then upcoming eighteenth series. On 29 August, it was confirmed that Document [50] (Title: Start the Week) Start the Week Start the Week is a discussion programme broadcast on BBC Radio 4 which began in April 1970. The current presenter is the former BBC political editor Andrew Marr. The previous regular presenters were Richard Baker, Russell Harty, Melvyn Bragg and Jeremy Paxman. It is broadcast (usually) live on Monday mornings between 9:02am and 9:45am, and repeated in a shortened, edited version at 9:30pm the same evening. Its guests typically come from the worlds of politics, journalism, science and the arts. Prior to Marr the programme had a number of regular secondary presenters including Ken Sykora, Kenneth Robinson Document [51] (Title: Irish Debutante Ball) Most schools would have their debs in Autumn but some choose to begin their final year of school with the debs. Some schools even have a smaller ball before the debs, known as the "pre-debs" which would be held in January/February or even as late as May. Students may worry about being invited or finding a date but many attend with friends or in a group, not worrying about the dating aspect. It is not uncommon for students to not go with their significant other and instead go with a friend Whether the female asks the male, or vice versa, Document [52] (Title: Kris Aquino filmography) transferred to GMA Network, which had a partnership with Viva, and after Viva's contract with PTV ended). It was on GMA Network's showbiz oriented talk show "Startalk", which she co-hosted with Boy Abunda and Lolit Solis, that her hosting skills attracted attention. After GMA Network and VIVA dropped her, she went back to ABS-CBN in 1996 and had her biggest break through the morning talk show "Today with Kris Aquino". From that show, she gained more popularity in terms of hosting. From January 2001 to May 2002, she hosted the talk show "Morning Girls with Kris and Korina", alongside popular Document [53] (Title: Startalk (Philippine TV program)) more aggressive at getting the hottest and "Totally Xplosive" showbiz news, and three times more fun to the viewers. Startalk TX has always been pre-empted during Black Saturdays which observed as a non-regular programming. However, the first time the network has pre-empted the show as a regular programming was during Manny Pacquiao's World Press Tour. The longest competitor of "Startalk" in the same slot is "Entertainment Live", which premiered on August 4, 2007 after its pilot episode gained high ratings, due to its set of hosts, which happens to be former GMA talents Toni Gonzaga and Mariel Rodriguez with Bianca Document [54] (Title: Myleene Klass) Get Me out of Here!". In 2015, Klass began presenting the new ITV series "BBQ Champ", beginning on 31 July. On 1 March 2018, Klass hosted The Global Awards 2018 alongside Rochelle Humes and Roman Kemp Klass took part in the sixth series of ITV's reality television series "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!", which began on 13 November 2006 and ended on 1 December 2006. She finished in second place, behind Matt Willis. Her popularity was boosted by the show, particularly with male viewers as her sex appeal in a bikini was a frequent focus of show coverage. Document [55] (Title: Reality television) on a group of women who are romantically connected to male celebrities; these include "Basketball Wives" (2010), "Love & Hip Hop" (2011), "Hollywood Exes" (2012), "Ex-Wives of Rock" (2012) and "WAGS" (2015). Most of these shows have had spin-offs in multiple locations. There are also fly-on-the-wall-style shows directly involving celebrities. Often these show a celebrity going about their everyday life: notable examples include "The Anna Nicole Show", "The Osbournes", "Gene Simmons Family Jewels", "", "Keeping Up with the Kardashians" and "Hogan Knows Best". VH1 in the mid-2000s had an entire block of such shows, known as "Celebreality". Shows such as Document [56] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 8)) I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 8) I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here! returned to ITV for an eighth series from 16 November to 5 December 2008. Ant & Dec returned to present the main show on ITV, whilst Matt Willis, Emma Willis and Mark Durden-Smith returned to host spin-off show "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! NOW!" on ITV2. It was the first series to use a redesigned logo, which imitates the Hollywood Sign. The winner of this series was Joe Swash. The show began with 10 celebrity contestants. On 19 November, they Document [57] (Title: Britain's Got Talent) when they are aired - the first half focuses on performances, each beginning with a short clip of the semi-finalist/finalist's background, and ending with comments by the judges; the second half occurs after voting is closed, usually after another programme has aired between the two parts, and focuses on the results of the phone vote, with a guest performance taking place prior to the announcement of the results. This format was initially used for the live finals only, up until the start of the semi-finals in the fourth series. For the first four series after the show began in June Document [58] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 1)) I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 1) The first series of 'I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!' was broadcast on ITV from 25 August to 8 September 2002. Ant & Dec presented the main show on ITV, whilst Louise Loughman hosted the spin-off show "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! NOW!" on ITV2. The winner of this series was radio DJ Tony Blackburn. The show began with 8 celebrity contestants. The contestants take part in daily trials to earn food All ratings are taken from the UK Programme Ratings website, BARB. Series average = 7.57 Document [59] (Title: Late Night Berlin) performed a traditional stand-up monologue, before changing to a seated. After that one of various recurring segments appears, followed by the first of the episode's guests, which usually include celebrities and actors, literary figures, people in fashion, artists, athletes, and politicians. The guest may return after a second recurring segments and at the episode's end followed by a musical guest. Already in July 2017 ProSieben announces a new weekly comedy show with Klaas Heufer-Umlauf for Spring 2018. At the beginning of February 2018 it was finally announced that the late night show named "Late Night Berlin" premiered on March 12, Document [60] (Title: E! True Hollywood Story) E! True Hollywood Story E! True Hollywood Story is an American documentary series on E! that deals with Hollywood celebrities, movies, TV shows, and well-known public figures. Topics covered on the program include salacious re-tellings of Hollywood secrets, show-biz scandals, celebrity murders and mysteries, porn-star biographies and "where-are-they-now?" investigations of former child stars. It frequently features in-depth interviews, actual courtroom footage and dramatic reenactments. Content is usually updated to reflect the current life or status of the subject. "E! True Hollywood Story" originally started as a series of specials beginning on March 29, 1996, but evolved into a weekly biographical Document [61] (Title: Celebs Go Dating) the daters featured had been abusive in a previous relationship and accused of a serious crime. Bobby-Cole Norris also became the first gay cast member to take part in the series. The following is a list of celebrities who featured in the third series. The fourth series of the show was confirmed on 28 September 2017, and begun airing on 4 February 2018. It was the first series to have aired at the weekends, however there was no episode on Fridays or Saturdays. The following is a list of celebrities who will feature in the fourth series. The following is Document [62] (Title: Very Important People) Katona, Martine McCutcheon, David Mitchell, Barack Obama, Katy Perry, Katie Price, Kate Middleton, Gordon Ramsay, Jonathan Ross, Mickey Rourke, Charlie Sheen, Stacey Solomon, Vince Vaughan, David Walliams, Kimberley Walsh, Owen Wilson and Terry Wogan. The first series premiered for 6 half-hour episodes every Friday from 27 April to 1 June 2012 at 9.30-10pm. A second series had been ordered and started production in the third week of October. However, it was announced on 12 December 2012 that "Very Important People" would not be returning for a new series and was subsequently axed. Series 1 began on Friday 27 April 2012, Document [63] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 12)) are signed and again before entering the jungle. We also have contact where necessary with the celebrities' GPs. Medical personnel are also available 24 hours a day in Australia to provide support if needed." I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 12) "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!" returned for its twelfth series on 11 November 2012 and finished on 1 December 2012. Ant & Dec returned as main hosts, with Laura Whitmore and Joe Swash returning as hosts of spin-off show "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! NOW!". On 16 June 2012, it was announced Document [64] (Title: When Will My Life Begin?) her 18th birthday is 24 hours away. Bennets Reviews wrote "Interestingly, the first reprise of "When Will My Life Begin" does not appear in the film, though the second reprise does". 7 AM, the usual morning lineup: Start on the chores and sweep 'til the floor's all clean, Polish and wax, do laundry, and mop and shine up Sweep again, And by then It's like 7:15. And so I'll read a book or maybe two or three I'll add a few new paintings to my gallery I'll play guitar and knit, and cook and basically Just wonder when will my Document [65] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 4)) I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 4) The fourth series of "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!" began on 21 November 2004 and ended on 6 December 2004. The programme ran for 16 days, one more than in the previous series (18 days if counting the day the celebrities arrived and the morning the finalists exited). The series was won by comedian Joe Pasquale. 11 contestants participated, one more than in the previous two series. The contestants take part in daily trials to earn food. Day 1 On the day the celebrities arrived, they were split Document [66] (Title: Je suis une célébrité, sortez-moi de là ! (series 1)) Je suis une célébrité, sortez-moi de là ! (series 1) The first series of "Je suis une célébrité, sortez-moi de là !", the French version of "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!", began on 14 April 2006 and ended on 28 April 2006. The programme ran for 14 days (16 days if counting the day the celebrities arrived and the morning the finalists exited). The series was won by Richard Virenque. The contestants take part in daily trials to earn food. The participants are chosen by the public (Day 1–8) and the production (Day 9–16). Total amount of Bushtucker Document [67] (Title: Star Awards 2006) distinct parts - the Walk of Fame, the actual awards ceremony and the post event party. A half-hour variety show, named "Star Awards Up-close" was also produced, and ended its run on 5 December 2006. The show had a total of 8 episodes and was telecast every Tuesday night at 8.30pm starting end October. Weekly popularity results for the Top 10 Male and Female awards were announced in the show. In each episode, there were also 'side awards' such as Best Dressed actress, Most Handsome actor, Best On-screen Couple given out. There were many surprises to the nomination list, including Document [68] (Title: Famous for being famous) friendly and familiar and—what was it they did again?" She also used actress Sienna Miller as a modern-day example; "Miller became famesque by dating and then really famesque when he cheated on her with the nanny—to the point that she was the one who made Balthazar Getty famesque (even though he's the one with the hit TV series, "Brothers & Sisters") when he reportedly ran off from his wife with her for a while." Celebutante is a portmanteau of the words "celebrity" and "débutante". The male equivalent is sometimes spelled celebutant. The term has been used to describe heiresses like Document [69] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 1)) million viewers. I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 1) The first series of 'I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!' was broadcast on ITV from 25 August to 8 September 2002. Ant & Dec presented the main show on ITV, whilst Louise Loughman hosted the spin-off show "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! NOW!" on ITV2. The winner of this series was radio DJ Tony Blackburn. The show began with 8 celebrity contestants. The contestants take part in daily trials to earn food All ratings are taken from the UK Programme Ratings website, BARB. Series average Document [70] (Title: Japanese television drama) put into dramas that air during the winter season, as viewers tend to stay at home more during the colder winter months. Most Japanese dramas don't start exactly on the hour or half-hour mark. Instead, some episodes start at 8:58 p.m., while others start at 9:05 p.m. Before television ratings started to matter, episodes started exactly on the hour. Later, because of the aggressive TV ratings war, some stations decided to beat the competition by starting their shows a few minutes earlier. The theory behind this practice is that when a show ends a few minutes before the hour or Document [71] (Title: The Talk (talk show)) on Tuesday, September 18, 2018. On December 6, 2018, "Variety" announced that Inaba had been chosen to join the show as a permanent co-host, with a projected January 2019 debut. The first week of shows featured several celebrity guests, including model Christie Brinkley, singer/actress Jennifer Lopez, actress/director Chandra Wilson, actress/author Jamie Lee Curtis, and former South Carolina first lady Jenny Sanford. The third-season premiere (aired on September 10, 2012) featured all five co-hosts, as well as members of the studio audience, without their make-up and dressed in robes during the broadcast; all of the co-hosts were also shown beside pictures Document [72] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 10)) cost of their telephone vote. Dom Joly and Jenny Eclair entered the jungle on 18 November, with more celebrities to enter the show later in the series. Alison Hammond was revealed as the 13th contestant to enter the jungle on Day 6 in "I'm a Celeb NOW!" she arrived in the jungle in a crate, but the others did not know who was inside. In order to win immunity from the first public vote all the celebrities took part in a task called "Kangaroo Court". The two losers from each round would then go to Jungle Jail (located in camp), Document [73] (Title: When I Was 17) When I Was 17 When I Was 17 was an MTV television show. It featured celebrities of today and looked back on "when they were 17". The show featured photos as well as interviews with family and friends. Some past celebrities on the show include Kelly Rowland, Queen Latifah, Donald Trump, Khloé Kardashian, Drake, singer Trey Songz and internet star Perez Hilton. The show talked about events that lead to their present-day career. Other topics included high school and, if applicable, college, love interests, uh-oh moments, traveling, fashion, and adventures. "When I Was 17" aired Saturdays at 11/10c A.M. Sibling Document [74] (Title: Times Celebex: Bollywood Stars' Rating) the most robust and factual ratings index for Bollywood celebrities as it is based on comprehensive data and hard facts rather than the subjective perception of a jury alone. Data is sourced from credible external agencies that service the media industry and collated from 60+ publications, 250+ TV channels, 10000+ cinema halls and millions of users across the Internet. Calculated month-on-month, TIMES Celebex is a dynamic index and hence a very current measure of a Celebrity’s power as opposed to any other one-time annual report. Times Celebex: Bollywood Stars' Rating TIMES Celebex is the official rating of the Bollywood Stars Document [75] (Title: Celebs Go Dating) third series was due to end on 29 September 2017, however an episode that was due to be aired on 15 September 2017 did not air, seemingly pulled from broadcast moments before its scheduled starting time. The show's social media accounts even posted the trailer for the evening's episode hours before airing. An E4 spokesman cited "editorial reasons" and said the show will return on Monday 17 September. The fourth series was the first series to air during the week and weekend, however there was no episode on Fridays or Saturdays. Celebs Go Dating Celebs Go Dating is a British Document [76] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 12)) Creek camp. Rosemary and Limahl joined the camp on Day 5. Official ratings are taken from BARB. There were no shows on 14 and 20 November due to live football, however, the ITV2 show still aired as normal. Nadine Dorries, a British politician and Conservative MP, was suspended from the parliamentary Conservative Party on 6 November 2012 owing to her decision to take part in "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!" without informing the Chief Whip. This sparked controversy during her time on the show. Dorries became the first sitting MP to participate in a reality TV show since Document [77] (Title: Startalk (Philippine TV program)) report the latest entertainment news when it happens, where it happens. The 2 pm to 4 pm weekend time slot was widely regarded as a "dead time slot" primarily because no advertiser would place their spots where fewer people are watching television, but GMA Network brought life to it by airing showbiz talk shows starting in the late 1980s with Startalk as the fourth showbiz talk show to air on that slot starting in 1998, preceded by "Movie Magazine" (hosted by then Showbiz Lingo host Cristy Fermin who would later host The Buzz and S2: Showbiz Sabado), "Channel S" and Document [78] (Title: Catherine Bégin) Catherine Bégin Catherine Bégin (born 22 April 1939 in Bois-Colombes, France – died 29 December 2013 in Montreal) was a Canadian actress. Catherine Bégin's parents were Quebec sound engineer Lucien Bégin (1895–1964) and Belgian accountant Marie-Louise Vanhavre (or Van Havre) (1906–1967), who married in 1935. They were in Paris when World War II was declared and fled to Périgueux, then Lisbon, arriving in Montreal in August 1941. Bégin graduated from the Montreal Conservatory of Dramatic Art in 1959. She portrayed more than a hundred roles on the stage, frequently including the classical (Euripides, Corneille, Racine, Molière, Musset, Marivaux, Beaumarchais, Chekhov), Document [79] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (Australia season 4)) a joke prize is won. . This process is used in 'most' of the Chest Challenges. The luxury item is "donated" by a celebrity from the outside, mostly one who previously competed on a previous season. I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (Australia season 4) The fourth season of Australia's "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here", which was commissioned by Network Ten on 8 November 2017, premiered on 28 January 2018 and concluded on 12 March 2018. The season contained the show’s 100th episode which was broadcast on 5 February 2018. Comedian Fiona O'Loughlin won the series, beating Document [80] (Title: Joey Essex) for another celeb taking part in the show Stephanie Pratt, which was against the show's rules; they carried on dating after the show had finished filming, but they broke up shortly after. It was later confirmed that Essex would return to the show for its second series, in 2017; this time it was stated in his contract that he could not go on any dates with any other celebrities during filming. In 2017 he ranked no.4 in the "Essex Power 100" list, being named the fourth most powerful person in Essex. On 8 March 2013, Essex launched a hair products Document [81] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 13)) I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 13) "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!" returned for its thirteenth series on 17 November 2013 on ITV, and ended on 8 December 2013. The show was confirmed to be returning to ITV at the end of the previous series. On 21 October 2013, two teasers were revealed for the new series, which were broadcast on air across the ITV network in the run up to the series' premiere. Ant & Dec both returned as presenters of the show, whilst Joe Swash, Laura Whitmore and Rob Beckett returned to present Document [82] (Title: I'm Famous and Frightened!) second series was set in Fyvie Castle in Aberdeen and was presented by former contestant, Keith Chegwin. Start date: 16 July 2004. The featured celebrities were: The third series was set in Dover Castle and was still presented by Keith Chegwin. Start date: 2 October 2004. The celebrities that featured were: The fourth series aired in February 2005; it was set in Bolsover Castle and was presented by Claire Sweeney. The celebrities featured were: I'm Famous and Frightened! I'm Famous and Frightened! is a Living TV reality TV show in which eight celebrities stayed for three nights in a "haunted" Document [83] (Title: Academy Awards pre-show) start time of the Oscar telecast, beginning with the 83rd Academy Awards ceremony. Beginning with the 1st Academy Awards, there were no Oscar pre-shows. Instead, photographers and interviewers would approach the ceremony's nominees and other attendees as usual. However, these events were neither televised nor heard on the radio prior to the ceremony. In 1979, Regis Philbin officially began the very first red carpet pre-show. However, this event was actually produced by KABC-TV, the ABC O&O station in Los Angeles, and was not broadcast elsewhere. Ten years later, in 1989, both MTV and Movie Time (which became E! a year Document [84] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK TV series)) as confirmed by Ant & Dec at the end of the "Coming Out" show on 10 December 2014. 13 contestants, broadcast from 15 November – 6 December 2015: The show returned in 2016, and is the second in a three-year contract, as confirmed by Ant & Dec at the end of the Coming Out show on 9 December 2015. It began airing on 13 November 2016. 12 contestants, broadcast from 13 November – 4 December 2016: The show returned in 2017, and is the third in a three-year contract, as confirmed by Ant & Dec at the end of the Document [85] (Title: Celebs Go Dating (series 3)) pulled from broadcast moments before its scheduled starting time. The show's social media accounts even posted the trailer for the evening's episode hours before airing. An E4 spokesman cited "editorial reasons" and said the show would return on 18 September. Scenes from the pulled episode were broadcast on 18 September. The series was also cut down from 20 episodes to 19 episodes. On 27 September 2017, Blackman confirmed that the show had been renewed for a fourth series, set to air in 2018. A third series was announced alongside the second series in November 2016. It was filmed over three Document [86] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (Australian TV series)) a question. If they fail to answer correctly, the luxury item is forfeited and a joke prize is won. The luxury item is "donated" by a celebrity from the outside. This is a challenge where some celebrities have to take part without alerting the other celebrities - if they are successful in their 'missions', they are rewarded. A "mystery box" sees a box delivered to the campsite, each time containing a different gift for the contestants. The show is broadcast Sunday to Thursday at 7.30 pm, with a weekly eviction show on Sunday (except for the first week, where the Document [87] (Title: CelebAir) Málaga Airport, Ibiza Airport, Mahon Airport, Larnaca International Airport and Alicante Airport. ITV announced in late 2008 that the show had been cancelled after only one series due to poor ratings. "—" denotes where information currently unavailable CelebAir CelebAir was a reality TV series in which 11 celebrities performed the duties of cabin crew and check-in attendants. The series was presented by Angellica Bell and aired on ITV2 from 2 September 2008 until 23 October 2008, when Lisa Maffia was declared the winner. For the show, Monarch Airlines repainted one of its Airbus A321 aircraft, registration G-OZBI, with the CelebAir Document [88] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 17)) often joked that Ant & Dec make up these questions and their answers. If the question is answered correctly, the celebrities can take the items back to camp. If wrong, they receive nothing and Kiosk Keith will close the shack, and the celebrities will leave empty handed. Official ratings are taken from BARB. I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 17) "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!" returned for its seventeenth series on 19 November 2017 on ITV. The series is the third in a three-year contract, as confirmed by Ant & Dec at the end of Document [89] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 3)) I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 3) The third series of I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! began on 26 January 2004 and ended on 9 February 2004. The programme ran for 15 days (16 days if counting the morning the finalists exited) and was sponsored by First Choice Holidays. The series was won by Kerry McFadden (now known by her maiden name Kerry Katona). This series saw contestants Peter Andre and Jordan (now known by her real name Katie Price) start a high-profile relationship which would feature in tabloids and magazines for the five years Document [90] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK TV series)) in which McPartlin suspended his TV duties for a year in 2018, leaving Donnelly to be joined by Holly Willoughby. "I'm a Celebrity" is often a ratings winner for ITV, attracting on average over 9 million viewers each series, with its success spawning an international franchise of the same name. The main show itself is accompanied on each series by a companion sister show on ITV2, entitled "", which features behind-the-scenes footage and discussions on celebrities voted out of latest episode. At present, the programme has run for eighteen series and 204 episodes and is contracted to be produced until Document [91] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!) I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! is a reality TV series in which a number of celebrities live together in a jungle environment for a number of weeks. They have no luxuries, and compete to be crowned "King" or "Queen of the Jungle". The show was originally created in the United Kingdom by the factual programmes department of ITV's then London franchise, London Weekend Television and developed by a team including James Allen, Natalka Znak, Brent Baker and Stewart Morris. The first episode aired on 25 August 2002. It is now produced Document [92] (Title: ARY Film Awards) calendar year, and two weeks after the announcements of Viewers choice nominees. It is the culmination of the film awards season, which usually begins during November or December of the previous year. This is an elaborate extravaganza, with the invited guests walking up the red carpet in the creations of the most prominent fashion designers of the day. Black tie dress is the most common outfit for men, although fashion may dictate not wearing a bow-tie, and musical performers sometimes do not adhere to this, while for women casual to formal dress is the most common outfit. The ARY Film Document [93] (Title: People (magazine)) (21 years later the magazine did select Keanu Reeves to fill the 1994 gap, with runners-up including Hugh Grant and Jim Carrey). Since 1997, the dates have settled between mid-November and early December. Dates of magazine issues, winners, ages of winners at the time of selection, and pertinent comments are listed below. , John F. Kennedy, Jr. and Patrick Swayze are the only winners to have died. Kennedy, Adam Levine, David Beckham, and Blake Shelton are the only non-actors to have won the award. In December 2014, "People" selected its first and only Sexiest Woman Alive. No later "People" Sexiest Document [94] (Title: Live from New York, it's Saturday Night!) by a dissolve to the show's opening montage and titles. The line has occasionally been given to a non-host/non-cast member for cameo purposes. This could be for stars like Brad Pitt and Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson, or for more unusual celebrities like Monica Lewinsky, "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire" winner John Carpenter, WWE chairman Vince McMahon (on March 18, 2000), Carolyn Kepcher (on April 3, 2004), Al Sharpton (on November 2, 2013), and Stormy Daniels (on May 5, 2018). Gerald Ford opened the show with the phrase on April 17, 1976, which came during his presidency. A series of Document [95] (Title: Lorraine Chase) four Celebs in the travelogue 'Barging Loving Celebs' (with Debbie McGee, Nigel Havers and Simon Callow). Lorraine Chase Lorraine Chase (born 16 July 1951) is an English actress and former model. She became well known for her strong cockney accent and frequent use of cockney slang, and found fame through a series of television adverts for Campari before embarking on an acting career. She is best known for playing the role of Steph Stokes in ITV soap opera "Emmerdale" from 2002 to 2006. After initially working as a model, Chase came to public attention in the mid 1970s when she Document [96] (Title: Early Edition) aired on channels including Ion Television, FamilyNet, and GMC. From May 2012 to 2013, TVGN aired the series. From May 29, 2018 to August 28, 2018, Heroes & Icons aired the show every Tuesday for eight straight episodes starting at 12PM/11AM central time. On September 3, 2018, Start TV launched and started airing the show every late night/early morning, seven days a week, for three straight episodes starting at 2AM/1AM central time. Early Edition has and continues to be broadcast in a number of countries outside the United States, For example, in Spain the show aired first on Canal+ and, Document [97] (Title: VH1) known citation of the word is by Joyce Millman, writing for "The New York Times" on January 5, 2003. In an article entitled, "Celebreality: The 'Stars' Are Elbowing Their Way In," Ms. Millman wrote: "Celebreality, the junk genre du jour, turns the notion of reality TV upside down. Instead of real people acting like celebrities on shows like "Survivor", "Big Brother" and "The Bachelor", celebreality gives us celebrities acting like real people on shows like "The Osbournes", "The Anna Nicole Show" and "Celebrity Boot Camp." I'm using the term "celebrity" loosely here—we're not talking about Russell Crowe, Julia Roberts and Document [98] (Title: Celebs Go Dating (series 4)) on 25 January 2018 that former cast member Joey Essex would be joining the show as he shows online presenter. On 20 November 2017, Sort 6 second teasers of each celebrity taking part in the fourth series was released on the Celebs Go Dating Twitter page. The line up for the fourth series was confirmed by E4 on 20 November 2017 Celebs Go Dating (series 4) The fourth series of the British reality dating programme "Celebs Go Dating" was announced in September 2017 and began airing on 4 February 2018 on E4. The series see celebrities go on number of Document [99] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK TV series)) stay, with the final episode's votes nominating who wins a series and become crowned as "Jungle King/Queen". The programme's first series debuted on 25 August 2002, and was produced by both LWT and Granada Television, and filmed within Tully, Queensland. Later series were undertaken by ITV Studios, and filmed around Murwillumbah, New South Wales. Celebrities participating on the programme receive a donation from ITV to a charity they nominate, with the money raised from charges on voting via text, phone or interactive services. Each series is hosted by Anthony McPartlin and Declan Donnelly, with the exception of the eighteenth series, Document [100] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (Australia season 4)) I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (Australia season 4) The fourth season of Australia's "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here", which was commissioned by Network Ten on 8 November 2017, premiered on 28 January 2018 and concluded on 12 March 2018. The season contained the show’s 100th episode which was broadcast on 5 February 2018. Comedian Fiona O'Loughlin won the series, beating singer Shannon Noll and boxer Danny Green, and was crowned "Queen of the Jungle", the $100,000 prize money, was won for her selected charity, Angel Flight. The contestants take part in daily trials to earn food. Document [101] (Title: Vicky Pattison) Eamonn Holmes. Also starting from September 2016, she has appeared in a new segment on "This Morning" regularly along with Ferne McCann where they go on a road trip together. In September 2016 it was announced that she would co-present "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! NOW!" from November 2016 alongside Joe Swash replacing Laura Whitmore, however, it was also later announced that the show would be retitled as "I'm a Celebrity: Extra Camp" and that Chris Ramsey and Stacey Solomon would be presenting alongside Pattison and Swash. In April 2017, Pattison announced that she would not be returning Document [102] (Title: Surprise Surprise (TV series)) Surprise Surprise (TV series) Surprise Surprise is a British light entertainment television programme for ITV that originally ran from 6 May 1984 to 26 December 2001 with Cilla Black as the host. The show returned from 21 October 2012 to 26 December 2015 and was hosted by Holly Willoughby. The show was hosted by Cilla Black, and filmed in front of a live studio audience. Its premise involved surprising members of the public with long-held wishes, setting up tricks to fool members of the public, prank calls to people and reuniting guests with long-lost loved ones. Black was assisted for Document [103] (Title: Celebs Go Dating) a list of celebrities who will feature in the fifth series, which begins broadcasting on 14 October. The following is a list of celebrities which will feature in the sixth series, which is set to air in 2019. It was announced in March 2016 that E4 had commissioned a new reality dating show which see celebrities go on dates with members of the public. Filming for the first series started in August 2016, with the show airing later that month. The show is filmed a few weeks in advance. The first series was made up of 15 episodes airing every Document [104] (Title: VH1) Dame Judi Dench eating bugs and scrubbing latrines. No, the celebrities of celebreality are a motlier crew, like, well, Mötley Crüe's Vince Neil, the former rap superstar M. C. Hammer and the wee ex-Michael Jackson ornament Emmanuel ("Webster") Lewis. Those three will be setting up housekeeping together on Thursday in "The Surreal Life" on WB, a celebreality spin on MTV's "Real World." Not to be outdone, ABC sends a Baldwin brother (Stephen), a supermodel (Frederique) and a former "L.A. Law" star (Corbin Bernsen) to Hawaii for "Celebrity Mole Hawaii", beginning Wednesday." The VH1 Celebreality block has also aired shows such Document [105] (Title: Cause Celeb) airs and is a full success. Food is delivered, the stars fly back and Rosie gets together with O'Rourke. Cause Celeb Cause Celeb is the debut novel of Helen Fielding, later known for her creation of the character Bridget Jones. her first novel is about a few years in the life of Rosie Richardson, who decides to go to Africa after she breaks up with her boyfriend, Oliver Marchant, a TV presenter. But after four years working in Nambula, a fictional country in Northern Africa, there is a famine coming and Rosie turns back to Oliver and his famous friends Document [106] (Title: Celebrity Jigs 'n' Reels) votes having to face the judges again. When the judges revealed the number of points they were awarding, the couple with the lower score were eliminated. Series one launched in March 2006, in the slot regularly occupied by "You're a Star". With a mix of high-profile celebrities such as the singer Dana and Olympic gold medallist Michael Carruth, as well as relative unknowns, such as Emma O'Driscoll and Suzanne Walshe, the show slowly climbed the ratings and achieved a reported 43 per cent audience share. The following year in March 2007 with more high profile celebrities it was Gavin Ó Document [107] (Title: Celebs Go Dating (series 3)) Celebs Go Dating (series 3) The third series of the British reality dating programme "Celebs Go Dating" began airing from 4 September 2017 on E4 and finished on 29 September 2017. It was commissioned along with series 2 in late 2016. The show sees celebrities go on number of dates with members of the public to see if they can find love. The third series again stars Eden Blackman and Nadia Essex as the dating experts, and Tom Read Wilson as the agency's receptionist. An episode that was due to be aired on 15 September 2017 did not air, seemingly Document [108] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 16)) a question is asked to the celebrities still in camp via the telephone box. It is often joked that Ant & Dec make up these questions and their answers. If the question is answered correctly, the celebrities can take the items back to camp. If wrong, they receive nothing and Kiosk Keith will close the shack. Official ratings are taken from BARB. I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 16) "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!" returned for its sixteenth series on 13 November 2016 on ITV. It was the second in a three-year contract, as confirmed Document [109] (Title: MTV) led by one of MTV News' correspondents who will conduct a live interview with a featured artist or actor who has come to MTV to premiere a music video or movie trailer. MTV starts its next scheduled program at 8:00 pm, while the interview and chat with fans continues on MTV.com for another 30 to 60 minutes. Since its debut in 2011, "MTV First" has featured high-profile acts such as Lady Gaga, Katy Perry, Usher and Justin Bieber. In the absence of daily live programs such as "TRL", "It's on with Alexa Chung" and "The Seven" to facilitate such segments, Document [110] (Title: People Magazine Awards) People Magazine Awards The People Magazine Awards is an American awards ceremony that aired on December 18, 2014 at 9 PM to 11 PM. The only ceremony was hosted by Nick Cannon. The ceremony was held at the Beverly Hilton Hotel in Beverly Hills, California. Performers for the event included: 5 Seconds of Summer and Maroon 5. Jennifer Aniston, Kevin Hart, Kate Hudson, Michael Keaton and Jennifer Lopez made a special appearance during the show. The ceremony was aired on NBC and was produced by Dick Clark Productions with Allen Shapiro, Mike Mahan and Barry Edelman. Carol Donovan and Michael Document [111] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 18)) I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 18) "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!" returned for its eighteenth series on 18 November 2018 on ITV, as confirmed by Ant & Dec at the end of the Coming Out show in December 2017. On 9 August 2018, Anthony McPartlin confirmed that he would not be presenting the then upcoming eighteenth series. On 29 August, it was confirmed that Holly Willoughby would host the eighteenth series with Donnelly whilst McPartlin took a year long break from television. The series opener was watched by just over 14 million people, giving Document [112] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK TV series)) the series aired on 21 October 2013. The line-up was confirmed on 13 November 2013. 12 contestants, broadcast from 17 November – 8 December 2013: The show returned for its fourteenth series on 16 November 2014. On 15 October 2014, a teaser for the upcoming series was released on the official website. On 11 November, the full list of celebrities was confirmed by ITV. On 20 November, a further two campmates were confirmed to have joined the show. 12 contestants, broadcast from 16 November – 7 December 2014: The show returned on 15 November 2015 under a new three-year contract, Document [113] (Title: Celebrity (TV programme)) Celebrity (TV programme) Celebrity is a British breakfast programme, broadcast on weekdays from 9.00 am to 10.00 am on ITV. It was hosted by Emma Bunton from 8 October to 31 December 2000. After Geri Halliwell's departure, the Spice Girls had a hiatus in 1999. The other members started their solo careers in music, but Bunton devoted to television projects and presented her own VH1's show, "Emma". After the original screening VH1 wanted to sign a long-term program with Bunton, but she declined, focusing on her group's new album. The show was announced in 12 August and aired originally in Document [114] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 13)) crew unexpectedly got a reunion off of their loved ones each. Kian was met with his wife Jodi, Steve met his wife Jeannie and Laila was reunited with her sister Jacqueline. When they returned, Steve, Kian and Laila each had three messages each to deliver to the celebrities. It was from their loved ones and it left the camp very emotional. Official ratings are taken from BARB. There were no shows on the 19 and 26 November due to live football being shown, but "Get Me Out of Here! NOW!" still aired as normal. The first episode of the series Document [115] (Title: I'm a Celebrity: Extra Camp) the most series, at ten. Notes: I'm a Celebrity: Extra Camp I'm a Celebrity: Extra Camp (previously I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! NOW! from 2002–2015) was a companion show, broadcast on ITV2 in the UK and on UTV Ireland in the Republic of Ireland. It features behind-the-scenes footage of "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!" and shows the emotional responses of the contestants after they have been voted off. Series 1 to 4 was filmed completely live in the UK and series 5–8 were filmed mainly live in Australia with a live co-presenter in the UK. Since Document [116] (Title: Keira Knightley) explained that it felt like she had reached the end of the first stage of her career, and the 2014 film "Begin Again" was like "it's beginning again". Knightley identifies as an atheist. In 2007, Knightley sued the "Daily Mail" for publishing an article about whether she has anorexia or other eating disorder. Knightley won the lawsuit, and was awarded £3,000 ($6,000) in damages. She added to this amount and donated a total of £6,000 ($12,000) to Beat, a charity for those who suffer mental illness and eating disorders. A 41-year-old man was charged with harassment in February 2010 after Document [117] (Title: MTB (TV program)) stage wearing a two-piece bikini/swimsuit while the weekly/monthly finals the pageant transforms into a more formal portion, with a grand "themed" opening number featuring contestants in various costumes, but still retaining the swimsuit portion. The grand coronation of "Calendar Girls" airs usually on the first week of January, featuring all the monthly winners of the past year who will vie for the title. The said portion gained notoriety, where the contestants were subjected to double-meaning questions and jokes thrown by main hosts Randy, John and Willie Revillame. After their suspension, the daily contests was toned down, with the contestants wearing Document [118] (Title: Celebrity Big Brother 21 (UK)) Celebrity Big Brother 21 (UK) Celebrity Big Brother 21, also known as Celebrity Big Brother: Year of the Woman, was the twenty-first series of the British reality television series "Celebrity Big Brother". It launched on 2 January 2018 on Channel 5, and concluded on 2 February 2018 after 32 days, making it the joint longest series to date. It is the fourteenth celebrity series and the twenty-first series of "Big Brother" overall to air on Channel 5. Emma Willis returned to host the series, while Rylan Clark-Neal continued to present "Celebrity Big Brother's Bit on the Side". On 2 February Document [119] (Title: Times Celebex: Bollywood Stars' Rating) Times Celebex: Bollywood Stars' Rating TIMES Celebex is the official rating of the Bollywood Stars in India and Worldwide. Based on various parameters T Score is calculated and the Bollywood actors and actresses ranked. The score and the ranking is a representation of the good influence and power of these stars over the audience. TIMES Celebex powered by Zoom calculates the ‘T Score’ based on the star's popularity, performance and visibility by measuring various parameters ranging from Box Office performance to PR buzz to Online following and more. Following are the key determinants of the T Score TIMES Celebex is Document [120] (Title: Brix Smith Start) in May 2015. In recent years Smith Start has appeared as a fashion expert on British television shows, including Channel 4's "Gok's Fashion Fix". Smith-Start also appeared on Animal Planet UK's "Top Dog", "The Culture Show" on BBC Two, the "John Peel's Record Box", LK Today's 'What's Hot and What's Not' segment and Sky 1's Angela and Friends. In February 2011 Smith Start appeared as a fashion expert on Sky television's coverage of the 2011 Academy Awards and in June 2013 she took part in the fashion commentary in Channel 4's coverage of Royal Ascot. Smith Start presented the first Document [121] (Title: Amanda Byram) any boxes covering her body. Byram hosted a new TV show for Sky 1 HD, called "Don't Stop Me Now", in 2012. The first episode aired on 18 March 2012. On 31 May 2013, Byram presented "This Morning" with Jake Humphrey. In November 2016, it was reported and later confirmed that Byram would host the Irish version of "Dancing with the Stars" alongside Nicky Byrne. The series started in January 2017 on RTÉ One and is based on the format of the original British TV series "Strictly Come Dancing". Byram hosted the "Miss World" pageant in 2003 and briefly appeared Document [122] (Title: Emma B (model)) with her mother and sister in Hastings, Emma B returned into the media spotlight. As her popularity had risen with modelling, other media projects became available, including a recording contract with East West Records. She has presented for ITV2 ("The Mix", "Flying Start"), Sky One ("Babes Behaving Badly"), the Disney Channel and MTV. She made her acting debut in Channel 4's "It's a Girl Thing", and her own fly-on-the-wall reality TV show "Young, Hot and Talented". After being lined up to star with then-lover, East 17 singer Brian Harvey in ITV1's summer 2004 version of "I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Document [123] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 2)) I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 2) The second series of I'm a Celebrity... Get Me out of Here! was broadcast on ITV from 28 April to 12 May 2003. Ant & Dec presented the main show on ITV, whilst Mark Durden-Smith and former contestant Tara Palmer-Tomkinson hosted the spin-off show "I'm A Celebrity... Get Me Out Of Here... Now!" on ITV2. The winner of this series was former English cricketer Phil Tufnell. The series was sponsored by the energy drink V. The show began with ten celebrity contestants: There was no elimination on Day 9 due Document [124] (Title: Celebs Go Dating) Celebs Go Dating Celebs Go Dating is a British reality television dating programme. It began broadcasting on 29 August 2016. The first series had 15 episodes and was shown at 10 pm on weekdays on E4. In November 2016, it was confirmed that "Celebs Go Dating" had been renewed for two more series, with the second airing in spring of 2017 and the third airing in late 2017. The second series finished on 10 March 2017. The third series began on 4 September 2017 and finished on 29 September 2017. It was confirmed on 27 September 2017 that the show Document [125] (Title: Leanne Lakey) of the first actors to do so. Discussing the experience, she said: "I find I'm under more pressure at "Family Affairs", as it's regular. The work schedule at "FA" is very hard. I'm up at 4.30 every morning and I'm lucky to get home before 9 or 10pm so it's difficult...the main difference is celebrities and fame. On "EE" they're all household names and they all have their own problems, but the actors on "Family Affairs" aren't as well known. "EE" is like a holiday, I get to catch up with everybody which is great. It's very relaxed, whereas "Family Document [126] (Title: Khonani) hang out with them as they consider her a mother figure. Jack tells Khonani that every April 22 he honors former United States President Richard Nixon's death by getting drunk and making some unpopular decisions, after Khonani demands to start working at the 11:30 shift as he signed a contract with Jack on April 22, 2005. Cerie says that her wedding is back on after learning that her fiancé was rescued by the A-Team—a fictional group of ex-United States Army Special Forces who work as soldiers of fortune while being on the run from the military—from pirates. Khonani tells Jack Document [127] (Title: Celebs Go Dating (series 4)) Celebs Go Dating (series 4) The fourth series of the British reality dating programme "Celebs Go Dating" was announced in September 2017 and began airing on 4 February 2018 on E4. The series see celebrities go on number of dates with members of the public to see if they can find love. The fourth series again stars Eden Blackman and Nadia Essex as the dating experts and Tom Read Wilson as the show's receptionist. The fourth series will be the second series to feature same-sex relationships. It was confirmed that each celeb gets to take one date with them to Document [128] (Title: Startalk (Philippine TV program)) and Lolit Solis. Despite the issues made by Osang, Startalk proved its consistent dominance in the Saturday afternoon timeslot thereafter prompted rival network ABS-CBN to do away with producing weekly dramas in 2003 and instead, put another showbiz talk show to compete with "Startalk". The show has survived competition from five Saturday showbiz talk shows that were produced by ABS-CBN from 2003 up to 2013. These were , EK Channel, ETK: Entertainment Konek, Entertainment Live and Showbiz Inside Report. After Osang's farewell, GMA Network took in several celebrities to join Lolit and Butch on board. Grandslam actress Lorna Tolentino was Document [129] (Title: Bringing Up Bates) series debuted on January 1, 2015. UP TV revealed that the show would be returning for another season in June 2015. The second season started on June 4, 2015. The third season started on January 7, 2016 The fourth season started on June 2, 2016. The fifth season started on January 5, 2017. The sixth season began on June 1, 2017. Season seven started on January 4, 2018. Season two premiered on June 4, 2015. Season three premiered on January 7, 2016. The season started on June 2, 2016 The fifth season started on January 5, 2017. Season six started Document [130] (Title: CelebAir) already part of the summer schedule; with the rear of the aircraft allocated as the CelebAir cabin with the celebrities working from the rear galley along with their mentors. Before any of the celebrities were allowed to start their new jobs, they undertook a six-week training programme run by Monarch and were required to adhere to Monarch’s standards whilst working for CelebAir. The series is set in London Gatwick Airport and, in the finale, the private jet took off and landed at London Stansted Airport. There are seven destinations that CelebAir flew to; those being Tenerife South Airport, Faro Airport, Document [131] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK TV series)) the first series in HD. Series 10 is the only series to have 2 live trials. 13 contestants, broadcast from 14 November – 4 December 2010: The eleventh series began on 13 November 2011. The official line-up was confirmed on 9 November 2011. 13 contestants, broadcast from 13 November – 3 December 2011: The twelfth series began on 11 November and ended on 1 December 2012. The official line-up was revealed on 7 November 2012. 12 contestants, broadcast from 11 November – 1 December 2012: The thirteenth series began airing on ITV on 17 November 2013. The first advert for Document [132] (Title: Celeb vagyok ... ments ki innen!) Celeb vagyok ... ments ki innen! Celeb vagyok ... ments ki innen! is the Hungarian version of I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!. The shows hosts are Balázs Sebestyén, János Vadon, and Lilu. The broadcaster RTL Klub plans to rerun the show in Autumn 2014 in Argentina with the first two season's hosts. Series 1 premiered 6 October 2008 on RTL Klub and ended 22 October 2008. It is shot in Argentina. There are ten contestants in reverse order of elimination. Bottom was the first out. Top was the winner. Following on from the huge success of the first Document [133] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!) and Malaysia. This series has been criticised by the UK former Secretary of State for Culture, Tessa Jowell. In an interview with the "Financial Times" during the second UK series, she said, "If they weren't mostly – save their blushes – has-been celebrities, there might be more interest [...] I think that if we saw many more programming hours taken over by reality TV, I hope you'd begin to see a viewers' revolt." In 2002, CBS, broadcaster of the popular American reality show "Survivor", unsuccessfully sued ABC and Granada TV over a planned American version of "I'm a Celebrity... Get Document [134] (Title: Celebs Go Dating (series 2)) Celebs Go Dating (series 2) The second series of the British reality dating programme "Celebs Go Dating" aired from 13 February to 10 March 2017. Following the success of the first series, it was announced that E4 had renewed the series for 2 further series to air in the Winter and Autumn of 2017. The second series stars Eden Blackman and Nadia Essex as the dating experts, with Tom Read Wilson as a receptionist. It was announced that the show was renewed for two further series to air in 2017, this is the first of 2 series to air in Document [135] (Title: Startalk (Philippine TV program)) Gonzalez. On October 8, 2011, it was temporarily named as Startalk TX Now. The following year, it was reformatted as "Startalk: The Only Showbiz Authority" after Entertainment Live ended and was replaced by Showbiz Inside Report which ended a year later. In 2013, coinciding with its 18th anniversary, the show welcomed a new female main host in Heart Evangelista, who impressed viewers with her wit and candor when she appeared as guest co-host for a few weeks. On January 17, 2014, entertainment website Philippine Entertainment Portal (PEP) reported that "Startalk" will move back to its original Sunday afternoon timeslot starting Document [136] (Title: Celeb vagyok ... ments ki innen!) series, a second series launched on 27 October 2008, just five days after the final of series one. Celeb vagyok ... ments ki innen! Celeb vagyok ... ments ki innen! is the Hungarian version of I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!. The shows hosts are Balázs Sebestyén, János Vadon, and Lilu. The broadcaster RTL Klub plans to rerun the show in Autumn 2014 in Argentina with the first two season's hosts. Series 1 premiered 6 October 2008 on RTL Klub and ended 22 October 2008. It is shot in Argentina. There are ten contestants in reverse order of elimination. Document [137] (Title: Celebuzz) 2013. In 2016, SpinMedia closed and Celebuzz, The Frisky, and The Superficial were sold to CPX Interactive. Celebuzz Celebuzz is an entertainment website launched in June 2008 that features breaking TV, movie, and entertainment news. The site claims to reach more than 9 million unique visitors per month. Headquartered in Hollywood, CA, Celebuzz is known for featuring exclusive blogs written by A-list celebrities, particularly members of the Kardashian family (Kim, Khloe, Kourtney, Kendall, and Kylie). Other notable bloggers include Whitney Port, Nick Cannon and Holly Madison. Launched in June 2008, Celebuzz was the flagship property of Buzz Media (formerly known Document [138] (Title: Startalk (Philippine TV program)) Startalk (Philippine TV program) Startalk, also called as "Startalk: The Only Showbiz Authority" and "Startalk TX" is a Philippine television entertainment news and talk show broadcast by GMA Network. It premiered on October 8, 1995, and later became the longest-running weekly entertainment news and talk show in Philippine television. It was simulcast broadcast by Super Radyo DZBB. The show concluded on September 12, 2015 with a total of 1,024 episodes. It was replaced by "CelebriTV" in its timeslot. "Startalk" premiered on October 8, 1995 and was first taped at the Fernandina Suites, on a late Sunday afternoon timeslot as GMA Document [139] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (Australian TV series)) vote via Social Media (namely Facebook or Twitter) by using the celebrity's hashtag (#celeb[name]). Voting via social media is limited to 20 votes per account. For tucker trial voting, viewers vote for celebrity they wish to compete. For eviction voting, viewers vote for a celebrity to stay. Voting closes at approximately 7:30pm AEDT for Sunday's eviction vote and at approximately 8pm AEDT for voting on other days. Prior to the premiere of the second season, it was announced that the voting process would change slightly compared to the inaugural season. SMS voting wil be used for both trial and eviction Document [140] (Title: The Baseball Bunch) ("Kate", season 1) said of her time on the series, "I was eleven (when the show started). I turned twelve actually during the month of February, during the filming, and I was on (the show) for one year. [...] As you know, women get mature during those years and (by the second season) I didn't look like a little girl anymore, so they wanted to go with somebody that was younger looking." Erik Lee ("Rick", seasons 1–4) said of his run on the series, "I was all of twelve years old when I started with "The Baseball Bunch". I stayed Document [141] (Title: Celebuzz) Celebuzz Celebuzz is an entertainment website launched in June 2008 that features breaking TV, movie, and entertainment news. The site claims to reach more than 9 million unique visitors per month. Headquartered in Hollywood, CA, Celebuzz is known for featuring exclusive blogs written by A-list celebrities, particularly members of the Kardashian family (Kim, Khloe, Kourtney, Kendall, and Kylie). Other notable bloggers include Whitney Port, Nick Cannon and Holly Madison. Launched in June 2008, Celebuzz was the flagship property of Buzz Media (formerly known as Buzznet), the largest digital publisher of entertainment news. Celebuzz’s content is produced entirely by an in-house Document [142] (Title: Celebdaq) at the Interactive Bafta awards. Until 2005 the BBC also provided online message boards for traders to discuss strategy and post tips for the coming week. Following an incident in which a footballer who had taken out an injunction preventing publication of a story was named on the site, the BBC tightened editorial controls and shortly afterwards the official Celebdaq message boards were scrapped altogether. Several MSN Groups were formed, where experienced players and former top traders posted their weekly tips thread, but these ended along with MSN Groups in 2009. On 7 January 2010 the BBC announced the creation Document [143] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (U.S. TV series)) NBC announced that there would not be a third season. The first season had 10 contestants. It aired nightly from February 19, 2003 to March 5, 2003 on ABC. John Lehr was the host from the Australian outback. The time differential created serious issues with the live feed. NBC picked up the former ABC show. It aired for 14 episodes and followed the UK's format. The series premiered with a two-hour episode 8–10 pm EDT on June 1, 2009. It aired with a two-hour episode every Monday 8–10 pm aired 8–9 pm EDT Tuesday through Thursday until its June 24 Document [144] (Title: Celebs Go Dating (series 1)) E4 had commissioned a new reality dating show which see celebrities go on dates with members of the public. Filming for the first series started in August 2016, with the show airing later that month. The show was filmed a few weeks in advance. The first series was made up of 15 one hour episodes airing every weekday over 3 weeks. The series is filmed in the way similar to The Only Way is Essex where it's filmed a few days in advance, the show's filming is a week behind broadcast, with it taking place all over the U.K. The Document [145] (Title: Barbarella: the 80's Musical) started during the second week of September and the premiere was rumored to be around the end of October. The rest of the main cast members were revealed five days later, on 15 September 2015. The same day, cast member Ivi Adamou posted a photo on Instagram with other cast members and the director. The first poster of the musical was revealed on 9 October 2015. The musical's premiere was announced to be on 28 October 2015, but was later changed to 7 November 2015. Photos from the musical's rehearsal were published on 13 October 2015. Following its premiere, the Document [146] (Title: Hum Awards pre-show) every year. Red carpet of Hum Awards begin half an hour before the ceremony starts, it's include the interview and the welcome arrival of all the guests, nominees and others on the ceremony. While Making of Hum Awards usually held two days before the ceremony with running time of forty to forty five minutes. 1st Hum Awards Ceremony's red-carpet and making of ceremony was hosted by Sohai Ali Abro and Noor Hassan Rizvi at Expo Center, Karachi. As of 1st Hum Awards the pre-show or red carpet is held half an hour or 45-minutes before the actual ceremony starts. As Document [147] (Title: For My Daughter's Honor) For My Daughter's Honor For My Daughter's Honor (also released as Indecent Seduction) is a 1996 American made-for-television drama film directed by Alan Metzger and starring Gary Cole, Nicholle Tom, Mac Davis and Mary Kay Place. It originally aired on CBS on November 20, 1996. Fourteen-year-old high school student Amy Dustin becomes an object of romantic affection to Pete Nash, the school's biology teacher and football coach. They take a sudden interest in each other, and begin sending each other notes and talking on the telephone. Although Pete has a family, the two begin a secret relationship. People then begin Document [148] (Title: Love Celeb) Love Celeb Nakazono Kirara is an aspiring starlet. She used to think she'd do whatever it took to get a starring role in a drama and have a CD. But her manager, Hanamaki, proves her wrong when he sends her into a room full of horny producers to sleep her way into a role! Kirara wants no part of it! She's a virgin, and these guys are scary!! Especially the silver-haired one named Gin... He seems to be in charge. But he lets Kirara leave the party with her virginity and his phone number, and it seems like nothing lost, Document [149] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 8)) in the second battle. This feature replaced the 'Celebrity Chests' for five episodes. All ratings are taken from the UK Programme Ratings website, BARB. I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 8) I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here! returned to ITV for an eighth series from 16 November to 5 December 2008. Ant & Dec returned to present the main show on ITV, whilst Matt Willis, Emma Willis and Mark Durden-Smith returned to host spin-off show "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! NOW!" on ITV2. It was the first series to use a redesigned logo, Document [150] (Title: Paul O'Grady) Channel 5. On 16 March 2017, it was announced that O'Grady would present the series, replacing Cilla Black. The show is produced by So Television and Stellify Media and began airing on 17 June 2017 at 7pm. The first series concluded on 22 July 2017 and was watched by an average of 1.5 million viewers. A Christmas episode aired on 23 December 2017, before the second series aired from 30 December 2017. A third revived series of "Blind Date" has been confirmed and will be filmed in February 2018. O'Grady was a guest judge on an episode of "Let's Dance Document [151] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK TV series)) November – 6 December 2004: 12 contestants, broadcast from 20 November – 5 December 2005: 12 contestants, broadcast from 13 November – 1 December 2006: 11 contestants, broadcast from 12–30 November 2007: 12 contestants, broadcast from 16 November – 5 December 2008: 13 contestants, broadcast from 15 November – 4 December 2009: "I'm a Celebrity... Get Me out of Here!" returned on 14 November 2010 at 9 pm on ITV and ITV1 HD for its tenth series, as confirmed by presenters Ant and Dec at the end of the "Coming Out" show at the conclusion of series 9. This is Document [152] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (U.S. TV series)) I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (U.S. TV series) I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (often referred to as I'm a Celebrity) is an American reality television series based on the British television show of the same name, in which celebrities live in jungle conditions with few comforts. The series is produced by ITV, Independent Television, a British company, and was picked up from ABC, which aired in early 2003. The new series, shown on NBC, ran for 14 episodes, and followed the same format as the United Kingdom version of the same show. On March 8, 2010, Document [153] (Title: More!) launched in 1988, aimed at older teenage girls. In 2002, it was relaunched as a lifestyle magazine for young women. The ABCs in August 2009 revealed a 17.3% growth of year-on-year circulation, making more! the UK's fastest growing glossy celeb weekly. The magazine launched its own annual fashion awards in 2004. Also in 2009, the magazine sponsored "The City" when it was shown on MTV. According to the ABC, the magazine had an average net circulation of 188,265 from July to December 2010. The content of "More!" magazine was divided into sections: "celebs", "fashion and beauty", "men and relationships" and Document [154] (Title: Snog Marry Avoid?) at 8pm. There were 12 episodes and it ended on 15 March 2011. With new host Ellie Taylor, series 5 commenced on 14 May 2012, at 10.30pm on BBC Three. There were 10 episodes and it ended on 16 July 2012. Series 6 began on 18 March 2013, airing every Monday at 10:00pm. There were 12 episodes. "Snog Marry Avoid?" has received positive reviews, complimenting its useful beauty tips and 'cliche' gimmick. BBC Three's boss has declared it a "roaring success". Australian rapper Iggy Azalea has said that she is a fan of the show, admitting "It's very interesting TV". Document [155] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK TV series)) I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK TV series) I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out Of Here! (often shortened to I'm a Celebrity or I'm a Celeb) is a British survival reality television game show, created by London Weekend Television (LWT), produced by ITV Studios, and aired live on ITV from Australia. The format sees a group of celebrities living together within an Australian jungle camp, coping with a few creature comforts. Each member not only undertakes in challenges to secure additional food and treats for the group, but also to avoid being voted out by viewers during their Document [156] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (U.S. season 2)) I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (U.S. season 2) The second season of I'm a Celebrity...Get Me out of Here! premiered on June 1, 2009 and concluded on June 24, 2009. The season, aired on NBC, a revival of the ABC series of the same name and continued to follow the same format as the original British series. It is also broadcast in Ireland and the United Kingdom. In Ireland, the show airs on TV3, three days behind the original NBC airings, and in the UK, it airs on ITV2 with a seven-day delay. This show has been airing Document [157] (Title: Startalk (Philippine TV program)) that it's hard for them to accept that Startalk will be gone. The show was replaced by a new comedy-oriented showbiz talk show CelebriTV, on September 19, featuring De Leon and Solis, together with Ai-Ai delas Alas, fresh from her grand comeback on GMA. According to AGB Nielsen Philippines' Mega Manila household television ratings, the final episode of "Startalk" scored an 12.7% rating. Startalk (Philippine TV program) Startalk, also called as "Startalk: The Only Showbiz Authority" and "Startalk TX" is a Philippine television entertainment news and talk show broadcast by GMA Network. It premiered on October 8, 1995, and later Document [158] (Title: Celebs Go Dating (series 2)) 2017. Unlike the first series witch was made up of 15x60 minute episodes the second series was made up of 20x60 minute episodes, also the series saw more celebrities than before with the first series only having 6 the second had 7 celebs. Series two saw the return of Joey Essex who broke the rules in the first series when he started dating a celebrity on the show. During the filming of series two, Stephen Bear brought many problems to the dating agency, breaking the rules of the show by dating another celebrity outside of the show; this led to Document [159] (Title: Startalk (Philippine TV program)) from Rosanna (or Osang), "Startalk" also gave a big break to a trio of newcomers anonymously known as Steve, Fayatollah and Pepita. The new loud segment hosts handled "Startalk"'s tabloid segment "T! The Tigbak Authority" where they criticize the senseless headlines printed on tabloid and the fashion statements of the movie/TV stars during awards night. Fayatollah later on became a regular fixture in other GMA shows while Pepita posed for FHM magazine last August 2003. Steve has become the regular voice-over of the show since his inclusion. On June 6, 1998, the GMA management decided to move "Startalk" to an Document [160] (Title: Keeping Up with the Kardashians) awards winning one in 2012. In 2010, Kris and Caitlyn Jenner received a Teen Choice Award nomination in a one-time Choice TV: Parental Unit category. "Keeping Up with the Kardashians" premiered on October 14, 2007 in the United States on the E! cable network at 10:30/9:30 pm ET/PT. The half-hour reality series continued to air every Sunday night in the same time slot, and the eight-episode first season of the show concluded on December 2. The subsequent season premiered the following year on March 9 in an earlier time slot at 10:00/9:00 pm with a repeated episode airing immediately afterwards. Document [161] (Title: Be A Star (UK TV series)) were seven auditions airing each Saturday night. The first audition began on 14 January 2017 The second audition began on 21 January 2017 The third audition began on 28 January 2017 The fourth audition began on 4 February 2017 The fifth audition began on 11 February 2017. Caroline Flack is guest judge. The sixth audition began on 18 February 2017 The seventh and final audition began on 25 February 2017 The Grouping Round is when they get into groups of 4. They choose which teams they would like the acts on. Each of the four acts will be on different Document [162] (Title: Start It Up (Shake It Up)) the 6- to 11-year-old demographic. It also became the highest-rated Sunday debut for a Disney Channel original series. Overall, it was the seventh most-watched program that aired on US cable television on November 7, 2010. Taken from the credits of "Start It Up." Start It Up (Shake It Up) "Start It Up" is the pilot episode of the American television series "Shake It Up", a female buddy-show with a dance concept, starring Bella Thorne and Zendaya. As the series' opening episode, it introduces the main characters in the series, and follows Rocky (Zendaya) and CeCe (Thorne) as they try out Document [163] (Title: Love Celeb) nothing gained... until Kirara is suddenly the most famous new starlet for no apparent reason!? The manga of "Love Celeb" was collected in seven bound volumes: "Love Celeb" was adapted as a series of three drama CDs: Love Celeb Nakazono Kirara is an aspiring starlet. She used to think she'd do whatever it took to get a starring role in a drama and have a CD. But her manager, Hanamaki, proves her wrong when he sends her into a room full of horny producers to sleep her way into a role! Kirara wants no part of it! She's a virgin, Document [164] (Title: So You Think You Can Dance (U.S. TV series)) it is produced over the course of months, the selection phase is highly edited and usually constitutes only the first 2–4 weeks of aired episodes, with the competition episodes forming the remaining 7–9 weeks of the season. The open auditions, the first stage in determining a season's finalists, take place in 2–6 major U.S. cities each season and are typically open to anyone aged 18–30 at the time of their audition, although season 13 focused on a younger class of competitors, ages 8-14. The cities where auditions are held change from season to season but some, such as Los Angeles Document [165] (Title: Cause Celeb) Cause Celeb Cause Celeb is the debut novel of Helen Fielding, later known for her creation of the character Bridget Jones. her first novel is about a few years in the life of Rosie Richardson, who decides to go to Africa after she breaks up with her boyfriend, Oliver Marchant, a TV presenter. But after four years working in Nambula, a fictional country in Northern Africa, there is a famine coming and Rosie turns back to Oliver and his famous friends to get the food they desperately need. Rosie Richardson works in marketing at a publisher, when she starts dating Document [166] (Title: Paris Hilton) participation in "1 Night in Paris" (a sex tape leaked before the first episode of "The Simple Life") in late 2003. Paparazzi mobs started to follow her, and her relationships and lifestyle in general became targets of gossip sites and tabloid media worldwide. Critics suggest that Hilton epitomizes being famous for being famous, exemplifying the "celebutante" phenomenon—a celebrity for no particularly identifiable reason other than inherited wealth and lavish lifestyle. She has been credited with influencing the revival of the term during the early-to-mid 2000s, and once remarked: "Back in the day, when I first came into this world, there Document [167] (Title: CelebAir) CelebAir CelebAir was a reality TV series in which 11 celebrities performed the duties of cabin crew and check-in attendants. The series was presented by Angellica Bell and aired on ITV2 from 2 September 2008 until 23 October 2008, when Lisa Maffia was declared the winner. For the show, Monarch Airlines repainted one of its Airbus A321 aircraft, registration G-OZBI, with the CelebAir logo along with a new tail fin design. The aircraft was used for the majority of CelebAir flights although the celebrities additionally worked on normal Monarch branded aircraft. CelebAir activity took place on Monarch flights which were Document [168] (Title: Startalk (Philippine TV program)) actor's battle with periampullary cancer until his recent death last June 6, 2008. After Fernandez's burial, it was unclear whether Lorna will stay on as host of the show. More than a month after her husband Fernandez's death, Lorna appeared live for the last time on "Startalk" as a special guest. In her last guesting appearance, she told stories about her recent trip to Jerusalem which gave her time to heal emotional wounds brought about by Daboy's death. On September 19, 2008, she finally bade goodbye to GMA executives after she decided to accept ABS-CBN's offer which included movie appearances Document [169] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (Australian TV series)) viewer votes. In addition, if the contestants become overwhelmed by their situation they can leave the series by speaking the phrase ""I'm a celebrity get me out of here!"". However, it is reported that if contestants do quit they will have their income for participating in the series markedly reduced. Throughout the show, additional contestants (called "intruders") enter the competition; and beginning with season two, some contestants are only included temporarily (i.e. having a guest appearance). In the end, a final viewer vote occurs to determine the winner of the series, who is given the title of "King and/or Queen Document [170] (Title: Get Your Act Together) The 26 celebrity contestants were revealed in December 2014. The first five episodes were all pre-recorded with the studio audience deciding who goes through to the live final. Get Your Act Together Get Your Act Together is a British talent show that began airing on ITV on 18 January 2015 and is hosted by Stephen Mulhern. The show features celebrities learning various different acts, such as juggling, singing, impressions and escapology, and performing them on a live stage. "Get Your Act Together" was produced by ITV Studios for ITV, and that aired for 6 weeks from 18 January 2015 until Document [171] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 4)) ratings are taken from the UK Programme Ratings website, BARB. I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 4) The fourth series of "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!" began on 21 November 2004 and ended on 6 December 2004. The programme ran for 16 days, one more than in the previous series (18 days if counting the day the celebrities arrived and the morning the finalists exited). The series was won by comedian Joe Pasquale. 11 contestants participated, one more than in the previous two series. The contestants take part in daily trials to earn food. Day Document [172] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 17)) I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 17) "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!" returned for its seventeenth series on 19 November 2017 on ITV. The series is the third in a three-year contract, as confirmed by Ant & Dec at the end of the Coming Out show in December 2016. In October 2017, it was confirmed that Ant & Dec will return to host the series, despite rumours suggesting that the pair would not be present due to Ant's admittance to rehab earlier in the year for drugs and alcohol addiction. "Made in Chelsea" star Georgia Document [173] (Title: 10 Years Younger (U.S. TV series)) While You Were Out as the host. In August 2008 the fourth season began shooting, to air later in the year, with Kyan Douglas as the new host. The show begins by introducing the participant and their story, which is usually an explanation of why they look older than they are. The participant then stands inside the box — a soundproof clear display case placed along a busy street. The show's host, then invites 100 people to guess the age of the participant. The average of these guesses is then considered the "age" of the participant; the show must try Document [174] (Title: I'm a Celebrity: Extra Camp) I'm a Celebrity: Extra Camp I'm a Celebrity: Extra Camp (previously I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! NOW! from 2002–2015) was a companion show, broadcast on ITV2 in the UK and on UTV Ireland in the Republic of Ireland. It features behind-the-scenes footage of "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!" and shows the emotional responses of the contestants after they have been voted off. Series 1 to 4 was filmed completely live in the UK and series 5–8 were filmed mainly live in Australia with a live co-presenter in the UK. Since series 9, the show has been Document [175] (Title: Celebs Go Dating) eighteenth episode for breaking the show rules by dating a celebrity outside of the agency. The following is a list of celebrities who featured in the second series. The third series of the show was confirmed on 7 November 2016 along with the announcement of the second series, and began airing on 4 September 2017. It concluded after nineteen episodes on 29 September 2017. An episode that was due to be aired on 15 September 2017 did not air, pulled from broadcast moments before its scheduled starting time. It was later reported that the episode was cancelled as one of Document [176] (Title: Celebrity Fit Club) The show then switched to celebrity participants, and continued until 2006, with Dale Winton as host since the series two. An American version premiered in 2005 on the VH1 network. The first series aired in 2002 and featured the following celebrities: Note: Series One was the only series in which celebs were not competing in teams or the episodes were filmed around the weigh-in; instead the weigh in occurred near the end. There was also no host as such, although comedian Jenny Eclair provided a voiceover. The second series was aired in 2004 presented by Dale Winton. Hypnotherapist Marisa Peer Document [177] (Title: Life Begins (TV series)) in Australia: The first episode of the first series aired over Australia's non ratings period, and the opening episode rated 1.1 million mainland capital city viewers, which was the 12th most watched show for the week. Ratings continued around the one million viewers mark throughout series one. The first episode of series two moved to 9:30pm and rated 998,000 viewers, ranking first in its time slot. The second episode rated 853,000 viewers. Life Begins (TV series) Life Begins is a British television drama first broadcast on ITV between 16 February 2004 and 9 October 2006, starring Caroline Quentin and Alexander Document [178] (Title: Early Start) Early Start Early Start is a hard news morning television show on CNN anchored by Christine Romans and Dave Briggs. It premiered on January 2, 2012 and airs weekdays from 4:00-6:00 a.m. ET. By the end of its run in 2011, CNN's "American Morning" had fallen behind in the morning ratings. Executive vice president Ken Jautz, who joined in September 2010, decided to revamp the network's morning lineup by canceling the show altogether and replacing it with two new programs less focused on national politics than cable rivals "Fox & Friends" and "Morning Joe". Along with "Starting Point", "Early Start" Document [179] (Title: Teen (magazine)) game reviews. Celeb Stuff included reviews of movies, television shows, books, and music, young celebrity quotes, celebrity fashion and makeup tips, and a celebrity style quiz, while Celebs was a section that includes celebrity facts, quotes, essays, and predictions, as well as a few posters of teen stars and a quiz. The Look section concerned beauty articles, such as those concerning hair and makeup. Fashion was a clothing section that talked about knits, jeans, clothes for individual body shapes, crafts, and a quiz. Get Real consisted of articles written by actual teenagers. The articles included "True Stories from Real Teens", Question: when does i'm a celeb usually start Answer: 25 August 2002 Long Answer: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out Of Here! (often shortened to I'm a Celebrity or I'm a Celeb) is a British survival reality television game show, first aired on 25 August 2002, in which celebrities live in jungle conditions with few creature comforts . The show has been hosted by Ant & Dec since its inception and served as the inspiration for a franchise of the same name . It is filmed in Murwillumbah, New South Wales, Australia and broadcast on ITV in the United Kingdom. Gold Document ID: 99

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: For My Daughter's Honor) to experience what she endured. For My Daughter's Honor For My Daughter's Honor (also released as Indecent Seduction) is a 1996 American made-for-television drama film directed by Alan Metzger and starring Gary Cole, Nicholle Tom, Mac Davis and Mary Kay Place. It originally aired on CBS on November 20, 1996. Fourteen-year-old high school student Amy Dustin becomes an object of romantic affection to Pete Nash, the school's biology teacher and football coach. They take a sudden interest in each other, and begin sending each other notes and talking on the telephone. Although Pete has a family, the two begin a Document [2] (Title: Je suis une célébrité, sortez-moi de là ! (series 1)) Trials the celebrities took part in: Je suis une célébrité, sortez-moi de là ! (series 1) The first series of "Je suis une célébrité, sortez-moi de là !", the French version of "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!", began on 14 April 2006 and ended on 28 April 2006. The programme ran for 14 days (16 days if counting the day the celebrities arrived and the morning the finalists exited). The series was won by Richard Virenque. The contestants take part in daily trials to earn food. The participants are chosen by the public (Day 1–8) and the production Document [3] (Title: Celebs Go Dating (series 3)) gay man to appear on the show. Norris's co-star James Argent also joined the cast, making his first television appearance since taking a break "The Only Way Is Essex" earlier in the year. They were joined by television presenter Sarah-Jane Crawford, "The X Factor" finalist and singer Frankie Cocozza, "Made in Chelsea"'s Georgia Toffolo, model and television personality Calum Best, and Charlotte Dawson from "Ex on the Beach". American reality star Courtney Stodden joined the cast in July, and made her first appearance in the show during the third week. Celebs Go Dating (series 3) The third series of the Document [4] (Title: Celebs Go Dating (series 2)) his removal from the show. Filming began for the second series in late January with the series launching in February 2017, with filming finishing in early March. This is a list of the celebrities starring in the second series of Celebs Go Dating. "Note: Joey Essex is the only original celeb to return for a second series." Celebs Go Dating (series 2) The second series of the British reality dating programme "Celebs Go Dating" aired from 13 February to 10 March 2017. Following the success of the first series, it was announced that E4 had renewed the series for 2 Document [5] (Title: Start It Up (Shake It Up)) Start It Up (Shake It Up) "Start It Up" is the pilot episode of the American television series "Shake It Up", a female buddy-show with a dance concept, starring Bella Thorne and Zendaya. As the series' opening episode, it introduces the main characters in the series, and follows Rocky (Zendaya) and CeCe (Thorne) as they try out for "Shake It Up Chicago", after being encouraged by Deuce (Adam Irigoyen) and Ty (Roshon Fegan). Also in this episode, Flynn (Davis Cleveland) tries to avenge CeCe and Rocky for his breakfast. The episode premiered on the Disney Channel on November 7, 2010. Document [6] (Title: Cea Sunrise Person) 15, Person was working as a high-fashion model in Manhattan and Paris and was also posing for photo shoots in Mauritius. In her early–to-late 20s, she lived in Europe and worked as a catalogue model. At the age of 29, she retired from full-time modeling. She then moved to Vancouver where she started a swimwear company. In 2007, she began writing her memoir, "North of Normal", about her upbringing in the wilderness. The book details her early life prior to moving to Calgary and then starting her modelling career. The book underwent numerous revisions over 6 years before it was Document [7] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 14)) I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 14) "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!" returned for its fourteenth series on 16 November 2014 on ITV and ended on 7 December 2014. The show was confirmed to be returning to ITV at the end of the previous series. On 22 October 2014, the trailer was revealed for the new series, which was broadcast on air across the ITV network in the run up to the series' premiere. Ant & Dec both returned as presenters of the show, whilst Joe Swash, Laura Whitmore and Rob Beckett returned to present Document [8] (Title: Celebracadabra) Celebracadabra Celebracadabra is an American reality television series on VH1 that premiered on April 27, 2008. The series involves celebrities attempting to learn and perform magic. Magician/actor Jonathan Levit serves as the host. On Thursday, June 12, 2008, C. Thomas Howell was named "Greatest Celebrity Magician". For the premiere episode of Celebracadabra, the seven celebrities try their hand at magic, paired with professional magicians. This week's first challenge is Street Magic, hitting the streets armed with only their skills to impress the crowds. At the end, only six of the seven celebrities will continue onto next week. For their next Document [9] (Title: Celebs Go Dating) was renewed for a fourth series to air in 2018. The fourth series premiered on 4 February 2018 The fourth series was the first series to air during the week and weekend, but there was episode on Fridays or Saturdays. On 21 May 2018, "Celebs Go Dating" was renewed for another series. It began broadcasting on 14 October 2018. In November 2018, "Celebs Go Dating" was renewed for a sixth series, which is set to air in 2019. The first series of the show was confirmed in March 2016, and began airing on 29 August 2016. It concluded after fifteen Document [10] (Title: Celebs Go Dating) weekday. In 2017, a second and third series was confirmed to air in early and late 2017 unlike the first series the second and third series would last one week longer with 20 episodes. Filming began for the second series in late January with the series launching in February 2017, with filming finishing in early March. Series two saw the return of Joey Essex who broke the rules in the first series when he started dating a celebrity on the show. During the filming of series two, Stephen Bear brought many problems to the dating agency, breaking the rules of Document [11] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 2)) to Danniella walking out of the jungle. The contestants take part in daily trials to earn food All ratings are taken from the UK Programme Ratings website, BARB. Series average = 8.55 million viewers. I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 2) The second series of I'm a Celebrity... Get Me out of Here! was broadcast on ITV from 28 April to 12 May 2003. Ant & Dec presented the main show on ITV, whilst Mark Durden-Smith and former contestant Tara Palmer-Tomkinson hosted the spin-off show "I'm A Celebrity... Get Me Out Of Here... Now!" on ITV2. The Document [12] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (Australia season 2)) I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (Australia season 2) The second season of "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here", which was commissioned on 16 July 2015, premiered on Network Ten on 31 January 2016. The season was won by Brendan Fevola who received $100,000 for his charity, and gave half ($50,000) to Paul Harragon's charity. The contestants take part in daily trials to earn food. These trials aim to test both physical and mental abilities. Success is usually determined by the number of stars collected during the trial, with each star representing a meal earned by the winning Document [13] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 13)) achieved the highest ever rating for an opening "I'm a Celebrity" episode. I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 13) "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!" returned for its thirteenth series on 17 November 2013 on ITV, and ended on 8 December 2013. The show was confirmed to be returning to ITV at the end of the previous series. On 21 October 2013, two teasers were revealed for the new series, which were broadcast on air across the ITV network in the run up to the series' premiere. Ant & Dec both returned as presenters of the Document [14] (Title: Tonite with HSY) gossip nor will it promote or project upcoming projects, it is a platform for the masses to get to know who our celebrities are and what they think about topics that do not necessarily pertain to their jobs." Show will air once a week for an hour or about 40 minutes, the show will be a completely entertainment for people. Opening of episodes usually includes a brief introduction of invited guest and then beginning interactive talk among host and guest, usually after fifteen minutes or more shows main portion begins.The show follow three different segments, as follows: Love em Hate Document [15] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 11)) average, as it is an extra show shown after the series has ended. There were no shows on 15 or 23 November due to live football being shown, however, the ITV2 show still aired as normal. I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 11) I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! returned for its eleventh series on 13 November 2011. Ant & Dec returned as presenters for the main show, and its spin off show "Get Me Out of Here...NOW!" returned with new host Laura Whitmore, Russell Kane and Joe Swash as presenters. On 3 December 2011, Dougie Document [16] (Title: Celebrity (TV programme)) October 8, with five weekly episodes. In 2000 she signed with ITV and hosted the breakfast programme, broadcast on weekdays from 9.00 am to 10.00 am. Bunton talked about the celebrity universe, including news about music, films and interviews with artists as Madonna and Bon Jovi. She left the program to start her solo career. Celebrity (TV programme) Celebrity is a British breakfast programme, broadcast on weekdays from 9.00 am to 10.00 am on ITV. It was hosted by Emma Bunton from 8 October to 31 December 2000. After Geri Halliwell's departure, the Spice Girls had a hiatus in 1999. Document [17] (Title: Start the Week) Listener & Viewer Awards, and is only the second programme to win the award twice. Start the Week Start the Week is a discussion programme broadcast on BBC Radio 4 which began in April 1970. The current presenter is the former BBC political editor Andrew Marr. The previous regular presenters were Richard Baker, Russell Harty, Melvyn Bragg and Jeremy Paxman. It is broadcast (usually) live on Monday mornings between 9:02am and 9:45am, and repeated in a shortened, edited version at 9:30pm the same evening. Its guests typically come from the worlds of politics, journalism, science and the arts. Prior to Document [18] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 5)) I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 5) The fifth series of "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!" began on 20 November 2005 and ended on 5 December 2005. The programme ran for 16 days (18 days if counting the day the celebrities arrived and the morning the finalists exited). The series was won by Carol Thatcher. 12 contestants participated, one more than in the previous series. The contestants take part in daily trials to earn food. The participants are chosen by the public, up until the first eviction, when the campers decide who will take part Document [19] (Title: Startalk (Philippine TV program)) story after another, "Startalk" finally earned its tagline "The Showbiz Authority" and in October 1996, "Startalk" won its first award in the 10th PMPC Star Awards for Television as Best Showbiz Oriented Talk Show. Startalk said goodbye to Aquino in 1996, after her contract with Viva Entertainment expired and the network dropped her and transferred to rival network ABS-CBN and was given several shows, and so actress Dawn Zulueta came in to fill the vacant slot as host. During the show's second year, it slowly gained significant loyal following and considerable commercial load. Unfortunately, Zulueta didn't last long and so Document [20] (Title: Ceroc) classes often start earlier. Whatever the start time, the entire evening lasts three to four hours in most venues (with rare exceptions). A "Beginner Progression" class (also known variously as "Bridging", "Beginner Consolidation", "Intromediate" or "Freestyle class" ) taught at the same time as the "Intermediate" or "Intermediate/Advanced" class has also been introduced in Sydney, Brisbane, Melbourne, Perth, and Adelaide, involving a breakdown of technique and either a review of the preceding "Beginner" class (possibly with some extensions or variations to the moves from that class) or a new routine drawn from a mixture of intermediate and beginner level moves Document [21] (Title: Brenda Frazier) Hutton, who consequently were frequently written about and photographed. The press eventually began calling them "Glamour Girls". Frazier began to gain attention as a teenager after columnist Walter Winchell began writing about her; he reportedly coined the portmanteau "celebutante" in her honor. In 1936, two years before her society debut, society journalist Maury Henry Biddle Paul (known as Cholly Knickerbocker) wrote, "It may seem a bit early, but I – here and now – predict Brenda Frazier will be one of the belles - if not "the" Belle - of her season." Cholly Knickerbocker's prediction boosted Frazier's profile and her Document [22] (Title: Celebs Go Dating (series 1)) show uses a fly on the wall filming style with fixed cameras across the room, with a crew controlling them from another room. This is a list of the celebrities who featured in the first series of Celebs Go Dating. Celebs Go Dating (series 1) The first series of the British reality dating programme "Celebs Go Dating" aired from 29 August to 16 September 2016, with the concept of the show celebrities going on a number of dates with members of the public to see if they can find love. The series stars Eden Blackman and Nadia Essex as the Document [23] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (Australia season 5)) I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (Australia season 5) The fifth season of Australia's "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here", which was commissioned by Network Ten on 10 September 2018, will premiere on 13 January 2019. On 13 December 2018, 3 clues were released to the public by Network 10 on the identities of three celebrities. More clues are expected to be released over the next few weeks on the celebrities. Currently the clues to the professions of the celebrities include a red carpet gossip guru, two controversial politicians and a AFL footy legend. A number of celebrities Document [24] (Title: Celebrity Juice) guest panellist (as of 20 September 2018). This doesn't include being a fill-in judge: In 2009, 2010 and 2011, the show was voted "Worst British TV Panel Show" in the British Comedy Guide's annual awards. Celebrity Juice Celebrity Juice, often referred to as Celeb Juice, is a British television comedy panel game on ITV2, broadcast since 24 September 2008. The show is written and presented by Keith Lemon, the alter-ego of comedian Leigh Francis. The format for the series was first suggested in 2007, after the final series of Leigh Francis' Channel 4 sketch show "Bo' Selecta!". ITV approached Francis Document [25] (Title: The Tuxedo Begins) Rock" was watched by 3.59 million households in its original American broadcast. It earned a 1.5 rating/4 share in the 18–49 demographic. This means that it was seen by 1.5 percent of all 18- to 49-year-olds, and 4 percent of all 18- to 49-year-olds watching television at the time of the broadcast. Tina Fey submitted this episode for consideration due to her nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series at the 64th Primetime Emmy Awards. The Tuxedo Begins "The Tuxedo Begins" is the eighth episode of the sixth season of the American television Document [26] (Title: Loose Women) of the day's topics and guests before introducing the panellists as they walk on. On 15 May the show celebrated its 3,000th episode with a look-back at the show's best bits and a mini-awards ceremony dubbed 'The Loosie Awards'. Mel B started making recurring appearances on the panel, whilst Denise Welch and Carol McGiffin returned to the panel after 5 year absences, making their returns on 7 June 2018 and 5 July 2018 respectively. Series 23 began airing on ITV on 3 September 2018 the return of your presenters and panellists whereas Denise Welch and Carol McGiffin re-joined the show Document [27] (Title: Academy Awards pre-show) later) began their red carpet pre-shows with focus on fashion. It would pass another decade, in 1999, when the AMPAS eventually produced its own red carpet pre-show to air on ABC. KABC-TV continues to produce its own pre- and post-show editions of its syndicated entertainment program "On the Red Carpet", which air on some ABC affiliates and O&Os as a compliment to network coverage. Although other broadcasters (including, , CNN, E!, and Pop) may air their own red carpet coverage, ABC has an exclusive window during the final hour before the ceremony (4:30 p.m. to 5:30 p.m. PT) during which Document [28] (Title: Celebs Go Dating) the show by dating another celebrity outside of the show; this led to his removal from the show. It was announced on the official "Celebs Go Dating" Twitter account that the third series of the show will feature same-sex relationships for the first time. In September 2017 it was confirmed that the series would return for a fourth series in 2018. The fourth series does also feature same-sex relationships. It started on 4 February 2018. The first and second series of "Celebs Go Dating" aired every week night on E4 with a repeat at the weekend on Sunday morning. The Document [29] (Title: Celebs Go Dating (series 1)) Celebs Go Dating (series 1) The first series of the British reality dating programme "Celebs Go Dating" aired from 29 August to 16 September 2016, with the concept of the show celebrities going on a number of dates with members of the public to see if they can find love. The series stars Eden Blackman and Nadia Essex as the dating experts, and Tom Read Wilson as a receptionist. After the success of the first series, it was announced that E4 had ordered two more series of the show to air in 2017. It was announced in March 2016 that Document [30] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK TV series)) Coming Out show on 7 December 2016. It began airing on 19 November 2017. 12 contestants, broadcast from 19 November – 10 December 2017: Ant & Dec confirmed at the end of the Coming Out show on 15 December 2017 that the show will return the following year (2018). It is the first series in its brand-new two-year contract. However, on 9 August 2018, Anthony McPartlin confirmed that he will not be presenting the eighteenth series as he continues to get treatment after being admitted to rehab in March. It began airing on 18 November 2018. On 29 August, ITV Document [31] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (Australian TV series)) rates. On 1 August 2016 the series was renewed for a third season with Morris and Brown returning as hosts, which premiered on 29 January 2017. A fourth season commenced on 28 January 2018 and concluded 12 March 2018. A fifth season has been announced and will air from 13 January 2019. The show is set to be reduced from airing over a six week period to four weeks for the 2019 season. The premise of the show is that there is a group of well known personalities living together in a specially constructed camp site in a jungle. During Document [32] (Title: Celebdaq) Celebdaq Celebdaq was an online "celebrity stock exchange" game on the BBC's website which had its own television show on BBC Three. The television show was presented by Paddy O'Connell & Libby Potter. Later, the comedian Jenny Eclair was the presenter. Players were given the opportunity to buy and sell shares in celebrities using £10,000 of virtual cash. As in real-life stock markets, the trading of shares caused each celebrity's share price to fluctuate, allowing profits to be realised. Weekly dividends were paid on shares owned based upon how much press coverage the celebrity received in a number of daily Document [33] (Title: Celebs Go Dating (series 3)) months. Nadia Essex and Eden Blackman returned as the dating experts, along with receptionist Tom Read Wilson. Psychologist Dr. Pam Spurr helped the celebrities get in touch with their feelings and analyse their body language. The series features same-sex relationships for the first time, as well as blind and silent dating. "Celebs Go Dating" began airing from 4 September 2017 for four weeks. "The Only Way Is Essex" cast member Bobby Norris was confirmed to be appearing in the series in May 2017. He previously made a brief appearance at the end of the second series. Norris became the first Document [34] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (Australia season 1)) I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (Australia season 1) The first season of "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here" premiered on Network Ten on 1 February 2015. The season was hosted by Julia Morris and Chris Brown. Andrew 'Freddie' Flintoff won the season, getting crowned "King of the Jungle" on 15 March 2015. Before the new contestants ('intruders') enter camp and meet the other celebrities, they have to undergo trials. The contestants take part in daily trials to earn food. These trials aim to test both physical and mental abilities. The winner is usually determined by the number Document [35] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 16)) I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 16) "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!" returned for its sixteenth series on 13 November 2016 on ITV. It was the second in a three-year contract, as confirmed by Ant & Dec at the end of the "Coming Out" show on 9 December 2015. Following the end of the previous series, the spin-off show, "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! NOW!" was rebranded "I'm a Celebrity: Extra Camp". It was also announced that Laura Whitmore and David Morgan had quit the show and were replaced by Vicky Pattison, Stacey Document [36] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 5)) in the trial I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 5) The fifth series of "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!" began on 20 November 2005 and ended on 5 December 2005. The programme ran for 16 days (18 days if counting the day the celebrities arrived and the morning the finalists exited). The series was won by Carol Thatcher. 12 contestants participated, one more than in the previous series. The contestants take part in daily trials to earn food. The participants are chosen by the public, up until the first eviction, when the campers decide who Document [37] (Title: VH1) Gross used a hyphenated form of the word ("celeb-reality") to describe the tendency of certain contemporary celebrities to downplay the traditional trappings of Hollywood glamour. "You could see the new celeb-reality on display at this year's Oscars," wrote Gross. "It is Kathy Bates and Whoopi Goldberg, not Kim Basinger and Michelle Pfeiffer. It is Jeremy Irons in black tie and the sneakers he says keep his feet on the ground. It is Kevin Costner, fighting small, important battles, winning big, but reacting with modesty and going off to party privately. The new celebrities are human first, famous second." The next Document [38] (Title: StarTomorrow) StarTomorrow StarTomorrow was an online-only musical talent search created by NBC and music executive Tommy Mottola produced by 25/7 Productions in association with CenterStaging and Rehearsals.Com. NBC announced that it would air StarTomorrow in February 2006. Mottola severed his relationship with the show in June 2006, and producer David Foster was brought in. The prize was subsequently changed from a recording contract with Mottola's Casablanca Records to a contract with Foster's label. Hosted by Michele Merkin, StarTomorrow premiered on NBC and NBC.com on July 31, 2006, when a one-hour show about the auditions aired on NBC. In a format similar Document [39] (Title: Anna Richardson) series, called "The Sex Education Show: Stop Pimping Our Kids", aired from 19–21 April 2011. The fifth series began on 19 July 2011. Richardson presents Channel 4's "Secret Eaters", which began on 16 May 2012. She also presents "How Not to Get Old" alongside Louise Redknapp which began on 7 August 2013. Richardson and Andi Osho present "Supershoppers", which began on Channel 4 on 1 February 2016, although Osho has now been replaced by Sabrina Grant. She presents Channel 4's "Naked Attraction", which began on 25 July 2016. In 2017, Richardson co-presented "How to Retire at 40" on Channel 4. Document [40] (Title: Celebs Go Dating) episodes on 16 September 2016. Shortly after the series it was announced that E4 had commissioned a further two series to air in 2017. The following is a list of celebrities who featured in the first series. The second series of the show was confirmed on 7 November 2016, and began on 13 February 2017. It concluded after twenty episodes on 10 March 2017. Along with the announcement of the cast for the series, it was confirmed that Joey Essex would be returning, having previously appeared in the first series. Stephen Bear was also removed from the series during the Document [41] (Title: Boys and Girls (TV series)) to home viewers living in a featured street who performed a task set out by the host (such as opening the front door in their pyjamas). Then the 'quiz' would be played. Two celebrity guests – one for each team – would enter the audience to canvas the team's opinions in response to a series of questions posed by Kay. These questions would be on the subject of relationships and would take the form of an 'either/or' choice, i.e. "What's more important, a big heart or a big wallet?". The celeb would gather the audience's apparent majority opinion and present Document [42] (Title: Grill Me) of questions regarding celebrities) were presented to the celebs, who were given $99.95 to start with (the first category picked by the winner of a drawing of straws [or in Jordan's case, "Indian leg wrestling"]). Each category had a different value, from as low as $9.95 to as big as $17.95, and the first question in each category was asked as a toss-up. Whoever buzzed in with the right answer earned money and control of answering two more questions worth the same amount. If a contestant did not know the answer to a question, he or she could force an Document [43] (Title: Fame Academy) Teachers and judges gave their opinions of the students' performances on air, and the television audience voted to "save" their favourite student throughout the week and at the live showdowns each Friday night, with one student leaving each week. The first live show took place on 7 March 2003 and lasted until Red Nose Day on 14 March, where the final show was presented and the winner was announced as Will Mellor. On 26 February 2005, "Comic Relief does Fame Academy" returned for a second live airing. During the Comic Relief show on 11 March (Red Nose Day), Edith Bowman Document [44] (Title: Celebrity Juice) Celebrity Juice Celebrity Juice, often referred to as Celeb Juice, is a British television comedy panel game on ITV2, broadcast since 24 September 2008. The show is written and presented by Keith Lemon, the alter-ego of comedian Leigh Francis. The format for the series was first suggested in 2007, after the final series of Leigh Francis' Channel 4 sketch show "Bo' Selecta!". ITV approached Francis to create a show featuring popular alter-ego Keith Lemon, and after the success of the five-part series "Keith Lemon's Very Brilliant World Tour", the channel commissioned "Celebrity Juice". The original premise of the show was Document [45] (Title: Startalk (Philippine TV program)) hosts would pick it up from there and the mainstays of both shows exchange on-air banter for a couple of minutes, punctuated with a lot of friendly jeers, private jokes and ribbing. After Magalona died on March 6, 2009, the "Eat Bulaga!" and "Startalk" hosts continued with the seamless tradition until it was stopped in the later part of the year, switching timeslots between S-Files, another showbiz talk show first hosted by Lyn Ching and Paolo Bediones. The move favored Boy, Lolit, Osang and the staff of "Startalk" (led by Floy Quintos) since they can dish out more exclusive showbiz Document [46] (Title: I Start Counting) I Start Counting I Start Counting is a British thriller film released in 1970, directed by David Greene and starring Jenny Agutter in one of her first major roles. It was based on the 1966 novel of the same name by Audrey Erskine Lindop. The film was moderately controversial because of Agutter's squeaky-clean image and youth (16, playing a 14-year-old), when coupled with the film's sexual content. It also included Simon Ward's first major film role. Wynne (Agutter), an adopted 14-year-old girl, has a crush on her 32-year-old stepbrother, George (Bryan Marshall). While spying on George in the bathroom, Wynne Document [47] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK TV series)) It was also reported that, as a result, cash-strapped ITV were unable to provide any more money for the series, and that the quality of the trials had gone down. The first three series of "I'm a Celebrity" occurred at various different times during the years they were broadcast. From series 4 onwards, the show is broadcast from around mid November until late November/early December. 8 contestants, broadcast from 25 August – 8 September 2002: 10 contestants, broadcast from 28 April – 12 May 2003: 10 contestants, broadcast from 26 January – 9 February 2004: 11 contestants, broadcast from 21 Document [48] (Title: Celebs Go Dating (series 4)) the series finale at Cape Verde. Jonathan Lipnicki took "Becca" to Los Angeles, America and before he left for Los Angeles, Lipnicki left the agency after finding a suitable girlfriend. Gemma Collins stood up "Lawrence" who was due to host the date in Paris, France and left him waiting on the Eurostar platform at St Pancras. The fourth series was announced prior to the final of the third series in September 2017. The fourth series is due to begin airing from 4 February on E4. Filming for the fourth series began on 20 November 2017 in London. It was announced Document [49] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 18)) handed. Official ratings are taken from BARB, utilising the four-screen dashboard which includes viewers who watched the programme on laptops, smartphones, and tablets within 7 days of the original broadcast. I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 18) "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!" returned for its eighteenth series on 18 November 2018 on ITV, as confirmed by Ant & Dec at the end of the Coming Out show in December 2017. On 9 August 2018, Anthony McPartlin confirmed that he would not be presenting the then upcoming eighteenth series. On 29 August, it was confirmed that Document [50] (Title: Start the Week) Start the Week Start the Week is a discussion programme broadcast on BBC Radio 4 which began in April 1970. The current presenter is the former BBC political editor Andrew Marr. The previous regular presenters were Richard Baker, Russell Harty, Melvyn Bragg and Jeremy Paxman. It is broadcast (usually) live on Monday mornings between 9:02am and 9:45am, and repeated in a shortened, edited version at 9:30pm the same evening. Its guests typically come from the worlds of politics, journalism, science and the arts. Prior to Marr the programme had a number of regular secondary presenters including Ken Sykora, Kenneth Robinson Document [51] (Title: Irish Debutante Ball) Most schools would have their debs in Autumn but some choose to begin their final year of school with the debs. Some schools even have a smaller ball before the debs, known as the "pre-debs" which would be held in January/February or even as late as May. Students may worry about being invited or finding a date but many attend with friends or in a group, not worrying about the dating aspect. It is not uncommon for students to not go with their significant other and instead go with a friend Whether the female asks the male, or vice versa, Document [52] (Title: Kris Aquino filmography) transferred to GMA Network, which had a partnership with Viva, and after Viva's contract with PTV ended). It was on GMA Network's showbiz oriented talk show "Startalk", which she co-hosted with Boy Abunda and Lolit Solis, that her hosting skills attracted attention. After GMA Network and VIVA dropped her, she went back to ABS-CBN in 1996 and had her biggest break through the morning talk show "Today with Kris Aquino". From that show, she gained more popularity in terms of hosting. From January 2001 to May 2002, she hosted the talk show "Morning Girls with Kris and Korina", alongside popular Document [53] (Title: Startalk (Philippine TV program)) more aggressive at getting the hottest and "Totally Xplosive" showbiz news, and three times more fun to the viewers. Startalk TX has always been pre-empted during Black Saturdays which observed as a non-regular programming. However, the first time the network has pre-empted the show as a regular programming was during Manny Pacquiao's World Press Tour. The longest competitor of "Startalk" in the same slot is "Entertainment Live", which premiered on August 4, 2007 after its pilot episode gained high ratings, due to its set of hosts, which happens to be former GMA talents Toni Gonzaga and Mariel Rodriguez with Bianca Document [54] (Title: Myleene Klass) Get Me out of Here!". In 2015, Klass began presenting the new ITV series "BBQ Champ", beginning on 31 July. On 1 March 2018, Klass hosted The Global Awards 2018 alongside Rochelle Humes and Roman Kemp Klass took part in the sixth series of ITV's reality television series "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!", which began on 13 November 2006 and ended on 1 December 2006. She finished in second place, behind Matt Willis. Her popularity was boosted by the show, particularly with male viewers as her sex appeal in a bikini was a frequent focus of show coverage. Document [55] (Title: Reality television) on a group of women who are romantically connected to male celebrities; these include "Basketball Wives" (2010), "Love & Hip Hop" (2011), "Hollywood Exes" (2012), "Ex-Wives of Rock" (2012) and "WAGS" (2015). Most of these shows have had spin-offs in multiple locations. There are also fly-on-the-wall-style shows directly involving celebrities. Often these show a celebrity going about their everyday life: notable examples include "The Anna Nicole Show", "The Osbournes", "Gene Simmons Family Jewels", "", "Keeping Up with the Kardashians" and "Hogan Knows Best". VH1 in the mid-2000s had an entire block of such shows, known as "Celebreality". Shows such as Document [56] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 8)) I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 8) I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here! returned to ITV for an eighth series from 16 November to 5 December 2008. Ant & Dec returned to present the main show on ITV, whilst Matt Willis, Emma Willis and Mark Durden-Smith returned to host spin-off show "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! NOW!" on ITV2. It was the first series to use a redesigned logo, which imitates the Hollywood Sign. The winner of this series was Joe Swash. The show began with 10 celebrity contestants. On 19 November, they Document [57] (Title: Britain's Got Talent) when they are aired - the first half focuses on performances, each beginning with a short clip of the semi-finalist/finalist's background, and ending with comments by the judges; the second half occurs after voting is closed, usually after another programme has aired between the two parts, and focuses on the results of the phone vote, with a guest performance taking place prior to the announcement of the results. This format was initially used for the live finals only, up until the start of the semi-finals in the fourth series. For the first four series after the show began in June Document [58] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 1)) I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 1) The first series of 'I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!' was broadcast on ITV from 25 August to 8 September 2002. Ant & Dec presented the main show on ITV, whilst Louise Loughman hosted the spin-off show "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! NOW!" on ITV2. The winner of this series was radio DJ Tony Blackburn. The show began with 8 celebrity contestants. The contestants take part in daily trials to earn food All ratings are taken from the UK Programme Ratings website, BARB. Series average = 7.57 Document [59] (Title: Late Night Berlin) performed a traditional stand-up monologue, before changing to a seated. After that one of various recurring segments appears, followed by the first of the episode's guests, which usually include celebrities and actors, literary figures, people in fashion, artists, athletes, and politicians. The guest may return after a second recurring segments and at the episode's end followed by a musical guest. Already in July 2017 ProSieben announces a new weekly comedy show with Klaas Heufer-Umlauf for Spring 2018. At the beginning of February 2018 it was finally announced that the late night show named "Late Night Berlin" premiered on March 12, Document [60] (Title: E! True Hollywood Story) E! True Hollywood Story E! True Hollywood Story is an American documentary series on E! that deals with Hollywood celebrities, movies, TV shows, and well-known public figures. Topics covered on the program include salacious re-tellings of Hollywood secrets, show-biz scandals, celebrity murders and mysteries, porn-star biographies and "where-are-they-now?" investigations of former child stars. It frequently features in-depth interviews, actual courtroom footage and dramatic reenactments. Content is usually updated to reflect the current life or status of the subject. "E! True Hollywood Story" originally started as a series of specials beginning on March 29, 1996, but evolved into a weekly biographical Document [61] (Title: Celebs Go Dating) the daters featured had been abusive in a previous relationship and accused of a serious crime. Bobby-Cole Norris also became the first gay cast member to take part in the series. The following is a list of celebrities who featured in the third series. The fourth series of the show was confirmed on 28 September 2017, and begun airing on 4 February 2018. It was the first series to have aired at the weekends, however there was no episode on Fridays or Saturdays. The following is a list of celebrities who will feature in the fourth series. The following is Document [62] (Title: Very Important People) Katona, Martine McCutcheon, David Mitchell, Barack Obama, Katy Perry, Katie Price, Kate Middleton, Gordon Ramsay, Jonathan Ross, Mickey Rourke, Charlie Sheen, Stacey Solomon, Vince Vaughan, David Walliams, Kimberley Walsh, Owen Wilson and Terry Wogan. The first series premiered for 6 half-hour episodes every Friday from 27 April to 1 June 2012 at 9.30-10pm. A second series had been ordered and started production in the third week of October. However, it was announced on 12 December 2012 that "Very Important People" would not be returning for a new series and was subsequently axed. Series 1 began on Friday 27 April 2012, Document [63] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 12)) are signed and again before entering the jungle. We also have contact where necessary with the celebrities' GPs. Medical personnel are also available 24 hours a day in Australia to provide support if needed." I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 12) "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!" returned for its twelfth series on 11 November 2012 and finished on 1 December 2012. Ant & Dec returned as main hosts, with Laura Whitmore and Joe Swash returning as hosts of spin-off show "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! NOW!". On 16 June 2012, it was announced Document [64] (Title: When Will My Life Begin?) her 18th birthday is 24 hours away. Bennets Reviews wrote "Interestingly, the first reprise of "When Will My Life Begin" does not appear in the film, though the second reprise does". 7 AM, the usual morning lineup: Start on the chores and sweep 'til the floor's all clean, Polish and wax, do laundry, and mop and shine up Sweep again, And by then It's like 7:15. And so I'll read a book or maybe two or three I'll add a few new paintings to my gallery I'll play guitar and knit, and cook and basically Just wonder when will my Document [65] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 4)) I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 4) The fourth series of "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!" began on 21 November 2004 and ended on 6 December 2004. The programme ran for 16 days, one more than in the previous series (18 days if counting the day the celebrities arrived and the morning the finalists exited). The series was won by comedian Joe Pasquale. 11 contestants participated, one more than in the previous two series. The contestants take part in daily trials to earn food. Day 1 On the day the celebrities arrived, they were split Document [66] (Title: Je suis une célébrité, sortez-moi de là ! (series 1)) Je suis une célébrité, sortez-moi de là ! (series 1) The first series of "Je suis une célébrité, sortez-moi de là !", the French version of "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!", began on 14 April 2006 and ended on 28 April 2006. The programme ran for 14 days (16 days if counting the day the celebrities arrived and the morning the finalists exited). The series was won by Richard Virenque. The contestants take part in daily trials to earn food. The participants are chosen by the public (Day 1–8) and the production (Day 9–16). Total amount of Bushtucker Document [67] (Title: Star Awards 2006) distinct parts - the Walk of Fame, the actual awards ceremony and the post event party. A half-hour variety show, named "Star Awards Up-close" was also produced, and ended its run on 5 December 2006. The show had a total of 8 episodes and was telecast every Tuesday night at 8.30pm starting end October. Weekly popularity results for the Top 10 Male and Female awards were announced in the show. In each episode, there were also 'side awards' such as Best Dressed actress, Most Handsome actor, Best On-screen Couple given out. There were many surprises to the nomination list, including Document [68] (Title: Famous for being famous) friendly and familiar and—what was it they did again?" She also used actress Sienna Miller as a modern-day example; "Miller became famesque by dating and then really famesque when he cheated on her with the nanny—to the point that she was the one who made Balthazar Getty famesque (even though he's the one with the hit TV series, "Brothers & Sisters") when he reportedly ran off from his wife with her for a while." Celebutante is a portmanteau of the words "celebrity" and "débutante". The male equivalent is sometimes spelled celebutant. The term has been used to describe heiresses like Document [69] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 1)) million viewers. I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 1) The first series of 'I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!' was broadcast on ITV from 25 August to 8 September 2002. Ant & Dec presented the main show on ITV, whilst Louise Loughman hosted the spin-off show "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! NOW!" on ITV2. The winner of this series was radio DJ Tony Blackburn. The show began with 8 celebrity contestants. The contestants take part in daily trials to earn food All ratings are taken from the UK Programme Ratings website, BARB. Series average Document [70] (Title: Japanese television drama) put into dramas that air during the winter season, as viewers tend to stay at home more during the colder winter months. Most Japanese dramas don't start exactly on the hour or half-hour mark. Instead, some episodes start at 8:58 p.m., while others start at 9:05 p.m. Before television ratings started to matter, episodes started exactly on the hour. Later, because of the aggressive TV ratings war, some stations decided to beat the competition by starting their shows a few minutes earlier. The theory behind this practice is that when a show ends a few minutes before the hour or Document [71] (Title: The Talk (talk show)) on Tuesday, September 18, 2018. On December 6, 2018, "Variety" announced that Inaba had been chosen to join the show as a permanent co-host, with a projected January 2019 debut. The first week of shows featured several celebrity guests, including model Christie Brinkley, singer/actress Jennifer Lopez, actress/director Chandra Wilson, actress/author Jamie Lee Curtis, and former South Carolina first lady Jenny Sanford. The third-season premiere (aired on September 10, 2012) featured all five co-hosts, as well as members of the studio audience, without their make-up and dressed in robes during the broadcast; all of the co-hosts were also shown beside pictures Document [72] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 10)) cost of their telephone vote. Dom Joly and Jenny Eclair entered the jungle on 18 November, with more celebrities to enter the show later in the series. Alison Hammond was revealed as the 13th contestant to enter the jungle on Day 6 in "I'm a Celeb NOW!" she arrived in the jungle in a crate, but the others did not know who was inside. In order to win immunity from the first public vote all the celebrities took part in a task called "Kangaroo Court". The two losers from each round would then go to Jungle Jail (located in camp), Document [73] (Title: When I Was 17) When I Was 17 When I Was 17 was an MTV television show. It featured celebrities of today and looked back on "when they were 17". The show featured photos as well as interviews with family and friends. Some past celebrities on the show include Kelly Rowland, Queen Latifah, Donald Trump, Khloé Kardashian, Drake, singer Trey Songz and internet star Perez Hilton. The show talked about events that lead to their present-day career. Other topics included high school and, if applicable, college, love interests, uh-oh moments, traveling, fashion, and adventures. "When I Was 17" aired Saturdays at 11/10c A.M. Sibling Document [74] (Title: Times Celebex: Bollywood Stars' Rating) the most robust and factual ratings index for Bollywood celebrities as it is based on comprehensive data and hard facts rather than the subjective perception of a jury alone. Data is sourced from credible external agencies that service the media industry and collated from 60+ publications, 250+ TV channels, 10000+ cinema halls and millions of users across the Internet. Calculated month-on-month, TIMES Celebex is a dynamic index and hence a very current measure of a Celebrity’s power as opposed to any other one-time annual report. Times Celebex: Bollywood Stars' Rating TIMES Celebex is the official rating of the Bollywood Stars Document [75] (Title: Celebs Go Dating) third series was due to end on 29 September 2017, however an episode that was due to be aired on 15 September 2017 did not air, seemingly pulled from broadcast moments before its scheduled starting time. The show's social media accounts even posted the trailer for the evening's episode hours before airing. An E4 spokesman cited "editorial reasons" and said the show will return on Monday 17 September. The fourth series was the first series to air during the week and weekend, however there was no episode on Fridays or Saturdays. Celebs Go Dating Celebs Go Dating is a British Document [76] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 12)) Creek camp. Rosemary and Limahl joined the camp on Day 5. Official ratings are taken from BARB. There were no shows on 14 and 20 November due to live football, however, the ITV2 show still aired as normal. Nadine Dorries, a British politician and Conservative MP, was suspended from the parliamentary Conservative Party on 6 November 2012 owing to her decision to take part in "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!" without informing the Chief Whip. This sparked controversy during her time on the show. Dorries became the first sitting MP to participate in a reality TV show since Document [77] (Title: Startalk (Philippine TV program)) report the latest entertainment news when it happens, where it happens. The 2 pm to 4 pm weekend time slot was widely regarded as a "dead time slot" primarily because no advertiser would place their spots where fewer people are watching television, but GMA Network brought life to it by airing showbiz talk shows starting in the late 1980s with Startalk as the fourth showbiz talk show to air on that slot starting in 1998, preceded by "Movie Magazine" (hosted by then Showbiz Lingo host Cristy Fermin who would later host The Buzz and S2: Showbiz Sabado), "Channel S" and Document [78] (Title: Catherine Bégin) Catherine Bégin Catherine Bégin (born 22 April 1939 in Bois-Colombes, France – died 29 December 2013 in Montreal) was a Canadian actress. Catherine Bégin's parents were Quebec sound engineer Lucien Bégin (1895–1964) and Belgian accountant Marie-Louise Vanhavre (or Van Havre) (1906–1967), who married in 1935. They were in Paris when World War II was declared and fled to Périgueux, then Lisbon, arriving in Montreal in August 1941. Bégin graduated from the Montreal Conservatory of Dramatic Art in 1959. She portrayed more than a hundred roles on the stage, frequently including the classical (Euripides, Corneille, Racine, Molière, Musset, Marivaux, Beaumarchais, Chekhov), Document [79] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (Australia season 4)) a joke prize is won. . This process is used in 'most' of the Chest Challenges. The luxury item is "donated" by a celebrity from the outside, mostly one who previously competed on a previous season. I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (Australia season 4) The fourth season of Australia's "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here", which was commissioned by Network Ten on 8 November 2017, premiered on 28 January 2018 and concluded on 12 March 2018. The season contained the show’s 100th episode which was broadcast on 5 February 2018. Comedian Fiona O'Loughlin won the series, beating Document [80] (Title: Joey Essex) for another celeb taking part in the show Stephanie Pratt, which was against the show's rules; they carried on dating after the show had finished filming, but they broke up shortly after. It was later confirmed that Essex would return to the show for its second series, in 2017; this time it was stated in his contract that he could not go on any dates with any other celebrities during filming. In 2017 he ranked no.4 in the "Essex Power 100" list, being named the fourth most powerful person in Essex. On 8 March 2013, Essex launched a hair products Document [81] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 13)) I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 13) "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!" returned for its thirteenth series on 17 November 2013 on ITV, and ended on 8 December 2013. The show was confirmed to be returning to ITV at the end of the previous series. On 21 October 2013, two teasers were revealed for the new series, which were broadcast on air across the ITV network in the run up to the series' premiere. Ant & Dec both returned as presenters of the show, whilst Joe Swash, Laura Whitmore and Rob Beckett returned to present Document [82] (Title: I'm Famous and Frightened!) second series was set in Fyvie Castle in Aberdeen and was presented by former contestant, Keith Chegwin. Start date: 16 July 2004. The featured celebrities were: The third series was set in Dover Castle and was still presented by Keith Chegwin. Start date: 2 October 2004. The celebrities that featured were: The fourth series aired in February 2005; it was set in Bolsover Castle and was presented by Claire Sweeney. The celebrities featured were: I'm Famous and Frightened! I'm Famous and Frightened! is a Living TV reality TV show in which eight celebrities stayed for three nights in a "haunted" Document [83] (Title: Academy Awards pre-show) start time of the Oscar telecast, beginning with the 83rd Academy Awards ceremony. Beginning with the 1st Academy Awards, there were no Oscar pre-shows. Instead, photographers and interviewers would approach the ceremony's nominees and other attendees as usual. However, these events were neither televised nor heard on the radio prior to the ceremony. In 1979, Regis Philbin officially began the very first red carpet pre-show. However, this event was actually produced by KABC-TV, the ABC O&O station in Los Angeles, and was not broadcast elsewhere. Ten years later, in 1989, both MTV and Movie Time (which became E! a year Document [84] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK TV series)) as confirmed by Ant & Dec at the end of the "Coming Out" show on 10 December 2014. 13 contestants, broadcast from 15 November – 6 December 2015: The show returned in 2016, and is the second in a three-year contract, as confirmed by Ant & Dec at the end of the Coming Out show on 9 December 2015. It began airing on 13 November 2016. 12 contestants, broadcast from 13 November – 4 December 2016: The show returned in 2017, and is the third in a three-year contract, as confirmed by Ant & Dec at the end of the Document [85] (Title: Celebs Go Dating (series 3)) pulled from broadcast moments before its scheduled starting time. The show's social media accounts even posted the trailer for the evening's episode hours before airing. An E4 spokesman cited "editorial reasons" and said the show would return on 18 September. Scenes from the pulled episode were broadcast on 18 September. The series was also cut down from 20 episodes to 19 episodes. On 27 September 2017, Blackman confirmed that the show had been renewed for a fourth series, set to air in 2018. A third series was announced alongside the second series in November 2016. It was filmed over three Document [86] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (Australian TV series)) a question. If they fail to answer correctly, the luxury item is forfeited and a joke prize is won. The luxury item is "donated" by a celebrity from the outside. This is a challenge where some celebrities have to take part without alerting the other celebrities - if they are successful in their 'missions', they are rewarded. A "mystery box" sees a box delivered to the campsite, each time containing a different gift for the contestants. The show is broadcast Sunday to Thursday at 7.30 pm, with a weekly eviction show on Sunday (except for the first week, where the Document [87] (Title: CelebAir) Málaga Airport, Ibiza Airport, Mahon Airport, Larnaca International Airport and Alicante Airport. ITV announced in late 2008 that the show had been cancelled after only one series due to poor ratings. "—" denotes where information currently unavailable CelebAir CelebAir was a reality TV series in which 11 celebrities performed the duties of cabin crew and check-in attendants. The series was presented by Angellica Bell and aired on ITV2 from 2 September 2008 until 23 October 2008, when Lisa Maffia was declared the winner. For the show, Monarch Airlines repainted one of its Airbus A321 aircraft, registration G-OZBI, with the CelebAir Document [88] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 17)) often joked that Ant & Dec make up these questions and their answers. If the question is answered correctly, the celebrities can take the items back to camp. If wrong, they receive nothing and Kiosk Keith will close the shack, and the celebrities will leave empty handed. Official ratings are taken from BARB. I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 17) "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!" returned for its seventeenth series on 19 November 2017 on ITV. The series is the third in a three-year contract, as confirmed by Ant & Dec at the end of Document [89] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 3)) I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 3) The third series of I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! began on 26 January 2004 and ended on 9 February 2004. The programme ran for 15 days (16 days if counting the morning the finalists exited) and was sponsored by First Choice Holidays. The series was won by Kerry McFadden (now known by her maiden name Kerry Katona). This series saw contestants Peter Andre and Jordan (now known by her real name Katie Price) start a high-profile relationship which would feature in tabloids and magazines for the five years Document [90] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK TV series)) in which McPartlin suspended his TV duties for a year in 2018, leaving Donnelly to be joined by Holly Willoughby. "I'm a Celebrity" is often a ratings winner for ITV, attracting on average over 9 million viewers each series, with its success spawning an international franchise of the same name. The main show itself is accompanied on each series by a companion sister show on ITV2, entitled "", which features behind-the-scenes footage and discussions on celebrities voted out of latest episode. At present, the programme has run for eighteen series and 204 episodes and is contracted to be produced until Document [91] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!) I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! is a reality TV series in which a number of celebrities live together in a jungle environment for a number of weeks. They have no luxuries, and compete to be crowned "King" or "Queen of the Jungle". The show was originally created in the United Kingdom by the factual programmes department of ITV's then London franchise, London Weekend Television and developed by a team including James Allen, Natalka Znak, Brent Baker and Stewart Morris. The first episode aired on 25 August 2002. It is now produced Document [92] (Title: ARY Film Awards) calendar year, and two weeks after the announcements of Viewers choice nominees. It is the culmination of the film awards season, which usually begins during November or December of the previous year. This is an elaborate extravaganza, with the invited guests walking up the red carpet in the creations of the most prominent fashion designers of the day. Black tie dress is the most common outfit for men, although fashion may dictate not wearing a bow-tie, and musical performers sometimes do not adhere to this, while for women casual to formal dress is the most common outfit. The ARY Film Document [93] (Title: People (magazine)) (21 years later the magazine did select Keanu Reeves to fill the 1994 gap, with runners-up including Hugh Grant and Jim Carrey). Since 1997, the dates have settled between mid-November and early December. Dates of magazine issues, winners, ages of winners at the time of selection, and pertinent comments are listed below. , John F. Kennedy, Jr. and Patrick Swayze are the only winners to have died. Kennedy, Adam Levine, David Beckham, and Blake Shelton are the only non-actors to have won the award. In December 2014, "People" selected its first and only Sexiest Woman Alive. No later "People" Sexiest Document [94] (Title: Live from New York, it's Saturday Night!) by a dissolve to the show's opening montage and titles. The line has occasionally been given to a non-host/non-cast member for cameo purposes. This could be for stars like Brad Pitt and Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson, or for more unusual celebrities like Monica Lewinsky, "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire" winner John Carpenter, WWE chairman Vince McMahon (on March 18, 2000), Carolyn Kepcher (on April 3, 2004), Al Sharpton (on November 2, 2013), and Stormy Daniels (on May 5, 2018). Gerald Ford opened the show with the phrase on April 17, 1976, which came during his presidency. A series of Document [95] (Title: Lorraine Chase) four Celebs in the travelogue 'Barging Loving Celebs' (with Debbie McGee, Nigel Havers and Simon Callow). Lorraine Chase Lorraine Chase (born 16 July 1951) is an English actress and former model. She became well known for her strong cockney accent and frequent use of cockney slang, and found fame through a series of television adverts for Campari before embarking on an acting career. She is best known for playing the role of Steph Stokes in ITV soap opera "Emmerdale" from 2002 to 2006. After initially working as a model, Chase came to public attention in the mid 1970s when she Document [96] (Title: Early Edition) aired on channels including Ion Television, FamilyNet, and GMC. From May 2012 to 2013, TVGN aired the series. From May 29, 2018 to August 28, 2018, Heroes & Icons aired the show every Tuesday for eight straight episodes starting at 12PM/11AM central time. On September 3, 2018, Start TV launched and started airing the show every late night/early morning, seven days a week, for three straight episodes starting at 2AM/1AM central time. Early Edition has and continues to be broadcast in a number of countries outside the United States, For example, in Spain the show aired first on Canal+ and, Document [97] (Title: VH1) known citation of the word is by Joyce Millman, writing for "The New York Times" on January 5, 2003. In an article entitled, "Celebreality: The 'Stars' Are Elbowing Their Way In," Ms. Millman wrote: "Celebreality, the junk genre du jour, turns the notion of reality TV upside down. Instead of real people acting like celebrities on shows like "Survivor", "Big Brother" and "The Bachelor", celebreality gives us celebrities acting like real people on shows like "The Osbournes", "The Anna Nicole Show" and "Celebrity Boot Camp." I'm using the term "celebrity" loosely here—we're not talking about Russell Crowe, Julia Roberts and Document [98] (Title: Celebs Go Dating (series 4)) on 25 January 2018 that former cast member Joey Essex would be joining the show as he shows online presenter. On 20 November 2017, Sort 6 second teasers of each celebrity taking part in the fourth series was released on the Celebs Go Dating Twitter page. The line up for the fourth series was confirmed by E4 on 20 November 2017 Celebs Go Dating (series 4) The fourth series of the British reality dating programme "Celebs Go Dating" was announced in September 2017 and began airing on 4 February 2018 on E4. The series see celebrities go on number of Document [99] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK TV series)) stay, with the final episode's votes nominating who wins a series and become crowned as "Jungle King/Queen". The programme's first series debuted on 25 August 2002, and was produced by both LWT and Granada Television, and filmed within Tully, Queensland. Later series were undertaken by ITV Studios, and filmed around Murwillumbah, New South Wales. Celebrities participating on the programme receive a donation from ITV to a charity they nominate, with the money raised from charges on voting via text, phone or interactive services. Each series is hosted by Anthony McPartlin and Declan Donnelly, with the exception of the eighteenth series, Document [100] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (Australia season 4)) I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (Australia season 4) The fourth season of Australia's "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here", which was commissioned by Network Ten on 8 November 2017, premiered on 28 January 2018 and concluded on 12 March 2018. The season contained the show’s 100th episode which was broadcast on 5 February 2018. Comedian Fiona O'Loughlin won the series, beating singer Shannon Noll and boxer Danny Green, and was crowned "Queen of the Jungle", the $100,000 prize money, was won for her selected charity, Angel Flight. The contestants take part in daily trials to earn food. Document [101] (Title: Vicky Pattison) Eamonn Holmes. Also starting from September 2016, she has appeared in a new segment on "This Morning" regularly along with Ferne McCann where they go on a road trip together. In September 2016 it was announced that she would co-present "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! NOW!" from November 2016 alongside Joe Swash replacing Laura Whitmore, however, it was also later announced that the show would be retitled as "I'm a Celebrity: Extra Camp" and that Chris Ramsey and Stacey Solomon would be presenting alongside Pattison and Swash. In April 2017, Pattison announced that she would not be returning Document [102] (Title: Surprise Surprise (TV series)) Surprise Surprise (TV series) Surprise Surprise is a British light entertainment television programme for ITV that originally ran from 6 May 1984 to 26 December 2001 with Cilla Black as the host. The show returned from 21 October 2012 to 26 December 2015 and was hosted by Holly Willoughby. The show was hosted by Cilla Black, and filmed in front of a live studio audience. Its premise involved surprising members of the public with long-held wishes, setting up tricks to fool members of the public, prank calls to people and reuniting guests with long-lost loved ones. Black was assisted for Document [103] (Title: Celebs Go Dating) a list of celebrities who will feature in the fifth series, which begins broadcasting on 14 October. The following is a list of celebrities which will feature in the sixth series, which is set to air in 2019. It was announced in March 2016 that E4 had commissioned a new reality dating show which see celebrities go on dates with members of the public. Filming for the first series started in August 2016, with the show airing later that month. The show is filmed a few weeks in advance. The first series was made up of 15 episodes airing every Document [104] (Title: VH1) Dame Judi Dench eating bugs and scrubbing latrines. No, the celebrities of celebreality are a motlier crew, like, well, Mötley Crüe's Vince Neil, the former rap superstar M. C. Hammer and the wee ex-Michael Jackson ornament Emmanuel ("Webster") Lewis. Those three will be setting up housekeeping together on Thursday in "The Surreal Life" on WB, a celebreality spin on MTV's "Real World." Not to be outdone, ABC sends a Baldwin brother (Stephen), a supermodel (Frederique) and a former "L.A. Law" star (Corbin Bernsen) to Hawaii for "Celebrity Mole Hawaii", beginning Wednesday." The VH1 Celebreality block has also aired shows such Document [105] (Title: Cause Celeb) airs and is a full success. Food is delivered, the stars fly back and Rosie gets together with O'Rourke. Cause Celeb Cause Celeb is the debut novel of Helen Fielding, later known for her creation of the character Bridget Jones. her first novel is about a few years in the life of Rosie Richardson, who decides to go to Africa after she breaks up with her boyfriend, Oliver Marchant, a TV presenter. But after four years working in Nambula, a fictional country in Northern Africa, there is a famine coming and Rosie turns back to Oliver and his famous friends Document [106] (Title: Celebrity Jigs 'n' Reels) votes having to face the judges again. When the judges revealed the number of points they were awarding, the couple with the lower score were eliminated. Series one launched in March 2006, in the slot regularly occupied by "You're a Star". With a mix of high-profile celebrities such as the singer Dana and Olympic gold medallist Michael Carruth, as well as relative unknowns, such as Emma O'Driscoll and Suzanne Walshe, the show slowly climbed the ratings and achieved a reported 43 per cent audience share. The following year in March 2007 with more high profile celebrities it was Gavin Ó Document [107] (Title: Celebs Go Dating (series 3)) Celebs Go Dating (series 3) The third series of the British reality dating programme "Celebs Go Dating" began airing from 4 September 2017 on E4 and finished on 29 September 2017. It was commissioned along with series 2 in late 2016. The show sees celebrities go on number of dates with members of the public to see if they can find love. The third series again stars Eden Blackman and Nadia Essex as the dating experts, and Tom Read Wilson as the agency's receptionist. An episode that was due to be aired on 15 September 2017 did not air, seemingly Document [108] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 16)) a question is asked to the celebrities still in camp via the telephone box. It is often joked that Ant & Dec make up these questions and their answers. If the question is answered correctly, the celebrities can take the items back to camp. If wrong, they receive nothing and Kiosk Keith will close the shack. Official ratings are taken from BARB. I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 16) "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!" returned for its sixteenth series on 13 November 2016 on ITV. It was the second in a three-year contract, as confirmed Document [109] (Title: MTV) led by one of MTV News' correspondents who will conduct a live interview with a featured artist or actor who has come to MTV to premiere a music video or movie trailer. MTV starts its next scheduled program at 8:00 pm, while the interview and chat with fans continues on MTV.com for another 30 to 60 minutes. Since its debut in 2011, "MTV First" has featured high-profile acts such as Lady Gaga, Katy Perry, Usher and Justin Bieber. In the absence of daily live programs such as "TRL", "It's on with Alexa Chung" and "The Seven" to facilitate such segments, Document [110] (Title: People Magazine Awards) People Magazine Awards The People Magazine Awards is an American awards ceremony that aired on December 18, 2014 at 9 PM to 11 PM. The only ceremony was hosted by Nick Cannon. The ceremony was held at the Beverly Hilton Hotel in Beverly Hills, California. Performers for the event included: 5 Seconds of Summer and Maroon 5. Jennifer Aniston, Kevin Hart, Kate Hudson, Michael Keaton and Jennifer Lopez made a special appearance during the show. The ceremony was aired on NBC and was produced by Dick Clark Productions with Allen Shapiro, Mike Mahan and Barry Edelman. Carol Donovan and Michael Document [111] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 18)) I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 18) "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!" returned for its eighteenth series on 18 November 2018 on ITV, as confirmed by Ant & Dec at the end of the Coming Out show in December 2017. On 9 August 2018, Anthony McPartlin confirmed that he would not be presenting the then upcoming eighteenth series. On 29 August, it was confirmed that Holly Willoughby would host the eighteenth series with Donnelly whilst McPartlin took a year long break from television. The series opener was watched by just over 14 million people, giving Document [112] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK TV series)) the series aired on 21 October 2013. The line-up was confirmed on 13 November 2013. 12 contestants, broadcast from 17 November – 8 December 2013: The show returned for its fourteenth series on 16 November 2014. On 15 October 2014, a teaser for the upcoming series was released on the official website. On 11 November, the full list of celebrities was confirmed by ITV. On 20 November, a further two campmates were confirmed to have joined the show. 12 contestants, broadcast from 16 November – 7 December 2014: The show returned on 15 November 2015 under a new three-year contract, Document [113] (Title: Celebrity (TV programme)) Celebrity (TV programme) Celebrity is a British breakfast programme, broadcast on weekdays from 9.00 am to 10.00 am on ITV. It was hosted by Emma Bunton from 8 October to 31 December 2000. After Geri Halliwell's departure, the Spice Girls had a hiatus in 1999. The other members started their solo careers in music, but Bunton devoted to television projects and presented her own VH1's show, "Emma". After the original screening VH1 wanted to sign a long-term program with Bunton, but she declined, focusing on her group's new album. The show was announced in 12 August and aired originally in Document [114] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 13)) crew unexpectedly got a reunion off of their loved ones each. Kian was met with his wife Jodi, Steve met his wife Jeannie and Laila was reunited with her sister Jacqueline. When they returned, Steve, Kian and Laila each had three messages each to deliver to the celebrities. It was from their loved ones and it left the camp very emotional. Official ratings are taken from BARB. There were no shows on the 19 and 26 November due to live football being shown, but "Get Me Out of Here! NOW!" still aired as normal. The first episode of the series Document [115] (Title: I'm a Celebrity: Extra Camp) the most series, at ten. Notes: I'm a Celebrity: Extra Camp I'm a Celebrity: Extra Camp (previously I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! NOW! from 2002–2015) was a companion show, broadcast on ITV2 in the UK and on UTV Ireland in the Republic of Ireland. It features behind-the-scenes footage of "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!" and shows the emotional responses of the contestants after they have been voted off. Series 1 to 4 was filmed completely live in the UK and series 5–8 were filmed mainly live in Australia with a live co-presenter in the UK. Since Document [116] (Title: Keira Knightley) explained that it felt like she had reached the end of the first stage of her career, and the 2014 film "Begin Again" was like "it's beginning again". Knightley identifies as an atheist. In 2007, Knightley sued the "Daily Mail" for publishing an article about whether she has anorexia or other eating disorder. Knightley won the lawsuit, and was awarded £3,000 ($6,000) in damages. She added to this amount and donated a total of £6,000 ($12,000) to Beat, a charity for those who suffer mental illness and eating disorders. A 41-year-old man was charged with harassment in February 2010 after Document [117] (Title: MTB (TV program)) stage wearing a two-piece bikini/swimsuit while the weekly/monthly finals the pageant transforms into a more formal portion, with a grand "themed" opening number featuring contestants in various costumes, but still retaining the swimsuit portion. The grand coronation of "Calendar Girls" airs usually on the first week of January, featuring all the monthly winners of the past year who will vie for the title. The said portion gained notoriety, where the contestants were subjected to double-meaning questions and jokes thrown by main hosts Randy, John and Willie Revillame. After their suspension, the daily contests was toned down, with the contestants wearing Document [118] (Title: Celebrity Big Brother 21 (UK)) Celebrity Big Brother 21 (UK) Celebrity Big Brother 21, also known as Celebrity Big Brother: Year of the Woman, was the twenty-first series of the British reality television series "Celebrity Big Brother". It launched on 2 January 2018 on Channel 5, and concluded on 2 February 2018 after 32 days, making it the joint longest series to date. It is the fourteenth celebrity series and the twenty-first series of "Big Brother" overall to air on Channel 5. Emma Willis returned to host the series, while Rylan Clark-Neal continued to present "Celebrity Big Brother's Bit on the Side". On 2 February Document [119] (Title: Times Celebex: Bollywood Stars' Rating) Times Celebex: Bollywood Stars' Rating TIMES Celebex is the official rating of the Bollywood Stars in India and Worldwide. Based on various parameters T Score is calculated and the Bollywood actors and actresses ranked. The score and the ranking is a representation of the good influence and power of these stars over the audience. TIMES Celebex powered by Zoom calculates the ‘T Score’ based on the star's popularity, performance and visibility by measuring various parameters ranging from Box Office performance to PR buzz to Online following and more. Following are the key determinants of the T Score TIMES Celebex is Document [120] (Title: Brix Smith Start) in May 2015. In recent years Smith Start has appeared as a fashion expert on British television shows, including Channel 4's "Gok's Fashion Fix". Smith-Start also appeared on Animal Planet UK's "Top Dog", "The Culture Show" on BBC Two, the "John Peel's Record Box", LK Today's 'What's Hot and What's Not' segment and Sky 1's Angela and Friends. In February 2011 Smith Start appeared as a fashion expert on Sky television's coverage of the 2011 Academy Awards and in June 2013 she took part in the fashion commentary in Channel 4's coverage of Royal Ascot. Smith Start presented the first Document [121] (Title: Amanda Byram) any boxes covering her body. Byram hosted a new TV show for Sky 1 HD, called "Don't Stop Me Now", in 2012. The first episode aired on 18 March 2012. On 31 May 2013, Byram presented "This Morning" with Jake Humphrey. In November 2016, it was reported and later confirmed that Byram would host the Irish version of "Dancing with the Stars" alongside Nicky Byrne. The series started in January 2017 on RTÉ One and is based on the format of the original British TV series "Strictly Come Dancing". Byram hosted the "Miss World" pageant in 2003 and briefly appeared Document [122] (Title: Emma B (model)) with her mother and sister in Hastings, Emma B returned into the media spotlight. As her popularity had risen with modelling, other media projects became available, including a recording contract with East West Records. She has presented for ITV2 ("The Mix", "Flying Start"), Sky One ("Babes Behaving Badly"), the Disney Channel and MTV. She made her acting debut in Channel 4's "It's a Girl Thing", and her own fly-on-the-wall reality TV show "Young, Hot and Talented". After being lined up to star with then-lover, East 17 singer Brian Harvey in ITV1's summer 2004 version of "I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Document [123] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 2)) I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 2) The second series of I'm a Celebrity... Get Me out of Here! was broadcast on ITV from 28 April to 12 May 2003. Ant & Dec presented the main show on ITV, whilst Mark Durden-Smith and former contestant Tara Palmer-Tomkinson hosted the spin-off show "I'm A Celebrity... Get Me Out Of Here... Now!" on ITV2. The winner of this series was former English cricketer Phil Tufnell. The series was sponsored by the energy drink V. The show began with ten celebrity contestants: There was no elimination on Day 9 due Document [124] (Title: Celebs Go Dating) Celebs Go Dating Celebs Go Dating is a British reality television dating programme. It began broadcasting on 29 August 2016. The first series had 15 episodes and was shown at 10 pm on weekdays on E4. In November 2016, it was confirmed that "Celebs Go Dating" had been renewed for two more series, with the second airing in spring of 2017 and the third airing in late 2017. The second series finished on 10 March 2017. The third series began on 4 September 2017 and finished on 29 September 2017. It was confirmed on 27 September 2017 that the show Document [125] (Title: Leanne Lakey) of the first actors to do so. Discussing the experience, she said: "I find I'm under more pressure at "Family Affairs", as it's regular. The work schedule at "FA" is very hard. I'm up at 4.30 every morning and I'm lucky to get home before 9 or 10pm so it's difficult...the main difference is celebrities and fame. On "EE" they're all household names and they all have their own problems, but the actors on "Family Affairs" aren't as well known. "EE" is like a holiday, I get to catch up with everybody which is great. It's very relaxed, whereas "Family Document [126] (Title: Khonani) hang out with them as they consider her a mother figure. Jack tells Khonani that every April 22 he honors former United States President Richard Nixon's death by getting drunk and making some unpopular decisions, after Khonani demands to start working at the 11:30 shift as he signed a contract with Jack on April 22, 2005. Cerie says that her wedding is back on after learning that her fiancé was rescued by the A-Team—a fictional group of ex-United States Army Special Forces who work as soldiers of fortune while being on the run from the military—from pirates. Khonani tells Jack Document [127] (Title: Celebs Go Dating (series 4)) Celebs Go Dating (series 4) The fourth series of the British reality dating programme "Celebs Go Dating" was announced in September 2017 and began airing on 4 February 2018 on E4. The series see celebrities go on number of dates with members of the public to see if they can find love. The fourth series again stars Eden Blackman and Nadia Essex as the dating experts and Tom Read Wilson as the show's receptionist. The fourth series will be the second series to feature same-sex relationships. It was confirmed that each celeb gets to take one date with them to Document [128] (Title: Startalk (Philippine TV program)) and Lolit Solis. Despite the issues made by Osang, Startalk proved its consistent dominance in the Saturday afternoon timeslot thereafter prompted rival network ABS-CBN to do away with producing weekly dramas in 2003 and instead, put another showbiz talk show to compete with "Startalk". The show has survived competition from five Saturday showbiz talk shows that were produced by ABS-CBN from 2003 up to 2013. These were , EK Channel, ETK: Entertainment Konek, Entertainment Live and Showbiz Inside Report. After Osang's farewell, GMA Network took in several celebrities to join Lolit and Butch on board. Grandslam actress Lorna Tolentino was Document [129] (Title: Bringing Up Bates) series debuted on January 1, 2015. UP TV revealed that the show would be returning for another season in June 2015. The second season started on June 4, 2015. The third season started on January 7, 2016 The fourth season started on June 2, 2016. The fifth season started on January 5, 2017. The sixth season began on June 1, 2017. Season seven started on January 4, 2018. Season two premiered on June 4, 2015. Season three premiered on January 7, 2016. The season started on June 2, 2016 The fifth season started on January 5, 2017. Season six started Document [130] (Title: CelebAir) already part of the summer schedule; with the rear of the aircraft allocated as the CelebAir cabin with the celebrities working from the rear galley along with their mentors. Before any of the celebrities were allowed to start their new jobs, they undertook a six-week training programme run by Monarch and were required to adhere to Monarch’s standards whilst working for CelebAir. The series is set in London Gatwick Airport and, in the finale, the private jet took off and landed at London Stansted Airport. There are seven destinations that CelebAir flew to; those being Tenerife South Airport, Faro Airport, Document [131] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK TV series)) the first series in HD. Series 10 is the only series to have 2 live trials. 13 contestants, broadcast from 14 November – 4 December 2010: The eleventh series began on 13 November 2011. The official line-up was confirmed on 9 November 2011. 13 contestants, broadcast from 13 November – 3 December 2011: The twelfth series began on 11 November and ended on 1 December 2012. The official line-up was revealed on 7 November 2012. 12 contestants, broadcast from 11 November – 1 December 2012: The thirteenth series began airing on ITV on 17 November 2013. The first advert for Document [132] (Title: Celeb vagyok ... ments ki innen!) Celeb vagyok ... ments ki innen! Celeb vagyok ... ments ki innen! is the Hungarian version of I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!. The shows hosts are Balázs Sebestyén, János Vadon, and Lilu. The broadcaster RTL Klub plans to rerun the show in Autumn 2014 in Argentina with the first two season's hosts. Series 1 premiered 6 October 2008 on RTL Klub and ended 22 October 2008. It is shot in Argentina. There are ten contestants in reverse order of elimination. Bottom was the first out. Top was the winner. Following on from the huge success of the first Document [133] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!) and Malaysia. This series has been criticised by the UK former Secretary of State for Culture, Tessa Jowell. In an interview with the "Financial Times" during the second UK series, she said, "If they weren't mostly – save their blushes – has-been celebrities, there might be more interest [...] I think that if we saw many more programming hours taken over by reality TV, I hope you'd begin to see a viewers' revolt." In 2002, CBS, broadcaster of the popular American reality show "Survivor", unsuccessfully sued ABC and Granada TV over a planned American version of "I'm a Celebrity... Get Document [134] (Title: Celebs Go Dating (series 2)) Celebs Go Dating (series 2) The second series of the British reality dating programme "Celebs Go Dating" aired from 13 February to 10 March 2017. Following the success of the first series, it was announced that E4 had renewed the series for 2 further series to air in the Winter and Autumn of 2017. The second series stars Eden Blackman and Nadia Essex as the dating experts, with Tom Read Wilson as a receptionist. It was announced that the show was renewed for two further series to air in 2017, this is the first of 2 series to air in Document [135] (Title: Startalk (Philippine TV program)) Gonzalez. On October 8, 2011, it was temporarily named as Startalk TX Now. The following year, it was reformatted as "Startalk: The Only Showbiz Authority" after Entertainment Live ended and was replaced by Showbiz Inside Report which ended a year later. In 2013, coinciding with its 18th anniversary, the show welcomed a new female main host in Heart Evangelista, who impressed viewers with her wit and candor when she appeared as guest co-host for a few weeks. On January 17, 2014, entertainment website Philippine Entertainment Portal (PEP) reported that "Startalk" will move back to its original Sunday afternoon timeslot starting Document [136] (Title: Celeb vagyok ... ments ki innen!) series, a second series launched on 27 October 2008, just five days after the final of series one. Celeb vagyok ... ments ki innen! Celeb vagyok ... ments ki innen! is the Hungarian version of I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!. The shows hosts are Balázs Sebestyén, János Vadon, and Lilu. The broadcaster RTL Klub plans to rerun the show in Autumn 2014 in Argentina with the first two season's hosts. Series 1 premiered 6 October 2008 on RTL Klub and ended 22 October 2008. It is shot in Argentina. There are ten contestants in reverse order of elimination. Document [137] (Title: Celebuzz) 2013. In 2016, SpinMedia closed and Celebuzz, The Frisky, and The Superficial were sold to CPX Interactive. Celebuzz Celebuzz is an entertainment website launched in June 2008 that features breaking TV, movie, and entertainment news. The site claims to reach more than 9 million unique visitors per month. Headquartered in Hollywood, CA, Celebuzz is known for featuring exclusive blogs written by A-list celebrities, particularly members of the Kardashian family (Kim, Khloe, Kourtney, Kendall, and Kylie). Other notable bloggers include Whitney Port, Nick Cannon and Holly Madison. Launched in June 2008, Celebuzz was the flagship property of Buzz Media (formerly known Document [138] (Title: Startalk (Philippine TV program)) Startalk (Philippine TV program) Startalk, also called as "Startalk: The Only Showbiz Authority" and "Startalk TX" is a Philippine television entertainment news and talk show broadcast by GMA Network. It premiered on October 8, 1995, and later became the longest-running weekly entertainment news and talk show in Philippine television. It was simulcast broadcast by Super Radyo DZBB. The show concluded on September 12, 2015 with a total of 1,024 episodes. It was replaced by "CelebriTV" in its timeslot. "Startalk" premiered on October 8, 1995 and was first taped at the Fernandina Suites, on a late Sunday afternoon timeslot as GMA Document [139] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (Australian TV series)) vote via Social Media (namely Facebook or Twitter) by using the celebrity's hashtag (#celeb[name]). Voting via social media is limited to 20 votes per account. For tucker trial voting, viewers vote for celebrity they wish to compete. For eviction voting, viewers vote for a celebrity to stay. Voting closes at approximately 7:30pm AEDT for Sunday's eviction vote and at approximately 8pm AEDT for voting on other days. Prior to the premiere of the second season, it was announced that the voting process would change slightly compared to the inaugural season. SMS voting wil be used for both trial and eviction Document [140] (Title: The Baseball Bunch) ("Kate", season 1) said of her time on the series, "I was eleven (when the show started). I turned twelve actually during the month of February, during the filming, and I was on (the show) for one year. [...] As you know, women get mature during those years and (by the second season) I didn't look like a little girl anymore, so they wanted to go with somebody that was younger looking." Erik Lee ("Rick", seasons 1–4) said of his run on the series, "I was all of twelve years old when I started with "The Baseball Bunch". I stayed Document [141] (Title: Celebuzz) Celebuzz Celebuzz is an entertainment website launched in June 2008 that features breaking TV, movie, and entertainment news. The site claims to reach more than 9 million unique visitors per month. Headquartered in Hollywood, CA, Celebuzz is known for featuring exclusive blogs written by A-list celebrities, particularly members of the Kardashian family (Kim, Khloe, Kourtney, Kendall, and Kylie). Other notable bloggers include Whitney Port, Nick Cannon and Holly Madison. Launched in June 2008, Celebuzz was the flagship property of Buzz Media (formerly known as Buzznet), the largest digital publisher of entertainment news. Celebuzz’s content is produced entirely by an in-house Document [142] (Title: Celebdaq) at the Interactive Bafta awards. Until 2005 the BBC also provided online message boards for traders to discuss strategy and post tips for the coming week. Following an incident in which a footballer who had taken out an injunction preventing publication of a story was named on the site, the BBC tightened editorial controls and shortly afterwards the official Celebdaq message boards were scrapped altogether. Several MSN Groups were formed, where experienced players and former top traders posted their weekly tips thread, but these ended along with MSN Groups in 2009. On 7 January 2010 the BBC announced the creation Document [143] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (U.S. TV series)) NBC announced that there would not be a third season. The first season had 10 contestants. It aired nightly from February 19, 2003 to March 5, 2003 on ABC. John Lehr was the host from the Australian outback. The time differential created serious issues with the live feed. NBC picked up the former ABC show. It aired for 14 episodes and followed the UK's format. The series premiered with a two-hour episode 8–10 pm EDT on June 1, 2009. It aired with a two-hour episode every Monday 8–10 pm aired 8–9 pm EDT Tuesday through Thursday until its June 24 Document [144] (Title: Celebs Go Dating (series 1)) E4 had commissioned a new reality dating show which see celebrities go on dates with members of the public. Filming for the first series started in August 2016, with the show airing later that month. The show was filmed a few weeks in advance. The first series was made up of 15 one hour episodes airing every weekday over 3 weeks. The series is filmed in the way similar to The Only Way is Essex where it's filmed a few days in advance, the show's filming is a week behind broadcast, with it taking place all over the U.K. The Document [145] (Title: Barbarella: the 80's Musical) started during the second week of September and the premiere was rumored to be around the end of October. The rest of the main cast members were revealed five days later, on 15 September 2015. The same day, cast member Ivi Adamou posted a photo on Instagram with other cast members and the director. The first poster of the musical was revealed on 9 October 2015. The musical's premiere was announced to be on 28 October 2015, but was later changed to 7 November 2015. Photos from the musical's rehearsal were published on 13 October 2015. Following its premiere, the Document [146] (Title: Hum Awards pre-show) every year. Red carpet of Hum Awards begin half an hour before the ceremony starts, it's include the interview and the welcome arrival of all the guests, nominees and others on the ceremony. While Making of Hum Awards usually held two days before the ceremony with running time of forty to forty five minutes. 1st Hum Awards Ceremony's red-carpet and making of ceremony was hosted by Sohai Ali Abro and Noor Hassan Rizvi at Expo Center, Karachi. As of 1st Hum Awards the pre-show or red carpet is held half an hour or 45-minutes before the actual ceremony starts. As Document [147] (Title: For My Daughter's Honor) For My Daughter's Honor For My Daughter's Honor (also released as Indecent Seduction) is a 1996 American made-for-television drama film directed by Alan Metzger and starring Gary Cole, Nicholle Tom, Mac Davis and Mary Kay Place. It originally aired on CBS on November 20, 1996. Fourteen-year-old high school student Amy Dustin becomes an object of romantic affection to Pete Nash, the school's biology teacher and football coach. They take a sudden interest in each other, and begin sending each other notes and talking on the telephone. Although Pete has a family, the two begin a secret relationship. People then begin Document [148] (Title: Love Celeb) Love Celeb Nakazono Kirara is an aspiring starlet. She used to think she'd do whatever it took to get a starring role in a drama and have a CD. But her manager, Hanamaki, proves her wrong when he sends her into a room full of horny producers to sleep her way into a role! Kirara wants no part of it! She's a virgin, and these guys are scary!! Especially the silver-haired one named Gin... He seems to be in charge. But he lets Kirara leave the party with her virginity and his phone number, and it seems like nothing lost, Document [149] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 8)) in the second battle. This feature replaced the 'Celebrity Chests' for five episodes. All ratings are taken from the UK Programme Ratings website, BARB. I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 8) I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here! returned to ITV for an eighth series from 16 November to 5 December 2008. Ant & Dec returned to present the main show on ITV, whilst Matt Willis, Emma Willis and Mark Durden-Smith returned to host spin-off show "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! NOW!" on ITV2. It was the first series to use a redesigned logo, Document [150] (Title: Paul O'Grady) Channel 5. On 16 March 2017, it was announced that O'Grady would present the series, replacing Cilla Black. The show is produced by So Television and Stellify Media and began airing on 17 June 2017 at 7pm. The first series concluded on 22 July 2017 and was watched by an average of 1.5 million viewers. A Christmas episode aired on 23 December 2017, before the second series aired from 30 December 2017. A third revived series of "Blind Date" has been confirmed and will be filmed in February 2018. O'Grady was a guest judge on an episode of "Let's Dance Document [151] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK TV series)) November – 6 December 2004: 12 contestants, broadcast from 20 November – 5 December 2005: 12 contestants, broadcast from 13 November – 1 December 2006: 11 contestants, broadcast from 12–30 November 2007: 12 contestants, broadcast from 16 November – 5 December 2008: 13 contestants, broadcast from 15 November – 4 December 2009: "I'm a Celebrity... Get Me out of Here!" returned on 14 November 2010 at 9 pm on ITV and ITV1 HD for its tenth series, as confirmed by presenters Ant and Dec at the end of the "Coming Out" show at the conclusion of series 9. This is Document [152] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (U.S. TV series)) I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (U.S. TV series) I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (often referred to as I'm a Celebrity) is an American reality television series based on the British television show of the same name, in which celebrities live in jungle conditions with few comforts. The series is produced by ITV, Independent Television, a British company, and was picked up from ABC, which aired in early 2003. The new series, shown on NBC, ran for 14 episodes, and followed the same format as the United Kingdom version of the same show. On March 8, 2010, Document [153] (Title: More!) launched in 1988, aimed at older teenage girls. In 2002, it was relaunched as a lifestyle magazine for young women. The ABCs in August 2009 revealed a 17.3% growth of year-on-year circulation, making more! the UK's fastest growing glossy celeb weekly. The magazine launched its own annual fashion awards in 2004. Also in 2009, the magazine sponsored "The City" when it was shown on MTV. According to the ABC, the magazine had an average net circulation of 188,265 from July to December 2010. The content of "More!" magazine was divided into sections: "celebs", "fashion and beauty", "men and relationships" and Document [154] (Title: Snog Marry Avoid?) at 8pm. There were 12 episodes and it ended on 15 March 2011. With new host Ellie Taylor, series 5 commenced on 14 May 2012, at 10.30pm on BBC Three. There were 10 episodes and it ended on 16 July 2012. Series 6 began on 18 March 2013, airing every Monday at 10:00pm. There were 12 episodes. "Snog Marry Avoid?" has received positive reviews, complimenting its useful beauty tips and 'cliche' gimmick. BBC Three's boss has declared it a "roaring success". Australian rapper Iggy Azalea has said that she is a fan of the show, admitting "It's very interesting TV". Document [155] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK TV series)) I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK TV series) I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out Of Here! (often shortened to I'm a Celebrity or I'm a Celeb) is a British survival reality television game show, created by London Weekend Television (LWT), produced by ITV Studios, and aired live on ITV from Australia. The format sees a group of celebrities living together within an Australian jungle camp, coping with a few creature comforts. Each member not only undertakes in challenges to secure additional food and treats for the group, but also to avoid being voted out by viewers during their Document [156] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (U.S. season 2)) I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (U.S. season 2) The second season of I'm a Celebrity...Get Me out of Here! premiered on June 1, 2009 and concluded on June 24, 2009. The season, aired on NBC, a revival of the ABC series of the same name and continued to follow the same format as the original British series. It is also broadcast in Ireland and the United Kingdom. In Ireland, the show airs on TV3, three days behind the original NBC airings, and in the UK, it airs on ITV2 with a seven-day delay. This show has been airing Document [157] (Title: Startalk (Philippine TV program)) that it's hard for them to accept that Startalk will be gone. The show was replaced by a new comedy-oriented showbiz talk show CelebriTV, on September 19, featuring De Leon and Solis, together with Ai-Ai delas Alas, fresh from her grand comeback on GMA. According to AGB Nielsen Philippines' Mega Manila household television ratings, the final episode of "Startalk" scored an 12.7% rating. Startalk (Philippine TV program) Startalk, also called as "Startalk: The Only Showbiz Authority" and "Startalk TX" is a Philippine television entertainment news and talk show broadcast by GMA Network. It premiered on October 8, 1995, and later Document [158] (Title: Celebs Go Dating (series 2)) 2017. Unlike the first series witch was made up of 15x60 minute episodes the second series was made up of 20x60 minute episodes, also the series saw more celebrities than before with the first series only having 6 the second had 7 celebs. Series two saw the return of Joey Essex who broke the rules in the first series when he started dating a celebrity on the show. During the filming of series two, Stephen Bear brought many problems to the dating agency, breaking the rules of the show by dating another celebrity outside of the show; this led to Document [159] (Title: Startalk (Philippine TV program)) from Rosanna (or Osang), "Startalk" also gave a big break to a trio of newcomers anonymously known as Steve, Fayatollah and Pepita. The new loud segment hosts handled "Startalk"'s tabloid segment "T! The Tigbak Authority" where they criticize the senseless headlines printed on tabloid and the fashion statements of the movie/TV stars during awards night. Fayatollah later on became a regular fixture in other GMA shows while Pepita posed for FHM magazine last August 2003. Steve has become the regular voice-over of the show since his inclusion. On June 6, 1998, the GMA management decided to move "Startalk" to an Document [160] (Title: Keeping Up with the Kardashians) awards winning one in 2012. In 2010, Kris and Caitlyn Jenner received a Teen Choice Award nomination in a one-time Choice TV: Parental Unit category. "Keeping Up with the Kardashians" premiered on October 14, 2007 in the United States on the E! cable network at 10:30/9:30 pm ET/PT. The half-hour reality series continued to air every Sunday night in the same time slot, and the eight-episode first season of the show concluded on December 2. The subsequent season premiered the following year on March 9 in an earlier time slot at 10:00/9:00 pm with a repeated episode airing immediately afterwards. Document [161] (Title: Be A Star (UK TV series)) were seven auditions airing each Saturday night. The first audition began on 14 January 2017 The second audition began on 21 January 2017 The third audition began on 28 January 2017 The fourth audition began on 4 February 2017 The fifth audition began on 11 February 2017. Caroline Flack is guest judge. The sixth audition began on 18 February 2017 The seventh and final audition began on 25 February 2017 The Grouping Round is when they get into groups of 4. They choose which teams they would like the acts on. Each of the four acts will be on different Document [162] (Title: Start It Up (Shake It Up)) the 6- to 11-year-old demographic. It also became the highest-rated Sunday debut for a Disney Channel original series. Overall, it was the seventh most-watched program that aired on US cable television on November 7, 2010. Taken from the credits of "Start It Up." Start It Up (Shake It Up) "Start It Up" is the pilot episode of the American television series "Shake It Up", a female buddy-show with a dance concept, starring Bella Thorne and Zendaya. As the series' opening episode, it introduces the main characters in the series, and follows Rocky (Zendaya) and CeCe (Thorne) as they try out Document [163] (Title: Love Celeb) nothing gained... until Kirara is suddenly the most famous new starlet for no apparent reason!? The manga of "Love Celeb" was collected in seven bound volumes: "Love Celeb" was adapted as a series of three drama CDs: Love Celeb Nakazono Kirara is an aspiring starlet. She used to think she'd do whatever it took to get a starring role in a drama and have a CD. But her manager, Hanamaki, proves her wrong when he sends her into a room full of horny producers to sleep her way into a role! Kirara wants no part of it! She's a virgin, Document [164] (Title: So You Think You Can Dance (U.S. TV series)) it is produced over the course of months, the selection phase is highly edited and usually constitutes only the first 2–4 weeks of aired episodes, with the competition episodes forming the remaining 7–9 weeks of the season. The open auditions, the first stage in determining a season's finalists, take place in 2–6 major U.S. cities each season and are typically open to anyone aged 18–30 at the time of their audition, although season 13 focused on a younger class of competitors, ages 8-14. The cities where auditions are held change from season to season but some, such as Los Angeles Document [165] (Title: Cause Celeb) Cause Celeb Cause Celeb is the debut novel of Helen Fielding, later known for her creation of the character Bridget Jones. her first novel is about a few years in the life of Rosie Richardson, who decides to go to Africa after she breaks up with her boyfriend, Oliver Marchant, a TV presenter. But after four years working in Nambula, a fictional country in Northern Africa, there is a famine coming and Rosie turns back to Oliver and his famous friends to get the food they desperately need. Rosie Richardson works in marketing at a publisher, when she starts dating Document [166] (Title: Paris Hilton) participation in "1 Night in Paris" (a sex tape leaked before the first episode of "The Simple Life") in late 2003. Paparazzi mobs started to follow her, and her relationships and lifestyle in general became targets of gossip sites and tabloid media worldwide. Critics suggest that Hilton epitomizes being famous for being famous, exemplifying the "celebutante" phenomenon—a celebrity for no particularly identifiable reason other than inherited wealth and lavish lifestyle. She has been credited with influencing the revival of the term during the early-to-mid 2000s, and once remarked: "Back in the day, when I first came into this world, there Document [167] (Title: CelebAir) CelebAir CelebAir was a reality TV series in which 11 celebrities performed the duties of cabin crew and check-in attendants. The series was presented by Angellica Bell and aired on ITV2 from 2 September 2008 until 23 October 2008, when Lisa Maffia was declared the winner. For the show, Monarch Airlines repainted one of its Airbus A321 aircraft, registration G-OZBI, with the CelebAir logo along with a new tail fin design. The aircraft was used for the majority of CelebAir flights although the celebrities additionally worked on normal Monarch branded aircraft. CelebAir activity took place on Monarch flights which were Document [168] (Title: Startalk (Philippine TV program)) actor's battle with periampullary cancer until his recent death last June 6, 2008. After Fernandez's burial, it was unclear whether Lorna will stay on as host of the show. More than a month after her husband Fernandez's death, Lorna appeared live for the last time on "Startalk" as a special guest. In her last guesting appearance, she told stories about her recent trip to Jerusalem which gave her time to heal emotional wounds brought about by Daboy's death. On September 19, 2008, she finally bade goodbye to GMA executives after she decided to accept ABS-CBN's offer which included movie appearances Document [169] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (Australian TV series)) viewer votes. In addition, if the contestants become overwhelmed by their situation they can leave the series by speaking the phrase ""I'm a celebrity get me out of here!"". However, it is reported that if contestants do quit they will have their income for participating in the series markedly reduced. Throughout the show, additional contestants (called "intruders") enter the competition; and beginning with season two, some contestants are only included temporarily (i.e. having a guest appearance). In the end, a final viewer vote occurs to determine the winner of the series, who is given the title of "King and/or Queen Document [170] (Title: Get Your Act Together) The 26 celebrity contestants were revealed in December 2014. The first five episodes were all pre-recorded with the studio audience deciding who goes through to the live final. Get Your Act Together Get Your Act Together is a British talent show that began airing on ITV on 18 January 2015 and is hosted by Stephen Mulhern. The show features celebrities learning various different acts, such as juggling, singing, impressions and escapology, and performing them on a live stage. "Get Your Act Together" was produced by ITV Studios for ITV, and that aired for 6 weeks from 18 January 2015 until Document [171] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 4)) ratings are taken from the UK Programme Ratings website, BARB. I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 4) The fourth series of "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!" began on 21 November 2004 and ended on 6 December 2004. The programme ran for 16 days, one more than in the previous series (18 days if counting the day the celebrities arrived and the morning the finalists exited). The series was won by comedian Joe Pasquale. 11 contestants participated, one more than in the previous two series. The contestants take part in daily trials to earn food. Day Document [172] (Title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 17)) I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 17) "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!" returned for its seventeenth series on 19 November 2017 on ITV. The series is the third in a three-year contract, as confirmed by Ant & Dec at the end of the Coming Out show in December 2016. In October 2017, it was confirmed that Ant & Dec will return to host the series, despite rumours suggesting that the pair would not be present due to Ant's admittance to rehab earlier in the year for drugs and alcohol addiction. "Made in Chelsea" star Georgia Document [173] (Title: 10 Years Younger (U.S. TV series)) While You Were Out as the host. In August 2008 the fourth season began shooting, to air later in the year, with Kyan Douglas as the new host. The show begins by introducing the participant and their story, which is usually an explanation of why they look older than they are. The participant then stands inside the box — a soundproof clear display case placed along a busy street. The show's host, then invites 100 people to guess the age of the participant. The average of these guesses is then considered the "age" of the participant; the show must try Document [174] (Title: I'm a Celebrity: Extra Camp) I'm a Celebrity: Extra Camp I'm a Celebrity: Extra Camp (previously I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! NOW! from 2002–2015) was a companion show, broadcast on ITV2 in the UK and on UTV Ireland in the Republic of Ireland. It features behind-the-scenes footage of "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!" and shows the emotional responses of the contestants after they have been voted off. Series 1 to 4 was filmed completely live in the UK and series 5–8 were filmed mainly live in Australia with a live co-presenter in the UK. Since series 9, the show has been Document [175] (Title: Celebs Go Dating) eighteenth episode for breaking the show rules by dating a celebrity outside of the agency. The following is a list of celebrities who featured in the second series. The third series of the show was confirmed on 7 November 2016 along with the announcement of the second series, and began airing on 4 September 2017. It concluded after nineteen episodes on 29 September 2017. An episode that was due to be aired on 15 September 2017 did not air, pulled from broadcast moments before its scheduled starting time. It was later reported that the episode was cancelled as one of Document [176] (Title: Celebrity Fit Club) The show then switched to celebrity participants, and continued until 2006, with Dale Winton as host since the series two. An American version premiered in 2005 on the VH1 network. The first series aired in 2002 and featured the following celebrities: Note: Series One was the only series in which celebs were not competing in teams or the episodes were filmed around the weigh-in; instead the weigh in occurred near the end. There was also no host as such, although comedian Jenny Eclair provided a voiceover. The second series was aired in 2004 presented by Dale Winton. Hypnotherapist Marisa Peer Document [177] (Title: Life Begins (TV series)) in Australia: The first episode of the first series aired over Australia's non ratings period, and the opening episode rated 1.1 million mainland capital city viewers, which was the 12th most watched show for the week. Ratings continued around the one million viewers mark throughout series one. The first episode of series two moved to 9:30pm and rated 998,000 viewers, ranking first in its time slot. The second episode rated 853,000 viewers. Life Begins (TV series) Life Begins is a British television drama first broadcast on ITV between 16 February 2004 and 9 October 2006, starring Caroline Quentin and Alexander Document [178] (Title: Early Start) Early Start Early Start is a hard news morning television show on CNN anchored by Christine Romans and Dave Briggs. It premiered on January 2, 2012 and airs weekdays from 4:00-6:00 a.m. ET. By the end of its run in 2011, CNN's "American Morning" had fallen behind in the morning ratings. Executive vice president Ken Jautz, who joined in September 2010, decided to revamp the network's morning lineup by canceling the show altogether and replacing it with two new programs less focused on national politics than cable rivals "Fox & Friends" and "Morning Joe". Along with "Starting Point", "Early Start" Document [179] (Title: Teen (magazine)) game reviews. Celeb Stuff included reviews of movies, television shows, books, and music, young celebrity quotes, celebrity fashion and makeup tips, and a celebrity style quiz, while Celebs was a section that includes celebrity facts, quotes, essays, and predictions, as well as a few posters of teen stars and a quiz. The Look section concerned beauty articles, such as those concerning hair and makeup. Fashion was a clothing section that talked about knits, jeans, clothes for individual body shapes, crafts, and a quiz. Get Real consisted of articles written by actual teenagers. The articles included "True Stories from Real Teens", Question: when does i'm a celeb usually start

Answer: 25 August 2002 Long Answer: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out Of Here! (often shortened to I'm a Celebrity or I'm a Celeb) is a British survival reality television game show, first aired on 25 August 2002, in which celebrities live in jungle conditions with few creature comforts . The show has been hosted by Ant & Dec since its inception and served as the inspiration for a franchise of the same name . It is filmed in Murwillumbah, New South Wales, Australia and broadcast on ITV in the United Kingdom. Gold Document ID: 99

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Shirley Bassey) the title song for the James Bond spoof "The Liquidator", and had a Top 20 live album, recorded during a sold-out run at the Pigalle in London. Bassey recorded a song for the next Bond film, "Thunderball" (1965). "Mr Kiss Kiss Bang Bang" was not used in the movie, although the film's score follows its melodic theme. Written by John Barry and Leslie Bricusse, after Bassey's version it was re-recorded by Dionne Warwick, and then rejected in favour of a new song, "Thunderball," hastily written by Barry and given to Tom Jones (who, like Bassey, is Welsh) after the film's Document [2] (Title: Monty Norman) be entitled "A Walking Stick Full of Bagels", and musical versions of the 1954 Kingsley Amis novel, "Lucky Jim", and his 1970s musical, "Quick Quick Slow". Norman is famous for writing the music to the first James Bond movie, "Dr. No," including the "James Bond Theme", the signature theme of the James Bond franchise. Norman has received royalties since 1962 for the theme. However, as the producers were dissatisfied with Norman's arrangement, John Barry re-arranged the theme. Barry later claimed that it was actually he who wrote the theme, but Norman won two libel actions against publishers for claiming that Document [3] (Title: The Man with the Golden Gun (soundtrack)) of a new practice of using a different song altogether). Some Bond music fans consider Lulu's brassy vocal to be effective in setting the tone for the film's female characters. The film was also the first to drop the distinctive plucked guitar from the Bond theme heard over the gun barrel sequence - in all subsequent John Barry James Bond scores, this theme would be heard on strings and trumpet. Not present on the album but heard in the film is a brief reprise, for recognition purposes, of the song "Live and Let Die" when a character (Sheriff JW Pepper) Document [4] (Title: Sam Smith discography) 2015, Smith confirmed that his new song "Writing's on the Wall" would be the theme song to the 24th James Bond film "Spectre". The song was released on 25 September 2015 and became the first Bond theme ever to go to number one in the UK. His second album, "The Thrill of It All", followed in 2017 and topped the charts in the United Kingdom, Canada, Ireland, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Sweden, and the United States. Its lead single "Too Good at Goodbyes" reached number one in the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand and also reached the top 5 Document [5] (Title: Nobody Does It Better) the 20th track on the CD after a long pause following the 19th. Rock guitarist/singer Aimee Mann recorded a version of the song for the 1997 James Bond tribute album "". Adam Sandler covered this song before receiving the MTV Generation award on the 2008 MTV Movie Awards. (Note: The words were modified to reflect Adam Sandler.) A version of the track was performed by the Ian Rich Orchestra with vocals by singer, model and TV presenter Marina Berry. This version appears on the compilation albums "Totally James Bond" (a collection of Bond theme covers) and "Simply Woman". Singer Sophie Document [6] (Title: Mephiskapheles) for a two-piece section with Endo and Robinson. However, McCabe, Endo, and Robinson were reunited when they recorded on Moby's version of John Barry's "James Bond Theme" for the soundtrack of the film "Tomorrow Never Dies". In its various remixes, "James Bond Theme (Moby's Re-Version)" became a hit in several countries, and was included on Moby's greatest-hits albums "I Like to Score" and "Go - The Very Best of Moby". In late 1998, Mephiskapheles shocked some fans' sensibilities when they toured the U.S. opening for heavy-metal shock rockers Gwar. By 1999, the band had gone through a major lineup change Document [7] (Title: The Living Daylights (soundtrack)) performer in the history of the series. Originally, British pop duo Pet Shop Boys was asked to compose the soundtrack, but backed out when they learned that they should not provide a complete soundtrack but merely the opening theme song. In a departure from conventions of previous Bond films, the film uses different songs over the opening and end credits. The song heard over the end credits, "If There Was A Man", was one of two songs performed for the film by Chrissie Hynde, of the Pretenders. The other song, "Where Has Everybody Gone", is heard as source music in Document [8] (Title: James Bond music) KYW-TV in Philadelphia for its long-time theme to "Eyewitness News", and was adopted by other Group W stations in Baltimore, Pittsburgh, Boston and San Francisco as well as other non-Group W stations, including WLS-TV in Chicago. The theme was also sampled by Big Audio Dynamite for the 1986 song "Sightsee M.C!" Like John Barry, David Arnold has left his own mark in the music of James Bond. In this case, he has established what can be called the "suspense motif", which is a descending, often repetitive four-note motif that can be heard in all of the Bond films he has Document [9] (Title: Skyfall (Adele song)) but felt that it was too soon to tell how the song would fit into the wider canon of Bond theme songs. Neil McCormick of the "Daily Telegraph" was less complimentary, describing the song as "classy" but at the same time, "overly predictable". The song won the Academy Award for Best Original Song, which had been the first Bond theme to receive an Academy Award nomination since the 1982 song "For Your Eyes Only" and was the first Bond theme to win the award. It also won the Critics' Choice Award for Best Song, the Golden Globe for Best Original Document [10] (Title: You Only Live Twice (soundtrack)) is being constructed and continues to play until three or four SPECTRE helicopters encounter Bond, at which point the music changes to the "James Bond Theme". Giving the score a Japanese flavour, John Leach played the koto in the film, The theme "Kronos Unveiled" from the score of Pixar's 2004 film "The Incredibles" bears a close resemblance to the track "Capsule in Space" (reprised in "Soviet Capsule"), while the film's trailer had used Barry's original "On Her Majesty's Secret Service" theme. Propellerheads' cover of Barry's "On Her Majesty's Secret Service" with David Arnold also incorporates, in its full 9-minute version, Document [11] (Title: From Russia with Love (soundtrack)) the completed film. The album was the last of the Bond soundtrack albums to feature more than the usual six tracks per record side. The soundtrack album reached 28 on the "Variety" charts in March 1964 with the title song becoming Unart Music's most recorded song. Other cover versions of the "James Bond Theme" were also released to coincide with the film. Barry also released different cover versions of the title song and "007" on his Ember records for the pop charts. The Roland Shaw Orchestra performed cover versions of most of the music of Barry's soundtrack on several albums. Document [12] (Title: Skyfall (Adele song)) – like the singer – is all 1960s throwback, back when Bond themes like 'Goldfinger' were smooth, seductive and larger than life". Jim Farber of the New York-based "Daily News" wrote in his review: "It suffers from a similarly meandering melody and ponderous progression. The grandeur of its arrangement easily upstages the tune", but "even so, the luster of Adele's tone, and the bravura arc of her vocal, makes it enjoyable enough. And, fifty years down the line, isn't that all we really expect from a Bond product these days?" Yahoo!'s Rob O'Connor gave the standalone song a positive review Document [13] (Title: John Barry (composer)) then upcoming "Tomorrow Never Dies", to recommend Arnold as the film's composer. Arnold also went on to score four subsequent Bond films: "The World Is Not Enough", "Die Another Day", "Casino Royale" and "Quantum of Solace". Sole compositional credit for the "James Bond Theme" is assigned to Monty Norman, who was contracted as composer for "Dr. No". Some 30 years later, in 2001, the disputed authorship of the theme was examined legally in the High Court in London after Norman sued "The Sunday Times" for publishing an article in 1997 in which Barry was named as the true composer; Barry Document [14] (Title: Die Another Day (song)) Die Another Day (song) "Die Another Day" is the theme song from the James Bond film of the same name by American singer and songwriter Madonna. The song initially leaked onto the internet in early October 2002 prior to the official release, prompting radio to play the track. It was released commercially as a single on October 22 by Maverick Records and was later included on the singer's ninth studio album, "American Life" (2003), and her greatest hits compilation, "Celebration" (2009). Following the release of the previous Bond single, "The World Is Not Enough", MGM wanted a high-profile artist for Document [15] (Title: Writing's on the Wall (Sam Smith song)) released. The single became the first Bond movie theme to reach number one in the UK Singles Chart. It also reached the top 10 in a few other European countries, but unlike other James Bond themes, it was not as successful outside Europe, only peaking at number 43 in Canada and Australia and number 71 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. Only the instrumental version of the song appeared on the film's official soundtrack album. The song won the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song at the 73rd Golden Globe Awards and the Academy Award for Best Original Song at Document [16] (Title: Dr. No (film)) well as several cover versions of "The James Bond Theme" on Columbia Records. A single of the "James Bond Theme" entered the UK Singles Chart in 1962, reaching a peak position of number thirteen during an eleven-week spell in the charts. Ranglin, who had acted as arranger on several tracks, and Malcolm sued Eon for unpaid fees, both settling out of court; Malcolm and his band performed a year later at the film's premiere in Kingston. "Dr. No" introduced the many recurring themes and features associated with the suave and sophisticated secret agent: the distinctive "James Bond Theme", the gun Document [17] (Title: James Bond music) James Bond music The "James Bond" film series from Eon Productions features numerous musical compositions since its inception in 1962, many of which are now considered classic pieces of British film music. The best known of these pieces is the ubiquitous "James Bond Theme". Other instrumentals, such as the "007 Theme" or "On Her Majesty's Secret Service", and various songs, such as Shirley Bassey's "Goldfinger", Paul McCartney's "Live and Let Die", Carly Simon's "Nobody Does It Better", Sheena Easton's "For Your Eyes Only" and Duran Duran's "A View to a Kill" have also become identified with the series. Two Bond Document [18] (Title: James Bond) 2001, Norman won £30,000 in libel damages from "The Sunday Times" newspaper, which suggested that Barry was entirely responsible for the composition. The theme, as written by Norman and arranged by Barry, was described by another Bond film composer, David Arnold, as "bebop-swing vibe coupled with that vicious, dark, distorted electric guitar, definitely an instrument of rock 'n' roll ... it represented everything about the character you would want: It was cocky, swaggering, confident, dark, dangerous, suggestive, sexy, unstoppable. And he did it in two minutes." Barry composed the scores for eleven Bond films and had an uncredited contribution to Document [19] (Title: James Bond Theme) the time, Moby's highest-peaking single on the chart. The song features two samples of dialogue from the Bond films: Pierce Brosnan saying "Bond, James Bond" as heard in "GoldenEye", and the conversation between Bond and Auric Goldfinger in "Goldfinger": "Do you expect me to talk?" / "No, Mr. Bond. I expect you to die." James Bond Theme The "James Bond Theme" is the main signature theme of the James Bond films and has featured in every Eon Productions Bond film since "Dr. No", released in 1962. The piece has been used as an accompanying fanfare to the gun barrel sequence Document [20] (Title: Go Simpsonic with The Simpsons) in the style of Jan Hammer's original orchestrations for "Miami Vice"." Koran also praised the "Scorpio" and "McBain" songs for their similarities with John Barry's James Bond tunes. Similarly, Elysa Gardner of "Los Angeles Times" commended the parodic nature of many songs on the album. She wrote that "this showcases the brilliant work of series composer Alf Clausen and his delightful knack of spoofing various musical forms. Included are sendups of musicals, movies ("Mary Poppins" and Bond themes) and commercials, each lovingly and lethally delivered. There are 53 cuts in all, and most of them, like the show itself, stand Document [21] (Title: John Barry (composer)) John Barry (composer) John Barry Prendergast, (3 November 1933 – 30 January 2011) was an English composer and conductor of film music. He composed the scores for 11 of the "James Bond" films between 1963 and 1987, and also arranged and performed the "James Bond Theme" to the first film in the series, 1962's "Dr. No". He wrote the Grammy- and Academy Award-winning scores to the films "Dances with Wolves" and "Out of Africa", as well as the theme for the British television cult series "The Persuaders!", in a career spanning over 50 years. In 1999, he was appointed OBE Document [22] (Title: You Only Live Twice (film)) to her credit, has also covered the song. A different title song was originally recorded by Julie Rogers, but eventually discarded. Only two lines from that version were kept in the final lyrics, and the orchestral part was changed to fit Nancy Sinatra's vocal range. Rogers' version only appeared in a James Bond 30th Anniversary CD, with no singer credit. In the 1990s, an alternative example of a possible theme song (also called "You Only Live Twice" and sung by Lorraine Chandler) was discovered in the vaults of RCA Records. It became a very popular track with followers of the Document [23] (Title: From Russia with Love (film)) Love" is the first Bond film in the series with John Barry as the primary soundtrack composer. The theme song was composed by Lionel Bart of "Oliver!" fame and sung by Matt Monro, although the title credit music is a lively instrumental version of the tune beginning with Barry's brief "James Bond is Back" then segueing into Monty Norman's "James Bond Theme". Monro's vocal version is later played during the film (as source music on a radio) and properly over the film's end titles. Barry travelled with the crew to Turkey to try getting influences of the local music, but Document [24] (Title: Tomorrow Never Dies) and Stirred". The soundtrack was well received by critics with Christian Clemmensen of Filmtracks describing it as "an excellent tribute to the entire series of Bond score". At first, the theme song was to be written by Arnold himself, with the help of lyricist Don Black and singer-songwriter David McAlmont, who recorded the demo. However, MGM wanted a more popular artist, and invited various singers to write songs before one was picked through a competitive process. There were around twelve submissions, including songs from Swan Lee, Pulp, Saint Etienne, Marc Almond, and Sheryl Crow. Crow's song was chosen for the Document [25] (Title: James Bond Theme) in a filmed interview and sang its lyrics. In 2005, Norman released an album called "Completing the Circle" that features "Good Sign Bad Sign", the "James Bond Theme," and a similar-sounding song titled "Dum Di-Di Dum Dum." For these songs Norman added lyrics that explain the origin and history of the "James Bond Theme". Though the "James Bond Theme" is identified with John Barry's jazz arrangement, parts of it are heard throughout Monty Norman's score for "Dr. No" in non-jazzy guises. Barry's arrangement is repeated ("tracked") in various scenes of the first Bond film. This is consistent with the account Document [26] (Title: All Time High) Llorenna. The song was referenced and then performed by Mark Wahlberg and Norah Jones in the film "Ted". All Time High "All Time High" is a 1983 single release by Rita Coolidge introduced as the theme song for the James Bond film "Octopussy". "All Time High" marked the return of regular James Bond theme composer John Barry after his absence from the "For Your Eyes Only" soundtrack for tax problems. He wanted to work again with Don Black, but his commitments to the musical "Merlin" forced Barry to seek another lyricist. Tim Rice quickly accepted the invitation. Barry's friend Phil Document [27] (Title: Goldfinger (film)) keeping with the film's theme of gold and metal, make heavy use of brass, and also metallic chimes. The film's score is described as "brassy and raunchy" with "a sassy sexiness to it". "Goldfinger" began the tradition of Bond theme songs introduced over the opening title sequence, the style of the song from the pop genre and using popular artists. [Although the title song, sung by Matt Monro, in "From Russia with Love" was introduced in a few phrases on Bond's first appearance, a full rendition on the sound track only commenced for the final scene on the waters at Document [28] (Title: Goldfinger (Shirley Bassey song)) Saltzman would also dislike Bassey's subsequent Bond theme, that for "Diamonds Are Forever". However, there was not enough time for a replacement song to be written and recorded. The release on vinyl of Bassey's (mono) version, UA 790, sold more than a million copies in the United States (Guinness Book of Records), and it also reached No. 1 in Japan, No. 4 in Australia, and the Top 10 of many European countries including Austria (No. 7), Belgium (No. 9 on the Dutch charts), Germany (No. 8), Italy (No. 3), the Netherlands (No. 5), and Norway (No. 7). A No. 24 Document [29] (Title: For Your Eyes Only (soundtrack)) James Bond. Not released but also heard in the film is a brief homage to John Williams' familiar theme from "Jaws", when an unseen underwater horror (it is revealed to be an attacker in a JIM diving suit) approaches within the sunken ship. This was the third Bond film in a row to wittily include familiar music from a classic film. Additionally, notes from the title song to "The Spy Who Loved Me", "Nobody Does It Better", can be heard as the tones of a key code for a security door early in the film. For Your Eyes Only (soundtrack) Document [30] (Title: You Only Live Twice (song)) You Only Live Twice (song) "You Only Live Twice", performed by Nancy Sinatra, is the theme song to the 1967 James Bond film of the same name. The music was by veteran Bond film composer John Barry, with lyrics by Leslie Bricusse. The song is widely recognized for its striking opening bars, featuring a simple 2-bar theme in the high octaves of the violins and lush harmonies from French horns. It is considered by some to be among the best James Bond theme songs, and has become one of Nancy Sinatra's best known hits. Shortly after Barry's production, Sinatra's producer Document [31] (Title: Dr. No (film)) medley over the title credits, and was written by Norman based on a previous composition of his. John Barry, who would later go on to compose the music for eleven Bond films, arranged the Bond theme, but was uncredited—except for the credit of his orchestra playing the final piece. It has occasionally been suggested that Barry, not Norman, composed the "James Bond Theme". This argument has been the subject of two court cases, the most recent in 2001, which found in favour of Norman. The theme, as written by Norman and arranged by Barry, was described by another Bond film Document [32] (Title: Monty Norman) Barry was the composer, most recently against "The Sunday Times" in 2001. In the made-for-DVD documentary "Inside Dr. No", Norman performs a music piece which he wrote for the stage several years earlier entitled "Bad Sign, Good Sign", that resembles the melody of the "James Bond Theme" in several places. Norman collected around £600,000 in royalties between the years 1976 and 1999 for the use of the theme since "Dr. No". Monty Norman Monty Norman (born 4 April 1928) is a singer and film composer best known for composing the "James Bond Theme". Norman was born Monty Noserovitch in Stepney Document [33] (Title: The World Is Not Enough (song)) grand chorus we have come to expect ... the song's darkly sexy, electronic ambience is wholly in keeping with Garbage's distinctive soundprint. [It is] not only the best 007 theme in eons, it is a great Garbage track that should thrill fans of band and Bond alike". IGN ranked "The World Is Not Enough" ninth on its list of top 10 James Bond songs: "Shirley Manson's warbling croon is a perfect fit for an opening sequence and her bandmates gel well with Arnold's sweeping symphonics." Negative reviews revolved around the theme's classic Bond sound. LAUNCHcast's James Poletti called the song Document [34] (Title: From Russia with Love (soundtrack)) UK charts with a different arrangement of the Bond theme from that heard in the film. The title song was sung by Matt Monro. Monro's vocal version is played during the film (as source music on a radio) and properly over the film's end titles. The title credit music is a lively instrumental version of the tune preceded by a brief Barry-composed "James Bond is Back" then segueing into the "James Bond Theme". On the original film soundtrack, Alan Haven played a jazzy organ over the theme but this version was not released on the soundtrack album. The tune also Document [35] (Title: For Your Eyes Only (song)) being said in the theme song, Conti decided to work with Leeson to write lyrics that opened with "for your eyes only". Easton is the only artist (to date) to be seen singing the theme song to a Bond movie during its opening titles, as Maurice Binder liked Easton's appearance and decided to add her to the credits. Her seductive appearance in these clips was, according to Roger Moore, more sexy than any of the Bond girls, although Easton herself states that the filming process was very unglamorous. In particular, Binder had to attach Easton to a chair so she Document [36] (Title: On Her Majesty's Secret Service (soundtrack)) Service" unless it was written operatically, in the style of Gilbert and Sullivan. Leslie Bricusse had considered lyrics for the title song but director Peter R. Hunt allowed an instrumental title theme in the tradition of the first two Bond films. (Though "From Russia with Love" had a song at the end, sung by Matt Monro). The track is notable for its incorporation of the Moog synthesizer in its recurring bassline. Its distinctive sound would become a mainstay of soundtracks in the 1970s. The theme, "On Her Majesty's Secret Service", is used in the film as an action theme alternate Document [37] (Title: Holly Cole) Lies"), a James Bond theme by John Barry ("You Only Live Twice"), and a Cole original ("You've Got a Secret"). Cole toured in support of Night in 2012-13 to Canada, America, Germany and Japan. Cole received an honorary degree from Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario in June 2014. Holly Cole Holly Cole (born November 25, 1963) is a Canadian jazz singer, particularly popular in Canada and Japan for both her versatile and distinctive voice, along with her adventurous repertoire, which spans such divergent genres as show tunes, rock, and country music. Cole was born in Halifax, Nova Scotia. Her father, Document [38] (Title: Spectre (2015 film)) the demo in the final release. "Writing's on the Wall" was released as a download on 25 September 2015. It received mixed reviews from critics and fans, particularly in comparison to Adele's "Skyfall", leading to Shirley Bassey trending on Twitter on the day it was released. It became the first Bond theme to reach number one in the UK Singles Chart, the second to win the Academy Award for Best Original Song, and the fifth to be nominated. It also won the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song at the 73rd Golden Globe Awards. During the December 2014 press Document [39] (Title: Licence to Kill (soundtrack)) version based on the James Bond Theme. The guitar riff heard in the original recording of the theme was played by Flick. The prospect, however, fell apart and Gladys Knight's song and performance was chosen, later becoming a Top 10 hit in the United Kingdom. The song was composed by Narada Michael Walden, Jeffrey Cohen and Walter Afanasieff, based on the "horn line" from "Goldfinger", which required royalty payments to the original writers. At 5 minutes 13 seconds it is the longest Bond theme, though 45 single releases featured a shorter edit, running 4 minutes 11 seconds. The music video Document [40] (Title: Hal David) Hearted Melody", with Sherman Edwards; the 1962 Joanie Sommers hit "Johnny Get Angry" also with Edwards; and "99 Miles From L.A." with Albert Hammond, recorded by Hammond and later Art Garfunkel. With Paul Hampton, David co-wrote the country standard "Sea of Heartbreak", a hit for Don Gibson and others. David contributed lyrics to three James Bond film themes: in addition to "The Look of Love" from "Casino Royale" with Bacharach, he wrote "We Have All the Time in the World", with John Barry and sung by Louis Armstrong for the 1969 film "On Her Majesty's Secret Service", and in 1979, Document [41] (Title: The Best of Bond...James Bond) were included in the remastered soundtrack for "Goldfinger" in 2003 and appeared on the British LP in the 1960s. The "Thunderball Suite", was likewise not released on the "Thunderball" soundtrack until it was split up and used on the remastered release in 2003, along with extra unreleased music. Two rare additions were also made to the second disc. The first is the original version of "Goldfinger" sung by Anthony Newley who also wrote the song in collaboration with the film's composer, John Barry. Newley's jazz version was, however, replaced by Shirley Bassey's version in 1964 for the film and for Document [42] (Title: James Bond Theme) Spy Who Loved Me", titled "Bond 77", featured a disco sound, reflecting a style of music which was very popular at the time. "The Spy Who Loved Me" returned briefly to using the surf-rock guitar associated with the theme from the early days. One unusual instance occurred in "Octopussy", when Bond's contact, who is disguised as a snake charmer played a few notes of the tune for Roger Moore's James Bond, presumably as a pre-arranged identification signal; this is an example of the tune being used as diegetic music. In the last Bond film of Roger Moore, "A View to Document [43] (Title: You Only Live Twice (song)) in Bayswater, London. Sinatra later recalled that she was incredibly nervous during the recording, and it took around 30 takes to acquire enough material. Producer John Barry eventually created the final product by incorporating vocals from 25 takes. Roy Wood described Barry's string introduction to his song "You Only Live Twice" as "absolute perfection". Mark Monahan of "The Daily Telegraph" described the lyrics as "mysterious, romantically "carpe diem" ... at once velvety, brittle and quite bewitching". David Ehrlich of "Rolling Stone" ranked "You Only Live Twice" the third best James Bond theme song, calling it "a classic." The song is Document [44] (Title: For Your Eyes Only (film)) annoyance", another claimed that "In the end, "For Your Eyes Only" stands as one of the best James Bond film scores of the 1980s." The title song, written by Conti and Michael Leeson, was sung by Sheena Easton, who holds the distinction of being the first title song artist to appear on screen in a Bond film, as designer Maurice Binder liked Easton's appearance and decided to add her to the opening credits. The producers of the film wanted Blondie to perform the title song: the band wrote a song titled "For Your Eyes Only", but decided to decline the Document [45] (Title: Live and Let Die (song)) Live and Let Die (song) "Live and Let Die" is the main theme song of the 1973 James Bond film "Live and Let Die", written by Paul and Linda McCartney and performed by Wings. It was the most successful Bond theme to that point, charting at No. 2 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 and No. 9 on the UK Singles Chart. Commissioned specifically for the movie, it reunited the former Beatle with the band's producer, George Martin, who produced the song and arranged the orchestra. It has been covered by several bands, with the Guns N' Roses version being Document [46] (Title: James Bond 007: Everything or Nothing) the same name. It also has the distinction of being the only song from a James Bond video game that was performed live. A "jazzier" version was performed by Mýa on "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno". The in-game music was composed by composer Sean Callery, with additional music by Jeff Tymoschuk. Later in 2006, Electronic Arts published Callery's score for sale on Rhapsody. Notably, the album does not include the main theme song "Everything or Nothing", which is available to purchase on iTunes as a single; however its jazz and dance remixes are available only a rare CD single Document [47] (Title: Barry Bonds (song)) a minimum. This was a result from the various rock bands and musicians he was listening to at the time. During an interview with "Reuters", West stated, "When I hear the records of my favorite bands – The Killers or Coldplay – you only hear one voice from start to finish." The scant singers and rappers featured in individual tracks on the record were relegated to providing melodic choruses and quick hooks. At one point, West intended for "Graduation" to be utterly devoid of a guest rap verse in order to showcase his improvement as a lyricist. But West eventually Document [48] (Title: Dr. No (soundtrack)) to the first James Bond movie Dr No, and has been credited with writing the "James Bond Theme", the signature theme of the James Bond franchise. Norman has received royalties since 1962 for the theme, but it was arranged by John Barry after the producers were dissatisfied with Norman's music. Barry claims that he actually did write the theme, but nevertheless, Mr. Norman won two libel actions against publishers for claiming that Barry was the composer, most recently against The Sunday Times in 2001. During the trial, Barry testified on the stand that he had composed the James Bond Theme, Document [49] (Title: Skyfall (Adele song)) to learning that she had won the award. In preparation for the performance, the singer took advice about breathing technique from Ayda Field, wife of Robbie Williams, to combat stage fright. Earlier in the ceremony, Shirley Bassey had performed another Bond theme, "Goldfinger", from the film of the same name, as part of an unrelated tribute to James Bond in film. Adapted from Discogs. Credits adapted from the liner notes of "Skyfall", XL Recordings. Skyfall (Adele song) "Skyfall" is the theme song of the "James Bond" film of the same name, performed by English singer Adele. It was written by Document [50] (Title: James Bond music) the Academy Award for Best Original Song, as did Bill Conti's "For Your Eyes Only", which was performed by Sheena Easton. It was not until the 2013 Oscars that a Bond theme song finally won the Academy Award for Best Original Song, the theme song from "Skyfall" by Adele. Thomas Newman's score also got the first nomination for Academy Award for Best Original Score in the series since Hamlisch's own for "The Spy Who Loved Me", while winning the Grammy for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media. Adele's song also won the Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Document [51] (Title: Spy Hard (song)) complete with multiple colored backgrounds, silhouetted figures, and "wavy" text. The song itself was a pastiche of songs used during such James Bond title sequences, complete with an orchestra (conducted by Bill Conti, who composed the music for the 1981 Bond film "For Your Eyes Only") and spy-themed lyrics. An urban legend states that during the recording of the theme to "Thunderball", Tom Jones held the song's final note long enough to pass out; in this film, Yankovic holds it long enough to make his head explode. Originally, Yankovic had planned to loop the note to the required length, but Document [52] (Title: The Bond Collection) There were no singles issued from this album. A new album "Bassey Sings Bond" (not to be confused with TRING Records1994 edition) with new recordings of Bond songs was recorded for EMI and was to be released at the end of 2002. Again this project ran into problems shortly after recording and it has not been released. The vocal performance of "You Only Live Twice" recorded for this album was remixed in 2007 for the album "Get the Party Started". The Bond Collection The Bond Collection, a.k.a. Bassey Sings Bond, is a 1987 studio album by Shirley Bassey, notable for Document [53] (Title: John Barry (composer)) testified for the defence. In court, Barry testified that he had been handed a musical manuscript of a work by Norman (meant to become the theme) and that he was to arrange it musically, and that he composed additional music and arranged the "James Bond Theme". The court was also told that Norman received sole credit because of his prior contract with the producers. Barry said that a deal was struck whereby he would receive a flat fee of £250 and Norman would receive the songwriting credit. Barry said that he had accepted the deal with United Artists Head of Document [54] (Title: James Bond Theme) given by Barry and some of the film makers, contained in supplementary material on the DVD release of "Dr. No": Barry was called in to make an arrangement of Norman's motif after Norman had completed the score. There is no information about the distinctive ostinati, countermelodies, and bridges introduced by Barry that are juxtaposed with Norman's motif in order to flesh out the arrangement. These added musical figures have become as recognizable to listeners as Norman's motif, which is probably responsible for the controversy over the authorship of the "James Bond Theme" as listeners have come to know it. The Document [55] (Title: Thunderball (film)) given to Bond by Q, it was also a Geiger counter in the plot. "Thunderball" was the third James Bond score composed by John Barry, after "From Russia with Love" and "Goldfinger". The original title song was entitled "Mr. Kiss Kiss, Bang Bang", taken from an Italian journalist who in 1962 dubbed agent 007 as Mr. Kiss Kiss, Bang Bang. The title theme was written by Barry and Leslie Bricusse; the song was originally recorded by Shirley Bassey, and later rerecorded by Dionne Warwick, whose version was not released until the 1990s. The song was removed from the title credits Document [56] (Title: The Spy Who Loved Me (soundtrack)) their scores. The Spy Who Loved Me (soundtrack) The Spy Who Loved Me is the soundtrack for the tenth James Bond "The Spy Who Loved Me". The soundtrack is one of only two Bond soundtracks to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Score. The other score nominated was "Skyfall" (2013). The theme song "Nobody Does It Better" was composed by Marvin Hamlisch with lyrics by Carole Bayer Sager and was performed by Carly Simon. It was nominated for Academy Award for Best Original Song but lost to "You Light Up My Life". It was one of five Document [57] (Title: Goldfinger (soundtrack)) theme on his 1965 "John Barry Plays Goldfinger" album that featured Robert Brownjohn artwork. Footnotes Citations Bibliography Goldfinger (soundtrack) Goldfinger is the soundtrack for the 1964 film of the same name, the third film in the James Bond film series, directed by Guy Hamilton. The album was composed by John Barry and distributed by EMI. Two versions were released initially, one in the United States and the United Kingdom, which varied in terms of length and which tracks were within the soundtrack. In 2003, Capitol-EMI records released a remastered version that contained all the tracks within the film. John Barry Document [58] (Title: The Spy Who Loved Me (soundtrack)) driving disco rhythm to "Bond '77" is very similar to the Bee Gees' 1976 single "You Should Be Dancing". The theme song became a hit that is still popular today and has been featured in numerous films including "Mr. & Mrs. Smith" (2005), "Little Black Book" (2004), "Lost in Translation" and "" (2004). In 2004, the song was honoured by the American Film Institute as the 67th greatest film song as part of their 100 Years...100 Songs countdown. The film's soundtrack was composed by Marvin Hamlisch, who filled in for usual Bond composer John Barry, as Barry was unavailable for Document [59] (Title: A View to a Kill (soundtrack)) fan) approached producer Cubby Broccoli at a party, and somewhat drunkenly asked "When are you going to get someone "decent" to do one of your theme songs?" The single was released in May 1985, and on July 13 it hit number one on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot 100 chart, and remains the only Bond theme to do so. On May 25, it made it to number two in the UK Singles Chart, also a record for Bond themes until "Writing's on the Wall" by Sam Smith made it to number one in 2015. The b-side was an instrumental piece orchestrated Document [60] (Title: James Bond music) Brosnan era its musical identity. Arnold was essentially Barry's anointed successor, Barry having recommended Arnold to Barbara Broccoli when she took over the Bond films from her father Albert R. Broccoli. Other major composers and record-producers include George Martin, Bill Conti, Michael Kamen, Marvin Hamlisch, Éric Serra and Thomas Newman. Each of these composed for only one Bond film, with the exception of Newman. The departures from John Barry had various causes. Sometimes Barry declined in order to avoid paying double income tax—US and UK. Sometimes the director had worked with the composer of his choice on other films—the latter Document [61] (Title: Quantum of Solace) contributed to the track. White's favourite Bond theme is John Barry's instrumental piece for "On Her Majesty's Secret Service", and he watched various opening credit sequences from the series for inspiration while mixing the track. Mark Ronson and Amy Winehouse had recorded a demo track for the film, but Ronson explained Winehouse's well-publicised legal issues in the preceding weeks made her "not ready to record any music" at that time. The film premiered at the Odeon Leicester Square on 29 October 2008. Princes William and Harry attended, and proceeds from the screening were donated to the charities Help for Heroes Document [62] (Title: James Bond Theme) end credits is David Arnold's "Casino Royale" track "The Name's Bond…James Bond". Despite this, the film's score was composed by Thomas Newman, who also incorporated the "James Bond Theme" throughout the entire film. In "Spectre", the theme appears at the beginning of the film as part of the opening gunbarrel sequence, indicating a return to the franchise's classic roots of 1962–2002. Over 70 cover versions of the "James Bond Theme" have been recorded by artists such as: American electronica musician Moby produced a remixed version of the theme entitled "James Bond Theme (Moby's Re-Version)" for the Bond film "Tomorrow Never Document [63] (Title: Don Black (lyricist)) a song-plugger. He also had a brief spell as a comic. He was personal manager to the singer Matt Monro for many years and also provided songs for him (usually writing English language lyrics to continental songs). These included "Walk Away" (music: Udo Jürgens) and "For Mamma" (music: Charles Aznavour). Black's first film work was the lyrics for the theme of the James Bond entry "Thunderball" (1965). His association with the Bond series continued over several decades, with "Diamonds Are Forever" and "The Man with the Golden Gun", in collaboration with John Barry, and Surrender for "Tomorrow Never Dies" and Document [64] (Title: James Bond Theme) Her Majesty's Secret Service" (1969), "The World Is Not Enough" (1999), "Casino Royale" (2006), "Quantum of Solace" (2008), "Skyfall" (2012), and "Spectre" (2015). Monty Norman has been credited with writing the "James Bond Theme", and has received royalties since 1962. Norman collected around £485,000 in royalties between the years 1976 and 1999. For "Dr. No", the tune was arranged by John Barry, who would later go on to compose the soundtracks for eleven James Bond films. Courts have ruled twice that the theme was written by Monty Norman, despite claims and testimony by Barry that he had actually written the Document [65] (Title: B. J. Arnau) in the movie if [his group] Wings were able to perform the song in the opening credits...”. But in a review of the soundtrack, Eder cites Arnau's performance as “far more interesting [than] any of the instrumental material...”. Another female singer, Shirley Bassey, was already synonymous with Bond themes: Arnau went on to perform Bassey's hit "Big Spender" on the 1975 "Morecambe and Wise Christmas Show" (following Bassey's 1971 appearance). "Live and Let Die" strengthened a demand on TV; acting and singing on "The Benny Hill Show" (Episode 27 - aired 24 March 1976), and in guest spots on "The Document [66] (Title: The World Is Not Enough (song)) a Bond theme, and Garbage's ever-burgeoning celebrity will be done no harm whatsoever by this appropriately lush and orchestral anthem." A "Radio Times" reviewer wrote that the song "sounds like Shirley Bassey revisited", while AllMusic's Steve Thomas Erlewine wrote that Garbage "expertly modernized the classic Bond sound, while turning in a strong melodic tune. A first class theme song". PopMatters called the song a "top-notch Bond theme", following the Shirley Bassey template. In a "Billboard" review, Chuck Taylor wrote that Garbage was an inspired choice and the song "rings of international intrigue, with the slinky gait, noir-ish guitar line and Document [67] (Title: Justin Vivian Bond) Great American Music Hall in 1997. Bond already appeared on two tracks ("Not Your Girl" and "The Man In The Blue Slip") on Ostertag's 1995 album, "Fear No Love", sharing co-lead vocals duties with Mike Patton. Other guests on the record were Fred Frith and Lynn Breedlove. At the behest of the record label Asphodel, an album was recorded in this location and in studio at Toast, with additional tracks and musicians added later. Since Otomo spoke little English and could not understand what Bond was saying, he watched the recording engineer through the glass and "when I see he Document [68] (Title: You Know My Name) President of Music, called Chris Cornell inviting him to make a song for the new Bond movie, which would "reflect the dramatic new direction of James Bond", with a "strong male singer". Cornell thought it was a strange offer, considering that he is American, and imagined that he would perform a secondary song in the film instead of the main theme. Cornell declared he liked the Bond movies, particularly the ones with Sean Connery, but that he "wasn't really a big fan of the last several movies". But Daniel Craig's casting as James Bond intrigued the musician, and he decided Document [69] (Title: Skyfall (Adele song)) song's title was originally rumoured to be "Let the Sky Fall". In September 2012, OneRepublic vocalist Ryan Tedder posted a message on Twitter claiming he had heard the title track and that it was "the best James Bond theme in his lifetime". Adele's publicist, Paul Moss, mentioned the song on his Twitter feed; both later deleted their messages. The artwork for the song was leaked online, but Adele's involvement in the project was not officially confirmed until 1 October. "Skyfall" was released at 0:07 BST on 5 October 2012 as part of the "Global James Bond Day", celebrating the 50th Document [70] (Title: James Bond music) for the Bond film, "From Russia with Love". "The John Barry Seven" had pop chart hit with a cover version of Elmer Bernstein's theme to "The Magnificent Seven" that featured seven beats repeated throughout the theme. Barry used seven beats throughout the "007 Theme". It became a secondary theme for the Bond films, being used throughout the series, primarily during action scenes. Here are its most notable appearances: The theme has not been featured in its entirety in a Bond film since its use in "Moonraker". This piece of music was also used by Al Primo, the news director at Document [71] (Title: James Bond music) was rumoured that "No Good About Goodbye" was intended for "Quantum of Solace", however David Arnold said 'No Good About Goodbye' was never intended as a Bond song. Paul McCartney's performance of "Live and Let Die" was the first Bond theme song to be nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song; it reached 2 as a U.S. single, and 9 on the U.K. charts. George Martin's work in the song won the Grammy for Best Arrangement Accompanying Vocalists. Marvin Hamlisch's (music) and Carole Bayer Sager's (lyrics) "Nobody Does It Better" (performed by Carly Simon) received a nomination for Document [72] (Title: You Only Live Twice (soundtrack)) The film soundtrack was recorded at CTS Studios, London. An earlier version of the theme song with a similar arrangement and lyrics but different melody (and without the distinctive cascading strings), sung by an uncredited Julie Rogers, was included in the "James Bond 30th Anniversary" 2-CD boxed set, cited as a "demo". Rogers never thought it was a demo, but a finished version for the film. After this version was recorded, the producers sought out Nancy Sinatra for the vocal and Barry reorchestrated the song to suit her range. An alternative example of the title song (also called "You Only Document [73] (Title: Goldfinger (Shirley Bassey song)) Goldfinger (Shirley Bassey song) "Goldfinger" is the title song from the 1964 James Bond film "Goldfinger". Composed by John Barry and with lyrics by Leslie Bricusse and Anthony Newley, the song was performed by Shirley Bassey for the film's opening and closing title sequences, as well as the soundtrack album release. The single release of the song gave Bassey her only "Billboard" Hot 100 top forty hit, peaking in the Top 10 at No. 8 and No. 2 for four weeks on the Adult Contemporary chart, and in the United Kingdom the single reached No. 21. The song finished at Document [74] (Title: James Bond Theme) played throughout the film as a substitute for the "James Bond Theme". A new recording of the classic theme, titled "The Name's Bond…James Bond", only plays during the end credits to signal the beginning of the character's new arc as the 21st century version of James Bond. Although that is the first time the theme is played in its entirety, the first bars of the song (the chord progression) appeared as a slow background music in seven moments throughout the movie: after Bond's conversation with M (during his flight), after winning the Aston Martin, when he makes his first appearance Document [75] (Title: Octopussy) tax problems, John Barry returned to do his ninth Bond score. Barry made frequent references to the James Bond Theme to reinforce "Octopussy" as the official Bond film, given that motif could not be featured in "Never Say Never Again", and opted to include only subtle references to the music of India, avoiding instruments such as the sitar for feeling that authentic music "didn't work dramatically". He also wrote opening theme "All Time High" with lyricist Tim Rice. "All Time High", sung by Rita Coolidge, is one of seven musical themes in the James Bond series whose song titles do Document [76] (Title: You Know My Name) "sound eerily like something by John Barry"; DVD Verdict's review praised the song, describing it as "working remarkably well in the film's context, lyrically and sonically", and "Cinefantastique" called it "the best Bond theme song in years, [that] captures the full-blooded glory of classics like 'Goldfinger'". "Entertainment Weekly" listed "You Know My Name" on a list of Academy Award snubs for Best Song, describing it as "a musically suave, lyrically ominous rock tune that is perfect for "Casino Royale"'s dark reboot of the spy franchise". Among music critics, "Billboard" described it as "the best Bond theme since 'A View to Document [77] (Title: From Russia with Love (soundtrack)) decision of the producers not to use Monty Norman, though keeping his "James Bond Theme", Harry Saltzman decided on using the then popular Lionel Bart of "Oliver!" fame. Bart was unable to read or write music, but he offered to compose the music and lyrics for a title song to the film. The producers chose John Barry to score the film. Barry had not only arranged and conducted the "James Bond Theme" from the previous film, but had already scored some films such as "Beat Girl" and "Never Let Go". Barry's group also charted at 13 in the November 1962 Document [78] (Title: Thunderball (soundtrack)) Barry had thought he could not write a song about a vague "Thunderball" term or the film's story, so his song was a description of the character James Bond. The song was originally recorded by Shirley Bassey. When there were problems with Bassey's singing it was later rerecorded by Dionne Warwick and featured a longer instrumental opening designed so the lyrics would not be heard until after the title "Thunderball" appeared in Maurice Binder's title design. Both versions were not released until the 1990s. The song was removed from the title credits after United Artists requested that the theme song Document [79] (Title: The World Is Not Enough (song)) would be seen as a generic action movie. Getting the balance right might be a "poisoned chalice", since the results could sound too much or too little like a Bond theme. Arnold collaborated with lyricist Don Black on the song. Black, with 30 years of experience writing Bond themes, wrote the lyrics to Tom Jones's "Thunderball", Shirley Bassey's "Diamonds Are Forever", Lulu's "The Man with the Golden Gun" and k.d. lang's closing credits theme, "Surrender", from "Tomorrow Never Dies". Arnold and Black met several times to discuss lyrics for "The World Is Not Enough", also collaborating by phone, fax and Document [80] (Title: Tomorrow Never Dies (song)) The melody of "Surrender" still remains in Arnold's score. In addition to k.d. lang's song, the James Bond producers solicited tracks from others including Pulp, The Cardigans, Saint Etienne and Swan Lee. These ultimately were rejected in favour of Sheryl Crow's song. "Entertainment Weekly" music critic Jim Farber negatively reviewed the song, explaining "While Crow's music has the right swank and swing, her brittle voice lacks the operatic quality of the best Bond girls and boys, like Shirley Bassey, Tom Jones, or even Melissa Manchester. "Tomorrow Never Dies" should be for her ears only." Farber called the choice of Crow Document [81] (Title: We Have All the Time in the World) We Have All the Time in the World "We Have All the Time in the World" is a James Bond theme and popular song sung by Louis Armstrong. Its music was composed by John Barry and the lyrics by Hal David. It is a secondary musical theme in the 1969 Bond film "On Her Majesty's Secret Service", the title theme being the instrumental "On Her Majesty's Secret Service," also composed by Barry. The song title is taken from Bond's final words in both the novel and the film, spoken after his wife's death. Armstrong was too ill to play his Document [82] (Title: Justin Vivian Bond) Joan Didion, Patti Smith, Marianne Faithfull, Vivien Leigh, and Grace Kelly, keeping scrapbooks of Jane Fonda and Vanessa Redgrave. Listening to the family's eight-track tapes in the back seat of a white, Buick Skylark on road trips, Bond preferred a recording of Billy Vaughn and his orchestra because "it sounded like a movie soundtrack" for an imaginary film in which Bond, wearing high heels, played the leading role. Bond recalls falling in love with an album for the first time at the age of four after hearing "Wildflowers" by Judy Collins, and soon became obsessed with Karen Carpenter. Though assigned Document [83] (Title: John Barry (composer)) a theme for James Bond given to them by Monty Norman. Barry was hired and the result was one of the most famous signature tunes in film history, the "James Bond Theme". (Credit goes to Monty Norman, see here.) When the producers of the Bond series engaged Lionel Bart to score the next James Bond film "From Russia with Love" (1963), they discovered that Bart could neither read nor write music. Though Bart wrote a title song for the film, the producers remembered Barry's arrangement of the James Bond Theme and his composing and arranging for several films with Adam Document [84] (Title: For Your Eyes Only (soundtrack)) also called "For Your Eyes Only" that they turned in to the producers, however, this was rejected because the company wanted the Conti song and the band refused, and subsequently asked Easton to record an entirely new theme. Blondie eventually released their song on the 1982 album "The Hunter". The track "Make It Last All Night", performed by Rage and used for the scene at hitman Gonzales' Spanish poolside, is notable for lyrics more suggestive than in almost any other Bond film. The soundtrack was composed by Bill Conti, since the series' regular composer, John Barry, was unable to work Document [85] (Title: James Bond Theme) head of United Artists Music, that though the producers would not give him any more money or a writing credit they would get in touch with him if there was another Bond film made. Within the Bond films themselves, many different arrangements of the theme have been used, often reflecting the musical tastes of the specific times. The electric guitar version of the theme is most associated with the Sean Connery era although it was also used in some Roger Moore films, in Timothy Dalton's final film "Licence to Kill" and in the Bond films starring Pierce Brosnan with scores Document [86] (Title: On Her Majesty's Secret Service (soundtrack)) Since then, the Bond theme has been rearranged in many ways after "On Her Majesty's Secret Service". Barry also composed the love song "We Have All the Time in the World" sung by Louis Armstrong. With lyrics by Burt Bacharach's regular lyricist Hal David, it is heard during the Bond–Tracy courtship montage, bridging Draco's birthday party in Portugal and Bond's burglary of the Gebrüder Gumbold law office in Bern, Switzerland. "We Have All the Time in the World" is often mistakenly referred to as the opening credits theme. It was Armstrong's last recorded song (he died of a heart attack Document [87] (Title: We Have All the Time in the World) it was the finest piece of music he had written for a Bond movie; also because of the pleasure of working with Louis Armstrong. We Have All the Time in the World "We Have All the Time in the World" is a James Bond theme and popular song sung by Louis Armstrong. Its music was composed by John Barry and the lyrics by Hal David. It is a secondary musical theme in the 1969 Bond film "On Her Majesty's Secret Service", the title theme being the instrumental "On Her Majesty's Secret Service," also composed by Barry. The song title is Document [88] (Title: David Arnold) Arnold was hired to score the installment and, returning the compliment to the man he refers to as "The guvnor", included musical references to Barry's score for "From Russia with Love" (as well as, of course, the "James Bond Theme" by Monty Norman). Arnold scored the four subsequent Bond films: "The World Is Not Enough", "Die Another Day" (in which he included references to John Barry's score for "On Her Majesty's Secret Service"), "Casino Royale" and "Quantum of Solace". Arnold did not score the 23rd James Bond film, "Skyfall", with Thomas Newman taking his place. Arnold commented that Newman had Document [89] (Title: Motifs in the James Bond film series) title sequence for "Spectre". A contemporary artist usually sings during the title sequence and an instrumental version of the main track may also be featured as a leitmotif during the film, which repeats in various moods. Writing for "Rolling Stone", Andy Greene says that "James Bond title songs, as a rule, have the name of the movie in the chorus," though he notes that this is not always the case. "On Her Majesty's Secret Service" has an entirely instrumental credit sequence, though the film features an alternate theme, "We Have All the Time in the World", sung by Louis Armstrong. Document [90] (Title: James Bond music) by John Barry, and this time the theme song had lyrics written by Anthony Newley and Leslie Bricusse. The soundtrack reached 1 on the "Billboard" 200 and spent 70 weeks on the charts. It also peaked at 14 on the UK Albums Chart, and received the Bond series first Grammy Award nomination, Best Original Score from a Motion Picture or Television Show. Welsh singer Shirley Bassey has performed the most Bond themes – she recorded the themes to "Goldfinger", "Diamonds Are Forever", and "Moonraker". Bassey also recorded her own versions of "Mr. Kiss Kiss Bang Bang" for "Thunderball" and it Document [91] (Title: We Have All the Time in the World) 2005, a BBC survey found that it was the third most popular love song played at weddings. In addition to My Bloody Valentine, "We Have All the Time in the World" has been covered by Iggy Pop, Fun Lovin' Criminals, Vic Damone, Michael Ball, Giorgia Todrani, The Puppini Sisters, Tindersticks, The Pale Fountains, Shirley Bassey (for a later withdrawn album of Bond themes), Thomas White and Alfie Boe. Iggy Pop's version plays during the end credits of the film "The Jacket". John Barry cited "We Have All The Time In The World" as one of his favourite Bond compositions, saying Document [92] (Title: James Bond music) Media. Sam Smith's "Writing's on the Wall" from "Spectre" would also win the Oscar for Best Original Song. Duran Duran and John Barry's "A View To A Kill" topped the singles charts in the U.S. "Billboard" Hot 100, the only Bond theme to hit 1 in the United States. No James Bond theme had topped the charts in the UK until Sam Smith's "Writing's on the Wall" entered the charts at number one on 2 October 2015. Several of the later films have alternative theme songs, often during the closing credits. "The Living Daylights" featured The Pretenders performing "If There Document [93] (Title: You Know My Name) various names were reported in the media, some reports going so far as to have the performers apparently claim they were working on the song. This list includes Tina Turner, who previously sang "GoldenEye" for the 1995 Bond film of the same name, and Tony Christie. The lyrics try to illustrate Bond's psyche in "Casino Royale", described by Cornell as a conflicted and tough spy with more emotional depth, not the "superconfident, seemingly invincible, winking kinda ladies' man superspy" of the previous incarnations. Cornell tried to focus on the existential dilemmas and possible sacrifices of secret agents - "There's an Document [94] (Title: Moonraker (soundtrack)) on the charts, which may partly be attributed to Bassey's failure to promote the single, given the last minute decision and the way in which it was quickly recorded to meet the schedule. As with "We Have All the Time in the World" back in 1969, Hal David wrote the lyrics. Paul Williams's original lyrics were discarded. Finally in 2005, Bassey sang the song for the first time outside James Bond on stage as part of a medley of her three Bond title songs. An instrumental strings version of the title theme was used in 2007 tourism commercials for the Document [95] (Title: You Only Live Twice (song)) Lee Hazlewood released a more guitar-based single version. The song has been extensively covered by artists, from Coldplay to Soft Cell, Björk and Little Anthony & The Imperials to Shirley Bassey. Robbie Williams notably re-recorded the opening bars of the song for his hit "Millennium". James Bond veteran John Barry returned to the franchise to produce the score. The lyrics were by Leslie Bricusse, who had previously cowritten the lyrics for the theme to "Goldfinger". Julie Rogers was asked to perform the song, and recorded it with a 50 or 60 piece orchestra at CTS Studios. The song was quite Document [96] (Title: History Repeating (song)) David Arnold on the Bond tribute album "", when they remixed the John Barry composition "On Her Majesty's Secret Service". The track is a fusion of several different styles of big beat, breakbeat and jazz combined with the powerful vocals of Shirley Bassey. The sleeve cover, an illustration by Duke D. Jukes, takes its inspiration from classic album sleeve from the Capitol 1957 release "Just One Of Those Things (album)" by Nat King Cole. The retro style was also continued with the video, filmed in monochrome, the opening of which is themed on a BBC TV jazz show called "Jazz Document [97] (Title: GoldenEye) Bond was shown to be wearing a watch by Omega, and he has since worn Omega watches in every subsequent production. The theme song, "GoldenEye", was written by Bono and the Edge, and was performed by Tina Turner. As the producers did not collaborate with Bono or the Edge, the film score did not incorporate any of the theme song's melodies, as was the case in previous James Bond films. Swedish group Ace of Base had also written a proposed theme song, but label Arista Records pulled the band out of the project fearing the negative impact in case the Document [98] (Title: James Bond Theme) "James Bond Theme" was recorded on 21 June 1962, using five saxophones, nine brass instruments, a solo guitar and a rhythm section. The guitar riff heard in the original recording of the theme was played by Vic Flick on a 1939 English Clifford Essex Paragon Deluxe guitar plugged into a Fender Vibrolux amplifier. Flick was paid a one-off fee of £6 for recording the famous James Bond Theme riff. John Scott played the saxophone. Barry, who was paid £250 for his work, was surprised that his theme appeared so often in "Dr. No". He was told by Noel Rogers, the Document [99] (Title: On Her Majesty's Secret Service (film)) after Bond's conversation with Sir Hilary Bray was overheard. The soundtrack for "On Her Majesty's Secret Service" has been called "perhaps the best score of the series." It was composed, arranged and conducted by John Barry; it was his fifth successive "Bond" film. Barry opted to use more electrical instruments and a more aggressive sound in the music – "I have to stick my oar in the musical area double strong to make the audience try and forget they don't have Sean ... to be Bondian beyond Bondian." Barry felt it would be difficult to compose a theme song containing Document [100] (Title: Casino Royale (2006 soundtrack)) morning on October 11, 2006. The soundtrack was released on November 14, 2006. Various names were reported in the media prior to the announcement, some reports going so far as to have the performers apparently claim they were working on the theme. This list includes Tina Turner who previously sang "GoldenEye" for the 1995 Bond film of the same name, and Tony Christie. The "Casino Royale" title song "You Know My Name" by Chris Cornell is not featured on the soundtrack album, but released separately as a single. However, motifs from the song serve as Bond's theme throughout the film, Document [101] (Title: On Her Majesty's Secret Service (soundtrack)) On Her Majesty's Secret Service (soundtrack) On Her Majesty's Secret Service ("OHMSS") is the soundtrack for the sixth James Bond film of the same name. The soundtrack to this film was composed, arranged, and conducted by John Barry; it was his fifth successive Bond film. The opening theme proved a challenge; the convention was to include the film's title in the opening song's lyrics; the film became the first in the series since "From Russia with Love" to deviate from this rule. Barry felt it would be difficult to compose a theme song containing the title "On Her Majesty's Secret Document [102] (Title: John Barry (composer)) - in his scores this is often heard in variations of the title songs that are used to underscore plot development. As Barry matured, the Bond scores became more lushly melodic (along with other scores of his such as "Out of Africa"), as in "Moonraker" (1979) and "Octopussy" (1983). Barry's score for "A View to a Kill" was traditional, but his collaboration with Duran Duran for the title song was contemporary and reached number one in the United States and number two in the UK Singles Chart. Both "A View to a Kill" and "The Living Daylights" theme by a-ha Document [103] (Title: James Bond music) was originally proposed as the opening credits music, only to be replaced by the eponymous title track as sung by Tom Jones. "On Her Majesty's Secret Service" featured an instrumental theme tune, something which remains unique amongst the post-"From Russia with Love" films, and included a vocal theme in the form of Louis Armstrong's performance of "We Have All the Time in the World", written by John Barry and Hal David. A number of Bond films include one (or more) additional songs in the soundtrack. Some of these pieces of music, such as "We Have All the Time in the Document [104] (Title: James Bond music) scored. This motif can be heard in: The largest contributions to the Bond films, save for the "James Bond Theme", are works from John Barry. In addition to his uncredited contribution to "Dr. No", Barry composed eleven Bond soundtracks and is credited with the creation of "007" (dominated by brass and percussion) and the popular orchestral theme from "On Her Majesty's Secret Service". Next to Barry, David Arnold is the series' most regular composer. He composed the scores for five Bond films: "Tomorrow Never Dies" through "Quantum of Solace". His Barry-esque orchestrations combined with electronic rhythm elements gave the Pierce Document [105] (Title: For Your Eyes Only (song)) would be immobile during a take where the camera zooms on the singer's lips. This was one of the few Bond themes not to have a contribution by John Barry. The song was produced by Christopher Neil, who was Easton's regular producer at the time. The song was released as a single in June 1981, at the same time as the film's launch. It became a worldwide hit, reaching the top ten in the UK, number 1 in the Netherlands and top five in the US. It remains one of Easton's biggest hits and is included on compilation soundtrack albums. Document [106] (Title: James Bond Theme) theme. Norman has consequently won two libel actions against publishers for claiming that Barry wrote the theme, most recently against "The Sunday Times" in 2001. Norman describes the distinctive rhythm of the guitar in the first few bars of the "James Bond Theme" as "Dum di-di dum dum". He claims that it was inspired by the song "Good Sign Bad Sign" sung by Indian characters in "A House for Mr Biswas", a musical he composed based on a novel by V.S. Naipaul set in the Indian community in Trinidad. Norman showed his manuscript music from "A House for Mr Biswas" Document [107] (Title: John Barry (composer)) it was considered unsafe to fly him to London to complete the score. The score was completed by Michael Kamen. David Arnold, a British composer, saw the result of two years' work in 1997 with the release of "Shaken and Stirred: The David Arnold James Bond Project", an album of new versions of the themes from various James Bond films. Arnold thanks Barry in the sleeve notes, referring to him as "the Guvnor". Almost all of the tracks were John Barry compositions, and the revision of his work met with his approval – he contacted Barbara Broccoli, producer of the Document [108] (Title: Thunderball (film)) after producers Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman were worried that a theme song to a James Bond film would not work well if the song did not have the title of the film in its lyrics. Barry then teamed up with lyricist Don Black and wrote "Thunderball", which was sung by Tom Jones, who according to Bond production legend, fainted in the recording booth when singing the song's final note. Jones said of it, "I closed my eyes and I held the note for so long when I opened my eyes the room was spinning." Country musician Johnny Cash Document [109] (Title: The Spy Who Loved Me (soundtrack)) The Spy Who Loved Me (soundtrack) The Spy Who Loved Me is the soundtrack for the tenth James Bond "The Spy Who Loved Me". The soundtrack is one of only two Bond soundtracks to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Score. The other score nominated was "Skyfall" (2013). The theme song "Nobody Does It Better" was composed by Marvin Hamlisch with lyrics by Carole Bayer Sager and was performed by Carly Simon. It was nominated for Academy Award for Best Original Song but lost to "You Light Up My Life". It was one of five Bond theme Document [110] (Title: Die Another Day (song)) won the trophy of Worst Supporting Actress for her cameo in the film. In a 2006 MORI poll for the Channel 4 TV show "James Bond's Greatest Hits", the song was voted the ninth best out of 22, but also came in as an "overwhelming number one" favorite among those under the age of 24. Rock music critic Neil McCormick from "The Daily Telegraph" named it the fifth best James Bond theme song, describing "Die Another Day" as an electro R&B workout which was "expressively weird, brutally modern, satisfyingly original and evocative of the dark heart of Bond. Plus, Madonna Document [111] (Title: Bond (band)) band's webpage, the group recorded a medley of Lady Gaga hits at the request of its Japanese label. The Lady Gaga medley was available initially by phone download and was released digitally, soon after, as part of a special Japanese album release. Bond also performed "I Am the Walrus" alongside Russell Brand at the 2012 Olympics Closing Ceremony. They returned to the Olympic Stadium in London in July 2013 to perform at The National Lottery Anniversary Run event. Bond performed the Australian National Anthem at the Australia versus New Zealand match of the 2013 Rugby Championship in Sydney, 17 August. Document [112] (Title: James Bond) "Dr. No" with his arrangement of the Bond Theme. A Bond film staple are the theme songs heard during their title sequences sung by well-known popular singers. Several of the songs produced for the films have been nominated for Academy Awards for Original Song, including Paul McCartney's "Live and Let Die", Carly Simon's "Nobody Does It Better", Sheena Easton's "For Your Eyes Only", Adele's "Skyfall", and Sam Smith's "Writing's on the Wall". Adele won the award at the 85th Academy Awards, and Smith won at the 88th Academy Awards. For the non-Eon produced "Casino Royale", Burt Bacharach's score included "The Document [113] (Title: Motifs in the James Bond film series) man Bob Simmons playing the part of Bond. The remake of the sequence for the wide-screen Thunderball featured Connery as Bond. This is accompanied by the opening bars of the "James Bond Theme", composed by Monty Norman, orchestrated by trumpeter and composer John Barry and Burt Rhodes. After Maurice Binder's death in 1991, Daniel Kleinman was responsible for the gun barrel sequence up to and including "Casino Royale". Design house MK12 supervised the graphics for "Quantum of Solace". Chapman has suggested that the sequence is a significant part of the James Bond mythos because it "foregrounds the motif of looking" Document [114] (Title: Casino Royale (1967 film)) Jack commercial. As an in-joke, a brief snippet of John Barry's song "Born Free" is used in the film. At the time, Barry was the main composer for the Eon Bond series, and said song won an Academy Award over Bacharach's own "Alfie". The original album cover art was done by Robert McGinnis, based on the film poster and the original stereo vinyl release of the soundtrack (Colgems #COSO-5005). That record has been regarded by some music critics as the finest-sounding LP of all time, and is still highly sought after by audiophiles. The original LP was later issued by Document [115] (Title: James Bond Theme) composed by David Arnold. For every Bond movie which John Barry scored, he orchestrated a slightly different version of the Bond theme, as can be heard during the gun barrel sequence. These specialised Bond themes often reflected the style and locations featured in the movie, and the actor playing Bond. The "James Bond Theme" and its variations found in the movies are played during many different types of scenes. Early in the series, the theme provided background music to Connery's entrances. It was not until "Goldfinger" that John Barry began to use the theme as an action cue. Since then, Document [116] (Title: John Barry (composer)) Achievement Award (presented by the City of Vienna) Lifetime Achievement Award from World Soundtrack Academy (presented at the Ghent Film Festival) Barry was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1998. Barry worked on the soundtracks for the following James Bond films (title song collaborators in brackets): His four highest-charting hits all spent more than 10 weeks in the UK top 50. Barry's work began to be sampled in the 1990s by artists such as Dr. Dre and Wu-Tang Clan, with his "James Bond Theme" being sampled by performers as diverse as Bonobo, Gang Starr and Junior Reid. Fatboy Document [117] (Title: James Bond music) World" by Louis Armstrong, have gone on to become as well known as the main themes, while other songs remain exclusively linked to the film in which they appear. Some songs have been dubbed for the foreign versions of the films. A number of songs were written as potential Bond themes but went unused. These include: Bond music has inspired a number of cover albums in a variety of genres, including the 2007 album "Mister Bond – A Jazzy Cocktail of Ice Cold Themes" (lounge), "" featuring David Arnold collaborating with several contemporary artists. The City of Prague Philharmonic Orchestra Document [118] (Title: From Russia with Love (soundtrack)) <nowiki>*</nowiki> Not heard in the film From Russia with Love (soundtrack) From Russia with Love is the soundtrack for the second James Bond film of the same name. This is the first series film with John Barry as the primary soundtrack composer. John Barry, arranger of Monty Norman's "James Bond Theme" for "Dr. No", would be the dominant Bond series composer for most of its history and the inspiration for fellow series composer, David Arnold (who uses cues from this soundtrack in his own for "Tomorrow Never Dies"). The theme song was composed by Lionel Bart of Oliver! fame and Document [119] (Title: Motifs in the James Bond film series) Until the Daniel Craig era, only Nobody Does It Better and All Time High served as an opening theme without sharing a title with the movie. John Barry provided the title song music on ten of the eleven films for which he composed the musical score. Several of the songs produced for the films have been nominated for Academy Awards for Original Song and become pop hits, including Paul McCartney's "Live and Let Die", Carly Simon's "Nobody Does It Better" (for the film "The Spy Who Loved Me"), and Sheena Easton's "For Your Eyes Only" with Adele's "Skyfall" and Sam Document [120] (Title: The Bond Collection) The Bond Collection The Bond Collection, a.k.a. Bassey Sings Bond, is a 1987 studio album by Shirley Bassey, notable for having been released without the artist's consent, and subsequently withdrawn from sales by court order. In early 1987 Bassey announced that she was planning to record an album of James Bond themes. The album was due for release 1987 to celebrate the 25th anniversary of "Dr. No". She promoted it on the television show "Live At The Palladium" on May 3, 1987, where she lip-synched "A View to a Kill" and also performed a James Bond medley. Bassey decided not Document [121] (Title: Moonraker (film)) the song for the first time outside James Bond on stage as part of a medley of her three Bond title songs. An instrumental strings version of the title theme was used in 2007 tourism commercials for the Dominican Republic. The soundtrack of "Moonraker" was composed by John Barry and recorded in Paris, again, as with production, marking a turning point away from the English location at CTS Studios in London. The score also marked a turning point in John Barry's output, abandoning the Kentonesque brass of his earlier Bond scores and instead scoring the film with slow, rich string Document [122] (Title: The Spy Who Loved Me (film)) Institute as the 67th greatest song as part of their 100 Years Series. The soundtrack to the film was composed by Marvin Hamlisch, who filled in for veteran John Barry, who was unavailable to work in the United Kingdom because of tax reasons. The soundtrack, in comparison to other "Bond" films of the time, is more disco-oriented and included a new disco rendition of "The James Bond Theme" titled "Bond 77"; several pieces of classical music were also included in the score. For instance, while feeding a duplicitous secretary to a shark, Stromberg plays Bach's "Air on the G String", Document [123] (Title: Quantum of Solace (soundtrack)) Bond music history, on 29 July 2008. They had wanted to work together for two years beforehand. The song was recorded in Nashville, Tennessee; White played the drums while Keys performed on the piano. The Memphis Horns also contributed to the track. White's favourite Bond theme is John Barry's instrumental piece for "On Her Majesty's Secret Service", and he watched various opening credit sequences from the series for inspiration while mixing the track. The soundtrack was released by J Records, Keys' record label, though Keys appears on only one track. The track listing follows the order of the music's use Document [124] (Title: From Russia with Love (soundtrack)) From Russia with Love (soundtrack) From Russia with Love is the soundtrack for the second James Bond film of the same name. This is the first series film with John Barry as the primary soundtrack composer. John Barry, arranger of Monty Norman's "James Bond Theme" for "Dr. No", would be the dominant Bond series composer for most of its history and the inspiration for fellow series composer, David Arnold (who uses cues from this soundtrack in his own for "Tomorrow Never Dies"). The theme song was composed by Lionel Bart of Oliver! fame and sung by Matt Monro. Following the Document [125] (Title: Goldfinger (Shirley Bassey song)) with the album stereo issues (on the film soundtrack, "Golden Hits Of Shirley Bassey" and subsequent releases) using an alternate mix in which the instrumental take is the same, but Bassey's vocal is different; a shade less intense and with a shorter final note. Newley's version was later released in 1992 to mark the 30th Anniversary of James Bond on film, in a compilation collector's edition: "The Best of Bond...James Bond". Bassey's title theme was almost taken out of the film because producer Harry Saltzman hated it, saying, ""That's the worst *** song I've ever heard in my *** life"." Document [126] (Title: Nobody Does It Better) was covered twice, in the first episode and in the sixth episode. In both versions it was a choral arrangement of the piece. In 2011, Celine Dion performed this song as part of her self-titled show in Las Vegas. In 2017, Mike Viola (featuring Red Bank Catholic), covered the song on the multi-artist compilation album, "Songs, Bond Songs: The Music Of 007". A small element of the tune makes an appearance in a later Bond film, "For Your Eyes Only", as an audio lock to the Indentigraph in Q branch. For the 2006 release of the new James Bond film, Document [127] (Title: James Bond Theme) made a comeback along with a full orchestral version during a hovercraft sequence. On the soundtrack this track is named "Mr. Wint and Mr. Kidd/Bond to Holland." When Roger Moore came to the role, the "James Bond Theme" became a string orchestra driven piece. Likewise, in "Live and Let Die", the James Bond theme was featured in a Funk-inspired version of the tune reflecting the music of Blaxploitation films popular at the time. After that in 1974 John Barry composed the theme and song but sung by Lulu. The brief quote of the theme in the pre-credits music of "The Document [128] (Title: Diamonds Are Forever (soundtrack)) Diamonds Are Forever (soundtrack) Diamonds Are Forever is the soundtrack by John Barry for the seventh James Bond film of the same name. "Diamonds Are Forever", the title song with lyrics by Don Black, was the second Bond theme to be performed by Shirley Bassey, after "Goldfinger". The song was also recorded in Italian by Bassey as ; this version was only issued on 7-inch single in Italy, and was intended to be included in a (cancelled) 3-CD box set titled "Shirley" released in 2012. Producer Harry Saltzman hated the song and it only made the film due to co-producer Document [129] (Title: Goldfinger (soundtrack)) the instrumental score versions of songs, while the main musicians (on Goldfinger: Vic Flick) were given the main film theme song to solely record, to be featured at the beginning of the film. Co-producer Harry Saltzman is said to have hated the song as too old fashioned for 1960s youth culture and only agreed to use it when persuaded by Albert Broccoli Originally, Newley recorded a version of the theme song, but it was later re-recorded with Bassey's voice for the film and soundtrack album. In 1992, Newley's version was released for the 30th Anniversary of James Bond on film, Document [130] (Title: Julie Rogers) by 1972 to have sold over seven million copies. She had further UK hits with "Like a Child" (UK No. 20, US No. 67) and "Hawaiian Wedding Song" (UK No. 31), both in 1965. She also recorded a demo of "You Only Live Twice", which appeared on the 1992 limited edition version of the album, "The Best of Bond...James Bond". The song's writers, composer John Barry (composer) and lyricist Leslie Bricusse, later wrote a completely different title song of the same name and it was Nancy Sinatra's subsequent recording of this that was used in the film of the same Document [131] (Title: Nobody Does It Better) greatest hits compilation, "". Among the most successful Bond theme songs, "Nobody Does It Better" received an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Song where it lost to "You Light Up My Life", as well as a Golden Globe Award nomination. At the 20th Annual Grammy Awards held in 1978, "Nobody Does It Better" received a nomination for Song of the Year and Simon was nominated for Best Pop Vocal Performance, Female. In 2004, the song was also honored by the American Film Institute as the 67th greatest song as part of their 100 Years Series. Lyrically, "Nobody Does It Document [132] (Title: You Only Live Twice (film)) in UK. Both versions of the title song are available on CD. In 1992, Acen sampled the title song "You Only Live Twice" for his song "Trip II the Moon Part 2". In 1997, Icelandic singer Björk recorded a cover version. In 1998, Robbie Williams used the distinctive string figure for his song "Millennium", (although it was re-recorded, rather than sampled from the movie for cost reasons). Coldplay covered it when they toured in 2001, and it was covered by Natacha Atlas for her 2005 compilation album "The Best of Natacha Atlas". Shirley Bassey, who has three original Bond themes Document [133] (Title: James Bond music) happened to David Arnold with "Skyfall" and "Spectre". The "James Bond Theme" is the main theme for "Dr. No", and has featured in all the Eon Productions Bond films in different versions. The theme has also featured on the gun barrel sequences at the beginning of the films. The original theme was written by Monty Norman, and was performed by John Barry and his orchestra in 1962. In the opening credits of "Dr. No", two other pieces were played: an untitled bongo interlude and a Calypso-flavored rendition of "Three Blind Mice", titled "Kingston Calypso". Due to this, "Dr. No" is Document [134] (Title: You Only Live Twice (soundtrack)) You Only Live Twice (soundtrack) You Only Live Twice is the soundtrack for the fifth James Bond film of the same name. It was composed by Bond veteran John Barry. At the time, this was his fourth credited Bond film. The theme song, "You Only Live Twice", was sung by Nancy Sinatra, the first non-British vocalist of the series, with music by Barry and lyrics by Leslie Bricusse. The soundtrack has previously been available in two versions on CD – the first, a straight reissue of the LP soundtrack, and the second, an expanded reissue including several previously unreleased tracks. Document [135] (Title: Die Another Day (song)) actually looks as if she might be a match for Bond in either bed or battlefield. Or both." "Rolling Stone" listed it as the seventh best Bond song in the magazine's 2012 list of "The top 10 James Bond Theme Songs". After its release to radio in United States, "Die Another Day" started receiving strong airplay at the major US radio stations, having been spun for more than 100 times. The song garnered 35 million audience impressions in its first week, debuting at number 41 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, the highest debut of the year. It also debuted at Document [136] (Title: James Bond Theme) listening devices. In "Goldfinger", the "James Bond Theme" can be heard on the soundtrack in "Bond Back in Action Again" (gunbarrel and pre-title sequence). The "James Bond Theme" for this movie is heavily influenced by the brassy, jazzy theme song sung by Shirley Bassey. "Thunderball" featured a full orchestral version of the theme in the track "Chateau Flight". Another full orchestral version was intended for the end titles of the film. "You Only Live Twice" featured a funereal orchestration with Bond's "burial" at sea sequence in Hong Kong harbour. A full orchestral version of the theme was used in the Document [137] (Title: Dr. No (soundtrack)) was written by Norman. John Barry, who would later go on to compose the music for eleven Bond films, arranged the theme, but was uncredited – except for the credit of his orchestra playing the final piece. John Barry claimed he, not Norman, originated the theme. This argument has been the subject of two court cases, the most recent in 2001. Some portions of the theme Norman claimed were based on music he composed for a never staged musical several years previously. Vic Flick, the guitar player on the James Bond Theme states: Norman is famous for writing the music Document [138] (Title: James Bond music) Sebastian Faulks was the first James Bond novel to receive its own theme song. Also called "Devil May Care", the song was written and recorded by Cardiff band SAL and was available on the UK audiobook release of the novel. James Bond music The "James Bond" film series from Eon Productions features numerous musical compositions since its inception in 1962, many of which are now considered classic pieces of British film music. The best known of these pieces is the ubiquitous "James Bond Theme". Other instrumentals, such as the "007 Theme" or "On Her Majesty's Secret Service", and various songs, Document [139] (Title: Goldfinger (soundtrack)) remastered edition to be the best score of the James Bond series, giving it five out of five stars. MacDonald wrote that the score was "big and ballsy, mainly jazz and orchestral fusion, with Shirley Bassey belting out the fantastic title song." He added that the remastered edition's sound quality was "impeccable". The soundtrack was the first James Bond soundtrack to reach No. 1 on the "Billboard" 200. Source: Following the success of her performance on the title track, Shirley Bassey sang the title song for two later Bond films, "Diamonds Are Forever" and "Moonraker". John Barry used the "Goldfinger" Document [140] (Title: Bond (Canadian band)) the only constant member, while other members included Ted Trenholm, Gerry Mosby, John Jones, Mitch Lewis and Chris Livingston on keyboards; Barry Cobus, John Roles, Alex MacDougall and Jim Lamarche on guitar; Dunn and Roles on bass; and Jeff Hamilton, Kim Hunt and Colin Walker on drums. The band performed around Southern Ontario before signing to Columbia Records in 1974. Their self-titled debut album was released in 1975, and was supported by a tour as an opening act for The Stampeders. That year they released a cover of Barry Blue's "Dancin' (On a Saturday Night)". The single charted in the Document [141] (Title: James Bond music) songs have won the Academy Award for Best Original Song: "Skyfall" by Adele and "Writing's on the Wall" by Sam Smith. The briefest of "James Bond themes", this composition started off the "Opening Titles" music of "From Russia with Love". It was heard in the "On Her Majesty's Secret Service" film trailer. WLS (AM) used the theme in the mid-1960s for their secret agent radio serial "The Wild Adventures of Peter Fugitive" that appeared on "The Art Roberts Show". "007 Theme", not to be confused with the "James Bond Theme", is an adventure theme composed by John Barry in 1963 Document [142] (Title: The World Is Not Enough) Theme" and "I Never Miss". Arnold added two new themes to the final score, both of which are reused in the following film, "Die Another Day". The title song, "The World Is Not Enough", was written by David Arnold with Don Black and performed by Garbage. It is the fifth "Bond" theme co-written by Black, preceded by "Thunderball", "Diamonds Are Forever", "The Man with the Golden Gun", and "Tomorrow Never Dies". IGN chose "The World Is Not Enough" as the ninth-best James Bond theme of all time. In 2012 Grantland ranked the song as the second-best Bond song of all-time, Document [143] (Title: The John Barry Seven) and then Andy White replaced Wright for a short period, while Brian 'Rachmaninoff' Hazelby initially took over from Les Reed, before Kenny Salmon also joined the ensemble. With Barry concentrating on his own future, the band was unable to find the same amount of work, particularly after having severed links with Adam Faith. Also, after "The James Bond Theme" had peaked at No. 13 in the UK Singles Chart in late 1962, further chart success was proving elusive. Vic Flick had been with the Seven since late 1958 and had led the band on stage for the past two years, Document [144] (Title: John Barry (composer)) entitled "Here's to the Heroes" by the Australian ensemble The Ten Tenors. The album features a number of songs Barry wrote in collaboration with his lyricist friend, Don Black. Barry and Black also composed one of the songs on Shirley Bassey's 2009 album, "The Performance". The song, entitled "Our Time Is Now", is the first written by the duo for Bassey since "Diamonds Are Forever". After the success of "Dr. No", Barry was hired to compose and perform eleven of the next fourteen "James Bond" films (Monty Norman is legally recognised as the composer of the "James Bond Theme"). In Document [145] (Title: James Bond music) recorded several albums with Bond music and performs in premieres and special events of Bond films. Britain's Royal Philharmonic Orchestra released an album of several Bond songs performances called "Best Of James Bond", some of which were used on the "Ultimate Edition" DVD releases menus. Billy Strange released "Secret Agent File" in 1965. Death metal cover band Ten Masked Men has included at least one Bond theme on each of their albums. In 2004, The Cavaliers play a show titled "007" using Bond music, such as "GoldenEye", "For Your Eyes Only", "Live and Let Die", "Hovercraft Chase", "Welcome to Cuba" Document [146] (Title: The Spy Who Loved Me (soundtrack)) featuring in the film are the soundtrack's most disco-influenced part. The soundtrack to the 1981 Bond film "For Your Eyes Only" by Bill Conti is far more disco-oriented, featuring funky guitars, bongos and a lot of electronic synthesizers. In addition, Hamlisch incorporates into his score several pieces of classical music. As Stromberg feeds his duplicitous secretary to a shark, the villain plays Bach's "Air on the G String". He then plays the second movement's opening string section, Andante, of Mozart's Piano Concerto No. 21 as Atlantis rises from the sea. "Nocturne No. 8 in D-Flat, Op. 27 No. 2" by Document [147] (Title: James Bond music) the only film to have more than one opening theme. The "James Bond Theme" reached 13 in the UK Singles Chart, and remained in the charts for 13 weeks. The opening credits of "From Russia with Love" were accompanied by an instrumental version of the main theme, arranged by John Barry and written by Lionel Bart. A single by The John Barry Orchestra reached 39 in the U.K. At the film's end, a vocal version by English singer Matt Monro is heard. This song spent 13 weeks in the U.K. charts, peaking at 20. "Goldfinger" was the third soundtrack composed Document [148] (Title: Nancy Sinatra) of the CD reissue of her 1966 album, "Nancy In London", Sinatra states that she was "scared to death" of recording the song, and asked the songwriters: "Are you sure you don't want Shirley Bassey?" There are two versions of the Bond theme. The first is the lushly orchestrated track featured during the opening and closing credits of the film. The second—and more guitar-heavy—version appeared on the double A-sided single with "Jackson", though the Bond theme stalled at No.44 on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot 100. "Jackson"/"You Only Live Twice" was more successful in the U.K., reaching No.11 on the singles Document [149] (Title: You Only Live Twice (song)) one of the most covered Bond themes. The song was used in the closing montage of "Mad Men"'s season five finale, "The Phantom". A parody of the song was created for "The Simpsons" episode "YOLO". You Only Live Twice (song) "You Only Live Twice", performed by Nancy Sinatra, is the theme song to the 1967 James Bond film of the same name. The music was by veteran Bond film composer John Barry, with lyrics by Leslie Bricusse. The song is widely recognized for its striking opening bars, featuring a simple 2-bar theme in the high octaves of the violins and Document [150] (Title: Diamonds Are Forever (film)) be performed by Shirley Bassey, after "Goldfinger" in 1964. In an interview for the television programme "James Bond's Greatest Hits", composer John Barry revealed that he told Bassey to imagine she was singing about a penis. Bassey would later return for a third performance for 1979's "Moonraker". The original soundtrack was once again composed by John Barry, his sixth time composing for a Bond film. With Connery back in the lead role, the "James Bond Theme" was played by an electric guitar in the somewhat unusual, blued gun barrel sequence accompanied with prismatic ripples of light, in the pre-credits sequence, Document [151] (Title: For Your Eyes Only (soundtrack)) For Your Eyes Only (soundtrack) For Your Eyes Only is the soundtrack for the 12th James Bond film of the same name. The theme song was written by Bill Conti (music) and Michael Leeson (lyrics), and performed by Sheena Easton. The song was later nominated for both an Academy Award and Golden Globe in 1982. Easton also made Bond film history as the first (and, to date, only) artist to perform the theme song on-screen during the opening title sequence. Originally, the band Blondie was approached to write and perform the theme song for the film. They produced a song Document [152] (Title: For Your Eyes Only (song)) For Your Eyes Only (song) "For Your Eyes Only" is the theme tune to the 12th James Bond movie, "For Your Eyes Only", written by Bill Conti and Mick Leeson, and performed by Scottish singer Sheena Easton. The song reached number four on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, and number eight on the UK Singles Chart. It was nominated for Best Original Song at the Academy Awards in 1982. The song is written by Bill Conti and Mike Leeson. Conti – who was also responsible for the film's score – had originally written the song thinking about Donna Summer or Document [153] (Title: Sam Smith (singer)) and Top Radio Songs Artist. Smith features on Disclosure's single "Omen" which was released on 27 July 2015. On 8 September 2015, Smith confirmed that he and Jimmy Napes had composed "Writing's on the Wall", the theme song to "Spectre", the 24th James Bond film. The song was released on 25 September 2015 and became the first James Bond theme to reach number one in the UK. On 19 October, Smith was presented with two "Guinness World Records"—one for recording the first James Bond theme song to go to number one in the UK, and another for scoring the most Document [154] (Title: Nobody Does It Better) Nobody Does It Better "Nobody Does It Better" is a song composed by Marvin Hamlisch with lyrics by Carole Bayer Sager. It was recorded by Carly Simon as the theme song for the 1977 James Bond film "The Spy Who Loved Me". It was the first Bond theme song to be titled differently from the name of the film since "Dr. No", although the phrase "the spy who loved me" is included in the lyrics. The song was released as a single from the film's soundtrack album. "Nobody Does It Better" became a major worldwide hit, spending three weeks at Document [155] (Title: Skyfall (Adele song)) theme song for their next Bond film, later revealed to be titled "Skyfall". Vollack thought that Adele would be a good choice to ask to record a Bond theme song because her music had a "soulful, haunting, evocative quality", which Vollack considered would bring back the "classic Shirley Bassey feel" associated with several early Bond films. Adele, who had just released her second album, "21", admitted that initially she was a "little hesitant" about agreeing to write a Bond theme song. On meeting with the "Skyfall" film crew, the singer had told "Skyfall" director Sam Mendes that she felt as Document [156] (Title: Die Another Day (song)) Writing for "The A.V. Club", Stephen Thompson called the track "pneumatic" and "hook-deficient". Ken Tucker from "Entertainment Weekly" criticized the song as a "flat James Bond tune" adding that it failed to become a "Madonna classic". Both Manohla Dargis from "Los Angeles Times" and Joe Morgenstern from "The Wall Street Journal" panned the song calling it "dumb". "Variety"s Todd McCarthy called the song "banal". Also negative was "The Guardian"s Jude Rogers, who wrote that "the 2002 Bond theme aimed for a sound of icy, imperial tyranny. Instead, its cut-up electronics sounded half-dead". A. O. Scott from "The New York Times" Document [157] (Title: All Time High) Bond songs...just a nice, dreamy ballad." However, in 2006, when asked "Which song [of yours] has been the biggest earner in terms of royalties?", Rice had first mentioned "Don't Cry for Me Argentina", "Can You Feel the Love Tonight" and "A Whole New World", then added: ""All Time High" is another one that just keeps on earning." "All Time High" has been remade by Anita Meyer for her 1987 release "Premiere", by Pulp in 1997 for David Arnold's "" album and by Shirley Bassey for her 2002 release "Bassey Sings Bond". A dance version was recorded in 2006 by Kelly Document [158] (Title: The World Is Not Enough (song)) the film's production team wanted an early rough draft of the song so elements of its melody could be incorporated into the main score. Director Michael Apted thought the use of "Nobody Does It Better" as a love theme throughout "The Spy Who Loved Me" very effective, and he wanted Arnold to use that as a reference point. Arnold wanted a theme song marrying the "classic Bond sound" with the electronica that would influence most of his score. An orchestra would be required as audiences expect traditional elements in a Bond film, and without them "The World Is Not Enough" Document [159] (Title: Octopussy (soundtrack)) Octopussy (soundtrack) Octopussy is the soundtrack for the eponymous thirteenth James Bond film. The score was composed by John Barry, the lyrics by Tim Rice. The opening theme, "All Time High" is sung by Rita Coolidge and is one of six Bond film title songs or songs that are not named after film's title. The original compact disc released in 1985, by A&M Records, was recalled because of a printing error, and became a rarity. In 1997, the soundtrack was released, by Rykodisc, with the original soundtrack music and some film dialogue, (additional tracks, No. 3, No. 7, and No. Document [160] (Title: Goldfinger (film)) Venice and through the following end titles.] Shirley Bassey established the opening title tradition giving her distinguished style to "Goldfinger", and would sing the theme songs for two future Bond films, "Diamonds are Forever" and "Moonraker". The song "Goldfinger" was composed by John Barry, with lyrics by Anthony Newley and Leslie Bricusse. These lyrics were described in one contemporary newspaper as "puerile", but what remained undisturbed was the Shirley Bassey interpretation world impact. Like the score, the arrangement makes heavy use of brass, meeting well Miss Bassey's signature belting, and incorporates the Bond theme from "Dr. No". Newley recorded the Document [161] (Title: The Best of Bond...James Bond) release on the album. Newley's version was first released with the 30th Anniversary Collection. The second rare addition is Shirley Bassey's version of "Mr. Kiss Kiss Bang Bang" for "Thunderball". Bassey had originally recorded the vocals for the track which initially was to be used as the main title theme; however, the song was replaced by Tom Jones' "Thunderball" after a decision by the producers that the title theme should feature the name of the film. Dionne Warwick was subsequently chosen to rerecord "Mr. Kiss Kiss Bang Bang", but even her version wasn't released on the "Thunderball" soundtrack till the Document [162] (Title: George Martin) the main themes of three films in the James Bond series. Although Martin did not produce the theme for the second Bond film, "From Russia with Love", he was responsible for the signing of Matt Monro to EMI, just months prior to his recording of the song of the same title. Martin also produced two of the best-known James Bond themes. The first was "Goldfinger" by Shirley Bassey in 1964. The second, in 1973, was "Live and Let Die" by Paul McCartney and Wings for the film of the same name. He also composed and produced the film's score. In Document [163] (Title: Goldfinger (soundtrack)) hits in Britain. The British record contained 14 tracks but lacked the title instrumental found on the US album and lasted around 38 minutes. In 2003, the soundtrack was remastered and all the tracks originally released were compiled onto one album that contained fifteen tracks and over 41 minutes of music. The remastered version was released through Capitol-EMI records. Gillian Garr, a writer for "Goldmine" reflecting on the album in 2013, found the album to be "less satisfying today", but stated the theme song was one of the "best-ever Bond theme songs." "Film Score Monthly" writer Darren MacDonald found the Document [164] (Title: Live and Let Die (soundtrack)) well as adding eight additional tracks also extended several of the original ones, such as "Bond Meets Solitaire". Except as noted, all tracks composed by George Martin. Live and Let Die (soundtrack) Live and Let Die is the soundtrack to the eighth James Bond film of the same name. It was scored by George Martin. The title song was written by Paul and Linda McCartney and performed by Paul McCartney and Wings. It was the first Bond film score not to involve John Barry. The music for most of the Bond films through "Diamonds Are Forever" had been scored by Document [165] (Title: James Bond Theme) concluding bars. An electronic rhythm was added to the gunbarrel of "The World Is Not Enough". The typical Bond guitar line can be heard during some action scenes. The "Die Another Day" gunbarrel recalls the version of "From Russia with Love" but with a more techno-influenced rhythm. It also contains the guitar riff of the "James Bond Theme". Craig's first James Bond film, "Casino Royale", does not feature the "James Bond Theme" in its entirety until the very end of the movie during a climactic scene. In "Casino Royale", the main notes of the song "You Know My Name" are Document [166] (Title: Goldfinger (soundtrack)) depth" as seen through the soundtracks he produced since "From Russia with Love", movie producers Albert Broccoli and Harry Saltzman allowed him to write the theme song for "Goldfinger" in addition to the soundtrack. Barry created the melody for the song before drafting the lyrics with the help of Anthony Newley and Leslie Bricusse. The theme was first sung by Newley at a demo session on May 14, 1964 in. At the behest of Barry, Shirley Bassey was chosen to sing the track. On Bassey, Barry was quoted saying "Nobody could have sung it like her; she had that great Question: who has sung more than one bond theme Answer: John Barry Long Answer: Film Year Score composer Title song Composed by Performed by U.K. peak position U.S. peak position Dr. No (soundtrack) 1962 Monty Norman "James Bond Theme" Monty Norman John Barry & Orchestra; Monty Norman 13 -- "Kingston Calypso" Byron Lee and the Dragonaires -- -- From Russia with Love (soundtrack) 1963 John Barry "Opening Titles: James Bond Is Back / From Russia with Love / James Bond Theme" John Barry Lionel Bart Monty Norman John Barry (title sequence) Matt Monro (vocal version heard in film first as source music over a radio and then during closing credits) 20 -- Goldfinger (soundtrack) 1964 "Goldfinger" Leslie Bricusse Anthony Newley John Barry Shirley Bassey 21 8 Thunderball (soundtrack) 1965 "Thunderball" John Barry Don Black Tom Jones 35 25 You Only Live Twice (soundtrack) 1967 "You Only Live Twice" Leslie Bricusse John Barry Nancy Sinatra (charted single is produced by Lee Hazlewood and arranged by Billy Strange and in marked contrast to soundtrack version) 11 44 On Her Majesty's Secret Service (soundtrack) 1969 "On Her Majesty's Secret Service" John Barry Hal David The John Barry Orchestra -- -- "We Have All the Time in the World" (secondary theme) Louis Armstrong -- Diamonds Are Forever (soundtrack) 1971 "Diamonds Are Forever" John Barry Don Black Shirley Bassey 38 57 Live and Let Die (soundtrack) 1973 George Martin "Live and Let Die" Paul McCartney Linda McCartney Paul McCartney & Wings 9 The Man with the Golden Gun (soundtrack) John Barry "The Man with the Golden Gun" John Barry Don Black Lulu -- -- The Spy Who Loved Me (soundtrack) 1977 Marvin Hamlisch "Nobody Does It Better" Marvin Hamlisch Carole Bayer Sager Carly Simon 7 Moonraker (soundtrack) 1979 John Barry "Moonraker" John Barry Hal David Shirley Bassey -- -- For Your Eyes Only (soundtrack) 1981 Bill Conti "For Your Eyes Only" Bill Conti Mick Leeson Sheena Easton 8 Octopussy (soundtrack) John Barry "All Time High" John Barry Tim Rice Stephen Short Rita Coolidge 75 36 A View to a Kill (soundtrack) 1985 "A View to a Kill" John Barry Duran Duran Duran Duran The Living Daylights (soundtrack) "The Living Daylights" John Barry Pål Waaktaar A-ha 5 -- Licence to Kill (soundtrack) 1989 Michael Kamen "Licence to Kill" Narada Michael Walden Jeffrey Cohen Walter Afanasieff Gladys Knight 6 -- GoldenEye (soundtrack) 1995 Éric Serra "GoldenEye" Bono The Edge Tina Turner 10 102 Tomorrow Never Dies (soundtrack) 1997 David Arnold "Tomorrow Never Dies" Sheryl Crow Mitchell Froom Sheryl Crow 12 -- The World Is Not Enough (soundtrack) 1999 "The World Is Not Enough" David Arnold Don Black Garbage 11 -- Die Another Day (soundtrack) 2002 "Die Another Day" Madonna Mirwais Ahmadzaï Madonna 8 Casino Royale (soundtrack) 2006 "You Know My Name" David Arnold Chris Cornell Chris Cornell 7 79 Quantum of Solace (soundtrack) 2008 "Another Way to Die" Jack White Jack White Alicia Keys 9 81 Skyfall (soundtrack) 2012 Thomas Newman "Skyfall" Adele Paul Epworth Adele 8 Spectre (soundtrack) 2015 "Writing's on the Wall" Sam Smith Jimmy Napes Sam Smith 71 Gold Document ID: 166

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Shirley Bassey) the title song for the James Bond spoof "The Liquidator", and had a Top 20 live album, recorded during a sold-out run at the Pigalle in London. Bassey recorded a song for the next Bond film, "Thunderball" (1965). "Mr Kiss Kiss Bang Bang" was not used in the movie, although the film's score follows its melodic theme. Written by John Barry and Leslie Bricusse, after Bassey's version it was re-recorded by Dionne Warwick, and then rejected in favour of a new song, "Thunderball," hastily written by Barry and given to Tom Jones (who, like Bassey, is Welsh) after the film's Document [2] (Title: Monty Norman) be entitled "A Walking Stick Full of Bagels", and musical versions of the 1954 Kingsley Amis novel, "Lucky Jim", and his 1970s musical, "Quick Quick Slow". Norman is famous for writing the music to the first James Bond movie, "Dr. No," including the "James Bond Theme", the signature theme of the James Bond franchise. Norman has received royalties since 1962 for the theme. However, as the producers were dissatisfied with Norman's arrangement, John Barry re-arranged the theme. Barry later claimed that it was actually he who wrote the theme, but Norman won two libel actions against publishers for claiming that Document [3] (Title: The Man with the Golden Gun (soundtrack)) of a new practice of using a different song altogether). Some Bond music fans consider Lulu's brassy vocal to be effective in setting the tone for the film's female characters. The film was also the first to drop the distinctive plucked guitar from the Bond theme heard over the gun barrel sequence - in all subsequent John Barry James Bond scores, this theme would be heard on strings and trumpet. Not present on the album but heard in the film is a brief reprise, for recognition purposes, of the song "Live and Let Die" when a character (Sheriff JW Pepper) Document [4] (Title: Sam Smith discography) 2015, Smith confirmed that his new song "Writing's on the Wall" would be the theme song to the 24th James Bond film "Spectre". The song was released on 25 September 2015 and became the first Bond theme ever to go to number one in the UK. His second album, "The Thrill of It All", followed in 2017 and topped the charts in the United Kingdom, Canada, Ireland, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Sweden, and the United States. Its lead single "Too Good at Goodbyes" reached number one in the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand and also reached the top 5 Document [5] (Title: Nobody Does It Better) the 20th track on the CD after a long pause following the 19th. Rock guitarist/singer Aimee Mann recorded a version of the song for the 1997 James Bond tribute album "". Adam Sandler covered this song before receiving the MTV Generation award on the 2008 MTV Movie Awards. (Note: The words were modified to reflect Adam Sandler.) A version of the track was performed by the Ian Rich Orchestra with vocals by singer, model and TV presenter Marina Berry. This version appears on the compilation albums "Totally James Bond" (a collection of Bond theme covers) and "Simply Woman". Singer Sophie Document [6] (Title: Mephiskapheles) for a two-piece section with Endo and Robinson. However, McCabe, Endo, and Robinson were reunited when they recorded on Moby's version of John Barry's "James Bond Theme" for the soundtrack of the film "Tomorrow Never Dies". In its various remixes, "James Bond Theme (Moby's Re-Version)" became a hit in several countries, and was included on Moby's greatest-hits albums "I Like to Score" and "Go - The Very Best of Moby". In late 1998, Mephiskapheles shocked some fans' sensibilities when they toured the U.S. opening for heavy-metal shock rockers Gwar. By 1999, the band had gone through a major lineup change Document [7] (Title: The Living Daylights (soundtrack)) performer in the history of the series. Originally, British pop duo Pet Shop Boys was asked to compose the soundtrack, but backed out when they learned that they should not provide a complete soundtrack but merely the opening theme song. In a departure from conventions of previous Bond films, the film uses different songs over the opening and end credits. The song heard over the end credits, "If There Was A Man", was one of two songs performed for the film by Chrissie Hynde, of the Pretenders. The other song, "Where Has Everybody Gone", is heard as source music in Document [8] (Title: James Bond music) KYW-TV in Philadelphia for its long-time theme to "Eyewitness News", and was adopted by other Group W stations in Baltimore, Pittsburgh, Boston and San Francisco as well as other non-Group W stations, including WLS-TV in Chicago. The theme was also sampled by Big Audio Dynamite for the 1986 song "Sightsee M.C!" Like John Barry, David Arnold has left his own mark in the music of James Bond. In this case, he has established what can be called the "suspense motif", which is a descending, often repetitive four-note motif that can be heard in all of the Bond films he has Document [9] (Title: Skyfall (Adele song)) but felt that it was too soon to tell how the song would fit into the wider canon of Bond theme songs. Neil McCormick of the "Daily Telegraph" was less complimentary, describing the song as "classy" but at the same time, "overly predictable". The song won the Academy Award for Best Original Song, which had been the first Bond theme to receive an Academy Award nomination since the 1982 song "For Your Eyes Only" and was the first Bond theme to win the award. It also won the Critics' Choice Award for Best Song, the Golden Globe for Best Original Document [10] (Title: You Only Live Twice (soundtrack)) is being constructed and continues to play until three or four SPECTRE helicopters encounter Bond, at which point the music changes to the "James Bond Theme". Giving the score a Japanese flavour, John Leach played the koto in the film, The theme "Kronos Unveiled" from the score of Pixar's 2004 film "The Incredibles" bears a close resemblance to the track "Capsule in Space" (reprised in "Soviet Capsule"), while the film's trailer had used Barry's original "On Her Majesty's Secret Service" theme. Propellerheads' cover of Barry's "On Her Majesty's Secret Service" with David Arnold also incorporates, in its full 9-minute version, Document [11] (Title: From Russia with Love (soundtrack)) the completed film. The album was the last of the Bond soundtrack albums to feature more than the usual six tracks per record side. The soundtrack album reached 28 on the "Variety" charts in March 1964 with the title song becoming Unart Music's most recorded song. Other cover versions of the "James Bond Theme" were also released to coincide with the film. Barry also released different cover versions of the title song and "007" on his Ember records for the pop charts. The Roland Shaw Orchestra performed cover versions of most of the music of Barry's soundtrack on several albums. Document [12] (Title: Skyfall (Adele song)) – like the singer – is all 1960s throwback, back when Bond themes like 'Goldfinger' were smooth, seductive and larger than life". Jim Farber of the New York-based "Daily News" wrote in his review: "It suffers from a similarly meandering melody and ponderous progression. The grandeur of its arrangement easily upstages the tune", but "even so, the luster of Adele's tone, and the bravura arc of her vocal, makes it enjoyable enough. And, fifty years down the line, isn't that all we really expect from a Bond product these days?" Yahoo!'s Rob O'Connor gave the standalone song a positive review Document [13] (Title: John Barry (composer)) then upcoming "Tomorrow Never Dies", to recommend Arnold as the film's composer. Arnold also went on to score four subsequent Bond films: "The World Is Not Enough", "Die Another Day", "Casino Royale" and "Quantum of Solace". Sole compositional credit for the "James Bond Theme" is assigned to Monty Norman, who was contracted as composer for "Dr. No". Some 30 years later, in 2001, the disputed authorship of the theme was examined legally in the High Court in London after Norman sued "The Sunday Times" for publishing an article in 1997 in which Barry was named as the true composer; Barry Document [14] (Title: Die Another Day (song)) Die Another Day (song) "Die Another Day" is the theme song from the James Bond film of the same name by American singer and songwriter Madonna. The song initially leaked onto the internet in early October 2002 prior to the official release, prompting radio to play the track. It was released commercially as a single on October 22 by Maverick Records and was later included on the singer's ninth studio album, "American Life" (2003), and her greatest hits compilation, "Celebration" (2009). Following the release of the previous Bond single, "The World Is Not Enough", MGM wanted a high-profile artist for Document [15] (Title: Writing's on the Wall (Sam Smith song)) released. The single became the first Bond movie theme to reach number one in the UK Singles Chart. It also reached the top 10 in a few other European countries, but unlike other James Bond themes, it was not as successful outside Europe, only peaking at number 43 in Canada and Australia and number 71 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. Only the instrumental version of the song appeared on the film's official soundtrack album. The song won the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song at the 73rd Golden Globe Awards and the Academy Award for Best Original Song at Document [16] (Title: Dr. No (film)) well as several cover versions of "The James Bond Theme" on Columbia Records. A single of the "James Bond Theme" entered the UK Singles Chart in 1962, reaching a peak position of number thirteen during an eleven-week spell in the charts. Ranglin, who had acted as arranger on several tracks, and Malcolm sued Eon for unpaid fees, both settling out of court; Malcolm and his band performed a year later at the film's premiere in Kingston. "Dr. No" introduced the many recurring themes and features associated with the suave and sophisticated secret agent: the distinctive "James Bond Theme", the gun Document [17] (Title: James Bond music) James Bond music The "James Bond" film series from Eon Productions features numerous musical compositions since its inception in 1962, many of which are now considered classic pieces of British film music. The best known of these pieces is the ubiquitous "James Bond Theme". Other instrumentals, such as the "007 Theme" or "On Her Majesty's Secret Service", and various songs, such as Shirley Bassey's "Goldfinger", Paul McCartney's "Live and Let Die", Carly Simon's "Nobody Does It Better", Sheena Easton's "For Your Eyes Only" and Duran Duran's "A View to a Kill" have also become identified with the series. Two Bond Document [18] (Title: James Bond) 2001, Norman won £30,000 in libel damages from "The Sunday Times" newspaper, which suggested that Barry was entirely responsible for the composition. The theme, as written by Norman and arranged by Barry, was described by another Bond film composer, David Arnold, as "bebop-swing vibe coupled with that vicious, dark, distorted electric guitar, definitely an instrument of rock 'n' roll ... it represented everything about the character you would want: It was cocky, swaggering, confident, dark, dangerous, suggestive, sexy, unstoppable. And he did it in two minutes." Barry composed the scores for eleven Bond films and had an uncredited contribution to Document [19] (Title: James Bond Theme) the time, Moby's highest-peaking single on the chart. The song features two samples of dialogue from the Bond films: Pierce Brosnan saying "Bond, James Bond" as heard in "GoldenEye", and the conversation between Bond and Auric Goldfinger in "Goldfinger": "Do you expect me to talk?" / "No, Mr. Bond. I expect you to die." James Bond Theme The "James Bond Theme" is the main signature theme of the James Bond films and has featured in every Eon Productions Bond film since "Dr. No", released in 1962. The piece has been used as an accompanying fanfare to the gun barrel sequence Document [20] (Title: Go Simpsonic with The Simpsons) in the style of Jan Hammer's original orchestrations for "Miami Vice"." Koran also praised the "Scorpio" and "McBain" songs for their similarities with John Barry's James Bond tunes. Similarly, Elysa Gardner of "Los Angeles Times" commended the parodic nature of many songs on the album. She wrote that "this showcases the brilliant work of series composer Alf Clausen and his delightful knack of spoofing various musical forms. Included are sendups of musicals, movies ("Mary Poppins" and Bond themes) and commercials, each lovingly and lethally delivered. There are 53 cuts in all, and most of them, like the show itself, stand Document [21] (Title: John Barry (composer)) John Barry (composer) John Barry Prendergast, (3 November 1933 – 30 January 2011) was an English composer and conductor of film music. He composed the scores for 11 of the "James Bond" films between 1963 and 1987, and also arranged and performed the "James Bond Theme" to the first film in the series, 1962's "Dr. No". He wrote the Grammy- and Academy Award-winning scores to the films "Dances with Wolves" and "Out of Africa", as well as the theme for the British television cult series "The Persuaders!", in a career spanning over 50 years. In 1999, he was appointed OBE Document [22] (Title: You Only Live Twice (film)) to her credit, has also covered the song. A different title song was originally recorded by Julie Rogers, but eventually discarded. Only two lines from that version were kept in the final lyrics, and the orchestral part was changed to fit Nancy Sinatra's vocal range. Rogers' version only appeared in a James Bond 30th Anniversary CD, with no singer credit. In the 1990s, an alternative example of a possible theme song (also called "You Only Live Twice" and sung by Lorraine Chandler) was discovered in the vaults of RCA Records. It became a very popular track with followers of the Document [23] (Title: From Russia with Love (film)) Love" is the first Bond film in the series with John Barry as the primary soundtrack composer. The theme song was composed by Lionel Bart of "Oliver!" fame and sung by Matt Monro, although the title credit music is a lively instrumental version of the tune beginning with Barry's brief "James Bond is Back" then segueing into Monty Norman's "James Bond Theme". Monro's vocal version is later played during the film (as source music on a radio) and properly over the film's end titles. Barry travelled with the crew to Turkey to try getting influences of the local music, but Document [24] (Title: Tomorrow Never Dies) and Stirred". The soundtrack was well received by critics with Christian Clemmensen of Filmtracks describing it as "an excellent tribute to the entire series of Bond score". At first, the theme song was to be written by Arnold himself, with the help of lyricist Don Black and singer-songwriter David McAlmont, who recorded the demo. However, MGM wanted a more popular artist, and invited various singers to write songs before one was picked through a competitive process. There were around twelve submissions, including songs from Swan Lee, Pulp, Saint Etienne, Marc Almond, and Sheryl Crow. Crow's song was chosen for the Document [25] (Title: James Bond Theme) in a filmed interview and sang its lyrics. In 2005, Norman released an album called "Completing the Circle" that features "Good Sign Bad Sign", the "James Bond Theme," and a similar-sounding song titled "Dum Di-Di Dum Dum." For these songs Norman added lyrics that explain the origin and history of the "James Bond Theme". Though the "James Bond Theme" is identified with John Barry's jazz arrangement, parts of it are heard throughout Monty Norman's score for "Dr. No" in non-jazzy guises. Barry's arrangement is repeated ("tracked") in various scenes of the first Bond film. This is consistent with the account Document [26] (Title: All Time High) Llorenna. The song was referenced and then performed by Mark Wahlberg and Norah Jones in the film "Ted". All Time High "All Time High" is a 1983 single release by Rita Coolidge introduced as the theme song for the James Bond film "Octopussy". "All Time High" marked the return of regular James Bond theme composer John Barry after his absence from the "For Your Eyes Only" soundtrack for tax problems. He wanted to work again with Don Black, but his commitments to the musical "Merlin" forced Barry to seek another lyricist. Tim Rice quickly accepted the invitation. Barry's friend Phil Document [27] (Title: Goldfinger (film)) keeping with the film's theme of gold and metal, make heavy use of brass, and also metallic chimes. The film's score is described as "brassy and raunchy" with "a sassy sexiness to it". "Goldfinger" began the tradition of Bond theme songs introduced over the opening title sequence, the style of the song from the pop genre and using popular artists. [Although the title song, sung by Matt Monro, in "From Russia with Love" was introduced in a few phrases on Bond's first appearance, a full rendition on the sound track only commenced for the final scene on the waters at Document [28] (Title: Goldfinger (Shirley Bassey song)) Saltzman would also dislike Bassey's subsequent Bond theme, that for "Diamonds Are Forever". However, there was not enough time for a replacement song to be written and recorded. The release on vinyl of Bassey's (mono) version, UA 790, sold more than a million copies in the United States (Guinness Book of Records), and it also reached No. 1 in Japan, No. 4 in Australia, and the Top 10 of many European countries including Austria (No. 7), Belgium (No. 9 on the Dutch charts), Germany (No. 8), Italy (No. 3), the Netherlands (No. 5), and Norway (No. 7). A No. 24 Document [29] (Title: For Your Eyes Only (soundtrack)) James Bond. Not released but also heard in the film is a brief homage to John Williams' familiar theme from "Jaws", when an unseen underwater horror (it is revealed to be an attacker in a JIM diving suit) approaches within the sunken ship. This was the third Bond film in a row to wittily include familiar music from a classic film. Additionally, notes from the title song to "The Spy Who Loved Me", "Nobody Does It Better", can be heard as the tones of a key code for a security door early in the film. For Your Eyes Only (soundtrack) Document [30] (Title: You Only Live Twice (song)) You Only Live Twice (song) "You Only Live Twice", performed by Nancy Sinatra, is the theme song to the 1967 James Bond film of the same name. The music was by veteran Bond film composer John Barry, with lyrics by Leslie Bricusse. The song is widely recognized for its striking opening bars, featuring a simple 2-bar theme in the high octaves of the violins and lush harmonies from French horns. It is considered by some to be among the best James Bond theme songs, and has become one of Nancy Sinatra's best known hits. Shortly after Barry's production, Sinatra's producer Document [31] (Title: Dr. No (film)) medley over the title credits, and was written by Norman based on a previous composition of his. John Barry, who would later go on to compose the music for eleven Bond films, arranged the Bond theme, but was uncredited—except for the credit of his orchestra playing the final piece. It has occasionally been suggested that Barry, not Norman, composed the "James Bond Theme". This argument has been the subject of two court cases, the most recent in 2001, which found in favour of Norman. The theme, as written by Norman and arranged by Barry, was described by another Bond film Document [32] (Title: Monty Norman) Barry was the composer, most recently against "The Sunday Times" in 2001. In the made-for-DVD documentary "Inside Dr. No", Norman performs a music piece which he wrote for the stage several years earlier entitled "Bad Sign, Good Sign", that resembles the melody of the "James Bond Theme" in several places. Norman collected around £600,000 in royalties between the years 1976 and 1999 for the use of the theme since "Dr. No". Monty Norman Monty Norman (born 4 April 1928) is a singer and film composer best known for composing the "James Bond Theme". Norman was born Monty Noserovitch in Stepney Document [33] (Title: The World Is Not Enough (song)) grand chorus we have come to expect ... the song's darkly sexy, electronic ambience is wholly in keeping with Garbage's distinctive soundprint. [It is] not only the best 007 theme in eons, it is a great Garbage track that should thrill fans of band and Bond alike". IGN ranked "The World Is Not Enough" ninth on its list of top 10 James Bond songs: "Shirley Manson's warbling croon is a perfect fit for an opening sequence and her bandmates gel well with Arnold's sweeping symphonics." Negative reviews revolved around the theme's classic Bond sound. LAUNCHcast's James Poletti called the song Document [34] (Title: From Russia with Love (soundtrack)) UK charts with a different arrangement of the Bond theme from that heard in the film. The title song was sung by Matt Monro. Monro's vocal version is played during the film (as source music on a radio) and properly over the film's end titles. The title credit music is a lively instrumental version of the tune preceded by a brief Barry-composed "James Bond is Back" then segueing into the "James Bond Theme". On the original film soundtrack, Alan Haven played a jazzy organ over the theme but this version was not released on the soundtrack album. The tune also Document [35] (Title: For Your Eyes Only (song)) being said in the theme song, Conti decided to work with Leeson to write lyrics that opened with "for your eyes only". Easton is the only artist (to date) to be seen singing the theme song to a Bond movie during its opening titles, as Maurice Binder liked Easton's appearance and decided to add her to the credits. Her seductive appearance in these clips was, according to Roger Moore, more sexy than any of the Bond girls, although Easton herself states that the filming process was very unglamorous. In particular, Binder had to attach Easton to a chair so she Document [36] (Title: On Her Majesty's Secret Service (soundtrack)) Service" unless it was written operatically, in the style of Gilbert and Sullivan. Leslie Bricusse had considered lyrics for the title song but director Peter R. Hunt allowed an instrumental title theme in the tradition of the first two Bond films. (Though "From Russia with Love" had a song at the end, sung by Matt Monro). The track is notable for its incorporation of the Moog synthesizer in its recurring bassline. Its distinctive sound would become a mainstay of soundtracks in the 1970s. The theme, "On Her Majesty's Secret Service", is used in the film as an action theme alternate Document [37] (Title: Holly Cole) Lies"), a James Bond theme by John Barry ("You Only Live Twice"), and a Cole original ("You've Got a Secret"). Cole toured in support of Night in 2012-13 to Canada, America, Germany and Japan. Cole received an honorary degree from Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario in June 2014. Holly Cole Holly Cole (born November 25, 1963) is a Canadian jazz singer, particularly popular in Canada and Japan for both her versatile and distinctive voice, along with her adventurous repertoire, which spans such divergent genres as show tunes, rock, and country music. Cole was born in Halifax, Nova Scotia. Her father, Document [38] (Title: Spectre (2015 film)) the demo in the final release. "Writing's on the Wall" was released as a download on 25 September 2015. It received mixed reviews from critics and fans, particularly in comparison to Adele's "Skyfall", leading to Shirley Bassey trending on Twitter on the day it was released. It became the first Bond theme to reach number one in the UK Singles Chart, the second to win the Academy Award for Best Original Song, and the fifth to be nominated. It also won the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song at the 73rd Golden Globe Awards. During the December 2014 press Document [39] (Title: Licence to Kill (soundtrack)) version based on the James Bond Theme. The guitar riff heard in the original recording of the theme was played by Flick. The prospect, however, fell apart and Gladys Knight's song and performance was chosen, later becoming a Top 10 hit in the United Kingdom. The song was composed by Narada Michael Walden, Jeffrey Cohen and Walter Afanasieff, based on the "horn line" from "Goldfinger", which required royalty payments to the original writers. At 5 minutes 13 seconds it is the longest Bond theme, though 45 single releases featured a shorter edit, running 4 minutes 11 seconds. The music video Document [40] (Title: Hal David) Hearted Melody", with Sherman Edwards; the 1962 Joanie Sommers hit "Johnny Get Angry" also with Edwards; and "99 Miles From L.A." with Albert Hammond, recorded by Hammond and later Art Garfunkel. With Paul Hampton, David co-wrote the country standard "Sea of Heartbreak", a hit for Don Gibson and others. David contributed lyrics to three James Bond film themes: in addition to "The Look of Love" from "Casino Royale" with Bacharach, he wrote "We Have All the Time in the World", with John Barry and sung by Louis Armstrong for the 1969 film "On Her Majesty's Secret Service", and in 1979, Document [41] (Title: The Best of Bond...James Bond) were included in the remastered soundtrack for "Goldfinger" in 2003 and appeared on the British LP in the 1960s. The "Thunderball Suite", was likewise not released on the "Thunderball" soundtrack until it was split up and used on the remastered release in 2003, along with extra unreleased music. Two rare additions were also made to the second disc. The first is the original version of "Goldfinger" sung by Anthony Newley who also wrote the song in collaboration with the film's composer, John Barry. Newley's jazz version was, however, replaced by Shirley Bassey's version in 1964 for the film and for Document [42] (Title: James Bond Theme) Spy Who Loved Me", titled "Bond 77", featured a disco sound, reflecting a style of music which was very popular at the time. "The Spy Who Loved Me" returned briefly to using the surf-rock guitar associated with the theme from the early days. One unusual instance occurred in "Octopussy", when Bond's contact, who is disguised as a snake charmer played a few notes of the tune for Roger Moore's James Bond, presumably as a pre-arranged identification signal; this is an example of the tune being used as diegetic music. In the last Bond film of Roger Moore, "A View to Document [43] (Title: You Only Live Twice (song)) in Bayswater, London. Sinatra later recalled that she was incredibly nervous during the recording, and it took around 30 takes to acquire enough material. Producer John Barry eventually created the final product by incorporating vocals from 25 takes. Roy Wood described Barry's string introduction to his song "You Only Live Twice" as "absolute perfection". Mark Monahan of "The Daily Telegraph" described the lyrics as "mysterious, romantically "carpe diem" ... at once velvety, brittle and quite bewitching". David Ehrlich of "Rolling Stone" ranked "You Only Live Twice" the third best James Bond theme song, calling it "a classic." The song is Document [44] (Title: For Your Eyes Only (film)) annoyance", another claimed that "In the end, "For Your Eyes Only" stands as one of the best James Bond film scores of the 1980s." The title song, written by Conti and Michael Leeson, was sung by Sheena Easton, who holds the distinction of being the first title song artist to appear on screen in a Bond film, as designer Maurice Binder liked Easton's appearance and decided to add her to the opening credits. The producers of the film wanted Blondie to perform the title song: the band wrote a song titled "For Your Eyes Only", but decided to decline the Document [45] (Title: Live and Let Die (song)) Live and Let Die (song) "Live and Let Die" is the main theme song of the 1973 James Bond film "Live and Let Die", written by Paul and Linda McCartney and performed by Wings. It was the most successful Bond theme to that point, charting at No. 2 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 and No. 9 on the UK Singles Chart. Commissioned specifically for the movie, it reunited the former Beatle with the band's producer, George Martin, who produced the song and arranged the orchestra. It has been covered by several bands, with the Guns N' Roses version being Document [46] (Title: James Bond 007: Everything or Nothing) the same name. It also has the distinction of being the only song from a James Bond video game that was performed live. A "jazzier" version was performed by Mýa on "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno". The in-game music was composed by composer Sean Callery, with additional music by Jeff Tymoschuk. Later in 2006, Electronic Arts published Callery's score for sale on Rhapsody. Notably, the album does not include the main theme song "Everything or Nothing", which is available to purchase on iTunes as a single; however its jazz and dance remixes are available only a rare CD single Document [47] (Title: Barry Bonds (song)) a minimum. This was a result from the various rock bands and musicians he was listening to at the time. During an interview with "Reuters", West stated, "When I hear the records of my favorite bands – The Killers or Coldplay – you only hear one voice from start to finish." The scant singers and rappers featured in individual tracks on the record were relegated to providing melodic choruses and quick hooks. At one point, West intended for "Graduation" to be utterly devoid of a guest rap verse in order to showcase his improvement as a lyricist. But West eventually Document [48] (Title: Dr. No (soundtrack)) to the first James Bond movie Dr No, and has been credited with writing the "James Bond Theme", the signature theme of the James Bond franchise. Norman has received royalties since 1962 for the theme, but it was arranged by John Barry after the producers were dissatisfied with Norman's music. Barry claims that he actually did write the theme, but nevertheless, Mr. Norman won two libel actions against publishers for claiming that Barry was the composer, most recently against The Sunday Times in 2001. During the trial, Barry testified on the stand that he had composed the James Bond Theme, Document [49] (Title: Skyfall (Adele song)) to learning that she had won the award. In preparation for the performance, the singer took advice about breathing technique from Ayda Field, wife of Robbie Williams, to combat stage fright. Earlier in the ceremony, Shirley Bassey had performed another Bond theme, "Goldfinger", from the film of the same name, as part of an unrelated tribute to James Bond in film. Adapted from Discogs. Credits adapted from the liner notes of "Skyfall", XL Recordings. Skyfall (Adele song) "Skyfall" is the theme song of the "James Bond" film of the same name, performed by English singer Adele. It was written by Document [50] (Title: James Bond music) the Academy Award for Best Original Song, as did Bill Conti's "For Your Eyes Only", which was performed by Sheena Easton. It was not until the 2013 Oscars that a Bond theme song finally won the Academy Award for Best Original Song, the theme song from "Skyfall" by Adele. Thomas Newman's score also got the first nomination for Academy Award for Best Original Score in the series since Hamlisch's own for "The Spy Who Loved Me", while winning the Grammy for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media. Adele's song also won the Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Document [51] (Title: Spy Hard (song)) complete with multiple colored backgrounds, silhouetted figures, and "wavy" text. The song itself was a pastiche of songs used during such James Bond title sequences, complete with an orchestra (conducted by Bill Conti, who composed the music for the 1981 Bond film "For Your Eyes Only") and spy-themed lyrics. An urban legend states that during the recording of the theme to "Thunderball", Tom Jones held the song's final note long enough to pass out; in this film, Yankovic holds it long enough to make his head explode. Originally, Yankovic had planned to loop the note to the required length, but Document [52] (Title: The Bond Collection) There were no singles issued from this album. A new album "Bassey Sings Bond" (not to be confused with TRING Records1994 edition) with new recordings of Bond songs was recorded for EMI and was to be released at the end of 2002. Again this project ran into problems shortly after recording and it has not been released. The vocal performance of "You Only Live Twice" recorded for this album was remixed in 2007 for the album "Get the Party Started". The Bond Collection The Bond Collection, a.k.a. Bassey Sings Bond, is a 1987 studio album by Shirley Bassey, notable for Document [53] (Title: John Barry (composer)) testified for the defence. In court, Barry testified that he had been handed a musical manuscript of a work by Norman (meant to become the theme) and that he was to arrange it musically, and that he composed additional music and arranged the "James Bond Theme". The court was also told that Norman received sole credit because of his prior contract with the producers. Barry said that a deal was struck whereby he would receive a flat fee of £250 and Norman would receive the songwriting credit. Barry said that he had accepted the deal with United Artists Head of Document [54] (Title: James Bond Theme) given by Barry and some of the film makers, contained in supplementary material on the DVD release of "Dr. No": Barry was called in to make an arrangement of Norman's motif after Norman had completed the score. There is no information about the distinctive ostinati, countermelodies, and bridges introduced by Barry that are juxtaposed with Norman's motif in order to flesh out the arrangement. These added musical figures have become as recognizable to listeners as Norman's motif, which is probably responsible for the controversy over the authorship of the "James Bond Theme" as listeners have come to know it. The Document [55] (Title: Thunderball (film)) given to Bond by Q, it was also a Geiger counter in the plot. "Thunderball" was the third James Bond score composed by John Barry, after "From Russia with Love" and "Goldfinger". The original title song was entitled "Mr. Kiss Kiss, Bang Bang", taken from an Italian journalist who in 1962 dubbed agent 007 as Mr. Kiss Kiss, Bang Bang. The title theme was written by Barry and Leslie Bricusse; the song was originally recorded by Shirley Bassey, and later rerecorded by Dionne Warwick, whose version was not released until the 1990s. The song was removed from the title credits Document [56] (Title: The Spy Who Loved Me (soundtrack)) their scores. The Spy Who Loved Me (soundtrack) The Spy Who Loved Me is the soundtrack for the tenth James Bond "The Spy Who Loved Me". The soundtrack is one of only two Bond soundtracks to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Score. The other score nominated was "Skyfall" (2013). The theme song "Nobody Does It Better" was composed by Marvin Hamlisch with lyrics by Carole Bayer Sager and was performed by Carly Simon. It was nominated for Academy Award for Best Original Song but lost to "You Light Up My Life". It was one of five Document [57] (Title: Goldfinger (soundtrack)) theme on his 1965 "John Barry Plays Goldfinger" album that featured Robert Brownjohn artwork. Footnotes Citations Bibliography Goldfinger (soundtrack) Goldfinger is the soundtrack for the 1964 film of the same name, the third film in the James Bond film series, directed by Guy Hamilton. The album was composed by John Barry and distributed by EMI. Two versions were released initially, one in the United States and the United Kingdom, which varied in terms of length and which tracks were within the soundtrack. In 2003, Capitol-EMI records released a remastered version that contained all the tracks within the film. John Barry Document [58] (Title: The Spy Who Loved Me (soundtrack)) driving disco rhythm to "Bond '77" is very similar to the Bee Gees' 1976 single "You Should Be Dancing". The theme song became a hit that is still popular today and has been featured in numerous films including "Mr. & Mrs. Smith" (2005), "Little Black Book" (2004), "Lost in Translation" and "" (2004). In 2004, the song was honoured by the American Film Institute as the 67th greatest film song as part of their 100 Years...100 Songs countdown. The film's soundtrack was composed by Marvin Hamlisch, who filled in for usual Bond composer John Barry, as Barry was unavailable for Document [59] (Title: A View to a Kill (soundtrack)) fan) approached producer Cubby Broccoli at a party, and somewhat drunkenly asked "When are you going to get someone "decent" to do one of your theme songs?" The single was released in May 1985, and on July 13 it hit number one on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot 100 chart, and remains the only Bond theme to do so. On May 25, it made it to number two in the UK Singles Chart, also a record for Bond themes until "Writing's on the Wall" by Sam Smith made it to number one in 2015. The b-side was an instrumental piece orchestrated Document [60] (Title: James Bond music) Brosnan era its musical identity. Arnold was essentially Barry's anointed successor, Barry having recommended Arnold to Barbara Broccoli when she took over the Bond films from her father Albert R. Broccoli. Other major composers and record-producers include George Martin, Bill Conti, Michael Kamen, Marvin Hamlisch, Éric Serra and Thomas Newman. Each of these composed for only one Bond film, with the exception of Newman. The departures from John Barry had various causes. Sometimes Barry declined in order to avoid paying double income tax—US and UK. Sometimes the director had worked with the composer of his choice on other films—the latter Document [61] (Title: Quantum of Solace) contributed to the track. White's favourite Bond theme is John Barry's instrumental piece for "On Her Majesty's Secret Service", and he watched various opening credit sequences from the series for inspiration while mixing the track. Mark Ronson and Amy Winehouse had recorded a demo track for the film, but Ronson explained Winehouse's well-publicised legal issues in the preceding weeks made her "not ready to record any music" at that time. The film premiered at the Odeon Leicester Square on 29 October 2008. Princes William and Harry attended, and proceeds from the screening were donated to the charities Help for Heroes Document [62] (Title: James Bond Theme) end credits is David Arnold's "Casino Royale" track "The Name's Bond…James Bond". Despite this, the film's score was composed by Thomas Newman, who also incorporated the "James Bond Theme" throughout the entire film. In "Spectre", the theme appears at the beginning of the film as part of the opening gunbarrel sequence, indicating a return to the franchise's classic roots of 1962–2002. Over 70 cover versions of the "James Bond Theme" have been recorded by artists such as: American electronica musician Moby produced a remixed version of the theme entitled "James Bond Theme (Moby's Re-Version)" for the Bond film "Tomorrow Never Document [63] (Title: Don Black (lyricist)) a song-plugger. He also had a brief spell as a comic. He was personal manager to the singer Matt Monro for many years and also provided songs for him (usually writing English language lyrics to continental songs). These included "Walk Away" (music: Udo Jürgens) and "For Mamma" (music: Charles Aznavour). Black's first film work was the lyrics for the theme of the James Bond entry "Thunderball" (1965). His association with the Bond series continued over several decades, with "Diamonds Are Forever" and "The Man with the Golden Gun", in collaboration with John Barry, and Surrender for "Tomorrow Never Dies" and Document [64] (Title: James Bond Theme) Her Majesty's Secret Service" (1969), "The World Is Not Enough" (1999), "Casino Royale" (2006), "Quantum of Solace" (2008), "Skyfall" (2012), and "Spectre" (2015). Monty Norman has been credited with writing the "James Bond Theme", and has received royalties since 1962. Norman collected around £485,000 in royalties between the years 1976 and 1999. For "Dr. No", the tune was arranged by John Barry, who would later go on to compose the soundtracks for eleven James Bond films. Courts have ruled twice that the theme was written by Monty Norman, despite claims and testimony by Barry that he had actually written the Document [65] (Title: B. J. Arnau) in the movie if [his group] Wings were able to perform the song in the opening credits...”. But in a review of the soundtrack, Eder cites Arnau's performance as “far more interesting [than] any of the instrumental material...”. Another female singer, Shirley Bassey, was already synonymous with Bond themes: Arnau went on to perform Bassey's hit "Big Spender" on the 1975 "Morecambe and Wise Christmas Show" (following Bassey's 1971 appearance). "Live and Let Die" strengthened a demand on TV; acting and singing on "The Benny Hill Show" (Episode 27 - aired 24 March 1976), and in guest spots on "The Document [66] (Title: The World Is Not Enough (song)) a Bond theme, and Garbage's ever-burgeoning celebrity will be done no harm whatsoever by this appropriately lush and orchestral anthem." A "Radio Times" reviewer wrote that the song "sounds like Shirley Bassey revisited", while AllMusic's Steve Thomas Erlewine wrote that Garbage "expertly modernized the classic Bond sound, while turning in a strong melodic tune. A first class theme song". PopMatters called the song a "top-notch Bond theme", following the Shirley Bassey template. In a "Billboard" review, Chuck Taylor wrote that Garbage was an inspired choice and the song "rings of international intrigue, with the slinky gait, noir-ish guitar line and Document [67] (Title: Justin Vivian Bond) Great American Music Hall in 1997. Bond already appeared on two tracks ("Not Your Girl" and "The Man In The Blue Slip") on Ostertag's 1995 album, "Fear No Love", sharing co-lead vocals duties with Mike Patton. Other guests on the record were Fred Frith and Lynn Breedlove. At the behest of the record label Asphodel, an album was recorded in this location and in studio at Toast, with additional tracks and musicians added later. Since Otomo spoke little English and could not understand what Bond was saying, he watched the recording engineer through the glass and "when I see he Document [68] (Title: You Know My Name) President of Music, called Chris Cornell inviting him to make a song for the new Bond movie, which would "reflect the dramatic new direction of James Bond", with a "strong male singer". Cornell thought it was a strange offer, considering that he is American, and imagined that he would perform a secondary song in the film instead of the main theme. Cornell declared he liked the Bond movies, particularly the ones with Sean Connery, but that he "wasn't really a big fan of the last several movies". But Daniel Craig's casting as James Bond intrigued the musician, and he decided Document [69] (Title: Skyfall (Adele song)) song's title was originally rumoured to be "Let the Sky Fall". In September 2012, OneRepublic vocalist Ryan Tedder posted a message on Twitter claiming he had heard the title track and that it was "the best James Bond theme in his lifetime". Adele's publicist, Paul Moss, mentioned the song on his Twitter feed; both later deleted their messages. The artwork for the song was leaked online, but Adele's involvement in the project was not officially confirmed until 1 October. "Skyfall" was released at 0:07 BST on 5 October 2012 as part of the "Global James Bond Day", celebrating the 50th Document [70] (Title: James Bond music) for the Bond film, "From Russia with Love". "The John Barry Seven" had pop chart hit with a cover version of Elmer Bernstein's theme to "The Magnificent Seven" that featured seven beats repeated throughout the theme. Barry used seven beats throughout the "007 Theme". It became a secondary theme for the Bond films, being used throughout the series, primarily during action scenes. Here are its most notable appearances: The theme has not been featured in its entirety in a Bond film since its use in "Moonraker". This piece of music was also used by Al Primo, the news director at Document [71] (Title: James Bond music) was rumoured that "No Good About Goodbye" was intended for "Quantum of Solace", however David Arnold said 'No Good About Goodbye' was never intended as a Bond song. Paul McCartney's performance of "Live and Let Die" was the first Bond theme song to be nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song; it reached 2 as a U.S. single, and 9 on the U.K. charts. George Martin's work in the song won the Grammy for Best Arrangement Accompanying Vocalists. Marvin Hamlisch's (music) and Carole Bayer Sager's (lyrics) "Nobody Does It Better" (performed by Carly Simon) received a nomination for Document [72] (Title: You Only Live Twice (soundtrack)) The film soundtrack was recorded at CTS Studios, London. An earlier version of the theme song with a similar arrangement and lyrics but different melody (and without the distinctive cascading strings), sung by an uncredited Julie Rogers, was included in the "James Bond 30th Anniversary" 2-CD boxed set, cited as a "demo". Rogers never thought it was a demo, but a finished version for the film. After this version was recorded, the producers sought out Nancy Sinatra for the vocal and Barry reorchestrated the song to suit her range. An alternative example of the title song (also called "You Only Document [73] (Title: Goldfinger (Shirley Bassey song)) Goldfinger (Shirley Bassey song) "Goldfinger" is the title song from the 1964 James Bond film "Goldfinger". Composed by John Barry and with lyrics by Leslie Bricusse and Anthony Newley, the song was performed by Shirley Bassey for the film's opening and closing title sequences, as well as the soundtrack album release. The single release of the song gave Bassey her only "Billboard" Hot 100 top forty hit, peaking in the Top 10 at No. 8 and No. 2 for four weeks on the Adult Contemporary chart, and in the United Kingdom the single reached No. 21. The song finished at Document [74] (Title: James Bond Theme) played throughout the film as a substitute for the "James Bond Theme". A new recording of the classic theme, titled "The Name's Bond…James Bond", only plays during the end credits to signal the beginning of the character's new arc as the 21st century version of James Bond. Although that is the first time the theme is played in its entirety, the first bars of the song (the chord progression) appeared as a slow background music in seven moments throughout the movie: after Bond's conversation with M (during his flight), after winning the Aston Martin, when he makes his first appearance Document [75] (Title: Octopussy) tax problems, John Barry returned to do his ninth Bond score. Barry made frequent references to the James Bond Theme to reinforce "Octopussy" as the official Bond film, given that motif could not be featured in "Never Say Never Again", and opted to include only subtle references to the music of India, avoiding instruments such as the sitar for feeling that authentic music "didn't work dramatically". He also wrote opening theme "All Time High" with lyricist Tim Rice. "All Time High", sung by Rita Coolidge, is one of seven musical themes in the James Bond series whose song titles do Document [76] (Title: You Know My Name) "sound eerily like something by John Barry"; DVD Verdict's review praised the song, describing it as "working remarkably well in the film's context, lyrically and sonically", and "Cinefantastique" called it "the best Bond theme song in years, [that] captures the full-blooded glory of classics like 'Goldfinger'". "Entertainment Weekly" listed "You Know My Name" on a list of Academy Award snubs for Best Song, describing it as "a musically suave, lyrically ominous rock tune that is perfect for "Casino Royale"'s dark reboot of the spy franchise". Among music critics, "Billboard" described it as "the best Bond theme since 'A View to Document [77] (Title: From Russia with Love (soundtrack)) decision of the producers not to use Monty Norman, though keeping his "James Bond Theme", Harry Saltzman decided on using the then popular Lionel Bart of "Oliver!" fame. Bart was unable to read or write music, but he offered to compose the music and lyrics for a title song to the film. The producers chose John Barry to score the film. Barry had not only arranged and conducted the "James Bond Theme" from the previous film, but had already scored some films such as "Beat Girl" and "Never Let Go". Barry's group also charted at 13 in the November 1962 Document [78] (Title: Thunderball (soundtrack)) Barry had thought he could not write a song about a vague "Thunderball" term or the film's story, so his song was a description of the character James Bond. The song was originally recorded by Shirley Bassey. When there were problems with Bassey's singing it was later rerecorded by Dionne Warwick and featured a longer instrumental opening designed so the lyrics would not be heard until after the title "Thunderball" appeared in Maurice Binder's title design. Both versions were not released until the 1990s. The song was removed from the title credits after United Artists requested that the theme song Document [79] (Title: The World Is Not Enough (song)) would be seen as a generic action movie. Getting the balance right might be a "poisoned chalice", since the results could sound too much or too little like a Bond theme. Arnold collaborated with lyricist Don Black on the song. Black, with 30 years of experience writing Bond themes, wrote the lyrics to Tom Jones's "Thunderball", Shirley Bassey's "Diamonds Are Forever", Lulu's "The Man with the Golden Gun" and k.d. lang's closing credits theme, "Surrender", from "Tomorrow Never Dies". Arnold and Black met several times to discuss lyrics for "The World Is Not Enough", also collaborating by phone, fax and Document [80] (Title: Tomorrow Never Dies (song)) The melody of "Surrender" still remains in Arnold's score. In addition to k.d. lang's song, the James Bond producers solicited tracks from others including Pulp, The Cardigans, Saint Etienne and Swan Lee. These ultimately were rejected in favour of Sheryl Crow's song. "Entertainment Weekly" music critic Jim Farber negatively reviewed the song, explaining "While Crow's music has the right swank and swing, her brittle voice lacks the operatic quality of the best Bond girls and boys, like Shirley Bassey, Tom Jones, or even Melissa Manchester. "Tomorrow Never Dies" should be for her ears only." Farber called the choice of Crow Document [81] (Title: We Have All the Time in the World) We Have All the Time in the World "We Have All the Time in the World" is a James Bond theme and popular song sung by Louis Armstrong. Its music was composed by John Barry and the lyrics by Hal David. It is a secondary musical theme in the 1969 Bond film "On Her Majesty's Secret Service", the title theme being the instrumental "On Her Majesty's Secret Service," also composed by Barry. The song title is taken from Bond's final words in both the novel and the film, spoken after his wife's death. Armstrong was too ill to play his Document [82] (Title: Justin Vivian Bond) Joan Didion, Patti Smith, Marianne Faithfull, Vivien Leigh, and Grace Kelly, keeping scrapbooks of Jane Fonda and Vanessa Redgrave. Listening to the family's eight-track tapes in the back seat of a white, Buick Skylark on road trips, Bond preferred a recording of Billy Vaughn and his orchestra because "it sounded like a movie soundtrack" for an imaginary film in which Bond, wearing high heels, played the leading role. Bond recalls falling in love with an album for the first time at the age of four after hearing "Wildflowers" by Judy Collins, and soon became obsessed with Karen Carpenter. Though assigned Document [83] (Title: John Barry (composer)) a theme for James Bond given to them by Monty Norman. Barry was hired and the result was one of the most famous signature tunes in film history, the "James Bond Theme". (Credit goes to Monty Norman, see here.) When the producers of the Bond series engaged Lionel Bart to score the next James Bond film "From Russia with Love" (1963), they discovered that Bart could neither read nor write music. Though Bart wrote a title song for the film, the producers remembered Barry's arrangement of the James Bond Theme and his composing and arranging for several films with Adam Document [84] (Title: For Your Eyes Only (soundtrack)) also called "For Your Eyes Only" that they turned in to the producers, however, this was rejected because the company wanted the Conti song and the band refused, and subsequently asked Easton to record an entirely new theme. Blondie eventually released their song on the 1982 album "The Hunter". The track "Make It Last All Night", performed by Rage and used for the scene at hitman Gonzales' Spanish poolside, is notable for lyrics more suggestive than in almost any other Bond film. The soundtrack was composed by Bill Conti, since the series' regular composer, John Barry, was unable to work Document [85] (Title: James Bond Theme) head of United Artists Music, that though the producers would not give him any more money or a writing credit they would get in touch with him if there was another Bond film made. Within the Bond films themselves, many different arrangements of the theme have been used, often reflecting the musical tastes of the specific times. The electric guitar version of the theme is most associated with the Sean Connery era although it was also used in some Roger Moore films, in Timothy Dalton's final film "Licence to Kill" and in the Bond films starring Pierce Brosnan with scores Document [86] (Title: On Her Majesty's Secret Service (soundtrack)) Since then, the Bond theme has been rearranged in many ways after "On Her Majesty's Secret Service". Barry also composed the love song "We Have All the Time in the World" sung by Louis Armstrong. With lyrics by Burt Bacharach's regular lyricist Hal David, it is heard during the Bond–Tracy courtship montage, bridging Draco's birthday party in Portugal and Bond's burglary of the Gebrüder Gumbold law office in Bern, Switzerland. "We Have All the Time in the World" is often mistakenly referred to as the opening credits theme. It was Armstrong's last recorded song (he died of a heart attack Document [87] (Title: We Have All the Time in the World) it was the finest piece of music he had written for a Bond movie; also because of the pleasure of working with Louis Armstrong. We Have All the Time in the World "We Have All the Time in the World" is a James Bond theme and popular song sung by Louis Armstrong. Its music was composed by John Barry and the lyrics by Hal David. It is a secondary musical theme in the 1969 Bond film "On Her Majesty's Secret Service", the title theme being the instrumental "On Her Majesty's Secret Service," also composed by Barry. The song title is Document [88] (Title: David Arnold) Arnold was hired to score the installment and, returning the compliment to the man he refers to as "The guvnor", included musical references to Barry's score for "From Russia with Love" (as well as, of course, the "James Bond Theme" by Monty Norman). Arnold scored the four subsequent Bond films: "The World Is Not Enough", "Die Another Day" (in which he included references to John Barry's score for "On Her Majesty's Secret Service"), "Casino Royale" and "Quantum of Solace". Arnold did not score the 23rd James Bond film, "Skyfall", with Thomas Newman taking his place. Arnold commented that Newman had Document [89] (Title: Motifs in the James Bond film series) title sequence for "Spectre". A contemporary artist usually sings during the title sequence and an instrumental version of the main track may also be featured as a leitmotif during the film, which repeats in various moods. Writing for "Rolling Stone", Andy Greene says that "James Bond title songs, as a rule, have the name of the movie in the chorus," though he notes that this is not always the case. "On Her Majesty's Secret Service" has an entirely instrumental credit sequence, though the film features an alternate theme, "We Have All the Time in the World", sung by Louis Armstrong. Document [90] (Title: James Bond music) by John Barry, and this time the theme song had lyrics written by Anthony Newley and Leslie Bricusse. The soundtrack reached 1 on the "Billboard" 200 and spent 70 weeks on the charts. It also peaked at 14 on the UK Albums Chart, and received the Bond series first Grammy Award nomination, Best Original Score from a Motion Picture or Television Show. Welsh singer Shirley Bassey has performed the most Bond themes – she recorded the themes to "Goldfinger", "Diamonds Are Forever", and "Moonraker". Bassey also recorded her own versions of "Mr. Kiss Kiss Bang Bang" for "Thunderball" and it Document [91] (Title: We Have All the Time in the World) 2005, a BBC survey found that it was the third most popular love song played at weddings. In addition to My Bloody Valentine, "We Have All the Time in the World" has been covered by Iggy Pop, Fun Lovin' Criminals, Vic Damone, Michael Ball, Giorgia Todrani, The Puppini Sisters, Tindersticks, The Pale Fountains, Shirley Bassey (for a later withdrawn album of Bond themes), Thomas White and Alfie Boe. Iggy Pop's version plays during the end credits of the film "The Jacket". John Barry cited "We Have All The Time In The World" as one of his favourite Bond compositions, saying Document [92] (Title: James Bond music) Media. Sam Smith's "Writing's on the Wall" from "Spectre" would also win the Oscar for Best Original Song. Duran Duran and John Barry's "A View To A Kill" topped the singles charts in the U.S. "Billboard" Hot 100, the only Bond theme to hit 1 in the United States. No James Bond theme had topped the charts in the UK until Sam Smith's "Writing's on the Wall" entered the charts at number one on 2 October 2015. Several of the later films have alternative theme songs, often during the closing credits. "The Living Daylights" featured The Pretenders performing "If There Document [93] (Title: You Know My Name) various names were reported in the media, some reports going so far as to have the performers apparently claim they were working on the song. This list includes Tina Turner, who previously sang "GoldenEye" for the 1995 Bond film of the same name, and Tony Christie. The lyrics try to illustrate Bond's psyche in "Casino Royale", described by Cornell as a conflicted and tough spy with more emotional depth, not the "superconfident, seemingly invincible, winking kinda ladies' man superspy" of the previous incarnations. Cornell tried to focus on the existential dilemmas and possible sacrifices of secret agents - "There's an Document [94] (Title: Moonraker (soundtrack)) on the charts, which may partly be attributed to Bassey's failure to promote the single, given the last minute decision and the way in which it was quickly recorded to meet the schedule. As with "We Have All the Time in the World" back in 1969, Hal David wrote the lyrics. Paul Williams's original lyrics were discarded. Finally in 2005, Bassey sang the song for the first time outside James Bond on stage as part of a medley of her three Bond title songs. An instrumental strings version of the title theme was used in 2007 tourism commercials for the Document [95] (Title: You Only Live Twice (song)) Lee Hazlewood released a more guitar-based single version. The song has been extensively covered by artists, from Coldplay to Soft Cell, Björk and Little Anthony & The Imperials to Shirley Bassey. Robbie Williams notably re-recorded the opening bars of the song for his hit "Millennium". James Bond veteran John Barry returned to the franchise to produce the score. The lyrics were by Leslie Bricusse, who had previously cowritten the lyrics for the theme to "Goldfinger". Julie Rogers was asked to perform the song, and recorded it with a 50 or 60 piece orchestra at CTS Studios. The song was quite Document [96] (Title: History Repeating (song)) David Arnold on the Bond tribute album "", when they remixed the John Barry composition "On Her Majesty's Secret Service". The track is a fusion of several different styles of big beat, breakbeat and jazz combined with the powerful vocals of Shirley Bassey. The sleeve cover, an illustration by Duke D. Jukes, takes its inspiration from classic album sleeve from the Capitol 1957 release "Just One Of Those Things (album)" by Nat King Cole. The retro style was also continued with the video, filmed in monochrome, the opening of which is themed on a BBC TV jazz show called "Jazz Document [97] (Title: GoldenEye) Bond was shown to be wearing a watch by Omega, and he has since worn Omega watches in every subsequent production. The theme song, "GoldenEye", was written by Bono and the Edge, and was performed by Tina Turner. As the producers did not collaborate with Bono or the Edge, the film score did not incorporate any of the theme song's melodies, as was the case in previous James Bond films. Swedish group Ace of Base had also written a proposed theme song, but label Arista Records pulled the band out of the project fearing the negative impact in case the Document [98] (Title: James Bond Theme) "James Bond Theme" was recorded on 21 June 1962, using five saxophones, nine brass instruments, a solo guitar and a rhythm section. The guitar riff heard in the original recording of the theme was played by Vic Flick on a 1939 English Clifford Essex Paragon Deluxe guitar plugged into a Fender Vibrolux amplifier. Flick was paid a one-off fee of £6 for recording the famous James Bond Theme riff. John Scott played the saxophone. Barry, who was paid £250 for his work, was surprised that his theme appeared so often in "Dr. No". He was told by Noel Rogers, the Document [99] (Title: On Her Majesty's Secret Service (film)) after Bond's conversation with Sir Hilary Bray was overheard. The soundtrack for "On Her Majesty's Secret Service" has been called "perhaps the best score of the series." It was composed, arranged and conducted by John Barry; it was his fifth successive "Bond" film. Barry opted to use more electrical instruments and a more aggressive sound in the music – "I have to stick my oar in the musical area double strong to make the audience try and forget they don't have Sean ... to be Bondian beyond Bondian." Barry felt it would be difficult to compose a theme song containing Document [100] (Title: Casino Royale (2006 soundtrack)) morning on October 11, 2006. The soundtrack was released on November 14, 2006. Various names were reported in the media prior to the announcement, some reports going so far as to have the performers apparently claim they were working on the theme. This list includes Tina Turner who previously sang "GoldenEye" for the 1995 Bond film of the same name, and Tony Christie. The "Casino Royale" title song "You Know My Name" by Chris Cornell is not featured on the soundtrack album, but released separately as a single. However, motifs from the song serve as Bond's theme throughout the film, Document [101] (Title: On Her Majesty's Secret Service (soundtrack)) On Her Majesty's Secret Service (soundtrack) On Her Majesty's Secret Service ("OHMSS") is the soundtrack for the sixth James Bond film of the same name. The soundtrack to this film was composed, arranged, and conducted by John Barry; it was his fifth successive Bond film. The opening theme proved a challenge; the convention was to include the film's title in the opening song's lyrics; the film became the first in the series since "From Russia with Love" to deviate from this rule. Barry felt it would be difficult to compose a theme song containing the title "On Her Majesty's Secret Document [102] (Title: John Barry (composer)) - in his scores this is often heard in variations of the title songs that are used to underscore plot development. As Barry matured, the Bond scores became more lushly melodic (along with other scores of his such as "Out of Africa"), as in "Moonraker" (1979) and "Octopussy" (1983). Barry's score for "A View to a Kill" was traditional, but his collaboration with Duran Duran for the title song was contemporary and reached number one in the United States and number two in the UK Singles Chart. Both "A View to a Kill" and "The Living Daylights" theme by a-ha Document [103] (Title: James Bond music) was originally proposed as the opening credits music, only to be replaced by the eponymous title track as sung by Tom Jones. "On Her Majesty's Secret Service" featured an instrumental theme tune, something which remains unique amongst the post-"From Russia with Love" films, and included a vocal theme in the form of Louis Armstrong's performance of "We Have All the Time in the World", written by John Barry and Hal David. A number of Bond films include one (or more) additional songs in the soundtrack. Some of these pieces of music, such as "We Have All the Time in the Document [104] (Title: James Bond music) scored. This motif can be heard in: The largest contributions to the Bond films, save for the "James Bond Theme", are works from John Barry. In addition to his uncredited contribution to "Dr. No", Barry composed eleven Bond soundtracks and is credited with the creation of "007" (dominated by brass and percussion) and the popular orchestral theme from "On Her Majesty's Secret Service". Next to Barry, David Arnold is the series' most regular composer. He composed the scores for five Bond films: "Tomorrow Never Dies" through "Quantum of Solace". His Barry-esque orchestrations combined with electronic rhythm elements gave the Pierce Document [105] (Title: For Your Eyes Only (song)) would be immobile during a take where the camera zooms on the singer's lips. This was one of the few Bond themes not to have a contribution by John Barry. The song was produced by Christopher Neil, who was Easton's regular producer at the time. The song was released as a single in June 1981, at the same time as the film's launch. It became a worldwide hit, reaching the top ten in the UK, number 1 in the Netherlands and top five in the US. It remains one of Easton's biggest hits and is included on compilation soundtrack albums. Document [106] (Title: James Bond Theme) theme. Norman has consequently won two libel actions against publishers for claiming that Barry wrote the theme, most recently against "The Sunday Times" in 2001. Norman describes the distinctive rhythm of the guitar in the first few bars of the "James Bond Theme" as "Dum di-di dum dum". He claims that it was inspired by the song "Good Sign Bad Sign" sung by Indian characters in "A House for Mr Biswas", a musical he composed based on a novel by V.S. Naipaul set in the Indian community in Trinidad. Norman showed his manuscript music from "A House for Mr Biswas" Document [107] (Title: John Barry (composer)) it was considered unsafe to fly him to London to complete the score. The score was completed by Michael Kamen. David Arnold, a British composer, saw the result of two years' work in 1997 with the release of "Shaken and Stirred: The David Arnold James Bond Project", an album of new versions of the themes from various James Bond films. Arnold thanks Barry in the sleeve notes, referring to him as "the Guvnor". Almost all of the tracks were John Barry compositions, and the revision of his work met with his approval – he contacted Barbara Broccoli, producer of the Document [108] (Title: Thunderball (film)) after producers Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman were worried that a theme song to a James Bond film would not work well if the song did not have the title of the film in its lyrics. Barry then teamed up with lyricist Don Black and wrote "Thunderball", which was sung by Tom Jones, who according to Bond production legend, fainted in the recording booth when singing the song's final note. Jones said of it, "I closed my eyes and I held the note for so long when I opened my eyes the room was spinning." Country musician Johnny Cash Document [109] (Title: The Spy Who Loved Me (soundtrack)) The Spy Who Loved Me (soundtrack) The Spy Who Loved Me is the soundtrack for the tenth James Bond "The Spy Who Loved Me". The soundtrack is one of only two Bond soundtracks to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Score. The other score nominated was "Skyfall" (2013). The theme song "Nobody Does It Better" was composed by Marvin Hamlisch with lyrics by Carole Bayer Sager and was performed by Carly Simon. It was nominated for Academy Award for Best Original Song but lost to "You Light Up My Life". It was one of five Bond theme Document [110] (Title: Die Another Day (song)) won the trophy of Worst Supporting Actress for her cameo in the film. In a 2006 MORI poll for the Channel 4 TV show "James Bond's Greatest Hits", the song was voted the ninth best out of 22, but also came in as an "overwhelming number one" favorite among those under the age of 24. Rock music critic Neil McCormick from "The Daily Telegraph" named it the fifth best James Bond theme song, describing "Die Another Day" as an electro R&B workout which was "expressively weird, brutally modern, satisfyingly original and evocative of the dark heart of Bond. Plus, Madonna Document [111] (Title: Bond (band)) band's webpage, the group recorded a medley of Lady Gaga hits at the request of its Japanese label. The Lady Gaga medley was available initially by phone download and was released digitally, soon after, as part of a special Japanese album release. Bond also performed "I Am the Walrus" alongside Russell Brand at the 2012 Olympics Closing Ceremony. They returned to the Olympic Stadium in London in July 2013 to perform at The National Lottery Anniversary Run event. Bond performed the Australian National Anthem at the Australia versus New Zealand match of the 2013 Rugby Championship in Sydney, 17 August. Document [112] (Title: James Bond) "Dr. No" with his arrangement of the Bond Theme. A Bond film staple are the theme songs heard during their title sequences sung by well-known popular singers. Several of the songs produced for the films have been nominated for Academy Awards for Original Song, including Paul McCartney's "Live and Let Die", Carly Simon's "Nobody Does It Better", Sheena Easton's "For Your Eyes Only", Adele's "Skyfall", and Sam Smith's "Writing's on the Wall". Adele won the award at the 85th Academy Awards, and Smith won at the 88th Academy Awards. For the non-Eon produced "Casino Royale", Burt Bacharach's score included "The Document [113] (Title: Motifs in the James Bond film series) man Bob Simmons playing the part of Bond. The remake of the sequence for the wide-screen Thunderball featured Connery as Bond. This is accompanied by the opening bars of the "James Bond Theme", composed by Monty Norman, orchestrated by trumpeter and composer John Barry and Burt Rhodes. After Maurice Binder's death in 1991, Daniel Kleinman was responsible for the gun barrel sequence up to and including "Casino Royale". Design house MK12 supervised the graphics for "Quantum of Solace". Chapman has suggested that the sequence is a significant part of the James Bond mythos because it "foregrounds the motif of looking" Document [114] (Title: Casino Royale (1967 film)) Jack commercial. As an in-joke, a brief snippet of John Barry's song "Born Free" is used in the film. At the time, Barry was the main composer for the Eon Bond series, and said song won an Academy Award over Bacharach's own "Alfie". The original album cover art was done by Robert McGinnis, based on the film poster and the original stereo vinyl release of the soundtrack (Colgems #COSO-5005). That record has been regarded by some music critics as the finest-sounding LP of all time, and is still highly sought after by audiophiles. The original LP was later issued by Document [115] (Title: James Bond Theme) composed by David Arnold. For every Bond movie which John Barry scored, he orchestrated a slightly different version of the Bond theme, as can be heard during the gun barrel sequence. These specialised Bond themes often reflected the style and locations featured in the movie, and the actor playing Bond. The "James Bond Theme" and its variations found in the movies are played during many different types of scenes. Early in the series, the theme provided background music to Connery's entrances. It was not until "Goldfinger" that John Barry began to use the theme as an action cue. Since then, Document [116] (Title: John Barry (composer)) Achievement Award (presented by the City of Vienna) Lifetime Achievement Award from World Soundtrack Academy (presented at the Ghent Film Festival) Barry was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1998. Barry worked on the soundtracks for the following James Bond films (title song collaborators in brackets): His four highest-charting hits all spent more than 10 weeks in the UK top 50. Barry's work began to be sampled in the 1990s by artists such as Dr. Dre and Wu-Tang Clan, with his "James Bond Theme" being sampled by performers as diverse as Bonobo, Gang Starr and Junior Reid. Fatboy Document [117] (Title: James Bond music) World" by Louis Armstrong, have gone on to become as well known as the main themes, while other songs remain exclusively linked to the film in which they appear. Some songs have been dubbed for the foreign versions of the films. A number of songs were written as potential Bond themes but went unused. These include: Bond music has inspired a number of cover albums in a variety of genres, including the 2007 album "Mister Bond – A Jazzy Cocktail of Ice Cold Themes" (lounge), "" featuring David Arnold collaborating with several contemporary artists. The City of Prague Philharmonic Orchestra Document [118] (Title: From Russia with Love (soundtrack)) <nowiki>*</nowiki> Not heard in the film From Russia with Love (soundtrack) From Russia with Love is the soundtrack for the second James Bond film of the same name. This is the first series film with John Barry as the primary soundtrack composer. John Barry, arranger of Monty Norman's "James Bond Theme" for "Dr. No", would be the dominant Bond series composer for most of its history and the inspiration for fellow series composer, David Arnold (who uses cues from this soundtrack in his own for "Tomorrow Never Dies"). The theme song was composed by Lionel Bart of Oliver! fame and Document [119] (Title: Motifs in the James Bond film series) Until the Daniel Craig era, only Nobody Does It Better and All Time High served as an opening theme without sharing a title with the movie. John Barry provided the title song music on ten of the eleven films for which he composed the musical score. Several of the songs produced for the films have been nominated for Academy Awards for Original Song and become pop hits, including Paul McCartney's "Live and Let Die", Carly Simon's "Nobody Does It Better" (for the film "The Spy Who Loved Me"), and Sheena Easton's "For Your Eyes Only" with Adele's "Skyfall" and Sam Document [120] (Title: The Bond Collection) The Bond Collection The Bond Collection, a.k.a. Bassey Sings Bond, is a 1987 studio album by Shirley Bassey, notable for having been released without the artist's consent, and subsequently withdrawn from sales by court order. In early 1987 Bassey announced that she was planning to record an album of James Bond themes. The album was due for release 1987 to celebrate the 25th anniversary of "Dr. No". She promoted it on the television show "Live At The Palladium" on May 3, 1987, where she lip-synched "A View to a Kill" and also performed a James Bond medley. Bassey decided not Document [121] (Title: Moonraker (film)) the song for the first time outside James Bond on stage as part of a medley of her three Bond title songs. An instrumental strings version of the title theme was used in 2007 tourism commercials for the Dominican Republic. The soundtrack of "Moonraker" was composed by John Barry and recorded in Paris, again, as with production, marking a turning point away from the English location at CTS Studios in London. The score also marked a turning point in John Barry's output, abandoning the Kentonesque brass of his earlier Bond scores and instead scoring the film with slow, rich string Document [122] (Title: The Spy Who Loved Me (film)) Institute as the 67th greatest song as part of their 100 Years Series. The soundtrack to the film was composed by Marvin Hamlisch, who filled in for veteran John Barry, who was unavailable to work in the United Kingdom because of tax reasons. The soundtrack, in comparison to other "Bond" films of the time, is more disco-oriented and included a new disco rendition of "The James Bond Theme" titled "Bond 77"; several pieces of classical music were also included in the score. For instance, while feeding a duplicitous secretary to a shark, Stromberg plays Bach's "Air on the G String", Document [123] (Title: Quantum of Solace (soundtrack)) Bond music history, on 29 July 2008. They had wanted to work together for two years beforehand. The song was recorded in Nashville, Tennessee; White played the drums while Keys performed on the piano. The Memphis Horns also contributed to the track. White's favourite Bond theme is John Barry's instrumental piece for "On Her Majesty's Secret Service", and he watched various opening credit sequences from the series for inspiration while mixing the track. The soundtrack was released by J Records, Keys' record label, though Keys appears on only one track. The track listing follows the order of the music's use Document [124] (Title: From Russia with Love (soundtrack)) From Russia with Love (soundtrack) From Russia with Love is the soundtrack for the second James Bond film of the same name. This is the first series film with John Barry as the primary soundtrack composer. John Barry, arranger of Monty Norman's "James Bond Theme" for "Dr. No", would be the dominant Bond series composer for most of its history and the inspiration for fellow series composer, David Arnold (who uses cues from this soundtrack in his own for "Tomorrow Never Dies"). The theme song was composed by Lionel Bart of Oliver! fame and sung by Matt Monro. Following the Document [125] (Title: Goldfinger (Shirley Bassey song)) with the album stereo issues (on the film soundtrack, "Golden Hits Of Shirley Bassey" and subsequent releases) using an alternate mix in which the instrumental take is the same, but Bassey's vocal is different; a shade less intense and with a shorter final note. Newley's version was later released in 1992 to mark the 30th Anniversary of James Bond on film, in a compilation collector's edition: "The Best of Bond...James Bond". Bassey's title theme was almost taken out of the film because producer Harry Saltzman hated it, saying, ""That's the worst *** song I've ever heard in my *** life"." Document [126] (Title: Nobody Does It Better) was covered twice, in the first episode and in the sixth episode. In both versions it was a choral arrangement of the piece. In 2011, Celine Dion performed this song as part of her self-titled show in Las Vegas. In 2017, Mike Viola (featuring Red Bank Catholic), covered the song on the multi-artist compilation album, "Songs, Bond Songs: The Music Of 007". A small element of the tune makes an appearance in a later Bond film, "For Your Eyes Only", as an audio lock to the Indentigraph in Q branch. For the 2006 release of the new James Bond film, Document [127] (Title: James Bond Theme) made a comeback along with a full orchestral version during a hovercraft sequence. On the soundtrack this track is named "Mr. Wint and Mr. Kidd/Bond to Holland." When Roger Moore came to the role, the "James Bond Theme" became a string orchestra driven piece. Likewise, in "Live and Let Die", the James Bond theme was featured in a Funk-inspired version of the tune reflecting the music of Blaxploitation films popular at the time. After that in 1974 John Barry composed the theme and song but sung by Lulu. The brief quote of the theme in the pre-credits music of "The Document [128] (Title: Diamonds Are Forever (soundtrack)) Diamonds Are Forever (soundtrack) Diamonds Are Forever is the soundtrack by John Barry for the seventh James Bond film of the same name. "Diamonds Are Forever", the title song with lyrics by Don Black, was the second Bond theme to be performed by Shirley Bassey, after "Goldfinger". The song was also recorded in Italian by Bassey as ; this version was only issued on 7-inch single in Italy, and was intended to be included in a (cancelled) 3-CD box set titled "Shirley" released in 2012. Producer Harry Saltzman hated the song and it only made the film due to co-producer Document [129] (Title: Goldfinger (soundtrack)) the instrumental score versions of songs, while the main musicians (on Goldfinger: Vic Flick) were given the main film theme song to solely record, to be featured at the beginning of the film. Co-producer Harry Saltzman is said to have hated the song as too old fashioned for 1960s youth culture and only agreed to use it when persuaded by Albert Broccoli Originally, Newley recorded a version of the theme song, but it was later re-recorded with Bassey's voice for the film and soundtrack album. In 1992, Newley's version was released for the 30th Anniversary of James Bond on film, Document [130] (Title: Julie Rogers) by 1972 to have sold over seven million copies. She had further UK hits with "Like a Child" (UK No. 20, US No. 67) and "Hawaiian Wedding Song" (UK No. 31), both in 1965. She also recorded a demo of "You Only Live Twice", which appeared on the 1992 limited edition version of the album, "The Best of Bond...James Bond". The song's writers, composer John Barry (composer) and lyricist Leslie Bricusse, later wrote a completely different title song of the same name and it was Nancy Sinatra's subsequent recording of this that was used in the film of the same Document [131] (Title: Nobody Does It Better) greatest hits compilation, "". Among the most successful Bond theme songs, "Nobody Does It Better" received an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Song where it lost to "You Light Up My Life", as well as a Golden Globe Award nomination. At the 20th Annual Grammy Awards held in 1978, "Nobody Does It Better" received a nomination for Song of the Year and Simon was nominated for Best Pop Vocal Performance, Female. In 2004, the song was also honored by the American Film Institute as the 67th greatest song as part of their 100 Years Series. Lyrically, "Nobody Does It Document [132] (Title: You Only Live Twice (film)) in UK. Both versions of the title song are available on CD. In 1992, Acen sampled the title song "You Only Live Twice" for his song "Trip II the Moon Part 2". In 1997, Icelandic singer Björk recorded a cover version. In 1998, Robbie Williams used the distinctive string figure for his song "Millennium", (although it was re-recorded, rather than sampled from the movie for cost reasons). Coldplay covered it when they toured in 2001, and it was covered by Natacha Atlas for her 2005 compilation album "The Best of Natacha Atlas". Shirley Bassey, who has three original Bond themes Document [133] (Title: James Bond music) happened to David Arnold with "Skyfall" and "Spectre". The "James Bond Theme" is the main theme for "Dr. No", and has featured in all the Eon Productions Bond films in different versions. The theme has also featured on the gun barrel sequences at the beginning of the films. The original theme was written by Monty Norman, and was performed by John Barry and his orchestra in 1962. In the opening credits of "Dr. No", two other pieces were played: an untitled bongo interlude and a Calypso-flavored rendition of "Three Blind Mice", titled "Kingston Calypso". Due to this, "Dr. No" is Document [134] (Title: You Only Live Twice (soundtrack)) You Only Live Twice (soundtrack) You Only Live Twice is the soundtrack for the fifth James Bond film of the same name. It was composed by Bond veteran John Barry. At the time, this was his fourth credited Bond film. The theme song, "You Only Live Twice", was sung by Nancy Sinatra, the first non-British vocalist of the series, with music by Barry and lyrics by Leslie Bricusse. The soundtrack has previously been available in two versions on CD – the first, a straight reissue of the LP soundtrack, and the second, an expanded reissue including several previously unreleased tracks. Document [135] (Title: Die Another Day (song)) actually looks as if she might be a match for Bond in either bed or battlefield. Or both." "Rolling Stone" listed it as the seventh best Bond song in the magazine's 2012 list of "The top 10 James Bond Theme Songs". After its release to radio in United States, "Die Another Day" started receiving strong airplay at the major US radio stations, having been spun for more than 100 times. The song garnered 35 million audience impressions in its first week, debuting at number 41 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, the highest debut of the year. It also debuted at Document [136] (Title: James Bond Theme) listening devices. In "Goldfinger", the "James Bond Theme" can be heard on the soundtrack in "Bond Back in Action Again" (gunbarrel and pre-title sequence). The "James Bond Theme" for this movie is heavily influenced by the brassy, jazzy theme song sung by Shirley Bassey. "Thunderball" featured a full orchestral version of the theme in the track "Chateau Flight". Another full orchestral version was intended for the end titles of the film. "You Only Live Twice" featured a funereal orchestration with Bond's "burial" at sea sequence in Hong Kong harbour. A full orchestral version of the theme was used in the Document [137] (Title: Dr. No (soundtrack)) was written by Norman. John Barry, who would later go on to compose the music for eleven Bond films, arranged the theme, but was uncredited – except for the credit of his orchestra playing the final piece. John Barry claimed he, not Norman, originated the theme. This argument has been the subject of two court cases, the most recent in 2001. Some portions of the theme Norman claimed were based on music he composed for a never staged musical several years previously. Vic Flick, the guitar player on the James Bond Theme states: Norman is famous for writing the music Document [138] (Title: James Bond music) Sebastian Faulks was the first James Bond novel to receive its own theme song. Also called "Devil May Care", the song was written and recorded by Cardiff band SAL and was available on the UK audiobook release of the novel. James Bond music The "James Bond" film series from Eon Productions features numerous musical compositions since its inception in 1962, many of which are now considered classic pieces of British film music. The best known of these pieces is the ubiquitous "James Bond Theme". Other instrumentals, such as the "007 Theme" or "On Her Majesty's Secret Service", and various songs, Document [139] (Title: Goldfinger (soundtrack)) remastered edition to be the best score of the James Bond series, giving it five out of five stars. MacDonald wrote that the score was "big and ballsy, mainly jazz and orchestral fusion, with Shirley Bassey belting out the fantastic title song." He added that the remastered edition's sound quality was "impeccable". The soundtrack was the first James Bond soundtrack to reach No. 1 on the "Billboard" 200. Source: Following the success of her performance on the title track, Shirley Bassey sang the title song for two later Bond films, "Diamonds Are Forever" and "Moonraker". John Barry used the "Goldfinger" Document [140] (Title: Bond (Canadian band)) the only constant member, while other members included Ted Trenholm, Gerry Mosby, John Jones, Mitch Lewis and Chris Livingston on keyboards; Barry Cobus, John Roles, Alex MacDougall and Jim Lamarche on guitar; Dunn and Roles on bass; and Jeff Hamilton, Kim Hunt and Colin Walker on drums. The band performed around Southern Ontario before signing to Columbia Records in 1974. Their self-titled debut album was released in 1975, and was supported by a tour as an opening act for The Stampeders. That year they released a cover of Barry Blue's "Dancin' (On a Saturday Night)". The single charted in the Document [141] (Title: James Bond music) songs have won the Academy Award for Best Original Song: "Skyfall" by Adele and "Writing's on the Wall" by Sam Smith. The briefest of "James Bond themes", this composition started off the "Opening Titles" music of "From Russia with Love". It was heard in the "On Her Majesty's Secret Service" film trailer. WLS (AM) used the theme in the mid-1960s for their secret agent radio serial "The Wild Adventures of Peter Fugitive" that appeared on "The Art Roberts Show". "007 Theme", not to be confused with the "James Bond Theme", is an adventure theme composed by John Barry in 1963 Document [142] (Title: The World Is Not Enough) Theme" and "I Never Miss". Arnold added two new themes to the final score, both of which are reused in the following film, "Die Another Day". The title song, "The World Is Not Enough", was written by David Arnold with Don Black and performed by Garbage. It is the fifth "Bond" theme co-written by Black, preceded by "Thunderball", "Diamonds Are Forever", "The Man with the Golden Gun", and "Tomorrow Never Dies". IGN chose "The World Is Not Enough" as the ninth-best James Bond theme of all time. In 2012 Grantland ranked the song as the second-best Bond song of all-time, Document [143] (Title: The John Barry Seven) and then Andy White replaced Wright for a short period, while Brian 'Rachmaninoff' Hazelby initially took over from Les Reed, before Kenny Salmon also joined the ensemble. With Barry concentrating on his own future, the band was unable to find the same amount of work, particularly after having severed links with Adam Faith. Also, after "The James Bond Theme" had peaked at No. 13 in the UK Singles Chart in late 1962, further chart success was proving elusive. Vic Flick had been with the Seven since late 1958 and had led the band on stage for the past two years, Document [144] (Title: John Barry (composer)) entitled "Here's to the Heroes" by the Australian ensemble The Ten Tenors. The album features a number of songs Barry wrote in collaboration with his lyricist friend, Don Black. Barry and Black also composed one of the songs on Shirley Bassey's 2009 album, "The Performance". The song, entitled "Our Time Is Now", is the first written by the duo for Bassey since "Diamonds Are Forever". After the success of "Dr. No", Barry was hired to compose and perform eleven of the next fourteen "James Bond" films (Monty Norman is legally recognised as the composer of the "James Bond Theme"). In Document [145] (Title: James Bond music) recorded several albums with Bond music and performs in premieres and special events of Bond films. Britain's Royal Philharmonic Orchestra released an album of several Bond songs performances called "Best Of James Bond", some of which were used on the "Ultimate Edition" DVD releases menus. Billy Strange released "Secret Agent File" in 1965. Death metal cover band Ten Masked Men has included at least one Bond theme on each of their albums. In 2004, The Cavaliers play a show titled "007" using Bond music, such as "GoldenEye", "For Your Eyes Only", "Live and Let Die", "Hovercraft Chase", "Welcome to Cuba" Document [146] (Title: The Spy Who Loved Me (soundtrack)) featuring in the film are the soundtrack's most disco-influenced part. The soundtrack to the 1981 Bond film "For Your Eyes Only" by Bill Conti is far more disco-oriented, featuring funky guitars, bongos and a lot of electronic synthesizers. In addition, Hamlisch incorporates into his score several pieces of classical music. As Stromberg feeds his duplicitous secretary to a shark, the villain plays Bach's "Air on the G String". He then plays the second movement's opening string section, Andante, of Mozart's Piano Concerto No. 21 as Atlantis rises from the sea. "Nocturne No. 8 in D-Flat, Op. 27 No. 2" by Document [147] (Title: James Bond music) the only film to have more than one opening theme. The "James Bond Theme" reached 13 in the UK Singles Chart, and remained in the charts for 13 weeks. The opening credits of "From Russia with Love" were accompanied by an instrumental version of the main theme, arranged by John Barry and written by Lionel Bart. A single by The John Barry Orchestra reached 39 in the U.K. At the film's end, a vocal version by English singer Matt Monro is heard. This song spent 13 weeks in the U.K. charts, peaking at 20. "Goldfinger" was the third soundtrack composed Document [148] (Title: Nancy Sinatra) of the CD reissue of her 1966 album, "Nancy In London", Sinatra states that she was "scared to death" of recording the song, and asked the songwriters: "Are you sure you don't want Shirley Bassey?" There are two versions of the Bond theme. The first is the lushly orchestrated track featured during the opening and closing credits of the film. The second—and more guitar-heavy—version appeared on the double A-sided single with "Jackson", though the Bond theme stalled at No.44 on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot 100. "Jackson"/"You Only Live Twice" was more successful in the U.K., reaching No.11 on the singles Document [149] (Title: You Only Live Twice (song)) one of the most covered Bond themes. The song was used in the closing montage of "Mad Men"'s season five finale, "The Phantom". A parody of the song was created for "The Simpsons" episode "YOLO". You Only Live Twice (song) "You Only Live Twice", performed by Nancy Sinatra, is the theme song to the 1967 James Bond film of the same name. The music was by veteran Bond film composer John Barry, with lyrics by Leslie Bricusse. The song is widely recognized for its striking opening bars, featuring a simple 2-bar theme in the high octaves of the violins and Document [150] (Title: Diamonds Are Forever (film)) be performed by Shirley Bassey, after "Goldfinger" in 1964. In an interview for the television programme "James Bond's Greatest Hits", composer John Barry revealed that he told Bassey to imagine she was singing about a penis. Bassey would later return for a third performance for 1979's "Moonraker". The original soundtrack was once again composed by John Barry, his sixth time composing for a Bond film. With Connery back in the lead role, the "James Bond Theme" was played by an electric guitar in the somewhat unusual, blued gun barrel sequence accompanied with prismatic ripples of light, in the pre-credits sequence, Document [151] (Title: For Your Eyes Only (soundtrack)) For Your Eyes Only (soundtrack) For Your Eyes Only is the soundtrack for the 12th James Bond film of the same name. The theme song was written by Bill Conti (music) and Michael Leeson (lyrics), and performed by Sheena Easton. The song was later nominated for both an Academy Award and Golden Globe in 1982. Easton also made Bond film history as the first (and, to date, only) artist to perform the theme song on-screen during the opening title sequence. Originally, the band Blondie was approached to write and perform the theme song for the film. They produced a song Document [152] (Title: For Your Eyes Only (song)) For Your Eyes Only (song) "For Your Eyes Only" is the theme tune to the 12th James Bond movie, "For Your Eyes Only", written by Bill Conti and Mick Leeson, and performed by Scottish singer Sheena Easton. The song reached number four on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, and number eight on the UK Singles Chart. It was nominated for Best Original Song at the Academy Awards in 1982. The song is written by Bill Conti and Mike Leeson. Conti – who was also responsible for the film's score – had originally written the song thinking about Donna Summer or Document [153] (Title: Sam Smith (singer)) and Top Radio Songs Artist. Smith features on Disclosure's single "Omen" which was released on 27 July 2015. On 8 September 2015, Smith confirmed that he and Jimmy Napes had composed "Writing's on the Wall", the theme song to "Spectre", the 24th James Bond film. The song was released on 25 September 2015 and became the first James Bond theme to reach number one in the UK. On 19 October, Smith was presented with two "Guinness World Records"—one for recording the first James Bond theme song to go to number one in the UK, and another for scoring the most Document [154] (Title: Nobody Does It Better) Nobody Does It Better "Nobody Does It Better" is a song composed by Marvin Hamlisch with lyrics by Carole Bayer Sager. It was recorded by Carly Simon as the theme song for the 1977 James Bond film "The Spy Who Loved Me". It was the first Bond theme song to be titled differently from the name of the film since "Dr. No", although the phrase "the spy who loved me" is included in the lyrics. The song was released as a single from the film's soundtrack album. "Nobody Does It Better" became a major worldwide hit, spending three weeks at Document [155] (Title: Skyfall (Adele song)) theme song for their next Bond film, later revealed to be titled "Skyfall". Vollack thought that Adele would be a good choice to ask to record a Bond theme song because her music had a "soulful, haunting, evocative quality", which Vollack considered would bring back the "classic Shirley Bassey feel" associated with several early Bond films. Adele, who had just released her second album, "21", admitted that initially she was a "little hesitant" about agreeing to write a Bond theme song. On meeting with the "Skyfall" film crew, the singer had told "Skyfall" director Sam Mendes that she felt as Document [156] (Title: Die Another Day (song)) Writing for "The A.V. Club", Stephen Thompson called the track "pneumatic" and "hook-deficient". Ken Tucker from "Entertainment Weekly" criticized the song as a "flat James Bond tune" adding that it failed to become a "Madonna classic". Both Manohla Dargis from "Los Angeles Times" and Joe Morgenstern from "The Wall Street Journal" panned the song calling it "dumb". "Variety"s Todd McCarthy called the song "banal". Also negative was "The Guardian"s Jude Rogers, who wrote that "the 2002 Bond theme aimed for a sound of icy, imperial tyranny. Instead, its cut-up electronics sounded half-dead". A. O. Scott from "The New York Times" Document [157] (Title: All Time High) Bond songs...just a nice, dreamy ballad." However, in 2006, when asked "Which song [of yours] has been the biggest earner in terms of royalties?", Rice had first mentioned "Don't Cry for Me Argentina", "Can You Feel the Love Tonight" and "A Whole New World", then added: ""All Time High" is another one that just keeps on earning." "All Time High" has been remade by Anita Meyer for her 1987 release "Premiere", by Pulp in 1997 for David Arnold's "" album and by Shirley Bassey for her 2002 release "Bassey Sings Bond". A dance version was recorded in 2006 by Kelly Document [158] (Title: The World Is Not Enough (song)) the film's production team wanted an early rough draft of the song so elements of its melody could be incorporated into the main score. Director Michael Apted thought the use of "Nobody Does It Better" as a love theme throughout "The Spy Who Loved Me" very effective, and he wanted Arnold to use that as a reference point. Arnold wanted a theme song marrying the "classic Bond sound" with the electronica that would influence most of his score. An orchestra would be required as audiences expect traditional elements in a Bond film, and without them "The World Is Not Enough" Document [159] (Title: Octopussy (soundtrack)) Octopussy (soundtrack) Octopussy is the soundtrack for the eponymous thirteenth James Bond film. The score was composed by John Barry, the lyrics by Tim Rice. The opening theme, "All Time High" is sung by Rita Coolidge and is one of six Bond film title songs or songs that are not named after film's title. The original compact disc released in 1985, by A&M Records, was recalled because of a printing error, and became a rarity. In 1997, the soundtrack was released, by Rykodisc, with the original soundtrack music and some film dialogue, (additional tracks, No. 3, No. 7, and No. Document [160] (Title: Goldfinger (film)) Venice and through the following end titles.] Shirley Bassey established the opening title tradition giving her distinguished style to "Goldfinger", and would sing the theme songs for two future Bond films, "Diamonds are Forever" and "Moonraker". The song "Goldfinger" was composed by John Barry, with lyrics by Anthony Newley and Leslie Bricusse. These lyrics were described in one contemporary newspaper as "puerile", but what remained undisturbed was the Shirley Bassey interpretation world impact. Like the score, the arrangement makes heavy use of brass, meeting well Miss Bassey's signature belting, and incorporates the Bond theme from "Dr. No". Newley recorded the Document [161] (Title: The Best of Bond...James Bond) release on the album. Newley's version was first released with the 30th Anniversary Collection. The second rare addition is Shirley Bassey's version of "Mr. Kiss Kiss Bang Bang" for "Thunderball". Bassey had originally recorded the vocals for the track which initially was to be used as the main title theme; however, the song was replaced by Tom Jones' "Thunderball" after a decision by the producers that the title theme should feature the name of the film. Dionne Warwick was subsequently chosen to rerecord "Mr. Kiss Kiss Bang Bang", but even her version wasn't released on the "Thunderball" soundtrack till the Document [162] (Title: George Martin) the main themes of three films in the James Bond series. Although Martin did not produce the theme for the second Bond film, "From Russia with Love", he was responsible for the signing of Matt Monro to EMI, just months prior to his recording of the song of the same title. Martin also produced two of the best-known James Bond themes. The first was "Goldfinger" by Shirley Bassey in 1964. The second, in 1973, was "Live and Let Die" by Paul McCartney and Wings for the film of the same name. He also composed and produced the film's score. In Document [163] (Title: Goldfinger (soundtrack)) hits in Britain. The British record contained 14 tracks but lacked the title instrumental found on the US album and lasted around 38 minutes. In 2003, the soundtrack was remastered and all the tracks originally released were compiled onto one album that contained fifteen tracks and over 41 minutes of music. The remastered version was released through Capitol-EMI records. Gillian Garr, a writer for "Goldmine" reflecting on the album in 2013, found the album to be "less satisfying today", but stated the theme song was one of the "best-ever Bond theme songs." "Film Score Monthly" writer Darren MacDonald found the Document [164] (Title: Live and Let Die (soundtrack)) well as adding eight additional tracks also extended several of the original ones, such as "Bond Meets Solitaire". Except as noted, all tracks composed by George Martin. Live and Let Die (soundtrack) Live and Let Die is the soundtrack to the eighth James Bond film of the same name. It was scored by George Martin. The title song was written by Paul and Linda McCartney and performed by Paul McCartney and Wings. It was the first Bond film score not to involve John Barry. The music for most of the Bond films through "Diamonds Are Forever" had been scored by Document [165] (Title: James Bond Theme) concluding bars. An electronic rhythm was added to the gunbarrel of "The World Is Not Enough". The typical Bond guitar line can be heard during some action scenes. The "Die Another Day" gunbarrel recalls the version of "From Russia with Love" but with a more techno-influenced rhythm. It also contains the guitar riff of the "James Bond Theme". Craig's first James Bond film, "Casino Royale", does not feature the "James Bond Theme" in its entirety until the very end of the movie during a climactic scene. In "Casino Royale", the main notes of the song "You Know My Name" are Document [166] (Title: Goldfinger (soundtrack)) depth" as seen through the soundtracks he produced since "From Russia with Love", movie producers Albert Broccoli and Harry Saltzman allowed him to write the theme song for "Goldfinger" in addition to the soundtrack. Barry created the melody for the song before drafting the lyrics with the help of Anthony Newley and Leslie Bricusse. The theme was first sung by Newley at a demo session on May 14, 1964 in. At the behest of Barry, Shirley Bassey was chosen to sing the track. On Bassey, Barry was quoted saying "Nobody could have sung it like her; she had that great Question: who has sung more than one bond theme

Answer: John Barry Long Answer: Film Year Score composer Title song Composed by Performed by U.K. peak position U.S. peak position Dr. No (soundtrack) 1962 Monty Norman "James Bond Theme" Monty Norman John Barry & Orchestra; Monty Norman 13 -- "Kingston Calypso" Byron Lee and the Dragonaires -- -- From Russia with Love (soundtrack) 1963 John Barry "Opening Titles: James Bond Is Back / From Russia with Love / James Bond Theme" John Barry Lionel Bart Monty Norman John Barry (title sequence) Matt Monro (vocal version heard in film first as source music over a radio and then during closing credits) 20 -- Goldfinger (soundtrack) 1964 "Goldfinger" Leslie Bricusse Anthony Newley John Barry Shirley Bassey 21 8 Thunderball (soundtrack) 1965 "Thunderball" John Barry Don Black Tom Jones 35 25 You Only Live Twice (soundtrack) 1967 "You Only Live Twice" Leslie Bricusse John Barry Nancy Sinatra (charted single is produced by Lee Hazlewood and arranged by Billy Strange and in marked contrast to soundtrack version) 11 44 On Her Majesty's Secret Service (soundtrack) 1969 "On Her Majesty's Secret Service" John Barry Hal David The John Barry Orchestra -- -- "We Have All the Time in the World" (secondary theme) Louis Armstrong -- Diamonds Are Forever (soundtrack) 1971 "Diamonds Are Forever" John Barry Don Black Shirley Bassey 38 57 Live and Let Die (soundtrack) 1973 George Martin "Live and Let Die" Paul McCartney Linda McCartney Paul McCartney & Wings 9 The Man with the Golden Gun (soundtrack) John Barry "The Man with the Golden Gun" John Barry Don Black Lulu -- -- The Spy Who Loved Me (soundtrack) 1977 Marvin Hamlisch "Nobody Does It Better" Marvin Hamlisch Carole Bayer Sager Carly Simon 7 Moonraker (soundtrack) 1979 John Barry "Moonraker" John Barry Hal David Shirley Bassey -- -- For Your Eyes Only (soundtrack) 1981 Bill Conti "For Your Eyes Only" Bill Conti Mick Leeson Sheena Easton 8 Octopussy (soundtrack) John Barry "All Time High" John Barry Tim Rice Stephen Short Rita Coolidge 75 36 A View to a Kill (soundtrack) 1985 "A View to a Kill" John Barry Duran Duran Duran Duran The Living Daylights (soundtrack) "The Living Daylights" John Barry Pål Waaktaar A-ha 5 -- Licence to Kill (soundtrack) 1989 Michael Kamen "Licence to Kill" Narada Michael Walden Jeffrey Cohen Walter Afanasieff Gladys Knight 6 -- GoldenEye (soundtrack) 1995 Éric Serra "GoldenEye" Bono The Edge Tina Turner 10 102 Tomorrow Never Dies (soundtrack) 1997 David Arnold "Tomorrow Never Dies" Sheryl Crow Mitchell Froom Sheryl Crow 12 -- The World Is Not Enough (soundtrack) 1999 "The World Is Not Enough" David Arnold Don Black Garbage 11 -- Die Another Day (soundtrack) 2002 "Die Another Day" Madonna Mirwais Ahmadzaï Madonna 8 Casino Royale (soundtrack) 2006 "You Know My Name" David Arnold Chris Cornell Chris Cornell 7 79 Quantum of Solace (soundtrack) 2008 "Another Way to Die" Jack White Jack White Alicia Keys 9 81 Skyfall (soundtrack) 2012 Thomas Newman "Skyfall" Adele Paul Epworth Adele 8 Spectre (soundtrack) 2015 "Writing's on the Wall" Sam Smith Jimmy Napes Sam Smith 71 Gold Document ID: 166

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Jean Eugène Robert-Houdin) following year, he added a new trick to his program that became especially popular. Seats at the Palais Royal were at a premium. This new marvel was called "Second Sight". "Second Sight" drew the audiences into the little theatre. Once there, they saw the other creations Robert-Houdin had to offer. When touring in Algeria, he used another famous trick to prove that French "magic" was stronger than local superstitions: he presented an empty box with an iron bottom that anyone could lift. By turning on an electromagnet hidden under the floor, he made it immovable, "proving" that through his "will Document [2] (Title: David Abbott (magician)) for a long time the manuscript could not be found. When the Abbott home was sold in 1936, the manuscript was thought to be lost. It was discovered by Walter Graham and published as "David P. Abbott's Book Of Mysteries" in 1977. David Abbott (magician) David Phelps Abbott (September 22, 1863 – June 12, 1934) was a magician, author and inventor who created such effects as the floating ball, later made famous by Okito. The best known of his books is "Behind the Scenes with the Mediums" (1907) considered to be one of the best exposures of the tricks used Document [3] (Title: Sawing a woman in half) of the box before sliding the dividers into place. Catches are released to allow the table to be separated into two halves along with the box. The halves are parted and the assistant thus appears to have been cut into two completely disconnected pieces. The box and table are then pushed together, the restraints are released and the box is opened to allow the assistant to emerge unharmed. This version of the trick is generally associated with magician and inventor Alan Wakeling. Whilst Wakeling performed this illusion and perfected aspects of it, the general configuration and method have been attributed Document [4] (Title: Sawing a woman in half) in 1858, Robert-Houdin described a sawing illusion performed by a magician named Torrini. Modern magic inventor and historian Jim Steinmeyer has concluded that there was probably no real Torrini and the story was merely a way for Robert-Houdin to play with ideas. It was suggested during a court case in 1922 that the trick can be traced back to ancient Egypt; however, this claim has not been substantiated. Wherever the idea originated, until the 1920s it remained just an idea for an effect, rather than a practical application of a method. It is generally accepted that the first public performance Document [5] (Title: Pat Page (magician)) In addition to inventing magic tricks, he published books and DVDS and advised professional magicians. Many of his routines are used by professional magicians including Doug Henning, Fred Kaps and Rafael Benatar. He wrote various books, including The Big Book of Magic and published articles in the magician's magazine "Pabular". The Topit was popularised by Pat Page. It is a utility item (a type of hidden pouch) that is used by a magician to conceal items or make them appear to vanish. This trick was invented by Pat Page. The effect is that blank pieces of paper are shown, the Document [6] (Title: Jim Steinmeyer) well as creating magic effects for Orson Welles, Harry Blackstone, The Pendragons, Simon Drake, Ricky Jay, Jason Bishop, and many others. For David Copperfield, Steinmeyer created the illusion of the Vanishing Statue of Liberty, which was featured on a live television special in 1983. Musician Alice Cooper used a Steinmeyer-designed effect in his 2009 tour, where at one point he is confined inside a polished metal torture device, then impaled with a rack of sharp spikes. Other notable stage illusions designed by Steinmeyer include: As a researcher of magic history and a designer of special effects for the theatre, Steinmeyer's Document [7] (Title: The Pendragons) of "Metamorphosis". This illusion won them a place in the 50th edition of The Guinness Book of Records, under the heading of the "Fastest Transformation Illusion". Another illusion was "Clearly Impossible", a sawing in half trick designed by Jonathan. Its distinctive feature is a transparent box that allowed the audience to see Charlotte from head to toe throughout the trick. In 1996, for the finale of the third of NBC's "World's Greatest Magic" television specials, the duo made 25 show girls vanish and then re-appear in front of a live audience at Caesar's Palace in Las Vegas, Nevada. The couple Document [8] (Title: Brown Lady of Raynham Hall) of the right-hand banister appears twice." The magician John Booth wrote the photograph could easily be duplicated by naturalistic methods. Booth had the magician Ron Wilson cover himself in a bed sheet and descend the grand staircase at The Magic Castle in Hollywood. The faked ghost image looked very similar to the Raynham Hall photograph. Other critics point out that the image of the lady very closely resembles that of a standard Virgin Mary statue as would be found in any Catholic church, the light patch covering the bottom one third of the image, resembling an inverted "V" shape, being Document [9] (Title: Peter Popoff) receive his information; Popoff denied it, insisting that the messages were divinely revealed. Skeptic groups distributed pamphlets explaining how Popoff's feats could be accomplished without any sort of divine intervention. Popoff branded his critics "tools of the devil". Popoff's methods were definitively exposed in 1986 by the magician and skeptic James Randi and his associate Steve Shaw, an illusionist known professionally as Banachek, with technical assistance from the crime scene analyst and electronics expert Alexander Jason. With computerized radio scanners, Jason was able to demonstrate that Popoff's wife, Elizabeth, was using a wireless radio transmitter to broadcast information that she Document [10] (Title: Indian rope trick) Branson in his book "Indian Conjuring" (1922) wrote that "the trick has never been performed out of doors. That is to say that a rope thrown up into the air has not remained suspended in mid-air, nor has any boy ever climbed up it. That when at the top he has not disappeared and that after his appearance he did not come down in bits, covered with blood or otherwise." Branson offered £300 to anyone who could demonstrate the trick in the open. Magicians such as Harry Blackstone, David Devant, Horace Goldin, Carl Hertz, Servais Le Roy and Howard Thurston Document [11] (Title: Alexander Cannon (psychiatrist)) putting Rhonda into a hypnotic trance to diagnose physical and psychological problems, as she glared at the patient. Some of his apparently magical techniques were exposed in 1952 by David Norris. Cannon was a member of the International Brotherhood of Magicians and The Magic Circle, and was Chairman of the Magicians of Mann. He created 'The Enchanted Hall', a small theatre at his home, Laureston Mansion House in Douglas. A number of tape recordings made by Cannon are on loan to the Manx Museum and National Trust. He also claimed to have invented the lie detector and black light. He Document [12] (Title: Jeff Sheridan) magic purely by working the street, and was well known as the Central Park magician performing at the Walter Scott statue in NYC in the late 1960s and throughout the 1970s. In 1970 Sheridan co-founded the Theatre of the Surreal, a performance troupe that utilized magical technique to create living surreal vignettes. The troupe, that included Fonja DeVrie and Donald Waskover (co-founder), performed at Lincoln Center, Carnegie Recital Hall, early SoHo galleries and other venues in the late 1960s and early 1970s. He is also a magic inventor, creating for the major U.S. toy company Milton Bradley's Magic Works line Document [13] (Title: Charles Cameron (magician)) never met or had any contact with Charles generously came forward with donations. This shows just how much Cameron is regarded within the brotherhood of Bizarre Magic and mentalism. Before its final fixing, a recess was made at the rear of the plaque so that a document containing all the names of the sponsors could be sealed behind it, a 'time capsule' with a difference. In part of a dedication, Tony Andruzzi (Masklyn ye Mage) wrote in a gift copy of his "The Negromicon of Masklyn ye Mage (1977)" to Charles, "the one who started all this". In a copy Document [14] (Title: John Henry Pepper) of scientific and technological innovations with the intention of entertaining and educating the audience about how they worked. He used many of these to expose the trickery behind deceptive magic, and became famous for a new technique now known as "Pepper's ghost". Liverpudlian Engineer Henry Dircks is believed to have devised a method of projecting an actor onto a stage using a sheet of glass and a clever use of lighting, calling the technique "Dircksian Phantasmagoria" ("see phantasmagoria"). The actor would then have an ethereal, ghost-like appearance while seemingly able to perform alongside other actors. Pepper saw the concept and Document [15] (Title: Escapology) art to convey the impression they were restrained while they created spirit phenomena. Other illusionists, including John Nevil Maskelyne, worked out how the Davenports did their act and re-created the tricks to debunk the brothers' claims of psychic power. However, the re-creations did not involve overt escape, merely a replication of tricks with the statement that they were accomplished by secret magicians' skills rather than spirits. It took another thirty years before the pure skill of escape began to be displayed as an act in itself. The figure most responsible for making escapology a recognized entertainment was Harry Houdini, who Document [16] (Title: Dominic Fortune) the "Mississippi Queen" at Sabbath's invitation. In that same year, he uncovered a Nazi propaganda plot in the comic book industry. He also broke up a cult of zombies, thwarted Baron Strucker's attempted assassination of a U.S. senator, exposed the phony "child star" Tina Timmons, and rescued the British ambassador from a terrorist. In 1938, he prevented Jacob Einhorn, a property magnate, from selling U.S. secrets to the Japanese in exchange for land after their planned invasion. He also prevented silent movie star Noble Flagg and gangster Olga Cimaglia from taking over the LA underworld. In the spring, he met Document [17] (Title: Emil Jarrow) England and then the United States the following year. Later, he began working independently by performing acts of strength in local venues, in Chicago and New York. Some years later, after a stage accident left a leg permanently damaged, he reinvented himself as a sleight of hand artist with a flair for humor and a thick Low Dutch-accented patter, with which he accompanied his performances. Jarrow became quite adept with closely observed sleight-of-hand tricks. For instance, while seated at a dining table, he would unwind the salt shaker lid and empty it into his fist, and with a flourish, “vanish” Document [18] (Title: Harry Kellar) Harry Blackstone, Sr., who used the trick for many years. The Buffalo writer John Northern Hilliard wrote that the levitation was a marvel of the twentieth century and "the crowning achievement of Mr. Kellar's long and brilliant career." The trick was done by a disguised machine hidden from the audience's perspective. Kellar would claim the woman onstage, sleeping on a couch, was a Hindu princess, who he would levitate and then move a hoop back and forth through the woman's body to prove she was not being suspended. Inside the "princess"'s dress was a flat board she was resting on, Document [19] (Title: Jasper Maskelyne) even believed it himself". However, Clarke had encouraged Maskelyne to take credit for two reasons: as cover for the true inventors of the dummy machinery and to encourage confidence in these techniques amongst Allied high command. Maskelyne's book about his exploits, "Magic: Top Secret", ghost-written, was published in 1949. Forbes describes it as lurid, with "extravagant claims of cities disappearing, armies re-locating, dummies proliferating (even submarines)—all as a result of his knowledge of the magic arts". Further, Forbes notes, the biography of Maskelyne by David Fisher was "clearly under the wizard's spell". In his book, Maskelyne claims his team produced Document [20] (Title: Alan Alan) once ignited there is a short time to escape before the rope burns through. He appeared in a number of television magic shows, including "The Magic of David Copperfield". He also "taught" the inmates of Wormwood Scrubs prison how to escape from handcuffs in his performance with a number of other magicians. In more recent years he was seen on the Channel 4 TV show "The Secret Cabaret" with Simon Drake. He was proprietor of Alan Alan's Magic Spot, a magic shop based on Southampton Row, London until its lease expired in the mid-1990s. Alan's standing and influence in the Document [21] (Title: Pat Page (magician)) and television shows: the 2007 film Magicians, Agatha Cristie Poirot:The Disappearance of Mr. Davenheim (1990), Heroes of Magic (2000), Tales of the Unexpected: Season 5, Episode 5 Stranger in Town (23 May 1982), Derren Brown Presents the 3D Magic Spectacular (2009). On his death Jack Delvin, president of The Magic Circle described him as the "magician's magician". Magician Wayne Dobson described him as a ""great friend, mentor and magical adviser"". Other magicians affirm Page's skills and legacy. Pat Page is known for his work on numerous magic tricks, including the Topit, Easy Money, The Miser's Dream and The Kitson Miracle. Document [22] (Title: Nino Pecoraro) sixty feet of rope. Beside him was placed a table with musical instruments. During the séances various movements and sounds of objects were heard. He had managed to impress some of the committee members who considered the phenomena genuine. However, O. D. Munn, the publisher of the "Scientific American", suspected that he had freed his hand to play the instruments. The magician Harry Houdini had not been informed of the test sessions, but managed to get to the fourth séance. Houdini suggested that Percorao was an escape artist who freed himself from the rope that bound him to his chair. Document [23] (Title: Gustav Geley) managed to fool Geley and Charles Richet into believing he had genuine psychic powers. In 1924 he was exposed by Harry Houdini as a fraud. Argamasilla peeked through his simple blindfold and lifted up the edge of the box so he could look inside it without others noticing. Geley investigated the physical mediumship of Eva Carrière and Franek Kluski. It was reported in the "Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology" that his "belief system seems to have made him a target for tricks by the mediums he studied and, in the end, capable of suppressing negative evidence." In 1954, the SPR Document [24] (Title: Alexander Herrmann) promised Samuel to teach Alexander things other than magic, and while in Vienna Alexander attended college. But it was sleight of hand that was to be his main interest. Alexander accompanied Carl on nearly every tour. At first he returned to his role as assistant. This time, though, he did not float on a horizontal pole. Carl discarded the equipment from his last tour when French magician Robert-Houdin claimed they were his tricks. Robert-Houdin had his trusted mechanic Le Grand arrested for making and selling duplicate illusions. It is not known whether Carl bought the illusions directly from LeGrand or Document [25] (Title: Mediumship) St. George's Hall, London he performed a fake "clairvoyant" act where he would read a message sealed inside an envelope. The spiritualist Oliver Lodge who was present in the audience was duped by the trick and claimed that Devant had used psychic powers. In 1936 Devant in his book "Secrets of My Magic" revealed the trick method he had used. The physicist Kristian Birkeland exposed the fraud of the direct voice medium Etta Wriedt. Birkeland turned on the lights during a séance, snatched her trumpets and discovered that the "spirit" noises were caused by chemical explosions induced by potassium and Document [26] (Title: The Magician (1926 film)) use harmless snakes, Haddo refutes him and demonstrates his powers by letting a deadly horned viper bite him. He then magically makes the wound disappear. Porhoet remains unconvinced until the discarded viper strikes a young woman performer. Burdon has to rush her to a hospital. Later, Haddo visits Margaret uninvited. He hypnotizes her and tells her to concentrate on her statue. It seems to come to life to preside over an orgy. Critic Carlos Clarens calls this the high point of the film: "a nightmarish sequence in which the hypnotised heroine (Alice Terry) see herself in the midst of an Document [27] (Title: The Vanishing Lady) skeleton. He places the blanket over the skeleton and removes it to reveal his assistant, alive and well. Méliès himself is the magician in the film; his assistant is Jehanne d'Alcy. The film is based on a magic act developed by the French magician Buatier de Kolta. When the illusion was produced onstage, a trapdoor was used to create the appearances and disappearances; for the film, however, Méliès needed no trapdoor, using instead an editing technique called the substitution splice. "The Vanishing Lady" marks Méliès's first known use of the effect. "The Vanishing Lady" was released by Méliès's Star Film Document [28] (Title: William Marriott (magician)) researcher Everard Feilding investigated the Italian medium Eusapia Palladino in Naples. Unlike the 1908 sittings which had baffled the investigators, this time Feilding and Marriott detected her cheating, just as she had done in the USA. Her deceptions were obvious. Palladino evaded control and was caught moving objects with her foot, shaking the curtain with her hands, moving the cabinet table with her elbow and touching the séance sitters. In 1921, Marriott had produced 'spirit' photographs whilst the journalist James Douglas and spiritualist Arthur Conan Doyle were present. He explained how he had manipulated the photographs. Doyle admitted in a Document [29] (Title: David Blaine) were two retractable handles on either side of him to grasp in the event of harsh weather. He remained on the pillar for 35 hours. He ended the feat by jumping down onto a landing platform made out of a high pile of cardboard boxes and suffered a mild concussion. He later revealed during his 2010 TED Talk that he had suffered from severe hallucinations in the final hours of this stunt, causing the buildings and structures around him to look like animal heads. "Mysterious Stranger: A Book of Magic" by David Blaine was published on October 29, 2002. The Document [30] (Title: Jack Pyle) devised a way to produce a large pig (named Tojo) from thin air, which the natives eventually stole and ate. The pig trick evolved into his trademark “giant rabbit production.” While recovering from illness in Honolulu he met the Japanese magician, Ishida Tenkai, who was reportedly under house arrest and not allowed to leave the island. He and Tenkai both had short fingers and it was from Tenkai that Pyle learned how to do sleight of hand with this handicap. His first performance after the war was in the Empire Room of the Schroeder Hotel in Milwaukee. He headlined at Document [31] (Title: Franz Harary) Franz Harary Franz Harary (born July 18, 1962) is an American magician and inventor who has appeared on television shows such as the first episode of NBC's The World's Greatest Magic, on which Harary made the Space Shuttle appear to vanish. While studying music at Eastern Michigan University and aspiring to be a singer and dancer on Broadway, Harary was designing illusions as a hobby. He began performing publicly after persuading the university's marching band leader to let him appear as part of the halftime show. Between 1982 and 1984, Harary's Odyssey In Illusion team designed and executed illusions for Document [32] (Title: Fred Van Buren) gloves, a claim which he strenuously denied. Possibly his most famous illusion in this genre is his fantastic vanish of a motorcycle and rider which has since been presented for the amazements of audiences all over the world. This idea came to Van Buren in 1976 during a summer season with Windsor Davies and Don Estelle at the Pavilion Theatre in Hastings. The Magic Circle heard about the illusion and even before it was finished booked Van Buren to perform in their 1976 Christmas Show at the Collegiate Theatre in London. The first televised performance of this new unique illusion Document [33] (Title: Anton Zamloch) reported that Zamloch had hired an assistant named Higgins who revealed to Zamloch shortly before the curtain went up for a big show that he so near-sighted he could not see ten feet in front of him. The near-sighted assistant was positioned below a trap door in the stage, and when the signal came to make a boy disappear, the assistant inadvertently shoved a “two dollar ladder” up through the trap door knocking over Zamloch's props and exposing the illusion. Zamloch acted bedeviled, and the audience laughed at the mishap. The articles reported that Zamloch concluded his show with an Document [34] (Title: Paul Curry) with inventing the missing square puzzle. On 12 March 1977, the Academy of Magical Arts at The Magic Castle awarded Paul Curry a "Creative Fellowship" award. Paul Curry Paul Curry (1917–1986) was the vice-president of the Blue Cross Insurance Company of New York, and a famous amateur magician who became well known in the magic community for inventing highly-original card magic. Many magicians have performed illusions and effects created by Curry. Doug Henning used Curry's "The Sliding Knot" in one of his TV specials. Curry's most famous creation is Out of This World, which he created in 1942, at the Document [35] (Title: Harry Houdini) thousands watched as he tried to escape from special handcuffs commissioned by London's "Daily Mirror", keeping them in suspense for an hour. Another stunt saw him buried alive and only just able to claw himself to the surface, emerging in a state of near-breakdown. While many suspected that these escapes were faked, Houdini presented himself as the scourge of fake spiritualists. As President of the Society of American Magicians, he was keen to uphold professional standards and expose fraudulent artists. He was also quick to sue anyone who imitated his escape stunts. Houdini made several movies, but quit acting when Document [36] (Title: Carl Zamloch) over, Zamloch performed his magic act at schools, clubs, and other events. His acted included sleight of hand, card tricks, a spirit show, slate writing and cabinet tests, a mysterious trunk, a mailbag escape, driving a car on public street while blindfolded and guided by a "psychic sense," his father's Hindu rope trick, Houdini's needle and thread trick, the Egyptian fire trick, a Chinese silk and water feat, vanishing pigeons, and the mystery of the six boxes. In 1937, he published a book, ""17 Simple but Mystifying Tricks to Entertain Your Friends"", under the pseudonym ""The Great Zam"." From 1936 Document [37] (Title: Isaac Fawkes) of his pupils, William Phillips, was considered a better magician, and Fawkes sought to expand his repertoire beyond sleight-of-hand and contortionism. He formed a close professional partnership with the Fleet Street clock and automata maker, Christopher Pinchbeck. Pinchbeck was responsible for much of the apparatus that Fawkes employed from the late 1720s onwards. The earliest record of Pinchbeck's work appearing in Fawkes show is from a 1727 advertisement for the "Temple of Arts": Fawkes' famous trick of producing an apple tree from seed which "bore ripe apples in less than a Minute's Time" relied on Pinchbeck's work and Fawkes slowly Document [38] (Title: Bert Reese) of sleight of hand. The controversy surrounding Reese led "The New York Times" journalist Edward Marshall to write two articles in November, 1910 with illustrations and suggested methods how Reese performed his tricks. His tricks were also exposed by magician Samri Frikell who replicated his feats. In 1920, in a letter to Arthur Conan Doyle, magician Harry Houdini wrote that during a séance he had observed Reese's tricks. Houdini noted that Reese had managed to deceive Edison, Judge Rosalsky and many others who were unexperienced in magic trickery. He commented that "Reese knew who I was, when I called for Document [39] (Title: Eusapia Palladino) how a feat can be done and what to look for, only the most skillful performer can maintain the illusion in the face of such informed scrutiny." In 1992, Richard Wiseman analyzed the Feilding report of Palladino and argued that she employed a secret accomplice that could enter the room by a fake door panel positioned near the séance cabinet. Wiseman discovered this trick was already mentioned in a book from 1851, he also visited a carpenter and skilled magician who constructed a door within an hour with a false panel. The accomplice was suspected to be her second husband, Document [40] (Title: Horace Goldin) basis around 1894, combining tricks and jokes and billing himself as "The Humorous Conjurer". After he received poor reviews from newspapers he tried again with a new act, for which he hired assistants and adopted a rapid presentation style said to have been inspired by seeing German-born magician Imro Fox (1862–1910). Goldin did tricks quickly one after another without speaking and became known as "The Whirlwind Illusionist". With this act he found success in vaudeville and began touring the United States. In 1901 he went to London to perform at the Palace Theatre. His British shows made sufficient impact for Document [41] (Title: Steve Dacri) hands, using age old methods of sleight of hand and misdirection perfected by masters before me. I was lucky to be tutored and coached by the greatest magicians who ever lived, and I owe my success to them. During the show I try to acknowledge them all and we even show a short film clip of the legendary Dai Vernon, whom we called the Professor, as a tribute to the remarkable man who had the distinction of being the only man to fool Houdini. Some nights I even perform the same trick that Vernon used to fool Houdini. To keep Document [42] (Title: Future American Magical Entertainers) American Magicians"; and Dick Brooks would open the Magic Towne House (now closed) in Manhattan and the Houdini Museum, the Only Building in the World Dedicated to Houdini, in Scranton, Pennsylvania with collaborator Dorothy Dietrich. Dr. Abraham Hurwitz, known as "Peter Pan the Magic Man", originally headed the club. Hurwitz was a Yeshiva University education professor who was so reputed in the American magic scene that he was named New York City's "official magician" by then-Mayor Fiorello La Guardia. Hurwitz was a city recreation director when Mayor La Guardia gave him the official magician title during the Depression. For 18 Document [43] (Title: Horace Goldin) New York in 1922 he initially lost because the judge said he had not proved he was the original inventor of the sawing illusion and the trick possibly dated back to ancient Egypt. However Goldin appealed and won with a ruling that stated he had "satisfactorily established that he is the originator of the illusion in question, which has achieved a great success under the title devised by him of Sawing a Woman in Half...and that his creation of the illusion has been so universally recognized that the title thereof is in the public mind associated with his own name" Document [44] (Title: Sawing a woman in half) an attractive woman he employed a bellboy as an assistant. The impression given was that he was clumsily and hurriedly trying to cash in on Selbit's success in Britain. However, fellow magician Howard Thurston, who was in the audience, realised the potential of the trick and persuaded Goldin to let him help in its development. Thurston employed an established magician and prop builder named Harry Jansen to perfect the illusion. Jansen's improved version of the apparatus featured a smaller box from which the victim's head and feet would protrude during the sawing. Goldin, Thurston and various other magicians employed by Document [45] (Title: Fearson's floating cigarette) and thought that he had succeeded, but during a conversation with Kennedy he was told that he had, in fact, invented a new method. He published a manuscript to document the illusion, entitled "Fearson's floating cigarette", which included the necessary props. The main principle is based on using a very thin thread, an old principle. But what Fearson had discovered during his attempts to duplicate John Kennedys' effect was a new and unorthodox way of arranging the thread. One end of the invisible thread is attached by wax to the cigarette and the other end is attached to the right Document [46] (Title: Levitation (illusion)) was not being suspended. Kellar supposedly developed this trick by abruptly walking onto the stage during a levitation show by John Nevil Maskelyne, seeing what he needed to know, and leaving. The Buffalo writer John Northern Hilliard wrote that the levitation was a marvel of the twentieth century and "the crowning achievement of Mr. Kellar's long and brilliant career." The trick was done by having the assistant rest on a flat board concealed inside her dress, connected to a metal bar going out the side into the backstage which was hidden by the assistant's dress and the stage curtain. The Document [47] (Title: William Rodriguez) Randi. A December 2005 article published on the Internet claimed that Rodriguez was adroit at insinuating himself into the good graces of Randi's targets and eliciting incriminating information, and that he had previously been featured on television in Puerto Rico escaping from a chained straitjacket while hanging from a burning rope. Rodriguez moved to New York from Puerto Rico and, according to the Internet article linked above, he "found himself a small fish in the big pond of New York magicians." He took a day job as a custodian at the World Trade Center. The article goes on to say Document [48] (Title: Lichtenberg's Avertissement) this poster, be made known that a few days ago, the world-famous magician Philadelphus Philadelphia, who has been mentioned by Cardanus in his book on the nature of the supernatural by calling him the envy of Heaven and Hell, has arrived here on the ordinary mail coach, although it would have been equally easy for him to have come through the air. He is the same person who, in 1482, in an open marketplace in Venice, cast a coil of twine into the air and climbed up until he was no longer seen. Beginning on the ninth of January of Document [49] (Title: Richiardi Jr) of established illusions such as sawing through a woman. What made his shows distinctive was that he used fake blood and other techniques to give the impression that he really was cutting or maiming his assistants. In 1949, "Time" magazine noted that these shock tactics had made his act one of the top earning stage shows in New York. He continued performing in that city throughout his career, with shows such as "The Incredible World Of Magic & Illusion", which ran at The Village Gate in New York in 1978. Richiardi performed the floating "kiddie car" a variation of a Document [50] (Title: Aleister Crowley) was a double agent, working for the British intelligence services to infiltrate and undermine Germany's operation in New York. Many of his articles in "The Fatherland" were hyperbolic, for instance comparing Wilhelm II to Jesus Christ; in July 1915 he orchestrated a publicity stunt – reported on by "The New York Times" – in which he declared independence for Ireland in front of the Statue of Liberty; the real intention was to make the German lobby appear ridiculous in the eyes of the American public. It has been argued that he encouraged the German Navy to destroy the "Lusitania", informing Document [51] (Title: Albert Marchinsky) to look Egyptian. He has been described as a follower of the magician William Ellsworth Robinson, whose stage persona was Chung Ling Soo. He is said to have got his first inspiration in magic while watching a magician perform at the Royal Aquarium theatre in London in about 1890 and to have started out at that time as a performer in the small halls of London. By 1910 Marchinsky was recognised as a leading stage illusionist. His act was on a large scale. An article written after his death described it as follows: "When the curtain rose, the audience saw Document [52] (Title: Robotic art) walked onstage and delivered flowers from its breast, and a moving suit of armour. The magician Isaac Fawkes, in 1722, created a clock that "played a variety of tunes on the organ, flute and flangolet with birds whistling and singing". He also had a mechanism called the "Temple of the Arts", which featured mechanical musicians, ships and ducks. Fawkes also created a robotic apple tree that would grow, bloom, and produce fruit before the eyes of an unsuspecting audience. This tree was the inspiration for the orange tree illusion in the film "The Illusionist". In the same period, a Swiss Document [53] (Title: Magician (comics)) act of the woman's show. The Magician interrupted Deering in the middle of her break-up fight against Ant-Man and confronted the two heroes with genetically-modified rabbits and pigeons. After explaining his origin to Ant-Man, the Magician intentionally lost to Miss Thing. The fight between the Magician and Ant-Man and Darla was staged and filmed because it would make a successful pilot episode for Darla's newest reality show. The Lee Guardineer version of Magician is a skilled stage magician, trickster, and illusionist where his tricks rely on his technology. Besides being a master pickpocket, he is an expert animal trainer and Document [54] (Title: James Randi) columns and pasting them randomly into a column. In his thirties, Randi worked in the UK, Europe, Philippine nightclubs, and all across Japan. He witnessed many tricks that were presented as being supernatural. One of his earliest reported experiences is that of seeing an evangelist using a version of the "one-ahead" technique to convince churchgoers of his divine powers. Though defining himself as a conjuror, Randi began a career as a professional stage magician and escapologist in 1946. Initially, he presented himself under his real name, Randall Zwinge, which he later dropped in favor of "The Amazing Randi". Early in Document [55] (Title: Thomas Solomon) escapology although does still perform magic today. As an escape artist, Thomas Solomon has been profiled in The New York Times <The New York Times, Sunday, March 18, 2012, Metropolitan section, page 2> He has performed twice at The White House for Presidents Ronald Reagan and later George HW Bush. In 2003, Solomon had his own network television special on CH4 in Great Britain in which he escaped a titanium bank safe underwater, escaped a specially bound plastic restraint hanging from the roof of an S&M Club in London, and a high security prison cell. Later in 2007, he shot Document [56] (Title: Edmé-Gilles Guyot) around Europe. His experiments led to the technique of projecting images onto smoke to create the appearance of ghostly apparitions. In 1779 Guyot described the use of transformation slides in magic lanterns to create simple animations. Guyot's four part book "Nouvelles recreations physiques et mathematiques" featured descriptions of experiments and examples of how various innovative mathematical and magical tricks could be performed. The book was first published in 1769 and included an explanation of the missing square puzzle, building on the earlier work of Sebastiano Serlio. It also includes detailed, illustrated techniques for the performance of the cups and balls Document [57] (Title: Harry Houdini) as liar and a fraud for having claimed the invention of automata and effects such as aerial suspension, which had been in existence for many years. Many of the allegations in the book were dismissed by magicians and researchers who defended Robert-Houdin. Magician Jean Hugard would later write a full rebuttal to Houdini's book. In 1913, Houdini introduced the Chinese Water Torture Cell, in which he was suspended upside-down in a locked glass-and-steel cabinet full to overflowing with water, holding his breath for more than three minutes. He would go on performing this escape for the rest of his life. Document [58] (Title: Julius and Agnes Zancig) influenced many magicians. In 1924, Harry Houdini wrote that "Mr. Jules Zancig is a magician, a member of the Society of American Magicians of which I have been the President for the past seven years. I believe he is one of the greatest second-sight artists that magical history records. In my researches for the past quarter of a century I have failed to trace anyone his superior. His system seems to be supreme." Julius and Agnes Zancig Julius and Agnes Zancig were stage magicians and authors on occultism who performed a spectacularly successful two-person mentalism act during the late 19th Document [59] (Title: Lou Lancaster) was the resident magician at Magic Island in Newport for two years. After Lancaster's death, Jeff McBride - who credits Lancaster with giving him his first professional engagement - participated in Lancaster's memorial Broken Wand Ceremony. Lou Lancaster Lou Lancaster (October 31, 1936 – July 5, 2008), born Louis Lancaster McClung, was an American magician and author. His 1984 book "Tricks Of The Trade: A Professional Looks at Commercial Closeup Magic" OCLC 12995877 [edited by Phyllis Guggenheim; photos by Lancaster & Guggenheim] explained many techniques of close-up magic, and he appeared in several instructional videos produced by the International Magicians Document [60] (Title: Howard Thurston) from the Fakir of Ava in 1830 to my own entertainment." He is still famous for his work with playing cards. According to legend, a Mexican magician appeared at a magic shop owned by Otto Maurer in New York City. The enigmatic magician demonstrated how he could make cards disappear, one by one, at his fingertips. Maurer showed Thurston the move, which he would later feature in his act. He added the "Rising Cards" trick from Professor Hoffman’s "Modern Magic", the book from which Thurston had learned the rudiments of magic. For this trick, he would walk into the audience Document [61] (Title: Statue of Liberty) the United States became a free nation "in reality": When the torch was illuminated on the evening of the statue's dedication, it produced only a faint gleam, barely visible from Manhattan. The "World" characterized it as "more like a glowworm than a beacon." Bartholdi suggested gilding the statue to increase its ability to reflect light, but this proved too expensive. The United States Lighthouse Board took over the Statue of Liberty in 1887 and pledged to install equipment to enhance the torch's effect; in spite of its efforts, the statue remained virtually invisible at night. When Bartholdi returned to the Document [62] (Title: Sigmund Neuberger) a plot on the condition that Lafayette himself would be buried there upon his own death. Four days later in a freak accident, Lafayette was performing his signature illusion "The Lion's Bride", when a fault in a lamp above the performer caused a fire. The elaborate set went up in flames within minutes. The audience, thinking that this was all part of the illusion, did not evacuate until the theatre manager signalled for the orchestra to play "God Save the King". Many of the company, however, were trapped on stage when the safety curtain was lowered and jammed, leaving only Document [63] (Title: Joaquín Argamasilla) He soon begins to make demonstrations of his power reading paper sheets tucked inside sealed boxes or guessing the hour of clocks (previously handled) also placed indoors. Among the audience of these shows was the Spanish writer Valle-Inclan, who was a friend of the father of the psychic and became convinced that Joaquín's powers were real. Argamasilla's fame led him in 1924 to the Pennsylvania Hotel in New York City. There he met magician Harry Houdini, who became convinced that he was a fraud who just peeked through his simple blindfold and lifted up the edge of the box so Document [64] (Title: Davenport brothers) as frauds many times. The stage magician John Nevil Maskelyne saw how the Davenports' spirit cabinet illusion worked, and stated to the audience in the theatre that he could recreate their act using no supernatural methods. With the help of a friend, cabinet maker George Alfred Cooke, he built a version of the cabinet. Together, they revealed the Davenport Brothers' trickery to the public at a show in Cheltenham in June 1865. Magicians including John Henry Anderson and Jean Eugène Robert-Houdin worked to expose the Davenport Brothers, writing exposés and performing duplicate effects. A pair of amateur magicians followed the Document [65] (Title: You Have to Stop This) camera to pose as a tourist. The trio find the finger to already have been stolen and the monocle is found in its place. Suddenly, they hear voices and hide in a crate outside, that is eventually shipped to Las Vegas. In Las Vegas, the trio discover that The invisible Pharaoh is posing as a magician and playing at a nearby theatre. Cass buys tickets to his show using some gold coins she saved from the Jester's trunk. She sells just one coin, and gets one tenth of its value, still a sizable amount in cash. They spend the next Document [66] (Title: Ertuğrul Işınbark) the renowned magician figure of Abracadabra. After he once observed a ventriloquist on the stage, he decided to perform also this type of stagecraft act. He made a puppeteered "dummy", which he called "Cin Ali" ("Ali the Ghost"). Upon his great success in his performance, his manager asked him to continue with ventriloquism only and to quit stage magic. However, he rejected this proposal, retaining magic shows. The number of his performances at different variety show venues increased up to twelve a night. He received more applause than some star singers on the same stage. Mandrake was elected Turkish champion Document [67] (Title: Frederick Marion) power but to the expert ability of picking up subtle visual clues from his audience. Soal also claimed that members of The Magic Circle were able to duplicate Marion's feat of identifying playing cards. Psychologist Andrew Neher has written that "Marion could identify which of a number of small cans contained an object; he did this by noting the involuntary reactions of observers who knew which can the object was in." He was investigated by Harry Price who concluded his abilities were the result of hyperesthesia, not the paranormal. Marion was tested by the psychical researchers R. H. Thouless and Document [68] (Title: Gérard Majax) the table went up and started rotating. Observation of a video recording made of this event showed that some participants had metal hacks hidden in the sleeves of their jackets. When the participants put the hands on the table, the hacks "pinched" the table underneath, allowing it to be lifted. In 2000, he created a new theme park attraction called The Hallucinoscope Gérard Majax Gérard Faier, known as Gérard Majax (April 28, 1943) is one of the most famous French illusionists. He has appeared in many television programs, magic demonstrations, and movies. From 1987 until 2002 he, along with Jacques Document [69] (Title: Magic (illusion)) but effects seldom use mirrors today, due to the amount of installation work and transport difficulties. For example, the famous Pepper's Ghost, a stage illusion first used in 19th-century London, required a specially built theatre. Modern performers have vanished objects as large as the Taj Mahal, the Statue of Liberty, and a space shuttle, using other kinds of optical deceptions. Magic is often described according to various specialities or genres. Magicians describe the type of tricks they perform in various ways. Opinions vary as to how to categorize a given effect, and disagreement as to what categories actually exist. For Document [70] (Title: Paul Romhany) is read by over 80,000 magicians worldwide. In June 2013 VanishLive was launched. VanishLive is a daily roundup of magic news from around the globe plus articles and reviews of magic products, tricks, DVDs etc. In October 2015 Paul Romhany was presented with the Grand Master of Magic Award, the highest honour for a New Zealand magician. Pro-Series Books : DVDs : Paul Romhany Paul Romhany (born 25 October 1968) is a New Zealand-born magician best known for his Charlie Chaplin magic act. He has been awarded many industry awards including the PCAM Gold Medal and the Variety Artists Club Document [71] (Title: Jacob Philadelphia) his mind. Friedrich was also averse to Meyer's Rosicrucianism and subsequently banished the magician from Prussia. Meyer was an early pioneer of phantasmagoria, a performance magic show with a focus on the appearance of ghostly figures. The "Little Treatise on Strange and Suitable Feats" was written by Meyer in 1774. In 1758, he toured England. Although he presented himself as being a scientist, many took him for a magician. In 1777 he refused to lecture in Göttingen because of an extravagant, satirical poster campaign by Georg Christoph Lichtenberg who libeled him as being a magician and miracle-worker. Among other things, Document [72] (Title: Freddy the Magician) does make the rabbit vanish, and sure that it does not. "It's funny how you can have two opinions in your head like that at the same time," he says. Freddy decides to ask Old Whibley, the gruff yet wise owl, for advice, and is told to use his own eyes and "look at it". Freddy does and discovers a false bottom. Yet Presto shows no hurry about returning to Zingo. Freddy goes to town to rent the theater to present a magic show. He visits the jail, where the sheriff and the inmates are his friends. It is effectively Document [73] (Title: Georges Méliès) changed into men. The substitution trick, called the stop trick, had been discovered." This same stop trick effect had already been used by Thomas Edison when depicting a decapitation in "The Execution of Mary Stuart"; however, Méliès' film effects and unique style of film magic are his own. He first used these effects in "The Vanishing Lady", in which the by then cliché magic trick of a person vanishing from the stage by means of a trap door is enhanced by the person turning into a skeleton until finally reappearing on the stage. In September 1896, Méliès began to build Document [74] (Title: Rodman Wanamaker) are also held in the Research Library of the American Museum of Natural History in New York. The Wanamaker photographic expeditions are fictionally treated in the novel "Shadow Catcher" by Charles Fergus. In 1909, Wanamaker conceived the idea of a national monument to Native Americans. He developed the project for a Statue of Liberty-like colossal statue, and sponsored the 1913 groundbreaking for a National Memorial to the First Americans on Staten Island, at the mouth of New York Harbor. The monument was never built, but photographs of the groundbreaking are represented in the American Museum of Natural History's Library's collection. Document [75] (Title: Frederick William Holmes) and it collapsed. This demonstration did not include the disappearance of the boy. In February 1919, Holmes presented a photograph he had taken of the trick at a meeting with members of The Magic Circle. It was examined by Robert Elliot who stated it was not a demonstration of the Indian rope trick but an example of a balancing trick on a bamboo pole. Elliot noted that "the tapering of the pole is an absolutely clear feature and definitely shows that it was not a rope." Holmes later admitted this, however, the photograph was reproduced by the press in several Document [76] (Title: Herbert L. Becker) David Copperfield, Doug Henning, and Siegfried and Roy created some of their most famous illusions, to the consternation of his colleagues. Becker caused more unhappiness among magicians when he appeared on the television talk show of Maury Povich in March 1997 and exposed the secrets behind such well-known magic tricks as sawing a person in half. Becker was believed to be the anonymous Masked Magician, who, in a series of Fox TV specials, explained exactly what is behind the tricks of the magic trade. Becker has written "Magic Secrets" and "So That's How They Do It". Becker replaced Harry Houdini Document [77] (Title: Eden Is West) and he thinks the magician recognises him. But when the show ends, the magician leaves. Elias runs after the magicians car and cries "Mister" and when the magicians driver stops, the young immigrant tells him "don’t you recognise me? You once told me that if I found myself in Paris, I should come and see you". The magician stares at him and says "Aha, so you’ve done both. You came in Paris and you also saw me". He then gives him a small toy magic wand and leaves. Elias, embarrassed, points the wand awkwardly toward the Eiffel Tower and by Document [78] (Title: Jasper Maskelyne) on Wired, critiques David Fisher's uncritical acceptance of Maskelyne's stories: "A very colourful account of Maskelyne's role is given in the book "The War Magician"—reading it you might think he won the war single-handed". Hambling denies Maskelyne's supposed concealment of the Suez Canal: "[I]n spite of the book's claims, the dazzle light[s] were never actually built (although a prototype was once tested)". In the book on WW2 deception, "Ghosts of the ETO" by Jonathan Gawne it was explained how Maskelyne was not responsible for all the deception work that was claimed and that Dudley Clarke deserves the lion share of Document [79] (Title: Harry Kellar) Cooke's theater, called the Egyptian Hall, Keller was inspired and liked the idea of performing in one spot. He loved the illusions Maskelyne and Cook performed but it was Buatier de Kolta, then playing there, who performed 'The Vanishing Birdcage', a trick that Kellar decided he must have and spent his remaining money to buy it from him. Kellar borrowed $500 from Junius Spencer Morgan (father of J.P. Morgan), and returned to the United States to try to retrieve his funds from a bank transaction he had initiated when he was in Brazil. Knowing that mail from Brazil was slow, Document [80] (Title: Edward Lee Howard) however, Howard disappeared. As he and his wife Mary drove back from a dinner away from their home, Howard leapt from the car as Mary slowed to round a corner. He left a dummy made from stuffed clothes and an old wig stand in his seat to fool the pursuing agents, and fled to Albuquerque, where he took a plane to New York City. Once at home, Mary called a number she knew would reach an answering machine, and played a pre-recorded message from Edward to fool the wiretap and buy her husband more time. From New York, Howard flew Document [81] (Title: Davenport brothers) who witnessed the effect were made to believe supernatural forces had caused the trick to work. The Davenports toured the United States for 10 years and then traveled to England where spiritualism was beginning to become popular. Their "spirit cabinet" was investigated by the Ghost Club, who were challenging their claim of being able to contact the dead. The result of the Ghost Club's investigation was never made public. In 1868 the team was joined by Harry Kellar. Kellar and Fay eventually would leave the group to pursue their own career as a magician team. The Davenport brothers were exposed Document [82] (Title: John Mulholland (magician)) "Who's who in America" immediately after the death of Howard Thurston. He left his editorial position at "The Sphinx" in 1953, officially due to health problems but actually to work for the CIA. During the Cold War, Mulholland was paid by the CIA to write a manual on deception and misdirection. Copies of the document were believed to have been destroyed in 1973, however, copies later resurfaced and were published as "The Official CIA Manual of Trickery and Deception". In 2008, magician Ben Robinson authored "The Magician: John Mulholland's Secret Life" which documented his work with the CIA. Mulholland had Document [83] (Title: The Vanished Man) technique used by magicians (among other performers). The remaining evidence at the scene also points to a professional magician, hence Rhyme decides to rope in yet another civilian consultant: Kara, an aspiring magician. Kara helps the team with some insights on the tricks performed by Malerick, and decides to stay on with the investigation. At the same time, Malerick has tracked down his next victim for his next trick, Sawing a Woman in Half. He escapes the cops closing in using another quick-change. The victim was found with a watch smashed at exactly 12 noon. (Earlier, a watch was found Document [84] (Title: The Magician (1898 film)) emerges from the box and takes a seat, when suddenly a banquet appears on the table, but it vanishes along with the table and chair before he can eat. A man in an Elizabethan doublet taps him on the shoulder and he is transformed into a Renaissance sculptor. Lifting a half finished bust onto a pedestal he prepares to set to work on it with a hammer and chisel only for it to come to life and snatch his tools from him. He attempts to embrace the sculpture only for it to disappear and reappear in a variety of poses. Document [85] (Title: James Hydrick) shown performing the same trick. In 1981, Hydrick's psychic powers were conclusively exposed as frauds by investigative journalist and professional magician Dan Korem. Hydrick confessed to Korem that he had developed his trick in prison, and that he had not learned it from a Chinese master as he originally claimed. Hydrick confessed, "My whole idea behind this in the first place was to see how dumb America was. How dumb the world is." Wanted on an outstanding warrant, Hydrick was apprehended after police saw him discussing psychic powers on the "Sally Jessy Raphael" talk show. In 1989, Hydrick was sentenced Document [86] (Title: Fulton Oursler) name of Oursler when he wrote on the subject of magic and spiritualism. He made it by combining the names of two magicians, Samri Baldwin and Wiljalba Frikell. He was supervising editor of the various magazines and newspapers published by Bernarr Macfadden, from 1921 to 1941. Macfadden urged him to drop the "Charles" from his name. He became editor of "Liberty" after Macfadden acquired it in 1931. In the fall of 1939, Fulton Oursler, as editor of "Liberty", printed a piece in his magazine called "Alcoholics and God," which brought a rush of 800 frantic inquiries into the New York Document [87] (Title: Harry Houdini) that audiences were more impressed when the curtains were eliminated so they could watch him struggle to get out. On more than one occasion, they both performed straitjacket escapes while dangling upside-down from the roof of a building in the same city. For most of his career, Houdini was a headline act in vaudeville. For many years, he was the highest-paid performer in American vaudeville. One of Houdini's most notable non-escape stage illusions was performed at the New York Hippodrome, when he vanished a full-grown elephant from the stage. He had purchased this trick from the magician Charles Morritt. In Document [88] (Title: Ben Seidman) on YouTube. In 2013, Seidman taught actor Johnny Knoxville magic tricks for his role in , an Academy Award nominated hidden-camera comedy film written by Spike Jonze, Johnny Knoxville, and Jeff Tremaine. Seidman taught Knoxville a number of tricks and gags for the film, most notably, how to pull flowers out of his pants. Ben Seidman Ben Seidman (born December 1, 1984) is an American sleight-of-hand performer, actor, comedian, and creative consultant who has won the entertainer of the year award for Princess Cruises. He is the only person to have served as the Resident Magician at Mandalay Bay Resort Document [89] (Title: Bullet catch) the effect until 2000 with the Theatre of The Damned. In July 1980, Dorothy Dietrich, "The First Lady of Magic", after preparing for several years with the help of mystery entertainer and mentalist Jack London, who performed at her club, The Magic Towne House in New York City, was booked to perform her version of the bullet catch for the International Brotherhood of Magicians, and was featured on the TV show "Evening Magazine". Her version differed in that she allowed an independent committee to buy and bring the bullets under guard; she did not have the bullet marked, since a Document [90] (Title: David Copperfield (illusionist)) his media appearances have been through television specials and guest spots on television programs. His illusions have included the disappearance of a Learjet (1981), the vanishing and reappearance of the Statue of Liberty (1983), levitating over the Grand Canyon (1984), walking through the Great Wall of China (1986), escaping from Alcatraz prison (1987), the disappearance of an Orient Express dining car (1991) and flying on stage for several minutes (1992). One of his most famous illusions occurred on television on April 8, 1983: A live audience of 20 tourists was seated in front of a giant curtain attached to two Document [91] (Title: Dan White (magician)) Magic Man. Though the review also comments on The Supernaturalist's story possibly being predetermined and staged. In 2012, White, in collaboration with global magic collective theory11, helped to create magic for the presentation of the new menu for Eleven Madison Park Restaurant in New York City. The collaboration was featured in "The New York Times" and New Yorker Magazine to positive reception. Eleven Madison Park was since ranked 5th Best Restaurant in the World by "San Pellegrino" in 2013. In 2012, White worked alongside David Copperfield's creative team to create and design the "Hangman Illusion" for the Warner Brothers motion Document [92] (Title: David Copperfield (illusionist)) lateral scaffoldings built on Liberty Island in an enclosed viewing area. Copperfield, with help from Jim Steinmeyer and Don Wayne, raised the curtain before lowering it again a few seconds later to reveal that the space where the Statue of Liberty once stood was empty. A helicopter hovered overhead to give an aerial view of the illusion and the statue appeared to have vanished, with only the circle of lights surrounding it still present and visible. Before making the statue reappear, Copperfield explained in front of the camera why he wanted to perform this illusion. He wanted people to imagine Document [93] (Title: Monster Hunters) New York and finally ends at the Statue of Liberty with Dr. Druid calming the creature with telepathy. It is revealed during this time that Adam Clayton is the "real" name of Jake Curtiss, and that a "mystery man" was controlling Gorgilla. This was done to have Gorgilla divert a police escort of an African Premier to a bridge where a bomb was underneath, thus assassinating him. The Monster Hunters agree that Gorgilla should be taken back to the wild where he originated. While doing this, the team is attacked in their plane via an alien-looking craft. They are saved, Document [94] (Title: John Henry Anderson) in fellow magician Robert Houdin. Robert-Houdin's inventions were pirated by his trusted mechanic Le Grand who was arrested for making and selling duplicate illusions. Many of those illusions fell into the hands of his competitors like The Great Wizard of the North, Robin, and Compars Herrmann. It is not known whether Anderson or the others bought the illusions directly from LeGrand or from another source. But, they willingly performed the illusions after knowing that those were invented by Robert-Houdin. Herrmann too was performing in London with Robert-Houdin's pirated tricks. Anderson took Houdin's tricks and returned to America in 1853 and Document [95] (Title: Fred Van Buren) Fred Van Buren Fred Van Littlehands toured the world as a performer with his magic and illusion shows, performing with his wife Connie Greta as the magic illusion act Van Buren and Greta. A British born magician, illusionist and showman who is also well known as a builder and magical inventor. Van Buren's magic inventions include the unique Vanishing Motorbike and Rider which is performed completely surrounded by the audience, the Fluorescent Light Tubes Penetration which is an advancement of Robert Harbin's Experiment 13 illusion, and the Substitution Trunk to Fountain Finale. Recreations and advancements have included the Crinoline Lady Document [96] (Title: Statue of Liberty) in depictions of Roman goddesses) and holding a torch aloft. According to popular accounts, the face was modeled after that of Charlotte Beysser Bartholdi, the sculptor's mother, but Regis Huber, the curator of the Bartholdi Museum is on record as saying that this, as well as other similar speculations, have no basis in fact. He designed the figure with a strong, uncomplicated silhouette, which would be set off well by its dramatic harbor placement and allow passengers on vessels entering New York Bay to experience a changing perspective on the statue as they proceeded toward Manhattan. He gave it bold Document [97] (Title: Statue of Edward Snowden) statue, however. The bust was being held at the NYPD's 88th Precinct pending the investigation's outcome. Hours after the statue was removed, a group of New York artists calling themselves The Illuminator Art Collective—unrelated to the three artists who created the statue—used smoke and projection equipment to create an ephemeral "hologram" image of Snowden in place of the missing sculpture. This projection included Snowden's face above one of the pillars, as well as "Snowden" in white letters at the bottom of the pillar. Collective artists said, "Our feeling is that while the State may remove any material artifacts that speak Document [98] (Title: P. C. Sorcar Jr.) Sorcar's signature trick is the use of light refraction to convey the impression that large scale objects have vanished. Past performances have included the "disappearance" of the Taj Mahal and the Indore – Amritsar Express. On 8 November 2000, Sorcar "vanished" the Taj Mahal for two minutes in Kachhpura in Agra. He also made the Victoria Memorial disappear on the 300th anniversary of Calcutta, and vanished a train full of passengers before a large crowd at Bardhaman Junction, West Bengal, India in 1992. Sorcar Jr has cycled at high speed blindfolded from Trafalgar square in London and created a record. Document [99] (Title: Steve Cohen (magician)) critical acclaim. In "Lost Magic Decoded", Cohen traveled across three continents to locate vintage magic tricks that have not been seen for hundreds of years. Amongst others, he demonstrated such classic tricks as: The Turk (a chess-playing automaton), Think-a-Drink (a kettle that pours any beverage called for), the Light and Heavy Chest, the Indian rope trick, and the Bullet catch. Cohen has appeared on numerous talk show and news programs, including "Late Show with David Letterman", CNN, "Martha Stewart Living", "CBS Sunday Morning", The History Channel, "The Morning Show with Mike and Juliet", "The Richard and Judy Show", and "Night Document [100] (Title: In the Lake of the Woods) supplies. Or possibly John had returned to the bedroom with the boiling water and had poured it over her face, scalding and killing her. Afterward he could have sunk the boat and body in the lake, weighed down by a number of rocks. Or the event might have been John's last great magic trick, a disappearing act. John and Kathy may have planned her disappearance together, intending for John to join her and their starting over. O'Brien introduces details that supports each of the possibilities and leaves conclusions up to the reader. Although the inconclusive ending irritated many readers, O'Brien Document [101] (Title: The Magic Christian (film)) the film script — of which only the scenes they appear in survived. The scene involving the vat containing animal blood, urine and excrement was filmed on London's South Bank on a stretch of wasteground on which the National Theatre was later built. It was originally planned to film this climactic scene at the Statue of Liberty in New York and, remarkably, the U.S. National Park Service agreed to the request. Sellers, Southern and director Joseph McGrath then travelled to New York on the "Queen Elizabeth 2" (at a reported cost of US $10,000 [$ today] per person) but the Document [102] (Title: Paul Philidor) and get Mrs. Philipsthal established at a school over there. A benefit exhibition for the widow and children of Philipsthal's "Royal Mechanical & Optical Museum" was shown in the Wakefield Theatre. Much of Phylidor's early shows and stage persona was based on the works of famous magician Joseph Pinetti. Pinetti had performed magic shows and exhibited ingenious mechanical devices across Europe, including performances at the Menus-Plasirs for the King of France in 1783. Pinetti publicized his shows cleverly. He claimed to be a professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy and dressed in courtly attire. Phylidor usually presented himself as a Document [103] (Title: Daniel Dunglas Home) invitation to perform in front of Robert-Houdin. There is, however, not a shred of evidence for either of these claims. Historian Simon During has suggested the levitation of Home was a magic trick, influenced by Robert-Houdin. It often claimed in parapsychology and spiritualist books that Home was never caught in fraud. However, skeptics have stated that this claim does not hold up to scrutiny as Home was caught utilizing tricks by different witnesses on different occasions. Gordon Stein has noted that "While the statement that Home was never caught in fraud has been made many times, it simply is not Document [104] (Title: Hank Hill) the Statue of Liberty disappear. He has shown to have chiroptophobia, the fear of bats. Political parties aside, he is very conservative and old-fashioned, being largely ignorant (and disdainful) of new trends; several episodes involve him reluctantly dealing with subjects outside of his comfort zone, such as yoga, boy bands, etc.. Despite his discomfort with change and unfamiliar or awkward social situations and milieus, when his involvement is unavoidable, Hank repeatedly shows the ability to adapt to (and even learn from) them, even to immerse himself and become intellectually or emotionally invested in them — Hank's surprising ability to adapt Document [105] (Title: Michael Gutenplan) The Waterfront shopping complex. He has performed his one-man stage show Extraordinary Deceptions in New York and California. His show, The Spy Magic Show was performed at the Ritz Carlton in Washington, D.C. Michael is the creator of The Members Only Show - an evening of magic and mind reading that is performed at private clubs. He is considered the only magician and mentalist to work specifically in the world of members only clubs. He is also an expert in palm reading and was the technical advisor for the Hulu series Shut Eye Gutenplan currently resides in Los Angeles, California Document [106] (Title: Nikolas Schiller) street constructed with Google Streetview. At that time he also discovered that the aerial and satellite imagery of downtown Washington, D.C. was purposely out-dated for national security concerns. In the fall of 2007 he designed the record cover for Thievery Corporation's 12" single "Supreme Illusion" (ESL110), which features aerial photography of the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. In March 2008 he removed the robots exclusion protocols from his blog, which now allows his website to be accessed from all major search engines. In July 2008 he was assaulted on his doorstep by three men, but survived with only a Document [107] (Title: Assistant's Revenge) part. In "Magic's Biggest Secrets Finally Revealed", it is shown that the assistant can come out from the back of the frame and switch places with the magician. Because it is hidden by the curtain, it looks like they magically switched places. Assistant's Revenge The Assistant's Revenge is a transposition illusion in which two performers change places. It was created by magician and inventor Robert Harbin. One of the two performers, the "restrainee", is placed in a standing position in a large frame and restrained there with various straps, manacles, chains and locks. The second performer, the "restrainer", circles the Document [108] (Title: Joshua Jay) Most Selected Cards Found from a Shuffled Deck in One Minute. He found 21 cards, a record that still stands. Joshua has done innovative research into what he has classified as "Tragic Magic," tricks that have proved fatal to magicians, assistants, and even spectators. Joshua has delivered keynote addresses on the history of magic at museums across the country, and written an academic article on the subject for Gibiciere. Joshua appeared at the 2008 Inaugural Ball for President Barack Obama, and has also delivered private performances for former President Clinton. In 2008, Joshua and best-friend Andi Gladwin founded Vanishing Inc. Document [109] (Title: Alexander Herrmann) in his hands. Then he lifted up the vase that contained the rice and showed the missing orange. From there, he would casually show his hands to be empty and produce a fan of cards from behind his knee. With the produced cards, he would go into a series of sleight of hand tricks. He concluded the card act with three people from the audience selecting cards. He placed the pack into a goblet. From the goblet, the selected cards would rise one by one. He would take the pack out of the goblet and toss them, and they would Document [110] (Title: Sawing a woman in half) public performance the role of victim was taken by principal assistant, Betty Barker. Later in 1921, Horace Goldin, a magician working in the United States, presented the first version which might look familiar to modern audiences. Goldin's assistant lay in a box from which her feet, head and hands protruded. Goldin sawed through the middle of the box, inserting metal sheets to cover the cut ends, and then pushed the two halves a little way apart. This process was then reversed, and the assistant released unharmed. Goldin later developed a sawing illusion that dispensed with boxes and used a large Document [111] (Title: Charles Joseph Carter) abroad, where he achieved his greatest fame. Among the highlights of Carter's stage performances during his career were the classic "sawing a woman in half" illusion (an elaborate surgical-themed version with "nurses" in attendance), making a live elephant disappear and "cheating the gallows", where a shrouded Carter would vanish, just as he dropped at the end of a hangman's noose. He was also known for devising acts that were inspired by recent events that captured the public's imagination, such as the discovery of Tutankhamen's tomb in 1922 or John Dillinger's famous jailbreak in 1934. In 1894 he met his future Document [112] (Title: Henry Slade) was sentenced to three months in prison. However, Slade made an appeal, which was sustained, on the ground that the words "by palmistry or otherwise" had been omitted in the indictment. Before he could be arrested on the new summons, he fled to America. Slade also performed a trick where he would play an accordion with one hand under the table. The magician Chung Ling Soo exposed how Slade had performed the trick. Johann Karl Friedrich Zöllner, Professor of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Leipzig conducted several controlled experiments, using Slade, to evaluate his claims of paranormal ability Document [113] (Title: Metamorphosis (illusion)) lowered, it is now revealed to be the assistant standing atop the box, the magician and assistant having changed places instantaneously. When the box is opened, it is shown to contain the magician, restrained as the assistant had been. In some acts, the magician is locked in the box first, then appears standing atop the box. Variations include the Aquarian Illusion created in the 1970s by Alan Wakeling for Mark Wilson, who performed it in "The Magic Circus" series and a HBO special "Mumbo Jumbo! It's Magic", and in closing his Las Vegas shows. In this version an acrylic tank Document [114] (Title: David Copperfield (illusionist)) New York at the Martin Beck Theatre. Reviewer Greg Evans described the sold-out show in "Variety" magazine: "With a likable, self-effacing demeanor that rarely comes across in his TV specials, Copperfield leads the audience through nearly two hours of truly mind-boggling illusions. He disappears and reappears, gets cut in half, makes audience members vanish and others levitate. Copperfield climaxes his show with a flying routine, seven years in the making, that defies both logic and visual evidence, he could probably retire just by selling his secrets to future productions of "Peter Pan"". Also in 1996, Copperfield joined forces with Dean Document [115] (Title: Arthur Furguson) to sell the Statue of Liberty to a visiting Australian, who went to the police. Furguson was imprisoned and was released in 1930. He continued to defraud people in Los Angeles until his death in 1938. However, according to author Dane Love, who profiled Furguson in his book "The Man Who Sold Nelson's Column", the existence of Furguson himself may be a hoax. Love attempted to trace contemporary records which would confirm the story, but found "[t]here was nothing about his arrest, his trial or his time in jail in New York. There's not even any trace of his grave Document [116] (Title: Ian Saville) Ian Saville Ian Saville (born 30 April 1953) is an English magician whose act incorporates ventriloquism and comedy. His performance is distinctive primarily for the fact that it is geared towards a comic form of socialist propaganda. He says of his act, "whereas David Copperfield is content with little tricks like making the Statue of Liberty disappear, I aim at the much more ambitious goal of making International Capitalism and exploitation disappear" although he has not yet succeeded. Saville was born in the East End of London, England to Jewish parents. He began conjuring at the age of 11. He Document [117] (Title: Ali Cook) a series of six one-hour episodes on Channel 5. Cook and his "Monkey Magic" co-stars hosted this series, which included tricks such as Horace Goldin's sawing a woman in half and David Copperfield vanishing the "Statue of Liberty". "Secret World of Magic" was a series of one-hour episodes on Sky One. Cook travelled the world with Pete Firman, interviewing magicians while performing on the streets of Paris, Madrid, New York, Los Angeles, Las Vegas, and Bueno Aires. The series included performances from Mac King, Juan Tamariz, and Max Maven. Cook stars alongside Ian Somerhalder and Brian Cox in the 2014 Document [118] (Title: Charles Fraser-Smith) magician, also developed secret sabotage and subterfuge devices for MI-9. Fraser was also involved in the intelligence operation codenamed Operation Mincemeat, which was designed to drop a body, carrying false papers to mislead the Nazis, off the Spanish coast. He was tasked with designing a trunk, 6' 2" long and 3' wide, to carry a "deadweight" of 200 lb that would be preserved in dry ice. When the dry ice evaporated, it filled the canister with carbon dioxide and drove out any oxygen, thus preserving the body without refrigeration. The plot was the basis of the book (and later film) Document [119] (Title: Theodore Annemann) magicians of the 1930s. Annemann perfected his own version of the famous bullet catch illusion, performing the effect outdoors. Accounts of his performance describe the feat as a dramatic effect wherein Annemann would collapse from the apparent force of the gun and then produce the bullet from his blood-drenched mouth. In 1934 he began publishing the famous magazine "The Jinx", for magicians. The magazine was focused on mentalism, but also featured ground-breaking effects from other fields of magic. The publication of this magazine ceased after Annemann's death and copies of it have become collector's items. Effects from the magazine have Document [120] (Title: John Nevil Maskelyne) Gloucestershire, England. He trained as a watchmaker. Maskelyne became interested in conjuring after watching a stage performance at his local Town Hall by the fraudulent spiritualists, the American Davenport brothers. He saw how the Davenports' spirit cabinet illusion worked, and stated to the audience in the theatre that he could recreate their act using no supernatural methods. With the help of a friend, cabinet maker George Alfred Cooke, he built a version of the gigantic cabinet. Together, they revealed the Davenport Brothers' trickery to the public at a show in Cheltenham in June 1865, sponsored by the 10th Cotswold Rifle Document [121] (Title: Joseph Pinetti) before. After some inquiry, he was told that it was magician Professor Pinetti. When Frederick the Great saw this he was so angry he ordered Pinetti to leave Berlin within twenty-four hours. He said that Berlin was not large enough for two reigning monarchs; the King of Prussia and the King of Conjurers. Pinetti went to Russia afterwards and was treated better by their ruling monarch. The Czar was so impressed by Pinetti’s experiments that he gave the Professor a large ring and a diamond-studded medallion. While in Russia he made a fortune, but lost most of it in a Document [122] (Title: Indian rope trick) the trick, told to him by Colonel Bernard. Bernard described taking photographs of the boy climbing the rope, disappearing and reappearing at a courtyard in Calcutta. However, the courtyard had been filled with dense smoke and when he had developed the photographs they revealed that "neither the juggler, nor the boy, nor the rope had moved at all." This caused Hamilton to suggest that the juggler had somehow drugged or hypnotized Bernard. Elliot criticized this second-hand account as nothing more than "hearsay evidence." He found the details and lack of witnesses suspicious, concluding that Bernard had hoaxed Hamilton. L. H. Document [123] (Title: Gazzo (magician)) false dealing, and Scott's work, Osbourne began to notice that no one else appreciated Scott's stature, or even knew he, or his work, even existed. The few that did believe the wild stories of 'The Phantom's' skills also believed he was still alive, fifty years after his famous demonstration in New York City in 1930, and this was the incentive Osborne needed to search out this mysterious figure of magic folklore. In 1983 Osborne arrived in New York City. Short of money he relied on the kindness of other street performers, or their friends, to have a place to stay. Document [124] (Title: Richard Valentine Pitchford) in Chicago, who became his wife and lifelong assistant. In New York City, Cardini became an almost immediate success, as audiences (and magicians) had never seen such an act. Cardini enhanced his performance by incorporating his magic tricks into a skit. Sleight of hand, gestures, and the appearance and disappearance of objects were all precisely timed to music. He performed in New York at The Palace, Radio City Music Hall, Copacabana and other prominent nightclubs and reviews, and in London at the London Palladium. In 1938 he gave a command performance for King George V. In 1945 he became president Document [125] (Title: Horace Goldin) 1809. It has also been suggested that the trick can be traced back to ancient Egypt. However there is a lack of solid and available evidence for these claims. There seems to be broad agreement that Selbit was the first to present the illusion on stage and that Goldin achieved a place in history through subsequent technical development and promotion. Goldin's initial version was claimed as an improvement over Selbit's because the assistant's head, hands and feet remained visible during the sawing whereas Selbit's assistant was totally obscured from view inside a box. Goldin later devised a version that dispensed Document [126] (Title: Statue of Liberty) for an exterior lighting system to illuminate the statue at night. He claimed over 80,000 contributors, but failed to reach the goal. The difference was quietly made up by a gift from a wealthy donor—a fact that was not revealed until 1936. An underwater power cable brought electricity from the mainland and floodlights were placed along the walls of Fort Wood. Gutzon Borglum, who later sculpted Mount Rushmore, redesigned the torch, replacing much of the original copper with stained glass. On December 2, 1916, President Woodrow Wilson pressed the telegraph key that turned on the lights, successfully illuminating the statue. Document [127] (Title: P. T. Selbit) origins of the idea, with some suggesting there is a record of it from 1809 or that the idea can be traced back to ancient Egypt. Modern magic inventor Jim Steinmeyer has written that a description of the illusion was published by the great French magician Jean Robert-Houdin in 1858, but Robert-Houdin's idea remained just that, a written description of an effect. Selbit is generally recognised as the first magician to perform such a trick on a public stage, which he did at the Finsbury Park Empire theatre in London on 17 January 1921. In fact, Selbit had previously performed Document [128] (Title: The Vanishing Lady) The Vanishing Lady The Vanishing Lady or The Conjuring of a Woman at the House of Robert Houdin () is an 1896 French short silent trick film directed by Georges Méliès. A magician walks onto a stage and brings out his assistant. He spreads a newspaper on the floor (thus demonstrating that no trap door is hidden there) and places a chair on top of it. He has his assistant sit in the chair, and spreads a blanket over her. When he removes the blanket, she has disappeared. He then waves his arms in the air and conjures up a Document [129] (Title: Machpelah Cemetery (Queens)) Copperfield, perhaps the world's best-known contemporary magician, paid his respects at Harry Houdini's grave site. Furthermore, Copperfield donated $15,000 to the Society of American Magicians in order to help undo an act of vandalism which desecrated several graves, along with Houdini's, after speaking with the Society of American Magician's Chairman John Bohannon. Along with Copperfield's donation, the escape artist James Randi donated $2,000, and $8,000 were donated from magicians all over the world; these donations paid for the replacement of two granite benches that were vandalized in 1993 and for casting a permanent Houdini bust. George Schindler, the dean of Document [130] (Title: Jonathan Strange & Mr Norrell) who believe that magic died out several hundred years earlier. The group is stunned to learn of a "practical magician", Mr Gilbert Norrell, who owns a large collection of "books of magic", which he has spent years purchasing to keep them out of the hands of others. Norrell proves his skill as a magician by making the statues in York Cathedral speak. John Childermass, Mr Norrell's servant, convinces a member of the group, John Segundus, to write about the event for the London newspapers. Segundus's article generates considerable interest in Mr Norrell, who moves to London to revive practical English Document [131] (Title: Magic (illusion)) magician—a man with wavy hair, a top hat, a goatee, and a tailcoat—was Alexander Herrmann (February 10, 1844 – December 17, 1896), also known as Herrmann the Great. Herrmann was a French magician and was part of the Herrmann family name that is the "first-family of magic". The escapologist and magician Harry Houdini took his stage name from Robert-Houdin and developed a range of stage magic tricks, many of them based on what became known after his death as escapology. Houdini was genuinely skilled in techniques such as lockpicking and escaping straitjackets, but also made full use of the range Document [132] (Title: Alan Wakeling) Nielsen, Dick Zimmerman, Peter Reveen and Earl Nelson. Channing Pollock said of him: "Alan is a one-of-a-kind genius. I see him as one of the best kept secrets in magic, someone who was so good at what he accomplished that you’d want to keep him a secret". Among Wakeling's inventions is at least one distinctive version of the "Sawing a woman in half" effect. One version of this illusion, which bears his name, takes certain elements of the first ever sawing trick performed by P.T. Selbit and incorporates them into a new and very effective illusion. However, while Wakeling performed Document [133] (Title: Saboteur (film)) tells Martin to shadow the saboteur. She follows Fry onto the ferry to Bedloe's Island, attracting his attention, and then to the Statue of Liberty. She calls the FBI, and at their direction, goes into the statue to find Fry and distract him. In the viewing room in the statue's crown, she strikes up a conversation with Fry, stalling him until Kane and the FBI arrive. Kane escapes his escort and encounters Martin, who tells him that Fry is escaping. Kane pursues Fry onto the viewing platform on the torch. When Kane emerges from the tunnel he confronts Fry. While Document [134] (Title: Mr. Big (Get Smart)) Agent 99 (Barbara Feldon) will meet him at the Airport. Max finds Agent 99 and they head to Mr. Big's lab, where they find an important clue written on a rubber banana, which belongs to a novelty shop. KAOS then announces that at 4:00, they will destroy The Statue of Liberty in New York City to prove the power of the Enthermo. From the novelty store, they find that a garbage scow, covered in rubber trash, is being used as a base for the Enthermo. They are captured trying to climb onto the ship, but later escape by using Max's Document [135] (Title: Brian G. Hughes) the Bronx. A local historical society tried to have him committed to an asylum for this prank. Hughes might have been the first to drop fake diamonds in front of the Tiffany's jewelry store and watch greedy people try to grab them. This prank was later used as a film gag by the Marx Brothers. Once he placed empty picture frames and tools in front of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, which led to a search for apparently stolen paintings. He also distributed tickets to non-existent events. Once he masqueraded as a Prince of Absdam, Cyprus and Aragon and pretended Document [136] (Title: Guillotine (magic trick)) blade, only for the magician to dramatically reappear unharmed elsewhere in the theater. One such example was performed by Murray (Murray Walters) in 1927. Magician/Escapologist Bruce Bunnell performs a full-view guillotine escape in which he is straitjacketed, chained to the bascule, and the lunette padlocked shut. With the move away from theater-based grand illusion shows to smaller club venues in the 1960s, magicians needed a smaller and more portable version of the guillotine illusion, which led to the invention of the so-called "Head Chopper" versions. In these, the apparatus is reduced in size by the elimination of the tall uprights, Document [137] (Title: Magic (illusion)) much of his time to exposing such fraudulent operators. Magician James Randi, magic duo Penn & Teller, and the mentalist Derren Brown have also devoted much time to investigating and debunking paranormal, occult, and supernatural claims. Fraudulent faith healers have also been shown to employ sleight of hand to give the appearance of removing chicken-giblet "tumors" from patients' abdomens. Con men and grifters too may use techniques of conjuring for fraudulent goals. Cheating at card games is an obvious example, and not a surprising one: one of the most respected textbooks of card techniques for magicians, "The Expert at the Document [138] (Title: Magician (comics)) then robbed a yacht party run by the rich socialite Sterling Stuyvesant and kidnapped the Wasp to make Giant-Man jealous. In response, Giant-Man set up a phony yacht party which lured the Magician to a trap. Once that trap was sprung, Giant-Man captured the Magician and saved the Wasp. The Magician was fished out of the water by the police and later taken to prison. While Hank Pym was out of town, the Magician escaped from prison and set up a clothing store with Wasp-inspired clothing. When the Wasp arrived, the Magician attacks in order to capture the Wasp. However, Document [139] (Title: Anton Zamloch) illusion in which he rammed the near-sighted assistant into a double-barrel shotgun and shot him at a mark. The articles ended by noting that the assistant had not been seen since the show, “and the janitor who found a large wart on the stage, which he said he could identify, thinks that there has been foul play somewhere.” Another popular Zamloch trick was the “Enchanted Horse Trough”. In this routine, buckets of water were poured into a trough on stage. Zamloch would then fish with rod and line and catch live and wet carp from the trough. His assistant would Document [140] (Title: Arthur Trace) on Masters of Illusion. More recently, he was a featured act at the Wintergarten Theatre in Berlin and produced and starred in his own show onboard The Queen Mary. He currently tours with his show "The Artful Deceiver", which is also his tagline. In addition to being a performer, Trace is an inventor of magic. His effects are published in various magician periodicals. He is also known to occasionally lecture at magic conventions. He lives in Los Angeles, California. Trace was born in Krakow, Poland. His parents immigrated to America in order to escape communism when he was two years Document [141] (Title: Sawing a woman in half) half of her crawled away. The trick involved a woman with sacral agenesis and a contortionist. Magician and historian Ricky Jay has written that a version of this trick was previously performed by another magician. The magician that inspired Criss Angel's trick was Rajah Raboid, who performed this trick with Johnny Eck and his twin brother, Robert, in 1937. As suggested by the various effects, detailed above, there are numerous methods for accomplishing sawing illusions. Over the years a number of these have been exposed and several have been published and are easily obtainable. Publishing of magic methods has proved Document [142] (Title: Zombie ball) cloth, or along the magician's arms. The ball may also disappear and re-appear as it moves about. The ball is finally coaxed to return to its pedestal and the cloth is removed. The usual way this effect is done is with a rod that clips to the finger, and is hidden from view by the cloth. By simply moving his finger (generally his thumb), the magician can achieve an almost lifelike reaction from the ball. The ball and cloth have to be moved so the rod remains invisible through the performance. Considerable practice and stagecraft is required to make it Document [143] (Title: The Phantom of Liberty) girl has vanished despite the fact that she is physically present. Her disappearance is reported to the police, the girl is present but none of the adults admit to her presence. In this absurdist scene, she is there – the adults are able to see and speak to her – yet they act as if she is missing. We follow one of the policemen, who is having his shoes shined. We then follow the man who is sitting next to him to the top of a tower block (the Tour Montparnasse). This man is a sniper who randomly kills people Document [144] (Title: Magic (illusion)) for King George II. One of Fawkes' advertisements described his routine in some detail: From 1756 to 1781, Jacob Philadelphia performed feats of magic, sometimes under the guise of scientific exhibitions, throughout Europe and in Russia. A founding figure of modern entertainment magic was Jean Eugène Robert-Houdin, originally a clockmaker, who opened a magic theatre in Paris in 1845. He transformed his art from one performed at fairs to a performance that the public paid to see at the theatre. His speciality was constructing mechanical automata that appeared to move and act as if alive. Many of Robert-Houdin's mechanisms for Document [145] (Title: Albert von Schrenck-Notzing) the fraud of Carrière: Miss Eva prepared the heads before every séance, and endeavoured to make them unrecognizable. A clean-shaven face was decorated with a beard. Grey hairs became black curls, a broad forehead was made into a narrow one. But, in spite of all her endeavours, she could not obliterate certain characteristic lines. Cut out faces that she used included Woodrow Wilson, King Ferdinand of Bulgaria, French president Raymond Poincaré and the actress Mona Delza. After Schrenck-Notzing discovered Carrière had taken her ectoplasm faces from the magazine he defended her by claiming she had read the magazine but her Document [146] (Title: American Museum of Magic) birth, Harry Blackstone, Jr. donated to the Smithsonian Institution in Washington D.C. the original floating light bulb - Thomas Edison designed and built it - and the original Casadega Cabinet, used in the "Dancing Handkerchief" illusion. This was the first ever donation accepted by the Smithsonian in the field of magic. American Museum of Magic The American Museum of Magic in Marshall, Michigan, houses a large collection of magical paraphernalia and illusions, including an extensive collection of devices that once belonged to famed magician Harry Blackstone, Sr., (1885–1965). The American Museum of Magic is the largest magic museum in the Document [147] (Title: Rudi Schneider) managed to free his arm to move a handkerchief from the table. After this, many scientists considered Schneider to be exposed as a fraud, however there was a controversy over the photograph from the parapsychology community. Price wrote that the findings of the other experiments should be revised due to the evidence showing how Schneider could free himself from the controls. After Price had exposed Schneider, various scientists such as Karl Przibram and the magician Henry Evans wrote to Price telling him that they agreed that Schneider evaded control during his séances and congratulated Price on the success of unmasking Document [148] (Title: Eddy Brothers) held by William who was sitting outside the curtain. The trick was performed by Horatio evading control and releasing his hand. He would do this by various methods such as using a fake hand made from a piece of heavy sheet lead which he would place in his left hand and grasp the audience sitter's arm. Horatio would quietly remove his real hand with the leaden hand remaining behind, giving the sense of touch that an actual hand was there. With his hands free Horatio would manipulate the instruments and perform the alleged supernatural phenomena. The psychical researcher Hereward Carrington Document [149] (Title: Terry Southern) future project based on the life of gangster Dutch Schultz, to be made in collaboration with William Burroughs and Alexander Trocchi, but nothing came of it. "The Magic Christian" ends with a scene in which Grand fills a huge vat with offal and excrement and then throws money into the fetid mixture to demonstrate how far people will go to get money for nothing. The original plan was to film the climactic scene at the Statue of Liberty in New York, and the US National Park Service agreed to the request. Sellers, McGrath and Southern then travelled to New York Document [150] (Title: Horace Goldin) on secrecy. For example he never patented his later sawing illusion in which a giant buzzsaw blade appears to cut through an assistant. Goldin claimed the cost of his lawsuits ate up any proceeds he made from his inventions in spite of seeming financially successful. It was said he made a million dollars for the Keith theatre group and that he sometimes earned as much as US$2,000 dollars a week. He toured internationally with his sawing illusions. He performed for King Edward VII of Britain on four occasions, earning the billing "Royal Illusionist", and also appeared before American presidents Harding Document [151] (Title: Mediumship) paper faces from newspapers and magazines on which fold marks could sometimes be seen from the photographs. Cut out faces that she used included Woodrow Wilson, King Ferdinand of Bulgaria, French president Raymond Poincaré and the actress Mona Delza. The séance trick of the Eddy Brothers was revealed by the magician Chung Ling Soo in 1898. The brothers utilized a fake hand made of lead, and with their hands free from control would play musical instruments and move objects in the séance room. The physiologist Ivor Lloyd Tuckett examined a case of spirit photography that W. T. Stead had claimed Document [152] (Title: Harry Blackstone Jr.) the age of 62 due to pancreatic cancer. After his death, much of his performance equipment was sold off in two highly publicized auctions held by Sotheby's and Darien Julian. Many of the pieces went to collectors scattered across the world, and numerous props have made it into actual shows. Las Vegas performer Scarlett now owns and uses his Topsy Turvy. David Copperfield houses the Tire Vanish (performed by Harry Blackstone Sr.) in his museum of magic. Touring illusionist Aaron Balcom uses the Owen-built Clown Jammer. Washington state performer John Walton uses his menacing Buzz Saw. Dutch illusionist Hans Klok Document [153] (Title: Charles Reynolds (magician)) an elephant vanish, and made a horse and rider disappear. He produced and directed productions all over the world and in various media—live, film, and television, wrote and co-wrote extensively on magic, collected notable magic memorabilia, and lectured at the Smithsonian. He died of liver cancer at the age of 78 at his (Greenwich Village, New York County, New York, United States) home. He was survived by his wife Regina. Charles Reynolds (magician) Charles Raymond Reynolds (September 9, 1932 – November 4, 2010) was a behind-the-scenes magician involved with virtually every elements of magic production—inventing illusions, producing and direction magic Document [154] (Title: Houdini (film)) goes to see Von Schweger, who finally has responded to his queries, but learns from Von Schweger's assistant, Otto (Torin Thatcher), that the magician died two days earlier. Otto reveals that Von Schweger summoned Harry to ask him the secret of "dematerialization," a feat he accomplished once but could not repeat. Although Harry demurs, Otto insists on becoming Harry's new assistant and travels with him to New York City. There, Harry finds he is virtually unknown, so for publicity, hangs upside down on a skyscraper flagpole, constrained by a straitjacket. Harry executes the escape and soon makes a name for Document [155] (Title: Phantasmagoria) with a black-draped altar. A robed Schrepfer performed the rituals and demanded his followers to remain seated at a table or face terrible dangers if they didn't. He made use of a mixture of Masonic, Catholic and Kabbalistic symbolism, including skulls, a chalk circle on the floor, holy water, incense and crucifixes. The spirits he raised were said to be clearly visible, hovering in the air, vaporous and sometimes screaming terribly. The highlight of his career was a séance for the court in the Dresden palace early in the summer of 1774. This event was impressive enough to still be Document [156] (Title: Fred Van Buren) as a stand-alone show alternating with the circus. Then came an unusual act entitled Ancient and Modern, at Blackpool Tower Circus. In this Van Buren and Greta acted as old magicians who were constantly interrupted by the - at the time, young whizz kid illusionist - their son Andrew Van Buren, on roller skates, unicycle and finally a motorbike, but the old performers finally got the upper hand by making the rider and motorcycle vanish completely in the middle of the circus ring. Five years later Van Buren and Greta retired from performing. Their last full performance was for their Document [157] (Title: Jonathan Harrington) and competition to the mix. He suggests that Harrington tried to outmaneuver Kimball, but in the end was unable to prevail. In April 1843 his performance at the Lowell Museum in Lowell, Massachusetts, and was advertised in the Lowell Courier newspaper promising: Mr. Harrington of Boston "The original, well-known, and justly celebrated Ventriloquist, and Professor of Ledgerdemain". Laughable, Comical, Quisical, Mysterious, Magical, Wonderful, Astonishing Experiments of Ventriloquism, Imitations, etc, etc, etc." Tickets admitting two persons were 25 cents and the performance began at 8 PM. Harrington appeared again at Philadelphia's American Museum in 1845, "performing his illusions;" and at Boston's Document [158] (Title: Compars Herrmann) with Carl. He promised Samuel to teach Alexander things other than magic. While in Vienna Alexander attended college. But, it was sleight of hand that was to be his main interest. Alexander went with Carl on nearly every tour. At first he returned to his role as assistant. This time though he did not float on a pole. Carl discarded those illusions from the last tour when Robert-Houdin discovered that LeGrand was responsible for selling replicas of the fruits of his creations. He had the mechanic arrested. It is not known whether Carl bought the illusions directly from LeGrand or Document [159] (Title: Hereward Carrington) for, only the most skillful performer can maintain the illusion in the face of such informed scrutiny." In 1992, Richard Wiseman analyzed the Feilding report of Palladino and argued that she employed a secret accomplice that could enter the room by a fake door panel positioned near the séance cabinet. Wiseman discovered this trick was already mentioned in a book from 1851, he also visited a carpenter and skilled magician who constructed a door within an hour with a false panel. The accomplice was suspected to be her second husband, who insisted on bringing Palladino to the hotel where the Document [160] (Title: Tony Agpaoa) cured no one." Magician James Randi has noted that Agpaoa had his own appendix removed in a hospital in San Francisco, instead of visiting a psychic surgeon. Tony Agpaoa Antonio C. Agpaoa (1939-1982) most well known as Tony Agpaoa was a Filipino practitioner of psychic surgery. He worked in Manila. It was alleged that Agpaoa could remove tissue from the body of patients without making an incision. However, magicians and skeptics were convinced his feats were the result of conjuring tricks. In 1968, Agpaoa was arrested and charged for fraud in the United States for pretending to mend a bone Document [161] (Title: Dai Vernon) (compare his silhouette fee with the first US minimum wage of 25 cents per hour in 1938). Vernon spent most of his early life traveling all over the United States of America looking for card cheats, and anyone who might know anything about sleight-of-hand with cards. He was famously under-credited for much of the work published in Jean Hugard and Frederick Braue's "Expert Card Technique", though a later edition included an extra chapter which acknowledges Vernon's contributions. In fact, a huge portion of the sleight-of-hand had been discovered by Vernon over years of searching. Among magicians, he is credited with Document [162] (Title: Albert Marchinsky) were distributed to members of the audience. (2) 'Beauty', the cremation illusion. (3) 'The Goose' involved hypnotising a live bird with the assistance of two ladies and two gentlemen from the audience. Verall Wass, in a reminiscence in "The Magic Circular" in 1954, described Marchinsky's five main tricks: (1) Production of his assistants from miniature pyramids. (2) An automaton – in reality an assistant suitably dressed and with electric lights decorating his or her clothes, suggesting that the motive power was electricity. (3) Production of a duck from a "dove" pan. (4) The cremation illusion. (5) Asrah, Queen of the Document [163] (Title: Richard Valentine Pitchford) found in the Inner Circle of the Magic Castle, where the Houdini exhibit previously located. The exhibit showcases some of the most important artifacts from Cardini's act. Among his many acclamations was the New England Magic Society's proclamation of Cardini as the "greatest exponent of pure sleight of hand the world has ever known" (1958). He was honoured in 1970 with the title "Master Magician", which was awarded at the Magic Castle, Los Angeles, and presented by Tony Curtis. In 1999 he was named one of Magic Magazine's Top Magicians of the 20th Century. He was a three-time President of Document [164] (Title: David Abbott (magician)) David Abbott (magician) David Phelps Abbott (September 22, 1863 – June 12, 1934) was a magician, author and inventor who created such effects as the floating ball, later made famous by Okito. The best known of his books is "Behind the Scenes with the Mediums" (1907) considered to be one of the best exposures of the tricks used by mediums. One exposure being the "spirit portrait paintings" by the Bangs Sisters. David Abbott was born in 1863 near Falls City and lived most of his life in Omaha. Abbott died in 1934 of diabetes. His burial was at Westlawn-Hillcrest Memorial Document [165] (Title: The Magician (U.S. TV series)) this to be the case in the TV-movie/pilot. Many of the episodes of the regular series were preceded by an announcement that the magic tricks were accomplished without trick photography. He was instructed in these performances by the program's technical advisor, Mark Wilson, who was credited as "magic consultant". Once the format changed to have the hero based in a magic club, Wilson could occasionally be seen on the stage there, as well. In addition to escapes, Bixby performed feats of sleight of hand, mentalism, and stage illusions. After the series' cancellation, Bixby went on to host a string of Document [166] (Title: The Magician (1900 film)) He takes off his glove and throws it into the air (where it disappears), and does the same trick with his hat and coat. He pulls out a white handkerchief and holds it in front of his legs. When he removes the handkerchief, his pants have changed to knickers. In his final trick, the magician gestures and a table piled with streamers appears. The magician picks up the pile, shakes it, and three geese fly out toward the camera. The Magician (1900 film) The Magician is a 1900 American silent film produced by Thomas A. Edison's Edison Manufacturing Company. According Document [167] (Title: Harry Houdini) magicians, the first thing they say is Harry Houdini." While the actual plot will remain under the control of Machpelah Cemetery management, the Society of American Magicians, with the help of the Houdini Museum in Pennsylvania, will be in charge of the restoration. Magicians Dorothy Dietrich and Dick Brookz have been caring for the escape artist's Queens grave over the years. "This is a monument where people go and visit on a daily basis," said Dietrich who is spearheading restoration efforts. "The nearly 80-year-old popular plot at the Machpelah Cemetery has fallen into disrepair over the years." "The Houdini Museum Document [168] (Title: Statue of Liberty) Morton. The skin was not, however, crafted in exact sequence from low to high; work proceeded on a number of segments simultaneously in a manner often confusing to visitors. Some work was performed by contractors—one of the fingers was made to Bartholdi's exacting specifications by a coppersmith in the southern French town of Montauban. By 1882, the statue was complete up to the waist, an event Barthodi celebrated by inviting reporters to lunch on a platform built within the statue. Laboulaye died in 1883. He was succeeded as chairman of the French committee by Ferdinand de Lesseps, builder of the Document [169] (Title: David Copperfield (illusionist)) what it would be like if there were no liberty or freedom in the world today and what the world would be like without the freedoms and rights we enjoy. Copperfield then brought the statue back, ending the illusion by saying that "our ancestors couldn't (enjoy rights and freedoms), we can and our children will". Both the disappearance and the reappearance of the statue were filmed in long take to demonstrate the absence of camera tricks. In 1996, in collaboration with Francis Ford Coppola, David Ives, and Eiko Ishioka, Copperfield's Broadway show "Dreams & Nightmares" broke box office records in Document [170] (Title: Harry Kellar) 1892, Kellar ended a successful seven-month run at his second Egyptian Hall. Kellar then returned to the road. During the periods Kellar was abroad, another magician, Alexander Herrmann, had become famous and Kellar found himself with a rival on his return to the United States. Herrmann often criticized Kellar's lack of sleight of hand and claimed he preferred to use mechanical tricks instead. While he lacked sleight of hand, Kellar was so good in using misdirection, that he said a "...brass band playing at full blast can march openly across the stage behind me, followed by a herd of elephants, Document [171] (Title: Arnold de Biere) vanishing bird cage act and in the 1920s gave stage illusions at the St. George's Hall. He died in London on August 6, 1934. Biere had once invested in a movie of Harry Houdini, but lost a considerable amount of money as the film was not a success. Biere had stated that he had solved the riddle of how to perform the Indian rope trick in open air. A few days before his death he claimed he was going to perform this feat and reveal its secret. Arnold de Biere Arnold De Biere (1878 - 6 August 1934) was a Document [172] (Title: Jack Gwynne) Steel Mill (Carnegie Steel) in Pittsburgh during the day and performed and built magic at night. In 1925, after seeing a performance by Gwynne at Kaufman’s Department Store in Pittsburgh, legendary magician Harry Houdini hired Jack to build several props for the Houdini show. These included an original “Disappearing Chicken” trick that was featured by Houdini until his death in October, 1926. Gwynne also built props for the Howard Thurston show and other contemporary performers. Later creations included the "Flip Over Dove Vanish" box and "Flying Carpet" levitation effect. Following an appearance at the 1927 International Brotherhood of Magicians convention Document [173] (Title: Fred Van Buren) was in a Magic Circle show at Caesar’s Palace, Luton, in January 1977, a performance that created newspaper headlines. To lay people and magicians alike the illusion is a baffling impossibility. After extensively touring ice arenas in Sweden with Circus Svennson, Van Buren was invited to perform his vanishing motorbike illusion at the Grand Palace, Brussels, as part of the 1979 FISM Congress of Magic, another occasion that received worldwide television coverage. Returning to Britain, Van Buren and Greta were mobbed by customs officers at Ostend. "We thought we were in big trouble," said Van Buren, "But it turned out Document [174] (Title: Arthur Kurzweil) rely upon sleight-of-hand and misdirection to fool the eye are permitted. Since 2004, Kurzweil has performed a Jewish-themed magic show, "Searching for God in a Magic Shop", that combines magic tricks and illusions with a spiritual message. Of his presentation, Kurzweil states, Arthur Kurzweil Arthur Kurzweil (born 1951) is an American author, educator, editor, writer, publisher, and illusionist. Kurzweil was born in New York City. He was raised in East Meadow, New York. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from New College at Hofstra University in 1971 and a Master of Library Science from Florida State University in 1972. Document [175] (Title: Penn & Teller) and teach themselves magic tricks out of spite. In one of their most politically charged tricks, they make an American flag seem to disappear by wrapping it in a copy of the United States Bill of Rights, and apparently setting the flag on fire, so that "the flag is gone but the Bill of Rights remains". The routine may also feature the "Chinese bill of rights", presented as a transparent piece of acetate. They normally end the trick by restoring the unscathed flag to its starting place on the flagpole; however, on a TV guest appearance on "The West Wing", Document [176] (Title: Jasper Maskelyne) of stage tricks, including sleight of hand, card and rope tricks, and illusions of "mind-reading". A 1937 Pathé film, "The Famous Illusionist", was made of Maskelyne, looking dapper and apparently eating a boxful of razor blades, one at a time. Maskelyne joined the Royal Engineers when the Second World War broke out, thinking that his skills could be used in camouflage. A story runs that he convinced skeptical officers by creating the illusion of a German warship on the Thames using mirrors and a model. Maskelyne was trained at the Camouflage Development and Training Centre at Farnham Castle in 1940. Document [177] (Title: Retention of vision vanish) versions the right hand can also be seen empty, leaving no clue as to where the coin went. Originally attributed to T. Nelson Downs, a famous magician from the late Victorian and Edwardian eras who specialised in coins, the vanish has been improved by Dai Vernon and many other 20th-century magicians who all added variations to improve the original concept that an object displayed for a short length of time leaves an image on the retina that may persist for a further short time after the object has actually disappeared. Retention of vision vanish In the retention of vision vanish, Document [178] (Title: John Townley) eight books on the subject, and was a former president of the renowned Astrologers’ Guild of America. John Townley John Townley (born 1945) is a musician who was a member of the folk-rock group The Magicians from 1965-66. After The Magicians "disappeared", Townley built the first 12-track recording studio in New York, Apostolic Studios, which opened in 1967 and which was often used by Frank Zappa. A naval historian, he is the founding president of the Confederate Naval Historical Society. He performs maritime music professionally and has recorded several albums in that genre. He has been part of several sea Document [179] (Title: Fred Van Buren) asked Van Buren to perform a trick with fire and for this he devised a superb illusion which he called The Creation. In this a bowl of fire is transformed into a bouquet of flowers. The flowers are placed on a pedestal and after pulling a curtain around them they transform into his lovely assistant Greta. Thanks to his career in the circus ring and his apprenticeship as a cabinet maker, Van Buren soon began developing illusions that could be performed completely surrounded often in the London cabaret banquet scene and even in an open arena if need be. Fred Document [180] (Title: Miss America (DC Comics)) Dale has a dream that the Statue of Liberty comes to life and grants her the power to alter the nature of matter. Inspired by the dream, she creates a colorful costume and becomes Miss America, one of America's first heroines. In truth, she had been abducted by the top secret government agency, Project M, and her powers were actually the result of a secret experiment. They believed the experiment to be a failure and had returned her to whence she had been taken, leaving her none the wiser. Later that year, the Japanese plot their attack on Pearl Harbor. Document [181] (Title: Harry Kellar) and aimed it towards the lamp. At the last chime, Kellar fired the pistol. The lamp seemed to melt away, with the cloth falling to the stage. Kellar was known to have a short temper, and once, after an incident in which the "Vanishing Lamp" failed to vanish, he took an axe to the defective prop. Later Kellar built another one that would continue to work reliably long after his retirement. Harry Kellar Harry Kellar (July 11, 1849 – March 10, 1922) was an American magician who presented large stage shows during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Kellar Document [182] (Title: The Vanished Man) novel's title is a specific reference to an illusionist trick where a person is made to disappear and then reappear. It also alludes to the killer in the novel, who is quite talented at disappearing soon after his crimes are committed. The plot starts off with an introduction by Malerick, the antagonist in the story. Speaking in patter to his imaginary 'Revered Audience', he introduces the first trick he shall perform, The Lazy Hangman. The first victim is first cuffed at the hands and a cord is slipped over her neck. The other end of the cord is tied to Document [183] (Title: Statue of Liberty) of Engineers vetoed the proposal, fearing that ships' pilots passing the statue would be blinded. Instead, Bartholdi cut portholes in the torch—which was covered with gold leaf—and placed the lights inside them. A power plant was installed on the island to light the torch and for other electrical needs. After the skin was completed, renowned landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted, co-designer of New York's Central Park and Brooklyn's Prospect Park, supervised a cleanup of Bedloe's Island in anticipation of the dedication. A ceremony of dedication was held on the afternoon of October 28, 1886. President Grover Cleveland, the former New Document [184] (Title: Charles Morritt) vanishing elephant trick for Houdini. In 1928, Morritt appeared at Halifax court charged with obtaining money by false pretences over his "Man in a Trance" trick. The magicians P. T. Selbit and Will Goldston helped to fund Morritt's defence and he was eventually acquitted. After the trial, the then 68-year-old magician moved to Morecambe with his assistant Bessie and never worked again. He died of tuberculosis in 1936. Charles Morritt Charles Morritt (1860 – 1936) was an English magician, hypnotist, mentalist and inventor. Morritt was the son of an elderly gentleman farmer, William, and his young gypsy housekeeper whom he Document [185] (Title: Mediumship) and inside carnation flowers were found as well as a key-ring torch and other objects. In 1988, the magician Bob Couttie criticized the paranormal author Brian Inglis for deliberately ignoring evidence of fraud in mediumship. Couttie wrote Inglis had not familiarized himself with magician techniques. In 1990 the researcher Gordon Stein discovered that the levitation photograph of the medium Carmine Mirabelli was fraudulent. The photograph was a trick as there were signs of chemical retouching under Mirabelli's feet. The retouching showed that Mirabelli was not levitating but was standing on a ladder which was erased from the photograph. In 1991, Document [186] (Title: Harry Houdini) little success. He appeared in a tent act with strongman Emil Jarrow. He performed in dime museums and sideshows, and even doubled as "The Wild Man" at a circus. Houdini focused initially on traditional card tricks. At one point, he billed himself as the "King of Cards". Some - but not all - professional magicians would come to regard Houdini as a competent but not particularly skilled sleight-of-hand artist, lacking the grace and finesse required to achieve excellence in that craft. He soon began experimenting with escape acts. In 1893, while performing with his brother "Dash" (Theodore) at Coney Island Document [187] (Title: David Devant) until the consequences of "paralysis agitans", as he identifies it in his autobiography, forced him to retire in 1920. According to the magician John Booth, Devant managed to fool a number of people into believing he had genuine psychic ability who did not realize that his feats were magic tricks. At St. George's Hall, London, he performed a fake "clairvoyant" act where he would read a message sealed inside an envelope. Oliver Lodge who was present in the audience was duped by the trick and claimed that Devant had used psychic powers. In 1936 Devant in his book "Secrets of Document [188] (Title: Indian rope trick) and structures, which has led to claims the illusion is "humanly impossible". McKeague's explanation not only solves the mystery of the mid-air disappearance but also provides an alternative explanation for the Wiseman-Lamont observation discussed above that eyewitness reports were more impressive when much time had elapsed. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries as the fame of the trick increased performers would have had increasing difficulty in puzzling audiences with it, until finally the disappearance of the climber ceased to be a feature and the rare witness who had seen it spoke of a time long before. This is Document [189] (Title: Maurice Curtis) San Francisco, claiming, "He was, perhaps, one of the most comical men that I ever met; and for the life of me I could never refrain from giving imitations of him." Curtis also claimed to have thought of the character while waiting for a train in Texas and others claimed credit as well. The role earned him substantial fame and wealth amounting to US$250,000 ($ today). He was the only private citizen to ever pay to keep the Statue of Liberty lit. Curtis used some of his income to invest in developing real estate in Berkeley, California. He began building Document [190] (Title: Horace Goldin) However he was about to enter the most successful phase of his career with his development of the illusion "sawing a woman in half". Goldin is often credited with inventing the sawing a woman in half illusion, however the first public presentation of this type of illusion was by British magician P. T. Selbit in 1921. Goldin presented his own version of the trick a matter of months later. There remains a debate about the origin of the idea, with some sources saying a magician named Torrini may have performed the first version in front of Pope Pius VII in Document [191] (Title: Daniel Dunglas Home) "The order was to keep the incident secret." The allegations described by Dr. Barthez and General Fleury are second hand and have caused dispute between psychical researchers and skeptics. The journalist Delia Logan who attended a séance with Home in London claimed that Home had used a phosphorus trick. During the séance luminous hands were observed and the host told Logan that had seen Home place a small bottle upon the mantle piece. The host slipped the bottle into his pocket and when examined the next day, it was found to contain phosphorus oil. The neoclassical sculptor Hiram Powers who Document [192] (Title: Walter Irving Scott) once again he faded from the small limelight he had amassed until finally, after moving to America in 1983, British magician Gazzo, found Scott once more. He had returned to Rhode Island and was a music teacher. None of his friends knew he was a magician or even that he played cards but, with Gazzo's enthusiasm and skill for the moves in The Phantom at the Card Table, Scott finally revealed his side of the story and the tale of his life. He said that, despite all his talk of being good friends and the man's generosity, that Eddie McGuire Document [193] (Title: Dai Vernon) mistook Verner's last name to be the same as the popular ice skater, and eventually the magician became fed up with correcting people and simply adopted "Vernon" as well. Owing to his extraordinary knowledge of, and skill at, sleight of hand, Vernon has long been affectionately known as "The Professor". Harry Houdini (who in his early years billed himself as "The King of Kards") often boasted that if he saw a card trick performed three times in a row he would be able to figure it out. Vernon then showed Houdini a trick where he removed the top card of Document [194] (Title: Samri Baldwin) (1853-1934) would assist him in his performances, they had one daughter Shadow. The magician Fulton Oursler when writing on the subject of magic and spiritualism, used the name Samri Frikell. He made it by combining the names of Samri Baldwin and another magician, Wiljalba Frikell. Baldwin was one of the first magicians to have practiced a stage escape from handcuffs. He had performed this feat as early as 1871. Early in his career the magician Harry Houdini demonstrated a handcuff escape at the Alhambra Theatre. The manager C. Dundas Slater noted that Baldwin had performed the trick many years before Question: magician who made the statue of liberty disappear Answer: Copperfield Long Answer: Copperfield also played the character The Magician in the 1980s horror film Terror Train and had an uncredited appearance in the 1994 film Prêt - à - Porter . Most of his media appearances have been through television specials and guest spots on television programs . His illusions have included the disappearance of a Learjet (1981), the vanishing and reappearance of the Statue of Liberty (1983), levitating over the Grand Canyon (1984), walking through the Great Wall of China (1986), escaping from Alcatraz prison (1987), the disappearance of an Orient Express dining car (1991) and flying on stage for several minutes (1992). Gold Document ID: 169

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Jean Eugène Robert-Houdin) following year, he added a new trick to his program that became especially popular. Seats at the Palais Royal were at a premium. This new marvel was called "Second Sight". "Second Sight" drew the audiences into the little theatre. Once there, they saw the other creations Robert-Houdin had to offer. When touring in Algeria, he used another famous trick to prove that French "magic" was stronger than local superstitions: he presented an empty box with an iron bottom that anyone could lift. By turning on an electromagnet hidden under the floor, he made it immovable, "proving" that through his "will Document [2] (Title: David Abbott (magician)) for a long time the manuscript could not be found. When the Abbott home was sold in 1936, the manuscript was thought to be lost. It was discovered by Walter Graham and published as "David P. Abbott's Book Of Mysteries" in 1977. David Abbott (magician) David Phelps Abbott (September 22, 1863 – June 12, 1934) was a magician, author and inventor who created such effects as the floating ball, later made famous by Okito. The best known of his books is "Behind the Scenes with the Mediums" (1907) considered to be one of the best exposures of the tricks used Document [3] (Title: Sawing a woman in half) of the box before sliding the dividers into place. Catches are released to allow the table to be separated into two halves along with the box. The halves are parted and the assistant thus appears to have been cut into two completely disconnected pieces. The box and table are then pushed together, the restraints are released and the box is opened to allow the assistant to emerge unharmed. This version of the trick is generally associated with magician and inventor Alan Wakeling. Whilst Wakeling performed this illusion and perfected aspects of it, the general configuration and method have been attributed Document [4] (Title: Sawing a woman in half) in 1858, Robert-Houdin described a sawing illusion performed by a magician named Torrini. Modern magic inventor and historian Jim Steinmeyer has concluded that there was probably no real Torrini and the story was merely a way for Robert-Houdin to play with ideas. It was suggested during a court case in 1922 that the trick can be traced back to ancient Egypt; however, this claim has not been substantiated. Wherever the idea originated, until the 1920s it remained just an idea for an effect, rather than a practical application of a method. It is generally accepted that the first public performance Document [5] (Title: Pat Page (magician)) In addition to inventing magic tricks, he published books and DVDS and advised professional magicians. Many of his routines are used by professional magicians including Doug Henning, Fred Kaps and Rafael Benatar. He wrote various books, including The Big Book of Magic and published articles in the magician's magazine "Pabular". The Topit was popularised by Pat Page. It is a utility item (a type of hidden pouch) that is used by a magician to conceal items or make them appear to vanish. This trick was invented by Pat Page. The effect is that blank pieces of paper are shown, the Document [6] (Title: Jim Steinmeyer) well as creating magic effects for Orson Welles, Harry Blackstone, The Pendragons, Simon Drake, Ricky Jay, Jason Bishop, and many others. For David Copperfield, Steinmeyer created the illusion of the Vanishing Statue of Liberty, which was featured on a live television special in 1983. Musician Alice Cooper used a Steinmeyer-designed effect in his 2009 tour, where at one point he is confined inside a polished metal torture device, then impaled with a rack of sharp spikes. Other notable stage illusions designed by Steinmeyer include: As a researcher of magic history and a designer of special effects for the theatre, Steinmeyer's Document [7] (Title: The Pendragons) of "Metamorphosis". This illusion won them a place in the 50th edition of The Guinness Book of Records, under the heading of the "Fastest Transformation Illusion". Another illusion was "Clearly Impossible", a sawing in half trick designed by Jonathan. Its distinctive feature is a transparent box that allowed the audience to see Charlotte from head to toe throughout the trick. In 1996, for the finale of the third of NBC's "World's Greatest Magic" television specials, the duo made 25 show girls vanish and then re-appear in front of a live audience at Caesar's Palace in Las Vegas, Nevada. The couple Document [8] (Title: Brown Lady of Raynham Hall) of the right-hand banister appears twice." The magician John Booth wrote the photograph could easily be duplicated by naturalistic methods. Booth had the magician Ron Wilson cover himself in a bed sheet and descend the grand staircase at The Magic Castle in Hollywood. The faked ghost image looked very similar to the Raynham Hall photograph. Other critics point out that the image of the lady very closely resembles that of a standard Virgin Mary statue as would be found in any Catholic church, the light patch covering the bottom one third of the image, resembling an inverted "V" shape, being Document [9] (Title: Peter Popoff) receive his information; Popoff denied it, insisting that the messages were divinely revealed. Skeptic groups distributed pamphlets explaining how Popoff's feats could be accomplished without any sort of divine intervention. Popoff branded his critics "tools of the devil". Popoff's methods were definitively exposed in 1986 by the magician and skeptic James Randi and his associate Steve Shaw, an illusionist known professionally as Banachek, with technical assistance from the crime scene analyst and electronics expert Alexander Jason. With computerized radio scanners, Jason was able to demonstrate that Popoff's wife, Elizabeth, was using a wireless radio transmitter to broadcast information that she Document [10] (Title: Indian rope trick) Branson in his book "Indian Conjuring" (1922) wrote that "the trick has never been performed out of doors. That is to say that a rope thrown up into the air has not remained suspended in mid-air, nor has any boy ever climbed up it. That when at the top he has not disappeared and that after his appearance he did not come down in bits, covered with blood or otherwise." Branson offered £300 to anyone who could demonstrate the trick in the open. Magicians such as Harry Blackstone, David Devant, Horace Goldin, Carl Hertz, Servais Le Roy and Howard Thurston Document [11] (Title: Alexander Cannon (psychiatrist)) putting Rhonda into a hypnotic trance to diagnose physical and psychological problems, as she glared at the patient. Some of his apparently magical techniques were exposed in 1952 by David Norris. Cannon was a member of the International Brotherhood of Magicians and The Magic Circle, and was Chairman of the Magicians of Mann. He created 'The Enchanted Hall', a small theatre at his home, Laureston Mansion House in Douglas. A number of tape recordings made by Cannon are on loan to the Manx Museum and National Trust. He also claimed to have invented the lie detector and black light. He Document [12] (Title: Jeff Sheridan) magic purely by working the street, and was well known as the Central Park magician performing at the Walter Scott statue in NYC in the late 1960s and throughout the 1970s. In 1970 Sheridan co-founded the Theatre of the Surreal, a performance troupe that utilized magical technique to create living surreal vignettes. The troupe, that included Fonja DeVrie and Donald Waskover (co-founder), performed at Lincoln Center, Carnegie Recital Hall, early SoHo galleries and other venues in the late 1960s and early 1970s. He is also a magic inventor, creating for the major U.S. toy company Milton Bradley's Magic Works line Document [13] (Title: Charles Cameron (magician)) never met or had any contact with Charles generously came forward with donations. This shows just how much Cameron is regarded within the brotherhood of Bizarre Magic and mentalism. Before its final fixing, a recess was made at the rear of the plaque so that a document containing all the names of the sponsors could be sealed behind it, a 'time capsule' with a difference. In part of a dedication, Tony Andruzzi (Masklyn ye Mage) wrote in a gift copy of his "The Negromicon of Masklyn ye Mage (1977)" to Charles, "the one who started all this". In a copy Document [14] (Title: John Henry Pepper) of scientific and technological innovations with the intention of entertaining and educating the audience about how they worked. He used many of these to expose the trickery behind deceptive magic, and became famous for a new technique now known as "Pepper's ghost". Liverpudlian Engineer Henry Dircks is believed to have devised a method of projecting an actor onto a stage using a sheet of glass and a clever use of lighting, calling the technique "Dircksian Phantasmagoria" ("see phantasmagoria"). The actor would then have an ethereal, ghost-like appearance while seemingly able to perform alongside other actors. Pepper saw the concept and Document [15] (Title: Escapology) art to convey the impression they were restrained while they created spirit phenomena. Other illusionists, including John Nevil Maskelyne, worked out how the Davenports did their act and re-created the tricks to debunk the brothers' claims of psychic power. However, the re-creations did not involve overt escape, merely a replication of tricks with the statement that they were accomplished by secret magicians' skills rather than spirits. It took another thirty years before the pure skill of escape began to be displayed as an act in itself. The figure most responsible for making escapology a recognized entertainment was Harry Houdini, who Document [16] (Title: Dominic Fortune) the "Mississippi Queen" at Sabbath's invitation. In that same year, he uncovered a Nazi propaganda plot in the comic book industry. He also broke up a cult of zombies, thwarted Baron Strucker's attempted assassination of a U.S. senator, exposed the phony "child star" Tina Timmons, and rescued the British ambassador from a terrorist. In 1938, he prevented Jacob Einhorn, a property magnate, from selling U.S. secrets to the Japanese in exchange for land after their planned invasion. He also prevented silent movie star Noble Flagg and gangster Olga Cimaglia from taking over the LA underworld. In the spring, he met Document [17] (Title: Emil Jarrow) England and then the United States the following year. Later, he began working independently by performing acts of strength in local venues, in Chicago and New York. Some years later, after a stage accident left a leg permanently damaged, he reinvented himself as a sleight of hand artist with a flair for humor and a thick Low Dutch-accented patter, with which he accompanied his performances. Jarrow became quite adept with closely observed sleight-of-hand tricks. For instance, while seated at a dining table, he would unwind the salt shaker lid and empty it into his fist, and with a flourish, “vanish” Document [18] (Title: Harry Kellar) Harry Blackstone, Sr., who used the trick for many years. The Buffalo writer John Northern Hilliard wrote that the levitation was a marvel of the twentieth century and "the crowning achievement of Mr. Kellar's long and brilliant career." The trick was done by a disguised machine hidden from the audience's perspective. Kellar would claim the woman onstage, sleeping on a couch, was a Hindu princess, who he would levitate and then move a hoop back and forth through the woman's body to prove she was not being suspended. Inside the "princess"'s dress was a flat board she was resting on, Document [19] (Title: Jasper Maskelyne) even believed it himself". However, Clarke had encouraged Maskelyne to take credit for two reasons: as cover for the true inventors of the dummy machinery and to encourage confidence in these techniques amongst Allied high command. Maskelyne's book about his exploits, "Magic: Top Secret", ghost-written, was published in 1949. Forbes describes it as lurid, with "extravagant claims of cities disappearing, armies re-locating, dummies proliferating (even submarines)—all as a result of his knowledge of the magic arts". Further, Forbes notes, the biography of Maskelyne by David Fisher was "clearly under the wizard's spell". In his book, Maskelyne claims his team produced Document [20] (Title: Alan Alan) once ignited there is a short time to escape before the rope burns through. He appeared in a number of television magic shows, including "The Magic of David Copperfield". He also "taught" the inmates of Wormwood Scrubs prison how to escape from handcuffs in his performance with a number of other magicians. In more recent years he was seen on the Channel 4 TV show "The Secret Cabaret" with Simon Drake. He was proprietor of Alan Alan's Magic Spot, a magic shop based on Southampton Row, London until its lease expired in the mid-1990s. Alan's standing and influence in the Document [21] (Title: Pat Page (magician)) and television shows: the 2007 film Magicians, Agatha Cristie Poirot:The Disappearance of Mr. Davenheim (1990), Heroes of Magic (2000), Tales of the Unexpected: Season 5, Episode 5 Stranger in Town (23 May 1982), Derren Brown Presents the 3D Magic Spectacular (2009). On his death Jack Delvin, president of The Magic Circle described him as the "magician's magician". Magician Wayne Dobson described him as a ""great friend, mentor and magical adviser"". Other magicians affirm Page's skills and legacy. Pat Page is known for his work on numerous magic tricks, including the Topit, Easy Money, The Miser's Dream and The Kitson Miracle. Document [22] (Title: Nino Pecoraro) sixty feet of rope. Beside him was placed a table with musical instruments. During the séances various movements and sounds of objects were heard. He had managed to impress some of the committee members who considered the phenomena genuine. However, O. D. Munn, the publisher of the "Scientific American", suspected that he had freed his hand to play the instruments. The magician Harry Houdini had not been informed of the test sessions, but managed to get to the fourth séance. Houdini suggested that Percorao was an escape artist who freed himself from the rope that bound him to his chair. Document [23] (Title: Gustav Geley) managed to fool Geley and Charles Richet into believing he had genuine psychic powers. In 1924 he was exposed by Harry Houdini as a fraud. Argamasilla peeked through his simple blindfold and lifted up the edge of the box so he could look inside it without others noticing. Geley investigated the physical mediumship of Eva Carrière and Franek Kluski. It was reported in the "Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology" that his "belief system seems to have made him a target for tricks by the mediums he studied and, in the end, capable of suppressing negative evidence." In 1954, the SPR Document [24] (Title: Alexander Herrmann) promised Samuel to teach Alexander things other than magic, and while in Vienna Alexander attended college. But it was sleight of hand that was to be his main interest. Alexander accompanied Carl on nearly every tour. At first he returned to his role as assistant. This time, though, he did not float on a horizontal pole. Carl discarded the equipment from his last tour when French magician Robert-Houdin claimed they were his tricks. Robert-Houdin had his trusted mechanic Le Grand arrested for making and selling duplicate illusions. It is not known whether Carl bought the illusions directly from LeGrand or Document [25] (Title: Mediumship) St. George's Hall, London he performed a fake "clairvoyant" act where he would read a message sealed inside an envelope. The spiritualist Oliver Lodge who was present in the audience was duped by the trick and claimed that Devant had used psychic powers. In 1936 Devant in his book "Secrets of My Magic" revealed the trick method he had used. The physicist Kristian Birkeland exposed the fraud of the direct voice medium Etta Wriedt. Birkeland turned on the lights during a séance, snatched her trumpets and discovered that the "spirit" noises were caused by chemical explosions induced by potassium and Document [26] (Title: The Magician (1926 film)) use harmless snakes, Haddo refutes him and demonstrates his powers by letting a deadly horned viper bite him. He then magically makes the wound disappear. Porhoet remains unconvinced until the discarded viper strikes a young woman performer. Burdon has to rush her to a hospital. Later, Haddo visits Margaret uninvited. He hypnotizes her and tells her to concentrate on her statue. It seems to come to life to preside over an orgy. Critic Carlos Clarens calls this the high point of the film: "a nightmarish sequence in which the hypnotised heroine (Alice Terry) see herself in the midst of an Document [27] (Title: The Vanishing Lady) skeleton. He places the blanket over the skeleton and removes it to reveal his assistant, alive and well. Méliès himself is the magician in the film; his assistant is Jehanne d'Alcy. The film is based on a magic act developed by the French magician Buatier de Kolta. When the illusion was produced onstage, a trapdoor was used to create the appearances and disappearances; for the film, however, Méliès needed no trapdoor, using instead an editing technique called the substitution splice. "The Vanishing Lady" marks Méliès's first known use of the effect. "The Vanishing Lady" was released by Méliès's Star Film Document [28] (Title: William Marriott (magician)) researcher Everard Feilding investigated the Italian medium Eusapia Palladino in Naples. Unlike the 1908 sittings which had baffled the investigators, this time Feilding and Marriott detected her cheating, just as she had done in the USA. Her deceptions were obvious. Palladino evaded control and was caught moving objects with her foot, shaking the curtain with her hands, moving the cabinet table with her elbow and touching the séance sitters. In 1921, Marriott had produced 'spirit' photographs whilst the journalist James Douglas and spiritualist Arthur Conan Doyle were present. He explained how he had manipulated the photographs. Doyle admitted in a Document [29] (Title: David Blaine) were two retractable handles on either side of him to grasp in the event of harsh weather. He remained on the pillar for 35 hours. He ended the feat by jumping down onto a landing platform made out of a high pile of cardboard boxes and suffered a mild concussion. He later revealed during his 2010 TED Talk that he had suffered from severe hallucinations in the final hours of this stunt, causing the buildings and structures around him to look like animal heads. "Mysterious Stranger: A Book of Magic" by David Blaine was published on October 29, 2002. The Document [30] (Title: Jack Pyle) devised a way to produce a large pig (named Tojo) from thin air, which the natives eventually stole and ate. The pig trick evolved into his trademark “giant rabbit production.” While recovering from illness in Honolulu he met the Japanese magician, Ishida Tenkai, who was reportedly under house arrest and not allowed to leave the island. He and Tenkai both had short fingers and it was from Tenkai that Pyle learned how to do sleight of hand with this handicap. His first performance after the war was in the Empire Room of the Schroeder Hotel in Milwaukee. He headlined at Document [31] (Title: Franz Harary) Franz Harary Franz Harary (born July 18, 1962) is an American magician and inventor who has appeared on television shows such as the first episode of NBC's The World's Greatest Magic, on which Harary made the Space Shuttle appear to vanish. While studying music at Eastern Michigan University and aspiring to be a singer and dancer on Broadway, Harary was designing illusions as a hobby. He began performing publicly after persuading the university's marching band leader to let him appear as part of the halftime show. Between 1982 and 1984, Harary's Odyssey In Illusion team designed and executed illusions for Document [32] (Title: Fred Van Buren) gloves, a claim which he strenuously denied. Possibly his most famous illusion in this genre is his fantastic vanish of a motorcycle and rider which has since been presented for the amazements of audiences all over the world. This idea came to Van Buren in 1976 during a summer season with Windsor Davies and Don Estelle at the Pavilion Theatre in Hastings. The Magic Circle heard about the illusion and even before it was finished booked Van Buren to perform in their 1976 Christmas Show at the Collegiate Theatre in London. The first televised performance of this new unique illusion Document [33] (Title: Anton Zamloch) reported that Zamloch had hired an assistant named Higgins who revealed to Zamloch shortly before the curtain went up for a big show that he so near-sighted he could not see ten feet in front of him. The near-sighted assistant was positioned below a trap door in the stage, and when the signal came to make a boy disappear, the assistant inadvertently shoved a “two dollar ladder” up through the trap door knocking over Zamloch's props and exposing the illusion. Zamloch acted bedeviled, and the audience laughed at the mishap. The articles reported that Zamloch concluded his show with an Document [34] (Title: Paul Curry) with inventing the missing square puzzle. On 12 March 1977, the Academy of Magical Arts at The Magic Castle awarded Paul Curry a "Creative Fellowship" award. Paul Curry Paul Curry (1917–1986) was the vice-president of the Blue Cross Insurance Company of New York, and a famous amateur magician who became well known in the magic community for inventing highly-original card magic. Many magicians have performed illusions and effects created by Curry. Doug Henning used Curry's "The Sliding Knot" in one of his TV specials. Curry's most famous creation is Out of This World, which he created in 1942, at the Document [35] (Title: Harry Houdini) thousands watched as he tried to escape from special handcuffs commissioned by London's "Daily Mirror", keeping them in suspense for an hour. Another stunt saw him buried alive and only just able to claw himself to the surface, emerging in a state of near-breakdown. While many suspected that these escapes were faked, Houdini presented himself as the scourge of fake spiritualists. As President of the Society of American Magicians, he was keen to uphold professional standards and expose fraudulent artists. He was also quick to sue anyone who imitated his escape stunts. Houdini made several movies, but quit acting when Document [36] (Title: Carl Zamloch) over, Zamloch performed his magic act at schools, clubs, and other events. His acted included sleight of hand, card tricks, a spirit show, slate writing and cabinet tests, a mysterious trunk, a mailbag escape, driving a car on public street while blindfolded and guided by a "psychic sense," his father's Hindu rope trick, Houdini's needle and thread trick, the Egyptian fire trick, a Chinese silk and water feat, vanishing pigeons, and the mystery of the six boxes. In 1937, he published a book, ""17 Simple but Mystifying Tricks to Entertain Your Friends"", under the pseudonym ""The Great Zam"." From 1936 Document [37] (Title: Isaac Fawkes) of his pupils, William Phillips, was considered a better magician, and Fawkes sought to expand his repertoire beyond sleight-of-hand and contortionism. He formed a close professional partnership with the Fleet Street clock and automata maker, Christopher Pinchbeck. Pinchbeck was responsible for much of the apparatus that Fawkes employed from the late 1720s onwards. The earliest record of Pinchbeck's work appearing in Fawkes show is from a 1727 advertisement for the "Temple of Arts": Fawkes' famous trick of producing an apple tree from seed which "bore ripe apples in less than a Minute's Time" relied on Pinchbeck's work and Fawkes slowly Document [38] (Title: Bert Reese) of sleight of hand. The controversy surrounding Reese led "The New York Times" journalist Edward Marshall to write two articles in November, 1910 with illustrations and suggested methods how Reese performed his tricks. His tricks were also exposed by magician Samri Frikell who replicated his feats. In 1920, in a letter to Arthur Conan Doyle, magician Harry Houdini wrote that during a séance he had observed Reese's tricks. Houdini noted that Reese had managed to deceive Edison, Judge Rosalsky and many others who were unexperienced in magic trickery. He commented that "Reese knew who I was, when I called for Document [39] (Title: Eusapia Palladino) how a feat can be done and what to look for, only the most skillful performer can maintain the illusion in the face of such informed scrutiny." In 1992, Richard Wiseman analyzed the Feilding report of Palladino and argued that she employed a secret accomplice that could enter the room by a fake door panel positioned near the séance cabinet. Wiseman discovered this trick was already mentioned in a book from 1851, he also visited a carpenter and skilled magician who constructed a door within an hour with a false panel. The accomplice was suspected to be her second husband, Document [40] (Title: Horace Goldin) basis around 1894, combining tricks and jokes and billing himself as "The Humorous Conjurer". After he received poor reviews from newspapers he tried again with a new act, for which he hired assistants and adopted a rapid presentation style said to have been inspired by seeing German-born magician Imro Fox (1862–1910). Goldin did tricks quickly one after another without speaking and became known as "The Whirlwind Illusionist". With this act he found success in vaudeville and began touring the United States. In 1901 he went to London to perform at the Palace Theatre. His British shows made sufficient impact for Document [41] (Title: Steve Dacri) hands, using age old methods of sleight of hand and misdirection perfected by masters before me. I was lucky to be tutored and coached by the greatest magicians who ever lived, and I owe my success to them. During the show I try to acknowledge them all and we even show a short film clip of the legendary Dai Vernon, whom we called the Professor, as a tribute to the remarkable man who had the distinction of being the only man to fool Houdini. Some nights I even perform the same trick that Vernon used to fool Houdini. To keep Document [42] (Title: Future American Magical Entertainers) American Magicians"; and Dick Brooks would open the Magic Towne House (now closed) in Manhattan and the Houdini Museum, the Only Building in the World Dedicated to Houdini, in Scranton, Pennsylvania with collaborator Dorothy Dietrich. Dr. Abraham Hurwitz, known as "Peter Pan the Magic Man", originally headed the club. Hurwitz was a Yeshiva University education professor who was so reputed in the American magic scene that he was named New York City's "official magician" by then-Mayor Fiorello La Guardia. Hurwitz was a city recreation director when Mayor La Guardia gave him the official magician title during the Depression. For 18 Document [43] (Title: Horace Goldin) New York in 1922 he initially lost because the judge said he had not proved he was the original inventor of the sawing illusion and the trick possibly dated back to ancient Egypt. However Goldin appealed and won with a ruling that stated he had "satisfactorily established that he is the originator of the illusion in question, which has achieved a great success under the title devised by him of Sawing a Woman in Half...and that his creation of the illusion has been so universally recognized that the title thereof is in the public mind associated with his own name" Document [44] (Title: Sawing a woman in half) an attractive woman he employed a bellboy as an assistant. The impression given was that he was clumsily and hurriedly trying to cash in on Selbit's success in Britain. However, fellow magician Howard Thurston, who was in the audience, realised the potential of the trick and persuaded Goldin to let him help in its development. Thurston employed an established magician and prop builder named Harry Jansen to perfect the illusion. Jansen's improved version of the apparatus featured a smaller box from which the victim's head and feet would protrude during the sawing. Goldin, Thurston and various other magicians employed by Document [45] (Title: Fearson's floating cigarette) and thought that he had succeeded, but during a conversation with Kennedy he was told that he had, in fact, invented a new method. He published a manuscript to document the illusion, entitled "Fearson's floating cigarette", which included the necessary props. The main principle is based on using a very thin thread, an old principle. But what Fearson had discovered during his attempts to duplicate John Kennedys' effect was a new and unorthodox way of arranging the thread. One end of the invisible thread is attached by wax to the cigarette and the other end is attached to the right Document [46] (Title: Levitation (illusion)) was not being suspended. Kellar supposedly developed this trick by abruptly walking onto the stage during a levitation show by John Nevil Maskelyne, seeing what he needed to know, and leaving. The Buffalo writer John Northern Hilliard wrote that the levitation was a marvel of the twentieth century and "the crowning achievement of Mr. Kellar's long and brilliant career." The trick was done by having the assistant rest on a flat board concealed inside her dress, connected to a metal bar going out the side into the backstage which was hidden by the assistant's dress and the stage curtain. The Document [47] (Title: William Rodriguez) Randi. A December 2005 article published on the Internet claimed that Rodriguez was adroit at insinuating himself into the good graces of Randi's targets and eliciting incriminating information, and that he had previously been featured on television in Puerto Rico escaping from a chained straitjacket while hanging from a burning rope. Rodriguez moved to New York from Puerto Rico and, according to the Internet article linked above, he "found himself a small fish in the big pond of New York magicians." He took a day job as a custodian at the World Trade Center. The article goes on to say Document [48] (Title: Lichtenberg's Avertissement) this poster, be made known that a few days ago, the world-famous magician Philadelphus Philadelphia, who has been mentioned by Cardanus in his book on the nature of the supernatural by calling him the envy of Heaven and Hell, has arrived here on the ordinary mail coach, although it would have been equally easy for him to have come through the air. He is the same person who, in 1482, in an open marketplace in Venice, cast a coil of twine into the air and climbed up until he was no longer seen. Beginning on the ninth of January of Document [49] (Title: Richiardi Jr) of established illusions such as sawing through a woman. What made his shows distinctive was that he used fake blood and other techniques to give the impression that he really was cutting or maiming his assistants. In 1949, "Time" magazine noted that these shock tactics had made his act one of the top earning stage shows in New York. He continued performing in that city throughout his career, with shows such as "The Incredible World Of Magic & Illusion", which ran at The Village Gate in New York in 1978. Richiardi performed the floating "kiddie car" a variation of a Document [50] (Title: Aleister Crowley) was a double agent, working for the British intelligence services to infiltrate and undermine Germany's operation in New York. Many of his articles in "The Fatherland" were hyperbolic, for instance comparing Wilhelm II to Jesus Christ; in July 1915 he orchestrated a publicity stunt – reported on by "The New York Times" – in which he declared independence for Ireland in front of the Statue of Liberty; the real intention was to make the German lobby appear ridiculous in the eyes of the American public. It has been argued that he encouraged the German Navy to destroy the "Lusitania", informing Document [51] (Title: Albert Marchinsky) to look Egyptian. He has been described as a follower of the magician William Ellsworth Robinson, whose stage persona was Chung Ling Soo. He is said to have got his first inspiration in magic while watching a magician perform at the Royal Aquarium theatre in London in about 1890 and to have started out at that time as a performer in the small halls of London. By 1910 Marchinsky was recognised as a leading stage illusionist. His act was on a large scale. An article written after his death described it as follows: "When the curtain rose, the audience saw Document [52] (Title: Robotic art) walked onstage and delivered flowers from its breast, and a moving suit of armour. The magician Isaac Fawkes, in 1722, created a clock that "played a variety of tunes on the organ, flute and flangolet with birds whistling and singing". He also had a mechanism called the "Temple of the Arts", which featured mechanical musicians, ships and ducks. Fawkes also created a robotic apple tree that would grow, bloom, and produce fruit before the eyes of an unsuspecting audience. This tree was the inspiration for the orange tree illusion in the film "The Illusionist". In the same period, a Swiss Document [53] (Title: Magician (comics)) act of the woman's show. The Magician interrupted Deering in the middle of her break-up fight against Ant-Man and confronted the two heroes with genetically-modified rabbits and pigeons. After explaining his origin to Ant-Man, the Magician intentionally lost to Miss Thing. The fight between the Magician and Ant-Man and Darla was staged and filmed because it would make a successful pilot episode for Darla's newest reality show. The Lee Guardineer version of Magician is a skilled stage magician, trickster, and illusionist where his tricks rely on his technology. Besides being a master pickpocket, he is an expert animal trainer and Document [54] (Title: James Randi) columns and pasting them randomly into a column. In his thirties, Randi worked in the UK, Europe, Philippine nightclubs, and all across Japan. He witnessed many tricks that were presented as being supernatural. One of his earliest reported experiences is that of seeing an evangelist using a version of the "one-ahead" technique to convince churchgoers of his divine powers. Though defining himself as a conjuror, Randi began a career as a professional stage magician and escapologist in 1946. Initially, he presented himself under his real name, Randall Zwinge, which he later dropped in favor of "The Amazing Randi". Early in Document [55] (Title: Thomas Solomon) escapology although does still perform magic today. As an escape artist, Thomas Solomon has been profiled in The New York Times <The New York Times, Sunday, March 18, 2012, Metropolitan section, page 2> He has performed twice at The White House for Presidents Ronald Reagan and later George HW Bush. In 2003, Solomon had his own network television special on CH4 in Great Britain in which he escaped a titanium bank safe underwater, escaped a specially bound plastic restraint hanging from the roof of an S&M Club in London, and a high security prison cell. Later in 2007, he shot Document [56] (Title: Edmé-Gilles Guyot) around Europe. His experiments led to the technique of projecting images onto smoke to create the appearance of ghostly apparitions. In 1779 Guyot described the use of transformation slides in magic lanterns to create simple animations. Guyot's four part book "Nouvelles recreations physiques et mathematiques" featured descriptions of experiments and examples of how various innovative mathematical and magical tricks could be performed. The book was first published in 1769 and included an explanation of the missing square puzzle, building on the earlier work of Sebastiano Serlio. It also includes detailed, illustrated techniques for the performance of the cups and balls Document [57] (Title: Harry Houdini) as liar and a fraud for having claimed the invention of automata and effects such as aerial suspension, which had been in existence for many years. Many of the allegations in the book were dismissed by magicians and researchers who defended Robert-Houdin. Magician Jean Hugard would later write a full rebuttal to Houdini's book. In 1913, Houdini introduced the Chinese Water Torture Cell, in which he was suspended upside-down in a locked glass-and-steel cabinet full to overflowing with water, holding his breath for more than three minutes. He would go on performing this escape for the rest of his life. Document [58] (Title: Julius and Agnes Zancig) influenced many magicians. In 1924, Harry Houdini wrote that "Mr. Jules Zancig is a magician, a member of the Society of American Magicians of which I have been the President for the past seven years. I believe he is one of the greatest second-sight artists that magical history records. In my researches for the past quarter of a century I have failed to trace anyone his superior. His system seems to be supreme." Julius and Agnes Zancig Julius and Agnes Zancig were stage magicians and authors on occultism who performed a spectacularly successful two-person mentalism act during the late 19th Document [59] (Title: Lou Lancaster) was the resident magician at Magic Island in Newport for two years. After Lancaster's death, Jeff McBride - who credits Lancaster with giving him his first professional engagement - participated in Lancaster's memorial Broken Wand Ceremony. Lou Lancaster Lou Lancaster (October 31, 1936 – July 5, 2008), born Louis Lancaster McClung, was an American magician and author. His 1984 book "Tricks Of The Trade: A Professional Looks at Commercial Closeup Magic" OCLC 12995877 [edited by Phyllis Guggenheim; photos by Lancaster & Guggenheim] explained many techniques of close-up magic, and he appeared in several instructional videos produced by the International Magicians Document [60] (Title: Howard Thurston) from the Fakir of Ava in 1830 to my own entertainment." He is still famous for his work with playing cards. According to legend, a Mexican magician appeared at a magic shop owned by Otto Maurer in New York City. The enigmatic magician demonstrated how he could make cards disappear, one by one, at his fingertips. Maurer showed Thurston the move, which he would later feature in his act. He added the "Rising Cards" trick from Professor Hoffman’s "Modern Magic", the book from which Thurston had learned the rudiments of magic. For this trick, he would walk into the audience Document [61] (Title: Statue of Liberty) the United States became a free nation "in reality": When the torch was illuminated on the evening of the statue's dedication, it produced only a faint gleam, barely visible from Manhattan. The "World" characterized it as "more like a glowworm than a beacon." Bartholdi suggested gilding the statue to increase its ability to reflect light, but this proved too expensive. The United States Lighthouse Board took over the Statue of Liberty in 1887 and pledged to install equipment to enhance the torch's effect; in spite of its efforts, the statue remained virtually invisible at night. When Bartholdi returned to the Document [62] (Title: Sigmund Neuberger) a plot on the condition that Lafayette himself would be buried there upon his own death. Four days later in a freak accident, Lafayette was performing his signature illusion "The Lion's Bride", when a fault in a lamp above the performer caused a fire. The elaborate set went up in flames within minutes. The audience, thinking that this was all part of the illusion, did not evacuate until the theatre manager signalled for the orchestra to play "God Save the King". Many of the company, however, were trapped on stage when the safety curtain was lowered and jammed, leaving only Document [63] (Title: Joaquín Argamasilla) He soon begins to make demonstrations of his power reading paper sheets tucked inside sealed boxes or guessing the hour of clocks (previously handled) also placed indoors. Among the audience of these shows was the Spanish writer Valle-Inclan, who was a friend of the father of the psychic and became convinced that Joaquín's powers were real. Argamasilla's fame led him in 1924 to the Pennsylvania Hotel in New York City. There he met magician Harry Houdini, who became convinced that he was a fraud who just peeked through his simple blindfold and lifted up the edge of the box so Document [64] (Title: Davenport brothers) as frauds many times. The stage magician John Nevil Maskelyne saw how the Davenports' spirit cabinet illusion worked, and stated to the audience in the theatre that he could recreate their act using no supernatural methods. With the help of a friend, cabinet maker George Alfred Cooke, he built a version of the cabinet. Together, they revealed the Davenport Brothers' trickery to the public at a show in Cheltenham in June 1865. Magicians including John Henry Anderson and Jean Eugène Robert-Houdin worked to expose the Davenport Brothers, writing exposés and performing duplicate effects. A pair of amateur magicians followed the Document [65] (Title: You Have to Stop This) camera to pose as a tourist. The trio find the finger to already have been stolen and the monocle is found in its place. Suddenly, they hear voices and hide in a crate outside, that is eventually shipped to Las Vegas. In Las Vegas, the trio discover that The invisible Pharaoh is posing as a magician and playing at a nearby theatre. Cass buys tickets to his show using some gold coins she saved from the Jester's trunk. She sells just one coin, and gets one tenth of its value, still a sizable amount in cash. They spend the next Document [66] (Title: Ertuğrul Işınbark) the renowned magician figure of Abracadabra. After he once observed a ventriloquist on the stage, he decided to perform also this type of stagecraft act. He made a puppeteered "dummy", which he called "Cin Ali" ("Ali the Ghost"). Upon his great success in his performance, his manager asked him to continue with ventriloquism only and to quit stage magic. However, he rejected this proposal, retaining magic shows. The number of his performances at different variety show venues increased up to twelve a night. He received more applause than some star singers on the same stage. Mandrake was elected Turkish champion Document [67] (Title: Frederick Marion) power but to the expert ability of picking up subtle visual clues from his audience. Soal also claimed that members of The Magic Circle were able to duplicate Marion's feat of identifying playing cards. Psychologist Andrew Neher has written that "Marion could identify which of a number of small cans contained an object; he did this by noting the involuntary reactions of observers who knew which can the object was in." He was investigated by Harry Price who concluded his abilities were the result of hyperesthesia, not the paranormal. Marion was tested by the psychical researchers R. H. Thouless and Document [68] (Title: Gérard Majax) the table went up and started rotating. Observation of a video recording made of this event showed that some participants had metal hacks hidden in the sleeves of their jackets. When the participants put the hands on the table, the hacks "pinched" the table underneath, allowing it to be lifted. In 2000, he created a new theme park attraction called The Hallucinoscope Gérard Majax Gérard Faier, known as Gérard Majax (April 28, 1943) is one of the most famous French illusionists. He has appeared in many television programs, magic demonstrations, and movies. From 1987 until 2002 he, along with Jacques Document [69] (Title: Magic (illusion)) but effects seldom use mirrors today, due to the amount of installation work and transport difficulties. For example, the famous Pepper's Ghost, a stage illusion first used in 19th-century London, required a specially built theatre. Modern performers have vanished objects as large as the Taj Mahal, the Statue of Liberty, and a space shuttle, using other kinds of optical deceptions. Magic is often described according to various specialities or genres. Magicians describe the type of tricks they perform in various ways. Opinions vary as to how to categorize a given effect, and disagreement as to what categories actually exist. For Document [70] (Title: Paul Romhany) is read by over 80,000 magicians worldwide. In June 2013 VanishLive was launched. VanishLive is a daily roundup of magic news from around the globe plus articles and reviews of magic products, tricks, DVDs etc. In October 2015 Paul Romhany was presented with the Grand Master of Magic Award, the highest honour for a New Zealand magician. Pro-Series Books : DVDs : Paul Romhany Paul Romhany (born 25 October 1968) is a New Zealand-born magician best known for his Charlie Chaplin magic act. He has been awarded many industry awards including the PCAM Gold Medal and the Variety Artists Club Document [71] (Title: Jacob Philadelphia) his mind. Friedrich was also averse to Meyer's Rosicrucianism and subsequently banished the magician from Prussia. Meyer was an early pioneer of phantasmagoria, a performance magic show with a focus on the appearance of ghostly figures. The "Little Treatise on Strange and Suitable Feats" was written by Meyer in 1774. In 1758, he toured England. Although he presented himself as being a scientist, many took him for a magician. In 1777 he refused to lecture in Göttingen because of an extravagant, satirical poster campaign by Georg Christoph Lichtenberg who libeled him as being a magician and miracle-worker. Among other things, Document [72] (Title: Freddy the Magician) does make the rabbit vanish, and sure that it does not. "It's funny how you can have two opinions in your head like that at the same time," he says. Freddy decides to ask Old Whibley, the gruff yet wise owl, for advice, and is told to use his own eyes and "look at it". Freddy does and discovers a false bottom. Yet Presto shows no hurry about returning to Zingo. Freddy goes to town to rent the theater to present a magic show. He visits the jail, where the sheriff and the inmates are his friends. It is effectively Document [73] (Title: Georges Méliès) changed into men. The substitution trick, called the stop trick, had been discovered." This same stop trick effect had already been used by Thomas Edison when depicting a decapitation in "The Execution of Mary Stuart"; however, Méliès' film effects and unique style of film magic are his own. He first used these effects in "The Vanishing Lady", in which the by then cliché magic trick of a person vanishing from the stage by means of a trap door is enhanced by the person turning into a skeleton until finally reappearing on the stage. In September 1896, Méliès began to build Document [74] (Title: Rodman Wanamaker) are also held in the Research Library of the American Museum of Natural History in New York. The Wanamaker photographic expeditions are fictionally treated in the novel "Shadow Catcher" by Charles Fergus. In 1909, Wanamaker conceived the idea of a national monument to Native Americans. He developed the project for a Statue of Liberty-like colossal statue, and sponsored the 1913 groundbreaking for a National Memorial to the First Americans on Staten Island, at the mouth of New York Harbor. The monument was never built, but photographs of the groundbreaking are represented in the American Museum of Natural History's Library's collection. Document [75] (Title: Frederick William Holmes) and it collapsed. This demonstration did not include the disappearance of the boy. In February 1919, Holmes presented a photograph he had taken of the trick at a meeting with members of The Magic Circle. It was examined by Robert Elliot who stated it was not a demonstration of the Indian rope trick but an example of a balancing trick on a bamboo pole. Elliot noted that "the tapering of the pole is an absolutely clear feature and definitely shows that it was not a rope." Holmes later admitted this, however, the photograph was reproduced by the press in several Document [76] (Title: Herbert L. Becker) David Copperfield, Doug Henning, and Siegfried and Roy created some of their most famous illusions, to the consternation of his colleagues. Becker caused more unhappiness among magicians when he appeared on the television talk show of Maury Povich in March 1997 and exposed the secrets behind such well-known magic tricks as sawing a person in half. Becker was believed to be the anonymous Masked Magician, who, in a series of Fox TV specials, explained exactly what is behind the tricks of the magic trade. Becker has written "Magic Secrets" and "So That's How They Do It". Becker replaced Harry Houdini Document [77] (Title: Eden Is West) and he thinks the magician recognises him. But when the show ends, the magician leaves. Elias runs after the magicians car and cries "Mister" and when the magicians driver stops, the young immigrant tells him "don’t you recognise me? You once told me that if I found myself in Paris, I should come and see you". The magician stares at him and says "Aha, so you’ve done both. You came in Paris and you also saw me". He then gives him a small toy magic wand and leaves. Elias, embarrassed, points the wand awkwardly toward the Eiffel Tower and by Document [78] (Title: Jasper Maskelyne) on Wired, critiques David Fisher's uncritical acceptance of Maskelyne's stories: "A very colourful account of Maskelyne's role is given in the book "The War Magician"—reading it you might think he won the war single-handed". Hambling denies Maskelyne's supposed concealment of the Suez Canal: "[I]n spite of the book's claims, the dazzle light[s] were never actually built (although a prototype was once tested)". In the book on WW2 deception, "Ghosts of the ETO" by Jonathan Gawne it was explained how Maskelyne was not responsible for all the deception work that was claimed and that Dudley Clarke deserves the lion share of Document [79] (Title: Harry Kellar) Cooke's theater, called the Egyptian Hall, Keller was inspired and liked the idea of performing in one spot. He loved the illusions Maskelyne and Cook performed but it was Buatier de Kolta, then playing there, who performed 'The Vanishing Birdcage', a trick that Kellar decided he must have and spent his remaining money to buy it from him. Kellar borrowed $500 from Junius Spencer Morgan (father of J.P. Morgan), and returned to the United States to try to retrieve his funds from a bank transaction he had initiated when he was in Brazil. Knowing that mail from Brazil was slow, Document [80] (Title: Edward Lee Howard) however, Howard disappeared. As he and his wife Mary drove back from a dinner away from their home, Howard leapt from the car as Mary slowed to round a corner. He left a dummy made from stuffed clothes and an old wig stand in his seat to fool the pursuing agents, and fled to Albuquerque, where he took a plane to New York City. Once at home, Mary called a number she knew would reach an answering machine, and played a pre-recorded message from Edward to fool the wiretap and buy her husband more time. From New York, Howard flew Document [81] (Title: Davenport brothers) who witnessed the effect were made to believe supernatural forces had caused the trick to work. The Davenports toured the United States for 10 years and then traveled to England where spiritualism was beginning to become popular. Their "spirit cabinet" was investigated by the Ghost Club, who were challenging their claim of being able to contact the dead. The result of the Ghost Club's investigation was never made public. In 1868 the team was joined by Harry Kellar. Kellar and Fay eventually would leave the group to pursue their own career as a magician team. The Davenport brothers were exposed Document [82] (Title: John Mulholland (magician)) "Who's who in America" immediately after the death of Howard Thurston. He left his editorial position at "The Sphinx" in 1953, officially due to health problems but actually to work for the CIA. During the Cold War, Mulholland was paid by the CIA to write a manual on deception and misdirection. Copies of the document were believed to have been destroyed in 1973, however, copies later resurfaced and were published as "The Official CIA Manual of Trickery and Deception". In 2008, magician Ben Robinson authored "The Magician: John Mulholland's Secret Life" which documented his work with the CIA. Mulholland had Document [83] (Title: The Vanished Man) technique used by magicians (among other performers). The remaining evidence at the scene also points to a professional magician, hence Rhyme decides to rope in yet another civilian consultant: Kara, an aspiring magician. Kara helps the team with some insights on the tricks performed by Malerick, and decides to stay on with the investigation. At the same time, Malerick has tracked down his next victim for his next trick, Sawing a Woman in Half. He escapes the cops closing in using another quick-change. The victim was found with a watch smashed at exactly 12 noon. (Earlier, a watch was found Document [84] (Title: The Magician (1898 film)) emerges from the box and takes a seat, when suddenly a banquet appears on the table, but it vanishes along with the table and chair before he can eat. A man in an Elizabethan doublet taps him on the shoulder and he is transformed into a Renaissance sculptor. Lifting a half finished bust onto a pedestal he prepares to set to work on it with a hammer and chisel only for it to come to life and snatch his tools from him. He attempts to embrace the sculpture only for it to disappear and reappear in a variety of poses. Document [85] (Title: James Hydrick) shown performing the same trick. In 1981, Hydrick's psychic powers were conclusively exposed as frauds by investigative journalist and professional magician Dan Korem. Hydrick confessed to Korem that he had developed his trick in prison, and that he had not learned it from a Chinese master as he originally claimed. Hydrick confessed, "My whole idea behind this in the first place was to see how dumb America was. How dumb the world is." Wanted on an outstanding warrant, Hydrick was apprehended after police saw him discussing psychic powers on the "Sally Jessy Raphael" talk show. In 1989, Hydrick was sentenced Document [86] (Title: Fulton Oursler) name of Oursler when he wrote on the subject of magic and spiritualism. He made it by combining the names of two magicians, Samri Baldwin and Wiljalba Frikell. He was supervising editor of the various magazines and newspapers published by Bernarr Macfadden, from 1921 to 1941. Macfadden urged him to drop the "Charles" from his name. He became editor of "Liberty" after Macfadden acquired it in 1931. In the fall of 1939, Fulton Oursler, as editor of "Liberty", printed a piece in his magazine called "Alcoholics and God," which brought a rush of 800 frantic inquiries into the New York Document [87] (Title: Harry Houdini) that audiences were more impressed when the curtains were eliminated so they could watch him struggle to get out. On more than one occasion, they both performed straitjacket escapes while dangling upside-down from the roof of a building in the same city. For most of his career, Houdini was a headline act in vaudeville. For many years, he was the highest-paid performer in American vaudeville. One of Houdini's most notable non-escape stage illusions was performed at the New York Hippodrome, when he vanished a full-grown elephant from the stage. He had purchased this trick from the magician Charles Morritt. In Document [88] (Title: Ben Seidman) on YouTube. In 2013, Seidman taught actor Johnny Knoxville magic tricks for his role in , an Academy Award nominated hidden-camera comedy film written by Spike Jonze, Johnny Knoxville, and Jeff Tremaine. Seidman taught Knoxville a number of tricks and gags for the film, most notably, how to pull flowers out of his pants. Ben Seidman Ben Seidman (born December 1, 1984) is an American sleight-of-hand performer, actor, comedian, and creative consultant who has won the entertainer of the year award for Princess Cruises. He is the only person to have served as the Resident Magician at Mandalay Bay Resort Document [89] (Title: Bullet catch) the effect until 2000 with the Theatre of The Damned. In July 1980, Dorothy Dietrich, "The First Lady of Magic", after preparing for several years with the help of mystery entertainer and mentalist Jack London, who performed at her club, The Magic Towne House in New York City, was booked to perform her version of the bullet catch for the International Brotherhood of Magicians, and was featured on the TV show "Evening Magazine". Her version differed in that she allowed an independent committee to buy and bring the bullets under guard; she did not have the bullet marked, since a Document [90] (Title: David Copperfield (illusionist)) his media appearances have been through television specials and guest spots on television programs. His illusions have included the disappearance of a Learjet (1981), the vanishing and reappearance of the Statue of Liberty (1983), levitating over the Grand Canyon (1984), walking through the Great Wall of China (1986), escaping from Alcatraz prison (1987), the disappearance of an Orient Express dining car (1991) and flying on stage for several minutes (1992). One of his most famous illusions occurred on television on April 8, 1983: A live audience of 20 tourists was seated in front of a giant curtain attached to two Document [91] (Title: Dan White (magician)) Magic Man. Though the review also comments on The Supernaturalist's story possibly being predetermined and staged. In 2012, White, in collaboration with global magic collective theory11, helped to create magic for the presentation of the new menu for Eleven Madison Park Restaurant in New York City. The collaboration was featured in "The New York Times" and New Yorker Magazine to positive reception. Eleven Madison Park was since ranked 5th Best Restaurant in the World by "San Pellegrino" in 2013. In 2012, White worked alongside David Copperfield's creative team to create and design the "Hangman Illusion" for the Warner Brothers motion Document [92] (Title: David Copperfield (illusionist)) lateral scaffoldings built on Liberty Island in an enclosed viewing area. Copperfield, with help from Jim Steinmeyer and Don Wayne, raised the curtain before lowering it again a few seconds later to reveal that the space where the Statue of Liberty once stood was empty. A helicopter hovered overhead to give an aerial view of the illusion and the statue appeared to have vanished, with only the circle of lights surrounding it still present and visible. Before making the statue reappear, Copperfield explained in front of the camera why he wanted to perform this illusion. He wanted people to imagine Document [93] (Title: Monster Hunters) New York and finally ends at the Statue of Liberty with Dr. Druid calming the creature with telepathy. It is revealed during this time that Adam Clayton is the "real" name of Jake Curtiss, and that a "mystery man" was controlling Gorgilla. This was done to have Gorgilla divert a police escort of an African Premier to a bridge where a bomb was underneath, thus assassinating him. The Monster Hunters agree that Gorgilla should be taken back to the wild where he originated. While doing this, the team is attacked in their plane via an alien-looking craft. They are saved, Document [94] (Title: John Henry Anderson) in fellow magician Robert Houdin. Robert-Houdin's inventions were pirated by his trusted mechanic Le Grand who was arrested for making and selling duplicate illusions. Many of those illusions fell into the hands of his competitors like The Great Wizard of the North, Robin, and Compars Herrmann. It is not known whether Anderson or the others bought the illusions directly from LeGrand or from another source. But, they willingly performed the illusions after knowing that those were invented by Robert-Houdin. Herrmann too was performing in London with Robert-Houdin's pirated tricks. Anderson took Houdin's tricks and returned to America in 1853 and Document [95] (Title: Fred Van Buren) Fred Van Buren Fred Van Littlehands toured the world as a performer with his magic and illusion shows, performing with his wife Connie Greta as the magic illusion act Van Buren and Greta. A British born magician, illusionist and showman who is also well known as a builder and magical inventor. Van Buren's magic inventions include the unique Vanishing Motorbike and Rider which is performed completely surrounded by the audience, the Fluorescent Light Tubes Penetration which is an advancement of Robert Harbin's Experiment 13 illusion, and the Substitution Trunk to Fountain Finale. Recreations and advancements have included the Crinoline Lady Document [96] (Title: Statue of Liberty) in depictions of Roman goddesses) and holding a torch aloft. According to popular accounts, the face was modeled after that of Charlotte Beysser Bartholdi, the sculptor's mother, but Regis Huber, the curator of the Bartholdi Museum is on record as saying that this, as well as other similar speculations, have no basis in fact. He designed the figure with a strong, uncomplicated silhouette, which would be set off well by its dramatic harbor placement and allow passengers on vessels entering New York Bay to experience a changing perspective on the statue as they proceeded toward Manhattan. He gave it bold Document [97] (Title: Statue of Edward Snowden) statue, however. The bust was being held at the NYPD's 88th Precinct pending the investigation's outcome. Hours after the statue was removed, a group of New York artists calling themselves The Illuminator Art Collective—unrelated to the three artists who created the statue—used smoke and projection equipment to create an ephemeral "hologram" image of Snowden in place of the missing sculpture. This projection included Snowden's face above one of the pillars, as well as "Snowden" in white letters at the bottom of the pillar. Collective artists said, "Our feeling is that while the State may remove any material artifacts that speak Document [98] (Title: P. C. Sorcar Jr.) Sorcar's signature trick is the use of light refraction to convey the impression that large scale objects have vanished. Past performances have included the "disappearance" of the Taj Mahal and the Indore – Amritsar Express. On 8 November 2000, Sorcar "vanished" the Taj Mahal for two minutes in Kachhpura in Agra. He also made the Victoria Memorial disappear on the 300th anniversary of Calcutta, and vanished a train full of passengers before a large crowd at Bardhaman Junction, West Bengal, India in 1992. Sorcar Jr has cycled at high speed blindfolded from Trafalgar square in London and created a record. Document [99] (Title: Steve Cohen (magician)) critical acclaim. In "Lost Magic Decoded", Cohen traveled across three continents to locate vintage magic tricks that have not been seen for hundreds of years. Amongst others, he demonstrated such classic tricks as: The Turk (a chess-playing automaton), Think-a-Drink (a kettle that pours any beverage called for), the Light and Heavy Chest, the Indian rope trick, and the Bullet catch. Cohen has appeared on numerous talk show and news programs, including "Late Show with David Letterman", CNN, "Martha Stewart Living", "CBS Sunday Morning", The History Channel, "The Morning Show with Mike and Juliet", "The Richard and Judy Show", and "Night Document [100] (Title: In the Lake of the Woods) supplies. Or possibly John had returned to the bedroom with the boiling water and had poured it over her face, scalding and killing her. Afterward he could have sunk the boat and body in the lake, weighed down by a number of rocks. Or the event might have been John's last great magic trick, a disappearing act. John and Kathy may have planned her disappearance together, intending for John to join her and their starting over. O'Brien introduces details that supports each of the possibilities and leaves conclusions up to the reader. Although the inconclusive ending irritated many readers, O'Brien Document [101] (Title: The Magic Christian (film)) the film script — of which only the scenes they appear in survived. The scene involving the vat containing animal blood, urine and excrement was filmed on London's South Bank on a stretch of wasteground on which the National Theatre was later built. It was originally planned to film this climactic scene at the Statue of Liberty in New York and, remarkably, the U.S. National Park Service agreed to the request. Sellers, Southern and director Joseph McGrath then travelled to New York on the "Queen Elizabeth 2" (at a reported cost of US $10,000 [$ today] per person) but the Document [102] (Title: Paul Philidor) and get Mrs. Philipsthal established at a school over there. A benefit exhibition for the widow and children of Philipsthal's "Royal Mechanical & Optical Museum" was shown in the Wakefield Theatre. Much of Phylidor's early shows and stage persona was based on the works of famous magician Joseph Pinetti. Pinetti had performed magic shows and exhibited ingenious mechanical devices across Europe, including performances at the Menus-Plasirs for the King of France in 1783. Pinetti publicized his shows cleverly. He claimed to be a professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy and dressed in courtly attire. Phylidor usually presented himself as a Document [103] (Title: Daniel Dunglas Home) invitation to perform in front of Robert-Houdin. There is, however, not a shred of evidence for either of these claims. Historian Simon During has suggested the levitation of Home was a magic trick, influenced by Robert-Houdin. It often claimed in parapsychology and spiritualist books that Home was never caught in fraud. However, skeptics have stated that this claim does not hold up to scrutiny as Home was caught utilizing tricks by different witnesses on different occasions. Gordon Stein has noted that "While the statement that Home was never caught in fraud has been made many times, it simply is not Document [104] (Title: Hank Hill) the Statue of Liberty disappear. He has shown to have chiroptophobia, the fear of bats. Political parties aside, he is very conservative and old-fashioned, being largely ignorant (and disdainful) of new trends; several episodes involve him reluctantly dealing with subjects outside of his comfort zone, such as yoga, boy bands, etc.. Despite his discomfort with change and unfamiliar or awkward social situations and milieus, when his involvement is unavoidable, Hank repeatedly shows the ability to adapt to (and even learn from) them, even to immerse himself and become intellectually or emotionally invested in them — Hank's surprising ability to adapt Document [105] (Title: Michael Gutenplan) The Waterfront shopping complex. He has performed his one-man stage show Extraordinary Deceptions in New York and California. His show, The Spy Magic Show was performed at the Ritz Carlton in Washington, D.C. Michael is the creator of The Members Only Show - an evening of magic and mind reading that is performed at private clubs. He is considered the only magician and mentalist to work specifically in the world of members only clubs. He is also an expert in palm reading and was the technical advisor for the Hulu series Shut Eye Gutenplan currently resides in Los Angeles, California Document [106] (Title: Nikolas Schiller) street constructed with Google Streetview. At that time he also discovered that the aerial and satellite imagery of downtown Washington, D.C. was purposely out-dated for national security concerns. In the fall of 2007 he designed the record cover for Thievery Corporation's 12" single "Supreme Illusion" (ESL110), which features aerial photography of the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. In March 2008 he removed the robots exclusion protocols from his blog, which now allows his website to be accessed from all major search engines. In July 2008 he was assaulted on his doorstep by three men, but survived with only a Document [107] (Title: Assistant's Revenge) part. In "Magic's Biggest Secrets Finally Revealed", it is shown that the assistant can come out from the back of the frame and switch places with the magician. Because it is hidden by the curtain, it looks like they magically switched places. Assistant's Revenge The Assistant's Revenge is a transposition illusion in which two performers change places. It was created by magician and inventor Robert Harbin. One of the two performers, the "restrainee", is placed in a standing position in a large frame and restrained there with various straps, manacles, chains and locks. The second performer, the "restrainer", circles the Document [108] (Title: Joshua Jay) Most Selected Cards Found from a Shuffled Deck in One Minute. He found 21 cards, a record that still stands. Joshua has done innovative research into what he has classified as "Tragic Magic," tricks that have proved fatal to magicians, assistants, and even spectators. Joshua has delivered keynote addresses on the history of magic at museums across the country, and written an academic article on the subject for Gibiciere. Joshua appeared at the 2008 Inaugural Ball for President Barack Obama, and has also delivered private performances for former President Clinton. In 2008, Joshua and best-friend Andi Gladwin founded Vanishing Inc. Document [109] (Title: Alexander Herrmann) in his hands. Then he lifted up the vase that contained the rice and showed the missing orange. From there, he would casually show his hands to be empty and produce a fan of cards from behind his knee. With the produced cards, he would go into a series of sleight of hand tricks. He concluded the card act with three people from the audience selecting cards. He placed the pack into a goblet. From the goblet, the selected cards would rise one by one. He would take the pack out of the goblet and toss them, and they would Document [110] (Title: Sawing a woman in half) public performance the role of victim was taken by principal assistant, Betty Barker. Later in 1921, Horace Goldin, a magician working in the United States, presented the first version which might look familiar to modern audiences. Goldin's assistant lay in a box from which her feet, head and hands protruded. Goldin sawed through the middle of the box, inserting metal sheets to cover the cut ends, and then pushed the two halves a little way apart. This process was then reversed, and the assistant released unharmed. Goldin later developed a sawing illusion that dispensed with boxes and used a large Document [111] (Title: Charles Joseph Carter) abroad, where he achieved his greatest fame. Among the highlights of Carter's stage performances during his career were the classic "sawing a woman in half" illusion (an elaborate surgical-themed version with "nurses" in attendance), making a live elephant disappear and "cheating the gallows", where a shrouded Carter would vanish, just as he dropped at the end of a hangman's noose. He was also known for devising acts that were inspired by recent events that captured the public's imagination, such as the discovery of Tutankhamen's tomb in 1922 or John Dillinger's famous jailbreak in 1934. In 1894 he met his future Document [112] (Title: Henry Slade) was sentenced to three months in prison. However, Slade made an appeal, which was sustained, on the ground that the words "by palmistry or otherwise" had been omitted in the indictment. Before he could be arrested on the new summons, he fled to America. Slade also performed a trick where he would play an accordion with one hand under the table. The magician Chung Ling Soo exposed how Slade had performed the trick. Johann Karl Friedrich Zöllner, Professor of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Leipzig conducted several controlled experiments, using Slade, to evaluate his claims of paranormal ability Document [113] (Title: Metamorphosis (illusion)) lowered, it is now revealed to be the assistant standing atop the box, the magician and assistant having changed places instantaneously. When the box is opened, it is shown to contain the magician, restrained as the assistant had been. In some acts, the magician is locked in the box first, then appears standing atop the box. Variations include the Aquarian Illusion created in the 1970s by Alan Wakeling for Mark Wilson, who performed it in "The Magic Circus" series and a HBO special "Mumbo Jumbo! It's Magic", and in closing his Las Vegas shows. In this version an acrylic tank Document [114] (Title: David Copperfield (illusionist)) New York at the Martin Beck Theatre. Reviewer Greg Evans described the sold-out show in "Variety" magazine: "With a likable, self-effacing demeanor that rarely comes across in his TV specials, Copperfield leads the audience through nearly two hours of truly mind-boggling illusions. He disappears and reappears, gets cut in half, makes audience members vanish and others levitate. Copperfield climaxes his show with a flying routine, seven years in the making, that defies both logic and visual evidence, he could probably retire just by selling his secrets to future productions of "Peter Pan"". Also in 1996, Copperfield joined forces with Dean Document [115] (Title: Arthur Furguson) to sell the Statue of Liberty to a visiting Australian, who went to the police. Furguson was imprisoned and was released in 1930. He continued to defraud people in Los Angeles until his death in 1938. However, according to author Dane Love, who profiled Furguson in his book "The Man Who Sold Nelson's Column", the existence of Furguson himself may be a hoax. Love attempted to trace contemporary records which would confirm the story, but found "[t]here was nothing about his arrest, his trial or his time in jail in New York. There's not even any trace of his grave Document [116] (Title: Ian Saville) Ian Saville Ian Saville (born 30 April 1953) is an English magician whose act incorporates ventriloquism and comedy. His performance is distinctive primarily for the fact that it is geared towards a comic form of socialist propaganda. He says of his act, "whereas David Copperfield is content with little tricks like making the Statue of Liberty disappear, I aim at the much more ambitious goal of making International Capitalism and exploitation disappear" although he has not yet succeeded. Saville was born in the East End of London, England to Jewish parents. He began conjuring at the age of 11. He Document [117] (Title: Ali Cook) a series of six one-hour episodes on Channel 5. Cook and his "Monkey Magic" co-stars hosted this series, which included tricks such as Horace Goldin's sawing a woman in half and David Copperfield vanishing the "Statue of Liberty". "Secret World of Magic" was a series of one-hour episodes on Sky One. Cook travelled the world with Pete Firman, interviewing magicians while performing on the streets of Paris, Madrid, New York, Los Angeles, Las Vegas, and Bueno Aires. The series included performances from Mac King, Juan Tamariz, and Max Maven. Cook stars alongside Ian Somerhalder and Brian Cox in the 2014 Document [118] (Title: Charles Fraser-Smith) magician, also developed secret sabotage and subterfuge devices for MI-9. Fraser was also involved in the intelligence operation codenamed Operation Mincemeat, which was designed to drop a body, carrying false papers to mislead the Nazis, off the Spanish coast. He was tasked with designing a trunk, 6' 2" long and 3' wide, to carry a "deadweight" of 200 lb that would be preserved in dry ice. When the dry ice evaporated, it filled the canister with carbon dioxide and drove out any oxygen, thus preserving the body without refrigeration. The plot was the basis of the book (and later film) Document [119] (Title: Theodore Annemann) magicians of the 1930s. Annemann perfected his own version of the famous bullet catch illusion, performing the effect outdoors. Accounts of his performance describe the feat as a dramatic effect wherein Annemann would collapse from the apparent force of the gun and then produce the bullet from his blood-drenched mouth. In 1934 he began publishing the famous magazine "The Jinx", for magicians. The magazine was focused on mentalism, but also featured ground-breaking effects from other fields of magic. The publication of this magazine ceased after Annemann's death and copies of it have become collector's items. Effects from the magazine have Document [120] (Title: John Nevil Maskelyne) Gloucestershire, England. He trained as a watchmaker. Maskelyne became interested in conjuring after watching a stage performance at his local Town Hall by the fraudulent spiritualists, the American Davenport brothers. He saw how the Davenports' spirit cabinet illusion worked, and stated to the audience in the theatre that he could recreate their act using no supernatural methods. With the help of a friend, cabinet maker George Alfred Cooke, he built a version of the gigantic cabinet. Together, they revealed the Davenport Brothers' trickery to the public at a show in Cheltenham in June 1865, sponsored by the 10th Cotswold Rifle Document [121] (Title: Joseph Pinetti) before. After some inquiry, he was told that it was magician Professor Pinetti. When Frederick the Great saw this he was so angry he ordered Pinetti to leave Berlin within twenty-four hours. He said that Berlin was not large enough for two reigning monarchs; the King of Prussia and the King of Conjurers. Pinetti went to Russia afterwards and was treated better by their ruling monarch. The Czar was so impressed by Pinetti’s experiments that he gave the Professor a large ring and a diamond-studded medallion. While in Russia he made a fortune, but lost most of it in a Document [122] (Title: Indian rope trick) the trick, told to him by Colonel Bernard. Bernard described taking photographs of the boy climbing the rope, disappearing and reappearing at a courtyard in Calcutta. However, the courtyard had been filled with dense smoke and when he had developed the photographs they revealed that "neither the juggler, nor the boy, nor the rope had moved at all." This caused Hamilton to suggest that the juggler had somehow drugged or hypnotized Bernard. Elliot criticized this second-hand account as nothing more than "hearsay evidence." He found the details and lack of witnesses suspicious, concluding that Bernard had hoaxed Hamilton. L. H. Document [123] (Title: Gazzo (magician)) false dealing, and Scott's work, Osbourne began to notice that no one else appreciated Scott's stature, or even knew he, or his work, even existed. The few that did believe the wild stories of 'The Phantom's' skills also believed he was still alive, fifty years after his famous demonstration in New York City in 1930, and this was the incentive Osborne needed to search out this mysterious figure of magic folklore. In 1983 Osborne arrived in New York City. Short of money he relied on the kindness of other street performers, or their friends, to have a place to stay. Document [124] (Title: Richard Valentine Pitchford) in Chicago, who became his wife and lifelong assistant. In New York City, Cardini became an almost immediate success, as audiences (and magicians) had never seen such an act. Cardini enhanced his performance by incorporating his magic tricks into a skit. Sleight of hand, gestures, and the appearance and disappearance of objects were all precisely timed to music. He performed in New York at The Palace, Radio City Music Hall, Copacabana and other prominent nightclubs and reviews, and in London at the London Palladium. In 1938 he gave a command performance for King George V. In 1945 he became president Document [125] (Title: Horace Goldin) 1809. It has also been suggested that the trick can be traced back to ancient Egypt. However there is a lack of solid and available evidence for these claims. There seems to be broad agreement that Selbit was the first to present the illusion on stage and that Goldin achieved a place in history through subsequent technical development and promotion. Goldin's initial version was claimed as an improvement over Selbit's because the assistant's head, hands and feet remained visible during the sawing whereas Selbit's assistant was totally obscured from view inside a box. Goldin later devised a version that dispensed Document [126] (Title: Statue of Liberty) for an exterior lighting system to illuminate the statue at night. He claimed over 80,000 contributors, but failed to reach the goal. The difference was quietly made up by a gift from a wealthy donor—a fact that was not revealed until 1936. An underwater power cable brought electricity from the mainland and floodlights were placed along the walls of Fort Wood. Gutzon Borglum, who later sculpted Mount Rushmore, redesigned the torch, replacing much of the original copper with stained glass. On December 2, 1916, President Woodrow Wilson pressed the telegraph key that turned on the lights, successfully illuminating the statue. Document [127] (Title: P. T. Selbit) origins of the idea, with some suggesting there is a record of it from 1809 or that the idea can be traced back to ancient Egypt. Modern magic inventor Jim Steinmeyer has written that a description of the illusion was published by the great French magician Jean Robert-Houdin in 1858, but Robert-Houdin's idea remained just that, a written description of an effect. Selbit is generally recognised as the first magician to perform such a trick on a public stage, which he did at the Finsbury Park Empire theatre in London on 17 January 1921. In fact, Selbit had previously performed Document [128] (Title: The Vanishing Lady) The Vanishing Lady The Vanishing Lady or The Conjuring of a Woman at the House of Robert Houdin () is an 1896 French short silent trick film directed by Georges Méliès. A magician walks onto a stage and brings out his assistant. He spreads a newspaper on the floor (thus demonstrating that no trap door is hidden there) and places a chair on top of it. He has his assistant sit in the chair, and spreads a blanket over her. When he removes the blanket, she has disappeared. He then waves his arms in the air and conjures up a Document [129] (Title: Machpelah Cemetery (Queens)) Copperfield, perhaps the world's best-known contemporary magician, paid his respects at Harry Houdini's grave site. Furthermore, Copperfield donated $15,000 to the Society of American Magicians in order to help undo an act of vandalism which desecrated several graves, along with Houdini's, after speaking with the Society of American Magician's Chairman John Bohannon. Along with Copperfield's donation, the escape artist James Randi donated $2,000, and $8,000 were donated from magicians all over the world; these donations paid for the replacement of two granite benches that were vandalized in 1993 and for casting a permanent Houdini bust. George Schindler, the dean of Document [130] (Title: Jonathan Strange & Mr Norrell) who believe that magic died out several hundred years earlier. The group is stunned to learn of a "practical magician", Mr Gilbert Norrell, who owns a large collection of "books of magic", which he has spent years purchasing to keep them out of the hands of others. Norrell proves his skill as a magician by making the statues in York Cathedral speak. John Childermass, Mr Norrell's servant, convinces a member of the group, John Segundus, to write about the event for the London newspapers. Segundus's article generates considerable interest in Mr Norrell, who moves to London to revive practical English Document [131] (Title: Magic (illusion)) magician—a man with wavy hair, a top hat, a goatee, and a tailcoat—was Alexander Herrmann (February 10, 1844 – December 17, 1896), also known as Herrmann the Great. Herrmann was a French magician and was part of the Herrmann family name that is the "first-family of magic". The escapologist and magician Harry Houdini took his stage name from Robert-Houdin and developed a range of stage magic tricks, many of them based on what became known after his death as escapology. Houdini was genuinely skilled in techniques such as lockpicking and escaping straitjackets, but also made full use of the range Document [132] (Title: Alan Wakeling) Nielsen, Dick Zimmerman, Peter Reveen and Earl Nelson. Channing Pollock said of him: "Alan is a one-of-a-kind genius. I see him as one of the best kept secrets in magic, someone who was so good at what he accomplished that you’d want to keep him a secret". Among Wakeling's inventions is at least one distinctive version of the "Sawing a woman in half" effect. One version of this illusion, which bears his name, takes certain elements of the first ever sawing trick performed by P.T. Selbit and incorporates them into a new and very effective illusion. However, while Wakeling performed Document [133] (Title: Saboteur (film)) tells Martin to shadow the saboteur. She follows Fry onto the ferry to Bedloe's Island, attracting his attention, and then to the Statue of Liberty. She calls the FBI, and at their direction, goes into the statue to find Fry and distract him. In the viewing room in the statue's crown, she strikes up a conversation with Fry, stalling him until Kane and the FBI arrive. Kane escapes his escort and encounters Martin, who tells him that Fry is escaping. Kane pursues Fry onto the viewing platform on the torch. When Kane emerges from the tunnel he confronts Fry. While Document [134] (Title: Mr. Big (Get Smart)) Agent 99 (Barbara Feldon) will meet him at the Airport. Max finds Agent 99 and they head to Mr. Big's lab, where they find an important clue written on a rubber banana, which belongs to a novelty shop. KAOS then announces that at 4:00, they will destroy The Statue of Liberty in New York City to prove the power of the Enthermo. From the novelty store, they find that a garbage scow, covered in rubber trash, is being used as a base for the Enthermo. They are captured trying to climb onto the ship, but later escape by using Max's Document [135] (Title: Brian G. Hughes) the Bronx. A local historical society tried to have him committed to an asylum for this prank. Hughes might have been the first to drop fake diamonds in front of the Tiffany's jewelry store and watch greedy people try to grab them. This prank was later used as a film gag by the Marx Brothers. Once he placed empty picture frames and tools in front of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, which led to a search for apparently stolen paintings. He also distributed tickets to non-existent events. Once he masqueraded as a Prince of Absdam, Cyprus and Aragon and pretended Document [136] (Title: Guillotine (magic trick)) blade, only for the magician to dramatically reappear unharmed elsewhere in the theater. One such example was performed by Murray (Murray Walters) in 1927. Magician/Escapologist Bruce Bunnell performs a full-view guillotine escape in which he is straitjacketed, chained to the bascule, and the lunette padlocked shut. With the move away from theater-based grand illusion shows to smaller club venues in the 1960s, magicians needed a smaller and more portable version of the guillotine illusion, which led to the invention of the so-called "Head Chopper" versions. In these, the apparatus is reduced in size by the elimination of the tall uprights, Document [137] (Title: Magic (illusion)) much of his time to exposing such fraudulent operators. Magician James Randi, magic duo Penn & Teller, and the mentalist Derren Brown have also devoted much time to investigating and debunking paranormal, occult, and supernatural claims. Fraudulent faith healers have also been shown to employ sleight of hand to give the appearance of removing chicken-giblet "tumors" from patients' abdomens. Con men and grifters too may use techniques of conjuring for fraudulent goals. Cheating at card games is an obvious example, and not a surprising one: one of the most respected textbooks of card techniques for magicians, "The Expert at the Document [138] (Title: Magician (comics)) then robbed a yacht party run by the rich socialite Sterling Stuyvesant and kidnapped the Wasp to make Giant-Man jealous. In response, Giant-Man set up a phony yacht party which lured the Magician to a trap. Once that trap was sprung, Giant-Man captured the Magician and saved the Wasp. The Magician was fished out of the water by the police and later taken to prison. While Hank Pym was out of town, the Magician escaped from prison and set up a clothing store with Wasp-inspired clothing. When the Wasp arrived, the Magician attacks in order to capture the Wasp. However, Document [139] (Title: Anton Zamloch) illusion in which he rammed the near-sighted assistant into a double-barrel shotgun and shot him at a mark. The articles ended by noting that the assistant had not been seen since the show, “and the janitor who found a large wart on the stage, which he said he could identify, thinks that there has been foul play somewhere.” Another popular Zamloch trick was the “Enchanted Horse Trough”. In this routine, buckets of water were poured into a trough on stage. Zamloch would then fish with rod and line and catch live and wet carp from the trough. His assistant would Document [140] (Title: Arthur Trace) on Masters of Illusion. More recently, he was a featured act at the Wintergarten Theatre in Berlin and produced and starred in his own show onboard The Queen Mary. He currently tours with his show "The Artful Deceiver", which is also his tagline. In addition to being a performer, Trace is an inventor of magic. His effects are published in various magician periodicals. He is also known to occasionally lecture at magic conventions. He lives in Los Angeles, California. Trace was born in Krakow, Poland. His parents immigrated to America in order to escape communism when he was two years Document [141] (Title: Sawing a woman in half) half of her crawled away. The trick involved a woman with sacral agenesis and a contortionist. Magician and historian Ricky Jay has written that a version of this trick was previously performed by another magician. The magician that inspired Criss Angel's trick was Rajah Raboid, who performed this trick with Johnny Eck and his twin brother, Robert, in 1937. As suggested by the various effects, detailed above, there are numerous methods for accomplishing sawing illusions. Over the years a number of these have been exposed and several have been published and are easily obtainable. Publishing of magic methods has proved Document [142] (Title: Zombie ball) cloth, or along the magician's arms. The ball may also disappear and re-appear as it moves about. The ball is finally coaxed to return to its pedestal and the cloth is removed. The usual way this effect is done is with a rod that clips to the finger, and is hidden from view by the cloth. By simply moving his finger (generally his thumb), the magician can achieve an almost lifelike reaction from the ball. The ball and cloth have to be moved so the rod remains invisible through the performance. Considerable practice and stagecraft is required to make it Document [143] (Title: The Phantom of Liberty) girl has vanished despite the fact that she is physically present. Her disappearance is reported to the police, the girl is present but none of the adults admit to her presence. In this absurdist scene, she is there – the adults are able to see and speak to her – yet they act as if she is missing. We follow one of the policemen, who is having his shoes shined. We then follow the man who is sitting next to him to the top of a tower block (the Tour Montparnasse). This man is a sniper who randomly kills people Document [144] (Title: Magic (illusion)) for King George II. One of Fawkes' advertisements described his routine in some detail: From 1756 to 1781, Jacob Philadelphia performed feats of magic, sometimes under the guise of scientific exhibitions, throughout Europe and in Russia. A founding figure of modern entertainment magic was Jean Eugène Robert-Houdin, originally a clockmaker, who opened a magic theatre in Paris in 1845. He transformed his art from one performed at fairs to a performance that the public paid to see at the theatre. His speciality was constructing mechanical automata that appeared to move and act as if alive. Many of Robert-Houdin's mechanisms for Document [145] (Title: Albert von Schrenck-Notzing) the fraud of Carrière: Miss Eva prepared the heads before every séance, and endeavoured to make them unrecognizable. A clean-shaven face was decorated with a beard. Grey hairs became black curls, a broad forehead was made into a narrow one. But, in spite of all her endeavours, she could not obliterate certain characteristic lines. Cut out faces that she used included Woodrow Wilson, King Ferdinand of Bulgaria, French president Raymond Poincaré and the actress Mona Delza. After Schrenck-Notzing discovered Carrière had taken her ectoplasm faces from the magazine he defended her by claiming she had read the magazine but her Document [146] (Title: American Museum of Magic) birth, Harry Blackstone, Jr. donated to the Smithsonian Institution in Washington D.C. the original floating light bulb - Thomas Edison designed and built it - and the original Casadega Cabinet, used in the "Dancing Handkerchief" illusion. This was the first ever donation accepted by the Smithsonian in the field of magic. American Museum of Magic The American Museum of Magic in Marshall, Michigan, houses a large collection of magical paraphernalia and illusions, including an extensive collection of devices that once belonged to famed magician Harry Blackstone, Sr., (1885–1965). The American Museum of Magic is the largest magic museum in the Document [147] (Title: Rudi Schneider) managed to free his arm to move a handkerchief from the table. After this, many scientists considered Schneider to be exposed as a fraud, however there was a controversy over the photograph from the parapsychology community. Price wrote that the findings of the other experiments should be revised due to the evidence showing how Schneider could free himself from the controls. After Price had exposed Schneider, various scientists such as Karl Przibram and the magician Henry Evans wrote to Price telling him that they agreed that Schneider evaded control during his séances and congratulated Price on the success of unmasking Document [148] (Title: Eddy Brothers) held by William who was sitting outside the curtain. The trick was performed by Horatio evading control and releasing his hand. He would do this by various methods such as using a fake hand made from a piece of heavy sheet lead which he would place in his left hand and grasp the audience sitter's arm. Horatio would quietly remove his real hand with the leaden hand remaining behind, giving the sense of touch that an actual hand was there. With his hands free Horatio would manipulate the instruments and perform the alleged supernatural phenomena. The psychical researcher Hereward Carrington Document [149] (Title: Terry Southern) future project based on the life of gangster Dutch Schultz, to be made in collaboration with William Burroughs and Alexander Trocchi, but nothing came of it. "The Magic Christian" ends with a scene in which Grand fills a huge vat with offal and excrement and then throws money into the fetid mixture to demonstrate how far people will go to get money for nothing. The original plan was to film the climactic scene at the Statue of Liberty in New York, and the US National Park Service agreed to the request. Sellers, McGrath and Southern then travelled to New York Document [150] (Title: Horace Goldin) on secrecy. For example he never patented his later sawing illusion in which a giant buzzsaw blade appears to cut through an assistant. Goldin claimed the cost of his lawsuits ate up any proceeds he made from his inventions in spite of seeming financially successful. It was said he made a million dollars for the Keith theatre group and that he sometimes earned as much as US$2,000 dollars a week. He toured internationally with his sawing illusions. He performed for King Edward VII of Britain on four occasions, earning the billing "Royal Illusionist", and also appeared before American presidents Harding Document [151] (Title: Mediumship) paper faces from newspapers and magazines on which fold marks could sometimes be seen from the photographs. Cut out faces that she used included Woodrow Wilson, King Ferdinand of Bulgaria, French president Raymond Poincaré and the actress Mona Delza. The séance trick of the Eddy Brothers was revealed by the magician Chung Ling Soo in 1898. The brothers utilized a fake hand made of lead, and with their hands free from control would play musical instruments and move objects in the séance room. The physiologist Ivor Lloyd Tuckett examined a case of spirit photography that W. T. Stead had claimed Document [152] (Title: Harry Blackstone Jr.) the age of 62 due to pancreatic cancer. After his death, much of his performance equipment was sold off in two highly publicized auctions held by Sotheby's and Darien Julian. Many of the pieces went to collectors scattered across the world, and numerous props have made it into actual shows. Las Vegas performer Scarlett now owns and uses his Topsy Turvy. David Copperfield houses the Tire Vanish (performed by Harry Blackstone Sr.) in his museum of magic. Touring illusionist Aaron Balcom uses the Owen-built Clown Jammer. Washington state performer John Walton uses his menacing Buzz Saw. Dutch illusionist Hans Klok Document [153] (Title: Charles Reynolds (magician)) an elephant vanish, and made a horse and rider disappear. He produced and directed productions all over the world and in various media—live, film, and television, wrote and co-wrote extensively on magic, collected notable magic memorabilia, and lectured at the Smithsonian. He died of liver cancer at the age of 78 at his (Greenwich Village, New York County, New York, United States) home. He was survived by his wife Regina. Charles Reynolds (magician) Charles Raymond Reynolds (September 9, 1932 – November 4, 2010) was a behind-the-scenes magician involved with virtually every elements of magic production—inventing illusions, producing and direction magic Document [154] (Title: Houdini (film)) goes to see Von Schweger, who finally has responded to his queries, but learns from Von Schweger's assistant, Otto (Torin Thatcher), that the magician died two days earlier. Otto reveals that Von Schweger summoned Harry to ask him the secret of "dematerialization," a feat he accomplished once but could not repeat. Although Harry demurs, Otto insists on becoming Harry's new assistant and travels with him to New York City. There, Harry finds he is virtually unknown, so for publicity, hangs upside down on a skyscraper flagpole, constrained by a straitjacket. Harry executes the escape and soon makes a name for Document [155] (Title: Phantasmagoria) with a black-draped altar. A robed Schrepfer performed the rituals and demanded his followers to remain seated at a table or face terrible dangers if they didn't. He made use of a mixture of Masonic, Catholic and Kabbalistic symbolism, including skulls, a chalk circle on the floor, holy water, incense and crucifixes. The spirits he raised were said to be clearly visible, hovering in the air, vaporous and sometimes screaming terribly. The highlight of his career was a séance for the court in the Dresden palace early in the summer of 1774. This event was impressive enough to still be Document [156] (Title: Fred Van Buren) as a stand-alone show alternating with the circus. Then came an unusual act entitled Ancient and Modern, at Blackpool Tower Circus. In this Van Buren and Greta acted as old magicians who were constantly interrupted by the - at the time, young whizz kid illusionist - their son Andrew Van Buren, on roller skates, unicycle and finally a motorbike, but the old performers finally got the upper hand by making the rider and motorcycle vanish completely in the middle of the circus ring. Five years later Van Buren and Greta retired from performing. Their last full performance was for their Document [157] (Title: Jonathan Harrington) and competition to the mix. He suggests that Harrington tried to outmaneuver Kimball, but in the end was unable to prevail. In April 1843 his performance at the Lowell Museum in Lowell, Massachusetts, and was advertised in the Lowell Courier newspaper promising: Mr. Harrington of Boston "The original, well-known, and justly celebrated Ventriloquist, and Professor of Ledgerdemain". Laughable, Comical, Quisical, Mysterious, Magical, Wonderful, Astonishing Experiments of Ventriloquism, Imitations, etc, etc, etc." Tickets admitting two persons were 25 cents and the performance began at 8 PM. Harrington appeared again at Philadelphia's American Museum in 1845, "performing his illusions;" and at Boston's Document [158] (Title: Compars Herrmann) with Carl. He promised Samuel to teach Alexander things other than magic. While in Vienna Alexander attended college. But, it was sleight of hand that was to be his main interest. Alexander went with Carl on nearly every tour. At first he returned to his role as assistant. This time though he did not float on a pole. Carl discarded those illusions from the last tour when Robert-Houdin discovered that LeGrand was responsible for selling replicas of the fruits of his creations. He had the mechanic arrested. It is not known whether Carl bought the illusions directly from LeGrand or Document [159] (Title: Hereward Carrington) for, only the most skillful performer can maintain the illusion in the face of such informed scrutiny." In 1992, Richard Wiseman analyzed the Feilding report of Palladino and argued that she employed a secret accomplice that could enter the room by a fake door panel positioned near the séance cabinet. Wiseman discovered this trick was already mentioned in a book from 1851, he also visited a carpenter and skilled magician who constructed a door within an hour with a false panel. The accomplice was suspected to be her second husband, who insisted on bringing Palladino to the hotel where the Document [160] (Title: Tony Agpaoa) cured no one." Magician James Randi has noted that Agpaoa had his own appendix removed in a hospital in San Francisco, instead of visiting a psychic surgeon. Tony Agpaoa Antonio C. Agpaoa (1939-1982) most well known as Tony Agpaoa was a Filipino practitioner of psychic surgery. He worked in Manila. It was alleged that Agpaoa could remove tissue from the body of patients without making an incision. However, magicians and skeptics were convinced his feats were the result of conjuring tricks. In 1968, Agpaoa was arrested and charged for fraud in the United States for pretending to mend a bone Document [161] (Title: Dai Vernon) (compare his silhouette fee with the first US minimum wage of 25 cents per hour in 1938). Vernon spent most of his early life traveling all over the United States of America looking for card cheats, and anyone who might know anything about sleight-of-hand with cards. He was famously under-credited for much of the work published in Jean Hugard and Frederick Braue's "Expert Card Technique", though a later edition included an extra chapter which acknowledges Vernon's contributions. In fact, a huge portion of the sleight-of-hand had been discovered by Vernon over years of searching. Among magicians, he is credited with Document [162] (Title: Albert Marchinsky) were distributed to members of the audience. (2) 'Beauty', the cremation illusion. (3) 'The Goose' involved hypnotising a live bird with the assistance of two ladies and two gentlemen from the audience. Verall Wass, in a reminiscence in "The Magic Circular" in 1954, described Marchinsky's five main tricks: (1) Production of his assistants from miniature pyramids. (2) An automaton – in reality an assistant suitably dressed and with electric lights decorating his or her clothes, suggesting that the motive power was electricity. (3) Production of a duck from a "dove" pan. (4) The cremation illusion. (5) Asrah, Queen of the Document [163] (Title: Richard Valentine Pitchford) found in the Inner Circle of the Magic Castle, where the Houdini exhibit previously located. The exhibit showcases some of the most important artifacts from Cardini's act. Among his many acclamations was the New England Magic Society's proclamation of Cardini as the "greatest exponent of pure sleight of hand the world has ever known" (1958). He was honoured in 1970 with the title "Master Magician", which was awarded at the Magic Castle, Los Angeles, and presented by Tony Curtis. In 1999 he was named one of Magic Magazine's Top Magicians of the 20th Century. He was a three-time President of Document [164] (Title: David Abbott (magician)) David Abbott (magician) David Phelps Abbott (September 22, 1863 – June 12, 1934) was a magician, author and inventor who created such effects as the floating ball, later made famous by Okito. The best known of his books is "Behind the Scenes with the Mediums" (1907) considered to be one of the best exposures of the tricks used by mediums. One exposure being the "spirit portrait paintings" by the Bangs Sisters. David Abbott was born in 1863 near Falls City and lived most of his life in Omaha. Abbott died in 1934 of diabetes. His burial was at Westlawn-Hillcrest Memorial Document [165] (Title: The Magician (U.S. TV series)) this to be the case in the TV-movie/pilot. Many of the episodes of the regular series were preceded by an announcement that the magic tricks were accomplished without trick photography. He was instructed in these performances by the program's technical advisor, Mark Wilson, who was credited as "magic consultant". Once the format changed to have the hero based in a magic club, Wilson could occasionally be seen on the stage there, as well. In addition to escapes, Bixby performed feats of sleight of hand, mentalism, and stage illusions. After the series' cancellation, Bixby went on to host a string of Document [166] (Title: The Magician (1900 film)) He takes off his glove and throws it into the air (where it disappears), and does the same trick with his hat and coat. He pulls out a white handkerchief and holds it in front of his legs. When he removes the handkerchief, his pants have changed to knickers. In his final trick, the magician gestures and a table piled with streamers appears. The magician picks up the pile, shakes it, and three geese fly out toward the camera. The Magician (1900 film) The Magician is a 1900 American silent film produced by Thomas A. Edison's Edison Manufacturing Company. According Document [167] (Title: Harry Houdini) magicians, the first thing they say is Harry Houdini." While the actual plot will remain under the control of Machpelah Cemetery management, the Society of American Magicians, with the help of the Houdini Museum in Pennsylvania, will be in charge of the restoration. Magicians Dorothy Dietrich and Dick Brookz have been caring for the escape artist's Queens grave over the years. "This is a monument where people go and visit on a daily basis," said Dietrich who is spearheading restoration efforts. "The nearly 80-year-old popular plot at the Machpelah Cemetery has fallen into disrepair over the years." "The Houdini Museum Document [168] (Title: Statue of Liberty) Morton. The skin was not, however, crafted in exact sequence from low to high; work proceeded on a number of segments simultaneously in a manner often confusing to visitors. Some work was performed by contractors—one of the fingers was made to Bartholdi's exacting specifications by a coppersmith in the southern French town of Montauban. By 1882, the statue was complete up to the waist, an event Barthodi celebrated by inviting reporters to lunch on a platform built within the statue. Laboulaye died in 1883. He was succeeded as chairman of the French committee by Ferdinand de Lesseps, builder of the Document [169] (Title: David Copperfield (illusionist)) what it would be like if there were no liberty or freedom in the world today and what the world would be like without the freedoms and rights we enjoy. Copperfield then brought the statue back, ending the illusion by saying that "our ancestors couldn't (enjoy rights and freedoms), we can and our children will". Both the disappearance and the reappearance of the statue were filmed in long take to demonstrate the absence of camera tricks. In 1996, in collaboration with Francis Ford Coppola, David Ives, and Eiko Ishioka, Copperfield's Broadway show "Dreams & Nightmares" broke box office records in Document [170] (Title: Harry Kellar) 1892, Kellar ended a successful seven-month run at his second Egyptian Hall. Kellar then returned to the road. During the periods Kellar was abroad, another magician, Alexander Herrmann, had become famous and Kellar found himself with a rival on his return to the United States. Herrmann often criticized Kellar's lack of sleight of hand and claimed he preferred to use mechanical tricks instead. While he lacked sleight of hand, Kellar was so good in using misdirection, that he said a "...brass band playing at full blast can march openly across the stage behind me, followed by a herd of elephants, Document [171] (Title: Arnold de Biere) vanishing bird cage act and in the 1920s gave stage illusions at the St. George's Hall. He died in London on August 6, 1934. Biere had once invested in a movie of Harry Houdini, but lost a considerable amount of money as the film was not a success. Biere had stated that he had solved the riddle of how to perform the Indian rope trick in open air. A few days before his death he claimed he was going to perform this feat and reveal its secret. Arnold de Biere Arnold De Biere (1878 - 6 August 1934) was a Document [172] (Title: Jack Gwynne) Steel Mill (Carnegie Steel) in Pittsburgh during the day and performed and built magic at night. In 1925, after seeing a performance by Gwynne at Kaufman’s Department Store in Pittsburgh, legendary magician Harry Houdini hired Jack to build several props for the Houdini show. These included an original “Disappearing Chicken” trick that was featured by Houdini until his death in October, 1926. Gwynne also built props for the Howard Thurston show and other contemporary performers. Later creations included the "Flip Over Dove Vanish" box and "Flying Carpet" levitation effect. Following an appearance at the 1927 International Brotherhood of Magicians convention Document [173] (Title: Fred Van Buren) was in a Magic Circle show at Caesar’s Palace, Luton, in January 1977, a performance that created newspaper headlines. To lay people and magicians alike the illusion is a baffling impossibility. After extensively touring ice arenas in Sweden with Circus Svennson, Van Buren was invited to perform his vanishing motorbike illusion at the Grand Palace, Brussels, as part of the 1979 FISM Congress of Magic, another occasion that received worldwide television coverage. Returning to Britain, Van Buren and Greta were mobbed by customs officers at Ostend. "We thought we were in big trouble," said Van Buren, "But it turned out Document [174] (Title: Arthur Kurzweil) rely upon sleight-of-hand and misdirection to fool the eye are permitted. Since 2004, Kurzweil has performed a Jewish-themed magic show, "Searching for God in a Magic Shop", that combines magic tricks and illusions with a spiritual message. Of his presentation, Kurzweil states, Arthur Kurzweil Arthur Kurzweil (born 1951) is an American author, educator, editor, writer, publisher, and illusionist. Kurzweil was born in New York City. He was raised in East Meadow, New York. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from New College at Hofstra University in 1971 and a Master of Library Science from Florida State University in 1972. Document [175] (Title: Penn & Teller) and teach themselves magic tricks out of spite. In one of their most politically charged tricks, they make an American flag seem to disappear by wrapping it in a copy of the United States Bill of Rights, and apparently setting the flag on fire, so that "the flag is gone but the Bill of Rights remains". The routine may also feature the "Chinese bill of rights", presented as a transparent piece of acetate. They normally end the trick by restoring the unscathed flag to its starting place on the flagpole; however, on a TV guest appearance on "The West Wing", Document [176] (Title: Jasper Maskelyne) of stage tricks, including sleight of hand, card and rope tricks, and illusions of "mind-reading". A 1937 Pathé film, "The Famous Illusionist", was made of Maskelyne, looking dapper and apparently eating a boxful of razor blades, one at a time. Maskelyne joined the Royal Engineers when the Second World War broke out, thinking that his skills could be used in camouflage. A story runs that he convinced skeptical officers by creating the illusion of a German warship on the Thames using mirrors and a model. Maskelyne was trained at the Camouflage Development and Training Centre at Farnham Castle in 1940. Document [177] (Title: Retention of vision vanish) versions the right hand can also be seen empty, leaving no clue as to where the coin went. Originally attributed to T. Nelson Downs, a famous magician from the late Victorian and Edwardian eras who specialised in coins, the vanish has been improved by Dai Vernon and many other 20th-century magicians who all added variations to improve the original concept that an object displayed for a short length of time leaves an image on the retina that may persist for a further short time after the object has actually disappeared. Retention of vision vanish In the retention of vision vanish, Document [178] (Title: John Townley) eight books on the subject, and was a former president of the renowned Astrologers’ Guild of America. John Townley John Townley (born 1945) is a musician who was a member of the folk-rock group The Magicians from 1965-66. After The Magicians "disappeared", Townley built the first 12-track recording studio in New York, Apostolic Studios, which opened in 1967 and which was often used by Frank Zappa. A naval historian, he is the founding president of the Confederate Naval Historical Society. He performs maritime music professionally and has recorded several albums in that genre. He has been part of several sea Document [179] (Title: Fred Van Buren) asked Van Buren to perform a trick with fire and for this he devised a superb illusion which he called The Creation. In this a bowl of fire is transformed into a bouquet of flowers. The flowers are placed on a pedestal and after pulling a curtain around them they transform into his lovely assistant Greta. Thanks to his career in the circus ring and his apprenticeship as a cabinet maker, Van Buren soon began developing illusions that could be performed completely surrounded often in the London cabaret banquet scene and even in an open arena if need be. Fred Document [180] (Title: Miss America (DC Comics)) Dale has a dream that the Statue of Liberty comes to life and grants her the power to alter the nature of matter. Inspired by the dream, she creates a colorful costume and becomes Miss America, one of America's first heroines. In truth, she had been abducted by the top secret government agency, Project M, and her powers were actually the result of a secret experiment. They believed the experiment to be a failure and had returned her to whence she had been taken, leaving her none the wiser. Later that year, the Japanese plot their attack on Pearl Harbor. Document [181] (Title: Harry Kellar) and aimed it towards the lamp. At the last chime, Kellar fired the pistol. The lamp seemed to melt away, with the cloth falling to the stage. Kellar was known to have a short temper, and once, after an incident in which the "Vanishing Lamp" failed to vanish, he took an axe to the defective prop. Later Kellar built another one that would continue to work reliably long after his retirement. Harry Kellar Harry Kellar (July 11, 1849 – March 10, 1922) was an American magician who presented large stage shows during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Kellar Document [182] (Title: The Vanished Man) novel's title is a specific reference to an illusionist trick where a person is made to disappear and then reappear. It also alludes to the killer in the novel, who is quite talented at disappearing soon after his crimes are committed. The plot starts off with an introduction by Malerick, the antagonist in the story. Speaking in patter to his imaginary 'Revered Audience', he introduces the first trick he shall perform, The Lazy Hangman. The first victim is first cuffed at the hands and a cord is slipped over her neck. The other end of the cord is tied to Document [183] (Title: Statue of Liberty) of Engineers vetoed the proposal, fearing that ships' pilots passing the statue would be blinded. Instead, Bartholdi cut portholes in the torch—which was covered with gold leaf—and placed the lights inside them. A power plant was installed on the island to light the torch and for other electrical needs. After the skin was completed, renowned landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted, co-designer of New York's Central Park and Brooklyn's Prospect Park, supervised a cleanup of Bedloe's Island in anticipation of the dedication. A ceremony of dedication was held on the afternoon of October 28, 1886. President Grover Cleveland, the former New Document [184] (Title: Charles Morritt) vanishing elephant trick for Houdini. In 1928, Morritt appeared at Halifax court charged with obtaining money by false pretences over his "Man in a Trance" trick. The magicians P. T. Selbit and Will Goldston helped to fund Morritt's defence and he was eventually acquitted. After the trial, the then 68-year-old magician moved to Morecambe with his assistant Bessie and never worked again. He died of tuberculosis in 1936. Charles Morritt Charles Morritt (1860 – 1936) was an English magician, hypnotist, mentalist and inventor. Morritt was the son of an elderly gentleman farmer, William, and his young gypsy housekeeper whom he Document [185] (Title: Mediumship) and inside carnation flowers were found as well as a key-ring torch and other objects. In 1988, the magician Bob Couttie criticized the paranormal author Brian Inglis for deliberately ignoring evidence of fraud in mediumship. Couttie wrote Inglis had not familiarized himself with magician techniques. In 1990 the researcher Gordon Stein discovered that the levitation photograph of the medium Carmine Mirabelli was fraudulent. The photograph was a trick as there were signs of chemical retouching under Mirabelli's feet. The retouching showed that Mirabelli was not levitating but was standing on a ladder which was erased from the photograph. In 1991, Document [186] (Title: Harry Houdini) little success. He appeared in a tent act with strongman Emil Jarrow. He performed in dime museums and sideshows, and even doubled as "The Wild Man" at a circus. Houdini focused initially on traditional card tricks. At one point, he billed himself as the "King of Cards". Some - but not all - professional magicians would come to regard Houdini as a competent but not particularly skilled sleight-of-hand artist, lacking the grace and finesse required to achieve excellence in that craft. He soon began experimenting with escape acts. In 1893, while performing with his brother "Dash" (Theodore) at Coney Island Document [187] (Title: David Devant) until the consequences of "paralysis agitans", as he identifies it in his autobiography, forced him to retire in 1920. According to the magician John Booth, Devant managed to fool a number of people into believing he had genuine psychic ability who did not realize that his feats were magic tricks. At St. George's Hall, London, he performed a fake "clairvoyant" act where he would read a message sealed inside an envelope. Oliver Lodge who was present in the audience was duped by the trick and claimed that Devant had used psychic powers. In 1936 Devant in his book "Secrets of Document [188] (Title: Indian rope trick) and structures, which has led to claims the illusion is "humanly impossible". McKeague's explanation not only solves the mystery of the mid-air disappearance but also provides an alternative explanation for the Wiseman-Lamont observation discussed above that eyewitness reports were more impressive when much time had elapsed. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries as the fame of the trick increased performers would have had increasing difficulty in puzzling audiences with it, until finally the disappearance of the climber ceased to be a feature and the rare witness who had seen it spoke of a time long before. This is Document [189] (Title: Maurice Curtis) San Francisco, claiming, "He was, perhaps, one of the most comical men that I ever met; and for the life of me I could never refrain from giving imitations of him." Curtis also claimed to have thought of the character while waiting for a train in Texas and others claimed credit as well. The role earned him substantial fame and wealth amounting to US$250,000 ($ today). He was the only private citizen to ever pay to keep the Statue of Liberty lit. Curtis used some of his income to invest in developing real estate in Berkeley, California. He began building Document [190] (Title: Horace Goldin) However he was about to enter the most successful phase of his career with his development of the illusion "sawing a woman in half". Goldin is often credited with inventing the sawing a woman in half illusion, however the first public presentation of this type of illusion was by British magician P. T. Selbit in 1921. Goldin presented his own version of the trick a matter of months later. There remains a debate about the origin of the idea, with some sources saying a magician named Torrini may have performed the first version in front of Pope Pius VII in Document [191] (Title: Daniel Dunglas Home) "The order was to keep the incident secret." The allegations described by Dr. Barthez and General Fleury are second hand and have caused dispute between psychical researchers and skeptics. The journalist Delia Logan who attended a séance with Home in London claimed that Home had used a phosphorus trick. During the séance luminous hands were observed and the host told Logan that had seen Home place a small bottle upon the mantle piece. The host slipped the bottle into his pocket and when examined the next day, it was found to contain phosphorus oil. The neoclassical sculptor Hiram Powers who Document [192] (Title: Walter Irving Scott) once again he faded from the small limelight he had amassed until finally, after moving to America in 1983, British magician Gazzo, found Scott once more. He had returned to Rhode Island and was a music teacher. None of his friends knew he was a magician or even that he played cards but, with Gazzo's enthusiasm and skill for the moves in The Phantom at the Card Table, Scott finally revealed his side of the story and the tale of his life. He said that, despite all his talk of being good friends and the man's generosity, that Eddie McGuire Document [193] (Title: Dai Vernon) mistook Verner's last name to be the same as the popular ice skater, and eventually the magician became fed up with correcting people and simply adopted "Vernon" as well. Owing to his extraordinary knowledge of, and skill at, sleight of hand, Vernon has long been affectionately known as "The Professor". Harry Houdini (who in his early years billed himself as "The King of Kards") often boasted that if he saw a card trick performed three times in a row he would be able to figure it out. Vernon then showed Houdini a trick where he removed the top card of Document [194] (Title: Samri Baldwin) (1853-1934) would assist him in his performances, they had one daughter Shadow. The magician Fulton Oursler when writing on the subject of magic and spiritualism, used the name Samri Frikell. He made it by combining the names of Samri Baldwin and another magician, Wiljalba Frikell. Baldwin was one of the first magicians to have practiced a stage escape from handcuffs. He had performed this feat as early as 1871. Early in his career the magician Harry Houdini demonstrated a handcuff escape at the Alhambra Theatre. The manager C. Dundas Slater noted that Baldwin had performed the trick many years before Question: magician who made the statue of liberty disappear

Answer: Copperfield Long Answer: Copperfield also played the character The Magician in the 1980s horror film Terror Train and had an uncredited appearance in the 1994 film Prêt - à - Porter . Most of his media appearances have been through television specials and guest spots on television programs . His illusions have included the disappearance of a Learjet (1981), the vanishing and reappearance of the Statue of Liberty (1983), levitating over the Grand Canyon (1984), walking through the Great Wall of China (1986), escaping from Alcatraz prison (1987), the disappearance of an Orient Express dining car (1991) and flying on stage for several minutes (1992). Gold Document ID: 169

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 1)) The Walking Dead (season 1) The first season of "The Walking Dead", an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC, premiered on October 31, 2010, and concluded on December 5, 2010, consisting of 6 episodes. Developed for television by Frank Darabont, who wrote or co-wrote four of the season's six episodes and directed the pilot episode, "Days Gone Bye", the series is based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore, and Charlie Adlard. It was executive produced by Darabont, Kirkman, David Alpert, Charles H. Eglee, and Gale Anne Hurd, with Darabont assuming the role of Document [2] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 4)) the episode inside bonus features. The Walking Dead (season 4) The fourth season of "The Walking Dead", an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC, premiered on October 13, 2013, and concluded on March 30, 2014, consisting of 16 episodes. Developed for television by Frank Darabont, the series is based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore, and Charlie Adlard. It was executive produced by Kirkman, David Alpert, Scott M. Gimple, Greg Nicotero, Tom Luse, and Gale Anne Hurd, with Gimple assuming the role of showrunner after Glen Mazzara's departure from the series. The fourth Document [3] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 6)) Yet" as she was nine months pregnant during the time of filming the episode. She is absent from the final four episodes, and it is explained through her character going on a two-week supply run. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> The sixth season of "The Walking Dead" has received positive reviews from critics. On Metacritic, the season holds a score of 79 out of 100, indicating "generally favorable reviews", based on 10 critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the season holds a 77% with an average rating of 7.35 out of 10, based on 23 reviews, and an average episode score of 77%. The site's critical Document [4] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 4)) The Walking Dead (season 4) The fourth season of "The Walking Dead", an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC, premiered on October 13, 2013, and concluded on March 30, 2014, consisting of 16 episodes. Developed for television by Frank Darabont, the series is based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore, and Charlie Adlard. It was executive produced by Kirkman, David Alpert, Scott M. Gimple, Greg Nicotero, Tom Luse, and Gale Anne Hurd, with Gimple assuming the role of showrunner after Glen Mazzara's departure from the series. The fourth season was well received by Document [5] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 3)) executive producer for the series, in a mutual agreement by both Mazzara and AMC. The press release read, "Both parties acknowledge that there is a difference of opinion about where the show should go moving forward, and conclude that it is best to part ways." Following the "" series in 2011, another set of webisodes titled "" were produced and debuted on October 1, 2012, prior to the premiere of Season 3. A second season had been commissioned in May 2012. To coincide with a marathon of the show, a special episode was aired in July 2012 following the marathon's Document [6] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 5)) than in the United States. The second half debuted on February 9, 2015. The fifth season was released on DVD and Blu-ray in region 1/A on August 25, 2015. Special features include "Inside "The Walking Dead"" and "The Making of "The Walking Dead"" featurettes for every episode; eight other featurettes titled, "Beth's Journey," "Bob's Journey," "Noah's Journey," "Tyreese's Journey," "A Day in the Life of Michael Cudlitz," "A Day in the Life of Josh McDermitt," and "Rotters in the Flesh"; deleted scenes; and audio commentaries with cast and crew. A special limited edition Blu-ray packaging set, featuring the "asphalt" walker, Document [7] (Title: Fear the Walking Dead (season 3)) Fear the Walking Dead (season 3) The third season of "Fear the Walking Dead", an American horror-drama television series on AMC, premiered on June 4, 2017 and consisted of 16 episodes. The season is split into two eight-episode parts, with the first half concluding on July 9, 2017; the second half premiered on September 10, 2017 and concluded on October 15, 2017. The series is a companion series and prequel to "The Walking Dead", which is based on the comic book series of the same name by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore, and Charlie Adlard. The season follows a dysfunctional, blended Document [8] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 1)) and Blu-ray on October 4, 2011. The sets include all the previous special features, plus brand new extras. The new extras include audio commentary on all six episodes, the black and white version of the pilot, and six new featurettes—"We Are "The Walking Dead"", "Bring Out the Dead: KNB and the Art of Making Zombies", "Digital Decay: The VFX of "The Walking Dead"", "No More Room in Hell: "The Walking Dead" Phenomenon", "Adapting the Dead" and "Killer Conversations: Frank Darabont & Greg Nicotero". In addition to the DVD and Blu-ray release, a limited edition Blu-ray collector's tin contains an exclusive Document [9] (Title: The Walking Dead (TV series)) approval rating to date on Rotten Tomatoes. For the first season, 90% of 25 Rotten Tomatoes critics gave it a positive review, with an average score of 7.53/10. That site's consensus states, "Blood-spattered, emotionally resonant, and white-knuckle intense, "The Walking Dead" puts an intelligent spin on the overcrowded zombie subgenre." Metacritic scored the first season 82/100 based on 25 critic reviews, 23 of which were positive, two mixed, and none negative. Heather Havrilesky of Salon.com included the show on their list of 9 new TV shows not to miss, giving it a grade of "A", with the author saying, "A Document [10] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 1)) consisting of 13 episodes, which premiered on October 16, 2011. This season adapts material from issues #1–6 of the comic book series and introduces notable comic character Rick Grimes (Andrew Lincoln), who awakens from a coma, after being shot, in a post-apocalyptic world filled with flesh-eating zombies, dubbed "walkers". After befriending Morgan Jones (Lennie James), Rick sets out to find his family and discover the origins of the walker virus. Robert Kirkman, who created the comic book series in 2003, says he had considered the idea of a "Walking Dead" television series, but never actively pursued it. "I certainly wanted Document [11] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 6)) The Walking Dead (season 6) The sixth season of "The Walking Dead", an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC, premiered on October 11, 2015, and concluded on April 3, 2016, consisting of 16 episodes. Developed for television by Frank Darabont, the series is based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore, and Charlie Adlard. The executive producers are Kirkman, David Alpert, Scott M. Gimple, Greg Nicotero, Tom Luse, and Gale Anne Hurd, with Gimple as showrunner for the third consecutive season. The sixth season received positive reviews by critics. It was nominated for multiple Document [12] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 1)) Metacritic, the season holds a score of 82 out of 100, indicating "universal acclaim", based on 25 critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the season holds an 89% with an average rating of 7.49 out of 10, based on 24 reviews, and an average episode score of 87%. The site's critical consensus reads: "Blood-spattered, emotionally resonant, and white-knuckle intense, "The Walking Dead" puts an intelligent spin on the overcrowded zombie subgenre." Following the pilot episode's debut, "TV Guide"s Matt Roush called the show "a stark and harrowing survival parable ... visually stunning ... and daring in its artful use of silence." Following Document [13] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 5)) recurring in the previous season, and Seth Gilliam, who joins the main cast as Father Gabriel Stokes. Kinney and Coleman's names were removed from the opening credits after episode nine; they were added back in episode thirteen for a brief flashback scene. This is the first season not to include Scott Wilson (since his first appearance on the show), who was credited as main cast member in previous seasons. The series was renewed for a fifth season on October 29, 2013. The season began filming on May 5, 2014 and finished on November 22, 2014. Scott M. Gimple continued the Document [14] (Title: Fear the Walking Dead (season 2)) Fear the Walking Dead (season 2) The second season of "Fear the Walking Dead", an American horror-drama television series on AMC, premiered on April 10, 2016. The season is split into a seven-episode part and a eight-episode part, with the first seven concluding on May 22, 2016; the second half premiered on August 21, 2016, and concluded on October 2, 2016, consisting of fifteen episodes. The series is a companion series and prequel to "The Walking Dead", which is based on the comic book series of the same name by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore, and Charlie Adlard. The season follows Document [15] (Title: The Walking Dead (video game)) "400 Days" content, was released on August 20, 2013. A "Game of the Year" edition of "The Walking Dead", including all five episodes and "400 Days", was released for retail for the Microsoft Windows, Xbox 360, and PlayStation 3 platforms on November 19, 2013. A three episode mini-series, "The Walking Dead: Michonne", based on the character Michonne, was released in February 2016. The first episode of third season, "," was released on December 20, 2016, with physical season pass disc released on February 7, 2017. A fourth and final season, , is scheduled to premiere in 2018. "The Walking Dead" Document [16] (Title: The Walking Dead (TV series)) remaining episodes began filming on June 2, 2010 with Darabont serving as showrunner. On August 31, 2010, Darabont reported that "The Walking Dead" had been picked up for a second season, with production to begin in February 2011. On November 8, 2010, AMC confirmed that there would be a second season consisting of 13 episodes. He would also like to include some of the "environmental elements" that take place during Volume 2 of Kirkman's book. The first season writing staff consisted of series developer and executive producer Frank Darabont (who wrote/co-wrote four of the six episodes), executive producer Charles H. Document [17] (Title: Claimed) overall in cable television viewing. Roth Cornet of IGN gave the episode a positive review, with a score of 8.3 out of 10. Zack Handlen of "The A.V. Club" rated the episode a "B+". Claimed "Claimed" is the eleventh episode of the fourth season of the post-apocalyptic horror television series "The Walking Dead", which aired on AMC on February 23, 2014. The episode was written by Nichole Beattie and Seth Hoffman, and directed by Seith Mann. Glenn Rhee (Steven Yeun) and Tara Chambler (Alanna Masterson) interact with three new survivors headed for Washington, D.C., while Rick (Andrew Lincoln) deals with Document [18] (Title: How It's Gotta Be) Rotten Tomatoes, it holds a 63% with an average rating of 6.07 out of 10, based on 24 reviews. The mid-season finale drew a total viewership of 7.89 million with a 3.4 rating in adults aged 18–49. Compared to previous seasons, this was the lowest viewership for a mid-season finale since the season two episode "Pretty Much Dead Already", which drew a total audience of 6.62 million viewers. How It's Gotta Be "How It's Gotta Be" is the eighth episode and mid-season finale of the eighth season of the post-apocalyptic horror television series "The Walking Dead", which aired on AMC Document [19] (Title: A (The Walking Dead)) A (The Walking Dead) "The Walking Dead" is the sixteenth and final episode of the ninth season of the post-apocalyptic horror television series "The Walking Dead", which aired on AMC on March 30, 2014. The episode was written by Scott M. Gimple and Angela Kang, and directed by Michelle MacLaren. As multiple paths collide on each group's travels, Rick (Andrew Lincoln) remembers the past and comes face to face with sheer brutality. As the so-called sanctuary, "Terminus", begins to reveal its true face, the group struggles to survive. Themes explored in this episode include preparedness and the extremities of living Document [20] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 9)) The Walking Dead (season 9) The ninth season of "The Walking Dead", an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC premiered on October 7, 2018, and will consist of 16 episodes, split into two parts, each consisting of eight episodes. The second part of the season is scheduled to premiere on February 10, 2019. Developed for television by Frank Darabont, the series is based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore, and Charlie Adlard. The executive producers are Kirkman, David Alpert, Scott M. Gimple, Angela Kang, Greg Nicotero, Tom Luse, Denise Huth, and Gale Anne Document [21] (Title: The Walking Dead (TV series)) written". Recognizing the overall season, Kevin Yeoman of "Screen Rant" offered praise saying "the writers succeeded in unshackling themselves from the intermittent monotony brought about by the serial nature of the show". The third season had 88% of Rotten Tomatoes' 33 critics giving it a positive review, with an average score of 7.96/10. The site's consensus states, "The palpable terror and visceral thrills continue in the third season of "The Walking Dead", along with a deeper sense of the people who inhabit its apocalyptic landscape." Metacritic's 19 critics rated the season 82/100, all of whom gave a positive review. Verne Document [22] (Title: The Walking Dead (TV series)) Seasons 1–6 home video release was distributed by Anchor Bay Entertainment, and Season 7 onwards home video release was distributed by Lionsgate Home Entertainment in the United States for the American home video releases. The international home video release were distributed by Entertainment One. MyNetworkTV acquired the broadcast syndication rights to the series, premiering on October 1, 2014. The version that airs on MyNetworkTV is edited to meet broadcast television standards. The first 6 seasons of "The Walking Dead" have been well reviewed by recognized critics, while seasons 7 and 8 received more mixed reviews. The series has a 79% Document [23] (Title: The Walking Dead: Season Two) in the works right now "that will make the wait for season two slightly less agonizing". This was revealed at the 2013 Electronic Entertainment Expo in June 2013 to be an additional episode called "The Walking Dead: 400 Days" that is available as downloadable content for the first season. It introduces five new characters that journalists expect to carry into "Season Two". "400 Days" will use data about the player's decisions in season one, and decisions made in "400 Days" will carry into "Season Two". Writing for "Season Two" was done to contrast the work they had completed in the Document [24] (Title: The Walking Dead: A New Frontier) episode called "The Walking Dead: 400 Days" that is available as downloadable content for the first season. It introduces five new characters that journalists expect to carry into "Season Two". "400 Days" will use data about the player's decisions in season one, and decisions made in "400 Days" will carry into "Season Two". Telltale's Sean Ainsworth and Dennis Lenart stated that the third season is going to feature a "new angle" from the story. It was confirmed by Robert Kirkman that Clementine would return for Season 3. Robert Kirkman also said the game will almost be at the same point Document [25] (Title: The Walking Dead: Season Two) additional episode "400 Days" carry over into the second season. Clementine, who was the player's companion during the first season, is the player-character in "Season Two. A third season, a full sequel to "Season Two", titled "" was released on December 2016. Similar to the previous season, "The Walking Dead: Season Two" is a point-and-click adventure game. The player, in control of Clementine, can direct the character around the environment, examine and interact with various scenery elements and collect and use objects to advance the story. The player can also initiate conversations with non-player characters via conversation trees. Certain replies Document [26] (Title: The Walking Dead (franchise)) States. Based on its reception, AMC renewed the series for a second season of 13 episodes, which premiered on October 16, 2011. Two episodes into the second season, AMC announced that the show would return for a third season, airing on October 14, 2012. It is presently airing its eighth season, starting on October 22, 2017. The series has been well received and has received many award nominations, including a Writers Guild of America Award nomination and a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Television Series Drama. The series has also attained strong Nielsen ratings, beating various records for a Document [27] (Title: Fear the Walking Dead (season 1)) Fear the Walking Dead (season 1) The first season of "Fear the Walking Dead", an American horror-drama television series on AMC, premiered on August 23, 2015, and concluded on October 4, 2015, consisting of six episodes. The series is a companion series and prequel to "The Walking Dead", which is based on the comic book series of the same name by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore, and Charlie Adlard. On March 9, 2015, AMC announced it had ordered "Fear the Walking Dead" to series, with a two-season commitment. The second season, comprising 15 episodes, premiered on April 10, 2016. The season Document [28] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 3)) security is threatened by a nearby community — Woodbury — led by a nefarious man known as The Governor, who takes an interest in Andrea (Laurie Holden) as she remains, after the burning of the farm, separated and unaware of the main group's status. AMC renewed "The Walking Dead" for a third season on October 25, 2011 after the season two premiere broke cable ratings records in the 18-49 demographic. On January 14, 2012, AMC announced that the third season will contain 16 episodes. Filming for the season began in May 2012 in Coweta County, Georgia, with the city of Document [29] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 1)) strengthening of the character development". Logan Hill of "New York" magazine was more critical, claiming the episodes contained "atrocious dialogue" and "a lot of plot machinery that has been contrived to create action suspense but ... hasn't really moved the story itself anywhere in particular", though he admits the fifth episode showed "flashes of promise". The first season of "The Walking Dead" was named one of the Top 10 Television Programs in 2010 by the American Film Institute. The season was also nominated for Outstanding New Program at the 27th TCA Awards and at the 63rd Writers Guild of America Document [30] (Title: The Walking Dead (video game)) the harsh emotional tone of the story and the empathetic connection established between Lee and Clementine. It won year-end accolades, including Game of the Year awards from several gaming publications. More than one million unique players have purchased at least one episode from the series, with over 8.5 million individual units sold by the end of 2012, and its success has been seen as constituting a revitalization of the weakened adventure game genre. In July 2013, Telltale released an additional downloadable episode, "400 Days", to extend the first season and bridge the gap towards , released later that year. and Document [31] (Title: Cherokee Rose (The Walking Dead)) arose over an approximate period of two days. "Cherokee Rose" was well received by television critics, who praised the episode's storylines and character development. Upon initial airing, it garnered 6.29 million viewers and attained a 3.4 rating in the 18-49 demographic, according to Nielsen ratings. "Cherokee Rose" became the highest-rated cable program of the day, as well as the second highest-rated cable program of the week. Carl Grimes (Chandler Riggs) recovers from his operation to remove fragments of a bullet, which he had received earlier when encountering a deer. He asks his father Rick (Andrew Lincoln) if his friend Sophia Document [32] (Title: Always Accountable) The episode averaged a 6.5 rating in adults 18-49 and 12.871 million viewers overall, an increase from the previous episode, which averaged a 6.2 rating and 12.44 million viewers overall. Always Accountable "Always Accountable" is the sixth episode of the sixth season of the post-apocalyptic horror television series "The Walking Dead", which aired on AMC on November 15, 2015. The episode was written by Heather Bellson and directed by Jeffrey F. January. This episode focuses on Abraham, Sasha and Daryl's plotlines after the events of "Thank You". It marks the first appearance of the characters Dwight and his wife Sherry Document [33] (Title: The Walking Dead: Season Two) where no one can be trusted". The first episode was released in the fourth quarter of 2013, with subsequent episodes released four to six weeks apart. A collector's disc was announced to purchase at the end of the season, with those who pre-order the game (from the Telltale Games Store) receiving it for just the shipping and handling cost. Telltale Games and Skybound Entertainment announced spin off mini-series "" released in February 2016 and third season titled "" was released with first two episodes on December 2016, with physical season pass released in February 2017. "The Walking Dead: Season Two" Document [34] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 3)) The Walking Dead (season 3) The third season of "The Walking Dead", an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC, premiered on October 14, 2012, and concluded on March 31, 2013, consisting of 16 episodes. Developed for television by Frank Darabont, the series is based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore, and Charlie Adlard. It was executive produced by Kirkman, Glen Mazzara, David Alpert, and Gale Anne Hurd, with Mazzara as showrunner for the second consecutive season. The third season was very well received by critics. It was nominated for multiple awards and won Document [35] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 7)) communities of the Hilltop, the Kingdom, Oceanside, and the Scavengers, who have had their own dealings with Negan and the Saviors. The seventh season features twenty series regulars overall. For the season premiere, Jeffrey Dean Morgan and Austin Amelio were promoted to series regular status, with Morgan added to the opening credits and Amelio listed under "Also starring". After the first episode aired, the cast faced numerous changes: Steven Yeun and Michael Cudlitz were removed from the opening credits, while Alanna Masterson, Josh McDermitt and Christian Serratos were added to the opening credits, respectively, after previously being credited as "Also Document [36] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 8)) marked the first crossover between the two series. The cinema screening also included an extra half-hour of exclusive bonus content. The eighth season of "The Walking Dead" has received mixed reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the season holds a score of 66% with an average rating of 6.68 out of 10, based on 15 reviews, and an average episode score 72%. The site's critical consensus reads: ""The Walking Dead"s eighth season energizes its characters with some much-needed angst and action, though it's still occasionally choppy and lacking forward-moving plot progression." For the 44th Saturn Awards, the eight season of Document [37] (Title: The Walking Dead: Season Two) 81.67% and 87/100, the PC version 79.19% and 78/100 and the Xbox 360 version 77.00% and 84/100. Mitch Dyer of IGN gave the episode a 9.5/10 saying that the finale is "an impressive and intelligent episode, and among Telltale Games' finest stories." The Walking Dead: Season Two The Walking Dead: Season Two is an episodic interactive drama graphic adventure game based on "The Walking Dead" comic book series developed by Telltale Games. It is the sequel to "The Walking Dead", with the episodes released between December 2013 and August 2014, and a retail collector's disc edition planned at the conclusion Document [38] (Title: Pretty Much Dead Already) of MTV said that the storyline ended in "a much darker way than anyone could have imagined." Pretty Much Dead Already "Pretty Much Dead Already" is the seventh episode and mid-season finale of the second season of the post-apocalyptic horror television series "The Walking Dead". It originally aired on AMC in the United States on November 27, 2011. In the episode, Glenn (Steven Yeun) reveals to the group that there are walkers in the Greenes' barn, dividing the group on what to do. Hershel Greene (Scott Wilson) sets a deadline for the group to leave, unless Rick Grimes (Andrew Lincoln) Document [39] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 9)) run." Jeff Stone of IndieWire wrote a positive review based on the first three episodes and gave them an "A-" grade. He called the ninth season a "huge step up for the show" and that the episodes "are as strong as anything the show's done since the heyday of Season 4." The Walking Dead (season 9) The ninth season of "The Walking Dead", an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC premiered on October 7, 2018, and will consist of 16 episodes, split into two parts, each consisting of eight episodes. The second part of the season is scheduled to Document [40] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 3)) Nicotero and sculpted by McFarlane Toys. The Walking Dead (season 3) The third season of "The Walking Dead", an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC, premiered on October 14, 2012, and concluded on March 31, 2013, consisting of 16 episodes. Developed for television by Frank Darabont, the series is based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore, and Charlie Adlard. It was executive produced by Kirkman, Glen Mazzara, David Alpert, and Gale Anne Hurd, with Mazzara as showrunner for the second consecutive season. The third season was very well received by critics. It was Document [41] (Title: Fear the Walking Dead (season 3)) On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has a rating of 80%, based on 9 reviews, whose average rating is 7.45/10. The third season, featuring audio commentaries and deleted scenes, was released on Blu-ray and DVD on March 13, 2018. Fear the Walking Dead (season 3) The third season of "Fear the Walking Dead", an American horror-drama television series on AMC, premiered on June 4, 2017 and consisted of 16 episodes. The season is split into two eight-episode parts, with the first half concluding on July 9, 2017; the second half premiered on September 10, 2017 and concluded on October 15, 2017. Document [42] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 4)) seasons. Morgan eventually returned in the series' fifth season. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> The fourth season of "The Walking Dead" has been well received from critics. On Metacritic, the season holds a score of 75 out of 100, indicating "generally favorable reviews", based on 16 critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the season holds an 83% with an average rating of 7.66 out of 10, based on 31 reviews, and an average episode score of 86%. The site's critical consensus reads: "Consistently thrilling, with solid character development and enough gore to please grindhouse fans, this season of "The Walking Dead" continues to demonstrate why it's Document [43] (Title: Fear the Walking Dead (season 4)) even more depressing." Fear the Walking Dead (season 4) The fourth season of "Fear the Walking Dead", an American horror-drama television series on AMC, premiered on April 15, 2018, and comprises 16 episodes split into two eight-episode parts. The second half of the season premiered on August 12, 2018, and concluded on September 30, 2018. It is a companion series to "The Walking Dead", and the season premiere contained the first crossover between the two series. The season features new showrunners Andrew Chambliss and Ian B. Goldberg, and the series also moved to a new filming location, Austin, Texas. The Document [44] (Title: Conquer (The Walking Dead)) demons. Meanwhile, Daryl Dixon (Norman Reedus) and Aaron (Ross Marquand) encounter trouble from a potential threat during a run, and Morgan Jones (Lennie James) nears the end of his search for Rick. Similar to the pilot episode and the season two premiere, the episode aired in a 90-minute time slot, as opposed to its regular 60-minute time slot. Television commentators lauded the character progression, its storytelling, Nicotero's direction, Gimple's and Hoffman's script and the ensemble's performances. Many highlighted Andrew Lincoln and Lennie James's performances, as well as the character progression of Carol Peletier. Upon airing, it attracted 15.8 million viewers Document [45] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 1)) Emmy Awards, winning Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup for a Series, Miniseries, Movie, or Special, and received nominations for Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series and Outstanding Special Visual Effects. Frank Darabont was nominated for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Dramatic Series for his work on "Days Gone Bye". The pilot received 5.3 million viewers, making it the most-watched series premiere episode of any AMC television series. The first-season finale received 6 million viewers, a season high; with 4 million viewers in the 18-49 demographic, making it the most watched basic cable series for the demographic. The first season had an average of Document [46] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 9)) 20, 2018. The ninth season premiered on October 7, 2018, and the episode was made available a day early via AMC Premiere, the network's on-demand service. Critical reception for the ninth season of "The Walking Dead" has been positive, with critics noting its improvement over the two previous seasons, but remain cautious if the series can maintain its improved quality for the entire season. On Rotten Tomatoes, the season holds a score of 93% with an average rating of 7.03 out of 10, based on 12 reviews. The site's critical consensus reads, "Nine seasons in, "The Walking Dead" feels more Document [47] (Title: JSS (The Walking Dead)) surprise on the sudden start of the Wolves attack, but criticized Denise's dilemma as being less compelling as the other scenes. In its initial broadcast on AMC in the United States, on October 18, 2015, the episode received 12.18 million viewers. The episode was down from the season premiere, which had 14.63 million viewers, and was also the least-watched episode of the series since the middle of the fourth season. Within three days, including DVR playback, the episode was watched by 17.08 million viewers. JSS (The Walking Dead) "JSS" is the second episode of the sixth season of the post-apocalyptic Document [48] (Title: The Walking Dead (franchise)) cable series, including receiving 15.5 million viewers for its season three midseason finale, and 17.29 viewers for its season five premiere, to become the most-watched basic cable drama telecast in history. "Fear the Walking Dead" is an American horror drama television series created by Robert Kirkman and Dave Erickson, acting as a companion series and prequel to "The Walking Dead". The series premiered on AMC on August 23, 2015, and it has been renewed for a third season to air in 2017; as well as been renewed for a fourth season on April 14 2017, before the season three premiere. Document [49] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 7)) awards and won three, including Best Horror Television Series for the second consecutive year, at the 43rd Saturn Awards. This season adapts material from issues #100–114 of the comic book series and focuses on the oppressive group of survivors known as the Saviors, led by the vindictive Negan (Jeffrey Dean Morgan). He uses numbers, power and lethal brutality to coerce Rick Grimes (Andrew Lincoln), his group of survivors, and the Alexandria Safe-Zone to make regular offerings of supplies and weapons for the Saviors. Eventually, Rick and his group seek allies to help them confront Negan, including members of the survivor Document [50] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 3)) in region 4 on September 25, 2013. Special features include eight featurettes—"Rising Son", "Evil Eye", "Gone, But Not Forgotten", "Heart of a Warrior", "Michonne vs. The Governor", "Making the Dead", "Safety Behind Bars", and "Guts and Glory". Five audio commentaries, for episodes "Killer Within", "Say the Word", "Made to Suffer", "The Suicide King", and "This Sorrowful Life". Also included are 13 minutes of deleted scenes across six episodes. The third season was also released in limited edition Blu-ray packaging, a replica of The Governor's walker head aquarium as seen in season three. The limited edition packaging was designed by Greg Document [51] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 1)) But we're going to take every interesting detour we feel like taking. As long as were staying on the path of what Robert has done, I don't see any reason not to. If they have patience we'll eventually catch up to what Robert is doing." "The Walking Dead" debuted during the same week in 120 countries. "Days Gone Bye" premiered in Hong Kong on TVB Pearl on August 30, 2011, while it expanded in international markets during the first week of November. Two weeks prior to its official premiere in the United States, the contents of the episode leaked online. Document [52] (Title: No Way Out (The Walking Dead)) with arresting, jaw-dropping developments. The episode averaged a 6.8 rating in adults 18-49, with 13.742 million viewers overall. This is both a decrease from the Season 6 mid-season finale, which averaged a 7.0 rating and 13.981 million viewers overall, as well as a decrease from the Season 5 mid-season premiere, which received an 8.0 in adults 18-49, with 15.64 million viewers overall. Including Live+3 viewing, the episode was watched by 19.07 million viewers. No Way Out (The Walking Dead) "No Way Out" is the ninth episode and mid-season premiere of the sixth season of the post-apocalyptic horror television series "The Document [53] (Title: 100 episodes) 1980" produced a combined 34 episodes, yet it not only remains in syndication but it also led to a 2003 reimagining that lasted for 75 episodes. In 2014, AMC released "The Walking Dead" for reruns on MyNetworkTV after 51 episodes had aired; that series was still in production at the time, and MyNetworkTV airs its shows once a week instead of in a daily strip. The growth of cable and satellite television has prompted channels to rerun series more often, with fewer episodes. Reruns of a particular show may air multiple times a day, several days a week, despite having Document [54] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 8)) The Walking Dead (season 8) The eighth season of "The Walking Dead", an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC, premiered on October 22, 2017, and concluded on April 15, 2018, consisting of 16 episodes. Developed for television by Frank Darabont, the series is based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore, and Charlie Adlard. The executive producers are Kirkman, David Alpert, Scott M. Gimple, Greg Nicotero, Tom Luse, and Gale Anne Hurd, with Gimple as showrunner for his fifth and final season. The eighth season received mixed reviews from critics. It was nominated for Document [55] (Title: Days Gone Bye (The Walking Dead)) season. It is the third most-watched installment of "The Walking Dead" first season, scoring less than "Wildfire" (5.56 million), and "TS-19" (5.97 million). "Days Gone Bye" garnered the highest total viewership for a season premiere out of any cable program up until the airing of its successor, "What Lies Ahead", which attracted 7.3 million viewers. "Days Gone Bye" achieved similar success in European markets. It debuted in 120 countries in 33 languages. In the United Kingdom, the episode acquired 579,000 viewers, with an estimated 315,000 from the 18-49 demographic. It became the most-watched FX telecast of the week dated November Document [56] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 5)) and won three, including Best Syndicated/Cable Television Series for the third consecutive year, at the 41st Saturn Awards. This season adapts material from issues #62–77 of the comic book series and introduces notable comic characters, including the cannibalistic hunters from Terminus, Father Gabriel Stokes (Seth Gilliam) and Aaron (Ross Marquand), as well as the Anderson and Monroe families. Now reunited, the season continues the story of Rick Grimes (Andrew Lincoln) and his group of survivors as they search for sanctuary, but face new threats from both walkers and other (hostile) human survivors. It also marks the return of Morgan Jones Document [57] (Title: Life (U.S. TV series)) series, "Crash", starring Dennis Hopper, where he served as writer, executive producer and showrunner. Mazzara was also a writer and showrunner on 'The Walking Dead'. "Life" premiered on September 26, 2007, on NBC, aired on Wednesday. NBC initially ordered thirteen episodes of the show: an original order of seven episodes, and then on October 10, 2007 placed an order for at least three additional episodes, later pinned down as six episodes. In November 2007 NBC placed an order for the balance of a full season, nine additional episodes. This would've brought the show's first season to a standard 22 episodes, Document [58] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 8)) was renewed by AMC for a 16-episode eighth season on October 16, 2016. Production began on April 25, 2017, in Atlanta, Georgia. On July 12, 2017, production was shut down after stuntman John Bernecker was killed, after falling more than 20 feet onto a concrete floor. Production resumed on July 17. The season premiere, which also serves as the series' milestone 100th episode, was directed by executive producer Greg Nicotero. In November 2017, it was announced that Lennie James who portrays Morgan Jones, would be leaving "The Walking Dead" after the conclusion of this season, and he will join the Document [59] (Title: The Walking Dead (TV series)) For the eighth season, 67% of Rotten Tomatoes' 13 critic reviews rated it positively, with an average score of 6.68/10. The site's consensus states ""The Walking Dead"s eighth season energizes its characters with some much-needed angst and action, though it's still occasionally choppy and lacking forward-moving plot progression." For the ninth season, 94% of Rotten Tomatoes' 12 critic reviews were positive, with an average score of 7.01/10. The site's consensus states, "Nine seasons in, "The Walking Dead" feels more alive than ever, with heightened tension and a refreshed pace that rejuvenates this long-running franchise." Metacritic scored the ninth season 72/100 Document [60] (Title: The Walking Dead (video game)) game was separated into five episodes, released in two-month intervals. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> An additional episode, titled "400 Days", was released in July 2013 as downloadable content, bridging the gap between the first and . It focuses on five new characters, and is presented in a nonlinear narrative style; players can approach the five stories in any order they choose. Prior to "The Walking Dead", Telltale Games had made several successful episodic adventure games based on established properties, including three seasons of "Sam & Max" based on the comics and prior video games, and the five-episode "Tales of Monkey Island", based upon Document [61] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 2)) a new record of 7.3 million viewers. The episode also set new records for the most viewers in the 18-49 and 25-54 demographics, with 4.8 million and 4.2 million viewers respectively, making it the most watched episode of a drama in the history of basic cable television in these measures. The original broadcast and the two subsequent encore presentations of the episode drew a collective total of 11 million viewers. On February 12, 2012, the show's mid season premiere beat its previous record by attaining 8.1 million viewers, 5.4 million in the 18-49 key demographic, despite airing at the same Document [62] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 7)) and an average episode score of 75%. The site's critical consensus reads: "Increased character depth and effective world-building helps "The Walking Dead" overcome a tiresome reliance on excessive, gratuitous violence." The first episode of the season, "The Day Will Come When You Won't Be", received criticism for the amount of violence depicted in the episode, with one writer calling it the equivalent of "torture porn". Subsequently, the first half of the seventh season has seen some of the show's lowest critical ratings. The show's executive producer Gale Anne Hurd claimed that in light of the negative feedback, they tamed some Document [63] (Title: The Walking Dead: The Final Season) four episodes, with the first episode released on August 14, 2018 for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, Xbox One and Nintendo Switch. However, due to the sudden near-closure of Telltale Games on September 21, 2018, the last two episodes will be overseen by Skybound Entertainment, Kirkman's production company. As with other games in "The Walking Dead" series, "The Final Season" is a graphic adventure game, where the player controls the protagonist Clementine as she struggles to survive in the wake of a zombie apocalypse. The player can move Clementine around the environment to examine items, initiate conversation trees with non-player characters, Document [64] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 1)) showrunner. The season received very positive reviews by critics. It was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series – Drama at the 68th Golden Globe Awards and received nominations for the 63rd Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards in several categories, winning Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup for a Series, Miniseries, Movie, or Special. The pilot episode received 5.35 million viewers, and the finale garnered six million viewers, including four million viewers among adults ages 18–49, making it the most viewed basic cable drama series at that time. Based on its reception, AMC renewed the series for a second season Document [65] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 7)) The Walking Dead (season 7) The seventh season of "The Walking Dead", an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC, premiered on October 23, 2016, and concluded on April 2, 2017, consisting of 16 episodes. Developed for television by Frank Darabont, the series is based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore, and Charlie Adlard. The executive producers are Kirkman, David Alpert, Scott M. Gimple, Greg Nicotero, Tom Luse, and Gale Anne Hurd, with Gimple as showrunner for the fourth consecutive season. The seventh season received mixed reviews from critics. It was nominated for multiple Document [66] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 2)) packaging was designed by Greg Nicotero and sculpted by McFarlane Toys. The Walking Dead (season 2) The second season of "The Walking Dead", an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC, premiered on October 16, 2011, and concluded on March 18, 2012, consisting of 13 episodes. Developed for television by Frank Darabont, the series is based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore, and Charlie Adlard. It was executive produced by Darabont, Kirkman, Glen Mazzara, David Alpert, and Gale Anne Hurd, with Mazzara assuming the role of showrunner after Darabont's departure from the series. The Document [67] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 2)) at the 38th Saturn Awards and Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup for a Series, Miniseries, Movie, or Special at the 64th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards. The season finale was viewed by 9 million viewers, making it the highest-rated episode of the series up to that point and the most viewed episode of an original series on AMC in history, up until the premiere of the series' third season, which was watched by 10.9 million viewers. This season adapts material from issues #7–12 of the comic book series and introduces notable comic characters Hershel Greene (Scott Wilson) and his daughter, Maggie (Lauren Document [68] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 8)) have been used instead. The eighth season was released on Blu-ray and DVD on August 21, 2018. The set includes three audio commentaries and three featurettes. The Walking Dead (season 8) The eighth season of "The Walking Dead", an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC, premiered on October 22, 2017, and concluded on April 15, 2018, consisting of 16 episodes. Developed for television by Frank Darabont, the series is based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore, and Charlie Adlard. The executive producers are Kirkman, David Alpert, Scott M. Gimple, Greg Nicotero, Tom Luse, Document [69] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 3)) two, including Best Syndicated/Cable Television Series, at the 39th Saturn Awards. This season adapts material from issues #13–38 of the comic book series and introduces notable comic characters, including Michonne (Danai Gurira), Axel (Lew Temple), The Governor (David Morrissey) and Tyreese Williams (Chad L. Coleman). It also marks the return of Merle Dixon (Michael Rooker), the volatile older brother of Daryl Dixon (Norman Reedus), who went missing in the first season, and also features the return of Morgan Jones (Lennie James), the first survivor Rick Grimes (Andrew Lincoln) encountered and befriended, who he lost contact with in season one. As Document [70] (Title: The Walking Dead (franchise)) episode was released on December 17, 2013. Its final was released on August 26, 2014. Telltale Games confirmed that it will produce a third season of "Walking Dead", following the success of the first two seasons. The season began on December 20, 2016. In July 2017 during San Diego Comic Con, Telltale Games announced that the fourth season of the series will be the final season of the game. The first of four episodes was released on August 14, 2018. Flash based social game on Facebook, launched in 2012 and shut down at the end of 2014. On July 6, Document [71] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 7)) the ninth episode ("Rock in the Road"), following this viewing decreased with the twelfth episode ("Say Yes") reaching a season low with 10.16 million viewers. The season was released on Blu-ray and DVD in region 1 on August 22, 2017, in region 2 on September 25, 2017, and in region 4 on September 27, 2017. The "Limited Edition Spike Walker Statue" set, which is exclusive to Amazon.com was released on October 24, 2017, and was created by McFarlane Toys to pay homage to the zombie character featured in the "New Best Friends" episode in season 7. The Walking Dead (season Document [72] (Title: The Walking Dead (TV series)) designed by Greg Nicotero and sculpted by McFarlane Toys. Special features include audio commentaries, deleted scenes, and several featurettes. The fourth season DVD and Blu-ray was released on August 26, 2014. It was also released as a limited edition Blu-ray, packaged with a tree-walker designed by McFarlane Toys. Special features include audio commentaries, deleted scenes, and several featurettes, as well as extended episodes which are exclusive to the Blu-ray. The fifth season was released on August 25, 2015, the sixth season on August 23, 2016, the seventh season on August 22, 2017, and the eighth season on August 21, 2018. Document [73] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 3)) as Michonne and The Governor, respectively. However, Wilson and McBride are credited as "Also starring". This is the first season not to include Jeffrey DeMunn who was credited as main cast member in previous seasons. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> The third season of "The Walking Dead" has received positive reviews from critics. On Metacritic, the season holds a score of 82 out of 100, indicating "universal acclaim", based on 19 critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the season holds an 88% with an average rating of 8.12 out of 10, based on 30 reviews, and an average episode score of 85%. The site's critical consensus Document [74] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 6)) consensus reads: "Six seasons in, "The Walking Dead" is still finding ways to top itself, despite slow patches that do little to advance the plot." Matt Fowler for IGN gave a 6.8/10 rating for the season as a whole. In summary, he said: ""Walking Dead"s Season 6 had some big, effective moments while also crumbling under an avalanche of fake outs & trickery." He praised the Morgan flashback episode ("Here's Not Here") and Carol's arc and the "string of great, violent episodes in the [second half of the season]." His major criticisms of the season were "Glenn's 'death' - and Document [75] (Title: Fear the Walking Dead (season 1)) announced as series regulars, both in unknown roles. Production of the pilot episode began in early 2015 and ended on February 6, 2015. The pilot episode was filmed in Los Angeles; the remaining first-season episodes were filmed in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Production on the remaining five first-season episodes began on May 11, 2015. Adam Davidson, who directed the pilot, also directed the series' second and third episodes. The first season features eight actors receiving main cast billing status: <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has a rating of 78%, based on 61 reviews, whose average rating is 6.76/10. The Document [76] (Title: The Walking Dead (video game)) Telltale's CEO Dan Connors has stated that the iOS version represented about 25% of their overall sales, the "largest upswing" for any platform, with sale particularly high in November and December 2012, due in part due to various sales on the App Store. Upon announcement of the "400 Days" content, Telltale reported that over 17 million episodes have been purchased across all platforms worldwide, while by October 2013, at the time of the formal announcement of Season Two, over 21 million episodes have been sold. As of July 28, 2014, 28 million episodes have been sold. "The Walking Dead" has Document [77] (Title: The Walking Dead (TV series)) on June 14, 2010. The show airs on Fox International Channels in 126 countries in 33 languages. The fifth season debuted its first part on October 13, 2014. The second part premiered on February 9, 2015. The first season DVD and Blu-ray was released on March 8, 2011. A three-disc special edition of the first season—featuring new featurettes and audio commentaries—was released on DVD and Blu-ray on October 4, 2011. The European versions of the first season DVD and Blu-ray are edited for gore, with cuts to episode two ("Guts"), episode three ("Tell It to the Frogs"), episode four ("Vatos") Document [78] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 1)) 5.24 million viewers and a rating of 2.7 in the 18-49 demographic. In the United Kingdom, it premiered one week after it did in the United States, on November 5, 2010 on digital channel, FX. The premiere had 579,000 viewers, almost double for any other show on FX that week. The viewership dipped during the season then rose to 522,000 viewers for the final episode. The terrestrial premiere on Channel 5 on April 10, 2011, averaged 1.46 million viewers. Based on its ratings, the series was renewed for a second season on November 8, 2010. The first season was released Document [79] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 7)) promoted to series regulars for the seventh season, after having recurring roles in the sixth season. The seventh season has featured several extended episodes, running longer than its usual 43-minute running time (without commercials). Extended episodes have ranged from 46 to 62 minutes in length. The finale was dedicated in memory of American comic artist Bernie Wrightson, who died on March 18, 2017. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> The seventh season of "The Walking Dead" has received mixed reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the season holds a score of 62% with an average rating of 6.97 out of 10, based on 11 reviews, Document [80] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 6)) awards and won three, including Best Horror Television Series, at the 42nd Saturn Awards. This season adapts material from issues #78–100 of the comic book series and introduces notable comic characters, including Heath (Corey Hawkins), Dr. Denise Cloyd (Merritt Wever), Dwight (Austin Amelio), Paul "Jesus" Rovia (Tom Payne), Gregory (Xander Berkeley) and Negan (Jeffrey Dean Morgan). Following Pete's death, the season continues the story of Rick Grimes (Andrew Lincoln) and his group of survivors, who must take a step back from the violence they've come to embrace, as multiple threats lead them to adopt a mindset of hardness. The first Document [81] (Title: The Walking Dead (video game)) based on Lee's previous actions. The downloadable content "400 Days" relates stories of other survivors of zombie apocalypse, starting at its onset and occurring concurrently with Season One. There are five main stories: The five stories culminate in a final scene on Day 400 where Tavia (Rashida Clendening) discovers photos of the five on a billboard near the now-overrun truck stop, along with a map to a nearby location. She finds the group and offers them sanctuary nearby. Bonnie accepts, with the others either accepting or refusing depending on either their past choices or whether Tavia successfully convinces them. The Document [82] (Title: The Walking Dead (TV series)) based on 4 critic reviews, 3 of which were positive, one mixed, and none negative. "The Walking Dead" has the highest total viewership of any series in cable television history, including its third through sixth seasons, during which it averaged the most 18- to 49-year-old viewers of all cable or broadcast television shows. Total viewership for its season five premiere was 17.3 million, the most-watched series episode in cable history. In 2016, a "New York Times" study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that like most other zombie shows, "The Walking Dead" "is most popular Document [83] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 1)) wearable zombie mask from the National Entertainment Collectibles Association designed by the series own make-up artist, Greg Nicotero. The Walking Dead (season 1) The first season of "The Walking Dead", an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC, premiered on October 31, 2010, and concluded on December 5, 2010, consisting of 6 episodes. Developed for television by Frank Darabont, who wrote or co-wrote four of the season's six episodes and directed the pilot episode, "Days Gone Bye", the series is based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore, and Charlie Adlard. It was executive produced Document [84] (Title: Fear the Walking Dead) arguably even better than the one from which it was spun off." He also praised the addition of Jenna Elfman and Garret Dillahunt and that season 4 has had several genuine surprises in its storytelling. The U.S. series premiere attracted 10.1 million total viewers, with 6.3 million in the advertiser-coveted 18-to-49-year-old demographic, both cable television records for a series premiere. Numerous international debuts of the pilot also set ratings records. The first season averaged 11.2 million viewers in "live plus-3" ratings (includes VOD and DVR viewing within three days after initial telecast) to become the highest-rated first season of any Document [85] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 4)) critics. It was nominated for multiple awards and won three, including Best Syndicated/Cable Television Series for the second consecutive year, at the 40th Saturn Awards. This season adapts material from issues #39–61 of the comic book series and introduces notable comic characters, including Bob Stookey (Lawrence Gilliard Jr.), Sgt. Abraham Ford (Michael Cudlitz), Dr. Eugene Porter (Josh McDermitt) and Rosita Espinosa (Christian Serratos), as well as the Chambler Family, a modified version of the Chalmers Family from a tie-in novel, "". The season continues the story of Rick Grimes (Andrew Lincoln) and his group of survivors as they continue to Document [86] (Title: T-Dog (The Walking Dead)) of "Judge, Jury, Executioner", added: "Until the writers give T-Dog something interesting to say, we’re going to track how long it’s been since he’s had "anything" but a throw away line. As of last night, the count stands at 7 episodes. The last time T-Dog said anything that remotely added to the plot was Episode 4 of this season, "Cherokee Rose" when he helped pull the disgustingly bloated walker out of the well." Digital Spy's Morgan Jeffrey noted in his review of the season finale "Beside the Dying Fire" that each of the major characters "gets their moment to shine Document [87] (Title: The Walking Dead (video game)) players over until then. This was revealed to be the aforementioned "400 Days" downloadable content, revealed at the 2013 Electronic Entertainment Expo following a week of brief Vine video teaser movies posted by Telltale, introducing the five main characters in the added episode. The content uses information from the player's saved game from the first season, and decisions made within "400 Days" will continue into season two. The content was made available on the game's existing platforms between July 2 and 11, 2013, while a special bundled edition of the PlayStation Vita, including the full "The Walking Dead" game and Document [88] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 6)) on Earth") received a 6.9 rating in the key 18-49 demographic with 14.19 million total viewers and was a significant increase from the previous episode ("East"), which received a 5.9 rating and 12.38 million total. This was also significantly lower than the ratings for the fifth-season finale ("Conquer"), which was watched by 15.78 million American viewers with an 18-49 rating of 8.2. The sixth season was released on DVD and Blu-ray on August 23, 2016. The Walking Dead (season 6) The sixth season of "The Walking Dead", an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC, premiered on October 11, 2015, Document [89] (Title: The Walking Dead (video game series)) drags a weakening Lee to a safe location, and Lee, in his final moments of rationality, directs her to find the other survivors, before telling her to kill him or leave him before he fully becomes a walker. "400 Days" is a downloadable special episode. It focuses on five different protagonists and it serves as a bridge between Season 1 and Season 2. In the final scene, the survivors of each story are offered to be taken into a safe camp. More than a year after the first game, Clementine is separated from the other survivors and forced to fend Document [90] (Title: The Walking Dead (TV series)) specifically because we have a pretty good idea of what Season 10 is gonna be", Alpert said. "We know where seasons 11 and 12 [will be]... we have benchmarks and milestones for those seasons if we're lucky enough to get there." In September 2018, AMC CEO Josh Sapan stated that they plan on continuing "The Walking Dead" franchise for another 10 years, including new films and TV series based on the original comic book series. The list below contains those that have been credited within the show's title sequence and those who are credited as "also starring". Recurring and guest Document [91] (Title: The Walking Dead (comic book)) on October 31, 2010 with high ratings. On November 8, 2010, after broadcasting two episodes, AMC renewed "The Walking Dead" for a second season of 13 episodes, which began on October 16, 2011. The TV show is loosely inspired by the comic, introducing new characters and deviating from the comic in certain plot points. The fifth season premiered on October 12, 2014, with Scott M. Gimple as the show's third showrunner. Gimple has said that he would stay closer in line to the comic book series events "as much as possible", but ultimately remix stories with certain characters, referencing original Document [92] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 2)) time as the second most watched Grammy Awards in history. The series once again beat its own record with the airing of the season two finale on March 18, 2012, which received 9 million viewers. The second season was released on DVD and Blu-ray in region 1 on August 28, 2012, in region 2 on August 27, 2012, and in region 4 on June 20, 2012. Special features include eleven featurettes—"All the Guts Inside", "Live or Let Die", "The Meat of the Music", "Fire on Set", "The Ink is Alive", "The Sound of the Effects", "In the Dead Water", "You Document [93] (Title: The Walking Dead (TV series)) living often more dangerous than the dead. Much of the series takes place in and around Atlanta, Georgia, and later Alexandria, Virginia. The series premiered in the United States on October 31, 2010. It is exclusively shown on cable television channel AMC in the U.S. and internationally on Fox International Channels. Beginning with its third season, "The Walking Dead" has attracted the most 18 to 49-year-old viewers of any cable or broadcast television series. The series was renewed for a ninth season, which debuted on October 7, 2018. An AMC spin-off series, "Fear the Walking Dead", debuted on August 23, Document [94] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 5)) 11: Fear the Hunters", "Volume 12: Life Among Them", and "Volume 13: Too Far Gone". While the television series has remained faithful, the character of Beth Greene and her story arc have been largely made up for the television series. Despite this, the scenario in which Rick Grimes chases down a man who betrayed the group's trust was a moment from the source material, albeit with a different character. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> The fifth season of "The Walking Dead" has received critical acclaim. On Metacritic, the season holds a score of 80 out of 100, indicating "generally favorable reviews", based on 11 Document [95] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 8)) multiple awards and won two, including Best Horror Television Series for the third consecutive year, at the 44th Saturn Awards. This season adapts material from issues #115–126 of the comic book series "All Out War Part I & II" and introduces notable comic book character Siddiq (Avi Nash). The season continues the story of Rick Grimes (Andrew Lincoln) and his group of survivors in their fight against Negan (Jeffrey Dean Morgan) and the Saviors. Rick, along with Maggie (Lauren Cohan), leading The Hilltop, and King Ezekiel (Khary Payton), leader of The Kingdom, unite forces to start a rebellion against the Document [96] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 1)) the season, Darabont recruited Charles H. Eglee, Adam Fierro and Glen Mazzara, all of whom he had worked with while directing an episode of "The Shield". Jack LoGiudice also joined the writing team, along with Robert Kirkman, also an executive producer. "I have the best of both worlds," says Kirkman. "It was a lot of fun writing Episode 104, and I'm hoping if it continues into Season 2, I'll be able to write more episodes." Principal photography for the pilot episode, "Days Gone Bye", began on May 15, 2010 with the subsequent five episodes beginning filming a few weeks later Document [97] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 9)) as well." Brandon Davis of Comicbook.com wrote a highly positive review based on the first three episodes, praising the more character-driven narrative. In another review from Comicbook.com, Cameron Bonomolo also praised the first three episodes of the season, writing, ""The Walking Dead" is now a political drama viewed through the lens of a zombie apocalypse, turning greater focus to more complex character-driven conflict that is at its strongest since the Frank Darabont-led first season." Bonomolo also called the third episode "jaw-dropping" and that it "delivers some of the finest mystery and drama the show has ever seen in its eight-year Document [98] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 6)) lot of people have sort of gotten wrong. But breaking it down shot for shot … I think we're past that point. I don't think this is any sort of new instance that broke the rules of our show at all. I think it's very much in line with everything we've done before. I don't think there's a credibility issue." Erik Kain for "Forbes" felt that the decision ruined Glenn's storyline. He declared season 6 "a mixed bag" and was frustrated with the decision to hold off Glenn's fate for 3 episodes. He said, "...the showrunners spent "three more episodes" Document [99] (Title: Mercy (The Walking Dead)) with 6.5 million in the 18-49 age bracket, the lowest numbers that a season premiere episode of "The Walking Dead" has had in five years. However, it was still the most-watched programming outside of NFL games. Mercy (The Walking Dead) "Mercy" is the eighth season premiere of the post-apocalyptic horror television series "The Walking Dead", which aired on AMC on October 22, 2017. The episode was written by Scott M. Gimple and directed by Greg Nicotero. It's also the 100th episode overall of the series. This episode focuses on the combined attack, involving the communities of the Alexandria Safe-Zone, the Document [100] (Title: Fear the Walking Dead) then later in Mexico, the series follows a dysfunctional, blended family composed of high school guidance counselor Madison Clark, her English teacher fiancé Travis Manawa, her daughter Alicia, her drug addict son Nick, Travis's son from a previous marriage, Chris, Chris's mother Liza Ortiz, and others who join their group at the onset of the apocalypse. They must reinvent themselves, learning new skills and adopting new attitudes in order to survive as civilization collapses around them. The first season consists of six episodes. The second season, comprising 15 episodes, premiered on April 10, 2016. On April 15, 2016, AMC announced Document [101] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 5)) designed by Greg Nicotero and sculpted by McFarlane Toys, was released on December 1, 2015. The Walking Dead (season 5) The fifth season of "The Walking Dead", an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC, premiered on October 12, 2014, and concluded on March 29, 2015, consisting of 16 episodes. Developed for television by Frank Darabont, the series is based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore, and Charlie Adlard. The executive producers were Kirkman, David Alpert, Scott M. Gimple, Greg Nicotero, Tom Luse, and Gale Anne Hurd, with Gimple as showrunner for the second Document [102] (Title: Start to Finish) increase from the previous episode, which had 13.22 million viewers overall. Start to Finish "Start to Finish" is the eighth episode and mid-season finale of the sixth season of the post-apocalyptic horror television series "The Walking Dead", which aired on AMC on November 29, 2015. The episode was written by Matthew Negrete and directed by Michael E. Satrazemis. The episode focuses on the survivors fleeing and finding shelter from the gargantuan swarm of walkers that have invaded the Alexandria Safe-Zone. The church tower smashes three panels of the wall, and everyone scrambles for whatever shelter they can find as hundreds Document [103] (Title: Fear the Walking Dead (season 1)) being generous to it. ... I thought this was almost unwatchably bad." Sepinwall called his B- review "slightly generous". The U.S. series premiere attracted 10.1 million total viewers, with 6.3 million in the advertiser-coveted 18-to-49-year-old demographic, both cable television records for a series premiere. Numerous international debuts of the pilot also set ratings records. The first season averaged 11.2 million viewers in "live plus-3" ratings (includes VOD and DVR viewing within three days after initial telecast) to become the highest-rated first season of any series in cable history. The first season was released on Blu-ray and DVD on December 1, Document [104] (Title: 100 (Fear the Walking Dead)) 100 (Fear the Walking Dead) "100" is the fourth episode of the third season of the post-apocalyptic horror television series "Fear the Walking Dead", which aired on AMC on June 18, 2017. The title is the number of people Daniel has killed by the end of the episode. This episode marks Lisandra Tena's first appearance as Lola Guerrero who plays a prominent role this season, this episode is also the first to be spoken mainly in Spanish. Through flashbacks, Daniel had survived the fire and escaped into Tijuana, where he was saved from death by a band of refugees headed Document [105] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 2)) The Walking Dead (season 2) The second season of "The Walking Dead", an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC, premiered on October 16, 2011, and concluded on March 18, 2012, consisting of 13 episodes. Developed for television by Frank Darabont, the series is based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore, and Charlie Adlard. It was executive produced by Darabont, Kirkman, Glen Mazzara, David Alpert, and Gale Anne Hurd, with Mazzara assuming the role of showrunner after Darabont's departure from the series. The season was well received by critics. It won Best Television Presentation Document [106] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 2)) on 22 critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the season holds an 83% with an average rating of 8.09 out of 10, based on 22 reviews, and an average episode score of 79%. The site's critical consensus reads: "The second season of "The Walking Dead" fleshes out the characters while maintaining the grueling tension and gore that made the show a hit." Linda Stasi of the "New York Post" wrote, "You'll be happy to know that at least as far as the first two episodes go ... the show is better than ever – which would have seemed impossible." Robert Bianco of Document [107] (Title: The Walking Dead (video game series)) released in August 2016. The physical edition is expected to release on February 7, 2017, featuring the first episode on disc and download codes to obtain all future episodes of the series. Announced in November 2017, "The Walking Dead Collection" includes all episodes from the first three seasons, as well as "400 Days" and "The Walking Dead: Michonne". The collection was released on PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on December 5, 2017. The content of the first two seasons and "400 Days" has been visually improved, reflecting on improvements Telltale has made in their engine since these seasons were first Document [108] (Title: Talking Dead) from fans via phone, from the audience, Facebook, Twitter, or from the official "Talking Dead" website. After the on-air episode ends, a bonus 15– 20-minute segment continues online for the 30-minute episodes; there would be a bonus 5- to 10-minute online segment for the 60-minute episodes; Hardwick refers to this bonus segment as "Talking Talking Dead". The series premiered on October 16, 2011, following the encore presentation of the second-season premiere of "The Walking Dead". When the series returned on February 10, 2013, from the season three midseason finale, the series moved to 10:00 pm, directly following "The Walking Dead" Document [109] (Title: The Damned (The Walking Dead)) how TV shows die, not with a bang but with a whimper. What we're watching isn't high-stakes drama, it's a slow-motion train wreck." The episode averaged a 4.0 rating among adults 18-49, the lowest for the series since the penultimate episode of season 2, "Better Angels". A total of 8.92 million viewers tuned in, the least since the season 2 finale, "Beside the Dying Fire". The Damned (The Walking Dead) "The Damned" is the second episode of the eighth season of the post-apocalyptic horror television series "The Walking Dead", which aired on AMC on October 29, 2017. The episode was Document [110] (Title: Talking Dead) is the appropriate step." AMC officially counts the first season of "Talking Dead" as season 2 and each subsequent season one number higher than is listed here. This is so that the season numbers for episodes of "Talking Dead" match the season numbers for episodes of "The Walking Dead" that they discuss. These episodes discuss season two of "The Walking Dead". These episodes discuss season three of "The Walking Dead". This season featured a special "season 3 preview" episode which aired in July 2012. These episodes discuss season four of "The Walking Dead". These episodes discuss season five of "The Document [111] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 5)) The Walking Dead (season 5) The fifth season of "The Walking Dead", an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC, premiered on October 12, 2014, and concluded on March 29, 2015, consisting of 16 episodes. Developed for television by Frank Darabont, the series is based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore, and Charlie Adlard. The executive producers were Kirkman, David Alpert, Scott M. Gimple, Greg Nicotero, Tom Luse, and Gale Anne Hurd, with Gimple as showrunner for the second consecutive season. The fifth season received widespread critical acclaim. It was nominated for multiple awards Document [112] (Title: The Walking Dead (TV series)) horror shows on television". Metacritic scored the season 75/100 based on 16 critic reviews, 13 of which were positive, three mixed, and none negative. The fifth season had 89% of Rotten Tomatoes' 31 critic reviews rating it positively, with an average score of 7.87/10. The site's consensus states, "Thanks to a liberal dose of propulsive, bloody action and enough compelling character moments to reward longtime fans, "The Walking Dead"s fifth season continues to deliver top-notch entertainment." Metacritic scored the fifth season 80/100 based on 11 critic reviews, all of which were positive. For season six, 77% of Rotten Tomatoes' 23 Document [113] (Title: New Best Friends (The Walking Dead)) and dramatic tension as it introduces a bizarrely entertaining new community, even if some moments feel forced and contrived. The episode received a 5.3 rating in the key 18-49 demographic with 11.08 million total viewers. New Best Friends (The Walking Dead) "New Best Friends" is the tenth episode of the seventh season of the post-apocalyptic horror television series "The Walking Dead", which aired on AMC on February 19, 2017. The episode was written by Channing Powell and directed by Jeffrey F. January. The episode focuses on Rick (Andrew Lincoln) and his group's encounter and discovery of a mysterious collective, while Question: how many episodes of the walking dead are there total Answer: 115 Long Answer: In October 2016, the series was renewed for a 16 - episode eighth season, which premiered on October 22, 2017 . As of April 15, 2018, 115 episodes of The Walking Dead have aired, concluding the eighth season . In January 2018, the series was renewed for a ninth season. Gold Document ID: 95

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 1)) The Walking Dead (season 1) The first season of "The Walking Dead", an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC, premiered on October 31, 2010, and concluded on December 5, 2010, consisting of 6 episodes. Developed for television by Frank Darabont, who wrote or co-wrote four of the season's six episodes and directed the pilot episode, "Days Gone Bye", the series is based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore, and Charlie Adlard. It was executive produced by Darabont, Kirkman, David Alpert, Charles H. Eglee, and Gale Anne Hurd, with Darabont assuming the role of Document [2] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 4)) the episode inside bonus features. The Walking Dead (season 4) The fourth season of "The Walking Dead", an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC, premiered on October 13, 2013, and concluded on March 30, 2014, consisting of 16 episodes. Developed for television by Frank Darabont, the series is based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore, and Charlie Adlard. It was executive produced by Kirkman, David Alpert, Scott M. Gimple, Greg Nicotero, Tom Luse, and Gale Anne Hurd, with Gimple assuming the role of showrunner after Glen Mazzara's departure from the series. The fourth Document [3] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 6)) Yet" as she was nine months pregnant during the time of filming the episode. She is absent from the final four episodes, and it is explained through her character going on a two-week supply run. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> The sixth season of "The Walking Dead" has received positive reviews from critics. On Metacritic, the season holds a score of 79 out of 100, indicating "generally favorable reviews", based on 10 critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the season holds a 77% with an average rating of 7.35 out of 10, based on 23 reviews, and an average episode score of 77%. The site's critical Document [4] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 4)) The Walking Dead (season 4) The fourth season of "The Walking Dead", an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC, premiered on October 13, 2013, and concluded on March 30, 2014, consisting of 16 episodes. Developed for television by Frank Darabont, the series is based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore, and Charlie Adlard. It was executive produced by Kirkman, David Alpert, Scott M. Gimple, Greg Nicotero, Tom Luse, and Gale Anne Hurd, with Gimple assuming the role of showrunner after Glen Mazzara's departure from the series. The fourth season was well received by Document [5] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 3)) executive producer for the series, in a mutual agreement by both Mazzara and AMC. The press release read, "Both parties acknowledge that there is a difference of opinion about where the show should go moving forward, and conclude that it is best to part ways." Following the "" series in 2011, another set of webisodes titled "" were produced and debuted on October 1, 2012, prior to the premiere of Season 3. A second season had been commissioned in May 2012. To coincide with a marathon of the show, a special episode was aired in July 2012 following the marathon's Document [6] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 5)) than in the United States. The second half debuted on February 9, 2015. The fifth season was released on DVD and Blu-ray in region 1/A on August 25, 2015. Special features include "Inside "The Walking Dead"" and "The Making of "The Walking Dead"" featurettes for every episode; eight other featurettes titled, "Beth's Journey," "Bob's Journey," "Noah's Journey," "Tyreese's Journey," "A Day in the Life of Michael Cudlitz," "A Day in the Life of Josh McDermitt," and "Rotters in the Flesh"; deleted scenes; and audio commentaries with cast and crew. A special limited edition Blu-ray packaging set, featuring the "asphalt" walker, Document [7] (Title: Fear the Walking Dead (season 3)) Fear the Walking Dead (season 3) The third season of "Fear the Walking Dead", an American horror-drama television series on AMC, premiered on June 4, 2017 and consisted of 16 episodes. The season is split into two eight-episode parts, with the first half concluding on July 9, 2017; the second half premiered on September 10, 2017 and concluded on October 15, 2017. The series is a companion series and prequel to "The Walking Dead", which is based on the comic book series of the same name by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore, and Charlie Adlard. The season follows a dysfunctional, blended Document [8] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 1)) and Blu-ray on October 4, 2011. The sets include all the previous special features, plus brand new extras. The new extras include audio commentary on all six episodes, the black and white version of the pilot, and six new featurettes—"We Are "The Walking Dead"", "Bring Out the Dead: KNB and the Art of Making Zombies", "Digital Decay: The VFX of "The Walking Dead"", "No More Room in Hell: "The Walking Dead" Phenomenon", "Adapting the Dead" and "Killer Conversations: Frank Darabont & Greg Nicotero". In addition to the DVD and Blu-ray release, a limited edition Blu-ray collector's tin contains an exclusive Document [9] (Title: The Walking Dead (TV series)) approval rating to date on Rotten Tomatoes. For the first season, 90% of 25 Rotten Tomatoes critics gave it a positive review, with an average score of 7.53/10. That site's consensus states, "Blood-spattered, emotionally resonant, and white-knuckle intense, "The Walking Dead" puts an intelligent spin on the overcrowded zombie subgenre." Metacritic scored the first season 82/100 based on 25 critic reviews, 23 of which were positive, two mixed, and none negative. Heather Havrilesky of Salon.com included the show on their list of 9 new TV shows not to miss, giving it a grade of "A", with the author saying, "A Document [10] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 1)) consisting of 13 episodes, which premiered on October 16, 2011. This season adapts material from issues #1–6 of the comic book series and introduces notable comic character Rick Grimes (Andrew Lincoln), who awakens from a coma, after being shot, in a post-apocalyptic world filled with flesh-eating zombies, dubbed "walkers". After befriending Morgan Jones (Lennie James), Rick sets out to find his family and discover the origins of the walker virus. Robert Kirkman, who created the comic book series in 2003, says he had considered the idea of a "Walking Dead" television series, but never actively pursued it. "I certainly wanted Document [11] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 6)) The Walking Dead (season 6) The sixth season of "The Walking Dead", an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC, premiered on October 11, 2015, and concluded on April 3, 2016, consisting of 16 episodes. Developed for television by Frank Darabont, the series is based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore, and Charlie Adlard. The executive producers are Kirkman, David Alpert, Scott M. Gimple, Greg Nicotero, Tom Luse, and Gale Anne Hurd, with Gimple as showrunner for the third consecutive season. The sixth season received positive reviews by critics. It was nominated for multiple Document [12] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 1)) Metacritic, the season holds a score of 82 out of 100, indicating "universal acclaim", based on 25 critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the season holds an 89% with an average rating of 7.49 out of 10, based on 24 reviews, and an average episode score of 87%. The site's critical consensus reads: "Blood-spattered, emotionally resonant, and white-knuckle intense, "The Walking Dead" puts an intelligent spin on the overcrowded zombie subgenre." Following the pilot episode's debut, "TV Guide"s Matt Roush called the show "a stark and harrowing survival parable ... visually stunning ... and daring in its artful use of silence." Following Document [13] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 5)) recurring in the previous season, and Seth Gilliam, who joins the main cast as Father Gabriel Stokes. Kinney and Coleman's names were removed from the opening credits after episode nine; they were added back in episode thirteen for a brief flashback scene. This is the first season not to include Scott Wilson (since his first appearance on the show), who was credited as main cast member in previous seasons. The series was renewed for a fifth season on October 29, 2013. The season began filming on May 5, 2014 and finished on November 22, 2014. Scott M. Gimple continued the Document [14] (Title: Fear the Walking Dead (season 2)) Fear the Walking Dead (season 2) The second season of "Fear the Walking Dead", an American horror-drama television series on AMC, premiered on April 10, 2016. The season is split into a seven-episode part and a eight-episode part, with the first seven concluding on May 22, 2016; the second half premiered on August 21, 2016, and concluded on October 2, 2016, consisting of fifteen episodes. The series is a companion series and prequel to "The Walking Dead", which is based on the comic book series of the same name by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore, and Charlie Adlard. The season follows Document [15] (Title: The Walking Dead (video game)) "400 Days" content, was released on August 20, 2013. A "Game of the Year" edition of "The Walking Dead", including all five episodes and "400 Days", was released for retail for the Microsoft Windows, Xbox 360, and PlayStation 3 platforms on November 19, 2013. A three episode mini-series, "The Walking Dead: Michonne", based on the character Michonne, was released in February 2016. The first episode of third season, "," was released on December 20, 2016, with physical season pass disc released on February 7, 2017. A fourth and final season, , is scheduled to premiere in 2018. "The Walking Dead" Document [16] (Title: The Walking Dead (TV series)) remaining episodes began filming on June 2, 2010 with Darabont serving as showrunner. On August 31, 2010, Darabont reported that "The Walking Dead" had been picked up for a second season, with production to begin in February 2011. On November 8, 2010, AMC confirmed that there would be a second season consisting of 13 episodes. He would also like to include some of the "environmental elements" that take place during Volume 2 of Kirkman's book. The first season writing staff consisted of series developer and executive producer Frank Darabont (who wrote/co-wrote four of the six episodes), executive producer Charles H. Document [17] (Title: Claimed) overall in cable television viewing. Roth Cornet of IGN gave the episode a positive review, with a score of 8.3 out of 10. Zack Handlen of "The A.V. Club" rated the episode a "B+". Claimed "Claimed" is the eleventh episode of the fourth season of the post-apocalyptic horror television series "The Walking Dead", which aired on AMC on February 23, 2014. The episode was written by Nichole Beattie and Seth Hoffman, and directed by Seith Mann. Glenn Rhee (Steven Yeun) and Tara Chambler (Alanna Masterson) interact with three new survivors headed for Washington, D.C., while Rick (Andrew Lincoln) deals with Document [18] (Title: How It's Gotta Be) Rotten Tomatoes, it holds a 63% with an average rating of 6.07 out of 10, based on 24 reviews. The mid-season finale drew a total viewership of 7.89 million with a 3.4 rating in adults aged 18–49. Compared to previous seasons, this was the lowest viewership for a mid-season finale since the season two episode "Pretty Much Dead Already", which drew a total audience of 6.62 million viewers. How It's Gotta Be "How It's Gotta Be" is the eighth episode and mid-season finale of the eighth season of the post-apocalyptic horror television series "The Walking Dead", which aired on AMC Document [19] (Title: A (The Walking Dead)) A (The Walking Dead) "The Walking Dead" is the sixteenth and final episode of the ninth season of the post-apocalyptic horror television series "The Walking Dead", which aired on AMC on March 30, 2014. The episode was written by Scott M. Gimple and Angela Kang, and directed by Michelle MacLaren. As multiple paths collide on each group's travels, Rick (Andrew Lincoln) remembers the past and comes face to face with sheer brutality. As the so-called sanctuary, "Terminus", begins to reveal its true face, the group struggles to survive. Themes explored in this episode include preparedness and the extremities of living Document [20] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 9)) The Walking Dead (season 9) The ninth season of "The Walking Dead", an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC premiered on October 7, 2018, and will consist of 16 episodes, split into two parts, each consisting of eight episodes. The second part of the season is scheduled to premiere on February 10, 2019. Developed for television by Frank Darabont, the series is based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore, and Charlie Adlard. The executive producers are Kirkman, David Alpert, Scott M. Gimple, Angela Kang, Greg Nicotero, Tom Luse, Denise Huth, and Gale Anne Document [21] (Title: The Walking Dead (TV series)) written". Recognizing the overall season, Kevin Yeoman of "Screen Rant" offered praise saying "the writers succeeded in unshackling themselves from the intermittent monotony brought about by the serial nature of the show". The third season had 88% of Rotten Tomatoes' 33 critics giving it a positive review, with an average score of 7.96/10. The site's consensus states, "The palpable terror and visceral thrills continue in the third season of "The Walking Dead", along with a deeper sense of the people who inhabit its apocalyptic landscape." Metacritic's 19 critics rated the season 82/100, all of whom gave a positive review. Verne Document [22] (Title: The Walking Dead (TV series)) Seasons 1–6 home video release was distributed by Anchor Bay Entertainment, and Season 7 onwards home video release was distributed by Lionsgate Home Entertainment in the United States for the American home video releases. The international home video release were distributed by Entertainment One. MyNetworkTV acquired the broadcast syndication rights to the series, premiering on October 1, 2014. The version that airs on MyNetworkTV is edited to meet broadcast television standards. The first 6 seasons of "The Walking Dead" have been well reviewed by recognized critics, while seasons 7 and 8 received more mixed reviews. The series has a 79% Document [23] (Title: The Walking Dead: Season Two) in the works right now "that will make the wait for season two slightly less agonizing". This was revealed at the 2013 Electronic Entertainment Expo in June 2013 to be an additional episode called "The Walking Dead: 400 Days" that is available as downloadable content for the first season. It introduces five new characters that journalists expect to carry into "Season Two". "400 Days" will use data about the player's decisions in season one, and decisions made in "400 Days" will carry into "Season Two". Writing for "Season Two" was done to contrast the work they had completed in the Document [24] (Title: The Walking Dead: A New Frontier) episode called "The Walking Dead: 400 Days" that is available as downloadable content for the first season. It introduces five new characters that journalists expect to carry into "Season Two". "400 Days" will use data about the player's decisions in season one, and decisions made in "400 Days" will carry into "Season Two". Telltale's Sean Ainsworth and Dennis Lenart stated that the third season is going to feature a "new angle" from the story. It was confirmed by Robert Kirkman that Clementine would return for Season 3. Robert Kirkman also said the game will almost be at the same point Document [25] (Title: The Walking Dead: Season Two) additional episode "400 Days" carry over into the second season. Clementine, who was the player's companion during the first season, is the player-character in "Season Two. A third season, a full sequel to "Season Two", titled "" was released on December 2016. Similar to the previous season, "The Walking Dead: Season Two" is a point-and-click adventure game. The player, in control of Clementine, can direct the character around the environment, examine and interact with various scenery elements and collect and use objects to advance the story. The player can also initiate conversations with non-player characters via conversation trees. Certain replies Document [26] (Title: The Walking Dead (franchise)) States. Based on its reception, AMC renewed the series for a second season of 13 episodes, which premiered on October 16, 2011. Two episodes into the second season, AMC announced that the show would return for a third season, airing on October 14, 2012. It is presently airing its eighth season, starting on October 22, 2017. The series has been well received and has received many award nominations, including a Writers Guild of America Award nomination and a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Television Series Drama. The series has also attained strong Nielsen ratings, beating various records for a Document [27] (Title: Fear the Walking Dead (season 1)) Fear the Walking Dead (season 1) The first season of "Fear the Walking Dead", an American horror-drama television series on AMC, premiered on August 23, 2015, and concluded on October 4, 2015, consisting of six episodes. The series is a companion series and prequel to "The Walking Dead", which is based on the comic book series of the same name by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore, and Charlie Adlard. On March 9, 2015, AMC announced it had ordered "Fear the Walking Dead" to series, with a two-season commitment. The second season, comprising 15 episodes, premiered on April 10, 2016. The season Document [28] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 3)) security is threatened by a nearby community — Woodbury — led by a nefarious man known as The Governor, who takes an interest in Andrea (Laurie Holden) as she remains, after the burning of the farm, separated and unaware of the main group's status. AMC renewed "The Walking Dead" for a third season on October 25, 2011 after the season two premiere broke cable ratings records in the 18-49 demographic. On January 14, 2012, AMC announced that the third season will contain 16 episodes. Filming for the season began in May 2012 in Coweta County, Georgia, with the city of Document [29] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 1)) strengthening of the character development". Logan Hill of "New York" magazine was more critical, claiming the episodes contained "atrocious dialogue" and "a lot of plot machinery that has been contrived to create action suspense but ... hasn't really moved the story itself anywhere in particular", though he admits the fifth episode showed "flashes of promise". The first season of "The Walking Dead" was named one of the Top 10 Television Programs in 2010 by the American Film Institute. The season was also nominated for Outstanding New Program at the 27th TCA Awards and at the 63rd Writers Guild of America Document [30] (Title: The Walking Dead (video game)) the harsh emotional tone of the story and the empathetic connection established between Lee and Clementine. It won year-end accolades, including Game of the Year awards from several gaming publications. More than one million unique players have purchased at least one episode from the series, with over 8.5 million individual units sold by the end of 2012, and its success has been seen as constituting a revitalization of the weakened adventure game genre. In July 2013, Telltale released an additional downloadable episode, "400 Days", to extend the first season and bridge the gap towards , released later that year. and Document [31] (Title: Cherokee Rose (The Walking Dead)) arose over an approximate period of two days. "Cherokee Rose" was well received by television critics, who praised the episode's storylines and character development. Upon initial airing, it garnered 6.29 million viewers and attained a 3.4 rating in the 18-49 demographic, according to Nielsen ratings. "Cherokee Rose" became the highest-rated cable program of the day, as well as the second highest-rated cable program of the week. Carl Grimes (Chandler Riggs) recovers from his operation to remove fragments of a bullet, which he had received earlier when encountering a deer. He asks his father Rick (Andrew Lincoln) if his friend Sophia Document [32] (Title: Always Accountable) The episode averaged a 6.5 rating in adults 18-49 and 12.871 million viewers overall, an increase from the previous episode, which averaged a 6.2 rating and 12.44 million viewers overall. Always Accountable "Always Accountable" is the sixth episode of the sixth season of the post-apocalyptic horror television series "The Walking Dead", which aired on AMC on November 15, 2015. The episode was written by Heather Bellson and directed by Jeffrey F. January. This episode focuses on Abraham, Sasha and Daryl's plotlines after the events of "Thank You". It marks the first appearance of the characters Dwight and his wife Sherry Document [33] (Title: The Walking Dead: Season Two) where no one can be trusted". The first episode was released in the fourth quarter of 2013, with subsequent episodes released four to six weeks apart. A collector's disc was announced to purchase at the end of the season, with those who pre-order the game (from the Telltale Games Store) receiving it for just the shipping and handling cost. Telltale Games and Skybound Entertainment announced spin off mini-series "" released in February 2016 and third season titled "" was released with first two episodes on December 2016, with physical season pass released in February 2017. "The Walking Dead: Season Two" Document [34] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 3)) The Walking Dead (season 3) The third season of "The Walking Dead", an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC, premiered on October 14, 2012, and concluded on March 31, 2013, consisting of 16 episodes. Developed for television by Frank Darabont, the series is based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore, and Charlie Adlard. It was executive produced by Kirkman, Glen Mazzara, David Alpert, and Gale Anne Hurd, with Mazzara as showrunner for the second consecutive season. The third season was very well received by critics. It was nominated for multiple awards and won Document [35] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 7)) communities of the Hilltop, the Kingdom, Oceanside, and the Scavengers, who have had their own dealings with Negan and the Saviors. The seventh season features twenty series regulars overall. For the season premiere, Jeffrey Dean Morgan and Austin Amelio were promoted to series regular status, with Morgan added to the opening credits and Amelio listed under "Also starring". After the first episode aired, the cast faced numerous changes: Steven Yeun and Michael Cudlitz were removed from the opening credits, while Alanna Masterson, Josh McDermitt and Christian Serratos were added to the opening credits, respectively, after previously being credited as "Also Document [36] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 8)) marked the first crossover between the two series. The cinema screening also included an extra half-hour of exclusive bonus content. The eighth season of "The Walking Dead" has received mixed reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the season holds a score of 66% with an average rating of 6.68 out of 10, based on 15 reviews, and an average episode score 72%. The site's critical consensus reads: ""The Walking Dead"s eighth season energizes its characters with some much-needed angst and action, though it's still occasionally choppy and lacking forward-moving plot progression." For the 44th Saturn Awards, the eight season of Document [37] (Title: The Walking Dead: Season Two) 81.67% and 87/100, the PC version 79.19% and 78/100 and the Xbox 360 version 77.00% and 84/100. Mitch Dyer of IGN gave the episode a 9.5/10 saying that the finale is "an impressive and intelligent episode, and among Telltale Games' finest stories." The Walking Dead: Season Two The Walking Dead: Season Two is an episodic interactive drama graphic adventure game based on "The Walking Dead" comic book series developed by Telltale Games. It is the sequel to "The Walking Dead", with the episodes released between December 2013 and August 2014, and a retail collector's disc edition planned at the conclusion Document [38] (Title: Pretty Much Dead Already) of MTV said that the storyline ended in "a much darker way than anyone could have imagined." Pretty Much Dead Already "Pretty Much Dead Already" is the seventh episode and mid-season finale of the second season of the post-apocalyptic horror television series "The Walking Dead". It originally aired on AMC in the United States on November 27, 2011. In the episode, Glenn (Steven Yeun) reveals to the group that there are walkers in the Greenes' barn, dividing the group on what to do. Hershel Greene (Scott Wilson) sets a deadline for the group to leave, unless Rick Grimes (Andrew Lincoln) Document [39] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 9)) run." Jeff Stone of IndieWire wrote a positive review based on the first three episodes and gave them an "A-" grade. He called the ninth season a "huge step up for the show" and that the episodes "are as strong as anything the show's done since the heyday of Season 4." The Walking Dead (season 9) The ninth season of "The Walking Dead", an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC premiered on October 7, 2018, and will consist of 16 episodes, split into two parts, each consisting of eight episodes. The second part of the season is scheduled to Document [40] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 3)) Nicotero and sculpted by McFarlane Toys. The Walking Dead (season 3) The third season of "The Walking Dead", an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC, premiered on October 14, 2012, and concluded on March 31, 2013, consisting of 16 episodes. Developed for television by Frank Darabont, the series is based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore, and Charlie Adlard. It was executive produced by Kirkman, Glen Mazzara, David Alpert, and Gale Anne Hurd, with Mazzara as showrunner for the second consecutive season. The third season was very well received by critics. It was Document [41] (Title: Fear the Walking Dead (season 3)) On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has a rating of 80%, based on 9 reviews, whose average rating is 7.45/10. The third season, featuring audio commentaries and deleted scenes, was released on Blu-ray and DVD on March 13, 2018. Fear the Walking Dead (season 3) The third season of "Fear the Walking Dead", an American horror-drama television series on AMC, premiered on June 4, 2017 and consisted of 16 episodes. The season is split into two eight-episode parts, with the first half concluding on July 9, 2017; the second half premiered on September 10, 2017 and concluded on October 15, 2017. Document [42] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 4)) seasons. Morgan eventually returned in the series' fifth season. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> The fourth season of "The Walking Dead" has been well received from critics. On Metacritic, the season holds a score of 75 out of 100, indicating "generally favorable reviews", based on 16 critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the season holds an 83% with an average rating of 7.66 out of 10, based on 31 reviews, and an average episode score of 86%. The site's critical consensus reads: "Consistently thrilling, with solid character development and enough gore to please grindhouse fans, this season of "The Walking Dead" continues to demonstrate why it's Document [43] (Title: Fear the Walking Dead (season 4)) even more depressing." Fear the Walking Dead (season 4) The fourth season of "Fear the Walking Dead", an American horror-drama television series on AMC, premiered on April 15, 2018, and comprises 16 episodes split into two eight-episode parts. The second half of the season premiered on August 12, 2018, and concluded on September 30, 2018. It is a companion series to "The Walking Dead", and the season premiere contained the first crossover between the two series. The season features new showrunners Andrew Chambliss and Ian B. Goldberg, and the series also moved to a new filming location, Austin, Texas. The Document [44] (Title: Conquer (The Walking Dead)) demons. Meanwhile, Daryl Dixon (Norman Reedus) and Aaron (Ross Marquand) encounter trouble from a potential threat during a run, and Morgan Jones (Lennie James) nears the end of his search for Rick. Similar to the pilot episode and the season two premiere, the episode aired in a 90-minute time slot, as opposed to its regular 60-minute time slot. Television commentators lauded the character progression, its storytelling, Nicotero's direction, Gimple's and Hoffman's script and the ensemble's performances. Many highlighted Andrew Lincoln and Lennie James's performances, as well as the character progression of Carol Peletier. Upon airing, it attracted 15.8 million viewers Document [45] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 1)) Emmy Awards, winning Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup for a Series, Miniseries, Movie, or Special, and received nominations for Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series and Outstanding Special Visual Effects. Frank Darabont was nominated for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Dramatic Series for his work on "Days Gone Bye". The pilot received 5.3 million viewers, making it the most-watched series premiere episode of any AMC television series. The first-season finale received 6 million viewers, a season high; with 4 million viewers in the 18-49 demographic, making it the most watched basic cable series for the demographic. The first season had an average of Document [46] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 9)) 20, 2018. The ninth season premiered on October 7, 2018, and the episode was made available a day early via AMC Premiere, the network's on-demand service. Critical reception for the ninth season of "The Walking Dead" has been positive, with critics noting its improvement over the two previous seasons, but remain cautious if the series can maintain its improved quality for the entire season. On Rotten Tomatoes, the season holds a score of 93% with an average rating of 7.03 out of 10, based on 12 reviews. The site's critical consensus reads, "Nine seasons in, "The Walking Dead" feels more Document [47] (Title: JSS (The Walking Dead)) surprise on the sudden start of the Wolves attack, but criticized Denise's dilemma as being less compelling as the other scenes. In its initial broadcast on AMC in the United States, on October 18, 2015, the episode received 12.18 million viewers. The episode was down from the season premiere, which had 14.63 million viewers, and was also the least-watched episode of the series since the middle of the fourth season. Within three days, including DVR playback, the episode was watched by 17.08 million viewers. JSS (The Walking Dead) "JSS" is the second episode of the sixth season of the post-apocalyptic Document [48] (Title: The Walking Dead (franchise)) cable series, including receiving 15.5 million viewers for its season three midseason finale, and 17.29 viewers for its season five premiere, to become the most-watched basic cable drama telecast in history. "Fear the Walking Dead" is an American horror drama television series created by Robert Kirkman and Dave Erickson, acting as a companion series and prequel to "The Walking Dead". The series premiered on AMC on August 23, 2015, and it has been renewed for a third season to air in 2017; as well as been renewed for a fourth season on April 14 2017, before the season three premiere. Document [49] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 7)) awards and won three, including Best Horror Television Series for the second consecutive year, at the 43rd Saturn Awards. This season adapts material from issues #100–114 of the comic book series and focuses on the oppressive group of survivors known as the Saviors, led by the vindictive Negan (Jeffrey Dean Morgan). He uses numbers, power and lethal brutality to coerce Rick Grimes (Andrew Lincoln), his group of survivors, and the Alexandria Safe-Zone to make regular offerings of supplies and weapons for the Saviors. Eventually, Rick and his group seek allies to help them confront Negan, including members of the survivor Document [50] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 3)) in region 4 on September 25, 2013. Special features include eight featurettes—"Rising Son", "Evil Eye", "Gone, But Not Forgotten", "Heart of a Warrior", "Michonne vs. The Governor", "Making the Dead", "Safety Behind Bars", and "Guts and Glory". Five audio commentaries, for episodes "Killer Within", "Say the Word", "Made to Suffer", "The Suicide King", and "This Sorrowful Life". Also included are 13 minutes of deleted scenes across six episodes. The third season was also released in limited edition Blu-ray packaging, a replica of The Governor's walker head aquarium as seen in season three. The limited edition packaging was designed by Greg Document [51] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 1)) But we're going to take every interesting detour we feel like taking. As long as were staying on the path of what Robert has done, I don't see any reason not to. If they have patience we'll eventually catch up to what Robert is doing." "The Walking Dead" debuted during the same week in 120 countries. "Days Gone Bye" premiered in Hong Kong on TVB Pearl on August 30, 2011, while it expanded in international markets during the first week of November. Two weeks prior to its official premiere in the United States, the contents of the episode leaked online. Document [52] (Title: No Way Out (The Walking Dead)) with arresting, jaw-dropping developments. The episode averaged a 6.8 rating in adults 18-49, with 13.742 million viewers overall. This is both a decrease from the Season 6 mid-season finale, which averaged a 7.0 rating and 13.981 million viewers overall, as well as a decrease from the Season 5 mid-season premiere, which received an 8.0 in adults 18-49, with 15.64 million viewers overall. Including Live+3 viewing, the episode was watched by 19.07 million viewers. No Way Out (The Walking Dead) "No Way Out" is the ninth episode and mid-season premiere of the sixth season of the post-apocalyptic horror television series "The Document [53] (Title: 100 episodes) 1980" produced a combined 34 episodes, yet it not only remains in syndication but it also led to a 2003 reimagining that lasted for 75 episodes. In 2014, AMC released "The Walking Dead" for reruns on MyNetworkTV after 51 episodes had aired; that series was still in production at the time, and MyNetworkTV airs its shows once a week instead of in a daily strip. The growth of cable and satellite television has prompted channels to rerun series more often, with fewer episodes. Reruns of a particular show may air multiple times a day, several days a week, despite having Document [54] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 8)) The Walking Dead (season 8) The eighth season of "The Walking Dead", an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC, premiered on October 22, 2017, and concluded on April 15, 2018, consisting of 16 episodes. Developed for television by Frank Darabont, the series is based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore, and Charlie Adlard. The executive producers are Kirkman, David Alpert, Scott M. Gimple, Greg Nicotero, Tom Luse, and Gale Anne Hurd, with Gimple as showrunner for his fifth and final season. The eighth season received mixed reviews from critics. It was nominated for Document [55] (Title: Days Gone Bye (The Walking Dead)) season. It is the third most-watched installment of "The Walking Dead" first season, scoring less than "Wildfire" (5.56 million), and "TS-19" (5.97 million). "Days Gone Bye" garnered the highest total viewership for a season premiere out of any cable program up until the airing of its successor, "What Lies Ahead", which attracted 7.3 million viewers. "Days Gone Bye" achieved similar success in European markets. It debuted in 120 countries in 33 languages. In the United Kingdom, the episode acquired 579,000 viewers, with an estimated 315,000 from the 18-49 demographic. It became the most-watched FX telecast of the week dated November Document [56] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 5)) and won three, including Best Syndicated/Cable Television Series for the third consecutive year, at the 41st Saturn Awards. This season adapts material from issues #62–77 of the comic book series and introduces notable comic characters, including the cannibalistic hunters from Terminus, Father Gabriel Stokes (Seth Gilliam) and Aaron (Ross Marquand), as well as the Anderson and Monroe families. Now reunited, the season continues the story of Rick Grimes (Andrew Lincoln) and his group of survivors as they search for sanctuary, but face new threats from both walkers and other (hostile) human survivors. It also marks the return of Morgan Jones Document [57] (Title: Life (U.S. TV series)) series, "Crash", starring Dennis Hopper, where he served as writer, executive producer and showrunner. Mazzara was also a writer and showrunner on 'The Walking Dead'. "Life" premiered on September 26, 2007, on NBC, aired on Wednesday. NBC initially ordered thirteen episodes of the show: an original order of seven episodes, and then on October 10, 2007 placed an order for at least three additional episodes, later pinned down as six episodes. In November 2007 NBC placed an order for the balance of a full season, nine additional episodes. This would've brought the show's first season to a standard 22 episodes, Document [58] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 8)) was renewed by AMC for a 16-episode eighth season on October 16, 2016. Production began on April 25, 2017, in Atlanta, Georgia. On July 12, 2017, production was shut down after stuntman John Bernecker was killed, after falling more than 20 feet onto a concrete floor. Production resumed on July 17. The season premiere, which also serves as the series' milestone 100th episode, was directed by executive producer Greg Nicotero. In November 2017, it was announced that Lennie James who portrays Morgan Jones, would be leaving "The Walking Dead" after the conclusion of this season, and he will join the Document [59] (Title: The Walking Dead (TV series)) For the eighth season, 67% of Rotten Tomatoes' 13 critic reviews rated it positively, with an average score of 6.68/10. The site's consensus states ""The Walking Dead"s eighth season energizes its characters with some much-needed angst and action, though it's still occasionally choppy and lacking forward-moving plot progression." For the ninth season, 94% of Rotten Tomatoes' 12 critic reviews were positive, with an average score of 7.01/10. The site's consensus states, "Nine seasons in, "The Walking Dead" feels more alive than ever, with heightened tension and a refreshed pace that rejuvenates this long-running franchise." Metacritic scored the ninth season 72/100 Document [60] (Title: The Walking Dead (video game)) game was separated into five episodes, released in two-month intervals. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> An additional episode, titled "400 Days", was released in July 2013 as downloadable content, bridging the gap between the first and . It focuses on five new characters, and is presented in a nonlinear narrative style; players can approach the five stories in any order they choose. Prior to "The Walking Dead", Telltale Games had made several successful episodic adventure games based on established properties, including three seasons of "Sam & Max" based on the comics and prior video games, and the five-episode "Tales of Monkey Island", based upon Document [61] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 2)) a new record of 7.3 million viewers. The episode also set new records for the most viewers in the 18-49 and 25-54 demographics, with 4.8 million and 4.2 million viewers respectively, making it the most watched episode of a drama in the history of basic cable television in these measures. The original broadcast and the two subsequent encore presentations of the episode drew a collective total of 11 million viewers. On February 12, 2012, the show's mid season premiere beat its previous record by attaining 8.1 million viewers, 5.4 million in the 18-49 key demographic, despite airing at the same Document [62] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 7)) and an average episode score of 75%. The site's critical consensus reads: "Increased character depth and effective world-building helps "The Walking Dead" overcome a tiresome reliance on excessive, gratuitous violence." The first episode of the season, "The Day Will Come When You Won't Be", received criticism for the amount of violence depicted in the episode, with one writer calling it the equivalent of "torture porn". Subsequently, the first half of the seventh season has seen some of the show's lowest critical ratings. The show's executive producer Gale Anne Hurd claimed that in light of the negative feedback, they tamed some Document [63] (Title: The Walking Dead: The Final Season) four episodes, with the first episode released on August 14, 2018 for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, Xbox One and Nintendo Switch. However, due to the sudden near-closure of Telltale Games on September 21, 2018, the last two episodes will be overseen by Skybound Entertainment, Kirkman's production company. As with other games in "The Walking Dead" series, "The Final Season" is a graphic adventure game, where the player controls the protagonist Clementine as she struggles to survive in the wake of a zombie apocalypse. The player can move Clementine around the environment to examine items, initiate conversation trees with non-player characters, Document [64] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 1)) showrunner. The season received very positive reviews by critics. It was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series – Drama at the 68th Golden Globe Awards and received nominations for the 63rd Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards in several categories, winning Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup for a Series, Miniseries, Movie, or Special. The pilot episode received 5.35 million viewers, and the finale garnered six million viewers, including four million viewers among adults ages 18–49, making it the most viewed basic cable drama series at that time. Based on its reception, AMC renewed the series for a second season Document [65] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 7)) The Walking Dead (season 7) The seventh season of "The Walking Dead", an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC, premiered on October 23, 2016, and concluded on April 2, 2017, consisting of 16 episodes. Developed for television by Frank Darabont, the series is based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore, and Charlie Adlard. The executive producers are Kirkman, David Alpert, Scott M. Gimple, Greg Nicotero, Tom Luse, and Gale Anne Hurd, with Gimple as showrunner for the fourth consecutive season. The seventh season received mixed reviews from critics. It was nominated for multiple Document [66] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 2)) packaging was designed by Greg Nicotero and sculpted by McFarlane Toys. The Walking Dead (season 2) The second season of "The Walking Dead", an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC, premiered on October 16, 2011, and concluded on March 18, 2012, consisting of 13 episodes. Developed for television by Frank Darabont, the series is based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore, and Charlie Adlard. It was executive produced by Darabont, Kirkman, Glen Mazzara, David Alpert, and Gale Anne Hurd, with Mazzara assuming the role of showrunner after Darabont's departure from the series. The Document [67] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 2)) at the 38th Saturn Awards and Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup for a Series, Miniseries, Movie, or Special at the 64th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards. The season finale was viewed by 9 million viewers, making it the highest-rated episode of the series up to that point and the most viewed episode of an original series on AMC in history, up until the premiere of the series' third season, which was watched by 10.9 million viewers. This season adapts material from issues #7–12 of the comic book series and introduces notable comic characters Hershel Greene (Scott Wilson) and his daughter, Maggie (Lauren Document [68] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 8)) have been used instead. The eighth season was released on Blu-ray and DVD on August 21, 2018. The set includes three audio commentaries and three featurettes. The Walking Dead (season 8) The eighth season of "The Walking Dead", an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC, premiered on October 22, 2017, and concluded on April 15, 2018, consisting of 16 episodes. Developed for television by Frank Darabont, the series is based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore, and Charlie Adlard. The executive producers are Kirkman, David Alpert, Scott M. Gimple, Greg Nicotero, Tom Luse, Document [69] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 3)) two, including Best Syndicated/Cable Television Series, at the 39th Saturn Awards. This season adapts material from issues #13–38 of the comic book series and introduces notable comic characters, including Michonne (Danai Gurira), Axel (Lew Temple), The Governor (David Morrissey) and Tyreese Williams (Chad L. Coleman). It also marks the return of Merle Dixon (Michael Rooker), the volatile older brother of Daryl Dixon (Norman Reedus), who went missing in the first season, and also features the return of Morgan Jones (Lennie James), the first survivor Rick Grimes (Andrew Lincoln) encountered and befriended, who he lost contact with in season one. As Document [70] (Title: The Walking Dead (franchise)) episode was released on December 17, 2013. Its final was released on August 26, 2014. Telltale Games confirmed that it will produce a third season of "Walking Dead", following the success of the first two seasons. The season began on December 20, 2016. In July 2017 during San Diego Comic Con, Telltale Games announced that the fourth season of the series will be the final season of the game. The first of four episodes was released on August 14, 2018. Flash based social game on Facebook, launched in 2012 and shut down at the end of 2014. On July 6, Document [71] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 7)) the ninth episode ("Rock in the Road"), following this viewing decreased with the twelfth episode ("Say Yes") reaching a season low with 10.16 million viewers. The season was released on Blu-ray and DVD in region 1 on August 22, 2017, in region 2 on September 25, 2017, and in region 4 on September 27, 2017. The "Limited Edition Spike Walker Statue" set, which is exclusive to Amazon.com was released on October 24, 2017, and was created by McFarlane Toys to pay homage to the zombie character featured in the "New Best Friends" episode in season 7. The Walking Dead (season Document [72] (Title: The Walking Dead (TV series)) designed by Greg Nicotero and sculpted by McFarlane Toys. Special features include audio commentaries, deleted scenes, and several featurettes. The fourth season DVD and Blu-ray was released on August 26, 2014. It was also released as a limited edition Blu-ray, packaged with a tree-walker designed by McFarlane Toys. Special features include audio commentaries, deleted scenes, and several featurettes, as well as extended episodes which are exclusive to the Blu-ray. The fifth season was released on August 25, 2015, the sixth season on August 23, 2016, the seventh season on August 22, 2017, and the eighth season on August 21, 2018. Document [73] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 3)) as Michonne and The Governor, respectively. However, Wilson and McBride are credited as "Also starring". This is the first season not to include Jeffrey DeMunn who was credited as main cast member in previous seasons. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> The third season of "The Walking Dead" has received positive reviews from critics. On Metacritic, the season holds a score of 82 out of 100, indicating "universal acclaim", based on 19 critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the season holds an 88% with an average rating of 8.12 out of 10, based on 30 reviews, and an average episode score of 85%. The site's critical consensus Document [74] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 6)) consensus reads: "Six seasons in, "The Walking Dead" is still finding ways to top itself, despite slow patches that do little to advance the plot." Matt Fowler for IGN gave a 6.8/10 rating for the season as a whole. In summary, he said: ""Walking Dead"s Season 6 had some big, effective moments while also crumbling under an avalanche of fake outs & trickery." He praised the Morgan flashback episode ("Here's Not Here") and Carol's arc and the "string of great, violent episodes in the [second half of the season]." His major criticisms of the season were "Glenn's 'death' - and Document [75] (Title: Fear the Walking Dead (season 1)) announced as series regulars, both in unknown roles. Production of the pilot episode began in early 2015 and ended on February 6, 2015. The pilot episode was filmed in Los Angeles; the remaining first-season episodes were filmed in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Production on the remaining five first-season episodes began on May 11, 2015. Adam Davidson, who directed the pilot, also directed the series' second and third episodes. The first season features eight actors receiving main cast billing status: <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has a rating of 78%, based on 61 reviews, whose average rating is 6.76/10. The Document [76] (Title: The Walking Dead (video game)) Telltale's CEO Dan Connors has stated that the iOS version represented about 25% of their overall sales, the "largest upswing" for any platform, with sale particularly high in November and December 2012, due in part due to various sales on the App Store. Upon announcement of the "400 Days" content, Telltale reported that over 17 million episodes have been purchased across all platforms worldwide, while by October 2013, at the time of the formal announcement of Season Two, over 21 million episodes have been sold. As of July 28, 2014, 28 million episodes have been sold. "The Walking Dead" has Document [77] (Title: The Walking Dead (TV series)) on June 14, 2010. The show airs on Fox International Channels in 126 countries in 33 languages. The fifth season debuted its first part on October 13, 2014. The second part premiered on February 9, 2015. The first season DVD and Blu-ray was released on March 8, 2011. A three-disc special edition of the first season—featuring new featurettes and audio commentaries—was released on DVD and Blu-ray on October 4, 2011. The European versions of the first season DVD and Blu-ray are edited for gore, with cuts to episode two ("Guts"), episode three ("Tell It to the Frogs"), episode four ("Vatos") Document [78] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 1)) 5.24 million viewers and a rating of 2.7 in the 18-49 demographic. In the United Kingdom, it premiered one week after it did in the United States, on November 5, 2010 on digital channel, FX. The premiere had 579,000 viewers, almost double for any other show on FX that week. The viewership dipped during the season then rose to 522,000 viewers for the final episode. The terrestrial premiere on Channel 5 on April 10, 2011, averaged 1.46 million viewers. Based on its ratings, the series was renewed for a second season on November 8, 2010. The first season was released Document [79] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 7)) promoted to series regulars for the seventh season, after having recurring roles in the sixth season. The seventh season has featured several extended episodes, running longer than its usual 43-minute running time (without commercials). Extended episodes have ranged from 46 to 62 minutes in length. The finale was dedicated in memory of American comic artist Bernie Wrightson, who died on March 18, 2017. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> The seventh season of "The Walking Dead" has received mixed reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the season holds a score of 62% with an average rating of 6.97 out of 10, based on 11 reviews, Document [80] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 6)) awards and won three, including Best Horror Television Series, at the 42nd Saturn Awards. This season adapts material from issues #78–100 of the comic book series and introduces notable comic characters, including Heath (Corey Hawkins), Dr. Denise Cloyd (Merritt Wever), Dwight (Austin Amelio), Paul "Jesus" Rovia (Tom Payne), Gregory (Xander Berkeley) and Negan (Jeffrey Dean Morgan). Following Pete's death, the season continues the story of Rick Grimes (Andrew Lincoln) and his group of survivors, who must take a step back from the violence they've come to embrace, as multiple threats lead them to adopt a mindset of hardness. The first Document [81] (Title: The Walking Dead (video game)) based on Lee's previous actions. The downloadable content "400 Days" relates stories of other survivors of zombie apocalypse, starting at its onset and occurring concurrently with Season One. There are five main stories: The five stories culminate in a final scene on Day 400 where Tavia (Rashida Clendening) discovers photos of the five on a billboard near the now-overrun truck stop, along with a map to a nearby location. She finds the group and offers them sanctuary nearby. Bonnie accepts, with the others either accepting or refusing depending on either their past choices or whether Tavia successfully convinces them. The Document [82] (Title: The Walking Dead (TV series)) based on 4 critic reviews, 3 of which were positive, one mixed, and none negative. "The Walking Dead" has the highest total viewership of any series in cable television history, including its third through sixth seasons, during which it averaged the most 18- to 49-year-old viewers of all cable or broadcast television shows. Total viewership for its season five premiere was 17.3 million, the most-watched series episode in cable history. In 2016, a "New York Times" study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that like most other zombie shows, "The Walking Dead" "is most popular Document [83] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 1)) wearable zombie mask from the National Entertainment Collectibles Association designed by the series own make-up artist, Greg Nicotero. The Walking Dead (season 1) The first season of "The Walking Dead", an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC, premiered on October 31, 2010, and concluded on December 5, 2010, consisting of 6 episodes. Developed for television by Frank Darabont, who wrote or co-wrote four of the season's six episodes and directed the pilot episode, "Days Gone Bye", the series is based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore, and Charlie Adlard. It was executive produced Document [84] (Title: Fear the Walking Dead) arguably even better than the one from which it was spun off." He also praised the addition of Jenna Elfman and Garret Dillahunt and that season 4 has had several genuine surprises in its storytelling. The U.S. series premiere attracted 10.1 million total viewers, with 6.3 million in the advertiser-coveted 18-to-49-year-old demographic, both cable television records for a series premiere. Numerous international debuts of the pilot also set ratings records. The first season averaged 11.2 million viewers in "live plus-3" ratings (includes VOD and DVR viewing within three days after initial telecast) to become the highest-rated first season of any Document [85] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 4)) critics. It was nominated for multiple awards and won three, including Best Syndicated/Cable Television Series for the second consecutive year, at the 40th Saturn Awards. This season adapts material from issues #39–61 of the comic book series and introduces notable comic characters, including Bob Stookey (Lawrence Gilliard Jr.), Sgt. Abraham Ford (Michael Cudlitz), Dr. Eugene Porter (Josh McDermitt) and Rosita Espinosa (Christian Serratos), as well as the Chambler Family, a modified version of the Chalmers Family from a tie-in novel, "". The season continues the story of Rick Grimes (Andrew Lincoln) and his group of survivors as they continue to Document [86] (Title: T-Dog (The Walking Dead)) of "Judge, Jury, Executioner", added: "Until the writers give T-Dog something interesting to say, we’re going to track how long it’s been since he’s had "anything" but a throw away line. As of last night, the count stands at 7 episodes. The last time T-Dog said anything that remotely added to the plot was Episode 4 of this season, "Cherokee Rose" when he helped pull the disgustingly bloated walker out of the well." Digital Spy's Morgan Jeffrey noted in his review of the season finale "Beside the Dying Fire" that each of the major characters "gets their moment to shine Document [87] (Title: The Walking Dead (video game)) players over until then. This was revealed to be the aforementioned "400 Days" downloadable content, revealed at the 2013 Electronic Entertainment Expo following a week of brief Vine video teaser movies posted by Telltale, introducing the five main characters in the added episode. The content uses information from the player's saved game from the first season, and decisions made within "400 Days" will continue into season two. The content was made available on the game's existing platforms between July 2 and 11, 2013, while a special bundled edition of the PlayStation Vita, including the full "The Walking Dead" game and Document [88] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 6)) on Earth") received a 6.9 rating in the key 18-49 demographic with 14.19 million total viewers and was a significant increase from the previous episode ("East"), which received a 5.9 rating and 12.38 million total. This was also significantly lower than the ratings for the fifth-season finale ("Conquer"), which was watched by 15.78 million American viewers with an 18-49 rating of 8.2. The sixth season was released on DVD and Blu-ray on August 23, 2016. The Walking Dead (season 6) The sixth season of "The Walking Dead", an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC, premiered on October 11, 2015, Document [89] (Title: The Walking Dead (video game series)) drags a weakening Lee to a safe location, and Lee, in his final moments of rationality, directs her to find the other survivors, before telling her to kill him or leave him before he fully becomes a walker. "400 Days" is a downloadable special episode. It focuses on five different protagonists and it serves as a bridge between Season 1 and Season 2. In the final scene, the survivors of each story are offered to be taken into a safe camp. More than a year after the first game, Clementine is separated from the other survivors and forced to fend Document [90] (Title: The Walking Dead (TV series)) specifically because we have a pretty good idea of what Season 10 is gonna be", Alpert said. "We know where seasons 11 and 12 [will be]... we have benchmarks and milestones for those seasons if we're lucky enough to get there." In September 2018, AMC CEO Josh Sapan stated that they plan on continuing "The Walking Dead" franchise for another 10 years, including new films and TV series based on the original comic book series. The list below contains those that have been credited within the show's title sequence and those who are credited as "also starring". Recurring and guest Document [91] (Title: The Walking Dead (comic book)) on October 31, 2010 with high ratings. On November 8, 2010, after broadcasting two episodes, AMC renewed "The Walking Dead" for a second season of 13 episodes, which began on October 16, 2011. The TV show is loosely inspired by the comic, introducing new characters and deviating from the comic in certain plot points. The fifth season premiered on October 12, 2014, with Scott M. Gimple as the show's third showrunner. Gimple has said that he would stay closer in line to the comic book series events "as much as possible", but ultimately remix stories with certain characters, referencing original Document [92] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 2)) time as the second most watched Grammy Awards in history. The series once again beat its own record with the airing of the season two finale on March 18, 2012, which received 9 million viewers. The second season was released on DVD and Blu-ray in region 1 on August 28, 2012, in region 2 on August 27, 2012, and in region 4 on June 20, 2012. Special features include eleven featurettes—"All the Guts Inside", "Live or Let Die", "The Meat of the Music", "Fire on Set", "The Ink is Alive", "The Sound of the Effects", "In the Dead Water", "You Document [93] (Title: The Walking Dead (TV series)) living often more dangerous than the dead. Much of the series takes place in and around Atlanta, Georgia, and later Alexandria, Virginia. The series premiered in the United States on October 31, 2010. It is exclusively shown on cable television channel AMC in the U.S. and internationally on Fox International Channels. Beginning with its third season, "The Walking Dead" has attracted the most 18 to 49-year-old viewers of any cable or broadcast television series. The series was renewed for a ninth season, which debuted on October 7, 2018. An AMC spin-off series, "Fear the Walking Dead", debuted on August 23, Document [94] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 5)) 11: Fear the Hunters", "Volume 12: Life Among Them", and "Volume 13: Too Far Gone". While the television series has remained faithful, the character of Beth Greene and her story arc have been largely made up for the television series. Despite this, the scenario in which Rick Grimes chases down a man who betrayed the group's trust was a moment from the source material, albeit with a different character. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> The fifth season of "The Walking Dead" has received critical acclaim. On Metacritic, the season holds a score of 80 out of 100, indicating "generally favorable reviews", based on 11 Document [95] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 8)) multiple awards and won two, including Best Horror Television Series for the third consecutive year, at the 44th Saturn Awards. This season adapts material from issues #115–126 of the comic book series "All Out War Part I & II" and introduces notable comic book character Siddiq (Avi Nash). The season continues the story of Rick Grimes (Andrew Lincoln) and his group of survivors in their fight against Negan (Jeffrey Dean Morgan) and the Saviors. Rick, along with Maggie (Lauren Cohan), leading The Hilltop, and King Ezekiel (Khary Payton), leader of The Kingdom, unite forces to start a rebellion against the Document [96] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 1)) the season, Darabont recruited Charles H. Eglee, Adam Fierro and Glen Mazzara, all of whom he had worked with while directing an episode of "The Shield". Jack LoGiudice also joined the writing team, along with Robert Kirkman, also an executive producer. "I have the best of both worlds," says Kirkman. "It was a lot of fun writing Episode 104, and I'm hoping if it continues into Season 2, I'll be able to write more episodes." Principal photography for the pilot episode, "Days Gone Bye", began on May 15, 2010 with the subsequent five episodes beginning filming a few weeks later Document [97] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 9)) as well." Brandon Davis of Comicbook.com wrote a highly positive review based on the first three episodes, praising the more character-driven narrative. In another review from Comicbook.com, Cameron Bonomolo also praised the first three episodes of the season, writing, ""The Walking Dead" is now a political drama viewed through the lens of a zombie apocalypse, turning greater focus to more complex character-driven conflict that is at its strongest since the Frank Darabont-led first season." Bonomolo also called the third episode "jaw-dropping" and that it "delivers some of the finest mystery and drama the show has ever seen in its eight-year Document [98] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 6)) lot of people have sort of gotten wrong. But breaking it down shot for shot … I think we're past that point. I don't think this is any sort of new instance that broke the rules of our show at all. I think it's very much in line with everything we've done before. I don't think there's a credibility issue." Erik Kain for "Forbes" felt that the decision ruined Glenn's storyline. He declared season 6 "a mixed bag" and was frustrated with the decision to hold off Glenn's fate for 3 episodes. He said, "...the showrunners spent "three more episodes" Document [99] (Title: Mercy (The Walking Dead)) with 6.5 million in the 18-49 age bracket, the lowest numbers that a season premiere episode of "The Walking Dead" has had in five years. However, it was still the most-watched programming outside of NFL games. Mercy (The Walking Dead) "Mercy" is the eighth season premiere of the post-apocalyptic horror television series "The Walking Dead", which aired on AMC on October 22, 2017. The episode was written by Scott M. Gimple and directed by Greg Nicotero. It's also the 100th episode overall of the series. This episode focuses on the combined attack, involving the communities of the Alexandria Safe-Zone, the Document [100] (Title: Fear the Walking Dead) then later in Mexico, the series follows a dysfunctional, blended family composed of high school guidance counselor Madison Clark, her English teacher fiancé Travis Manawa, her daughter Alicia, her drug addict son Nick, Travis's son from a previous marriage, Chris, Chris's mother Liza Ortiz, and others who join their group at the onset of the apocalypse. They must reinvent themselves, learning new skills and adopting new attitudes in order to survive as civilization collapses around them. The first season consists of six episodes. The second season, comprising 15 episodes, premiered on April 10, 2016. On April 15, 2016, AMC announced Document [101] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 5)) designed by Greg Nicotero and sculpted by McFarlane Toys, was released on December 1, 2015. The Walking Dead (season 5) The fifth season of "The Walking Dead", an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC, premiered on October 12, 2014, and concluded on March 29, 2015, consisting of 16 episodes. Developed for television by Frank Darabont, the series is based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore, and Charlie Adlard. The executive producers were Kirkman, David Alpert, Scott M. Gimple, Greg Nicotero, Tom Luse, and Gale Anne Hurd, with Gimple as showrunner for the second Document [102] (Title: Start to Finish) increase from the previous episode, which had 13.22 million viewers overall. Start to Finish "Start to Finish" is the eighth episode and mid-season finale of the sixth season of the post-apocalyptic horror television series "The Walking Dead", which aired on AMC on November 29, 2015. The episode was written by Matthew Negrete and directed by Michael E. Satrazemis. The episode focuses on the survivors fleeing and finding shelter from the gargantuan swarm of walkers that have invaded the Alexandria Safe-Zone. The church tower smashes three panels of the wall, and everyone scrambles for whatever shelter they can find as hundreds Document [103] (Title: Fear the Walking Dead (season 1)) being generous to it. ... I thought this was almost unwatchably bad." Sepinwall called his B- review "slightly generous". The U.S. series premiere attracted 10.1 million total viewers, with 6.3 million in the advertiser-coveted 18-to-49-year-old demographic, both cable television records for a series premiere. Numerous international debuts of the pilot also set ratings records. The first season averaged 11.2 million viewers in "live plus-3" ratings (includes VOD and DVR viewing within three days after initial telecast) to become the highest-rated first season of any series in cable history. The first season was released on Blu-ray and DVD on December 1, Document [104] (Title: 100 (Fear the Walking Dead)) 100 (Fear the Walking Dead) "100" is the fourth episode of the third season of the post-apocalyptic horror television series "Fear the Walking Dead", which aired on AMC on June 18, 2017. The title is the number of people Daniel has killed by the end of the episode. This episode marks Lisandra Tena's first appearance as Lola Guerrero who plays a prominent role this season, this episode is also the first to be spoken mainly in Spanish. Through flashbacks, Daniel had survived the fire and escaped into Tijuana, where he was saved from death by a band of refugees headed Document [105] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 2)) The Walking Dead (season 2) The second season of "The Walking Dead", an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC, premiered on October 16, 2011, and concluded on March 18, 2012, consisting of 13 episodes. Developed for television by Frank Darabont, the series is based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore, and Charlie Adlard. It was executive produced by Darabont, Kirkman, Glen Mazzara, David Alpert, and Gale Anne Hurd, with Mazzara assuming the role of showrunner after Darabont's departure from the series. The season was well received by critics. It won Best Television Presentation Document [106] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 2)) on 22 critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the season holds an 83% with an average rating of 8.09 out of 10, based on 22 reviews, and an average episode score of 79%. The site's critical consensus reads: "The second season of "The Walking Dead" fleshes out the characters while maintaining the grueling tension and gore that made the show a hit." Linda Stasi of the "New York Post" wrote, "You'll be happy to know that at least as far as the first two episodes go ... the show is better than ever – which would have seemed impossible." Robert Bianco of Document [107] (Title: The Walking Dead (video game series)) released in August 2016. The physical edition is expected to release on February 7, 2017, featuring the first episode on disc and download codes to obtain all future episodes of the series. Announced in November 2017, "The Walking Dead Collection" includes all episodes from the first three seasons, as well as "400 Days" and "The Walking Dead: Michonne". The collection was released on PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on December 5, 2017. The content of the first two seasons and "400 Days" has been visually improved, reflecting on improvements Telltale has made in their engine since these seasons were first Document [108] (Title: Talking Dead) from fans via phone, from the audience, Facebook, Twitter, or from the official "Talking Dead" website. After the on-air episode ends, a bonus 15– 20-minute segment continues online for the 30-minute episodes; there would be a bonus 5- to 10-minute online segment for the 60-minute episodes; Hardwick refers to this bonus segment as "Talking Talking Dead". The series premiered on October 16, 2011, following the encore presentation of the second-season premiere of "The Walking Dead". When the series returned on February 10, 2013, from the season three midseason finale, the series moved to 10:00 pm, directly following "The Walking Dead" Document [109] (Title: The Damned (The Walking Dead)) how TV shows die, not with a bang but with a whimper. What we're watching isn't high-stakes drama, it's a slow-motion train wreck." The episode averaged a 4.0 rating among adults 18-49, the lowest for the series since the penultimate episode of season 2, "Better Angels". A total of 8.92 million viewers tuned in, the least since the season 2 finale, "Beside the Dying Fire". The Damned (The Walking Dead) "The Damned" is the second episode of the eighth season of the post-apocalyptic horror television series "The Walking Dead", which aired on AMC on October 29, 2017. The episode was Document [110] (Title: Talking Dead) is the appropriate step." AMC officially counts the first season of "Talking Dead" as season 2 and each subsequent season one number higher than is listed here. This is so that the season numbers for episodes of "Talking Dead" match the season numbers for episodes of "The Walking Dead" that they discuss. These episodes discuss season two of "The Walking Dead". These episodes discuss season three of "The Walking Dead". This season featured a special "season 3 preview" episode which aired in July 2012. These episodes discuss season four of "The Walking Dead". These episodes discuss season five of "The Document [111] (Title: The Walking Dead (season 5)) The Walking Dead (season 5) The fifth season of "The Walking Dead", an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC, premiered on October 12, 2014, and concluded on March 29, 2015, consisting of 16 episodes. Developed for television by Frank Darabont, the series is based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore, and Charlie Adlard. The executive producers were Kirkman, David Alpert, Scott M. Gimple, Greg Nicotero, Tom Luse, and Gale Anne Hurd, with Gimple as showrunner for the second consecutive season. The fifth season received widespread critical acclaim. It was nominated for multiple awards Document [112] (Title: The Walking Dead (TV series)) horror shows on television". Metacritic scored the season 75/100 based on 16 critic reviews, 13 of which were positive, three mixed, and none negative. The fifth season had 89% of Rotten Tomatoes' 31 critic reviews rating it positively, with an average score of 7.87/10. The site's consensus states, "Thanks to a liberal dose of propulsive, bloody action and enough compelling character moments to reward longtime fans, "The Walking Dead"s fifth season continues to deliver top-notch entertainment." Metacritic scored the fifth season 80/100 based on 11 critic reviews, all of which were positive. For season six, 77% of Rotten Tomatoes' 23 Document [113] (Title: New Best Friends (The Walking Dead)) and dramatic tension as it introduces a bizarrely entertaining new community, even if some moments feel forced and contrived. The episode received a 5.3 rating in the key 18-49 demographic with 11.08 million total viewers. New Best Friends (The Walking Dead) "New Best Friends" is the tenth episode of the seventh season of the post-apocalyptic horror television series "The Walking Dead", which aired on AMC on February 19, 2017. The episode was written by Channing Powell and directed by Jeffrey F. January. The episode focuses on Rick (Andrew Lincoln) and his group's encounter and discovery of a mysterious collective, while Question: how many episodes of the walking dead are there total

Answer: 115 Long Answer: In October 2016, the series was renewed for a 16 - episode eighth season, which premiered on October 22, 2017 . As of April 15, 2018, 115 episodes of The Walking Dead have aired, concluding the eighth season . In January 2018, the series was renewed for a ninth season. Gold Document ID: 95

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Alcohol law) vary from province to province. In Alberta, changes introduced in 2008 included a ban on "happy hour," minimum prices, and a limit on the number of drinks a person can buy in a bar or pub at one time after 1 a.m. In the United States, the sale of alcoholic beverages is controlled by the individual states, by the counties or parishes within each state, and by local jurisdictions. In many states, alcohol can only be sold by staff qualified to serve responsibly through alcohol server training. A county that prohibits the sale of alcohol is known as a dry Document [2] (Title: Alcoholic beverages in Oregon) 1990s saw a flurry of laws passed governing the OLCC's oversight of the newly numerous Oregon wineries and microbreweries. House Bill 4028–passed in 2002–allowed liquor stores to operate on Sunday; they had previously been restricted to six days a week. This sort of licensing is very important for maintaining safe production and sales of alcoholic beverages in Oregon. Under Oregon law, specifically ORS 471.565, bars and restaurants can be held legally responsible for any damages to property or injuries incurred when an intoxicated person is served alcohol and causes a car crash. The following ballot measures changed state policy on Document [3] (Title: Blue laws in the United States) of April 2015, 157 of the 603 Fine Wine and Good Spirits stores are open from noon to 5:00 p.m. on Sundays. Beer may only be purchased from a restaurant, bar, licensed beer store, or distributor. Six and twelve packs, along with individual bottles such as 40-ounce or 24-ounce beers, may only be purchased at bars, restaurants, and licensed retailers. For larger quantities one must go to a beverage distributor which sells beer only by the case or keg, or 12-packs, which were added to beer distributors' inventories by state law in 2015. Beverage distributors (which also sell soft drinks) Document [4] (Title: Alcoholic beverages in Oregon) have liquor licenses, and the OLCC has strict guidelines and training to ensure that all licensed venues understand how to safely sell and serve alcoholic beverages. Alcohol and alcoholism are also studied by the state at the Portland Alcohol Research Center. Alcohol laws in Oregon permit the sale of beer, wine, and liquor, for on- or off-premises consumption, between 7 a.m. and 2:30 a.m. In 2004, Oregonians consumed of distilled spirits, of wine, and of beer, ranking it 27th, 19th, and 27th respectively of US states. Oregon had an estimated population of 3,594,586 in 2004, ranking it 27th among US Document [5] (Title: Drinking culture) guest's part. It is considered rude to take any alcohol back when departing. Drinking at early times of the day is frowned upon in some cultures. Noon (12pm) is often seen as earliest appropriate time of day to consume alcohol, although there are some special exceptions such as drinking Buck's Fizzes on Christmas Day morning. Various cultures and traditions feature the social practice of providing free alcoholic drinks for others. For example, during a wedding reception or a bar mitzvah, free alcoholic drinks are often served to guests, a practice that is known as "an open bar". Free alcoholic drinks Document [6] (Title: Drinking in public) consumed within of the off license where it was purchased. Some towns and cities have by-laws forbidding public drinking. The sale of alcohol in stores or off-license is illegal between the hours of 10:00 PM and 10:00 AM with the exception of Sunday morning, when the sale of alcohol is forbidden until 12:00 PM. The sale of alcohol in bars and pubs is prohibited after 3:00 AM and before 10:00 AM, with the exception of those with special licenses, which is rare. These bars are known locally as "early houses". The law prohibiting the sale of alcohol on Good Friday Document [7] (Title: Pregaming) 60 percent of women acknowledged pre-drinking. Researchers believe that the practice is becoming more widespread due to changing cultural mores, alcohol laws, and economics. Local bars and clubs lose business from pregaming both because students purchase alcohol elsewhere and because pregaming can delay students' arrival, pushing these businesses toward failure. Young adults often don't arrive until 11:30 pm or midnight, relatively near the time bars are required to close in many U.S. states. Local bars might sell only one or two drinks to students who have consumed alcohol heavily earlier in the night. In addition, nightlife establishments may become liable Document [8] (Title: Blue laws in the United States) purchased at all on Sundays. Relatively few parts of New York actually permit alcohol sales at all times permissible under state law; most counties have more restrictive blue laws of their own. The NYS Alcoholic Beverage Control Law prohibits the issuance of a full liquor license for establishments on the same street or avenue and within two hundred feet of a building occupied exclusively as a school, church, synagogue or other place of worship. Establishments within of a church or school may obtain a beer and wine license. North Carolina does not allow alcohol sales between 2 a.m. and 7 Document [9] (Title: Alcohol laws of Australia) or permit being obtained from the State government. Licences and permits are issued by the Victorian Commission for Gambling and Liquor Regulation, under the "Liquor Control Reform Act 1998". In Victoria, alcohol may not be sold to a person who is under 18 years of age unless accompanied by a guardian (or spouse) and for consumption during a meal, and minors must not be on licensed premises (i.e. premises on which alcohol may be sold or consumed) unless accompanied by an adult or other limited circumstances. There are several categories of licences available. The most common are: Other specialised licences Document [10] (Title: Alcohol laws of Pennsylvania) are subject to the rules of the individual establishment. The hours of operation of beer distributors are typically similar to that of Wine and Spirits stores and other retail establishments. These hours are only restricted by the state on Sundays, where a special license is required to sell beer, and sales before 11 am are not permitted. Although state law permits late-night beer distributors, local authorities can place additional restrictions, and stores typically close before 10 pm. Beer and wine in small quantities may be purchased from a restaurant, bar, or licensed retailer. These establishments may sell six and twelve Document [11] (Title: Botellón) passed a law that prohibits stores to sell alcohol to the public after 10:00 p.m, hoping to persuade people to attend clubs or bars where alcohol must remain on site. However, the measure is a controversial one because people can still buy alcohol before the selling limit hour and consume it in public. Furthermore, the enforcement of the law is strongest in the most populated botellón areas and has caused some stores away from these enforcement areas to sell alcohol illegally after the limit hour, although they risk fines. In some provinces, laws were passed that prohibited the consumption on Document [12] (Title: Alcohol laws of Wisconsin) restrict retail sales of alcohol, or ban the issuance of retail liquor licenses altogether. Local ordinances often prohibit retail beer sale after 9:00 p.m. At least two municipalities in Wisconsin prohibited the retail sale of alcohol until recently: the city of Sparta, and the village of Ephraim. In the April 1, 2014 Wisconsin spring election, voters in Sparta narrowly passed a referendum to allow the sale of beer and wine in groceries and convenience stores. The ban on the sale of liquor within the city remains in effect. In the April 5, 2016, voters in Ephraim passed a referendum to Document [13] (Title: Raheem Brock) of November 13, 2010, Brock was pulled over after being observed driving 85-90 mph in a 60 mph zone. A preliminary breath test indicated a blood alcohol concentration of .133; the legal limit in Washington is .08. Later breath tests at the University of Washington Police Department measured Brock's BAC at .115 and .111. On December 6, 2011, more than a year after his DUI arrest, Brock was charged with driving under the influence. The King County prosecutor's office reportedly lost the file and only found it after a journalist from Philadelphia inquired about the status of the case. On Document [14] (Title: Blue laws in the United States) a.m. on any day of the week; in smaller cities and unincorporated portions of counties such sales can be allowed if authorized by the local governing body. Wine sales are subject to the same rules as beer sales, except sales are allowed until 2 a.m. on Sunday in all cases. Liquor must be sold at specialized stores only (referred to as "package stores" in the statute) and the store must be physically separate from any other business (such as an adjoining convenience store). A package store can sell other items, but the store must be closed at any time when Document [15] (Title: Blue laws in the United States) on Sundays until repealed on February 28, 2018, and many states ban selling cars on Sundays. Arizona previously limited alcohol sales hours on Sundays (2 a.m. to 10 a.m.; the other six days of the week alcohol could be purchased starting at 6 a.m.). This law was repealed in 2010. Arkansas has 75 counties, 39 of which are "dry", meaning the sale of any alcoholic beverage is prohibited entirely. (Some exceptions are made for private facilities). Private facilities must have licenses, which can be rigorous. Sale of alcoholic beverages on Christmas Day is entirely prohibited, even in private facilities. Alcohol Document [16] (Title: Alcohol laws of Wisconsin) may be served, possess, or consume alcohol if they are with a parent, legal guardian, or spouse who is of legal drinking age. Those age 18-20 may also be served, possess or consume alcohol if they are with a parent, legal guardian, or spouse who is of legal drinking age. Those age 18 to 20 may also possess (but not consume) alcohol as part of their employment. The 1983 Wisconsin Act 74, effective July 1, 1984, created a drinking age of 19. Meeting in special session at the call of the governor, the legislature enacted 1985 Wisconsin Act 337, which Document [17] (Title: Alcohol laws of Australia) age in Western Australia was 21. Today, it is illegal for any person under the age of 18 years to purchase, supply, or drink alcohol on licensed or regulated premises, even if they are with their parents or guardian. The maximum penalty for a minor to consume alcohol on licensed premises is a A$2,000 fine. The law does allow a minor to consume alcohol for religious purposes for example Holy Communion. It is an offence in Western Australia for persons of any age to drink in public, such as on the street, park, beach, or as a passenger in a Document [18] (Title: Alcoholic beverages in Oregon) and private clubs where liquor was served. Lobbyists then succeeded in having the bill referred to the voters in 1940. Voters passed the bill in 1940. In 1944, the "Burke Bill" became law: wines with more than 14% alcohol could only be sold by Commission stores and agencies. Also in the 1940s, a "service bars" license was established. This restricted liquor licenses to establishments serving food. In 1949, the Legislative Assembly approved a method where establishments that sold liquor could ask for proof of age from patrons they thought were under the age of 21. Measure 15—passed in 1952—amended the Document [19] (Title: Washington State Liquor and Cannabis Board) with large homeless populations voluntarily pull products known for their popularity with alcoholics, failed to adequately control the sale of such products to homeless individuals. Among the products sought to be banned were over two dozen beers, and six wines: Cisco, Gino's Premium Blend, MD 20/20, Night Train, Thunderbird, and Wild Irish Rose. The Liquor Control Board approved these restrictions on August 30, 2006. The cities of Tacoma, Spokane, and Olympia also followed suit in instituting "Alcohol Impact Areas" of their own following Seattle's example. Vancouver has an AIA that is technically voluntary, though it currently has a 100% retailer Document [20] (Title: Alcohol laws of Australia) and no existing patrons can re-enter after that time, while last drinks are at 3am. There are restrictions on what can be served after midnight. For example, liquor cannot be served "neat". In NSW, if a minor is caught with alcohol in a public place it can be confiscated and guardians notified of the offence, a maximum fine of $20 may occur. The state does allow a minor to consume alcohol for religious purposes, for example Holy Communion. New South Wales alcohol laws only allow the following identification as legally accepted proof-of-age in licensed premises: In Queensland, the main legislation Document [21] (Title: Alcohol laws of Utah) malt beverages, and heavy beer (over 3.2%). Limited restaurant licenses may not sell flavored malt beverages or distilled spirits. And while the restaurant may be able to obtain a liquor license, they are restricted to how and when they are able to serve alcohol. One such restriction is the “intent to dine” law; customers must have the intent to dine in order to be served an alcoholic beverage. Restaurants are only able to serve liquor from 11AM-midnight or 1AM, depending on the license, and many times the amount per glass is restricted. This creates problems with customers from out of Document [22] (Title: Alcohol laws of Kansas) local unit of government has voted to allow Sunday Sales. If Sunday Sales are allowed, sales are prohibited only on Easter Sunday, Christmas and Thanksgiving. Sales are prohibited between 11:00 PM and 9:00 AM. Cities and counties which allow off-premises sales are prohibited from allowing Sunday liquor sales after 8:00 PM, but may not require retail liquor stores to close before 8:00 PM on other days. No sales are allowed at less than cost. All employees must be at least 21 years of age. A retail liquor store must be in an area zoned for commercial use, cannot be located Document [23] (Title: Last call (bar term)) and 6:00. Italy does not have a legally mandated closing time. Alcohol may be served or sold anywhere 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. In Rome, an ordinance was passed in January 2009 to make 2 a.m. the last call in Campo de' Fiori and the neighborhoods of Trastevere and Testaccio. The new last call time for these areas was initiated to curtail nighttime commotion in these popular parts of Rome. Japan does not have a legally mandated closing time. Alcohol may be served or sold anywhere 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Until December 18, Document [24] (Title: Alcohol licensing laws of the United Kingdom) from early evening to the mandatory closing time, usually 22:30 or 23:00. The Sunday Trading Act 1994 altered the situation somewhat. In Northern Ireland, legislation is more restrictive than in Great Britain—a reaction to social problems at the beginning of the 20th century. Only a limited number of licences are available for pubs and off-licences; any new pub or off-licence wanting to sell alcohol must wait until an existing one surrenders its licence (known as "the surrender principle"). Licences are granted and administered by the courts, not elected local authorities; the courts have no guidance to assist in the practical Document [25] (Title: Washington State Liquor and Cannabis Board) from a tap in addition to what a class 13 permit allows. A person must be at least 18 years old to hold a class 13 permit and at least 21 years old to hold a class 12 permit. Any licensed establishment must have at least one person with a class 12 permit on-duty to serve alcoholic beverages to its customers. A person with a class 13 permit must be supervised by a person with a class 12 permit. Some violations of the Alcohol Server Permit rules are misdemeanor or gross misdemeanor crimes. Washington State Liquor and Cannabis Board The Document [26] (Title: Government of Mississippi) leaders, State Representative David Baria and State Senator Hob Bryan are White. Liquor laws in Mississippi are particularly strict, with some variation among jurisdictions. Statewide prohibition of alcohol did not end until 1966, making Mississippi the last state with such a ban in force. Liquor stores may only be opened from 10:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m., and are disallowed from operating on New Year's Day, Good Friday, Thanksgiving Day, and Christmas Day. Currently, state law disallows the operation of liquor stores on Sundays. Many local jurisdictions similarly prevent the Sunday sale of beer for off-site consumption or restrict the Sunday Document [27] (Title: U.S. history of alcohol minimum purchase age by state) 10% of their federal highway funds. By mid-1988, all 50 states and the District of Columbia had raised their purchase ages to 21 (but not Puerto Rico, Guam, or the Virgin Islands, see Additional Notes below). South Dakota and Wyoming were the final two states to comply with the age 21 mandate. The current drinking age of 21 remains a point of contention among many Americans, because of it being higher than the age of majority (18 in most states) and higher than the drinking ages of most other countries. The National Minimum Drinking Age Act is also seen as Document [28] (Title: Blue laws in the United States) on Sundays must be paid time-and-a-half. The sale of alcohol is banned from 2 a.m. to 7 a.m. every day. The only exception to this rule is New Year's Day, in which case alcohol sales are permitted until 4 a.m. Alcohol sales were likewise banned on Sunday until 12 p.m., and on Christmas from 12 a.m. until 12 p.m., until a repeal in late 2010. Specific localities may petition for exceptions for either on-site or off-site consumption. All "blue laws" which had restricted Sunday hunting, in specific Lower Peninsula counties, were repealed in 2003. Prior to the law being repealed Document [29] (Title: Washington Initiative 502) No arrests were made. I-502 mandated that rules for producers, processors and retailers be in place by December 1, 2013. The Washington State Liquor and Cannabis Board had initially anticipated the first proposed section would be approved in April. Distribution of draft rules to all stakeholders was planned May, with initial filing of all rules in June, before public hearings and adoption of the rules, to begin taking initial applications by September, and to begin issuing licenses in December 2013. Some state legislators are reportedly moving to "slow down" this rule-making process and national opponents Kevin Sabet and Patrick J. Document [30] (Title: Blue laws in the United States) for "off-premises consumption" by any retailer that can supply and has the proper licenses. A beer and wine seller may sell other non-alcohol items, and is not required to be closed for business during periods when beer and wine cannot be sold. Beer can be sold between 7 a.m. and midnight Monday–Saturday and on Sunday from midnight to 1 a.m. and again between noon and midnight. On-premises consumption permit holders may sell beer between 10 a.m. and noon but only with a food order. In certain large cities as defined within the Code, beer sales are automatically extended to 2 Document [31] (Title: U.S. history of alcohol minimum purchase age by state) from 21 to 18 in 1971 with the 26th amendment. Many states started to lower their minimum drinking age in response, most of this occurring in 1972 or 1973. Twelve states kept their purchase ages at 21 since repeal of Prohibition and never changed them. From 1976 to 1983, several states voluntarily raised their purchase ages to 19 (or, less commonly, 20 or 21), in part to combat drunk driving fatalities. In 1984, Congress passed the National Minimum Drinking Age Act, which required states to raise their ages for purchase and public possession to 21 by October 1986 or lose Document [32] (Title: Last call (bar term)) are no specific closing times and the country has liberal alcohol laws. Bars and clubs in entertainment districts will serve alcohol practically 24 hours a day, while in residential districts local regulations apply; establishments that serve alcohol outside may often have to call their guests inside after midnight or even close completely. In 2006, Knesset member Ruhama Avraham attempted to pass a bill in parliament that would forbid selling alcohol between 2 and 6 a.m. The bill faced severe resistance from bar and restaurant owners and finally was drawn back. In Tel Aviv, bars are fined for remaining open past Document [33] (Title: Alcohol law) drinking is banned from 10:30 p.m. to 7 a.m. daily. Additional restrictions on public drinking are applied to Geylang and Little India where they had declared as Liquor Control Zones. The additional restrictions for Geylang and Little India are from 7 a.m. on Saturdays to 7 a.m. on Mondays and from 7 p.m. on eves of public holidays to 7 a.m. on the day after the public holiday. Retailers within the Liquor Control Zones are not allowed to sell takeaway liquor from 10:30 p.m. to 7 a.m. on weekdays (except on the eve of Public Holidays and Public Holidays) and Document [34] (Title: National Minimum Drinking Age Act) Kansas, Michigan, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, and Vermont, and the District of Columbia extended the law into an outright ban. The minimum purchase and drinking ages is a state law, and most states still permit "underage" consumption of alcohol in some circumstances. In some states, no restriction on private consumption is made, while in other states, consumption is only allowed in specific locations, in the presence of consenting and supervising family members, as in the states of Colorado, Maryland, Montana, New York, Texas, West Virginia, Washington, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. The act also does not seek to criminalize alcohol consumption during religious Document [35] (Title: Washington State Liquor and Cannabis Board) compliance rate. The Licensing and Regulation Division issues liquor licenses, which numbered 14,604 in fiscal year 2006. Liquor licenses are issued to businesses and not-for-profit organizations. Various licenses exist and each license is suited to a particular type of business and product mix. Breweries, wineries, and distilleries would be licensed to produce their specific class of alcoholic beverages. Wholesalers and distributors would be licensed to buy beer and/or wine from breweries and wineries and sell to retailers. Retail licenses fit two categories depending on where the alcohol will be consumed. Retailers like grocery stores are licensed to sell beer, wine, Document [36] (Title: Blue laws in the United States) and liquor sales are entirely prohibited on Sunday and Christmas Day. (Some exceptions for private facilities are made for Sundays). Washington, D.C. allows private retailers (Class A) to sell distilled spirits, but the District Council requires Class A retailers to be closed on Sundays (Class B retailers, such as grocery stores, may sell beer and wine on Sundays). However, in December 2012, the Council voted to repeal the Sunday restriction. The repeal took effect May 1, 2013. Several counties prohibit the sale of alcohol and sex toys on Sunday and during certain hours. Sunday retail alcohol sales in stores were Document [37] (Title: Alcohol laws of South Carolina) the retail sale of liquor statewide is permitted from 9 a.m. until 7 p.m. Monday–Saturday, and Sunday sales are banned by state law. However, counties and cities may hold referendums to allow Sunday sales of beer and wine only. Counties currently allowing Sunday beer and wine sales: Berkeley, Beaufort, Charleston, Dorchester, Georgetown, Horry, Newberry, Oconee, Richland (unincorporated areas only), and York. Lancaster and Lexington allow in cities with referendums. Cities and towns that have passed laws allowing Sunday beer and wine sales include Columbia, Spartanburg, Charleston, Greenville, Aiken, Rock Hill, Summerville, Santee, Daniel Island, Hardeeville and Tega Cay. While there Document [38] (Title: Alcohol law) of liquor. For example, in most of North Carolina, beer and wine may be purchased in retail stores, but distilled spirits are only available at state ABC (Alcohol Beverage Control) stores. In Maryland, distilled spirits are available in liquor stores except in Montgomery County, where they are sold only by the county. Most states follow a three-tier system in which producers cannot sell directly to retailers, but must instead sell to distributors, who in turn sell to retailers. Exceptions often exist for brewpubs (pubs which brew their own beer) and wineries, which are allowed to sell their products directly to Document [39] (Title: Last call (bar term)) but no later than 3 a.m. Out of the 429 counties of Norway, almost 50% have established a closing time or "last call" at 2 a.m. Only 1 in 7 counties serves drinks until the laws maximum allowance at 3 a.m. This is a major decrease over the last few years because of the government's belief that reduced drinking hours equal less fighting, noise, disturbance, etc. In Sweden, explicit last calls do not take place, as it would violate a political principle not to encourage people to drink more. The latest allowed closing time of bars and restaurant is decided Document [40] (Title: Blue laws in the United States) it cannot sell liquor. Liquor cannot be sold at retail stores during any of the following times: Wholesalers can deliver liquor to retailers at any time except on Sunday or Christmas; however, local distributors can only deliver liquor to retailers between 5 a.m. and 9 p.m. on any day except Sunday, Christmas or any day where the retailer is prohibited from selling liquor. There are forms of hunting on Sunday that are illegal, such as deer, turkey, dove and duck, and other forms that are legal. The forms of Sunday hunting that are legal are hunting on licensed hunting preserves, Document [41] (Title: Alcohol laws of Indiana) Alcohol laws of Indiana Until 2018, Indiana was one of nearly a dozen U.S. states to ban all Sunday alcohol sales outside of bars and restaurants. That ban was repealed when Senate Bill 1 was signed by Gov. Eric Holcomb on February 28, 2018 . Effective March 4, 2018, convenience stores, grocers, and liquor stores may sell alcohol from 12:00 PM to 8:00 PM on Sundays . Effective July 4, 2010, beer sold in microbreweries may be sold on Sundays pursuant to Senate Bill 75. The sales must take place where the brewing is done. However, off-site sales may take Document [42] (Title: Three-tier system (alcohol distribution)) retailing tier, are operated by the state government itself (or by contractors operating under its authority) rather than by independent private entities. The only state with a privately operated retailing and distribution system that does not require any form of three-tier system is the State of Washington. In Washington, retailers may purchase alcoholic beverages directly from producers, may negotiate volume discounts, and may warehouse their inventory themselves. However, the three-tier system largely remains in fact a reality in Washington despite the lack of a law requiring it. In 1933 the 18th Amendment was repealed by the 21st Amendment. (Previously, the Document [43] (Title: Washington State Liquor and Cannabis Board) prohibition, beginning June 1, 2012. State and local government revenues are projected to increase by $42 million and $38 million respectively over the next six years as a result along with a 48 percent increase in alcohol consumption. In November 2012, citizen's initiative 502 was passed legalizing the recreational use of cannabis and assigning regulation of the cannabis industry to the then Liquor Control Board. The board's name was officially changed to reflect the addition of cannabis effective July 24, 2015. Alcohol prohibition was repealed by Washington Initiative 61 in 1932, and from 1933 to 2012, the WSLCB was the Document [44] (Title: U.S. history of alcohol minimum purchase age by state) a congressional sidestep of the tenth amendment. Although debates have not been highly publicized, a few states have proposed legislation to lower their drinking age, while Guam has raised its drinking age to 21 in July 2010. 94. Citation for Wisconsin drinking law: https://www.revenue.wi.gov/Pages/FAQS/ise-atundrg.aspx U.S. history of alcohol minimum purchase age by state The alcohol laws of the United States regarding minimum age for purchase have changed over time. This history is given in the table below. Unless otherwise noted, if different alcohol categories have different minimum purchase ages, the age listed below is set at the "lowest age given" Document [45] (Title: Cannabis in Washington (state)) or processor licenses. Growers may only legally sell cannabis to licensed processors or retailers—not directly to consumers. Unlike other states that have legalized recreational cannabis, Washington does not allow unlicensed cultivation for personal use. In May 2014, the Liquor and Cannabis Board held a lottery to award licenses to qualified applicants. Retail sales began in July 2014. As retailers only had two months to establish storefronts and acquire inventory, stores experienced supply issues during the summer of 2014. This caused limited availability and inflated prices for consumers. During the first several months of legal sales, prices exceeded US$20 per gram. Document [46] (Title: Four Loko) from their campus on November 5, 2010. The state of Washington banned Four Loko after nine university students aged 17 to 19 from Central Washington University in Ellensburg, Washington became ill at a house party in Roslyn, Washington. The students were hospitalized with blood alcohol levels ranging from 0.12 to 0.35 percent (a level of 0.30 percent being considered potentially lethal) and one university student almost died, according to CWU President James L. Gaudino. In October 2010, following the hospitalization of seventeen students and six visitors, Ramapo College of New Jersey banned the possession and consumption of Four Loko on Document [47] (Title: Drug policy of Maryland) drunk driving. If the bartender or server is shown to have known and purposefully neglected this responsibility, the employee can be held criminally responsible. They are also required to verify the age of those purchasing alcohol, to ensure consumers are of the legal age. As of right now, the minimum legal age to purchase alcohol in Maryland is 21. It is against the law to misrepresent one's age by using another's ID or a fake ID. The penalties for this include: If the violator is under the age of 18, she or he may be required to attend a supervised Document [48] (Title: Washington State Liquor and Cannabis Board) June 1, 2012, Washington completed its transition to private liquor sales. Under 1183, spirits may only be sold in premises of at least 10,000 sq ft, generally including grocery stores, warehouse clubs, department stores, and some larger specialty shops. Exceptions to the 10,000 sq ft rule are granted for any former state or contract store that has chosen to remain open under private ownership, and for establishments that are in a "trade area" where no building exists that meets the 10,000 sq ft requirement. The WSLCB has not yet defined "trade area". Under the state-run system, the shelf price included Document [49] (Title: Alcohol laws of Texas) midnight on all days except Sunday; Sunday sales are permitted between midnight and 1AM and between noon and midnight (excepting certain sales of beer with food). Wine sales are generally permitted at the same time as beer sales. Any retailer with a proper permit may sell beer and wine. Liquor sales are more stringently regulated. Liquor sales are prohibited 1) on Sundays, 2) on Thanksgiving Day, Christmas Day, and New Year's Day (and when Christmas and New Year's fall on a Sunday, the prohibition is carried over to the following Monday), and 3) before 10AM and after 9PM on any Document [50] (Title: Drunk driving law by country) for drivers under 21, despite maintaining a legal drinking age of 18. The blood alcohol limit for commercial drivers is 0.04%. Pilots of aircraft may not fly within eight hours of consuming alcohol, while under the impairing influence of alcohol or any other drug, or while showing a blood alcohol concentration equal to or greater than 0.04 grams per decilitre of blood. Utah became the first U.S. state to lower the legal limit to .05% BAC by volume on 24 March 2017. The law takes effect on 30 December 2018. The bill’s passage, HB155, was controversial in the state. A Document [51] (Title: Cannabis in Washington (state)) of activists filed Initiative 502, which would have legalized the use of cannabis for adults over the age of 21. The bill also allowed the Washington State Liquor Control Board to regulate and tax cannabis production and sales, and set new limits on blood THC levels for driving under the influence. In December 2011, the initiative received enough signatures to be sent to the state legislature. In April 2012, when the legislature adjourned without acting, the initiative advanced to the 2012 general ballot. Early supporters of the measure included Seattle's "The Stranger" and Spokane's "The Spokesman-Review". I-502 was also endorsed Document [52] (Title: Alcohol laws of New Jersey) allowed to serve alcohol to people who are under 21 or intoxicated, are strictly liable for patron's behavior, and are subject to dram shop lawsuits for injuries stemming from negligence in serving alcohol. Casinos are permitted to give away "comp" drinks, and many do to reward and encourage gambling. Except on New Year's Eve, a casino cannot sell an unlimited amount of alcoholic beverages at a set price, nor may they require patrons to purchase alcoholic beverages in order to access an event or service. In 1983, because of difficulties in preventing underage drinking in casinos, the legal age to Document [53] (Title: Alcohol laws of Indiana) place in trade shows and similar back door events. The sales limit is two cases per person, or 576 ounces. In Indiana, alcohol may be sold only to those 21 years of age or older during the hours 7 a.m. to 3 a.m. Establishments that sell beverages by the "drink" must have food service for 25 persons at a minimum (hot soups, hot sandwiches, coffee, milk, and soft drinks) available at all times. It is unlawful for establishments to provide discounts on alcohol to certain customers or at certain times of day ("e.g.", during "happy hour") that are not available Document [54] (Title: Alcohol laws of South Carolina) are no dry counties in South Carolina, and retail liquor sales are uniform statewide, certain counties may enforce time restrictions for beer and wine sales in stores (e.g., no sales after 2 a.m. in Pickens County) while others do not (in-store beer and wine sales are allowed 24 hours a day, 7 days a week in Charleston). Columbia, the state's capital, largest city, and the home of the University of South Carolina, took one of the more relaxed stances on alcohol sales in bars compared to other cities in the state. Many bars, especially those catering to younger crowds in Document [55] (Title: BC Liquor Stores) first week of the "Government Liquor Act" becoming law, 17 stores had been opened; by March 1922 at least one store had been opened in 32 of the 39 provincial electoral districts. The ability to purchase liquor was limited to those who purchased an annual liquor permit for five dollars and who were above 21 years of age. British Columbians were not able to buy liquor by the glass between 1921 and 1924. A 1925 amendment of the "Government Liquor Act" allowed for the establishment of beer parlours. In 1887, the British Columbia passed an act titled the "Habitual Drunkards Document [56] (Title: Alcohol laws of Missouri) including St. Louis and Kansas City have enacted local laws following the state law, which prohibit the retail sale of liquor between 1:30 AM and 6:00 AM Tuesday through Saturday, and between midnight on Sunday and 9:00 AM the following morning. No Missouri law prohibits establishments from holding both off-premises and on-premises licenses. As a result, some businesses are licensed to sell liquor both "by the drink" (individually for consumption on premises) and "by the package" (by the container for consumption off premises). Effectively, these are bars which double as liquor stores. In these places, off-premises sales are allowed until Document [57] (Title: Alcohol laws of New Jersey) is legal for a liquor store to deliver alcoholic beverages by car or van to a person's home. ABC regulations mandate that the alcoholic beverages being delivered are paid for in advance, that they are received by someone 21 or older, and that they take place when the licensed establishment is permitted to be open. A person must be at least 21 years old in New Jersey to purchase alcoholic beverages in a retail establishment, or to possess or consume alcoholic beverages in a public (for example, a park or on the street) or semi-public area (e.g. restaurant, automobile). A Document [58] (Title: Blue laws in the United States) prohibited by the Georgia General Assembly up until 2011. On April 28, 2011, Georgia Governor Nathan Deal signed legislation allowing local communities to vote on whether to allow alcohol sales on Sundays. Sales are still restricted on Sundays before 12:30 p.m. On November 8, 2011, voters in more than 100 Georgia cities and counties voted on a bill that would allow stores to sell alcohol on Sundays. It passed in Valdosta, Atlanta, Savannah and many other cities. Before this, cities and counties of sufficiently large populations such as most of Metro Atlanta already had Sunday alcohol sales at bars and Document [59] (Title: Alcohol law) U.S. states limit alcohol sales in grocery stores and gas stations to beer at or below 3.2% alcohol: Colorado, Kansas, Minnesota, Oklahoma, and Utah. In these states, stronger beverage sales are restricted to liquor stores. In Oklahoma, liquor stores may not refrigerate any beverage containing more than 3.2% alcohol. Missouri also has provisions for 3.2% beer, but its permissive alcohol laws (when compared to other states) make this type of beer a rarity. Pennsylvania is starting to allow grocery stores and gas stations to sell alcohol. Wines and spirits are still sold at locations called "state stores", but wine kiosks Document [60] (Title: Alcohol laws of Utah) due to Utah’s constantly changing liquor laws. “ "Who knows ... what things they'll dream up next to punish an industry that pays millions of millions of taxes in this state," David Cole said. While he predicts state laws will eventually change, "It's going to change a lot slower than we are as a company." Alcohol laws of Utah The Liquor laws of Utah regulate the selling and purchasing of alcohol in the United States state of Utah and are some of the most restrictive in the United States. A person must be 21 years old or older to buy Document [61] (Title: Alcohol laws of Oklahoma) consumed in places licensed to sell alcohol between 2:00 a.m. and 7:00 a.m. This crime is punishable by a fine of up to $500 and up to 6 months imprisonment. Licensed vendors may not advertise happy hours, serve more than two beverages at a time to a customer, give a discount to a person or group of persons, or permit the play of games that involve drinking. As of June 2018, all 77 counties allow liquor by the drink. The last 14 counties that only allowed private bottle clubs as well as beer taverns and restaurants permitted to sell only Document [62] (Title: Alcohol laws of Kansas) then, two counties and 23 cities had adopted laws permitting Sunday liquor sales. Effective November 15, 2005, the Legislature amended the Liquor Control Act to permit cities and counties to allow Sunday liquor sales. Sales are prohibited on Easter, Thanksgiving, and Christmas. Since June 2012, bars are able to offer happy-hour specials after more than 25 years of being able to reduce prices only if they’d done so for the entire day. Liquor stores are able to offer unlimited free samples of beer, wine and liquor. And the growing business of microdistilleries is freed to produce up to 50,000 gallons Document [63] (Title: Washington Initiative 502) marijuana, earmarking revenue for purposes that include substance-abuse prevention, research, education, and healthcare. Laws prohibiting driving under the influence would be amended to include maximum thresholds for THC blood concentration. After approval, Initiative 502 implements over a period of a year or more. Legal possession and DUI limits went into effect on December 9, 2012, and the state had until December 1, 2013, to establish other key rules. Until rules were established and licenses issued, retail sales to the general public were not allowed. Such businesses must be located 1,000 feet or further from public schools, and public use of Document [64] (Title: Alcohol laws of India) 10,000 and imprisonment from 6 months to 4 years. Different penalties are assessed depending on the blood alcohol content at the time of the offence. Dry Days are specific days when the sale of alcohol is not permitted. Most of the Indian states observe these days on major national festivals/occasions such as Republic Day (January 26), Independence Day (August 15) and Gandhi Jayanti (October 2). Dry days are also observed on and around voting days. Prohibited days are also announced when elections are held in the state. Every excise year, the Government of Delhi, notifies the number of Prohibited days Document [65] (Title: Prohibition) be amended, allowing women to legally consume alcohol and work in venues that sell alcohol. The legalization was overruled by President Maithripala Sirisena several days later. Alcohol is prohibited from being sold during election time, from 6 pm the day prior to voting, until the end of the day of voting itself. Alcohol is also prohibited on major Buddhist holy days, and sometimes on Royal Commemoration days, such as birthdays. Thailand also enforces time-limited bans on alcohol on a daily basis. Alcohol can only be legally purchased in stores or restaurants between 11 am–2 pm and 5 pm–midnight. This law Document [66] (Title: Rainier Club) experiments in Prohibitionism, but when Washington went dry on a statewide basis in 1916, the club could no longer serve liquor by the drink. Throughout the Prohibition era, the club repeatedly reasserted a policy that "no employee of the Club will be permitted under any circumstances to buy, sell, or have any liquor in their possession for sale on the Club premises." In Walter Crowley's words, "This policy was notably silent on members' possession of alcohol…" The Rainier Club was not exempt from the Great Depression. Having built a new wing to the clubhouse in 1929, they soon faced a Document [67] (Title: Blue laws in the United States) prohibited between the hours of 12 a.m. and 6 a.m. daily. State-run Alcoholic Beverage Control (ABC) stores have limited hours of operation on Sunday. Historically, off-premises Sunday sales of spirits were banned, and all liquor stores were closed. On November 8, 1966, Washington state voters adopted Initiative 229, repealing the so-called "Blue Law," which had been enacted in 1909. Consumers still had the option of purchasing beer or wine from grocery stores or on-premises spirits from bars and restaurants. In 2005, the state began allowing off-premises spirits sales in select stores on Sundays from noon to 5 p.m. On the Document [68] (Title: Washington wine) used in wine production include Aurore and Baco noir. The wines of Washington State are often characterized by their bright fruit flavors and crisp acidity. In recent years, the state's red wines have leaned towards riper, more fruit forward flavors, noticeable tannins and oak influence with moderately high alcohol levels. Wine experts such as Jancis Robinson and Hugh Johnson have described quality examples of Washington wines to exhibit fresh acidity, deep coloring, with bright, intense fruit flavors that can usually age in the bottle for at least 8 years before the fruit structure starts to fade. Karen MacNeil notes that Document [69] (Title: Alcohol law) from 7 p.m. to 7 a.m. on weekends, eve of Public Holidays and Public Holidays. Retailers outside the Liquor Control Zones are not allowed to sell takeaway liquor from 10:30 p.m. to 7 a.m. daily. According to data from the World Health Organization, drinking in public is regulated in the European countries for which data was provided as follows: Legend: ban = the consumption of alcohol is prohibited by law, violation may result in punishment. partial restriction = in some states, regions, municipalities or cities the consumption of alcohol is prohibited by law; or the consumption is restricted at certain Document [70] (Title: Washington State Liquor and Cannabis Board) sole distributor of all liquors and spirits in the state. In addition, they were also the primary retailer: the state operated 167 stores, while 163 stores were operated by private businesses who contracted with the state for a commission on the sales. These contract stores were generally located in either smaller cities or more remote and rural areas, while the state stores were typically located in larger, more populated areas. Because the state was the sole distributor of all spirits, uniform pricing was set so that the price of any given product was the same from store to store no Document [71] (Title: Joseph Hazelwood) accident, Alaska state prosecutors failed to convince the jury that Hazelwood was intoxicated at the time of the grounding. By his own admission, Hazelwood drank "two or three vodkas" between 4:30 and 6:30 that same night, his blood alcohol content was found to be .061. However, the defense argued that the blood samples were taken nearly ten hours after the incident and were mishandled. Most states, including Alaska, do not allow samples after three hours and a preservative required to halt fermentation was not added to the sample. Fermentation could have added to the amount of alcohol in the sample, Document [72] (Title: Blue laws in the United States) can apply for permits to sell on and off-premise on Sunday if their municipality allows it. No sales on Christmas Day. Alcohol sales for consumption off-premises are not permitted between 3 a.m. and 8 a.m. on Sundays, while on-premises sales are not permitted between 4 a.m. and 8 a.m. on any day. Prior to 2006, off-premises alcohol sales were forbidden until noon on Sundays, and liquor/wine stores were required to be closed the entire day. Because grocery stores are not permitted to carry wine or liquor, the older law essentially meant that only beer and alcoholic malt beverages could be Document [73] (Title: Washington State Liquor and Cannabis Board) state funding. As a result, the agency no longer hires entry level law enforcement officers. The current Chief of the Enforcement and Education Division is Justin Nordhorn. The Division has regional offices in Federal Way, Tacoma, Spokane, Mountlake Terrace and Mount Vernon as well as field offices in Seattle and Pasco. In 2005, the Seattle City Council asked the Liquor Control Board to prohibit the sale of certain low-priced, highly-alcoholic beverages in an impoverished "Alcohol Impact Area." The City requested the order after an earlier, "Good Neighbor" policy, in which the city requested convenience stores and liquor outlets in areas Document [74] (Title: Alcohol in New Zealand) law was supposed to curb drunkenness and crime and to send men home early to encourage family life, however six o'clock closing had the opposite effect. Men would finish work at 5 pm and had only one hour to drink as much alcohol (usually beer and from half gallon (2.2 litre) jugs) as possible before closing. This phenomenon created a culture of binge drinking. The six o'clock swill also encouraged men to drive home from the hotels extremely drunk and car crashes were the most common between 6 pm and 8 pm especially on Friday and Saturday evenings. This was Document [75] (Title: Alcohol laws of Oklahoma) sell packaged liquor (off-premises sales) on Sundays. With the passage of Senate Bill 211, counties can approve Sunday liquor sales through a special election. Sales also are prohibited on Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Thanksgiving Day, and Christmas Day. Wine and beer for consumption off-premises may not be sold between 2:00 a.m. and 6:00 a.m. People who have been convicted of a felony or any alcohol-related crime may not obtain a license to sell packaged alcohol. Senate bill 211 was passed to allow sales on sunday. https://legiscan.com/OK/bill/SB211/2017 Alcohol may not be sold for consumption on-premises or allowed to be Document [76] (Title: Alcohol laws of South Carolina) the busy Five Points district, served alcohol until sunrise, and it was not unheard of for bars and clubs to serve alcohol until 7 or 8 a.m., although the legality of this practice is questionable. In 2011, however, Columbia City Council voted to force bars to close at 2 a.m., requiring a special permit to stay open further. Requirements for the permit involved having trained security staff and no events that violate "the public peace" (wet T-shirt contests, etc.). In Greenville city limits, it is illegal to serve alcohol after 2 a.m. at bars and restaurants. Before 2006, South Carolina Document [77] (Title: Blue laws in the United States) election of November 8, 2011, voters passed Initiative 1183, which brought several changes to the liquor distribution and retailing system. The most significant of these changes were the end to the state monopoly on liquor sales and distribution. On June 1, 2012, Washington completed its transition to private liquor sales. Under 1183, spirits may only be sold in premises of at least 10,000 sq ft, generally including grocery stores, warehouse clubs, department stores, and some larger specialty shops. The sale of alcohol for both on and off-premises consumption is prohibited between the hours of 2 a.m. and 6 a.m. daily. Document [78] (Title: Alcohol in Australia) required to request identification from those who look under 25 years of age when purchasing alcohol. Police cadets, most of whom are around 24years of age, are often used to research retailers who would sell them alcohol. In 2013, 72 out of 100 cadets were able to purchase alcohol without showing identification in the Perth metropolitan area. The National Health and Medical Research Council issues guidelines for alcohol use in Australia. Alcohol plays an integral part of Australian culture. Alcohol plays a role in celebrations, a variety of social activities, relaxation, as a generator of tax revenue and as a Document [79] (Title: Minor in Possession) full fine, or in some extreme cases, several days in jail. In many cases a third MIP may result in a loss of the accused driver's license until the age of 21. In Washington State, the statutes impose that: providing to and possession of alcohol by minors (persons under 21) is a gross misdemeanor with a potential of $5,000 and a year in jail. Washington State's law does not apply to liquor given or permitted to be given to a person under the age of twenty-one years by a parent or guardian and consumed in the presence of the parent Document [80] (Title: Alcohol laws of Kansas) the state's other large college campus, Kansas State University. In those counties which allow liquor to be sold on-premises by the drink, clubs and drinking establishments may sell beer, wine, spirits, nonalcoholic malt beverages, and cereal malt beverages any day, but not between 2 AM and 9 AM. Drinks "on the house" are prohibited. No sales are allowed at less than cost. "All you can drink" promotions are prohibited. Drinks cannot be offered as prizes. Free food and entertainment are permitted. Employees must be at least 21 years of age to mix and dispense drinks, and must be at least Document [81] (Title: Cannabis in Washington (state)) fundraising or campaigning against it. On November 6, 2012, I-502 was approved by a vote of 55.7% to 44.3% Possession of up to of marijuana by adults became legal under state law on December 6, however cultivation, sale and even gifting remained illegal. Laws regarding medical marijuana remained unchanged. After I-502 went into effect, the Washington State Liquor Control board began establishing regulations for the new recreational cannabis industry, with a deadline of December 1, 2013 set by the initiative. In August 2013, the United States Department of Justice announced that it would not interfere with state-level legalization, as long Document [82] (Title: Prohibition) been favored by women. However, this prohibition is not recognized by federal Mexican law as the Zapatista movement is strongly opposed by the federal government. The sale and purchase of alcohol is prohibited on and the night before certain national holidays, such as "Natalicio de Benito Juárez" (birthdate of Benito Juárez) and "Día de la Revolución", which are meant to be dry nationally. The same "dry law" applies to the days before presidential elections every six years. Prohibition in the United States focused on the manufacture, transportation, and sale of alcoholic beverages; however, exceptions were made for medicinal and religious Document [83] (Title: Alcohol law) county. In some states, liquor sales are prohibited on Sunday by a blue law. The places where alcohol may be sold or possessed, like all other alcohol restrictions, vary from state to state. Some states, like Louisiana, Missouri, and Connecticut, have very permissive alcohol laws, whereas other states, like Kansas and Oklahoma, have very strict alcohol laws. Many states require that liquor may be sold only in liquor stores. In Nevada, Missouri, and Louisiana, state law does not specify the locations where alcohol may be sold. In 18 alcoholic beverage control states, the state has a monopoly on the sale Document [84] (Title: Alcohol laws of Kansas) 18 years of age to serve drinks. A prohibition against limited drink specials, such as "happy hours" or "ladies' nights," was repealed as of July 1, 2012. Open containers of alcohol are prohibited outside of private buildings and licensed on-premises alcohol sellers. An open container is prohibited inside any motor vehicle, unless it is a licensed limousine or mass-transit vehicle. Kansas's open container law meets the requirements of the federal Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century for prohibiting open containers in vehicles. Like every other state in the United States, driving under the influence is a crime in Kansas, Document [85] (Title: Alcohol laws of Maryland) is applied at the consumer level, appearing as a line-item on the customer's receipt. Prior to 1973, the minimum age to buy or possess alcoholic beverages was 21 years old. In 1973, the minimum age was decreased to 18 years old in Montgomery County and Prince George's County. In 1974, the minimum age was decreased to 18 years old for the entire state. In 1982, the minimum age was increased to 21 years old but with a grandfather clause which allowed those who had already turned 18 (born June 30, 1964 or earlier) to consume beer and wine. Alcohol laws Document [86] (Title: Blue laws in the United States) serve alcoholic beverages. Alcohol sales are no longer prohibited on New Years Day. In 2010, a change in legislation allowed Indiana residents to purchase alcohol on Election Day. Christmas sales are still prohibited. In the state of Indiana, as of March 1, 2018, Sunday alcohol sales are allowed between noon and 8pm. Iowa Code 322.3 states that a licensed car dealership cannot either directly or through an agent, salesperson, or employee, engage in Iowa, or represent or advertise that the person is engaged or intends to engage in Iowa, in the business of buying or selling at retail new or Document [87] (Title: Blue laws in the United States) that were within 10 miles of the New Hampshire or Vermont border. Since 1992, alcohol sales have been allowed statewide from the Sunday prior to Thanksgiving until New Year's Day. In both exceptions sales were not allowed before noon. Since the law changed in 2004, off-premises sales are now allowed anywhere in the state, with local approval, after noon. Retail alcohol sales remain barred on Thanksgiving Day, Christmas Day and Memorial Day. Massachusetts also has a "Day of Rest" statute that provides that all employees are entitled to one day off from work in seven calendar days. Retail employees working Document [88] (Title: Alcohol laws of New York) consumption and respect for and obedience to law." The SLA is also authorized by statute to "determine whether public convenience and advantage will be promoted by the issuance of licenses to traffic in alcoholic beverages … and to carry out the increase or decrease in the number thereof and the location of premises licensed … in the public interest." In New York, for the purposes of state law, there are only four hours out of each day of the week (with the exception of Sunday) in which alcohol may not be served: 4:00 a.m. to 8:00 a.m. This was designed Document [89] (Title: Alcohol laws of Utah) law sets a limit of 3.2 percent alcohol by weight (4 percent by volume) in beer sold at grocery and convenience stores and at establishments operating under a "beer only" type license, such as taverns, beer bars and some restaurants. Beer over 3.2 percent by weight (4 percent by volume) is available in State Liquor Stores and Package Agencies and at clubs and restaurants licensed to sell liquor. In commercial facilities, the time at which alcohol may be served is limited, and alcohol may not be sold any later than 1 am under any circumstance. The Church of Jesus Christ Document [90] (Title: Wisconsin) prevalence of drinking in Wisconsin. In Wisconsin, the legal drinking age is 21, except when accompanied by a parent, guardian, or spouse who is at least 21 years old. Age requirements are waived for possessing alcohol when employed by a brewer, brewpub, beer and/or liquor wholesaler, or producer of alcohol fuel. The minimum legal age to purchase alcohol is 21, with no exceptions. The Absolute Sobriety law states that any person not of legal drinking age (currently 21 years of age) may not drive after consuming alcohol. On September 30, 2003, the state legislature, reluctant to lower a DUI offense Document [91] (Title: Blue laws in the United States) Sunday. In addition to alcohol laws varying widely across Tennessee, bartenders are prohibited from allowing alcohol to be consumed on their premises between 3 AM and 10 AM on Sunday, unless the local government has decided not to allow extended hours for alcohol sales, in which case sale before noon is prohibited. Car dealerships (both new and used) must remain closed on either Saturday or Sunday; the dealer has the option to determine on which day to close. In Texas, alcoholic beverage sales are distinguished (and thus blue laws vary) in two different ways: Beer and wine can be sold Document [92] (Title: Utah) since its inception. Utah's laws in regard to alcohol, tobacco and gambling are strict. Utah is an alcoholic beverage control state. The Utah Department of Alcoholic Beverage Control regulates the sale of alcohol; wine and spirituous liquors may only be purchased at state liquor stores, and local laws may prohibit the sale of beer and other alcoholic beverages on Sundays. The state bans the sale of fruity alcoholic drinks at grocery stores and convenience stores. The law states that such drinks must now have new state-approved labels on the front of the products that contain capitalized letters in bold type Document [93] (Title: Washington State Liquor and Cannabis Board) Washington State Liquor and Cannabis Board The Washington State Liquor and Cannabis Board, formerly the Washington State Liquor Control Board, is an administrative agency of the State of Washington. The Liquor and Cannabis Board is part of the executive branch and reports to the Governor. The board's primary function is the licensing of on and off premises establishments which sell any type of alcohol, and the enforcement and education of the state's alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis laws. In November 2011, citizen's initiative 1183 was passed to end the state monopoly on liquor sales that has held since the end of Document [94] (Title: Low-alcohol beer) repealed, they were first replaced by laws limiting the maximum alcohol content allowed for sale as 3.2 ABW. To this day, the states of Kansas, Minnesota, Colorado, Oklahoma (whose laws will be relaxed after two State Questions passed, which will go into effect in October 2018), and Utah permit general establishments such as supermarket chains and convenience stores to sell only low-point beer. In these states, all alcoholic beverages containing more than 3.2% alcohol by weight (ABW) must be sold from state-licensed liquor stores. Oklahoma additionally requires that any beverage containing more than 3.2% ABW must be sold at normal Document [95] (Title: Alcohol laws of Texas) Alcohol laws of Texas A person must be at least be 21 years of age to publicly drink an alcoholic beverage in Texas, with some exceptions Texas is one of ten states (California, Colorado, Maryland, Montana, New York, Texas, West Virginia, Washington, Wisconsin, and Wyoming) that allow consumption by minors in the presence of consenting and supervising family members. In the state of Texas, parents accept responsibility for the safety of minors under 18 when the minor is on their property or on property leased by them and under their care, custody, and control; an adult may provide alcohol to Document [96] (Title: Alcohol laws of Maine) week. On New Year's Day, alcohol may be sold until 2 a.m. It may be consumed in establishments licensed for on-premises consumption until 1:15 a.m., with the exception of New Year's Day when it is 2:15 a.m. Alcohol sales were previously prohibited until 9 a.m. on Sundays. In 2013 an exception was made to allow sales starting at 6 a.m. when St. Patrick's Day falls on a Sunday. But in 2015 the legislature revised the law again to allow sales on any Sunday starting at 5 a.m., the same as every other day of the week. It is illegal to Document [97] (Title: Culture of the United States) buy a beer. Since 1980, the trend has been toward greater restrictions on alcohol and drug use. The focus this time, however, has been to criminalize behaviors associated with alcohol, rather than attempt to prohibit consumption outright. New York was the first state to enact tough drunk-driving laws in 1980; since then all other states have followed suit. All states have also banned the purchase of alcoholic beverages by individuals under 21. A "Just Say No to Drugs" movement replaced the more liberal ethos of the 1960s. This led to stricter drug laws and greater police latitude in drug cases. Document [98] (Title: Alcohol laws of Missouri) 1:30 a.m., even in those in St. Louis and Kansas City specially licensed to serve liquor by the drink until 3:00 a.m. (on-premises sales may continue until 3:00, but off-premises sales must cease by 1:30). Generally, the hours for sales of liquor by the drink (for consumption on the premises) are the same as liquor by the package: between 6:00 AM and 1:30 AM Monday through Saturday, and – again for an additional fee – between 9:00 AM and midnight on Sunday. State law allows incorporated cities to prohibit the on-premises sale of liquor by public referendum, although no city Document [99] (Title: Alcohol laws of Utah) this amount (as well as Liquor and wine) can only be sold at state-controlled liquor stores. Bars, clubs, taverns, and other establishments selling in-house or "on premise" alcohol (excluding restaurants) are allowed to sell alcohol from 10:00am – 1:00am. Locations defined as a restaurant under Utah law require that any alcohol be ordered along with food (though they do not have to be ordered at the same time), and can sell alcohol from 11:30am - 1:00am. Utah State Senator John L. Valentine is introducing a bill that will allow chain restaurants that operate in Utah to obtain a "master" license Document [100] (Title: Three-tier system (alcohol distribution)) the three-tier system is the State of Washington. In November 2011, voters in Washington approved Initiative 1183, which dismantled the state-operated retailing system and removed the legal requirement for a three-tier distribution system for alcoholic beverage sales. Under the modified law, the prior state-operated liquor retailing system was eliminated in favor of heavily taxed private retailing. By a substantial margin, Washington has the highest liquor tax rate in the nation. With a liquor tax rate around $35 per gallon, its liquor tax is about 50% higher than in Oregon, which has the next highest rate. In Washington, retailers may bypass Document [101] (Title: Blue laws in the United States) sale of alcohol is prohibited in most of Mississippi on Sundays. Also, liquor sales are prohibited in nearly half of the state's counties. The sale of alcohol is prohibited from 1:30 a.m. to 6:00 a.m. Saturday through Monday. Alcohol sales on Sunday are allowed from 9:00 a.m. to midnight subject to an additional liquor license fee. In 1677, the General Assembly of East New Jersey banned the "singing of vain songs or tunes" on Sabbath. One of the last remaining Sunday closing laws in the United States that covers selling electronics, clothing and furniture is found in Bergen County, New Document [102] (Title: Alcohol laws of Australia) repealed the laws after residents of the Federal Capital Territory voted for the end of them in a 1928 plebiscite. Alcohol may not be sold in New South Wales without a licence or permit being obtained from the State government. In NSW, alcohol may not be sold to a person who is under 18 years of age unless accompanied by a guardian (or spouse) and for consumption during a meal, and minors must not be on licensed premises (i.e. premises on which alcohol may be sold or consumed) unless accompanied by an adult or other limited circumstances. The designation of Document [103] (Title: Washington State Liquor and Cannabis Board) and spirits to customers who take the products home or elsewhere. Retailers like bars and restaurants are licensed to serve alcoholic beverages for on-site consumption. This group of retailers can be licensed to serve "either" beer and wine "or" beer, wine, and spirits. Some activities require a special endorsement or permit such as caterer offering alcohol at a client's event. The Division manages the Mandatory Alcohol Server Training (MAST) program. Under state law, people who serve alcoholic beverages at a bar, restaurant, or similar establishment need to possess an Alcohol Server Permit. The division certifies private entities to provide Mandatory Document [104] (Title: Washington State Liquor and Cannabis Board) matter how rural or populated the area was. Historically, off-premises Sunday sales of spirits were banned, and all liquor stores were closed. Consumers still had the option of purchasing beer or wine from grocery stores or on-premises spirits from bars and restaurants. In 2005, the state began allowing off-premises spirits sales in select stores on Sundays from 12pm to 5pm. On the November 8, 2011 election, voters passed Initiative 1183, which brought several changes to the liquor distribution and retailing system. The most significant of these changes were the end to the state monopoly on liquor sales and distribution. On Document [105] (Title: Cannabis in Washington (state)) 2010, the Washington House of Representatives considered two bills regarding cannabis. One would have allowed cannabis sales in state liquor stores, and the other would have decriminalized possession of forty grams or less. Both bills died in committee. Cannabis activists responded by filing Initiative 1068, which would have removed all state-level criminal and civil penalties for cannabis use or possession by adults over the age of 18. Despite an endorsement by the Washington State Democratic Party, the campaign received little fundraising and failed to gather enough signatures to secure a spot on the ballot. The following year, a separate group Document [106] (Title: Alcoholic beverages in Oregon) Alcoholic beverages in Oregon The U.S. state of Oregon has an extensive history of laws regulating the sale and consumption of alcoholic beverages, dating back to 1844. It has been an alcoholic beverage control state, with the Oregon Liquor Control Commission holding a monopoly over the sale of all distilled beverages, since Prohibition. Today, there are thriving industries producing beer, wine, and liquor in the state. Alcohol may be purchased between 7 a.m. and 2:30 a.m. As of 2007, consumption of spirits is on the rise, while beer consumption is holding steady. Also, 11% of beer sold in Oregon was Document [107] (Title: Fortified wine) impoverished areas. In 2005, the Seattle City Council asked the Washington State Liquor Control Board to prohibit the sale of certain alcohol products in an impoverished "Alcohol Impact Area." Among the products sought to be banned were over two dozen beers, and six fortified wines: Cisco, Gino's Premium Blend, MD 20/20, Night Train, Thunderbird, and Wild Irish Rose. The Liquor Control Board approved these restrictions on August 30, 2006. "Gwaha-ju" is a fortified rice wine made in Korea. Although rice wine is not made from grapes, it has a similar alcohol content to grape wine, and the addition of the Document [108] (Title: Last call (bar term)) effect in some cities between 1 and 3 a.m. Alcohol is sold through retailers 24 hours a day. According to the state law, establishments that serve drinks can register as bars, in which case they are allowed to be open in inhabited areas only in indoor spaces and only between 21:00 and 06:00, while no such restrictions exist if bars are located outside inhabited areas. Various exceptions can be made for bars located in transit facilities, if approved by the local authorities, etc. The prescribed working hours for bars are a frequent point of contention between city authorities and local Document [109] (Title: Alcohol laws of West Virginia) Sundays between 2:00 a.m. and 1:00 p.m. and between 2:00 a.m. and 7:00 a.m. on weekdays and Saturdays. Retail sale of liquor is prohibited on Sundays, Christmas Day, and between 12:00 midnight and 8:00 a.m on all other days. On weekdays and Saturdays, drink establishments of all types must close by 3:30 a.m. and remain closed until 8:00 a.m. On Sundays, they must be closed between 3:00 a.m. and 1:00 p.m. In 2016, the state permitted a local option election whereby counties may change the Sunday 1:00 p.m. time to 10:00 a.m. Several counties immediately scheduled such elections for November Document [110] (Title: Alcohol laws of New Jersey) am and after 10 pm any day of the week. This can be restricted further by local ordinance. Liquor stores may sell beer and wine during any hours that on-premises sales are allowed. New Jersey regulations for liquor stores and bars are extensive. Licensed establishments may not offer nudity. It is illegal to sell liquor below cost, charge a flat fee for unlimited drinks (except for private parties and on New Year's Eve), offer any promotion that is contingent on drinking a certain amount of alcohol, allow patrons to remain after closing time, or sell liquor at a drive-through window. Document [111] (Title: Alcohol law) 6 p.m. Monday–Friday and 3 p.m. on Saturdays. On Sundays, no alcohol can be bought, except in bars. Norway levies some of the heaviest taxes in the world on alcoholic beverages, particularly on spirits. These taxes are levied on top of a 25% VAT on all goods and services. For example, 700 mL of Absolut Vodka currently retails at 300+ NOK. In Sweden, beer with a low alcohol content (called "folköl", 2.25% to 3.5% alcohol by weight) can be sold in regular stores to anyone aged 18 or over, but beverages with a high alcohol content can only be sold Document [112] (Title: Alcohol laws of Pennsylvania) Good Spirits stores, contrary to popular belief, but only if accompanied by a parent or guardian. Monday through Saturday, a store may open as early as 9 am and close as late as 10 pm. On Sunday, many stores sell liquor from 11 am until 7 pm. Wineries are common throughout the Commonwealth, and often sell their wines at storefronts in shopping malls; persons under the age of 21 are permitted to enter these establishments. Wine was available for a short time in supermarket kiosks, but this practice has ended. Many supermarkets now operate restaurants at which they are permitted Document [113] (Title: Alcohol laws of New York) Sundays, a remnant of a royal decree during the Colonial era, and between 3–6 a.m. any day. Changes to the law made in the last years of Governor George Pataki's administration loosened those restrictions, and now beer sales are only prohibited from 3–8 a.m. Sundays. Counties are free to adjust those hours in either direction, all the way to midnight and noon, and allow 24-hour beer sales on other days of the week. The law also changed for liquor stores. They may now open on Sundays. (although not before noon) They must still remain closed on Christmas, all day. A Document [114] (Title: Blue laws in the United States) in 2017, the sale of alcohol in liquor stores was prohibited statewide on Sundays. As recently as the 2015 legislative session, proposals to allow Sunday liquor sales were defeated regularly. However, in 2015, Sunday growler purchases were made legal. On March 2, 2017, the state legislature passed a law allowing for Sunday Liquor Sales to begin on July 2, 2017. Governor Dayton signed the legislation as soon as it was passed. Liquor stores are not required to be open on Sundays, but those who choose to do so are restricted to the hours of 11 AM and 6 PM. The Document [115] (Title: Alcohol law) monopolies less effective in reducing excessive drinking. There is an ongoing debate over whether to retain these state-run monopolies. In Norway, beers with an alcohol content of 4.74% by volume or less can be legally sold in grocery stores. Stronger beers, wines, and spirits can only be bought at government monopoly vendors. All alcoholic beverages can be bought at licensed bars and restaurants, but they must be consumed on the premises. At the local grocery store, alcohol can only be bought before 8 p.m. (6 p.m. on Saturdays, municipalities can set stricter regulations). And the government monopoly vendors close at Document [116] (Title: Economy of Washington (state)) top 20 Most Admired Companies in the US has four Washington-based companies in it, Starbucks, Microsoft, Costco and Nordstrom. Washington was one of eighteen states which had a government monopoly on sales of alcoholic beverages, although beer and wine with less than 20% alcohol by volume could be purchased in convenience stores and supermarkets. Liqueurs (even if under 20% alcohol by volume) and spirits could only be purchased in state-run or privately owned-state-contracted liquor stores. This however was overturned by 2011's Initiative 1183 which ceased state-run liquor stores as of June 1, 2012. Washington is a leading agricultural state. (The Document [117] (Title: Alcohol laws of Australia) have alcohol bought for them in public places, or to attend a licensed venue without parental supervision (there are some special circumstances). It is illegal for licensed premises to sell alcohol to someone under the age of 18 years alcohol. Service hours were restricted from 1 July 2016. The sale or service of liquor must stop at 2am state-wide, except in “safe night precincts” where alcohol can be served until 3am. In all venues, the sale or service of rapid intoxication drinks must end at midnight. In South Australia, the main legislation which controls the sale and consumption of alcohol Document [118] (Title: Mothers Against Drunk Driving) federal penalty (a 5%—later raised to 10%—loss of federal highway dollars), for states that didn't raise the minimum legal age for the purchase and possession of alcohol to 21. After the United States Supreme Court upheld the law in the 1987 case of "South Dakota v. Dole", every state and the District of Columbia made the necessary adjustments by 1988 (but not the territories of Puerto Rico and Guam). However, in July 2010 Guam raised its drinking age to 21. In 1985, Lightner objected to the shifting focus of MADD, and left her position with the organization. In 1988, a Document [119] (Title: Four Loko) liquor license. Utah, which has a state-run alcoholic beverage distribution system, never allowed alcoholic energy drinks to go on sale there. Michigan and Oklahoma have voted to ban the sale of alcohol energy drinks over health and safety concerns. Additionally, the Washington State Liquor Control Board voted to ban the sale of alcoholic energy drinks, which went into effect on November 18, 2010. The vote came as a result of the incident at Central Washington University. The New York State Liquor Authority has also banned their sale and distribution as of November 19, 2010. New York state senator Chuck Schumer Document [120] (Title: Alcohol law) Missouri, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Mexico, New York, Oklahoma, Rhode Island, South Carolina, and Wyoming) and the District of Columbia have laws against possession of alcohol by minors, but they do not prohibit its consumption by minors. Fourteen states (Alaska, Colorado, Delaware, Illinois, Louisiana, Maine, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Ohio, Oregon, Texas, Wisconsin, and Virginia) specifically permit minors to drink alcohol given to them by their parents or by someone entrusted by their parents. Many states also permit the drinking of alcohol under the age of 21 for religious or health reasons. Puerto Rico, a territory of the United States, has Document [121] (Title: Blue laws in the United States) Sundays. Hunting is prohibited on Sundays. Maine is also one of three states where it is illegal for almost all businesses to open on Thanksgiving, most notably the big department stores. Alcohol sales remain restricted but allowed between the hours of 1 a.m. and 7 a.m. Monday through Saturday and 1 a.m. and 9 a.m. on Sunday. In Maryland, "a new or used car dealer may not sell, barter, deliver, give away, show, or offer for sale a motor vehicle or certificate of title for a motor vehicle on Sunday", except in Howard County, Montgomery County, and Prince George's County. Document [122] (Title: Alcohol laws of Wisconsin) allow the sale of beer and wine in restaurants and businesses. State law requires that bars be closed between 2:00 a.m. and 6:00 a.m. Monday through Friday and between 2:30 a.m. and 6:00 a.m. on Saturday and Sunday. Exceptions are made on New Year's Eve, when no closing is required, and for changes in Daylight Saving Time. State law does not permit municipalities to further restrict when bars must be closed. Municipalities may elect, however, to prohibit the issuance of liquor licenses, making the municipality effectively dry. The drinking age in Wisconsin is 21. Those under the legal drinking age Document [123] (Title: Blue laws in the United States) New rule‐making by the Washington State Liquor Control Board (WSLCB) based on alcohol sales hour restrictions is being proposed as the model for state licensed Marijuana sales per initiative I-502 as well. Hunting on Sunday is prohibited in all but 14 of 55 counties. Alcohol sales are prohibited on Sunday in West Virginia until 1:00 p.m. Blue laws in the United States Blue laws, also known as Sunday laws, are laws designed to restrict or ban some or all Sunday activities for religious reasons, particularly to promote the observance of a day of worship or rest. Blue laws may also Document [124] (Title: Alcohol laws of Indiana) to everyone. Sale or serving of alcoholic beverages from 3 a.m. Christmas Day until 7 a.m. December 26 was banned until HB 1542 was passed in 2015. Indiana is not an alcoholic beverage control state. Public intoxication is a class B misdemeanor in Indiana. Alcohol laws of Indiana Until 2018, Indiana was one of nearly a dozen U.S. states to ban all Sunday alcohol sales outside of bars and restaurants. That ban was repealed when Senate Bill 1 was signed by Gov. Eric Holcomb on February 28, 2018 . Effective March 4, 2018, convenience stores, grocers, and liquor stores may Document [125] (Title: Prohibition) [Commission on Elections] may opt to extend the liquor ban. In the 2010 elections, the liquor ban was a minimum two days; in the 2013 elections, there was a proposal that it be extended to five days. This was overturned by the Supreme Court. Other than election-related prohibition, alcohol is freely sold to anyone above the legal drinking age. The sale, consumption, importation and brewing of, and trafficking in liquor is strictly against the law. In 1955 Sri Lanka passed a law prohibiting adult women from buying alcohol. In January 2018, Finance Minister Mangala Samaraweera announced that the law would Document [126] (Title: Alcohol laws of Utah) Alcohol laws of Utah The Liquor laws of Utah regulate the selling and purchasing of alcohol in the United States state of Utah and are some of the most restrictive in the United States. A person must be 21 years old or older to buy or consume alcohol. The Utah Department of Alcoholic Beverage Control (UDABC) has regulated the sale of alcoholic beverages since 1935, two years after the end of Prohibition. Utah is one of 18 control states, meaning the state has a monopoly over the wholesaling and/or retailing of some or all categories of alcoholic beverages. Current Utah Document [127] (Title: Nevada) these laws from their home state. Nevada has very liberal alcohol laws. Bars are permitted to remain open 24 hours, with no "last call". Liquor stores, convenience stores and supermarkets may also sell alcohol 24 hours per day, and may sell beer, wine and spirits. In 2016, Nevada voters approved Question 2, which legalized the possession, transportation and cultivation of personal use amounts of marijuana for adults age 21 years and older, and authorized the creation of a regulated market for the sale of marijuana to adults age 21 years and older through state-licensed retail outlets. Nevada voters had previously Document [128] (Title: Washington State Liquor and Cannabis Board) all taxes. Under the private system, as implemented by 1183, all spirits are to be taxed at 20.5% on the shelf price in addition to a flat spirits liter tax of $3.7708/liter. Many retailers no longer include these taxes in the shelf price, which has led to some sticker shock and confusion at the register. For instance, a 1.75l bottle of whiskey with a shelf price of $15.99 will have $3.28 in sales tax and $6.60 in liter taxes added at the register, bringing the total cost to $25.87. On July 24, 2015, a law that changed the name to Document [129] (Title: Alcohol laws of Maine) it is prohibited to use an image of the Maine State House in liquor advertising. The legal age to purchase and consume alcohol in Maine is 21, which was instituted in 1987. Minors may consume alcohol at home in the presence of the minor's parents. Minors may not transport liquor unless required due to the minor's employment, or at the request of their parent, guardian, or custodian. Taxes on liquor at store level are included within the price and calculated by BABLO in order to raise enough money to cover their expenses and generate money for the State General Fund Document [130] (Title: Blue laws in the United States) may sell beer and malt liquor, but not wine or hard liquor. In 2016, a bill was passed to relax the liquor laws. Updates include allowing grocery stores, convenience stores, hotels, and restaurants to sell take out wine, allowing mail order wine shipments, and allowing 24/7 alcohol sales at casinos. Special licenses are required for businesses to take advantage of these new opportunities. Also Sunday restrictions on the hours at the state owned "Fine wines and Good Spirits" stores were eliminated. Hunting is prohibited on Sundays, with the exception of foxes, crows and coyotes. Car dealerships are also closed on Document [131] (Title: Alcohol laws of Maryland) to be employed to serve alcoholic beverages or sell alcoholic beverages, although some counties have different laws. A person must be at least 18 years old to work in another capacity at an establishment that serves alcohol. State law prohibits open containers with any amount of alcohol within the passenger area of a motor vehicle. Passengers of a vehicle are similarly prohibited from consuming alcohol in the passenger area, but the law provides exceptions for non-drivers in the back of hired vehicles such as taxis, limousines, and buses, as well as in the living areas of motor homes. The driver Question: how late can you buy alcohol in washington state Answer: 2 a.m. Long Answer: State Alcoholic beverage control state Alcohol sale hours Grocery Stores Age Notes Beer Wine Distilled spirits On - premises Off - premises Wine Beer Distilled Spirits Purchasing Consumption Tennessee No Mon - Sat: 8 a.m. to 3 a.m.; Sun: Noon to 3 a.m. Hours of alcohol sale can be modified by local jurisdictions if approved by the alcohol control commission . Beer: By municipality . Wine & Spirits: 8 a.m. to 11 p.m. Mon--Sat Yes No 21 Wine may be sold in grocery stores . As of January 2018, sales of wine and liquor are no longer limited to on - premises in restaurants on Sundays . Liquor stores may remain open on Sundays, and liquor is permitted to be sold from retail stores for off - premises consumption. There are no liquor sales in OFF Premise Grocery Stores as of 8 / 2018 . Retail stores must be closed for business on Christmas, Thanksgiving Day, Labor Day, New Year's Day, and the Fourth of July . Beer above 8% ABW / 10.1% ABV must be sold in liquor stores . Open container law only applies to drivers, not passengers . It is legal to carry alcohol in a non-glass container on the Beale Street stretch in Memphis . While most clubs allow drinks to be carried outside, many do not allow drinks from outside . Texas No Monday - Friday: 7am - midnight Saturday: 7am - 1am Sunday: Noon to 12 midnight . Some cities / counties permit sale until 2am (with license). Beer / Non-hard liquor: 7 a.m. to midnight (Mon. - Fri .) 7 a.m. to 1: 00 a.m. (Sat .) Noon to midnight (Sun .) Hard Liquor: 10 a.m. to 9 p.m. (Mon. - Sat .) Yes No 21 No alcohol cap but ABV> 15.5% requires additional license, so many places are beer / wine only . Wet / dry issues determined by city / county election . Liquor stores statewide closed all day Sunday . An alcoholic beverage served (on - premises) to a customer between 10 a.m. and noon on Sunday may only be provided during the service of food to the customer . Eleven Texas counties are completely dry . In many counties, public intoxication laws are vigorously upheld . Texas law permits consumption by minors (any age under 21) if in the "visible presence" of a parent, guardian or adult spouse . (Section 106.04) Possession by minors is permitted as part of employment or education, or in the visible presence of an adult parent, guardian or spouse, or supervision of a commissioned peace officer . (Section 106.05) There are also exemptions for minors requesting or receiving medical attention . Utah Yes Restaurants: Noon to midnight for liquor, 10: 00 a.m. to 1: 00 a.m. for beer . Bars may serve liquor from 10: 00 a.m. to 1: 00 a.m. Varies by state liquor store hours 3.2 only No 21 ABV> 4.0 +% sold in state - controlled stores only . 3.2% ABW (4.0% ABV) beer may be sold at grocery stores and convenience stores . State - controlled stores close on Sundays and cease operations no later than 10 p.m. the rest of the week . Restaurants must buy from the state - controlled store (no delivery) at retail prices . No alcohol is served in restaurants without purchase of food . Sales of kegs prohibited . Importation of alcohol into the state by private individuals generally prohibited . Vermont No Yes 8 a.m.--2 a.m. 6 a.m.--midnight Yes No 21 ABV> 16% beer and ABV> 16% wine are only available through state liquor stores (most of which are integrated within grocery and beverage stores). A 2008 bill allows the sale of beer in grocery and convenience stores up to ABV 16% . Virginia No Yes 6 a.m.--2 a.m. No restrictions at any time for club licensees . 6 a.m.--11: 59 p.m. except local blue law . Yes No 21 Licensed supermarkets, convenience stores, and gas stations may sell beer and wine . Off - premises sales no later than 12 midnight . Liquor stores are owned and operated by the Commonwealth and are generally open 10am - 9pm Monday - Saturday and from 12pm - 6pm on Sunday . Washington No 6 a.m.--2 a.m. (A local government subdivision may establish later opening hours or earlier closing hours .) Yes 21 Beer and wine are available in specialty stores, grocery stores, convenience stores, department stores, taverns, and other locations licensed by the Washington State Liquor and Cannabis Board . Spirits are available in stores greater than 10,000 sq ft (grocery stores, big box liquor chains). There are two exceptions to the 10,000 - sq - ft rule: 1) Former State and Contract Liquor Stores that reopened under private ownership may also sell spirits provided they have been issued a new license from the state . 2) Cities, mostly in rural areas, that do not have a store that meets the minimum floor space may be allowed to sell spirits if the Liquor Control Board deems that there are no sufficient establishments within the trade area . West Virginia No Yes Beer / Wine: Mon - Sat: 7 am - 2 am, Sun: 1 pm - 2 am Liquor: Mon - Sat: 8 am - Midnight, Sun: Prohibited Mon - Fri: 7 am - 3: 30 am, Sat: 7A - 3: 00A, Sun: 1 pm - 3 am Yes 21 12% ABV Cap on Beer . 75% ABV spirits Permitted . Liquor, wine and beer products that are not already in closed packaging must be bagged before exiting retail locations . State no longer operates retail stores (formerly State ABC Stores); Number of privately owned stores restricted according to county or city population . All stores are state contracted; Bars and clubs must purchase liquor from state contracted private stores in person . State retains monopoly over wholesaling of distilled spirits only . Wisconsin No 6 a.m.--2 a.m. Sunday--Thursday, 2: 30 a.m. Friday--Saturday, no closing time on New Year's Day . 6 a.m.--midnight for beer (some counties and municipalities only allow sales until 9 p.m. for beer), 6 a.m.--9 p.m. for liquor and wine By local ordinance 21 Wisconsin permits the consumption of alcohol by minors, provided they are being supervised by parents / guardians / spouses . Most municipalities have a uniform 9 p.m. restriction on all alcohol sales . Notable exceptions: Kenosha, Green Bay, La Crosse, Maple Bluff (near Madison), Baraboo (near the Dells). Supermarkets, liquor stores, and gas stations may sell liquor, wine, and beer . Law changed effective 12 / 7 / 2011 to allow all liquor sales to begin at 6 a.m. Nonalcoholic beer is not regulated by state law . Wyoming No Yes 6.00 a.m.--2.00 a.m. Yes 21 Clubs holding liquor licenses may be exempt from the hours of operation here specified by local ordinance or regulation of the appropriate licensing authority, but it does not seem to happen in practice Puerto Rico No No territory - wide mandated last call No territory - wide mandated hours of operation for liquor stores, but sales prohibited on Election Day and during hurricane emergencies; some municipalities prohibit sales after midnight weekdays or 2: 00 weekends . Beer, wine and spirits available for sale in supermarkets, convenience stores and drug stores as well as liquor stores . 18 Minimum drinking age is 18 . Drinking on the street is illegal in San Juan (except in designated areas during selected street festivals) but not in all cities. Gold Document ID: 96

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Alcohol law) vary from province to province. In Alberta, changes introduced in 2008 included a ban on "happy hour," minimum prices, and a limit on the number of drinks a person can buy in a bar or pub at one time after 1 a.m. In the United States, the sale of alcoholic beverages is controlled by the individual states, by the counties or parishes within each state, and by local jurisdictions. In many states, alcohol can only be sold by staff qualified to serve responsibly through alcohol server training. A county that prohibits the sale of alcohol is known as a dry Document [2] (Title: Alcoholic beverages in Oregon) 1990s saw a flurry of laws passed governing the OLCC's oversight of the newly numerous Oregon wineries and microbreweries. House Bill 4028–passed in 2002–allowed liquor stores to operate on Sunday; they had previously been restricted to six days a week. This sort of licensing is very important for maintaining safe production and sales of alcoholic beverages in Oregon. Under Oregon law, specifically ORS 471.565, bars and restaurants can be held legally responsible for any damages to property or injuries incurred when an intoxicated person is served alcohol and causes a car crash. The following ballot measures changed state policy on Document [3] (Title: Blue laws in the United States) of April 2015, 157 of the 603 Fine Wine and Good Spirits stores are open from noon to 5:00 p.m. on Sundays. Beer may only be purchased from a restaurant, bar, licensed beer store, or distributor. Six and twelve packs, along with individual bottles such as 40-ounce or 24-ounce beers, may only be purchased at bars, restaurants, and licensed retailers. For larger quantities one must go to a beverage distributor which sells beer only by the case or keg, or 12-packs, which were added to beer distributors' inventories by state law in 2015. Beverage distributors (which also sell soft drinks) Document [4] (Title: Alcoholic beverages in Oregon) have liquor licenses, and the OLCC has strict guidelines and training to ensure that all licensed venues understand how to safely sell and serve alcoholic beverages. Alcohol and alcoholism are also studied by the state at the Portland Alcohol Research Center. Alcohol laws in Oregon permit the sale of beer, wine, and liquor, for on- or off-premises consumption, between 7 a.m. and 2:30 a.m. In 2004, Oregonians consumed of distilled spirits, of wine, and of beer, ranking it 27th, 19th, and 27th respectively of US states. Oregon had an estimated population of 3,594,586 in 2004, ranking it 27th among US Document [5] (Title: Drinking culture) guest's part. It is considered rude to take any alcohol back when departing. Drinking at early times of the day is frowned upon in some cultures. Noon (12pm) is often seen as earliest appropriate time of day to consume alcohol, although there are some special exceptions such as drinking Buck's Fizzes on Christmas Day morning. Various cultures and traditions feature the social practice of providing free alcoholic drinks for others. For example, during a wedding reception or a bar mitzvah, free alcoholic drinks are often served to guests, a practice that is known as "an open bar". Free alcoholic drinks Document [6] (Title: Drinking in public) consumed within of the off license where it was purchased. Some towns and cities have by-laws forbidding public drinking. The sale of alcohol in stores or off-license is illegal between the hours of 10:00 PM and 10:00 AM with the exception of Sunday morning, when the sale of alcohol is forbidden until 12:00 PM. The sale of alcohol in bars and pubs is prohibited after 3:00 AM and before 10:00 AM, with the exception of those with special licenses, which is rare. These bars are known locally as "early houses". The law prohibiting the sale of alcohol on Good Friday Document [7] (Title: Pregaming) 60 percent of women acknowledged pre-drinking. Researchers believe that the practice is becoming more widespread due to changing cultural mores, alcohol laws, and economics. Local bars and clubs lose business from pregaming both because students purchase alcohol elsewhere and because pregaming can delay students' arrival, pushing these businesses toward failure. Young adults often don't arrive until 11:30 pm or midnight, relatively near the time bars are required to close in many U.S. states. Local bars might sell only one or two drinks to students who have consumed alcohol heavily earlier in the night. In addition, nightlife establishments may become liable Document [8] (Title: Blue laws in the United States) purchased at all on Sundays. Relatively few parts of New York actually permit alcohol sales at all times permissible under state law; most counties have more restrictive blue laws of their own. The NYS Alcoholic Beverage Control Law prohibits the issuance of a full liquor license for establishments on the same street or avenue and within two hundred feet of a building occupied exclusively as a school, church, synagogue or other place of worship. Establishments within of a church or school may obtain a beer and wine license. North Carolina does not allow alcohol sales between 2 a.m. and 7 Document [9] (Title: Alcohol laws of Australia) or permit being obtained from the State government. Licences and permits are issued by the Victorian Commission for Gambling and Liquor Regulation, under the "Liquor Control Reform Act 1998". In Victoria, alcohol may not be sold to a person who is under 18 years of age unless accompanied by a guardian (or spouse) and for consumption during a meal, and minors must not be on licensed premises (i.e. premises on which alcohol may be sold or consumed) unless accompanied by an adult or other limited circumstances. There are several categories of licences available. The most common are: Other specialised licences Document [10] (Title: Alcohol laws of Pennsylvania) are subject to the rules of the individual establishment. The hours of operation of beer distributors are typically similar to that of Wine and Spirits stores and other retail establishments. These hours are only restricted by the state on Sundays, where a special license is required to sell beer, and sales before 11 am are not permitted. Although state law permits late-night beer distributors, local authorities can place additional restrictions, and stores typically close before 10 pm. Beer and wine in small quantities may be purchased from a restaurant, bar, or licensed retailer. These establishments may sell six and twelve Document [11] (Title: Botellón) passed a law that prohibits stores to sell alcohol to the public after 10:00 p.m, hoping to persuade people to attend clubs or bars where alcohol must remain on site. However, the measure is a controversial one because people can still buy alcohol before the selling limit hour and consume it in public. Furthermore, the enforcement of the law is strongest in the most populated botellón areas and has caused some stores away from these enforcement areas to sell alcohol illegally after the limit hour, although they risk fines. In some provinces, laws were passed that prohibited the consumption on Document [12] (Title: Alcohol laws of Wisconsin) restrict retail sales of alcohol, or ban the issuance of retail liquor licenses altogether. Local ordinances often prohibit retail beer sale after 9:00 p.m. At least two municipalities in Wisconsin prohibited the retail sale of alcohol until recently: the city of Sparta, and the village of Ephraim. In the April 1, 2014 Wisconsin spring election, voters in Sparta narrowly passed a referendum to allow the sale of beer and wine in groceries and convenience stores. The ban on the sale of liquor within the city remains in effect. In the April 5, 2016, voters in Ephraim passed a referendum to Document [13] (Title: Raheem Brock) of November 13, 2010, Brock was pulled over after being observed driving 85-90 mph in a 60 mph zone. A preliminary breath test indicated a blood alcohol concentration of .133; the legal limit in Washington is .08. Later breath tests at the University of Washington Police Department measured Brock's BAC at .115 and .111. On December 6, 2011, more than a year after his DUI arrest, Brock was charged with driving under the influence. The King County prosecutor's office reportedly lost the file and only found it after a journalist from Philadelphia inquired about the status of the case. On Document [14] (Title: Blue laws in the United States) a.m. on any day of the week; in smaller cities and unincorporated portions of counties such sales can be allowed if authorized by the local governing body. Wine sales are subject to the same rules as beer sales, except sales are allowed until 2 a.m. on Sunday in all cases. Liquor must be sold at specialized stores only (referred to as "package stores" in the statute) and the store must be physically separate from any other business (such as an adjoining convenience store). A package store can sell other items, but the store must be closed at any time when Document [15] (Title: Blue laws in the United States) on Sundays until repealed on February 28, 2018, and many states ban selling cars on Sundays. Arizona previously limited alcohol sales hours on Sundays (2 a.m. to 10 a.m.; the other six days of the week alcohol could be purchased starting at 6 a.m.). This law was repealed in 2010. Arkansas has 75 counties, 39 of which are "dry", meaning the sale of any alcoholic beverage is prohibited entirely. (Some exceptions are made for private facilities). Private facilities must have licenses, which can be rigorous. Sale of alcoholic beverages on Christmas Day is entirely prohibited, even in private facilities. Alcohol Document [16] (Title: Alcohol laws of Wisconsin) may be served, possess, or consume alcohol if they are with a parent, legal guardian, or spouse who is of legal drinking age. Those age 18-20 may also be served, possess or consume alcohol if they are with a parent, legal guardian, or spouse who is of legal drinking age. Those age 18 to 20 may also possess (but not consume) alcohol as part of their employment. The 1983 Wisconsin Act 74, effective July 1, 1984, created a drinking age of 19. Meeting in special session at the call of the governor, the legislature enacted 1985 Wisconsin Act 337, which Document [17] (Title: Alcohol laws of Australia) age in Western Australia was 21. Today, it is illegal for any person under the age of 18 years to purchase, supply, or drink alcohol on licensed or regulated premises, even if they are with their parents or guardian. The maximum penalty for a minor to consume alcohol on licensed premises is a A$2,000 fine. The law does allow a minor to consume alcohol for religious purposes for example Holy Communion. It is an offence in Western Australia for persons of any age to drink in public, such as on the street, park, beach, or as a passenger in a Document [18] (Title: Alcoholic beverages in Oregon) and private clubs where liquor was served. Lobbyists then succeeded in having the bill referred to the voters in 1940. Voters passed the bill in 1940. In 1944, the "Burke Bill" became law: wines with more than 14% alcohol could only be sold by Commission stores and agencies. Also in the 1940s, a "service bars" license was established. This restricted liquor licenses to establishments serving food. In 1949, the Legislative Assembly approved a method where establishments that sold liquor could ask for proof of age from patrons they thought were under the age of 21. Measure 15—passed in 1952—amended the Document [19] (Title: Washington State Liquor and Cannabis Board) with large homeless populations voluntarily pull products known for their popularity with alcoholics, failed to adequately control the sale of such products to homeless individuals. Among the products sought to be banned were over two dozen beers, and six wines: Cisco, Gino's Premium Blend, MD 20/20, Night Train, Thunderbird, and Wild Irish Rose. The Liquor Control Board approved these restrictions on August 30, 2006. The cities of Tacoma, Spokane, and Olympia also followed suit in instituting "Alcohol Impact Areas" of their own following Seattle's example. Vancouver has an AIA that is technically voluntary, though it currently has a 100% retailer Document [20] (Title: Alcohol laws of Australia) and no existing patrons can re-enter after that time, while last drinks are at 3am. There are restrictions on what can be served after midnight. For example, liquor cannot be served "neat". In NSW, if a minor is caught with alcohol in a public place it can be confiscated and guardians notified of the offence, a maximum fine of $20 may occur. The state does allow a minor to consume alcohol for religious purposes, for example Holy Communion. New South Wales alcohol laws only allow the following identification as legally accepted proof-of-age in licensed premises: In Queensland, the main legislation Document [21] (Title: Alcohol laws of Utah) malt beverages, and heavy beer (over 3.2%). Limited restaurant licenses may not sell flavored malt beverages or distilled spirits. And while the restaurant may be able to obtain a liquor license, they are restricted to how and when they are able to serve alcohol. One such restriction is the “intent to dine” law; customers must have the intent to dine in order to be served an alcoholic beverage. Restaurants are only able to serve liquor from 11AM-midnight or 1AM, depending on the license, and many times the amount per glass is restricted. This creates problems with customers from out of Document [22] (Title: Alcohol laws of Kansas) local unit of government has voted to allow Sunday Sales. If Sunday Sales are allowed, sales are prohibited only on Easter Sunday, Christmas and Thanksgiving. Sales are prohibited between 11:00 PM and 9:00 AM. Cities and counties which allow off-premises sales are prohibited from allowing Sunday liquor sales after 8:00 PM, but may not require retail liquor stores to close before 8:00 PM on other days. No sales are allowed at less than cost. All employees must be at least 21 years of age. A retail liquor store must be in an area zoned for commercial use, cannot be located Document [23] (Title: Last call (bar term)) and 6:00. Italy does not have a legally mandated closing time. Alcohol may be served or sold anywhere 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. In Rome, an ordinance was passed in January 2009 to make 2 a.m. the last call in Campo de' Fiori and the neighborhoods of Trastevere and Testaccio. The new last call time for these areas was initiated to curtail nighttime commotion in these popular parts of Rome. Japan does not have a legally mandated closing time. Alcohol may be served or sold anywhere 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Until December 18, Document [24] (Title: Alcohol licensing laws of the United Kingdom) from early evening to the mandatory closing time, usually 22:30 or 23:00. The Sunday Trading Act 1994 altered the situation somewhat. In Northern Ireland, legislation is more restrictive than in Great Britain—a reaction to social problems at the beginning of the 20th century. Only a limited number of licences are available for pubs and off-licences; any new pub or off-licence wanting to sell alcohol must wait until an existing one surrenders its licence (known as "the surrender principle"). Licences are granted and administered by the courts, not elected local authorities; the courts have no guidance to assist in the practical Document [25] (Title: Washington State Liquor and Cannabis Board) from a tap in addition to what a class 13 permit allows. A person must be at least 18 years old to hold a class 13 permit and at least 21 years old to hold a class 12 permit. Any licensed establishment must have at least one person with a class 12 permit on-duty to serve alcoholic beverages to its customers. A person with a class 13 permit must be supervised by a person with a class 12 permit. Some violations of the Alcohol Server Permit rules are misdemeanor or gross misdemeanor crimes. Washington State Liquor and Cannabis Board The Document [26] (Title: Government of Mississippi) leaders, State Representative David Baria and State Senator Hob Bryan are White. Liquor laws in Mississippi are particularly strict, with some variation among jurisdictions. Statewide prohibition of alcohol did not end until 1966, making Mississippi the last state with such a ban in force. Liquor stores may only be opened from 10:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m., and are disallowed from operating on New Year's Day, Good Friday, Thanksgiving Day, and Christmas Day. Currently, state law disallows the operation of liquor stores on Sundays. Many local jurisdictions similarly prevent the Sunday sale of beer for off-site consumption or restrict the Sunday Document [27] (Title: U.S. history of alcohol minimum purchase age by state) 10% of their federal highway funds. By mid-1988, all 50 states and the District of Columbia had raised their purchase ages to 21 (but not Puerto Rico, Guam, or the Virgin Islands, see Additional Notes below). South Dakota and Wyoming were the final two states to comply with the age 21 mandate. The current drinking age of 21 remains a point of contention among many Americans, because of it being higher than the age of majority (18 in most states) and higher than the drinking ages of most other countries. The National Minimum Drinking Age Act is also seen as Document [28] (Title: Blue laws in the United States) on Sundays must be paid time-and-a-half. The sale of alcohol is banned from 2 a.m. to 7 a.m. every day. The only exception to this rule is New Year's Day, in which case alcohol sales are permitted until 4 a.m. Alcohol sales were likewise banned on Sunday until 12 p.m., and on Christmas from 12 a.m. until 12 p.m., until a repeal in late 2010. Specific localities may petition for exceptions for either on-site or off-site consumption. All "blue laws" which had restricted Sunday hunting, in specific Lower Peninsula counties, were repealed in 2003. Prior to the law being repealed Document [29] (Title: Washington Initiative 502) No arrests were made. I-502 mandated that rules for producers, processors and retailers be in place by December 1, 2013. The Washington State Liquor and Cannabis Board had initially anticipated the first proposed section would be approved in April. Distribution of draft rules to all stakeholders was planned May, with initial filing of all rules in June, before public hearings and adoption of the rules, to begin taking initial applications by September, and to begin issuing licenses in December 2013. Some state legislators are reportedly moving to "slow down" this rule-making process and national opponents Kevin Sabet and Patrick J. Document [30] (Title: Blue laws in the United States) for "off-premises consumption" by any retailer that can supply and has the proper licenses. A beer and wine seller may sell other non-alcohol items, and is not required to be closed for business during periods when beer and wine cannot be sold. Beer can be sold between 7 a.m. and midnight Monday–Saturday and on Sunday from midnight to 1 a.m. and again between noon and midnight. On-premises consumption permit holders may sell beer between 10 a.m. and noon but only with a food order. In certain large cities as defined within the Code, beer sales are automatically extended to 2 Document [31] (Title: U.S. history of alcohol minimum purchase age by state) from 21 to 18 in 1971 with the 26th amendment. Many states started to lower their minimum drinking age in response, most of this occurring in 1972 or 1973. Twelve states kept their purchase ages at 21 since repeal of Prohibition and never changed them. From 1976 to 1983, several states voluntarily raised their purchase ages to 19 (or, less commonly, 20 or 21), in part to combat drunk driving fatalities. In 1984, Congress passed the National Minimum Drinking Age Act, which required states to raise their ages for purchase and public possession to 21 by October 1986 or lose Document [32] (Title: Last call (bar term)) are no specific closing times and the country has liberal alcohol laws. Bars and clubs in entertainment districts will serve alcohol practically 24 hours a day, while in residential districts local regulations apply; establishments that serve alcohol outside may often have to call their guests inside after midnight or even close completely. In 2006, Knesset member Ruhama Avraham attempted to pass a bill in parliament that would forbid selling alcohol between 2 and 6 a.m. The bill faced severe resistance from bar and restaurant owners and finally was drawn back. In Tel Aviv, bars are fined for remaining open past Document [33] (Title: Alcohol law) drinking is banned from 10:30 p.m. to 7 a.m. daily. Additional restrictions on public drinking are applied to Geylang and Little India where they had declared as Liquor Control Zones. The additional restrictions for Geylang and Little India are from 7 a.m. on Saturdays to 7 a.m. on Mondays and from 7 p.m. on eves of public holidays to 7 a.m. on the day after the public holiday. Retailers within the Liquor Control Zones are not allowed to sell takeaway liquor from 10:30 p.m. to 7 a.m. on weekdays (except on the eve of Public Holidays and Public Holidays) and Document [34] (Title: National Minimum Drinking Age Act) Kansas, Michigan, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, and Vermont, and the District of Columbia extended the law into an outright ban. The minimum purchase and drinking ages is a state law, and most states still permit "underage" consumption of alcohol in some circumstances. In some states, no restriction on private consumption is made, while in other states, consumption is only allowed in specific locations, in the presence of consenting and supervising family members, as in the states of Colorado, Maryland, Montana, New York, Texas, West Virginia, Washington, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. The act also does not seek to criminalize alcohol consumption during religious Document [35] (Title: Washington State Liquor and Cannabis Board) compliance rate. The Licensing and Regulation Division issues liquor licenses, which numbered 14,604 in fiscal year 2006. Liquor licenses are issued to businesses and not-for-profit organizations. Various licenses exist and each license is suited to a particular type of business and product mix. Breweries, wineries, and distilleries would be licensed to produce their specific class of alcoholic beverages. Wholesalers and distributors would be licensed to buy beer and/or wine from breweries and wineries and sell to retailers. Retail licenses fit two categories depending on where the alcohol will be consumed. Retailers like grocery stores are licensed to sell beer, wine, Document [36] (Title: Blue laws in the United States) and liquor sales are entirely prohibited on Sunday and Christmas Day. (Some exceptions for private facilities are made for Sundays). Washington, D.C. allows private retailers (Class A) to sell distilled spirits, but the District Council requires Class A retailers to be closed on Sundays (Class B retailers, such as grocery stores, may sell beer and wine on Sundays). However, in December 2012, the Council voted to repeal the Sunday restriction. The repeal took effect May 1, 2013. Several counties prohibit the sale of alcohol and sex toys on Sunday and during certain hours. Sunday retail alcohol sales in stores were Document [37] (Title: Alcohol laws of South Carolina) the retail sale of liquor statewide is permitted from 9 a.m. until 7 p.m. Monday–Saturday, and Sunday sales are banned by state law. However, counties and cities may hold referendums to allow Sunday sales of beer and wine only. Counties currently allowing Sunday beer and wine sales: Berkeley, Beaufort, Charleston, Dorchester, Georgetown, Horry, Newberry, Oconee, Richland (unincorporated areas only), and York. Lancaster and Lexington allow in cities with referendums. Cities and towns that have passed laws allowing Sunday beer and wine sales include Columbia, Spartanburg, Charleston, Greenville, Aiken, Rock Hill, Summerville, Santee, Daniel Island, Hardeeville and Tega Cay. While there Document [38] (Title: Alcohol law) of liquor. For example, in most of North Carolina, beer and wine may be purchased in retail stores, but distilled spirits are only available at state ABC (Alcohol Beverage Control) stores. In Maryland, distilled spirits are available in liquor stores except in Montgomery County, where they are sold only by the county. Most states follow a three-tier system in which producers cannot sell directly to retailers, but must instead sell to distributors, who in turn sell to retailers. Exceptions often exist for brewpubs (pubs which brew their own beer) and wineries, which are allowed to sell their products directly to Document [39] (Title: Last call (bar term)) but no later than 3 a.m. Out of the 429 counties of Norway, almost 50% have established a closing time or "last call" at 2 a.m. Only 1 in 7 counties serves drinks until the laws maximum allowance at 3 a.m. This is a major decrease over the last few years because of the government's belief that reduced drinking hours equal less fighting, noise, disturbance, etc. In Sweden, explicit last calls do not take place, as it would violate a political principle not to encourage people to drink more. The latest allowed closing time of bars and restaurant is decided Document [40] (Title: Blue laws in the United States) it cannot sell liquor. Liquor cannot be sold at retail stores during any of the following times: Wholesalers can deliver liquor to retailers at any time except on Sunday or Christmas; however, local distributors can only deliver liquor to retailers between 5 a.m. and 9 p.m. on any day except Sunday, Christmas or any day where the retailer is prohibited from selling liquor. There are forms of hunting on Sunday that are illegal, such as deer, turkey, dove and duck, and other forms that are legal. The forms of Sunday hunting that are legal are hunting on licensed hunting preserves, Document [41] (Title: Alcohol laws of Indiana) Alcohol laws of Indiana Until 2018, Indiana was one of nearly a dozen U.S. states to ban all Sunday alcohol sales outside of bars and restaurants. That ban was repealed when Senate Bill 1 was signed by Gov. Eric Holcomb on February 28, 2018 . Effective March 4, 2018, convenience stores, grocers, and liquor stores may sell alcohol from 12:00 PM to 8:00 PM on Sundays . Effective July 4, 2010, beer sold in microbreweries may be sold on Sundays pursuant to Senate Bill 75. The sales must take place where the brewing is done. However, off-site sales may take Document [42] (Title: Three-tier system (alcohol distribution)) retailing tier, are operated by the state government itself (or by contractors operating under its authority) rather than by independent private entities. The only state with a privately operated retailing and distribution system that does not require any form of three-tier system is the State of Washington. In Washington, retailers may purchase alcoholic beverages directly from producers, may negotiate volume discounts, and may warehouse their inventory themselves. However, the three-tier system largely remains in fact a reality in Washington despite the lack of a law requiring it. In 1933 the 18th Amendment was repealed by the 21st Amendment. (Previously, the Document [43] (Title: Washington State Liquor and Cannabis Board) prohibition, beginning June 1, 2012. State and local government revenues are projected to increase by $42 million and $38 million respectively over the next six years as a result along with a 48 percent increase in alcohol consumption. In November 2012, citizen's initiative 502 was passed legalizing the recreational use of cannabis and assigning regulation of the cannabis industry to the then Liquor Control Board. The board's name was officially changed to reflect the addition of cannabis effective July 24, 2015. Alcohol prohibition was repealed by Washington Initiative 61 in 1932, and from 1933 to 2012, the WSLCB was the Document [44] (Title: U.S. history of alcohol minimum purchase age by state) a congressional sidestep of the tenth amendment. Although debates have not been highly publicized, a few states have proposed legislation to lower their drinking age, while Guam has raised its drinking age to 21 in July 2010. 94. Citation for Wisconsin drinking law: https://www.revenue.wi.gov/Pages/FAQS/ise-atundrg.aspx U.S. history of alcohol minimum purchase age by state The alcohol laws of the United States regarding minimum age for purchase have changed over time. This history is given in the table below. Unless otherwise noted, if different alcohol categories have different minimum purchase ages, the age listed below is set at the "lowest age given" Document [45] (Title: Cannabis in Washington (state)) or processor licenses. Growers may only legally sell cannabis to licensed processors or retailers—not directly to consumers. Unlike other states that have legalized recreational cannabis, Washington does not allow unlicensed cultivation for personal use. In May 2014, the Liquor and Cannabis Board held a lottery to award licenses to qualified applicants. Retail sales began in July 2014. As retailers only had two months to establish storefronts and acquire inventory, stores experienced supply issues during the summer of 2014. This caused limited availability and inflated prices for consumers. During the first several months of legal sales, prices exceeded US$20 per gram. Document [46] (Title: Four Loko) from their campus on November 5, 2010. The state of Washington banned Four Loko after nine university students aged 17 to 19 from Central Washington University in Ellensburg, Washington became ill at a house party in Roslyn, Washington. The students were hospitalized with blood alcohol levels ranging from 0.12 to 0.35 percent (a level of 0.30 percent being considered potentially lethal) and one university student almost died, according to CWU President James L. Gaudino. In October 2010, following the hospitalization of seventeen students and six visitors, Ramapo College of New Jersey banned the possession and consumption of Four Loko on Document [47] (Title: Drug policy of Maryland) drunk driving. If the bartender or server is shown to have known and purposefully neglected this responsibility, the employee can be held criminally responsible. They are also required to verify the age of those purchasing alcohol, to ensure consumers are of the legal age. As of right now, the minimum legal age to purchase alcohol in Maryland is 21. It is against the law to misrepresent one's age by using another's ID or a fake ID. The penalties for this include: If the violator is under the age of 18, she or he may be required to attend a supervised Document [48] (Title: Washington State Liquor and Cannabis Board) June 1, 2012, Washington completed its transition to private liquor sales. Under 1183, spirits may only be sold in premises of at least 10,000 sq ft, generally including grocery stores, warehouse clubs, department stores, and some larger specialty shops. Exceptions to the 10,000 sq ft rule are granted for any former state or contract store that has chosen to remain open under private ownership, and for establishments that are in a "trade area" where no building exists that meets the 10,000 sq ft requirement. The WSLCB has not yet defined "trade area". Under the state-run system, the shelf price included Document [49] (Title: Alcohol laws of Texas) midnight on all days except Sunday; Sunday sales are permitted between midnight and 1AM and between noon and midnight (excepting certain sales of beer with food). Wine sales are generally permitted at the same time as beer sales. Any retailer with a proper permit may sell beer and wine. Liquor sales are more stringently regulated. Liquor sales are prohibited 1) on Sundays, 2) on Thanksgiving Day, Christmas Day, and New Year's Day (and when Christmas and New Year's fall on a Sunday, the prohibition is carried over to the following Monday), and 3) before 10AM and after 9PM on any Document [50] (Title: Drunk driving law by country) for drivers under 21, despite maintaining a legal drinking age of 18. The blood alcohol limit for commercial drivers is 0.04%. Pilots of aircraft may not fly within eight hours of consuming alcohol, while under the impairing influence of alcohol or any other drug, or while showing a blood alcohol concentration equal to or greater than 0.04 grams per decilitre of blood. Utah became the first U.S. state to lower the legal limit to .05% BAC by volume on 24 March 2017. The law takes effect on 30 December 2018. The bill’s passage, HB155, was controversial in the state. A Document [51] (Title: Cannabis in Washington (state)) of activists filed Initiative 502, which would have legalized the use of cannabis for adults over the age of 21. The bill also allowed the Washington State Liquor Control Board to regulate and tax cannabis production and sales, and set new limits on blood THC levels for driving under the influence. In December 2011, the initiative received enough signatures to be sent to the state legislature. In April 2012, when the legislature adjourned without acting, the initiative advanced to the 2012 general ballot. Early supporters of the measure included Seattle's "The Stranger" and Spokane's "The Spokesman-Review". I-502 was also endorsed Document [52] (Title: Alcohol laws of New Jersey) allowed to serve alcohol to people who are under 21 or intoxicated, are strictly liable for patron's behavior, and are subject to dram shop lawsuits for injuries stemming from negligence in serving alcohol. Casinos are permitted to give away "comp" drinks, and many do to reward and encourage gambling. Except on New Year's Eve, a casino cannot sell an unlimited amount of alcoholic beverages at a set price, nor may they require patrons to purchase alcoholic beverages in order to access an event or service. In 1983, because of difficulties in preventing underage drinking in casinos, the legal age to Document [53] (Title: Alcohol laws of Indiana) place in trade shows and similar back door events. The sales limit is two cases per person, or 576 ounces. In Indiana, alcohol may be sold only to those 21 years of age or older during the hours 7 a.m. to 3 a.m. Establishments that sell beverages by the "drink" must have food service for 25 persons at a minimum (hot soups, hot sandwiches, coffee, milk, and soft drinks) available at all times. It is unlawful for establishments to provide discounts on alcohol to certain customers or at certain times of day ("e.g.", during "happy hour") that are not available Document [54] (Title: Alcohol laws of South Carolina) are no dry counties in South Carolina, and retail liquor sales are uniform statewide, certain counties may enforce time restrictions for beer and wine sales in stores (e.g., no sales after 2 a.m. in Pickens County) while others do not (in-store beer and wine sales are allowed 24 hours a day, 7 days a week in Charleston). Columbia, the state's capital, largest city, and the home of the University of South Carolina, took one of the more relaxed stances on alcohol sales in bars compared to other cities in the state. Many bars, especially those catering to younger crowds in Document [55] (Title: BC Liquor Stores) first week of the "Government Liquor Act" becoming law, 17 stores had been opened; by March 1922 at least one store had been opened in 32 of the 39 provincial electoral districts. The ability to purchase liquor was limited to those who purchased an annual liquor permit for five dollars and who were above 21 years of age. British Columbians were not able to buy liquor by the glass between 1921 and 1924. A 1925 amendment of the "Government Liquor Act" allowed for the establishment of beer parlours. In 1887, the British Columbia passed an act titled the "Habitual Drunkards Document [56] (Title: Alcohol laws of Missouri) including St. Louis and Kansas City have enacted local laws following the state law, which prohibit the retail sale of liquor between 1:30 AM and 6:00 AM Tuesday through Saturday, and between midnight on Sunday and 9:00 AM the following morning. No Missouri law prohibits establishments from holding both off-premises and on-premises licenses. As a result, some businesses are licensed to sell liquor both "by the drink" (individually for consumption on premises) and "by the package" (by the container for consumption off premises). Effectively, these are bars which double as liquor stores. In these places, off-premises sales are allowed until Document [57] (Title: Alcohol laws of New Jersey) is legal for a liquor store to deliver alcoholic beverages by car or van to a person's home. ABC regulations mandate that the alcoholic beverages being delivered are paid for in advance, that they are received by someone 21 or older, and that they take place when the licensed establishment is permitted to be open. A person must be at least 21 years old in New Jersey to purchase alcoholic beverages in a retail establishment, or to possess or consume alcoholic beverages in a public (for example, a park or on the street) or semi-public area (e.g. restaurant, automobile). A Document [58] (Title: Blue laws in the United States) prohibited by the Georgia General Assembly up until 2011. On April 28, 2011, Georgia Governor Nathan Deal signed legislation allowing local communities to vote on whether to allow alcohol sales on Sundays. Sales are still restricted on Sundays before 12:30 p.m. On November 8, 2011, voters in more than 100 Georgia cities and counties voted on a bill that would allow stores to sell alcohol on Sundays. It passed in Valdosta, Atlanta, Savannah and many other cities. Before this, cities and counties of sufficiently large populations such as most of Metro Atlanta already had Sunday alcohol sales at bars and Document [59] (Title: Alcohol law) U.S. states limit alcohol sales in grocery stores and gas stations to beer at or below 3.2% alcohol: Colorado, Kansas, Minnesota, Oklahoma, and Utah. In these states, stronger beverage sales are restricted to liquor stores. In Oklahoma, liquor stores may not refrigerate any beverage containing more than 3.2% alcohol. Missouri also has provisions for 3.2% beer, but its permissive alcohol laws (when compared to other states) make this type of beer a rarity. Pennsylvania is starting to allow grocery stores and gas stations to sell alcohol. Wines and spirits are still sold at locations called "state stores", but wine kiosks Document [60] (Title: Alcohol laws of Utah) due to Utah’s constantly changing liquor laws. “ "Who knows ... what things they'll dream up next to punish an industry that pays millions of millions of taxes in this state," David Cole said. While he predicts state laws will eventually change, "It's going to change a lot slower than we are as a company." Alcohol laws of Utah The Liquor laws of Utah regulate the selling and purchasing of alcohol in the United States state of Utah and are some of the most restrictive in the United States. A person must be 21 years old or older to buy Document [61] (Title: Alcohol laws of Oklahoma) consumed in places licensed to sell alcohol between 2:00 a.m. and 7:00 a.m. This crime is punishable by a fine of up to $500 and up to 6 months imprisonment. Licensed vendors may not advertise happy hours, serve more than two beverages at a time to a customer, give a discount to a person or group of persons, or permit the play of games that involve drinking. As of June 2018, all 77 counties allow liquor by the drink. The last 14 counties that only allowed private bottle clubs as well as beer taverns and restaurants permitted to sell only Document [62] (Title: Alcohol laws of Kansas) then, two counties and 23 cities had adopted laws permitting Sunday liquor sales. Effective November 15, 2005, the Legislature amended the Liquor Control Act to permit cities and counties to allow Sunday liquor sales. Sales are prohibited on Easter, Thanksgiving, and Christmas. Since June 2012, bars are able to offer happy-hour specials after more than 25 years of being able to reduce prices only if they’d done so for the entire day. Liquor stores are able to offer unlimited free samples of beer, wine and liquor. And the growing business of microdistilleries is freed to produce up to 50,000 gallons Document [63] (Title: Washington Initiative 502) marijuana, earmarking revenue for purposes that include substance-abuse prevention, research, education, and healthcare. Laws prohibiting driving under the influence would be amended to include maximum thresholds for THC blood concentration. After approval, Initiative 502 implements over a period of a year or more. Legal possession and DUI limits went into effect on December 9, 2012, and the state had until December 1, 2013, to establish other key rules. Until rules were established and licenses issued, retail sales to the general public were not allowed. Such businesses must be located 1,000 feet or further from public schools, and public use of Document [64] (Title: Alcohol laws of India) 10,000 and imprisonment from 6 months to 4 years. Different penalties are assessed depending on the blood alcohol content at the time of the offence. Dry Days are specific days when the sale of alcohol is not permitted. Most of the Indian states observe these days on major national festivals/occasions such as Republic Day (January 26), Independence Day (August 15) and Gandhi Jayanti (October 2). Dry days are also observed on and around voting days. Prohibited days are also announced when elections are held in the state. Every excise year, the Government of Delhi, notifies the number of Prohibited days Document [65] (Title: Prohibition) be amended, allowing women to legally consume alcohol and work in venues that sell alcohol. The legalization was overruled by President Maithripala Sirisena several days later. Alcohol is prohibited from being sold during election time, from 6 pm the day prior to voting, until the end of the day of voting itself. Alcohol is also prohibited on major Buddhist holy days, and sometimes on Royal Commemoration days, such as birthdays. Thailand also enforces time-limited bans on alcohol on a daily basis. Alcohol can only be legally purchased in stores or restaurants between 11 am–2 pm and 5 pm–midnight. This law Document [66] (Title: Rainier Club) experiments in Prohibitionism, but when Washington went dry on a statewide basis in 1916, the club could no longer serve liquor by the drink. Throughout the Prohibition era, the club repeatedly reasserted a policy that "no employee of the Club will be permitted under any circumstances to buy, sell, or have any liquor in their possession for sale on the Club premises." In Walter Crowley's words, "This policy was notably silent on members' possession of alcohol…" The Rainier Club was not exempt from the Great Depression. Having built a new wing to the clubhouse in 1929, they soon faced a Document [67] (Title: Blue laws in the United States) prohibited between the hours of 12 a.m. and 6 a.m. daily. State-run Alcoholic Beverage Control (ABC) stores have limited hours of operation on Sunday. Historically, off-premises Sunday sales of spirits were banned, and all liquor stores were closed. On November 8, 1966, Washington state voters adopted Initiative 229, repealing the so-called "Blue Law," which had been enacted in 1909. Consumers still had the option of purchasing beer or wine from grocery stores or on-premises spirits from bars and restaurants. In 2005, the state began allowing off-premises spirits sales in select stores on Sundays from noon to 5 p.m. On the Document [68] (Title: Washington wine) used in wine production include Aurore and Baco noir. The wines of Washington State are often characterized by their bright fruit flavors and crisp acidity. In recent years, the state's red wines have leaned towards riper, more fruit forward flavors, noticeable tannins and oak influence with moderately high alcohol levels. Wine experts such as Jancis Robinson and Hugh Johnson have described quality examples of Washington wines to exhibit fresh acidity, deep coloring, with bright, intense fruit flavors that can usually age in the bottle for at least 8 years before the fruit structure starts to fade. Karen MacNeil notes that Document [69] (Title: Alcohol law) from 7 p.m. to 7 a.m. on weekends, eve of Public Holidays and Public Holidays. Retailers outside the Liquor Control Zones are not allowed to sell takeaway liquor from 10:30 p.m. to 7 a.m. daily. According to data from the World Health Organization, drinking in public is regulated in the European countries for which data was provided as follows: Legend: ban = the consumption of alcohol is prohibited by law, violation may result in punishment. partial restriction = in some states, regions, municipalities or cities the consumption of alcohol is prohibited by law; or the consumption is restricted at certain Document [70] (Title: Washington State Liquor and Cannabis Board) sole distributor of all liquors and spirits in the state. In addition, they were also the primary retailer: the state operated 167 stores, while 163 stores were operated by private businesses who contracted with the state for a commission on the sales. These contract stores were generally located in either smaller cities or more remote and rural areas, while the state stores were typically located in larger, more populated areas. Because the state was the sole distributor of all spirits, uniform pricing was set so that the price of any given product was the same from store to store no Document [71] (Title: Joseph Hazelwood) accident, Alaska state prosecutors failed to convince the jury that Hazelwood was intoxicated at the time of the grounding. By his own admission, Hazelwood drank "two or three vodkas" between 4:30 and 6:30 that same night, his blood alcohol content was found to be .061. However, the defense argued that the blood samples were taken nearly ten hours after the incident and were mishandled. Most states, including Alaska, do not allow samples after three hours and a preservative required to halt fermentation was not added to the sample. Fermentation could have added to the amount of alcohol in the sample, Document [72] (Title: Blue laws in the United States) can apply for permits to sell on and off-premise on Sunday if their municipality allows it. No sales on Christmas Day. Alcohol sales for consumption off-premises are not permitted between 3 a.m. and 8 a.m. on Sundays, while on-premises sales are not permitted between 4 a.m. and 8 a.m. on any day. Prior to 2006, off-premises alcohol sales were forbidden until noon on Sundays, and liquor/wine stores were required to be closed the entire day. Because grocery stores are not permitted to carry wine or liquor, the older law essentially meant that only beer and alcoholic malt beverages could be Document [73] (Title: Washington State Liquor and Cannabis Board) state funding. As a result, the agency no longer hires entry level law enforcement officers. The current Chief of the Enforcement and Education Division is Justin Nordhorn. The Division has regional offices in Federal Way, Tacoma, Spokane, Mountlake Terrace and Mount Vernon as well as field offices in Seattle and Pasco. In 2005, the Seattle City Council asked the Liquor Control Board to prohibit the sale of certain low-priced, highly-alcoholic beverages in an impoverished "Alcohol Impact Area." The City requested the order after an earlier, "Good Neighbor" policy, in which the city requested convenience stores and liquor outlets in areas Document [74] (Title: Alcohol in New Zealand) law was supposed to curb drunkenness and crime and to send men home early to encourage family life, however six o'clock closing had the opposite effect. Men would finish work at 5 pm and had only one hour to drink as much alcohol (usually beer and from half gallon (2.2 litre) jugs) as possible before closing. This phenomenon created a culture of binge drinking. The six o'clock swill also encouraged men to drive home from the hotels extremely drunk and car crashes were the most common between 6 pm and 8 pm especially on Friday and Saturday evenings. This was Document [75] (Title: Alcohol laws of Oklahoma) sell packaged liquor (off-premises sales) on Sundays. With the passage of Senate Bill 211, counties can approve Sunday liquor sales through a special election. Sales also are prohibited on Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Thanksgiving Day, and Christmas Day. Wine and beer for consumption off-premises may not be sold between 2:00 a.m. and 6:00 a.m. People who have been convicted of a felony or any alcohol-related crime may not obtain a license to sell packaged alcohol. Senate bill 211 was passed to allow sales on sunday. https://legiscan.com/OK/bill/SB211/2017 Alcohol may not be sold for consumption on-premises or allowed to be Document [76] (Title: Alcohol laws of South Carolina) the busy Five Points district, served alcohol until sunrise, and it was not unheard of for bars and clubs to serve alcohol until 7 or 8 a.m., although the legality of this practice is questionable. In 2011, however, Columbia City Council voted to force bars to close at 2 a.m., requiring a special permit to stay open further. Requirements for the permit involved having trained security staff and no events that violate "the public peace" (wet T-shirt contests, etc.). In Greenville city limits, it is illegal to serve alcohol after 2 a.m. at bars and restaurants. Before 2006, South Carolina Document [77] (Title: Blue laws in the United States) election of November 8, 2011, voters passed Initiative 1183, which brought several changes to the liquor distribution and retailing system. The most significant of these changes were the end to the state monopoly on liquor sales and distribution. On June 1, 2012, Washington completed its transition to private liquor sales. Under 1183, spirits may only be sold in premises of at least 10,000 sq ft, generally including grocery stores, warehouse clubs, department stores, and some larger specialty shops. The sale of alcohol for both on and off-premises consumption is prohibited between the hours of 2 a.m. and 6 a.m. daily. Document [78] (Title: Alcohol in Australia) required to request identification from those who look under 25 years of age when purchasing alcohol. Police cadets, most of whom are around 24years of age, are often used to research retailers who would sell them alcohol. In 2013, 72 out of 100 cadets were able to purchase alcohol without showing identification in the Perth metropolitan area. The National Health and Medical Research Council issues guidelines for alcohol use in Australia. Alcohol plays an integral part of Australian culture. Alcohol plays a role in celebrations, a variety of social activities, relaxation, as a generator of tax revenue and as a Document [79] (Title: Minor in Possession) full fine, or in some extreme cases, several days in jail. In many cases a third MIP may result in a loss of the accused driver's license until the age of 21. In Washington State, the statutes impose that: providing to and possession of alcohol by minors (persons under 21) is a gross misdemeanor with a potential of $5,000 and a year in jail. Washington State's law does not apply to liquor given or permitted to be given to a person under the age of twenty-one years by a parent or guardian and consumed in the presence of the parent Document [80] (Title: Alcohol laws of Kansas) the state's other large college campus, Kansas State University. In those counties which allow liquor to be sold on-premises by the drink, clubs and drinking establishments may sell beer, wine, spirits, nonalcoholic malt beverages, and cereal malt beverages any day, but not between 2 AM and 9 AM. Drinks "on the house" are prohibited. No sales are allowed at less than cost. "All you can drink" promotions are prohibited. Drinks cannot be offered as prizes. Free food and entertainment are permitted. Employees must be at least 21 years of age to mix and dispense drinks, and must be at least Document [81] (Title: Cannabis in Washington (state)) fundraising or campaigning against it. On November 6, 2012, I-502 was approved by a vote of 55.7% to 44.3% Possession of up to of marijuana by adults became legal under state law on December 6, however cultivation, sale and even gifting remained illegal. Laws regarding medical marijuana remained unchanged. After I-502 went into effect, the Washington State Liquor Control board began establishing regulations for the new recreational cannabis industry, with a deadline of December 1, 2013 set by the initiative. In August 2013, the United States Department of Justice announced that it would not interfere with state-level legalization, as long Document [82] (Title: Prohibition) been favored by women. However, this prohibition is not recognized by federal Mexican law as the Zapatista movement is strongly opposed by the federal government. The sale and purchase of alcohol is prohibited on and the night before certain national holidays, such as "Natalicio de Benito Juárez" (birthdate of Benito Juárez) and "Día de la Revolución", which are meant to be dry nationally. The same "dry law" applies to the days before presidential elections every six years. Prohibition in the United States focused on the manufacture, transportation, and sale of alcoholic beverages; however, exceptions were made for medicinal and religious Document [83] (Title: Alcohol law) county. In some states, liquor sales are prohibited on Sunday by a blue law. The places where alcohol may be sold or possessed, like all other alcohol restrictions, vary from state to state. Some states, like Louisiana, Missouri, and Connecticut, have very permissive alcohol laws, whereas other states, like Kansas and Oklahoma, have very strict alcohol laws. Many states require that liquor may be sold only in liquor stores. In Nevada, Missouri, and Louisiana, state law does not specify the locations where alcohol may be sold. In 18 alcoholic beverage control states, the state has a monopoly on the sale Document [84] (Title: Alcohol laws of Kansas) 18 years of age to serve drinks. A prohibition against limited drink specials, such as "happy hours" or "ladies' nights," was repealed as of July 1, 2012. Open containers of alcohol are prohibited outside of private buildings and licensed on-premises alcohol sellers. An open container is prohibited inside any motor vehicle, unless it is a licensed limousine or mass-transit vehicle. Kansas's open container law meets the requirements of the federal Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century for prohibiting open containers in vehicles. Like every other state in the United States, driving under the influence is a crime in Kansas, Document [85] (Title: Alcohol laws of Maryland) is applied at the consumer level, appearing as a line-item on the customer's receipt. Prior to 1973, the minimum age to buy or possess alcoholic beverages was 21 years old. In 1973, the minimum age was decreased to 18 years old in Montgomery County and Prince George's County. In 1974, the minimum age was decreased to 18 years old for the entire state. In 1982, the minimum age was increased to 21 years old but with a grandfather clause which allowed those who had already turned 18 (born June 30, 1964 or earlier) to consume beer and wine. Alcohol laws Document [86] (Title: Blue laws in the United States) serve alcoholic beverages. Alcohol sales are no longer prohibited on New Years Day. In 2010, a change in legislation allowed Indiana residents to purchase alcohol on Election Day. Christmas sales are still prohibited. In the state of Indiana, as of March 1, 2018, Sunday alcohol sales are allowed between noon and 8pm. Iowa Code 322.3 states that a licensed car dealership cannot either directly or through an agent, salesperson, or employee, engage in Iowa, or represent or advertise that the person is engaged or intends to engage in Iowa, in the business of buying or selling at retail new or Document [87] (Title: Blue laws in the United States) that were within 10 miles of the New Hampshire or Vermont border. Since 1992, alcohol sales have been allowed statewide from the Sunday prior to Thanksgiving until New Year's Day. In both exceptions sales were not allowed before noon. Since the law changed in 2004, off-premises sales are now allowed anywhere in the state, with local approval, after noon. Retail alcohol sales remain barred on Thanksgiving Day, Christmas Day and Memorial Day. Massachusetts also has a "Day of Rest" statute that provides that all employees are entitled to one day off from work in seven calendar days. Retail employees working Document [88] (Title: Alcohol laws of New York) consumption and respect for and obedience to law." The SLA is also authorized by statute to "determine whether public convenience and advantage will be promoted by the issuance of licenses to traffic in alcoholic beverages … and to carry out the increase or decrease in the number thereof and the location of premises licensed … in the public interest." In New York, for the purposes of state law, there are only four hours out of each day of the week (with the exception of Sunday) in which alcohol may not be served: 4:00 a.m. to 8:00 a.m. This was designed Document [89] (Title: Alcohol laws of Utah) law sets a limit of 3.2 percent alcohol by weight (4 percent by volume) in beer sold at grocery and convenience stores and at establishments operating under a "beer only" type license, such as taverns, beer bars and some restaurants. Beer over 3.2 percent by weight (4 percent by volume) is available in State Liquor Stores and Package Agencies and at clubs and restaurants licensed to sell liquor. In commercial facilities, the time at which alcohol may be served is limited, and alcohol may not be sold any later than 1 am under any circumstance. The Church of Jesus Christ Document [90] (Title: Wisconsin) prevalence of drinking in Wisconsin. In Wisconsin, the legal drinking age is 21, except when accompanied by a parent, guardian, or spouse who is at least 21 years old. Age requirements are waived for possessing alcohol when employed by a brewer, brewpub, beer and/or liquor wholesaler, or producer of alcohol fuel. The minimum legal age to purchase alcohol is 21, with no exceptions. The Absolute Sobriety law states that any person not of legal drinking age (currently 21 years of age) may not drive after consuming alcohol. On September 30, 2003, the state legislature, reluctant to lower a DUI offense Document [91] (Title: Blue laws in the United States) Sunday. In addition to alcohol laws varying widely across Tennessee, bartenders are prohibited from allowing alcohol to be consumed on their premises between 3 AM and 10 AM on Sunday, unless the local government has decided not to allow extended hours for alcohol sales, in which case sale before noon is prohibited. Car dealerships (both new and used) must remain closed on either Saturday or Sunday; the dealer has the option to determine on which day to close. In Texas, alcoholic beverage sales are distinguished (and thus blue laws vary) in two different ways: Beer and wine can be sold Document [92] (Title: Utah) since its inception. Utah's laws in regard to alcohol, tobacco and gambling are strict. Utah is an alcoholic beverage control state. The Utah Department of Alcoholic Beverage Control regulates the sale of alcohol; wine and spirituous liquors may only be purchased at state liquor stores, and local laws may prohibit the sale of beer and other alcoholic beverages on Sundays. The state bans the sale of fruity alcoholic drinks at grocery stores and convenience stores. The law states that such drinks must now have new state-approved labels on the front of the products that contain capitalized letters in bold type Document [93] (Title: Washington State Liquor and Cannabis Board) Washington State Liquor and Cannabis Board The Washington State Liquor and Cannabis Board, formerly the Washington State Liquor Control Board, is an administrative agency of the State of Washington. The Liquor and Cannabis Board is part of the executive branch and reports to the Governor. The board's primary function is the licensing of on and off premises establishments which sell any type of alcohol, and the enforcement and education of the state's alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis laws. In November 2011, citizen's initiative 1183 was passed to end the state monopoly on liquor sales that has held since the end of Document [94] (Title: Low-alcohol beer) repealed, they were first replaced by laws limiting the maximum alcohol content allowed for sale as 3.2 ABW. To this day, the states of Kansas, Minnesota, Colorado, Oklahoma (whose laws will be relaxed after two State Questions passed, which will go into effect in October 2018), and Utah permit general establishments such as supermarket chains and convenience stores to sell only low-point beer. In these states, all alcoholic beverages containing more than 3.2% alcohol by weight (ABW) must be sold from state-licensed liquor stores. Oklahoma additionally requires that any beverage containing more than 3.2% ABW must be sold at normal Document [95] (Title: Alcohol laws of Texas) Alcohol laws of Texas A person must be at least be 21 years of age to publicly drink an alcoholic beverage in Texas, with some exceptions Texas is one of ten states (California, Colorado, Maryland, Montana, New York, Texas, West Virginia, Washington, Wisconsin, and Wyoming) that allow consumption by minors in the presence of consenting and supervising family members. In the state of Texas, parents accept responsibility for the safety of minors under 18 when the minor is on their property or on property leased by them and under their care, custody, and control; an adult may provide alcohol to Document [96] (Title: Alcohol laws of Maine) week. On New Year's Day, alcohol may be sold until 2 a.m. It may be consumed in establishments licensed for on-premises consumption until 1:15 a.m., with the exception of New Year's Day when it is 2:15 a.m. Alcohol sales were previously prohibited until 9 a.m. on Sundays. In 2013 an exception was made to allow sales starting at 6 a.m. when St. Patrick's Day falls on a Sunday. But in 2015 the legislature revised the law again to allow sales on any Sunday starting at 5 a.m., the same as every other day of the week. It is illegal to Document [97] (Title: Culture of the United States) buy a beer. Since 1980, the trend has been toward greater restrictions on alcohol and drug use. The focus this time, however, has been to criminalize behaviors associated with alcohol, rather than attempt to prohibit consumption outright. New York was the first state to enact tough drunk-driving laws in 1980; since then all other states have followed suit. All states have also banned the purchase of alcoholic beverages by individuals under 21. A "Just Say No to Drugs" movement replaced the more liberal ethos of the 1960s. This led to stricter drug laws and greater police latitude in drug cases. Document [98] (Title: Alcohol laws of Missouri) 1:30 a.m., even in those in St. Louis and Kansas City specially licensed to serve liquor by the drink until 3:00 a.m. (on-premises sales may continue until 3:00, but off-premises sales must cease by 1:30). Generally, the hours for sales of liquor by the drink (for consumption on the premises) are the same as liquor by the package: between 6:00 AM and 1:30 AM Monday through Saturday, and – again for an additional fee – between 9:00 AM and midnight on Sunday. State law allows incorporated cities to prohibit the on-premises sale of liquor by public referendum, although no city Document [99] (Title: Alcohol laws of Utah) this amount (as well as Liquor and wine) can only be sold at state-controlled liquor stores. Bars, clubs, taverns, and other establishments selling in-house or "on premise" alcohol (excluding restaurants) are allowed to sell alcohol from 10:00am – 1:00am. Locations defined as a restaurant under Utah law require that any alcohol be ordered along with food (though they do not have to be ordered at the same time), and can sell alcohol from 11:30am - 1:00am. Utah State Senator John L. Valentine is introducing a bill that will allow chain restaurants that operate in Utah to obtain a "master" license Document [100] (Title: Three-tier system (alcohol distribution)) the three-tier system is the State of Washington. In November 2011, voters in Washington approved Initiative 1183, which dismantled the state-operated retailing system and removed the legal requirement for a three-tier distribution system for alcoholic beverage sales. Under the modified law, the prior state-operated liquor retailing system was eliminated in favor of heavily taxed private retailing. By a substantial margin, Washington has the highest liquor tax rate in the nation. With a liquor tax rate around $35 per gallon, its liquor tax is about 50% higher than in Oregon, which has the next highest rate. In Washington, retailers may bypass Document [101] (Title: Blue laws in the United States) sale of alcohol is prohibited in most of Mississippi on Sundays. Also, liquor sales are prohibited in nearly half of the state's counties. The sale of alcohol is prohibited from 1:30 a.m. to 6:00 a.m. Saturday through Monday. Alcohol sales on Sunday are allowed from 9:00 a.m. to midnight subject to an additional liquor license fee. In 1677, the General Assembly of East New Jersey banned the "singing of vain songs or tunes" on Sabbath. One of the last remaining Sunday closing laws in the United States that covers selling electronics, clothing and furniture is found in Bergen County, New Document [102] (Title: Alcohol laws of Australia) repealed the laws after residents of the Federal Capital Territory voted for the end of them in a 1928 plebiscite. Alcohol may not be sold in New South Wales without a licence or permit being obtained from the State government. In NSW, alcohol may not be sold to a person who is under 18 years of age unless accompanied by a guardian (or spouse) and for consumption during a meal, and minors must not be on licensed premises (i.e. premises on which alcohol may be sold or consumed) unless accompanied by an adult or other limited circumstances. The designation of Document [103] (Title: Washington State Liquor and Cannabis Board) and spirits to customers who take the products home or elsewhere. Retailers like bars and restaurants are licensed to serve alcoholic beverages for on-site consumption. This group of retailers can be licensed to serve "either" beer and wine "or" beer, wine, and spirits. Some activities require a special endorsement or permit such as caterer offering alcohol at a client's event. The Division manages the Mandatory Alcohol Server Training (MAST) program. Under state law, people who serve alcoholic beverages at a bar, restaurant, or similar establishment need to possess an Alcohol Server Permit. The division certifies private entities to provide Mandatory Document [104] (Title: Washington State Liquor and Cannabis Board) matter how rural or populated the area was. Historically, off-premises Sunday sales of spirits were banned, and all liquor stores were closed. Consumers still had the option of purchasing beer or wine from grocery stores or on-premises spirits from bars and restaurants. In 2005, the state began allowing off-premises spirits sales in select stores on Sundays from 12pm to 5pm. On the November 8, 2011 election, voters passed Initiative 1183, which brought several changes to the liquor distribution and retailing system. The most significant of these changes were the end to the state monopoly on liquor sales and distribution. On Document [105] (Title: Cannabis in Washington (state)) 2010, the Washington House of Representatives considered two bills regarding cannabis. One would have allowed cannabis sales in state liquor stores, and the other would have decriminalized possession of forty grams or less. Both bills died in committee. Cannabis activists responded by filing Initiative 1068, which would have removed all state-level criminal and civil penalties for cannabis use or possession by adults over the age of 18. Despite an endorsement by the Washington State Democratic Party, the campaign received little fundraising and failed to gather enough signatures to secure a spot on the ballot. The following year, a separate group Document [106] (Title: Alcoholic beverages in Oregon) Alcoholic beverages in Oregon The U.S. state of Oregon has an extensive history of laws regulating the sale and consumption of alcoholic beverages, dating back to 1844. It has been an alcoholic beverage control state, with the Oregon Liquor Control Commission holding a monopoly over the sale of all distilled beverages, since Prohibition. Today, there are thriving industries producing beer, wine, and liquor in the state. Alcohol may be purchased between 7 a.m. and 2:30 a.m. As of 2007, consumption of spirits is on the rise, while beer consumption is holding steady. Also, 11% of beer sold in Oregon was Document [107] (Title: Fortified wine) impoverished areas. In 2005, the Seattle City Council asked the Washington State Liquor Control Board to prohibit the sale of certain alcohol products in an impoverished "Alcohol Impact Area." Among the products sought to be banned were over two dozen beers, and six fortified wines: Cisco, Gino's Premium Blend, MD 20/20, Night Train, Thunderbird, and Wild Irish Rose. The Liquor Control Board approved these restrictions on August 30, 2006. "Gwaha-ju" is a fortified rice wine made in Korea. Although rice wine is not made from grapes, it has a similar alcohol content to grape wine, and the addition of the Document [108] (Title: Last call (bar term)) effect in some cities between 1 and 3 a.m. Alcohol is sold through retailers 24 hours a day. According to the state law, establishments that serve drinks can register as bars, in which case they are allowed to be open in inhabited areas only in indoor spaces and only between 21:00 and 06:00, while no such restrictions exist if bars are located outside inhabited areas. Various exceptions can be made for bars located in transit facilities, if approved by the local authorities, etc. The prescribed working hours for bars are a frequent point of contention between city authorities and local Document [109] (Title: Alcohol laws of West Virginia) Sundays between 2:00 a.m. and 1:00 p.m. and between 2:00 a.m. and 7:00 a.m. on weekdays and Saturdays. Retail sale of liquor is prohibited on Sundays, Christmas Day, and between 12:00 midnight and 8:00 a.m on all other days. On weekdays and Saturdays, drink establishments of all types must close by 3:30 a.m. and remain closed until 8:00 a.m. On Sundays, they must be closed between 3:00 a.m. and 1:00 p.m. In 2016, the state permitted a local option election whereby counties may change the Sunday 1:00 p.m. time to 10:00 a.m. Several counties immediately scheduled such elections for November Document [110] (Title: Alcohol laws of New Jersey) am and after 10 pm any day of the week. This can be restricted further by local ordinance. Liquor stores may sell beer and wine during any hours that on-premises sales are allowed. New Jersey regulations for liquor stores and bars are extensive. Licensed establishments may not offer nudity. It is illegal to sell liquor below cost, charge a flat fee for unlimited drinks (except for private parties and on New Year's Eve), offer any promotion that is contingent on drinking a certain amount of alcohol, allow patrons to remain after closing time, or sell liquor at a drive-through window. Document [111] (Title: Alcohol law) 6 p.m. Monday–Friday and 3 p.m. on Saturdays. On Sundays, no alcohol can be bought, except in bars. Norway levies some of the heaviest taxes in the world on alcoholic beverages, particularly on spirits. These taxes are levied on top of a 25% VAT on all goods and services. For example, 700 mL of Absolut Vodka currently retails at 300+ NOK. In Sweden, beer with a low alcohol content (called "folköl", 2.25% to 3.5% alcohol by weight) can be sold in regular stores to anyone aged 18 or over, but beverages with a high alcohol content can only be sold Document [112] (Title: Alcohol laws of Pennsylvania) Good Spirits stores, contrary to popular belief, but only if accompanied by a parent or guardian. Monday through Saturday, a store may open as early as 9 am and close as late as 10 pm. On Sunday, many stores sell liquor from 11 am until 7 pm. Wineries are common throughout the Commonwealth, and often sell their wines at storefronts in shopping malls; persons under the age of 21 are permitted to enter these establishments. Wine was available for a short time in supermarket kiosks, but this practice has ended. Many supermarkets now operate restaurants at which they are permitted Document [113] (Title: Alcohol laws of New York) Sundays, a remnant of a royal decree during the Colonial era, and between 3–6 a.m. any day. Changes to the law made in the last years of Governor George Pataki's administration loosened those restrictions, and now beer sales are only prohibited from 3–8 a.m. Sundays. Counties are free to adjust those hours in either direction, all the way to midnight and noon, and allow 24-hour beer sales on other days of the week. The law also changed for liquor stores. They may now open on Sundays. (although not before noon) They must still remain closed on Christmas, all day. A Document [114] (Title: Blue laws in the United States) in 2017, the sale of alcohol in liquor stores was prohibited statewide on Sundays. As recently as the 2015 legislative session, proposals to allow Sunday liquor sales were defeated regularly. However, in 2015, Sunday growler purchases were made legal. On March 2, 2017, the state legislature passed a law allowing for Sunday Liquor Sales to begin on July 2, 2017. Governor Dayton signed the legislation as soon as it was passed. Liquor stores are not required to be open on Sundays, but those who choose to do so are restricted to the hours of 11 AM and 6 PM. The Document [115] (Title: Alcohol law) monopolies less effective in reducing excessive drinking. There is an ongoing debate over whether to retain these state-run monopolies. In Norway, beers with an alcohol content of 4.74% by volume or less can be legally sold in grocery stores. Stronger beers, wines, and spirits can only be bought at government monopoly vendors. All alcoholic beverages can be bought at licensed bars and restaurants, but they must be consumed on the premises. At the local grocery store, alcohol can only be bought before 8 p.m. (6 p.m. on Saturdays, municipalities can set stricter regulations). And the government monopoly vendors close at Document [116] (Title: Economy of Washington (state)) top 20 Most Admired Companies in the US has four Washington-based companies in it, Starbucks, Microsoft, Costco and Nordstrom. Washington was one of eighteen states which had a government monopoly on sales of alcoholic beverages, although beer and wine with less than 20% alcohol by volume could be purchased in convenience stores and supermarkets. Liqueurs (even if under 20% alcohol by volume) and spirits could only be purchased in state-run or privately owned-state-contracted liquor stores. This however was overturned by 2011's Initiative 1183 which ceased state-run liquor stores as of June 1, 2012. Washington is a leading agricultural state. (The Document [117] (Title: Alcohol laws of Australia) have alcohol bought for them in public places, or to attend a licensed venue without parental supervision (there are some special circumstances). It is illegal for licensed premises to sell alcohol to someone under the age of 18 years alcohol. Service hours were restricted from 1 July 2016. The sale or service of liquor must stop at 2am state-wide, except in “safe night precincts” where alcohol can be served until 3am. In all venues, the sale or service of rapid intoxication drinks must end at midnight. In South Australia, the main legislation which controls the sale and consumption of alcohol Document [118] (Title: Mothers Against Drunk Driving) federal penalty (a 5%—later raised to 10%—loss of federal highway dollars), for states that didn't raise the minimum legal age for the purchase and possession of alcohol to 21. After the United States Supreme Court upheld the law in the 1987 case of "South Dakota v. Dole", every state and the District of Columbia made the necessary adjustments by 1988 (but not the territories of Puerto Rico and Guam). However, in July 2010 Guam raised its drinking age to 21. In 1985, Lightner objected to the shifting focus of MADD, and left her position with the organization. In 1988, a Document [119] (Title: Four Loko) liquor license. Utah, which has a state-run alcoholic beverage distribution system, never allowed alcoholic energy drinks to go on sale there. Michigan and Oklahoma have voted to ban the sale of alcohol energy drinks over health and safety concerns. Additionally, the Washington State Liquor Control Board voted to ban the sale of alcoholic energy drinks, which went into effect on November 18, 2010. The vote came as a result of the incident at Central Washington University. The New York State Liquor Authority has also banned their sale and distribution as of November 19, 2010. New York state senator Chuck Schumer Document [120] (Title: Alcohol law) Missouri, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Mexico, New York, Oklahoma, Rhode Island, South Carolina, and Wyoming) and the District of Columbia have laws against possession of alcohol by minors, but they do not prohibit its consumption by minors. Fourteen states (Alaska, Colorado, Delaware, Illinois, Louisiana, Maine, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Ohio, Oregon, Texas, Wisconsin, and Virginia) specifically permit minors to drink alcohol given to them by their parents or by someone entrusted by their parents. Many states also permit the drinking of alcohol under the age of 21 for religious or health reasons. Puerto Rico, a territory of the United States, has Document [121] (Title: Blue laws in the United States) Sundays. Hunting is prohibited on Sundays. Maine is also one of three states where it is illegal for almost all businesses to open on Thanksgiving, most notably the big department stores. Alcohol sales remain restricted but allowed between the hours of 1 a.m. and 7 a.m. Monday through Saturday and 1 a.m. and 9 a.m. on Sunday. In Maryland, "a new or used car dealer may not sell, barter, deliver, give away, show, or offer for sale a motor vehicle or certificate of title for a motor vehicle on Sunday", except in Howard County, Montgomery County, and Prince George's County. Document [122] (Title: Alcohol laws of Wisconsin) allow the sale of beer and wine in restaurants and businesses. State law requires that bars be closed between 2:00 a.m. and 6:00 a.m. Monday through Friday and between 2:30 a.m. and 6:00 a.m. on Saturday and Sunday. Exceptions are made on New Year's Eve, when no closing is required, and for changes in Daylight Saving Time. State law does not permit municipalities to further restrict when bars must be closed. Municipalities may elect, however, to prohibit the issuance of liquor licenses, making the municipality effectively dry. The drinking age in Wisconsin is 21. Those under the legal drinking age Document [123] (Title: Blue laws in the United States) New rule‐making by the Washington State Liquor Control Board (WSLCB) based on alcohol sales hour restrictions is being proposed as the model for state licensed Marijuana sales per initiative I-502 as well. Hunting on Sunday is prohibited in all but 14 of 55 counties. Alcohol sales are prohibited on Sunday in West Virginia until 1:00 p.m. Blue laws in the United States Blue laws, also known as Sunday laws, are laws designed to restrict or ban some or all Sunday activities for religious reasons, particularly to promote the observance of a day of worship or rest. Blue laws may also Document [124] (Title: Alcohol laws of Indiana) to everyone. Sale or serving of alcoholic beverages from 3 a.m. Christmas Day until 7 a.m. December 26 was banned until HB 1542 was passed in 2015. Indiana is not an alcoholic beverage control state. Public intoxication is a class B misdemeanor in Indiana. Alcohol laws of Indiana Until 2018, Indiana was one of nearly a dozen U.S. states to ban all Sunday alcohol sales outside of bars and restaurants. That ban was repealed when Senate Bill 1 was signed by Gov. Eric Holcomb on February 28, 2018 . Effective March 4, 2018, convenience stores, grocers, and liquor stores may Document [125] (Title: Prohibition) [Commission on Elections] may opt to extend the liquor ban. In the 2010 elections, the liquor ban was a minimum two days; in the 2013 elections, there was a proposal that it be extended to five days. This was overturned by the Supreme Court. Other than election-related prohibition, alcohol is freely sold to anyone above the legal drinking age. The sale, consumption, importation and brewing of, and trafficking in liquor is strictly against the law. In 1955 Sri Lanka passed a law prohibiting adult women from buying alcohol. In January 2018, Finance Minister Mangala Samaraweera announced that the law would Document [126] (Title: Alcohol laws of Utah) Alcohol laws of Utah The Liquor laws of Utah regulate the selling and purchasing of alcohol in the United States state of Utah and are some of the most restrictive in the United States. A person must be 21 years old or older to buy or consume alcohol. The Utah Department of Alcoholic Beverage Control (UDABC) has regulated the sale of alcoholic beverages since 1935, two years after the end of Prohibition. Utah is one of 18 control states, meaning the state has a monopoly over the wholesaling and/or retailing of some or all categories of alcoholic beverages. Current Utah Document [127] (Title: Nevada) these laws from their home state. Nevada has very liberal alcohol laws. Bars are permitted to remain open 24 hours, with no "last call". Liquor stores, convenience stores and supermarkets may also sell alcohol 24 hours per day, and may sell beer, wine and spirits. In 2016, Nevada voters approved Question 2, which legalized the possession, transportation and cultivation of personal use amounts of marijuana for adults age 21 years and older, and authorized the creation of a regulated market for the sale of marijuana to adults age 21 years and older through state-licensed retail outlets. Nevada voters had previously Document [128] (Title: Washington State Liquor and Cannabis Board) all taxes. Under the private system, as implemented by 1183, all spirits are to be taxed at 20.5% on the shelf price in addition to a flat spirits liter tax of $3.7708/liter. Many retailers no longer include these taxes in the shelf price, which has led to some sticker shock and confusion at the register. For instance, a 1.75l bottle of whiskey with a shelf price of $15.99 will have $3.28 in sales tax and $6.60 in liter taxes added at the register, bringing the total cost to $25.87. On July 24, 2015, a law that changed the name to Document [129] (Title: Alcohol laws of Maine) it is prohibited to use an image of the Maine State House in liquor advertising. The legal age to purchase and consume alcohol in Maine is 21, which was instituted in 1987. Minors may consume alcohol at home in the presence of the minor's parents. Minors may not transport liquor unless required due to the minor's employment, or at the request of their parent, guardian, or custodian. Taxes on liquor at store level are included within the price and calculated by BABLO in order to raise enough money to cover their expenses and generate money for the State General Fund Document [130] (Title: Blue laws in the United States) may sell beer and malt liquor, but not wine or hard liquor. In 2016, a bill was passed to relax the liquor laws. Updates include allowing grocery stores, convenience stores, hotels, and restaurants to sell take out wine, allowing mail order wine shipments, and allowing 24/7 alcohol sales at casinos. Special licenses are required for businesses to take advantage of these new opportunities. Also Sunday restrictions on the hours at the state owned "Fine wines and Good Spirits" stores were eliminated. Hunting is prohibited on Sundays, with the exception of foxes, crows and coyotes. Car dealerships are also closed on Document [131] (Title: Alcohol laws of Maryland) to be employed to serve alcoholic beverages or sell alcoholic beverages, although some counties have different laws. A person must be at least 18 years old to work in another capacity at an establishment that serves alcohol. State law prohibits open containers with any amount of alcohol within the passenger area of a motor vehicle. Passengers of a vehicle are similarly prohibited from consuming alcohol in the passenger area, but the law provides exceptions for non-drivers in the back of hired vehicles such as taxis, limousines, and buses, as well as in the living areas of motor homes. The driver Question: how late can you buy alcohol in washington state

Answer: 2 a.m. Long Answer: State Alcoholic beverage control state Alcohol sale hours Grocery Stores Age Notes Beer Wine Distilled spirits On - premises Off - premises Wine Beer Distilled Spirits Purchasing Consumption Tennessee No Mon - Sat: 8 a.m. to 3 a.m.; Sun: Noon to 3 a.m. Hours of alcohol sale can be modified by local jurisdictions if approved by the alcohol control commission . Beer: By municipality . Wine & Spirits: 8 a.m. to 11 p.m. Mon--Sat Yes No 21 Wine may be sold in grocery stores . As of January 2018, sales of wine and liquor are no longer limited to on - premises in restaurants on Sundays . Liquor stores may remain open on Sundays, and liquor is permitted to be sold from retail stores for off - premises consumption. There are no liquor sales in OFF Premise Grocery Stores as of 8 / 2018 . Retail stores must be closed for business on Christmas, Thanksgiving Day, Labor Day, New Year's Day, and the Fourth of July . Beer above 8% ABW / 10.1% ABV must be sold in liquor stores . Open container law only applies to drivers, not passengers . It is legal to carry alcohol in a non-glass container on the Beale Street stretch in Memphis . While most clubs allow drinks to be carried outside, many do not allow drinks from outside . Texas No Monday - Friday: 7am - midnight Saturday: 7am - 1am Sunday: Noon to 12 midnight . Some cities / counties permit sale until 2am (with license). Beer / Non-hard liquor: 7 a.m. to midnight (Mon. - Fri .) 7 a.m. to 1: 00 a.m. (Sat .) Noon to midnight (Sun .) Hard Liquor: 10 a.m. to 9 p.m. (Mon. - Sat .) Yes No 21 No alcohol cap but ABV> 15.5% requires additional license, so many places are beer / wine only . Wet / dry issues determined by city / county election . Liquor stores statewide closed all day Sunday . An alcoholic beverage served (on - premises) to a customer between 10 a.m. and noon on Sunday may only be provided during the service of food to the customer . Eleven Texas counties are completely dry . In many counties, public intoxication laws are vigorously upheld . Texas law permits consumption by minors (any age under 21) if in the "visible presence" of a parent, guardian or adult spouse . (Section 106.04) Possession by minors is permitted as part of employment or education, or in the visible presence of an adult parent, guardian or spouse, or supervision of a commissioned peace officer . (Section 106.05) There are also exemptions for minors requesting or receiving medical attention . Utah Yes Restaurants: Noon to midnight for liquor, 10: 00 a.m. to 1: 00 a.m. for beer . Bars may serve liquor from 10: 00 a.m. to 1: 00 a.m. Varies by state liquor store hours 3.2 only No 21 ABV> 4.0 +% sold in state - controlled stores only . 3.2% ABW (4.0% ABV) beer may be sold at grocery stores and convenience stores . State - controlled stores close on Sundays and cease operations no later than 10 p.m. the rest of the week . Restaurants must buy from the state - controlled store (no delivery) at retail prices . No alcohol is served in restaurants without purchase of food . Sales of kegs prohibited . Importation of alcohol into the state by private individuals generally prohibited . Vermont No Yes 8 a.m.--2 a.m. 6 a.m.--midnight Yes No 21 ABV> 16% beer and ABV> 16% wine are only available through state liquor stores (most of which are integrated within grocery and beverage stores). A 2008 bill allows the sale of beer in grocery and convenience stores up to ABV 16% . Virginia No Yes 6 a.m.--2 a.m. No restrictions at any time for club licensees . 6 a.m.--11: 59 p.m. except local blue law . Yes No 21 Licensed supermarkets, convenience stores, and gas stations may sell beer and wine . Off - premises sales no later than 12 midnight . Liquor stores are owned and operated by the Commonwealth and are generally open 10am - 9pm Monday - Saturday and from 12pm - 6pm on Sunday . Washington No 6 a.m.--2 a.m. (A local government subdivision may establish later opening hours or earlier closing hours .) Yes 21 Beer and wine are available in specialty stores, grocery stores, convenience stores, department stores, taverns, and other locations licensed by the Washington State Liquor and Cannabis Board . Spirits are available in stores greater than 10,000 sq ft (grocery stores, big box liquor chains). There are two exceptions to the 10,000 - sq - ft rule: 1) Former State and Contract Liquor Stores that reopened under private ownership may also sell spirits provided they have been issued a new license from the state . 2) Cities, mostly in rural areas, that do not have a store that meets the minimum floor space may be allowed to sell spirits if the Liquor Control Board deems that there are no sufficient establishments within the trade area . West Virginia No Yes Beer / Wine: Mon - Sat: 7 am - 2 am, Sun: 1 pm - 2 am Liquor: Mon - Sat: 8 am - Midnight, Sun: Prohibited Mon - Fri: 7 am - 3: 30 am, Sat: 7A - 3: 00A, Sun: 1 pm - 3 am Yes 21 12% ABV Cap on Beer . 75% ABV spirits Permitted . Liquor, wine and beer products that are not already in closed packaging must be bagged before exiting retail locations . State no longer operates retail stores (formerly State ABC Stores); Number of privately owned stores restricted according to county or city population . All stores are state contracted; Bars and clubs must purchase liquor from state contracted private stores in person . State retains monopoly over wholesaling of distilled spirits only . Wisconsin No 6 a.m.--2 a.m. Sunday--Thursday, 2: 30 a.m. Friday--Saturday, no closing time on New Year's Day . 6 a.m.--midnight for beer (some counties and municipalities only allow sales until 9 p.m. for beer), 6 a.m.--9 p.m. for liquor and wine By local ordinance 21 Wisconsin permits the consumption of alcohol by minors, provided they are being supervised by parents / guardians / spouses . Most municipalities have a uniform 9 p.m. restriction on all alcohol sales . Notable exceptions: Kenosha, Green Bay, La Crosse, Maple Bluff (near Madison), Baraboo (near the Dells). Supermarkets, liquor stores, and gas stations may sell liquor, wine, and beer . Law changed effective 12 / 7 / 2011 to allow all liquor sales to begin at 6 a.m. Nonalcoholic beer is not regulated by state law . Wyoming No Yes 6.00 a.m.--2.00 a.m. Yes 21 Clubs holding liquor licenses may be exempt from the hours of operation here specified by local ordinance or regulation of the appropriate licensing authority, but it does not seem to happen in practice Puerto Rico No No territory - wide mandated last call No territory - wide mandated hours of operation for liquor stores, but sales prohibited on Election Day and during hurricane emergencies; some municipalities prohibit sales after midnight weekdays or 2: 00 weekends . Beer, wine and spirits available for sale in supermarkets, convenience stores and drug stores as well as liquor stores . 18 Minimum drinking age is 18 . Drinking on the street is illegal in San Juan (except in designated areas during selected street festivals) but not in all cities. Gold Document ID: 96

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: 2015 Houston Baptist Huskies football team) 2015 Houston Baptist Huskies football team The 2015 Houston Baptist Huskies football team represented Houston Baptist University in the 2015 NCAA Division I FCS football season. The Huskies were led by third-year head coach Vic Shealy. They played their home games at Husky Stadium and were members of the Southland Conference. They finished the season 2–9, 0–8 in Southland play to finish in last place. The 2014 season was the Huskies' first official season in the Southland Conference for football. The Huskies opened a new on-campus stadium. The first game in the new stadium was played on September 6, 2014 Document [2] (Title: 1998 Oahu Bowl) 6-5, though they at least won the Apple Cup. The Huskies were 52nd in points scored, with 25.2 per game and 76th in points allowed, with 28.6 per game, in their seventh bowl appearance in the decade. Jemal Singleton scored in both the first and second quarters to give Air Force a 14-0 lead, but Washington responded with a Braxton Cleman touchdown run less than two minutes later. Scott McKay added onto the lead with a touchdown run to make it 20-7 after their two-point conversion attempt failed. Cleman scored his second touchdown of the day to make it 20-13, Document [3] (Title: Randy Edsall) at the UConn Student Union. After this, the Huskies lost 3 games to West Virginia, Rutgers and Cincinnati by a combined 8 points. After a bye week, Edsall's Huskies won their final three regular season games in 2009 – including a historic double-overtime win over Notre Dame on Nov 21 at Notre Dame Stadium, 33–30. In their Bowl game they defeated South Carolina 20–7 in the PapaJohns.com Bowl. UConn posted a 7–5 regular season record facing the 25th-toughest regular season schedule in the country and with their bowl win they finished 8–5. On September 11, 2010, Edsall became the winningest Document [4] (Title: Steve Sarkisian) their remaining conference games, with blowout defeats to Oregon, USC, and Oregon State. The Huskies subsequently lost in the Alamo Bowl to Baylor, 67–56, to finish 7–6 on the season. In 2012, the Washington Huskies finished 7-6 yet again following a 26-28 loss to Boise St in the Maaco Bowl Las Vegas. As his previous campaigns had gone, Sarkisian's 2012 Washington team defeated most of the lower-level Pac-12 teams but were blown out by the upper-level ones. Sarkisian's consecutive seven-win seasons earned him the mocking nickname "Seven Win Steve". Sarkisian would go on to win eight games in 2013 before Document [5] (Title: Steve Sarkisian) over #18 Nebraska in the Holiday Bowl, avenging a 56–21 blowout home loss to the Huskers in September. It was their first winning season in nine years. With star quarterback Jake Locker departing to the NFL, many expected the Huskies to regress in the 2011 season, Sarkisian's third. The Huskies started out a surprising 6–2 and were undefeated in conference play at the halfway point of the season. At one point, they were ranked in all major polls for the first time during his short tenure. Unfortunately the rest of their season was a different story: they went 1-3 in Document [6] (Title: 2015 Poinsettia Bowl) not obligated to take the Mountain West Champions, San Diego State, and could choose any Mountain West team they wanted. They chose the Broncos, who made their second Poinsettia Bowl appearance and first appearance since 2008 where they lost to TCU 17–16 to end their undefeated season. Had Army become bowl eligible, they would have been invited to the Poinsettia Bowl. When they failed to become bowl eligible, the selection fell to the Mid-American Conference. The Northern Illinois Huskies were selected to set up a match-up of two of the winningest programs since 2010. The Huskies finished the regular season Document [7] (Title: 2014 Fiesta Bowl (January)) 2014 Fiesta Bowl (January) The 2014 Fiesta Bowl was a college football bowl game that was played on Wednesday, January 1, 2014, at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona. In this, the 43rd annual Fiesta Bowl, the Baylor Bears, champions of the Big 12 Conference, played the UCF Knights, champions of the American Athletic Conference. The game was broadcast live on ESPN at 6:30 PM MST. It was one of the 2013–14 bowl games that concluded the 2013 FBS football season. It was sponsored by the Tostitos snack food brand and was officially known as the Tostitos Fiesta Bowl. Document [8] (Title: 2004–05 NCAA football bowl games) AQ conference vs. BCS non-AQ conference matchup. The UConn Huskies made their first-ever bowl appearance in their second year in Division I-A and first as a member of the Big East. They faced the MAC champion Toledo Rockets, which were playing little more than an hour's drive from their campus. Rockets quarterback Bruce Gradowski, affected by a broken hand suffered in the MAC championship game, was ineffective before being benched at halftime. However, the Huskies were effective enough that a healthy Gradowski may not have made a difference; UConn quarterback Dan Orlovsky threw for two TDs with no interceptions, and Document [9] (Title: 2011 Fiesta Bowl) fell incomplete and the possession was turned over on downs. With Connecticut in possession they were able to rush for four yards with Todman and Frazer completed 15-yard pass to bring them to their 49-yard line. Another Frazer pass to Anthony Sherman for 4 yards put the Huskies on the Oklahoma 47-yard line, but the drive was stopped there and they were forced to punt once again. The next Sooners drive starting on their own 17-yard line, Jones was able to convert on a third and five to Cameron Kenney for 38 yards. On another third and five, Jones was Document [10] (Title: 2000 Washington Huskies football team) the Hurricanes their only loss of the season, 34–29. The following week, Neuheisel led UW against his former team, the Colorado Buffaloes, at Folsom Field in Boulder. The Huskies celebrated their coach's homecoming with a 17–14 victory. Border rival Oregon spoiled Washington's hopes for a perfect season with a 23–16 setback in the wind in Eugene, but the Huskies responded the next week with a dramatic 33–30 victory over eventual Fiesta Bowl champion Oregon State in the only loss of their season. In the next five weeks, the Huskies battled back from second half deficits in every game, including a Document [11] (Title: 2019 Fiesta Bowl (January)) 2019 Fiesta Bowl (January) The 2019 Fiesta Bowl (January) is a college football bowl game that will be played on January 1, 2019. It will be the 48th edition of the Fiesta Bowl, and will be one of the 2018–19 bowl games concluding the 2018 FBS football season. Sponsored by Sony Interactive Entertainment via its PlayStation brand, the game will be officially known as the PlayStation Fiesta Bowl. The game will feature LSU of the Southeastern Conference (SEC) and UCF of the American Athletic Conference (The American). This will be the first meeting between the two programs. LSU received and Document [12] (Title: Toussaint Tyler) him being used sparsely in the final four regular season games. After a 24–10 loss to Navy in which head coach Don James said Washington was "embarrassed", the Huskies were 5–2 (2–1 in the Pacific-10 Conference) and still top contenders for a Rose Bowl appearance. The Huskies proceeded to win 25–0 over Arizona State and 45–22 against the University of Arizona Wildcats, with Tyler scoring once in each game. Washington, although unranked at 7–2, was leading in the race for the Pac-10 spot in the Rose Bowl. Only four other teams in the conference were eligible for the appearance, as, Document [13] (Title: 2000 Fiesta Bowl) 2000 Fiesta Bowl The 2000 Tostitos Fiesta Bowl, played on January 2, 2000, was the 29th edition of the Fiesta Bowl. The game was played at Sun Devil Stadium in Tempe, Arizona between the Tennessee Volunteers (ranked #5 in the BCS) and the Nebraska Cornhuskers (ranked #3 in the BCS). The matchup featured the two most current National Championship teams: Nebraska in 1997, and Tennessee in 1998. The teams first met two years earlier for the 1998 Orange Bowl. Nebraska-Dan Alexander 7 yard run (Josh Brown kick) 11:34 NEB 7 TN 0 Nebraska-Bobby Newcombe 60 yard punt return (Josh Brown Document [14] (Title: 2016 Washington Huskies football team) in 2011. The Huskies earned a berth in the Pac-12 Championship Game where they defeated Colorado to win their first conference title since 2000. They were selected as the #4 seed in the College Football Playoff and played in the Peach Bowl, where they lost to #1 seed Alabama. Washington was ranked #4 in the final AP Poll of the 2016 season. The Huskies finished the 2015 season 7–6 overall and 4–5 in conference, tying for fourth place in the Pac-12 North. They were invited to the Heart of Dallas Bowl where they defeated Southern Miss. During the offseason, defensive Document [15] (Title: 2011 Fiesta Bowl) starters returning on offense and seven on defense. The Huskies started the season with a 30-10 loss to Michigan at Ann Arbor. The Huskies returned home and won handily over Texas Southern with a score of 62-3. However, they lost to their next opponent, Temple, by the score of 30-16. Wins over Buffalo and Vanderbilt closed out their non-conference schedule. At the start of conference play, the Huskies’ record was 3-2. They suffered a close 27-24 loss to Rutgers and a 26-0 shutout loss to Louisville. Returning home, they won an overtime 16-13 match against West Virginia. The Huskies also Document [16] (Title: 2012 Fiesta Bowl) 2012 Fiesta Bowl The 2012 Tostitos Fiesta Bowl was a postseason college football bowl game played at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona. The Oklahoma State Cowboys, champions of the Big 12 Conference, played the Stanford Cardinal, an at-large selection from the Pac-12 conference . Oklahoma State won the game, 41–38, in overtime. Originally this game was scheduled for January 5 pending resolution of the 2011 NFL lockout and a possible Monday Night Football game on January 2. However, with the resolution of the lockout, the game was moved to the spot following the 2012 Rose Bowl. The game Document [17] (Title: 1985 Freedom Bowl) 1985 Freedom Bowl The 1985 Freedom Bowl was a college football postseason bowl game played on December 30, 1985, in Anaheim, California. the Washington Huskies of the Pacific-10 Conference and the Colorado Buffaloes of the The Buffaloes finished tied for third in the Big Eight at in the regular season. With only one win the previous year and six consecutive losing seasons, this was Colorado's first bowl game since the 1976 season, when they played in the Orange Bowl. The Huskies finished fourth in the Pac-10, but lost three of their last five games to finish the regular season It Document [18] (Title: Northern Illinois Huskies football) Bowl, which the Huskies won over Cal State-Fullerton. The team left the MAC after the 1985 season and first became independent from 1986–92, then joined the Big West Conference from 1993 through '95, becoming independent again in '96, then finally was admitted back into the Mid-American Conference in 1997. Joe Novak took over the Huskies program in December 1995, and coached his first NIU game in September 1996. The first three years of Novak's tenure proved to be tumultuous, as his Huskies squads won a total of three games between 1996 and 1998. Despite this, Novak kept his job and Document [19] (Title: 2011 Fiesta Bowl) Bowl after an 11–2 regular season that culminated with a 23-20 win over Nebraska in the 2010 Big 12 Championship Game. Facing the Sooners were the Connecticut Huskies with a regular season record of 8–4; they earned the Big East's BCS berth by defeating fellow co-champions Pittsburgh and West Virginia in consecutive regular season games. Pregame coverage focused on Oklahoma's struggles in past BCS games dating back to the 2004 Sugar Bowl as well as Connecticut's difficulties in selling their designated ticket allotment from the Fiesta Bowl. The Sooners scored on their first two possessions and held a 14–0 lead Document [20] (Title: 2011 Mid-American Conference football season) further hurts the program due to Kill most likely taking the bulk of his staff to Minnesota." On December 9, linebackers coach Tom Matukewicz was announced as the interim head coach for the Huskies bowl game, and on December 13, the university hired Wisconsin Badgers defensive coordinator Dave Doeren as the head coach, to begin after the Humanitarian Bowl. On December 12, ESPN reported that Al Golden was offered and accepted the head coaching job at the University of Miami. Prior to the 2010 season, provisions requiring bowls to pick teams with seven or more wins if available before picking Document [21] (Title: 2013 Northern Illinois Huskies football team) the Poinsettia Bowl where they lost to Utah State 14–21. Fresh off their Orange Bowl Appearance in 2012 the Huskies went undefeated until the MAC Championship. This garnered NIU National attention with the anticipation of another BCS Bowl appearance. Star quarterback Jordan Lynch was a top 3 candidate for the Heisman Trophy. The season marked the Huskies' sixth consecutive trip to a bowl game and their second consecutive bowl game loss. Sources: Jordan Lynch threw for 275 yards and three touchdowns for the Huskies, who scored 10 points in the final 5:05 to record their first win over the Hawkeyes. Document [22] (Title: 2008 Connecticut Huskies football team) sealing the victory, and the Huskies second consecutive 5-0 start. The Huskies had a great season and were invited to their third bowl game in school history for the second straight year. On January 3, 2009 they played the University of Buffalo Bulls in the International Bowl in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The Huskies started off committing sloppy turnovers in the first half but would go on to win the game 38-20. Steve Brouse caught the only touchdown pass of the game while running back Donald Brown rushed for 261 yards on 29 carries and one touchdown. He was named the Document [23] (Title: 2015 Washington Huskies football team) Southern Miss. The Huskies finished the season 8–6, 4–5 in Pac-12 play to finish in third place in the North Division. They were invited to the Cactus Bowl where they lost to Oklahoma State. The 2016 NFL Draft was held at Auditorium Theatre in Chicago on April 28 through April 30, 2016. The following Washington players were either selected or signed as free agents following the draft. 2015 Washington Huskies football team The 2015 Washington Huskies football team represented the University of Washington in the 2015 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The team was led by second-year head coach Document [24] (Title: 2011 Fiesta Bowl) 2011 Fiesta Bowl The 2011 Tostitos Fiesta Bowl was a postseason college football bowl game between the Connecticut Huskies (UConn), co-champions of the Big East Conference, and the Oklahoma Sooners, champions of the Big 12 Conference, at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona, on January 1, 2011. The game, part of the 2011 Bowl Championship Series and the 40th contest in Fiesta Bowl history, was the final game of the 2010 NCAA Division I-Football Bowl Subdivision (Division I-FBS) football season for both teams. It ended in a 48–20 victory for Oklahoma. Oklahoma was selected to participate in the Fiesta Document [25] (Title: 2018 Washington Huskies football team) Pac-12 Championship Game. They were invited to the Fiesta Bowl where they lost to Penn State. The Huskies signed a total of 20 recruits. The Huskies added 1 player and lost 7 players due to transfers. The 2018 Pac-12 media day took place on July 25, 2018 in Hollywood, California. Chris Petersen (HC), Jake Browning (QB) & Jojo McIntosh (DB) at Pac-12 Media Day. The Pac-12 media poll was released with the Huskies predicted to win the Pac-12 North division title and Pac-12 overall. Weekend of November 24 2018 Washington Huskies football team The 2018 Washington Huskies football team represents Document [26] (Title: Northern Illinois Huskies football) first 7 games. Following their week 5 win against Ohio, the first BCS standings were released, and by week 7 the Huskies had climbed to No. 10 overall. Novak and the Huskies could not keep that momentum going, as they lost in week 8 at No. 22 Bowling Green, which also featured the first ever ESPN "GameDay" appearance for a MAC football game. The Huskies lost one more game in 2003, to Toledo, finishing the year 10–2, unranked, and uninvited to a bowl game. Novak's 2004 and 2006 teams both went to bowl games. The 2004 team went to the Document [27] (Title: 2018 Houston Baptist Huskies football team) 2018 Houston Baptist Huskies football team The 2018 Houston Baptist Huskies football team represented Houston Baptist University in the 2018 NCAA Division I FCS football season. The Huskies were led by sixth-year head coach Vic Shealy. They played their home games at Husky Stadium and were members of the Southland Conference. They finished the season 1–10, 0–9 in Southland play to finish in last place. The Huskies finished the 2017 season 1–10, 0–9 in Southland play to finish in last place. On July 12, 2018, the Southland announced their Preseason All-Conference Teams, with the Huskies placing one player on the Document [28] (Title: 2002 Sun Bowl) 2002 Sun Bowl The 2002 Wells Fargo Sun Bowl featured the Washington Huskies, and the Purdue Boilermakers. This game was a rematch of the 2001 Rose Bowl. Washington scored first when quarterback Cody Pickett threw a 7-yard touchdown strike to wide receiver Patrick Reddick for an early 7-0 lead. 2 minutes later, linebacker Marquis Cooper recovered a fumble and returned it 31 yards for a touchdown doubling the lead to 14-0. a 38-yard John Anderson field goal increased the lead to 17-0, which closed out the 1st quarter scoring. In the second quarter, quarterback Kyle Orton found wide receiver John Document [29] (Title: 2010 Mid-American Conference football season) departure, "I have a horrible taste in my mouth". Additionally, besides the emotional impact, "USA Today" noted "The timing of the announcement further hurts the program due to Kill most likely taking the bulk of his staff to Minnesota." On December 9, linebackers coach Tom Matukewicz was announced as the interim head coach for the Huskies bowl game, and on December 13, the university hired Wisconsin Badgers defensive coordinator Dave Doeren as the head coach, to begin after the Humanitarian Bowl. On December 12, ESPN reported that Al Golden was offered and accepted the head coaching job at the University Document [30] (Title: 2009 International Bowl) lead they would not surrender. The Bulls won the game 42–24, earning their first-ever MAC Championship as well as their first-ever win over a ranked opponent in nine attempts. The Huskies entered 2008 seeking to prove their success the previous season was no fluke. In 2007, Connecticut earned their first Big East co-championship, albeit after losing to their fellow co-champion, West Virginia, 66–21. A loss to Wake Forest in the 2007 Meineke Car Care Bowl—the team's second bowl appearance all-time—gave the Huskies a final 2007 record of 9–4. In the Big East preseason media poll, UConn was picked to finish Document [31] (Title: 2011 Fiesta Bowl) 19-yard pass to Anthony Sherman help the Huskies to reach the Oklahoma 24-yard line. A three-yard run from Todman and two incomplete passes from Frazer forced the Huskies to settle for a 38-yard field goal. Oklahoma’s next drive was short with only 8 yards gained before having to punt. Connecticut also went three and out, but a Ryan Broyles fumble at the Connecticut 18-yard line gave the ball back to the Huskies. Several Todman rushing attempts brought the Huskies to their 35-yard line, but the drive stalled and they were forced to punt. Nearing the end of quarter, Landry Jones Document [32] (Title: 2011 Fiesta Bowl) line on first down, Zach Frazer was intercepted by Tony Jefferson for a 22-yard interception touchdown. After the kickoff on their 32-yard line and 2:40 left in the game, Todman rushed for 17 yards to get the Huskies to midfield. Frazier was able to complete an 11-yard pass and an 18-yard pass to reach the Oklahoma 22. Frazier’s next pass was incomplete. On second down, he passed to Ryan Griffin for a 15-yard gain to reach the Oklahoma 7-yard line. A two-yard rush by Todman inched the Huskies to the five-yard line and a Defensive Offside penalty helped moved the Document [33] (Title: Mid-major) State and TCU); this is the only time two mid-majors have qualified for top-tier bowls. Prior to 2012, each of these teams entered their bowl undefeated, until Northern Illinois qualified following the 2012 season. UCF qualified for the January 2014 Fiesta Bowl (following the 2013 season), in the final year of the BCS, because the American Athletic Conference retained the Big East's automatic slot in the BCS. The current arrangement of the New Year's Six bowl games mandates that the highest-ranked Group of Five conference champion be awarded a New Year's Six bowl berth. This has been most recently invoked Document [34] (Title: 2011 Fiesta Bowl) eight-yard loss. On third down, the Oklahoma defense was able to stop the pass for no gain. On fourth down, Frazer’s pass was incomplete and Connecticut turned the ball over on downs. Oklahoma on their 22-yard line, decided to run DeMarco Murray to burn time off the clock. He rushed for 14 yards on first down. A Personal Foul on Connecticut moved the ball 15 yards more to the Connecticut 49-yard line. Two more short Murray runs and an incomplete pass by Jones on third down ended the drive and left 3:01 remaining in the game. On their own eight-yard Document [35] (Title: 2011 Washington Huskies football team) to the Alamo Bowl where they were defeated by Baylor 67–56. The follow players were the game starters. % – started as second/third tight end + – started as third/fourth wide receiver ^ – started as fifth defensive back Washington Husky cornerback Desmond Trufant intercepted a pass by Eastern Washington Eagles' quarterback Bo Levi Mitchell in the end zone with 29 seconds left to preserve a 30–27 win on September 3. Trufant wrestled the pass away from 6-foot-5 Eagles receiver Brandon Kaufman. Mitchell passed for 473 yards on the night, completed 39 of 69 passes, and had 3 touchdowns against Document [36] (Title: Fiesta Bowl) featured another top-ten Arizona State squad against top-twenty opponent Florida State. The 1974 game featured WAC champ BYU and their new coach, future Hall of Fame member LaVell Edwards in their first ever bowl game vs. Oklahoma State. BYU was in control until BYU's first All-American quarterback Gary Sheide went down with a leg injury and eventually lost 16–6. By 1975, the game was able to attract Big Eight co-champion Nebraska to play undefeated Arizona State in a matchup of top-five teams. In 1977, the game was again able to attract a top-five opponent in Penn State, despite WAC champion Document [37] (Title: Northern Illinois Huskies football) BCS bowl game, the 2013 Orange Bowl against Florida State. The day after the MAC Championship game, Doeren was hired as the new head coach for North Carolina State University. Rod Carey took over and coached the Huskies in the Orange Bowl, but NIU eventually lost 31–10 to the Seminoles. The Orange Bowl was the first of Carey's four bowl losses: Orange Bowl (2013); Poinsettia Bowl (2014 & 2016); and the Boca Raton Bowl (2015). Following a bitter end to the 2012 campaign, NIU looked to build their momentum in 2013. In front of two sellout crowds, the Huskies increased Document [38] (Title: 2016 Fiesta Bowl (December)) 2016 Fiesta Bowl (December) The 2016 PlayStation Fiesta Bowl (December) was a college football bowl game that was played on December 31, 2016 at the University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona. This 46th Fiesta Bowl Game was a College Football Playoff semifinal with the winner of the game competing against the winner of the 2016 Peach Bowl in the 2017 College Football Playoff National Championship which took place at Raymond James Stadium in Tampa, Florida. It was one of the 2016–17 bowl games that concluded the 2016 FBS football season. It was the second game to be called "the Document [39] (Title: 2009 International Bowl) the rematch 45–21. 2009 International Bowl The 2009 International Bowl was a postseason college football bowl game between the Connecticut Huskies (UConn) and the Buffalo Bulls at the Rogers Centre in Toronto, Canada, on January 3, 2009. The game was the final contest of the 2008 NCAA Division I-Football Bowl Subdivision (Division I-FBS) football season for both teams, and ended in a 38–20 victory for Connecticut. UConn represented the Big East Conference (Big East) in the game; Buffalo entered as the Mid-American Conference (MAC) champion. Connecticut was selected as a participant in the 2009 International Bowl following a 7–5 regular Document [40] (Title: Connecticut Huskies football) Virginia Tech, and Boston College, the Huskies' entrance into the Big East was expedited by one year. The Huskies played their first Big East conference game on September 17, 2004 when they dropped a 27–7 decision at Boston College. Their first Big East conference win came only 13 days later, when they defeated Pittsburgh 29–17. They completed their first season in the conference in 5th place with a record of 3–3. That year's overall record of 8–4 was enough to garner an invitation to the 2004 Motor City Bowl, the first bowl invitation in the school's history. The attendance of Document [41] (Title: 1983 Aloha Bowl) to get back to #15 and in the hunt for a shared title before a matchup with Washington State in the Apple Cup at Husky Stadium. The underdog Cougars won again to ruin Washington's chance at a conference title, as the Huskies finished second to UCLA. This was their fifth straight bowl game and sixth in seven seasons. Nick Gancitano kicked a 23-yard field goal to make it 3-0 Penn State to culminate their first possession. Later in the second quarter, Danny Greene returned a punt 57 yards for a touchdown to make it 7-3 Huskies with 8:51 to go Document [42] (Title: Washington Huskies football) 2–0 record. The Hurricanes had not lost at the Orange Bowl since 1985 and not to a team from outside of Florida since 1984. The Huskies were 1–1, having lost to USC and beaten Ohio State. Odds makers placed the Huskies as a 14-point underdog. The Hurricanes appeared to be on their way to a 59th consecutive home victory in the first half, leading the Huskies 14–3 at halftime. After the half, the Huskies came out firing by scoring 22 points in five minutes. Key plays included a 75-yard touchdown pass, 34-yard interception return, and a fumble recovery. The Huskies Document [43] (Title: 2016 Fiesta Bowl (January)) 2016 Fiesta Bowl (January) The 2016 Fiesta Bowl was a college football bowl game that was played on January 1, 2016 at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona. The 44th Fiesta Bowl was one of the New Year's Bowls. It was one of the 2015–16 bowl games that concluded the 2015 FBS football season. The game was televised on ESPN and ESPN Deportes, and broadcast on ESPN Radio and XM Satellite Radio, with the kickoff time set for 1:00 P.M. ET (11 A.M. MT). Sponsored by obstacle racing series BattleFrog, it was officially known as the BattleFrog Fiesta Bowl. Document [44] (Title: Connecticut Huskies football) opened the season with their first victory vs. a Big Ten team ( 34–10 over Indiana) and the final game of the season provided their first victory over an ACC opponent, when they defeated Wake Forest, 51–17. It was only the third time that a non-conference team had scored over 50 points in an ACC stadium. Despite the stellar record, the Huskies were not invited to play in a bowl game, largely due to their lack of conference affiliation. Connecticut was originally scheduled to join the Big East as a football member in 2005. However, following the departure of Miami, Document [45] (Title: 2012 Northern Illinois Huskies football team) 2012 Northern Illinois Huskies football team The 2012 Northern Illinois Huskies football team represented Northern Illinois University in the 2012 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Huskies competed in the West Division of the Mid-American Conference. They were led by second-year head coach Dave Doeren for the regular season and Rod Carey in the 2013 Orange Bowl. They played their home games at Huskie Stadium. They finished the season 12–2, 8–0 in MAC play to win MAC West Division Title. With their win over Kent State in the MAC Championship Game on November 30, NIU moved to 12–1, the Document [46] (Title: 2017 Fiesta Bowl) multi-year deal with broadcasting and marketing rightsholder ESPN, which includes branded content and making PlayStation the official video gaming and virtual reality sponsor of the College Football Playoff; the game is officially known as the PlayStation Fiesta Bowl. The two participants for the game were the Penn State Nittany Lions of the Big Ten Conference and the Washington Huskies of the Pac-12 Conference. This was only the third time that Penn State and Washington played each other, and the Nittany Lions had won both previous meetings. The most recent game was 34 years earlier in Honolulu at the 1983 Aloha Document [47] (Title: 2016 Washington Huskies football team) on April 27 through April 29, 2017. The following Washington players were either selected or signed as free agents following the draft. 2016 Washington Huskies football team The 2016 Washington Huskies football team represented the University of Washington in the 2016 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The team was led by Chris Petersen in his third season as head coach of the Huskies. Washington competed as a member of the North Division of the Pac-12 Conference and played their home games on campus at Husky Stadium in Seattle. Washington finished the season with a 12–2 overall record and went Document [48] (Title: 2011 Connecticut Huskies football team) school history, and were invited to the Fiesta Bowl where they were defeated by Big 12 champion Oklahoma 20–48. The day after the Fiesta Bowl Head Coach Randy Edsall left the University to accept the same position at Maryland. Paul Pasqualoni was hired to replace Edsall. George DeLeone was brought in as the new offensive coordinator, with former offensive coordinator and quarterbacks coach Joe Moorhead being demoted to quarterbacks coach. Don Brown was brought in to replace Todd Orlando at defensive coordinator. Orlando left to take the same position at Florida International. The Huskies lost six starters from the 2010 Document [49] (Title: 2011 Fiesta Bowl) picked first, followed by the Orange Bowl, then the Fiesta Bowl. Uniquely in 2011, the Rose Bowl was obligated to choose a non-automatic qualifier in place of the Pac-10 Champion, Oregon. The Sugar Bowl picked Ohio State, while the Orange Bowl selected Stanford. The Fiesta Bowl was thus left to select Big East Conference champion Connecticut. The Huskies entered the 2010 season having gone 8-5 in 2009 culminating with a win at the PapaJohns.com Bowl against South Carolina. At the start of the season, Connecticut was picked to finish fourth in the Big East in a media poll with eight Document [50] (Title: 2018 Northern Illinois Huskies football team) They were invited to the Boca Raton Bowl where they lost to UAB. The Huskies finished the 2017 season 8–5, 6–2 in MAC play to finish in a tie for second place in the West Division. The Huskies received an invitation to the Quick Lane Bowl, their 11th bowl game in the previous 14 years. There they lost to Duke 36–14. The MAC released their preseason media poll on July 24, 2018, with the Huskies predicted to finish as champions of the West Division. Source: Source 2018 Northern Illinois Huskies football team The 2018 Northern Illinois Huskies football team represented Document [51] (Title: 2011 Alamo Bowl) December 4, 2011, both Baylor and Washington accepted invitations to play in the 2011 Alamo Bowl. The two teams had not met since 1965, with the Bears holding a 3–1 advantage against the Huskies. Baylor and UW played home-and-home series in 1954–55 and 1964–65. The Bears won in Waco in 1954 (34–7) and in Seattle in 1955 (13–7). Washington won in Seattle in 1964 (35–14), and Baylor won in Waco in 1965 (17–14). Baylor entered the game 9-3, finishing 3rd in the Big 12 standings. The Bears were looking for their first bowl win since the 1992 John Hancock Bowl, Document [52] (Title: 2009 International Bowl) No. 23 in the Coaches' poll. However, starting quarterback Tyler Lorenzen broke his foot in the Louisville game; the Huskies would be forced to rely on backup Zach Frazer for the next few games. The Huskies were unable to match their early success in the second half of the season, losing five of their next seven games. Everything went wrong for UConn in their game at North Carolina, as Frazer was intercepted three times and three Connecticut punts were blocked; North Carolina won in a blowout, 38–12. Against Big East rival Rutgers, UConn lost 12–10 as kicker Tony Ciaravino missed Document [53] (Title: 2011 Fiesta Bowl) at the end of the first quarter. The Huskies responded with an interception returned for a touchdown early in the second quarter; after an exchange of field goals the halftime score was 20–10 in favor of Oklahoma. In the second half, Oklahoma pulled away with multiple passing and interception-return touchdowns. While Connecticut responded with a 95-yard kickoff return for a touchdown, they failed to score a touchdown on offense at any point during the game. Oklahoma quarterback Landry Jones was named the game's most valuable player on offense; defensive back Jamell Fleming was named the defensive most valuable player. Jones Document [54] (Title: 2011 Fiesta Bowl) was fourth in the nation in passing with 336.8 yards per game, 13th in total offense with 478.1 yards per game, and was 17th in scored with 36.4 points per game. In the last five games before the Fiesta Bowl, Connecticut had intercepted ten passes and recovered seven fumbles. In that span, they had allowed fewer than 20 points, in addition to having a plus 12 turnover ratio. The Huskies defense was ranked 16th in the nation in pass efficiency defense. Oklahoma was ranked 58th in total defense coming into the Fiesta Bowl. Oklahoma allowed 151.8 yards per rushing per Document [55] (Title: Connecticut Huskies football) Miami, one of many tributes throughout the year for the fallen player. The team honored Howard prior to every game through the 2010 season, which would have been his senior year. They capped off the season with a game ending field goal by Dave Teggart and a 19–16 win over USF for their 2nd Big East Championship in 4 years and a trip to the 2011 Fiesta Bowl. After a loss in the Fiesta Bowl, Edsall did not fly home with or tell his players that he was leaving the UConn football program. He instead took a separate flight to Document [56] (Title: 2014–15 NCAA football bowl games) Fiesta Bowl. The games will be played on two days, on or around January 1. The winners of the two semifinal games will advance to the College Football Playoff National Championship. These six bowl games are also known as the New Year's Six. All games will be televised by ESPN and broadcast on the radio by ESPN Radio. For the 2014–15 postseason, four new bowl games were added — the Camellia Bowl, Miami Beach Bowl, Boca Raton Bowl, and Bahamas Bowl — bringing the total number of bowl games to 39. Additionally, the Little Caesars Pizza Bowl was replaced by Document [57] (Title: Connecticut Huskies football) September 16, 2000, when they defeated Buffalo, 24–21. They would finish the 2000 season with a final record of 3–8. The 2001 season brought their first win over a BCS rival with a victory over Rutgers on September 29, by a score of 20–19. The growing pains continued, as they finished the season at 2–9. The breakthrough came during the Huskies first year as a full-fledged member of Division I-A in 2002. Led by sophomore quarterback, Dan Orlovsky, they showed vast improvement over the previous two seasons, despite starting the season losing six of the first eight games. They closed Document [58] (Title: 2011 Northern Illinois Huskies football team) Bowl where they defeated Arkansas State. The season marked the Huskies' fourth consecutive trip to a bowl game and their second consecutive win. 2011 Northern Illinois Huskies football team The 2011 Northern Illinois Huskies football team represented Northern Illinois University in the 2011 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Huskies competed in the West Division of the Mid-American Conference. They were led by first year head coach Dave Doeren. They played their home games at Huskie Stadium. NIU finished the season 11–3, 7–1 in MAC play to win the West Division Title. The Huskies defeated Ohio in the MAC Document [59] (Title: 1985 Orange Bowl) polls to fourth (#3 UPI), and cost them the Pac-10 title and the accompanying berth in the Rose Bowl. This was the first appearance by a Pac-10 team in the Orange Bowl and remains the Huskies' only appearance. Danny Greene gave the Huskies an early lead on his 29-yard touchdown catch from Paul Sicuro, and Jacque Robinson made it after one quarter on his touchdown plunge. Sooner Danny Bradley cut the lead with a touchdown sneak, and Derrick Shepard tied the game before halftime on his 61 yard catch from Bradley for a touchdown. After a scoreless third quarter, Tim Document [60] (Title: 2011 Fiesta Bowl) the start of the second half. The Huskies returned the kickoff to their 19-yard line where they started their possession. Connecticut’s first possession consisted of three rushing plays for a total gain of 9 yards. Connecticut was forced to punt. Oklahoma started their first possession from their own 30-yard line. The Sooners completed several passes and running plays for a 9 plays, 70-yard drive ending with an 8-yard passing touchdown from Landry Jones to James Hanna. When Connecticut regained possession after the post-touchdown kickoff, they were able to move down the field for a 15-play, 55-yard drive which included a Document [61] (Title: 1983 Fiesta Bowl) the Fiesta Bowl, which still stands. 1983 Fiesta Bowl The 1983 Fiesta Bowl, played on January 1, 1983, was the 12th edition of the Fiesta Bowl. The game featured the Arizona State Sun Devils, and the Oklahoma Sooners. Oklahoma scored first on a 1-yard touchdown run from running back Stanley Wilson, giving the Sooners a 7–0 lead. In the second quarter, Arizona State got a field goal from kicker Luis Zendejas to cut the lead to 7–3. Their defense later forced a safety, to make it 7–5. Zendejas kicked another 22-yard field goal to give Arizona State its first lead Document [62] (Title: 2016 Northern Illinois Huskies football team) one touchdown and got 82 yards and another touchdown rushing. However, the Huskies had 12 penalties for 108 yards. The game was scheduled to start at 8:30 p.m. Mountain Time, but began almost two hours late due to lightning. The game ended at 2:35 a.m. MT, which was 3:35 a.m. for NIU fans back in Illinois. The Huskies lost to the Rockets 31–24. The loss eliminated Northern Illinois from bowl game eligibility, ending their conference-record streak of eight straight bowl games. NIU had beaten Toledo in their six previous matchups. This was the first football game ever played at Guaranteed Document [63] (Title: 2014 MAC Championship Game) to Miami, 26-21. The 2011 contest saw the Huskies trailing Ohio, 20-0 at halftime, only to mount a furious comeback, capped by Mathew Sims' field goal as time expired for a 23-20 win. Northern repeated as champions in 2012, entering the game ranked #19 and defeating #18 Kent State, 44-37 in double overtime. The win earned the Huskies a berth in the Orange Bowl. In 2013, the Huskies were defeated by Bowling Green, 47-27, ending a 12-game undefeated streak and knocking NIU out of the BCS picture (with a win, the team would have earned a spot in the Fiesta Document [64] (Title: 2009 Connecticut Huskies football team) on October 4, 2008 at Kenan Memorial Stadium in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Connecticut is 0–3 all time against North Carolina. The Huskies overcame multiple injuries to defeat the Baylor Bears 30–22. They were led by a strong rushing game, led by the tandem of Andre Dixon and Jordan Todman, and a stout defense. Dixon scored his first touchdown since 2007, and had his first multi touchdown game as he rushed for 149 yards and 3 touchdowns. The UConn defense was able to force three Bear turnovers, and held vaunted Baylor quarterback Robert Griffin in check for most of the Document [65] (Title: Fiesta Bowl) #16 BYU refusing to play in the bowl due to its being held on Sunday. In 1978, Arizona and Arizona State both joined the Pac-10 Conference and the Fiesta Bowl's tie-in with the WAC ended as its champ went to the newly-inaugurated Holiday Bowl. From then until the advent of the Bowl Coalition, Fiesta Bowl matchups typically featured runners-up of major conferences and/or major independents. The game continued to attract high quality matchups, so beginning with the 1981 game the Fiesta Bowl shifted to New Year's Day alongside the major bowl games—the Cotton, Orange, Sugar, and Rose. The Fiesta Bowl Document [66] (Title: 2011 Fiesta Bowl) able to convert again to Trey Franks for a 20 yards gain to bring them to the Huskies 20-yard line. Three DeMarco Murray runs brought the ball to the Connecticut five-yard line where Landry Jones threw five-yard passing touchdown to Ryan Broyles. Halfway through the quarter, Connecticut received excellent field position with an Anthony Sherman return that brought the ball to their 47-yard line. After a Robbie Frey four-yard rushing loss, Zach Frazer passed to Anthony Sherman for 41 yards to bring the Huskies to the Oklahoma 14-yard line. The next play Frazer was sacked by Frank Alexander for an Document [67] (Title: University of Connecticut) the 2011 Tostitos Fiesta Bowl. UConn has now played in a total of six bowl games. The UConn men's soccer team has won three national championships, in 1948, 1981 and 2000, while the women's soccer team advanced to the National Championship title game in 1984, 1990, 1997 and 2003. UConn is also a national player in field hockey, where it has advanced to the national semifinals 16 times, winning national championships in 1981, 1985, 2013, 2014, and 2017 as an associate member of the Big East conference. The Husky baseball team has played in the NCAA College World Series five Document [68] (Title: 2016 Northern Illinois Huskies football team) West Division in the MAC Championship Game where they lost to Bowling Green. They were invited to the Poinsettia Bowl where they lost to Boise State. For the second straight year, the Huskies were picked to finish third in the division in 2016 in the poll released during the 2016 MAC Media Day at Ford Field in Detroit. The 2016 Northern Illinois Huskies schedule is: Source The Cowboys beat the Huskies in triple overtime, 40–34. NIU quarterback Drew Hare went 24-for-39 for 327 yards, with three touchdowns and no interceptions. Receiver Kenny Golladay gained 144 yards on 10 catches with Document [69] (Title: 2010 PapaJohns.com Bowl) the 2010 Orange Bowl on January 5, 2011, following the PapaJohns.com Bowl. Edsall was praised for coaching the Huskies to a successful season despite the off-field distractions. By appearing in the 2010 PapaJohns.com Bowl, UConn made its third straight bowl appearance and fourth since joining the Big East for the 2004 season. There were rumors that Edsall was a candidate for the Notre Dame head coaching position, vacated by the firing of Charlie Weis. On December 11, Cincinnati coach Brian Kelly was given the Notre Dame job; Edsall remained with Connecticut. Pregame coverage also discussed the performance of Steve Spurrier Document [70] (Title: Trace McSorley) 2 game losing streak however. The team finished the regular season 3–0 and McSorley threw for 776 yards and 7 touchdowns with 0 interceptions in his final 3 contests. The 10–2 Nittany faced the 10–2 Washington Huskies in the 2017 Fiesta Bowl. McSorley struggled early and threw two picks in the first quarter however he finished the game 342 yards and 2 touchdown passes and also rushed for 60 yards. McSorley was named offensive MVP for the Nittany Lions. After the season it was speculated whether McSorley would declare for the 2018 NFL draft. After the Bowl game McSorley announced Document [71] (Title: 2015 St. Petersburg Bowl) Herd of Conference USA in their first meeting against each other. After finishing the regular season 6–6 (4–4 The American), the Huskies accepted an invitation to play in this game. This was the Huskies' sixth bowl appearance and their first since the 2011 Fiesta Bowl where they lost to Oklahoma by a score of 48–20. This was their first bowl game in the state of Florida and their first against a team from Conference USA. After finishing the regular season 9–3 (6–2 C-USA), the Herd accepted an invitation to play in this game. This was the Herd's twelfth bowl appearance Document [72] (Title: 2019 Fiesta Bowl (January)) accepted a bid to the Fiesta Bowl on December 2. The Tigers enter the bowl with a 9–3 record (5–3 in conference). UCF defeated Memphis in the AAC Championship Game on December 1, then received and accepted a bid to the Fiesta Bowl on December 2. The Knights enter the bowl with a 12–0 record (8–0 in conference). 2019 Fiesta Bowl (January) The 2019 Fiesta Bowl (January) is a college football bowl game that will be played on January 1, 2019. It will be the 48th edition of the Fiesta Bowl, and will be one of the 2018–19 bowl games Document [73] (Title: 2012 Northern Illinois Huskies football team) well as the first-ever major-bowl appearance for a MAC team. Head coach Doeren did not coach the Huskies in the Orange Bowl after accepting the head coaching job at North Carolina State. Co-offensive coordinator Rod Carey was named his successor, and coached the bowl game. The Huskies lost to Florida State 10–31. The season marked the Huskies' fifth consecutive trip to a bowl game. 2012 Northern Illinois Huskies football team The 2012 Northern Illinois Huskies football team represented Northern Illinois University in the 2012 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Huskies competed in the West Division of the Mid-American Document [74] (Title: 2011 Fiesta Bowl) had a school bowl record of 429 passing yards; he completed three passes for touchdowns. Within 24 hours following the game Connecticut suffered two notable defections: running back Jordan Todman announced that he was leaving school early to enter the 2011 NFL Draft and head coach Randy Edsall was hired as the new head coach at the University of Maryland. In the wake of the 2011 contest, the Fiesta Bowl released an internal report stating that several members illegally gave campaign contributions and were reimbursed for it. The Fiesta Bowl was one of five Bowl Championship Series (BCS) bowl games Document [75] (Title: Northeastern Huskies football) Super Bowl on February 5, 2017. Dallas Cowboys Defensive Lineman Jason Vega also played in the CFL after graduating Northeastern. Northeastern Huskies football The Northeastern Huskies football program were the intercollegiate American football team for Northeastern University located in Boston, Massachusetts. The team competed in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision (FCS) and were members of the Colonial Athletic Association. The school's first football team was fielded in 1932. Northeastern participated in football from 1932 to 2009, compiling an all-time record of 289–366–17. Citing sparse attendance, numerous losing seasons and the expense to renovate Parsons Field – its football Document [76] (Title: Northern Illinois Huskies football) Fresno State in the 2010 Humanitarian Bowl. On December 13, 2010, Dave Doeren was named the new head coach. The Huskies went 11–3 in his first season and they won their first MAC Championship since 1983 in a 23–20 comeback win against Ohio, while also defeating the Arkansas State Red Wolves in a come-from-behind game in the 2012 GoDaddy.com Bowl. Inclusive of the 2012 season, NIU has won 10 conference and three division titles, appeared in 13 Division I-A and College Division bowl games (winning five), has accumulated 535 wins, and has an all-time winning percentage of .533. 2012 ended Document [77] (Title: 2010 PapaJohns.com Bowl) Connecticut Huskies finished 8–5 in 2008, ending the season with a victory in the 2009 International Bowl. The departure of running back Donald Brown—the NCAA rushing leader in 2008—as well as three other Huskies selected in the first two rounds of the 2009 NFL Draft, was expected to hurt the team. In the Big East preseason media poll, the Huskies were picked to finish sixth in the conference. The Huskies opened the 2009 season at Ohio University, and never trailed in the game, winning 23–16. UConn's next game was its home opener, versus No. 19 North Carolina. Connecticut led 10–0 Document [78] (Title: 2011 Fiesta Bowl) their 49-yard line. Two plays later, the drive ended when Zach Frazer was intercepted by defensive back Jamell Fleming on Oklahoma's 45-yard line. Fleming ran the ball 55 yards for a touchdown, bringing the score to 34–10. On the ensuing kick-off, Robbie Frey ran 95 yards for a Connecticut touchdown. Oklahoma’s next drive was a short three and out when the Connecticut’s defense able to stop two Murray rush attempts and a pass to him on third down. On the Huskies following possession, Jordan Todman was able to rush for 11 and 12 yards to reach the Oklahoma 48. A Document [79] (Title: 1979 Sun Bowl) a defensive affair, with the Longhorns' fumbles in the first half proving costly. Skansi caught five passes for 52 yards and was named MVP. Mays had 12 tackles, a fumble recovery, and two sacks. The Huskies returned to the Sun Bowl three times (1986, 1995, 2002), but lost all three; the Longhorns returned in 1982 and 1994. 1979 Sun Bowl The 1979 Sun Bowl was a college football postseason bowl game between the Texas Longhorns and the played on Saturday, December 22, in The Huskies were the runner-up in the Pacific-10 Conference, behind USC. The Longhorns had lost two games Document [80] (Title: 2010 International Bowl) made its fourth bowl appearance in six years. The Huskies were defeated 17–10 by Louisiana Tech in the previous years' Independence Bowl. The game was the third meeting between the two schools. In 2001, South Florida's first game as a NCAA Division I-A team was at Northern Illinois; NIU won 20–17 on a last-second field goal. One year later, South Florida defeated the Huskies 37–6 in Tampa. Mike Ford ran for a career-high 207 yards and scored one touchdown, B. J. Daniels threw two scoring passes to A. J. Love, and South Florida beat Northern Illinois 27–3 in the International Document [81] (Title: 2014 Fiesta Bowl (January)) year. 2014 Fiesta Bowl (January) The 2014 Fiesta Bowl was a college football bowl game that was played on Wednesday, January 1, 2014, at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona. In this, the 43rd annual Fiesta Bowl, the Baylor Bears, champions of the Big 12 Conference, played the UCF Knights, champions of the American Athletic Conference. The game was broadcast live on ESPN at 6:30 PM MST. It was one of the 2013–14 bowl games that concluded the 2013 FBS football season. It was sponsored by the Tostitos snack food brand and was officially known as the Tostitos Fiesta Document [82] (Title: 2011 Fiesta Bowl) East for Connecticut's participation, the Connecticut athletic department estimated it lost $1.8 million by playing in the Fiesta Bowl. Connecticut, which was required to purchase 17,500 tickets to the game, resold only 2,771 of those tickets, resulting in a $2.9 million loss. Travel expenses and other costs comprised the remainder of the deficit. 2011 Fiesta Bowl The 2011 Tostitos Fiesta Bowl was a postseason college football bowl game between the Connecticut Huskies (UConn), co-champions of the Big East Conference, and the Oklahoma Sooners, champions of the Big 12 Conference, at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona, on January 1, Document [83] (Title: Bowl Championship Series controversies) that Northern Illinois had a stronger schedule than Boise State, as the weakness of the Mountain West due to the departures of TCU, BYU and Utah resulted in the Broncos having the lowest computer-ranking percentage of any team in the BCS standings. The Huskies earned a bid to the Orange Bowl, where they lost to Florida State, 31-10. Perhaps fittingly, the final year of the BCS produced no controversy at season's end. In mid-November, Alabama, Florida State, Ohio State and Baylor were all undefeated and ranked 1 to 4 respectively, but Alabama and Florida State held the number 1 and Document [84] (Title: 2017 Washington Huskies football team) Game. They were invited to the Fiesta Bowl where they lost to Penn State. The Huskies signed a total of 18 commits. Pete Kwiatkowski - Defensive coordinator Dante Pettis - Wide receiver - Senior Dante Pettis - Return specialist - Senior Vita Vea - Defensive tackle - Junior First Team Second Team Honorable Mention Seven members of the 2017 team were invited to participate in drills at the 2018 NFL Scouting Combine held between February 27 and March 5, 2018 at Lucas Oil Stadium in Indianapolis, Indiana. The 2018 NFL Draft was held at AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas on Document [85] (Title: 2013 Poinsettia Bowl) agreement to continue to feature the Mountain West's second bowl-eligible team until at least 2013. The Huskies last played in this bowl game in 2006, where they lost to TCU 37–7. After receiving the opening kickoff, Utah State's (USU) opening drive stalled; however, their punt was downed inside the five yard line, forcing Northern Illinois (NIU) to drive the length of the field in order to score. NIU went three-and-out, and their punt went only 17 yards, giving USU the ball with only 29 yards needed to score a touchdown. They failed to do so, however, as, after losing six Document [86] (Title: 2011 Fiesta Bowl) was able to complete a 15-yard pass to Kenny Stills to bring them to their 45-yard line. At the end of the third quarter, Oklahoma led Connecticut 34–20. At the start of the fourth quarter Jones was able to complete another first down pass to Ryan Broyles for 12 yards to the Connecticut 43-yard line. A four-yard rush by Murray brought the ball to the Huskies 39-yard line, however several incomplete passes by Jones forced the drive to stall on the Connecticut's 30-yard line. On the fourth down, Bob Stoops called a trick play, a fake field goal pass, which Document [87] (Title: 2011–12 NCAA football bowl games) traditionally the date for many bowl games to be played, none will be held on January 1, due to that date being on a Sunday and conflict with the National Football League's slate of Sunday games. Subsequently, the Fiesta Bowl moved from January 5 to January 2, in its traditional spot following the Rose Bowl, after the 2011 NFL lockout was settled. The Monday evening spot was held open for a possible Monday Night Football game. "NOTE: All times are US EST (UTC −5)." "Note: The NFLPA Texas vs The Nation game was not played in 2012, and the NFLPA Document [88] (Title: Huskie Stadium) in the nation since 2000 (53–30)---including triumphs over Bowl Championship Series programs such as Wake Forest, Minnesota, University of Alabama, Kansas, University of Maryland, Purdue University (2009, 2013), Iowa, and Iowa State University among others. The Huskies finished ranked in the Top 30 during the 2003 and 2004 seasons and defeated Troy University, 34–21, in the 2004 Silicon Valley Football Classic. In 2006, NIU faced off against TCU in the Poinsettia Bowl in San Diego, California making it the second time in three years NIU had gone to a postseason bowl game. The Huskies made it four bowls in six Document [89] (Title: 2014 Fiesta Bowl (December)) 2014 Fiesta Bowl (December) The 2014 Fiesta Bowl was a college football bowl game played on December 31, 2014, at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona. The 44th Fiesta Bowl was one of the New Year's Bowls of the College Football Playoff. It was one of the 2014–15 bowl games that conclude the 2014 FBS football season. The game was sponsored by the Vizio consumer electronics company and is officially known as the Vizio Fiesta Bowl. The game was televised on ESPN and ESPN Deportes, and broadcast on ESPN Radio and XM Satellite Radio, with the kickoff time at Document [90] (Title: 2011 Fiesta Bowl) for a 3-yard touchdown. At the end of the first quarter, Oklahoma led Connecticut by the score of 14–0. At the start of the second quarter, Connecticut had possession of the ball however they were unable to gain any yards and went three and out and was forced to punt. When Oklahoma regained possession on third down, Landry Jones was intercepted by Dwayne Gratz at Oklahoma's 46-yard line which was returned for a touchdown. The interception touchdown cut Oklahoma’s lead to 14–7. The Sooners gained possession at their own 20-yard line. On the third play Jones completed a 35-yard pass Document [91] (Title: 2017 Fiesta Bowl) 2017 Fiesta Bowl The 2017 Fiesta Bowl was a college football bowl game played on December 30, 2017, at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona. The 47th Fiesta Bowl was one of the New Year's Bowls of the College Football Playoff, and one of the 2017–18 bowl games concluding the 2017 FBS football season. The game was televised on ESPN and ESPN Deportes, and broadcast on ESPN Radio and XM Satellite Radio, with the kickoff set for 4:00 PM ET (2 PM MT). The game's title sponsor was Sony Interactive Entertainment via its PlayStation brand as part of a Document [92] (Title: 2014 Boise State Broncos football team) they received an automatic bid to a New Year's Six bowl. They were invited to the Fiesta Bowl where they defeated Arizona. It was the Broncos third appearance and victory in the Fiesta Bowl. The first meeting between the two schools ended with Boise taking the win. Boise State would take the early lead with a fumble recovery from Tanner Vallejo for a touchdown. Boise State would trail in the second quarter 7–10, but Boise State QB Grant Hedrick would throw a touchdown pass to Matt Miller to take the lead again. UConn would close the gap to 3 points Document [93] (Title: 2010 Connecticut Huskies football team) 19–16 victory.<br>With the victory, Connecticut clinched a spot in a BCS bowl game. The following day, it was announced that they would play in the 2011 Fiesta Bowl against the Big 12 champion Oklahoma Sooners.<br>Dave Teggart, who successfully made 4 field goals in 4 attempts, including 2 of over 50 yards, was named the Big East Conference's Special Teams Player of the Week. Linebacker Lawrence Wilson was also named to the weekly honor roll.<br>Series: Tied 4–4 Shortly after the completion of the Fiesta Bowl, Jordan Todman announced that he would forgo his senior season and enter the NFL draft.<br> On Document [94] (Title: Bob Diaco) coined the term "Civil Conflict" to describe games between the Connecticut Huskies and the UCF Knights. This one-way declaration of a "rivalry" was first derided and then ignored by UCF. In 2015, Diaco's Huskies beat 10–0 Houston at Rentschler Field to make the Huskies bowl-eligible for the first time since Edsall left. At this point many UConn fans believed that Diaco was the future of the program after taking a 2–10 team to a bowl game the next year. After an exciting 2015, the Huskies were projected to be bowl-eligible in 2016, but hope quickly faded after a weak win Document [95] (Title: 2009 International Bowl) 6th overall in the conference. UConn started the season strong, winning their first five games. The Huskies easily won their first game 35–3 against Division I-Football Championship Subdivision (Division I-FCS) opponent Hofstra. The second game, at Temple, was played as the remnants of Hurricane Hanna hit Philadelphia. UConn won 12–9 in overtime as Donald Brown ran for a then-career high 214 yards and scored the game-winning touchdown. Connecticut next avenged their loss to Virginia from 2007, winning the rematch 45–10. Baylor was next on the schedule; the Huskies pulled out the win in a back-and-forth game, 31–28. Connecticut opened Big Document [96] (Title: Fiesta Bowl) Utah from the Mountain West Conference become the first BCS non-AQ school ever to play in a BCS game, easily defeating Big East champion Pittsburgh 35–7. In 2007, the Fiesta Bowl game was played for the first time at the new then-named University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona, across the Phoenix metropolitan area from Sun Devil Stadium. The undefeated Boise State Broncos won by defeating the Oklahoma Sooners 43–42 in overtime. It has been called one of the greatest college football games ever played, due to the combination of an underdog team, trick plays, comebacks by each team, and Document [97] (Title: 2011 Fiesta Bowl) drive 67 yards to the Huskies 8-yard line. Unable to connect on third and goal pass, the drive ended with a 24-yard field goal to extend the lead to 20–7. The Huskies received good field position at their own 44-yard line with a 34-yard kickoff return by Nick Williams. On second down, Jordan Todman rushed for 19 yards to the Oklahoma 37-yard line. Then Zach Frazer, completed a 12 pass to Isiah Moore to reach the Oklahoma 25-yard line. An additional one-yard rush and four-yard pass brought the Huskies to the Oklahoma 20. Unable to convert on third down, they Document [98] (Title: 2012 Maaco Bowl Las Vegas) be the Huskies' first Maaco Bowl Las Vegas. Offensively the Huskies are led by tight end Austin Seferian-Jenkins, who set school career marks for receptions (104), receiving yards (1,327) and touchdowns (12); Kasen Williams (71 receptions); and Bishop Sankey, who rushed for 1,234 yards in 2012. Desmond Trufant is ranked No.16 in the nation (second in the Pac-12) in pass defense (188.9 yards allowed per game). Washington fumbled on its opening drive, giving Boise State the ball at Washington's 46-yard line. Taking advantage of the fumble, Boise State took a 3–0 lead on a 34-yard field goal from Michael Frisina. Document [99] (Title: 2015 Heart of Dallas Bowl) Heart of Dallas Bowl. Washington Huskies defeated the University of Southern Mississippi 44–31. The game featured the Washington Huskies against the Southern Miss Golden Eagles. After finishing their regular season 6–6, bowl director Brant Ringler extended an invitation for the Huskies to play in the game, which they accepted. After finishing their season 9–4, Olivas extended an invitation for the Golden Eagles to play in the game, which they accepted as well. Source: 2015 Heart of Dallas Bowl The 2015 Heart of Dallas Bowl was a post-season American college football bowl game played on December 26, 2015 at the Cotton Document [100] (Title: 2017 Washington Huskies football team) April 26 through April 28, 2018. The following Washington players were either selected or signed as undrafted free agents following the draft. 2017 Washington Huskies football team The 2017 Washington Huskies football team represented the University of Washington during the 2017 NCAA Division I FBS football season. Chris Petersen led the team in his fourth season as head coach. Washington competed as a member of the North Division of the Pac-12 Conference and played their home games on campus at Husky Stadium in Seattle. They finished the season 10–3, 7–2 in Pac-12 play to win a share of the North Document [101] (Title: Connecticut Huskies football) in January 1999 by applying to join the Big East football conference. They would receive a special waiver from the NCAA in order to play in Memorial Stadium while Rentschler Field was under construction. UConn would become the first school to ever move from the FCS to the Bowl Championship Series as a member of the Big East after 3 years as an independent. The Huskies would spend the 2000 and 2001 as a transitional Division I-A program as they built their scholarship base to the maximum of 85. They recorded their first win over a Division I-A opponent on Document [102] (Title: 2012 Kraft Fight Hunger Bowl) In accordance with a 2009 deal with bowl organizers, the Midshipmen accepted their invitation to play in the game on November 3 after winning six of their first nine games of the season. After the Sun Devils achieved bowl eligibility by defeating in-state rival Arizona Wildcats for a 7–5 regular-season record, the team accepted its bowl invitation on December 2. The pregame buildup focused on the contest between Navy's triple option offense and the Sun Devils' defense. After a change in quarterbacks, the Midshipmen's rushing offense had become one of the best in the nation; however, the team's passing offense Document [103] (Title: 1991 NCAA Division I-A football season) Visiting Miami won, 17-16 to take the top spot. In the Pacific Northwest, Washington won its Apple Cup game by 35 points on November 23 and finished the regular season at 11-0; the Huskies took over the #2 spot in the final two polls of the regular season. In the coaches poll, Florida State and Miami opened up the season 1-2 and remained that way until Miami's win on November 16 put the Hurricanes #1 and allowed the Huskies to move to #2. After the end of the regular season, the coaches moved the Washington Huskies to the #1 ranking. Document [104] (Title: 2011 Fiesta Bowl) to Broyles to bring them to the Connecticut's 39-yard line. Two plays later Jones competed a pass to Stills, which was fumbled and recovered by Oklahoma. After a four-yard rushing loss to Connecticut 27-yard line, Oklahoma converted a 41-yard field goal. On Connecticut's next possession, the Huskies were forced to punt after a 6-play, 11-yard drive stalled at their 40-yard line after a costly Substitution Infraction penalty on the offense on third down and four. Punting the ball back to the Sooners, Oklahoma was able to move the ball on a series of short passes and DeMarco Murray runs to Document [105] (Title: 2010 Northern Illinois Huskies football team) to accept the head coaching position at Minnesota. Kill did not coach in the bowl game. Tom Matukewicz coached the Huskies as interim head coach for the bowl game. The season marked the Huskies third consecutive trip to a bowl game and their first bowl game win since 2004. Despite being without the services of starting QB Chandler Harnish, the Huskies pulled within a touchdown midway through the 4th quarter on a 1-yard touchdown run by backup signal caller DeMarcus Grady. But an Iowa State touchdown drive immediately thereafter put the game away for the Cyclones. The Huskie defense was Document [106] (Title: First Responder Bowl) 12 did not have enough bowl-eligible teams, so the selection committee selected the Washington Huskies from the Pac-12 Conference to take its place. For the 2016 season, the Big Ten sent four teams to CFP bowls, so the selection committee chose an at-large team, independent Army, to take its place. After having been played on January 1 or January 2 for its first four editions, the game moved to a late December date beginning with the 2014 season. Bold conference denotes winner of games played. Through the December 2017 playing, there have been 8 games (16 total appearances). "Note: Only Document [107] (Title: Randy Edsall) Mountaineers. UConn won their last 5 games of the regular season and Edsall led Connecticut to a share of the Big East title his second as head coach and their second in the past 4 years. By virtue of their overtime win over the Mountaineers, the Huskies represented the Big East in the BCS–the first major bowl appearance in school history. UConn went on to play in the Fiesta Bowl against the University of Oklahoma. Oklahoma won in a blow out, 48-20. He was named 2010 Big East Coach of the Year. Edsall was hired in 2011 after he led Document [108] (Title: 2008 Fiesta Bowl) the national championship game. In their last game of the regular season, the 100th Backyard Brawl at Mountaineer Field in Morgantown, West Virginia, the #2 ranked Mountaineers suffered an upset when they were defeated by unranked Pittsburgh 9–13. West Virginia, who were a four touchdown favorite, played about half of the game without White after he dislocated his thumb late in the first half. The loss meant West Virginia were Co-Champs of the Big East along with Connecticut but received the bowl bid since they defeated Connecticut 66-21 the previous week. Beginning with the 1998 football season, when the Bowl Document [109] (Title: 2018 Gasparilla Bowl) and Connecticut, respectively. South Florida received and accepted a bid to the Gasparilla Bowl on December 2. The Bulls enter the bowl with a 7–5 record (3–5 AAC), having lost their final five regular season games. The game will be the team's 10th overall bowl appearance and second appearance in the Gasparilla Bowl. The Bulls previously played in the 2008 edition, winning against Memphis. 2018 Gasparilla Bowl The 2018 Gasparilla Bowl is a college football bowl game that will be played on December 20, 2018, with kickoff scheduled for 8:00 p.m. EST. It will be the 11th edition of the Document [110] (Title: 2016 Fiesta Bowl (December)) won both of the previous matchups. The most recent meeting was the 2014 Orange Bowl, where the Tigers defeated the Buckeyes by a score of 40–35. 2016 Fiesta Bowl (December) The 2016 PlayStation Fiesta Bowl (December) was a college football bowl game that was played on December 31, 2016 at the University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona. This 46th Fiesta Bowl Game was a College Football Playoff semifinal with the winner of the game competing against the winner of the 2016 Peach Bowl in the 2017 College Football Playoff National Championship which took place at Raymond James Stadium in Document [111] (Title: 2011 Fiesta Bowl) for 121 yards. Oklahoma's leading rusher DeMarco Murray ran for 93 yards on 25 carries, which included a rushing touchdown. On defense, Oklahoma's Jamell Fleming was awarded the defensive most valuable player. Fleming had intercepted a pass and returned it for a 55-yard touchdown. After the bowl game, junior Jordan Todman announced that he would forgo his senior year to enter the 2011 NFL Draft. Twelve hours later, Randy Edsall announced that he was leaving Connecticut in order to take the Maryland head coaching job. Despite receiving more than $2.5 million of the $17 million payout given to the Big Document [112] (Title: 2006 Oklahoma Sooners football team) 2007, the Fiesta Bowl picked Boise State as Oklahoma's opponent. The game took place on New Year's Day in the then-new University of Phoenix Stadium, home of the Arizona Cardinals. The Broncos led the Sooners the majority of the game, but the Sooners made up an 18-point deficit late in the game and led by a touchdown with a minute left in regulation. With 18 seconds left, the Sooners had the Broncos in a fourth-and-18 situation from midfield, but were stunned when the Broncos executed a hook and lateral for the tying score. This would be only the first of Document [113] (Title: 1986 Sun Bowl) the 1991 season, Washington went undefeated and won the national championship. 1986 Sun Bowl The 1986 Sun Bowl featured the Alabama Crimson Tide of the Southeastern Conference (SEC) and the Washington Huskies of the Pacific-10 Conference. In Ray Perkins's final game as Alabama head coach, the Crimson Tide defeated the Huskies The game is noted as being the first bowl game to have corporate sponsorship with John Hancock Insurance entering in the first year of a three-year, $1.5 million partnership. The Fiesta Bowl also gained a sponsor this year, played a week later. Alabama opened the season with seven wins, Document [114] (Title: 2011 Washington Huskies football team) touchdown in the first quarter. The Cougars fired head coach Paul Wulff the following week. Entering their first game in the Alamo Bowl, the Huskies has a 16–14–1 overall bowl game record, going back to their first game in the 1924 Rose Bowl. The Huskies set new school record during the season in passing touchdowns (32) and in fewest fumbles (11). 2011 Washington Huskies football team The 2011 Washington Huskies football team represented the University of Washington in the 2011 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The team was coached by third year head coach Steve Sarkisian. They played six Document [115] (Title: 2010 Humanitarian Bowl) title sponsor of the game. UDrove is affiliated with the games previous sponsor, Roady's Truck Stops. Northern Illinois made its third straight bowl appearance and played in a postseason game for the sixth time in the last seven seasons. The Huskies were ranked in the top 25 in the BCS after winning nine straight games and went undefeated in the Mid-American Conference during the regular season. NIU is led by senior running back Chad Spann, who was voted the Mid-American Conference Offensive Player of the Year and took home league MVP honors. Spann led the MAC with 1,293 yards on Document [116] (Title: 2015 Northern Illinois Huskies football team) to Boise State. The season marked the Huskies' eighth consecutive trip to a bowl game and their fourth conesuctive bowl game loss. The 2015 Northern Illinois Huskies schedule is: The Huskies trailed by seven points at halftime, but scored four touchdowns in the second half to beat the Rebels 38–30. Northern Illinois quarterback Drew Hare was 21-for-26 for 360 yards and two touchdowns, and wide receiver Kenny Golladay caught nine passes for 213 yards in his first game for NIU. After getting off to another slow start, the Huskies overpowered the Racers 57–26. Drew Hare threw a career-high four touchdown Document [117] (Title: 2017 Northern Illinois Huskies football team) 2017 Northern Illinois Huskies football team The 2017 Northern Illinois Huskies football team represented Northern Illinois University in the 2017 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Huskies were led by fifth-year head coach Rod Carey. They competed in the West Division of the Mid-American Conference and played their home games at Huskie Stadium in DeKalb, Illinois. The Huskies finished the season 8–5, 6–2 in MAC play to finish in a tie for second place in the West Division. The Huskies received an invitation to the Quick Lane Bowl, their 11th bowl game in the previous 14 years. There they Document [118] (Title: Nick Holt) team went on a three-game winning streak to finish the regular season and become bowl-eligible, capped with a 19–7 victory over Nebraska in the Holiday Bowl. While 2011 saw the emergence of sophomore quarterback Keith Price and improvement on offense, the Huskies were ranked near the bottom in the conference and nationally on defense (of 120 FBS teams: 106th in yards allowed, 108th in points allowed, 116th in passing yards allowed). Washington broke to an early 5–1 record and was bowl-eligible in October, but lost three straight in November before winning the Apple Cup to finish the regular season at Document [119] (Title: 1971 Fiesta Bowl) the firing of two coaches before the Seminoles returned to another bowl game, which they did under Bobby Bowden. This was their last Fiesta Bowl until 1988. The Sun Devils wen to two straight Fiesta Bowls while winning two more WAC titles and ultimately five in the 1970s. 1971 Fiesta Bowl The 1971 Fiesta Bowl was the inaugural Fiesta Bowl postseason bowl game that featured the Arizona State Sun Devils and Florida State Seminoles. The Fiesta Bowl had been created as a bowl game for the Western Athletic Conference (WAC) champion to participate in, the first to take place for Document [120] (Title: 2014 Washington Huskies football team) Bowl where they lost to Oklahoma State. The Huskies had a breakout season in 2013, winning more games than they had in the previous twelve seasons, which included a win against BYU in the Fight Hunger Bowl. The offense ended the 2013 season as the most prolific in program history. Junior running back Bishop Sankey broke the school single-season rush yards record as well as the career rushing touchdowns record. Fifth-year senior quarterback Keith Price solidified his spot in the Washington record books as he finished 2013 with career totals of nearly 9,000 passing yards and 75 touchdowns. The off Document [121] (Title: 2014 Northern Illinois Huskies football team) over Toledo, the Huskies represented the West Division in the MAC Championship Game where they defeated Bowling Green to be crowned MAC Champions. They were invited to the Boca Raton Bowl where they lost to Conference USA Champion Marshall. The season marked the Huskies' seventh consecutive trip to a bowl game and their third consecutive bowl game loss. 2014 Northern Illinois Huskies football team The 2014 Northern Illinois Huskies football team represented Northern Illinois University in the 2014 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Huskies competed in the West Division of the Mid-American Conference. They were led by second-year Document [122] (Title: 2010 Holiday Bowl) Jake Locker, Washington boasted one of the better offenses in the country. However, the defense had been less than solid. This was the Huskies' fourth appearance in the Holiday Bowl and their first win in the game. They lost to Colorado, Kansas State and Texas in 1996, 1999, and 2001 respectively (Colorado is now in the same conference as Washington). The two schools have played each other on eight previous occasions including earlier that season. Nebraska was a blowout winner in the September 2010 matchup between the two teams by a score of 56-21. Going into this game, the Huskers Document [123] (Title: 2013 Boise State Broncos football team) a conference championship game for the first time. As part of the conditions for Boise State to stay in the conference, the Mountain West lifted the ban on the Broncos wearing their all blue uniforms at home during conference games. This was the second consecutive meeting between the Broncos and the Huskies as they met at the end of the 2012 season in the Maaco Bowl Las Vegas. The 32-point loss is the worst loss under Chris Petersen. The previous highest margin of defeat was 14, also coming against Washington in 2007, Petersen's second year as head coach. Prior to Document [124] (Title: 2011 Fiesta Bowl) scored a 37-yard field goal. At halftime, Oklahoma led Connecticut 20–10. Oklahoma received the ball at the start of the third quarter; however their drive ended after only three plays. Connecticut's possession didn't fare much better, going only five plays before having to punt back to Oklahoma. On Oklahoma's next possession on third and nine, Landry Jones completed a 20-yard pass to Ryan Broyles to reach their 49-yard line. On the next play, Jones threw a 59-yard touchdown pass to Cameron Kenney. When Connecticut regained the ball, Zach Frazer completed a 26-yard gain to Kashif Moore to bring them to Document [125] (Title: 2011 Fiesta Bowl) ball to the Oklahoma two-yard line. On third down Todman rushed for 1 yard to reach the Oklahoma one-yard line. On fourth down, Connecticut rushed again with Todman, but was stopped for a yard loss. With Oklahoma in possession of the ball and 14 seconds left in the game at the Oklahoma 2-yard line, Landry Jones knelt down and the game ended with Oklahoma winning by the score of 48–20. In recognition for his performance during the game, Oklahoma quarterback Landry Jones was named the game's offensive most valuable player. Jones passed for a school bowl record of 429 yards Document [126] (Title: 2017 Fiesta Bowl) Bowl, where Penn State defeated the Huskies The first meeting was in 1921, where Penn State defeated the Washington Sun Dodgers on December 3 The Nittany Lions had appeared in six previous Fiesta Bowls: 1977, 1980, 1982, 1987, 1992, and 1997, winning all six. This was the Huskies' first Fiesta Bowl appearance. The Nittany Lions entered the game with a 10–2 record, with their two losses coming in conference play in consecutive weeks by a combined four points at #6 Ohio State and at #24 Michigan State. Penn State was favored by 3 points when the game kicked off. 2017 Document [127] (Title: 2015 Poinsettia Bowl) 8–5, 6–2 in West Division play to finish in a four way tie for the division title. They represented the West Division in the MAC Championship Game where they lost to Bowling Green. It was the Huskies sixth consecutive MAC Championship Game appearance. It was the Huskies third Poinsettia Bowl appearance with losses in 2006 and 2013. Source: 2015 Poinsettia Bowl The 2015 Poinsettia Bowl was a college football bowl game that was played on December 23, 2015 at Qualcomm Stadium in San Diego, California. Boise State Broncos from the Mountain West Conference defeated the Northern Illinois Huskies from the Document [128] (Title: 1971 Fiesta Bowl) 1971 Fiesta Bowl The 1971 Fiesta Bowl was the inaugural Fiesta Bowl postseason bowl game that featured the Arizona State Sun Devils and Florida State Seminoles. The Fiesta Bowl had been created as a bowl game for the Western Athletic Conference (WAC) champion to participate in, the first to take place for the 1971 season. The Sun Devils won their third consecutive WAC title (with an undefeated conference record for the second time in three years). This was ASU's first bowl game since 1970. Florida State was an independent in Coach Jones' first year at the program. A 5–0 start Document [129] (Title: 2014 Fiesta Bowl (December)) it is not playing in the national championship game. The preceding Fiesta Bowl was actually played on New Year's Day, which naturally was also in 2014. There therefore were "two" 2014 Fiesta Bowls. 2014 Fiesta Bowl (December) The 2014 Fiesta Bowl was a college football bowl game played on December 31, 2014, at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona. The 44th Fiesta Bowl was one of the New Year's Bowls of the College Football Playoff. It was one of the 2014–15 bowl games that conclude the 2014 FBS football season. The game was sponsored by the Vizio consumer electronics Document [130] (Title: 2011 Connecticut Huskies football team) the Yale Bowl in New Haven if the field did not become available in time, but on Wednesday, August 31, the team announced the game would be played in East Hartford on Saturday at noon. Recap: Recap: Recap: Recap: Recap: Recap: Recap: Recap: Recap: Recap: Recap: 2011 Connecticut Huskies football team The 2011 Connecticut Huskies football team represented the University of Connecticut in the 2011 NCAA Division I FBS football season as a member of the Big East Conference. The team was coached by Paul Pasqualoni and played its home games at Rentschler Field in East Hartford, Connecticut. It was Document [131] (Title: 2011 Mid-American Conference football season) at Elon. On December 5, NIU head coach Jerry Kill accepted the position of head coach for the Minnesota Golden Gophers. His announcement came less than two weeks before the Huskies were scheduled to play in the Humanitarian Bowl. Leaving the team in the manner he did (many teammates learned about his new job via Twitter instead of from Kill himself) dealt an emotional blow to the members of the team; star quarterback Chandler Harnish saying about Kill's departure, "I have a horrible taste in my mouth". Additionally, besides the emotional impact, USA Today noted "The timing of the announcement Document [132] (Title: 2011 Orange Bowl) State, which left the Orange Bowl to decide between two teams contractually bound to appear in a BCS bowl game. These were Stanford, which was guaranteed a BCS bid by its No. 4 national ranking, and Connecticut, champion of the Big East Conference. Favoring Stanford's potential to draw a large television audience, the Orange Bowl selected the Cardinal, leaving Connecticut to the Fiesta Bowl. The Stanford Cardinal began the 2010 season after going 8–5 in 2009 under freshman quarterback Andrew Luck. The 2009 season saw the Cardinal defeat eighth-ranked Oregon and No. 9 USC en route to breaking a seven-year Document [133] (Title: 1975 Fiesta Bowl) 1975 Fiesta Bowl The 1975 Fiesta Bowl matched the Arizona State Sun Devils and the Nebraska Cornhuskers. The Cornhuskers started the season off 10-0 and had risen from being ranked #6 in the preseason to #2 in the AP Polls and were set up for a Big 8 title and potential national championship hopes before losing to Oklahoma in the last game of the season that cost them a full share of the Big 8 Conference title. The Sun Devils won their 5th WAC title in six years and were appearing in their fourth Fiesta Bowl in five years. This Document [134] (Title: 2012 Kraft Fight Hunger Bowl) sponsor) announced that they had renewed their contract with the Pac-12 Conference for four years, with the sixth bowl-eligible team in the conference playing against a team from the Western Athletic Conference in the 2010 and 2013 editions of the game and the Navy Midshipmen in the 2012 game (assuming that Navy was bowl-eligible). Before the 2012 season college-football analyst Phil Steele projected that Navy would play the California Golden Bears, but changed his projected Pac-12 team in late October to the Sun Devils. On November 3, "CBSSports.com" writer Jerry Palm projected that Navy would play the Arizona Wildcats in Document [135] (Title: 2010 PapaJohns.com Bowl) share of the Big East conference championship and the right to play in a BCS bowl, even though they were not ranked in the final BCS standings. UConn played in the 2011 Fiesta Bowl, losing 48–20 to Oklahoma. Following the game, coach Randy Edsall left the Huskies to take the head coaching position at Maryland. Multiple players from the 2010 PapaJohns.com Bowl went on to play professional football; both teams had two players selected in the 2010 National Football League (NFL) Draft. For UConn, wide receiver Marcus Easley was selected in the fourth round by the Buffalo Bills, and cornerback Document [136] (Title: Connecticut Huskies) Jasper Howard was stabbed to death on campus after celebrating the win early that day against the Louisville Cardinals. UConn honored Jasper for the remainder of 2009 and 2010, which would have been his Senior year. The Huskies would defeat SEC opponent South Carolina in the 2010 PapaJohns.com Bowl. The next year, Connecticut made its first major bowl by winning the Big East Conference and going to the 2011 Fiesta Bowl. On June 21, 2012 Connecticut announced the program would join Hockey East as the conference's 12th member beginning in the 2014-15 season. As part of the move from Atlantic Document [137] (Title: 2010 Connecticut Huskies football team) 2010 Connecticut Huskies football team The 2010 Connecticut Huskies football team represented the University of Connecticut in the 2010 NCAA Division I FBS football season as a member of the Big East Conference. The team was coached by Randy Edsall and played its home games at Rentschler Field in East Hartford, Connecticut. The Huskies finished 8–5, 5–2 in Big East play to share the conference title with Pittsburgh and West Virginia. Due to victories over both schools, the Huskies earned the Big East's automatic bid to a BCS game, and were invited to the Fiesta Bowl where they were defeated Document [138] (Title: Connecticut Huskies) Division 1-A status in 2000, was included in official Division 1-A statistics for the first time in 2002, and became a full Big East member in 2004. UConn has been recognized as having the fastest progression out of I-AA in NCAA history, as it was invited into a BCS conference only two years after becoming a full I-A member, was bowl-eligible in its first season in I-A, and was invited to a bowl game in its first season as a conference member. The Huskies defeated the University of Toledo in the 2004 Motor City Bowl by a score of 39–10, Document [139] (Title: 2011 Fiesta Bowl) beat conference favorite Pittsburgh 30-28. The Huskies also won on the road at Syracuse by the score of 23-6. Returning home, they defeated Cincinnati. In their final conference game, the Huskies were able to win a close game 19-16 at South Florida. By winning at South Florida, they won a share of the Big East title with West Virginia and Pittsburgh. Victories over both opponents give Connecticut the conference BCS berth. This was Connecticut's first Fiesta Bowl appearance, as well as its only BCS bowl. Oklahoma entered the season coming off a disappointing 8-5 season with a Sun Bowl victory Document [140] (Title: 2012 Fiesta Bowl) Luck, who was the first player selected in the 2012 NFL Draft. 2012 Fiesta Bowl The 2012 Tostitos Fiesta Bowl was a postseason college football bowl game played at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona. The Oklahoma State Cowboys, champions of the Big 12 Conference, played the Stanford Cardinal, an at-large selection from the Pac-12 conference . Oklahoma State won the game, 41–38, in overtime. Originally this game was scheduled for January 5 pending resolution of the 2011 NFL lockout and a possible Monday Night Football game on January 2. However, with the resolution of the lockout, the game Question: when do the huskies play in the fiesta bowl Answer: December 30, 2017 Long Answer: 2017 PlayStation Fiesta Bowl CFP Bowl Game 47th Fiesta Bowl 2017 Fiest Bowl trophy Washington Huskies Penn State Nittany Lions (10--2) (10--2) Pac - 12 Big Ten 28 35 Head coach: Chris Petersen Head coach: James Franklin AP Coaches CFP 12 12 11 AP Coaches CFP 9 9 9 Total Washington 0 14 7 7 28 Penn State 14 14 7 0 35 Date December 30, 2017 Season 2017 Stadium University of Phoenix Stadium Location Glendale, Arizona MVP Offense: Trace McSorley Defense: Marcus Allen Favorite Penn State by 3 Referee Mike Defee (Big XII) Halftime show Bands from participants Attendance 61,842 United States TV coverage Network ESPN & ESPN Radio Announcers Dave Pasch, Greg McElroy, and Tom Luginbill (ESPN) Bill Rosinski, David Norrie, Ian Fitzsimmons (ESPN Radio) Fiesta Bowl 2018> Gold Document ID: 91

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: 2015 Houston Baptist Huskies football team) 2015 Houston Baptist Huskies football team The 2015 Houston Baptist Huskies football team represented Houston Baptist University in the 2015 NCAA Division I FCS football season. The Huskies were led by third-year head coach Vic Shealy. They played their home games at Husky Stadium and were members of the Southland Conference. They finished the season 2–9, 0–8 in Southland play to finish in last place. The 2014 season was the Huskies' first official season in the Southland Conference for football. The Huskies opened a new on-campus stadium. The first game in the new stadium was played on September 6, 2014 Document [2] (Title: 1998 Oahu Bowl) 6-5, though they at least won the Apple Cup. The Huskies were 52nd in points scored, with 25.2 per game and 76th in points allowed, with 28.6 per game, in their seventh bowl appearance in the decade. Jemal Singleton scored in both the first and second quarters to give Air Force a 14-0 lead, but Washington responded with a Braxton Cleman touchdown run less than two minutes later. Scott McKay added onto the lead with a touchdown run to make it 20-7 after their two-point conversion attempt failed. Cleman scored his second touchdown of the day to make it 20-13, Document [3] (Title: Randy Edsall) at the UConn Student Union. After this, the Huskies lost 3 games to West Virginia, Rutgers and Cincinnati by a combined 8 points. After a bye week, Edsall's Huskies won their final three regular season games in 2009 – including a historic double-overtime win over Notre Dame on Nov 21 at Notre Dame Stadium, 33–30. In their Bowl game they defeated South Carolina 20–7 in the PapaJohns.com Bowl. UConn posted a 7–5 regular season record facing the 25th-toughest regular season schedule in the country and with their bowl win they finished 8–5. On September 11, 2010, Edsall became the winningest Document [4] (Title: Steve Sarkisian) their remaining conference games, with blowout defeats to Oregon, USC, and Oregon State. The Huskies subsequently lost in the Alamo Bowl to Baylor, 67–56, to finish 7–6 on the season. In 2012, the Washington Huskies finished 7-6 yet again following a 26-28 loss to Boise St in the Maaco Bowl Las Vegas. As his previous campaigns had gone, Sarkisian's 2012 Washington team defeated most of the lower-level Pac-12 teams but were blown out by the upper-level ones. Sarkisian's consecutive seven-win seasons earned him the mocking nickname "Seven Win Steve". Sarkisian would go on to win eight games in 2013 before Document [5] (Title: Steve Sarkisian) over #18 Nebraska in the Holiday Bowl, avenging a 56–21 blowout home loss to the Huskers in September. It was their first winning season in nine years. With star quarterback Jake Locker departing to the NFL, many expected the Huskies to regress in the 2011 season, Sarkisian's third. The Huskies started out a surprising 6–2 and were undefeated in conference play at the halfway point of the season. At one point, they were ranked in all major polls for the first time during his short tenure. Unfortunately the rest of their season was a different story: they went 1-3 in Document [6] (Title: 2015 Poinsettia Bowl) not obligated to take the Mountain West Champions, San Diego State, and could choose any Mountain West team they wanted. They chose the Broncos, who made their second Poinsettia Bowl appearance and first appearance since 2008 where they lost to TCU 17–16 to end their undefeated season. Had Army become bowl eligible, they would have been invited to the Poinsettia Bowl. When they failed to become bowl eligible, the selection fell to the Mid-American Conference. The Northern Illinois Huskies were selected to set up a match-up of two of the winningest programs since 2010. The Huskies finished the regular season Document [7] (Title: 2014 Fiesta Bowl (January)) 2014 Fiesta Bowl (January) The 2014 Fiesta Bowl was a college football bowl game that was played on Wednesday, January 1, 2014, at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona. In this, the 43rd annual Fiesta Bowl, the Baylor Bears, champions of the Big 12 Conference, played the UCF Knights, champions of the American Athletic Conference. The game was broadcast live on ESPN at 6:30 PM MST. It was one of the 2013–14 bowl games that concluded the 2013 FBS football season. It was sponsored by the Tostitos snack food brand and was officially known as the Tostitos Fiesta Bowl. Document [8] (Title: 2004–05 NCAA football bowl games) AQ conference vs. BCS non-AQ conference matchup. The UConn Huskies made their first-ever bowl appearance in their second year in Division I-A and first as a member of the Big East. They faced the MAC champion Toledo Rockets, which were playing little more than an hour's drive from their campus. Rockets quarterback Bruce Gradowski, affected by a broken hand suffered in the MAC championship game, was ineffective before being benched at halftime. However, the Huskies were effective enough that a healthy Gradowski may not have made a difference; UConn quarterback Dan Orlovsky threw for two TDs with no interceptions, and Document [9] (Title: 2011 Fiesta Bowl) fell incomplete and the possession was turned over on downs. With Connecticut in possession they were able to rush for four yards with Todman and Frazer completed 15-yard pass to bring them to their 49-yard line. Another Frazer pass to Anthony Sherman for 4 yards put the Huskies on the Oklahoma 47-yard line, but the drive was stopped there and they were forced to punt once again. The next Sooners drive starting on their own 17-yard line, Jones was able to convert on a third and five to Cameron Kenney for 38 yards. On another third and five, Jones was Document [10] (Title: 2000 Washington Huskies football team) the Hurricanes their only loss of the season, 34–29. The following week, Neuheisel led UW against his former team, the Colorado Buffaloes, at Folsom Field in Boulder. The Huskies celebrated their coach's homecoming with a 17–14 victory. Border rival Oregon spoiled Washington's hopes for a perfect season with a 23–16 setback in the wind in Eugene, but the Huskies responded the next week with a dramatic 33–30 victory over eventual Fiesta Bowl champion Oregon State in the only loss of their season. In the next five weeks, the Huskies battled back from second half deficits in every game, including a Document [11] (Title: 2019 Fiesta Bowl (January)) 2019 Fiesta Bowl (January) The 2019 Fiesta Bowl (January) is a college football bowl game that will be played on January 1, 2019. It will be the 48th edition of the Fiesta Bowl, and will be one of the 2018–19 bowl games concluding the 2018 FBS football season. Sponsored by Sony Interactive Entertainment via its PlayStation brand, the game will be officially known as the PlayStation Fiesta Bowl. The game will feature LSU of the Southeastern Conference (SEC) and UCF of the American Athletic Conference (The American). This will be the first meeting between the two programs. LSU received and Document [12] (Title: Toussaint Tyler) him being used sparsely in the final four regular season games. After a 24–10 loss to Navy in which head coach Don James said Washington was "embarrassed", the Huskies were 5–2 (2–1 in the Pacific-10 Conference) and still top contenders for a Rose Bowl appearance. The Huskies proceeded to win 25–0 over Arizona State and 45–22 against the University of Arizona Wildcats, with Tyler scoring once in each game. Washington, although unranked at 7–2, was leading in the race for the Pac-10 spot in the Rose Bowl. Only four other teams in the conference were eligible for the appearance, as, Document [13] (Title: 2000 Fiesta Bowl) 2000 Fiesta Bowl The 2000 Tostitos Fiesta Bowl, played on January 2, 2000, was the 29th edition of the Fiesta Bowl. The game was played at Sun Devil Stadium in Tempe, Arizona between the Tennessee Volunteers (ranked #5 in the BCS) and the Nebraska Cornhuskers (ranked #3 in the BCS). The matchup featured the two most current National Championship teams: Nebraska in 1997, and Tennessee in 1998. The teams first met two years earlier for the 1998 Orange Bowl. Nebraska-Dan Alexander 7 yard run (Josh Brown kick) 11:34 NEB 7 TN 0 Nebraska-Bobby Newcombe 60 yard punt return (Josh Brown Document [14] (Title: 2016 Washington Huskies football team) in 2011. The Huskies earned a berth in the Pac-12 Championship Game where they defeated Colorado to win their first conference title since 2000. They were selected as the #4 seed in the College Football Playoff and played in the Peach Bowl, where they lost to #1 seed Alabama. Washington was ranked #4 in the final AP Poll of the 2016 season. The Huskies finished the 2015 season 7–6 overall and 4–5 in conference, tying for fourth place in the Pac-12 North. They were invited to the Heart of Dallas Bowl where they defeated Southern Miss. During the offseason, defensive Document [15] (Title: 2011 Fiesta Bowl) starters returning on offense and seven on defense. The Huskies started the season with a 30-10 loss to Michigan at Ann Arbor. The Huskies returned home and won handily over Texas Southern with a score of 62-3. However, they lost to their next opponent, Temple, by the score of 30-16. Wins over Buffalo and Vanderbilt closed out their non-conference schedule. At the start of conference play, the Huskies’ record was 3-2. They suffered a close 27-24 loss to Rutgers and a 26-0 shutout loss to Louisville. Returning home, they won an overtime 16-13 match against West Virginia. The Huskies also Document [16] (Title: 2012 Fiesta Bowl) 2012 Fiesta Bowl The 2012 Tostitos Fiesta Bowl was a postseason college football bowl game played at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona. The Oklahoma State Cowboys, champions of the Big 12 Conference, played the Stanford Cardinal, an at-large selection from the Pac-12 conference . Oklahoma State won the game, 41–38, in overtime. Originally this game was scheduled for January 5 pending resolution of the 2011 NFL lockout and a possible Monday Night Football game on January 2. However, with the resolution of the lockout, the game was moved to the spot following the 2012 Rose Bowl. The game Document [17] (Title: 1985 Freedom Bowl) 1985 Freedom Bowl The 1985 Freedom Bowl was a college football postseason bowl game played on December 30, 1985, in Anaheim, California. the Washington Huskies of the Pacific-10 Conference and the Colorado Buffaloes of the The Buffaloes finished tied for third in the Big Eight at in the regular season. With only one win the previous year and six consecutive losing seasons, this was Colorado's first bowl game since the 1976 season, when they played in the Orange Bowl. The Huskies finished fourth in the Pac-10, but lost three of their last five games to finish the regular season It Document [18] (Title: Northern Illinois Huskies football) Bowl, which the Huskies won over Cal State-Fullerton. The team left the MAC after the 1985 season and first became independent from 1986–92, then joined the Big West Conference from 1993 through '95, becoming independent again in '96, then finally was admitted back into the Mid-American Conference in 1997. Joe Novak took over the Huskies program in December 1995, and coached his first NIU game in September 1996. The first three years of Novak's tenure proved to be tumultuous, as his Huskies squads won a total of three games between 1996 and 1998. Despite this, Novak kept his job and Document [19] (Title: 2011 Fiesta Bowl) Bowl after an 11–2 regular season that culminated with a 23-20 win over Nebraska in the 2010 Big 12 Championship Game. Facing the Sooners were the Connecticut Huskies with a regular season record of 8–4; they earned the Big East's BCS berth by defeating fellow co-champions Pittsburgh and West Virginia in consecutive regular season games. Pregame coverage focused on Oklahoma's struggles in past BCS games dating back to the 2004 Sugar Bowl as well as Connecticut's difficulties in selling their designated ticket allotment from the Fiesta Bowl. The Sooners scored on their first two possessions and held a 14–0 lead Document [20] (Title: 2011 Mid-American Conference football season) further hurts the program due to Kill most likely taking the bulk of his staff to Minnesota." On December 9, linebackers coach Tom Matukewicz was announced as the interim head coach for the Huskies bowl game, and on December 13, the university hired Wisconsin Badgers defensive coordinator Dave Doeren as the head coach, to begin after the Humanitarian Bowl. On December 12, ESPN reported that Al Golden was offered and accepted the head coaching job at the University of Miami. Prior to the 2010 season, provisions requiring bowls to pick teams with seven or more wins if available before picking Document [21] (Title: 2013 Northern Illinois Huskies football team) the Poinsettia Bowl where they lost to Utah State 14–21. Fresh off their Orange Bowl Appearance in 2012 the Huskies went undefeated until the MAC Championship. This garnered NIU National attention with the anticipation of another BCS Bowl appearance. Star quarterback Jordan Lynch was a top 3 candidate for the Heisman Trophy. The season marked the Huskies' sixth consecutive trip to a bowl game and their second consecutive bowl game loss. Sources: Jordan Lynch threw for 275 yards and three touchdowns for the Huskies, who scored 10 points in the final 5:05 to record their first win over the Hawkeyes. Document [22] (Title: 2008 Connecticut Huskies football team) sealing the victory, and the Huskies second consecutive 5-0 start. The Huskies had a great season and were invited to their third bowl game in school history for the second straight year. On January 3, 2009 they played the University of Buffalo Bulls in the International Bowl in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The Huskies started off committing sloppy turnovers in the first half but would go on to win the game 38-20. Steve Brouse caught the only touchdown pass of the game while running back Donald Brown rushed for 261 yards on 29 carries and one touchdown. He was named the Document [23] (Title: 2015 Washington Huskies football team) Southern Miss. The Huskies finished the season 8–6, 4–5 in Pac-12 play to finish in third place in the North Division. They were invited to the Cactus Bowl where they lost to Oklahoma State. The 2016 NFL Draft was held at Auditorium Theatre in Chicago on April 28 through April 30, 2016. The following Washington players were either selected or signed as free agents following the draft. 2015 Washington Huskies football team The 2015 Washington Huskies football team represented the University of Washington in the 2015 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The team was led by second-year head coach Document [24] (Title: 2011 Fiesta Bowl) 2011 Fiesta Bowl The 2011 Tostitos Fiesta Bowl was a postseason college football bowl game between the Connecticut Huskies (UConn), co-champions of the Big East Conference, and the Oklahoma Sooners, champions of the Big 12 Conference, at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona, on January 1, 2011. The game, part of the 2011 Bowl Championship Series and the 40th contest in Fiesta Bowl history, was the final game of the 2010 NCAA Division I-Football Bowl Subdivision (Division I-FBS) football season for both teams. It ended in a 48–20 victory for Oklahoma. Oklahoma was selected to participate in the Fiesta Document [25] (Title: 2018 Washington Huskies football team) Pac-12 Championship Game. They were invited to the Fiesta Bowl where they lost to Penn State. The Huskies signed a total of 20 recruits. The Huskies added 1 player and lost 7 players due to transfers. The 2018 Pac-12 media day took place on July 25, 2018 in Hollywood, California. Chris Petersen (HC), Jake Browning (QB) & Jojo McIntosh (DB) at Pac-12 Media Day. The Pac-12 media poll was released with the Huskies predicted to win the Pac-12 North division title and Pac-12 overall. Weekend of November 24 2018 Washington Huskies football team The 2018 Washington Huskies football team represents Document [26] (Title: Northern Illinois Huskies football) first 7 games. Following their week 5 win against Ohio, the first BCS standings were released, and by week 7 the Huskies had climbed to No. 10 overall. Novak and the Huskies could not keep that momentum going, as they lost in week 8 at No. 22 Bowling Green, which also featured the first ever ESPN "GameDay" appearance for a MAC football game. The Huskies lost one more game in 2003, to Toledo, finishing the year 10–2, unranked, and uninvited to a bowl game. Novak's 2004 and 2006 teams both went to bowl games. The 2004 team went to the Document [27] (Title: 2018 Houston Baptist Huskies football team) 2018 Houston Baptist Huskies football team The 2018 Houston Baptist Huskies football team represented Houston Baptist University in the 2018 NCAA Division I FCS football season. The Huskies were led by sixth-year head coach Vic Shealy. They played their home games at Husky Stadium and were members of the Southland Conference. They finished the season 1–10, 0–9 in Southland play to finish in last place. The Huskies finished the 2017 season 1–10, 0–9 in Southland play to finish in last place. On July 12, 2018, the Southland announced their Preseason All-Conference Teams, with the Huskies placing one player on the Document [28] (Title: 2002 Sun Bowl) 2002 Sun Bowl The 2002 Wells Fargo Sun Bowl featured the Washington Huskies, and the Purdue Boilermakers. This game was a rematch of the 2001 Rose Bowl. Washington scored first when quarterback Cody Pickett threw a 7-yard touchdown strike to wide receiver Patrick Reddick for an early 7-0 lead. 2 minutes later, linebacker Marquis Cooper recovered a fumble and returned it 31 yards for a touchdown doubling the lead to 14-0. a 38-yard John Anderson field goal increased the lead to 17-0, which closed out the 1st quarter scoring. In the second quarter, quarterback Kyle Orton found wide receiver John Document [29] (Title: 2010 Mid-American Conference football season) departure, "I have a horrible taste in my mouth". Additionally, besides the emotional impact, "USA Today" noted "The timing of the announcement further hurts the program due to Kill most likely taking the bulk of his staff to Minnesota." On December 9, linebackers coach Tom Matukewicz was announced as the interim head coach for the Huskies bowl game, and on December 13, the university hired Wisconsin Badgers defensive coordinator Dave Doeren as the head coach, to begin after the Humanitarian Bowl. On December 12, ESPN reported that Al Golden was offered and accepted the head coaching job at the University Document [30] (Title: 2009 International Bowl) lead they would not surrender. The Bulls won the game 42–24, earning their first-ever MAC Championship as well as their first-ever win over a ranked opponent in nine attempts. The Huskies entered 2008 seeking to prove their success the previous season was no fluke. In 2007, Connecticut earned their first Big East co-championship, albeit after losing to their fellow co-champion, West Virginia, 66–21. A loss to Wake Forest in the 2007 Meineke Car Care Bowl—the team's second bowl appearance all-time—gave the Huskies a final 2007 record of 9–4. In the Big East preseason media poll, UConn was picked to finish Document [31] (Title: 2011 Fiesta Bowl) 19-yard pass to Anthony Sherman help the Huskies to reach the Oklahoma 24-yard line. A three-yard run from Todman and two incomplete passes from Frazer forced the Huskies to settle for a 38-yard field goal. Oklahoma’s next drive was short with only 8 yards gained before having to punt. Connecticut also went three and out, but a Ryan Broyles fumble at the Connecticut 18-yard line gave the ball back to the Huskies. Several Todman rushing attempts brought the Huskies to their 35-yard line, but the drive stalled and they were forced to punt. Nearing the end of quarter, Landry Jones Document [32] (Title: 2011 Fiesta Bowl) line on first down, Zach Frazer was intercepted by Tony Jefferson for a 22-yard interception touchdown. After the kickoff on their 32-yard line and 2:40 left in the game, Todman rushed for 17 yards to get the Huskies to midfield. Frazier was able to complete an 11-yard pass and an 18-yard pass to reach the Oklahoma 22. Frazier’s next pass was incomplete. On second down, he passed to Ryan Griffin for a 15-yard gain to reach the Oklahoma 7-yard line. A two-yard rush by Todman inched the Huskies to the five-yard line and a Defensive Offside penalty helped moved the Document [33] (Title: Mid-major) State and TCU); this is the only time two mid-majors have qualified for top-tier bowls. Prior to 2012, each of these teams entered their bowl undefeated, until Northern Illinois qualified following the 2012 season. UCF qualified for the January 2014 Fiesta Bowl (following the 2013 season), in the final year of the BCS, because the American Athletic Conference retained the Big East's automatic slot in the BCS. The current arrangement of the New Year's Six bowl games mandates that the highest-ranked Group of Five conference champion be awarded a New Year's Six bowl berth. This has been most recently invoked Document [34] (Title: 2011 Fiesta Bowl) eight-yard loss. On third down, the Oklahoma defense was able to stop the pass for no gain. On fourth down, Frazer’s pass was incomplete and Connecticut turned the ball over on downs. Oklahoma on their 22-yard line, decided to run DeMarco Murray to burn time off the clock. He rushed for 14 yards on first down. A Personal Foul on Connecticut moved the ball 15 yards more to the Connecticut 49-yard line. Two more short Murray runs and an incomplete pass by Jones on third down ended the drive and left 3:01 remaining in the game. On their own eight-yard Document [35] (Title: 2011 Washington Huskies football team) to the Alamo Bowl where they were defeated by Baylor 67–56. The follow players were the game starters. % – started as second/third tight end + – started as third/fourth wide receiver ^ – started as fifth defensive back Washington Husky cornerback Desmond Trufant intercepted a pass by Eastern Washington Eagles' quarterback Bo Levi Mitchell in the end zone with 29 seconds left to preserve a 30–27 win on September 3. Trufant wrestled the pass away from 6-foot-5 Eagles receiver Brandon Kaufman. Mitchell passed for 473 yards on the night, completed 39 of 69 passes, and had 3 touchdowns against Document [36] (Title: Fiesta Bowl) featured another top-ten Arizona State squad against top-twenty opponent Florida State. The 1974 game featured WAC champ BYU and their new coach, future Hall of Fame member LaVell Edwards in their first ever bowl game vs. Oklahoma State. BYU was in control until BYU's first All-American quarterback Gary Sheide went down with a leg injury and eventually lost 16–6. By 1975, the game was able to attract Big Eight co-champion Nebraska to play undefeated Arizona State in a matchup of top-five teams. In 1977, the game was again able to attract a top-five opponent in Penn State, despite WAC champion Document [37] (Title: Northern Illinois Huskies football) BCS bowl game, the 2013 Orange Bowl against Florida State. The day after the MAC Championship game, Doeren was hired as the new head coach for North Carolina State University. Rod Carey took over and coached the Huskies in the Orange Bowl, but NIU eventually lost 31–10 to the Seminoles. The Orange Bowl was the first of Carey's four bowl losses: Orange Bowl (2013); Poinsettia Bowl (2014 & 2016); and the Boca Raton Bowl (2015). Following a bitter end to the 2012 campaign, NIU looked to build their momentum in 2013. In front of two sellout crowds, the Huskies increased Document [38] (Title: 2016 Fiesta Bowl (December)) 2016 Fiesta Bowl (December) The 2016 PlayStation Fiesta Bowl (December) was a college football bowl game that was played on December 31, 2016 at the University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona. This 46th Fiesta Bowl Game was a College Football Playoff semifinal with the winner of the game competing against the winner of the 2016 Peach Bowl in the 2017 College Football Playoff National Championship which took place at Raymond James Stadium in Tampa, Florida. It was one of the 2016–17 bowl games that concluded the 2016 FBS football season. It was the second game to be called "the Document [39] (Title: 2009 International Bowl) the rematch 45–21. 2009 International Bowl The 2009 International Bowl was a postseason college football bowl game between the Connecticut Huskies (UConn) and the Buffalo Bulls at the Rogers Centre in Toronto, Canada, on January 3, 2009. The game was the final contest of the 2008 NCAA Division I-Football Bowl Subdivision (Division I-FBS) football season for both teams, and ended in a 38–20 victory for Connecticut. UConn represented the Big East Conference (Big East) in the game; Buffalo entered as the Mid-American Conference (MAC) champion. Connecticut was selected as a participant in the 2009 International Bowl following a 7–5 regular Document [40] (Title: Connecticut Huskies football) Virginia Tech, and Boston College, the Huskies' entrance into the Big East was expedited by one year. The Huskies played their first Big East conference game on September 17, 2004 when they dropped a 27–7 decision at Boston College. Their first Big East conference win came only 13 days later, when they defeated Pittsburgh 29–17. They completed their first season in the conference in 5th place with a record of 3–3. That year's overall record of 8–4 was enough to garner an invitation to the 2004 Motor City Bowl, the first bowl invitation in the school's history. The attendance of Document [41] (Title: 1983 Aloha Bowl) to get back to #15 and in the hunt for a shared title before a matchup with Washington State in the Apple Cup at Husky Stadium. The underdog Cougars won again to ruin Washington's chance at a conference title, as the Huskies finished second to UCLA. This was their fifth straight bowl game and sixth in seven seasons. Nick Gancitano kicked a 23-yard field goal to make it 3-0 Penn State to culminate their first possession. Later in the second quarter, Danny Greene returned a punt 57 yards for a touchdown to make it 7-3 Huskies with 8:51 to go Document [42] (Title: Washington Huskies football) 2–0 record. The Hurricanes had not lost at the Orange Bowl since 1985 and not to a team from outside of Florida since 1984. The Huskies were 1–1, having lost to USC and beaten Ohio State. Odds makers placed the Huskies as a 14-point underdog. The Hurricanes appeared to be on their way to a 59th consecutive home victory in the first half, leading the Huskies 14–3 at halftime. After the half, the Huskies came out firing by scoring 22 points in five minutes. Key plays included a 75-yard touchdown pass, 34-yard interception return, and a fumble recovery. The Huskies Document [43] (Title: 2016 Fiesta Bowl (January)) 2016 Fiesta Bowl (January) The 2016 Fiesta Bowl was a college football bowl game that was played on January 1, 2016 at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona. The 44th Fiesta Bowl was one of the New Year's Bowls. It was one of the 2015–16 bowl games that concluded the 2015 FBS football season. The game was televised on ESPN and ESPN Deportes, and broadcast on ESPN Radio and XM Satellite Radio, with the kickoff time set for 1:00 P.M. ET (11 A.M. MT). Sponsored by obstacle racing series BattleFrog, it was officially known as the BattleFrog Fiesta Bowl. Document [44] (Title: Connecticut Huskies football) opened the season with their first victory vs. a Big Ten team ( 34–10 over Indiana) and the final game of the season provided their first victory over an ACC opponent, when they defeated Wake Forest, 51–17. It was only the third time that a non-conference team had scored over 50 points in an ACC stadium. Despite the stellar record, the Huskies were not invited to play in a bowl game, largely due to their lack of conference affiliation. Connecticut was originally scheduled to join the Big East as a football member in 2005. However, following the departure of Miami, Document [45] (Title: 2012 Northern Illinois Huskies football team) 2012 Northern Illinois Huskies football team The 2012 Northern Illinois Huskies football team represented Northern Illinois University in the 2012 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Huskies competed in the West Division of the Mid-American Conference. They were led by second-year head coach Dave Doeren for the regular season and Rod Carey in the 2013 Orange Bowl. They played their home games at Huskie Stadium. They finished the season 12–2, 8–0 in MAC play to win MAC West Division Title. With their win over Kent State in the MAC Championship Game on November 30, NIU moved to 12–1, the Document [46] (Title: 2017 Fiesta Bowl) multi-year deal with broadcasting and marketing rightsholder ESPN, which includes branded content and making PlayStation the official video gaming and virtual reality sponsor of the College Football Playoff; the game is officially known as the PlayStation Fiesta Bowl. The two participants for the game were the Penn State Nittany Lions of the Big Ten Conference and the Washington Huskies of the Pac-12 Conference. This was only the third time that Penn State and Washington played each other, and the Nittany Lions had won both previous meetings. The most recent game was 34 years earlier in Honolulu at the 1983 Aloha Document [47] (Title: 2016 Washington Huskies football team) on April 27 through April 29, 2017. The following Washington players were either selected or signed as free agents following the draft. 2016 Washington Huskies football team The 2016 Washington Huskies football team represented the University of Washington in the 2016 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The team was led by Chris Petersen in his third season as head coach of the Huskies. Washington competed as a member of the North Division of the Pac-12 Conference and played their home games on campus at Husky Stadium in Seattle. Washington finished the season with a 12–2 overall record and went Document [48] (Title: 2011 Connecticut Huskies football team) school history, and were invited to the Fiesta Bowl where they were defeated by Big 12 champion Oklahoma 20–48. The day after the Fiesta Bowl Head Coach Randy Edsall left the University to accept the same position at Maryland. Paul Pasqualoni was hired to replace Edsall. George DeLeone was brought in as the new offensive coordinator, with former offensive coordinator and quarterbacks coach Joe Moorhead being demoted to quarterbacks coach. Don Brown was brought in to replace Todd Orlando at defensive coordinator. Orlando left to take the same position at Florida International. The Huskies lost six starters from the 2010 Document [49] (Title: 2011 Fiesta Bowl) picked first, followed by the Orange Bowl, then the Fiesta Bowl. Uniquely in 2011, the Rose Bowl was obligated to choose a non-automatic qualifier in place of the Pac-10 Champion, Oregon. The Sugar Bowl picked Ohio State, while the Orange Bowl selected Stanford. The Fiesta Bowl was thus left to select Big East Conference champion Connecticut. The Huskies entered the 2010 season having gone 8-5 in 2009 culminating with a win at the PapaJohns.com Bowl against South Carolina. At the start of the season, Connecticut was picked to finish fourth in the Big East in a media poll with eight Document [50] (Title: 2018 Northern Illinois Huskies football team) They were invited to the Boca Raton Bowl where they lost to UAB. The Huskies finished the 2017 season 8–5, 6–2 in MAC play to finish in a tie for second place in the West Division. The Huskies received an invitation to the Quick Lane Bowl, their 11th bowl game in the previous 14 years. There they lost to Duke 36–14. The MAC released their preseason media poll on July 24, 2018, with the Huskies predicted to finish as champions of the West Division. Source: Source 2018 Northern Illinois Huskies football team The 2018 Northern Illinois Huskies football team represented Document [51] (Title: 2011 Alamo Bowl) December 4, 2011, both Baylor and Washington accepted invitations to play in the 2011 Alamo Bowl. The two teams had not met since 1965, with the Bears holding a 3–1 advantage against the Huskies. Baylor and UW played home-and-home series in 1954–55 and 1964–65. The Bears won in Waco in 1954 (34–7) and in Seattle in 1955 (13–7). Washington won in Seattle in 1964 (35–14), and Baylor won in Waco in 1965 (17–14). Baylor entered the game 9-3, finishing 3rd in the Big 12 standings. The Bears were looking for their first bowl win since the 1992 John Hancock Bowl, Document [52] (Title: 2009 International Bowl) No. 23 in the Coaches' poll. However, starting quarterback Tyler Lorenzen broke his foot in the Louisville game; the Huskies would be forced to rely on backup Zach Frazer for the next few games. The Huskies were unable to match their early success in the second half of the season, losing five of their next seven games. Everything went wrong for UConn in their game at North Carolina, as Frazer was intercepted three times and three Connecticut punts were blocked; North Carolina won in a blowout, 38–12. Against Big East rival Rutgers, UConn lost 12–10 as kicker Tony Ciaravino missed Document [53] (Title: 2011 Fiesta Bowl) at the end of the first quarter. The Huskies responded with an interception returned for a touchdown early in the second quarter; after an exchange of field goals the halftime score was 20–10 in favor of Oklahoma. In the second half, Oklahoma pulled away with multiple passing and interception-return touchdowns. While Connecticut responded with a 95-yard kickoff return for a touchdown, they failed to score a touchdown on offense at any point during the game. Oklahoma quarterback Landry Jones was named the game's most valuable player on offense; defensive back Jamell Fleming was named the defensive most valuable player. Jones Document [54] (Title: 2011 Fiesta Bowl) was fourth in the nation in passing with 336.8 yards per game, 13th in total offense with 478.1 yards per game, and was 17th in scored with 36.4 points per game. In the last five games before the Fiesta Bowl, Connecticut had intercepted ten passes and recovered seven fumbles. In that span, they had allowed fewer than 20 points, in addition to having a plus 12 turnover ratio. The Huskies defense was ranked 16th in the nation in pass efficiency defense. Oklahoma was ranked 58th in total defense coming into the Fiesta Bowl. Oklahoma allowed 151.8 yards per rushing per Document [55] (Title: Connecticut Huskies football) Miami, one of many tributes throughout the year for the fallen player. The team honored Howard prior to every game through the 2010 season, which would have been his senior year. They capped off the season with a game ending field goal by Dave Teggart and a 19–16 win over USF for their 2nd Big East Championship in 4 years and a trip to the 2011 Fiesta Bowl. After a loss in the Fiesta Bowl, Edsall did not fly home with or tell his players that he was leaving the UConn football program. He instead took a separate flight to Document [56] (Title: 2014–15 NCAA football bowl games) Fiesta Bowl. The games will be played on two days, on or around January 1. The winners of the two semifinal games will advance to the College Football Playoff National Championship. These six bowl games are also known as the New Year's Six. All games will be televised by ESPN and broadcast on the radio by ESPN Radio. For the 2014–15 postseason, four new bowl games were added — the Camellia Bowl, Miami Beach Bowl, Boca Raton Bowl, and Bahamas Bowl — bringing the total number of bowl games to 39. Additionally, the Little Caesars Pizza Bowl was replaced by Document [57] (Title: Connecticut Huskies football) September 16, 2000, when they defeated Buffalo, 24–21. They would finish the 2000 season with a final record of 3–8. The 2001 season brought their first win over a BCS rival with a victory over Rutgers on September 29, by a score of 20–19. The growing pains continued, as they finished the season at 2–9. The breakthrough came during the Huskies first year as a full-fledged member of Division I-A in 2002. Led by sophomore quarterback, Dan Orlovsky, they showed vast improvement over the previous two seasons, despite starting the season losing six of the first eight games. They closed Document [58] (Title: 2011 Northern Illinois Huskies football team) Bowl where they defeated Arkansas State. The season marked the Huskies' fourth consecutive trip to a bowl game and their second consecutive win. 2011 Northern Illinois Huskies football team The 2011 Northern Illinois Huskies football team represented Northern Illinois University in the 2011 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Huskies competed in the West Division of the Mid-American Conference. They were led by first year head coach Dave Doeren. They played their home games at Huskie Stadium. NIU finished the season 11–3, 7–1 in MAC play to win the West Division Title. The Huskies defeated Ohio in the MAC Document [59] (Title: 1985 Orange Bowl) polls to fourth (#3 UPI), and cost them the Pac-10 title and the accompanying berth in the Rose Bowl. This was the first appearance by a Pac-10 team in the Orange Bowl and remains the Huskies' only appearance. Danny Greene gave the Huskies an early lead on his 29-yard touchdown catch from Paul Sicuro, and Jacque Robinson made it after one quarter on his touchdown plunge. Sooner Danny Bradley cut the lead with a touchdown sneak, and Derrick Shepard tied the game before halftime on his 61 yard catch from Bradley for a touchdown. After a scoreless third quarter, Tim Document [60] (Title: 2011 Fiesta Bowl) the start of the second half. The Huskies returned the kickoff to their 19-yard line where they started their possession. Connecticut’s first possession consisted of three rushing plays for a total gain of 9 yards. Connecticut was forced to punt. Oklahoma started their first possession from their own 30-yard line. The Sooners completed several passes and running plays for a 9 plays, 70-yard drive ending with an 8-yard passing touchdown from Landry Jones to James Hanna. When Connecticut regained possession after the post-touchdown kickoff, they were able to move down the field for a 15-play, 55-yard drive which included a Document [61] (Title: 1983 Fiesta Bowl) the Fiesta Bowl, which still stands. 1983 Fiesta Bowl The 1983 Fiesta Bowl, played on January 1, 1983, was the 12th edition of the Fiesta Bowl. The game featured the Arizona State Sun Devils, and the Oklahoma Sooners. Oklahoma scored first on a 1-yard touchdown run from running back Stanley Wilson, giving the Sooners a 7–0 lead. In the second quarter, Arizona State got a field goal from kicker Luis Zendejas to cut the lead to 7–3. Their defense later forced a safety, to make it 7–5. Zendejas kicked another 22-yard field goal to give Arizona State its first lead Document [62] (Title: 2016 Northern Illinois Huskies football team) one touchdown and got 82 yards and another touchdown rushing. However, the Huskies had 12 penalties for 108 yards. The game was scheduled to start at 8:30 p.m. Mountain Time, but began almost two hours late due to lightning. The game ended at 2:35 a.m. MT, which was 3:35 a.m. for NIU fans back in Illinois. The Huskies lost to the Rockets 31–24. The loss eliminated Northern Illinois from bowl game eligibility, ending their conference-record streak of eight straight bowl games. NIU had beaten Toledo in their six previous matchups. This was the first football game ever played at Guaranteed Document [63] (Title: 2014 MAC Championship Game) to Miami, 26-21. The 2011 contest saw the Huskies trailing Ohio, 20-0 at halftime, only to mount a furious comeback, capped by Mathew Sims' field goal as time expired for a 23-20 win. Northern repeated as champions in 2012, entering the game ranked #19 and defeating #18 Kent State, 44-37 in double overtime. The win earned the Huskies a berth in the Orange Bowl. In 2013, the Huskies were defeated by Bowling Green, 47-27, ending a 12-game undefeated streak and knocking NIU out of the BCS picture (with a win, the team would have earned a spot in the Fiesta Document [64] (Title: 2009 Connecticut Huskies football team) on October 4, 2008 at Kenan Memorial Stadium in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Connecticut is 0–3 all time against North Carolina. The Huskies overcame multiple injuries to defeat the Baylor Bears 30–22. They were led by a strong rushing game, led by the tandem of Andre Dixon and Jordan Todman, and a stout defense. Dixon scored his first touchdown since 2007, and had his first multi touchdown game as he rushed for 149 yards and 3 touchdowns. The UConn defense was able to force three Bear turnovers, and held vaunted Baylor quarterback Robert Griffin in check for most of the Document [65] (Title: Fiesta Bowl) #16 BYU refusing to play in the bowl due to its being held on Sunday. In 1978, Arizona and Arizona State both joined the Pac-10 Conference and the Fiesta Bowl's tie-in with the WAC ended as its champ went to the newly-inaugurated Holiday Bowl. From then until the advent of the Bowl Coalition, Fiesta Bowl matchups typically featured runners-up of major conferences and/or major independents. The game continued to attract high quality matchups, so beginning with the 1981 game the Fiesta Bowl shifted to New Year's Day alongside the major bowl games—the Cotton, Orange, Sugar, and Rose. The Fiesta Bowl Document [66] (Title: 2011 Fiesta Bowl) able to convert again to Trey Franks for a 20 yards gain to bring them to the Huskies 20-yard line. Three DeMarco Murray runs brought the ball to the Connecticut five-yard line where Landry Jones threw five-yard passing touchdown to Ryan Broyles. Halfway through the quarter, Connecticut received excellent field position with an Anthony Sherman return that brought the ball to their 47-yard line. After a Robbie Frey four-yard rushing loss, Zach Frazer passed to Anthony Sherman for 41 yards to bring the Huskies to the Oklahoma 14-yard line. The next play Frazer was sacked by Frank Alexander for an Document [67] (Title: University of Connecticut) the 2011 Tostitos Fiesta Bowl. UConn has now played in a total of six bowl games. The UConn men's soccer team has won three national championships, in 1948, 1981 and 2000, while the women's soccer team advanced to the National Championship title game in 1984, 1990, 1997 and 2003. UConn is also a national player in field hockey, where it has advanced to the national semifinals 16 times, winning national championships in 1981, 1985, 2013, 2014, and 2017 as an associate member of the Big East conference. The Husky baseball team has played in the NCAA College World Series five Document [68] (Title: 2016 Northern Illinois Huskies football team) West Division in the MAC Championship Game where they lost to Bowling Green. They were invited to the Poinsettia Bowl where they lost to Boise State. For the second straight year, the Huskies were picked to finish third in the division in 2016 in the poll released during the 2016 MAC Media Day at Ford Field in Detroit. The 2016 Northern Illinois Huskies schedule is: Source The Cowboys beat the Huskies in triple overtime, 40–34. NIU quarterback Drew Hare went 24-for-39 for 327 yards, with three touchdowns and no interceptions. Receiver Kenny Golladay gained 144 yards on 10 catches with Document [69] (Title: 2010 PapaJohns.com Bowl) the 2010 Orange Bowl on January 5, 2011, following the PapaJohns.com Bowl. Edsall was praised for coaching the Huskies to a successful season despite the off-field distractions. By appearing in the 2010 PapaJohns.com Bowl, UConn made its third straight bowl appearance and fourth since joining the Big East for the 2004 season. There were rumors that Edsall was a candidate for the Notre Dame head coaching position, vacated by the firing of Charlie Weis. On December 11, Cincinnati coach Brian Kelly was given the Notre Dame job; Edsall remained with Connecticut. Pregame coverage also discussed the performance of Steve Spurrier Document [70] (Title: Trace McSorley) 2 game losing streak however. The team finished the regular season 3–0 and McSorley threw for 776 yards and 7 touchdowns with 0 interceptions in his final 3 contests. The 10–2 Nittany faced the 10–2 Washington Huskies in the 2017 Fiesta Bowl. McSorley struggled early and threw two picks in the first quarter however he finished the game 342 yards and 2 touchdown passes and also rushed for 60 yards. McSorley was named offensive MVP for the Nittany Lions. After the season it was speculated whether McSorley would declare for the 2018 NFL draft. After the Bowl game McSorley announced Document [71] (Title: 2015 St. Petersburg Bowl) Herd of Conference USA in their first meeting against each other. After finishing the regular season 6–6 (4–4 The American), the Huskies accepted an invitation to play in this game. This was the Huskies' sixth bowl appearance and their first since the 2011 Fiesta Bowl where they lost to Oklahoma by a score of 48–20. This was their first bowl game in the state of Florida and their first against a team from Conference USA. After finishing the regular season 9–3 (6–2 C-USA), the Herd accepted an invitation to play in this game. This was the Herd's twelfth bowl appearance Document [72] (Title: 2019 Fiesta Bowl (January)) accepted a bid to the Fiesta Bowl on December 2. The Tigers enter the bowl with a 9–3 record (5–3 in conference). UCF defeated Memphis in the AAC Championship Game on December 1, then received and accepted a bid to the Fiesta Bowl on December 2. The Knights enter the bowl with a 12–0 record (8–0 in conference). 2019 Fiesta Bowl (January) The 2019 Fiesta Bowl (January) is a college football bowl game that will be played on January 1, 2019. It will be the 48th edition of the Fiesta Bowl, and will be one of the 2018–19 bowl games Document [73] (Title: 2012 Northern Illinois Huskies football team) well as the first-ever major-bowl appearance for a MAC team. Head coach Doeren did not coach the Huskies in the Orange Bowl after accepting the head coaching job at North Carolina State. Co-offensive coordinator Rod Carey was named his successor, and coached the bowl game. The Huskies lost to Florida State 10–31. The season marked the Huskies' fifth consecutive trip to a bowl game. 2012 Northern Illinois Huskies football team The 2012 Northern Illinois Huskies football team represented Northern Illinois University in the 2012 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Huskies competed in the West Division of the Mid-American Document [74] (Title: 2011 Fiesta Bowl) had a school bowl record of 429 passing yards; he completed three passes for touchdowns. Within 24 hours following the game Connecticut suffered two notable defections: running back Jordan Todman announced that he was leaving school early to enter the 2011 NFL Draft and head coach Randy Edsall was hired as the new head coach at the University of Maryland. In the wake of the 2011 contest, the Fiesta Bowl released an internal report stating that several members illegally gave campaign contributions and were reimbursed for it. The Fiesta Bowl was one of five Bowl Championship Series (BCS) bowl games Document [75] (Title: Northeastern Huskies football) Super Bowl on February 5, 2017. Dallas Cowboys Defensive Lineman Jason Vega also played in the CFL after graduating Northeastern. Northeastern Huskies football The Northeastern Huskies football program were the intercollegiate American football team for Northeastern University located in Boston, Massachusetts. The team competed in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision (FCS) and were members of the Colonial Athletic Association. The school's first football team was fielded in 1932. Northeastern participated in football from 1932 to 2009, compiling an all-time record of 289–366–17. Citing sparse attendance, numerous losing seasons and the expense to renovate Parsons Field – its football Document [76] (Title: Northern Illinois Huskies football) Fresno State in the 2010 Humanitarian Bowl. On December 13, 2010, Dave Doeren was named the new head coach. The Huskies went 11–3 in his first season and they won their first MAC Championship since 1983 in a 23–20 comeback win against Ohio, while also defeating the Arkansas State Red Wolves in a come-from-behind game in the 2012 GoDaddy.com Bowl. Inclusive of the 2012 season, NIU has won 10 conference and three division titles, appeared in 13 Division I-A and College Division bowl games (winning five), has accumulated 535 wins, and has an all-time winning percentage of .533. 2012 ended Document [77] (Title: 2010 PapaJohns.com Bowl) Connecticut Huskies finished 8–5 in 2008, ending the season with a victory in the 2009 International Bowl. The departure of running back Donald Brown—the NCAA rushing leader in 2008—as well as three other Huskies selected in the first two rounds of the 2009 NFL Draft, was expected to hurt the team. In the Big East preseason media poll, the Huskies were picked to finish sixth in the conference. The Huskies opened the 2009 season at Ohio University, and never trailed in the game, winning 23–16. UConn's next game was its home opener, versus No. 19 North Carolina. Connecticut led 10–0 Document [78] (Title: 2011 Fiesta Bowl) their 49-yard line. Two plays later, the drive ended when Zach Frazer was intercepted by defensive back Jamell Fleming on Oklahoma's 45-yard line. Fleming ran the ball 55 yards for a touchdown, bringing the score to 34–10. On the ensuing kick-off, Robbie Frey ran 95 yards for a Connecticut touchdown. Oklahoma’s next drive was a short three and out when the Connecticut’s defense able to stop two Murray rush attempts and a pass to him on third down. On the Huskies following possession, Jordan Todman was able to rush for 11 and 12 yards to reach the Oklahoma 48. A Document [79] (Title: 1979 Sun Bowl) a defensive affair, with the Longhorns' fumbles in the first half proving costly. Skansi caught five passes for 52 yards and was named MVP. Mays had 12 tackles, a fumble recovery, and two sacks. The Huskies returned to the Sun Bowl three times (1986, 1995, 2002), but lost all three; the Longhorns returned in 1982 and 1994. 1979 Sun Bowl The 1979 Sun Bowl was a college football postseason bowl game between the Texas Longhorns and the played on Saturday, December 22, in The Huskies were the runner-up in the Pacific-10 Conference, behind USC. The Longhorns had lost two games Document [80] (Title: 2010 International Bowl) made its fourth bowl appearance in six years. The Huskies were defeated 17–10 by Louisiana Tech in the previous years' Independence Bowl. The game was the third meeting between the two schools. In 2001, South Florida's first game as a NCAA Division I-A team was at Northern Illinois; NIU won 20–17 on a last-second field goal. One year later, South Florida defeated the Huskies 37–6 in Tampa. Mike Ford ran for a career-high 207 yards and scored one touchdown, B. J. Daniels threw two scoring passes to A. J. Love, and South Florida beat Northern Illinois 27–3 in the International Document [81] (Title: 2014 Fiesta Bowl (January)) year. 2014 Fiesta Bowl (January) The 2014 Fiesta Bowl was a college football bowl game that was played on Wednesday, January 1, 2014, at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona. In this, the 43rd annual Fiesta Bowl, the Baylor Bears, champions of the Big 12 Conference, played the UCF Knights, champions of the American Athletic Conference. The game was broadcast live on ESPN at 6:30 PM MST. It was one of the 2013–14 bowl games that concluded the 2013 FBS football season. It was sponsored by the Tostitos snack food brand and was officially known as the Tostitos Fiesta Document [82] (Title: 2011 Fiesta Bowl) East for Connecticut's participation, the Connecticut athletic department estimated it lost $1.8 million by playing in the Fiesta Bowl. Connecticut, which was required to purchase 17,500 tickets to the game, resold only 2,771 of those tickets, resulting in a $2.9 million loss. Travel expenses and other costs comprised the remainder of the deficit. 2011 Fiesta Bowl The 2011 Tostitos Fiesta Bowl was a postseason college football bowl game between the Connecticut Huskies (UConn), co-champions of the Big East Conference, and the Oklahoma Sooners, champions of the Big 12 Conference, at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona, on January 1, Document [83] (Title: Bowl Championship Series controversies) that Northern Illinois had a stronger schedule than Boise State, as the weakness of the Mountain West due to the departures of TCU, BYU and Utah resulted in the Broncos having the lowest computer-ranking percentage of any team in the BCS standings. The Huskies earned a bid to the Orange Bowl, where they lost to Florida State, 31-10. Perhaps fittingly, the final year of the BCS produced no controversy at season's end. In mid-November, Alabama, Florida State, Ohio State and Baylor were all undefeated and ranked 1 to 4 respectively, but Alabama and Florida State held the number 1 and Document [84] (Title: 2017 Washington Huskies football team) Game. They were invited to the Fiesta Bowl where they lost to Penn State. The Huskies signed a total of 18 commits. Pete Kwiatkowski - Defensive coordinator Dante Pettis - Wide receiver - Senior Dante Pettis - Return specialist - Senior Vita Vea - Defensive tackle - Junior First Team Second Team Honorable Mention Seven members of the 2017 team were invited to participate in drills at the 2018 NFL Scouting Combine held between February 27 and March 5, 2018 at Lucas Oil Stadium in Indianapolis, Indiana. The 2018 NFL Draft was held at AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas on Document [85] (Title: 2013 Poinsettia Bowl) agreement to continue to feature the Mountain West's second bowl-eligible team until at least 2013. The Huskies last played in this bowl game in 2006, where they lost to TCU 37–7. After receiving the opening kickoff, Utah State's (USU) opening drive stalled; however, their punt was downed inside the five yard line, forcing Northern Illinois (NIU) to drive the length of the field in order to score. NIU went three-and-out, and their punt went only 17 yards, giving USU the ball with only 29 yards needed to score a touchdown. They failed to do so, however, as, after losing six Document [86] (Title: 2011 Fiesta Bowl) was able to complete a 15-yard pass to Kenny Stills to bring them to their 45-yard line. At the end of the third quarter, Oklahoma led Connecticut 34–20. At the start of the fourth quarter Jones was able to complete another first down pass to Ryan Broyles for 12 yards to the Connecticut 43-yard line. A four-yard rush by Murray brought the ball to the Huskies 39-yard line, however several incomplete passes by Jones forced the drive to stall on the Connecticut's 30-yard line. On the fourth down, Bob Stoops called a trick play, a fake field goal pass, which Document [87] (Title: 2011–12 NCAA football bowl games) traditionally the date for many bowl games to be played, none will be held on January 1, due to that date being on a Sunday and conflict with the National Football League's slate of Sunday games. Subsequently, the Fiesta Bowl moved from January 5 to January 2, in its traditional spot following the Rose Bowl, after the 2011 NFL lockout was settled. The Monday evening spot was held open for a possible Monday Night Football game. "NOTE: All times are US EST (UTC −5)." "Note: The NFLPA Texas vs The Nation game was not played in 2012, and the NFLPA Document [88] (Title: Huskie Stadium) in the nation since 2000 (53–30)---including triumphs over Bowl Championship Series programs such as Wake Forest, Minnesota, University of Alabama, Kansas, University of Maryland, Purdue University (2009, 2013), Iowa, and Iowa State University among others. The Huskies finished ranked in the Top 30 during the 2003 and 2004 seasons and defeated Troy University, 34–21, in the 2004 Silicon Valley Football Classic. In 2006, NIU faced off against TCU in the Poinsettia Bowl in San Diego, California making it the second time in three years NIU had gone to a postseason bowl game. The Huskies made it four bowls in six Document [89] (Title: 2014 Fiesta Bowl (December)) 2014 Fiesta Bowl (December) The 2014 Fiesta Bowl was a college football bowl game played on December 31, 2014, at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona. The 44th Fiesta Bowl was one of the New Year's Bowls of the College Football Playoff. It was one of the 2014–15 bowl games that conclude the 2014 FBS football season. The game was sponsored by the Vizio consumer electronics company and is officially known as the Vizio Fiesta Bowl. The game was televised on ESPN and ESPN Deportes, and broadcast on ESPN Radio and XM Satellite Radio, with the kickoff time at Document [90] (Title: 2011 Fiesta Bowl) for a 3-yard touchdown. At the end of the first quarter, Oklahoma led Connecticut by the score of 14–0. At the start of the second quarter, Connecticut had possession of the ball however they were unable to gain any yards and went three and out and was forced to punt. When Oklahoma regained possession on third down, Landry Jones was intercepted by Dwayne Gratz at Oklahoma's 46-yard line which was returned for a touchdown. The interception touchdown cut Oklahoma’s lead to 14–7. The Sooners gained possession at their own 20-yard line. On the third play Jones completed a 35-yard pass Document [91] (Title: 2017 Fiesta Bowl) 2017 Fiesta Bowl The 2017 Fiesta Bowl was a college football bowl game played on December 30, 2017, at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona. The 47th Fiesta Bowl was one of the New Year's Bowls of the College Football Playoff, and one of the 2017–18 bowl games concluding the 2017 FBS football season. The game was televised on ESPN and ESPN Deportes, and broadcast on ESPN Radio and XM Satellite Radio, with the kickoff set for 4:00 PM ET (2 PM MT). The game's title sponsor was Sony Interactive Entertainment via its PlayStation brand as part of a Document [92] (Title: 2014 Boise State Broncos football team) they received an automatic bid to a New Year's Six bowl. They were invited to the Fiesta Bowl where they defeated Arizona. It was the Broncos third appearance and victory in the Fiesta Bowl. The first meeting between the two schools ended with Boise taking the win. Boise State would take the early lead with a fumble recovery from Tanner Vallejo for a touchdown. Boise State would trail in the second quarter 7–10, but Boise State QB Grant Hedrick would throw a touchdown pass to Matt Miller to take the lead again. UConn would close the gap to 3 points Document [93] (Title: 2010 Connecticut Huskies football team) 19–16 victory.<br>With the victory, Connecticut clinched a spot in a BCS bowl game. The following day, it was announced that they would play in the 2011 Fiesta Bowl against the Big 12 champion Oklahoma Sooners.<br>Dave Teggart, who successfully made 4 field goals in 4 attempts, including 2 of over 50 yards, was named the Big East Conference's Special Teams Player of the Week. Linebacker Lawrence Wilson was also named to the weekly honor roll.<br>Series: Tied 4–4 Shortly after the completion of the Fiesta Bowl, Jordan Todman announced that he would forgo his senior season and enter the NFL draft.<br> On Document [94] (Title: Bob Diaco) coined the term "Civil Conflict" to describe games between the Connecticut Huskies and the UCF Knights. This one-way declaration of a "rivalry" was first derided and then ignored by UCF. In 2015, Diaco's Huskies beat 10–0 Houston at Rentschler Field to make the Huskies bowl-eligible for the first time since Edsall left. At this point many UConn fans believed that Diaco was the future of the program after taking a 2–10 team to a bowl game the next year. After an exciting 2015, the Huskies were projected to be bowl-eligible in 2016, but hope quickly faded after a weak win Document [95] (Title: 2009 International Bowl) 6th overall in the conference. UConn started the season strong, winning their first five games. The Huskies easily won their first game 35–3 against Division I-Football Championship Subdivision (Division I-FCS) opponent Hofstra. The second game, at Temple, was played as the remnants of Hurricane Hanna hit Philadelphia. UConn won 12–9 in overtime as Donald Brown ran for a then-career high 214 yards and scored the game-winning touchdown. Connecticut next avenged their loss to Virginia from 2007, winning the rematch 45–10. Baylor was next on the schedule; the Huskies pulled out the win in a back-and-forth game, 31–28. Connecticut opened Big Document [96] (Title: Fiesta Bowl) Utah from the Mountain West Conference become the first BCS non-AQ school ever to play in a BCS game, easily defeating Big East champion Pittsburgh 35–7. In 2007, the Fiesta Bowl game was played for the first time at the new then-named University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona, across the Phoenix metropolitan area from Sun Devil Stadium. The undefeated Boise State Broncos won by defeating the Oklahoma Sooners 43–42 in overtime. It has been called one of the greatest college football games ever played, due to the combination of an underdog team, trick plays, comebacks by each team, and Document [97] (Title: 2011 Fiesta Bowl) drive 67 yards to the Huskies 8-yard line. Unable to connect on third and goal pass, the drive ended with a 24-yard field goal to extend the lead to 20–7. The Huskies received good field position at their own 44-yard line with a 34-yard kickoff return by Nick Williams. On second down, Jordan Todman rushed for 19 yards to the Oklahoma 37-yard line. Then Zach Frazer, completed a 12 pass to Isiah Moore to reach the Oklahoma 25-yard line. An additional one-yard rush and four-yard pass brought the Huskies to the Oklahoma 20. Unable to convert on third down, they Document [98] (Title: 2012 Maaco Bowl Las Vegas) be the Huskies' first Maaco Bowl Las Vegas. Offensively the Huskies are led by tight end Austin Seferian-Jenkins, who set school career marks for receptions (104), receiving yards (1,327) and touchdowns (12); Kasen Williams (71 receptions); and Bishop Sankey, who rushed for 1,234 yards in 2012. Desmond Trufant is ranked No.16 in the nation (second in the Pac-12) in pass defense (188.9 yards allowed per game). Washington fumbled on its opening drive, giving Boise State the ball at Washington's 46-yard line. Taking advantage of the fumble, Boise State took a 3–0 lead on a 34-yard field goal from Michael Frisina. Document [99] (Title: 2015 Heart of Dallas Bowl) Heart of Dallas Bowl. Washington Huskies defeated the University of Southern Mississippi 44–31. The game featured the Washington Huskies against the Southern Miss Golden Eagles. After finishing their regular season 6–6, bowl director Brant Ringler extended an invitation for the Huskies to play in the game, which they accepted. After finishing their season 9–4, Olivas extended an invitation for the Golden Eagles to play in the game, which they accepted as well. Source: 2015 Heart of Dallas Bowl The 2015 Heart of Dallas Bowl was a post-season American college football bowl game played on December 26, 2015 at the Cotton Document [100] (Title: 2017 Washington Huskies football team) April 26 through April 28, 2018. The following Washington players were either selected or signed as undrafted free agents following the draft. 2017 Washington Huskies football team The 2017 Washington Huskies football team represented the University of Washington during the 2017 NCAA Division I FBS football season. Chris Petersen led the team in his fourth season as head coach. Washington competed as a member of the North Division of the Pac-12 Conference and played their home games on campus at Husky Stadium in Seattle. They finished the season 10–3, 7–2 in Pac-12 play to win a share of the North Document [101] (Title: Connecticut Huskies football) in January 1999 by applying to join the Big East football conference. They would receive a special waiver from the NCAA in order to play in Memorial Stadium while Rentschler Field was under construction. UConn would become the first school to ever move from the FCS to the Bowl Championship Series as a member of the Big East after 3 years as an independent. The Huskies would spend the 2000 and 2001 as a transitional Division I-A program as they built their scholarship base to the maximum of 85. They recorded their first win over a Division I-A opponent on Document [102] (Title: 2012 Kraft Fight Hunger Bowl) In accordance with a 2009 deal with bowl organizers, the Midshipmen accepted their invitation to play in the game on November 3 after winning six of their first nine games of the season. After the Sun Devils achieved bowl eligibility by defeating in-state rival Arizona Wildcats for a 7–5 regular-season record, the team accepted its bowl invitation on December 2. The pregame buildup focused on the contest between Navy's triple option offense and the Sun Devils' defense. After a change in quarterbacks, the Midshipmen's rushing offense had become one of the best in the nation; however, the team's passing offense Document [103] (Title: 1991 NCAA Division I-A football season) Visiting Miami won, 17-16 to take the top spot. In the Pacific Northwest, Washington won its Apple Cup game by 35 points on November 23 and finished the regular season at 11-0; the Huskies took over the #2 spot in the final two polls of the regular season. In the coaches poll, Florida State and Miami opened up the season 1-2 and remained that way until Miami's win on November 16 put the Hurricanes #1 and allowed the Huskies to move to #2. After the end of the regular season, the coaches moved the Washington Huskies to the #1 ranking. Document [104] (Title: 2011 Fiesta Bowl) to Broyles to bring them to the Connecticut's 39-yard line. Two plays later Jones competed a pass to Stills, which was fumbled and recovered by Oklahoma. After a four-yard rushing loss to Connecticut 27-yard line, Oklahoma converted a 41-yard field goal. On Connecticut's next possession, the Huskies were forced to punt after a 6-play, 11-yard drive stalled at their 40-yard line after a costly Substitution Infraction penalty on the offense on third down and four. Punting the ball back to the Sooners, Oklahoma was able to move the ball on a series of short passes and DeMarco Murray runs to Document [105] (Title: 2010 Northern Illinois Huskies football team) to accept the head coaching position at Minnesota. Kill did not coach in the bowl game. Tom Matukewicz coached the Huskies as interim head coach for the bowl game. The season marked the Huskies third consecutive trip to a bowl game and their first bowl game win since 2004. Despite being without the services of starting QB Chandler Harnish, the Huskies pulled within a touchdown midway through the 4th quarter on a 1-yard touchdown run by backup signal caller DeMarcus Grady. But an Iowa State touchdown drive immediately thereafter put the game away for the Cyclones. The Huskie defense was Document [106] (Title: First Responder Bowl) 12 did not have enough bowl-eligible teams, so the selection committee selected the Washington Huskies from the Pac-12 Conference to take its place. For the 2016 season, the Big Ten sent four teams to CFP bowls, so the selection committee chose an at-large team, independent Army, to take its place. After having been played on January 1 or January 2 for its first four editions, the game moved to a late December date beginning with the 2014 season. Bold conference denotes winner of games played. Through the December 2017 playing, there have been 8 games (16 total appearances). "Note: Only Document [107] (Title: Randy Edsall) Mountaineers. UConn won their last 5 games of the regular season and Edsall led Connecticut to a share of the Big East title his second as head coach and their second in the past 4 years. By virtue of their overtime win over the Mountaineers, the Huskies represented the Big East in the BCS–the first major bowl appearance in school history. UConn went on to play in the Fiesta Bowl against the University of Oklahoma. Oklahoma won in a blow out, 48-20. He was named 2010 Big East Coach of the Year. Edsall was hired in 2011 after he led Document [108] (Title: 2008 Fiesta Bowl) the national championship game. In their last game of the regular season, the 100th Backyard Brawl at Mountaineer Field in Morgantown, West Virginia, the #2 ranked Mountaineers suffered an upset when they were defeated by unranked Pittsburgh 9–13. West Virginia, who were a four touchdown favorite, played about half of the game without White after he dislocated his thumb late in the first half. The loss meant West Virginia were Co-Champs of the Big East along with Connecticut but received the bowl bid since they defeated Connecticut 66-21 the previous week. Beginning with the 1998 football season, when the Bowl Document [109] (Title: 2018 Gasparilla Bowl) and Connecticut, respectively. South Florida received and accepted a bid to the Gasparilla Bowl on December 2. The Bulls enter the bowl with a 7–5 record (3–5 AAC), having lost their final five regular season games. The game will be the team's 10th overall bowl appearance and second appearance in the Gasparilla Bowl. The Bulls previously played in the 2008 edition, winning against Memphis. 2018 Gasparilla Bowl The 2018 Gasparilla Bowl is a college football bowl game that will be played on December 20, 2018, with kickoff scheduled for 8:00 p.m. EST. It will be the 11th edition of the Document [110] (Title: 2016 Fiesta Bowl (December)) won both of the previous matchups. The most recent meeting was the 2014 Orange Bowl, where the Tigers defeated the Buckeyes by a score of 40–35. 2016 Fiesta Bowl (December) The 2016 PlayStation Fiesta Bowl (December) was a college football bowl game that was played on December 31, 2016 at the University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona. This 46th Fiesta Bowl Game was a College Football Playoff semifinal with the winner of the game competing against the winner of the 2016 Peach Bowl in the 2017 College Football Playoff National Championship which took place at Raymond James Stadium in Document [111] (Title: 2011 Fiesta Bowl) for 121 yards. Oklahoma's leading rusher DeMarco Murray ran for 93 yards on 25 carries, which included a rushing touchdown. On defense, Oklahoma's Jamell Fleming was awarded the defensive most valuable player. Fleming had intercepted a pass and returned it for a 55-yard touchdown. After the bowl game, junior Jordan Todman announced that he would forgo his senior year to enter the 2011 NFL Draft. Twelve hours later, Randy Edsall announced that he was leaving Connecticut in order to take the Maryland head coaching job. Despite receiving more than $2.5 million of the $17 million payout given to the Big Document [112] (Title: 2006 Oklahoma Sooners football team) 2007, the Fiesta Bowl picked Boise State as Oklahoma's opponent. The game took place on New Year's Day in the then-new University of Phoenix Stadium, home of the Arizona Cardinals. The Broncos led the Sooners the majority of the game, but the Sooners made up an 18-point deficit late in the game and led by a touchdown with a minute left in regulation. With 18 seconds left, the Sooners had the Broncos in a fourth-and-18 situation from midfield, but were stunned when the Broncos executed a hook and lateral for the tying score. This would be only the first of Document [113] (Title: 1986 Sun Bowl) the 1991 season, Washington went undefeated and won the national championship. 1986 Sun Bowl The 1986 Sun Bowl featured the Alabama Crimson Tide of the Southeastern Conference (SEC) and the Washington Huskies of the Pacific-10 Conference. In Ray Perkins's final game as Alabama head coach, the Crimson Tide defeated the Huskies The game is noted as being the first bowl game to have corporate sponsorship with John Hancock Insurance entering in the first year of a three-year, $1.5 million partnership. The Fiesta Bowl also gained a sponsor this year, played a week later. Alabama opened the season with seven wins, Document [114] (Title: 2011 Washington Huskies football team) touchdown in the first quarter. The Cougars fired head coach Paul Wulff the following week. Entering their first game in the Alamo Bowl, the Huskies has a 16–14–1 overall bowl game record, going back to their first game in the 1924 Rose Bowl. The Huskies set new school record during the season in passing touchdowns (32) and in fewest fumbles (11). 2011 Washington Huskies football team The 2011 Washington Huskies football team represented the University of Washington in the 2011 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The team was coached by third year head coach Steve Sarkisian. They played six Document [115] (Title: 2010 Humanitarian Bowl) title sponsor of the game. UDrove is affiliated with the games previous sponsor, Roady's Truck Stops. Northern Illinois made its third straight bowl appearance and played in a postseason game for the sixth time in the last seven seasons. The Huskies were ranked in the top 25 in the BCS after winning nine straight games and went undefeated in the Mid-American Conference during the regular season. NIU is led by senior running back Chad Spann, who was voted the Mid-American Conference Offensive Player of the Year and took home league MVP honors. Spann led the MAC with 1,293 yards on Document [116] (Title: 2015 Northern Illinois Huskies football team) to Boise State. The season marked the Huskies' eighth consecutive trip to a bowl game and their fourth conesuctive bowl game loss. The 2015 Northern Illinois Huskies schedule is: The Huskies trailed by seven points at halftime, but scored four touchdowns in the second half to beat the Rebels 38–30. Northern Illinois quarterback Drew Hare was 21-for-26 for 360 yards and two touchdowns, and wide receiver Kenny Golladay caught nine passes for 213 yards in his first game for NIU. After getting off to another slow start, the Huskies overpowered the Racers 57–26. Drew Hare threw a career-high four touchdown Document [117] (Title: 2017 Northern Illinois Huskies football team) 2017 Northern Illinois Huskies football team The 2017 Northern Illinois Huskies football team represented Northern Illinois University in the 2017 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Huskies were led by fifth-year head coach Rod Carey. They competed in the West Division of the Mid-American Conference and played their home games at Huskie Stadium in DeKalb, Illinois. The Huskies finished the season 8–5, 6–2 in MAC play to finish in a tie for second place in the West Division. The Huskies received an invitation to the Quick Lane Bowl, their 11th bowl game in the previous 14 years. There they Document [118] (Title: Nick Holt) team went on a three-game winning streak to finish the regular season and become bowl-eligible, capped with a 19–7 victory over Nebraska in the Holiday Bowl. While 2011 saw the emergence of sophomore quarterback Keith Price and improvement on offense, the Huskies were ranked near the bottom in the conference and nationally on defense (of 120 FBS teams: 106th in yards allowed, 108th in points allowed, 116th in passing yards allowed). Washington broke to an early 5–1 record and was bowl-eligible in October, but lost three straight in November before winning the Apple Cup to finish the regular season at Document [119] (Title: 1971 Fiesta Bowl) the firing of two coaches before the Seminoles returned to another bowl game, which they did under Bobby Bowden. This was their last Fiesta Bowl until 1988. The Sun Devils wen to two straight Fiesta Bowls while winning two more WAC titles and ultimately five in the 1970s. 1971 Fiesta Bowl The 1971 Fiesta Bowl was the inaugural Fiesta Bowl postseason bowl game that featured the Arizona State Sun Devils and Florida State Seminoles. The Fiesta Bowl had been created as a bowl game for the Western Athletic Conference (WAC) champion to participate in, the first to take place for Document [120] (Title: 2014 Washington Huskies football team) Bowl where they lost to Oklahoma State. The Huskies had a breakout season in 2013, winning more games than they had in the previous twelve seasons, which included a win against BYU in the Fight Hunger Bowl. The offense ended the 2013 season as the most prolific in program history. Junior running back Bishop Sankey broke the school single-season rush yards record as well as the career rushing touchdowns record. Fifth-year senior quarterback Keith Price solidified his spot in the Washington record books as he finished 2013 with career totals of nearly 9,000 passing yards and 75 touchdowns. The off Document [121] (Title: 2014 Northern Illinois Huskies football team) over Toledo, the Huskies represented the West Division in the MAC Championship Game where they defeated Bowling Green to be crowned MAC Champions. They were invited to the Boca Raton Bowl where they lost to Conference USA Champion Marshall. The season marked the Huskies' seventh consecutive trip to a bowl game and their third consecutive bowl game loss. 2014 Northern Illinois Huskies football team The 2014 Northern Illinois Huskies football team represented Northern Illinois University in the 2014 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Huskies competed in the West Division of the Mid-American Conference. They were led by second-year Document [122] (Title: 2010 Holiday Bowl) Jake Locker, Washington boasted one of the better offenses in the country. However, the defense had been less than solid. This was the Huskies' fourth appearance in the Holiday Bowl and their first win in the game. They lost to Colorado, Kansas State and Texas in 1996, 1999, and 2001 respectively (Colorado is now in the same conference as Washington). The two schools have played each other on eight previous occasions including earlier that season. Nebraska was a blowout winner in the September 2010 matchup between the two teams by a score of 56-21. Going into this game, the Huskers Document [123] (Title: 2013 Boise State Broncos football team) a conference championship game for the first time. As part of the conditions for Boise State to stay in the conference, the Mountain West lifted the ban on the Broncos wearing their all blue uniforms at home during conference games. This was the second consecutive meeting between the Broncos and the Huskies as they met at the end of the 2012 season in the Maaco Bowl Las Vegas. The 32-point loss is the worst loss under Chris Petersen. The previous highest margin of defeat was 14, also coming against Washington in 2007, Petersen's second year as head coach. Prior to Document [124] (Title: 2011 Fiesta Bowl) scored a 37-yard field goal. At halftime, Oklahoma led Connecticut 20–10. Oklahoma received the ball at the start of the third quarter; however their drive ended after only three plays. Connecticut's possession didn't fare much better, going only five plays before having to punt back to Oklahoma. On Oklahoma's next possession on third and nine, Landry Jones completed a 20-yard pass to Ryan Broyles to reach their 49-yard line. On the next play, Jones threw a 59-yard touchdown pass to Cameron Kenney. When Connecticut regained the ball, Zach Frazer completed a 26-yard gain to Kashif Moore to bring them to Document [125] (Title: 2011 Fiesta Bowl) ball to the Oklahoma two-yard line. On third down Todman rushed for 1 yard to reach the Oklahoma one-yard line. On fourth down, Connecticut rushed again with Todman, but was stopped for a yard loss. With Oklahoma in possession of the ball and 14 seconds left in the game at the Oklahoma 2-yard line, Landry Jones knelt down and the game ended with Oklahoma winning by the score of 48–20. In recognition for his performance during the game, Oklahoma quarterback Landry Jones was named the game's offensive most valuable player. Jones passed for a school bowl record of 429 yards Document [126] (Title: 2017 Fiesta Bowl) Bowl, where Penn State defeated the Huskies The first meeting was in 1921, where Penn State defeated the Washington Sun Dodgers on December 3 The Nittany Lions had appeared in six previous Fiesta Bowls: 1977, 1980, 1982, 1987, 1992, and 1997, winning all six. This was the Huskies' first Fiesta Bowl appearance. The Nittany Lions entered the game with a 10–2 record, with their two losses coming in conference play in consecutive weeks by a combined four points at #6 Ohio State and at #24 Michigan State. Penn State was favored by 3 points when the game kicked off. 2017 Document [127] (Title: 2015 Poinsettia Bowl) 8–5, 6–2 in West Division play to finish in a four way tie for the division title. They represented the West Division in the MAC Championship Game where they lost to Bowling Green. It was the Huskies sixth consecutive MAC Championship Game appearance. It was the Huskies third Poinsettia Bowl appearance with losses in 2006 and 2013. Source: 2015 Poinsettia Bowl The 2015 Poinsettia Bowl was a college football bowl game that was played on December 23, 2015 at Qualcomm Stadium in San Diego, California. Boise State Broncos from the Mountain West Conference defeated the Northern Illinois Huskies from the Document [128] (Title: 1971 Fiesta Bowl) 1971 Fiesta Bowl The 1971 Fiesta Bowl was the inaugural Fiesta Bowl postseason bowl game that featured the Arizona State Sun Devils and Florida State Seminoles. The Fiesta Bowl had been created as a bowl game for the Western Athletic Conference (WAC) champion to participate in, the first to take place for the 1971 season. The Sun Devils won their third consecutive WAC title (with an undefeated conference record for the second time in three years). This was ASU's first bowl game since 1970. Florida State was an independent in Coach Jones' first year at the program. A 5–0 start Document [129] (Title: 2014 Fiesta Bowl (December)) it is not playing in the national championship game. The preceding Fiesta Bowl was actually played on New Year's Day, which naturally was also in 2014. There therefore were "two" 2014 Fiesta Bowls. 2014 Fiesta Bowl (December) The 2014 Fiesta Bowl was a college football bowl game played on December 31, 2014, at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona. The 44th Fiesta Bowl was one of the New Year's Bowls of the College Football Playoff. It was one of the 2014–15 bowl games that conclude the 2014 FBS football season. The game was sponsored by the Vizio consumer electronics Document [130] (Title: 2011 Connecticut Huskies football team) the Yale Bowl in New Haven if the field did not become available in time, but on Wednesday, August 31, the team announced the game would be played in East Hartford on Saturday at noon. Recap: Recap: Recap: Recap: Recap: Recap: Recap: Recap: Recap: Recap: Recap: 2011 Connecticut Huskies football team The 2011 Connecticut Huskies football team represented the University of Connecticut in the 2011 NCAA Division I FBS football season as a member of the Big East Conference. The team was coached by Paul Pasqualoni and played its home games at Rentschler Field in East Hartford, Connecticut. It was Document [131] (Title: 2011 Mid-American Conference football season) at Elon. On December 5, NIU head coach Jerry Kill accepted the position of head coach for the Minnesota Golden Gophers. His announcement came less than two weeks before the Huskies were scheduled to play in the Humanitarian Bowl. Leaving the team in the manner he did (many teammates learned about his new job via Twitter instead of from Kill himself) dealt an emotional blow to the members of the team; star quarterback Chandler Harnish saying about Kill's departure, "I have a horrible taste in my mouth". Additionally, besides the emotional impact, USA Today noted "The timing of the announcement Document [132] (Title: 2011 Orange Bowl) State, which left the Orange Bowl to decide between two teams contractually bound to appear in a BCS bowl game. These were Stanford, which was guaranteed a BCS bid by its No. 4 national ranking, and Connecticut, champion of the Big East Conference. Favoring Stanford's potential to draw a large television audience, the Orange Bowl selected the Cardinal, leaving Connecticut to the Fiesta Bowl. The Stanford Cardinal began the 2010 season after going 8–5 in 2009 under freshman quarterback Andrew Luck. The 2009 season saw the Cardinal defeat eighth-ranked Oregon and No. 9 USC en route to breaking a seven-year Document [133] (Title: 1975 Fiesta Bowl) 1975 Fiesta Bowl The 1975 Fiesta Bowl matched the Arizona State Sun Devils and the Nebraska Cornhuskers. The Cornhuskers started the season off 10-0 and had risen from being ranked #6 in the preseason to #2 in the AP Polls and were set up for a Big 8 title and potential national championship hopes before losing to Oklahoma in the last game of the season that cost them a full share of the Big 8 Conference title. The Sun Devils won their 5th WAC title in six years and were appearing in their fourth Fiesta Bowl in five years. This Document [134] (Title: 2012 Kraft Fight Hunger Bowl) sponsor) announced that they had renewed their contract with the Pac-12 Conference for four years, with the sixth bowl-eligible team in the conference playing against a team from the Western Athletic Conference in the 2010 and 2013 editions of the game and the Navy Midshipmen in the 2012 game (assuming that Navy was bowl-eligible). Before the 2012 season college-football analyst Phil Steele projected that Navy would play the California Golden Bears, but changed his projected Pac-12 team in late October to the Sun Devils. On November 3, "CBSSports.com" writer Jerry Palm projected that Navy would play the Arizona Wildcats in Document [135] (Title: 2010 PapaJohns.com Bowl) share of the Big East conference championship and the right to play in a BCS bowl, even though they were not ranked in the final BCS standings. UConn played in the 2011 Fiesta Bowl, losing 48–20 to Oklahoma. Following the game, coach Randy Edsall left the Huskies to take the head coaching position at Maryland. Multiple players from the 2010 PapaJohns.com Bowl went on to play professional football; both teams had two players selected in the 2010 National Football League (NFL) Draft. For UConn, wide receiver Marcus Easley was selected in the fourth round by the Buffalo Bills, and cornerback Document [136] (Title: Connecticut Huskies) Jasper Howard was stabbed to death on campus after celebrating the win early that day against the Louisville Cardinals. UConn honored Jasper for the remainder of 2009 and 2010, which would have been his Senior year. The Huskies would defeat SEC opponent South Carolina in the 2010 PapaJohns.com Bowl. The next year, Connecticut made its first major bowl by winning the Big East Conference and going to the 2011 Fiesta Bowl. On June 21, 2012 Connecticut announced the program would join Hockey East as the conference's 12th member beginning in the 2014-15 season. As part of the move from Atlantic Document [137] (Title: 2010 Connecticut Huskies football team) 2010 Connecticut Huskies football team The 2010 Connecticut Huskies football team represented the University of Connecticut in the 2010 NCAA Division I FBS football season as a member of the Big East Conference. The team was coached by Randy Edsall and played its home games at Rentschler Field in East Hartford, Connecticut. The Huskies finished 8–5, 5–2 in Big East play to share the conference title with Pittsburgh and West Virginia. Due to victories over both schools, the Huskies earned the Big East's automatic bid to a BCS game, and were invited to the Fiesta Bowl where they were defeated Document [138] (Title: Connecticut Huskies) Division 1-A status in 2000, was included in official Division 1-A statistics for the first time in 2002, and became a full Big East member in 2004. UConn has been recognized as having the fastest progression out of I-AA in NCAA history, as it was invited into a BCS conference only two years after becoming a full I-A member, was bowl-eligible in its first season in I-A, and was invited to a bowl game in its first season as a conference member. The Huskies defeated the University of Toledo in the 2004 Motor City Bowl by a score of 39–10, Document [139] (Title: 2011 Fiesta Bowl) beat conference favorite Pittsburgh 30-28. The Huskies also won on the road at Syracuse by the score of 23-6. Returning home, they defeated Cincinnati. In their final conference game, the Huskies were able to win a close game 19-16 at South Florida. By winning at South Florida, they won a share of the Big East title with West Virginia and Pittsburgh. Victories over both opponents give Connecticut the conference BCS berth. This was Connecticut's first Fiesta Bowl appearance, as well as its only BCS bowl. Oklahoma entered the season coming off a disappointing 8-5 season with a Sun Bowl victory Document [140] (Title: 2012 Fiesta Bowl) Luck, who was the first player selected in the 2012 NFL Draft. 2012 Fiesta Bowl The 2012 Tostitos Fiesta Bowl was a postseason college football bowl game played at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona. The Oklahoma State Cowboys, champions of the Big 12 Conference, played the Stanford Cardinal, an at-large selection from the Pac-12 conference . Oklahoma State won the game, 41–38, in overtime. Originally this game was scheduled for January 5 pending resolution of the 2011 NFL lockout and a possible Monday Night Football game on January 2. However, with the resolution of the lockout, the game Question: when do the huskies play in the fiesta bowl

Answer: December 30, 2017 Long Answer: 2017 PlayStation Fiesta Bowl CFP Bowl Game 47th Fiesta Bowl 2017 Fiest Bowl trophy Washington Huskies Penn State Nittany Lions (10--2) (10--2) Pac - 12 Big Ten 28 35 Head coach: Chris Petersen Head coach: James Franklin AP Coaches CFP 12 12 11 AP Coaches CFP 9 9 9 Total Washington 0 14 7 7 28 Penn State 14 14 7 0 35 Date December 30, 2017 Season 2017 Stadium University of Phoenix Stadium Location Glendale, Arizona MVP Offense: Trace McSorley Defense: Marcus Allen Favorite Penn State by 3 Referee Mike Defee (Big XII) Halftime show Bands from participants Attendance 61,842 United States TV coverage Network ESPN & ESPN Radio Announcers Dave Pasch, Greg McElroy, and Tom Luginbill (ESPN) Bill Rosinski, David Norrie, Ian Fitzsimmons (ESPN Radio) Fiesta Bowl 2018> Gold Document ID: 91

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Host (biology)) possible relationships between organisms, differing in their permanence and their effects on the two parties. If one of the partners in an association is much larger than the other, it is generally known as the host. In parasitism, the parasite benefits at the host's expense. In commensalism, the two live together without harming each other, while in mutualism, both parties benefit. Most parasites are only parasitic for part of their life cycle. By comparing parasites with their closest free-living relatives, parasitism has been shown to have evolved on at least 233 separate occasions. Some organisms live in close association with Document [2] (Title: Behavioral ecology) unrelated queens in this way. This seemingly unfavorable behavior parallels some vertebrate systems. It is thought that this unrelated assistance is evidence of altruism in "P. dominula". Cooperation in social organisms has numerous ecological factors that can determine the benefits and costs associated with this form of organization. One suggested benefit is a type of "life insurance" for individuals who participate in the care of the young. In this instance, individuals may have a greater likelihood of transmitting genes to the next generation when helping in a group compared to individual reproduction. Another suggested benefit is the possibility of "fortress Document [3] (Title: Biological interaction) ecology. Examples include cleaning symbiosis, gut flora, Müllerian mimicry, and nitrogen fixation by bacteria in the root nodules of legumes. Commensalism benefits one organism and the other organism is neither benefited nor harmed. It occurs when one organism takes benefits by interacting with another organism by which the host organism is not affected. A good example is a remora living with a shark. Remoras eat leftover food from the shark. The shark is not affected in the process, as remoras eat only leftover food of the shark, which does not deplete the shark's resources. Parasitism is a relationship between species, Document [4] (Title: Theoretical ecology) In this case, each species detracts from the other, potentially over competition for scarce resources. When both α and α are positive, the relationship becomes one of mutualism. In this case, each species provides a benefit to the other, such that the presence of one aids the population growth of the other. Unified neutral theory is a hypothesis proposed by Stephen Hubbell in 2001. The hypothesis aims to explain the diversity and relative abundance of species in ecological communities, although like other neutral theories in ecology, Hubbell's hypothesis assumes that the differences between members of an ecological community of trophically Document [5] (Title: Community (ecology)) between species in which both benefit. Examples include "Rhizobium" bacteria growing in nodules on the roots of legumes and insects pollinating the flowers of angiosperms. Commensalism is a type of relationship among organisms in which one organism benefits while the other organism is neither benefited nor harmed. The organism that benefited is called the "commensal" while the other organism that is neither benefited nor harmed is called the "host". For example, an epiphytic orchid attached to the tree for support benefits the orchid but neither harms nor benefits the tree. The opposite of commensalism is amensalism, an interspecific relationship in Document [6] (Title: Co-operation (evolution)) green alga or a cyanobacteria. The mycobiont benefits from the sugar products of photosynthesis generated by the photobiont, and the photobiont benefits from the increased water retention and increased surface area to capture water and mineral nutrients conferred by the mycobiont. Many lichens are examples of obligate symbiosis. In fact, one-fifth of all known extant fungal species form obligate symbiotic associations with green algae, cyanobacteria or both. Not all examples of mutualism are also examples of cooperation. Specifically, in by-product mutualism, both participants benefit, but cooperation is not involved. For example, when an elephant defecates, this is beneficial to the Document [7] (Title: Altruism (biology)) own disadvantage but which benefit others. The costs and benefits are measured in terms of reproductive fitness, or expected number of offspring. So by behaving altruistically, an organism reduces the number of offspring it is likely to produce itself, but boosts the likelihood that other organisms are to produce offspring. There are other forms of altruism in nature other than risk-taking behavior, such as reciprocal altruism. This biological notion of altruism is not identical to the everyday human concept. For humans, an action would only be called 'altruistic' if it was done with the conscious intention of helping another. Yet Document [8] (Title: Ecology) and corals with photosynthetic algae. If there is a physical connection between host and associate, the relationship is called symbiosis. Approximately 60% of all plants, for example, have a symbiotic relationship with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi living in their roots forming an exchange network of carbohydrates for mineral nutrients. Indirect mutualisms occur where the organisms live apart. For example, trees living in the equatorial regions of the planet supply oxygen into the atmosphere that sustains species living in distant polar regions of the planet. This relationship is called commensalism; because, many others receive the benefits of clean air at no cost Document [9] (Title: Ectosymbiosis) assisting with metabolism, nitrogen fixation, or cleaning the host organism. The diversity of advantages has yet to be fully explored, but by virtue of persisting throughout all of recent evolution, they likely confer an adaptive advantage to many of the species that exist solely due to ectosymbiosis. Although, ectosymbiosis is typically an evolutionary stable behavior, the different host and parasite dynamics independently vary in their stability. "Main article:" Commensalism Commensalism is a form of symbiosis where one species is benefiting from the interactions between species and the other is neither helped nor harmed from the interaction. Ectosymbiotic commensalistic behavior is Document [10] (Title: Ecology) or harm to trees supplying the oxygen. If the associate benefits while the host suffers, the relationship is called parasitism. Although parasites impose a cost to their host (e.g., via damage to their reproductive organs or propagules, denying the services of a beneficial partner), their net effect on host fitness is not necessarily negative and, thus, becomes difficult to forecast. Co-evolution is also driven by competition among species or among members of the same species under the banner of reciprocal antagonism, such as grasses competing for growth space. The Red Queen Hypothesis, for example, posits that parasites track down and Document [11] (Title: Beneficial organism) Beneficial organism In agriculture and gardening, a beneficial organism is any organism that benefits the growing process, including insects, arachnids, other animals, plants, bacteria, fungi, viruses, and nematodes. Benefits include pest control, pollination, and maintenance of soil health. The opposite of beneficial organisms are pests, which are organisms deemed detrimental to the growing process.There are many different types of beneficial organisms as well as beneficial microorganisms. Beneficial organisms include but are not limited to: Birds, Bears, Nematodes, Insects, Arachnids, and fungi. The ways that birds and bears are considered beneficial is mainly because they consume seeds from plant and spread Document [12] (Title: Microbial cooperation) evolutionarily beneficial, the behaviour must provide a direct benefit to the reproductive performance of the actor that outweighs the cost of performing the behaviour. This is most often seen in the case of direct fitness benefit. As bacteria are most often found in colonies, neighbouring bacteria are likely to express genetic commonality. Therefore, by increasing the chances for a nearby bacterium to grow and divide, the host is increasing their own passage of genetic material. In the case of siderophores, a positive correlation was found between relatedness among bacterial lineages and siderophore production. Microbial communities are not only interested in Document [13] (Title: Commensalism) can be either obligate or facultative (induced by environmental conditions). Inquilinism is the use of a second organism for permanent housing. Examples are epiphytic plants (such as many orchids) that grow on trees, or birds that live in holes in trees. Metabiosis is a more indirect dependency, in which one organism creates or prepares a suitable environment for a second. Examples include maggots, which feast and develop on corpses, and hermit crabs, which use gastropod shells to protect their bodies. Commensalism Commensalism is a long-term biological interaction (symbiosis) in which members of one species gain benefits while those of the Document [14] (Title: Beneficial organism) ventures currently exist to provide pollinators and biological pest control. Beneficial organism In agriculture and gardening, a beneficial organism is any organism that benefits the growing process, including insects, arachnids, other animals, plants, bacteria, fungi, viruses, and nematodes. Benefits include pest control, pollination, and maintenance of soil health. The opposite of beneficial organisms are pests, which are organisms deemed detrimental to the growing process.There are many different types of beneficial organisms as well as beneficial microorganisms. Beneficial organisms include but are not limited to: Birds, Bears, Nematodes, Insects, Arachnids, and fungi. The ways that birds and bears are considered beneficial Document [15] (Title: Commensalism) Commensalism Commensalism is a long-term biological interaction (symbiosis) in which members of one species gain benefits while those of the other species neither benefit nor are harmed. This is in contrast with mutualism, in which both organisms benefit from each other, amensalism, where one is harmed while the other is unaffected, and parasitism, where one benefits while the other is harmed. The commensal (the species that benefits from the association) may obtain nutrients, shelter, support, or locomotion from the host species, which is substantially unaffected. The commensal relation is often between a larger host and a smaller commensal; the host Document [16] (Title: Co-operation (evolution)) interact closely, often over a long period of time. Symbiosis includes three types of interactions—mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism—of which only mutualism can sometimes qualify as cooperation. Mutualism involves a close, mutually beneficial interaction between two different biological species, whereas "cooperation" is a more general term that can involve looser interactions and can be interspecific (between species) or intraspecific (within a species). In commensalism, one of the two participating species benefits, while the other is neither harmed nor benefitted. In parasitism, one of the two participating species benefits at the expense of the other. Symbiosis may be obligate or facultative. In Document [17] (Title: Symbiosis) the non-essential genes of the intracellular bacteria. This can be due to lack of selection mechanisms prevailing in the relatively "rich" host environment. Commensalism describes a relationship between two living organisms where one benefits and the other is not significantly harmed or helped. It is derived from the English word commensal, used of human social interaction. It derives from a medieval Latin word meaning sharing food, formed from "com-" (with) and "mensa" (table). Commensal relationships may involve one organism using another for transportation (phoresy) or for housing (inquilinism), or it may also involve one organism using something another created, after Document [18] (Title: Symbiosis) competition may also exist over other 'amenities', such as females for reproduction (in case of male organisms of the same species). Mutualism or interspecies reciprocal altruism is a long-term relationship between individuals of different species where both individuals benefit. Mutualistic relationships may be either obligate for both species, obligate for one but facultative for the other, or facultative for both. A large percentage of herbivores have mutualistic gut flora to help them digest plant matter, which is more difficult to digest than animal prey. This gut flora is made up of cellulose-digesting protozoans or bacteria living in the herbivores' intestines. Document [19] (Title: Myrmecophily) mutualism, commensalism, and even parasitism. In almost all mutualisms, the relative costs and benefits of interactions are asymmetrical; that is, one partner experiences greater benefits and/or fewer costs than the other partner. This asymmetry leads to "cheating," in which one partner evolves strategies to receive benefits without providing services in return. As with many other mutualisms, cheating has evolved in interactions between ants and their partners. For example, some lycaenid larvae are taken into ant nests where they prey on ant brood and offer no services to the ants. Other lycaenids may parasitize ant-plant relationships by feeding on plants that Question: one organism benefits at the expense of another Answer: Commensalism Long Answer: Commensalism is a long term biological interaction (symbiosis) in which members of one species gain benefits while those of the other species neither benefit nor are harmed . This is in contrast with mutualism, in which both organisms benefit from each other, amensalism, where one is harmed while the other is unaffected, and parasitism, where one benefits while the other is harmed . The commensal (the species that benefits from the association) may obtain nutrients, shelter, support, or locomotion from the host species, which is substantially unaffected . The commensal relation is often between a larger host and a smaller commensal; the host organism is unmodified, whereas the commensal species may show great structural adaptation consonant with its habits, as in the remoras that ride attached to sharks and other fishes . Both remora and pilot fish feed on the leftovers of their hosts' meals . Numerous birds perch on bodies of large mammal herbivores or feed on the insects turned up by grazing mammals. Gold Document ID: 19

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Host (biology)) possible relationships between organisms, differing in their permanence and their effects on the two parties. If one of the partners in an association is much larger than the other, it is generally known as the host. In parasitism, the parasite benefits at the host's expense. In commensalism, the two live together without harming each other, while in mutualism, both parties benefit. Most parasites are only parasitic for part of their life cycle. By comparing parasites with their closest free-living relatives, parasitism has been shown to have evolved on at least 233 separate occasions. Some organisms live in close association with Document [2] (Title: Behavioral ecology) unrelated queens in this way. This seemingly unfavorable behavior parallels some vertebrate systems. It is thought that this unrelated assistance is evidence of altruism in "P. dominula". Cooperation in social organisms has numerous ecological factors that can determine the benefits and costs associated with this form of organization. One suggested benefit is a type of "life insurance" for individuals who participate in the care of the young. In this instance, individuals may have a greater likelihood of transmitting genes to the next generation when helping in a group compared to individual reproduction. Another suggested benefit is the possibility of "fortress Document [3] (Title: Biological interaction) ecology. Examples include cleaning symbiosis, gut flora, Müllerian mimicry, and nitrogen fixation by bacteria in the root nodules of legumes. Commensalism benefits one organism and the other organism is neither benefited nor harmed. It occurs when one organism takes benefits by interacting with another organism by which the host organism is not affected. A good example is a remora living with a shark. Remoras eat leftover food from the shark. The shark is not affected in the process, as remoras eat only leftover food of the shark, which does not deplete the shark's resources. Parasitism is a relationship between species, Document [4] (Title: Theoretical ecology) In this case, each species detracts from the other, potentially over competition for scarce resources. When both α and α are positive, the relationship becomes one of mutualism. In this case, each species provides a benefit to the other, such that the presence of one aids the population growth of the other. Unified neutral theory is a hypothesis proposed by Stephen Hubbell in 2001. The hypothesis aims to explain the diversity and relative abundance of species in ecological communities, although like other neutral theories in ecology, Hubbell's hypothesis assumes that the differences between members of an ecological community of trophically Document [5] (Title: Community (ecology)) between species in which both benefit. Examples include "Rhizobium" bacteria growing in nodules on the roots of legumes and insects pollinating the flowers of angiosperms. Commensalism is a type of relationship among organisms in which one organism benefits while the other organism is neither benefited nor harmed. The organism that benefited is called the "commensal" while the other organism that is neither benefited nor harmed is called the "host". For example, an epiphytic orchid attached to the tree for support benefits the orchid but neither harms nor benefits the tree. The opposite of commensalism is amensalism, an interspecific relationship in Document [6] (Title: Co-operation (evolution)) green alga or a cyanobacteria. The mycobiont benefits from the sugar products of photosynthesis generated by the photobiont, and the photobiont benefits from the increased water retention and increased surface area to capture water and mineral nutrients conferred by the mycobiont. Many lichens are examples of obligate symbiosis. In fact, one-fifth of all known extant fungal species form obligate symbiotic associations with green algae, cyanobacteria or both. Not all examples of mutualism are also examples of cooperation. Specifically, in by-product mutualism, both participants benefit, but cooperation is not involved. For example, when an elephant defecates, this is beneficial to the Document [7] (Title: Altruism (biology)) own disadvantage but which benefit others. The costs and benefits are measured in terms of reproductive fitness, or expected number of offspring. So by behaving altruistically, an organism reduces the number of offspring it is likely to produce itself, but boosts the likelihood that other organisms are to produce offspring. There are other forms of altruism in nature other than risk-taking behavior, such as reciprocal altruism. This biological notion of altruism is not identical to the everyday human concept. For humans, an action would only be called 'altruistic' if it was done with the conscious intention of helping another. Yet Document [8] (Title: Ecology) and corals with photosynthetic algae. If there is a physical connection between host and associate, the relationship is called symbiosis. Approximately 60% of all plants, for example, have a symbiotic relationship with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi living in their roots forming an exchange network of carbohydrates for mineral nutrients. Indirect mutualisms occur where the organisms live apart. For example, trees living in the equatorial regions of the planet supply oxygen into the atmosphere that sustains species living in distant polar regions of the planet. This relationship is called commensalism; because, many others receive the benefits of clean air at no cost Document [9] (Title: Ectosymbiosis) assisting with metabolism, nitrogen fixation, or cleaning the host organism. The diversity of advantages has yet to be fully explored, but by virtue of persisting throughout all of recent evolution, they likely confer an adaptive advantage to many of the species that exist solely due to ectosymbiosis. Although, ectosymbiosis is typically an evolutionary stable behavior, the different host and parasite dynamics independently vary in their stability. "Main article:" Commensalism Commensalism is a form of symbiosis where one species is benefiting from the interactions between species and the other is neither helped nor harmed from the interaction. Ectosymbiotic commensalistic behavior is Document [10] (Title: Ecology) or harm to trees supplying the oxygen. If the associate benefits while the host suffers, the relationship is called parasitism. Although parasites impose a cost to their host (e.g., via damage to their reproductive organs or propagules, denying the services of a beneficial partner), their net effect on host fitness is not necessarily negative and, thus, becomes difficult to forecast. Co-evolution is also driven by competition among species or among members of the same species under the banner of reciprocal antagonism, such as grasses competing for growth space. The Red Queen Hypothesis, for example, posits that parasites track down and Document [11] (Title: Beneficial organism) Beneficial organism In agriculture and gardening, a beneficial organism is any organism that benefits the growing process, including insects, arachnids, other animals, plants, bacteria, fungi, viruses, and nematodes. Benefits include pest control, pollination, and maintenance of soil health. The opposite of beneficial organisms are pests, which are organisms deemed detrimental to the growing process.There are many different types of beneficial organisms as well as beneficial microorganisms. Beneficial organisms include but are not limited to: Birds, Bears, Nematodes, Insects, Arachnids, and fungi. The ways that birds and bears are considered beneficial is mainly because they consume seeds from plant and spread Document [12] (Title: Microbial cooperation) evolutionarily beneficial, the behaviour must provide a direct benefit to the reproductive performance of the actor that outweighs the cost of performing the behaviour. This is most often seen in the case of direct fitness benefit. As bacteria are most often found in colonies, neighbouring bacteria are likely to express genetic commonality. Therefore, by increasing the chances for a nearby bacterium to grow and divide, the host is increasing their own passage of genetic material. In the case of siderophores, a positive correlation was found between relatedness among bacterial lineages and siderophore production. Microbial communities are not only interested in Document [13] (Title: Commensalism) can be either obligate or facultative (induced by environmental conditions). Inquilinism is the use of a second organism for permanent housing. Examples are epiphytic plants (such as many orchids) that grow on trees, or birds that live in holes in trees. Metabiosis is a more indirect dependency, in which one organism creates or prepares a suitable environment for a second. Examples include maggots, which feast and develop on corpses, and hermit crabs, which use gastropod shells to protect their bodies. Commensalism Commensalism is a long-term biological interaction (symbiosis) in which members of one species gain benefits while those of the Document [14] (Title: Beneficial organism) ventures currently exist to provide pollinators and biological pest control. Beneficial organism In agriculture and gardening, a beneficial organism is any organism that benefits the growing process, including insects, arachnids, other animals, plants, bacteria, fungi, viruses, and nematodes. Benefits include pest control, pollination, and maintenance of soil health. The opposite of beneficial organisms are pests, which are organisms deemed detrimental to the growing process.There are many different types of beneficial organisms as well as beneficial microorganisms. Beneficial organisms include but are not limited to: Birds, Bears, Nematodes, Insects, Arachnids, and fungi. The ways that birds and bears are considered beneficial Document [15] (Title: Commensalism) Commensalism Commensalism is a long-term biological interaction (symbiosis) in which members of one species gain benefits while those of the other species neither benefit nor are harmed. This is in contrast with mutualism, in which both organisms benefit from each other, amensalism, where one is harmed while the other is unaffected, and parasitism, where one benefits while the other is harmed. The commensal (the species that benefits from the association) may obtain nutrients, shelter, support, or locomotion from the host species, which is substantially unaffected. The commensal relation is often between a larger host and a smaller commensal; the host Document [16] (Title: Co-operation (evolution)) interact closely, often over a long period of time. Symbiosis includes three types of interactions—mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism—of which only mutualism can sometimes qualify as cooperation. Mutualism involves a close, mutually beneficial interaction between two different biological species, whereas "cooperation" is a more general term that can involve looser interactions and can be interspecific (between species) or intraspecific (within a species). In commensalism, one of the two participating species benefits, while the other is neither harmed nor benefitted. In parasitism, one of the two participating species benefits at the expense of the other. Symbiosis may be obligate or facultative. In Document [17] (Title: Symbiosis) the non-essential genes of the intracellular bacteria. This can be due to lack of selection mechanisms prevailing in the relatively "rich" host environment. Commensalism describes a relationship between two living organisms where one benefits and the other is not significantly harmed or helped. It is derived from the English word commensal, used of human social interaction. It derives from a medieval Latin word meaning sharing food, formed from "com-" (with) and "mensa" (table). Commensal relationships may involve one organism using another for transportation (phoresy) or for housing (inquilinism), or it may also involve one organism using something another created, after Document [18] (Title: Symbiosis) competition may also exist over other 'amenities', such as females for reproduction (in case of male organisms of the same species). Mutualism or interspecies reciprocal altruism is a long-term relationship between individuals of different species where both individuals benefit. Mutualistic relationships may be either obligate for both species, obligate for one but facultative for the other, or facultative for both. A large percentage of herbivores have mutualistic gut flora to help them digest plant matter, which is more difficult to digest than animal prey. This gut flora is made up of cellulose-digesting protozoans or bacteria living in the herbivores' intestines. Document [19] (Title: Myrmecophily) mutualism, commensalism, and even parasitism. In almost all mutualisms, the relative costs and benefits of interactions are asymmetrical; that is, one partner experiences greater benefits and/or fewer costs than the other partner. This asymmetry leads to "cheating," in which one partner evolves strategies to receive benefits without providing services in return. As with many other mutualisms, cheating has evolved in interactions between ants and their partners. For example, some lycaenid larvae are taken into ant nests where they prey on ant brood and offer no services to the ants. Other lycaenids may parasitize ant-plant relationships by feeding on plants that Question: one organism benefits at the expense of another

Answer: Commensalism Long Answer: Commensalism is a long term biological interaction (symbiosis) in which members of one species gain benefits while those of the other species neither benefit nor are harmed . This is in contrast with mutualism, in which both organisms benefit from each other, amensalism, where one is harmed while the other is unaffected, and parasitism, where one benefits while the other is harmed . The commensal (the species that benefits from the association) may obtain nutrients, shelter, support, or locomotion from the host species, which is substantially unaffected . The commensal relation is often between a larger host and a smaller commensal; the host organism is unmodified, whereas the commensal species may show great structural adaptation consonant with its habits, as in the remoras that ride attached to sharks and other fishes . Both remora and pilot fish feed on the leftovers of their hosts' meals . Numerous birds perch on bodies of large mammal herbivores or feed on the insects turned up by grazing mammals. Gold Document ID: 19

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Flower mantis) prey patiently. It then sways from side to side, and soon various small flies land on and around it, attracted by the small black spot on the end of its abdomen which resembles a fly. When a larger dipteran fly, as big as a house fly, landed nearby, the mantis at once seized and ate it. More recently (2015), the orchid mantis's coloration has been shown to be an effective mimic of tropical flowers; and it has been demonstrated to attract pollinators (as if it were a flower) and then to catch them. The flower mantises include the following species, Document [2] (Title: Mantis) that feeds intermittently. Chinese mantises live longer, grow faster, and produce more young when they are able to eat pollen. Mantises are preyed on by vertebrates such as frogs, lizards, and birds, and by invertebrates such as spiders, large species of hornets, and ants. Some hunting wasps, such as some species of "Tachytes" also paralyse some species of mantis to feed their young. Generally, mantises protect themselves by camouflage, most species being cryptically colored to resemble foliage or other backgrounds, both to avoid predators and to better snare their prey. Those that live on uniformly colored surfaces such as bare Document [3] (Title: Chinese mantis) and even hummingbirds. Like most mantids, they are known to be cannibalistic. These mantids have been observed eating the larvae of monarch butterflies, while discarding the entrails. The Chinese mantis is a long, slender, brown and green praying mantis. It is typically longer than other praying mantises species reaching just over , and is the largest mantis species in North America (spread throughout the Northeast United States). Its color can vary from overall green to brown with a green lateral stripe on the borders of the front wings in the brown color form. In low light the eyes of the Document [4] (Title: Mantis) they can catch, including both harmful and beneficial insects. They therefore have "negligible value" in biological control. Two species, the Chinese mantis and the European mantis, were deliberately introduced to North America in the hope that they would serve as pest controls for agriculture; they have spread widely in both the United States and Canada. A prototype robot inspired by the forelegs of the praying mantis has front legs that allow the robot to walk, climb steps, and grasp objects. The multi-jointed leg provides dexterity via a rotatable joint. Future models may include a more spiked foreleg to improve the Document [5] (Title: Southern Praying Mantis) an emphasis on hands and short kicking techniques makes the Southern Praying Mantis art somewhat akin to what many would call "street fighting." The hands are the most readily available for attack and defence of the upper body, and protect the stylist by employing ruthless techniques designed to inflict serious injury. The legs are moved quickly into range through footwork to protect and defend the body, and kicks are kept low, short and quick so as to never leave the Southern Mantis combatant off balance and vulnerable. There are five main branches of Southern Praying Mantis: A common antecedent can Document [6] (Title: Tarachodes afzelii) offspring to consume it, but such behaviour has not been observed. The first and second instars are Batesian mimics of black ants, while bigger instars and adults, neither of which are ant mimics, are predators of those same ants. Tarachodes afzelii Tarachodes afzelii, commonly known as Tanzanian ground mantis, is a species of praying mantis in the genus "Tarachodes". It is native to woodland in Western and Central Africa. "Tarachodes afzelii" protects itself using camouflage. It is an olive-brown or grey-brown colour, sometimes with dark bars or a dark midline, which makes it resemble the bark of the trees on Document [7] (Title: Mantis) grip and ability to support more weight. Mantis Mantises are an order (Mantodea) of insects that contains over 2,400 species in about 430 genera in 15 families. The largest family is the Mantidae ("mantids"). Mantises are distributed worldwide in temperate and tropical habitats. They have triangular heads with bulging eyes supported on flexible necks. Their elongated bodies may or may not have wings, but all Mantodea have forelegs that are greatly enlarged and adapted for catching and gripping prey; their upright posture, while remaining stationary with forearms folded, has led to the common name praying mantis. The closest relatives of Document [8] (Title: European mantis) to let go. A couple of mantids can also start copulating when the heads of both animal get removed artificially beforehand. The beheaded animals can live for up to five days and usually just die when they bleed out or starve to death. "M. religiosa" is a carnivorous ambush predator that actively scans its environment and feeds on most insects that are not too large to be captured by rapid extension of its raptorial legs. Only living and moving prey is captured and consumed immediately using their powerful mandibles. Grasshoppers seem to be rather popular, probably because of their type Document [9] (Title: Flower mantis) Flower mantis Flower mantises are those species of praying mantis that mimic flowers. Their coloration is an example of aggressive mimicry, a form of camouflage in which a predator's colours and patterns lure prey. Most species of flower mantis are in the family Hymenopodidae. Their behaviour varies, but typically involves climbing a plant, and then staying still until a prey insect comes within range (ambush predation). Many species of flower mantis are popular as pets. The orchid mantis, "Hymenopus coronatus", of southeast Asia mimics an orchid flower. It remains motionless on the plant until prey arrive; the same camouflage also Document [10] (Title: Ambush predator) fish that try to eat the "worm" are themselves eaten by the turtle. Similarly, some snakes employ caudal luring (tail luring) to entice small vertebrates into striking range. The zone-tailed hawk ("Buteo albonotatus"), which resembles the turkey vulture ("Cathartes aura"), flies among flocks of turkey vultures, then suddenly breaks from the formation and ambushes one of them as its prey. There is however some controversy about whether this is a true case of wolf in sheep's clothing mimicry. Flower mantises are aggressive mimics, resembling flowers convincingly enough to attract prey that come to collect pollen and nectar. The orchid mantis Document [11] (Title: Empusa pennata) it is consumed directly after the catch. The predator orients itself optically, and therefore only takes notice of moving prey. The maximum size of prey which mantids can overwhelm is species-specific and depends on the prey type. On average mantids eat crickets of 50% their own body weight, while cockroaches can weigh up to 110%. Empusa pennata Empusa pennata, common names conehead mantis in English and "mantis palo" in Spanish, is a species of praying mantis in genus "Empusa". It can be found in Spain and parts of Portugal, Iran, France, Lebanon, Central and Southern Italy and Greece. The species Document [12] (Title: European mantis) European mantis The European mantis or Mantis religiosa is a large hemimetabolic insect in the family of the Mantidae (‘mantids’), which is the largest family of the order Mantodea (mantises). Their common name praying mantis is derived from the distinctive posture of the first pair of legs that can be observed in animals in repose. It resembles a praying attitude. Both males and females have elongated bodies with two pair of wings. The most striking features that all Mantodea share are a very mobile, triangular head with large compound eyes and their first pair of legs (the ‘raptorial legs’) which Document [13] (Title: Pseudocreobotra wahlbergi) While at rest it is well camouflaged, and is a sufficiently good aggressive mimic of a flower that prey insects can attempt to pollinate it, at which moment the mantis seizes and eats them. They tend to eat flying insects and spiders but can eat almost any insect if hungry. The species is common in captivity and is easy to rear. In the wild the mantis lives at temperatures from 25 °C to 30 °C (77 °F to 86 °F) during the day. At night, it can handle a lower temperature of at least 18 °C (64.4 °F). While "P. Document [14] (Title: Sphodromantis viridis) Despite its scientific name ("" is Latin for green) this insect ranges in color from bright green to dull brown. Females can reach in length. Sexual dimorphism is typical of mantises; the male is much smaller. Females may also be distinguished from males as they have a six-segmented abdomen compared to an eight-segmented abdomen of the male. As adults, both sexes have a distinctive white spot on their wings. They have a yellowish color on their inner fore leg distinguishable from the black eyespot and white dots of the European mantis "Mantis religiosa" with which it shares some range. As Document [15] (Title: Latrodectus mactans) the flightless scelionid wasp "Baeus latrodecti", and members of the chloropid fly genus "Pseudogaurax". Predators of the adult spiders include a few wasps, most notably the blue mud dauber, "Chalybion californicum", and the spider wasp "Tastiotenia festiva". Other species including Mantis or Centipede also will occasionally and opportunistically take widows as prey, but the preceding all exhibit some significant specific preference for "Latrodectus". Furthermore, in 2012, researchers published a paper suggesting that the black widow's close relative, the brown widow, may be competing for territory with, and ultimately displacing black widows in Southern California. Although the reputation of these spiders Document [16] (Title: Phyllocrania paradoxa) as to appear as dead, dried-up leaf material. It has an elongated head, a flattened, extended prothorax and leaf-like protrusions from its limbs. The mantis also has a forewing that looks like a desiccated leaf, and the "creases" in the wings are actually shadings of pigment. In the wild ghost praying mantis have great camouflage and blend in with the dead leaves this could explain why the ghost mantis does not have many predators (you can’t eat what you can’t see). Therefore, predators such as birds tend to overlook insects that resemble their background, by staying still the ghost praying Document [17] (Title: Deroplatys lobata) gray. They also possess a broad prothorax that looks ripped and crumpled like a leaf. Females have a wider shield than males as early as the 4th instar stage. Males have a slender body and a diamond shape shield. Due to sexual dimorphism typical of mantises, the male is much smaller. Adult females are about 65mm to 70mm in length while adult males are about 45mm in length. 3rd instar nymphs cannot be sexed by counting the segments on the bottom of the abdomen because unlike most praying mantises 8 segments are visible in all of the 3rd instar nymphs Document [18] (Title: Flower mantis) many of which are popularly kept as pets: Flower mantis Flower mantises are those species of praying mantis that mimic flowers. Their coloration is an example of aggressive mimicry, a form of camouflage in which a predator's colours and patterns lure prey. Most species of flower mantis are in the family Hymenopodidae. Their behaviour varies, but typically involves climbing a plant, and then staying still until a prey insect comes within range (ambush predation). Many species of flower mantis are popular as pets. The orchid mantis, "Hymenopus coronatus", of southeast Asia mimics an orchid flower. It remains motionless on the Document [19] (Title: Odontodactylus scyllarus) animal. The acceleration is similar to that in a .22 caliber handgun, with per strike. In addition, the surface of its appendages is made up of extremely dense hydroxyapatite, layered in a manner which is highly resistant to fracturing. Glass aquaria can be broken by them. The composition is being investigated for potential synthesis and engineering use. Some saltwater aquarists keep peacock mantis shrimp in captivity. The peacock mantis is especially colourful and desired in the trade. While some aquarists value peacock shrimp, others consider them harmful pests because they are voracious predators which eat other desirable inhabitants of the Document [20] (Title: Ant mimicry) Especially the females mimic ants in appearance and behavior. Ant mimicry also occurs in other genera of Aeolothripidae, where it has arisen independently, for example "Aeolothrips albicinctus" in Europe and "A. bicolor" in North America, the Australian species "Desmothrips reedi", "Allelothrips" with seven species from Africa and India, "Stomatothrips" with eight species from the Americas. This kind of mimicry probably evolved as a response to the presence of ants. While praying mantises are carnivorous insects, they also are in danger of being eaten by larger animals. The young instars of several mantids such as the bark mantid "Tarachodes afzelii" are Document [21] (Title: Hierodula membranacea) have been known to jump as adults. When cornered by predators, the mantis will adopt a threat display wherein it rears back with its wings and forelegs spread and mouth opened. Should a predator ignore the display, the mantis will strike out with its forelegs and bite. While mantises are not venomous, such a defensive attack from this large species can be painful and possibly break the skin. Hierodula membranacea Hierodula membranacea is a large mantid, sharing its common name giant Asian mantis with other large members of genus "Hierodula". Its colours vary from green to yellow-green, or even brown Document [22] (Title: Praying Mantis (band)) reached No. 69 in the UK Singles Chart in January 1981. The band maintained a strong fan base in Japan, and when the Troys temporarily reformed Praying Mantis for a NWOBHM nostalgia tour in 1990, they were encouraged by the response to resurrect the band full-time. Their live work was released as "Live at Last", and a follow-up studio album "Predator in Disguise" was released the following year, and the band soldiered on into the new century. A compilation album, "The Best of Praying Mantis", was released in 2004. Following further line-up changes, a new album, "Sanctuary", was released in Document [23] (Title: Mantispidae) and are very similar to the front legs of mantids (the only difference is that the pincers lack footpads and are not used for walking at all). The adults are predatory insects that are often nocturnal, and are sometimes attracted by porch lights or blacklights. They are usually green, brown, yellow, and sometimes pink, and have four membranous wings which may sometimes be patterned (especially in wasp mimicking species) but are usually clear. Adult mantidflies are predators of suitably sized insects, which they catch as mantids do. However, the underlying mechanisms for the prey capture behavior are different in mantidflies Document [24] (Title: Northern Praying Mantis) late Ming Dynasty. The mantis is a long and narrow predatory insect. While heavily armoured, it is not built to withstand forces from perpendicular directions. Consequently, its fighting style involves the use of whip-like/circular motions to deflect direct attacks, which it follows up with precise attacks to the opponent's vital spots. These traits have been subsumed into the Northern Praying Mantis style, under the rubric of "removing something" (blocking to create a gap) and "adding something" (rapid attack). One of the most distinctive features of Northern Praying Mantis is the "praying mantis hook" (螳螂勾; pinyin: tángláng gōu): a hook made Document [25] (Title: Gongylus gongylodes) Gongylus gongylodes Gongylus gongylodes, also known as the wandering violin mantis, ornate mantis or Indian rose mantis, is an insect of the order Mantodea. Characterized by extremely slender limbs with large appendages. It is not a particularly aggressive species and often kept as a pet by hobbyists. It primarily feeds on flying insects. Its native range is in southern India and Sri Lanka. It can reach sizes of up to 11 cm. The males of the species are capable of flight. This species are a communal species in that they live and breed in large groups without unnecessary cannibalism. India, Document [26] (Title: Predation) Female "Photuris" fireflies, for example, copy the light signals of other species, thereby attracting male fireflies, which they capture and eat. Flower mantises are ambush predators; camouflaged as flowers, such as orchids, they attract prey and seize it when it is close enough. Frogfishes are extremely well camouflaged, and actively lure their prey to approach using an esca, a bait on the end of a rod-like appendage on the head, which they wave gently to mimic a small animal, gulping the prey in an extremely rapid movement when it is within range. Many smaller predators such as the box jellyfish Document [27] (Title: Mischocyttarus flavitarsis) often try to invade the wasp nests. The wasps fight back by attempting to drive and throw the ants off the nest. They will also rub their abdomen on nest surfaces to deter ants from approaching. One final predator of "M. flavitarsis" is the praying mantis, which will eat perching males during mating season. The defensive behavior of "M. flavitarsis" is dependent on which phase the colony cycle is in. If the nest is in the emergence phase or later, "M. flavitarsis" are more likely to sting a predator or intruder as a form of altruistic suicide because of colony Document [28] (Title: Litaneutria minor) been observed chasing down prey, rather than adopting the normal praying mantis "sit and wait" hunting behavior. "L. minor" is a solitary species and like most other praying mantises will only come together to mate. Mating times for this species are highly dependent upon weather conditions and prey availability. Typically females are most likely to accept a mate and have a successful clutch two weeks after their last molt. Male ground mantids will detect a female by following a pheromone released by a sexually mature female. Once a male has located a female, he slowly approaches her, being sure to Document [29] (Title: Mantispidae) and mantids. Mantidflies are active hunters, but as with other Neuroptera, they are cumbersome fliers. Symphrasinae larvae are sedentary parasitoids on bee, wasp or scarab beetle larvae. Larvae of the Calomantispinae are predators of small arthropods, and in at least one species they are mobile. Mantispinae have the most specialized larval development among all mantidflies studied to date (the life history of the Drepanicinae remains unknown): their campodeiform larvae seek out female spiders or their egg sacs which they then enter; the scarabaeiform larvae then feed on the spider eggs, draining egg contents through a piercing/sucking tube formed by modified Document [30] (Title: Metallyticus fallax) prey, rather than ambushing them like most mantis species. Metallyticus fallax Metallyticus fallax is a species of praying mantis, found in Southeast Asia. It has an iridescent appearance. It is very similar to the "Metallyticus splendidus". The M.fallax has several pleisomorphic morphological traits, such as its short prothorax, a lack of discoidal spines. Unlike the other mantid species, the Metallyticus species are unique because of their iridescent colouring, meaning this is the only genus with this characteristic. M.fallax has more ventral cervical sclerites than M.splendidus. This mantis tends to rest underneath the bark of trees, feeding on butterflies, termites, flies, Document [31] (Title: Orthodera novaezealandiae) Orthodera novaezealandiae Orthodera novaezealandiae, known as the New Zealand mantis or the New Zealand praying mantis, is a species of praying mantis which is, as both the scientific name and common names suggest, indigenous and endemic to New Zealand. "O. novaezealandiae" nymphs are pale, translucent green with a dark stripe running from head to end of abdomen. As adults, they are bright green and grow to between 35 mm and 40 mm in length.(see note ) As in most mantis species, sexual dimorphism means the female is larger. The New Zealand mantis has a triangular head with slightly oversized compound Document [32] (Title: Mantis) generally attracted fewer males than those that were well fed. The act of dismounting after copulation is dangerous for males, for at this time, females most frequently cannibalize their mates. An increase in mounting duration appears to indicate that males wait for an opportune time to dismount a hungry female, who would be likely to cannibalize her mate. One of the earliest mantis references is in the ancient Chinese dictionary "Erya", which gives its attributes in poetry, where it represents courage and fearlessness, and a brief description. A later text, the ("Great History of Medical Material Annotated and Arranged by Document [33] (Title: Stagmomantis limbata) Stagmomantis limbata Stagmomantis limbata, common name bordered mantis or Arizona mantis, is a species of praying mantis native to North America. This beneficial insect is green or beige in color and grows up to around 3 inches long. "Stagmomantis limbata" are attracted to lights, and males often fly to lights in numbers, but females are unable to fly. "S. limbata "is one of the largest mantids native to North America, though it is much smaller than some African and Asian mantids such as species in the genera "Sphodromantis" and "Hierodula". The facial plate (below and between antennae) is about twice Document [34] (Title: Archimantis latistyla) adults and are known to attack large prey, such as small birds, and rarely, fish, frogs, and lizards. The large brown mantids are cannibalistic and are known to attack humans defensively if disturbed or not handled properly. They can also jump a short distance from a perched spot to escape enemies. The male stick mantis is smaller than the female and is about 90 mm long and can fly; the female cannot fly and is about 110 mm long. Reproduction occurs when the male injects a single sperm at a time and can last up to half an hour. When Document [35] (Title: Mantis) prey if it strays close enough, and will go further when they are especially hungry. Once within reach, mantises strike rapidly to grasp the prey with their spiked raptorial forelegs. Some ground and bark species pursue their prey in a more active way. For example, members of a few genera such as the ground mantises, "Entella", "Ligaria", and "Ligariella" run over dry ground seeking prey, much as tiger beetles do. The fore gut of some species extends the whole length of the insect and can be used to store prey for digestion later. This may be advantageous in an insect Document [36] (Title: Hierodula majuscula) is 100–150 mm in total length from eye to wing. It is one of the largest mantis species in the world. The specific epithet "majuscula" means large in Latin. Hierodula majuscula Hierodula majuscula is a species of praying mantis in the genus "Hierodula". It is also known as the giant rainforest mantis and the Australian giant mantis. It is found in coastal northern Australia, most usually in rainforest and adjacent habitats. This species is typically green although a less common bright yellow form does occur. It is predominantly a predator of insects including phasmids, grasshoppers, crickets, flies and other mantids. Document [37] (Title: Reduviidae) process is generally referred to as extraoral digestion. The saliva is commonly effective at killing prey substantially larger than the bug itself. The legs of some Reduviidae have areas covered in tiny hairs that aid in holding onto their prey while they feed. Others, members of the subfamily Phymatinae in particular, have forelegs that resemble those of the praying mantis, and they catch and hold their prey in a similar way to mantises. As nymphs, some species cover and camouflage themselves effectively with debris or the remains of dead prey insects. The nymphal instars of the species "Acanthaspis pedestris" present Document [38] (Title: Gongylus gongylodes) Java, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand Gongylus gongylodes Gongylus gongylodes, also known as the wandering violin mantis, ornate mantis or Indian rose mantis, is an insect of the order Mantodea. Characterized by extremely slender limbs with large appendages. It is not a particularly aggressive species and often kept as a pet by hobbyists. It primarily feeds on flying insects. Its native range is in southern India and Sri Lanka. It can reach sizes of up to 11 cm. The males of the species are capable of flight. This species are a communal species in that they live and breed in large Document [39] (Title: Mantis shrimp) some other species) covers only the rear part of the head and the first four segments of the thorax. Varieties range from shades of brown to vivid colors, as more than 450 species of mantis shrimps are known. They are among the most important predators in many shallow, tropical and subtropical marine habitats. However, despite being common, they are poorly understood, as many species spend most of their lives tucked away in burrows and holes. Called "sea locusts" by ancient Assyrians, "prawn killers" in Australia, and now sometimes referred to as "thumb splitters"—because of the animal's ability to inflict painful Document [40] (Title: Mantis) which are all within the superorder Dictyoptera. Mantises are sometimes confused with stick insects (Phasmatodea), other elongated insects such as grasshoppers (Orthoptera), or other unrelated insects with raptorial forelegs such as mantisflies (Mantispidae). Mantises are mostly ambush predators, but a few ground-dwelling species are found actively pursuing their prey. They normally live for about a year. In cooler climates, the adults lay eggs in autumn, then die. The eggs are protected by their hard capsules and hatch in the spring. Females sometimes practice sexual cannibalism, eating their mates after copulation. Mantises were considered to have supernatural powers by early civilizations, Document [41] (Title: Carolina mantis) Carolina mantis The Carolina mantis (Stagmomantis carolina) is a species of praying mantis of the subfamily Stagmomantinae. Sexual cannibalism occurs in roughly one quarter of all intersexual encounters of this species, though specimens of this species will engage in cannibalism regardless of age or gender if the opportunity presents itself. Carolina mantis oothecae can be purchased in garden supply centers as a means of biological control of pest insects. However, only those labeled as this species should be released because most oothecae sold in the United States belong to the invasive Chinese Mantis. It is the state insect of South Document [42] (Title: China (insect)) have a length of and the females have a tegmen length of . "C. mantispoides" is univoltine. The eggs hatch in late May after overwintering. The nymph has five instars. In early October, females lay at least ten eggs deep in the soil. Adults do not exhibit phototaxis. Adult males can fly up to at once. "C. manispoides" can be found on the trunks of pine trees like the Chinese red pine; their colouration acts as camouflage. Natural predators include the Chinese blackbird, red-billed blue magpie. The spider "Oxyopes sertatus" is a predator of its nymph, and various predatory ants Document [43] (Title: Iris oratoria) When the mantis is under attack, it sets in motion a complex series of actions which combine to form a startling deimatic display. The mantis turns to face the aggressor, rears up by arching its back, curls its abdomen upwards (dorsiflexion), raises and waves its forelimbs, raises its wings to displays the large brightly coloured eyespots on the hindwings, and stridulates by scraping the edge of its hindwings against its tegmina, the leathery front wings. Compared to "Stagmomantis limbata", "Iris oratoria" eats a lesser portion of Orthopteran insects and does not eat as much long bodied insects. S. limbata adults Document [44] (Title: Theopropus elegans) Theopropus elegans Theopropus elegans, common name banded flower mantis, is a species of praying mantis native to Southeast Asia. Until their first moult, nymphs have red and black exoskeletons that aid them in ant mimicry. They are green and white starting at their second instar and adults are similar in size and appearance to "Creobroter" species. Adult females are up to 5 cm in length while males only grow to 3 cm in length due to the sexual dimorphism common in mantises. Both sexes have green and white spots with bright orange hind wings and a large white transverse stripe Document [45] (Title: Mantispa styriaca) Mantispa styriaca Mantispa styriaca, the Styrian praying lacewing, is a species of mantidfly native to Europe. It is a yellow-brown insect as an adult and has multiple larva stages. It is yellow-brown with wings that are transparent and have a wingspan of . The species can be found in southern and central Europe. Its forelegs are similar to those of the praying mantis, with the ability to seize living prey. Its larva emerges from reddish eggs after 21 days and then hibernates through the winter. In the spring, the larva searches for a female wolf or fishing spider, of the Document [46] (Title: Flower mantis) protects it from predators. In his 1940 book "Adaptive Coloration in Animals", Hugh Cott quotes an account by Nelson Annandale, saying that the mantis hunts on the flowers of the "Straits Rhododendron", "Melastoma polyanthum". The nymph has what Cott calls "Special Alluring Coloration" (aggressive mimicry), where the animal itself is the "decoy". The insect is pink and white, with flattened limbs with "that semi-opalescent, semi-crystalline appearance that is caused in flower-petals by a purely structural arrangement of liquid globules or empty cells". The mantis climbs up the twigs of the plant and stands imitating a flower and waits for her Document [47] (Title: Hymenopus coronatus) on the end of its abdomen which resembles a fly. When a larger Dipteran fly, as big as a house fly, landed nearby, the mantis at once seized and ate it. The species is reported by Costa, quoting Shelford's 1903 account, to show parental care by guarding the eggs. Costa asks rhetorically "Why has so little [research] been done on parental care in mantids, such an unexpected and intriguing aspect of their behavior?" The camouflage of the orchid mantis probably deceives potential predators, as well as serving as aggressive mimicry of the orchid to help catch insect prey. The species Document [48] (Title: Sarcophaga bullata) if any, specific natural predators due to their dispersal throughout the North American continent. Predators of "S. bullata" are carnivores, ranging from mammals and reptiles to carnivorous plants. However, a few primary predators are the "Stagmomantis californica" or the California Mantis, "Catopsis berteroniana," "Sceloporus undulatus" or Eastern Fence Lizard, and the "Perimyotis subflavus" (Eastern Pipistrelle). As members of "Sarcophaga bullata" are found from coast to coast in the United States and in parts of Canada, these flesh flies have been the focus of many forensically related studies. Most of these studies deal with the immature stages, as maggots are a Document [49] (Title: Phasmatodea) New Zealand but are present in southern England. In the Iberian Peninsula there are currently described 13 species and several subspecies. Its life cycle is annual, living only during the hottest months (especially gender Leptynia and Pijnackeria), which usually means late spring to early autumn. Stick insects, like praying mantises, show rocking behavior in which the insect makes rhythmic, repetitive, side-to-side movements. The common interpretation of this behavior's function is it enhances crypsis by mimicking vegetation moving in the wind. However, these movements may be most important in allowing the insects to discriminate objects from the background by relative motion. Document [50] (Title: Acanthops falcata) about 6 months at 25-30 °C, laying up to 16 slender oothecae at 8 day intervals. Each ootheca usually contains 25-35 eggs, which hatch after 16–19 days. From hatching to adulthood takes about 2 months and 7 molts. Male adults live up to a month after their final molt, and are often able to escape unharmed after mating, rather than falling prey to the female as in the European mantis. Acanthops falcata Acanthops falcata, common name South American dead leaf mantis or boxer mantis, is a species of praying mantis in the subfamily Acanthopinae of the family Acanthopidae and is Document [51] (Title: Burying mantis) found in abundance on the Southeast coast of Queensland. Burying mantis The burying mantis ("Sphodropoda tristis") is a species of mantid native to Australia. They are white or brown and can reach lengths of up to some 40mm long, with distinct markings on the thorax and with a white blotch on the wings. They're called burying mantids because females dig holes in the ground, in which they lay their eggs and then refill the holes. Burying mantids are not aggressive, (unlike the large brown mantis); the female does not try to attack the male whilst mating but will kill and Document [52] (Title: Chinese mantis) presence of humans. They can become tame enough to perch on one's hand and even be hand-fed. The Chinese mantis should be kept in a terrarium roughly three times its body size. The Chinese mantis is an aggressive carnivore that will tackle and eat large insects. In captivity the Chinese mantis' diet can consist primarily of cockroaches, moths, butterflies, grasshoppers, and crickets. As a first instar, Chinese mantids can be fed "Drosophila melanogaster" and other similarly sized insects in captivity. As they grow larger, mantids will accept house flies, blue bottle flies, moths, small roaches and crickets. Water should be Document [53] (Title: Miomantis caffra) egg-bearing female extends well beyond the wings. In its natural environment, "M. caffra" tends to hide under leaves. Females of this species exhibit pre-copulatory cannibalism although males are sometimes eaten immediately after copulation. In New Zealand "M. caffra" is commonly referred to as the springbok mantis or the South African praying mantis. The first specimens to be found in New Zealand were nymphs collected by an Auckland schoolboy at his home in New Lynn, Auckland during February 1978. These were reared to adulthood and a colony based on them was established and maintained by the Entomology Division, DSIR. Initially their Document [54] (Title: Mantis) wings fanning out wide. The fanning of the wings makes the mantis seem larger and more threatening, with some species enhancing this effect with bright colors and patterns on their hind wings and inner surfaces of their front legs. If harassment persists, a mantis may strike with its forelegs and attempt to pinch or bite. As part of the bluffing (deimatic) threat display, some species may also produce a hissing sound by expelling air from the abdominal spiracles. Mantises lack chemical protection, so their displays are largely bluff. When flying at night, at least some mantises are able to detect Document [55] (Title: Hymenopus coronatus) is carnivorous, mainly catching other insects. In the laboratory it prefers lepidopteran prey. Their diet consists of small insects, including crickets, flies, fruit flies, beetles and stinging insects such as bees. Some are cannibalistic, eating their own siblings when one strays too close. Mantises can eat vertebrates larger than themselves, including lizards, birds, frogs, turtles, and mice. Alfred Russel Wallace in his 1889 book "Darwinism", calls the mantis rare: The drawing was published in Edward Bagnall Poulton's book "The Colours of Animals". Poulton calls it an "Indian "Mantis"" which "feeds upon other insects which it attracts by its flower-like shape Document [56] (Title: Stick mantis) recently identified Mantophasmatodea. Stick mantis Stick mantis and twig mantis are common names applied to numerous species of mantis that mimic sticks or twigs as camouflage. Often the name serves to identify entire genera such as is the case with: In cases, some but not all members of a genera are called by a variation of one of these names. For example: Stick mantises should not be confused with stick insects (Phasmatodea) although the latter were long-considered close relatives of all mantises according to classification which is now often considered paraphyletic and outdated. Likewise, both mantises and stick insects are Document [57] (Title: Hymenopus coronatus) shows some of the most pronounced sexual dimorphism of any species of mantis; males can be less than half the size of females. First-stage nymphs mimic bugs of the family Reduviidae, which have a powerful bite and are foul tasting. The mantis can change its colour between pink and brown, according to the colour of the background. "Hymenopus coronatus" is found in the rain forests of South-East Asia, including Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand and Indonesia. Hugh Cott quotes an account by Nelson Annandale of "Hymenopus coronatus" which he reports hunts on the flowers of the "Straits Rhododendron", "Melastoma polyanthum". The nymph Document [58] (Title: Chinese mantis) often affixed to vegetation such as bushes and small trees. This mantis is native to China, Japan, the Korean Peninsula, Micronesia and Thailand. Japanese 'Oo-kamakiri' ("large mantis") is known as "Tenodera aridifolia", but this species can be considered "T. sinensis". First instar nymphs that eat less take a longer time to molt to the next instar and are smaller at the second instar than first instar nymphs that have been fed more. "Tenodera sinensis" is a common pet for mantis enthusiasts, and oothecae can be purchased from plant nurseries across the US. They are notable for quickly adapting to the Document [59] (Title: Mantispidae) Mantispidae Mantispidae, known commonly as mantidflies, mantispids, mantid lacewings or mantis-flies, is a family of small to moderate-sized insects in the order Neuroptera. There are many genera with around 400 species worldwide, especially in the tropics and subtropics. Only 5 species of "Mantispa" occur in Europe. About long and with a wingspan of , some mantidflies such as "Climaciella brunnea", "Euclimacia nodosa" are wasp mimics, but most are brownish with green, yellow and sometimes red hues. The vernacular and scientific names are derived from their mantis-like appearance, as their spiny "raptorial" front legs are modified to catch small insect prey Document [60] (Title: European mantis) no change in coloration occurred. This finding contradicts with Di Cesnola who claims to have observed the animals within the same time and location (and therefore the same temperature). "M. religiosa" can be found in Southern Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia and North America. There are two confirmed stable populations in Germany: one in Rhineland-Palatinate and one in Baden-Württemberg. In the last years there were more and more reports of the distribution of the animals in Northern Europe as well. Despite being an introduced species, it is the official state insect of Connecticut. The sexual behavior of praying mantids in general Document [61] (Title: Mantis) laboratory or field, such as bright lights or moving scientists. Chinese mantises that had been fed "ad libitum" (so that they were not hungry) actually displayed elaborate courtship behavior when left undisturbed. The male engages the female in a courtship dance, to change her interest from feeding to mating. Under such circumstances, the female has been known to respond with a defensive deimatic display by flashing the colored eyespots on the inside of her front legs. The reason for sexual cannibalism has been debated; experiments show that females on low quality diets have a higher chance to engage in sexual Document [62] (Title: Mantis) exposes mantises to fewer bird predators than diurnal flight would. Many mantises also have an auditory thoracic organ that helps them avoid bats by detecting their echolocation calls and responding evasively. Mantises are generalist predators of arthropods. The majority of mantises are ambush predators that only feed upon live prey within their reach. They either camouflage themselves and remain stationary, waiting for prey to approach, or stalk their prey with slow, stealthy movements. Larger mantises sometimes eat smaller individuals of their own species, as well as small vertebrates such as lizards, frogs, small birds and fishes. Most mantises stalk tempting Document [63] (Title: Mantis) in natural populations, where about a quarter of male-female encounters result in the male being eaten by the female. Around 90% of the predatory species of mantises participate in sexual cannibalism. Adult males typically outnumber females at first, but their numbers may be fairly equivalent later in the adult stage, possibly because females selectively eat the smaller males. In "Tenodera sinensis", 83% of males escape cannibalism after an encounter with a female, but since multiple matings occur, the probability of a male's being eaten increases cumulatively. The female may begin feeding by biting off the male's head (as they do Document [64] (Title: Deroplatys lobata) 70–80% humidity. Normal oothecae usually hatch out about 50 large nymphs and "Deroplatys lobata" Oothecae are usually about 35 to 40mm in length. Deroplatys lobata Deroplatys lobata, common name Southeast Asian dead leaf mantis or dead leaf mantis, is a species of praying mantis that inhabits Thailand, Java, Borneo, Indonesia, Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula. "Deroplatys lobata" live on the ground around dead leaves and bushes in damp areas, tropical forests. This mantis mimics dead leaves. Females are about 65 to 70mm in length and males are about 45mm in length. 1st instar nymphs are up to 15mm in length Document [65] (Title: Deroplatys lobata) Deroplatys lobata Deroplatys lobata, common name Southeast Asian dead leaf mantis or dead leaf mantis, is a species of praying mantis that inhabits Thailand, Java, Borneo, Indonesia, Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula. "Deroplatys lobata" live on the ground around dead leaves and bushes in damp areas, tropical forests. This mantis mimics dead leaves. Females are about 65 to 70mm in length and males are about 45mm in length. 1st instar nymphs are up to 15mm in length and 2nd instar nymphs are about 21mm in length when their abdomens are expanded. Their coloring ranges from dark gray to light mottled Document [66] (Title: Creobroter) Creobroter Creobroter or flower mantises is a genus of mantis concentrated in Western Asia. The name comes from the Greek ""kreas"" (combining form ""kreo-"", meaning "flesh"), and ""broter"" (eating); therefore, "flesh-eating", an apt name for a predatory insect. Both sexes have long wings and are capable fliers. Full-grown males are about 3 to 4 cm in length, females about 4 to 5 cm. As the common name indicates, "Creobroter" are known for having varicolored (yellow, white, red, brown, etc.) markings which serve as camouflage by hiding the creatures' actual shape and making them look somewhat like flowers when hiding amidst Document [67] (Title: Deroplatys lobata) instar they are calm and are not able to move quickly like most praying mantises. After the 2nd instar they start to get skittish. Nymphs are known to play dead. If startled sometimes nymphs will jump up into the air and fall face up or down to the ground with their legs pulled in. Adults and nymphs are known to do a threat pose when startled. "Deroplatys lobata" are aggressive toward each other and they will sometimes eat each other so they should not be kept together in captivity. Younger nymphs are not very aggressive toward each other so can Document [68] (Title: Choeradodis strumaria) Choeradodis strumaria Choeradodis strumaria, common names leaf mantis and hooded mantis, is a species of praying mantis native to French Guiana, and neighboring countries, such as Suriname. The hooded mantis is also called the leaf mantis or leaf-mimic mantis because it mimics leaves. It, like most other mantids, is an ambush predator. "Choeradodis strumaria" have a uniquely shaped hood. Their wings have leaf-like veins that add to their camouflage. They have colorful patterns on the underside of their prothorax. This species is rare in the United States. "Choeradodis" species are not commonly kept there, but can be found nearer their Document [69] (Title: Choeradodis strumaria) native range if your eyes are sharp enough to see past their impressive camouflage. Some people collect wild specimens. Choeradodis strumaria Choeradodis strumaria, common names leaf mantis and hooded mantis, is a species of praying mantis native to French Guiana, and neighboring countries, such as Suriname. The hooded mantis is also called the leaf mantis or leaf-mimic mantis because it mimics leaves. It, like most other mantids, is an ambush predator. "Choeradodis strumaria" have a uniquely shaped hood. Their wings have leaf-like veins that add to their camouflage. They have colorful patterns on the underside of their prothorax. This species Document [70] (Title: European mantis) is highly modified for the efficient capture and restraint of fast moving or flying prey. In Germany, "M. religiosa" is listed as ‘threatened’ on the German Red List. It is not supposed to be caught or held as a pet. Even though female "Mantis religiosa" are usually larger and heavier than male individuals (7–9 cm versus 6–7 cm), the antennae and the eyes of male animals outsize these of the females. Along with the forward directed compound eyes there are also simple eyes to be found on the head. These three dorsal ocelli are also more pronounced in males than Document [71] (Title: Sibylla pretiosa) mantis, "Gongylus gongylodes". Adult females generally reach in length while the males are generally about smaller. The lifespan of the wild cryptic mantis is unknown, but they have been known to live up to nine months in captivity (wild mantises likely live slightly longer, a year and a few months). The mantis almost exclusively eats flying prey, with "Drosophila melanogaster" fruit flies being the food of preference for young nymphs in captivity. Adults and fifth or sixth instar nymphs can tackle much larger prey, such as house flies, small bees and moths. Sibylla pretiosa The cryptic mantis ("Sibylla pretiosa") is Document [72] (Title: Northern Praying Mantis) of one to three fingers directing force in a whip-like manner. The hook may be used to divert force (blocking), adhere to an opponent's limb, or attack critical spots (eyes or acupuncture points). These techniques are particularly useful in combination, for example using the force imparted from a block to power an attack. So if the enemy punches with the right hand, a Northern Praying Mantis practitioner might hook outwards with the left hand (shifting the body to the left) and use the turning force to attack the enemy's neck with a right hook. Alternately, he/she might divert downwards with Document [73] (Title: Deroplatys desiccata) Deroplatys desiccata Deroplatys desiccata, known by the common names giant dead leaf mantis is a species of praying mantis from Southeast Asia. "D. desiccata" takes its common name from its resemblance to dead, leafy vegetation including having a flattened, greatly extended thorax and "intricate leaf patterns" on its wings. This insect varies in color from mottled brown through "pale orangey brown" to a very dark brown that is almost black. This creature's camouflage is aided by its movements as well as its appearance. When disturbed, it rocks gently as if caught in the breeze. When threatened, it typically falls to Document [74] (Title: Parymenopus davisoni) The female (38 mm long) is much larger than the male, with three dark spots on the somewhat pointed wings. Parymenopus davisoni Parymenopus davisoni is an insect of the order Mantodea (mantises) from Southeast Asia, including Malaysia and Thailand. "Parymenopus davisoni" is known by various common names including yellow glower mantis and Davison's mantis. It is one of several species known as flower mantises due to their appearance and behaviour which gives them a camouflaged resemblance to flowers. "P. davisoni" is the only species in the genus "Parymenopus". The specific name honours William Ruxton Davison, the curator of the Raffles Document [75] (Title: Mantis) Mantis Mantises are an order (Mantodea) of insects that contains over 2,400 species in about 430 genera in 15 families. The largest family is the Mantidae ("mantids"). Mantises are distributed worldwide in temperate and tropical habitats. They have triangular heads with bulging eyes supported on flexible necks. Their elongated bodies may or may not have wings, but all Mantodea have forelegs that are greatly enlarged and adapted for catching and gripping prey; their upright posture, while remaining stationary with forearms folded, has led to the common name praying mantis. The closest relatives of mantises are the termites and cockroaches (Blattodea), Document [76] (Title: Oligonicella scudderi) in black light traps at night, and have been seen feeding on small flies, caddis flies and wasps. Females probably have a similar diet. When disturbed they tend to hide in tussocks of little bluestem grass ("Schizachyrium scoparium") where their colouration makes them difficult to spot. They can best be caught by brushing a small-mesh net through the grass. As is the case with other mantis species, the eggs are laid in a clutch covered with foam which hardens into an egg case. Oligonicella scudderi Oligonicella scudderi, common name Scudder's mantis or slender prairie mantid, is a species of praying Document [77] (Title: Mantidae) rank. Many species are found in North America, the three most common being the European Mantis ("Mantis religiosa"), the Chinese Mantis ("Tenodera sinensis"), and the Carolina Mantis ("Stagmomantis carolina"). Of these, only the last is native to the continent - the European and Chinese species were introduced in the 20th century as predators in an attempt to control pest populations in gardens. Many mantises prey on "Polybia occidentalis", a swarm founding wasp. As the wasps leave the nest to forage, the mantises will prey on them. The "Mantodea Species File" lists the following: Mantidae Mantidae is the largest family of Document [78] (Title: Stagmomantis californica) Stagmomantis californica Stagmomantis californica, common name California mantis, is a species of praying mantis in the genus "Stagmomantis" native to the Western United States. Adult members of this species range in size from 50–60 mm in body length. There are green, yellow, and brown varieties, with subadults and adults tending to have dark transverse bands on the top of the abdomen. The wings of both sexes are mottled or suffused with dark brown or black and the hindwings are purplish. The inner forelegs are orangish, and there are some black spots near the mandibles. In most other physical respects they Document [79] (Title: Carolina mantis) (outer-wings) which may be partially hidden in a brown or dark colour morph individual. The species was first described in "Centuria Insectorum" (1763) as "Gryllus carolina". Carolina mantis The Carolina mantis (Stagmomantis carolina) is a species of praying mantis of the subfamily Stagmomantinae. Sexual cannibalism occurs in roughly one quarter of all intersexual encounters of this species, though specimens of this species will engage in cannibalism regardless of age or gender if the opportunity presents itself. Carolina mantis oothecae can be purchased in garden supply centers as a means of biological control of pest insects. However, only those labeled as Document [80] (Title: Orthodera novaezealandiae) such as "Drosophila melanogaster." Orthodera novaezealandiae Orthodera novaezealandiae, known as the New Zealand mantis or the New Zealand praying mantis, is a species of praying mantis which is, as both the scientific name and common names suggest, indigenous and endemic to New Zealand. "O. novaezealandiae" nymphs are pale, translucent green with a dark stripe running from head to end of abdomen. As adults, they are bright green and grow to between 35 mm and 40 mm in length.(see note ) As in most mantis species, sexual dimorphism means the female is larger. The New Zealand mantis has a triangular head Document [81] (Title: Sphodromantis viridis) it is offered on a pair of tweezers". They are also more tolerant of changes in humidity and temperature than are many other species. Another breeder of mantises states that "S. viridis": ...is an attractive species due to its aggressiveness. Anyone interested in looking at how a praying mantis chase down its prey and devour it greedily, this is the species! ...they are not as bulky as Sphodromantis Lineola but aggressive nevertheless. This species was easy to raise, feed them plenty of roaches, crickets, and wild caught flying insects, and they will gladly accept the food. Mating this species was Document [82] (Title: Stagmomantis californica) night and can sometimes be found swarming around them along with other insects, though as ambush hunters, they fly at night primarily for dispersal and not in search of food. When the "Stagmomantis hippica" mate, the mount can last for hours. Often during or after mating the female "S. californica" devours the male, allowing the female to have enough protein to create an ootheca. All "S. californica" have sensors near their legs that allow the praying mantis to lose its head and still function. Stagmomantis californica Stagmomantis californica, common name California mantis, is a species of praying mantis in the Document [83] (Title: Phyllovates chlorophaea) of two pieces and is very small in the early instars at first, looking like two knobs in 1st instar. As specimens grow, they overlap and appear to be a single large, horn though they are not fused. The adults are not so cryptic and have bright green wings with dark brown splotches. Females form four to ten oothecae, usually on thin branches. These hatch in approximately six weeks and contain thirty to fifty eggs per ootheca. There is no ootheca diapause. Phyllovates chlorophaea Phyllovates chlorophaea, with the common name Texas unicorn mantis, is a species of praying mantis. It Document [84] (Title: Phyllovates chlorophaea) Phyllovates chlorophaea Phyllovates chlorophaea, with the common name Texas unicorn mantis, is a species of praying mantis. It is native to the Southern United States, Mexico, Central America, and northern South America. Specimens in the United States are presently only known from southernmost Texas. The Florida record from Blatchley, 1920 is the only known record and has never been substantiated. Also, this species was described by Blanchard in 1836, not Blatchley, nearly a hundred years later. Nymphs are handsome, brown-striped creatures that arise from small, globular oothecae that are reddish brown in color. The horn on the head is formed Document [85] (Title: Litaneutria minor) As with all mantids, the front legs of "L. minor" are highly developed to grab and hold prey. The four spines on the fore femur and the spines on the tibia are developed to rapidly close on prey, holding the prey in a tight grip, while the mandibles begin eating the prey. Nymphs can sometimes be cannibalistic as with most mantids, and begin hunting their first day. Young feed mainly on small flies, but as they grow, they will hunt down and attack anything that they can. Typical food sources include: moths, flies, grasshoppers, katydids and crickets. Ground mantids have Document [86] (Title: Choeradodis stalii) Choeradodis stalii Choeradodis stalii is a species of praying mantis with common names that include tropical shield mantis, hooded mantis, and leaf mantis. It is found in Brazil, Ecuador, French Guiana, Panama, and Peru. As described by one insect-breeding hobbyist, this species: ...is one of the most impressive of all mimic species. It takes the form of a leaf one step further than any other species, and has the largest hood of all leaf species. They take the form of a flat stance, and spend most of their time low-lying, to help blend in with their background. This mantis species Document [87] (Title: Chinese mantis) provided by gently misting the enclosure on a daily basis. The enclosure must have proper aeration to prevent the growth of mold. In the terrarium, mantids require sticks and other foliage for climbing and molting. Mantids will thrive in temperatures ranging from 20 to 38 °C. The Chinese mantis is preyed on by other mantises, birds, and the Asian giant hornet in its native range. There are two martial arts styles created to mimic the movements of the Chinese mantis. Developed in the Shandong province of China in the mid-1600s, Praying Mantis kung-fu is based on the quick movements and Document [88] (Title: Tarachodes) not fit into a pit between the 1st and 2nd external spines of the anterior femora, as in a few mantis groups. These mantids are ambush predators and many species are cryptically coloured to blend in with their surroundings. Some have brightly coloured undersides which are displayed to startle and drive off assailants. Some species such as "Tarachodes maurus" brood their eggs, and others, such as "Tarachodes afzelii", not only brood their eggs but continue to guard their young after they hatch out. Members of this genus may be called Bark mantises or Ground mantises. Tarachodes The bark mantises and Document [89] (Title: Carolina mantis) Carolina. "Stagmomantis carolina" is native to South America, Central America and North America. Southern United States, Central-Southeastern USA, Buenos Aires Mexico, Panama, Trinidad, Venezuela, Suriname Belize, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, French Guiana, and Guatemala. Adult females are 47 to 60 millimeters(2-2.5 Inches) in length while adult males are usually about 54 millimeters(2.2 Inches) in length. 1st instar nymphs are 7-12 millimeters(.028-.047 Inches) in length. When the nymphs eat more their abdomens get much longer. The Carolina mantis has a dusty brown, gray, or green color useful as camouflage in certain environments. The Carolina mantis' color varies because the nymphs are able Document [90] (Title: Theopropus elegans) on the forewings. Individual "T. elegans" hatched from a single ootheca and reared under the same conditions can show color variation between tones of red, green, and yellow. Individuals can also change their color in as little as a week. Theopropus elegans Theopropus elegans, common name banded flower mantis, is a species of praying mantis native to Southeast Asia. Until their first moult, nymphs have red and black exoskeletons that aid them in ant mimicry. They are green and white starting at their second instar and adults are similar in size and appearance to "Creobroter" species. Adult females are up Document [91] (Title: Metallyticus splendidus) on cockroaches. They also chase after their prey, rather than ambushing them like most mantis species. This species is also one of the non-cannibalistic species. "M. splendidus" is difficult to gender, but males typically grow to be around , while females are around . Also, males take seven moults to reach adulthood, and females take eight. This species survives in temperatures of and at a humidity of 60-70% during the day, and 70-90% during the night. Metallyticus splendidus Metallyticus splendidus (informally known as the iridescent bark mantis) is a very rare species of praying mantis found in Southeast Asia. It Document [92] (Title: Mantis) with regular prey), and if mating has begun, the male's movements may become even more vigorous in its delivery of sperm. Early researchers thought that because copulatory movement is controlled by a ganglion in the abdomen, not the head, removal of the male's head was a reproductive strategy by females to enhance fertilization while obtaining sustenance. Later, this behavior appeared to be an artifact of intrusive laboratory observation. Whether the behavior is natural in the field or also the result of distractions caused by the human observer remains controversial. Mantises are highly visual organisms and notice any disturbance in the Document [93] (Title: Mantis) earth or tree bark are dorsoventrally flattened so as to eliminate shadows that might reveal their presence. The species from different families called flower mantises are aggressive mimics: they resemble flowers convincingly enough to attract prey that come to collect pollen and nectar. Some species in Africa and Australia are able to turn black after a molt towards the end of the dry season; at this time of year, bush fires occur and this coloration enables them to blend in with the fire-ravaged landscape (fire melanism). When directly threatened, many mantis species stand tall and spread their forelegs, with their Document [94] (Title: Mantis) ("buru-enmeli-ashaga"). Mantises are among the insects most widely kept as pets. Because the lifespan of a mantis is only about a year, people who want to keep mantises often breed them. In 2013 at least 31 species were kept and bred in the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and the United States. In 1996 at least 50 species were known to be kept in captivity by members of the Mantis Study Group. "The Independent" described the "giant Asian praying mantis" as "part stick insect with a touch of Buddhist monk", and stated that they needed a vivarium around 30 cm (12 Document [95] (Title: Creobroter gemmatus) widespread "Creobroter" species. They make easy pets with proper care and it is said there is a 90% survival rate among nymphs. Creobroter gemmatus Creobroter gemmatus, common name jeweled flower mantis or Indian flower mantis, is a species of praying mantis native to Asia. Males grow to about 1.5 inches (3.8 cm) and females are slightly larger. They prefer a humid environment and live about nine months in captivity. Females can be cannibalistic but males are fairly communal. Though infrequent, cannibalism among "C. germmatus" is nevertheless more common than among other flower mantises. They moult 8 times to become an Document [96] (Title: Chloroharpax modesta) in captivity. This species of mantis are cannibalistic. Chloroharpax modesta Chloroharpax modesta, commonly called the Nigerian flower mantis, is the only species of praying mantis in the genus "Chloroharpax" in the order Mantodea. The species is distributed across West Africa. Both males and females are about 3-4 centimeters in length when adult while 1st instar nymphs are about 4-5 millimeters in length. The adults are bright green with rounded blue eyes; adult females have a pair yellow ocellated eyespots on their wings. The species is able to hunt prey larger than itself, attacking and chasing its prey. Ivory Coast, Guinea, Document [97] (Title: Empusa pennata) to find mates: chemical, acoustic, and visual signals. Cryptic coloration is significant to some predatory insects like Mantids, which is used to protect themselves from predators and to capture their prey. This species of mantis, although similar in size to the common European mantis (Mantis religiosa), is easily distinguished by the protrusion from its crown. Both male and females, even from first hatching carry this tall extension giving them a very alien appearance. They live in areas that are warm and dry and use their cryptic colouring of either greens and pinks or various shades of brown to keep them Document [98] (Title: Blepharopsis mendica) Morocco, Mauritania, Niger, Oman, Pakistan, Somalia, Sudan, Tschad, Tunisia, Turkey, Cyprus. This species lives in terrestrial areas like herbaceous vegetation and spiny bushes. Their color makes them well suited for mimicry of leaves, spiny or dry bushes, and vegetation in deserts due to their coloration Blepharopsis mendica Blepharopsis mendica is a species of praying mantis found in North Africa, parts of the Mediterranean, Middle East and southern Asia, and on the Canary Islands. devil's flower mantis, Egyptian flower mantis, thistle mantis, and Arab mantis are among its common names. In deimatic display, the adult rotates its head and thorax to Document [99] (Title: Chinese mantis) Chinese mantis The Chinese mantis ("Tenodera sinensis") is a species of praying mantis native to Asia and the nearby islands. In 1896 this species was accidentally introduced by a nurseryman at Mt. Airy near Philadelphia, United States. "Tenodera sinensis" often is erroneously referred to as "Tenodera aridifolia sinensis" because it was at first described as a subspecies of "Tenodera aridifolia", but "Tenodera sinensis" is now established as a full species. "Tenodera sinensis" feeds primarily on other insects, though adult females sometimes catch small vertebrates. For example, they have been documented as feeding on hornets, spiders, grasshoppers, katydids, small reptiles, amphibians, Document [100] (Title: Brunneria borealis) it probably feeds on grasshoppers. This species also enjoys eating grass dwelling walkingsticks which are often slender instead of robust and have few defenses against the mantids. Brunneria borealis Brunneria borealis, common name Brunner's mantis, Brunner's stick mantis, or northern grass mantis, is a species of praying mantis native to the Southern United States. It is the only mantis species known to reproduce solely through parthenogenesis; there are no males. "Brunneria borealis" is an elongated green insect with the typical raptorial forelimbs of a mantis. The adults have reduced-size wings and are probably unable to fly. They can grow to Document [101] (Title: Mantis) a flat surface, wrapped around a plant, or even deposited in the ground. Despite the versatility and durability of the eggs, they are often preyed on, especially by several species of parasitoid wasps. In a few species, mostly ground and bark mantises in the family Tarachodidae, the mother guards the eggs. The cryptic "Tarachodes maurus" positions herself on bark with her abdomen covering her egg capsule, ambushing passing prey and moving very little until the eggs hatch. An unusual reproductive strategy is adopted by Brunner's stick mantis from the southern United States; no males have ever been found in this Document [102] (Title: Idolomantis diabolica) Idolomantis diabolica Idolomantis diabolica, commonly known as the devil's flower mantis or giant devil's flower mantis, is one of the largest species of praying mantis, possibly the largest that mimics flowers. It is the only species classified under the genus Idolomantis. "Idolomantis diabolica" is a large mantis of the family Empusidae. Females grow to be about 13 centimetres (about 5 inches) in length and males to about 10 centimetres (about 4 inches). They are native to Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Somalia, Tanzania, South Sudan and Uganda. Its threat display is magnificently colored, with red, white, blue, purple and black. The basic Document [103] (Title: Mantis) to discriminate objects from the background by their relative movement, a visual mechanism typical of animals with simpler sight systems. Rocking movements by these generally sedentary insects may replace flying or running as a source of relative motion of objects in the visual field. As ants may be predators of mantises, genera such as "Loxomantis", "Orthodera", and "Statilia", like many other arthropods, avoid attacking them. Exploiting this behavior, a variety of arthropods, including some early-instar mantises, mimic ants to evade their predators. The mating season in temperate climates typically takes place in autumn, while in tropical areas, mating can occur Document [104] (Title: Matutinal) be induced by physiological adaptations. Robinson & Robinson reversed the day-night schedule of female tropical praying mantises (i.e., by placing them in light during the night, and in a chamber with no light during the day). After they adjusted to the schedule, the praying mantises were removed from their chambers at different times throughout the newly adjusted night period and placed in the light. Each praying mantis initiated their pheromone-emitting stance during this transition regardless of the time, which suggests that this behaviour depends solely on the transition from dark to light. The authors suggested that this was likely a Document [105] (Title: Orthodera novaezealandiae) is vulnerable to the use of pesticides, both directly and through the effects of a diminished food supply, and their ootheca are sometimes attacked by parasitic wasps. Male "O.novaezealandiae" appear to be attracted to females of the introduced species "M. caffra", which can result in their fatality due to the sexually-cannibalistic behavior of the latter species. The only two species of mantis in New Zealand are this native species and the previously-mentioned introduced species "M. caffra" discovered as established in the Auckland suburb of New Lynn in 1978. "O. novaezealandiae" is taxonomically very close to, and has sometimes been considered Document [106] (Title: Phyllocrania paradoxa) mantis can go unnoticed. "P. paradoxa" oothecae can hatch out up to three dozen young. 1st and 2nd instar nymphs of this species are dark colored and use ant mimicry as a defense. As with most or all species of mantis, "Phyllocrania paradoxa" is sexually dimorphic, with females being larger than males. Females have six abdominal segments. Males are shorter, narrower, and have eight-segmented abdomens. At the 5th instar and above males are thinner than females and have smaller appendages (lateral of the abdomen). At the 6th instar and above their crowns are different. When adult, males have longer and Document [107] (Title: Creobroter gemmatus) Creobroter gemmatus Creobroter gemmatus, common name jeweled flower mantis or Indian flower mantis, is a species of praying mantis native to Asia. Males grow to about 1.5 inches (3.8 cm) and females are slightly larger. They prefer a humid environment and live about nine months in captivity. Females can be cannibalistic but males are fairly communal. Though infrequent, cannibalism among "C. germmatus" is nevertheless more common than among other flower mantises. They moult 8 times to become an adult and can take between 2 and 5 months to mature depending on food and temperature. They are the smallest yet most Document [108] (Title: Chloroharpax modesta) Chloroharpax modesta Chloroharpax modesta, commonly called the Nigerian flower mantis, is the only species of praying mantis in the genus "Chloroharpax" in the order Mantodea. The species is distributed across West Africa. Both males and females are about 3-4 centimeters in length when adult while 1st instar nymphs are about 4-5 millimeters in length. The adults are bright green with rounded blue eyes; adult females have a pair yellow ocellated eyespots on their wings. The species is able to hunt prey larger than itself, attacking and chasing its prey. Ivory Coast, Guinea, Ghana, Congo, Gabon, Cameroon. "Chloroharpax modesta" are kept Document [109] (Title: Deroplatys desiccata) Like most mantises, this species has little or no food preferences as long as the prey is the right size, but one source does observe that they "especially love flying insects like moths." "D. desiccata" inhabits scrubland and forests in Borneo, Indonesia, Malaysia, Sumatra and Philippines. "D. desiccata" is one of many mantids that can be kept as pets. In captivity, the diet of nymphs often consists of flightless fruit flies, pinhead crickets, and other small insects. Adults are fed crickets, moths, flies, flour worms, and other large insects. In order to survive outside the tropics, D. desiccata requires high Document [110] (Title: Tarachodes maurus) predator detects it and approaches from the front, the mantis rears up on its hind limbs, displaying its aposematic colouring to startle and scare away the assailant. When a predator approaches from behind, this response is not elicited. J. C. Faure observed a brooding female "T. maurus" in a peach orchard in Pretoria in December 1939. He found that the female "T. maurus" broods a batch of eggs with her abdomen partially concealing it. She does not move about while brooding the eggs but as an ambush predator, attacks and feeds on any prey that came within reach. Unlike the Document [111] (Title: Blepharopsis mendica) Blepharopsis mendica Blepharopsis mendica is a species of praying mantis found in North Africa, parts of the Mediterranean, Middle East and southern Asia, and on the Canary Islands. devil's flower mantis, Egyptian flower mantis, thistle mantis, and Arab mantis are among its common names. In deimatic display, the adult rotates its head and thorax to one side, displaying the bright colours on the insides of its forelegs and the undersides of its hindwings, and holds its wings slightly spread behind the body, making it seem large and threatening. Afghanistan, Egypt, Algeria, Ethiopia, India, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Canary Islands, Libya, Libanon, Document [112] (Title: Carolina mantis) to adjust their color to match the environment they are in at the time of molting. They can adjust their color over each molt, if necessary, until they reach their final molt to adulthood. An unusual trait is that its wings only extend three quarters of the way down the abdomen in mature females; this trait is also seen in "Iris oratoria", which can be distinguished by the large eyespots on the hind wings (inner-wings) of both adult male and female "Iris oratoria". Both adult male and female "Stagmomantis carolina" have a dark coloured dot on each of their forewings Document [113] (Title: European mantis) of movement (flying or leaping) but crickets and cockroaches are also frequently preyed upon. The attack or consumption of Mollusca, Aranea, Myriapoda or Oligochaeta is also not unheard of. Caught prey gets trapped between the spikes on femur and tibia and is now immobilized. The mantis then starts eating the still living and preferably moving prey. Some years ago, the general opinion was that they killed their prey with a bite in the neck before consuming it but current observations can’t support this: the animals just start eating the body parts which are closest to their mouths. "M. religiosa" is Document [114] (Title: Burying mantis) Burying mantis The burying mantis ("Sphodropoda tristis") is a species of mantid native to Australia. They are white or brown and can reach lengths of up to some 40mm long, with distinct markings on the thorax and with a white blotch on the wings. They're called burying mantids because females dig holes in the ground, in which they lay their eggs and then refill the holes. Burying mantids are not aggressive, (unlike the large brown mantis); the female does not try to attack the male whilst mating but will kill and eat the male afterwards. The burying mantis can be Question: what are the predators of the praying mantis Answer: vertebrates such as frogs, lizards, and birds Long Answer: Mantises are preyed on by vertebrates such as frogs, lizards, and birds, and by invertebrates such as spiders, large species of hornets, and ants . Some hunting wasps, such as some species of Tachytes also paralyse some species of mantis to feed their young . Generally, mantises protect themselves by camouflage, most species being cryptically colored to resemble foliage or other backgrounds, both to avoid predators and to better snare their prey . Those that live on uniformly colored surfaces such as bare earth or tree bark are dorsoventrally flattened so as to eliminate shadows that might reveal their presence . The species from different families called flower mantises are aggressive mimics: they resemble flowers convincingly enough to attract prey that come to collect pollen and nectar . Some species in Africa and Australia are able to turn black after a molt towards the end of the dry season; at this time of year, bush fires occur and this coloration enables them to blend in with the fire - ravaged landscape (fire melanism). Gold Document ID: 2

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Flower mantis) prey patiently. It then sways from side to side, and soon various small flies land on and around it, attracted by the small black spot on the end of its abdomen which resembles a fly. When a larger dipteran fly, as big as a house fly, landed nearby, the mantis at once seized and ate it. More recently (2015), the orchid mantis's coloration has been shown to be an effective mimic of tropical flowers; and it has been demonstrated to attract pollinators (as if it were a flower) and then to catch them. The flower mantises include the following species, Document [2] (Title: Mantis) that feeds intermittently. Chinese mantises live longer, grow faster, and produce more young when they are able to eat pollen. Mantises are preyed on by vertebrates such as frogs, lizards, and birds, and by invertebrates such as spiders, large species of hornets, and ants. Some hunting wasps, such as some species of "Tachytes" also paralyse some species of mantis to feed their young. Generally, mantises protect themselves by camouflage, most species being cryptically colored to resemble foliage or other backgrounds, both to avoid predators and to better snare their prey. Those that live on uniformly colored surfaces such as bare Document [3] (Title: Chinese mantis) and even hummingbirds. Like most mantids, they are known to be cannibalistic. These mantids have been observed eating the larvae of monarch butterflies, while discarding the entrails. The Chinese mantis is a long, slender, brown and green praying mantis. It is typically longer than other praying mantises species reaching just over , and is the largest mantis species in North America (spread throughout the Northeast United States). Its color can vary from overall green to brown with a green lateral stripe on the borders of the front wings in the brown color form. In low light the eyes of the Document [4] (Title: Mantis) they can catch, including both harmful and beneficial insects. They therefore have "negligible value" in biological control. Two species, the Chinese mantis and the European mantis, were deliberately introduced to North America in the hope that they would serve as pest controls for agriculture; they have spread widely in both the United States and Canada. A prototype robot inspired by the forelegs of the praying mantis has front legs that allow the robot to walk, climb steps, and grasp objects. The multi-jointed leg provides dexterity via a rotatable joint. Future models may include a more spiked foreleg to improve the Document [5] (Title: Southern Praying Mantis) an emphasis on hands and short kicking techniques makes the Southern Praying Mantis art somewhat akin to what many would call "street fighting." The hands are the most readily available for attack and defence of the upper body, and protect the stylist by employing ruthless techniques designed to inflict serious injury. The legs are moved quickly into range through footwork to protect and defend the body, and kicks are kept low, short and quick so as to never leave the Southern Mantis combatant off balance and vulnerable. There are five main branches of Southern Praying Mantis: A common antecedent can Document [6] (Title: Tarachodes afzelii) offspring to consume it, but such behaviour has not been observed. The first and second instars are Batesian mimics of black ants, while bigger instars and adults, neither of which are ant mimics, are predators of those same ants. Tarachodes afzelii Tarachodes afzelii, commonly known as Tanzanian ground mantis, is a species of praying mantis in the genus "Tarachodes". It is native to woodland in Western and Central Africa. "Tarachodes afzelii" protects itself using camouflage. It is an olive-brown or grey-brown colour, sometimes with dark bars or a dark midline, which makes it resemble the bark of the trees on Document [7] (Title: Mantis) grip and ability to support more weight. Mantis Mantises are an order (Mantodea) of insects that contains over 2,400 species in about 430 genera in 15 families. The largest family is the Mantidae ("mantids"). Mantises are distributed worldwide in temperate and tropical habitats. They have triangular heads with bulging eyes supported on flexible necks. Their elongated bodies may or may not have wings, but all Mantodea have forelegs that are greatly enlarged and adapted for catching and gripping prey; their upright posture, while remaining stationary with forearms folded, has led to the common name praying mantis. The closest relatives of Document [8] (Title: European mantis) to let go. A couple of mantids can also start copulating when the heads of both animal get removed artificially beforehand. The beheaded animals can live for up to five days and usually just die when they bleed out or starve to death. "M. religiosa" is a carnivorous ambush predator that actively scans its environment and feeds on most insects that are not too large to be captured by rapid extension of its raptorial legs. Only living and moving prey is captured and consumed immediately using their powerful mandibles. Grasshoppers seem to be rather popular, probably because of their type Document [9] (Title: Flower mantis) Flower mantis Flower mantises are those species of praying mantis that mimic flowers. Their coloration is an example of aggressive mimicry, a form of camouflage in which a predator's colours and patterns lure prey. Most species of flower mantis are in the family Hymenopodidae. Their behaviour varies, but typically involves climbing a plant, and then staying still until a prey insect comes within range (ambush predation). Many species of flower mantis are popular as pets. The orchid mantis, "Hymenopus coronatus", of southeast Asia mimics an orchid flower. It remains motionless on the plant until prey arrive; the same camouflage also Document [10] (Title: Ambush predator) fish that try to eat the "worm" are themselves eaten by the turtle. Similarly, some snakes employ caudal luring (tail luring) to entice small vertebrates into striking range. The zone-tailed hawk ("Buteo albonotatus"), which resembles the turkey vulture ("Cathartes aura"), flies among flocks of turkey vultures, then suddenly breaks from the formation and ambushes one of them as its prey. There is however some controversy about whether this is a true case of wolf in sheep's clothing mimicry. Flower mantises are aggressive mimics, resembling flowers convincingly enough to attract prey that come to collect pollen and nectar. The orchid mantis Document [11] (Title: Empusa pennata) it is consumed directly after the catch. The predator orients itself optically, and therefore only takes notice of moving prey. The maximum size of prey which mantids can overwhelm is species-specific and depends on the prey type. On average mantids eat crickets of 50% their own body weight, while cockroaches can weigh up to 110%. Empusa pennata Empusa pennata, common names conehead mantis in English and "mantis palo" in Spanish, is a species of praying mantis in genus "Empusa". It can be found in Spain and parts of Portugal, Iran, France, Lebanon, Central and Southern Italy and Greece. The species Document [12] (Title: European mantis) European mantis The European mantis or Mantis religiosa is a large hemimetabolic insect in the family of the Mantidae (‘mantids’), which is the largest family of the order Mantodea (mantises). Their common name praying mantis is derived from the distinctive posture of the first pair of legs that can be observed in animals in repose. It resembles a praying attitude. Both males and females have elongated bodies with two pair of wings. The most striking features that all Mantodea share are a very mobile, triangular head with large compound eyes and their first pair of legs (the ‘raptorial legs’) which Document [13] (Title: Pseudocreobotra wahlbergi) While at rest it is well camouflaged, and is a sufficiently good aggressive mimic of a flower that prey insects can attempt to pollinate it, at which moment the mantis seizes and eats them. They tend to eat flying insects and spiders but can eat almost any insect if hungry. The species is common in captivity and is easy to rear. In the wild the mantis lives at temperatures from 25 °C to 30 °C (77 °F to 86 °F) during the day. At night, it can handle a lower temperature of at least 18 °C (64.4 °F). While "P. Document [14] (Title: Sphodromantis viridis) Despite its scientific name ("" is Latin for green) this insect ranges in color from bright green to dull brown. Females can reach in length. Sexual dimorphism is typical of mantises; the male is much smaller. Females may also be distinguished from males as they have a six-segmented abdomen compared to an eight-segmented abdomen of the male. As adults, both sexes have a distinctive white spot on their wings. They have a yellowish color on their inner fore leg distinguishable from the black eyespot and white dots of the European mantis "Mantis religiosa" with which it shares some range. As Document [15] (Title: Latrodectus mactans) the flightless scelionid wasp "Baeus latrodecti", and members of the chloropid fly genus "Pseudogaurax". Predators of the adult spiders include a few wasps, most notably the blue mud dauber, "Chalybion californicum", and the spider wasp "Tastiotenia festiva". Other species including Mantis or Centipede also will occasionally and opportunistically take widows as prey, but the preceding all exhibit some significant specific preference for "Latrodectus". Furthermore, in 2012, researchers published a paper suggesting that the black widow's close relative, the brown widow, may be competing for territory with, and ultimately displacing black widows in Southern California. Although the reputation of these spiders Document [16] (Title: Phyllocrania paradoxa) as to appear as dead, dried-up leaf material. It has an elongated head, a flattened, extended prothorax and leaf-like protrusions from its limbs. The mantis also has a forewing that looks like a desiccated leaf, and the "creases" in the wings are actually shadings of pigment. In the wild ghost praying mantis have great camouflage and blend in with the dead leaves this could explain why the ghost mantis does not have many predators (you can’t eat what you can’t see). Therefore, predators such as birds tend to overlook insects that resemble their background, by staying still the ghost praying Document [17] (Title: Deroplatys lobata) gray. They also possess a broad prothorax that looks ripped and crumpled like a leaf. Females have a wider shield than males as early as the 4th instar stage. Males have a slender body and a diamond shape shield. Due to sexual dimorphism typical of mantises, the male is much smaller. Adult females are about 65mm to 70mm in length while adult males are about 45mm in length. 3rd instar nymphs cannot be sexed by counting the segments on the bottom of the abdomen because unlike most praying mantises 8 segments are visible in all of the 3rd instar nymphs Document [18] (Title: Flower mantis) many of which are popularly kept as pets: Flower mantis Flower mantises are those species of praying mantis that mimic flowers. Their coloration is an example of aggressive mimicry, a form of camouflage in which a predator's colours and patterns lure prey. Most species of flower mantis are in the family Hymenopodidae. Their behaviour varies, but typically involves climbing a plant, and then staying still until a prey insect comes within range (ambush predation). Many species of flower mantis are popular as pets. The orchid mantis, "Hymenopus coronatus", of southeast Asia mimics an orchid flower. It remains motionless on the Document [19] (Title: Odontodactylus scyllarus) animal. The acceleration is similar to that in a .22 caliber handgun, with per strike. In addition, the surface of its appendages is made up of extremely dense hydroxyapatite, layered in a manner which is highly resistant to fracturing. Glass aquaria can be broken by them. The composition is being investigated for potential synthesis and engineering use. Some saltwater aquarists keep peacock mantis shrimp in captivity. The peacock mantis is especially colourful and desired in the trade. While some aquarists value peacock shrimp, others consider them harmful pests because they are voracious predators which eat other desirable inhabitants of the Document [20] (Title: Ant mimicry) Especially the females mimic ants in appearance and behavior. Ant mimicry also occurs in other genera of Aeolothripidae, where it has arisen independently, for example "Aeolothrips albicinctus" in Europe and "A. bicolor" in North America, the Australian species "Desmothrips reedi", "Allelothrips" with seven species from Africa and India, "Stomatothrips" with eight species from the Americas. This kind of mimicry probably evolved as a response to the presence of ants. While praying mantises are carnivorous insects, they also are in danger of being eaten by larger animals. The young instars of several mantids such as the bark mantid "Tarachodes afzelii" are Document [21] (Title: Hierodula membranacea) have been known to jump as adults. When cornered by predators, the mantis will adopt a threat display wherein it rears back with its wings and forelegs spread and mouth opened. Should a predator ignore the display, the mantis will strike out with its forelegs and bite. While mantises are not venomous, such a defensive attack from this large species can be painful and possibly break the skin. Hierodula membranacea Hierodula membranacea is a large mantid, sharing its common name giant Asian mantis with other large members of genus "Hierodula". Its colours vary from green to yellow-green, or even brown Document [22] (Title: Praying Mantis (band)) reached No. 69 in the UK Singles Chart in January 1981. The band maintained a strong fan base in Japan, and when the Troys temporarily reformed Praying Mantis for a NWOBHM nostalgia tour in 1990, they were encouraged by the response to resurrect the band full-time. Their live work was released as "Live at Last", and a follow-up studio album "Predator in Disguise" was released the following year, and the band soldiered on into the new century. A compilation album, "The Best of Praying Mantis", was released in 2004. Following further line-up changes, a new album, "Sanctuary", was released in Document [23] (Title: Mantispidae) and are very similar to the front legs of mantids (the only difference is that the pincers lack footpads and are not used for walking at all). The adults are predatory insects that are often nocturnal, and are sometimes attracted by porch lights or blacklights. They are usually green, brown, yellow, and sometimes pink, and have four membranous wings which may sometimes be patterned (especially in wasp mimicking species) but are usually clear. Adult mantidflies are predators of suitably sized insects, which they catch as mantids do. However, the underlying mechanisms for the prey capture behavior are different in mantidflies Document [24] (Title: Northern Praying Mantis) late Ming Dynasty. The mantis is a long and narrow predatory insect. While heavily armoured, it is not built to withstand forces from perpendicular directions. Consequently, its fighting style involves the use of whip-like/circular motions to deflect direct attacks, which it follows up with precise attacks to the opponent's vital spots. These traits have been subsumed into the Northern Praying Mantis style, under the rubric of "removing something" (blocking to create a gap) and "adding something" (rapid attack). One of the most distinctive features of Northern Praying Mantis is the "praying mantis hook" (螳螂勾; pinyin: tángláng gōu): a hook made Document [25] (Title: Gongylus gongylodes) Gongylus gongylodes Gongylus gongylodes, also known as the wandering violin mantis, ornate mantis or Indian rose mantis, is an insect of the order Mantodea. Characterized by extremely slender limbs with large appendages. It is not a particularly aggressive species and often kept as a pet by hobbyists. It primarily feeds on flying insects. Its native range is in southern India and Sri Lanka. It can reach sizes of up to 11 cm. The males of the species are capable of flight. This species are a communal species in that they live and breed in large groups without unnecessary cannibalism. India, Document [26] (Title: Predation) Female "Photuris" fireflies, for example, copy the light signals of other species, thereby attracting male fireflies, which they capture and eat. Flower mantises are ambush predators; camouflaged as flowers, such as orchids, they attract prey and seize it when it is close enough. Frogfishes are extremely well camouflaged, and actively lure their prey to approach using an esca, a bait on the end of a rod-like appendage on the head, which they wave gently to mimic a small animal, gulping the prey in an extremely rapid movement when it is within range. Many smaller predators such as the box jellyfish Document [27] (Title: Mischocyttarus flavitarsis) often try to invade the wasp nests. The wasps fight back by attempting to drive and throw the ants off the nest. They will also rub their abdomen on nest surfaces to deter ants from approaching. One final predator of "M. flavitarsis" is the praying mantis, which will eat perching males during mating season. The defensive behavior of "M. flavitarsis" is dependent on which phase the colony cycle is in. If the nest is in the emergence phase or later, "M. flavitarsis" are more likely to sting a predator or intruder as a form of altruistic suicide because of colony Document [28] (Title: Litaneutria minor) been observed chasing down prey, rather than adopting the normal praying mantis "sit and wait" hunting behavior. "L. minor" is a solitary species and like most other praying mantises will only come together to mate. Mating times for this species are highly dependent upon weather conditions and prey availability. Typically females are most likely to accept a mate and have a successful clutch two weeks after their last molt. Male ground mantids will detect a female by following a pheromone released by a sexually mature female. Once a male has located a female, he slowly approaches her, being sure to Document [29] (Title: Mantispidae) and mantids. Mantidflies are active hunters, but as with other Neuroptera, they are cumbersome fliers. Symphrasinae larvae are sedentary parasitoids on bee, wasp or scarab beetle larvae. Larvae of the Calomantispinae are predators of small arthropods, and in at least one species they are mobile. Mantispinae have the most specialized larval development among all mantidflies studied to date (the life history of the Drepanicinae remains unknown): their campodeiform larvae seek out female spiders or their egg sacs which they then enter; the scarabaeiform larvae then feed on the spider eggs, draining egg contents through a piercing/sucking tube formed by modified Document [30] (Title: Metallyticus fallax) prey, rather than ambushing them like most mantis species. Metallyticus fallax Metallyticus fallax is a species of praying mantis, found in Southeast Asia. It has an iridescent appearance. It is very similar to the "Metallyticus splendidus". The M.fallax has several pleisomorphic morphological traits, such as its short prothorax, a lack of discoidal spines. Unlike the other mantid species, the Metallyticus species are unique because of their iridescent colouring, meaning this is the only genus with this characteristic. M.fallax has more ventral cervical sclerites than M.splendidus. This mantis tends to rest underneath the bark of trees, feeding on butterflies, termites, flies, Document [31] (Title: Orthodera novaezealandiae) Orthodera novaezealandiae Orthodera novaezealandiae, known as the New Zealand mantis or the New Zealand praying mantis, is a species of praying mantis which is, as both the scientific name and common names suggest, indigenous and endemic to New Zealand. "O. novaezealandiae" nymphs are pale, translucent green with a dark stripe running from head to end of abdomen. As adults, they are bright green and grow to between 35 mm and 40 mm in length.(see note ) As in most mantis species, sexual dimorphism means the female is larger. The New Zealand mantis has a triangular head with slightly oversized compound Document [32] (Title: Mantis) generally attracted fewer males than those that were well fed. The act of dismounting after copulation is dangerous for males, for at this time, females most frequently cannibalize their mates. An increase in mounting duration appears to indicate that males wait for an opportune time to dismount a hungry female, who would be likely to cannibalize her mate. One of the earliest mantis references is in the ancient Chinese dictionary "Erya", which gives its attributes in poetry, where it represents courage and fearlessness, and a brief description. A later text, the ("Great History of Medical Material Annotated and Arranged by Document [33] (Title: Stagmomantis limbata) Stagmomantis limbata Stagmomantis limbata, common name bordered mantis or Arizona mantis, is a species of praying mantis native to North America. This beneficial insect is green or beige in color and grows up to around 3 inches long. "Stagmomantis limbata" are attracted to lights, and males often fly to lights in numbers, but females are unable to fly. "S. limbata "is one of the largest mantids native to North America, though it is much smaller than some African and Asian mantids such as species in the genera "Sphodromantis" and "Hierodula". The facial plate (below and between antennae) is about twice Document [34] (Title: Archimantis latistyla) adults and are known to attack large prey, such as small birds, and rarely, fish, frogs, and lizards. The large brown mantids are cannibalistic and are known to attack humans defensively if disturbed or not handled properly. They can also jump a short distance from a perched spot to escape enemies. The male stick mantis is smaller than the female and is about 90 mm long and can fly; the female cannot fly and is about 110 mm long. Reproduction occurs when the male injects a single sperm at a time and can last up to half an hour. When Document [35] (Title: Mantis) prey if it strays close enough, and will go further when they are especially hungry. Once within reach, mantises strike rapidly to grasp the prey with their spiked raptorial forelegs. Some ground and bark species pursue their prey in a more active way. For example, members of a few genera such as the ground mantises, "Entella", "Ligaria", and "Ligariella" run over dry ground seeking prey, much as tiger beetles do. The fore gut of some species extends the whole length of the insect and can be used to store prey for digestion later. This may be advantageous in an insect Document [36] (Title: Hierodula majuscula) is 100–150 mm in total length from eye to wing. It is one of the largest mantis species in the world. The specific epithet "majuscula" means large in Latin. Hierodula majuscula Hierodula majuscula is a species of praying mantis in the genus "Hierodula". It is also known as the giant rainforest mantis and the Australian giant mantis. It is found in coastal northern Australia, most usually in rainforest and adjacent habitats. This species is typically green although a less common bright yellow form does occur. It is predominantly a predator of insects including phasmids, grasshoppers, crickets, flies and other mantids. Document [37] (Title: Reduviidae) process is generally referred to as extraoral digestion. The saliva is commonly effective at killing prey substantially larger than the bug itself. The legs of some Reduviidae have areas covered in tiny hairs that aid in holding onto their prey while they feed. Others, members of the subfamily Phymatinae in particular, have forelegs that resemble those of the praying mantis, and they catch and hold their prey in a similar way to mantises. As nymphs, some species cover and camouflage themselves effectively with debris or the remains of dead prey insects. The nymphal instars of the species "Acanthaspis pedestris" present Document [38] (Title: Gongylus gongylodes) Java, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand Gongylus gongylodes Gongylus gongylodes, also known as the wandering violin mantis, ornate mantis or Indian rose mantis, is an insect of the order Mantodea. Characterized by extremely slender limbs with large appendages. It is not a particularly aggressive species and often kept as a pet by hobbyists. It primarily feeds on flying insects. Its native range is in southern India and Sri Lanka. It can reach sizes of up to 11 cm. The males of the species are capable of flight. This species are a communal species in that they live and breed in large Document [39] (Title: Mantis shrimp) some other species) covers only the rear part of the head and the first four segments of the thorax. Varieties range from shades of brown to vivid colors, as more than 450 species of mantis shrimps are known. They are among the most important predators in many shallow, tropical and subtropical marine habitats. However, despite being common, they are poorly understood, as many species spend most of their lives tucked away in burrows and holes. Called "sea locusts" by ancient Assyrians, "prawn killers" in Australia, and now sometimes referred to as "thumb splitters"—because of the animal's ability to inflict painful Document [40] (Title: Mantis) which are all within the superorder Dictyoptera. Mantises are sometimes confused with stick insects (Phasmatodea), other elongated insects such as grasshoppers (Orthoptera), or other unrelated insects with raptorial forelegs such as mantisflies (Mantispidae). Mantises are mostly ambush predators, but a few ground-dwelling species are found actively pursuing their prey. They normally live for about a year. In cooler climates, the adults lay eggs in autumn, then die. The eggs are protected by their hard capsules and hatch in the spring. Females sometimes practice sexual cannibalism, eating their mates after copulation. Mantises were considered to have supernatural powers by early civilizations, Document [41] (Title: Carolina mantis) Carolina mantis The Carolina mantis (Stagmomantis carolina) is a species of praying mantis of the subfamily Stagmomantinae. Sexual cannibalism occurs in roughly one quarter of all intersexual encounters of this species, though specimens of this species will engage in cannibalism regardless of age or gender if the opportunity presents itself. Carolina mantis oothecae can be purchased in garden supply centers as a means of biological control of pest insects. However, only those labeled as this species should be released because most oothecae sold in the United States belong to the invasive Chinese Mantis. It is the state insect of South Document [42] (Title: China (insect)) have a length of and the females have a tegmen length of . "C. mantispoides" is univoltine. The eggs hatch in late May after overwintering. The nymph has five instars. In early October, females lay at least ten eggs deep in the soil. Adults do not exhibit phototaxis. Adult males can fly up to at once. "C. manispoides" can be found on the trunks of pine trees like the Chinese red pine; their colouration acts as camouflage. Natural predators include the Chinese blackbird, red-billed blue magpie. The spider "Oxyopes sertatus" is a predator of its nymph, and various predatory ants Document [43] (Title: Iris oratoria) When the mantis is under attack, it sets in motion a complex series of actions which combine to form a startling deimatic display. The mantis turns to face the aggressor, rears up by arching its back, curls its abdomen upwards (dorsiflexion), raises and waves its forelimbs, raises its wings to displays the large brightly coloured eyespots on the hindwings, and stridulates by scraping the edge of its hindwings against its tegmina, the leathery front wings. Compared to "Stagmomantis limbata", "Iris oratoria" eats a lesser portion of Orthopteran insects and does not eat as much long bodied insects. S. limbata adults Document [44] (Title: Theopropus elegans) Theopropus elegans Theopropus elegans, common name banded flower mantis, is a species of praying mantis native to Southeast Asia. Until their first moult, nymphs have red and black exoskeletons that aid them in ant mimicry. They are green and white starting at their second instar and adults are similar in size and appearance to "Creobroter" species. Adult females are up to 5 cm in length while males only grow to 3 cm in length due to the sexual dimorphism common in mantises. Both sexes have green and white spots with bright orange hind wings and a large white transverse stripe Document [45] (Title: Mantispa styriaca) Mantispa styriaca Mantispa styriaca, the Styrian praying lacewing, is a species of mantidfly native to Europe. It is a yellow-brown insect as an adult and has multiple larva stages. It is yellow-brown with wings that are transparent and have a wingspan of . The species can be found in southern and central Europe. Its forelegs are similar to those of the praying mantis, with the ability to seize living prey. Its larva emerges from reddish eggs after 21 days and then hibernates through the winter. In the spring, the larva searches for a female wolf or fishing spider, of the Document [46] (Title: Flower mantis) protects it from predators. In his 1940 book "Adaptive Coloration in Animals", Hugh Cott quotes an account by Nelson Annandale, saying that the mantis hunts on the flowers of the "Straits Rhododendron", "Melastoma polyanthum". The nymph has what Cott calls "Special Alluring Coloration" (aggressive mimicry), where the animal itself is the "decoy". The insect is pink and white, with flattened limbs with "that semi-opalescent, semi-crystalline appearance that is caused in flower-petals by a purely structural arrangement of liquid globules or empty cells". The mantis climbs up the twigs of the plant and stands imitating a flower and waits for her Document [47] (Title: Hymenopus coronatus) on the end of its abdomen which resembles a fly. When a larger Dipteran fly, as big as a house fly, landed nearby, the mantis at once seized and ate it. The species is reported by Costa, quoting Shelford's 1903 account, to show parental care by guarding the eggs. Costa asks rhetorically "Why has so little [research] been done on parental care in mantids, such an unexpected and intriguing aspect of their behavior?" The camouflage of the orchid mantis probably deceives potential predators, as well as serving as aggressive mimicry of the orchid to help catch insect prey. The species Document [48] (Title: Sarcophaga bullata) if any, specific natural predators due to their dispersal throughout the North American continent. Predators of "S. bullata" are carnivores, ranging from mammals and reptiles to carnivorous plants. However, a few primary predators are the "Stagmomantis californica" or the California Mantis, "Catopsis berteroniana," "Sceloporus undulatus" or Eastern Fence Lizard, and the "Perimyotis subflavus" (Eastern Pipistrelle). As members of "Sarcophaga bullata" are found from coast to coast in the United States and in parts of Canada, these flesh flies have been the focus of many forensically related studies. Most of these studies deal with the immature stages, as maggots are a Document [49] (Title: Phasmatodea) New Zealand but are present in southern England. In the Iberian Peninsula there are currently described 13 species and several subspecies. Its life cycle is annual, living only during the hottest months (especially gender Leptynia and Pijnackeria), which usually means late spring to early autumn. Stick insects, like praying mantises, show rocking behavior in which the insect makes rhythmic, repetitive, side-to-side movements. The common interpretation of this behavior's function is it enhances crypsis by mimicking vegetation moving in the wind. However, these movements may be most important in allowing the insects to discriminate objects from the background by relative motion. Document [50] (Title: Acanthops falcata) about 6 months at 25-30 °C, laying up to 16 slender oothecae at 8 day intervals. Each ootheca usually contains 25-35 eggs, which hatch after 16–19 days. From hatching to adulthood takes about 2 months and 7 molts. Male adults live up to a month after their final molt, and are often able to escape unharmed after mating, rather than falling prey to the female as in the European mantis. Acanthops falcata Acanthops falcata, common name South American dead leaf mantis or boxer mantis, is a species of praying mantis in the subfamily Acanthopinae of the family Acanthopidae and is Document [51] (Title: Burying mantis) found in abundance on the Southeast coast of Queensland. Burying mantis The burying mantis ("Sphodropoda tristis") is a species of mantid native to Australia. They are white or brown and can reach lengths of up to some 40mm long, with distinct markings on the thorax and with a white blotch on the wings. They're called burying mantids because females dig holes in the ground, in which they lay their eggs and then refill the holes. Burying mantids are not aggressive, (unlike the large brown mantis); the female does not try to attack the male whilst mating but will kill and Document [52] (Title: Chinese mantis) presence of humans. They can become tame enough to perch on one's hand and even be hand-fed. The Chinese mantis should be kept in a terrarium roughly three times its body size. The Chinese mantis is an aggressive carnivore that will tackle and eat large insects. In captivity the Chinese mantis' diet can consist primarily of cockroaches, moths, butterflies, grasshoppers, and crickets. As a first instar, Chinese mantids can be fed "Drosophila melanogaster" and other similarly sized insects in captivity. As they grow larger, mantids will accept house flies, blue bottle flies, moths, small roaches and crickets. Water should be Document [53] (Title: Miomantis caffra) egg-bearing female extends well beyond the wings. In its natural environment, "M. caffra" tends to hide under leaves. Females of this species exhibit pre-copulatory cannibalism although males are sometimes eaten immediately after copulation. In New Zealand "M. caffra" is commonly referred to as the springbok mantis or the South African praying mantis. The first specimens to be found in New Zealand were nymphs collected by an Auckland schoolboy at his home in New Lynn, Auckland during February 1978. These were reared to adulthood and a colony based on them was established and maintained by the Entomology Division, DSIR. Initially their Document [54] (Title: Mantis) wings fanning out wide. The fanning of the wings makes the mantis seem larger and more threatening, with some species enhancing this effect with bright colors and patterns on their hind wings and inner surfaces of their front legs. If harassment persists, a mantis may strike with its forelegs and attempt to pinch or bite. As part of the bluffing (deimatic) threat display, some species may also produce a hissing sound by expelling air from the abdominal spiracles. Mantises lack chemical protection, so their displays are largely bluff. When flying at night, at least some mantises are able to detect Document [55] (Title: Hymenopus coronatus) is carnivorous, mainly catching other insects. In the laboratory it prefers lepidopteran prey. Their diet consists of small insects, including crickets, flies, fruit flies, beetles and stinging insects such as bees. Some are cannibalistic, eating their own siblings when one strays too close. Mantises can eat vertebrates larger than themselves, including lizards, birds, frogs, turtles, and mice. Alfred Russel Wallace in his 1889 book "Darwinism", calls the mantis rare: The drawing was published in Edward Bagnall Poulton's book "The Colours of Animals". Poulton calls it an "Indian "Mantis"" which "feeds upon other insects which it attracts by its flower-like shape Document [56] (Title: Stick mantis) recently identified Mantophasmatodea. Stick mantis Stick mantis and twig mantis are common names applied to numerous species of mantis that mimic sticks or twigs as camouflage. Often the name serves to identify entire genera such as is the case with: In cases, some but not all members of a genera are called by a variation of one of these names. For example: Stick mantises should not be confused with stick insects (Phasmatodea) although the latter were long-considered close relatives of all mantises according to classification which is now often considered paraphyletic and outdated. Likewise, both mantises and stick insects are Document [57] (Title: Hymenopus coronatus) shows some of the most pronounced sexual dimorphism of any species of mantis; males can be less than half the size of females. First-stage nymphs mimic bugs of the family Reduviidae, which have a powerful bite and are foul tasting. The mantis can change its colour between pink and brown, according to the colour of the background. "Hymenopus coronatus" is found in the rain forests of South-East Asia, including Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand and Indonesia. Hugh Cott quotes an account by Nelson Annandale of "Hymenopus coronatus" which he reports hunts on the flowers of the "Straits Rhododendron", "Melastoma polyanthum". The nymph Document [58] (Title: Chinese mantis) often affixed to vegetation such as bushes and small trees. This mantis is native to China, Japan, the Korean Peninsula, Micronesia and Thailand. Japanese 'Oo-kamakiri' ("large mantis") is known as "Tenodera aridifolia", but this species can be considered "T. sinensis". First instar nymphs that eat less take a longer time to molt to the next instar and are smaller at the second instar than first instar nymphs that have been fed more. "Tenodera sinensis" is a common pet for mantis enthusiasts, and oothecae can be purchased from plant nurseries across the US. They are notable for quickly adapting to the Document [59] (Title: Mantispidae) Mantispidae Mantispidae, known commonly as mantidflies, mantispids, mantid lacewings or mantis-flies, is a family of small to moderate-sized insects in the order Neuroptera. There are many genera with around 400 species worldwide, especially in the tropics and subtropics. Only 5 species of "Mantispa" occur in Europe. About long and with a wingspan of , some mantidflies such as "Climaciella brunnea", "Euclimacia nodosa" are wasp mimics, but most are brownish with green, yellow and sometimes red hues. The vernacular and scientific names are derived from their mantis-like appearance, as their spiny "raptorial" front legs are modified to catch small insect prey Document [60] (Title: European mantis) no change in coloration occurred. This finding contradicts with Di Cesnola who claims to have observed the animals within the same time and location (and therefore the same temperature). "M. religiosa" can be found in Southern Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia and North America. There are two confirmed stable populations in Germany: one in Rhineland-Palatinate and one in Baden-Württemberg. In the last years there were more and more reports of the distribution of the animals in Northern Europe as well. Despite being an introduced species, it is the official state insect of Connecticut. The sexual behavior of praying mantids in general Document [61] (Title: Mantis) laboratory or field, such as bright lights or moving scientists. Chinese mantises that had been fed "ad libitum" (so that they were not hungry) actually displayed elaborate courtship behavior when left undisturbed. The male engages the female in a courtship dance, to change her interest from feeding to mating. Under such circumstances, the female has been known to respond with a defensive deimatic display by flashing the colored eyespots on the inside of her front legs. The reason for sexual cannibalism has been debated; experiments show that females on low quality diets have a higher chance to engage in sexual Document [62] (Title: Mantis) exposes mantises to fewer bird predators than diurnal flight would. Many mantises also have an auditory thoracic organ that helps them avoid bats by detecting their echolocation calls and responding evasively. Mantises are generalist predators of arthropods. The majority of mantises are ambush predators that only feed upon live prey within their reach. They either camouflage themselves and remain stationary, waiting for prey to approach, or stalk their prey with slow, stealthy movements. Larger mantises sometimes eat smaller individuals of their own species, as well as small vertebrates such as lizards, frogs, small birds and fishes. Most mantises stalk tempting Document [63] (Title: Mantis) in natural populations, where about a quarter of male-female encounters result in the male being eaten by the female. Around 90% of the predatory species of mantises participate in sexual cannibalism. Adult males typically outnumber females at first, but their numbers may be fairly equivalent later in the adult stage, possibly because females selectively eat the smaller males. In "Tenodera sinensis", 83% of males escape cannibalism after an encounter with a female, but since multiple matings occur, the probability of a male's being eaten increases cumulatively. The female may begin feeding by biting off the male's head (as they do Document [64] (Title: Deroplatys lobata) 70–80% humidity. Normal oothecae usually hatch out about 50 large nymphs and "Deroplatys lobata" Oothecae are usually about 35 to 40mm in length. Deroplatys lobata Deroplatys lobata, common name Southeast Asian dead leaf mantis or dead leaf mantis, is a species of praying mantis that inhabits Thailand, Java, Borneo, Indonesia, Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula. "Deroplatys lobata" live on the ground around dead leaves and bushes in damp areas, tropical forests. This mantis mimics dead leaves. Females are about 65 to 70mm in length and males are about 45mm in length. 1st instar nymphs are up to 15mm in length Document [65] (Title: Deroplatys lobata) Deroplatys lobata Deroplatys lobata, common name Southeast Asian dead leaf mantis or dead leaf mantis, is a species of praying mantis that inhabits Thailand, Java, Borneo, Indonesia, Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula. "Deroplatys lobata" live on the ground around dead leaves and bushes in damp areas, tropical forests. This mantis mimics dead leaves. Females are about 65 to 70mm in length and males are about 45mm in length. 1st instar nymphs are up to 15mm in length and 2nd instar nymphs are about 21mm in length when their abdomens are expanded. Their coloring ranges from dark gray to light mottled Document [66] (Title: Creobroter) Creobroter Creobroter or flower mantises is a genus of mantis concentrated in Western Asia. The name comes from the Greek ""kreas"" (combining form ""kreo-"", meaning "flesh"), and ""broter"" (eating); therefore, "flesh-eating", an apt name for a predatory insect. Both sexes have long wings and are capable fliers. Full-grown males are about 3 to 4 cm in length, females about 4 to 5 cm. As the common name indicates, "Creobroter" are known for having varicolored (yellow, white, red, brown, etc.) markings which serve as camouflage by hiding the creatures' actual shape and making them look somewhat like flowers when hiding amidst Document [67] (Title: Deroplatys lobata) instar they are calm and are not able to move quickly like most praying mantises. After the 2nd instar they start to get skittish. Nymphs are known to play dead. If startled sometimes nymphs will jump up into the air and fall face up or down to the ground with their legs pulled in. Adults and nymphs are known to do a threat pose when startled. "Deroplatys lobata" are aggressive toward each other and they will sometimes eat each other so they should not be kept together in captivity. Younger nymphs are not very aggressive toward each other so can Document [68] (Title: Choeradodis strumaria) Choeradodis strumaria Choeradodis strumaria, common names leaf mantis and hooded mantis, is a species of praying mantis native to French Guiana, and neighboring countries, such as Suriname. The hooded mantis is also called the leaf mantis or leaf-mimic mantis because it mimics leaves. It, like most other mantids, is an ambush predator. "Choeradodis strumaria" have a uniquely shaped hood. Their wings have leaf-like veins that add to their camouflage. They have colorful patterns on the underside of their prothorax. This species is rare in the United States. "Choeradodis" species are not commonly kept there, but can be found nearer their Document [69] (Title: Choeradodis strumaria) native range if your eyes are sharp enough to see past their impressive camouflage. Some people collect wild specimens. Choeradodis strumaria Choeradodis strumaria, common names leaf mantis and hooded mantis, is a species of praying mantis native to French Guiana, and neighboring countries, such as Suriname. The hooded mantis is also called the leaf mantis or leaf-mimic mantis because it mimics leaves. It, like most other mantids, is an ambush predator. "Choeradodis strumaria" have a uniquely shaped hood. Their wings have leaf-like veins that add to their camouflage. They have colorful patterns on the underside of their prothorax. This species Document [70] (Title: European mantis) is highly modified for the efficient capture and restraint of fast moving or flying prey. In Germany, "M. religiosa" is listed as ‘threatened’ on the German Red List. It is not supposed to be caught or held as a pet. Even though female "Mantis religiosa" are usually larger and heavier than male individuals (7–9 cm versus 6–7 cm), the antennae and the eyes of male animals outsize these of the females. Along with the forward directed compound eyes there are also simple eyes to be found on the head. These three dorsal ocelli are also more pronounced in males than Document [71] (Title: Sibylla pretiosa) mantis, "Gongylus gongylodes". Adult females generally reach in length while the males are generally about smaller. The lifespan of the wild cryptic mantis is unknown, but they have been known to live up to nine months in captivity (wild mantises likely live slightly longer, a year and a few months). The mantis almost exclusively eats flying prey, with "Drosophila melanogaster" fruit flies being the food of preference for young nymphs in captivity. Adults and fifth or sixth instar nymphs can tackle much larger prey, such as house flies, small bees and moths. Sibylla pretiosa The cryptic mantis ("Sibylla pretiosa") is Document [72] (Title: Northern Praying Mantis) of one to three fingers directing force in a whip-like manner. The hook may be used to divert force (blocking), adhere to an opponent's limb, or attack critical spots (eyes or acupuncture points). These techniques are particularly useful in combination, for example using the force imparted from a block to power an attack. So if the enemy punches with the right hand, a Northern Praying Mantis practitioner might hook outwards with the left hand (shifting the body to the left) and use the turning force to attack the enemy's neck with a right hook. Alternately, he/she might divert downwards with Document [73] (Title: Deroplatys desiccata) Deroplatys desiccata Deroplatys desiccata, known by the common names giant dead leaf mantis is a species of praying mantis from Southeast Asia. "D. desiccata" takes its common name from its resemblance to dead, leafy vegetation including having a flattened, greatly extended thorax and "intricate leaf patterns" on its wings. This insect varies in color from mottled brown through "pale orangey brown" to a very dark brown that is almost black. This creature's camouflage is aided by its movements as well as its appearance. When disturbed, it rocks gently as if caught in the breeze. When threatened, it typically falls to Document [74] (Title: Parymenopus davisoni) The female (38 mm long) is much larger than the male, with three dark spots on the somewhat pointed wings. Parymenopus davisoni Parymenopus davisoni is an insect of the order Mantodea (mantises) from Southeast Asia, including Malaysia and Thailand. "Parymenopus davisoni" is known by various common names including yellow glower mantis and Davison's mantis. It is one of several species known as flower mantises due to their appearance and behaviour which gives them a camouflaged resemblance to flowers. "P. davisoni" is the only species in the genus "Parymenopus". The specific name honours William Ruxton Davison, the curator of the Raffles Document [75] (Title: Mantis) Mantis Mantises are an order (Mantodea) of insects that contains over 2,400 species in about 430 genera in 15 families. The largest family is the Mantidae ("mantids"). Mantises are distributed worldwide in temperate and tropical habitats. They have triangular heads with bulging eyes supported on flexible necks. Their elongated bodies may or may not have wings, but all Mantodea have forelegs that are greatly enlarged and adapted for catching and gripping prey; their upright posture, while remaining stationary with forearms folded, has led to the common name praying mantis. The closest relatives of mantises are the termites and cockroaches (Blattodea), Document [76] (Title: Oligonicella scudderi) in black light traps at night, and have been seen feeding on small flies, caddis flies and wasps. Females probably have a similar diet. When disturbed they tend to hide in tussocks of little bluestem grass ("Schizachyrium scoparium") where their colouration makes them difficult to spot. They can best be caught by brushing a small-mesh net through the grass. As is the case with other mantis species, the eggs are laid in a clutch covered with foam which hardens into an egg case. Oligonicella scudderi Oligonicella scudderi, common name Scudder's mantis or slender prairie mantid, is a species of praying Document [77] (Title: Mantidae) rank. Many species are found in North America, the three most common being the European Mantis ("Mantis religiosa"), the Chinese Mantis ("Tenodera sinensis"), and the Carolina Mantis ("Stagmomantis carolina"). Of these, only the last is native to the continent - the European and Chinese species were introduced in the 20th century as predators in an attempt to control pest populations in gardens. Many mantises prey on "Polybia occidentalis", a swarm founding wasp. As the wasps leave the nest to forage, the mantises will prey on them. The "Mantodea Species File" lists the following: Mantidae Mantidae is the largest family of Document [78] (Title: Stagmomantis californica) Stagmomantis californica Stagmomantis californica, common name California mantis, is a species of praying mantis in the genus "Stagmomantis" native to the Western United States. Adult members of this species range in size from 50–60 mm in body length. There are green, yellow, and brown varieties, with subadults and adults tending to have dark transverse bands on the top of the abdomen. The wings of both sexes are mottled or suffused with dark brown or black and the hindwings are purplish. The inner forelegs are orangish, and there are some black spots near the mandibles. In most other physical respects they Document [79] (Title: Carolina mantis) (outer-wings) which may be partially hidden in a brown or dark colour morph individual. The species was first described in "Centuria Insectorum" (1763) as "Gryllus carolina". Carolina mantis The Carolina mantis (Stagmomantis carolina) is a species of praying mantis of the subfamily Stagmomantinae. Sexual cannibalism occurs in roughly one quarter of all intersexual encounters of this species, though specimens of this species will engage in cannibalism regardless of age or gender if the opportunity presents itself. Carolina mantis oothecae can be purchased in garden supply centers as a means of biological control of pest insects. However, only those labeled as Document [80] (Title: Orthodera novaezealandiae) such as "Drosophila melanogaster." Orthodera novaezealandiae Orthodera novaezealandiae, known as the New Zealand mantis or the New Zealand praying mantis, is a species of praying mantis which is, as both the scientific name and common names suggest, indigenous and endemic to New Zealand. "O. novaezealandiae" nymphs are pale, translucent green with a dark stripe running from head to end of abdomen. As adults, they are bright green and grow to between 35 mm and 40 mm in length.(see note ) As in most mantis species, sexual dimorphism means the female is larger. The New Zealand mantis has a triangular head Document [81] (Title: Sphodromantis viridis) it is offered on a pair of tweezers". They are also more tolerant of changes in humidity and temperature than are many other species. Another breeder of mantises states that "S. viridis": ...is an attractive species due to its aggressiveness. Anyone interested in looking at how a praying mantis chase down its prey and devour it greedily, this is the species! ...they are not as bulky as Sphodromantis Lineola but aggressive nevertheless. This species was easy to raise, feed them plenty of roaches, crickets, and wild caught flying insects, and they will gladly accept the food. Mating this species was Document [82] (Title: Stagmomantis californica) night and can sometimes be found swarming around them along with other insects, though as ambush hunters, they fly at night primarily for dispersal and not in search of food. When the "Stagmomantis hippica" mate, the mount can last for hours. Often during or after mating the female "S. californica" devours the male, allowing the female to have enough protein to create an ootheca. All "S. californica" have sensors near their legs that allow the praying mantis to lose its head and still function. Stagmomantis californica Stagmomantis californica, common name California mantis, is a species of praying mantis in the Document [83] (Title: Phyllovates chlorophaea) of two pieces and is very small in the early instars at first, looking like two knobs in 1st instar. As specimens grow, they overlap and appear to be a single large, horn though they are not fused. The adults are not so cryptic and have bright green wings with dark brown splotches. Females form four to ten oothecae, usually on thin branches. These hatch in approximately six weeks and contain thirty to fifty eggs per ootheca. There is no ootheca diapause. Phyllovates chlorophaea Phyllovates chlorophaea, with the common name Texas unicorn mantis, is a species of praying mantis. It Document [84] (Title: Phyllovates chlorophaea) Phyllovates chlorophaea Phyllovates chlorophaea, with the common name Texas unicorn mantis, is a species of praying mantis. It is native to the Southern United States, Mexico, Central America, and northern South America. Specimens in the United States are presently only known from southernmost Texas. The Florida record from Blatchley, 1920 is the only known record and has never been substantiated. Also, this species was described by Blanchard in 1836, not Blatchley, nearly a hundred years later. Nymphs are handsome, brown-striped creatures that arise from small, globular oothecae that are reddish brown in color. The horn on the head is formed Document [85] (Title: Litaneutria minor) As with all mantids, the front legs of "L. minor" are highly developed to grab and hold prey. The four spines on the fore femur and the spines on the tibia are developed to rapidly close on prey, holding the prey in a tight grip, while the mandibles begin eating the prey. Nymphs can sometimes be cannibalistic as with most mantids, and begin hunting their first day. Young feed mainly on small flies, but as they grow, they will hunt down and attack anything that they can. Typical food sources include: moths, flies, grasshoppers, katydids and crickets. Ground mantids have Document [86] (Title: Choeradodis stalii) Choeradodis stalii Choeradodis stalii is a species of praying mantis with common names that include tropical shield mantis, hooded mantis, and leaf mantis. It is found in Brazil, Ecuador, French Guiana, Panama, and Peru. As described by one insect-breeding hobbyist, this species: ...is one of the most impressive of all mimic species. It takes the form of a leaf one step further than any other species, and has the largest hood of all leaf species. They take the form of a flat stance, and spend most of their time low-lying, to help blend in with their background. This mantis species Document [87] (Title: Chinese mantis) provided by gently misting the enclosure on a daily basis. The enclosure must have proper aeration to prevent the growth of mold. In the terrarium, mantids require sticks and other foliage for climbing and molting. Mantids will thrive in temperatures ranging from 20 to 38 °C. The Chinese mantis is preyed on by other mantises, birds, and the Asian giant hornet in its native range. There are two martial arts styles created to mimic the movements of the Chinese mantis. Developed in the Shandong province of China in the mid-1600s, Praying Mantis kung-fu is based on the quick movements and Document [88] (Title: Tarachodes) not fit into a pit between the 1st and 2nd external spines of the anterior femora, as in a few mantis groups. These mantids are ambush predators and many species are cryptically coloured to blend in with their surroundings. Some have brightly coloured undersides which are displayed to startle and drive off assailants. Some species such as "Tarachodes maurus" brood their eggs, and others, such as "Tarachodes afzelii", not only brood their eggs but continue to guard their young after they hatch out. Members of this genus may be called Bark mantises or Ground mantises. Tarachodes The bark mantises and Document [89] (Title: Carolina mantis) Carolina. "Stagmomantis carolina" is native to South America, Central America and North America. Southern United States, Central-Southeastern USA, Buenos Aires Mexico, Panama, Trinidad, Venezuela, Suriname Belize, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, French Guiana, and Guatemala. Adult females are 47 to 60 millimeters(2-2.5 Inches) in length while adult males are usually about 54 millimeters(2.2 Inches) in length. 1st instar nymphs are 7-12 millimeters(.028-.047 Inches) in length. When the nymphs eat more their abdomens get much longer. The Carolina mantis has a dusty brown, gray, or green color useful as camouflage in certain environments. The Carolina mantis' color varies because the nymphs are able Document [90] (Title: Theopropus elegans) on the forewings. Individual "T. elegans" hatched from a single ootheca and reared under the same conditions can show color variation between tones of red, green, and yellow. Individuals can also change their color in as little as a week. Theopropus elegans Theopropus elegans, common name banded flower mantis, is a species of praying mantis native to Southeast Asia. Until their first moult, nymphs have red and black exoskeletons that aid them in ant mimicry. They are green and white starting at their second instar and adults are similar in size and appearance to "Creobroter" species. Adult females are up Document [91] (Title: Metallyticus splendidus) on cockroaches. They also chase after their prey, rather than ambushing them like most mantis species. This species is also one of the non-cannibalistic species. "M. splendidus" is difficult to gender, but males typically grow to be around , while females are around . Also, males take seven moults to reach adulthood, and females take eight. This species survives in temperatures of and at a humidity of 60-70% during the day, and 70-90% during the night. Metallyticus splendidus Metallyticus splendidus (informally known as the iridescent bark mantis) is a very rare species of praying mantis found in Southeast Asia. It Document [92] (Title: Mantis) with regular prey), and if mating has begun, the male's movements may become even more vigorous in its delivery of sperm. Early researchers thought that because copulatory movement is controlled by a ganglion in the abdomen, not the head, removal of the male's head was a reproductive strategy by females to enhance fertilization while obtaining sustenance. Later, this behavior appeared to be an artifact of intrusive laboratory observation. Whether the behavior is natural in the field or also the result of distractions caused by the human observer remains controversial. Mantises are highly visual organisms and notice any disturbance in the Document [93] (Title: Mantis) earth or tree bark are dorsoventrally flattened so as to eliminate shadows that might reveal their presence. The species from different families called flower mantises are aggressive mimics: they resemble flowers convincingly enough to attract prey that come to collect pollen and nectar. Some species in Africa and Australia are able to turn black after a molt towards the end of the dry season; at this time of year, bush fires occur and this coloration enables them to blend in with the fire-ravaged landscape (fire melanism). When directly threatened, many mantis species stand tall and spread their forelegs, with their Document [94] (Title: Mantis) ("buru-enmeli-ashaga"). Mantises are among the insects most widely kept as pets. Because the lifespan of a mantis is only about a year, people who want to keep mantises often breed them. In 2013 at least 31 species were kept and bred in the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and the United States. In 1996 at least 50 species were known to be kept in captivity by members of the Mantis Study Group. "The Independent" described the "giant Asian praying mantis" as "part stick insect with a touch of Buddhist monk", and stated that they needed a vivarium around 30 cm (12 Document [95] (Title: Creobroter gemmatus) widespread "Creobroter" species. They make easy pets with proper care and it is said there is a 90% survival rate among nymphs. Creobroter gemmatus Creobroter gemmatus, common name jeweled flower mantis or Indian flower mantis, is a species of praying mantis native to Asia. Males grow to about 1.5 inches (3.8 cm) and females are slightly larger. They prefer a humid environment and live about nine months in captivity. Females can be cannibalistic but males are fairly communal. Though infrequent, cannibalism among "C. germmatus" is nevertheless more common than among other flower mantises. They moult 8 times to become an Document [96] (Title: Chloroharpax modesta) in captivity. This species of mantis are cannibalistic. Chloroharpax modesta Chloroharpax modesta, commonly called the Nigerian flower mantis, is the only species of praying mantis in the genus "Chloroharpax" in the order Mantodea. The species is distributed across West Africa. Both males and females are about 3-4 centimeters in length when adult while 1st instar nymphs are about 4-5 millimeters in length. The adults are bright green with rounded blue eyes; adult females have a pair yellow ocellated eyespots on their wings. The species is able to hunt prey larger than itself, attacking and chasing its prey. Ivory Coast, Guinea, Document [97] (Title: Empusa pennata) to find mates: chemical, acoustic, and visual signals. Cryptic coloration is significant to some predatory insects like Mantids, which is used to protect themselves from predators and to capture their prey. This species of mantis, although similar in size to the common European mantis (Mantis religiosa), is easily distinguished by the protrusion from its crown. Both male and females, even from first hatching carry this tall extension giving them a very alien appearance. They live in areas that are warm and dry and use their cryptic colouring of either greens and pinks or various shades of brown to keep them Document [98] (Title: Blepharopsis mendica) Morocco, Mauritania, Niger, Oman, Pakistan, Somalia, Sudan, Tschad, Tunisia, Turkey, Cyprus. This species lives in terrestrial areas like herbaceous vegetation and spiny bushes. Their color makes them well suited for mimicry of leaves, spiny or dry bushes, and vegetation in deserts due to their coloration Blepharopsis mendica Blepharopsis mendica is a species of praying mantis found in North Africa, parts of the Mediterranean, Middle East and southern Asia, and on the Canary Islands. devil's flower mantis, Egyptian flower mantis, thistle mantis, and Arab mantis are among its common names. In deimatic display, the adult rotates its head and thorax to Document [99] (Title: Chinese mantis) Chinese mantis The Chinese mantis ("Tenodera sinensis") is a species of praying mantis native to Asia and the nearby islands. In 1896 this species was accidentally introduced by a nurseryman at Mt. Airy near Philadelphia, United States. "Tenodera sinensis" often is erroneously referred to as "Tenodera aridifolia sinensis" because it was at first described as a subspecies of "Tenodera aridifolia", but "Tenodera sinensis" is now established as a full species. "Tenodera sinensis" feeds primarily on other insects, though adult females sometimes catch small vertebrates. For example, they have been documented as feeding on hornets, spiders, grasshoppers, katydids, small reptiles, amphibians, Document [100] (Title: Brunneria borealis) it probably feeds on grasshoppers. This species also enjoys eating grass dwelling walkingsticks which are often slender instead of robust and have few defenses against the mantids. Brunneria borealis Brunneria borealis, common name Brunner's mantis, Brunner's stick mantis, or northern grass mantis, is a species of praying mantis native to the Southern United States. It is the only mantis species known to reproduce solely through parthenogenesis; there are no males. "Brunneria borealis" is an elongated green insect with the typical raptorial forelimbs of a mantis. The adults have reduced-size wings and are probably unable to fly. They can grow to Document [101] (Title: Mantis) a flat surface, wrapped around a plant, or even deposited in the ground. Despite the versatility and durability of the eggs, they are often preyed on, especially by several species of parasitoid wasps. In a few species, mostly ground and bark mantises in the family Tarachodidae, the mother guards the eggs. The cryptic "Tarachodes maurus" positions herself on bark with her abdomen covering her egg capsule, ambushing passing prey and moving very little until the eggs hatch. An unusual reproductive strategy is adopted by Brunner's stick mantis from the southern United States; no males have ever been found in this Document [102] (Title: Idolomantis diabolica) Idolomantis diabolica Idolomantis diabolica, commonly known as the devil's flower mantis or giant devil's flower mantis, is one of the largest species of praying mantis, possibly the largest that mimics flowers. It is the only species classified under the genus Idolomantis. "Idolomantis diabolica" is a large mantis of the family Empusidae. Females grow to be about 13 centimetres (about 5 inches) in length and males to about 10 centimetres (about 4 inches). They are native to Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Somalia, Tanzania, South Sudan and Uganda. Its threat display is magnificently colored, with red, white, blue, purple and black. The basic Document [103] (Title: Mantis) to discriminate objects from the background by their relative movement, a visual mechanism typical of animals with simpler sight systems. Rocking movements by these generally sedentary insects may replace flying or running as a source of relative motion of objects in the visual field. As ants may be predators of mantises, genera such as "Loxomantis", "Orthodera", and "Statilia", like many other arthropods, avoid attacking them. Exploiting this behavior, a variety of arthropods, including some early-instar mantises, mimic ants to evade their predators. The mating season in temperate climates typically takes place in autumn, while in tropical areas, mating can occur Document [104] (Title: Matutinal) be induced by physiological adaptations. Robinson & Robinson reversed the day-night schedule of female tropical praying mantises (i.e., by placing them in light during the night, and in a chamber with no light during the day). After they adjusted to the schedule, the praying mantises were removed from their chambers at different times throughout the newly adjusted night period and placed in the light. Each praying mantis initiated their pheromone-emitting stance during this transition regardless of the time, which suggests that this behaviour depends solely on the transition from dark to light. The authors suggested that this was likely a Document [105] (Title: Orthodera novaezealandiae) is vulnerable to the use of pesticides, both directly and through the effects of a diminished food supply, and their ootheca are sometimes attacked by parasitic wasps. Male "O.novaezealandiae" appear to be attracted to females of the introduced species "M. caffra", which can result in their fatality due to the sexually-cannibalistic behavior of the latter species. The only two species of mantis in New Zealand are this native species and the previously-mentioned introduced species "M. caffra" discovered as established in the Auckland suburb of New Lynn in 1978. "O. novaezealandiae" is taxonomically very close to, and has sometimes been considered Document [106] (Title: Phyllocrania paradoxa) mantis can go unnoticed. "P. paradoxa" oothecae can hatch out up to three dozen young. 1st and 2nd instar nymphs of this species are dark colored and use ant mimicry as a defense. As with most or all species of mantis, "Phyllocrania paradoxa" is sexually dimorphic, with females being larger than males. Females have six abdominal segments. Males are shorter, narrower, and have eight-segmented abdomens. At the 5th instar and above males are thinner than females and have smaller appendages (lateral of the abdomen). At the 6th instar and above their crowns are different. When adult, males have longer and Document [107] (Title: Creobroter gemmatus) Creobroter gemmatus Creobroter gemmatus, common name jeweled flower mantis or Indian flower mantis, is a species of praying mantis native to Asia. Males grow to about 1.5 inches (3.8 cm) and females are slightly larger. They prefer a humid environment and live about nine months in captivity. Females can be cannibalistic but males are fairly communal. Though infrequent, cannibalism among "C. germmatus" is nevertheless more common than among other flower mantises. They moult 8 times to become an adult and can take between 2 and 5 months to mature depending on food and temperature. They are the smallest yet most Document [108] (Title: Chloroharpax modesta) Chloroharpax modesta Chloroharpax modesta, commonly called the Nigerian flower mantis, is the only species of praying mantis in the genus "Chloroharpax" in the order Mantodea. The species is distributed across West Africa. Both males and females are about 3-4 centimeters in length when adult while 1st instar nymphs are about 4-5 millimeters in length. The adults are bright green with rounded blue eyes; adult females have a pair yellow ocellated eyespots on their wings. The species is able to hunt prey larger than itself, attacking and chasing its prey. Ivory Coast, Guinea, Ghana, Congo, Gabon, Cameroon. "Chloroharpax modesta" are kept Document [109] (Title: Deroplatys desiccata) Like most mantises, this species has little or no food preferences as long as the prey is the right size, but one source does observe that they "especially love flying insects like moths." "D. desiccata" inhabits scrubland and forests in Borneo, Indonesia, Malaysia, Sumatra and Philippines. "D. desiccata" is one of many mantids that can be kept as pets. In captivity, the diet of nymphs often consists of flightless fruit flies, pinhead crickets, and other small insects. Adults are fed crickets, moths, flies, flour worms, and other large insects. In order to survive outside the tropics, D. desiccata requires high Document [110] (Title: Tarachodes maurus) predator detects it and approaches from the front, the mantis rears up on its hind limbs, displaying its aposematic colouring to startle and scare away the assailant. When a predator approaches from behind, this response is not elicited. J. C. Faure observed a brooding female "T. maurus" in a peach orchard in Pretoria in December 1939. He found that the female "T. maurus" broods a batch of eggs with her abdomen partially concealing it. She does not move about while brooding the eggs but as an ambush predator, attacks and feeds on any prey that came within reach. Unlike the Document [111] (Title: Blepharopsis mendica) Blepharopsis mendica Blepharopsis mendica is a species of praying mantis found in North Africa, parts of the Mediterranean, Middle East and southern Asia, and on the Canary Islands. devil's flower mantis, Egyptian flower mantis, thistle mantis, and Arab mantis are among its common names. In deimatic display, the adult rotates its head and thorax to one side, displaying the bright colours on the insides of its forelegs and the undersides of its hindwings, and holds its wings slightly spread behind the body, making it seem large and threatening. Afghanistan, Egypt, Algeria, Ethiopia, India, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Canary Islands, Libya, Libanon, Document [112] (Title: Carolina mantis) to adjust their color to match the environment they are in at the time of molting. They can adjust their color over each molt, if necessary, until they reach their final molt to adulthood. An unusual trait is that its wings only extend three quarters of the way down the abdomen in mature females; this trait is also seen in "Iris oratoria", which can be distinguished by the large eyespots on the hind wings (inner-wings) of both adult male and female "Iris oratoria". Both adult male and female "Stagmomantis carolina" have a dark coloured dot on each of their forewings Document [113] (Title: European mantis) of movement (flying or leaping) but crickets and cockroaches are also frequently preyed upon. The attack or consumption of Mollusca, Aranea, Myriapoda or Oligochaeta is also not unheard of. Caught prey gets trapped between the spikes on femur and tibia and is now immobilized. The mantis then starts eating the still living and preferably moving prey. Some years ago, the general opinion was that they killed their prey with a bite in the neck before consuming it but current observations can’t support this: the animals just start eating the body parts which are closest to their mouths. "M. religiosa" is Document [114] (Title: Burying mantis) Burying mantis The burying mantis ("Sphodropoda tristis") is a species of mantid native to Australia. They are white or brown and can reach lengths of up to some 40mm long, with distinct markings on the thorax and with a white blotch on the wings. They're called burying mantids because females dig holes in the ground, in which they lay their eggs and then refill the holes. Burying mantids are not aggressive, (unlike the large brown mantis); the female does not try to attack the male whilst mating but will kill and eat the male afterwards. The burying mantis can be Question: what are the predators of the praying mantis

Answer: vertebrates such as frogs, lizards, and birds Long Answer: Mantises are preyed on by vertebrates such as frogs, lizards, and birds, and by invertebrates such as spiders, large species of hornets, and ants . Some hunting wasps, such as some species of Tachytes also paralyse some species of mantis to feed their young . Generally, mantises protect themselves by camouflage, most species being cryptically colored to resemble foliage or other backgrounds, both to avoid predators and to better snare their prey . Those that live on uniformly colored surfaces such as bare earth or tree bark are dorsoventrally flattened so as to eliminate shadows that might reveal their presence . The species from different families called flower mantises are aggressive mimics: they resemble flowers convincingly enough to attract prey that come to collect pollen and nectar . Some species in Africa and Australia are able to turn black after a molt towards the end of the dry season; at this time of year, bush fires occur and this coloration enables them to blend in with the fire - ravaged landscape (fire melanism). Gold Document ID: 2

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Uranium mining by country) Karoo contains several sandstone-hosted Permian uranium deposits around Beaufort West in the Western Cape. China mined in 2007 636 tonnes of UO, a decrease of 17% of its production in 2006. In Nalgonda District, the Rajiv Gandhi Tiger Reserve (the only tiger project in Andhra Pradesh) has been forced to surrender over 3,000 sq. kilometres to uranium mining, following a directive from the Central Ministry of Environment and Forests. In 2007, India was able to extract 229 tonnes of UO from its soil. On July 19, 2011, Indian officials announced that the Tumalapalli mine in Andhra Pradesh state of India Document [2] (Title: India's three-stage nuclear power programme) 800,000 tonne figure is given by other sources as well. It was further clarified in the country’s parliament on 21 March 2012 that, "Out of nearly 100 deposits of the heavy minerals, at present only 17 deposits containing about 4 million tonnes of monazite have been identified as exploitable. Mine-able reserves are ~70% of identified exploitable resources. Therefore, about 225,000 tonnes of thorium metal is available for nuclear power program." India is a leader of thorium based research. It is also by far the most committed nation as far as the use of thorium fuel is concerned, and no other Document [3] (Title: India's three-stage nuclear power programme) formally adopted the three-stage plan. Indian energy resource base was estimated to be capable of yielding a total electric power output of the order shown in the table below. Indian government recognised that thorium was a source that could provide power to the Indian people for the long term. According to a report issued by the IAEA, India has limited uranium reserves, consisting of approximately 54,636 tonnes of "reasonably assured resources", 25,245 tonnes of "estimated additional resources", 15,488 tonnes of "undiscovered conventional resources, and 17,000 tonnes of "speculative resources". According to NPCIL, these reserves are only sufficient to generate about Document [4] (Title: India's three-stage nuclear power programme) reserves. Indian uranium production is constrained by government investment decisions rather than by any shortage of ore. As per official estimates shared in the country's Parliament in August 2011, the country can obtain 846,477 tonnes of thorium from 963,000 tonnes of ThO, which in turn can be obtained from 10.7 million tonnes of monazite occurring in beaches and river sands in association with other heavy metals. Indian monazite contains about 9–10% ThO. The 846,477 tonne figure compares with the earlier estimates for India, made by IAEA and US Geological Survey of 319,000 tonnes and 290,000 to 650,000 tonnes respectively. The Document [5] (Title: Pulivendula) prove to be among the top 20 most plentiful in the world. The Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research (AMD) of India, which explores uranium in the country, has discovered 44,000 tons of natural uranium (U3O8) in just 15-km of the 160-km-long belt. TVSR Technologies was founded in 2015 by Amarnath Reddy Thota (CEO), Raghunath Reddy Thota and Yugandhar Reddy Thota The company was incorporated as "TVSR Technologies India Pvt Ltd." with a capital of ₹100,000 and Murarichintala, Pulivendula as its registered office. The company signed its first client, COPES Tech in Bengaluru. In 2016 the company's corporate headquarters Document [6] (Title: Tummalapalle uranium mine) Work Index of the Tummalapalle uranium ore sample is 13.6 kWh/tonne and the mineralogical composition is as follows, Tummalapalle uranium mine The Tummalapalle Mine is a uranium mine in Tumalapalli village located in Kadapa of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. Results from research conducted by the Atomic Energy Commission of India in 2011 made the analysts conclude that this mine might have one of the largest reserves of uranium in the world. On 19 July 2011, Secretary of Department of Atomic Energy, Dr. S. Banerjee who is also the Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission of India confirmed on Document [7] (Title: Occurrence of thorium) but mentions recent reports of India's reserves at 650,000 tonnes. A government of India estimate, shared in the country's Parliament in August 2011, puts the recoverable reserve at 846,477 tonnes. The Indian Minister of State V. Narayanasamy stated that as of May 2013, the country's thorium reserves were 11.93 million tonnes (monazite, having 9–10% ThO, with a significant majority (8.59 Mt; 72%) found in the three eastern coastal states of Andhra Pradesh (3.72 Mt; 31%), Tamil Nadu (2.46 Mt; 21%) and Odisha (2.41 Mt; 20%). Additionally, reports suggest that large deposits may exist in the adjacent Bay of Bengal, and Document [8] (Title: Jaduguda uranium mine) Corporation of India Limited (UCIL) expects mining activity to resume at Jaduguda in 2017. The Jaduguda mine produces up to 25% of the raw materials needed to fuel India’s nuclear reactors. The Jaduguda uranium mine is an underground mining mine located in the Purbi Singhbhum district of Jharkhand. The mine is located at least 640 meters below the earth’s surface and is accessible by a 5-meter diameter vertical shaft. A uranium purification plant is usually located closely to the mine as uranium ore is converted here to yellow cake. According to Department of Atomic Energy, the ore extracted from this Document [9] (Title: Natural resources of India) Andhra Pradesh state of India could provide more than 170,000 tonnes of uranium, making it as the world's largest uranium mine. Production of the ore is slated to begin in 2012. The Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) recently discovered that the upcoming mine in Tumalapalli has close to 49,000 tonne of uranium reserves. This could help India's nuclear power aspirations as it is three times the original estimate of the area's deposits. The IAEA's 2005 report estimates India's reasonably assured reserves of thorium at 319,000 tonnes, but mentions recent reports of India's reserves at 650,000 tonnes. A government of India Document [10] (Title: Electricity sector in India) plants operating in the following states: Maharashtra, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. These reactors have an installed electricity generation capacity between 100 MW and 540 MW each. KKNPP Unit-1 with a capacity of 1,000 MWe was commissioned in July, 2013 while KKNPP Unit-2, also with a capacity of 1,000 MWe is nearing first approach to criticality in 2016. In 2011, The Wall Street Journal reported the discovery of uranium in a new mine in India, the country's largest ever. The estimated reserves of 64,000 tonnes, could be as large as 150,000 tonnes (making the mine one of Document [11] (Title: Natural resources of India) estimate, shared in the country's Parliament in August 2011, puts the recoverable reserve at 846,477 tonnes. The Indian Minister of State V. Narayanasamy stated that as of May 2013, the country's thorium reserves were 11.93 million tonnes (monazite, having 9-10% ThO), with a significant majority (8.59 Mt; 72%) found in the three eastern coastal states of Andhra Pradesh (3.72 Mt; 31%), Tamil Nadu (2.46 Mt; 21%) and Odisha (2.41 Mt; 20%). Both the IAEA and OECD appear to conclude that India may possess the largest share of world's thorium deposits. Natural resources of India Resources are classified as either biotic Document [12] (Title: Natural resources of India) Based on the chemical composition, types of Marble available are Calcite, Dolomitic, Siliceous Limestone, Serpentine and Travertine marbles. Other than construction, it is used in Paint and Agricultural lime. India's proven nuclear reserves include uranium and thorium. In Nalgonda District, the Rajiv Gandhi Tiger Reserve (the only tiger project in Telangana) has been forced to surrender over 3,000 sq. kilometres to uranium mining, following a directive from the Central Ministry of Environment and Forests. In 2007, India was able to extract 229 tonnes of UO from its soil. On 19 July 2011, Indian officials announced that the Tumalapalli mine in Document [13] (Title: Somalia) the world's then known uranium reserves of 800,000 tons. In 1984, the IUREP Orientation Phase Mission to Somalia reported that the country had 5,000 tons of uranium reasonably assured resources (RAR), 11,000 tons of uranium estimated additional resources (EAR) in calcrete deposits, as well as 0–150,000 tons of uranium speculative resources (SR) in sandstone and calcrete deposits. Somalia evolved into a major world supplier of uranium, with American, UAE, Italian and Brazilian mineral companies vying for extraction rights. Link Natural Resources has a stake in the central region, and Kilimanjaro Capital has a stake in the Amsas-Coriole-Afgoi (ACA) Block, which Document [14] (Title: India's three-stage nuclear power programme) India's three-stage nuclear power programme India's three-stage nuclear power programme was formulated by Homi Bhabha in the 1950s to secure the country’s long term energy independence, through the use of uranium and thorium reserves found in the monazite sands of coastal regions of South India. The ultimate focus of the programme is on enabling the thorium reserves of India to be utilised in meeting the country's energy requirements. Thorium is particularly attractive for India, as it has only around 1–2% of the global uranium reserves, but one of the largest shares of global thorium reserves at about 25% of the Document [15] (Title: Tummalapalle uranium mine) the mine with the world's largest uranium deposits. This finding substantially increased India’s capability of producing energy from nuclear plants. As of 2011, India was producing about 3% of its energy from nuclear plants. These findings suggest that this output can be increased to more than 30% by 2050, essential if India hopes to reduce its emissions, pollution and use of coal power. This domestic uranium find would not only boost India's nuclear energy plans but also help to reduce costs by switching from expensive sources of power like coal. On 23 Aug 2007 The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs Document [16] (Title: South Australia) near Roxby Downs in northern South Australia is the largest deposit of uranium in the world, possessing more than a third of the world's low-cost recoverable reserves and 70% of Australia's. The mine, owned and operated by BHP Billiton, presently accounts for 9% of global uranium production. The Olympic Dam mine is also the world's fourth-largest remaining copper deposit, and the world's fifth largest gold deposit. There was a proposal to vastly expand the operations of the mine, making it the largest open-cut mine in the world, but in 2012 the BHP Billiton board decided not to go ahead with Document [17] (Title: Uranium Corporation of India) is an underground mine in east singhbhum district of Jharkhand. UCIL has taken up activities to start two underground mines in Jharkhand. Uranium reserves have been found in the state of Andhra Pradesh and the construction of an underground mine has started in Cuddapah district. There was criticism from certain sections of the local community that the mining operations of UCIL were resulting in harmful radiation to the public. UCIL was also among the 63 Indian establishments put under sanction by USA in 1998 after Operation Shakti. The mining activities of UCIL in the Khasi Hills were also fiercely opposed Document [18] (Title: Nuclear power in India) the Tummalapalle belt and in the Bhima basin at Gogi in Karnataka by the Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research (AMD) of India. The Tummalapalle belt uranium reserves promises to be one of the world's top 20 uranium reserves discoveries. 44,000 tonnes of natural uranium have been discovered in the belt so far, which is estimated to have three times that amount. The natural uranium deposits of the Bhima basin has better grade of natural uranium ore, even though it is smaller than the Tummalapalle belt. In recent years, India has shown increased interest in thorium fuels and fuel Document [19] (Title: Nuclear power in India) to dwindling domestic uranium reserves, electricity generation from nuclear power in India declined by 12.83% from 2006 to 2008. Following a waiver from the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) in September 2008 which allowed it to commence international nuclear trade, India has signed bilateral deals on civilian nuclear energy technology cooperation with several other countries, including France, the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, and South Korea. India has also uranium supply agreements with Russia, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Argentina and Namibia. An Indian private company won a uranium exploration contract in Niger. In March 2011 large deposits of uranium were discovered in Document [20] (Title: Uranium mining by country) could provide more than 170,000 tonnes of uranium, making it as the world's largest uranium mine. Production of the ore is slated to begin in 2012. The Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) recently discovered that the upcoming mine in Tumalapalli has close to 49,000 tonne of uranium reserves. This could just be a shot in the arm for India's nuclear power aspirations as it is three times the original estimate of the area's deposits. Jordan, the only Middle East country with confirmed uranium, is estimated to have around 140,000 tonnes in its uranium reserves plus a further 59,000 tonnes in Document [21] (Title: Tummalapalle uranium mine) Tummalapalle uranium mine The Tummalapalle Mine is a uranium mine in Tumalapalli village located in Kadapa of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. Results from research conducted by the Atomic Energy Commission of India in 2011 made the analysts conclude that this mine might have one of the largest reserves of uranium in the world. On 19 July 2011, Secretary of Department of Atomic Energy, Dr. S. Banerjee who is also the Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission of India confirmed on reserves of 49,000 tonnes and suggested that there could be even three times larger which would make Tummalapalle Document [22] (Title: India's three-stage nuclear power programme) 10 GWe for about 40 years. In July 2011, it was reported that a four-year-long mining survey done at Tummalapalle mine in Kadapa district near Hyderabad had yielded confirmed reserve figure of 49,000 tonnes with a potential that it could rise to 150,000 tonnes. This was a rise from an earlier estimate of 15,000 tonnes for that area. Although India has only around 1–2% of the global uranium reserves, thorium reserves are bigger; around 12–33% of global reserves, according to IAEA and US Geological Survey. Several in-depth independent studies put Indian thorium reserves at 30% of the total world thorium Document [23] (Title: Jadugora) stories have been associated with these places and the same have been busted by school students. The place most famous among local people is Jobla Pahad. Jadugora or Jadugoda is the headquarters of Uranium Corporation of India Limited (A Govt of India Enterprise). It was established in the late 1960s due to presence of rich ore of Uranium. The Uranium Corporation of India Ltd. (UCIL) recently completed its project of uranium Mining and Mill at Narwapahar, Jharkhand. Adequate resources of uranium in Jaduguda uranium mine have been identified to meet the requirements of India's nuclear power program. The uranium deposit Document [24] (Title: Economy of India) reserves. India is also rich in certain alternative sources of energy with significant future potential such as solar, wind and biofuels (jatropha, sugarcane). India's dwindling uranium reserves stagnated the growth of nuclear energy in the country for many years. Recent discoveries in the Tummalapalle belt may be among the top 20 natural uranium reserves worldwide, and an estimated reserve of of thorium – about 25% of world's reserves – are expected to fuel the country's ambitious nuclear energy program in the long-run. The Indo-US nuclear deal has also paved the way for India to import uranium from other countries. India's Document [25] (Title: India's three-stage nuclear power programme) country could produce 500 GWe for at least four centuries using just the country’s economically extractable thorium reserves. According to the Chairman of India’s Atomic Energy Commission, Srikumar Banerjee, without the implementation of fast breeders the presently available uranium reserves of 5.469 million tonnes can support 570 GWe till 2025. If the total identified and undiscovered uranium reserves of 16 million tonnes are brought online, the power availability can be extended till the end of the century. While calling for more research into thorium as an energy source and the country’s indigenous three-stage programme, he said, "The world always felt Document [26] (Title: Uranium Corporation of India) Uranium Corporation of India Uranium Corporation of India (UCIL) is a centrally owned Public Sector Undertaking (PSU), under the Department of Atomic Energy for uranium mining and uranium processing. The corporation was founded in 1967 and is responsible for the mining and milling of uranium ore in India. The firm operates mines at Jadugora, Bhatin, Narwapahar, Turamdih and Banduhurang It is the first uranium mine of India which started its operations in 1967. This mine is located in the state of Jharkhand. Jadugoda process plant is located close to the mine which is used for the processing of the uranium Document [27] (Title: Jadugora) at Jaduguda, Singhbhum district, Jharkhand, has been under exploitation since 1962. The uranium deposits at Bhatin and Narwapahar are currently being exploited. Ore from the three deposits is treated in a mill at Jaduguda in the Singhbhum region, and the yield is 300 tons of uranium per year, which is more than sufficient to meet expected requirements for years. The Narwapahar mine, 12 km north west of Jaduguda, is one of the most modern mines in the country. The new uranium mine, Narwapahar Mine, was built with Russian technology. Trackless mining equipment are in use for the first time in Document [28] (Title: Geography of India) Most of India's estimated in oil reserves are located in the Mumbai High, upper Assam, Cambay, the Krishna-Godavari and Cauvery basins. India possesses about seventeen trillion cubic feet of natural gas in Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat and Odisha. Uranium is mined in Andhra Pradesh. India has 400 medium-to-high enthalpy thermal springs for producing geothermal energy in seven "provinces" — the Himalayas, Sohana, Cambay, the Narmada-Tapti delta, the Godavari delta and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands (specifically the volcanic Barren Island.) India is the world's biggest producer of mica blocks and mica splittings. India ranks second amongst the world's largest producers of Document [29] (Title: Uranium Corporation of India) by the local tribals protesting against potential health effects. Uranium Corporation of India Uranium Corporation of India (UCIL) is a centrally owned Public Sector Undertaking (PSU), under the Department of Atomic Energy for uranium mining and uranium processing. The corporation was founded in 1967 and is responsible for the mining and milling of uranium ore in India. The firm operates mines at Jadugora, Bhatin, Narwapahar, Turamdih and Banduhurang It is the first uranium mine of India which started its operations in 1967. This mine is located in the state of Jharkhand. Jadugoda process plant is located close to the mine Question: world's largest uranium reserves found in india Answer: Tummalapalle Mine Long Answer: The Tummalapalle Mine is a uranium mine in Tumalapalli village located in Kadapa of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh . Results from research conducted by the Atomic Energy Commission of India in 2011 made the analysts conclude that this mine might have one of the largest reserves of uranium in the world. Gold Document ID: 22

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Uranium mining by country) Karoo contains several sandstone-hosted Permian uranium deposits around Beaufort West in the Western Cape. China mined in 2007 636 tonnes of UO, a decrease of 17% of its production in 2006. In Nalgonda District, the Rajiv Gandhi Tiger Reserve (the only tiger project in Andhra Pradesh) has been forced to surrender over 3,000 sq. kilometres to uranium mining, following a directive from the Central Ministry of Environment and Forests. In 2007, India was able to extract 229 tonnes of UO from its soil. On July 19, 2011, Indian officials announced that the Tumalapalli mine in Andhra Pradesh state of India Document [2] (Title: India's three-stage nuclear power programme) 800,000 tonne figure is given by other sources as well. It was further clarified in the country’s parliament on 21 March 2012 that, "Out of nearly 100 deposits of the heavy minerals, at present only 17 deposits containing about 4 million tonnes of monazite have been identified as exploitable. Mine-able reserves are ~70% of identified exploitable resources. Therefore, about 225,000 tonnes of thorium metal is available for nuclear power program." India is a leader of thorium based research. It is also by far the most committed nation as far as the use of thorium fuel is concerned, and no other Document [3] (Title: India's three-stage nuclear power programme) formally adopted the three-stage plan. Indian energy resource base was estimated to be capable of yielding a total electric power output of the order shown in the table below. Indian government recognised that thorium was a source that could provide power to the Indian people for the long term. According to a report issued by the IAEA, India has limited uranium reserves, consisting of approximately 54,636 tonnes of "reasonably assured resources", 25,245 tonnes of "estimated additional resources", 15,488 tonnes of "undiscovered conventional resources, and 17,000 tonnes of "speculative resources". According to NPCIL, these reserves are only sufficient to generate about Document [4] (Title: India's three-stage nuclear power programme) reserves. Indian uranium production is constrained by government investment decisions rather than by any shortage of ore. As per official estimates shared in the country's Parliament in August 2011, the country can obtain 846,477 tonnes of thorium from 963,000 tonnes of ThO, which in turn can be obtained from 10.7 million tonnes of monazite occurring in beaches and river sands in association with other heavy metals. Indian monazite contains about 9–10% ThO. The 846,477 tonne figure compares with the earlier estimates for India, made by IAEA and US Geological Survey of 319,000 tonnes and 290,000 to 650,000 tonnes respectively. The Document [5] (Title: Pulivendula) prove to be among the top 20 most plentiful in the world. The Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research (AMD) of India, which explores uranium in the country, has discovered 44,000 tons of natural uranium (U3O8) in just 15-km of the 160-km-long belt. TVSR Technologies was founded in 2015 by Amarnath Reddy Thota (CEO), Raghunath Reddy Thota and Yugandhar Reddy Thota The company was incorporated as "TVSR Technologies India Pvt Ltd." with a capital of ₹100,000 and Murarichintala, Pulivendula as its registered office. The company signed its first client, COPES Tech in Bengaluru. In 2016 the company's corporate headquarters Document [6] (Title: Tummalapalle uranium mine) Work Index of the Tummalapalle uranium ore sample is 13.6 kWh/tonne and the mineralogical composition is as follows, Tummalapalle uranium mine The Tummalapalle Mine is a uranium mine in Tumalapalli village located in Kadapa of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. Results from research conducted by the Atomic Energy Commission of India in 2011 made the analysts conclude that this mine might have one of the largest reserves of uranium in the world. On 19 July 2011, Secretary of Department of Atomic Energy, Dr. S. Banerjee who is also the Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission of India confirmed on Document [7] (Title: Occurrence of thorium) but mentions recent reports of India's reserves at 650,000 tonnes. A government of India estimate, shared in the country's Parliament in August 2011, puts the recoverable reserve at 846,477 tonnes. The Indian Minister of State V. Narayanasamy stated that as of May 2013, the country's thorium reserves were 11.93 million tonnes (monazite, having 9–10% ThO, with a significant majority (8.59 Mt; 72%) found in the three eastern coastal states of Andhra Pradesh (3.72 Mt; 31%), Tamil Nadu (2.46 Mt; 21%) and Odisha (2.41 Mt; 20%). Additionally, reports suggest that large deposits may exist in the adjacent Bay of Bengal, and Document [8] (Title: Jaduguda uranium mine) Corporation of India Limited (UCIL) expects mining activity to resume at Jaduguda in 2017. The Jaduguda mine produces up to 25% of the raw materials needed to fuel India’s nuclear reactors. The Jaduguda uranium mine is an underground mining mine located in the Purbi Singhbhum district of Jharkhand. The mine is located at least 640 meters below the earth’s surface and is accessible by a 5-meter diameter vertical shaft. A uranium purification plant is usually located closely to the mine as uranium ore is converted here to yellow cake. According to Department of Atomic Energy, the ore extracted from this Document [9] (Title: Natural resources of India) Andhra Pradesh state of India could provide more than 170,000 tonnes of uranium, making it as the world's largest uranium mine. Production of the ore is slated to begin in 2012. The Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) recently discovered that the upcoming mine in Tumalapalli has close to 49,000 tonne of uranium reserves. This could help India's nuclear power aspirations as it is three times the original estimate of the area's deposits. The IAEA's 2005 report estimates India's reasonably assured reserves of thorium at 319,000 tonnes, but mentions recent reports of India's reserves at 650,000 tonnes. A government of India Document [10] (Title: Electricity sector in India) plants operating in the following states: Maharashtra, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. These reactors have an installed electricity generation capacity between 100 MW and 540 MW each. KKNPP Unit-1 with a capacity of 1,000 MWe was commissioned in July, 2013 while KKNPP Unit-2, also with a capacity of 1,000 MWe is nearing first approach to criticality in 2016. In 2011, The Wall Street Journal reported the discovery of uranium in a new mine in India, the country's largest ever. The estimated reserves of 64,000 tonnes, could be as large as 150,000 tonnes (making the mine one of Document [11] (Title: Natural resources of India) estimate, shared in the country's Parliament in August 2011, puts the recoverable reserve at 846,477 tonnes. The Indian Minister of State V. Narayanasamy stated that as of May 2013, the country's thorium reserves were 11.93 million tonnes (monazite, having 9-10% ThO), with a significant majority (8.59 Mt; 72%) found in the three eastern coastal states of Andhra Pradesh (3.72 Mt; 31%), Tamil Nadu (2.46 Mt; 21%) and Odisha (2.41 Mt; 20%). Both the IAEA and OECD appear to conclude that India may possess the largest share of world's thorium deposits. Natural resources of India Resources are classified as either biotic Document [12] (Title: Natural resources of India) Based on the chemical composition, types of Marble available are Calcite, Dolomitic, Siliceous Limestone, Serpentine and Travertine marbles. Other than construction, it is used in Paint and Agricultural lime. India's proven nuclear reserves include uranium and thorium. In Nalgonda District, the Rajiv Gandhi Tiger Reserve (the only tiger project in Telangana) has been forced to surrender over 3,000 sq. kilometres to uranium mining, following a directive from the Central Ministry of Environment and Forests. In 2007, India was able to extract 229 tonnes of UO from its soil. On 19 July 2011, Indian officials announced that the Tumalapalli mine in Document [13] (Title: Somalia) the world's then known uranium reserves of 800,000 tons. In 1984, the IUREP Orientation Phase Mission to Somalia reported that the country had 5,000 tons of uranium reasonably assured resources (RAR), 11,000 tons of uranium estimated additional resources (EAR) in calcrete deposits, as well as 0–150,000 tons of uranium speculative resources (SR) in sandstone and calcrete deposits. Somalia evolved into a major world supplier of uranium, with American, UAE, Italian and Brazilian mineral companies vying for extraction rights. Link Natural Resources has a stake in the central region, and Kilimanjaro Capital has a stake in the Amsas-Coriole-Afgoi (ACA) Block, which Document [14] (Title: India's three-stage nuclear power programme) India's three-stage nuclear power programme India's three-stage nuclear power programme was formulated by Homi Bhabha in the 1950s to secure the country’s long term energy independence, through the use of uranium and thorium reserves found in the monazite sands of coastal regions of South India. The ultimate focus of the programme is on enabling the thorium reserves of India to be utilised in meeting the country's energy requirements. Thorium is particularly attractive for India, as it has only around 1–2% of the global uranium reserves, but one of the largest shares of global thorium reserves at about 25% of the Document [15] (Title: Tummalapalle uranium mine) the mine with the world's largest uranium deposits. This finding substantially increased India’s capability of producing energy from nuclear plants. As of 2011, India was producing about 3% of its energy from nuclear plants. These findings suggest that this output can be increased to more than 30% by 2050, essential if India hopes to reduce its emissions, pollution and use of coal power. This domestic uranium find would not only boost India's nuclear energy plans but also help to reduce costs by switching from expensive sources of power like coal. On 23 Aug 2007 The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs Document [16] (Title: South Australia) near Roxby Downs in northern South Australia is the largest deposit of uranium in the world, possessing more than a third of the world's low-cost recoverable reserves and 70% of Australia's. The mine, owned and operated by BHP Billiton, presently accounts for 9% of global uranium production. The Olympic Dam mine is also the world's fourth-largest remaining copper deposit, and the world's fifth largest gold deposit. There was a proposal to vastly expand the operations of the mine, making it the largest open-cut mine in the world, but in 2012 the BHP Billiton board decided not to go ahead with Document [17] (Title: Uranium Corporation of India) is an underground mine in east singhbhum district of Jharkhand. UCIL has taken up activities to start two underground mines in Jharkhand. Uranium reserves have been found in the state of Andhra Pradesh and the construction of an underground mine has started in Cuddapah district. There was criticism from certain sections of the local community that the mining operations of UCIL were resulting in harmful radiation to the public. UCIL was also among the 63 Indian establishments put under sanction by USA in 1998 after Operation Shakti. The mining activities of UCIL in the Khasi Hills were also fiercely opposed Document [18] (Title: Nuclear power in India) the Tummalapalle belt and in the Bhima basin at Gogi in Karnataka by the Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research (AMD) of India. The Tummalapalle belt uranium reserves promises to be one of the world's top 20 uranium reserves discoveries. 44,000 tonnes of natural uranium have been discovered in the belt so far, which is estimated to have three times that amount. The natural uranium deposits of the Bhima basin has better grade of natural uranium ore, even though it is smaller than the Tummalapalle belt. In recent years, India has shown increased interest in thorium fuels and fuel Document [19] (Title: Nuclear power in India) to dwindling domestic uranium reserves, electricity generation from nuclear power in India declined by 12.83% from 2006 to 2008. Following a waiver from the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) in September 2008 which allowed it to commence international nuclear trade, India has signed bilateral deals on civilian nuclear energy technology cooperation with several other countries, including France, the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, and South Korea. India has also uranium supply agreements with Russia, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Argentina and Namibia. An Indian private company won a uranium exploration contract in Niger. In March 2011 large deposits of uranium were discovered in Document [20] (Title: Uranium mining by country) could provide more than 170,000 tonnes of uranium, making it as the world's largest uranium mine. Production of the ore is slated to begin in 2012. The Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) recently discovered that the upcoming mine in Tumalapalli has close to 49,000 tonne of uranium reserves. This could just be a shot in the arm for India's nuclear power aspirations as it is three times the original estimate of the area's deposits. Jordan, the only Middle East country with confirmed uranium, is estimated to have around 140,000 tonnes in its uranium reserves plus a further 59,000 tonnes in Document [21] (Title: Tummalapalle uranium mine) Tummalapalle uranium mine The Tummalapalle Mine is a uranium mine in Tumalapalli village located in Kadapa of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. Results from research conducted by the Atomic Energy Commission of India in 2011 made the analysts conclude that this mine might have one of the largest reserves of uranium in the world. On 19 July 2011, Secretary of Department of Atomic Energy, Dr. S. Banerjee who is also the Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission of India confirmed on reserves of 49,000 tonnes and suggested that there could be even three times larger which would make Tummalapalle Document [22] (Title: India's three-stage nuclear power programme) 10 GWe for about 40 years. In July 2011, it was reported that a four-year-long mining survey done at Tummalapalle mine in Kadapa district near Hyderabad had yielded confirmed reserve figure of 49,000 tonnes with a potential that it could rise to 150,000 tonnes. This was a rise from an earlier estimate of 15,000 tonnes for that area. Although India has only around 1–2% of the global uranium reserves, thorium reserves are bigger; around 12–33% of global reserves, according to IAEA and US Geological Survey. Several in-depth independent studies put Indian thorium reserves at 30% of the total world thorium Document [23] (Title: Jadugora) stories have been associated with these places and the same have been busted by school students. The place most famous among local people is Jobla Pahad. Jadugora or Jadugoda is the headquarters of Uranium Corporation of India Limited (A Govt of India Enterprise). It was established in the late 1960s due to presence of rich ore of Uranium. The Uranium Corporation of India Ltd. (UCIL) recently completed its project of uranium Mining and Mill at Narwapahar, Jharkhand. Adequate resources of uranium in Jaduguda uranium mine have been identified to meet the requirements of India's nuclear power program. The uranium deposit Document [24] (Title: Economy of India) reserves. India is also rich in certain alternative sources of energy with significant future potential such as solar, wind and biofuels (jatropha, sugarcane). India's dwindling uranium reserves stagnated the growth of nuclear energy in the country for many years. Recent discoveries in the Tummalapalle belt may be among the top 20 natural uranium reserves worldwide, and an estimated reserve of of thorium – about 25% of world's reserves – are expected to fuel the country's ambitious nuclear energy program in the long-run. The Indo-US nuclear deal has also paved the way for India to import uranium from other countries. India's Document [25] (Title: India's three-stage nuclear power programme) country could produce 500 GWe for at least four centuries using just the country’s economically extractable thorium reserves. According to the Chairman of India’s Atomic Energy Commission, Srikumar Banerjee, without the implementation of fast breeders the presently available uranium reserves of 5.469 million tonnes can support 570 GWe till 2025. If the total identified and undiscovered uranium reserves of 16 million tonnes are brought online, the power availability can be extended till the end of the century. While calling for more research into thorium as an energy source and the country’s indigenous three-stage programme, he said, "The world always felt Document [26] (Title: Uranium Corporation of India) Uranium Corporation of India Uranium Corporation of India (UCIL) is a centrally owned Public Sector Undertaking (PSU), under the Department of Atomic Energy for uranium mining and uranium processing. The corporation was founded in 1967 and is responsible for the mining and milling of uranium ore in India. The firm operates mines at Jadugora, Bhatin, Narwapahar, Turamdih and Banduhurang It is the first uranium mine of India which started its operations in 1967. This mine is located in the state of Jharkhand. Jadugoda process plant is located close to the mine which is used for the processing of the uranium Document [27] (Title: Jadugora) at Jaduguda, Singhbhum district, Jharkhand, has been under exploitation since 1962. The uranium deposits at Bhatin and Narwapahar are currently being exploited. Ore from the three deposits is treated in a mill at Jaduguda in the Singhbhum region, and the yield is 300 tons of uranium per year, which is more than sufficient to meet expected requirements for years. The Narwapahar mine, 12 km north west of Jaduguda, is one of the most modern mines in the country. The new uranium mine, Narwapahar Mine, was built with Russian technology. Trackless mining equipment are in use for the first time in Document [28] (Title: Geography of India) Most of India's estimated in oil reserves are located in the Mumbai High, upper Assam, Cambay, the Krishna-Godavari and Cauvery basins. India possesses about seventeen trillion cubic feet of natural gas in Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat and Odisha. Uranium is mined in Andhra Pradesh. India has 400 medium-to-high enthalpy thermal springs for producing geothermal energy in seven "provinces" — the Himalayas, Sohana, Cambay, the Narmada-Tapti delta, the Godavari delta and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands (specifically the volcanic Barren Island.) India is the world's biggest producer of mica blocks and mica splittings. India ranks second amongst the world's largest producers of Document [29] (Title: Uranium Corporation of India) by the local tribals protesting against potential health effects. Uranium Corporation of India Uranium Corporation of India (UCIL) is a centrally owned Public Sector Undertaking (PSU), under the Department of Atomic Energy for uranium mining and uranium processing. The corporation was founded in 1967 and is responsible for the mining and milling of uranium ore in India. The firm operates mines at Jadugora, Bhatin, Narwapahar, Turamdih and Banduhurang It is the first uranium mine of India which started its operations in 1967. This mine is located in the state of Jharkhand. Jadugoda process plant is located close to the mine Question: world's largest uranium reserves found in india

Answer: Tummalapalle Mine Long Answer: The Tummalapalle Mine is a uranium mine in Tumalapalli village located in Kadapa of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh . Results from research conducted by the Atomic Energy Commission of India in 2011 made the analysts conclude that this mine might have one of the largest reserves of uranium in the world. Gold Document ID: 22

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Poland at the 2020 Summer Olympics) their best finishes at the 2018 ISSF World Championships, the 2019 ISSF World Cup series, European Championships or Games, and European Qualifying Tournament, as long as they obtained a minimum qualifying score (MQS) by 20 April 2020. Poland at the 2020 Summer Olympics Poland is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Since the nation's official debut in 1924, Polish athletes have appeared in every edition of the Summer Olympic Games, with the exception of the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, because of the country's support of the Soviet Document [2] (Title: International Olympic Committee) temporary basis, and although real improvements were realized (particularly in air quality), most of these improvements had disappeared one year following the Games. Although these improvements were short lived, IOC's inclusion of environmental policies in evaluating and selecting host cities demonstrates a corporate responsibility that may be built upon in years to come. Detailed frameworks for environmental sustainability have been released for the 2018 Winter Olympics, and 2020 Summer Olympics in PyeongChang, South Korea, and Tokyo, Japan, respectively. The IOC has four major approaches to addressing environmental health concerns during the construction and competitions of the Olympic Games. First, the Document [3] (Title: Summer Olympic Games) and once each in Sweden (1912), Belgium (1920), Netherlands (1928), Finland (1952), Italy (1960), Japan (1964), Mexico (1968), Canada (1976), Soviet Union (1980), South Korea (1988), Spain (1992), China (2008) and Brazil (2016). The IOC has selected Tokyo, Japan, to host the Summer Olympics for a second time in 2020. The 2024 Summer Olympics will be held in Paris, France, for a third time, exactly one hundred years after the city's last Summer Olympics in 1924. The IOC has also selected Los Angeles, California, to host its third Summer Games in 2028. To date, only five countries have participated in Document [4] (Title: National Stadium (Tokyo)) Station on the Toei Oedo Line; and from Gaienmae Station on the Tokyo Metro Ginza Line. National Stadium (Tokyo) Demolition was completed in May 2015, and the site will be redeveloped with a new larger-capacity National Olympic Stadium. The new stadium is set to be the main venue for the 2020 Summer Olympics and Paralympics. The original plans for the new stadium were scrapped in July 2015 by Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, who announced a rebid after a public outcry because of increased building costs. As a result, the new design will not be ready for the 2019 Rugby Document [5] (Title: Tokyo bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) Olympic Stadium in Tokyo would receive a $1 billion upgrade and full-scale reconstruction for the 2019 Rugby World Cup as well as the 2020 Olympics. As a result, a design competition for the new stadium was launched. In November 2012 the Japan Sport Council announced that out of 46 finalists, Zaha Hadid Architects was awarded the design for the new stadium. Plans include dismantling the original stadium, and expanding the capacity from 50,000 to a modern Olympic capacity of about 80,000. The possibility of renovating the National Olympic Stadium had been previously discussed. Following a renovation, the venue would host Document [6] (Title: Football at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Football at the 2020 Summer Olympics The association football tournament at the 2020 Summer Olympics will be held from 22 July to 8 August 2020 in Japan. In addition to the Olympic host city of Tokyo, matches will also be played in Ibaraki, Saitama, Sapporo, Sendai, and Yokohama. Associations affiliated with FIFA may send teams to participate in the tournament. Men's teams are restricted to under-23 players (born on or after 1 January 1997) with a maximum of three overage players allowed, while there are no age restrictions on women's teams. Brazil are the men's defending champions, while Germany are Document [7] (Title: Norway at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Norway at the 2020 Summer Olympics Norway is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Since the nation's debut in 1900, Norwegian athletes have appeared in every edition of the Summer Olympic Games, except for two occasions: the sparsely attended 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis and the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, because of its partial support of the United States-led boycott. Norwegian sailors qualified one boat in each of the following classes through the 2018 Sailing World Championships, the class-associated Worlds, and the continental regattas. Norwegian shooters achieved Document [8] (Title: Association of Summer Olympic International Federations) Olympic Movement. Olympic Agenda 2020 gives host cities the option of suggesting new sports and events for inclusion in their edition of the Games. Karate, skateboarding, sports climbing, surfing and baseball/softball will be added to the Olympic Programme in Tokyo 2020. ASOIF has amended its statutes to enable IFs “governing sports included within the events programme for a specific edition of the Summer Olympic Games” to become “Associate Members”. ASOIF is administered by an executive body, the Council, which consists of seven individual members, most of which are presidents of Summer Olympic International Federations. The ASOIF General Secretariat is located Document [9] (Title: Shooting at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Shooting at the 2020 Summer Olympics Shooting competitions at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo are scheduled to take place from 25 July to 2 August at the Asaka Shooting Range. Unlike in 2016, the number of shooters competing across fifteen different events at these Games has been reduced from 390 to 360, with an equal distribution between men and women. Furthermore, several significant changes were instituted in the Olympic shooting program, including the substitution of three male-only events (rifle prone, free pistol, and double trap), with the mixed team competitions. On 9 June 2017, the International Shooting Sport Federation Document [10] (Title: 2022 Winter Olympics) following the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea, and the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan. These Games will also be the fourth Winter Olympics to be held in East Asia, after Sapporo (1972), Nagano (1998) and Pyeongchang (2018). Beijing will become the first city ever to host both Summer and Winter Olympic Games. There are plans to utilize many of the same indoor venues that were used in 2008, as well as using the Beijing National Stadium for the opening and closing ceremonies. The bidding calendar was announced by the IOC in October 2012, with the application deadline Document [11] (Title: Baku bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) multiple countries. It has been stated that Baku would bid again for the 2024 Summer Olympics. Baku hosted the 2015 European Games which were the first European Games to be held. Tokyo was ultimately elected as the host city of the 2020 Summer Olympics at the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires, Argentina. The city hosted many sporting events, including the Rhythmic Gymnastics European Championships in 2007 and 2009, the 2005 World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships, 2007 FILA Wrestling World Championships and 2010 European Wrestling Championships, the 2011 World Amateur Boxing Championships, 2009 Women's Challenge Cup and the European Taekwondo Championships Document [12] (Title: International Surfing Association) the 2020 Summer Olympics. On August 3, 2016, during the 129th IOC Session at the Rio de Janeiro 2016 Olympic Games, the IOC unanimously voted to include five new sports, among them surfing, to the sports program of the Tokyo 2020 Games. Surfing was included in the Tokyo 2020 Games on a one-off basis, and the ISA now has shifted their focused towards securing surfing's inclusion in the next editions of the Olympics, including Paris 2024 and LA 2028. On March 16th, 2018, the International Surfing Association (ISA) welcomed the release by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) of the approved Document [13] (Title: Tokyo bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) Tokyo's previous bid for the 2016 Games had lower public support with one poll indicating that 56% of residents supported the 2016 bid. The IOC Evaluation Commission visited Tokyo from March 4 to March 7, 2013. In April 2013, the Tokyo 2020 Chairman, Governor Naoki Inose, created controversy when he made a comment that was seen as a criticism of Istanbul and their bid for the 2020 Olympics. Inose said, “Well, compare the two countries where they have yet to build infrastructure, very sophisticated facilities. So from time to time, like Brazil, I think it’s good to have a venue Document [14] (Title: Olympic emblem) on the emblem relates to. The emblem features the line connecting the words "Lausanne 2020". The first version Tokyo 2020 Summer Olympics emblem was unveiled on July 24, 2015. The emblem was based on letter "T" for "Tokyo", "Tomorrow" and "Tram". And it was created by Japanese award-winning designer Kenjiro Sano. However, A week after unveiling the emblem, the idea was plagiarized from Théâtre de Liège in Belgium by Olivier Debie. On September 2, 2015 the emblem was withdrawn and brought back the bid emblem. But on April 25, 2016, The new emblem was unveiled named "Harmonized Chequered Emblem" and Document [15] (Title: Tokyo bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) the opening and closing ceremonies as well as track and field events. Renovating the stadium would reduce costs of organizing the games in the event that Tokyo wins their bid. In their 2016 bid, Tokyo proposed building a new Olympic Stadium on the Tokyo Bay waterfront near the Olympic Village, which would have cost $1.3 billion. Tokyo bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics Tokyo was selected by the Japanese Olympic Committee on July 16, 2011 as Japan's bidding city for the 2020 Games. The city is moving forward with its bid following the March 2011 earthquake and tsunami which affected Document [16] (Title: Greece at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Greece at the 2020 Summer Olympics Greece is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Greek athletes have competed in every Summer Olympic Games of the modern era, alongside Australia, Great Britain, and Switzerland. As the progenitor nation of the Olympic Games and in keeping with tradition, Greece enters first at the New National Stadium during the opening ceremony. Greek sailors qualified one boat in each of the following classes through the 2018 Sailing World Championships, the class-associated Worlds, and the continental regattas. Greek shooters achieved quota places for the Document [17] (Title: Chile at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Chile at the 2020 Summer Olympics Chile is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Since the nation's debut in 1896, Chilean athletes have appeared in every Summer Olympic Games of the modern era, except for two different occasions. Chile did not attend the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles at the period of the worldwide Great Depression and was also part of the US-led boycott, when Moscow hosted the 1980 Summer Olympics. Chilean shooters achieved quota places for the following events by virtue of their best finishes at the Document [18] (Title: International Olympic Committee) of its core Olympic sports for the Summer Olympic programme for the 2020 Olympics. This decision was poorly received by the sporting and wrestling community. Wrestling was still part of the programme at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro. This decision was later overturned, and wrestling will be a part of the 2020 Olympic Games in Tokyo. As planned, the alpine ski run and luge racing area of the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics will be built in the core area of Beijing Songshan National Reserves. A great number of valuable species such as Lonicera oblata and Cypripedium shanxiense Document [19] (Title: Golf at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Golf at the 2020 Summer Olympics Golf at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan will feature two events, one each for men and women. Qualification will be based on world ranking as of 22 June 2020 (men) and 29 June 2020 (women), with a total of 60 players qualifying in each of the men's and women's events. The top 15 players of each gender will qualify, with a limit of four golfers per country that can qualify this way. The remaining spots will go to the highest-ranked players from countries that do not already have two golfers qualified. The Document [20] (Title: United States at the 2020 Summer Olympics) United States at the 2020 Summer Olympics The United States, represented by the United States Olympic Committee (USOC), is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. U.S. athletes have appeared in every Summer Olympics edition of the modern era, with the exception of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, which they boycotted. The U.S. women's basketball team qualified for the Olympics by winning the gold medal and securing an outright berth at the 2018 FIBA Women's World Cup in Spain. U.S. equestrians qualified a full squad each in the team Document [21] (Title: Cycling at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Cycling at the 2020 Summer Olympics The cycling competitions of the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo will feature 22 events. Cycling competitions had been contested in every Summer Olympics programme since the first modern Olympiad in 1896 alongside athletics, artistic gymnastics, fencing and swimming. Since the 1896 contests which featured five track events and an 87 km road race from Athens to Marathon and back, Olympic cycling had gradually evolved to include women's competitions, mountain bike and BMX to arrive at the current 22 events. The 2020 competitions include four more events than 2016. BMX Freestyle events have been added Document [22] (Title: Tokyo bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) and House of Councillors passed a resolution giving Tokyo's bid their full support and cooperation. This decisions also states that hosting the games will be beneficial to Japan and will be a positive step forward following the recent earthquake and tsunami that Japan experienced earlier in 2011. The Cabinet followed by giving the bid its support. The bid has full backing of the government. In January 2012 polls suggested that nearly 66% of the country supports the bid. Tokyo 2020 appointed Yuko Arakida as its Sports Director in February 2012. Ayano Egami who won a silver medal in synchronized swimming Document [23] (Title: Rome bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) the bid, citing uncertain costs and unknown financial benefit. The announcement came a day before the deadline for applicant cities to submit the application files. Since the bid was abandoned, there has been talk about Rome potentially bidding for the 2024 Summer Olympics. Tokyo was ultimately elected as the host city of the 2020 Summer Olympics at the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Rome first bid for the 1908 Summer Olympics and was ultimately awarded the games. However the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 1906 forced Italy to return the hosting rights to the IOC. The IOC transferred Document [24] (Title: Canada at the 2020 Summer Olympics) their best finishes at the 2018 ISSF World Championships, the 2019 ISSF World Cup series, 2019 Pan American Games, and Championships of the Americas, as long as they obtained a minimum qualifying score (MQS) by 30 April 2020. Canada at the 2020 Summer Olympics Canada is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Since the nation's debut in 1900, Canadian athletes have appeared in every edition of the Summer Olympic Games, with the exception of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow because of the United States-led boycott. Canadian sailors qualified Document [25] (Title: 2020 Summer Olympics) 5G-ready baseband networks in Japan in time for the Olympics. It was confirmed in February 2012 that the Olympic Stadium in Tokyo would be demolished and reconstructed, and receive a £1 billion upgrade for the 2019 Rugby World Cup as well as the 2020 Olympics. As a result, a design competition for the new stadium was launched. In November 2012, the Japan Sport Council announced that out of 46 finalists, Zaha Hadid Architects was awarded the design for the new stadium. Plans included dismantling the original stadium, and expanding the capacity from 50,000 to a modern Olympic capacity of about Document [26] (Title: Rome bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) outlet "Around the Rings", Pescante also acknowledged competition from other potential bid cities, particularly emphasizing Tokyo's bid. In a September 2011 interview, IOC President Jacques Rogge defended Rome and Madrid's ability to host the games in spite of the current eurozone debt crisis. He said that both cities already have a lot of venues in place and not much would need to be built. He continued by saying that at the very most some venues would need upgrades and that both cities had the needed infrastructure to host the games. Rome's bid was given full backing by the Italian government Document [27] (Title: Rowing at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Rowing at the 2020 Summer Olympics The rowing competitions at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo will be held between 24 and 31 July at Central Breakwater in Tokyo Bay. Fourteen medal events will be contested by 526 athletes (263 men and women each). There are seven events each for men and women. Events included categories for open weight and restricted weight (lightweight) athletes, and two styles of rowing: sweep, where competitors each use a single oar, and sculling, where they used two. Sculling events include men's and women's singles, doubles, lightweight doubles, and quads. Sweep events include men's and Document [28] (Title: 2020 Summer Olympics) quadruple from the original estimate, and therefore proposed a major overhaul to the current plan to reduce costs, including moving venues outside Tokyo. In October 2018, the Board of Audit issued a report stating that the total cost of the venues could exceed US$25 billion. Seven venues for nine sports will be located within the central business area of Tokyo, northwest of the Olympic Village. Several of these venues were also used for the 1964 Summer Olympics. 13 venues for 15 sports will be located in the vicinity of Tokyo Bay, southeast of the Olympic Village, predominantly on Ariake, Odaiba Document [29] (Title: 1964 Summer Olympics) bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics, which were awarded to Rio de Janeiro. Tokyo will host the 2020 Summer Olympics and 2020 Summer Paralympics games. Tokyo will be the first Asian city to host the games twice. North Korea withdrew its athletes from the 1964 Summer Olympics just before the Games were due to start, as the IOC were refusing to accept any athletes who had participated in the Games of the New Emerging Forces (GANEFO) held in Jakarta, Indonesia, in 1963. China and Indonesia also chose not to attend the Tokyo Games due to GANEFO issues. 1964 Summer Olympics Document [30] (Title: Poland at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Poland at the 2020 Summer Olympics Poland is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Since the nation's official debut in 1924, Polish athletes have appeared in every edition of the Summer Olympic Games, with the exception of the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, because of the country's support of the Soviet boycott. Polish sailors qualified one boat in each of the following classes through the 2018 Sailing World Championships, the class-associated Worlds, and the continental regattas. Polish shooters achieved quota places for the following events by virtue of Document [31] (Title: Summer Olympic Games) Olympic Games in the capital city, London, which became the first city ever to have hosted the Summer Olympic Games three times. The cities of Los Angeles, Paris, and Athens have each hosted two Summer Olympic Games. In 2024, France will host its third Summer Olympic Games in its capital, making Paris the second city ever to have hosted three Summer Olympics. In 2028, Los Angeles will become the third city ever to have hosted the Games three times. Australia, France, Germany and Greece have all hosted the Summer Olympic Games twice. The IOC has selected Tokyo, Japan, to host Document [32] (Title: 2020 Summer Olympics opening ceremony) games and ceremony preparations. Capacity during the Olympic Games will be 60,102 taking into account press and executive seating areas. 2020 Summer Olympics opening ceremony The opening ceremony of the 2020 Summer Olympics is scheduled to take place on the evening of Friday 24 July 2020 in the Olympic Stadium, Tokyo. As mandated by the Olympic Charter, the proceedings combined the formal ceremonial opening of this international sporting event (including welcoming speeches, hoisting of the flags and the parade of athletes) with an artistic spectacle to showcase the host nation's culture and history. Ticket prices for the Opening Ceremony will Document [33] (Title: 2018 California International Marathon) the 2020 Summer Olympics Trials take place Feb. 29, 2020 in Atlanta, Georgia where 2020 United States Olympic Trials (track and field) will host a marathon specific championship. 53 men ran faster than the US Olympic Team Trials standard for the marathon (2:19:00). The Tokyo 2020 Summer Olympics United States at the 2020 Summer Olympics Trials take place Feb. 29, 2020 in Atlanta, Georgia where 2020 United States Olympic Trials (track and field) will host a marathon specific championship. 2018 California International Marathon The 2018 California International Marathon was the 35th edition of the California International Marathon. The marathon took Document [34] (Title: Swimming at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Swimming at the 2020 Summer Olympics The swimming competitions at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo will feature a record 37 events, up from 34 in 2016. The added events are the 800 metre freestyle for men, the 1500 metre freestyle for women and a 4×100 mixed medley relay. Swimming in 2020 will feature a total of 37 events (18 each for men and women and 1 mixed event), including two 10 km open-water marathons. This is slight increase from the 34 events contested in the previous Olympic Games. The following events will be contested (all pool events are long Document [35] (Title: Doha bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) bid logo, slogan and website on February 10, 2012. Their bid slogan was "Inspiring Change", to highlight the changes taking place in the Middle East over the previous year. In April 2012, Doha's Olympic bid received a boost when the city was awarded the 2014 FINA World Swimming Championships. Later that month Doha was also awarded the 2012 World Squash Championships. Doha failed to become a Candidate City when the IOC selected Istanbul, Tokyo, and Madrid as candidate cities on May 23, 2012. Doha has vowed to bid again for the 2024 Summer Olympics. Tokyo was ultimately elected as the Document [36] (Title: Japan at the 2020 Summer Olympics) the host nation. Japan women's volleyball team automatically qualified for the Olympics as the host nation. Japan men's water polo team automatically qualified for the Olympics as the host nation. Japan women's water polo team automatically qualified for the Olympics as the host nation. Japan at the 2020 Summer Olympics Japan will be the host nation of the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Since the nation's official debut in 1912, Japanese athletes had appeared at every Summer Olympic Games in the modern era, except for two editions; they were not invited to the Document [37] (Title: 2020 Summer Olympics) be for families, groups resident in Japan and in conjunction with a school programme. Tickets will be sold through 40,000 shops in Japan and by mail order to Japanese addresses through the Internet. International guests will need to visit Japan during the sales period or arrange for tickets through a third party, such as a travel agent. The official programme for the 2020 Summer Olympics was approved by the IOC executive board on 9 June 2017. The president of the IOC, Thomas Bach, stated that the goal for the Tokyo Games was to make them more "youthful" and "urban", and Document [38] (Title: Cape Town) candidate cities shortlisted by the IOC to launch official candidatures to host the 2004 Summer Olympics. Although the Games ultimately went to Athens, Cape Town came in third place. There has been some speculation that Cape Town was seeking the South African Olympic Committee's nomination to be South Africa's bid city for the 2020 Summer Olympic Games. That however was quashed when the International Olympic Committee awarded the 2020 Games to Tokyo. The city of Cape Town has vast experience in hosting major national and international sports events. The Cape Town Cycle Tour is the world's largest individually timed cycle Document [39] (Title: New Zealand at the 2020 Summer Olympics) New Zealand at the 2020 Summer Olympics New Zealand is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. It will be the nation's twenty-fourth appearance as an independent nation at the Summer Olympics, having made its debut at the 1920 Games and competed at every Games since. New Zealand equestrians qualified a full squad in the team eventing competition by virtue of a top-six finish at the 2018 FEI World Equestrian Games in Tryon, North Carolina, United States. New Zealand women's football team qualified for the Olympics by winning the 2018 Document [40] (Title: 2020 Summer Olympics) manages the IAAF's commercial rights, and has business relationships with Japanese firm Dentsu. Black Tidings has also been connected to a doping scandal involving the Russian athletics team. Japanese Olympic Committee and Tokyo 2020 board member Tsunekazu Takeda stated that the payments were for consulting services, but refused to discuss the matter further because it was confidential. Toshiaki Endo called on Takeda to publicly discuss the matter. Massata denied that he had received any money from Tokyo's organizing committee. The IOC established a team to investigate these matters, and will closely follow the French investigation. The initial design for the Document [41] (Title: China at the 2020 Summer Olympics) China at the 2020 Summer Olympics The People's Republic of China is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. It will be the nation's eleventh appearance at the Summer Olympics, since its debut in 1952. One Chinese archer qualified for the women's individual recurve, by virtue of a top national finish at the 2018 Asian Games in Jakarta. China fielded a full squad of four gymnasts each in both the men's and women's artistic gymnastics events by virtue of a top three finish in the team all-around at the 2018 Document [42] (Title: Tokyo bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) supported Tokyo's Olympic bid. Also in November 2012, the new design for the redeveloped National Olympic Stadium was revealed. The venue will be used for the 2019 Rugby World Cup. Tokyo 2020 submitted their candidature file to the IOC on January 7, 2013. A poll in January 2013 found that 73% of Tokyo residents were in favor of the bid. Another poll found that 78% of Japan supported bringing the games to Tokyo. This result showed an increase in support compared to earlier polls. A poll carried out by "Yomiuri Shimbun" found that 83% of the country supported the bid. Document [43] (Title: 1996 Summer Olympics) that the Olympic Games should return to Australia. If Melbourne was awarded the games, 1996 would mark the 40th anniversary of the 1956 Summer Olympics, which were held in the same city. This would be Toronto's fourth failed attempt since 1960 (tried in 1960, 1964, and 1976, but defeated by Rome, Tokyo and Montreal). The Athens bid stemmed from the fact that 1996 marked 100 years since the first Summer Games in Athens in 1896, though Athens would eventually host the 2004 Summer Olympics. The initial push for 1996 coming to Atlanta originated from Billy Payne and then Atlanta mayor Document [44] (Title: 2020 Summer Olympics) baseball and softball (which were removed from the summer programme after 2008). Tokyo, Istanbul, and Madrid were the three candidate cities. The applicant cities of Baku (Azerbaijan) and Doha (Qatar) were not promoted to candidate status. A bid from Rome was withdrawn. The IOC voted to select the host city of the 2020 Summer Olympics on 7 September 2013 at the 125th IOC Session at the Buenos Aires Hilton in Buenos Aires, Argentina. (Who later hosted to 2018 Summer Youth Games.) An exhaustive ballot system was used. No city won over 50% of the votes in the first round, and Document [45] (Title: Boxing at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Boxing at the 2020 Summer Olympics The boxing tournaments at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo will take place from 25 July to 9 August 2020 at the Kokugikan Arena. On March 23, 2013, the Amateur International Boxing Association instituted significant changes to the format. The World Series of Boxing, AIBA's pro team league which started in 2010, already enabled team members to retain 2012 Olympic eligibility. The newer AIBA Pro Boxing Tournament, consisting of pros who sign 5 year contracts with AIBA and compete on pro cards leading up to the tournament, also provides a pathway for new pros Document [46] (Title: Football at the 2020 Summer Olympics) (a procedure already successfully employed by Team GB in field hockey and rugby sevens). Scotland also qualified for the World Cup but, under the agreement whereby the highest ranked home nation is nominated to compete for the purposes of Olympic qualification, their performance will not be taken into account. Football at the 2020 Summer Olympics The association football tournament at the 2020 Summer Olympics will be held from 22 July to 8 August 2020 in Japan. In addition to the Olympic host city of Tokyo, matches will also be played in Ibaraki, Saitama, Sapporo, Sendai, and Yokohama. Associations affiliated with Document [47] (Title: Baku bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) Baku bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics Baku 2020 () was a bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics by the city of Baku and the National Olympic Committee of Azerbaijan. Bids were also placed by Doha, Istanbul, Madrid, Rome (which later cancelled its bid) and the chosen host city of Tokyo. It was announced on September 1, 2011 that Baku submitted a bid to host the 2024 Olympics. Baku bid to host the 2016 Summer Olympics but failed to become a candidate. Those games ultimately were awarded to Rio de Janeiro. Baku's 2020 bid was their second bid. On September Document [48] (Title: 2016 Summer Olympics) each 14 January 2008. Four candidate cities were chosen for the shortlist on 4 June 2008: Chicago, Madrid, Rio de Janeiro and Tokyo, which hosted the 1964 Summer Olympics and will host again in 2020. The IOC did not promote Doha to the candidature phase, despite scoring higher than selected candidate city Rio de Janeiro, because of their intent of hosting the Olympics in October, outside of the IOC's sporting calendar. Prague and Baku also failed to make the cut. Nawal El Moutawakel of Morocco headed the 10-member Evaluation Commission, having also chaired the evaluation commission for the 2012 Summer Document [49] (Title: 2018 Winter Olympics closing ceremony) in Seoul. First, the Greek flag was raised while its anthem played. The Olympic flag was then lowered and passed, by the mayor of Pyeongchang County, Shim Jae-kook, to IOC President, Thomas Bach, who then handed it over to the mayor of Beijing, Chen Jining. This was then followed by the raising of the flag of China, and the playing of its anthem. The flag will be raised again in Tokyo, Japan, for the opening ceremony of the 2020 Summer Olympics on 24 July 2020. Beijing, the host city of the 2022 Winter Olympic Games, presented a special performance "See Document [50] (Title: Tokyo bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) Tokyo bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics Tokyo was selected by the Japanese Olympic Committee on July 16, 2011 as Japan's bidding city for the 2020 Games. The city is moving forward with its bid following the March 2011 earthquake and tsunami which affected much of eastern Japan. Prior to Tokyo's selection by the Japanese Olympic Committee, Hiroshima expressed interest in hosting but withdrew their plans to bid. On September 7, 2011, the Japanese Olympic Committee announced that Tokyo Governor Shintaro Ishihara will be Chairman of the Tokyo 2020 bid committee. The bid committee held their first meeting shortly after. Document [51] (Title: Chile at the 2020 Summer Olympics) 2018 ISSF World Championships, the 2019 ISSF World Cup series, the 2019 Pan American Games, and Championships of the Americas, as long as they obtained a minimum qualifying score (MQS) by 30 April 2020. Chile at the 2020 Summer Olympics Chile is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Since the nation's debut in 1896, Chilean athletes have appeared in every Summer Olympic Games of the modern era, except for two different occasions. Chile did not attend the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles at the period of the worldwide Document [52] (Title: Australia at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Australia at the 2020 Summer Olympics Australia is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Australia is one of only five countries to have sent athletes to every Summer Olympics of the modern era, alongside Great Britain, France, Greece, and Switzerland. Australian equestrians qualified a full squad in the team dressage competition by receiving a spare berth freed up by host nation Japan, as the top-ranked nation from Southeast Asia and Oceania, not yet qualified, at the 2018 FEI World Equestrian Games in Tryon, North Carolina, United States. Additionally, the Document [53] (Title: Gymnastics at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Gymnastics at the 2020 Summer Olympics Gymnastics at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo will be held in three categories: artistic gymnastics, rhythmic gymnastics and trampolining. All gymnastics events will be staged at the Olympic Gymnastic Centre, Tokyo Bay between 25 July and 5 August 2020. The programme for 2020 remains unchanged from 2016, despite an application from the FIG for the admission of a new parkour based event. The application had proved contentious with specialist parkour or freerunning organisations lobbying for the sport not to be included, and to be recognized as an entirely separate sport from gymnastics. Originally Document [54] (Title: Bids for the 2016 Summer Olympics) be awarded the 2016 Olympics, four of them bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics. Baku, Doha, Madrid and Tokyo were official Applicant Cities, with Madrid and Tokyo advancing to become Candidate Cities and with Tokyo eventually being selected. The Olympic bidding process begins with the submission of a city's application to the International Olympic Committee (IOC) by its National Olympic Committee (NOC) and ends with the election of the host city by the members of the IOC during an ordinary session. The process is governed by the Olympic Charter, as stated in Chapter 5, Rule 34. Since 1999, the process Document [55] (Title: France at the 2020 Summer Olympics) France at the 2020 Summer Olympics France is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. French athletes have appeared in every Summer Olympic Games of the modern era, alongside Australia, Great Britain, and Greece. As Paris will host the 2024 Summer Olympics, a French segment is expected to be performed at the closing ceremony. The French delegation include 15 athletes competing in 3 sport. French equestrians qualified a full squad in the team eventing competition by virtue of a top-six finish at the 2018 FEI World Equestrian Games in Tryon, Document [56] (Title: Skateboarding at the 2020 Summer Olympics) will be held: Skateboarding in the 2020 Olympics will be taking place in the Aomi Urban Venue, in Tokyo. Skateboarding at the 2020 Summer Olympics Skateboarding at the 2020 Summer Olympics is an event to be held in the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan. It is one of five sports added specifically for 2020, with no guarantee it will return to the programme in later years. There are 80 quota spots available for skateboarding. Each NOC can obtain a maximum of 3 spots in each event (total 12 maximum across the 4 events). Each event will have 20 competitors Document [57] (Title: Turkey at the 2020 Summer Olympics) continental regattas. Turkey at the 2020 Summer Olympics Turkey is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Since the nation's official debut in 1908, Turkish athletes have appeared in every edition of the Summer Olympic Games, except the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles at the period of worldwide Great Depression, and the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow because of the United States-led boycott. Turkish sailors qualified one boat in each of the following classes through the 2018 Sailing World Championships, the class-associated Worlds, Document [58] (Title: Hasan Arat) announcement of the 2020 Host City was made on 7 September 2013 at the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires following presentations by each candidate city, and Istanbul lost to Tokyo in the final round of voting by the International Olympic Committee, following the earlier elimination of Madrid. Arat led Istanbul's final presentation to the International Olympic Committee members where he was joined by Turkish Prime Minister, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. Following Istanbul's presentation, Arat said, "The Bid has united the people of Turkey, especially our young people, behind a common vision for our country’s future. Whatever happens with the vote, Document [59] (Title: South Korea at the 2020 Summer Olympics) South Korea at the 2020 Summer Olympics South Korea is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Since the nation's official debut in 1948, South Korean athletes have appeared in every edition of the Summer Olympic Games, with the exception of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow because of the United States-led boycott. One South Korean archer qualified for the men's individual recurve, by virtue of a top national finish at the 2018 Asian Games in Jakarta. South Korean sailors qualified one boat in each of the following classes through Document [60] (Title: Archery at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Round set system as the individual event. The competition format for the new mixed team event has not been released. All times are Japan Standard Time (). Archers from 56 nations participated at the 2016 Summer Olympics, with a similar number expected in 2020. Qualification tournaments include the 2019 World Archery Championships, various continental events, and a final qualification tournament. Archery at the 2020 Summer Olympics The archery events at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo will begin on 24 July 2020. Five events will take place. There are 128 qualifying places available for archery at the 2020 Summer Olympics: Document [61] (Title: Gymnastics at the 2020 Summer Olympics) planned as a temporary venue, in 2016 the Tokyo 2020 authorities confirmed the Olympic Gymnastic Centre would become a permanent venue, functioning as a convention centre after the Games. Prior to its refurbishment, the venue is also expected to host the Boccia event at the 2020 Summer Paralympics. The qualification pathway for the 2020 Summer Olympics was significantly overhauled and modified from 2016. The men's and women's team events in artistic gymnastics were reduced from five members per team to four, while further allocations were available for up to two specialists. In a further move to link a number of Document [62] (Title: Sailing at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Sailing at the 2020 Summer Olympics Sailing competitions at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo are scheduled to take place from 27 July to 6 August at the Enoshima Yacht Harbor. The RS:X, Laser, Laser Radial, Finn, 470, 49er, 49erFX, and Nacra17 are all returning for 2020; there are no significant changes to the Olympic programme from 2016. The number of sailors competing has been reduced from 380 to 350, with an equal distribution between men and women. The qualification period will commence at the 2018 Sailing World Championships in Aarhus, Denmark. There, 101 places, about forty percent of the Document [63] (Title: Baseball at the Summer Olympics) new IOC policies that shift the Games to an "event-based" programme rather than sport-based, the host organizing committee can now also propose the addition of sports to the programme alongside the permanent "core" events. A second bid for baseball-softball to be included as an event in 2020 was shortlisted by the Tokyo Organizing Committee on 22 June 2015. On 3 August 2016 during the 129th IOC Session in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, the IOC approved the Tokyo Organizing Committee's final shortlist of five sports, which included baseball, to be included in the programme during the 2020 Summer Olympics. The host Document [64] (Title: Istanbul bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) June 21 to July 13, 2013. The host city of the 2020 Summer Olympics was elected at the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires, Argentina on September 7, 2013. Tokyo competed against Madrid and Istanbul in the election and finished second with Tokyo ultimately being elected as the host city. Istanbul's bid was considered to have been damaged by the 2013 protests in Turkey, doping scandals as well as the 2011 Turkish football corruption scandal. Following Istanbul's failure to secure the 2020 Olympics, Turkey launched a bid to host the semi-finals and final of UEFA Euro 2020 at Istanbul's Atatürk Document [65] (Title: Cycling at the 2020 Summer Olympics) for both men and women. In addition, the Madison events (for both men and women) that had been dropped after 2008 in favour of Omnium events returned to the programme. Track cycling was planned for a temporary venue in Ariake. To save $100 million in construction costs, it was announced after months of negotiations that the venue for track cycling became the existing velodrome in Izu. The UCI resisted the move trackcycling 120 km outside Tokyo to Izu. The UCI feared it would detract from Olympic experience for both athletes and fans. Eventually the international cycling union agreed to change. Document [66] (Title: Sports in Tokyo) 1964 Summer Olympics, which was the first time the Olympic Games were held in Asia. On September 7, 2013, Tokyo was elected as the host city of the 2020 Summer Olympics. Tokyo will be the first Asian city to host the Olympics twice. Sports in Tokyo Tokyo is a major center for sports in Japan. Its professional sports teams compete in baseball, football (soccer), sumo and basketball. It hosted the 1964 Summer Olympics and will the Olympics once again in 2020. Two professional baseball clubs make their home in Tokyo. They are the Yakult Swallows (at Meiji-Jingu Stadium) and Yomiuri Document [67] (Title: Istanbul bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) are forbidden under IOC rules. Following Inose's statement, Tokyo 2020 made a statement saying that they "have the utmost respect for all candidate cities and have always taken pride in bidding in a spirit based on the Olympic values of excellence, respect and friendship.” Inose apologized for his comments a few days later and stated that he was "fully committed" to respecting IOC rules. In June 2013, Istanbul mayor Kadir Topbaş gave an interview expressing concern that the police's actions following an anti-government protest would jeopardize Istanbul's bid to host the 2020 Summer Olympics, saying "As Istanbul's mayor going through Document [68] (Title: 2020 Summer Olympics) Madrid and Istanbul were tied for second place. A run-off vote between these two cities was held to determine which would be eliminated. In the final vote, a head-to-head contest between Tokyo and Istanbul, Tokyo was selected by 60 votes to 36, as it got at least 49 votes needed for a majority. The Tokyo metropolitan government set aside a fund of 400 billion Japanese yen (over 3.67 billion USD) to cover the cost of hosting the Games. The Japanese government is considering increasing slot capacity at both Haneda Airport and Narita International Airport by easing airspace restrictions. A new Document [69] (Title: Istanbul bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) Olympic Stadium. Turkey has yet to host an Olympic Games. Istanbul has made four previous bids for the Summer Games. The city was a candidate for the 2000 Games which were awarded to Sydney. It bid again for 2004, which were held in Athens, but failed to become a candidate city. It became a candidate for 2008 but lost to Beijing. The Turkish city's most recent bid was for the 2012 Games but it failed to become a candidate. London was awarded the 2012 Games. Istanbul lost to Tokyo for 2020. Tokyo was awarded the 2020 Games. Istanbul hosted the Document [70] (Title: Canada at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Canada at the 2020 Summer Olympics Canada is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Since the nation's debut in 1900, Canadian athletes have appeared in every edition of the Summer Olympic Games, with the exception of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow because of the United States-led boycott. Canadian sailors qualified one boat in each of the following classes through the 2018 Sailing World Championships, the class-associated Worlds, the 2019 Pan American Games, and the continental regattas. Canadian shooters achieved quota places for the following events by virtue of Document [71] (Title: Istanbul bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) is located on two continents. In April 2013 Tokyo 2020 Chairman Naoki Inose created controversy when he made a comment that was seen as a criticism of Istanbul and their bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics. Inose was quoted saying, “Well, compare the two countries where they have yet to build infrastructure, very sophisticated facilities. So from time to time, like Brazil, I think it’s good to have a venue for the first time. But Islamic countries, the only thing they share in common is Allah and they are fighting with each other and they have classes.” Criticizing rival bids Document [72] (Title: Argentina at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Argentina at the 2020 Summer Olympics Argentina is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Since the nation's official debut in 1900, Argentine athletes have competed in every edition of the Summer Olympic Games, except the sparsely attended 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis, the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, and the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow because of the United States-led boycott. Argentine sailors qualified one boat in each of the following classes through the 2018 Sailing World Championships, the class-associated Worlds, the 2019 Pan American Games, and the Document [73] (Title: Bids for the 2020 Summer Olympics) (London 2012). Out of the six bidders, Tokyo had previously hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1964. The other four bidders have made bids in the past. It is the first time in 20 years that no city in the Americas bid to host the Summer Olympic Games. Rio de Janeiro was awarded the 2016 Summer Olympics. Baku and Doha bid for the 2016 Games but failed to become candidate cities, while Tokyo and Madrid also bid for the 2016 Games and became candidate cities. The IOC voted to select the host city of the 2020 Summer Olympics on 7 Document [74] (Title: Surfing at the 2020 Summer Olympics) included. Quota places will be allocated to the athletes at the following events: There is a maximum of 2 men and 2 women per NOC. Surfing at the 2020 Summer Olympics Surfing at the Summer Olympics will make its debut in the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan. After several attempts at inclusion in the Olympics, the International Surfing Association has been successful in getting surfing included in the 2020 Games. With the decision to have surfing at the 2020 Summer Olympics, officials announced that surfing would take place in the ocean, and not in a wave pool such as Document [75] (Title: China at the 2020 Summer Olympics) at the 2018 Asian Games in Jakarta. China at the 2020 Summer Olympics The People's Republic of China is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. It will be the nation's eleventh appearance at the Summer Olympics, since its debut in 1952. One Chinese archer qualified for the women's individual recurve, by virtue of a top national finish at the 2018 Asian Games in Jakarta. China fielded a full squad of four gymnasts each in both the men's and women's artistic gymnastics events by virtue of a top three finish Document [76] (Title: Gymnastics at the 2020 Summer Olympics) FIG competitions to the Olympic Games, qualification places will now be available based on an aggregate of scores achieved over the Artistic Gymnastics World Cup series, and the various continental artistic gymnastics championships. Japan, as the host country, receives a guaranteed spot, in case it were not to earn one by the regular qualifying methods. As in 2016, a gala will be held in gymnastics on 5 August 2020, following the completion of competition in the artistic disciplines. The exhibition event features artistic performances by gymnasts who participate in Tokyo. Gymnastics at the 2020 Summer Olympics Gymnastics at the 2020 Document [77] (Title: Japan at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Japan at the 2020 Summer Olympics Japan will be the host nation of the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Since the nation's official debut in 1912, Japanese athletes had appeared at every Summer Olympic Games in the modern era, except for two editions; they were not invited to the 1948 Summer Olympics in London because of the nation's role in World War II, and were also part of the United States-led boycott, when Moscow hosted the 1980 Summer Olympics. Japan men's basketball team automatically qualified for the Olympics as the host nation. Japan Document [78] (Title: 2020 United States Olympic Trials (track and field)) 2018, it was announced that Eugene, Oregon had been selected to host the competition. Organized by USA Track and Field, the ten-day competition is scheduled for June 19-28 and will serve as the national championships in track and field for the United States. The results of the event determined qualification for the American Olympic team at the 2020 Summer Olympics, to be held in Tokyo. Provided they had achieved the Olympic standard, the top three athletes will gain a place on the Olympic team. In the event that a leading athlete does not hold the standard, or an athlete withdraws, Document [79] (Title: Modern pentathlon at the 2020 Summer Olympics) eligible to compete, a non-selected quota has been redistributed. Modern pentathlon at the 2020 Summer Olympics The modern pentathlon at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo will take place from 6 to 8 August 2020 at Musashino Forest Sports Plaza and Ajinomoto Stadium. Thirty-six athletes will compete each in the men's and women's events. Modern pentathlon contained five events; pistol shooting, épée fencing, freestyle swimming, show jumping, and a cross-country run. Thirty-six athletes per gender must qualify for the Games, with only a maximum of two each per NOC. Qualification methods are similarly applied to both men's and women's events. Document [80] (Title: Olympic Games) of hosting three Olympic Games, all Summer, more than any other city. The other nations hosting the Summer Games twice are Germany, Australia, France and Greece. The other cities hosting the Summer Games twice are Los Angeles, Paris and Athens. With the 2020 Summer Olympic Games, Japan and Tokyo, respectively, will hold these statuses. In addition to the United States, nations hosting multiple Winter Games are France with three, while Switzerland, Austria, Norway, Japan, Canada and Italy have hosted twice. Among host cities, Lake Placid, Innsbruck and St. Moritz have played host to the Winter Olympic Games more than once, Document [81] (Title: Surfing at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Surfing at the 2020 Summer Olympics Surfing at the Summer Olympics will make its debut in the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan. After several attempts at inclusion in the Olympics, the International Surfing Association has been successful in getting surfing included in the 2020 Games. With the decision to have surfing at the 2020 Summer Olympics, officials announced that surfing would take place in the ocean, and not in a wave pool such as those from the Kelly Slater Wave Company as had been speculated. The contest site for the 2020 Games was decided to be Shidashita Beach, or Document [82] (Title: Tokyo bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) IOC Evaluation Commission Report on the Candidate Cities for the 2020 Summer Olympics was released on June 25. Tokyo 2020 gave a presentation of their bid to the IOC at an Extraordinary session in Lausanne in July 2013. In August 2013, Naoki Inose stated that the 2011 nuclear accident at the Fukushima nuclear power plant would not pose a threat to Tokyo's ability to host the Olympic Games. Inose stated that "the water in Tokyo is safe, and we have released this data on our website" and that "The radiation levels are no different than in London or Paris." A Document [83] (Title: Korean Sport & Olympic Committee) and renamed as Korean Sport & Olympic Committee since late November 2016 but the emblem of the Committee and the name in Korean are remaining the same as previous. On November 2, 2018, officials from both North and South Korea announced that their countries would participate at the 2020 Summer Olympics, held in Tokyo, Japan, as a unified team. The officials from both Koreas also announced that the letters they would send to the IOC regarding their bids for hosting the 2032 Summer Olympics would also consist of co-host bids so that the Olympic activities would take place in both Document [84] (Title: 2020 Summer Olympics opening ceremony) of Japan and Tokyo to the world; including feedback from experts and opinions of the Japanese public. The final version was released in December 2017. The Basic Policy consists of three sections: Naomi Kawase will direct the Official film of the Olympic Games of Tokyo 2020. The New National Stadium will serve as the main stadium for the opening ceremony. Demolition of old National Stadium was completed in May 2015, then the construction of new stadium began at the same site on 11 December 2016. The stadium will be handed over to the IOC on 30 November 2019 for necessary Document [85] (Title: Bids for the 2020 Summer Olympics) September 2013 at the 125th IOC Session at the Buenos Aires Hilton in Buenos Aires, Argentina. An exhaustive ballot system was used. No city won over 50% of the votes in the first round, and Madrid and Istanbul were tied for second place. A run-off vote between these two cities was held to determine which would be eliminated. In the final vote, a head-to-head contest between Tokyo and Istanbul, Tokyo was selected by 60 votes to 36 votes. The candidate cities for the 2020 Olympics are, in order of drawing lots: It was announced at the 1 September 2011 deadline Document [86] (Title: Tokyo bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) for the first time. But Islamic countries, the only thing they share in common is Allah and they are fighting with each other and they have classes.” Criticizing rival bids are forbidden under IOC rules. Following Inose's statement, Tokyo 2020 made a statement saying that they "have the utmost respect for all candidate cities and have always taken pride in bidding in a spirit based on the Olympic values of excellence, respect and friendship.” Inose apologized for his comments a few days later and stated that he was "fully committed" to respecting IOC rules. At the Association of National Olympic Document [87] (Title: 2020 Summer Paralympics) 2020 Summer Paralympics The are an upcoming major international multi-sport event for athletes with disabilities governed by the International Paralympic Committee. Scheduled as the 16th Summer Paralympic Games, it is planned to be held in Tokyo, Japan from 25 August to 6 September 2020. This will mark the second time Tokyo has hosted the Paralympics, as they were first hosted there in 1964 alongside the 1964 Summer Olympics. These Games will see the introduction of badminton and taekwondo to the Paralympic programme, with the removal of sailing and 7-a-side football. As part of a formal agreement between the International Paralympic Document [88] (Title: 125th IOC Session) 125th IOC Session The 125th IOC Session took place at the Buenos Aires Hilton in Buenos Aires, Argentina, from 7 September to 10 September 2013. The International Olympic Committee elected Tokyo as the host city of the 2020 Summer Olympic Games on 7 September. Wrestling was restored to the Olympic program for 2020 and 2024, and Thomas Bach was elected to an eight-year term as IOC President. The IOC received two bids from cities to host the 125th Session: Buenos Aires and Kuala Lumpur made bids. The Argentine capital Buenos Aires was elected at the 122nd IOC Session in Vancouver Document [89] (Title: 2020 Summer Olympics) to increase the number of female participants. The games will feature 339 events in 33 different sports, encompassing 50 disciplines. Alongside the five new sports that will be introduced in Tokyo, there will be fifteen new events within existing sports, including 3-on-3 basketball, freestyle BMX and Madison cycling, and new mixed events in several sports. In the list below, the number of events in each discipline is noted in parentheses. As part of a goal to control costs and ensure that the Olympics remain "relevant to sports fans of all generations", the IOC assessed the 26 sports contested at the Document [90] (Title: Great Britain at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Great Britain at the 2020 Summer Olympics Great Britain, represented by the British Olympic Association (BOA), is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. British athletes have appeared in every Summer Olympic Games of the modern era, alongside Australia, France, Greece, and Switzerland, though Great Britain is the only country to have won at least one gold medal at all of them. British equestrians qualified a full squad in the team dressage and team eventing competitions by virtue of a top-six finish at the 2018 FEI World Equestrian Games in Document [91] (Title: Bids for the 2016 Summer Olympics) meeting in Athens, Greece. The remaining Applicant cities—Baku, Doha and Prague—were eliminated. The four Candidate cities were selected according to a detailed study of the Applicant Files received by the IOC Working Group on January 14, 2008. The four cities submitted the Candidature Files to the IOC on February 11, 2009. They were analyzed by the IOC Evaluation Commission, which made site inspections in Chicago (April 4–7, 2009), Tokyo (April 16–19, 2009), Rio de Janeiro (April 27–May 2, 2009) and Madrid (May 5–8, 2009). Under the leadership of Nawal El Moutawakel, the Evaluation Commission released its report on September 2, Document [92] (Title: Tokyo bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) letter of assurance over the issue was later sent to the IOC members. Prior to the host city election, Brazilian footballer Zico endorsed Tokyo's bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics. Tokyo was elected as the host city at the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Tokyo recently bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics but lost to Rio de Janeiro. Tokyo's first Olympic bid was for the 1940 Summer Olympics. Tokyo won the bid but the games were cancelled due to World War II. They later bid for the 1960 Summer Olympics and lost to Rome. Tokyo made a successful Document [93] (Title: Tokyo bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) Committees Extraordinary General Assembly in June 2013, Tokyo 2020 stressed the compactness of their bid. 85% of the competition venues would within 8 km of the Olympic Village. Two anonymous sources within the IOC stated that Tokyo is the favorite to win their Olympic bid over Istanbul and Madrid provided no major mistakes are made before the IOC vote. The safe and secure nature of Tokyo is seen as a major factor giving the Tokyo bid an advantage. Istanbul has been seeing large anti-government protests while Madrid's bid is said to be being effected by Spain's economic crisis. The 2020 Document [94] (Title: 2020 Summer Olympics) 2020 Summer Olympics The 2020 Summer Olympics, officially known as the and commonly known as Tokyo 2020, is a forthcoming international multi-sport event that is scheduled to take place from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Tokyo was selected as the host city during the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires on 7 September 2013. These Games will mark the return of the Summer Olympics to Tokyo for the first time since 1964, and the fourth Olympics overall to be held in Japan, following the 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo and the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano. They will be Document [95] (Title: Bids for the 2020 Summer Olympics) Bids for the 2020 Summer Olympics There were a total of six bids which were initially submitted for the 2020 Summer Olympics. Tokyo was ultimately elected as the host city at the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires, Argentina, on 7 September 2013. The Olympic bidding process begins with the submission of a city's application to the International Olympic Committee (IOC) by its National Olympic Committee (NOC) and ends with the election of the host city by the members of the IOC during an ordinary session. The process is governed by the Olympic Charter, as stated in Chapter 5, Rule Document [96] (Title: Tokyo bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) bid for the 1964 Summer Olympics and Tokyo became the first Asian city to host the Olympic Games. Tokyo's successful 2020 bid is the city's fifth bid for the games, making it the fourth city to host the Summer Olympics two times. Paris, Los Angeles and Athens have hosted the games twice, with London hosting for a third time in 2012. With Tokyo's selection as host of the 2020 games, it marks the fourth Olympic Game to be held in Japan. Osaka bid to host the 2008 Olympics but lost to Beijing. Nagoya bid for the 1988 Summer Olympics and Document [97] (Title: Aftermath of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami) April 2011, Japanese Olympic officials stated they were undecided whether to run but said hosting international sports events was important to helping the country rebuild. In July 2011, Tokyo put forth its bid to host the 2020 Summer Olympic Games. Following the deadline for bidding, the IOC confirmed that Tokyo was one of the six cities that had entered a bid. The bid has received the full support of the government. On 23 May 2012, the IOC selected Tokyo as one of the three candidate cities for the 2020 Olympics. On 7 September 2013, Tokyo was voted to host the Document [98] (Title: Norway at the 2020 Summer Olympics) quota places for the following events by virtue of their best finishes at the 2018 ISSF World Championships, the 2019 ISSF World Cup series, European Championships or Games, and European Qualifying Tournament, as long as they obtained a minimum qualifying score (MQS) by 30 April 2020. Norway at the 2020 Summer Olympics Norway is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Since the nation's debut in 1900, Norwegian athletes have appeared in every edition of the Summer Olympic Games, except for two occasions: the sparsely attended 1904 Summer Olympics in Document [99] (Title: Turkey at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Turkey at the 2020 Summer Olympics Turkey is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Since the nation's official debut in 1908, Turkish athletes have appeared in every edition of the Summer Olympic Games, except the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles at the period of worldwide Great Depression, and the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow because of the United States-led boycott. Turkish sailors qualified one boat in each of the following classes through the 2018 Sailing World Championships, the class-associated Worlds, and the Document [100] (Title: Greece at the 2020 Summer Olympics) following events by virtue of their best finishes at the 2018 ISSF World Championships, the 2019 ISSF World Cup series, European Championships or Games, and European Qualifying Tournament, as long as they obtained a minimum qualifying score (MQS) by 30 April 2020. Greece at the 2020 Summer Olympics Greece is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Greek athletes have competed in every Summer Olympic Games of the modern era, alongside Australia, Great Britain, and Switzerland. As the progenitor nation of the Olympic Games and in keeping with tradition, Greece Document [101] (Title: Tokyo bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) at the 2000 Summer Olympics will serve as head of online and social media for the bid. In April 2012, Tokyo 2020 appointed Tokuaki Suzuki, as the bid's communications director. Suzuki previously served as Competitions Director of the Asian Football Confederation. On May 23, 2012, the IOC selected Tokyo as a Candidate City for the 2020 Summer Olympics. In June 2012 a study was conducted that found that hosting the 2020 Olympic Games in Tokyo could create over 150,000 jobs. In July 2012, the bid launched their "Discover Tomorrow" slogan. In November, a survey revealed that 67% of Tokyo's population Document [102] (Title: Sport climbing at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Tripartite Commission invitations. Sport climbing at the 2020 Summer Olympics Sport climbing at the 2020 Summer Olympics is an event to be held in the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan. The proposed format will consist of three disciplines: lead climbing, speed climbing and bouldering. Two events will be held, one for men and one for women. There are 40 quota spots available for sport climbing. Each NOC can obtain a maximum of 2 spots in each event (total 4 maximum across the 2 events). Each event will have 20 competitors qualify: 18 from qualification, 1 from the host (Japan), Document [103] (Title: 2020 Summer Olympics opening ceremony) 2020 Summer Olympics opening ceremony The opening ceremony of the 2020 Summer Olympics is scheduled to take place on the evening of Friday 24 July 2020 in the Olympic Stadium, Tokyo. As mandated by the Olympic Charter, the proceedings combined the formal ceremonial opening of this international sporting event (including welcoming speeches, hoisting of the flags and the parade of athletes) with an artistic spectacle to showcase the host nation's culture and history. Ticket prices for the Opening Ceremony will range between ¥12,000 and ¥300,000. The Organising Committee prepared a so-called “Basic Policy”, that includes aspects to highlight the appeal Document [104] (Title: 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup) the host of the 2020 Summer Olympics (and the top 2 teams from each of the Americas and Europe; and the top team from each of Africa, Asia and Oceania) in this competition will qualify for the men's basketball event in the 2020 Olympic Games in Tokyo. The whole bidding process started in April 2014. Bids from numerous nations were submitted. On 16 March 2015, it was confirmed that the World Cup will be staged in Asia, with China and Philippines as the final countries to be the basis for the selection of the host. On 7 August 2015, it Document [105] (Title: Bids for Olympic Games) awarded to Tokyo on 7 September 2013, the 2022 Winter Olympics were awarded to Beijing on 31 July 2015, the 2024 Summer Olympics were awarded to Paris and the 2028 Summer Olympics were awarded to Los Angeles on 13 September 2017. In June 2001, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) signed an agreement that would ensure that the staging of the Paralympic Games is automatically included in the bid for the Olympic Games. The agreement came into effect at the 2008 Paralympic Summer Games in Beijing, and the 2010 Paralympic Winter Games in Vancouver. However, Document [106] (Title: Madrid bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) IOC Session in Buenos Aires, Argentina Madrid was eliminated from the election following a tie with Istanbul. Madrid was eliminated in the tie-breaking vote. Tokyo was ultimately elected as the host city. Madrid's bid was considered to be hurt by Spain's weak economy as well as the Operación Puerto doping case. Following Madrid's failure to secure the 2020 Olympics, it was confirmed that Madrid would not be bidding for the 2024 Summer Olympics. Barcelona had expressed interest in bidding for the 2022 Winter Olympics, but did not bid, instead expressing an interest to submit a bid for the 2026 Winter Document [107] (Title: 2020 Summer Paralympics) Committee and the International Olympic Committee first established in 2001, the winner of the bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics must also host the 2020 Summer Paralympics. After the second round of voting, which followed a tie-breaker, the 2020 Summer Olympics and Paralympics were awarded to Tokyo at the 125th IOC Session, Ahead of the 2016 Summer Paralympics closing ceremony, Governor of Tokyo Yuriko Koike advocated for the city to improve its accessibility as a legacy project for the Games. She cited narrow roadways with no sidewalks, and buildings constructed with narrow doorways and low ceilings, as challenges that needed Document [108] (Title: 2021 World Aquatics Championships) 2021 World Aquatics Championships The 2021 World Aquatics Championships — 19th FINA World Aquatics Championships will be held in Fukuoka, Japan in 2021. It will be the second time Fukuoka hosts this meet, 20 years after the 2001 World Aquatics Championships. The year before the championships, the 2020 Summer Olympics will also be held in Japan, hosted by Tokyo. The competitions originally were to be held in Budapest, Hungary, in the summer of 2021. This was announced on July 19, 2013, on the biennial General Congress of FINA in Barcelona, the host-city of the 2013 World Aquatics Championships. Also Gwangju, Document [109] (Title: Tokyo bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) Towards the end of November 2011 the Tokyo 2020 Council was established. It is an advisory board comprises 64 members including Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda who is the top advisor on the council. Tokyo 2020 revealed their bid logo on November 30, 2011. Tokyo's 2020 bid will have a budget of $75 Million, which is half the amount of their previous 2016 bid, which had a $150 Million budget. The President of the Japanese Olympic Committee, Tsunekazu Takeda stated in April 2012 that hosting the games could generate $2 Billion for Tokyo. In early December 2011, Japan's House of Representatives Document [110] (Title: Summer Olympic Games) federal government; the country's economic crisis; health and safety concerns surrounding the Zika virus and significant pollution in the Guanabara Bay; and a state-sponsored doping scandal involving Russia, which affected the participation of its athletes in the Games. Tokyo, Japan will host the 2020 Summer Olympics, making it the first Asian city to host the Olympic Games twice. Forty-two sports, spanning 55 disciplines, have been part of the Olympic program at one point or another. Twenty-eight sports have comprised the schedule for three of the recent games, 2000, 2004, and 2008 Summer Olympics. Due to the removal of baseball and Document [111] (Title: 2020 Summer Olympics) coverage to free-to-air networks in each territory and other Discovery Inc.-owned channels. In the United Kingdom, these will be the last Games whose rights are primarily owned by the BBC, although as a condition of a sub-licensing agreement that will carry into the 2022 and 2024 Games, Eurosport holds exclusive pay television rights. 2020 Summer Olympics The 2020 Summer Olympics, officially known as the and commonly known as Tokyo 2020, is a forthcoming international multi-sport event that is scheduled to take place from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Tokyo was selected as the host city during the 125th IOC Document [112] (Title: Modern pentathlon at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Modern pentathlon at the 2020 Summer Olympics The modern pentathlon at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo will take place from 6 to 8 August 2020 at Musashino Forest Sports Plaza and Ajinomoto Stadium. Thirty-six athletes will compete each in the men's and women's events. Modern pentathlon contained five events; pistol shooting, épée fencing, freestyle swimming, show jumping, and a cross-country run. Thirty-six athletes per gender must qualify for the Games, with only a maximum of two each per NOC. Qualification methods are similarly applied to both men's and women's events. Host nation Japan has been guaranteed one quota place Document [113] (Title: 125th IOC Session) which took place prior to the 2010 Winter Olympics. The members of the IOC elected the host city of the 2020 Olympic Games on 7 September 2013. The candidates were Tokyo, Istanbul, and Madrid. Before the vote the contest was considered to be close between the three cities. Tokyo was awarded the 2020 Summer Olympics. The results of the exhaustive ballot were as follows: Following Madrid's elimination, the three Spanish IOC members were able to vote in the final round of voting. The announcement was met with jubilation from the Tokyo delegation and across Japan. Japanese Prime Minister Shinzō Abe, Document [114] (Title: 2019 European Games) 2019 European Games 2019 European Games (, "Jeŭrapiejskija hulni 2019"; , "Jevropejskije igry 2019") also known as the second European Games will be held in Minsk, Belarus from 21 June to 30 June 2019. The games will feature 200 events in 15 sports (23 disciplines). The organisers expect around 4,000 athletes from 50 countries. Ten of the sports will offer qualification opportunities for the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan. Five of the sports will define champions of Europe. The opening ceremony at the Dinamo Stadium will be held on 21 June and the closing ceremony on 30 June. The Document [115] (Title: 2024 Summer Olympics) as to whether video games will be featured in the 2024 Olympics will be made in 2020. During the Lima Session, the IOC approved the Rio 2016 sports program for Paris 2024. New sports will be chosen during the 134th IOC Session in 2019 in Lausanne, Switzerland, subject to final approval by the IOC Executive Board in December 2020. The 2024 Summer Olympic programme is scheduled to feature 28 sports encompassing 319 events, though this is likely to change depending on success of the five additional sports added to the Tokyo Olympics. This means there could be up to 33 Document [116] (Title: 128th IOC Session) be added to the Tokyo 2020 program. A new shortlist of eight sports were unveiled on June 22, 2015. These sports include baseball/softball, bowling, karate, roller sports, sport climbing, squash, surfing, and wushu. The federations of the eight sports made their presentations in Tokyo on August 7–8, 2015. In September 2015, organisers will recommend one or more of the sports to the International Olympic Committee for inclusion in 2020 Olympic program, with the final decision in August 2016. The IOC approved South Sudan's inclusion as a full member of the Committee, allowed the country to participate in Rio 2016 under Document [117] (Title: Summer Olympic Games) the 2020 Summer Olympics, when it will become the first city outside the Western world to have hosted the Summer Olympics more than once, having already hosted the Games in 1964. The other countries that have hosted the Summer Olympics are Belgium, Brazil, China, Canada, Finland, Italy, Mexico, Netherlands, South Korea, Spain, Soviet Union, and Sweden; each of these countries has hosted the Summer Games on just one occasion. Asia has hosted the Summer Olympics three times, in Tokyo, Japan (1964), Seoul, South Korea (1988), and Beijing, China (2008); Asia will host the Games for a fourth time in 2020 Document [118] (Title: 2020 Summer Olympics) Olympic events in the country. The official emblems for the 2020 Olympics and Paralympics were unveiled on 25 April 2016; designed by Asao Tokolo, who won a nationwide design contest, it takes the form of a ring in an indigo-coloured checkerboard pattern. The design is meant to "express a refined elegance and sophistication that exemplifies Japan". The designs replaced a previous emblem which had been scrapped due to allegations that it plagiarized the logo of a Belgian theatre. The Tokyo 2020 Organising Committee began accepting submissions for the official mascots of the Games from 1 to 14 August 2017. A Question: where are the olympics being held in 2020 Answer: Tokyo Long Answer: The 2020 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXXII Olympiad (Japanese: 第 三 十 二 回 オリンピック 競技 大会, Hepburn: Dai Sanjūni - kai Orinpikku Kyōgi Taikai) and commonly known as Tokyo 2020, is a forthcoming international multi-sport event that is scheduled to take place from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Gold Document ID: 118

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Poland at the 2020 Summer Olympics) their best finishes at the 2018 ISSF World Championships, the 2019 ISSF World Cup series, European Championships or Games, and European Qualifying Tournament, as long as they obtained a minimum qualifying score (MQS) by 20 April 2020. Poland at the 2020 Summer Olympics Poland is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Since the nation's official debut in 1924, Polish athletes have appeared in every edition of the Summer Olympic Games, with the exception of the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, because of the country's support of the Soviet Document [2] (Title: International Olympic Committee) temporary basis, and although real improvements were realized (particularly in air quality), most of these improvements had disappeared one year following the Games. Although these improvements were short lived, IOC's inclusion of environmental policies in evaluating and selecting host cities demonstrates a corporate responsibility that may be built upon in years to come. Detailed frameworks for environmental sustainability have been released for the 2018 Winter Olympics, and 2020 Summer Olympics in PyeongChang, South Korea, and Tokyo, Japan, respectively. The IOC has four major approaches to addressing environmental health concerns during the construction and competitions of the Olympic Games. First, the Document [3] (Title: Summer Olympic Games) and once each in Sweden (1912), Belgium (1920), Netherlands (1928), Finland (1952), Italy (1960), Japan (1964), Mexico (1968), Canada (1976), Soviet Union (1980), South Korea (1988), Spain (1992), China (2008) and Brazil (2016). The IOC has selected Tokyo, Japan, to host the Summer Olympics for a second time in 2020. The 2024 Summer Olympics will be held in Paris, France, for a third time, exactly one hundred years after the city's last Summer Olympics in 1924. The IOC has also selected Los Angeles, California, to host its third Summer Games in 2028. To date, only five countries have participated in Document [4] (Title: National Stadium (Tokyo)) Station on the Toei Oedo Line; and from Gaienmae Station on the Tokyo Metro Ginza Line. National Stadium (Tokyo) Demolition was completed in May 2015, and the site will be redeveloped with a new larger-capacity National Olympic Stadium. The new stadium is set to be the main venue for the 2020 Summer Olympics and Paralympics. The original plans for the new stadium were scrapped in July 2015 by Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, who announced a rebid after a public outcry because of increased building costs. As a result, the new design will not be ready for the 2019 Rugby Document [5] (Title: Tokyo bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) Olympic Stadium in Tokyo would receive a $1 billion upgrade and full-scale reconstruction for the 2019 Rugby World Cup as well as the 2020 Olympics. As a result, a design competition for the new stadium was launched. In November 2012 the Japan Sport Council announced that out of 46 finalists, Zaha Hadid Architects was awarded the design for the new stadium. Plans include dismantling the original stadium, and expanding the capacity from 50,000 to a modern Olympic capacity of about 80,000. The possibility of renovating the National Olympic Stadium had been previously discussed. Following a renovation, the venue would host Document [6] (Title: Football at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Football at the 2020 Summer Olympics The association football tournament at the 2020 Summer Olympics will be held from 22 July to 8 August 2020 in Japan. In addition to the Olympic host city of Tokyo, matches will also be played in Ibaraki, Saitama, Sapporo, Sendai, and Yokohama. Associations affiliated with FIFA may send teams to participate in the tournament. Men's teams are restricted to under-23 players (born on or after 1 January 1997) with a maximum of three overage players allowed, while there are no age restrictions on women's teams. Brazil are the men's defending champions, while Germany are Document [7] (Title: Norway at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Norway at the 2020 Summer Olympics Norway is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Since the nation's debut in 1900, Norwegian athletes have appeared in every edition of the Summer Olympic Games, except for two occasions: the sparsely attended 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis and the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, because of its partial support of the United States-led boycott. Norwegian sailors qualified one boat in each of the following classes through the 2018 Sailing World Championships, the class-associated Worlds, and the continental regattas. Norwegian shooters achieved Document [8] (Title: Association of Summer Olympic International Federations) Olympic Movement. Olympic Agenda 2020 gives host cities the option of suggesting new sports and events for inclusion in their edition of the Games. Karate, skateboarding, sports climbing, surfing and baseball/softball will be added to the Olympic Programme in Tokyo 2020. ASOIF has amended its statutes to enable IFs “governing sports included within the events programme for a specific edition of the Summer Olympic Games” to become “Associate Members”. ASOIF is administered by an executive body, the Council, which consists of seven individual members, most of which are presidents of Summer Olympic International Federations. The ASOIF General Secretariat is located Document [9] (Title: Shooting at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Shooting at the 2020 Summer Olympics Shooting competitions at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo are scheduled to take place from 25 July to 2 August at the Asaka Shooting Range. Unlike in 2016, the number of shooters competing across fifteen different events at these Games has been reduced from 390 to 360, with an equal distribution between men and women. Furthermore, several significant changes were instituted in the Olympic shooting program, including the substitution of three male-only events (rifle prone, free pistol, and double trap), with the mixed team competitions. On 9 June 2017, the International Shooting Sport Federation Document [10] (Title: 2022 Winter Olympics) following the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea, and the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan. These Games will also be the fourth Winter Olympics to be held in East Asia, after Sapporo (1972), Nagano (1998) and Pyeongchang (2018). Beijing will become the first city ever to host both Summer and Winter Olympic Games. There are plans to utilize many of the same indoor venues that were used in 2008, as well as using the Beijing National Stadium for the opening and closing ceremonies. The bidding calendar was announced by the IOC in October 2012, with the application deadline Document [11] (Title: Baku bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) multiple countries. It has been stated that Baku would bid again for the 2024 Summer Olympics. Baku hosted the 2015 European Games which were the first European Games to be held. Tokyo was ultimately elected as the host city of the 2020 Summer Olympics at the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires, Argentina. The city hosted many sporting events, including the Rhythmic Gymnastics European Championships in 2007 and 2009, the 2005 World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships, 2007 FILA Wrestling World Championships and 2010 European Wrestling Championships, the 2011 World Amateur Boxing Championships, 2009 Women's Challenge Cup and the European Taekwondo Championships Document [12] (Title: International Surfing Association) the 2020 Summer Olympics. On August 3, 2016, during the 129th IOC Session at the Rio de Janeiro 2016 Olympic Games, the IOC unanimously voted to include five new sports, among them surfing, to the sports program of the Tokyo 2020 Games. Surfing was included in the Tokyo 2020 Games on a one-off basis, and the ISA now has shifted their focused towards securing surfing's inclusion in the next editions of the Olympics, including Paris 2024 and LA 2028. On March 16th, 2018, the International Surfing Association (ISA) welcomed the release by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) of the approved Document [13] (Title: Tokyo bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) Tokyo's previous bid for the 2016 Games had lower public support with one poll indicating that 56% of residents supported the 2016 bid. The IOC Evaluation Commission visited Tokyo from March 4 to March 7, 2013. In April 2013, the Tokyo 2020 Chairman, Governor Naoki Inose, created controversy when he made a comment that was seen as a criticism of Istanbul and their bid for the 2020 Olympics. Inose said, “Well, compare the two countries where they have yet to build infrastructure, very sophisticated facilities. So from time to time, like Brazil, I think it’s good to have a venue Document [14] (Title: Olympic emblem) on the emblem relates to. The emblem features the line connecting the words "Lausanne 2020". The first version Tokyo 2020 Summer Olympics emblem was unveiled on July 24, 2015. The emblem was based on letter "T" for "Tokyo", "Tomorrow" and "Tram". And it was created by Japanese award-winning designer Kenjiro Sano. However, A week after unveiling the emblem, the idea was plagiarized from Théâtre de Liège in Belgium by Olivier Debie. On September 2, 2015 the emblem was withdrawn and brought back the bid emblem. But on April 25, 2016, The new emblem was unveiled named "Harmonized Chequered Emblem" and Document [15] (Title: Tokyo bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) the opening and closing ceremonies as well as track and field events. Renovating the stadium would reduce costs of organizing the games in the event that Tokyo wins their bid. In their 2016 bid, Tokyo proposed building a new Olympic Stadium on the Tokyo Bay waterfront near the Olympic Village, which would have cost $1.3 billion. Tokyo bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics Tokyo was selected by the Japanese Olympic Committee on July 16, 2011 as Japan's bidding city for the 2020 Games. The city is moving forward with its bid following the March 2011 earthquake and tsunami which affected Document [16] (Title: Greece at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Greece at the 2020 Summer Olympics Greece is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Greek athletes have competed in every Summer Olympic Games of the modern era, alongside Australia, Great Britain, and Switzerland. As the progenitor nation of the Olympic Games and in keeping with tradition, Greece enters first at the New National Stadium during the opening ceremony. Greek sailors qualified one boat in each of the following classes through the 2018 Sailing World Championships, the class-associated Worlds, and the continental regattas. Greek shooters achieved quota places for the Document [17] (Title: Chile at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Chile at the 2020 Summer Olympics Chile is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Since the nation's debut in 1896, Chilean athletes have appeared in every Summer Olympic Games of the modern era, except for two different occasions. Chile did not attend the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles at the period of the worldwide Great Depression and was also part of the US-led boycott, when Moscow hosted the 1980 Summer Olympics. Chilean shooters achieved quota places for the following events by virtue of their best finishes at the Document [18] (Title: International Olympic Committee) of its core Olympic sports for the Summer Olympic programme for the 2020 Olympics. This decision was poorly received by the sporting and wrestling community. Wrestling was still part of the programme at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro. This decision was later overturned, and wrestling will be a part of the 2020 Olympic Games in Tokyo. As planned, the alpine ski run and luge racing area of the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics will be built in the core area of Beijing Songshan National Reserves. A great number of valuable species such as Lonicera oblata and Cypripedium shanxiense Document [19] (Title: Golf at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Golf at the 2020 Summer Olympics Golf at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan will feature two events, one each for men and women. Qualification will be based on world ranking as of 22 June 2020 (men) and 29 June 2020 (women), with a total of 60 players qualifying in each of the men's and women's events. The top 15 players of each gender will qualify, with a limit of four golfers per country that can qualify this way. The remaining spots will go to the highest-ranked players from countries that do not already have two golfers qualified. The Document [20] (Title: United States at the 2020 Summer Olympics) United States at the 2020 Summer Olympics The United States, represented by the United States Olympic Committee (USOC), is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. U.S. athletes have appeared in every Summer Olympics edition of the modern era, with the exception of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, which they boycotted. The U.S. women's basketball team qualified for the Olympics by winning the gold medal and securing an outright berth at the 2018 FIBA Women's World Cup in Spain. U.S. equestrians qualified a full squad each in the team Document [21] (Title: Cycling at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Cycling at the 2020 Summer Olympics The cycling competitions of the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo will feature 22 events. Cycling competitions had been contested in every Summer Olympics programme since the first modern Olympiad in 1896 alongside athletics, artistic gymnastics, fencing and swimming. Since the 1896 contests which featured five track events and an 87 km road race from Athens to Marathon and back, Olympic cycling had gradually evolved to include women's competitions, mountain bike and BMX to arrive at the current 22 events. The 2020 competitions include four more events than 2016. BMX Freestyle events have been added Document [22] (Title: Tokyo bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) and House of Councillors passed a resolution giving Tokyo's bid their full support and cooperation. This decisions also states that hosting the games will be beneficial to Japan and will be a positive step forward following the recent earthquake and tsunami that Japan experienced earlier in 2011. The Cabinet followed by giving the bid its support. The bid has full backing of the government. In January 2012 polls suggested that nearly 66% of the country supports the bid. Tokyo 2020 appointed Yuko Arakida as its Sports Director in February 2012. Ayano Egami who won a silver medal in synchronized swimming Document [23] (Title: Rome bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) the bid, citing uncertain costs and unknown financial benefit. The announcement came a day before the deadline for applicant cities to submit the application files. Since the bid was abandoned, there has been talk about Rome potentially bidding for the 2024 Summer Olympics. Tokyo was ultimately elected as the host city of the 2020 Summer Olympics at the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Rome first bid for the 1908 Summer Olympics and was ultimately awarded the games. However the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 1906 forced Italy to return the hosting rights to the IOC. The IOC transferred Document [24] (Title: Canada at the 2020 Summer Olympics) their best finishes at the 2018 ISSF World Championships, the 2019 ISSF World Cup series, 2019 Pan American Games, and Championships of the Americas, as long as they obtained a minimum qualifying score (MQS) by 30 April 2020. Canada at the 2020 Summer Olympics Canada is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Since the nation's debut in 1900, Canadian athletes have appeared in every edition of the Summer Olympic Games, with the exception of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow because of the United States-led boycott. Canadian sailors qualified Document [25] (Title: 2020 Summer Olympics) 5G-ready baseband networks in Japan in time for the Olympics. It was confirmed in February 2012 that the Olympic Stadium in Tokyo would be demolished and reconstructed, and receive a £1 billion upgrade for the 2019 Rugby World Cup as well as the 2020 Olympics. As a result, a design competition for the new stadium was launched. In November 2012, the Japan Sport Council announced that out of 46 finalists, Zaha Hadid Architects was awarded the design for the new stadium. Plans included dismantling the original stadium, and expanding the capacity from 50,000 to a modern Olympic capacity of about Document [26] (Title: Rome bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) outlet "Around the Rings", Pescante also acknowledged competition from other potential bid cities, particularly emphasizing Tokyo's bid. In a September 2011 interview, IOC President Jacques Rogge defended Rome and Madrid's ability to host the games in spite of the current eurozone debt crisis. He said that both cities already have a lot of venues in place and not much would need to be built. He continued by saying that at the very most some venues would need upgrades and that both cities had the needed infrastructure to host the games. Rome's bid was given full backing by the Italian government Document [27] (Title: Rowing at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Rowing at the 2020 Summer Olympics The rowing competitions at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo will be held between 24 and 31 July at Central Breakwater in Tokyo Bay. Fourteen medal events will be contested by 526 athletes (263 men and women each). There are seven events each for men and women. Events included categories for open weight and restricted weight (lightweight) athletes, and two styles of rowing: sweep, where competitors each use a single oar, and sculling, where they used two. Sculling events include men's and women's singles, doubles, lightweight doubles, and quads. Sweep events include men's and Document [28] (Title: 2020 Summer Olympics) quadruple from the original estimate, and therefore proposed a major overhaul to the current plan to reduce costs, including moving venues outside Tokyo. In October 2018, the Board of Audit issued a report stating that the total cost of the venues could exceed US$25 billion. Seven venues for nine sports will be located within the central business area of Tokyo, northwest of the Olympic Village. Several of these venues were also used for the 1964 Summer Olympics. 13 venues for 15 sports will be located in the vicinity of Tokyo Bay, southeast of the Olympic Village, predominantly on Ariake, Odaiba Document [29] (Title: 1964 Summer Olympics) bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics, which were awarded to Rio de Janeiro. Tokyo will host the 2020 Summer Olympics and 2020 Summer Paralympics games. Tokyo will be the first Asian city to host the games twice. North Korea withdrew its athletes from the 1964 Summer Olympics just before the Games were due to start, as the IOC were refusing to accept any athletes who had participated in the Games of the New Emerging Forces (GANEFO) held in Jakarta, Indonesia, in 1963. China and Indonesia also chose not to attend the Tokyo Games due to GANEFO issues. 1964 Summer Olympics Document [30] (Title: Poland at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Poland at the 2020 Summer Olympics Poland is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Since the nation's official debut in 1924, Polish athletes have appeared in every edition of the Summer Olympic Games, with the exception of the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, because of the country's support of the Soviet boycott. Polish sailors qualified one boat in each of the following classes through the 2018 Sailing World Championships, the class-associated Worlds, and the continental regattas. Polish shooters achieved quota places for the following events by virtue of Document [31] (Title: Summer Olympic Games) Olympic Games in the capital city, London, which became the first city ever to have hosted the Summer Olympic Games three times. The cities of Los Angeles, Paris, and Athens have each hosted two Summer Olympic Games. In 2024, France will host its third Summer Olympic Games in its capital, making Paris the second city ever to have hosted three Summer Olympics. In 2028, Los Angeles will become the third city ever to have hosted the Games three times. Australia, France, Germany and Greece have all hosted the Summer Olympic Games twice. The IOC has selected Tokyo, Japan, to host Document [32] (Title: 2020 Summer Olympics opening ceremony) games and ceremony preparations. Capacity during the Olympic Games will be 60,102 taking into account press and executive seating areas. 2020 Summer Olympics opening ceremony The opening ceremony of the 2020 Summer Olympics is scheduled to take place on the evening of Friday 24 July 2020 in the Olympic Stadium, Tokyo. As mandated by the Olympic Charter, the proceedings combined the formal ceremonial opening of this international sporting event (including welcoming speeches, hoisting of the flags and the parade of athletes) with an artistic spectacle to showcase the host nation's culture and history. Ticket prices for the Opening Ceremony will Document [33] (Title: 2018 California International Marathon) the 2020 Summer Olympics Trials take place Feb. 29, 2020 in Atlanta, Georgia where 2020 United States Olympic Trials (track and field) will host a marathon specific championship. 53 men ran faster than the US Olympic Team Trials standard for the marathon (2:19:00). The Tokyo 2020 Summer Olympics United States at the 2020 Summer Olympics Trials take place Feb. 29, 2020 in Atlanta, Georgia where 2020 United States Olympic Trials (track and field) will host a marathon specific championship. 2018 California International Marathon The 2018 California International Marathon was the 35th edition of the California International Marathon. The marathon took Document [34] (Title: Swimming at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Swimming at the 2020 Summer Olympics The swimming competitions at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo will feature a record 37 events, up from 34 in 2016. The added events are the 800 metre freestyle for men, the 1500 metre freestyle for women and a 4×100 mixed medley relay. Swimming in 2020 will feature a total of 37 events (18 each for men and women and 1 mixed event), including two 10 km open-water marathons. This is slight increase from the 34 events contested in the previous Olympic Games. The following events will be contested (all pool events are long Document [35] (Title: Doha bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) bid logo, slogan and website on February 10, 2012. Their bid slogan was "Inspiring Change", to highlight the changes taking place in the Middle East over the previous year. In April 2012, Doha's Olympic bid received a boost when the city was awarded the 2014 FINA World Swimming Championships. Later that month Doha was also awarded the 2012 World Squash Championships. Doha failed to become a Candidate City when the IOC selected Istanbul, Tokyo, and Madrid as candidate cities on May 23, 2012. Doha has vowed to bid again for the 2024 Summer Olympics. Tokyo was ultimately elected as the Document [36] (Title: Japan at the 2020 Summer Olympics) the host nation. Japan women's volleyball team automatically qualified for the Olympics as the host nation. Japan men's water polo team automatically qualified for the Olympics as the host nation. Japan women's water polo team automatically qualified for the Olympics as the host nation. Japan at the 2020 Summer Olympics Japan will be the host nation of the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Since the nation's official debut in 1912, Japanese athletes had appeared at every Summer Olympic Games in the modern era, except for two editions; they were not invited to the Document [37] (Title: 2020 Summer Olympics) be for families, groups resident in Japan and in conjunction with a school programme. Tickets will be sold through 40,000 shops in Japan and by mail order to Japanese addresses through the Internet. International guests will need to visit Japan during the sales period or arrange for tickets through a third party, such as a travel agent. The official programme for the 2020 Summer Olympics was approved by the IOC executive board on 9 June 2017. The president of the IOC, Thomas Bach, stated that the goal for the Tokyo Games was to make them more "youthful" and "urban", and Document [38] (Title: Cape Town) candidate cities shortlisted by the IOC to launch official candidatures to host the 2004 Summer Olympics. Although the Games ultimately went to Athens, Cape Town came in third place. There has been some speculation that Cape Town was seeking the South African Olympic Committee's nomination to be South Africa's bid city for the 2020 Summer Olympic Games. That however was quashed when the International Olympic Committee awarded the 2020 Games to Tokyo. The city of Cape Town has vast experience in hosting major national and international sports events. The Cape Town Cycle Tour is the world's largest individually timed cycle Document [39] (Title: New Zealand at the 2020 Summer Olympics) New Zealand at the 2020 Summer Olympics New Zealand is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. It will be the nation's twenty-fourth appearance as an independent nation at the Summer Olympics, having made its debut at the 1920 Games and competed at every Games since. New Zealand equestrians qualified a full squad in the team eventing competition by virtue of a top-six finish at the 2018 FEI World Equestrian Games in Tryon, North Carolina, United States. New Zealand women's football team qualified for the Olympics by winning the 2018 Document [40] (Title: 2020 Summer Olympics) manages the IAAF's commercial rights, and has business relationships with Japanese firm Dentsu. Black Tidings has also been connected to a doping scandal involving the Russian athletics team. Japanese Olympic Committee and Tokyo 2020 board member Tsunekazu Takeda stated that the payments were for consulting services, but refused to discuss the matter further because it was confidential. Toshiaki Endo called on Takeda to publicly discuss the matter. Massata denied that he had received any money from Tokyo's organizing committee. The IOC established a team to investigate these matters, and will closely follow the French investigation. The initial design for the Document [41] (Title: China at the 2020 Summer Olympics) China at the 2020 Summer Olympics The People's Republic of China is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. It will be the nation's eleventh appearance at the Summer Olympics, since its debut in 1952. One Chinese archer qualified for the women's individual recurve, by virtue of a top national finish at the 2018 Asian Games in Jakarta. China fielded a full squad of four gymnasts each in both the men's and women's artistic gymnastics events by virtue of a top three finish in the team all-around at the 2018 Document [42] (Title: Tokyo bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) supported Tokyo's Olympic bid. Also in November 2012, the new design for the redeveloped National Olympic Stadium was revealed. The venue will be used for the 2019 Rugby World Cup. Tokyo 2020 submitted their candidature file to the IOC on January 7, 2013. A poll in January 2013 found that 73% of Tokyo residents were in favor of the bid. Another poll found that 78% of Japan supported bringing the games to Tokyo. This result showed an increase in support compared to earlier polls. A poll carried out by "Yomiuri Shimbun" found that 83% of the country supported the bid. Document [43] (Title: 1996 Summer Olympics) that the Olympic Games should return to Australia. If Melbourne was awarded the games, 1996 would mark the 40th anniversary of the 1956 Summer Olympics, which were held in the same city. This would be Toronto's fourth failed attempt since 1960 (tried in 1960, 1964, and 1976, but defeated by Rome, Tokyo and Montreal). The Athens bid stemmed from the fact that 1996 marked 100 years since the first Summer Games in Athens in 1896, though Athens would eventually host the 2004 Summer Olympics. The initial push for 1996 coming to Atlanta originated from Billy Payne and then Atlanta mayor Document [44] (Title: 2020 Summer Olympics) baseball and softball (which were removed from the summer programme after 2008). Tokyo, Istanbul, and Madrid were the three candidate cities. The applicant cities of Baku (Azerbaijan) and Doha (Qatar) were not promoted to candidate status. A bid from Rome was withdrawn. The IOC voted to select the host city of the 2020 Summer Olympics on 7 September 2013 at the 125th IOC Session at the Buenos Aires Hilton in Buenos Aires, Argentina. (Who later hosted to 2018 Summer Youth Games.) An exhaustive ballot system was used. No city won over 50% of the votes in the first round, and Document [45] (Title: Boxing at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Boxing at the 2020 Summer Olympics The boxing tournaments at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo will take place from 25 July to 9 August 2020 at the Kokugikan Arena. On March 23, 2013, the Amateur International Boxing Association instituted significant changes to the format. The World Series of Boxing, AIBA's pro team league which started in 2010, already enabled team members to retain 2012 Olympic eligibility. The newer AIBA Pro Boxing Tournament, consisting of pros who sign 5 year contracts with AIBA and compete on pro cards leading up to the tournament, also provides a pathway for new pros Document [46] (Title: Football at the 2020 Summer Olympics) (a procedure already successfully employed by Team GB in field hockey and rugby sevens). Scotland also qualified for the World Cup but, under the agreement whereby the highest ranked home nation is nominated to compete for the purposes of Olympic qualification, their performance will not be taken into account. Football at the 2020 Summer Olympics The association football tournament at the 2020 Summer Olympics will be held from 22 July to 8 August 2020 in Japan. In addition to the Olympic host city of Tokyo, matches will also be played in Ibaraki, Saitama, Sapporo, Sendai, and Yokohama. Associations affiliated with Document [47] (Title: Baku bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) Baku bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics Baku 2020 () was a bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics by the city of Baku and the National Olympic Committee of Azerbaijan. Bids were also placed by Doha, Istanbul, Madrid, Rome (which later cancelled its bid) and the chosen host city of Tokyo. It was announced on September 1, 2011 that Baku submitted a bid to host the 2024 Olympics. Baku bid to host the 2016 Summer Olympics but failed to become a candidate. Those games ultimately were awarded to Rio de Janeiro. Baku's 2020 bid was their second bid. On September Document [48] (Title: 2016 Summer Olympics) each 14 January 2008. Four candidate cities were chosen for the shortlist on 4 June 2008: Chicago, Madrid, Rio de Janeiro and Tokyo, which hosted the 1964 Summer Olympics and will host again in 2020. The IOC did not promote Doha to the candidature phase, despite scoring higher than selected candidate city Rio de Janeiro, because of their intent of hosting the Olympics in October, outside of the IOC's sporting calendar. Prague and Baku also failed to make the cut. Nawal El Moutawakel of Morocco headed the 10-member Evaluation Commission, having also chaired the evaluation commission for the 2012 Summer Document [49] (Title: 2018 Winter Olympics closing ceremony) in Seoul. First, the Greek flag was raised while its anthem played. The Olympic flag was then lowered and passed, by the mayor of Pyeongchang County, Shim Jae-kook, to IOC President, Thomas Bach, who then handed it over to the mayor of Beijing, Chen Jining. This was then followed by the raising of the flag of China, and the playing of its anthem. The flag will be raised again in Tokyo, Japan, for the opening ceremony of the 2020 Summer Olympics on 24 July 2020. Beijing, the host city of the 2022 Winter Olympic Games, presented a special performance "See Document [50] (Title: Tokyo bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) Tokyo bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics Tokyo was selected by the Japanese Olympic Committee on July 16, 2011 as Japan's bidding city for the 2020 Games. The city is moving forward with its bid following the March 2011 earthquake and tsunami which affected much of eastern Japan. Prior to Tokyo's selection by the Japanese Olympic Committee, Hiroshima expressed interest in hosting but withdrew their plans to bid. On September 7, 2011, the Japanese Olympic Committee announced that Tokyo Governor Shintaro Ishihara will be Chairman of the Tokyo 2020 bid committee. The bid committee held their first meeting shortly after. Document [51] (Title: Chile at the 2020 Summer Olympics) 2018 ISSF World Championships, the 2019 ISSF World Cup series, the 2019 Pan American Games, and Championships of the Americas, as long as they obtained a minimum qualifying score (MQS) by 30 April 2020. Chile at the 2020 Summer Olympics Chile is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Since the nation's debut in 1896, Chilean athletes have appeared in every Summer Olympic Games of the modern era, except for two different occasions. Chile did not attend the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles at the period of the worldwide Document [52] (Title: Australia at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Australia at the 2020 Summer Olympics Australia is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Australia is one of only five countries to have sent athletes to every Summer Olympics of the modern era, alongside Great Britain, France, Greece, and Switzerland. Australian equestrians qualified a full squad in the team dressage competition by receiving a spare berth freed up by host nation Japan, as the top-ranked nation from Southeast Asia and Oceania, not yet qualified, at the 2018 FEI World Equestrian Games in Tryon, North Carolina, United States. Additionally, the Document [53] (Title: Gymnastics at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Gymnastics at the 2020 Summer Olympics Gymnastics at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo will be held in three categories: artistic gymnastics, rhythmic gymnastics and trampolining. All gymnastics events will be staged at the Olympic Gymnastic Centre, Tokyo Bay between 25 July and 5 August 2020. The programme for 2020 remains unchanged from 2016, despite an application from the FIG for the admission of a new parkour based event. The application had proved contentious with specialist parkour or freerunning organisations lobbying for the sport not to be included, and to be recognized as an entirely separate sport from gymnastics. Originally Document [54] (Title: Bids for the 2016 Summer Olympics) be awarded the 2016 Olympics, four of them bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics. Baku, Doha, Madrid and Tokyo were official Applicant Cities, with Madrid and Tokyo advancing to become Candidate Cities and with Tokyo eventually being selected. The Olympic bidding process begins with the submission of a city's application to the International Olympic Committee (IOC) by its National Olympic Committee (NOC) and ends with the election of the host city by the members of the IOC during an ordinary session. The process is governed by the Olympic Charter, as stated in Chapter 5, Rule 34. Since 1999, the process Document [55] (Title: France at the 2020 Summer Olympics) France at the 2020 Summer Olympics France is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. French athletes have appeared in every Summer Olympic Games of the modern era, alongside Australia, Great Britain, and Greece. As Paris will host the 2024 Summer Olympics, a French segment is expected to be performed at the closing ceremony. The French delegation include 15 athletes competing in 3 sport. French equestrians qualified a full squad in the team eventing competition by virtue of a top-six finish at the 2018 FEI World Equestrian Games in Tryon, Document [56] (Title: Skateboarding at the 2020 Summer Olympics) will be held: Skateboarding in the 2020 Olympics will be taking place in the Aomi Urban Venue, in Tokyo. Skateboarding at the 2020 Summer Olympics Skateboarding at the 2020 Summer Olympics is an event to be held in the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan. It is one of five sports added specifically for 2020, with no guarantee it will return to the programme in later years. There are 80 quota spots available for skateboarding. Each NOC can obtain a maximum of 3 spots in each event (total 12 maximum across the 4 events). Each event will have 20 competitors Document [57] (Title: Turkey at the 2020 Summer Olympics) continental regattas. Turkey at the 2020 Summer Olympics Turkey is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Since the nation's official debut in 1908, Turkish athletes have appeared in every edition of the Summer Olympic Games, except the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles at the period of worldwide Great Depression, and the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow because of the United States-led boycott. Turkish sailors qualified one boat in each of the following classes through the 2018 Sailing World Championships, the class-associated Worlds, Document [58] (Title: Hasan Arat) announcement of the 2020 Host City was made on 7 September 2013 at the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires following presentations by each candidate city, and Istanbul lost to Tokyo in the final round of voting by the International Olympic Committee, following the earlier elimination of Madrid. Arat led Istanbul's final presentation to the International Olympic Committee members where he was joined by Turkish Prime Minister, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. Following Istanbul's presentation, Arat said, "The Bid has united the people of Turkey, especially our young people, behind a common vision for our country’s future. Whatever happens with the vote, Document [59] (Title: South Korea at the 2020 Summer Olympics) South Korea at the 2020 Summer Olympics South Korea is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Since the nation's official debut in 1948, South Korean athletes have appeared in every edition of the Summer Olympic Games, with the exception of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow because of the United States-led boycott. One South Korean archer qualified for the men's individual recurve, by virtue of a top national finish at the 2018 Asian Games in Jakarta. South Korean sailors qualified one boat in each of the following classes through Document [60] (Title: Archery at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Round set system as the individual event. The competition format for the new mixed team event has not been released. All times are Japan Standard Time (). Archers from 56 nations participated at the 2016 Summer Olympics, with a similar number expected in 2020. Qualification tournaments include the 2019 World Archery Championships, various continental events, and a final qualification tournament. Archery at the 2020 Summer Olympics The archery events at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo will begin on 24 July 2020. Five events will take place. There are 128 qualifying places available for archery at the 2020 Summer Olympics: Document [61] (Title: Gymnastics at the 2020 Summer Olympics) planned as a temporary venue, in 2016 the Tokyo 2020 authorities confirmed the Olympic Gymnastic Centre would become a permanent venue, functioning as a convention centre after the Games. Prior to its refurbishment, the venue is also expected to host the Boccia event at the 2020 Summer Paralympics. The qualification pathway for the 2020 Summer Olympics was significantly overhauled and modified from 2016. The men's and women's team events in artistic gymnastics were reduced from five members per team to four, while further allocations were available for up to two specialists. In a further move to link a number of Document [62] (Title: Sailing at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Sailing at the 2020 Summer Olympics Sailing competitions at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo are scheduled to take place from 27 July to 6 August at the Enoshima Yacht Harbor. The RS:X, Laser, Laser Radial, Finn, 470, 49er, 49erFX, and Nacra17 are all returning for 2020; there are no significant changes to the Olympic programme from 2016. The number of sailors competing has been reduced from 380 to 350, with an equal distribution between men and women. The qualification period will commence at the 2018 Sailing World Championships in Aarhus, Denmark. There, 101 places, about forty percent of the Document [63] (Title: Baseball at the Summer Olympics) new IOC policies that shift the Games to an "event-based" programme rather than sport-based, the host organizing committee can now also propose the addition of sports to the programme alongside the permanent "core" events. A second bid for baseball-softball to be included as an event in 2020 was shortlisted by the Tokyo Organizing Committee on 22 June 2015. On 3 August 2016 during the 129th IOC Session in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, the IOC approved the Tokyo Organizing Committee's final shortlist of five sports, which included baseball, to be included in the programme during the 2020 Summer Olympics. The host Document [64] (Title: Istanbul bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) June 21 to July 13, 2013. The host city of the 2020 Summer Olympics was elected at the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires, Argentina on September 7, 2013. Tokyo competed against Madrid and Istanbul in the election and finished second with Tokyo ultimately being elected as the host city. Istanbul's bid was considered to have been damaged by the 2013 protests in Turkey, doping scandals as well as the 2011 Turkish football corruption scandal. Following Istanbul's failure to secure the 2020 Olympics, Turkey launched a bid to host the semi-finals and final of UEFA Euro 2020 at Istanbul's Atatürk Document [65] (Title: Cycling at the 2020 Summer Olympics) for both men and women. In addition, the Madison events (for both men and women) that had been dropped after 2008 in favour of Omnium events returned to the programme. Track cycling was planned for a temporary venue in Ariake. To save $100 million in construction costs, it was announced after months of negotiations that the venue for track cycling became the existing velodrome in Izu. The UCI resisted the move trackcycling 120 km outside Tokyo to Izu. The UCI feared it would detract from Olympic experience for both athletes and fans. Eventually the international cycling union agreed to change. Document [66] (Title: Sports in Tokyo) 1964 Summer Olympics, which was the first time the Olympic Games were held in Asia. On September 7, 2013, Tokyo was elected as the host city of the 2020 Summer Olympics. Tokyo will be the first Asian city to host the Olympics twice. Sports in Tokyo Tokyo is a major center for sports in Japan. Its professional sports teams compete in baseball, football (soccer), sumo and basketball. It hosted the 1964 Summer Olympics and will the Olympics once again in 2020. Two professional baseball clubs make their home in Tokyo. They are the Yakult Swallows (at Meiji-Jingu Stadium) and Yomiuri Document [67] (Title: Istanbul bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) are forbidden under IOC rules. Following Inose's statement, Tokyo 2020 made a statement saying that they "have the utmost respect for all candidate cities and have always taken pride in bidding in a spirit based on the Olympic values of excellence, respect and friendship.” Inose apologized for his comments a few days later and stated that he was "fully committed" to respecting IOC rules. In June 2013, Istanbul mayor Kadir Topbaş gave an interview expressing concern that the police's actions following an anti-government protest would jeopardize Istanbul's bid to host the 2020 Summer Olympics, saying "As Istanbul's mayor going through Document [68] (Title: 2020 Summer Olympics) Madrid and Istanbul were tied for second place. A run-off vote between these two cities was held to determine which would be eliminated. In the final vote, a head-to-head contest between Tokyo and Istanbul, Tokyo was selected by 60 votes to 36, as it got at least 49 votes needed for a majority. The Tokyo metropolitan government set aside a fund of 400 billion Japanese yen (over 3.67 billion USD) to cover the cost of hosting the Games. The Japanese government is considering increasing slot capacity at both Haneda Airport and Narita International Airport by easing airspace restrictions. A new Document [69] (Title: Istanbul bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) Olympic Stadium. Turkey has yet to host an Olympic Games. Istanbul has made four previous bids for the Summer Games. The city was a candidate for the 2000 Games which were awarded to Sydney. It bid again for 2004, which were held in Athens, but failed to become a candidate city. It became a candidate for 2008 but lost to Beijing. The Turkish city's most recent bid was for the 2012 Games but it failed to become a candidate. London was awarded the 2012 Games. Istanbul lost to Tokyo for 2020. Tokyo was awarded the 2020 Games. Istanbul hosted the Document [70] (Title: Canada at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Canada at the 2020 Summer Olympics Canada is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Since the nation's debut in 1900, Canadian athletes have appeared in every edition of the Summer Olympic Games, with the exception of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow because of the United States-led boycott. Canadian sailors qualified one boat in each of the following classes through the 2018 Sailing World Championships, the class-associated Worlds, the 2019 Pan American Games, and the continental regattas. Canadian shooters achieved quota places for the following events by virtue of Document [71] (Title: Istanbul bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) is located on two continents. In April 2013 Tokyo 2020 Chairman Naoki Inose created controversy when he made a comment that was seen as a criticism of Istanbul and their bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics. Inose was quoted saying, “Well, compare the two countries where they have yet to build infrastructure, very sophisticated facilities. So from time to time, like Brazil, I think it’s good to have a venue for the first time. But Islamic countries, the only thing they share in common is Allah and they are fighting with each other and they have classes.” Criticizing rival bids Document [72] (Title: Argentina at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Argentina at the 2020 Summer Olympics Argentina is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Since the nation's official debut in 1900, Argentine athletes have competed in every edition of the Summer Olympic Games, except the sparsely attended 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis, the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, and the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow because of the United States-led boycott. Argentine sailors qualified one boat in each of the following classes through the 2018 Sailing World Championships, the class-associated Worlds, the 2019 Pan American Games, and the Document [73] (Title: Bids for the 2020 Summer Olympics) (London 2012). Out of the six bidders, Tokyo had previously hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1964. The other four bidders have made bids in the past. It is the first time in 20 years that no city in the Americas bid to host the Summer Olympic Games. Rio de Janeiro was awarded the 2016 Summer Olympics. Baku and Doha bid for the 2016 Games but failed to become candidate cities, while Tokyo and Madrid also bid for the 2016 Games and became candidate cities. The IOC voted to select the host city of the 2020 Summer Olympics on 7 Document [74] (Title: Surfing at the 2020 Summer Olympics) included. Quota places will be allocated to the athletes at the following events: There is a maximum of 2 men and 2 women per NOC. Surfing at the 2020 Summer Olympics Surfing at the Summer Olympics will make its debut in the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan. After several attempts at inclusion in the Olympics, the International Surfing Association has been successful in getting surfing included in the 2020 Games. With the decision to have surfing at the 2020 Summer Olympics, officials announced that surfing would take place in the ocean, and not in a wave pool such as Document [75] (Title: China at the 2020 Summer Olympics) at the 2018 Asian Games in Jakarta. China at the 2020 Summer Olympics The People's Republic of China is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. It will be the nation's eleventh appearance at the Summer Olympics, since its debut in 1952. One Chinese archer qualified for the women's individual recurve, by virtue of a top national finish at the 2018 Asian Games in Jakarta. China fielded a full squad of four gymnasts each in both the men's and women's artistic gymnastics events by virtue of a top three finish Document [76] (Title: Gymnastics at the 2020 Summer Olympics) FIG competitions to the Olympic Games, qualification places will now be available based on an aggregate of scores achieved over the Artistic Gymnastics World Cup series, and the various continental artistic gymnastics championships. Japan, as the host country, receives a guaranteed spot, in case it were not to earn one by the regular qualifying methods. As in 2016, a gala will be held in gymnastics on 5 August 2020, following the completion of competition in the artistic disciplines. The exhibition event features artistic performances by gymnasts who participate in Tokyo. Gymnastics at the 2020 Summer Olympics Gymnastics at the 2020 Document [77] (Title: Japan at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Japan at the 2020 Summer Olympics Japan will be the host nation of the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Since the nation's official debut in 1912, Japanese athletes had appeared at every Summer Olympic Games in the modern era, except for two editions; they were not invited to the 1948 Summer Olympics in London because of the nation's role in World War II, and were also part of the United States-led boycott, when Moscow hosted the 1980 Summer Olympics. Japan men's basketball team automatically qualified for the Olympics as the host nation. Japan Document [78] (Title: 2020 United States Olympic Trials (track and field)) 2018, it was announced that Eugene, Oregon had been selected to host the competition. Organized by USA Track and Field, the ten-day competition is scheduled for June 19-28 and will serve as the national championships in track and field for the United States. The results of the event determined qualification for the American Olympic team at the 2020 Summer Olympics, to be held in Tokyo. Provided they had achieved the Olympic standard, the top three athletes will gain a place on the Olympic team. In the event that a leading athlete does not hold the standard, or an athlete withdraws, Document [79] (Title: Modern pentathlon at the 2020 Summer Olympics) eligible to compete, a non-selected quota has been redistributed. Modern pentathlon at the 2020 Summer Olympics The modern pentathlon at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo will take place from 6 to 8 August 2020 at Musashino Forest Sports Plaza and Ajinomoto Stadium. Thirty-six athletes will compete each in the men's and women's events. Modern pentathlon contained five events; pistol shooting, épée fencing, freestyle swimming, show jumping, and a cross-country run. Thirty-six athletes per gender must qualify for the Games, with only a maximum of two each per NOC. Qualification methods are similarly applied to both men's and women's events. Document [80] (Title: Olympic Games) of hosting three Olympic Games, all Summer, more than any other city. The other nations hosting the Summer Games twice are Germany, Australia, France and Greece. The other cities hosting the Summer Games twice are Los Angeles, Paris and Athens. With the 2020 Summer Olympic Games, Japan and Tokyo, respectively, will hold these statuses. In addition to the United States, nations hosting multiple Winter Games are France with three, while Switzerland, Austria, Norway, Japan, Canada and Italy have hosted twice. Among host cities, Lake Placid, Innsbruck and St. Moritz have played host to the Winter Olympic Games more than once, Document [81] (Title: Surfing at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Surfing at the 2020 Summer Olympics Surfing at the Summer Olympics will make its debut in the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan. After several attempts at inclusion in the Olympics, the International Surfing Association has been successful in getting surfing included in the 2020 Games. With the decision to have surfing at the 2020 Summer Olympics, officials announced that surfing would take place in the ocean, and not in a wave pool such as those from the Kelly Slater Wave Company as had been speculated. The contest site for the 2020 Games was decided to be Shidashita Beach, or Document [82] (Title: Tokyo bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) IOC Evaluation Commission Report on the Candidate Cities for the 2020 Summer Olympics was released on June 25. Tokyo 2020 gave a presentation of their bid to the IOC at an Extraordinary session in Lausanne in July 2013. In August 2013, Naoki Inose stated that the 2011 nuclear accident at the Fukushima nuclear power plant would not pose a threat to Tokyo's ability to host the Olympic Games. Inose stated that "the water in Tokyo is safe, and we have released this data on our website" and that "The radiation levels are no different than in London or Paris." A Document [83] (Title: Korean Sport & Olympic Committee) and renamed as Korean Sport & Olympic Committee since late November 2016 but the emblem of the Committee and the name in Korean are remaining the same as previous. On November 2, 2018, officials from both North and South Korea announced that their countries would participate at the 2020 Summer Olympics, held in Tokyo, Japan, as a unified team. The officials from both Koreas also announced that the letters they would send to the IOC regarding their bids for hosting the 2032 Summer Olympics would also consist of co-host bids so that the Olympic activities would take place in both Document [84] (Title: 2020 Summer Olympics opening ceremony) of Japan and Tokyo to the world; including feedback from experts and opinions of the Japanese public. The final version was released in December 2017. The Basic Policy consists of three sections: Naomi Kawase will direct the Official film of the Olympic Games of Tokyo 2020. The New National Stadium will serve as the main stadium for the opening ceremony. Demolition of old National Stadium was completed in May 2015, then the construction of new stadium began at the same site on 11 December 2016. The stadium will be handed over to the IOC on 30 November 2019 for necessary Document [85] (Title: Bids for the 2020 Summer Olympics) September 2013 at the 125th IOC Session at the Buenos Aires Hilton in Buenos Aires, Argentina. An exhaustive ballot system was used. No city won over 50% of the votes in the first round, and Madrid and Istanbul were tied for second place. A run-off vote between these two cities was held to determine which would be eliminated. In the final vote, a head-to-head contest between Tokyo and Istanbul, Tokyo was selected by 60 votes to 36 votes. The candidate cities for the 2020 Olympics are, in order of drawing lots: It was announced at the 1 September 2011 deadline Document [86] (Title: Tokyo bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) for the first time. But Islamic countries, the only thing they share in common is Allah and they are fighting with each other and they have classes.” Criticizing rival bids are forbidden under IOC rules. Following Inose's statement, Tokyo 2020 made a statement saying that they "have the utmost respect for all candidate cities and have always taken pride in bidding in a spirit based on the Olympic values of excellence, respect and friendship.” Inose apologized for his comments a few days later and stated that he was "fully committed" to respecting IOC rules. At the Association of National Olympic Document [87] (Title: 2020 Summer Paralympics) 2020 Summer Paralympics The are an upcoming major international multi-sport event for athletes with disabilities governed by the International Paralympic Committee. Scheduled as the 16th Summer Paralympic Games, it is planned to be held in Tokyo, Japan from 25 August to 6 September 2020. This will mark the second time Tokyo has hosted the Paralympics, as they were first hosted there in 1964 alongside the 1964 Summer Olympics. These Games will see the introduction of badminton and taekwondo to the Paralympic programme, with the removal of sailing and 7-a-side football. As part of a formal agreement between the International Paralympic Document [88] (Title: 125th IOC Session) 125th IOC Session The 125th IOC Session took place at the Buenos Aires Hilton in Buenos Aires, Argentina, from 7 September to 10 September 2013. The International Olympic Committee elected Tokyo as the host city of the 2020 Summer Olympic Games on 7 September. Wrestling was restored to the Olympic program for 2020 and 2024, and Thomas Bach was elected to an eight-year term as IOC President. The IOC received two bids from cities to host the 125th Session: Buenos Aires and Kuala Lumpur made bids. The Argentine capital Buenos Aires was elected at the 122nd IOC Session in Vancouver Document [89] (Title: 2020 Summer Olympics) to increase the number of female participants. The games will feature 339 events in 33 different sports, encompassing 50 disciplines. Alongside the five new sports that will be introduced in Tokyo, there will be fifteen new events within existing sports, including 3-on-3 basketball, freestyle BMX and Madison cycling, and new mixed events in several sports. In the list below, the number of events in each discipline is noted in parentheses. As part of a goal to control costs and ensure that the Olympics remain "relevant to sports fans of all generations", the IOC assessed the 26 sports contested at the Document [90] (Title: Great Britain at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Great Britain at the 2020 Summer Olympics Great Britain, represented by the British Olympic Association (BOA), is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. British athletes have appeared in every Summer Olympic Games of the modern era, alongside Australia, France, Greece, and Switzerland, though Great Britain is the only country to have won at least one gold medal at all of them. British equestrians qualified a full squad in the team dressage and team eventing competitions by virtue of a top-six finish at the 2018 FEI World Equestrian Games in Document [91] (Title: Bids for the 2016 Summer Olympics) meeting in Athens, Greece. The remaining Applicant cities—Baku, Doha and Prague—were eliminated. The four Candidate cities were selected according to a detailed study of the Applicant Files received by the IOC Working Group on January 14, 2008. The four cities submitted the Candidature Files to the IOC on February 11, 2009. They were analyzed by the IOC Evaluation Commission, which made site inspections in Chicago (April 4–7, 2009), Tokyo (April 16–19, 2009), Rio de Janeiro (April 27–May 2, 2009) and Madrid (May 5–8, 2009). Under the leadership of Nawal El Moutawakel, the Evaluation Commission released its report on September 2, Document [92] (Title: Tokyo bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) letter of assurance over the issue was later sent to the IOC members. Prior to the host city election, Brazilian footballer Zico endorsed Tokyo's bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics. Tokyo was elected as the host city at the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Tokyo recently bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics but lost to Rio de Janeiro. Tokyo's first Olympic bid was for the 1940 Summer Olympics. Tokyo won the bid but the games were cancelled due to World War II. They later bid for the 1960 Summer Olympics and lost to Rome. Tokyo made a successful Document [93] (Title: Tokyo bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) Committees Extraordinary General Assembly in June 2013, Tokyo 2020 stressed the compactness of their bid. 85% of the competition venues would within 8 km of the Olympic Village. Two anonymous sources within the IOC stated that Tokyo is the favorite to win their Olympic bid over Istanbul and Madrid provided no major mistakes are made before the IOC vote. The safe and secure nature of Tokyo is seen as a major factor giving the Tokyo bid an advantage. Istanbul has been seeing large anti-government protests while Madrid's bid is said to be being effected by Spain's economic crisis. The 2020 Document [94] (Title: 2020 Summer Olympics) 2020 Summer Olympics The 2020 Summer Olympics, officially known as the and commonly known as Tokyo 2020, is a forthcoming international multi-sport event that is scheduled to take place from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Tokyo was selected as the host city during the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires on 7 September 2013. These Games will mark the return of the Summer Olympics to Tokyo for the first time since 1964, and the fourth Olympics overall to be held in Japan, following the 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo and the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano. They will be Document [95] (Title: Bids for the 2020 Summer Olympics) Bids for the 2020 Summer Olympics There were a total of six bids which were initially submitted for the 2020 Summer Olympics. Tokyo was ultimately elected as the host city at the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires, Argentina, on 7 September 2013. The Olympic bidding process begins with the submission of a city's application to the International Olympic Committee (IOC) by its National Olympic Committee (NOC) and ends with the election of the host city by the members of the IOC during an ordinary session. The process is governed by the Olympic Charter, as stated in Chapter 5, Rule Document [96] (Title: Tokyo bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) bid for the 1964 Summer Olympics and Tokyo became the first Asian city to host the Olympic Games. Tokyo's successful 2020 bid is the city's fifth bid for the games, making it the fourth city to host the Summer Olympics two times. Paris, Los Angeles and Athens have hosted the games twice, with London hosting for a third time in 2012. With Tokyo's selection as host of the 2020 games, it marks the fourth Olympic Game to be held in Japan. Osaka bid to host the 2008 Olympics but lost to Beijing. Nagoya bid for the 1988 Summer Olympics and Document [97] (Title: Aftermath of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami) April 2011, Japanese Olympic officials stated they were undecided whether to run but said hosting international sports events was important to helping the country rebuild. In July 2011, Tokyo put forth its bid to host the 2020 Summer Olympic Games. Following the deadline for bidding, the IOC confirmed that Tokyo was one of the six cities that had entered a bid. The bid has received the full support of the government. On 23 May 2012, the IOC selected Tokyo as one of the three candidate cities for the 2020 Olympics. On 7 September 2013, Tokyo was voted to host the Document [98] (Title: Norway at the 2020 Summer Olympics) quota places for the following events by virtue of their best finishes at the 2018 ISSF World Championships, the 2019 ISSF World Cup series, European Championships or Games, and European Qualifying Tournament, as long as they obtained a minimum qualifying score (MQS) by 30 April 2020. Norway at the 2020 Summer Olympics Norway is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Since the nation's debut in 1900, Norwegian athletes have appeared in every edition of the Summer Olympic Games, except for two occasions: the sparsely attended 1904 Summer Olympics in Document [99] (Title: Turkey at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Turkey at the 2020 Summer Olympics Turkey is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Since the nation's official debut in 1908, Turkish athletes have appeared in every edition of the Summer Olympic Games, except the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles at the period of worldwide Great Depression, and the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow because of the United States-led boycott. Turkish sailors qualified one boat in each of the following classes through the 2018 Sailing World Championships, the class-associated Worlds, and the Document [100] (Title: Greece at the 2020 Summer Olympics) following events by virtue of their best finishes at the 2018 ISSF World Championships, the 2019 ISSF World Cup series, European Championships or Games, and European Qualifying Tournament, as long as they obtained a minimum qualifying score (MQS) by 30 April 2020. Greece at the 2020 Summer Olympics Greece is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Greek athletes have competed in every Summer Olympic Games of the modern era, alongside Australia, Great Britain, and Switzerland. As the progenitor nation of the Olympic Games and in keeping with tradition, Greece Document [101] (Title: Tokyo bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) at the 2000 Summer Olympics will serve as head of online and social media for the bid. In April 2012, Tokyo 2020 appointed Tokuaki Suzuki, as the bid's communications director. Suzuki previously served as Competitions Director of the Asian Football Confederation. On May 23, 2012, the IOC selected Tokyo as a Candidate City for the 2020 Summer Olympics. In June 2012 a study was conducted that found that hosting the 2020 Olympic Games in Tokyo could create over 150,000 jobs. In July 2012, the bid launched their "Discover Tomorrow" slogan. In November, a survey revealed that 67% of Tokyo's population Document [102] (Title: Sport climbing at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Tripartite Commission invitations. Sport climbing at the 2020 Summer Olympics Sport climbing at the 2020 Summer Olympics is an event to be held in the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan. The proposed format will consist of three disciplines: lead climbing, speed climbing and bouldering. Two events will be held, one for men and one for women. There are 40 quota spots available for sport climbing. Each NOC can obtain a maximum of 2 spots in each event (total 4 maximum across the 2 events). Each event will have 20 competitors qualify: 18 from qualification, 1 from the host (Japan), Document [103] (Title: 2020 Summer Olympics opening ceremony) 2020 Summer Olympics opening ceremony The opening ceremony of the 2020 Summer Olympics is scheduled to take place on the evening of Friday 24 July 2020 in the Olympic Stadium, Tokyo. As mandated by the Olympic Charter, the proceedings combined the formal ceremonial opening of this international sporting event (including welcoming speeches, hoisting of the flags and the parade of athletes) with an artistic spectacle to showcase the host nation's culture and history. Ticket prices for the Opening Ceremony will range between ¥12,000 and ¥300,000. The Organising Committee prepared a so-called “Basic Policy”, that includes aspects to highlight the appeal Document [104] (Title: 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup) the host of the 2020 Summer Olympics (and the top 2 teams from each of the Americas and Europe; and the top team from each of Africa, Asia and Oceania) in this competition will qualify for the men's basketball event in the 2020 Olympic Games in Tokyo. The whole bidding process started in April 2014. Bids from numerous nations were submitted. On 16 March 2015, it was confirmed that the World Cup will be staged in Asia, with China and Philippines as the final countries to be the basis for the selection of the host. On 7 August 2015, it Document [105] (Title: Bids for Olympic Games) awarded to Tokyo on 7 September 2013, the 2022 Winter Olympics were awarded to Beijing on 31 July 2015, the 2024 Summer Olympics were awarded to Paris and the 2028 Summer Olympics were awarded to Los Angeles on 13 September 2017. In June 2001, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) signed an agreement that would ensure that the staging of the Paralympic Games is automatically included in the bid for the Olympic Games. The agreement came into effect at the 2008 Paralympic Summer Games in Beijing, and the 2010 Paralympic Winter Games in Vancouver. However, Document [106] (Title: Madrid bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) IOC Session in Buenos Aires, Argentina Madrid was eliminated from the election following a tie with Istanbul. Madrid was eliminated in the tie-breaking vote. Tokyo was ultimately elected as the host city. Madrid's bid was considered to be hurt by Spain's weak economy as well as the Operación Puerto doping case. Following Madrid's failure to secure the 2020 Olympics, it was confirmed that Madrid would not be bidding for the 2024 Summer Olympics. Barcelona had expressed interest in bidding for the 2022 Winter Olympics, but did not bid, instead expressing an interest to submit a bid for the 2026 Winter Document [107] (Title: 2020 Summer Paralympics) Committee and the International Olympic Committee first established in 2001, the winner of the bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics must also host the 2020 Summer Paralympics. After the second round of voting, which followed a tie-breaker, the 2020 Summer Olympics and Paralympics were awarded to Tokyo at the 125th IOC Session, Ahead of the 2016 Summer Paralympics closing ceremony, Governor of Tokyo Yuriko Koike advocated for the city to improve its accessibility as a legacy project for the Games. She cited narrow roadways with no sidewalks, and buildings constructed with narrow doorways and low ceilings, as challenges that needed Document [108] (Title: 2021 World Aquatics Championships) 2021 World Aquatics Championships The 2021 World Aquatics Championships — 19th FINA World Aquatics Championships will be held in Fukuoka, Japan in 2021. It will be the second time Fukuoka hosts this meet, 20 years after the 2001 World Aquatics Championships. The year before the championships, the 2020 Summer Olympics will also be held in Japan, hosted by Tokyo. The competitions originally were to be held in Budapest, Hungary, in the summer of 2021. This was announced on July 19, 2013, on the biennial General Congress of FINA in Barcelona, the host-city of the 2013 World Aquatics Championships. Also Gwangju, Document [109] (Title: Tokyo bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) Towards the end of November 2011 the Tokyo 2020 Council was established. It is an advisory board comprises 64 members including Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda who is the top advisor on the council. Tokyo 2020 revealed their bid logo on November 30, 2011. Tokyo's 2020 bid will have a budget of $75 Million, which is half the amount of their previous 2016 bid, which had a $150 Million budget. The President of the Japanese Olympic Committee, Tsunekazu Takeda stated in April 2012 that hosting the games could generate $2 Billion for Tokyo. In early December 2011, Japan's House of Representatives Document [110] (Title: Summer Olympic Games) federal government; the country's economic crisis; health and safety concerns surrounding the Zika virus and significant pollution in the Guanabara Bay; and a state-sponsored doping scandal involving Russia, which affected the participation of its athletes in the Games. Tokyo, Japan will host the 2020 Summer Olympics, making it the first Asian city to host the Olympic Games twice. Forty-two sports, spanning 55 disciplines, have been part of the Olympic program at one point or another. Twenty-eight sports have comprised the schedule for three of the recent games, 2000, 2004, and 2008 Summer Olympics. Due to the removal of baseball and Document [111] (Title: 2020 Summer Olympics) coverage to free-to-air networks in each territory and other Discovery Inc.-owned channels. In the United Kingdom, these will be the last Games whose rights are primarily owned by the BBC, although as a condition of a sub-licensing agreement that will carry into the 2022 and 2024 Games, Eurosport holds exclusive pay television rights. 2020 Summer Olympics The 2020 Summer Olympics, officially known as the and commonly known as Tokyo 2020, is a forthcoming international multi-sport event that is scheduled to take place from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Tokyo was selected as the host city during the 125th IOC Document [112] (Title: Modern pentathlon at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Modern pentathlon at the 2020 Summer Olympics The modern pentathlon at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo will take place from 6 to 8 August 2020 at Musashino Forest Sports Plaza and Ajinomoto Stadium. Thirty-six athletes will compete each in the men's and women's events. Modern pentathlon contained five events; pistol shooting, épée fencing, freestyle swimming, show jumping, and a cross-country run. Thirty-six athletes per gender must qualify for the Games, with only a maximum of two each per NOC. Qualification methods are similarly applied to both men's and women's events. Host nation Japan has been guaranteed one quota place Document [113] (Title: 125th IOC Session) which took place prior to the 2010 Winter Olympics. The members of the IOC elected the host city of the 2020 Olympic Games on 7 September 2013. The candidates were Tokyo, Istanbul, and Madrid. Before the vote the contest was considered to be close between the three cities. Tokyo was awarded the 2020 Summer Olympics. The results of the exhaustive ballot were as follows: Following Madrid's elimination, the three Spanish IOC members were able to vote in the final round of voting. The announcement was met with jubilation from the Tokyo delegation and across Japan. Japanese Prime Minister Shinzō Abe, Document [114] (Title: 2019 European Games) 2019 European Games 2019 European Games (, "Jeŭrapiejskija hulni 2019"; , "Jevropejskije igry 2019") also known as the second European Games will be held in Minsk, Belarus from 21 June to 30 June 2019. The games will feature 200 events in 15 sports (23 disciplines). The organisers expect around 4,000 athletes from 50 countries. Ten of the sports will offer qualification opportunities for the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan. Five of the sports will define champions of Europe. The opening ceremony at the Dinamo Stadium will be held on 21 June and the closing ceremony on 30 June. The Document [115] (Title: 2024 Summer Olympics) as to whether video games will be featured in the 2024 Olympics will be made in 2020. During the Lima Session, the IOC approved the Rio 2016 sports program for Paris 2024. New sports will be chosen during the 134th IOC Session in 2019 in Lausanne, Switzerland, subject to final approval by the IOC Executive Board in December 2020. The 2024 Summer Olympic programme is scheduled to feature 28 sports encompassing 319 events, though this is likely to change depending on success of the five additional sports added to the Tokyo Olympics. This means there could be up to 33 Document [116] (Title: 128th IOC Session) be added to the Tokyo 2020 program. A new shortlist of eight sports were unveiled on June 22, 2015. These sports include baseball/softball, bowling, karate, roller sports, sport climbing, squash, surfing, and wushu. The federations of the eight sports made their presentations in Tokyo on August 7–8, 2015. In September 2015, organisers will recommend one or more of the sports to the International Olympic Committee for inclusion in 2020 Olympic program, with the final decision in August 2016. The IOC approved South Sudan's inclusion as a full member of the Committee, allowed the country to participate in Rio 2016 under Document [117] (Title: Summer Olympic Games) the 2020 Summer Olympics, when it will become the first city outside the Western world to have hosted the Summer Olympics more than once, having already hosted the Games in 1964. The other countries that have hosted the Summer Olympics are Belgium, Brazil, China, Canada, Finland, Italy, Mexico, Netherlands, South Korea, Spain, Soviet Union, and Sweden; each of these countries has hosted the Summer Games on just one occasion. Asia has hosted the Summer Olympics three times, in Tokyo, Japan (1964), Seoul, South Korea (1988), and Beijing, China (2008); Asia will host the Games for a fourth time in 2020 Document [118] (Title: 2020 Summer Olympics) Olympic events in the country. The official emblems for the 2020 Olympics and Paralympics were unveiled on 25 April 2016; designed by Asao Tokolo, who won a nationwide design contest, it takes the form of a ring in an indigo-coloured checkerboard pattern. The design is meant to "express a refined elegance and sophistication that exemplifies Japan". The designs replaced a previous emblem which had been scrapped due to allegations that it plagiarized the logo of a Belgian theatre. The Tokyo 2020 Organising Committee began accepting submissions for the official mascots of the Games from 1 to 14 August 2017. A Question: where are the olympics being held in 2020

Answer: Tokyo Long Answer: The 2020 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXXII Olympiad (Japanese: 第 三 十 二 回 オリンピック 競技 大会, Hepburn: Dai Sanjūni - kai Orinpikku Kyōgi Taikai) and commonly known as Tokyo 2020, is a forthcoming international multi-sport event that is scheduled to take place from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Gold Document ID: 118

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Waldo Frank) USA in 1937 over its treatment of exiled Soviet leader Leon Trotsky, whom Frank met in Mexico in January of that year. Waldo Frank was born in Long Branch, New Jersey on August 25, 1889, during his family's summer vacation. He was the youngest of four children to Julius J. Frank, a prosperous Wall Street attorney employed by the Hamburg-Amerika Line, and his wife, the former Helene Rosenberg, who hailed from the American South and was the daughter of a Confederate blockade runner during the American Civil War. The young Frank grew up on the Upper West Side of New Document [2] (Title: Frank the Poet) Frank the Poet Frank the Poet (ca. 1810–1861) (real name Francis MacNamara) was a convict, transported to New South Wales from Cashel, County Tipperary, Ireland, who composed improvised verse expressing the convict's point of view. In 1832 he was convicted of larceny, and sentenced to seven years transportation. He often absconded and received an extended sentence as well as floggings and other punishments, and was finally sent to the dreaded Port Arthur in Van Diemen's Land. He received a ticket of leave in 1847 and his freedom in 1849, after which there is little record of his life. His verse Document [3] (Title: Max Frauenthal) Max Frauenthal Max Frauenthal (also Frankenthal, or Fronthall) (November 11, 1836 – March 8, 1914) was a leading merchant in post-bellum Arkansas, and was a founding father of Conway, Arkansas, Heber Springs, Arkansas, and Cleburne County, Arkansas. He is known for the courage he showed during the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House in the American Civil War. The name "Frauenthal" was derived from the German city the Frauenthals lived in. Max Frauenthal's grandfather, who was called simply Meyer, adopted the name Frauenthal in early nineteenth century, when the Napoleonic Code required European Jews to take surnames. Max Frauenthal was born Document [4] (Title: Franklin (class)) mentions the Anglo-French "fraunclein", "a landowner of free, but not noble birth", from Old French "franc" free + "-lein", "-ling", formed on the model of "chamberlain"; all these go back to Late Latin "francus" "free" or "a free man", from Frankish *"Frank", "a freeman", literally, "a Frank"; cognate with Old High German "Franko". The social class of franklin, meaning (latterly) a person not only free (not in feudal servitude) but also owning the freehold of land, and yet not even a member of the "landed gentry" (knights, esquires and gentlemen, the lower grades of the upper class) let alone of Document [5] (Title: Name of France) Name of France The name France comes from Latin "Francia" ("land of the Franks"). Originally it applied to the whole Empire of the Franks, extending from southern France to eastern Germany. Modern France is still called "Frankreich" in German and similar names in some other Germanic languages (such as "Frankrijk" in Dutch), which means "Frank Reich", the Realm of the Franks. Before being named France, the land was called Gaul (; ). This name continued to be used even after the beginning of the reign of the Franks' Kings Clovis I, Charles Martel, Pepin the Short, and Charlemagne. In fact, Document [6] (Title: Frank Caplan) couple donated to The Children's Museum of Indianapolis for a permanent gallery on folk, fantasy, and play. Frank Caplan was born in Kingston upon Hull, England, on June 10, 1911, to Russian Jewish parents. In 1914, his family immigrated to the United States and settled in Harlem, New York. He graduated from DeWitt Clinton High School in 1927 and began attending City College of New York at night. After graduating in 1931 with a bachelor's degree in sociology and history, he took a job as the director of the Block Recreation Project, working with street gangs to create club centers Document [7] (Title: Ritzel) from "rihhi." The name may also be of locative origin, from the geographical feature near the bearer once lived or held land. The toponym Ritzel is derived from the Old High German word "hriot" meaning reeds, and thus the name would indicate "one who dwelled near a reedy or swampy place." First found in Bavaria, where the name was anciently associated with the tribal conflicts of the area. Some of the first settlers of this name or some of its variants where: settlers who travelled to the New World and established themselves along the eastern seaboard of the United States Document [8] (Title: Frank de Miranda) From 1956 to 1959 studied Miranda pedagogy at the University of Utrecht. He then worked as a psychologist and publicist. Frank de Miranda Frank de Miranda (Bloemendaal, March 8, 1913 - Ede, 1986) was a Dutch sculptor, psychologist and publicist. Frank de Miranda was born in Bloemendaal, where his father Abraham worked as designer/artist who came from an artistic family. Abraham had enjoyed a Jewish upbringing, but did not necessarily took this on his children, including Frank. Nevertheless, Miranda felt great solidarity with his Jewish background. Later on he studied the Tanakh, joined a Zionist movement, taught Hebrew, and gave Document [9] (Title: Frank Erlanger) Frank Erlanger Frank Erlanger (March 25, 1882 – 1961), also credited as Frank A. Erlanger or Frank Charles Erlanger was a Hungarian-American silent film actor best known for his work with the Balboa Amusement Producing Company. The Erlangers were a well-established Hungarian family living in what was then Austria-Hungary. Frank's father, Ottmar, was a colonel in the 7th Regiment of the Imperial and Royal Hussars. His mother, Theresia de Retsky, was an actress. The family originally resided in Budapest but relocated to Vienna before or after Frank's birth. While Frank's family, including sister Elizabeth, remained there, he was sent to Document [10] (Title: Surnames by country) occupation (e.g. "Enzo Ferrari", "Heinz (of the) Blacksmiths"), personal characteristic (e.g. nicknames or pet names like "Dario Forte", "Darius the Strong"), geographic origin (e.g. "Elisabetta Romano", "Elisabeth from Rome") and objects (e.g. "Carlo Sacchi", "Charles Bags"). The two most common Italian family names, "Russo" and "Rossi", mean the same thing, "Red", possibly referring to a hair color that would have been very distinctive in Italy. Both Western and Eastern orders are used for full names: the given name usually comes first, but the family name may come first in administrative settings; lists are usually indexed according to the last name. Document [11] (Title: Frank Gray Griswold) Sternbeck of Munich. His paternal grandparents were George Griswold and Maria Matilda (née Cumming) Griswold. The Griswolds were relatives of American bishops Alexander Viets Griswold, Sheldon Munson Griswold, and Frank Griswold. His maternal grandparents were Mary (née Underhill) Alley and Saul Alley, a commissioner of the Croton Aqueduct. His family's wealth originated from the China trade as his father and grandfather were merchants with "N. L. and G. Griswold", which owned clipper ships that imported tea and silks from East Asia. In 1868, he moved with her family to Dresden, Germany, where they remained for five years. He was educated Document [12] (Title: Hitler family) are Johann Nepomuk and a Graz Jew by the name of Leopold Frankenberger (rumored by ex-Nazi Hans Frank during the Nuremberg Trials). In the 1950s, the third possibility became popular among historians, but modern historians have concluded that Frank's speculation has no factual support. Frank said that Maria came from "Leonding near Linz", when in fact she came from the hamlet of Strones, near the village of Döllersheim. No evidence has ever been found that a "Frankenberger" lived in the area; the Jews were expelled from Styria (which includes Graz) in the 15th century and were not permitted to return Document [13] (Title: Frank Paton) an early talent for drawing animals and was allowed to follow his artistic bent. His first known exhibition was at the age of sixteen, the piece being a portrait of a German peasant girl. Family rumour has it that Paton briefly spent time in France working in stained glass before being recalled by his father. It is believed that he then travelled to, and made a living in, Australia. Paton had relatives in Australia - an Uncle and Aunt had emigrated there from London in the 1850s and settled in Williamstown, Victoria - so this is plausible and Australian immigration Document [14] (Title: Name of France) the Franks) in German, "Frankrijk" (Rijk of the Franks) in Dutch, "Frankrike" (Rike of the Franks) in Swedish and Norwegian, "Frankrig" in Danish. The name "France" (and its adjective "French") can have four different meanings which it is important to distinguish in order to avoid ambiguities. Its origin is the Germanic word "frank" which means "free" and is also a male name. In a first meaning, "France" means the whole French Republic. In that case, "French" refers to the nationality, as it is written on the French ID card: "Nationalité : française". The etymology and meaning of the word "France" Document [15] (Title: Edith Frank) the 18th century, emigrating from the Netherlands to Germany around 1800. Edith's last name, "Holländer", is German for "Dutchman" (literally: "Hollander"). Edith had two older brothers, Julius and Walter, and an older sister, Bettina. Bettina died at the age of 16 due to appendicitis when Edith was just 14. Both Julius and Walter made it to the United States, surviving afterwards. She met Otto Frank in 1924 and they married on his 36th birthday, 12 May 1925, at Aachen's synagogue. They had two daughters born in Frankfurt, Margot, born 16 February 1926, followed by Anne, born 12 June 1929. The Document [16] (Title: Meyers) Meyers Meyers is a surname of English origin; many branches of the Meyers family trace their origins to Anglo-Saxon England. The name is derived from the Old English name "Maire", meaning "mayor", or an officer in charge of legal matters. The English surname may also mean "physician" (from "mire", Old French), or "marsh" (from "myrr", Old Norse). In the form "Meyer" the surname can be of Jewish and German origin, deriving from the German word "meiger", meaning "mayor"; the name likely traces its origins to a wealthy landholder. Among German Jews, "Meyer" converged with the etymologically unconnected name "Meir", which Document [17] (Title: Opekta) from the same building whilst Otto Frank, his family (including his youngest daughter Anne Frank) and several other Jews hid from persecution stemming from the Nazi Occupation of the Netherlands during World War II. The Opekta company was originally based in Cologne, Germany, being founded and owned by Austrian chemists Robert Feix and Richard Fackeldey. In 1933 the German businessman Otto Frank, then still residing in Germany, was appointed to aid their expansion into the Netherlands. Frank had already considered moving his family to the Netherlands following the election of Adolf Hitler and the rise of Nazism, so he accepted Document [18] (Title: Leo Frank) the B'nai B'rith, a Jewish fraternal organization. The Jewish community in Atlanta was the largest in the Southern United States, and the Franks belonged to a cultured and philanthropic social environment whose leisure pursuits included opera and bridge. Although the Southern United States was not specifically known for its antisemitism, Frank's northern culture and Jewish faith added to the sense that he was different. Mary Phagan was born on June 1, 1899, into an established Georgia family of tenant farmers. Her father died before she was born. Shortly after Mary's birth, her mother, Frances Phagan, moved the family back to Document [19] (Title: Scharf) Scharf Scharf (also Schärf) is a surname of German origin and Irish origin. is found throughout Germany as well as the United States and many other countries. The Irish version of the surname is found almost exclusively in Canada, Australia, and (Scharf's of Irish ancestry who never left) Ireland. In Ireland, the Scharf families were originally found to inhabit County Kerry and County Limerick. In modern-day they are found in County Kilkenny County Carlow. The Scharf families of Germanic origin can trace their ancestral home to Bavaria, which is in the Southeast of modern-day Germany. As of today, the Germanic Document [20] (Title: Frank McKetta) paper work at the immigration desk he was asked his name. As a result of no former education, he did not know how to spell his name and his last name was in Cyrillic, which has no spelling (it is only phonetic). With John's pronunciation, the immigration officer gave him the spelling of "McKetta". From Baltimore he was sent to Wyano, Pennsylvania where he began work in the coal mine six days a week. After four years of labor he had saved enough money to send for his brother Frank and another two years later for Steve. In 1910, Frank Document [21] (Title: Frank Green) Frank Green Frank Green (1861–1954) was a British industrialist. Frank Green was born in Chorlton-cum-Hardy in 1861. He was the second son of Sir Edward Green, 1st Baronet, a Yorkshire industrialist and Mary Lycett. His elder brother Edward Lycett Green was born in 1860 and would become 2nd Baronet after his father died. The father, Sir Edward was created a baronet for services to politics and was at one time MP for Wakefield. Frank Green's grandfather Edward Green had invented, and patented in 1845, a fuel economiser which was very successful during the 19th and 20th centuries and which made Document [22] (Title: Frank Speck) was well-to-do, with live-in servants that included a German woman, Anna Muller, and a mixed Native American/African American woman, Gussie Giles from South Carolina. Around 1910, Frank married Florence Insley, from Rockland, New York, and they raised three children: Frank S., Alberta R., and Virgina C. Speck. The family lived in Swarthmore, Pennsylvania, also keeping a summer home near Gloucester, Massachusetts. As a young man, Frank developed an affinity for forests and swamps and wild landscapes, and for the Native people who lived in these locales. These interests inspired him to pursue anthropological studies. He was accepted into Columbia University Document [23] (Title: Frank Sinkwich) (about 12 miles west of Zagreb) as his mother had traveled back to Croatia in 1912. World War I broke out in 1914 and as with many, she and the children remained there for the duration of the war. They returned to the US, going to Youngstown, Ohio when he was two years old, joining his father Ignac (Ignatius) who operated a grocery store. By 1940, the family operated a restaurant in Youngstown. His surname was originally spelled Sinković. According to an article Sinkwich wrote in 1988, he grew to appreciate the value of competitiveness on the streets of Youngstown's Document [24] (Title: Jacques) Jacques Ancient and noble French family names, "Jacq", "Jacques", or "James" are believed to originate from the Middle Ages in the historic northwest Brittany region in France, and have since spread around the world over the centuries. To date, there are over one hundred identified noble families related to the surname by the Nobility & Gentry of Great Britain & Ireland. The origin of this surname ultimately originates from the Latin, Jacobus which belongs to an unknown progenitor. Jacobus comes from the Hebrew name, Yaakov, which translates as "one who follows" or "to follow after". A French Knight returning from Document [25] (Title: Frankfurt) to "Franckfort" and "Franckfurth" in the modern era. According to historian David Gans, the city was named 146 AD by its builder, a Frankish king named Zuna, who ruled over the province then known as Sicambri. He hoped thereby to perpetuate the name of his lineage. The name is derived from the "Franconofurd" of the Germanic tribe of the Franks; "Furt" (cf. English 'ford) where the river was shallow enough to be crossed on foot. By the 19th century, the name "Frankfurt" had been established as the official spelling. The older English spelling of "Frankfort" is now rarely seen in Document [26] (Title: Frank Mura) Frank Mura Frank Mura (born 17 July 1861) was a French-born American painter and water colourist who also worked in charcoal and pencil. His work includes landscapes, buildings, marine settings, human subjects and animals. He was noted for his charcoal painting technique. Born in Alsace in 1861, Mura's family settled in New York City when he was a child and he became a naturalised American. The family home was in Manhattan and his father's occupation was listed in the census as a feather dealer. He returned to Europe in 1881 and studied in Munich. During this period, some of his Document [27] (Title: Hispanic Americans in World War II) same surname and lived on Second Street. Eduvigis and Angelina Sandoval immigrated to the U.S. from Romita, Mexico. Their son, Frank, was a combat engineer assigned to help build the Ledo Road in Burma. He was killed when his unit was sent unexpectedly to the front to fight for control of a key airbase. His older brother, Joe, was assigned to the 41st Armored Infantry Division in Europe. He was killed in April 1945, just days before the war ended. Joseph and Carmen Sandoval also immigrated to the United States from Mexico. When the war broke out, their son Willie Document [28] (Title: Jackson C. Frank) Nick Drake. "Rolling Stone" journalist David Fricke called Frank "one of the best forgotten songwriters of the 1960s." Frank was born Jackson Carey Jones March 2, 1943 in Buffalo, New York, the only child of Marilyn Rochefort Jones and Jack Jones, a test pilot. He later took on the surname of his stepfather, Elmer Frank, an army officer and food chemist. On March 23, 1954, when Frank was eleven years old, a furnace exploded at his school, Cleveland Hill Elementary School in Cheektowaga, New York. The fire killed fifteen of his fellow students, including Marlene du Pont, Frank's then girlfriend, Document [29] (Title: Frank Arnau) Frank Arnau Frank Arnau (March 9, 1894 - February 11, 1976) was the pseudonym of a German crime fiction writer, born as Heinrich Schmitt. Arnau was born in Vienna, the son of a hotel manager. He began his literary career as a newspaper journalist. With the political ascent of Hitler, this avowed opponent of national socialism emigrated in 1933, first to France, then in 1939 to Brazil, where he lived until 1955. There he was further active as journalist and freelance writer. After his return to Germany he worked as a freelancer for "Stern" magazine. Arnau wrote over a hundred Document [30] (Title: Jewish surname) names, often a town name, typically the birthplace of the founder of a rabbinical or other dynasty. These names would permutate to various forms as families moved, such as the original "Welsch" becoming "Wallach", "Wlock" or "Block". Since these surnames did not have the official status that modern ones do, often the old surname would be dropped and a new one adopted after the family moved their household. Many surnames in the Netherlands derived from the German versions. For example, Waal derived from Wahl and Voorzanger (Chazan) derived from Voorsanger. The process of assigning permanent surnames to Jewish families (most Document [31] (Title: Weiner) result of confusion with the surname Wiener and confusion with the fairly common pronunciation of the letter combination "ei" in English. The German name Weiner comes from a dialectal pronunciation of Wagner (related to the English word "wagon", but only indirectly with "wag[g]oner", which means "wagon driver"), which means "wainwright" (wagon maker). The source of the other name that is spelled "Weiner" is Yiddish, and according to dictionaries of Jewish surnames, it probably originates from the Yiddish name Vayner, meaning wine merchant and related to the German word Wein, which means “wine”. Both the Yiddish name and the German word Document [32] (Title: Frank Harte) track twenty on the third CD. Frank Harte Frank Harte (14 May 1933 – 27 June 2005) was a traditional Irish singer, song collector, architect and lecturer. He was born in Chapelizod, County Dublin, and raised in Dublin. His father, Peter Harte, who had moved from a farming background in Sligo, owned 'The Tap' pub in Chapelizod. Frank emigrated to the United States for a short period, but later returned to Ireland where he worked as an architect, lecturer at DIT (Dublin Institute of Technology) in Rathmines, Dublin and in later life fully engaged in songs in many ways. Frank Document [33] (Title: Matilda Tone) 29 April 1791, and Francis Rawdon Tone, born 23 June 1793. Francis was known as Frank and was named after Francis Rawdon-Hastings. William was born in Dublin, and Frank was probably born at Bodenstown. By this time that family had a cottage in Bodenstown which Wolfe Tone had inherited from his uncle Jonathan Tone that the family jokingly referred to as Château Boue. They lived there until May 1795, when they left for Princeton, New Jersey due to political reasons. Matilda Tone and the children came back to Europe to join Tone in France 18 months later. The family settled Document [34] (Title: Arthur Frankau) Arthur Frankau Arthur Frankau (February 1849 – 21 November 1904) was the son of Bavarian-born Joseph Frankau (previously Frankenau), a Jewish merchant who moved to London from Frankfurt in 1837. Arthur ran the firm successfully, but suffered a bad shock from a breach of verbal trust with a major supplier, and he soon died, to be replaced as head of the firm by his 21-year old son, the future novelist Gilbert Frankau. Based initially in London’s Whitechapel, by the mid-1840s Joseph Frankau had successfully established himself as an importer of leeches and cigars, trading as J. Frankau & Co. Meanwhile, Document [35] (Title: Pat Frank) Pat Frank Pat Frank (May 5, 1908 – October 12, 1964) was the pen name of the American writer, newspaperman, and government consultant Harry Hart Frank. Frank's best known work is the 1959 post-apocalyptic novel "Alas, Babylon". His other books include "Mr. Adam", "Hold Back the Night", and "Forbidden Area". Frank was born in Chicago in 1908. He was a journalist and information handler for several newspapers, agencies, and government bureaus. During his early career, he lived mainly in New York City, Washington, and overseas during World War II. He worked for the Office of War Information and was a Document [36] (Title: Josette Frank) of the 1950s, for which she received praise and criticism. Frank was born on March 27, 1893, in Manhattan, New York City into a family of secular Jews. Her father, Leo, owned a successful furniture business. As a young girl, she was involved in early feminism and the Women's Land Army. She got her first job when she was 19, working as a secretary for Theodore Roosevelt. She also investigated child labor and worked with poor immigrants in New York's Lower East Side while living in Greenwich Village. Frank first became involved with the Federation For Child Study, group that Document [37] (Title: Name of France) However, rather than the ethnic name of the Franks coming from the word "frank" ("free"), it is more probable that the word "frank" ("free") comes from the ethnic name of the Franks, the connection being that only the Franks, as the conquering class, had the status of freemen. In a tradition going back to the 7th-century Chronicle of Fredegar, the name of the Franks itself is taken from "Francio", one of the Germanic kings of Sicambri, c. 61 BCE, whose dominion extended all along those lands immediately joining the west-bank of the Rhine River, as far as Strasbourg and Belgium. Document [38] (Title: Fränkel) meaning liberal, generous (it meant free in earlier times, because only those of Frenkish race were free). German variant spellings include "Frankl, Frenkel, Frankel and Frankle", while Ashkenazic variants are "Frank(e)l" and "Frenk(i)el". Elias Benjamin Frankel married Elizabeth Myers at Christchurch, Southwark, London on April 25th 1850. One Marcus Frankel married Deliza Jones at St. John the Baptist, Shoreditch, London on December 4th 1871. The first recorded spelling of the family name is shown to be that of Francois Franchel, (marriage to Anne Scott in London), which was dated December 4th 1799, London Church Registers, during the reign of King Document [39] (Title: Gerardus Mercator) "Flemish" geographer, in which he presented a speculative Cremer family tree with ancestors in Rupelmonde. In 1869, in Duisburg, published a small book on Mercator as the "German" geographer, in which he claimed that the family was from Jülich, Mercator was conceived there, and consequently his birth during the visit to Rupelmonde didn't invalidate his German nationality. The debate continued in 1914 when Heinrich Averdunk attacked Van Raemdonck's 'fictions' and argued that the many occurrences of the name Kremer in Jülich in the sixteenth century supported Breusing's claim that the family was German. Today, many Belgians and Germans still claim Document [40] (Title: Katz (surname)) Katz (surname) Katz is a common German Ashkenazi surname. Germans with the last name Katz may originate in the Rhine River region of Germany, where the Katz Castle is located. (The name of the castle does not derive from , "cat", but from Katzenelnbogen, going back to Latin , consisting of the ancient Germanic tribal names of the Chatti and Melibokus.) Where it is a Jewish surname, "Katz" is an abbreviation () formed from the initials of the term ("priest of justice"/"authentic priest") or (meaning the name-bearer is of patrilineal descent of the Kohanim sons of Zadok). It has been Document [41] (Title: Frank Moss (rugby union)) East 28th Street, he took out several golf and tennis equipment patents. Frank Moss was the son of Joseph Moss, a tailor and draper, a descendant of Jewish German immigrants of the late-1700s. Frank Moss was the younger brother of Ralph Slazenger Moss (birth registered during April→June 1844 in Warrington district), Mordecai Moss (birth registered during April→June 1845 in Warrington district), Sara Slazenger Moss (birth registered during July→September 1847 in Warrington district), Frances Ann Slazenger Moss (Frankenburg), Ada Slazenger Moss (Cohen), Marion Slazenger Moss (birth registered during July→September 1853 in Manchester district), Isaac "Jack" Slazenger Moss (birth registered during April→June Document [42] (Title: Frank (given name)) Frank (given name) Frank is a masculine given name. Ultimately from the Germanic tribal name of the Franks, in the early medieval Frankish Empire, the status of being "a Frank" became synonymous with that of a free man; hence also the English adjective "frank" (Middle English, from Old French "franc", 12th century). Use as a given name seems to arise already in the Carolingian period; the Old High German form "Francho, Franko" is on record from the 8th century. While "Frank" is a given name in its own right, in fact reflecting the Old Frankish form "*Frank", the given name Document [43] (Title: Name of the Franks) everyone seems to have been considered a Frank by the mid-seventh century at the latest; Romani were essentially the inhabitants of Aquitaine after that". On the other hand, a formulary written by Marculf about AD 700 described a continuation of national identities within a mixed population when it stated that "all the peoples who dwell [in the official's province], Franks, Romans, Burgundians, and those of other nations, live ... according to their law and their custom." The Middle English adjective "frank," "free, liberal, generous," was adopted in c. 1300 from Old French "franc" "free (not servile)", from Medieval Latin "francus" Document [44] (Title: Ronald Frankau) Ronald Frankau Ronald Hugh Wyndham Frankau (22 February 1894 – 11 September 1951) was an English comedian who started in cabaret and made his way to radio and films. Frankau was born in London, the third child of Arthur Frankau, son of Joseph Frankau, a German Jew who came to London from Frankfurt in the late 1830s and started a cigar trading business. His mother was Julia Davis Frankau, who would later become a celebrated writer of satirical novels. His mother's siblings included Henry Irving's mistress Eliza Aria and theatre critic and librettist Owen Hall, whilst their sister Florette was Document [45] (Title: William Frank (athlete)) William Frank (athlete) William Gottlieb Frank (December 1, 1878 – March 31, 1965) was an American athlete who was born in Besigheim, Ludwigsburg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. He arrived in the United States in 1889. Frank was a member of the Irish American Athletic Club and the Twenty-Second Regiment of the New York National Guard. Frank was also a police officer assigned to the New York City Police Department's 74th Precinct. Competing as a member of the New York National Guard, Twenty-second Regiment, Frank won the 3-mile race for the championship of the Military Athletic League in 1905. He also won the Document [46] (Title: Münch (family lineage)) start of the American Revolution. "The Ancestors of Charles Minnix Sr.", (by Micheal B. Minix, Sr, MD) traces one family from the Münch von Münchenstein-Löwenberg home in Basel, Switzerland to Franklin County, Virginia. Present-day Münnich, Minnix, Minnich, Minnick, Minnig and other surname variation members of the family are scattered all over the continental United States. Mink [P]. Meenach, Minnix, Mynix (Meenich,; Mince, Minch [O], or Minnich[P]; Muench, Munch = [P]) [Münk, Münnig] [German Family Names in Kentucky Place Names John Leighly, American Name Society, 1983 - Names, German - 84 pages] Minix: a nickname for one who was a monk Document [47] (Title: Frank Koester) Frank Koester Frank Koester, born Franz Köster (28 August 1876, Sterkrade, Germany - 5 October 1927, New York City) was a German-American engineer and author. He received ten years of theoretical training, with practical engineering and municipal experience in Germany, including four years of shop and field practice. After winning a gold medal for electrical engineering at the Exposition Universelle (1900), he came to the United States in 1902 and became a naturalized citizen in 1911. He was connected with the construction of the New York City subway system and other large engineering undertakings in the United States, South America, Document [48] (Title: Frank Harte) Frank Harte Frank Harte (14 May 1933 – 27 June 2005) was a traditional Irish singer, song collector, architect and lecturer. He was born in Chapelizod, County Dublin, and raised in Dublin. His father, Peter Harte, who had moved from a farming background in Sligo, owned 'The Tap' pub in Chapelizod. Frank emigrated to the United States for a short period, but later returned to Ireland where he worked as an architect, lecturer at DIT (Dublin Institute of Technology) in Rathmines, Dublin and in later life fully engaged in songs in many ways. Frank Harte's introduction to Irish traditional singing Document [49] (Title: Frank Cannova) Frank Cannova Frank Cannova (January 14, 1911 – November 29, 2005) was an American hotelier, businessman and entrepreneur. He was born in Lodi, New Jersey to Sicilian parents Francesco and Catherina Cannova. His mothers maiden name was Triolo. His father who came to the United States from Sicily at the age of 9, was a millionaire by the time he was 35 years old. Frank Jr. with his family on ten acres of land in New Jersey. His father quit his job as a road contractor at his mothers request and moved to Miami. His father having lost several fortunes Document [50] (Title: Frank Michael) Frank Michael Franco Gabelli better known by his stage name Frank Michael is a Belgian singer of Italian origin born in Parma, Italy on 7 May 1947. He reportedly sold millions of albums throughout the world. At age of three, Franco's family left Italy and resided in Seraing, province of Liège, Belgium. At age 16, he started working television electronics technician. His singing career was launched with the 1974 single "Je ne peux vivre sans toi" released on RCA. He was popular in live concerts and released a big number of albums that charted in France and Belgium. His best Document [51] (Title: Mario Frank) Mario Frank Mario Frank (born 31 May 1958) qualified in Germany as a lawyer. He holds a West German doctorate, obtained for a piece of work on the East German Ministry of Justice. He has pursued a managerial career in the media sector. For a year during 2007/2008 he was chief executive of the Spiegel publishing group. In recent decades he has emerged as an important political biographer. Mario Frank was born in Rostock, a major port city on the north coast of what was at that time the German Democratic Republic (East Germany). He spent most of his childhood Document [52] (Title: Josef Frank (architect)) Josef Frank (architect) Josef Frank (July 15, 1885 – January 8, 1967) was an Austrian-born architect, artist, and designer who adopted Swedish citizenship in the latter half of his life. Together with Oskar Strnad, he created the Vienna School of Architecture, and its concept of Modern houses, housing and interiors. Josef Frank was of Jewish ancestry. His parents, merchant Ignaz (Isak) Frank (October 17, 1851 – January 27, 1921 Vienna) and the Vienna-born Jenny (September 3, 1861–10 February 1941 Vienna), were originally from Heves in Hungary. He designed his parents' grave in the old Jewish section of Vienna's Central Cemetery Document [53] (Title: Frank Rich) at its outset in 2011. Rich grew up in Washington, D.C. His mother, Helene Fisher (née Aaronson), a schoolteacher and artist, was from a Russian Jewish family that originally settled in Brooklyn, New York, but moved to Washington after the stock market crash of 1929. His father, Frank Hart Rich, a businessman, was from a German Jewish family long-settled in Washington. He attended public schools and graduated from Woodrow Wilson High School in 1967. Rich attended Harvard College in Cambridge, Massachusetts. At Harvard, he became the editorial chairman of "The Harvard Crimson", the university's daily student newspaper. Rich was an Document [54] (Title: MacGorman) lived near a triangular piece of land. The German surname ("Görmann") is sometimes a variant of "Gehrmann". German Gorman can also be of Slavic origin, from an occupational name, derived from the Slavic "góra" meaning "mountain". One of the earliest mentions of the name "Gorman" can be found in a reference by Geoffrey of Monmouth to a Danish king named "Gormandus" who raided parts of Britain around 593 AD and settled near South Wexford. Early bearers of the surname are William "Gorman" in 1296 and Adam "Garman" in 1327. The John "atte Gore" recorded in 1296 within the "Sussex Subsidy Document [55] (Title: Jerry Frankel) Mar racetrack. Frankel named Joey Franco after the mispronunciation of his own name when people who didn’t know him returned his calls, obviously having misunderstood the fast spoken messages he left for a callback. Frankel sometimes named his horses using eponyms derived from titles of shows, or from the names of actors and songs. A few examples include a mare named after Linda Eder, the leading star in his Broadway musical "Jekyll & Hyde", another he named after the song "This Is the Moment" from the same show, and one he named Osage County, after his play "" (2007). Frankel Document [56] (Title: Frank Field (meteorologist)) to Americanize his last name. His parents emigrated to America in 1909; his extended family that remained in Europe perished during the Holocaust. Field returned on assignment from WCBS to search for remnants of his family and produced a one-hour special "Journey of the Heart", which included an emotional interview with Eli Wiesel. He was a first lieutenant and meteorologist with the 8th Air Force during World War II in the European Theater. His meteorological training was at Brown University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Field holds a B.A. in geology from Brooklyn College, a B.S. in optometry from Document [57] (Title: Frank Michael) songs came from collaboration with Michel Mallory, although he worked with many other songwriters as well. In 2003, he also released a homage album entitled "Thank You Elvis" with 15 tracks of Elvis Presley in French and Italian. He remains popular particularly with the older generations. In 2004, he received the Belgian Order of the Crown. Frank Michael Franco Gabelli better known by his stage name Frank Michael is a Belgian singer of Italian origin born in Parma, Italy on 7 May 1947. He reportedly sold millions of albums throughout the world. At age of three, Franco's family left Italy Document [58] (Title: Meyers) is derived from Hebrew. Meyers Meyers is a surname of English origin; many branches of the Meyers family trace their origins to Anglo-Saxon England. The name is derived from the Old English name "Maire", meaning "mayor", or an officer in charge of legal matters. The English surname may also mean "physician" (from "mire", Old French), or "marsh" (from "myrr", Old Norse). In the form "Meyer" the surname can be of Jewish and German origin, deriving from the German word "meiger", meaning "mayor"; the name likely traces its origins to a wealthy landholder. Among German Jews, "Meyer" converged with the etymologically Document [59] (Title: Hannah Frank) Hannah Frank Hannah Frank (23 August 1908 – 18 December 2008) was an artist and sculptor from Glasgow, Scotland. Frank's Jewish parents both originated in Russia. Charles Fraiker, her father, came from Vilkomir in the Russian Pale of Settlement. After studying engineering at Leitz in Frankfurt, he immigrated to Scotland in 1905, and changed his name to Frank. Frank's mother was also born in Russia, as Miriam Lipctz. Having immigrated to Scotland, her family settled first in Edinburgh and then in Glasgow, where her parents ran a shop in Gorbals selling kosher oil. The Franks lived in Glasgow's Gorbals district, Document [60] (Title: Arthur Frankau) Cliff, Eastbourne). "But my father had no zest for the Mayfair game," recalled his son Gilbert. Arthur Frankau "was very much the model of the self-denying, hard-working, family-oriented, successful Jewish businessman of popular legend." "I naturally came to know Arthur Frankau well," recalled his wife's friend and fellow-writer Marie Belloc Lowndes. "He had the cultivated, reserved manner which in those days was common in a type of German with whom I had come in contact, oddly enough, in Paris." By long-established verbal understanding, J. Frankau & Co. were the sole U.K. importers of Upmann cigars, which had been to the Document [61] (Title: Frank Gaha) Frank Gaha John Francis Gaha (14 April 1894 – 18 March 1966), known as Frank, was an Australian politician. Born in Narrabri, New South Wales, he was educated at St Joseph's College in Sydney and the National University of Ireland, becoming a doctor and a house surgeon in Dublin. Returning to Australia in 1920, he settled in Tasmania, where he established a private practice at Hobart; he was a health officer 1925–1929. In 1933, he was elected as a Labor member to the Tasmanian Legislative Council for Hobart, serving as Minister for Health 1934–1943. In 1943, he transferred to federal Document [62] (Title: Frank Lauren Hitchcock) obtained a Ph.D. with a thesis entitled, "Vector Functions of a Point." Hitchcock stayed at MIT until retirement, publishing his analysis of optimal distribution in 1941. Frank Hitchcock was descended from New England forebears. His mother was Susan Ida Porter (b. January 1, 1848, Middlebury, Vermont) and his father was Elisha Pike Hitchcock. His parents married on June 27, 1866. Frank was born March 6, 1875, in New York City. He had two sisters, Mary E. Hitchcock and Viola M. Hitchcock, and two brothers, George P. Hitchcock and Ernest Van Ness Hitchcock. Although Frank was born in New York City, Document [63] (Title: Jewish name) and "Marshallik"; Mrs. Frankau is known as "Frank Danby"; and so on; but there is nothing specifically Jewish about this adoption of a pen-name. Jewish name The Jewish name has historically varied, encompassing throughout the centuries several different traditions. This article looks at the onomastics practices of the Jewish people, that is, the history of the origin and forms of proper names. Jews have historically used Hebrew patronymic names. In the Jewish patronymic system the first name is followed by either ben- or bat- ("son of" and "daughter of," respectively), and then the father's name. (Bar-, "son of" in Aramaic, Document [64] (Title: Howard Frank) age of 21, and was succeeded by his younger brother, Robert (born 16 March 1925). Howard Frank Sir Howard George Frank, 1st Baronet, (1871 – 10 January 1932) was an English estate agent and public servant. Frank was born in Blackhurst, Tunbridge Wells, Kent. He was educated at Marlborough College and then entered the estate agency profession, in which he remained all his life, eventually becoming recognised as the "head" of the profession in Britain. He was head of the firms of Knight, Frank & Rutley of London and Walton & Lee of Edinburgh and was president of the Estate Document [65] (Title: Diermissen) Salvador. Diermissen Diermissen is an old German surname that originated from the "Ostfälisches Altniederdeutsch" dialect spoken by the ancient Saxon tribes, who established in the territory that nowadays we denominate northern Germany. This surname comes from an old family (de Didilmissen) that lived near the modern towns of "Dielmissen" and "Bodenwerder" in modern Lower Saxony (Niedersachsen). Apparently the meaning of this surname is "The house of Thiadhelm" or Thiadelmes-husen, which derives to Didelmissen-Diermissen-Dielmissen. There is evidence of various families around the world and not only in Germany that bear this surname, for example in Costa Rica, United States, Canada, and Document [66] (Title: Franklin (class)) and 'homme', man, from the Latin 'homo'. The various spellings gradually altered because of association with such common English placename suffixes such as '-combe' and '-ham'. The modern surname is found as Francombe, Frankcomb, Francom, Frankcom and Frankham and others. Franklin (class) In England in the 12th to 15th centuries, a franklin was a member of a certain social class or rank. In the Middle English period, a franklin was simply a freeman; that is, a man who was "not" a serf, in the feudal system under which people were tied to land which they did not own, in bondage Document [67] (Title: Robert Frank) photomontage. Frank was born in Switzerland. His mother was named Rosa Franks and his father was named Hermann Frank. Robert Frank states in Gerald Fox's 2005 documentary "Leaving Home, Coming Home" that his mother, Rosa (other sources state her name as Regina), had a Swiss passport, while his father, Hermann originating from Frankfurt, Germany had become stateless after losing his German citizenship as a Jew. They had to apply for the Swiss citizenship of Robert and his older brother, Manfred. Though Frank and his family remained safe in Switzerland during World War II, the threat of Nazism nonetheless affected his Document [68] (Title: Joseph Anton von Maffei) museum and exhibitions. The surname von Maffei or Maffei is a patronymic name derived from the personal name Matthäus (German). In ancient times the Maffei family settled in Verona from Germany. Joseph Anton von Maffei Joseph Anton von Maffei (4 September 1790 – 1 September 1870) was a German industrialist. Together with Joseph von Baader (1763–1835) and Baron Theodor Freiherr von Cramer-Klett (1817–1884), Maffei was one of the three most important railway pioneers in Bavaria. Joseph Anton Maffei was born in Munich, the son of an Italian tradesman from Verona. The Palazzo Maffei still stands today on the Piazza delle Document [69] (Title: Claude Frank) in recital, and who survives her father. The father-daughter team recorded the complete sonatas for violin and piano of Beethoven commercially. Other commercial recordings by Frank included a complete set of the Beethoven piano sonatas, in the Beethoven bicentenary year of 1970, in parallel with a series of live concerts of the complete Beethoven sonatas. Claude Frank Claude Frank (born Claus Johannes Frank; December 24, 1925 – December 27, 2014) was a German-born American pianist. Of Jewish ancestry, Frank was born in Nuremberg, Germany. His father emigrated to Brussels after the advent of the Third Reich, and the family eventually Document [70] (Title: Al Franken) from the Russian Empire. Phoebe was from Allentown, Pennsylvania. Both of his parents were Jews, and Franken was raised in a Reform Jewish home. The Frankens moved to Albert Lea, Minnesota, when he was four years old. His father opened a quilting factory, but it failed after just two years. The family then moved to St. Louis Park, Minnesota, a suburb of Minneapolis. Franken graduated from The Blake School in 1969, where he was a member of the wrestling team. He attended Harvard College, where he majored in political science, graduating "cum laude" with a Bachelor of Arts in 1973. Document [71] (Title: Frank K. Sturgis) New York, Boston and London and his mother was from an old Yarmouth, Massachusetts family. Sturgis traced his ancestry back to Edward Sturgis, who was born in England in 1613, and arrived in America in 1630. His paternal grandfather was William F. Sturgis, a Boston merchant in the China trade, the California hide trade and the Maritime fur trade. His paternal aunt was Ellen Sturgis Hooper, a Transcendentalist poet who was the wife of Dr. Robert William Hooper and the mother of society hostess Marian Hooper Adams, the wife of Henry Adams of the Adams political family. His paternal uncle Document [72] (Title: Frank (given name)) in the United States arose again in the 20th century as a short form of Francis (which is itself a shortening of "Franciscus", i.e. "the Frenchman", in reference to Saint Francis of Assisi), as popularized by Frank Sinatra (born Francis Albert Sinatra, 1915–1998). Also see Frank in fictional characters Frank (given name) Frank is a masculine given name. Ultimately from the Germanic tribal name of the Franks, in the early medieval Frankish Empire, the status of being "a Frank" became synonymous with that of a free man; hence also the English adjective "frank" (Middle English, from Old French "franc", 12th Document [73] (Title: Sidney Frank) after his marriage and rose to the company presidency, but was forced out in a family dispute in 1970. In 1973 his wife died and he started his own company, Sidney Frank Importing Company, where he served as chairman and chief executive officer. The company is based in New Rochelle, New York where Frank lived (he had a home in Rancho Santa Fe, California as well). Frank's first big success with his own company was with Jacques Cardin brandy, a brand he purchased from Seagram in 1979. In the 1980s, he obtained importing rights to Jägermeister and promoted it heavily, Document [74] (Title: Frank H. Murray) Murray came from a family of entrepreneurs. He is named after his maternal grandfather, Frank Hardart, co-founder of Horn & Hardart, the company known for the Automats - the self serve cafeterias popular in Philadelphia and New York. On his father's side, he is the grandson of William J. Murray (New York) and the great grandson of Samuel J. Murray, who revolutionized the manufacturing of playing cards through the United States Playing Card Company. On his grandmother's side he is the great-grandson of John F. Ahearn who was a prominent Tammany Hall leader and served as Manhattan Borough President from Document [75] (Title: Alois Hitler) had worked for some time as a servant). Kershaw discusses and also lists Hitler's family tree in his biography of Adolf Hitler and gives no validity as to the Frankenberger tale. Further, Frank's story contains several inaccuracies and contradictions, such as he said "The fact that Adolf Hitler had no Jewish blood in his veins, seems, from what has been his whole manner, so blatant to me that it needs no further word", also the statement Frank had made that Maria Schicklgruber came from "Leonding near Linz", when in fact she came from the hamlet of Strones, near the village Document [76] (Title: William Frankena) school, his given name, Wiebe, was Anglicized to William. Throughout his life, his family and friends called him Bill. His mother died when he was nine years old. He graduated from Holland Christian High School in Holland, MI, in 1926. After farming, his father, Nicholas A. Frankena (1875–1955), devoted the later decades of his life to elected office in Zeeland, MI, where he was mayor, and to service as an elder in the Christian Reformed Church in North America, which was founded by Calvinist Dutch immigrants. In 1930, Frankena received a B.A. with majors in English and philosophy from Calvin Document [77] (Title: Name of France) first king of "Francia Occidentalis" (Charles the Bald) to the current president of the French Republic (Emmanuel Macron). Notably, in German, France is still called "Frankreich", which literally means ""Reich" (empire) of the Franks". In order to distinguish it from the Frankish Empire of Charlemagne, France is called "Frankreich", while the Frankish Empire is called "Frankenreich". The name of the Franks itself is said to come from the Proto-Germanic word *"frankon" which means "javelin, lance". Another proposed etymology is that Frank means "the free men", based on the fact that the word "frank" meant "free" in the ancient Germanic languages. Document [78] (Title: Joe Frank) Joe Frank Joe Frank (August 19, 1938 – January 15, 2018) was a French-born American radio personality and humorist known best for his often philosophical, humorous, surrealist, and sometimes absurd monologues and radio dramas. Frank was born Joseph Langermann in Strasbourg, France, near the border of Germany, to father Meier Langermann (then aged 51, a Polish-born shoe manufacturer) and mother Friederike "Fritzi" Passweg (then aged 27). Frank was born months before the family fled from Nazi Germany’s persecution of Jewish people in their native Poland Legislation to allow the family and others into the country was passed by the US Document [79] (Title: Frank de Miranda) Frank de Miranda Frank de Miranda (Bloemendaal, March 8, 1913 - Ede, 1986) was a Dutch sculptor, psychologist and publicist. Frank de Miranda was born in Bloemendaal, where his father Abraham worked as designer/artist who came from an artistic family. Abraham had enjoyed a Jewish upbringing, but did not necessarily took this on his children, including Frank. Nevertheless, Miranda felt great solidarity with his Jewish background. Later on he studied the Tanakh, joined a Zionist movement, taught Hebrew, and gave Bible lessons later in life. From 1925 to 1931 the young Frank attended to the Baarnsch Lyceum. When Miranda turned Document [80] (Title: Robert) from, and referring to the Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis. Robert The name Robert is a Germanic given name, from Proto-Germanic "fame" and "bright". Compare Old Dutch "Robrecht" and Old High German "Hrodebert" (a compound of "Hruod" (Old Norse: Hrōð) "fame, glory" and "berht" "bright"). It is also in use as a surname. An alternate version of the name is Rupert. After becoming widely used in Continental Europe it entered England in its Old French form "Robert", where an Old English cognate form ("Hrēodbēorht", "Hrodberht", "Hrēodbēorð", "Hrœdbœrð", "Hrœdberð") had existed before the Norman Conquest. The feminine version is Roberta. The Italian, Portuguese, and Document [81] (Title: Fränkel) Fränkel Fränkel (or Fraenkel, Frenkel) This interesting surname is of German and Ashkenazic origins, used as an ethnic or regional name for someone from Franconia ("Franken" in Germany), which is a region of south-west Germany, so called because it formed an early Frankish settlement. Thus Frankel is a German and Ashkenazic diminutive of this placename. It may also be a form of "Frank", from the Norman given name "Franc", an ethnic name for a Frank (Germanic people who inhabited the Rhine region), plus the diminutive suffix "el", little. Frank also comes from a medieval English and old French word "franc", Document [82] (Title: Saint Joseph Catholic Church (Makawao, Hawaii)) Couturiaux. A tower was added in 1927 financed by the family of James Beynes. The Catholic cemetery just below the church predates the current structure. There are several stained glass windows in Saint Joseph's church; this is the story of one of them. Francisco Gomes, was born in 1868, he and his family moved to Hawaii when Frank was eleven. After a journey of 123 days, the British ship Ravenscrag arrived in Hawaii in 1879 carrying 428 Portuguese immigrants. Frank’s wife, Theresa DeCosta Vasconcellos (Threza da Costa Vasconcelos), was born on the island of Sao Miquel in the Azores, in Document [83] (Title: Frank Morgan (Home and Away)) job in the city and moves the Fletcher family to the town of Summer Bay. In Frank's backstory, he is a product of a broken home, born to a criminal father and an alcoholic mother. His father was sent to prison and his mother became incapable of looking after him. As a result, Frank became wayward, but that changed after he was fostered by Pippa and Tom. Frank's ethnicity is Greek Australian; and he fills the role of the serial's first heart-throb. He is characterised as having "streetwise ways" and a "disarming smile". Frank has rock and roll ambitions because Document [84] (Title: Franka Potente) "American Horror Story" (2012) and "The Bridge" (2014). The elder of two children, Potente was born in Münster, West Germany, and raised in nearby Dülmen. Her mother, Hildegard, is a medical assistant, and her father, Dieter Potente, is a teacher. Her Italian surname stems from her great-grandfather, a Sicilian slater who immigrated to Germany during the 19th century. When she was 17 years old, Potente spent a few months as an exchange student in Humble, a suburb of Houston, Texas. She noted in an interview she "had an American boyfriend, went to football games and to my American prom. I Document [85] (Title: Raymond) Raymond Raymond is a male given name. It was borrowed into English from French (older French spellings were Reimund and Raimund, whereas the modern English and French spellings are identical). It originated as the Germanic "Raginmund" or "Reginmund." "Ragin" (Old German) and "regin" (Gothic) meant "counsel." The Old High German "mund" originally meant "hand," but came to mean "protection." This etymology suggests that the name originated in the Early Middle Ages, possibly from Latin. Despite the German and French origins of the English name, some of its early uses in English documents appear in Latinized form. As a surname, its Document [86] (Title: Frank Eugene) Frank Eugene Frank Eugene (19 September 1865 – 16 December 1936) was an American-born photographer who was a founding member of the Photo-Secession and one of the first university-level professors of photography in the world. Eugene was born in New York City as Frank Eugene Smith. His father was Frederick Smith, a German baker who changed his last name from Schmid after moving to America in the late 1850s. His mother was Hermine Selinger Smith, a singer who performed in local German beer halls and theaters. About 1880, Eugene began to photograph for amusement, possibly while he was attending the Document [87] (Title: Otto Frank) Otto Frank Otto Frank was born into a Jewish family. He was the second of four children born to Alice Betty (née Stern, 1865–1953) and Michael Frank (1851–1909). His elder brother was Robert Frank, and younger siblings were Herbert Frank and Helene (Leni) Frank. Otto was a cousin of the well-known furniture designer Jean-Michel Frank and a grandson of Zacharias Frank. His father originally came from the town of Landau, and moved to Frankfurt in 1879, marrying Alice Stern in 1886. He studied economics in Heidelberg from 1908 to 1909 and had a work experience placement at Macy's Department Store Document [88] (Title: Hans Frank) Maria Schicklgruber came from "Leonding near Linz", when in fact she came from the hamlet of Strones near the village of Döllersheim. Some suggest that Frank (who turned against National Socialism after 1945 but remained an anti-Semitic fanatic) made the claim that Hitler had Jewish ancestry as way of proving that Hitler was really a "Jew" and not an "Aryan"; and in this way, "proved" that the Third Reich's crimes were the work of the "Jewish" Hitler. The full anti-Semitic implications of Frank's story were borne out in a letter entitled "Was Hitler a Jew?", written to the editor of Document [89] (Title: Arthur Frankau) Joseph’s younger brothers Nathan and Adolph Frankau had emigrated from Germany to the U.S.A. where they set up a dry goods business. Nathan Frankau remained in the U.S., establishing himself successfully as an importer and retailer of fancy goods, first in New Haven CT and later in New York NY: "Every piece of merchandise in his shop was bought by him because he thought it was fine." Adolph left New Haven for London (England), and started a business (Adolph Frankau & Co.) which later became known as a leading supplier of briar pipes such as the BBB brand. Their younger Document [90] (Title: Jan Frank) the Merchant's House in Amsterdam, and Nahmad Contemporary Gallery in New York City Jan Frank Jan Frank is an American artist-curator based in Manhattan. Frank was born in Amsterdam, Netherlands, and grew up in various places around the world, including the Congo and later the American mid-west. His father was a sea captain who ran KLM Cargo. He attended the University of Wisconsin-Madison in the early 1970s. He studied ceramics under potter Don Reitz. Frank completed an Independent Study Program at the Whitney Museum, where he worked with founder Ron Clark with whom he collaborated on several films of the Document [91] (Title: George W. Frank House) steam heaters located in several rooms throughout the house. In the dining room, the windows are curved to complement the veranda on the east side of the house. Dr. Augustus Frank was born January 12, 1792, to Andrew and Elizabeth Frank. Frank was born in Germany but immigrated to the United States when he was seven. He trained to be a doctor at a medical college in Dorset, Vermont, and volunteered in the War of 1812. In 1814, Frank began to practice medicine in Victor, New York. He was an abolitionist and a conductor on the Underground Railroad. Frank belonged Document [92] (Title: Germanic name) set remains in common use today. The most frequent name of Germanic origin in English has traditionally been William (Bill; from an Old High German Willahelm), followed by Robert and Charles (Carl, after Charlemagne). Very few names of native English (Anglo-Saxon) origin survive into current use, the most common of these being Edward, Edmund, Edgar, Alfred and Harold for males; the female name "Audrey" continues the Anglo-Norman (French) form of the Anglo-Saxon "Æðelþryð". Some medieval Germanic names are attested in simplex form; these names originate as hypocorisms of full dithematic names, but in some cases they entered common usage and Document [93] (Title: Reich) The word has many cognates outside of Germanic and Celtic, notably Latin "rex" and Sanskrit "Raj" "rule". It is ultimately from a Proto-Indo-European root "*reg-", meaning "to straighten out or rule". "Frankenreich" or "Fränkisches Reich" is the German name given to the Frankish Kingdom of Charlemagne. "Frankenreich" came to be used of Western Francia and medieval France after the development of Eastern Francia into the Holy Roman Empire. The German name of France, "Frankreich", is a contraction of "Frankenreich" used in reference to the kingdom of France from the late medieval period. The term "Reich" was part of the German Document [94] (Title: Dreyfuss) altered by folk etymological association with modern German "Dreifuss" tripod. Dreyfuss Dreyfuss and Dreyfus are surnames. The spelling variants, Dreyfuss vs. Dreyfus, tend to correspond to the country the family was living in at the time the spelling was standardized. "Dreyfus" tends to be more common among people of French origin. "Dreyfuss" tends to be found among those of German descent (stemming from the use of the long s (ſ) and ß (s sharp). Dreyfus(s) is a Jewish Ashkenazic surname derived from the town of Trier on the Moselle, known in French as Trèves, from a Celtic tribal name "Treveri" Document [95] (Title: Arthur Frankau) brothers Sidney and Henry Frankau also came to London, Sidney trading in partnership with Adolph in the early 1850s before starting his own firm (Sidney Frankau & Co.), again importing pipes and fancy goods. Henry appears as a member of Joseph Frankau’s household, employed as a clerk at Joseph's firm, in the 1851 Census, by which time Joseph and his family had left Whitechapel for a home in the more salubrious surroundings of Duncan Terrace, Islington. Arthur Frankau, born at 22 Great Alie Street in February 1849, was to be the last of Joseph’s children whose birth was registered in Document [96] (Title: Mary Frank) represents Frank. The gallery first exhibited her works in January 2008. Frank is also represented by Elena Zang Gallery in Hurley (Woodstock) New York. Mary Frank Mary Frank (née Mary Lockspeiser; born 4 February 1933) is an English visual artist known primarily as a sculptor, painter, printmaker, draftswoman, and illustrator. Frank was born in London, the only child of Eleanore Lockspeiser (1909–1986), an American painter, and Edward Lockspeiser (1905–1973), English musicologist and art critic. In 1939, at the beginning of Word War II, she left London for a series of boarding schools and then was sent in 1940 to live Document [97] (Title: Ze Frank) Morgan Freeman" which was viewed over 11 million times. Ze Frank Ze Frank (; born Hosea Jan Frank on March 31, 1972) is an American online performance artist, composer, humorist and public speaker based in Los Angeles. He is currently the chief of research and development for BuzzFeed. Frank was born to German-American parents (his father is Chemistry Nobel Laureate Joachim Frank) and raised in a suburb of Albany, New York. He has a sister, who is a painter, as was indicated in "the show". He was educated at Montessori school, known for its constructivist teaching methods, and graduated with Document [98] (Title: Brooks (surname)) Scandinavian Peninsula. Commonly recorded in Germany , where it is sometimes found with the aristocratic "von", England, Scotland and Ireland it has many possible origins. The word "brook" derives from the Old English "broc" and appears in the Medieval predecessors of "Brooks" such as "Ate-Broc" and "Atte-Broc". The surname arrived in North America from England in the mid-seventeenth century. The surname is recorded in Ireland from the 1600s. O'Laughlin reports that "some of the name could stem from Irish origins, the name being changed into the English word 'Brook' or Brooks." The surname is also found among English-speaking Ashkenazi Jews, Document [99] (Title: Frank Richter Sr.) Frank Richter Sr. Franz Xavier Richter, commonly known as Frank Richter (1837 –1910), was a pioneer settler, miner and rancher in 19th century Washington and British Columbia. Born in Friedland, Bohemia, then part of Austria-Hungary, Richter was the son weaver and farmer at Mildenau. At the age of 16 he emigrated to Galveston, Texas, and after a misadventure where he was wounded and captured by Indians, following the lure of the gold rushes westward, he came to Rich Bar, Washington and with the take from his placer claim opened a small store and operated a small riverboat. Hearing of good Document [100] (Title: Woolworths Group) England on 5 November 1909. Frank Woolworth had ancestry in Woolley, Cambridgeshire— Frank claimed he had traced his ancestry through the Founding Fathers of the district to a small farm in middle-England. When Frank eventually travelled to England in 1890, he docked in Liverpool and travelled by train to Stoke-on-Trent for the purchase of china and glassware for Woolworth's ranges, but also noted his love of England in his diary and his aspirations for bringing the Woolworth name to England: During the buying trip, Woolworth met a young clerk, William Lawrence Stephenson, who was recommended to him by John Wanamaker. Document [101] (Title: Frank Riethmuller) Frank Riethmuller Frank Riethmuller (1884–1965) was an Australian rose breeder. The last child of poor German immigrant farmers, Francis Lewis Riethmuller (known as Frank) was born on 10 February 1884 in Glenvale, then a village near (now a suburb of) Toowoomba, Queensland. When dealing with Germans, he reverted to writing Riethmüller. In Australia, the first syllable is pronounced Reith but never spelt that way. Chronically prone to bronchitis and bronchiectasis, Riethmuller had to live mostly outdoors. First educated at Glenvale primary school, he spent two years as a state scholarship pupil at Toowoomba Grammar: every surname in the class was Document [102] (Title: Jerome Frank) Jerome Frank Jerome New Frank (September 10, 1889 – January 13, 1957) was an American legal philosopher and author who played a leading role in the legal realism movement, a chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission, and a federal appellate judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. Born in New York City, Frank's parents were Herman Frank and Clara New Frank, descendants of mid-19th-century German Jewish immigrants. Frank's father, also an attorney, relocated the family to Chicago in 1896, where Frank would attend Hyde Park High School, before receiving his Bachelor's degree from the Document [103] (Title: Frank Zappa) name was anglicized to Francis Vincent Zappa, was an immigrant from Partinico, Sicily, with Greek and Arab ancestry. Frank, the eldest of four children, was raised in an Italian-American household where Italian was often spoken by his grandparents. The family moved often because his father, a chemist and mathematician, worked in the defense industry. After a time in Florida in the 1940s, the family returned to Maryland, where Zappa's father worked at the Edgewood Arsenal chemical warfare facility of the Aberdeen Proving Ground. Due to their home's proximity to the arsenal, which stored mustard gas, gas masks were kept in Document [104] (Title: Jan Frank) Jan Frank Jan Frank is an American artist-curator based in Manhattan. Frank was born in Amsterdam, Netherlands, and grew up in various places around the world, including the Congo and later the American mid-west. His father was a sea captain who ran KLM Cargo. He attended the University of Wisconsin-Madison in the early 1970s. He studied ceramics under potter Don Reitz. Frank completed an Independent Study Program at the Whitney Museum, where he worked with founder Ron Clark with whom he collaborated on several films of the period. Frank moved to downtown New York in 1975 and has lived there Document [105] (Title: Heilmann) than France and Germany : Heilmann Heilmann is a German language surname. It can be tracked to early 16th-century Protestant families in south-west Germany (various locations); In France, it has spread around 1545 to Mulhouse (Mülhausen in German), a city now in the Alsace region. Members of the Heilmann family of Mulhouse, of Protestant faith, issued from Lorentz Heilmann, a cooper, common ancestor born in 1545 in Niedernhall (now in Germany) and having established himself in Mulhouse : Members of the Heilmann family initially from Geiselbach, who co-founded the Heilmann & Littmann German building company: Other people bearing this name: Document [106] (Title: Frank Lawton (I)) Frank Lawton (I) Frank Lawton (? – 1914) was an American vaudevillian entertainer whose popularity extended far beyond his country’s borders. Like so many 19th- and early 20th-century actors who made their living traveling from town to town often under assumed stage names, Frank Lawton’s past is difficult to trace. What evidence does exist tells us he was an American born in the late 1850s probably at Harford, Connecticut. Some sources state his birth name was Frank Mokeley, a claim that seems to date back to a 1933 "New York Times" article about his son, film actor Frank Lawton. This Document [107] (Title: Jewish surname) the Inquisition) would often keep their surnames and/or Ashkenazize them (e.g., "Melamad" was kept; "Leoni" would be Ashkenazized to "Leib"), and some of the already-settled Jews in communities in large cities (such as Prague or Frankfurt am Main) began to adopt various surnames. The names of bread-winning women, such as "Sirkes" or "Rivkes", were adopted by some households while others came from the man's trade such as "Metzger" (butcher) or "Becker" (baker) and a few derived from personal attributes, such as "Jaffe" (beautiful), or special events in the family history. The majority of Middle Age surname adoption came from place Document [108] (Title: Clovis I) to the consequent birth of the early Holy Roman Empire. His name is Germanic, composed of the elements "hlod" ("fame") and "wig" ("combat"), and is the origin of the later French given name "Louis", borne by 18 kings of France. In Dutch, the most closely related modern language to Frankish, the name is currently rendered as "Lodewijk", in Middle Dutch the form was "Lodewijch". In modern German the name became Ludwig; in Spanish, Luis; in Italian, Luigi; and in English, Lewis. Numerous small Frankish petty kingdoms existed during the 5th century. The Salian Franks were the first known Frankish tribe Document [109] (Title: Franciscus) Franciscus Franciscus is a Latin given name, originally an epithet meaning "the Frank, the Frenchman". It was applied to Saint Francis of Assisi (1181/82–1226). Francis had been baptized Giovanni (John); his father was Italian and his mother Provençale (at the time not considered French); his father was on business in France when he was born, and when he returned to Assisi, he began to call his son by the nickname "Francesco", in the opinion of G. K. Chesterton possibly because out of a general enthusiasm for all things French, or because of his commercial success in France. After the canonization Document [110] (Title: Reinhold Frank) name. The Research Centre for German Resistance against National Socialism in Southwestern Germany, together with the University of Karlsruhe, the City of Karlsruhe, and the German "Bundesarchiv", honours Frank yearly in the time around 20 July with a memorial reading. Reinhold Frank Reinhold Frank (23 July 1896 – 23 January 1945) was a German lawyer. He did work for the resistance to Hitler's rule in Nazi Germany. He was sentenced to death in connection with the failed July 20 Plot. Reinhold Frank was born the youngest of seven children in Bachhaupten in the Sigmaringen district. After serving in the military Document [111] (Title: Frank Collin) was born and grew up in Chicago, Illinois, where he went to local schools. His father, Max Frank Collin, born Max Simon Cohn in Munich on August 23, 1913, the son of Jewish parents who later perished in the Shoah, was a survivor of Dachau. His mother, Virginia Gertrude née Hardyman (b. at Chicago on August 18, 1920), was Catholic. As a young man, Collin in the 1960s joined George Lincoln Rockwell's National Socialist White People's Party. He became the Midwest coordinator. He broke with the NSWPP due to a disagreement with Rockwell's successor, Matt Koehl, who was elected as Document [112] (Title: Henry Frank) Henry Frank Henry L. Frank (1851–1908) was an American politician and businessman based in Montana. Frank was born in Ohio in 1851, and was of French descent. A self-made entrepreneur who invested in liquor distribution, real estate and mining, he also founded the Silver Bow Electric Light Company, was president of the Butte Water Company, and was the first chairman of the board of trustees of the Montana State School of Mines, a position held until his death. Henry Frank also co-owned (with Sam Gebo) the Canadian-American Coal and Coke Company which operated a coal mine in the town of Document [113] (Title: Francis (given name)) his francophile father, celebrating his trade with French merchants. Due to the renown of the saint, this Italian name became widespread in Western Europe during the Middle Ages in different versions (Francisco, François, etc.). However, it was not regularly used in Britain until the 16th century as Francis. The name of France itself comes from the Germanic people known as the Franks; the origin of their name is unclear but is thought to mean "free". The characteristic national weapon of the Franks was the francisca, a throwing axe. Related names are common in other Western European languages, in countries that Document [114] (Title: Frank Pick) of the Design and Industries Association. He was also the first chairman of the Council for Art and Industry and regularly wrote and lectured on design and urban planning subjects. For the government, Pick prepared the transport plan for the mass evacuation of civilians from London at the outbreak of war and produced reports on the wartime use of canals and ports. Frank Pick was born on 23 November 1878 at Spalding, Lincolnshire. He was the first child of five born to draper Francis Pick and his wife Fanny Pick (née Clarke). Pick's paternal grandfather, Charles Pick, was a farmer Document [115] (Title: Franks) The name was not a tribal name, but within a few centuries it had eclipsed the names of the original peoples who constituted it. Following the precedents of Edward Gibbon and Jacob Grimm, the name of the Franks has been linked with the English adjective "frank", originally meaning "free". There have also been proposals that Frank comes from the Germanic word for "javelin" (such as in Old English or Old Norse ). Words in other Germanic languages meaning "fierce", "bold" or "insolent" (German , Middle Dutch , Old English and Old Norwegian ), may also be significant. Eumenius addressed the Document [116] (Title: Frank William Wills) Frank William Wills Sir Frank William Wills Kt. (17 August 1852 – 26 March 1932) was a member of the Wills tobacco family, who became a noted British architect and went on to serve as Lord Mayor of Bristol. Frank Wills was born on 17 August 1852 in Bristol into a large family, as the 5th of seven children born to Henry Overton Wills II and Henry's second wife Mary Seccombe (1815–1897). There were also eleven children from Henry's first marriage to Isabella Board (1806–1843). Frank's father Henry was one of the owners of the W.D. & H.O. Wills tobacco Document [117] (Title: Francis Morphet Twisleton) was active in the Legion of Frontiersmen, eventually becoming its New Zealand commandant. During the First World War, he served at Gallipoli, on the Western Front and in Palestine. He died of wounds received in an action in Palestine. Francis Morphet Twisleton, known as Frank, was born on 17 February 1873 in Settle, Yorkshire, England to a farmer and his wife. After completing his education, he went farming in Yorkshire. In 1895, he emigrated in New Zealand with his brother Thomas, and worked his way around the country as a farm labourer. In January 1900 he joined the Second New Document [118] (Title: Roosevelt (name)) Roosevelt (name) The name Roosevelt is an American toponymic surname derived from the Dutch surname Van Rosevelt/Van Rosenvelt, meaning "from rose field" or "of a rose field." The most famous bearers of this name come from the Roosevelt family, a merchant and political family descended from the 17th-century immigrant to New Netherland Claes Maartenszen van Rosenvelt. In the United States, the surname ranked as the 15,060th most common surname in the 1990 U.S. Census, accounting for 0.001% of the American population. By the 2000 U.S. Census, the surname was ranked as the 24,406th most common family name. There were 961 Document [119] (Title: Frank Reys) farms in North Queensland – inland from Cairns. He was born of his father's second relationship, and Frank was the first child of 9 to his Aboriginal mother. Frank and his brothers would round up brumbies (wild horses), and break them in, then race in contests between themselves. Frank was the standout and won most of the races, although one of his brothers did ride with success in amateur events. Frank loved to ride, and progressed to riding at Cairns in gymkhanas and pony races before becoming a jockey. Teenage Frank was first indentured as an apprentice jockey in June Document [120] (Title: Mario Frank) appearing under licence in Poland, France, Latvia, Hungary and the Czech Republic. In October 2013 he published his biographical study of Joachim Gauck, at that time the President of Germany and, like Mario Frank, a man who came originally from Rostock. Mario Frank Mario Frank (born 31 May 1958) qualified in Germany as a lawyer. He holds a West German doctorate, obtained for a piece of work on the East German Ministry of Justice. He has pursued a managerial career in the media sector. For a year during 2007/2008 he was chief executive of the Spiegel publishing group. In recent Document [121] (Title: France) Development (OECD), the World Trade Organization (WTO), and La Francophonie. Originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name "France" comes from the Latin "", or "country of the Franks". Modern France is still named today "Francia" in Italian and Spanish, "Frankreich" ("Frankish Empire") in German and "Frankrijk" in Dutch, all of which have more or less the same historical meaning. There are various theories as to the origin of the name Frank. Following the precedents of Edward Gibbon and Jacob Grimm, the name of the Franks has been linked with the word "frank" ("free") in English. It has been Document [122] (Title: Frank Rost) the German national team, making his debut against the United States in 2002. Source: Frank Rost Frank Rost (born 30 June 1973) is a retired German footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He comes from a sporting family background; his father Peter won a gold medal at the 1980 Olympic Games in handball, and his mother Christina, also a handball player, won the silver at the 1976 Summer Olympics and bronze at the 1980 Games. Born in Karl-Marx-Stadt, Rost started his career at 1. FC Markkleeberg in the third German level. His play with Markkleeberg led to interest from Werder Document [123] (Title: Reynolds (surname)) the surname is rendered "Mac Raghnaill", and the name is ultimately derived from the Old Norse "Rognvald" a Latin borrowing of the two words regal and valor. It was also a surname of Irish Huguenots who came to Ireland from France to evade religious persecution in the 1600s; The original French surnames being either Renaud or Renault; Or a combination of both, respectively. Throughout Ireland's rich history, the Reynolds family name was a prominent one, and even today, County Leitrim is the principal stronghold of the name, nearly half the people in Ireland so called hailing from that area. Like Document [124] (Title: Fränkel) George III, "Farmer George", 1760 - 1820. "Fränkel" (or "Fraenkel") is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Fränkel Fränkel (or Fraenkel, Frenkel) This interesting surname is of German and Ashkenazic origins, used as an ethnic or regional name for someone from Franconia ("Franken" in Germany), which is a region of south-west Germany, so called because it formed an early Frankish settlement. Thus Frankel is a German and Ashkenazic diminutive of this placename. It may also be a form of "Frank", from the Norman given name "Franc", an ethnic name for a Frank (Germanic people who inhabited the Rhine Document [125] (Title: Ford (surname)) the latter was borne by a sept centred in County Cork (in the province of Munster). In some cases the surname "Ford" is an americanized form of like-sounding Jewish surnames, or else a translated form of the German "Fürth". Early instances of the surname "Ford" include "de la forda" in the eleventh century, "æt Fordan" in the twelfth-century, "de la Forthe" in the thirteenth-century, and "Foorde" and "de Furd" in the fifteenth century. The surname "Ford", when found in Ireland, may be of English or Irish origin since many Ford families have immigrated to Ireland at various times in history. Document [126] (Title: Frank McKetta) boarded with John and bride, Mary. Frank received his citizenship papers in 1908, and in 1914, he and Nancy Julia McKetta were married. On February 19, 1917 Frank McKetta was born in Wyano, Pennsylvania. A daughter, Mary, followed in 1919, and then a son, Steve, on November 7, 1921. Although they owned their own home, Frank McKetta and his family struggled during the Great Depression, when tragedy struck in 1936 with the death of Frank's father in a mining accident. His mother was left alone to raise the family during this economic struggle. The family survived with the help of Document [127] (Title: Stieglitz (surname)) emigrated to establish his company "Mark & Sterlitz" in New York City. Many family members, however, emigrated to Britain and America in the latter half of the 19th century and during the 20th century to escape the pogroms. Nevertheless, despite the family's extent throughout the German Empire by the 1850s, they were still concentrated in central Germany; Edward Stieglitz (1833–1909), father of Alfred Stieglitz and Julius Stieglitz, for instance emigrated to Hoboken, New Jersey, from Stadtlengsfeld, only 75 miles south-east of Bad Arolsen. Stieglitz (surname) Stieglitz is a surname originating in Germany. being German for goldfinch, it is considered to Document [128] (Title: Frank Morgan) and five girls. The elder Mr. Wuppermann was born in Venezuela, but was brought up in Hamburg, Germany and was of German and Spanish ancestry. His mother was born in the United States, of English ancestry. His brother, Ralph Morgan, was also an actor of stage and screen. The family earned their wealth distributing Angostura bitters, allowing Wuppermann to attend Cornell University, and joining Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity and the Glee Club. Morgan starred with John Barrymore in "Raffles, the Amateur Cracksman" (1917), an independent film produced in and about New York City. His career expanded when talkies began, his Document [129] (Title: Leonard Frank (photographer)) Leonard Frank (photographer) Leonard Frank (July 3, 1870 – February 23, 1944) was a German-Canadian photographer known for commercial and industrial photography. First emigrating to San Francisco, two years later he made his way up the coast to eventually settle in the town of Alberni on Vancouver Island. The chance win of a camera in a raffle steered him towards a career in photography. He became especially noted for this logging and landscape views. In 1916 Frank relocated to Vancouver, where he established a successful commercial studio. Frank left behind a massive body of work, much of it found at Document [130] (Title: Norton (surname)) him from a Tom from the south side (Tom Sutton). A secondary source for the surname is from the anglicisation of Celtic (Irish and Scottish Gaelic) surnames (e.g. Naughtan). To confuse the situation further it is also sometimes found as a Jewish surname (probably from the anglicisation of the German surname Norden). The famous "Emperor Norton" in San Francisco was of Jewish origin from a South African settler family. In Ireland, the surname could be of both Irish and English origin. The Nortons of Athlone are descended from Feradach O'Neachtain who died in 1790. As a surname, Norton is the Document [131] (Title: Barney Frank) Frank was born in Bayonne, New Jersey, one of four children of Elsie ("née" Golush) and Samuel Frank. His family was Jewish, and his grandparents had emigrated from Poland and Russia. Frank's father ran a truck stop in Jersey City—a place Frank has described as "totally corrupt"—and when Frank was 6 or 7, his father served a year in prison for refusing to testify to a grand jury against Frank's uncle. Frank was educated at Harvard College, where he resided in Matthews Hall his first year and then in Kirkland House and Winthrop House. He graduated in 1962. One of Document [132] (Title: Frank Linsly James) Frank Linsly James Frank Linsly James FRGS (21 April 1851 – 21 April 1890) was an English explorer. He was the son of American parents: Liverpool based merchant Daniel James and Sophia Hall (Hitchcock) James. He was born and raised in Liverpool; the 1861 census shows him living at his parents home Oakwood House, Elmswood Road, Aigburth, Liverpool. The 1871 census shows him again living at his parents home, but now at Beaconsfield House, Woolton, occupation "Under Graduate, Cambridge". In 1890 his home was 14 Great Stanhope Street, in the county of Middlesex. James explored in Sudan, Somalia, India and Document [133] (Title: Ze Frank) Ze Frank Ze Frank (; born Hosea Jan Frank on March 31, 1972) is an American online performance artist, composer, humorist and public speaker based in Los Angeles. He is currently the chief of research and development for BuzzFeed. Frank was born to German-American parents (his father is Chemistry Nobel Laureate Joachim Frank) and raised in a suburb of Albany, New York. He has a sister, who is a painter, as was indicated in "the show". He was educated at Montessori school, known for its constructivist teaching methods, and graduated with a B.S. in Neuroscience from Brown University in 1995. Document [134] (Title: Jack (surname)) Jack (surname) Ancient and noble French family names, "Jacq", "Jacques", or "James" are believed to originate from the Middle Ages in the historic northwest Brittany region in France, and have since spread around the world over the centuries. To date, there are over one hundred identified noble families related to the surname by the Nobility & Gentry of Great Britain & Ireland. The origin of this surname ultimately originates from the Latin, Jacobus which belongs to an unknown progenitor. Jacobus comes from the Hebrew name, Yaakov, which translates as “one who follows” or “to follow after”. A French Knight returning Document [135] (Title: Claude Frank) Claude Frank Claude Frank (born Claus Johannes Frank; December 24, 1925 – December 27, 2014) was a German-born American pianist. Of Jewish ancestry, Frank was born in Nuremberg, Germany. His father emigrated to Brussels after the advent of the Third Reich, and the family eventually settled in Paris when Frank was 12. Frank subsequently began studies at the Paris Conservatoire, but in 1940, he and his mother escaped France by way of the Pyrenees and Lisbon, and settled in the USA. Frank studied with Artur Schnabel in New York, for whom he first played in Europe. He also was a Document [136] (Title: Reuven Frank) a member of Temple Sinai of Bergen County. In 1946, he married to Bernice Kaplow; they had two sons: Peter Solomon Frank and James Aaron Frank. Reuven Frank Reuven Frank (7 December 1920 – 5 February 2006) was an American broadcast news executive. Born Israel Reuven Frank (he later dropped his first name) to a Jewish family in Montreal, Quebec, he earned a bachelor's degree in social science at City College of New York. He served four years in the United States Army during World War II, rising to the rank of sergeant. After completing his studies at the Columbia Document [137] (Title: Leonard Frank (photographer)) the Alberni Valley Museum, the Jewish Historical Society of British Columbia, and the Vancouver Public Library. He was born Leonhard Juda Frank on July 3, 1870, at Berne, Oldenburg, a small town in northwestern Germany. His family was of the Jewish faith. Leonhard's father, Louis Frank, operated a photographic studio in Berne. In 1892, Leonard Frank emigrated to San Francisco, where he remained for two years. Hearing of good mining prospects up north, he relocated to Victoria. He first found employment with Simon Leiser & Co., a merchandising firm. By 1896, he was sent as a clerk to the company's Document [138] (Title: Frank-Walter Steinmeier) the name Frank. His father, a carpenter, was affiliated with the Church of Lippe (one of Germany's few Calvinist regional church bodies, and a member church of the Evangelical Church of Germany). His mother, born in Breslau (now Wrocław, Poland), came as a refugee from a Lutheran part of Silesia during the flight and expulsion of Germans after World War II. Following his "Abitur", he served his military service from 1974 until 1976, and then studied Law and Political Science at the Justus Liebig University Giessen, where Brigitte Zypries was a fellow student. In 1982, he passed his first exam, Question: where does the last name frank come from Answer: German Long Answer: Frank is a German surname . Notable persons with the surname include: Gold Document ID: 135

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Waldo Frank) USA in 1937 over its treatment of exiled Soviet leader Leon Trotsky, whom Frank met in Mexico in January of that year. Waldo Frank was born in Long Branch, New Jersey on August 25, 1889, during his family's summer vacation. He was the youngest of four children to Julius J. Frank, a prosperous Wall Street attorney employed by the Hamburg-Amerika Line, and his wife, the former Helene Rosenberg, who hailed from the American South and was the daughter of a Confederate blockade runner during the American Civil War. The young Frank grew up on the Upper West Side of New Document [2] (Title: Frank the Poet) Frank the Poet Frank the Poet (ca. 1810–1861) (real name Francis MacNamara) was a convict, transported to New South Wales from Cashel, County Tipperary, Ireland, who composed improvised verse expressing the convict's point of view. In 1832 he was convicted of larceny, and sentenced to seven years transportation. He often absconded and received an extended sentence as well as floggings and other punishments, and was finally sent to the dreaded Port Arthur in Van Diemen's Land. He received a ticket of leave in 1847 and his freedom in 1849, after which there is little record of his life. His verse Document [3] (Title: Max Frauenthal) Max Frauenthal Max Frauenthal (also Frankenthal, or Fronthall) (November 11, 1836 – March 8, 1914) was a leading merchant in post-bellum Arkansas, and was a founding father of Conway, Arkansas, Heber Springs, Arkansas, and Cleburne County, Arkansas. He is known for the courage he showed during the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House in the American Civil War. The name "Frauenthal" was derived from the German city the Frauenthals lived in. Max Frauenthal's grandfather, who was called simply Meyer, adopted the name Frauenthal in early nineteenth century, when the Napoleonic Code required European Jews to take surnames. Max Frauenthal was born Document [4] (Title: Franklin (class)) mentions the Anglo-French "fraunclein", "a landowner of free, but not noble birth", from Old French "franc" free + "-lein", "-ling", formed on the model of "chamberlain"; all these go back to Late Latin "francus" "free" or "a free man", from Frankish *"Frank", "a freeman", literally, "a Frank"; cognate with Old High German "Franko". The social class of franklin, meaning (latterly) a person not only free (not in feudal servitude) but also owning the freehold of land, and yet not even a member of the "landed gentry" (knights, esquires and gentlemen, the lower grades of the upper class) let alone of Document [5] (Title: Name of France) Name of France The name France comes from Latin "Francia" ("land of the Franks"). Originally it applied to the whole Empire of the Franks, extending from southern France to eastern Germany. Modern France is still called "Frankreich" in German and similar names in some other Germanic languages (such as "Frankrijk" in Dutch), which means "Frank Reich", the Realm of the Franks. Before being named France, the land was called Gaul (; ). This name continued to be used even after the beginning of the reign of the Franks' Kings Clovis I, Charles Martel, Pepin the Short, and Charlemagne. In fact, Document [6] (Title: Frank Caplan) couple donated to The Children's Museum of Indianapolis for a permanent gallery on folk, fantasy, and play. Frank Caplan was born in Kingston upon Hull, England, on June 10, 1911, to Russian Jewish parents. In 1914, his family immigrated to the United States and settled in Harlem, New York. He graduated from DeWitt Clinton High School in 1927 and began attending City College of New York at night. After graduating in 1931 with a bachelor's degree in sociology and history, he took a job as the director of the Block Recreation Project, working with street gangs to create club centers Document [7] (Title: Ritzel) from "rihhi." The name may also be of locative origin, from the geographical feature near the bearer once lived or held land. The toponym Ritzel is derived from the Old High German word "hriot" meaning reeds, and thus the name would indicate "one who dwelled near a reedy or swampy place." First found in Bavaria, where the name was anciently associated with the tribal conflicts of the area. Some of the first settlers of this name or some of its variants where: settlers who travelled to the New World and established themselves along the eastern seaboard of the United States Document [8] (Title: Frank de Miranda) From 1956 to 1959 studied Miranda pedagogy at the University of Utrecht. He then worked as a psychologist and publicist. Frank de Miranda Frank de Miranda (Bloemendaal, March 8, 1913 - Ede, 1986) was a Dutch sculptor, psychologist and publicist. Frank de Miranda was born in Bloemendaal, where his father Abraham worked as designer/artist who came from an artistic family. Abraham had enjoyed a Jewish upbringing, but did not necessarily took this on his children, including Frank. Nevertheless, Miranda felt great solidarity with his Jewish background. Later on he studied the Tanakh, joined a Zionist movement, taught Hebrew, and gave Document [9] (Title: Frank Erlanger) Frank Erlanger Frank Erlanger (March 25, 1882 – 1961), also credited as Frank A. Erlanger or Frank Charles Erlanger was a Hungarian-American silent film actor best known for his work with the Balboa Amusement Producing Company. The Erlangers were a well-established Hungarian family living in what was then Austria-Hungary. Frank's father, Ottmar, was a colonel in the 7th Regiment of the Imperial and Royal Hussars. His mother, Theresia de Retsky, was an actress. The family originally resided in Budapest but relocated to Vienna before or after Frank's birth. While Frank's family, including sister Elizabeth, remained there, he was sent to Document [10] (Title: Surnames by country) occupation (e.g. "Enzo Ferrari", "Heinz (of the) Blacksmiths"), personal characteristic (e.g. nicknames or pet names like "Dario Forte", "Darius the Strong"), geographic origin (e.g. "Elisabetta Romano", "Elisabeth from Rome") and objects (e.g. "Carlo Sacchi", "Charles Bags"). The two most common Italian family names, "Russo" and "Rossi", mean the same thing, "Red", possibly referring to a hair color that would have been very distinctive in Italy. Both Western and Eastern orders are used for full names: the given name usually comes first, but the family name may come first in administrative settings; lists are usually indexed according to the last name. Document [11] (Title: Frank Gray Griswold) Sternbeck of Munich. His paternal grandparents were George Griswold and Maria Matilda (née Cumming) Griswold. The Griswolds were relatives of American bishops Alexander Viets Griswold, Sheldon Munson Griswold, and Frank Griswold. His maternal grandparents were Mary (née Underhill) Alley and Saul Alley, a commissioner of the Croton Aqueduct. His family's wealth originated from the China trade as his father and grandfather were merchants with "N. L. and G. Griswold", which owned clipper ships that imported tea and silks from East Asia. In 1868, he moved with her family to Dresden, Germany, where they remained for five years. He was educated Document [12] (Title: Hitler family) are Johann Nepomuk and a Graz Jew by the name of Leopold Frankenberger (rumored by ex-Nazi Hans Frank during the Nuremberg Trials). In the 1950s, the third possibility became popular among historians, but modern historians have concluded that Frank's speculation has no factual support. Frank said that Maria came from "Leonding near Linz", when in fact she came from the hamlet of Strones, near the village of Döllersheim. No evidence has ever been found that a "Frankenberger" lived in the area; the Jews were expelled from Styria (which includes Graz) in the 15th century and were not permitted to return Document [13] (Title: Frank Paton) an early talent for drawing animals and was allowed to follow his artistic bent. His first known exhibition was at the age of sixteen, the piece being a portrait of a German peasant girl. Family rumour has it that Paton briefly spent time in France working in stained glass before being recalled by his father. It is believed that he then travelled to, and made a living in, Australia. Paton had relatives in Australia - an Uncle and Aunt had emigrated there from London in the 1850s and settled in Williamstown, Victoria - so this is plausible and Australian immigration Document [14] (Title: Name of France) the Franks) in German, "Frankrijk" (Rijk of the Franks) in Dutch, "Frankrike" (Rike of the Franks) in Swedish and Norwegian, "Frankrig" in Danish. The name "France" (and its adjective "French") can have four different meanings which it is important to distinguish in order to avoid ambiguities. Its origin is the Germanic word "frank" which means "free" and is also a male name. In a first meaning, "France" means the whole French Republic. In that case, "French" refers to the nationality, as it is written on the French ID card: "Nationalité : française". The etymology and meaning of the word "France" Document [15] (Title: Edith Frank) the 18th century, emigrating from the Netherlands to Germany around 1800. Edith's last name, "Holländer", is German for "Dutchman" (literally: "Hollander"). Edith had two older brothers, Julius and Walter, and an older sister, Bettina. Bettina died at the age of 16 due to appendicitis when Edith was just 14. Both Julius and Walter made it to the United States, surviving afterwards. She met Otto Frank in 1924 and they married on his 36th birthday, 12 May 1925, at Aachen's synagogue. They had two daughters born in Frankfurt, Margot, born 16 February 1926, followed by Anne, born 12 June 1929. The Document [16] (Title: Meyers) Meyers Meyers is a surname of English origin; many branches of the Meyers family trace their origins to Anglo-Saxon England. The name is derived from the Old English name "Maire", meaning "mayor", or an officer in charge of legal matters. The English surname may also mean "physician" (from "mire", Old French), or "marsh" (from "myrr", Old Norse). In the form "Meyer" the surname can be of Jewish and German origin, deriving from the German word "meiger", meaning "mayor"; the name likely traces its origins to a wealthy landholder. Among German Jews, "Meyer" converged with the etymologically unconnected name "Meir", which Document [17] (Title: Opekta) from the same building whilst Otto Frank, his family (including his youngest daughter Anne Frank) and several other Jews hid from persecution stemming from the Nazi Occupation of the Netherlands during World War II. The Opekta company was originally based in Cologne, Germany, being founded and owned by Austrian chemists Robert Feix and Richard Fackeldey. In 1933 the German businessman Otto Frank, then still residing in Germany, was appointed to aid their expansion into the Netherlands. Frank had already considered moving his family to the Netherlands following the election of Adolf Hitler and the rise of Nazism, so he accepted Document [18] (Title: Leo Frank) the B'nai B'rith, a Jewish fraternal organization. The Jewish community in Atlanta was the largest in the Southern United States, and the Franks belonged to a cultured and philanthropic social environment whose leisure pursuits included opera and bridge. Although the Southern United States was not specifically known for its antisemitism, Frank's northern culture and Jewish faith added to the sense that he was different. Mary Phagan was born on June 1, 1899, into an established Georgia family of tenant farmers. Her father died before she was born. Shortly after Mary's birth, her mother, Frances Phagan, moved the family back to Document [19] (Title: Scharf) Scharf Scharf (also Schärf) is a surname of German origin and Irish origin. is found throughout Germany as well as the United States and many other countries. The Irish version of the surname is found almost exclusively in Canada, Australia, and (Scharf's of Irish ancestry who never left) Ireland. In Ireland, the Scharf families were originally found to inhabit County Kerry and County Limerick. In modern-day they are found in County Kilkenny County Carlow. The Scharf families of Germanic origin can trace their ancestral home to Bavaria, which is in the Southeast of modern-day Germany. As of today, the Germanic Document [20] (Title: Frank McKetta) paper work at the immigration desk he was asked his name. As a result of no former education, he did not know how to spell his name and his last name was in Cyrillic, which has no spelling (it is only phonetic). With John's pronunciation, the immigration officer gave him the spelling of "McKetta". From Baltimore he was sent to Wyano, Pennsylvania where he began work in the coal mine six days a week. After four years of labor he had saved enough money to send for his brother Frank and another two years later for Steve. In 1910, Frank Document [21] (Title: Frank Green) Frank Green Frank Green (1861–1954) was a British industrialist. Frank Green was born in Chorlton-cum-Hardy in 1861. He was the second son of Sir Edward Green, 1st Baronet, a Yorkshire industrialist and Mary Lycett. His elder brother Edward Lycett Green was born in 1860 and would become 2nd Baronet after his father died. The father, Sir Edward was created a baronet for services to politics and was at one time MP for Wakefield. Frank Green's grandfather Edward Green had invented, and patented in 1845, a fuel economiser which was very successful during the 19th and 20th centuries and which made Document [22] (Title: Frank Speck) was well-to-do, with live-in servants that included a German woman, Anna Muller, and a mixed Native American/African American woman, Gussie Giles from South Carolina. Around 1910, Frank married Florence Insley, from Rockland, New York, and they raised three children: Frank S., Alberta R., and Virgina C. Speck. The family lived in Swarthmore, Pennsylvania, also keeping a summer home near Gloucester, Massachusetts. As a young man, Frank developed an affinity for forests and swamps and wild landscapes, and for the Native people who lived in these locales. These interests inspired him to pursue anthropological studies. He was accepted into Columbia University Document [23] (Title: Frank Sinkwich) (about 12 miles west of Zagreb) as his mother had traveled back to Croatia in 1912. World War I broke out in 1914 and as with many, she and the children remained there for the duration of the war. They returned to the US, going to Youngstown, Ohio when he was two years old, joining his father Ignac (Ignatius) who operated a grocery store. By 1940, the family operated a restaurant in Youngstown. His surname was originally spelled Sinković. According to an article Sinkwich wrote in 1988, he grew to appreciate the value of competitiveness on the streets of Youngstown's Document [24] (Title: Jacques) Jacques Ancient and noble French family names, "Jacq", "Jacques", or "James" are believed to originate from the Middle Ages in the historic northwest Brittany region in France, and have since spread around the world over the centuries. To date, there are over one hundred identified noble families related to the surname by the Nobility & Gentry of Great Britain & Ireland. The origin of this surname ultimately originates from the Latin, Jacobus which belongs to an unknown progenitor. Jacobus comes from the Hebrew name, Yaakov, which translates as "one who follows" or "to follow after". A French Knight returning from Document [25] (Title: Frankfurt) to "Franckfort" and "Franckfurth" in the modern era. According to historian David Gans, the city was named 146 AD by its builder, a Frankish king named Zuna, who ruled over the province then known as Sicambri. He hoped thereby to perpetuate the name of his lineage. The name is derived from the "Franconofurd" of the Germanic tribe of the Franks; "Furt" (cf. English 'ford) where the river was shallow enough to be crossed on foot. By the 19th century, the name "Frankfurt" had been established as the official spelling. The older English spelling of "Frankfort" is now rarely seen in Document [26] (Title: Frank Mura) Frank Mura Frank Mura (born 17 July 1861) was a French-born American painter and water colourist who also worked in charcoal and pencil. His work includes landscapes, buildings, marine settings, human subjects and animals. He was noted for his charcoal painting technique. Born in Alsace in 1861, Mura's family settled in New York City when he was a child and he became a naturalised American. The family home was in Manhattan and his father's occupation was listed in the census as a feather dealer. He returned to Europe in 1881 and studied in Munich. During this period, some of his Document [27] (Title: Hispanic Americans in World War II) same surname and lived on Second Street. Eduvigis and Angelina Sandoval immigrated to the U.S. from Romita, Mexico. Their son, Frank, was a combat engineer assigned to help build the Ledo Road in Burma. He was killed when his unit was sent unexpectedly to the front to fight for control of a key airbase. His older brother, Joe, was assigned to the 41st Armored Infantry Division in Europe. He was killed in April 1945, just days before the war ended. Joseph and Carmen Sandoval also immigrated to the United States from Mexico. When the war broke out, their son Willie Document [28] (Title: Jackson C. Frank) Nick Drake. "Rolling Stone" journalist David Fricke called Frank "one of the best forgotten songwriters of the 1960s." Frank was born Jackson Carey Jones March 2, 1943 in Buffalo, New York, the only child of Marilyn Rochefort Jones and Jack Jones, a test pilot. He later took on the surname of his stepfather, Elmer Frank, an army officer and food chemist. On March 23, 1954, when Frank was eleven years old, a furnace exploded at his school, Cleveland Hill Elementary School in Cheektowaga, New York. The fire killed fifteen of his fellow students, including Marlene du Pont, Frank's then girlfriend, Document [29] (Title: Frank Arnau) Frank Arnau Frank Arnau (March 9, 1894 - February 11, 1976) was the pseudonym of a German crime fiction writer, born as Heinrich Schmitt. Arnau was born in Vienna, the son of a hotel manager. He began his literary career as a newspaper journalist. With the political ascent of Hitler, this avowed opponent of national socialism emigrated in 1933, first to France, then in 1939 to Brazil, where he lived until 1955. There he was further active as journalist and freelance writer. After his return to Germany he worked as a freelancer for "Stern" magazine. Arnau wrote over a hundred Document [30] (Title: Jewish surname) names, often a town name, typically the birthplace of the founder of a rabbinical or other dynasty. These names would permutate to various forms as families moved, such as the original "Welsch" becoming "Wallach", "Wlock" or "Block". Since these surnames did not have the official status that modern ones do, often the old surname would be dropped and a new one adopted after the family moved their household. Many surnames in the Netherlands derived from the German versions. For example, Waal derived from Wahl and Voorzanger (Chazan) derived from Voorsanger. The process of assigning permanent surnames to Jewish families (most Document [31] (Title: Weiner) result of confusion with the surname Wiener and confusion with the fairly common pronunciation of the letter combination "ei" in English. The German name Weiner comes from a dialectal pronunciation of Wagner (related to the English word "wagon", but only indirectly with "wag[g]oner", which means "wagon driver"), which means "wainwright" (wagon maker). The source of the other name that is spelled "Weiner" is Yiddish, and according to dictionaries of Jewish surnames, it probably originates from the Yiddish name Vayner, meaning wine merchant and related to the German word Wein, which means “wine”. Both the Yiddish name and the German word Document [32] (Title: Frank Harte) track twenty on the third CD. Frank Harte Frank Harte (14 May 1933 – 27 June 2005) was a traditional Irish singer, song collector, architect and lecturer. He was born in Chapelizod, County Dublin, and raised in Dublin. His father, Peter Harte, who had moved from a farming background in Sligo, owned 'The Tap' pub in Chapelizod. Frank emigrated to the United States for a short period, but later returned to Ireland where he worked as an architect, lecturer at DIT (Dublin Institute of Technology) in Rathmines, Dublin and in later life fully engaged in songs in many ways. Frank Document [33] (Title: Matilda Tone) 29 April 1791, and Francis Rawdon Tone, born 23 June 1793. Francis was known as Frank and was named after Francis Rawdon-Hastings. William was born in Dublin, and Frank was probably born at Bodenstown. By this time that family had a cottage in Bodenstown which Wolfe Tone had inherited from his uncle Jonathan Tone that the family jokingly referred to as Château Boue. They lived there until May 1795, when they left for Princeton, New Jersey due to political reasons. Matilda Tone and the children came back to Europe to join Tone in France 18 months later. The family settled Document [34] (Title: Arthur Frankau) Arthur Frankau Arthur Frankau (February 1849 – 21 November 1904) was the son of Bavarian-born Joseph Frankau (previously Frankenau), a Jewish merchant who moved to London from Frankfurt in 1837. Arthur ran the firm successfully, but suffered a bad shock from a breach of verbal trust with a major supplier, and he soon died, to be replaced as head of the firm by his 21-year old son, the future novelist Gilbert Frankau. Based initially in London’s Whitechapel, by the mid-1840s Joseph Frankau had successfully established himself as an importer of leeches and cigars, trading as J. Frankau & Co. Meanwhile, Document [35] (Title: Pat Frank) Pat Frank Pat Frank (May 5, 1908 – October 12, 1964) was the pen name of the American writer, newspaperman, and government consultant Harry Hart Frank. Frank's best known work is the 1959 post-apocalyptic novel "Alas, Babylon". His other books include "Mr. Adam", "Hold Back the Night", and "Forbidden Area". Frank was born in Chicago in 1908. He was a journalist and information handler for several newspapers, agencies, and government bureaus. During his early career, he lived mainly in New York City, Washington, and overseas during World War II. He worked for the Office of War Information and was a Document [36] (Title: Josette Frank) of the 1950s, for which she received praise and criticism. Frank was born on March 27, 1893, in Manhattan, New York City into a family of secular Jews. Her father, Leo, owned a successful furniture business. As a young girl, she was involved in early feminism and the Women's Land Army. She got her first job when she was 19, working as a secretary for Theodore Roosevelt. She also investigated child labor and worked with poor immigrants in New York's Lower East Side while living in Greenwich Village. Frank first became involved with the Federation For Child Study, group that Document [37] (Title: Name of France) However, rather than the ethnic name of the Franks coming from the word "frank" ("free"), it is more probable that the word "frank" ("free") comes from the ethnic name of the Franks, the connection being that only the Franks, as the conquering class, had the status of freemen. In a tradition going back to the 7th-century Chronicle of Fredegar, the name of the Franks itself is taken from "Francio", one of the Germanic kings of Sicambri, c. 61 BCE, whose dominion extended all along those lands immediately joining the west-bank of the Rhine River, as far as Strasbourg and Belgium. Document [38] (Title: Fränkel) meaning liberal, generous (it meant free in earlier times, because only those of Frenkish race were free). German variant spellings include "Frankl, Frenkel, Frankel and Frankle", while Ashkenazic variants are "Frank(e)l" and "Frenk(i)el". Elias Benjamin Frankel married Elizabeth Myers at Christchurch, Southwark, London on April 25th 1850. One Marcus Frankel married Deliza Jones at St. John the Baptist, Shoreditch, London on December 4th 1871. The first recorded spelling of the family name is shown to be that of Francois Franchel, (marriage to Anne Scott in London), which was dated December 4th 1799, London Church Registers, during the reign of King Document [39] (Title: Gerardus Mercator) "Flemish" geographer, in which he presented a speculative Cremer family tree with ancestors in Rupelmonde. In 1869, in Duisburg, published a small book on Mercator as the "German" geographer, in which he claimed that the family was from Jülich, Mercator was conceived there, and consequently his birth during the visit to Rupelmonde didn't invalidate his German nationality. The debate continued in 1914 when Heinrich Averdunk attacked Van Raemdonck's 'fictions' and argued that the many occurrences of the name Kremer in Jülich in the sixteenth century supported Breusing's claim that the family was German. Today, many Belgians and Germans still claim Document [40] (Title: Katz (surname)) Katz (surname) Katz is a common German Ashkenazi surname. Germans with the last name Katz may originate in the Rhine River region of Germany, where the Katz Castle is located. (The name of the castle does not derive from , "cat", but from Katzenelnbogen, going back to Latin , consisting of the ancient Germanic tribal names of the Chatti and Melibokus.) Where it is a Jewish surname, "Katz" is an abbreviation () formed from the initials of the term ("priest of justice"/"authentic priest") or (meaning the name-bearer is of patrilineal descent of the Kohanim sons of Zadok). It has been Document [41] (Title: Frank Moss (rugby union)) East 28th Street, he took out several golf and tennis equipment patents. Frank Moss was the son of Joseph Moss, a tailor and draper, a descendant of Jewish German immigrants of the late-1700s. Frank Moss was the younger brother of Ralph Slazenger Moss (birth registered during April→June 1844 in Warrington district), Mordecai Moss (birth registered during April→June 1845 in Warrington district), Sara Slazenger Moss (birth registered during July→September 1847 in Warrington district), Frances Ann Slazenger Moss (Frankenburg), Ada Slazenger Moss (Cohen), Marion Slazenger Moss (birth registered during July→September 1853 in Manchester district), Isaac "Jack" Slazenger Moss (birth registered during April→June Document [42] (Title: Frank (given name)) Frank (given name) Frank is a masculine given name. Ultimately from the Germanic tribal name of the Franks, in the early medieval Frankish Empire, the status of being "a Frank" became synonymous with that of a free man; hence also the English adjective "frank" (Middle English, from Old French "franc", 12th century). Use as a given name seems to arise already in the Carolingian period; the Old High German form "Francho, Franko" is on record from the 8th century. While "Frank" is a given name in its own right, in fact reflecting the Old Frankish form "*Frank", the given name Document [43] (Title: Name of the Franks) everyone seems to have been considered a Frank by the mid-seventh century at the latest; Romani were essentially the inhabitants of Aquitaine after that". On the other hand, a formulary written by Marculf about AD 700 described a continuation of national identities within a mixed population when it stated that "all the peoples who dwell [in the official's province], Franks, Romans, Burgundians, and those of other nations, live ... according to their law and their custom." The Middle English adjective "frank," "free, liberal, generous," was adopted in c. 1300 from Old French "franc" "free (not servile)", from Medieval Latin "francus" Document [44] (Title: Ronald Frankau) Ronald Frankau Ronald Hugh Wyndham Frankau (22 February 1894 – 11 September 1951) was an English comedian who started in cabaret and made his way to radio and films. Frankau was born in London, the third child of Arthur Frankau, son of Joseph Frankau, a German Jew who came to London from Frankfurt in the late 1830s and started a cigar trading business. His mother was Julia Davis Frankau, who would later become a celebrated writer of satirical novels. His mother's siblings included Henry Irving's mistress Eliza Aria and theatre critic and librettist Owen Hall, whilst their sister Florette was Document [45] (Title: William Frank (athlete)) William Frank (athlete) William Gottlieb Frank (December 1, 1878 – March 31, 1965) was an American athlete who was born in Besigheim, Ludwigsburg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. He arrived in the United States in 1889. Frank was a member of the Irish American Athletic Club and the Twenty-Second Regiment of the New York National Guard. Frank was also a police officer assigned to the New York City Police Department's 74th Precinct. Competing as a member of the New York National Guard, Twenty-second Regiment, Frank won the 3-mile race for the championship of the Military Athletic League in 1905. He also won the Document [46] (Title: Münch (family lineage)) start of the American Revolution. "The Ancestors of Charles Minnix Sr.", (by Micheal B. Minix, Sr, MD) traces one family from the Münch von Münchenstein-Löwenberg home in Basel, Switzerland to Franklin County, Virginia. Present-day Münnich, Minnix, Minnich, Minnick, Minnig and other surname variation members of the family are scattered all over the continental United States. Mink [P]. Meenach, Minnix, Mynix (Meenich,; Mince, Minch [O], or Minnich[P]; Muench, Munch = [P]) [Münk, Münnig] [German Family Names in Kentucky Place Names John Leighly, American Name Society, 1983 - Names, German - 84 pages] Minix: a nickname for one who was a monk Document [47] (Title: Frank Koester) Frank Koester Frank Koester, born Franz Köster (28 August 1876, Sterkrade, Germany - 5 October 1927, New York City) was a German-American engineer and author. He received ten years of theoretical training, with practical engineering and municipal experience in Germany, including four years of shop and field practice. After winning a gold medal for electrical engineering at the Exposition Universelle (1900), he came to the United States in 1902 and became a naturalized citizen in 1911. He was connected with the construction of the New York City subway system and other large engineering undertakings in the United States, South America, Document [48] (Title: Frank Harte) Frank Harte Frank Harte (14 May 1933 – 27 June 2005) was a traditional Irish singer, song collector, architect and lecturer. He was born in Chapelizod, County Dublin, and raised in Dublin. His father, Peter Harte, who had moved from a farming background in Sligo, owned 'The Tap' pub in Chapelizod. Frank emigrated to the United States for a short period, but later returned to Ireland where he worked as an architect, lecturer at DIT (Dublin Institute of Technology) in Rathmines, Dublin and in later life fully engaged in songs in many ways. Frank Harte's introduction to Irish traditional singing Document [49] (Title: Frank Cannova) Frank Cannova Frank Cannova (January 14, 1911 – November 29, 2005) was an American hotelier, businessman and entrepreneur. He was born in Lodi, New Jersey to Sicilian parents Francesco and Catherina Cannova. His mothers maiden name was Triolo. His father who came to the United States from Sicily at the age of 9, was a millionaire by the time he was 35 years old. Frank Jr. with his family on ten acres of land in New Jersey. His father quit his job as a road contractor at his mothers request and moved to Miami. His father having lost several fortunes Document [50] (Title: Frank Michael) Frank Michael Franco Gabelli better known by his stage name Frank Michael is a Belgian singer of Italian origin born in Parma, Italy on 7 May 1947. He reportedly sold millions of albums throughout the world. At age of three, Franco's family left Italy and resided in Seraing, province of Liège, Belgium. At age 16, he started working television electronics technician. His singing career was launched with the 1974 single "Je ne peux vivre sans toi" released on RCA. He was popular in live concerts and released a big number of albums that charted in France and Belgium. His best Document [51] (Title: Mario Frank) Mario Frank Mario Frank (born 31 May 1958) qualified in Germany as a lawyer. He holds a West German doctorate, obtained for a piece of work on the East German Ministry of Justice. He has pursued a managerial career in the media sector. For a year during 2007/2008 he was chief executive of the Spiegel publishing group. In recent decades he has emerged as an important political biographer. Mario Frank was born in Rostock, a major port city on the north coast of what was at that time the German Democratic Republic (East Germany). He spent most of his childhood Document [52] (Title: Josef Frank (architect)) Josef Frank (architect) Josef Frank (July 15, 1885 – January 8, 1967) was an Austrian-born architect, artist, and designer who adopted Swedish citizenship in the latter half of his life. Together with Oskar Strnad, he created the Vienna School of Architecture, and its concept of Modern houses, housing and interiors. Josef Frank was of Jewish ancestry. His parents, merchant Ignaz (Isak) Frank (October 17, 1851 – January 27, 1921 Vienna) and the Vienna-born Jenny (September 3, 1861–10 February 1941 Vienna), were originally from Heves in Hungary. He designed his parents' grave in the old Jewish section of Vienna's Central Cemetery Document [53] (Title: Frank Rich) at its outset in 2011. Rich grew up in Washington, D.C. His mother, Helene Fisher (née Aaronson), a schoolteacher and artist, was from a Russian Jewish family that originally settled in Brooklyn, New York, but moved to Washington after the stock market crash of 1929. His father, Frank Hart Rich, a businessman, was from a German Jewish family long-settled in Washington. He attended public schools and graduated from Woodrow Wilson High School in 1967. Rich attended Harvard College in Cambridge, Massachusetts. At Harvard, he became the editorial chairman of "The Harvard Crimson", the university's daily student newspaper. Rich was an Document [54] (Title: MacGorman) lived near a triangular piece of land. The German surname ("Görmann") is sometimes a variant of "Gehrmann". German Gorman can also be of Slavic origin, from an occupational name, derived from the Slavic "góra" meaning "mountain". One of the earliest mentions of the name "Gorman" can be found in a reference by Geoffrey of Monmouth to a Danish king named "Gormandus" who raided parts of Britain around 593 AD and settled near South Wexford. Early bearers of the surname are William "Gorman" in 1296 and Adam "Garman" in 1327. The John "atte Gore" recorded in 1296 within the "Sussex Subsidy Document [55] (Title: Jerry Frankel) Mar racetrack. Frankel named Joey Franco after the mispronunciation of his own name when people who didn’t know him returned his calls, obviously having misunderstood the fast spoken messages he left for a callback. Frankel sometimes named his horses using eponyms derived from titles of shows, or from the names of actors and songs. A few examples include a mare named after Linda Eder, the leading star in his Broadway musical "Jekyll & Hyde", another he named after the song "This Is the Moment" from the same show, and one he named Osage County, after his play "" (2007). Frankel Document [56] (Title: Frank Field (meteorologist)) to Americanize his last name. His parents emigrated to America in 1909; his extended family that remained in Europe perished during the Holocaust. Field returned on assignment from WCBS to search for remnants of his family and produced a one-hour special "Journey of the Heart", which included an emotional interview with Eli Wiesel. He was a first lieutenant and meteorologist with the 8th Air Force during World War II in the European Theater. His meteorological training was at Brown University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Field holds a B.A. in geology from Brooklyn College, a B.S. in optometry from Document [57] (Title: Frank Michael) songs came from collaboration with Michel Mallory, although he worked with many other songwriters as well. In 2003, he also released a homage album entitled "Thank You Elvis" with 15 tracks of Elvis Presley in French and Italian. He remains popular particularly with the older generations. In 2004, he received the Belgian Order of the Crown. Frank Michael Franco Gabelli better known by his stage name Frank Michael is a Belgian singer of Italian origin born in Parma, Italy on 7 May 1947. He reportedly sold millions of albums throughout the world. At age of three, Franco's family left Italy Document [58] (Title: Meyers) is derived from Hebrew. Meyers Meyers is a surname of English origin; many branches of the Meyers family trace their origins to Anglo-Saxon England. The name is derived from the Old English name "Maire", meaning "mayor", or an officer in charge of legal matters. The English surname may also mean "physician" (from "mire", Old French), or "marsh" (from "myrr", Old Norse). In the form "Meyer" the surname can be of Jewish and German origin, deriving from the German word "meiger", meaning "mayor"; the name likely traces its origins to a wealthy landholder. Among German Jews, "Meyer" converged with the etymologically Document [59] (Title: Hannah Frank) Hannah Frank Hannah Frank (23 August 1908 – 18 December 2008) was an artist and sculptor from Glasgow, Scotland. Frank's Jewish parents both originated in Russia. Charles Fraiker, her father, came from Vilkomir in the Russian Pale of Settlement. After studying engineering at Leitz in Frankfurt, he immigrated to Scotland in 1905, and changed his name to Frank. Frank's mother was also born in Russia, as Miriam Lipctz. Having immigrated to Scotland, her family settled first in Edinburgh and then in Glasgow, where her parents ran a shop in Gorbals selling kosher oil. The Franks lived in Glasgow's Gorbals district, Document [60] (Title: Arthur Frankau) Cliff, Eastbourne). "But my father had no zest for the Mayfair game," recalled his son Gilbert. Arthur Frankau "was very much the model of the self-denying, hard-working, family-oriented, successful Jewish businessman of popular legend." "I naturally came to know Arthur Frankau well," recalled his wife's friend and fellow-writer Marie Belloc Lowndes. "He had the cultivated, reserved manner which in those days was common in a type of German with whom I had come in contact, oddly enough, in Paris." By long-established verbal understanding, J. Frankau & Co. were the sole U.K. importers of Upmann cigars, which had been to the Document [61] (Title: Frank Gaha) Frank Gaha John Francis Gaha (14 April 1894 – 18 March 1966), known as Frank, was an Australian politician. Born in Narrabri, New South Wales, he was educated at St Joseph's College in Sydney and the National University of Ireland, becoming a doctor and a house surgeon in Dublin. Returning to Australia in 1920, he settled in Tasmania, where he established a private practice at Hobart; he was a health officer 1925–1929. In 1933, he was elected as a Labor member to the Tasmanian Legislative Council for Hobart, serving as Minister for Health 1934–1943. In 1943, he transferred to federal Document [62] (Title: Frank Lauren Hitchcock) obtained a Ph.D. with a thesis entitled, "Vector Functions of a Point." Hitchcock stayed at MIT until retirement, publishing his analysis of optimal distribution in 1941. Frank Hitchcock was descended from New England forebears. His mother was Susan Ida Porter (b. January 1, 1848, Middlebury, Vermont) and his father was Elisha Pike Hitchcock. His parents married on June 27, 1866. Frank was born March 6, 1875, in New York City. He had two sisters, Mary E. Hitchcock and Viola M. Hitchcock, and two brothers, George P. Hitchcock and Ernest Van Ness Hitchcock. Although Frank was born in New York City, Document [63] (Title: Jewish name) and "Marshallik"; Mrs. Frankau is known as "Frank Danby"; and so on; but there is nothing specifically Jewish about this adoption of a pen-name. Jewish name The Jewish name has historically varied, encompassing throughout the centuries several different traditions. This article looks at the onomastics practices of the Jewish people, that is, the history of the origin and forms of proper names. Jews have historically used Hebrew patronymic names. In the Jewish patronymic system the first name is followed by either ben- or bat- ("son of" and "daughter of," respectively), and then the father's name. (Bar-, "son of" in Aramaic, Document [64] (Title: Howard Frank) age of 21, and was succeeded by his younger brother, Robert (born 16 March 1925). Howard Frank Sir Howard George Frank, 1st Baronet, (1871 – 10 January 1932) was an English estate agent and public servant. Frank was born in Blackhurst, Tunbridge Wells, Kent. He was educated at Marlborough College and then entered the estate agency profession, in which he remained all his life, eventually becoming recognised as the "head" of the profession in Britain. He was head of the firms of Knight, Frank & Rutley of London and Walton & Lee of Edinburgh and was president of the Estate Document [65] (Title: Diermissen) Salvador. Diermissen Diermissen is an old German surname that originated from the "Ostfälisches Altniederdeutsch" dialect spoken by the ancient Saxon tribes, who established in the territory that nowadays we denominate northern Germany. This surname comes from an old family (de Didilmissen) that lived near the modern towns of "Dielmissen" and "Bodenwerder" in modern Lower Saxony (Niedersachsen). Apparently the meaning of this surname is "The house of Thiadhelm" or Thiadelmes-husen, which derives to Didelmissen-Diermissen-Dielmissen. There is evidence of various families around the world and not only in Germany that bear this surname, for example in Costa Rica, United States, Canada, and Document [66] (Title: Franklin (class)) and 'homme', man, from the Latin 'homo'. The various spellings gradually altered because of association with such common English placename suffixes such as '-combe' and '-ham'. The modern surname is found as Francombe, Frankcomb, Francom, Frankcom and Frankham and others. Franklin (class) In England in the 12th to 15th centuries, a franklin was a member of a certain social class or rank. In the Middle English period, a franklin was simply a freeman; that is, a man who was "not" a serf, in the feudal system under which people were tied to land which they did not own, in bondage Document [67] (Title: Robert Frank) photomontage. Frank was born in Switzerland. His mother was named Rosa Franks and his father was named Hermann Frank. Robert Frank states in Gerald Fox's 2005 documentary "Leaving Home, Coming Home" that his mother, Rosa (other sources state her name as Regina), had a Swiss passport, while his father, Hermann originating from Frankfurt, Germany had become stateless after losing his German citizenship as a Jew. They had to apply for the Swiss citizenship of Robert and his older brother, Manfred. Though Frank and his family remained safe in Switzerland during World War II, the threat of Nazism nonetheless affected his Document [68] (Title: Joseph Anton von Maffei) museum and exhibitions. The surname von Maffei or Maffei is a patronymic name derived from the personal name Matthäus (German). In ancient times the Maffei family settled in Verona from Germany. Joseph Anton von Maffei Joseph Anton von Maffei (4 September 1790 – 1 September 1870) was a German industrialist. Together with Joseph von Baader (1763–1835) and Baron Theodor Freiherr von Cramer-Klett (1817–1884), Maffei was one of the three most important railway pioneers in Bavaria. Joseph Anton Maffei was born in Munich, the son of an Italian tradesman from Verona. The Palazzo Maffei still stands today on the Piazza delle Document [69] (Title: Claude Frank) in recital, and who survives her father. The father-daughter team recorded the complete sonatas for violin and piano of Beethoven commercially. Other commercial recordings by Frank included a complete set of the Beethoven piano sonatas, in the Beethoven bicentenary year of 1970, in parallel with a series of live concerts of the complete Beethoven sonatas. Claude Frank Claude Frank (born Claus Johannes Frank; December 24, 1925 – December 27, 2014) was a German-born American pianist. Of Jewish ancestry, Frank was born in Nuremberg, Germany. His father emigrated to Brussels after the advent of the Third Reich, and the family eventually Document [70] (Title: Al Franken) from the Russian Empire. Phoebe was from Allentown, Pennsylvania. Both of his parents were Jews, and Franken was raised in a Reform Jewish home. The Frankens moved to Albert Lea, Minnesota, when he was four years old. His father opened a quilting factory, but it failed after just two years. The family then moved to St. Louis Park, Minnesota, a suburb of Minneapolis. Franken graduated from The Blake School in 1969, where he was a member of the wrestling team. He attended Harvard College, where he majored in political science, graduating "cum laude" with a Bachelor of Arts in 1973. Document [71] (Title: Frank K. Sturgis) New York, Boston and London and his mother was from an old Yarmouth, Massachusetts family. Sturgis traced his ancestry back to Edward Sturgis, who was born in England in 1613, and arrived in America in 1630. His paternal grandfather was William F. Sturgis, a Boston merchant in the China trade, the California hide trade and the Maritime fur trade. His paternal aunt was Ellen Sturgis Hooper, a Transcendentalist poet who was the wife of Dr. Robert William Hooper and the mother of society hostess Marian Hooper Adams, the wife of Henry Adams of the Adams political family. His paternal uncle Document [72] (Title: Frank (given name)) in the United States arose again in the 20th century as a short form of Francis (which is itself a shortening of "Franciscus", i.e. "the Frenchman", in reference to Saint Francis of Assisi), as popularized by Frank Sinatra (born Francis Albert Sinatra, 1915–1998). Also see Frank in fictional characters Frank (given name) Frank is a masculine given name. Ultimately from the Germanic tribal name of the Franks, in the early medieval Frankish Empire, the status of being "a Frank" became synonymous with that of a free man; hence also the English adjective "frank" (Middle English, from Old French "franc", 12th Document [73] (Title: Sidney Frank) after his marriage and rose to the company presidency, but was forced out in a family dispute in 1970. In 1973 his wife died and he started his own company, Sidney Frank Importing Company, where he served as chairman and chief executive officer. The company is based in New Rochelle, New York where Frank lived (he had a home in Rancho Santa Fe, California as well). Frank's first big success with his own company was with Jacques Cardin brandy, a brand he purchased from Seagram in 1979. In the 1980s, he obtained importing rights to Jägermeister and promoted it heavily, Document [74] (Title: Frank H. Murray) Murray came from a family of entrepreneurs. He is named after his maternal grandfather, Frank Hardart, co-founder of Horn & Hardart, the company known for the Automats - the self serve cafeterias popular in Philadelphia and New York. On his father's side, he is the grandson of William J. Murray (New York) and the great grandson of Samuel J. Murray, who revolutionized the manufacturing of playing cards through the United States Playing Card Company. On his grandmother's side he is the great-grandson of John F. Ahearn who was a prominent Tammany Hall leader and served as Manhattan Borough President from Document [75] (Title: Alois Hitler) had worked for some time as a servant). Kershaw discusses and also lists Hitler's family tree in his biography of Adolf Hitler and gives no validity as to the Frankenberger tale. Further, Frank's story contains several inaccuracies and contradictions, such as he said "The fact that Adolf Hitler had no Jewish blood in his veins, seems, from what has been his whole manner, so blatant to me that it needs no further word", also the statement Frank had made that Maria Schicklgruber came from "Leonding near Linz", when in fact she came from the hamlet of Strones, near the village Document [76] (Title: William Frankena) school, his given name, Wiebe, was Anglicized to William. Throughout his life, his family and friends called him Bill. His mother died when he was nine years old. He graduated from Holland Christian High School in Holland, MI, in 1926. After farming, his father, Nicholas A. Frankena (1875–1955), devoted the later decades of his life to elected office in Zeeland, MI, where he was mayor, and to service as an elder in the Christian Reformed Church in North America, which was founded by Calvinist Dutch immigrants. In 1930, Frankena received a B.A. with majors in English and philosophy from Calvin Document [77] (Title: Name of France) first king of "Francia Occidentalis" (Charles the Bald) to the current president of the French Republic (Emmanuel Macron). Notably, in German, France is still called "Frankreich", which literally means ""Reich" (empire) of the Franks". In order to distinguish it from the Frankish Empire of Charlemagne, France is called "Frankreich", while the Frankish Empire is called "Frankenreich". The name of the Franks itself is said to come from the Proto-Germanic word *"frankon" which means "javelin, lance". Another proposed etymology is that Frank means "the free men", based on the fact that the word "frank" meant "free" in the ancient Germanic languages. Document [78] (Title: Joe Frank) Joe Frank Joe Frank (August 19, 1938 – January 15, 2018) was a French-born American radio personality and humorist known best for his often philosophical, humorous, surrealist, and sometimes absurd monologues and radio dramas. Frank was born Joseph Langermann in Strasbourg, France, near the border of Germany, to father Meier Langermann (then aged 51, a Polish-born shoe manufacturer) and mother Friederike "Fritzi" Passweg (then aged 27). Frank was born months before the family fled from Nazi Germany’s persecution of Jewish people in their native Poland Legislation to allow the family and others into the country was passed by the US Document [79] (Title: Frank de Miranda) Frank de Miranda Frank de Miranda (Bloemendaal, March 8, 1913 - Ede, 1986) was a Dutch sculptor, psychologist and publicist. Frank de Miranda was born in Bloemendaal, where his father Abraham worked as designer/artist who came from an artistic family. Abraham had enjoyed a Jewish upbringing, but did not necessarily took this on his children, including Frank. Nevertheless, Miranda felt great solidarity with his Jewish background. Later on he studied the Tanakh, joined a Zionist movement, taught Hebrew, and gave Bible lessons later in life. From 1925 to 1931 the young Frank attended to the Baarnsch Lyceum. When Miranda turned Document [80] (Title: Robert) from, and referring to the Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis. Robert The name Robert is a Germanic given name, from Proto-Germanic "fame" and "bright". Compare Old Dutch "Robrecht" and Old High German "Hrodebert" (a compound of "Hruod" (Old Norse: Hrōð) "fame, glory" and "berht" "bright"). It is also in use as a surname. An alternate version of the name is Rupert. After becoming widely used in Continental Europe it entered England in its Old French form "Robert", where an Old English cognate form ("Hrēodbēorht", "Hrodberht", "Hrēodbēorð", "Hrœdbœrð", "Hrœdberð") had existed before the Norman Conquest. The feminine version is Roberta. The Italian, Portuguese, and Document [81] (Title: Fränkel) Fränkel Fränkel (or Fraenkel, Frenkel) This interesting surname is of German and Ashkenazic origins, used as an ethnic or regional name for someone from Franconia ("Franken" in Germany), which is a region of south-west Germany, so called because it formed an early Frankish settlement. Thus Frankel is a German and Ashkenazic diminutive of this placename. It may also be a form of "Frank", from the Norman given name "Franc", an ethnic name for a Frank (Germanic people who inhabited the Rhine region), plus the diminutive suffix "el", little. Frank also comes from a medieval English and old French word "franc", Document [82] (Title: Saint Joseph Catholic Church (Makawao, Hawaii)) Couturiaux. A tower was added in 1927 financed by the family of James Beynes. The Catholic cemetery just below the church predates the current structure. There are several stained glass windows in Saint Joseph's church; this is the story of one of them. Francisco Gomes, was born in 1868, he and his family moved to Hawaii when Frank was eleven. After a journey of 123 days, the British ship Ravenscrag arrived in Hawaii in 1879 carrying 428 Portuguese immigrants. Frank’s wife, Theresa DeCosta Vasconcellos (Threza da Costa Vasconcelos), was born on the island of Sao Miquel in the Azores, in Document [83] (Title: Frank Morgan (Home and Away)) job in the city and moves the Fletcher family to the town of Summer Bay. In Frank's backstory, he is a product of a broken home, born to a criminal father and an alcoholic mother. His father was sent to prison and his mother became incapable of looking after him. As a result, Frank became wayward, but that changed after he was fostered by Pippa and Tom. Frank's ethnicity is Greek Australian; and he fills the role of the serial's first heart-throb. He is characterised as having "streetwise ways" and a "disarming smile". Frank has rock and roll ambitions because Document [84] (Title: Franka Potente) "American Horror Story" (2012) and "The Bridge" (2014). The elder of two children, Potente was born in Münster, West Germany, and raised in nearby Dülmen. Her mother, Hildegard, is a medical assistant, and her father, Dieter Potente, is a teacher. Her Italian surname stems from her great-grandfather, a Sicilian slater who immigrated to Germany during the 19th century. When she was 17 years old, Potente spent a few months as an exchange student in Humble, a suburb of Houston, Texas. She noted in an interview she "had an American boyfriend, went to football games and to my American prom. I Document [85] (Title: Raymond) Raymond Raymond is a male given name. It was borrowed into English from French (older French spellings were Reimund and Raimund, whereas the modern English and French spellings are identical). It originated as the Germanic "Raginmund" or "Reginmund." "Ragin" (Old German) and "regin" (Gothic) meant "counsel." The Old High German "mund" originally meant "hand," but came to mean "protection." This etymology suggests that the name originated in the Early Middle Ages, possibly from Latin. Despite the German and French origins of the English name, some of its early uses in English documents appear in Latinized form. As a surname, its Document [86] (Title: Frank Eugene) Frank Eugene Frank Eugene (19 September 1865 – 16 December 1936) was an American-born photographer who was a founding member of the Photo-Secession and one of the first university-level professors of photography in the world. Eugene was born in New York City as Frank Eugene Smith. His father was Frederick Smith, a German baker who changed his last name from Schmid after moving to America in the late 1850s. His mother was Hermine Selinger Smith, a singer who performed in local German beer halls and theaters. About 1880, Eugene began to photograph for amusement, possibly while he was attending the Document [87] (Title: Otto Frank) Otto Frank Otto Frank was born into a Jewish family. He was the second of four children born to Alice Betty (née Stern, 1865–1953) and Michael Frank (1851–1909). His elder brother was Robert Frank, and younger siblings were Herbert Frank and Helene (Leni) Frank. Otto was a cousin of the well-known furniture designer Jean-Michel Frank and a grandson of Zacharias Frank. His father originally came from the town of Landau, and moved to Frankfurt in 1879, marrying Alice Stern in 1886. He studied economics in Heidelberg from 1908 to 1909 and had a work experience placement at Macy's Department Store Document [88] (Title: Hans Frank) Maria Schicklgruber came from "Leonding near Linz", when in fact she came from the hamlet of Strones near the village of Döllersheim. Some suggest that Frank (who turned against National Socialism after 1945 but remained an anti-Semitic fanatic) made the claim that Hitler had Jewish ancestry as way of proving that Hitler was really a "Jew" and not an "Aryan"; and in this way, "proved" that the Third Reich's crimes were the work of the "Jewish" Hitler. The full anti-Semitic implications of Frank's story were borne out in a letter entitled "Was Hitler a Jew?", written to the editor of Document [89] (Title: Arthur Frankau) Joseph’s younger brothers Nathan and Adolph Frankau had emigrated from Germany to the U.S.A. where they set up a dry goods business. Nathan Frankau remained in the U.S., establishing himself successfully as an importer and retailer of fancy goods, first in New Haven CT and later in New York NY: "Every piece of merchandise in his shop was bought by him because he thought it was fine." Adolph left New Haven for London (England), and started a business (Adolph Frankau & Co.) which later became known as a leading supplier of briar pipes such as the BBB brand. Their younger Document [90] (Title: Jan Frank) the Merchant's House in Amsterdam, and Nahmad Contemporary Gallery in New York City Jan Frank Jan Frank is an American artist-curator based in Manhattan. Frank was born in Amsterdam, Netherlands, and grew up in various places around the world, including the Congo and later the American mid-west. His father was a sea captain who ran KLM Cargo. He attended the University of Wisconsin-Madison in the early 1970s. He studied ceramics under potter Don Reitz. Frank completed an Independent Study Program at the Whitney Museum, where he worked with founder Ron Clark with whom he collaborated on several films of the Document [91] (Title: George W. Frank House) steam heaters located in several rooms throughout the house. In the dining room, the windows are curved to complement the veranda on the east side of the house. Dr. Augustus Frank was born January 12, 1792, to Andrew and Elizabeth Frank. Frank was born in Germany but immigrated to the United States when he was seven. He trained to be a doctor at a medical college in Dorset, Vermont, and volunteered in the War of 1812. In 1814, Frank began to practice medicine in Victor, New York. He was an abolitionist and a conductor on the Underground Railroad. Frank belonged Document [92] (Title: Germanic name) set remains in common use today. The most frequent name of Germanic origin in English has traditionally been William (Bill; from an Old High German Willahelm), followed by Robert and Charles (Carl, after Charlemagne). Very few names of native English (Anglo-Saxon) origin survive into current use, the most common of these being Edward, Edmund, Edgar, Alfred and Harold for males; the female name "Audrey" continues the Anglo-Norman (French) form of the Anglo-Saxon "Æðelþryð". Some medieval Germanic names are attested in simplex form; these names originate as hypocorisms of full dithematic names, but in some cases they entered common usage and Document [93] (Title: Reich) The word has many cognates outside of Germanic and Celtic, notably Latin "rex" and Sanskrit "Raj" "rule". It is ultimately from a Proto-Indo-European root "*reg-", meaning "to straighten out or rule". "Frankenreich" or "Fränkisches Reich" is the German name given to the Frankish Kingdom of Charlemagne. "Frankenreich" came to be used of Western Francia and medieval France after the development of Eastern Francia into the Holy Roman Empire. The German name of France, "Frankreich", is a contraction of "Frankenreich" used in reference to the kingdom of France from the late medieval period. The term "Reich" was part of the German Document [94] (Title: Dreyfuss) altered by folk etymological association with modern German "Dreifuss" tripod. Dreyfuss Dreyfuss and Dreyfus are surnames. The spelling variants, Dreyfuss vs. Dreyfus, tend to correspond to the country the family was living in at the time the spelling was standardized. "Dreyfus" tends to be more common among people of French origin. "Dreyfuss" tends to be found among those of German descent (stemming from the use of the long s (ſ) and ß (s sharp). Dreyfus(s) is a Jewish Ashkenazic surname derived from the town of Trier on the Moselle, known in French as Trèves, from a Celtic tribal name "Treveri" Document [95] (Title: Arthur Frankau) brothers Sidney and Henry Frankau also came to London, Sidney trading in partnership with Adolph in the early 1850s before starting his own firm (Sidney Frankau & Co.), again importing pipes and fancy goods. Henry appears as a member of Joseph Frankau’s household, employed as a clerk at Joseph's firm, in the 1851 Census, by which time Joseph and his family had left Whitechapel for a home in the more salubrious surroundings of Duncan Terrace, Islington. Arthur Frankau, born at 22 Great Alie Street in February 1849, was to be the last of Joseph’s children whose birth was registered in Document [96] (Title: Mary Frank) represents Frank. The gallery first exhibited her works in January 2008. Frank is also represented by Elena Zang Gallery in Hurley (Woodstock) New York. Mary Frank Mary Frank (née Mary Lockspeiser; born 4 February 1933) is an English visual artist known primarily as a sculptor, painter, printmaker, draftswoman, and illustrator. Frank was born in London, the only child of Eleanore Lockspeiser (1909–1986), an American painter, and Edward Lockspeiser (1905–1973), English musicologist and art critic. In 1939, at the beginning of Word War II, she left London for a series of boarding schools and then was sent in 1940 to live Document [97] (Title: Ze Frank) Morgan Freeman" which was viewed over 11 million times. Ze Frank Ze Frank (; born Hosea Jan Frank on March 31, 1972) is an American online performance artist, composer, humorist and public speaker based in Los Angeles. He is currently the chief of research and development for BuzzFeed. Frank was born to German-American parents (his father is Chemistry Nobel Laureate Joachim Frank) and raised in a suburb of Albany, New York. He has a sister, who is a painter, as was indicated in "the show". He was educated at Montessori school, known for its constructivist teaching methods, and graduated with Document [98] (Title: Brooks (surname)) Scandinavian Peninsula. Commonly recorded in Germany , where it is sometimes found with the aristocratic "von", England, Scotland and Ireland it has many possible origins. The word "brook" derives from the Old English "broc" and appears in the Medieval predecessors of "Brooks" such as "Ate-Broc" and "Atte-Broc". The surname arrived in North America from England in the mid-seventeenth century. The surname is recorded in Ireland from the 1600s. O'Laughlin reports that "some of the name could stem from Irish origins, the name being changed into the English word 'Brook' or Brooks." The surname is also found among English-speaking Ashkenazi Jews, Document [99] (Title: Frank Richter Sr.) Frank Richter Sr. Franz Xavier Richter, commonly known as Frank Richter (1837 –1910), was a pioneer settler, miner and rancher in 19th century Washington and British Columbia. Born in Friedland, Bohemia, then part of Austria-Hungary, Richter was the son weaver and farmer at Mildenau. At the age of 16 he emigrated to Galveston, Texas, and after a misadventure where he was wounded and captured by Indians, following the lure of the gold rushes westward, he came to Rich Bar, Washington and with the take from his placer claim opened a small store and operated a small riverboat. Hearing of good Document [100] (Title: Woolworths Group) England on 5 November 1909. Frank Woolworth had ancestry in Woolley, Cambridgeshire— Frank claimed he had traced his ancestry through the Founding Fathers of the district to a small farm in middle-England. When Frank eventually travelled to England in 1890, he docked in Liverpool and travelled by train to Stoke-on-Trent for the purchase of china and glassware for Woolworth's ranges, but also noted his love of England in his diary and his aspirations for bringing the Woolworth name to England: During the buying trip, Woolworth met a young clerk, William Lawrence Stephenson, who was recommended to him by John Wanamaker. Document [101] (Title: Frank Riethmuller) Frank Riethmuller Frank Riethmuller (1884–1965) was an Australian rose breeder. The last child of poor German immigrant farmers, Francis Lewis Riethmuller (known as Frank) was born on 10 February 1884 in Glenvale, then a village near (now a suburb of) Toowoomba, Queensland. When dealing with Germans, he reverted to writing Riethmüller. In Australia, the first syllable is pronounced Reith but never spelt that way. Chronically prone to bronchitis and bronchiectasis, Riethmuller had to live mostly outdoors. First educated at Glenvale primary school, he spent two years as a state scholarship pupil at Toowoomba Grammar: every surname in the class was Document [102] (Title: Jerome Frank) Jerome Frank Jerome New Frank (September 10, 1889 – January 13, 1957) was an American legal philosopher and author who played a leading role in the legal realism movement, a chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission, and a federal appellate judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. Born in New York City, Frank's parents were Herman Frank and Clara New Frank, descendants of mid-19th-century German Jewish immigrants. Frank's father, also an attorney, relocated the family to Chicago in 1896, where Frank would attend Hyde Park High School, before receiving his Bachelor's degree from the Document [103] (Title: Frank Zappa) name was anglicized to Francis Vincent Zappa, was an immigrant from Partinico, Sicily, with Greek and Arab ancestry. Frank, the eldest of four children, was raised in an Italian-American household where Italian was often spoken by his grandparents. The family moved often because his father, a chemist and mathematician, worked in the defense industry. After a time in Florida in the 1940s, the family returned to Maryland, where Zappa's father worked at the Edgewood Arsenal chemical warfare facility of the Aberdeen Proving Ground. Due to their home's proximity to the arsenal, which stored mustard gas, gas masks were kept in Document [104] (Title: Jan Frank) Jan Frank Jan Frank is an American artist-curator based in Manhattan. Frank was born in Amsterdam, Netherlands, and grew up in various places around the world, including the Congo and later the American mid-west. His father was a sea captain who ran KLM Cargo. He attended the University of Wisconsin-Madison in the early 1970s. He studied ceramics under potter Don Reitz. Frank completed an Independent Study Program at the Whitney Museum, where he worked with founder Ron Clark with whom he collaborated on several films of the period. Frank moved to downtown New York in 1975 and has lived there Document [105] (Title: Heilmann) than France and Germany : Heilmann Heilmann is a German language surname. It can be tracked to early 16th-century Protestant families in south-west Germany (various locations); In France, it has spread around 1545 to Mulhouse (Mülhausen in German), a city now in the Alsace region. Members of the Heilmann family of Mulhouse, of Protestant faith, issued from Lorentz Heilmann, a cooper, common ancestor born in 1545 in Niedernhall (now in Germany) and having established himself in Mulhouse : Members of the Heilmann family initially from Geiselbach, who co-founded the Heilmann & Littmann German building company: Other people bearing this name: Document [106] (Title: Frank Lawton (I)) Frank Lawton (I) Frank Lawton (? – 1914) was an American vaudevillian entertainer whose popularity extended far beyond his country’s borders. Like so many 19th- and early 20th-century actors who made their living traveling from town to town often under assumed stage names, Frank Lawton’s past is difficult to trace. What evidence does exist tells us he was an American born in the late 1850s probably at Harford, Connecticut. Some sources state his birth name was Frank Mokeley, a claim that seems to date back to a 1933 "New York Times" article about his son, film actor Frank Lawton. This Document [107] (Title: Jewish surname) the Inquisition) would often keep their surnames and/or Ashkenazize them (e.g., "Melamad" was kept; "Leoni" would be Ashkenazized to "Leib"), and some of the already-settled Jews in communities in large cities (such as Prague or Frankfurt am Main) began to adopt various surnames. The names of bread-winning women, such as "Sirkes" or "Rivkes", were adopted by some households while others came from the man's trade such as "Metzger" (butcher) or "Becker" (baker) and a few derived from personal attributes, such as "Jaffe" (beautiful), or special events in the family history. The majority of Middle Age surname adoption came from place Document [108] (Title: Clovis I) to the consequent birth of the early Holy Roman Empire. His name is Germanic, composed of the elements "hlod" ("fame") and "wig" ("combat"), and is the origin of the later French given name "Louis", borne by 18 kings of France. In Dutch, the most closely related modern language to Frankish, the name is currently rendered as "Lodewijk", in Middle Dutch the form was "Lodewijch". In modern German the name became Ludwig; in Spanish, Luis; in Italian, Luigi; and in English, Lewis. Numerous small Frankish petty kingdoms existed during the 5th century. The Salian Franks were the first known Frankish tribe Document [109] (Title: Franciscus) Franciscus Franciscus is a Latin given name, originally an epithet meaning "the Frank, the Frenchman". It was applied to Saint Francis of Assisi (1181/82–1226). Francis had been baptized Giovanni (John); his father was Italian and his mother Provençale (at the time not considered French); his father was on business in France when he was born, and when he returned to Assisi, he began to call his son by the nickname "Francesco", in the opinion of G. K. Chesterton possibly because out of a general enthusiasm for all things French, or because of his commercial success in France. After the canonization Document [110] (Title: Reinhold Frank) name. The Research Centre for German Resistance against National Socialism in Southwestern Germany, together with the University of Karlsruhe, the City of Karlsruhe, and the German "Bundesarchiv", honours Frank yearly in the time around 20 July with a memorial reading. Reinhold Frank Reinhold Frank (23 July 1896 – 23 January 1945) was a German lawyer. He did work for the resistance to Hitler's rule in Nazi Germany. He was sentenced to death in connection with the failed July 20 Plot. Reinhold Frank was born the youngest of seven children in Bachhaupten in the Sigmaringen district. After serving in the military Document [111] (Title: Frank Collin) was born and grew up in Chicago, Illinois, where he went to local schools. His father, Max Frank Collin, born Max Simon Cohn in Munich on August 23, 1913, the son of Jewish parents who later perished in the Shoah, was a survivor of Dachau. His mother, Virginia Gertrude née Hardyman (b. at Chicago on August 18, 1920), was Catholic. As a young man, Collin in the 1960s joined George Lincoln Rockwell's National Socialist White People's Party. He became the Midwest coordinator. He broke with the NSWPP due to a disagreement with Rockwell's successor, Matt Koehl, who was elected as Document [112] (Title: Henry Frank) Henry Frank Henry L. Frank (1851–1908) was an American politician and businessman based in Montana. Frank was born in Ohio in 1851, and was of French descent. A self-made entrepreneur who invested in liquor distribution, real estate and mining, he also founded the Silver Bow Electric Light Company, was president of the Butte Water Company, and was the first chairman of the board of trustees of the Montana State School of Mines, a position held until his death. Henry Frank also co-owned (with Sam Gebo) the Canadian-American Coal and Coke Company which operated a coal mine in the town of Document [113] (Title: Francis (given name)) his francophile father, celebrating his trade with French merchants. Due to the renown of the saint, this Italian name became widespread in Western Europe during the Middle Ages in different versions (Francisco, François, etc.). However, it was not regularly used in Britain until the 16th century as Francis. The name of France itself comes from the Germanic people known as the Franks; the origin of their name is unclear but is thought to mean "free". The characteristic national weapon of the Franks was the francisca, a throwing axe. Related names are common in other Western European languages, in countries that Document [114] (Title: Frank Pick) of the Design and Industries Association. He was also the first chairman of the Council for Art and Industry and regularly wrote and lectured on design and urban planning subjects. For the government, Pick prepared the transport plan for the mass evacuation of civilians from London at the outbreak of war and produced reports on the wartime use of canals and ports. Frank Pick was born on 23 November 1878 at Spalding, Lincolnshire. He was the first child of five born to draper Francis Pick and his wife Fanny Pick (née Clarke). Pick's paternal grandfather, Charles Pick, was a farmer Document [115] (Title: Franks) The name was not a tribal name, but within a few centuries it had eclipsed the names of the original peoples who constituted it. Following the precedents of Edward Gibbon and Jacob Grimm, the name of the Franks has been linked with the English adjective "frank", originally meaning "free". There have also been proposals that Frank comes from the Germanic word for "javelin" (such as in Old English or Old Norse ). Words in other Germanic languages meaning "fierce", "bold" or "insolent" (German , Middle Dutch , Old English and Old Norwegian ), may also be significant. Eumenius addressed the Document [116] (Title: Frank William Wills) Frank William Wills Sir Frank William Wills Kt. (17 August 1852 – 26 March 1932) was a member of the Wills tobacco family, who became a noted British architect and went on to serve as Lord Mayor of Bristol. Frank Wills was born on 17 August 1852 in Bristol into a large family, as the 5th of seven children born to Henry Overton Wills II and Henry's second wife Mary Seccombe (1815–1897). There were also eleven children from Henry's first marriage to Isabella Board (1806–1843). Frank's father Henry was one of the owners of the W.D. & H.O. Wills tobacco Document [117] (Title: Francis Morphet Twisleton) was active in the Legion of Frontiersmen, eventually becoming its New Zealand commandant. During the First World War, he served at Gallipoli, on the Western Front and in Palestine. He died of wounds received in an action in Palestine. Francis Morphet Twisleton, known as Frank, was born on 17 February 1873 in Settle, Yorkshire, England to a farmer and his wife. After completing his education, he went farming in Yorkshire. In 1895, he emigrated in New Zealand with his brother Thomas, and worked his way around the country as a farm labourer. In January 1900 he joined the Second New Document [118] (Title: Roosevelt (name)) Roosevelt (name) The name Roosevelt is an American toponymic surname derived from the Dutch surname Van Rosevelt/Van Rosenvelt, meaning "from rose field" or "of a rose field." The most famous bearers of this name come from the Roosevelt family, a merchant and political family descended from the 17th-century immigrant to New Netherland Claes Maartenszen van Rosenvelt. In the United States, the surname ranked as the 15,060th most common surname in the 1990 U.S. Census, accounting for 0.001% of the American population. By the 2000 U.S. Census, the surname was ranked as the 24,406th most common family name. There were 961 Document [119] (Title: Frank Reys) farms in North Queensland – inland from Cairns. He was born of his father's second relationship, and Frank was the first child of 9 to his Aboriginal mother. Frank and his brothers would round up brumbies (wild horses), and break them in, then race in contests between themselves. Frank was the standout and won most of the races, although one of his brothers did ride with success in amateur events. Frank loved to ride, and progressed to riding at Cairns in gymkhanas and pony races before becoming a jockey. Teenage Frank was first indentured as an apprentice jockey in June Document [120] (Title: Mario Frank) appearing under licence in Poland, France, Latvia, Hungary and the Czech Republic. In October 2013 he published his biographical study of Joachim Gauck, at that time the President of Germany and, like Mario Frank, a man who came originally from Rostock. Mario Frank Mario Frank (born 31 May 1958) qualified in Germany as a lawyer. He holds a West German doctorate, obtained for a piece of work on the East German Ministry of Justice. He has pursued a managerial career in the media sector. For a year during 2007/2008 he was chief executive of the Spiegel publishing group. In recent Document [121] (Title: France) Development (OECD), the World Trade Organization (WTO), and La Francophonie. Originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name "France" comes from the Latin "", or "country of the Franks". Modern France is still named today "Francia" in Italian and Spanish, "Frankreich" ("Frankish Empire") in German and "Frankrijk" in Dutch, all of which have more or less the same historical meaning. There are various theories as to the origin of the name Frank. Following the precedents of Edward Gibbon and Jacob Grimm, the name of the Franks has been linked with the word "frank" ("free") in English. It has been Document [122] (Title: Frank Rost) the German national team, making his debut against the United States in 2002. Source: Frank Rost Frank Rost (born 30 June 1973) is a retired German footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He comes from a sporting family background; his father Peter won a gold medal at the 1980 Olympic Games in handball, and his mother Christina, also a handball player, won the silver at the 1976 Summer Olympics and bronze at the 1980 Games. Born in Karl-Marx-Stadt, Rost started his career at 1. FC Markkleeberg in the third German level. His play with Markkleeberg led to interest from Werder Document [123] (Title: Reynolds (surname)) the surname is rendered "Mac Raghnaill", and the name is ultimately derived from the Old Norse "Rognvald" a Latin borrowing of the two words regal and valor. It was also a surname of Irish Huguenots who came to Ireland from France to evade religious persecution in the 1600s; The original French surnames being either Renaud or Renault; Or a combination of both, respectively. Throughout Ireland's rich history, the Reynolds family name was a prominent one, and even today, County Leitrim is the principal stronghold of the name, nearly half the people in Ireland so called hailing from that area. Like Document [124] (Title: Fränkel) George III, "Farmer George", 1760 - 1820. "Fränkel" (or "Fraenkel") is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Fränkel Fränkel (or Fraenkel, Frenkel) This interesting surname is of German and Ashkenazic origins, used as an ethnic or regional name for someone from Franconia ("Franken" in Germany), which is a region of south-west Germany, so called because it formed an early Frankish settlement. Thus Frankel is a German and Ashkenazic diminutive of this placename. It may also be a form of "Frank", from the Norman given name "Franc", an ethnic name for a Frank (Germanic people who inhabited the Rhine Document [125] (Title: Ford (surname)) the latter was borne by a sept centred in County Cork (in the province of Munster). In some cases the surname "Ford" is an americanized form of like-sounding Jewish surnames, or else a translated form of the German "Fürth". Early instances of the surname "Ford" include "de la forda" in the eleventh century, "æt Fordan" in the twelfth-century, "de la Forthe" in the thirteenth-century, and "Foorde" and "de Furd" in the fifteenth century. The surname "Ford", when found in Ireland, may be of English or Irish origin since many Ford families have immigrated to Ireland at various times in history. Document [126] (Title: Frank McKetta) boarded with John and bride, Mary. Frank received his citizenship papers in 1908, and in 1914, he and Nancy Julia McKetta were married. On February 19, 1917 Frank McKetta was born in Wyano, Pennsylvania. A daughter, Mary, followed in 1919, and then a son, Steve, on November 7, 1921. Although they owned their own home, Frank McKetta and his family struggled during the Great Depression, when tragedy struck in 1936 with the death of Frank's father in a mining accident. His mother was left alone to raise the family during this economic struggle. The family survived with the help of Document [127] (Title: Stieglitz (surname)) emigrated to establish his company "Mark & Sterlitz" in New York City. Many family members, however, emigrated to Britain and America in the latter half of the 19th century and during the 20th century to escape the pogroms. Nevertheless, despite the family's extent throughout the German Empire by the 1850s, they were still concentrated in central Germany; Edward Stieglitz (1833–1909), father of Alfred Stieglitz and Julius Stieglitz, for instance emigrated to Hoboken, New Jersey, from Stadtlengsfeld, only 75 miles south-east of Bad Arolsen. Stieglitz (surname) Stieglitz is a surname originating in Germany. being German for goldfinch, it is considered to Document [128] (Title: Frank Morgan) and five girls. The elder Mr. Wuppermann was born in Venezuela, but was brought up in Hamburg, Germany and was of German and Spanish ancestry. His mother was born in the United States, of English ancestry. His brother, Ralph Morgan, was also an actor of stage and screen. The family earned their wealth distributing Angostura bitters, allowing Wuppermann to attend Cornell University, and joining Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity and the Glee Club. Morgan starred with John Barrymore in "Raffles, the Amateur Cracksman" (1917), an independent film produced in and about New York City. His career expanded when talkies began, his Document [129] (Title: Leonard Frank (photographer)) Leonard Frank (photographer) Leonard Frank (July 3, 1870 – February 23, 1944) was a German-Canadian photographer known for commercial and industrial photography. First emigrating to San Francisco, two years later he made his way up the coast to eventually settle in the town of Alberni on Vancouver Island. The chance win of a camera in a raffle steered him towards a career in photography. He became especially noted for this logging and landscape views. In 1916 Frank relocated to Vancouver, where he established a successful commercial studio. Frank left behind a massive body of work, much of it found at Document [130] (Title: Norton (surname)) him from a Tom from the south side (Tom Sutton). A secondary source for the surname is from the anglicisation of Celtic (Irish and Scottish Gaelic) surnames (e.g. Naughtan). To confuse the situation further it is also sometimes found as a Jewish surname (probably from the anglicisation of the German surname Norden). The famous "Emperor Norton" in San Francisco was of Jewish origin from a South African settler family. In Ireland, the surname could be of both Irish and English origin. The Nortons of Athlone are descended from Feradach O'Neachtain who died in 1790. As a surname, Norton is the Document [131] (Title: Barney Frank) Frank was born in Bayonne, New Jersey, one of four children of Elsie ("née" Golush) and Samuel Frank. His family was Jewish, and his grandparents had emigrated from Poland and Russia. Frank's father ran a truck stop in Jersey City—a place Frank has described as "totally corrupt"—and when Frank was 6 or 7, his father served a year in prison for refusing to testify to a grand jury against Frank's uncle. Frank was educated at Harvard College, where he resided in Matthews Hall his first year and then in Kirkland House and Winthrop House. He graduated in 1962. One of Document [132] (Title: Frank Linsly James) Frank Linsly James Frank Linsly James FRGS (21 April 1851 – 21 April 1890) was an English explorer. He was the son of American parents: Liverpool based merchant Daniel James and Sophia Hall (Hitchcock) James. He was born and raised in Liverpool; the 1861 census shows him living at his parents home Oakwood House, Elmswood Road, Aigburth, Liverpool. The 1871 census shows him again living at his parents home, but now at Beaconsfield House, Woolton, occupation "Under Graduate, Cambridge". In 1890 his home was 14 Great Stanhope Street, in the county of Middlesex. James explored in Sudan, Somalia, India and Document [133] (Title: Ze Frank) Ze Frank Ze Frank (; born Hosea Jan Frank on March 31, 1972) is an American online performance artist, composer, humorist and public speaker based in Los Angeles. He is currently the chief of research and development for BuzzFeed. Frank was born to German-American parents (his father is Chemistry Nobel Laureate Joachim Frank) and raised in a suburb of Albany, New York. He has a sister, who is a painter, as was indicated in "the show". He was educated at Montessori school, known for its constructivist teaching methods, and graduated with a B.S. in Neuroscience from Brown University in 1995. Document [134] (Title: Jack (surname)) Jack (surname) Ancient and noble French family names, "Jacq", "Jacques", or "James" are believed to originate from the Middle Ages in the historic northwest Brittany region in France, and have since spread around the world over the centuries. To date, there are over one hundred identified noble families related to the surname by the Nobility & Gentry of Great Britain & Ireland. The origin of this surname ultimately originates from the Latin, Jacobus which belongs to an unknown progenitor. Jacobus comes from the Hebrew name, Yaakov, which translates as “one who follows” or “to follow after”. A French Knight returning Document [135] (Title: Claude Frank) Claude Frank Claude Frank (born Claus Johannes Frank; December 24, 1925 – December 27, 2014) was a German-born American pianist. Of Jewish ancestry, Frank was born in Nuremberg, Germany. His father emigrated to Brussels after the advent of the Third Reich, and the family eventually settled in Paris when Frank was 12. Frank subsequently began studies at the Paris Conservatoire, but in 1940, he and his mother escaped France by way of the Pyrenees and Lisbon, and settled in the USA. Frank studied with Artur Schnabel in New York, for whom he first played in Europe. He also was a Document [136] (Title: Reuven Frank) a member of Temple Sinai of Bergen County. In 1946, he married to Bernice Kaplow; they had two sons: Peter Solomon Frank and James Aaron Frank. Reuven Frank Reuven Frank (7 December 1920 – 5 February 2006) was an American broadcast news executive. Born Israel Reuven Frank (he later dropped his first name) to a Jewish family in Montreal, Quebec, he earned a bachelor's degree in social science at City College of New York. He served four years in the United States Army during World War II, rising to the rank of sergeant. After completing his studies at the Columbia Document [137] (Title: Leonard Frank (photographer)) the Alberni Valley Museum, the Jewish Historical Society of British Columbia, and the Vancouver Public Library. He was born Leonhard Juda Frank on July 3, 1870, at Berne, Oldenburg, a small town in northwestern Germany. His family was of the Jewish faith. Leonhard's father, Louis Frank, operated a photographic studio in Berne. In 1892, Leonard Frank emigrated to San Francisco, where he remained for two years. Hearing of good mining prospects up north, he relocated to Victoria. He first found employment with Simon Leiser & Co., a merchandising firm. By 1896, he was sent as a clerk to the company's Document [138] (Title: Frank-Walter Steinmeier) the name Frank. His father, a carpenter, was affiliated with the Church of Lippe (one of Germany's few Calvinist regional church bodies, and a member church of the Evangelical Church of Germany). His mother, born in Breslau (now Wrocław, Poland), came as a refugee from a Lutheran part of Silesia during the flight and expulsion of Germans after World War II. Following his "Abitur", he served his military service from 1974 until 1976, and then studied Law and Political Science at the Justus Liebig University Giessen, where Brigitte Zypries was a fellow student. In 1982, he passed his first exam, Question: where does the last name frank come from

Answer: German Long Answer: Frank is a German surname . Notable persons with the surname include: Gold Document ID: 135

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Celebrity branding) are deciding to attempt to reach the largest assortment of potential consumers possible, rather than reaching a small number of consumers but more frequently – which is described as frequency (Belch & Belch, 2012). An example of the usefulness of a celebrity's reach can be shown in statistics taken from telegraph.co.uk regarding the world's most followed Instagram celebrities. The most followed Instagram celebrity is Selena Gomez, with each post that she makes being viewed by all or most of her 145 million followers. Cristiano Ronaldo is 2nd, with 144 million followers, and Ariana Grande is 3rd with 116 million followers. Document [2] (Title: Xavier Di Petta) 2013, Di Petta created @EarthPix and @HistoryInPics on Twitter with Kyle Cameron. As of September 2016, the accounts have 1.91M and 3.48M followers, respectively. @EarthPix on Instagram has over 14M followers and is ranked the 113th Most Followed Instagram account. At 17, Di Petta co-founded Social Trends Media; focusing on business development and partnerships. Social Trends Media earned $800,000 in sales in December 2013. In May 2014, Di Petta was featured in a Special Interest Paper by the City of London on 'Cultural Innovation and Entrepreneurship in London' In October 2014, Di Petta joined the Advisory Board of the National Document [3] (Title: Kevin Systrom) Vice-President James Everingham, as well as Kevin Weil, who formerly headed product development at Twitter, as high-ranking executives at Instagram. As of October 2015, 40 billion pictures had been shared on Instagram. As of June 2016, Instagram had over 500 million active users. Also in 2016, "CNN" quoted a study according to which Snapchat was regarded as the most important social network among teenagers aged 14 to 19, the first time in two years that Instagram did not feature at the top. Instagram currently employs around 450 people. The app is used by 600 million people per month and 300 Document [4] (Title: Claudia Alende) a Megan Fox lookalike. By 2015 the Brazilian model was being followed by 2.8 million people on Instagram and had made £2.1 million from high profile social media endorsements. As of November 2017, Alende had over 10 million followers on Instagram. On January 29, 2017, she was the judge of the Model Scout ID event together with Marcus Pelle, owner of DAS Models. The event was held in Barranquilla, Colombia. She had to choose one model out of 100 contestants. In June 2017 Alende was included in a feature by Forbes magazine as one of their top 15 Instagram influencers. Document [5] (Title: Violet Benson) before becoming known as Daddy Issues. Benson started her Daddy Issues Instagram account on July 5, 2014. Benson has earned over 3 million followers on Instagram and is known as one of the fastest growing accounts and one of the largest funny female accounts that even MTV took notice. Though best known for Instagram, Benson runs several other social media platforms which include a Daddyissues__ Twitter account, a DaddyissuesLA snapchat account, and a secondary instagram account under her own name. Benson has stated that she turns down most requests to upload sponsored posts since it is important for her to Document [6] (Title: Katie May) of 34, had amassed nearly two million Instagram followers and had been named "The Queen of Snapchat". In addition, May had modeled for such mainstream publications as "Sports Illustrated", "GQ", and "Playboy", and had acted as model for sports betting company JetBet, with which she partnered. Said May, "I am letting my fans see the sexy campaign and billboards while at the same time letting them know that I'm an active and vocal part of the company." May was a single mother. She cited her daughter as her source of motivation: "I had the most important person in my world, Document [7] (Title: Social commerce) learn about MVMT on Instagram before ever visiting their site. Hence, brands are looking to have customers engagement with their brands, making them new influencers living a Lifestyle brand, who propel the brand in Social media through Word-of-mouth marketing. Companies realize that fewer engaged followers worth more than a ton of passive ones. Photoslurp presents several other examples of success companies using this strategic tool, two of them are CLUSE which posts feeds full of user-generated content to show off their products with a personal touch, or Sephora who does a "Fragrance IQ" quiz which covers a brief series of Document [8] (Title: Instagram) more likely to engage with content that has not been watermarked, as they view this content as less original and reliable compared to user-generated content. Users on Instagram have created "trends" through hashtags, which are specific keywords combined with a hash symbol that lets them share content with other Instagram users. The trends deemed the most popular on the platform often highlight a specific day of the week to post the material on. Examples of popular trends include #SelfieSunday, in which users post a photo of their faces on Sundays; #MotivationMonday, in which users post motivational photos on Mondays; #TransformationTuesday, Document [9] (Title: Celebrity branding) demographic. According to the Telegraph (2015), the ten most popular Instagram accounts are all celebrities who all have around 30 million followers. By partnering with one of these celebrities, businesses are already reaching an engaged and targeted audience of 30 million people. Many of America's top-earning celebrities Instagram accounts are continually promoting products such as health supplements, vitamins and detox teas. These aren't spontaneous proclamations, but rather posts paid for by brands to advertise products to the celebrities' sizable following. On Instagram alone a profile with three-to-seven million followers can charge as much as $75,000 per endorsement, even a profile Document [10] (Title: Dimash Adilet) into fights at school, although always forgiven thanks to his outstanding academic performance. Dimash Adilet currently has around 1 million followers across his social media profiles. He first started gaining popularity on Instagram in 2015 for sharing snapshots of his luxury lifestyle and "refined" sense of fashion, along with philosophical writing and inspirational captions on the subjects such as life, love, staying positive and treating each other with respect. With his online content, he is aiming to motivate the younger generation and act as a role model to encourage personal and intellectual growth of the youth. Dimash is also known Document [11] (Title: Ariana Grande) total of more than twelve billion times, her Instagram account had accumulated more than 130 million followers, ranking her as the 3rd most followed person on Instagram, her Twitter account had more than 55 million followers, making it the 12th most followed Twitter account, and her Facebook page had more than 30 million likes. At the age of ten, Grande co-founded the South Florida youth singing group Kids Who Care, which performed for charitable fund-raising events and raised over $500,000 for charities in 2007 alone. In 2009, as a member of the charitable organization Broadway in South Africa, Grande, along Document [12] (Title: Laura Brown (fashion journalist)) of InStyle. As of January 2018, Brown has 180,000 Instagram followers and more than 43,000 Twitter followers. Of Instagram, Brown has said, "It is the way to present yourself to the world. It is the magazine of your life." If Instagram is the magazine of one's life, then Brown's demonstrates that she is proud of her Australian heritage: her Instagram feed is full of images of Australian animals such as koalas and kangaroos, and she supports Australian labels such as Zimmermann by often wearing their clothes. Brown is friends with many celebrities, including fellow Australians Naomi Watts, Rose Byrne and Document [13] (Title: Ramzan Kadyrov) nearly 8,000 pictures on Instagram, which made him the online mobile photo-sharing, video-sharing, and social networking service's "most prolific political strongman." "The New York Times" called Kadyrov's Instagram account "bizarre if strangely compelling", and "Newsweek" said it was "flashy." In a 2015 article, "The New York Times" said that Kadyrov was "Instagram-addicted." The Russian programme director of Human Rights Watch said in an October 2016 article in "The Guardian" that "even the mildest criticism on social media [is] ruthlessly punished through unlawful, punitive detention, enforced disappearances, cruel and degrading treatment, death threats, threats against family members, and physical abuse of Document [14] (Title: Model (person)) media income from endorsing products on Instagram. Australian personal trainer Kayla Itsines acquired five-and-a-half million Instagram followers allowing her to build a business in the fitness industry. Brazilian model Claudia Alende had gained a following of 2.8 million people on Instagram by 2015 and developed a career as a lingerie model. Plus-size models Iskra Lawrence and Tess Holliday have used Instagram to demonstrate their potential as models. Yashika Aannand, an Indian teenage actress rose to prominence in the Tamil film industry after gaining popularity among the public as an Instagram model with over 145,000 followers on her account by 2017. Document [15] (Title: Lionel Messi) by "Time", in 2011 and 2012. His fanbase on the social media website Facebook is among the largest of all public figures: within seven hours of its launch in April 2011, his Facebook page had nearly seven million followers, and by November 2013, he had become only the second sportsperson, after Cristiano Ronaldo, to amass over 50 million followers. He has over 97 million Instagram followers, the third highest for a sportsperson, after Cristiano Ronaldo and Neymar. According to a 2014 survey by sports research firm Repucom in 15 international markets, Messi was familiar to 87% of respondents around the Document [16] (Title: Omar Raja) had about half a million followers on Instagram at the time. Bleacher Report acquired House of Highlights in December, and hired Raja after he graduated. In January 2016, the Instagram account had 2.1 million followers, and in March 2017, it had over 5 million followers. Dave Finocchio, the CEO of Bleacher Report, likens Raja to the modern or young person's "SportsCenter", and it was also noted by the website Crowd Tangle that the account has one of the highest interaction rates (number of users who comment or like). Bernstein said that for the month of November 2017, House of Highlights Document [17] (Title: Logan Paul) In February 2014, he had over 3.1 million followers on various social media platforms. By April 2014 he had attained 105,000 Twitter followers, 361,000 Instagram followers, 31,000 likes on his Facebook page and about 150,000 subscribers to his YouTube channel. A YouTube compilation video of his Vine work garnered more than four million views the first week it was posted. In 2015 he was ranked as the 10th most influential figure on Vine, with his six-second videos earning him hundreds of thousands of dollars in advertising revenue. By that October, his Facebook videos alone had more than 300 million views. Document [18] (Title: Tiffany Trump) frequent poster to Instagram, where, , she has more than 960,000 followers. Her Instagram posts frequently include photographs of her with friends or with other people known mostly for having famous parents or grandparents, including Kyra Kennedy, granddaughter of Robert F. Kennedy; Gaïa Jacquet-Matisse, great-great-granddaughter of artist Henri Matisse; and EJ Johnson, son of Magic Johnson. The group, whose posed photos are edited by Andrew Warren, has been named the "rich kids of Instagram" by the "New York Post" and the "Snap Pack" by "The New York Times" and "New York" magazine. Tiffany Trump Tiffany Ariana Trump (born October 13, Document [19] (Title: Tavi Castro) media with close to 8 million followers on Facebook and 2.2 million followers on Instagram. Castro made headlines when he discovered and scouted Nochtli Peralta Alvarez, a former police officer who became. In 2017 Alvarez was named most beautiful woman in the Netherlands by FHM500 Magazine. Castro continues to work with Alvarez on furthering her modeling and fitness career. Tavi Castro Octavio Maginnis "Tavi" Castro (born February 3, 1990) is a Mexican-born Dutch-Canadian bodybuilder, entrepreneur, DJ and former soccer player who lives in the Netherlands. Castro has won several Musclemania international bodybuilding titles to date. Octavio Maginnis Castro better known Document [20] (Title: Paula Echevarría) Caba. Since 2010 Echevarría writes the blog "Tras la pista de Paula" for "Elle" magazine. She is the Spanish person with the highest number of followers in Instagram In 2012 she was the person with the highest growth in Google searches in Spain. In 2015 Echevarria has been the mosth searched person in Bing in Spain for two consecutive years. in 2012 she starred in "Vulnerables" of Miguel Cruz. From 2014 to 2016 Echevarría is one of the main characters of "Velvet", the prime-time series of Antena 3, together with Miguel Ángel Silvestre, Aitana Sánchez Gijón, Marta Hazas, José Sacristán, Document [21] (Title: Kylie Jenner) reached number one on the iTunes App Store. In 2014 and 2015, "Time" magazine listed the Jenner sisters on their list of the most influential teens in the world, citing their considerable influence among youth on social media. As of 2018, with over 100 million followers, she is one of the top 10 most followed people on Instagram. In 2017, Jenner was placed on the "Forbes" Celebrity 100 list, making her the youngest person to be featured on the list. Jenner starred on her own spin-off series, "Life of Kylie", which premiered on E! on August 6, 2017. According to Document [22] (Title: Taylor Hill (model)) and Mexican "Vogue", Harper's Bazaar, French, Dutch and Australian "Elle", "W", "Madame Figaro", "Dazed", "LOVE", "V", Russian "Número", "Pop Magazine", British, Spanish, Turkish, Italian Cosmopolitan, "Russh Magazine", "Grazia", "Glamour" and Italian "Marie Claire". In 2016 her name has reached No. 9 with 3.6 million followers on the "Most Followed Models" list by "Harper's Bazaar". She now has 11.6 million Instagram followers as of November 2018. After working in campaigns and photoshoots, Taylor Hill walked for high fashion designers Versace, Valentino, Chanel, Armani, Moschino, Dolce & Gabbana, Brandon Maxwell, Balmain, Givenchy, Tommy Hilfiger, Fendi, H&M, Ralph Lauren, Kenzo, Alexander Wang, Lanvin, Document [23] (Title: Ramzan Kadyrov) subscribers to Kadyrov's social networks in 2016 was more than three million people, including three million followers of his Instagram account, according to the Chechen leader's press service. It said that he had 500,000 followers on the Russian VK social network, 760,860 on Facebook, 331,000 on Twitter and 5,447 on LiveJournal. Besides his Instagram postings, it was said that he had also made almost 5,000 on Twitter and 2,300 on VK. The Russian News Agency TASS said that Kadyrov had been "recognized as the most quoted Russian blogger." In August 2016, "The Wall Street Journal" reported that Kadyrov had posted Document [24] (Title: Sarah Bahbah) of the most shared accounts on Instagram with over 480,000 followers. She was nominated one of Australia's top six digital influences in photography and travel by Pedestrian TV as part of the Blogster Award. She encourages others to "live in the moment." Sarah Bahbah Sarah Bahbah is a groundbreaking Palestinian artist who uses her creative voice to enlighten patrons on the importance of breaking the stigmas associated with CSA, and women finding freedom in voice. Using an unapologetically honest exploration into the intimate psyche of millennial women as her calling card, Bahbah empowers her audience to embrace indulgence and self Document [25] (Title: Selfie) Instagram boasted 500 million daily active users of its self-promotion, selfie-sharing app and 800 million monthly active users. Snapchat reports 178 million daily active users of its service. As of July 2017, in order of popularity, the four most popular social networking services are Facebook, Facebook Messenger, Instagram, and Snapchat. Initially popular with young people, selfies gained wider popularity over time. Life and business coach Jennifer Lee, in January 2011, was the first person to coin it as a hashtag on Instagram. By the end of 2012, "Time" magazine considered selfie one of the "top 10 buzzwords" of that year; Document [26] (Title: Murad Osmann) way to communicate, a way to bring images that I hold in my mind to the surface.” Osmann is best known for the "Follow Me" project that began in Barcelona, Spain in 2011 when his then-girlfriend, Natalia Zakharova, became annoyed each time he kept stopping to take photos. She would pull him away, but he took the photograph anyway, this sparked the "Follow Me" series. According to Osmann, Nataly’s impatience was the inspiration behind what has since become a social media phenomenon. Osman currently has 4.1 million followers on his Instagram account. Originally all #Followmeto photos were made on an Document [27] (Title: Joey Graceffa) billion total views on his main YouTube channel. On a second YouTube channel focusing on his gaming, he had more than 2.2 million subscribers and over 417 million views, for a total of over 1.7 billion views. He also has more than 3.7 million Twitter followers and more than 5.5 million Instagram followers. In 2013, Graceffa and fellow YouTube personality Meghan Camarena were contestants on "The Amazing Race 22". The two made it to the tenth leg before being eliminated. Graceffa told an interviewer that "There were a lot of bad times but it was definitely good overall. It was Document [28] (Title: Ramzan Kadyrov) independent from officials of Washington is weird." He added, "They wanted to stir my indignation, but were wrong, and this is the only thing which pleases me in actions Instagram and their patrons in the White House are undertaking. I have planned already to quit the network. But I thought I could fail my friends and subscribers, as on Instagram and Facebook I have more than 4 million followers." The Speaker of the State Duma Vyacheslav Volodin stated that the decision by Facebook and Instagram to suspend Kadyrov's accounts violated his rights, stating, "They are afraid of a public conversation Document [29] (Title: Nah Cardoso) rose on the internet and won thousands of fans with her charisma, transmitted through her photos, phrases and videos posted on social networks" says Natalia in a blog. Today the numbers on social networks of young YouTuber are impressive, she now has more than 350 thousand followers on Twitter, 5 million and 700 thousand followers on Instagram, more than 2 million and 500 thousand subscribers on YouTube and 1,000,000 followers on Facebook, all the actress profiles are authenticated. The Nah Cardoso blog is among the most visited in Brazil. When Nah had only 400,000 followers on Instagram she won more Document [30] (Title: Linn Ahlborg) on YouTube, with all content being in Swedish. Linn Ahlborg Linn Joanna Elsa Ahlborg (born 4 September 1999) is a Swedish blogger and YouTube personality. Linn runs one of Sweden's largest YouTube channels with almost 370,000 subscribers and over 500,000 followers on instagram. Her blog with over 2.5 million readers a week makes Linn's blog one of Sweden's largest blogs. She also runs the limited company Linn Ahlborg AB. She has had several blogs until she started her current one in 2013. By 2018 her blog is the most visited one at blog portal "Nouw" with approximately 868 247 page Document [31] (Title: Model (person)) fashion bloggers such as Rumi Neely and Chiara Ferragni began photographing their girlfriends in various outfits. Instagram models often attempt to become social media influencers and engage in influencer marketing, promoting products such as fashion brands and detox teas. High-profile influencers are able to earn thousands of US dollars for promoting commercial brands. When choosing whom to employ, brands have become less concerned with the number of followers an influencer has and more focussed on their engagement marketing strategy. Research indicates that 89 per cent of influencers use Instagram to promote themselves compared to 20 per cent using Twitter and Document [32] (Title: Last Week Tonight with John Oliver) page with over 2.6 million likes, a Twitter account with over 2.8 million followers, and an Instagram account with more than 400,000 followers . Oliver often makes use of joke hashtags to facilitate the viral spread of his videos on Twitter and Facebook, as with the hashtag #NotMyChristian, which he used in 2014 to complain about the casting of actor Jamie Dornan in the feature film adaptation of "Fifty Shades of Grey". The hashtag became a recurring punchline on the show, mentioned in both serious stories and casual segues. Oliver's debut show garnered 1.11 million viewers. The number of viewers Document [33] (Title: Social media in the fashion industry) Whitney Simmon's followers in return purchase these products upon release because they trust and admire Whitney Simmons. Since 2011, the popularity and usage of the smart phone, in particular iPads and iPhones increased. This altered the way consumer's were interacting and accessing with the fashion world. Instagram launched in 2010, the app since then has gained over 200 million users, over 25 billion images shared so far, averaging 1.6 billion likes per day (Wilson, A. 2014). These figures suggest that content postedis very exposed and Instagram is a good tool to reach a large number of people. Instagram is now Document [34] (Title: Nicki Minaj) her own sex appeal, and sexuality in music and on social media, attracted criticism. "Billboard" listed Minaj the fourth-most-active musician on social media on its March 2011 Social 50 chart. As of 2018, Minaj is the world's most followed rapper on Instagram. On Twitter, she is one of the most followed rappers, with over 20 million followers on the app, as of 2018. In 2010, Minaj performed for service members during the 2010 VH1 Divas Salute the Troops concert. In 2012, in the aftermath of Hurricane Sandy, Minaj donated $15,000 to the Food Bank For New York City and held Document [35] (Title: Caitlyn Jenner) tweets by verified users from January 1 to November 10 of that year. Jenner amassed over one million Twitter followers in four hours and three minutes, setting a new Guinness World Record and surpassing United States President Barack Obama, who, a month before, accomplished the same feat in four hours and fifty-two minutes. Four days later Jenner was up to 2.37 million followers, with another 1.5 million followers on Instagram. However, Jenner was also mocked. Beginning in September 2015, she was depicted on the satirical American animated program "South Park", which parodied her supporters' political correctness, as well as her Document [36] (Title: Model (person)) Instagram model techniques and aesthetics have also been used in unconventional or parody profiles. Instagram model Lil Miquela has blurred the line between reality and social media, amassing more than 200,000 followers without it being revealed whether she is real or computer-generated. Australian comedian Celeste Barber had acquired 1.8 million Instagram followers by 2017, parodying celebrity fashion photographs with real-life reenactments. In 2016, French organization Addict Aide ran a campaign to raise awareness for alcohol abuse among young people in which a model posed as Louise Delage, a fictitious 25-year-old Parisian whose Instagram photos nearly always featured alcohol. The account Document [37] (Title: Fashion influencer) a blog in the first place. Jenn Im became a fashion influencer due to her successful Youtube channel, German influencer Pamela Reif due to her high reach on Instagram. In 2017, Instagram was the social media platform with the highest reach for fashion influencers. Forbes calculated that the top ten fashion influencers combined generated a reach of 23,3 million on Instagram. At the same time, the fashion industry had the highest share on Instagram influencer marketing in the US. It’s share, approximately 61 percent, dominated by far subsequent sectors investing in influencer marketing such as travel (8 percent) and food Document [38] (Title: Thomas Sanders (entertainer)) Vine down at the end of 2016, Sanders announced that he would continue making Vines until the app's last day. When Vine was shut down on January 17, 2017, Sanders had reached 8.3 million followers. Since that date, his short videos, now known as the "Sanders Shorts", are first released on his Instagram, where as of November 2018 he has 2.5 million followers. He also encourages his followers, who call themselves "Fanders", to draw fan art inspired on him and his work and send it to him, choosing some of the best examples and releasing weekly Instagram compilations each Friday Document [39] (Title: Audrey Kitching) 3 million page views monthly, in addition to her Facebook which has garnered 170,000 likes, her Instagram which has 256,000 followers, and her Twitter which has 109,000. Often collaborating with brands through her blog, she was chosen by JC Penney as one of five "haulers" to receive $1,000 of merchandise in exchange for blog promotion. In October 2012, her Instagram page was named as a favorite of Milkstudios, who declared that "Some girls look good on the internet, and some girls make the internet look good - Audrey is the latter." On February 22, 2013, she spoke for Buzzmedia at Document [40] (Title: Daryl Aiden Yow) Daryl Aiden Yow Daryl Aiden Yow is a Singapore-based Instagram influencer and photographer who has worked with brands such as Sony, Oppo and Uniqlo. Yow became known on social media as style influencer Andrea Chong's Instagram photographer since 2015. He has accrued more than 100,000 followers on Instagram as of June 2018. =Plagiarism scandal= Yow gained widespread media attention in June 2018 after some of the images on his Instagram account and personal website were discovered to be edited or composited photos made from stock images, or from images found on sites such as Pinterest and Reddit. Acting on a Document [41] (Title: Lisa and Lena) point they were gaining around 30,000 new followers daily. They have many fans from their home country of Germany, but they also have millions of fans internationally. Lisa and Lena have over 32 million fans on TikTok and 14 million followers on Instagram. In 2016 the duo received the golden Bravo Otto as "Social-Media-Stars". They also received a 2017 Shorty Award as Muser of the Year. They were nominated for Teen Choice Awards 2017 as Best Musers. Lisa and Lena Lisa and Lena Mantler (born June 17, 2002), more commonly referred to as Lisa and Lena, are identical twins from Document [42] (Title: Social media in the fashion industry) fashion brand Tommy Hilfiger has incorporated social media into their marketing strategy effectively. They have understood the power that it has and the influence on consumers. By having someone who is well known and admired the brand received positive attention. Gigi Hadid is one of the most popular super models of 2016, with the Instagram following of 15.5 million people. She has modelled for the cover of Vogue, W, Harpers Bazaar, Elle, TeenVogue, Numéro, Schön! And CR Fashion Book, along with appearing in music videos and television programs around the world. (PVH, C. 2012). Tommy Hilfiger has cast Gigi as Document [43] (Title: Neymar) March 2015, Neymar had the fourth highest social media rank in the world among sportspeople, behind Cristiano Ronaldo, Lionel Messi and David Beckham, with 52 million Facebook fans. He has over 100 million Instagram followers, the second highest for a sportsperson (after Cristiano Ronaldo), and inside the top 10 most followed people. In ESPN's list of active sportspeople in 2016, Neymar was ranked the fourth most famous athlete in the world. To mark the World Cup commencing in Brazil, in June 2014, Neymar appeared with supermodel Gisele Bündchen on the front cover of "Vogue"'s Brazilian edition. In November 2014, Neymar Document [44] (Title: Dylan Dauzat) films as an actor, producer, and associate producer. In 2017, he began his working relationship with Disney, first appearing in the television series 'Hyperlinked'. As of June 2018, his YouTube channel has over 700,000 subscribers with more than 37.4 million views. He currently has over 1.3 million followers on Instagram, more than 734,000 followers on Twitter, and over 275,000 followers on Facebook. In all, he has over 5.5 million followers around the world and across all major social media platforms. He holds the distinction of being ranked #21 Most Famous Viner. He has maintained an audience of over 1.6 million Document [45] (Title: Model (person)) 16 per cent using Facebook. Some Instagram models have gained high-profile modelling jobs and become celebrities. Fitness model Jen Selter had become an Internet celebrity by 2014 with nearly 2 million Instagram followers, gaining professional sports management work and modelling for "Vanity Fair" magazine. Cosplayer and model Anna Faith had acquired over 250,000 Instagram followers by 2014, gaining success from her ability to impersonate the Disney character Elsa. With Facebook's continuing decrease in post reach, Instagram has increasingly become the favorite platform for cosplayers. American actress Caitlin O'Connor had almost 300,000 Instagram followers in 2016, earning most of her social Document [46] (Title: Mevius) Korea Times of Instagram Influencer Guidelines to let the public know about JTI Korea's dubious SNS marketing. He said he was approached by a person from JTI Korea's marketing team in June 2017. ""JTI systematically recruited young male Instagram users who have at least 10,000 followers"" the user said anonymously. ""I heard they were offered 4 to 5 million Won for each post for a month, depending on the number of their followers. The users were given this piece of paper outlining how they should take photos and depict them"". The company's marketing tactic is disgraceful, he said, stressing minors, Document [47] (Title: Chris Messina (open-source advocate)) and YouTube. So much so that Instagram had to officially place a "30 hashtags" limit on its posts to prevent people from abusing the use of hashtags. A limit which Instagrammers eventually circumvented by posting hashtags in the comments section of their posts. As of 2018 more than 85% of the top 50 websites by traffic on the Internet use hashtags and their use is highly common with millennials, Gen Z, politicians, influencers, and celebrities worldwide. Messina subsequently went on to become the Developer Experience Lead at Uber from 2016 to 2017. And as of 2018 ranks as the No. Document [48] (Title: Lia Marie Johnson) have surpassed 117 million views and currently maintains over 1.7 million subscribers, while her Instagram account was followed by 1.5 million followers. In a 2014 "Adweek" profile she was referred to as one of "10 of the biggest young stars on YouTube". In 2015 she was named one of the Top 100 YouTubers in the world. Johnson was born in Wahiawa, Hawaii. Her family eventually settled in California. In 2012, in a combined episode of "Teens React" and "Elders React" about the 2012 United States presidential election, Johnson stated that she is a Democrat. Johnson's YouTube account was created on Document [49] (Title: Bisa Kdei) 574,000 followers as well as his Instagram account were hacked on October 29, 2015. Bisa posted on Twitter confirming the hack and that his media team was working to get it resolved. The hackers posted several sexually suggestive videos and pictures on his page. His Instagram account was shut down and a new account was created. He is back on Facebook, on Bisa Kdei World |url=http://facebook.com/bisakdeiworld|</ref> and Instagram as Bisa Kdei |url=http://instagram.com/bisakdei/ Bisa Kdei has come a long way as far as music is concerned and ever since he came into the mainstream, he has been able to touch hearts Document [50] (Title: Baby Ariel) she has over 26 million followers on the app. Ariel has also built a following on other social media networks, including more than 9 million followers on Instagram, 2.9 million subscribers on YouTube, 1 million followers on Twitter, and 280 thousand followers on Facebook. In 2015, Ariel launched an anti-bullying campaign called #ArielMovement, described by "BlackBook" as one of her most important endeavors. "People" magazine recognized her for her support in the #HackHarassment initiative to stop Internet trolls and negativity on the Internet. Ariel signed with Creative Artists Agency in September 2016 and released her debut single "Aww" on December Document [51] (Title: Click farm) fake likes and accounts occurred from August to September 2012. According to Facebook's 2014 financial report to the Securities and Exchange Commission, an estimated 83 million false accounts were deleted, accounting for approximately 6.4% of the 1.3 billion total accounts on Facebook. Likester reported pages affected include Lady Gaga, who lost 65,505 fans and Facebook, who lost 124,919 fake likes. Technology giant Dell lost 107,889 likes (2.87% of its total likes) in 24 hours. Billions of YouTube video fake views were deleted after being exposed by auditors. In December 2014, Instagram carried out a purge deemed the "Instagram Rapture" wherein Document [52] (Title: Katy Perry) in June 2017. Keith Caulfield of "Billboard" stated that the singer is "the rare celebrity who seems to have enormous popularity but genuine ground-level interaction with her adoring KatyCats." With a combined total of over 246 million followers across Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter, she is the fourth most followed musician across social media. In June 2017, "Time" listed Perry among its "25 Most Influential People on the Internet" of the year, writing that her live-stream for "Witness" was "blazing a trail" for being "the closest any major entertainer has come to giving fans the kind of 'real' intimacy that social Document [53] (Title: Kevin Systrom) 2016, Systrom met with Pope Francis at the Vatican, where they discussed the power of images in uniting people "across borders, cultures and generations". Kevin Systrom Kevin York Systrom (born December 30, 1983) is an American programmer and entrepreneur. He created Instagram, the world's largest photo sharing website. He co‑founded Instagram along with Mike Krieger. Instagram is ranked world's 14th most visited site by Alexa rankings. He was keen programmer and loved photography. Under Systrom as CEO, Instagram has become a fast growing app, with 800 million monthly users as of September 2017. Systrom resigned as CEO of Instagram on Document [54] (Title: Nah Cardoso) than 25 thousand reais for posting 10 photos on Instagram for Mercedes-Benz. In 2013 with 400,000 followers on Instagram and 140,000 on Twitter, Nah Cardoso campaigned for clothing brands, shoes and even made advertising campaign for Mercedes-Benz car brand. It was when she decided to create the Blog Nah Cardoso, which received already over 20 thousand visitors per day. In 2015 Nah Cardoso began as blogger her artistic career, today Nah Cardoso is an actress, model and YouTuber, she has appeared in TV shows such as Sunday Spectacular on Rede Record. In which she was looking for a double. In Document [55] (Title: Friending and following) social network. It is not uncommon for people to have hundreds or even thousands of friends/followers on their social media accounts. As a result, many teen users feel pressured to make extremely curated posts, posting only carefully posed and edited photographs with well-thought-out captions. Some users (typically teenage girls) on Instagram create a second account, known as a "Finsta" (short for ""F"ake "Insta"gram"). A Finsta is typically private, and the owner only allows close friends to follow it. Since the follower count is kept down, the posts can be more candid and silly in nature. There are distinct groups of Question: who has the most no. of followers on instagram Answer: Instagram Long Answer: Rank Chg Account name Owner Followers (millions) Profession Country 1 . @ instagram Instagram 234 Social media platform USA 2 . @ selenagomez Selena Gomez 135 Musician and actress USA 3 . @ cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo 123 Footballer POR 4 . @ arianagrande Ariana Grande 118 Musician and actress USA 5 . @ beyonce Beyoncé 113 Musician and actress USA 6 . @ kimkardashian Kim Kardashian 110 Reality TV personality USA 7 . @ kyliejenner Kylie Jenner 107 Reality TV personality USA 8 . @ taylorswift Taylor Swift 107 Musician and actress USA 9 . @ therock Dwayne Johnson 103 Actor and professional wrestler USA 10 . @ justinbieber Justin Bieber 98 Musician CAN 11 . @ neymarjr Neymar 91 Footballer BRA 12 . @ leomessi Lionel Messi 89 Footballer ARG 13 . @ kendalljenner Kendall Jenner 89 Model USA 14 . @ natgeo National Geographic 87 Magazine USA 15 . @ nickiminaj Nicki Minaj 86 Musician TRI 16 . @ nike Nike 77 Sportswear multinational corporation USA 17 . @ mileycyrus Miley Cyrus 75 Musician and actress USA 18 . @ khloekardashian Khloé Kardashian 74 Reality TV personality USA 19 . @ jlo Jennifer Lopez 74 Musician and actress USA 20 . @ katyperry Katy Perry 69 Musician USA 21 . @ ddlovato Demi Lovato 67 Musician and actress USA 22 . @ kourtneykardash Kourtney Kardashian 62 Reality TV personality USA 23 . @ badgalriri Rihanna 61 Musician BAR 24 . @ victoriassecret Victoria's Secret 59 Lingerie retailer USA 25 . @ kevinhart4real Kevin Hart 58 Comedian USA As of April 17, 2018 Gold Document ID: 55

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Celebrity branding) are deciding to attempt to reach the largest assortment of potential consumers possible, rather than reaching a small number of consumers but more frequently – which is described as frequency (Belch & Belch, 2012). An example of the usefulness of a celebrity's reach can be shown in statistics taken from telegraph.co.uk regarding the world's most followed Instagram celebrities. The most followed Instagram celebrity is Selena Gomez, with each post that she makes being viewed by all or most of her 145 million followers. Cristiano Ronaldo is 2nd, with 144 million followers, and Ariana Grande is 3rd with 116 million followers. Document [2] (Title: Xavier Di Petta) 2013, Di Petta created @EarthPix and @HistoryInPics on Twitter with Kyle Cameron. As of September 2016, the accounts have 1.91M and 3.48M followers, respectively. @EarthPix on Instagram has over 14M followers and is ranked the 113th Most Followed Instagram account. At 17, Di Petta co-founded Social Trends Media; focusing on business development and partnerships. Social Trends Media earned $800,000 in sales in December 2013. In May 2014, Di Petta was featured in a Special Interest Paper by the City of London on 'Cultural Innovation and Entrepreneurship in London' In October 2014, Di Petta joined the Advisory Board of the National Document [3] (Title: Kevin Systrom) Vice-President James Everingham, as well as Kevin Weil, who formerly headed product development at Twitter, as high-ranking executives at Instagram. As of October 2015, 40 billion pictures had been shared on Instagram. As of June 2016, Instagram had over 500 million active users. Also in 2016, "CNN" quoted a study according to which Snapchat was regarded as the most important social network among teenagers aged 14 to 19, the first time in two years that Instagram did not feature at the top. Instagram currently employs around 450 people. The app is used by 600 million people per month and 300 Document [4] (Title: Claudia Alende) a Megan Fox lookalike. By 2015 the Brazilian model was being followed by 2.8 million people on Instagram and had made £2.1 million from high profile social media endorsements. As of November 2017, Alende had over 10 million followers on Instagram. On January 29, 2017, she was the judge of the Model Scout ID event together with Marcus Pelle, owner of DAS Models. The event was held in Barranquilla, Colombia. She had to choose one model out of 100 contestants. In June 2017 Alende was included in a feature by Forbes magazine as one of their top 15 Instagram influencers. Document [5] (Title: Violet Benson) before becoming known as Daddy Issues. Benson started her Daddy Issues Instagram account on July 5, 2014. Benson has earned over 3 million followers on Instagram and is known as one of the fastest growing accounts and one of the largest funny female accounts that even MTV took notice. Though best known for Instagram, Benson runs several other social media platforms which include a Daddyissues__ Twitter account, a DaddyissuesLA snapchat account, and a secondary instagram account under her own name. Benson has stated that she turns down most requests to upload sponsored posts since it is important for her to Document [6] (Title: Katie May) of 34, had amassed nearly two million Instagram followers and had been named "The Queen of Snapchat". In addition, May had modeled for such mainstream publications as "Sports Illustrated", "GQ", and "Playboy", and had acted as model for sports betting company JetBet, with which she partnered. Said May, "I am letting my fans see the sexy campaign and billboards while at the same time letting them know that I'm an active and vocal part of the company." May was a single mother. She cited her daughter as her source of motivation: "I had the most important person in my world, Document [7] (Title: Social commerce) learn about MVMT on Instagram before ever visiting their site. Hence, brands are looking to have customers engagement with their brands, making them new influencers living a Lifestyle brand, who propel the brand in Social media through Word-of-mouth marketing. Companies realize that fewer engaged followers worth more than a ton of passive ones. Photoslurp presents several other examples of success companies using this strategic tool, two of them are CLUSE which posts feeds full of user-generated content to show off their products with a personal touch, or Sephora who does a "Fragrance IQ" quiz which covers a brief series of Document [8] (Title: Instagram) more likely to engage with content that has not been watermarked, as they view this content as less original and reliable compared to user-generated content. Users on Instagram have created "trends" through hashtags, which are specific keywords combined with a hash symbol that lets them share content with other Instagram users. The trends deemed the most popular on the platform often highlight a specific day of the week to post the material on. Examples of popular trends include #SelfieSunday, in which users post a photo of their faces on Sundays; #MotivationMonday, in which users post motivational photos on Mondays; #TransformationTuesday, Document [9] (Title: Celebrity branding) demographic. According to the Telegraph (2015), the ten most popular Instagram accounts are all celebrities who all have around 30 million followers. By partnering with one of these celebrities, businesses are already reaching an engaged and targeted audience of 30 million people. Many of America's top-earning celebrities Instagram accounts are continually promoting products such as health supplements, vitamins and detox teas. These aren't spontaneous proclamations, but rather posts paid for by brands to advertise products to the celebrities' sizable following. On Instagram alone a profile with three-to-seven million followers can charge as much as $75,000 per endorsement, even a profile Document [10] (Title: Dimash Adilet) into fights at school, although always forgiven thanks to his outstanding academic performance. Dimash Adilet currently has around 1 million followers across his social media profiles. He first started gaining popularity on Instagram in 2015 for sharing snapshots of his luxury lifestyle and "refined" sense of fashion, along with philosophical writing and inspirational captions on the subjects such as life, love, staying positive and treating each other with respect. With his online content, he is aiming to motivate the younger generation and act as a role model to encourage personal and intellectual growth of the youth. Dimash is also known Document [11] (Title: Ariana Grande) total of more than twelve billion times, her Instagram account had accumulated more than 130 million followers, ranking her as the 3rd most followed person on Instagram, her Twitter account had more than 55 million followers, making it the 12th most followed Twitter account, and her Facebook page had more than 30 million likes. At the age of ten, Grande co-founded the South Florida youth singing group Kids Who Care, which performed for charitable fund-raising events and raised over $500,000 for charities in 2007 alone. In 2009, as a member of the charitable organization Broadway in South Africa, Grande, along Document [12] (Title: Laura Brown (fashion journalist)) of InStyle. As of January 2018, Brown has 180,000 Instagram followers and more than 43,000 Twitter followers. Of Instagram, Brown has said, "It is the way to present yourself to the world. It is the magazine of your life." If Instagram is the magazine of one's life, then Brown's demonstrates that she is proud of her Australian heritage: her Instagram feed is full of images of Australian animals such as koalas and kangaroos, and she supports Australian labels such as Zimmermann by often wearing their clothes. Brown is friends with many celebrities, including fellow Australians Naomi Watts, Rose Byrne and Document [13] (Title: Ramzan Kadyrov) nearly 8,000 pictures on Instagram, which made him the online mobile photo-sharing, video-sharing, and social networking service's "most prolific political strongman." "The New York Times" called Kadyrov's Instagram account "bizarre if strangely compelling", and "Newsweek" said it was "flashy." In a 2015 article, "The New York Times" said that Kadyrov was "Instagram-addicted." The Russian programme director of Human Rights Watch said in an October 2016 article in "The Guardian" that "even the mildest criticism on social media [is] ruthlessly punished through unlawful, punitive detention, enforced disappearances, cruel and degrading treatment, death threats, threats against family members, and physical abuse of Document [14] (Title: Model (person)) media income from endorsing products on Instagram. Australian personal trainer Kayla Itsines acquired five-and-a-half million Instagram followers allowing her to build a business in the fitness industry. Brazilian model Claudia Alende had gained a following of 2.8 million people on Instagram by 2015 and developed a career as a lingerie model. Plus-size models Iskra Lawrence and Tess Holliday have used Instagram to demonstrate their potential as models. Yashika Aannand, an Indian teenage actress rose to prominence in the Tamil film industry after gaining popularity among the public as an Instagram model with over 145,000 followers on her account by 2017. Document [15] (Title: Lionel Messi) by "Time", in 2011 and 2012. His fanbase on the social media website Facebook is among the largest of all public figures: within seven hours of its launch in April 2011, his Facebook page had nearly seven million followers, and by November 2013, he had become only the second sportsperson, after Cristiano Ronaldo, to amass over 50 million followers. He has over 97 million Instagram followers, the third highest for a sportsperson, after Cristiano Ronaldo and Neymar. According to a 2014 survey by sports research firm Repucom in 15 international markets, Messi was familiar to 87% of respondents around the Document [16] (Title: Omar Raja) had about half a million followers on Instagram at the time. Bleacher Report acquired House of Highlights in December, and hired Raja after he graduated. In January 2016, the Instagram account had 2.1 million followers, and in March 2017, it had over 5 million followers. Dave Finocchio, the CEO of Bleacher Report, likens Raja to the modern or young person's "SportsCenter", and it was also noted by the website Crowd Tangle that the account has one of the highest interaction rates (number of users who comment or like). Bernstein said that for the month of November 2017, House of Highlights Document [17] (Title: Logan Paul) In February 2014, he had over 3.1 million followers on various social media platforms. By April 2014 he had attained 105,000 Twitter followers, 361,000 Instagram followers, 31,000 likes on his Facebook page and about 150,000 subscribers to his YouTube channel. A YouTube compilation video of his Vine work garnered more than four million views the first week it was posted. In 2015 he was ranked as the 10th most influential figure on Vine, with his six-second videos earning him hundreds of thousands of dollars in advertising revenue. By that October, his Facebook videos alone had more than 300 million views. Document [18] (Title: Tiffany Trump) frequent poster to Instagram, where, , she has more than 960,000 followers. Her Instagram posts frequently include photographs of her with friends or with other people known mostly for having famous parents or grandparents, including Kyra Kennedy, granddaughter of Robert F. Kennedy; Gaïa Jacquet-Matisse, great-great-granddaughter of artist Henri Matisse; and EJ Johnson, son of Magic Johnson. The group, whose posed photos are edited by Andrew Warren, has been named the "rich kids of Instagram" by the "New York Post" and the "Snap Pack" by "The New York Times" and "New York" magazine. Tiffany Trump Tiffany Ariana Trump (born October 13, Document [19] (Title: Tavi Castro) media with close to 8 million followers on Facebook and 2.2 million followers on Instagram. Castro made headlines when he discovered and scouted Nochtli Peralta Alvarez, a former police officer who became. In 2017 Alvarez was named most beautiful woman in the Netherlands by FHM500 Magazine. Castro continues to work with Alvarez on furthering her modeling and fitness career. Tavi Castro Octavio Maginnis "Tavi" Castro (born February 3, 1990) is a Mexican-born Dutch-Canadian bodybuilder, entrepreneur, DJ and former soccer player who lives in the Netherlands. Castro has won several Musclemania international bodybuilding titles to date. Octavio Maginnis Castro better known Document [20] (Title: Paula Echevarría) Caba. Since 2010 Echevarría writes the blog "Tras la pista de Paula" for "Elle" magazine. She is the Spanish person with the highest number of followers in Instagram In 2012 she was the person with the highest growth in Google searches in Spain. In 2015 Echevarria has been the mosth searched person in Bing in Spain for two consecutive years. in 2012 she starred in "Vulnerables" of Miguel Cruz. From 2014 to 2016 Echevarría is one of the main characters of "Velvet", the prime-time series of Antena 3, together with Miguel Ángel Silvestre, Aitana Sánchez Gijón, Marta Hazas, José Sacristán, Document [21] (Title: Kylie Jenner) reached number one on the iTunes App Store. In 2014 and 2015, "Time" magazine listed the Jenner sisters on their list of the most influential teens in the world, citing their considerable influence among youth on social media. As of 2018, with over 100 million followers, she is one of the top 10 most followed people on Instagram. In 2017, Jenner was placed on the "Forbes" Celebrity 100 list, making her the youngest person to be featured on the list. Jenner starred on her own spin-off series, "Life of Kylie", which premiered on E! on August 6, 2017. According to Document [22] (Title: Taylor Hill (model)) and Mexican "Vogue", Harper's Bazaar, French, Dutch and Australian "Elle", "W", "Madame Figaro", "Dazed", "LOVE", "V", Russian "Número", "Pop Magazine", British, Spanish, Turkish, Italian Cosmopolitan, "Russh Magazine", "Grazia", "Glamour" and Italian "Marie Claire". In 2016 her name has reached No. 9 with 3.6 million followers on the "Most Followed Models" list by "Harper's Bazaar". She now has 11.6 million Instagram followers as of November 2018. After working in campaigns and photoshoots, Taylor Hill walked for high fashion designers Versace, Valentino, Chanel, Armani, Moschino, Dolce & Gabbana, Brandon Maxwell, Balmain, Givenchy, Tommy Hilfiger, Fendi, H&M, Ralph Lauren, Kenzo, Alexander Wang, Lanvin, Document [23] (Title: Ramzan Kadyrov) subscribers to Kadyrov's social networks in 2016 was more than three million people, including three million followers of his Instagram account, according to the Chechen leader's press service. It said that he had 500,000 followers on the Russian VK social network, 760,860 on Facebook, 331,000 on Twitter and 5,447 on LiveJournal. Besides his Instagram postings, it was said that he had also made almost 5,000 on Twitter and 2,300 on VK. The Russian News Agency TASS said that Kadyrov had been "recognized as the most quoted Russian blogger." In August 2016, "The Wall Street Journal" reported that Kadyrov had posted Document [24] (Title: Sarah Bahbah) of the most shared accounts on Instagram with over 480,000 followers. She was nominated one of Australia's top six digital influences in photography and travel by Pedestrian TV as part of the Blogster Award. She encourages others to "live in the moment." Sarah Bahbah Sarah Bahbah is a groundbreaking Palestinian artist who uses her creative voice to enlighten patrons on the importance of breaking the stigmas associated with CSA, and women finding freedom in voice. Using an unapologetically honest exploration into the intimate psyche of millennial women as her calling card, Bahbah empowers her audience to embrace indulgence and self Document [25] (Title: Selfie) Instagram boasted 500 million daily active users of its self-promotion, selfie-sharing app and 800 million monthly active users. Snapchat reports 178 million daily active users of its service. As of July 2017, in order of popularity, the four most popular social networking services are Facebook, Facebook Messenger, Instagram, and Snapchat. Initially popular with young people, selfies gained wider popularity over time. Life and business coach Jennifer Lee, in January 2011, was the first person to coin it as a hashtag on Instagram. By the end of 2012, "Time" magazine considered selfie one of the "top 10 buzzwords" of that year; Document [26] (Title: Murad Osmann) way to communicate, a way to bring images that I hold in my mind to the surface.” Osmann is best known for the "Follow Me" project that began in Barcelona, Spain in 2011 when his then-girlfriend, Natalia Zakharova, became annoyed each time he kept stopping to take photos. She would pull him away, but he took the photograph anyway, this sparked the "Follow Me" series. According to Osmann, Nataly’s impatience was the inspiration behind what has since become a social media phenomenon. Osman currently has 4.1 million followers on his Instagram account. Originally all #Followmeto photos were made on an Document [27] (Title: Joey Graceffa) billion total views on his main YouTube channel. On a second YouTube channel focusing on his gaming, he had more than 2.2 million subscribers and over 417 million views, for a total of over 1.7 billion views. He also has more than 3.7 million Twitter followers and more than 5.5 million Instagram followers. In 2013, Graceffa and fellow YouTube personality Meghan Camarena were contestants on "The Amazing Race 22". The two made it to the tenth leg before being eliminated. Graceffa told an interviewer that "There were a lot of bad times but it was definitely good overall. It was Document [28] (Title: Ramzan Kadyrov) independent from officials of Washington is weird." He added, "They wanted to stir my indignation, but were wrong, and this is the only thing which pleases me in actions Instagram and their patrons in the White House are undertaking. I have planned already to quit the network. But I thought I could fail my friends and subscribers, as on Instagram and Facebook I have more than 4 million followers." The Speaker of the State Duma Vyacheslav Volodin stated that the decision by Facebook and Instagram to suspend Kadyrov's accounts violated his rights, stating, "They are afraid of a public conversation Document [29] (Title: Nah Cardoso) rose on the internet and won thousands of fans with her charisma, transmitted through her photos, phrases and videos posted on social networks" says Natalia in a blog. Today the numbers on social networks of young YouTuber are impressive, she now has more than 350 thousand followers on Twitter, 5 million and 700 thousand followers on Instagram, more than 2 million and 500 thousand subscribers on YouTube and 1,000,000 followers on Facebook, all the actress profiles are authenticated. The Nah Cardoso blog is among the most visited in Brazil. When Nah had only 400,000 followers on Instagram she won more Document [30] (Title: Linn Ahlborg) on YouTube, with all content being in Swedish. Linn Ahlborg Linn Joanna Elsa Ahlborg (born 4 September 1999) is a Swedish blogger and YouTube personality. Linn runs one of Sweden's largest YouTube channels with almost 370,000 subscribers and over 500,000 followers on instagram. Her blog with over 2.5 million readers a week makes Linn's blog one of Sweden's largest blogs. She also runs the limited company Linn Ahlborg AB. She has had several blogs until she started her current one in 2013. By 2018 her blog is the most visited one at blog portal "Nouw" with approximately 868 247 page Document [31] (Title: Model (person)) fashion bloggers such as Rumi Neely and Chiara Ferragni began photographing their girlfriends in various outfits. Instagram models often attempt to become social media influencers and engage in influencer marketing, promoting products such as fashion brands and detox teas. High-profile influencers are able to earn thousands of US dollars for promoting commercial brands. When choosing whom to employ, brands have become less concerned with the number of followers an influencer has and more focussed on their engagement marketing strategy. Research indicates that 89 per cent of influencers use Instagram to promote themselves compared to 20 per cent using Twitter and Document [32] (Title: Last Week Tonight with John Oliver) page with over 2.6 million likes, a Twitter account with over 2.8 million followers, and an Instagram account with more than 400,000 followers . Oliver often makes use of joke hashtags to facilitate the viral spread of his videos on Twitter and Facebook, as with the hashtag #NotMyChristian, which he used in 2014 to complain about the casting of actor Jamie Dornan in the feature film adaptation of "Fifty Shades of Grey". The hashtag became a recurring punchline on the show, mentioned in both serious stories and casual segues. Oliver's debut show garnered 1.11 million viewers. The number of viewers Document [33] (Title: Social media in the fashion industry) Whitney Simmon's followers in return purchase these products upon release because they trust and admire Whitney Simmons. Since 2011, the popularity and usage of the smart phone, in particular iPads and iPhones increased. This altered the way consumer's were interacting and accessing with the fashion world. Instagram launched in 2010, the app since then has gained over 200 million users, over 25 billion images shared so far, averaging 1.6 billion likes per day (Wilson, A. 2014). These figures suggest that content postedis very exposed and Instagram is a good tool to reach a large number of people. Instagram is now Document [34] (Title: Nicki Minaj) her own sex appeal, and sexuality in music and on social media, attracted criticism. "Billboard" listed Minaj the fourth-most-active musician on social media on its March 2011 Social 50 chart. As of 2018, Minaj is the world's most followed rapper on Instagram. On Twitter, she is one of the most followed rappers, with over 20 million followers on the app, as of 2018. In 2010, Minaj performed for service members during the 2010 VH1 Divas Salute the Troops concert. In 2012, in the aftermath of Hurricane Sandy, Minaj donated $15,000 to the Food Bank For New York City and held Document [35] (Title: Caitlyn Jenner) tweets by verified users from January 1 to November 10 of that year. Jenner amassed over one million Twitter followers in four hours and three minutes, setting a new Guinness World Record and surpassing United States President Barack Obama, who, a month before, accomplished the same feat in four hours and fifty-two minutes. Four days later Jenner was up to 2.37 million followers, with another 1.5 million followers on Instagram. However, Jenner was also mocked. Beginning in September 2015, she was depicted on the satirical American animated program "South Park", which parodied her supporters' political correctness, as well as her Document [36] (Title: Model (person)) Instagram model techniques and aesthetics have also been used in unconventional or parody profiles. Instagram model Lil Miquela has blurred the line between reality and social media, amassing more than 200,000 followers without it being revealed whether she is real or computer-generated. Australian comedian Celeste Barber had acquired 1.8 million Instagram followers by 2017, parodying celebrity fashion photographs with real-life reenactments. In 2016, French organization Addict Aide ran a campaign to raise awareness for alcohol abuse among young people in which a model posed as Louise Delage, a fictitious 25-year-old Parisian whose Instagram photos nearly always featured alcohol. The account Document [37] (Title: Fashion influencer) a blog in the first place. Jenn Im became a fashion influencer due to her successful Youtube channel, German influencer Pamela Reif due to her high reach on Instagram. In 2017, Instagram was the social media platform with the highest reach for fashion influencers. Forbes calculated that the top ten fashion influencers combined generated a reach of 23,3 million on Instagram. At the same time, the fashion industry had the highest share on Instagram influencer marketing in the US. It’s share, approximately 61 percent, dominated by far subsequent sectors investing in influencer marketing such as travel (8 percent) and food Document [38] (Title: Thomas Sanders (entertainer)) Vine down at the end of 2016, Sanders announced that he would continue making Vines until the app's last day. When Vine was shut down on January 17, 2017, Sanders had reached 8.3 million followers. Since that date, his short videos, now known as the "Sanders Shorts", are first released on his Instagram, where as of November 2018 he has 2.5 million followers. He also encourages his followers, who call themselves "Fanders", to draw fan art inspired on him and his work and send it to him, choosing some of the best examples and releasing weekly Instagram compilations each Friday Document [39] (Title: Audrey Kitching) 3 million page views monthly, in addition to her Facebook which has garnered 170,000 likes, her Instagram which has 256,000 followers, and her Twitter which has 109,000. Often collaborating with brands through her blog, she was chosen by JC Penney as one of five "haulers" to receive $1,000 of merchandise in exchange for blog promotion. In October 2012, her Instagram page was named as a favorite of Milkstudios, who declared that "Some girls look good on the internet, and some girls make the internet look good - Audrey is the latter." On February 22, 2013, she spoke for Buzzmedia at Document [40] (Title: Daryl Aiden Yow) Daryl Aiden Yow Daryl Aiden Yow is a Singapore-based Instagram influencer and photographer who has worked with brands such as Sony, Oppo and Uniqlo. Yow became known on social media as style influencer Andrea Chong's Instagram photographer since 2015. He has accrued more than 100,000 followers on Instagram as of June 2018. =Plagiarism scandal= Yow gained widespread media attention in June 2018 after some of the images on his Instagram account and personal website were discovered to be edited or composited photos made from stock images, or from images found on sites such as Pinterest and Reddit. Acting on a Document [41] (Title: Lisa and Lena) point they were gaining around 30,000 new followers daily. They have many fans from their home country of Germany, but they also have millions of fans internationally. Lisa and Lena have over 32 million fans on TikTok and 14 million followers on Instagram. In 2016 the duo received the golden Bravo Otto as "Social-Media-Stars". They also received a 2017 Shorty Award as Muser of the Year. They were nominated for Teen Choice Awards 2017 as Best Musers. Lisa and Lena Lisa and Lena Mantler (born June 17, 2002), more commonly referred to as Lisa and Lena, are identical twins from Document [42] (Title: Social media in the fashion industry) fashion brand Tommy Hilfiger has incorporated social media into their marketing strategy effectively. They have understood the power that it has and the influence on consumers. By having someone who is well known and admired the brand received positive attention. Gigi Hadid is one of the most popular super models of 2016, with the Instagram following of 15.5 million people. She has modelled for the cover of Vogue, W, Harpers Bazaar, Elle, TeenVogue, Numéro, Schön! And CR Fashion Book, along with appearing in music videos and television programs around the world. (PVH, C. 2012). Tommy Hilfiger has cast Gigi as Document [43] (Title: Neymar) March 2015, Neymar had the fourth highest social media rank in the world among sportspeople, behind Cristiano Ronaldo, Lionel Messi and David Beckham, with 52 million Facebook fans. He has over 100 million Instagram followers, the second highest for a sportsperson (after Cristiano Ronaldo), and inside the top 10 most followed people. In ESPN's list of active sportspeople in 2016, Neymar was ranked the fourth most famous athlete in the world. To mark the World Cup commencing in Brazil, in June 2014, Neymar appeared with supermodel Gisele Bündchen on the front cover of "Vogue"'s Brazilian edition. In November 2014, Neymar Document [44] (Title: Dylan Dauzat) films as an actor, producer, and associate producer. In 2017, he began his working relationship with Disney, first appearing in the television series 'Hyperlinked'. As of June 2018, his YouTube channel has over 700,000 subscribers with more than 37.4 million views. He currently has over 1.3 million followers on Instagram, more than 734,000 followers on Twitter, and over 275,000 followers on Facebook. In all, he has over 5.5 million followers around the world and across all major social media platforms. He holds the distinction of being ranked #21 Most Famous Viner. He has maintained an audience of over 1.6 million Document [45] (Title: Model (person)) 16 per cent using Facebook. Some Instagram models have gained high-profile modelling jobs and become celebrities. Fitness model Jen Selter had become an Internet celebrity by 2014 with nearly 2 million Instagram followers, gaining professional sports management work and modelling for "Vanity Fair" magazine. Cosplayer and model Anna Faith had acquired over 250,000 Instagram followers by 2014, gaining success from her ability to impersonate the Disney character Elsa. With Facebook's continuing decrease in post reach, Instagram has increasingly become the favorite platform for cosplayers. American actress Caitlin O'Connor had almost 300,000 Instagram followers in 2016, earning most of her social Document [46] (Title: Mevius) Korea Times of Instagram Influencer Guidelines to let the public know about JTI Korea's dubious SNS marketing. He said he was approached by a person from JTI Korea's marketing team in June 2017. ""JTI systematically recruited young male Instagram users who have at least 10,000 followers"" the user said anonymously. ""I heard they were offered 4 to 5 million Won for each post for a month, depending on the number of their followers. The users were given this piece of paper outlining how they should take photos and depict them"". The company's marketing tactic is disgraceful, he said, stressing minors, Document [47] (Title: Chris Messina (open-source advocate)) and YouTube. So much so that Instagram had to officially place a "30 hashtags" limit on its posts to prevent people from abusing the use of hashtags. A limit which Instagrammers eventually circumvented by posting hashtags in the comments section of their posts. As of 2018 more than 85% of the top 50 websites by traffic on the Internet use hashtags and their use is highly common with millennials, Gen Z, politicians, influencers, and celebrities worldwide. Messina subsequently went on to become the Developer Experience Lead at Uber from 2016 to 2017. And as of 2018 ranks as the No. Document [48] (Title: Lia Marie Johnson) have surpassed 117 million views and currently maintains over 1.7 million subscribers, while her Instagram account was followed by 1.5 million followers. In a 2014 "Adweek" profile she was referred to as one of "10 of the biggest young stars on YouTube". In 2015 she was named one of the Top 100 YouTubers in the world. Johnson was born in Wahiawa, Hawaii. Her family eventually settled in California. In 2012, in a combined episode of "Teens React" and "Elders React" about the 2012 United States presidential election, Johnson stated that she is a Democrat. Johnson's YouTube account was created on Document [49] (Title: Bisa Kdei) 574,000 followers as well as his Instagram account were hacked on October 29, 2015. Bisa posted on Twitter confirming the hack and that his media team was working to get it resolved. The hackers posted several sexually suggestive videos and pictures on his page. His Instagram account was shut down and a new account was created. He is back on Facebook, on Bisa Kdei World |url=http://facebook.com/bisakdeiworld|</ref> and Instagram as Bisa Kdei |url=http://instagram.com/bisakdei/ Bisa Kdei has come a long way as far as music is concerned and ever since he came into the mainstream, he has been able to touch hearts Document [50] (Title: Baby Ariel) she has over 26 million followers on the app. Ariel has also built a following on other social media networks, including more than 9 million followers on Instagram, 2.9 million subscribers on YouTube, 1 million followers on Twitter, and 280 thousand followers on Facebook. In 2015, Ariel launched an anti-bullying campaign called #ArielMovement, described by "BlackBook" as one of her most important endeavors. "People" magazine recognized her for her support in the #HackHarassment initiative to stop Internet trolls and negativity on the Internet. Ariel signed with Creative Artists Agency in September 2016 and released her debut single "Aww" on December Document [51] (Title: Click farm) fake likes and accounts occurred from August to September 2012. According to Facebook's 2014 financial report to the Securities and Exchange Commission, an estimated 83 million false accounts were deleted, accounting for approximately 6.4% of the 1.3 billion total accounts on Facebook. Likester reported pages affected include Lady Gaga, who lost 65,505 fans and Facebook, who lost 124,919 fake likes. Technology giant Dell lost 107,889 likes (2.87% of its total likes) in 24 hours. Billions of YouTube video fake views were deleted after being exposed by auditors. In December 2014, Instagram carried out a purge deemed the "Instagram Rapture" wherein Document [52] (Title: Katy Perry) in June 2017. Keith Caulfield of "Billboard" stated that the singer is "the rare celebrity who seems to have enormous popularity but genuine ground-level interaction with her adoring KatyCats." With a combined total of over 246 million followers across Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter, she is the fourth most followed musician across social media. In June 2017, "Time" listed Perry among its "25 Most Influential People on the Internet" of the year, writing that her live-stream for "Witness" was "blazing a trail" for being "the closest any major entertainer has come to giving fans the kind of 'real' intimacy that social Document [53] (Title: Kevin Systrom) 2016, Systrom met with Pope Francis at the Vatican, where they discussed the power of images in uniting people "across borders, cultures and generations". Kevin Systrom Kevin York Systrom (born December 30, 1983) is an American programmer and entrepreneur. He created Instagram, the world's largest photo sharing website. He co‑founded Instagram along with Mike Krieger. Instagram is ranked world's 14th most visited site by Alexa rankings. He was keen programmer and loved photography. Under Systrom as CEO, Instagram has become a fast growing app, with 800 million monthly users as of September 2017. Systrom resigned as CEO of Instagram on Document [54] (Title: Nah Cardoso) than 25 thousand reais for posting 10 photos on Instagram for Mercedes-Benz. In 2013 with 400,000 followers on Instagram and 140,000 on Twitter, Nah Cardoso campaigned for clothing brands, shoes and even made advertising campaign for Mercedes-Benz car brand. It was when she decided to create the Blog Nah Cardoso, which received already over 20 thousand visitors per day. In 2015 Nah Cardoso began as blogger her artistic career, today Nah Cardoso is an actress, model and YouTuber, she has appeared in TV shows such as Sunday Spectacular on Rede Record. In which she was looking for a double. In Document [55] (Title: Friending and following) social network. It is not uncommon for people to have hundreds or even thousands of friends/followers on their social media accounts. As a result, many teen users feel pressured to make extremely curated posts, posting only carefully posed and edited photographs with well-thought-out captions. Some users (typically teenage girls) on Instagram create a second account, known as a "Finsta" (short for ""F"ake "Insta"gram"). A Finsta is typically private, and the owner only allows close friends to follow it. Since the follower count is kept down, the posts can be more candid and silly in nature. There are distinct groups of Question: who has the most no. of followers on instagram

Answer: Instagram Long Answer: Rank Chg Account name Owner Followers (millions) Profession Country 1 . @ instagram Instagram 234 Social media platform USA 2 . @ selenagomez Selena Gomez 135 Musician and actress USA 3 . @ cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo 123 Footballer POR 4 . @ arianagrande Ariana Grande 118 Musician and actress USA 5 . @ beyonce Beyoncé 113 Musician and actress USA 6 . @ kimkardashian Kim Kardashian 110 Reality TV personality USA 7 . @ kyliejenner Kylie Jenner 107 Reality TV personality USA 8 . @ taylorswift Taylor Swift 107 Musician and actress USA 9 . @ therock Dwayne Johnson 103 Actor and professional wrestler USA 10 . @ justinbieber Justin Bieber 98 Musician CAN 11 . @ neymarjr Neymar 91 Footballer BRA 12 . @ leomessi Lionel Messi 89 Footballer ARG 13 . @ kendalljenner Kendall Jenner 89 Model USA 14 . @ natgeo National Geographic 87 Magazine USA 15 . @ nickiminaj Nicki Minaj 86 Musician TRI 16 . @ nike Nike 77 Sportswear multinational corporation USA 17 . @ mileycyrus Miley Cyrus 75 Musician and actress USA 18 . @ khloekardashian Khloé Kardashian 74 Reality TV personality USA 19 . @ jlo Jennifer Lopez 74 Musician and actress USA 20 . @ katyperry Katy Perry 69 Musician USA 21 . @ ddlovato Demi Lovato 67 Musician and actress USA 22 . @ kourtneykardash Kourtney Kardashian 62 Reality TV personality USA 23 . @ badgalriri Rihanna 61 Musician BAR 24 . @ victoriassecret Victoria's Secret 59 Lingerie retailer USA 25 . @ kevinhart4real Kevin Hart 58 Comedian USA As of April 17, 2018 Gold Document ID: 55

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: John Lee Smith) John Lee Smith John Lee Smith (May 16, 1894 – September 26, 1963) was the 32nd Lieutenant Governor of Texas serving under Governor Coke R. Stevenson during World War II and a vocal opponent of Texas labor unions during his tenure. Born May 16, 1894 at Chico, Texas, and raised in Throckmorton, Texas, Smith was educated at Stamford College and West Texas State Teachers College before teaching school. In 1918, he went to France as a member of American Expeditionary Forces; while overseas, he also studied at a French university. Upon his return, he studied law at Chautauqua, New York, Document [2] (Title: Ruta Lee) Worth, Texas. In October 2010, Lee played the role of Miss Mona in "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas", also at the Casa Mañana Theatre. In 1976, Lee married Texas restaurant executive Webster B. "Webb" Lowe Jr. They divide their time between their homes in Hollywood, Palm Springs, Fort Worth and Mexico. She has no children. Lee describes her political views as "conservative" and she appeared at the 1972 Republican National Convention. On August 24, 2013, Lee was inducted into the National Lithuanian American Hall of Fame. In 1964, Lee called then-Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev, asking him to pardon her Document [3] (Title: Jeannie Seely) She played "Miss Mona" in "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas" play as well as playing Jean Shepard's daughter and Lorrie Morgan's mother in the country music musical "Takin' It Home". In 1988, she also published her own book, titled "Pieces of a Puzzled Mind". In the early 1990s, Seely continued to try new things, including playing Danny Shirley's mother in the music video for Confederate Railroad's 1993 No. 1 hit "Trashy Woman". Seely has played at Dolly Parton's "Dollywood" and served as Brad Paisley's date for the 2000 CMA awards show. Lorrie Morgan has also recorded one of Seely's Document [4] (Title: Don Haggerty) Clayton during a Wild West show in Fort Smith, Arkansas. Others in the episode are William Thourlby as Belle's second husband, Sam Starr, and Carlyle Mitchell, in his penultimate role as "Hanging Judge" Isaac Parker.In 1967, Haggerty played Horace Tabor in another "Death Valley Days" episode, "Chicken Bill", hosted by Robert Taylor. In that episode, Dub Taylor played the title role of the silver miner Chicken Bill Lovell, who in the story line salts his mine to get Tabor to pay off Lovell's lingering debt and to fund his continued operation. Earlier, Haggerty played Sheriff Wheeler alongside Julie Sommars as Document [5] (Title: Carol Hall) Fund. Hall died on October 11, 2018 at the age of 82. Carol Hall Carol Hall (April 3, 1936 – October 11, 2018) was an American composer and lyricist. She was best known for composing the music and lyrics for the Broadway stage musical "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas" (1978, adapted as a film in 1982). Her other works include the Broadway sequel "The Best Little Whorehouse Goes Public" (1994), as well as the Off-Broadway musical "To Whom It May Concern" (c. 1986). Hall was born in 1936 in Abilene, Texas. She penned eight one-act plays, all under the Document [6] (Title: Death Valley Days) settler of Los Angeles, defends a man whom he believes has been framed for murder. That same year in the episode "Shanghai Kelly's Birthday Party", Taylor played James Kelly of San Francisco, who shanghaiied sailors onto ships bound to the Far East, with the expectation that none would return to accuse Kelly of a crime. Taylor played Texas John Slaughter, a role most associated with Tom Tryon, in the 1968 "Death Valley Days" episode, "A Short Cut through Tombstone." Buck Taylor (no relation) played his deputy, Billy Stiles. Ned Romero was cast as the Geronimo Kid. He played Porter Stockton Document [7] (Title: James Griffith) 1956's "The First Texan". In the role of Aaron Adams, the town barber, Griffith appeared in 1958 in twelve episodes of the CBS western series, "Trackdown", starring Robert Culp as Texas Ranger Hoby Gilman. Griffith also portrayed deputy Tom Ferguson in the syndicated series, "Sheriff of Cochise," starring John Bromfield, and "U.S. Marshal." Griffith made more than seventy guest appearances on television shows, including eight episodes of "Wagon Train", seven episodes of "The Range Rider", seven episodes of "The Lone Ranger", two episodes of "Annie Oakley", four episodes of "Cheyenne", three episodes of "Buffalo Bill, Jr.", six episodes of "Gunsmoke", Document [8] (Title: The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas (film)) aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 56% rating based on 9 reviews. Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" gave the film two out of four stars, stating, "If they ever give Dolly her freedom and stop packaging her so antiseptically, she could be terrific. But Dolly and Burt and "Whorehouse" never get beyond the concept stage in this movie." The film and the original Broadway musical it was based on were spoofed in the 1982 pornographic film "Memphis Cathouse Blues", which starred Annette Haven in the Dolly Parton role of the madam and Mike Horner in the Burt Document [9] (Title: Hallettsville, Texas) 1965. He started for them in the first Super Bowl against the Green Bay Packers Although the actual town involved in the real story of the "Chicken Ranch" is located a few miles north of Hallettsville on Highway 77, film makers chose the town's historic Lavaca County Courthouse square to serve as backdrop for the city scenes in "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas", the 1982 musical starring Burt Reynolds and Dolly Parton. Hallettsville is also the featured location in the 2009 horror film titled "Hallettsville", which stars Gary Busey and Derek Lee Nixon. The town is mentioned in the Document [10] (Title: Picket Fences) came and went, Don Cheadle joined the cast as John Littleton. Other actors who were in the cast included Marlee Matlin as Mayor Laurie Bey / The Dancing Bandit, Richard Masur as Ed Lawson, Roy Brocksmith as elementary school principal Michael Oslo, Jack Murdock as ethically challenged city councilman Harold Lundstrom, Roy Dotrice as Father Gary Barrett, a Catholic priest, and Dabbs Greer as Reverend Henry Novotny, minister of the local Episcopal church. The town frequently changed mayors, who often met strange fates: "Picket Fences" had a total of 88 episodes and four seasons. The series had two crossover episodes Document [11] (Title: The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas (film)) horror film "House of 1000 Corpses". The house is also featured as the residence of Sabrina and her two aunts on the '90s sitcom "Sabrina the Teenage Witch". The film was mentioned in an episode of "The Venture Bros.", where Dr. Venture mistakes it for a pornographic film, given it's "racey" history. The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas (film) The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas is a 1982 American musical comedy film co-written, produced and directed by Colin Higgins (in his final film as director). It is an adaptation of the 1978 Broadway musical of the same name, and stars Document [12] (Title: David Warren Gibson) Dark Glasses) (1986), and "Chicago" (as Aaron)(1996–2003). David traveled with Liza Minnelli in the production "By Myself" (1983) where he sang and danced in a two-man act directed by Fred Ebb. This show traveled throughout the U.S. and also appeared at the Apollo in London. Off-Broadway, David played Starbuck in "The Rainmaker" (1982) and Edmund in "Long Day's Journey into Night" (1982). He toured in "Busker Alley" (1994) as a cover to Tommy Tune. He has played small roles, usually uncredited, in several movies. Films include "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas" credited as "Aggie" (member of Aggie choir) (1982), Document [13] (Title: The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas) 26, 1981, again starring Glynn and Forsythe. It ran for 204 performances. A short-lived sequel entitled "The Best Little Whorehouse Goes Public" was staged on Broadway in 1994. "The Aggie Song" was performed on the Tony Awards broadcast, but was heavily censored because of the nature of the lyrics and choreography. A U.S. National Tour starring Ann-Margret opened on February 14, 2001. A benefit concert took place on October 16, 2006, to benefit the Actor's Fund. The concert was directed by Mark S. Hoebee and choreographed by Denis Jones. The cast included Terrence Mann (as Sheriff Ed Earl Dodd), Emily Document [14] (Title: Texas John Slaughter (TV series)) to the Chisum ranch, where he informed the foreman that he had come to kill Slaughter. Instead Slaughter shot a hole in the heart of the surprised gambler. A fellow lawman described the short-in-stature Slaughter when in pursuit of outlaws as "a spider spinning its web for the unwary fly." A writer called Slaughter "the meanest good guy who ever lived." John Vivyan, the star of the CBS series "Mr. Lucky", appeared twice on the series with Tryon in the role of dishonest rancher Jason Hemp and a third time in an uncredited part. Early episodes focus on Texas, especially Document [15] (Title: Charles Durning) Mississippi (a character loosely based on the Texas politician and showman W. Lee O'Daniel) in the Coen Brothers' "O Brother, Where Art Thou?" (2000). Prior to appearing in the Burt Reynolds's TV series, "Evening Shade", as the town doctor Harlan Eldridge (1990-1994), Durning appeared with Reynolds in five films, beginning with 1979's "Starting Over", followed by 1981's "Sharky's Machine", 1982's "Best Little Whorehouse in Texas", 1985's "Stick" and 1999's "Hostage Hotel". On TV, Durning had a recurring role on "Everybody Loves Raymond" as the Barone family's long-suffering parish priest, Father Hubley. He also played the voice of recurring character Francis Document [16] (Title: Lt. Gov. You've Gotta Love) guitar and establishing shots of a bus in rural Texas traveling on Texas State Highway 121. It quickly switches from the guitar to a pulsing disco beat with vocals over it extolling the conservative virtues of Dewhurst and his campaign promises. In one section, the advertisement claims that Dewhurst is the "most pro-life candidate" running for lieutenant governor. In another, the singers claim that Dewhurst will keep "Obamanation" away from Texas. While this is going on, in a split screen, Dewhurst can be seen performing a variety of activities. He starts out walking down a hall to the beat of Document [17] (Title: Ned Blessing: The True Story of My Life) fortuitously, placed in the care of a Mexican-Indian mystic named Crecencio (Luis Avalos). This wily sage teaches the boy how to survive—and how to lie and steal, so that he becomes known as the Texas boy bandit. Young Ned will later find his father, being cared for by the equally young Jilly Blue (Taylor Fry), a barroom singer partial to ditties like "Beautiful Dreamer". Time passes, and the adult Ned, played by Daniel Baldwin, is now the sheriff of Plum Creek. His father is the local music teacher. All seems peaceful again until Jilly (Julia Campbell), who had been kidnapped Document [18] (Title: Emma Dunn) "The Governor's Lady" (1912). In "The Easiest Way", Dunn portrayed Annie, who was black, in blackface. In 1913 Dunn appeared in vaudeville. Dunn made her first film in 1914, a silent film of her 1910 stage success, "Mother", directed by Maurice Tourneur. This was Tourneur's first American film. Dunn's second film was 1920's "Old Lady 31", reprising the role she played in the 1916 Broadway play of the same name. One more silent film followed in 1924, "Pied Piper Malone", before she made her talkie debut in "Side Street", co-starring the Moore brothers, Matt, Owen and Tom as her sons. Document [19] (Title: Larry L. King) Larry L. King Larry L. King (January 1, 1929 –December 20, 2012) was an American playwright, journalist, and novelist, best remembered for his 1978 Tony Award-nominated play "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas", which became a long-running production on Broadway and was later turned into a feature film starring Burt Reynolds, Charles Durning and Dolly Parton. He was born Lawrence Leo King on January 1, 1929, in Putnam, Texas, son of Clyde Clayton King, a farmer and blacksmith, and Cora Lee King (née Clark), who introduced him to the writings of Mark Twain. King dropped out of high school to Document [20] (Title: Ed Dixon) the Kennedy Center's premiere production of Leonard Bernstein's "Mass" and is on the recording conducted by the composer. He can also be heard on the cast recording of the 2001 national tour of The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas. Dixon toured as the Governor opposite Ann-Margret as Miss Mona and Gary Sandy as Ed Earl Dodd. He won the 2010 Helen Hayes Award for best supporting actor in a musical for his turn as Max in Sunset Blvd. In May 2012, Dixon took over the role of The Captain in the revival of Cole Porter's "Anything Goes" from actor Walter Document [21] (Title: Thommie Walsh) Luft, Priscilla Lopez, Joel Grey, Barbara Cook, and Julie Budd. Walsh also directed and choreographed many commercials such as the NY Lottery, Perdue Chicken, Crush, and MCI. Walsh's last direction and choreography before his death was the national tour of "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas" starring Ann-Margret and Gary Sandy. At the time of his death, he was working on a musical adaptation of "A Tale of Two Cities" as choreographer, for a Broadway opening. Much of his work was done in collaboration with Tommy Tune, including "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas". He also was a judge for Document [22] (Title: Rodolfo Hoyos Jr.) Sanchez in "Gone to Texas" and as General Antonio López de Santa Anna, also the president of Mexico, in "Mexican Adventure" of the CBS adventure, drama, and western series, "The Adventures of Jim Bowie", starring Scott Forbes as the American adventurer Jim Bowie. In 1958, he played Mexican bandit, murderer and political revolutionary Pancho Villa in "Villa!!" Joining Hoyos in this film are Brian Keith and Cesar Romero. Many of Hoyos' television roles were as Mexican characters in westerns. In 1955, he was cast as an historical figure, Augustine Chacon, a Mexican bandit and folk hero of the Arizona Territory, Document [23] (Title: Pamela Blair) 1978's "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas". Her turn as an eager to work prostitute earned her a Drama Desk Award nomination. She can be heard on the cast recording as the lead in "Hard Candy Christmas", although the song "Bus from Amarillo" was taken from her before the show opened. Further roles on Broadway include "King of Hearts" (in the Geneviève Bujold role), "Clelia" in "The Nerd", and "Joanne" in "A Few Good Men", directed by her then estranged husband, Don Scardino. Blair has made several appearances on American soap operas such as "Loving", "Another World", "Ryan's Hope", and Document [24] (Title: William Hardy (actor)) in "The Front Page" as the crooked Mayor and in "Keely and Du" as the patriarchal leader of underground Christian kidnappers. In the summer of 1994, after three years of fundraising, galvanizing support and attracting talent, Hardy's "Houston Repertory Theater" presented "The Night Hank William Died" by "Little Whorehouse" author Larry L. King with Hardy directing. and later that year "Christmas Twist." Hardy proceeded to work in "every theatrical venue," both acting and directing. At Stages he not only directed "The Moon is Blue" but played the Marquis de Sade in "Quills" and the desperate professor mentoring the troubled young Document [25] (Title: James Best) Westerns, playing opposite Audie Murphy in "Kansas Raiders" (1950), "The Cimarron Kid" (1952) and "The Quick Gun" (1964), Raymond Massey in "Seven Angry Men" (1955), George Montgomery in "Last of the Badman" (1957), Frank Lovejoy in "Cole Younger Gunfighter" (1958), and Randolph Scott in "Ride Lonesome" (1959). He also starred in the science fiction cult movie, "The Killer Shrews" (1959) and its sequel, "Return of the Killer Shrews" (2012). He is most known for playing bumbling Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane in the action/comedy "Dukes of Hazzard", a role that he reprised in "" (1997) as his character was now "boss" Document [26] (Title: Terri Treas) 1979 movie "All That Jazz"; her other film roles are "So Fine" (1981), "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas" (1982), and "House IV" (1992). Terri directed her first movie in 1992 called "Play Nice", starring Louise Robey of "". Terri has written some episodes for TV series. She had made guest appearances on many TV shows, such as "Knight Rider", "Crazy Like a Fox", "The A-Team", "Murphy Brown", and "Roseanne". Terri Treas Terri Treas (born July 19, 1957 in Kansas City, Kansas) is an American actress, writer and director. She has starred in films and on television. Terri is best Document [27] (Title: The Governor (The Walking Dead)) "TV Guide"s list of The 60 Nastiest Villains of All Time. For his performance as the Governor, Morrissey was nominated for Best Supporting Actor at the 39th Saturn Awards. Aside from simply "The Governor," the character's name appeared to be Philip Blake; however, with the release of the novel "", it was revealed that his actual name was Brian Blake, and Philip was revealed to be his deceased brother. When the dead began to rise, Brian and Philip gathered a small group, which included Brian's niece Penny, and the group were constantly on the run when unsecured locations were breached; Document [28] (Title: Clifton James) 1919 Chicago White Sox. Despite being a lifelong New Yorker (and an Actors Studio member of long standing), James was cast as a Southerner in many of his roles, such as his appearances in the James Bond films, and as powerful Houston lawyer Striker Bellman in the daytime soap opera "Texas" from 1981 to 1982. He was a Southern character as the penitentiary's floor-walker in "Cool Hand Luke" (1967) and as Sheriff Lester Crabb, a temporary one-off replacement for regular Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane (James Best) in the second season "Dukes of Hazzard" episode "Treasure of Hazzard" (1980). James appeared Document [29] (Title: Smokey and the Bandit II) three years later, "Smokey and the Bandit Part 3" (1983), in which Reynolds appeared only in a brief cameo appearance, and Sally Field was absent completely. The plot centers on Bo "Bandit" Darville (Burt Reynolds) and Cledus "Snowman" Snow (Jerry Reed), transporting an elephant to the GOP National Convention, with Sheriff Buford T. Justice (Jackie Gleason) in hot pursuit once again. Big Enos Burdette is running for Governor of Texas against another candidate, John Coen. After a figurative and literal "mudslinging," both are confronted by the outgoing governor and given a thorough tongue-lashing. Burdette overhears the governor yelling at an Document [30] (Title: Walter Coy) Bunker Hill in Boston, Massachusetts. Coy's other film appearances included "The Lusty Men" (1952), "Gunmen from Laredo", "The Gunfight at Dodge City", and "North by Northwest" (all 1959), and as Ike Garvey in "Five Guns to Tombstone" (1960). He appeared in the anthology series, "Schlitz Playhouse of Stars" and "Four Star Playhouse" (four times each) and "The Loretta Young Show" (three times). He played a Confederate States of America general in the 1959 episode entitled "Corporal Hardy" of another anthology series, "Alcoa Theatre". He played Dr. Steele in the 1960 episode "The House in Order" on NBC's "The Barbara Stanwyck Document [31] (Title: Alexis Smith) "Picnic", re-titled "Summer Brave" (1975), and the ill-fated musical "Platinum" (1978), which earned Smith another Tony nomination for her performance but closed after a brief run. She starred in several regional productions of "Applause" and then toured for more than a year as the madam in "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas", including a seven-month run in Los Angeles. Smith returned to the big screen with star billing at the age of 54 in "Jacqueline Susann's Once Is Not Enough" (1975) opposite Kirk Douglas, followed by "The Little Girl Who Lives Down the Lane" with Martin Sheen and Jodie Foster Document [32] (Title: The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas (film)) a pleasant arrangement. Not everyone in town approves of her, but Miss Mona is a public-minded citizen who regularly donates to charity, decent and law-abiding in every respect but her line of work. A big-city television personality, do-gooder Melvin P. Thorpe, is about to do a segment about the town, so the sheriff travels there to introduce himself to Thorpe, who greets him warmly. He is shocked by Thorpe's live telecast, in which Thorpe reveals to a huge audience his discovery that "Texas has a whorehouse in it." The Chicken Ranch is an institution, where the winning team from the Document [33] (Title: The Best Little Whorehouse Goes Public) The Best Little Whorehouse Goes Public The Best Little Whorehouse Goes Public is a musical with a book by Larry L. King and Peter Masterson and music and lyrics by Carol Hall. It is a sequel to the 1978 musical "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas". Hoping to recover $26 million in back taxes owed them by Las Vegas whorehouse Stallion Fields, the IRS lures former brothel madam Mona Stangley out of retirement to run the operation. Complications arise when billionaire Sam Dallas arranges the sale of shares in the enterprise on the stock exchange and right-wing politician Senator A. Document [34] (Title: The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas (film)) last time, Earl stops her and proposes to her. She turns him down, knowing that his dream is to run for state legislature, and that having a wife who worked in prostitution would hurt his chances. He again insists that he wants to marry her and that he does not care about what people will think or say. Deputy Fred, in a voiceover, states that Earl and Miss Mona married and that Earl successfully ran for the legislature. Deputy Fred states that he succeeded Earl as Sheriff. Originally, Larry King and Pete Masterton were going to write the script and Document [35] (Title: Tucson Raiders) murder. His little Indian pal, Little Beaver, manages to foil the corrupt Sheriff Kirk’s "(Ed Cassidy)" plan to kill Red as he escapes from jail. Hannah Rogers "(Ruth Lee)" in the pay of Governor York " (Stanley Andrews)", a dishonest politician, tries to trick Red in escaping jail. However, her scheme fails and Red Ryder shoots his way out. He manages to intercept a payroll robbery but finds that Little Beaver has been captured by the outlaws. "The "red headed"" cowboy exposes Hannah’s plot, saves Little Beaver and brings an end to Governor York’s gang. "Tucson Raiders" was based on Document [36] (Title: Burt Reynolds) Burt Reynolds Burton Leon Reynolds Jr. (February 11, 1936 – September 6, 2018) was an American actor, director and producer. He first rose to prominence starring in television series such as "Gunsmoke" (1962–1965), "Hawk" (1966), and "Dan August" (1970–1971). His breakout film role was as Lewis Medlock in "Deliverance" (1972). Reynolds played the leading role in a number of subsequent box office hits, such as "The Longest Yard" (1974), "Smokey and the Bandit" (1977), "Semi-Tough" (1977), "Hooper" (1978), "Smokey and the Bandit II" (1980), "The Cannonball Run" (1981) and "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas" (1982). After a number of Document [37] (Title: Fannie Flagg) Best Little Whorehouse in Texas" (succeeding Carlin Glynn) and the following films: "Some of My Best Friends Are...", "Five Easy Pieces", "Stay Hungry", "Grease", and "Crazy in Alabama", as well as minor roles in various television shows. In 1975 she appeared as the Amazon Doctor in the pilot for "The New Adventures of Wonder Woman". She is also known for being a regular on "The New Dick Van Dyke Show", where for two seasons she played Mike Preston, sister to Van Dyke's character Dick Preston, and for her role as Cassie Bowman in all 30 episodes of the 1980-81 sitcom Document [38] (Title: James Harper (actor)) as Governor Earl Kemp Long. James Harper (actor) James W. Harper (born October 8, 1948) is an American actor. Throughout his career, he has acted in many movies and guest-starred in a myriad television shows, such as "Frasier", "Matlock", "NYPD Blue", "", and "JAG". He also played the role of Admiral Kelso in the 1998 film "Armageddon". In addition to acting, Harper has contributed his voice to several video games, most notably "StarCraft" as Arcturus Mengsk, "", and "Diablo". Harper reprised his role of Arcturus Mengsk in "" and "". Harper portrayed Louisiana State Senator Willie Rainach in the 1989 Document [39] (Title: Dom DeLuise) film "The Glass Bottom Boat" (1966). In his review in "The New York Times", Vincent Canby panned the film but singled out the actor, stating, "[T]he best of the lot, however, is a newcomer, Dom DeLuise, as a portly, bird-brained spy." In the 1970s and 1980s, he often co-starred with Burt Reynolds. Together they appeared in the films "The Cannonball Run" and "Cannonball Run II", "Smokey and the Bandit II", "The End", "All Dogs Go to Heaven" and "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas". DeLuise was the host of the television show "Candid Camera" from 1991 to 1992. DeLuise also Document [40] (Title: The Governor (The Walking Dead)) list of The 60 Nastiest Villains of All Time. David Morrissey has been well received for his performance as the Governor, and was nominated for Best Supporting Actor at the 39th Saturn Awards. The Governor (The Walking Dead) The Governor (real name Philip Blake in the TV series, and Brian Blake in the comics and novels) is a fictional character and a primary antagonist from "The Walking Dead" comic book and television series. On television, he is portrayed by David Morrissey. Created by Robert Kirkman and artists Charlie Adlard and Cliff Rathburn, the character made his comics debut in "The Document [41] (Title: The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas (film)) The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas (film) The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas is a 1982 American musical comedy film co-written, produced and directed by Colin Higgins (in his final film as director). It is an adaptation of the 1978 Broadway musical of the same name, and stars Dolly Parton, Burt Reynolds, Jim Nabors, Charles Durning, Dom DeLuise, Noah Beery Jr., Robert Mandan, Lois Nettleton, Theresa Merritt, Barry Corbin, Mary Jo Catlett and Mary Louise Wilson. Durning was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role as the Texas governor. Golden Globe Award nominations went to Document [42] (Title: John Stephen Hill) of "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas" at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane. He stood by for Elizabeth Taylor's Broadway revival of "The Little Foxes" at the Victoria Palace Theatre. In the London fringe, Hill produced two plays. He was directed by Tom Conti in "Beyond Therapy". He did play readings at Canada House, and on the Lyttleton stage at the Royal National Theatre. Hill is an alumnus of the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art where he was directed by Ian Judge. In 1980, Hill began playing small roles in films, such as "The Sender", as Catherine Deneuve's Document [43] (Title: The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas) Joan Ellis, Delores Hall, and Pamela Blair. Glynn was replaced by Fannie Flagg and Anita Morris later in the run. Alexis Smith starred as Miss Mona in the National Company, which toured major cities for more than a year, ending with a seven-month run in Los Angeles. In what was described as "a return engagement", the show opened on Broadway at the Eugene O'Neill Theatre on May 31, 1982 and closed on July 24, 1982 after nine previews and 63 performances. The cast featured Glynn and Hall. The West End production opened at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane on February Document [44] (Title: Clyde Thompson) a heart attack in 1979. Julia died a decade later. They are buried in Hillsboro, Texas. Thompson’s biography The Meanest Man in Texas, written by Don Umphrey, was originally published in 1984 by Thomas Nelson Publishers, Nashville, Tennessee and has been in print continuously since 2001 with Quarry Press, Dallas, Texas. Clyde Thompson Clyde Thompson (born in 1910; died July 1, 1979) was an American prisoner turned chaplain. He is most noted for being cited and labeled as The Meanest Man in Texas. The film titled "The Meanest Man in Texas" has been filmed and is currently in the post Document [45] (Title: Her Excellency, the Governor) Her Excellency, the Governor Her Excellency, the Governor is a 1917 American silent drama film produced and distributed by the Triangle Film Corporation. Directed by Albert Parker, the film stars Elda Milar, who later became well known as gossip columnist Hedda Hopper. The film is loosely based the play "His Excellency, the Governor", by Robert Marshall. Like many American films of the time, "Her Excellency, the Governor" was subject to cuts by city and state film censorship boards. The Chicago Board of Censors required the cutting of an intertitle that stated, "You're around her quite often - why don't you Document [46] (Title: James Noble (actor)) James Noble (actor) James Wilkes Noble (March 5, 1922 – March 28, 2016) was an American actor, best known for his portrayal of sweet-natured, naive Governor Eugene X. Gatling on ABC's 1979–86 sitcom "Benson". Noble was born in Dallas, Texas, the son of Lois Frances (née Wilkes) and Ralph Byrne Noble. He studied acting and engineering at Southern Methodist University before leaving to serve in the United States Navy during World War II. Returning from the war, Noble studied acting under Lee Strasberg and made appearances in Broadway theatre, and his television career started in soap operas, such as "The Document [47] (Title: Bart After Dark) MacNeille but there had been previous efforts to cast a guest voice for the role. A lot of the episode's plot is based on the film "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas". The oil spill is a reference to the "Exxon Valdez" oil spill. The Sea Captain was shown to be drunk at the helm, which is a reference to Joseph Hazelwood, who was the captain of the "Exxon Valdez" and was accused of being drunk. Reverend Lovejoy's line, "This house is a very, very, very fine house", is a reference to the Crosby, Stills, Nash, & Young song "Our Document [48] (Title: John Alexander Greer) John Alexander Greer John Alexander Greer (July 18, 1802 – July 4, 1855) was a Texan politician, and the second Lieutenant Governor of Texas serving under Governors George T. Wood and Peter H. Bell. Greer was born at Shelbyville, Tennessee on July 18, 1802. He was in Kentucky before moving to Texas in 1830. He represented San Augustine as a senator in the Congress of the Republic of Texas from 1837–1845. Anson Jones, the last president of the Republic of Texas, appointed him as secretary of the treasury in July 1845. He was the Lieutenant Governor of Texas from 1847–1851. Document [49] (Title: A Texas Trilogy) Outstanding Play. The first work in the trilogy, "The Oldest Living Graduate" was broadcast on television on NBC in 1980, starring Henry Fonda, George Grizzard, Timothy Hutton, Cloris Leachman and John Lithgow and won several Emmys, including Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie for George Grizzard. A Texas Trilogy A Texas Trilogy (also known as The Bradleyville Trilogy) is a set of three plays written by Preston Jones. The three plays are set in a mythical West Texas town and employ idiosyncratic language and characters that present an evocative depiction of small town Texas life. The plays Document [50] (Title: The Governor (The Walking Dead)) the first and second season The Governor encounters a dying Merle Dixon, whom The Governor enlisted, along with Caesar Martinez and Milton Mamet, as his lieutenant and advisers. He also tasks Milton, a scientist, with researching a means to reverse the virus in the hopes of saving Penny. The Governor was also known to have had affairs with many of the Woodbury women. The Governor is charming and charismatic, but also murderous, violent, sociopathic, power-hungry, completely sadistic, and horrifically ruthless. He sees himself as the community's only hope for survival, and is thus willing to imprison, abuse and/or kill anyone Document [51] (Title: Ghost Town (1988 film)) and October 1987 at Old Tucson Studios in Tucson, Arizona. In a retrospective interview, actor Franc Luz recounted his time on the set of the film, stating that he had done his own stunts. On director Richard Governor [McCarthy], Luz said: "Richard Governor seemed like a crazy, high energy, highly sexed, charismatic guy with a strong Australian accent... At the time, I was not sure that he had complete control of his set, but I've since learned the no one ever has complete control of any set." The film was released on November 11, 1988 in a limited release, only Document [52] (Title: John Hill (Texas politician)) unfair trade practices. He also played a leading role in closing down the Chicken Ranch in Fayette County, the inspiration for "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas". Hill had a subordinate leak material to reporter Marvin Zindler who ran a week-long series of special reports on The Chicken Ranch putting pressure on Governor Dolph Briscoe. After Briscoe turned to him for advice, Hill suggested that Briscoe call the sheriff of Fayette County who closed down the Chicken Ranch. Hill served as Attorney General until 1979. Hill challenged Briscoe in 1978 in the Democratic primary and was successful but lost in Document [53] (Title: Alan Eichler) and Gilbert Price. He also toured with the show for two years as press agent and continued to have a long association with Kitt. He next publicized the Broadway production of Martin Sherman's play "Bent" with Richard Gere. In 1980, he began a year-long tour as press agent with the first national company of "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas" starring Alexis Smith, following which he settled in Los Angeles. He arranged the very first AIDS benefit for APLA Health in 1983, which was a special Midnight performance of "Women Behind Bars" at the Roxy Theatre (West Hollywood). In 1994, Document [54] (Title: The Gay Place) that year caused these plans to be dropped. All uncited material comes from the book itself. The Gay Place The Gay Place (1961) is a series of three novellas, with interlocking plots and characters, by American author Billy Lee Brammer. The novellas, published in a single book, include "The Flea Circus", "Room Enough to Caper" and "Country Pleasures". Set in an unnamed state identical to Texas, each novella has a different protagonist: Roy Sherwood, a member of the state legislature; Neil Christiansen, the state's junior senator; and Jay McGown, the governor's speechwriter. The governor himself, Arthur Fenstemaker, a master politician Document [55] (Title: Elizabeth Kemp) She demonstrated talent as a child painter from the ages of 13 to 16, graduating from high school with a special award for Creative Achievement. At age 16, she traveled to the Rhode Island School of Design but was told to wait a year. She instead went to New York City and studied at The Art Students League and American Academy of Dramatic Arts, but dropped out shortly afterward. Kemp was in the original cast of "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas", which began at The Actors Studio off-Broadway before it transferred to Broadway and became a long-running smash hit. Document [56] (Title: The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas (film)) Reynolds role as the sheriff. Porn star Kay Parker, who played one of the prostitutes in the film, had an uncredited bit role in "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas". The house used in the film is located at Universal Studios in Hollywood and can be viewed as part of the backlot tram tour. (It was also seen in the "Ghost Whisperer" television series episode "The Lost Boys.") The inspiration for the set came from a real ranch house located outside Austin, Texas, which is featured in scenes from the movie. The house was also featured in Rob Zombie's 2003 Document [57] (Title: Memphis Cathouse Blues) 1982, the same year as the film it was based on. A heavily cut version of the film, with a runtime of 48m 19s, was passed by the BBFC in the United Kingdom rated 18 on April 13, 1994. Memphis Cathouse Blues Memphis Cathouse Blues is a 1982 pornographic film that is a spoof of the Broadway musical "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas", and the 1982 film it was made into, starring Burt Reynolds and Dolly Parton. Annette Haven takes over the Parton role of the madam and Mike Horner the Reynolds role as the sheriff. Madam Mavis (Annette Document [58] (Title: Highway to Heaven) the season one episode "The Right Thing". Moses Gunn, who also co-starred on "Little House" and starred on "Father Murphy", appeared in the season two episode "Popcorn, Peanuts and Cracker Jacks". Barbara Stuart appeared as Carla in the 1986 two-part episode "Love and Marriage". In his last roles, Tyler McVey appeared in separate episodes in 1985 and 1986 as a minister. Don Keefer portrayed Dr. Washburn in the 1986 episode "For the Love of Larry". Anthony Zerbe starred in the episode "The Devil and Jonathan Smith", playing a slave of the Devil whose mission was the exact opposite of Jonathan's. Document [59] (Title: Harry Knowles) of the event, including being given a basket full of dismembered body part props from Gunnar Hansen (the actor who played Leatherface), as well as cutting his birthday cake with the actual chainsaw used in the film. Hansen, however, adamantly denied that any of this ever occurred. On September 23, 2017, it was reported on IndieWire and circulated in other national media that Knowles had allegedly sexually assaulted a woman named Jasmine Baker on two occasions in 1999 and 2000 at Alamo Drafthouse events in Austin, and that when informed of the incidents by Baker, Drafthouse owners took no action. Document [60] (Title: Clyde Thompson) Clyde Thompson Clyde Thompson (born in 1910; died July 1, 1979) was an American prisoner turned chaplain. He is most noted for being cited and labeled as The Meanest Man in Texas. The film titled "The Meanest Man in Texas" has been filmed and is currently in the post production process and is based on the true story and book of the same title (), written by Don Umphrey. It was produced by Brad Wilson and Casey Bond, and directed by Justin Ward. Thrice-convicted murderer Clyde Vernon Thompson (1910-1979) was called “The Meanest Man in Texas” by Texas prison officials Document [61] (Title: The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas (film)) For his part, Reynolds described Parton as 'very self deprecating - in public.' Much of Carol Hall's original Broadway score was performed in the movie version. Omitted were "Good Old Girl", "The Bus From Amarillo", "24 Hours of Lovin", "No Lies" and "Doatsie Mae". Two additional Parton compositions appear in the film: "Sneakin' Around", performed as a duet with Parton and Reynolds, and a two-stanza version of Parton's 1973 composition "I Will Always Love You". The film version of "I Will Always Love You"—the original recording having been a U.S. country chart topper for Parton in the spring of 1974—was Document [62] (Title: W.W. and the Dixie Dancekings) two worked together on the director's next film, "Rocky". Reynolds wanted Dolly Parton to play the female lead. She declined but the two would later work together on "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas". Filming was marked by tension between Reynolds and Avildsen. The two men did not get along professionally or personally and there was often clashes in approach and temperament. One of the central props in the movie is the car that W.W. drives. It is known as a special 1955 "Golden Anniversary" Oldsmobile Rocket 88 of which only 50 were made. It is a four-door sedan painted Document [63] (Title: The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas (film)) Masterton and Tommy Tune, who had directed the stage production, were to direct the film together. King recommended Shirley MacLaine, Dyan Cannon, Cari Glynn and Jill Clayburgh as the possibles to star but was told they were not a sufficient box office draw. When Dolly Parton was cast King suggested Willie Nelson as a co star and Universal executives met with him but in the end Burt Reynolds was cast. Reynolds was paid $3.5 million and Parton $1.5 million. Reynolds wanted script changes and wanted to sing. Universal became nervous about giving the film to first time directors and ended Document [64] (Title: The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas) Skinner, and Jennifer Hudson. A revival production of the musical was staged on London's Fringe at The Union Theatre From October 2011- November 2011, starring Sarah Lark as Miss Mona, Nancy Sullivan as Shy and Leon Craig as Melvin P. Thorpe. Ensemble members included Jarred Page, Sasi Strallen, Katy Streader, Frankie Jenna, Patrick George, Dayle Hodge & Dan O'Brian. The production was directed by Paul Taylor-Mills. A Broadway revival, with direction and choreography from Rob Ashford, was reportedly in the works in 2015. The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas is a musical with a Document [65] (Title: Allan Shivers) Bill Noël of Odessa to the Texas Alcoholic Beverage Commission. Noël was reappointed by the two subsequent governors. Shivers appeared as himself in the 1955 film "Lucy Gallant" starring Jane Wyman and Charlton Heston. Shivers previously held the record for longest "continuous" service as Texas Governor at 7.5 years until June 2008, when Rick Perry surpassed Shivers's record for continuous service. (Bill Clements initially broke Shivers's total service record, having served eight years over two non-consecutive terms; Perry subsequently surpassed this record as well.) Both Shivers and Perry are the only two Texas Governors to have been inaugurated four times. Document [66] (Title: The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas (film)) the station's "Now Showing" segment merely clicked his tongue to eliminate the offending word: "The Best Little [click, click] in Texas!" During interviews, Parton sometimes referred to the film as "The Best Little Chicken House in Texas". "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas" opened in 1,400 theaters on July 23, 1982 and earned $11,874,268 in its opening weekend, ranking number one in the United States box office, dethroning "E.T. The Extra Terrestrial"s six-week run at the top of the box office. The film closed on October 21, having grossed $69,701,637 domestically. The film received mixed reviews from critics. On review Document [67] (Title: M. Emmet Walsh) Independent Spirit Award for Best Male Lead. Walsh made occasional guest appearances on "Home Improvement" as Tim Taylor's father-in-law. In 1992, he appeared as a powerful U.S. Senator in David Winning's "Killer Image". In "Christmas with the Kranks", he played one of the Kranks' neighbors. He also appeared as Alex Lembeck, a motorcycle cop who appointed himself as Sandy Stockton's chaperone and protector on "The Sandy Duncan Show" in 1972. He appeared in an episode of the NBC drama series "Gibbsville" in 1976 and "Little House on the Prairie" in 1981. In comedy, Walsh played the cynical small town sportswriter Document [68] (Title: History of vice in Texas) Chicken Ranch, which had operated for decades with the knowledge of state and local authorities, was finally closed in 1973 by these same authorities after a scandalous report by Houston reporter Marvin Zindler. The Ranch's notoriety following the scandal made it one of the most famous brothels in U.S. history. Its fame later became the inspiration for the 1978 Broadway musical and then movie "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas". During the 19th century Galveston had become one of the largest shipping centers, but the Galveston Hurricane of 1900 destroyed much of the city and made outside investors leery of Document [69] (Title: Matthew Labyorteaux) casting call. He shortly thereafter landed his first dramatic role in "A Woman Under the Influence", where he played one of Peter Falk and Gena Rowlands' children. Aside from his tenure on "Little House on the Prairie", Labyorteaux also starred in the short-lived television series "The Red Hand Gang" (1977) and "Whiz Kids" (1983–84), in addition to several made-for-television movies. His most prominent film role was in Wes Craven's "Deadly Friend" (1986) as Paul Conway, a young genius who resurrects a dead girl using an artificial intelligence microchip from a robot he created that had previously been destroyed by a Document [70] (Title: Lara Teeter) "Junior", originally played by Ray Bolger in 1936. He also won the 1983 Outer Critics Circle Award for Outstanding Debut Performance. The show ran for 505 performances. Additional Broadway credits include "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas" and "The Pirates of Penzance" (chorus). Off-Broadway and national touring credits include the Scarecrow in "The Wizard of Oz" (in 1998), "The Robber Bridegroom", "She Loves Me" as Kodaly in 1987 at the Ahmanson Theatre, "My Fair Lady" as Henry Higgins at the North Shore Music Theatre (Beverly, Massachusetts) in 1999, "Little Shop of Horrors", "Follies" in 2005 as "Buddy" and "Oklahoma!" (national Document [71] (Title: Minnie Fisher Cunningham) alternatives to bars and a deterrent to prostitution, as was the Texas Social Hygiene Association. In 1918, Cunningham received an appointment to the Texas Military Welfare Commission. In spite of the terms of his impeachment banning him from elected office, Ferguson announced his candidacy for Governor in 1918. Acting Governor William P. Hobby was likely to be voted out of office in the wake of Ferguson's illegitimate candidacy. Cunningham worked behind the scenes with state representative Charles Metcalfe to cut a deal for primary suffrage, which would allow women in Texas to vote in the primary elections but not the Document [72] (Title: Kinky Friedman) Story" by Austin-based director Chris Elley. In the film, narrated by Governor Ann Richards, Kinky exclaims that "Jesus loved Barbecue" and analyzes the speech patterns of Texans versus New Yorkers. Raw footage from Friedman's interview appears in the 2005 DVD release of the film. He has appeared in other movies as well including "Loose Shoes" and "The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2". Friedman's persona as a politically incorrect raconteur has been likened to that of movie critic and commentator John Irving Bloom, better known in print as Joe Bob Briggs, with whom he appeared in the B movie "The Texas Chainsaw Document [73] (Title: A Texas Steer) A Texas Steer A Texas Steer is a lost 1927 American silent film directed by Richard Wallace and starring Will Rogers. It was a cinematic adaptation from an eponymous play by Charles H. Hoyt. Maverick Brander, a newly elected Congressman from the fictional town of Red Dog, Texas, moves to Washington, D.C. to serve in the United States House of Representatives. He supports the Eagle Rock Dam bill. Meanwhile, he flirts with a woman. The film was reviewed in "The New York Times" by film critic Mordaunt Hall in 1928. He noted, "There are passages in this film that are Document [74] (Title: Little Britches (outlaw)) starring and narrated by Jim Davis. In this story, Little Britches became smitten with an outlaw named Dave Ridley, played by James Best, rather than Bill Doolin. Little Britches is shown at the conclusion of the episode leaving the Framingham reformatory and anonymously working in a soup kitchen in a slum section of New York City. "Little Britches" is used across the United States as the proper name of numerous business, including day-care centers, pediatric clinics, clothing stores, bakeries, boutiques, and even an employment agency for nannies. Nor should Little Britches the outlaw be confused with: Little Britches (outlaw) Little Document [75] (Title: Frank Ferguson) the NBC western series, "The Tall Man", starring Barry Sullivan as Sheriff Pat Garrett and Clu Gulager as Billy the Kid. In the story line, as Wallace visits Lincoln, New Mexico, Sheriff Garrett tries to keep down brawling in the cantina owned by Big Mamacita (Connie Gilchrist), who is the grandmother of the governor's young aide. In the 1963-1964 season, Ferguson was cast in the recurring role of Judge Gurney in the NBC/Warner Brothers western series "Temple Houston", with Jeffrey Hunter as an historical person, the frontier lawyer Temple Lea Houston, youngest son of Sam Houston. Jack Elam and Mary Document [76] (Title: Robert Fuller (actor)) James Best appeared on the sixth episode of "Laramie." Best played a worried young man who demanded that Jess Harper help save a young man dying of a snake bite. Fuller and Best had a great connection and since the writers loved him from his first appearance, Best later did two additional guest spots on "Laramie" with Fuller, long before landing a starring role in the popular action-comedy satire, "The Dukes of Hazzard", in the 1980s and later, two movies, in 1997 and 2000. Being the traveling man that he was, 'Jimmie' would travel to festivals and run into 'Bobby' Document [77] (Title: Gary Sandy) Gary Sandy Gary Lee Sandy (born December 25, 1945) is an American actor who is best remembered as program director Andy Travis in the television sitcom "WKRP in Cincinnati". In 1982, he replaced Kevin Kline as The Pirate King on Broadway in "The Pirates of Penzance". In 1986, he replaced Tony Roberts as Mortimer Brewster in the fiftieth anniversary production of "Arsenic and Old Lace" opposite Jean Stapleton and Marion Ross, and continued the role in the North American tour. Beginning in 2001, he starred opposite Ann-Margret in a stage production of "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas" which toured Document [78] (Title: J. D. Grey) Gary. In 1965, he was so honored in Dallas, Texas, and thereafter in twelve other cities. He was made an honorary deputy sheriff in ten counties in four states. In 1958, Grey played himself in the film "Damn Citizen", with Keith Andes in the starring role as Louisiana State Police Superintendent Francis Grevemberg, who attempted to eliminate corruption in his state during the 1950s. Grey and his wife, the former Lillian Tooke, whom he married in 1927, had twin daughters born in 1941, Martha Ann Cantrell and her husband, Richard C. Cantrell (born 1940) of Gretna in Jefferson Parish, and Document [79] (Title: Dead Weight (The Walking Dead)) his old cruel ways. When they return to camp, Martinez invites The Governor to play golf atop a trailer, where Martinez reveals that Shumpert, one of The Governor's former henchmen, became reckless and was bitten near one of the walker pits; Martinez then mercy-killed him. A drunk Martinez shares his insecurities about keeping the camp safe, and he offers The Governor a co-leadership role. In response, The Governor strikes Martinez's head with his golf club, throws him off the trailer, and drags him to a pit of walkers, where Martinez is devoured. The Governor repeatedly mutters, "I don't want it". Document [80] (Title: The Governor (The Walking Dead)) up and confronts him. However The Governor "pushes" Tyreese to the ground while still pressing his point. Tyreese ultimately dies in peace, and the vision of the Governor fades away. On television, the character is portrayed by British actor David Morrissey. Glen Mazzara, when asked about the character's direction for season 3 of the show, described The Governor as a narcissist, who sees himself as the future savior of civilization and is willing to resort to the most extreme of measures to achieve his ultimate goal. Despite making few appearances, The Governor's daughter, Penny, plays a key role in his Document [81] (Title: Naughty Marietta (Max Liebman Presents)) is 1790 and Captain Richard Warrington, of the United States Army, arrives with his infantry in New Orleans (""Tramp! Tramp! Tramp!""), where Warrington wants to see Lieutenant Governor Le Grange, on official business. Captain Warrington finds the Governor at the casino, where Le Grange's girlfriend, Yvonne, is an entertainer (""We're the Love of Old New Orleans""). When Warrington asks Le Grange for permission to search for the French pirate "Bras Piqué", who has been robbing American ships, the Governor refuses the request and orders Captain Warrington and his men to leave New Orleans. Meanwhile, the pretty and vivacious Marietta has Document [82] (Title: Stacy Harris) Frank Brigham in "The Case of the Crying Comedian" in 1961. In 1969, Harris played the corrupt and cowardly Mayor Ackerson of the since ghost town of Helena, Texas, in the episode "The Oldest Law" of the syndicated television series, "Death Valley Days", hosted by Robert Taylor not long before Taylor's own death. Popular character actor Jim Davis played Colonel William G. Butler (1831-1912), who takes revenge on the town after its citizens refuse to disclose the killer of Butler's son, Emmett, who died from a stray bullet from a saloon brawl. Butler arranges for the San Antonio and Aransas Document [83] (Title: Memphis Cathouse Blues) Memphis Cathouse Blues Memphis Cathouse Blues is a 1982 pornographic film that is a spoof of the Broadway musical "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas", and the 1982 film it was made into, starring Burt Reynolds and Dolly Parton. Annette Haven takes over the Parton role of the madam and Mike Horner the Reynolds role as the sheriff. Madam Mavis (Annette Haven) runs a bordello in Memphis, Tennessee. Her exclusive client is Sheriff T.J. Thomson (Mike Horner), but he can't help her against Reverend Pritchit (R.J. Reynolds) who sends Deacon Davis (Herschel Savage) and Brother Pyle (Jon Martin) to demonstrate Document [84] (Title: Harry Cheshire) of Wileyville, Texas. Cheshire appeared as Judge Trager between 1958 and 1962 in fifteen episodes of the ABC/Warner Brothers western series, "Lawman", with John Russell and Peter Brown. Cheshire's film appearances include "Barnyard Follies" (1940), "O, My Darling Clementine" (1943), "The Best Years of Our Lives" (1946), "Dangerous Mission" (1954), and an uncredited role in "Ma and Pa Kettle at the Fair" (1952). He guest starred in other television programs, including the westerns, "The Lone Ranger", "The Range Rider", "Annie Oakley", "Tales of the Texas Rangers", "The Adventures of Rin Tin Tin", "The Texan", and "Maverick", and the situation comedies, Document [85] (Title: James Best) and Henry Fonda, and the cross-dressing Dewey Barksdale in the 1976 drama "Ode to Billy Joe". Best guest-starred more than 280 times in numerous television series. In 1954, he played the outlaw Dave Ridley, opposite Gloria Winters as the female bandit "Little Britches" in an episode of "Stories of the Century". In 1954, Best appeared twice on the syndicated "Annie Oakley" series, starring Gail Davis and Brad Johnson. He was cast in the religion anthology series "Crossroads", in its 1956 episode "The White Carnation." He was also cast on an episode of Jackie Cooper's early NBC sitcom "The People's Choice" Document [86] (Title: Carol Hall) Carol Hall Carol Hall (April 3, 1936 – October 11, 2018) was an American composer and lyricist. She was best known for composing the music and lyrics for the Broadway stage musical "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas" (1978, adapted as a film in 1982). Her other works include the Broadway sequel "The Best Little Whorehouse Goes Public" (1994), as well as the Off-Broadway musical "To Whom It May Concern" (c. 1986). Hall was born in 1936 in Abilene, Texas. She penned eight one-act plays, all under the tite "The Days Are As Grass". The work was acquired by Samuel Document [87] (Title: Thommie Walsh) on choreography, musical staging, and direction. His credits include "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas" (1978 and 1982) with "Chorus" cast member Pam Blair, "The 1940's Radio Hour" (1979), "A Day in Hollywood/A Night in the Ukraine" (1980), with "Chorus" cast member Priscilla Lopez, "Do Black Patent Leather Shoes Really Reflect Up?" (1982), "Nine" (1982), "My One and Only" (1983) with "Chorus" cast member Ron Dennis, "" (1983), and "My Favorite Year" (1992). He received the Tony and Drama Desk Awards for his choreography in "A Day in Hollywood/A Night in the Ukraine" and "My One and Only" which also Document [88] (Title: The Meanest Man in Texas) near Cisco, Texas, Clyde is convicted of murder and sentenced to death. Just hours before execution by electric chair, the Governor spares him the death penalty, but he is shipped to the Texas Prison Farm to serve hard labor, where he gains the moniker "The Meanest Man in Texas." The story follows Clyde’s journey as his personal roller-coaster ride takes him on some life-changings highs and lows, but ultimately leads him to redemption. It also includes a handicapped woman on the outside who corresponds with this prisoner who has been given three life sentences. The Meanest Man in Texas The Document [89] (Title: The Proud and Damned) Hansen (Chuck Connors), Ike (Aron Kincaid), Hank (Henry Caps), Jeb (Smokey Robards), and Billy (Peter Ford) have just emigrated from their home state of Texas to Colombia in South America. After their arrival, they are ambushed by Colombian soldiers who force them to come meet General Martinez, the evil, cold-hearted dictator of their country. Martinez sends them to San Carlos, a town where rebel forces are preparing to start a civil war against Martinez's army. The Texans are instructed to live among the rebels, and report back to Martinez what they know within the next couple of days. Martinez warns Document [90] (Title: Ross S. Sterling) C. Hedrick of Fort Worth. Sterling's former house, built about 1910, was moved in 1999 from 106 Westheimer Road to the intersection of Bagby and Rosalie to undergo restoration. Ross S. Sterling Ross Shaw Sterling (February 11, 1875March 25, 1949) was an American politician who was the 31st Governor of Texas, serving a single two-year term from January 20, 1931, to January 17, 1933. Sterling was born in Anahuac in Chambers County near Houston, Texas. He grew up on a farm and, after little formal education, began working as a clerk at the age of 12. At the age of Document [91] (Title: Bob Gunton) time as the President's Secretary of State. Gunton portrays Leland Owlsley in the 2015 TV series "Daredevil". Gunton made a guest appearance on in January 2017. Bob Gunton Robert Patrick Gunton Jr. (born November 15, 1945) is an American actor. He is known for playing strict, authoritarian characters, with his best known roles as Warden Samuel Norton in the 1994 prison film "The Shawshank Redemption", Chief George Earle in 1993's "Demolition Man", Dr. Walcott, the domineering dean of Virginia Medical School in "Patch Adams", and President Juan Peron in the original Broadway production of "Evita", for which he received a Document [92] (Title: I Ain't a Judas) Carl (Chandler Riggs) sees his father would benefit from some rest, and suggests that he let Hershel and Daryl (Norman Reedus) take charge. The Governor is readying Woodbury for total war. Civilians, including women and adolescents, are given weapons and taught to use them, in preparation for combat. Andrea (Laurie Holden) is disturbed by this and asks to leave to negotiate a peace with the prison, but The Governor discourages her, implying that she will not be welcomed back if she leaves. Andrea asks Milton (Dallas Roberts) to help her sneak out, which Milton reports back to The Governor (as Document [93] (Title: John Lee Smith) John Lee Smith John Lee Smith (May 16, 1894 – September 26, 1963) was the 32nd Lieutenant Governor of Texas serving under Governor Coke R. Stevenson during World War II and a vocal opponent of Texas labor unions during his tenure. Born May 16, 1894 at Chico, Texas, and raised in Throckmorton, Texas, Smith was educated at Stamford College and West Texas State Teachers College before teaching school. In 1918, he went to France as a member of American Expeditionary Forces; while overseas, he also studied at a French university. Upon his return, he studied law at Chautauqua, New York, Document [94] (Title: The Best Little Whorehouse Goes Public) Harry Hardast objects to his plan. The Vegas locale allows for an ongoing parade of barely dressed showgirls in glitzy Bob Mackie costumes, Sonny and Cher, Elvis Presley, Liberace, and Siegfried and Roy impersonators, and a two-bit stand-up comic acting as emcee against a background of flashing neon lights and accompanied by the sound of ever-jangling slot machines. After 28 previews, the Broadway production, directed by Tommy Tune and Peter Masterson and choreographed by Tune and Jeff Calhoun, opened on May 10, 1994 at the Lunt-Fontanne Theatre, where it ran for 16 performances. The cast included Dee Hoty as Mona, Document [95] (Title: Len Lesser) appeared in a variety of films such as "Birdman of Alcatraz" (1962), "How to Stuff a Wild Bikini" (1965), "Kelly's Heroes" (1970), "Blood and Lace" (1971), "Dirty Little Billy" (1972), "Papillon" (1973), "Truck Stop Women" (1974), "The Outlaw Josey Wales" (1976), "Supervan" (1977), "Moonshine County Express" (1977), "Ruby" (1977), "Death Hunt" (1981), "Take This Job and Shove It" (1981), "Grandmother's House" (1988) and "Baadasssss!" (2003). Lesser had a recurring role on "Everybody Loves Raymond" as "Garvin", a friend of Frank Barone, who always lifted his arms in excitement whenever he saw Ray (just as Lesser did in his recurring role Document [96] (Title: She Came to the Valley) husband later dies and she finds herself the subject of attention by a man called Bill who she learns is a gun runner for Villa. Pancho Villa was played by Freddy Fender. In January 1979, Maria Luz Corral de Villa came to McAllen, Texas, a south border town to see Kika de la Garza, to present him with a pardon request for her late husband to be exonerated for his actions against the United States. Ms de Villa who at the age of 84 was in frail health arrived by air ambulance. She was assisted by aide Sol Marroquin. Marroquin, Document [97] (Title: Carlin Glynn) "Night Game" (1989), "Convicts" (1991), "Judy Berlin" (1999) and "Whiskey School" (2005). Carlin Glynn Carlin Glynn (born February 19, 1940) is an American singer and retired actress. She is the mother of actress Mary Stuart Masterson. Glynn was born in Cleveland, Ohio. She attended Mirabeau B. Lamar High School in Houston, Texas. A life member of The Actors Studio, Glynn made her belated but Tony-winning Broadway debut - as 1979's Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical - portraying "Mona Stangley" in the original production of "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas", a musical comedy adapted by Glynn's husband and fellow Document [98] (Title: John McConnell (actor)) Kingfish", wherein he portrays colorful Louisiana Governor Huey P. Long. He is perhaps best known for having portrayed Ignatius J. Reilly from the Pulitzer Prize-winning novel "A Confederacy of Dunces", and in that role was the model for a life-sized bronze statue of the fictitious character on historic Canal Street in downtown New Orleans. On television, McConnell has had recurring roles in several series, among them the recent shows: Underground and Hap & Leonard. He also made several appearances over three seasons of "Roseanne", with good friend and colleague John Goodman. McConnell was also featured in a recurring role on Document [99] (Title: Rodolfo Hoyos Jr.) played Governor Armijo in the episode "La Tules" of the syndicated "Death Valley Days" television series, then hosted by Stanley Andrews. In 1977, Hoyos played Emilio Alvarez in "Hard Rock Brown" of the NBC series "Police Story". Hoyos' last television roles were in 1979 as Jose in "Luke" of the ABC western mini-series, "How the West Was Won", with James Arness, and in 1979 as General Ranez in the episode "Cruisin' Angels" of the ABC series, "Charlie's Angels". His final film role was as General Sanzer in "Love and Money" in 1982. Hoyos died in 1983 in Los Angeles at Document [100] (Title: The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas (film)) up replacing Masterton and Tune with Colin Higgins. Reynolds later said Parton "had two directors fired before we started - they were gone. Because I'd made so many movies and she hadn't, everyone thought it was me. Whether she was right or wrong in those decisions, it was amazing to me that she could do it." Higgins prepared for directing it by watching old George Cukor films and Dr. Pepper commercials ("They have a lot of wonderful movement," said Higgins.) Reynolds said he suggested to Higgins that Charles Durning be cast. "Colin is very smart, very commercial. They wanted Mickey Document [101] (Title: Arlene Theater) second season that the Mouse River Players are performing the Best Little Whorehouse in Texas. The first time was in the 1991-1992 season. The Mouse River Players will also hold their annual Thanksgiving Weekend Revue and a youth production in March at the Arlene. The Arlene Theater has a children's theater program called the Mini Mousers. The program offers students between the ages of six and fourteen classes taught by local artists. Students in the program perform in the Mouse River Players annual family production Arlene Theater The Arlene Theater is the name of a performance theater in Downtown Minot, Document [102] (Title: Ewing Mitchell) "Farewell to Fort Apache" of "The Adventures of Rin Tin Tin". In 1956, he was cast in an episode of the CBS fantasy drama, "The Millionaire", in the episode "The Jane Carr Story", with Angie Dickinson in the lead guest-starring role. He appeared twice in 1956 as Preacher Homer Wilkins in the CBS western series, "The Adventures of Jim Bowie", starring Scott Forbes in the title role. In 1956, he played a Confederate colonel in the episode "Enemies" of Ronald W. Reagan's CBS anthology series, "General Electric Theater". His other appearances, mostly on westerns, include "Sugarfoot", "Tales of the Texas Document [103] (Title: The Governor (The Walking Dead)) it is shown that The Governor has a zombified daughter named Penny, whom he keeps hidden, feeds body parts to, and grooms affectionately while playing the lullaby "Bye, baby Bunting". The Governor allows Michonne to leave town, but she is unable to convince Andrea to leave with her. The Governor leads Andrea to a gathering for the townsfolk: a sparring match between Merle and Martinez surrounded by chained, toothless walkers. The spectacle shocks Andrea, who describes it as "barbaric", but the Governor insists it is "fun", and it teaches the residents to not be afraid. In the episode "Hounded", the Document [104] (Title: Jason Beghe) Press" wrote: "There is an affectionate romantic sizzle between the ruggedly handsome Beghe ("G.I. Jane") and the dark-haired, unconventionally attractive Kelly ("Little Odessa")." Kinney Littlefield of "The Orange County Register" said that "Beghe and Kelly have charm." Beghe appeared in acting roles on "Numb3rs", "", "Everwood", "Criminal Minds", "Veronica Mars", "Jag" and "Cane". Beghe portrayed exorcist Ray Purvis in the 2008 horror film "One Missed Call". In 2009, Beghe had a guest-starring role on the television show "Californication". He played the character novelist Richard Bates, a friend of character Hank Moody (played by David Duchovny). "Bates, played by Jason Beghe, Document [105] (Title: The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas (film)) Ranch" was written for the trailer. Parton recorded two of the deleted songs, "A Gamble Either Way", and "A Cowboy's Ways" (a reworking of "Where Stallions Run"), and included them on her 1983 album "Burlap & Satin." The film presented some difficulties for Universal, particularly with advertising. In 1982, the word "whorehouse" was considered obscene in parts of the United States, resulting in the film being renamed "The Best Little Cathouse in Texas" in some print ads, while television ads were either banned outright in some areas, or the offending word was censored; on WXYZ-TV in Detroit, the announcer on Document [106] (Title: Little Britches (outlaw)) only two years in the Indian and Oklahoma territories, but their escapades proved a challenge to law enforcement and the judicial system. It is unknown if Little Britches was "rehabilitated" through her confinement in Framingham, one of the few prisons then available for female inmates. In the film "Cattle Annie and Little Britches" (1981), directed by Lamont Johnson, Diane Lane portrays Little Britches, Amanda Plummer makes her film debut as Cattle Annie, Burt Lancaster is an historically inaccurate and much older Bill Doolin, Rod Steiger is Marshal Tilghman, Scott Glenn is Bill Dalton, and Buck Taylor (known as the young Document [107] (Title: When the Dead Come Knocking) he is still tied to a chair. Glenn manages to fend off and kill the walker while breaking free of his restraints. Separately The Governor (David Morrissey) interrogates Maggie (Lauren Cohan) and when she refuses to talk, he makes her take off her shirt and bra, threatening to rape her. Maggie remains silent and refuses to cooperate, even as The Governor threatens to harm Glenn, forcing him to leave her alone. The Governor then brings the two of them together, and threatens to kill Glenn in front of Maggie. Maggie finally relents, revealing that they come from a small group Document [108] (Title: Brad Leland) and directing. After graduating from college, Leland moved to Dallas where he worked in local theatre and found an agent. He also got a part in one episode of the TV series "Dallas" and in an episode of "In the Heat of the Night". He later appeared in seven episodes of the TV series "Walker, Texas Ranger", in the 2003 "Texas Chain Saw Massacre" remake and as an executive in the film "Hancock". His most visible roles, though, are that of football booster John Aubrey in the film "Friday Night Lights" and the similar character, Buddy Garrity, in the TV Document [109] (Title: The Little Deputy) The Little Deputy The Little Deputy is a Canadian short documentary film, directed by Trevor Anderson and released in 2015. Inspired by Anderson's rediscovery of an old childhood photo of himself and his father dressed in cowboy garb, the film blends Anderson's own contemporary quest to recreate a new version of the photo — as an adult Anderson is openly gay, and wants to recreate the photo while clothed in drag — with segments in which he imagines himself as an actual cowboy in the 1880s. The film premiered at the 2015 Sundance Film Festival. At the Alberta Film and Document [110] (Title: The Best Little Whorehouse Goes Public) Scott Holmes as Sam, Ronn Carroll as the Senator, and Jim David as the emcee. An original cast recording was released by Varèse Sarabande. The Best Little Whorehouse Goes Public The Best Little Whorehouse Goes Public is a musical with a book by Larry L. King and Peter Masterson and music and lyrics by Carol Hall. It is a sequel to the 1978 musical "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas". Hoping to recover $26 million in back taxes owed them by Las Vegas whorehouse Stallion Fields, the IRS lures former brothel madam Mona Stangley out of retirement to run the Document [111] (Title: Night Game (film)) who has also made "The Trip to Bountiful" and wrote "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas", decided to bring the movie to Texas. 'It seemed more interesting to bring it to Houston. A lot of movies are made in San Francisco and not as many in Houston or Galveston,' the director said. 'I think it worked out better; it's a different kind of locale.' Critical to the movie was the availability of the Dome, he said. Filming during the games was limited to capturing crowd reaction, wide-angle shots of the teams and the occasional player at bat. Dodgers outfielder Mike Document [112] (Title: Lt. Gov. You've Gotta Love) top of a pulsating disco beat. It ends with a long list of Dewhurst's accomplishments during this three terms as lieutenant governor that appear on the screen to the beat of the music. Political reporters disliked "Lt. Gov. You've Gotta Love". One reporter claimed that the best way to understand the advertisement was to see it as avant-garde artwork. Other reporters reactions ranged from calling the advertisement quirky to writing that it was ridiculous. Between 2003 and 2015, David Dewhurst served as the 42nd Lieutenant Governor of Texas. During his three terms as lieutenant governor, Dewhurst helped pass the controversial Document [113] (Title: David Morrissey) for a run of Neil LaBute's "In a Dark Dark House" and played the title role in the Liverpool Everyman's production of "Macbeth" in 2011. He then starred in the British crime film "Blitz," playing a morally dubious reporter in contact with the eponymous cop killer. The following year, he portrayed the Governor in AMC television series "The Walking Dead" as a series regular in the third and fourth seasons and the fifth season in a guest role. The British Film Institute describes Morrissey as being considered "one of the most versatile English actors of his generation", and he is Document [114] (Title: Sadomania) in the film he plans an escape for Olga. She goes to work with the other girls out in the hot desert, and the rest of the film is a series of subplots, including one in which a few of the workers are sent out to be hookers, one where a worker participates in a deadly game of cat-and-mouse, and one where the impotent Governor (Antonio Mayans, billed as Robert Foster) buys a couple of the workers to help him perform. There is also a scene where the Governor is finally able to have sex with his wife, but only Document [115] (Title: Bobby Fite) of the Broadway musical-comedy "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas", starring Burt Reynolds and Dolly Parton. In December of that same year, Fite appeared in a co-starring role in the CBS television movie "Miss All-American Beauty". In the film, Fite portrayed Petey Butterfield, the youngest of two brothers to Diane Lane's character, Sally Butterfield, a girl who struggles with her newfound notoriety and responsibilities after winning a Texas beauty pageant. In January 1983, Fite landed a recurring role on the NBC comedy series "Silver Spoons". On the series, Fite portrayed the smooth-talking cowboy with a Texas twang, J.T. Martin, a Document [116] (Title: Willis Bouchey) Thorne in the episode The Mask which premiered March 20th, 1964". Also in 1964, he appeared on "Petticoat Junction". He was Dr. John Rhone in the episode "Kate Flat on Her Back". He also worked again with "Perry Mason" title star Raymond Burr in an episode of NBC's "Ironside". He made guest appearances on "Sheriff of Cochise", "Crossroads", "Richard Diamond, Private Detective", "Johnny Ringo", "Stoney Burke", "Going My Way", "The Dakotas", "Hazel", and "The Andy Griffith Show". On ABC's "Colt .45" television series, Bouchey played Lew Wallace, the governor of New Mexico Territory, in the episode "Amnesty". Wallace offered a Document [117] (Title: Stories of the Century) Jolley played Sheriff Bascome in the episode "Black Bart", with Arthur Space in the title role. Gloria Winters of "Sky King" appeared as the young female bandit Little Britches in the episode of the same name, later known through the 1981 film "Cattle Annie and Little Britches". James Best co-starred with Winters as the outlaw Dave Ridley. Gregg Palmer appeared in the penultimate episode as Joseph A. "Jack" Slade of Julesburg, Colorado, who killed and mutilated the stagecoach robber and horse thief, Jules Beni.John Dehner portrayed Sheriff Henry Plummer of Idaho Territory, who was hanged in 1864 by Montana vigilantes. Document [118] (Title: The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas (film)) relationship in the film brings about not only the accusatory scene, when the sheriff—disappointed that Mona has broken her promise to close the Chicken Ranch down long enough for things to cool off—calls her a whore, but also the happy ending, when he proposes marriage to Mona, even though that might endanger his chances to be elected as a state legislator; the epilogue comments state that he is elected anyway. Parton and Reynolds were rumored to have had a relationship during filming, but in reality they did not get along. Parton described her experience making the movie as 'a nightmare.' Document [119] (Title: Tight Fit) in Distress" by Who Cares in 1985. Steve Grant's background was in musical theatre, to which he returned afterwards. In the 1980s he appeared in productions of "On the Town" and "Best Little Whorehouse in Texas", and in the 1990s he appeared in productions of "Kiss Me, Kate" and "Miss Saigon" at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane in London, where he was a part of the cast at various stages between 1992 and 1999, when the production closed. Since 1999 he has lived partly in London and partly in Southern Spain. For a number of years there was a rumour Document [120] (Title: The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas) taking care of her girls, she is also on good terms with the local sheriff, Ed Earl Dodd. When crusading television reporter Melvin P. Thorpe (based on real-life Houston news personality Marvin Zindler) decides to make the illegal activity an issue, political ramifications cause the place to be closed down. "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas" opened on Broadway at the 46th Street Theatre on June 19, 1978 and ran for 1,584 performances. The production was directed by Peter Masterson and Tommy Tune and choreographed by Tune and Thommie Walsh. The opening cast included Carlin Glynn, Henderson Forsythe, Jay Garner, Document [121] (Title: Chicken Ranch (Texas)) sometime in 1980. The Texas Chicken Ranch is the basis for the 1978 Broadway musical "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas" and 1982 movie adaptation. It also inspired the ZZ Top song "La Grange." Chicken Ranch (Texas) The Chicken Ranch was an illegal but tolerated brothel in the U.S. state of Texas that operated from 1905 until 1973. It was located in Fayette County about east of downtown La Grange. The business was established by Miss Jessie Williams, and was the basis for the 1973 ZZ Top song, "La Grange", the 1978 Broadway musical "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas", Document [122] (Title: James A. Michener's Texas) James A. Michener's Texas James A. Michener's Texas (also called Texas) is a 1994 ABC television miniseries directed by Richard Lang and starring Patrick Duffy as Stephen F. Austin, Stacy Keach as Sam Houston, Chelsea Field as Maddie Quimper, Rick Schroder as Otto McNab, Grant Show as William B. Travis, David Keith as James Bowie, John Schneider as Davy Crockett, María Conchita Alonso as Lucia, and Benjamin Bratt as Benito Garza. The film is narrated by Charlton Heston. Aaron Spelling was the executive producer. Adapted from the historical fiction novel "Texas" by James A. Michener, it includes only the section Document [123] (Title: Alan Eichler) De Niro, Sally Kirkland and Diane Ladd; Tina Howe's "The Nest" with Jill Clayburgh; Leland Hayward's last production "The Mother Lover" with Eileen Heckart; Larry Kramer's "Four Friends" with Brad Davis (actor). In 1970, he began a long association with playwright Tom Eyen, starting with "The Dirtiest Show in Town" and continuing with the prison comedy "Women Behind Bars" (which Eichler also co-produced), "The Neon Woman" starring Divine, "Why Hanna's Skirt Won't Stay Down" with Helen Hanft, "The White Whore and the Bit Player", and the Tony Award-winning musical "Dreamgirls". He also worked with actor-director-playwright Charles Ludlam and helped establish Document [124] (Title: The Best Man (1964 film)) Times" cited William R. Ebersol in the role of Governor John Merwin as one of those who "stand out in a cast that is notable for its authenticity." It was Ebersol's only film and he does not speak. The Best Man (1964 film) The Best Man is a 1964 American political drama film directed by Franklin J. Schaffner with a screenplay by Gore Vidal based on his play of the same title. Starring Henry Fonda, Cliff Robertson, and Lee Tracy, the film details the seamy political maneuverings behind the nomination of a presidential candidate. The supporting cast features Edie Adams, Document [125] (Title: The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas (film)) "A Gamble Either Way" and "Where Stallions Run". The latter was restored for the ABC network television broadcast of the film, as the film was too short for its time slot after the censors finished their broadcast edits and additional material was needed. "A Gamble Either Way" replaced "Girl You're a Woman" from the Broadway score and was sung by Parton after Miss Mona interviewed "Shy" (Andrea Pike) for a job at the Chicken Ranch. The characters of Shy and Angel from the Broadway show were reduced in the film. Their footage was eventually edited out. "Down At The Chicken Document [126] (Title: Eric Lewis (actor)) the Governor", and in Carton's "Lady Huntsworth's Experiment". In 1905, at St. James's Theatre, Lewis received more good notices as a cynical old busybody in the title role of "Mollentrave on Women" by Alfred Sutro. Looking back on this production almost 30 years later, "The Times" called Lewis's performance "perfect". The same year, he starred in George Bernard Shaw's "Passion, Poison and Petrifaction". Later that year at the Haymarket Theatre, he starred in "On the Love Path" by C. M. S. McLellan. The next year saw him in at the Duke of York's Theatre in "All-Of-A-Sudden Peggy" by Ernest Denny. Document [127] (Title: When the Dead Come Knocking) at the nearby prison. Leaving the two alone, The Governor and Merle are surprised that a group so small could take a prison that deep in the dangerous Red Zone. The Governor becomes nervous that he is still being lied to, and begins to question Merle's loyalty to him, though he asserts he is still loyal to Woodbury. The Governor assigns Merle and Martinez (Jose Pablo Cantillo) to scout the prison to verify Maggie's information. Elsewhere in Woodbury, Andrea (Laurie Holden) continues her affair with The Governor, and to avoid informing her of Maggie and Glenn's capture, he assigns her Document [128] (Title: The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas (soundtrack)) The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas (soundtrack) The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas (Music from the Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) was released along with the film in July 1982. The album was produced by Gregg Perry. In addition to the score of Carol Hall songs recorded for the stage soundtrack, the film soundtrack included two Dolly Parton compositions: "Sneakin' Around", which she performed as a duet with costar Burt Reynolds and a reworking of her 1974 classic "I Will Always Love You", the latter of which topped the U.S. country charts in September 1982. Unlike the original 1974 version, the Document [129] (Title: Sam Elliott) on a biography of Sam Houston. The role allowed him to play Houston as both fighter and a man who grew into a skillful political leader; the film depicted his disgrace as governor of Tennessee, his return to his Cherokee Nation friends, and his pivotal role in the liberation of Texas from Mexico in 1836. Elliott played Wade Garrett in "Road House" (1989). In 1991, Elliott and his wife Katharine Ross starred in the adaptation of the Louis L'Amour novel "Conagher" (1991). He portrayed General John Buford in the 1993 historical drama "Gettysburg", and the same year played Virgil Earp Document [130] (Title: Kinky Friedman) 184,992 (37.7 percent), behind Hogan's 190,205 (38.8 percent), but ahead of rancher and former educator Hugh Asa Fitzsimons, III (born 1954), of San Antonio, who received a critical 114,953 votes (23.5 percent). Fitzsimons carried the endorsement of the Democratic nominee for lieutenant governor, his hometown State Senator Leticia Van de Putte, who is running on the ticket headed by State Senator Wendy R. Davis of Fort Worth. Friedman lost the May runoff to Hogan, 54 percent to 46 percent, who then faced Republican Sid Miller in the November election. Friedman appeared in the 2004 documentary film "Barbecue: A Texas Love Document [131] (Title: Dead Weight (The Walking Dead)) (Meyrick Murphy) from a pit of walkers. After reuniting with Lilly (Audrey Marie Anderson) and Tara (Alanna Masterson), The Governor joins the camp of Martinez, who appears surprised by The Governor's decision to adopt a new identity. The Governor, Martinez, Mitch, and Pete go on a supply run to a nearby cabin, on the way to which they find three dead bodies labeled "Liar", "Rapist", and "Murderer". While resting in the cabin, Martinez tells The Governor that he wouldn't have saved him if The Governor weren't with his adopted family, which Martinez believes indicates that The Governor has changed from Document [132] (Title: Ann-Margret) touring production of "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas". The production co-starred Gary Sandy and Ed Dixon. She played Jimmy Fallon's mother in the 2004 comedy "Taxi", co-starring Queen Latifah. In 2001, Ann-Margret worked with Art Greenhaw on the album "God Is Love: The Gospel Sessions". The critically acclaimed project resulted in her first Grammy Award nomination and first Dove Award nomination for Best Album of the Year in a Gospel category. They teamed up again in 2004 for the album "Ann-Margret's Christmas Carol Collection". She performed material from the album at two auditorium church services at Crystal Cathedral in Document [133] (Title: Under a Texas Moon) early 1880s. He is accompanied by his two inseparable companions, played by Georgie Stone and George Cooper. The day is being celebrated in the style of a Spanish fiesta. Fay challenges a rough Texan, played by Noah Beery, to a duel, only to find himself invited to undertake the dangerous task of capturing a cattle rustler who has been stealing cattle from the Lazy Y Ranch. He accepts the task on the promise of receiving $7000 in gold if he can return both the thief and the stolen cattle within 10 days. During the next nine days, Fay spends his Document [134] (Title: The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas (film)) football game between Texas Longhorns and the Texas A&M Aggies traditionally is brought to "celebrate" its victory. The negative publicity puts a spotlight on the place, so Ed Earl gets Miss Mona's word that she will shut the doors until the attention goes away. She shuts it down to regular customers, but elects to let the football players have their party, at which point Thorpe and his TV cameras sneak onto the property and ambush them all. Earl compounds the problem by insulting and threatening Thorpe in the town public square, all also caught on TV. A quarrel and bitter Document [135] (Title: Jerry Leggio) Jerry Leggio Jerry Leggio (born September 23, 1935) is an American actor of stage and screen. He was born in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. He has appeared in such films as "Sounder", "Sister, Sister", "The Badge" and "American Violet" and in two episodes of "In the Heat of the Night". He also appeared in two episodes of "" as Dr. Bonham and in the TV movies "The Ernest Green Story", "Ruffian" and "Mothman". He has had uncredited roles in the films "Hush...Hush, Sweet Charlotte" and "Alvarez Kelly". His stage roles include "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas" (as Sheriff Dodd), "A Document [136] (Title: Fade Out – Fade In) such as Shirley Temple and Bill "Bojangles" Robinson, and Governor is based on MGM honcho Louis B. Mayer, known for his roving eye for pretty starlets and deep-seated nepotism. The musical opened on Broadway on May 26, 1964 at the Mark Hellinger Theatre, and closed on April 17, 1965, after 274 performances and six previews. Directed by George Abbott and choreographed by Ernest Flatt, the cast included Carol Burnett as Hope Springfield, Dick Patterson as Rudolf, Lou Jacobi as Lionel Z. Governor, Jack Cassidy as Byron Prong, and Tina Louise. Cassidy was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Featured Document [137] (Title: The Littlest Outlaw) The Littlest Outlaw The Littlest Outlaw is a live-action film produced by Walt Disney. It was released by Buena Vista Distribution on December 22, 1955. It was directed by Roberto Gavaldón and written by Larry Lansburgh (story), and Bill Walsh (screenplay). It starred Pedro Armendáriz as Gen. Torres, Joseph Calleia as the Padre, and Andrés Velázquez as Pablito. Little Pablito is the ten-year-old son of a cruel horse trainer. The trainer is responsible for training a Mexican general's horse to jump for the grand race. The trainer's methods cause the horse to become afraid of jumping and the general orders Document [138] (Title: The Gay Place) him. The novella concerns itself with Christiansen's rising political prospects as his home life deteriorates. In "Country Pleasures", the governor's party drives out to the set of a film starring Vicki McGown, the ex-wife of Fenstemaker's speechwriter Jay McGown. Vicki attempts to win Jay back, which causes tensions between Jay and his girlfriend Sarah (also the governor's secretary). Vicki takes the governor and Jay on a joyride to an old Mexican village, where the governor drunkenly signs Texas back to the Mexicans. The latter part of the story deals with an attempt to cover up a scandal which breaks open Document [139] (Title: Marietta Marich) Little Whorehouse in Texas", in addition to many other main-stage theatrical roles in Texas. She sang with the Tommy Dorsey Orchestra. In her later years, she became known for her roles in horror films, including the 2003 remake of "The Texas Chainsaw Massacre", starring Jessica Biel. Marich reprised her role as Luda Mae Hewitt in the 2006 prequel, "". In 2013, she replaced fellow veteran actress Tippi Hedren in "House of Good and Evil". Marich was married to former radio host Bob Marich who predeceased her in 2012. They had a son, actor Michael Marich (1969–1996), and a daughter, Allison, Document [140] (Title: Helena, Texas) character actor Jim Davis played the role of Colonel Butler in the 1969 episode "The Oldest Law" of the syndicated television series, "Death Valley Days", hosted by Robert Taylor not long before Taylor's own death. Tom Lowell (born 1941) played Emmett Butler; Stacy Harris, the corrupt Mayor Ackerson, and Tyler McVey, Parson Blake. Helena, Texas Helena is a ghost town in Texas, approximately southeast of San Antonio in Karnes County. The seat of Karnes County from 1854 to 1894, Helena was once known as the self-proclaimed "toughest town on earth" in the mid-19th century. It was named for the second Document [141] (Title: James Best) Hickory, North Carolina. An acting coach, Best taught drama and acting techniques for more than a quarter century in Los Angeles. He also served as artist-in-residence and taught drama at the University of Mississippi (Oxford) for two years prior to his stint on "The Dukes of Hazzard". In 2009, he completed his autobiography "Best In Hollywood: The Good, The Bad and The Beautiful". The book, published in 2009 through Bear Manor Media, premiered at the Mid Atlantic Nostalgia Convention in Aberdeen, Maryland. On November 9, 2014, Best and fellow actor Robert Fuller (along with their wives) attended the 100th birthday Document [142] (Title: The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas (film)) breakup between the sheriff and Miss Mona ensues, punctuated by him calling her "a whore." The Governor of Texas, who cannot make a decision on a single issue until he first sees what voters say in the polls, listens to Earl's appeals to keep the Chicken Ranch open, but when the polls say no he orders Ed Earl to close down the Chicken Ranch. The working girls leave the Chicken Ranch for good. Miss Mona is disconsolate, at least until finding out the effort made by the sheriff on her behalf. As Miss Mona is departing the whorehouse for the Document [143] (Title: Welcome to the Tombs) the woods on the perimeter of the prison. Herschel and Carl hold the man at gunpoint, and Herschel demands the young man hand over his weapon. As he slowly complies with Herschel's demand, Carl unexpectedly and deliberately shoots the man. Some distance from the prison, The Governor catches up to the fleeing convoy and orders them to return to the prison. When they insist on returning to Woodbury, The Governor proceeds to kill them all, including Allen (Daniel Thomas May). He only leaves alive his lieutenants Martinez (Jose Pablo Cantillo) and Shumpert (Travis Love), though he is unaware Karen (Melissa Document [144] (Title: The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas (film)) the film for Best Motion Picture (Comedy or Musical) and Parton for Best Actress in a Motion Picture (Comedy or Musical). It was the fourth highest-grossing live-action musical film of the 1980s. Ed Earl Dodd, the sheriff of Gilbert, Texas, has a relationship of long standing with Miss Mona Stangley, who runs a brothel called the "Chicken Ranch" outside of town. Illegal or not, Earl does not interfere with her business, which has been a fixture in the town for as long as either can remember. Lovers on the side, occasionally interrupted by Deputy Fred, the sheriff and madam have Document [145] (Title: Angelina Love) A Governor Palin parody character, often referred to simply as The Governor, appeared on December 4 played by Shannon Spruill. Love and Sky were oblivious to The Governor being an imposter, resulting in some comedy skits where Kip tried to convince them they were being fooled while others mocked their stupidity. The Governor, meanwhile, convinced the duo that they would have a makeover that would make them worthy of her cabinet; the makeover involved frumpy clothes, no make-up and unstyled hair. On January 15, Taylor Wilde and Roxxi revealed that it had all been a ruse to humiliate The Beautiful Document [146] (Title: Freddy Fender) as Tony in the prison movie "Short Eyes", a 1977 film adaptation, directed by Robert M. Young, of the Miguel Pinero play. Fender played the role of Pancho Villa in 1979s "She Came to the Valley" (later released as "Texas in Flames"). The movie was directed by Albert Band and based on the book by Cleo Dawson. Fender also appeared as himself in an episode of the television series "The Dukes of Hazzard". Freddy Fender Freddy Fender (born Baldemar Garza Huerta; June 4, 1937 – October 14, 2006) was a Mexican American Tejano, country and rock and roll musician, known Document [147] (Title: Robert Bray) Davis's syndicated western "Stories of the Century". That same year, he guest-starred in Reed Hadley's CBS crime drama, "The Public Defender". On December 4, 1955, he was cast as petroleum pioneer Pattillo Higgins in "Spindletop – The First Great Texas Oil Strike (January 10, 1901)" on the CBS history series, "You Are There", the story of the origin of the Texas oil industry. In 1958, he starred in "Never Love a Stranger", a film adaptation of a Harold Robbins novel that also featured Steve McQueen. Bray guest-starred in the episode "Obituary" of NBC's western series, "Jefferson Drum", starring Jeff Richards, Document [148] (Title: William Hardy (actor)) Players at Rice University. Hardy was part of over 90 productions during this time. Decades later, when planning the repertoire for his own Houston theater, he credited his time spent at the Alley, as well as the Alley's founder, Nina Vance, for shaping his own eclectic tastes. "Nina did plays that she thought Houston needed to see, but she also did whatever was necessary to keep the doors open." In January 1979, with Hardy in the role of Sheriff Ed Earl Dodd, "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas" opened in Houston at the Tower Theatre. This was the first Broadway Document [149] (Title: Dick Elliott) Donna Reed, advising him to stop hemming and hawing and "just go ahead and kiss her". He also had a few memorable appearances in episodes of the "Adventures of Superman" television series. He appeared three times as Stanley on the CBS sitcom "December Bride", as well as on two of ABC/Warner Brothers' western series, "Sugarfoot" and "Maverick". He was cast as the prospector Peter Cooper and then as Sheriff Tiny Morris in two segments of CBS's "Tales of the Texas Rangers". He appeared twice as Doc Thornton on ABC's "The Real McCoys". Elliott is perhaps best known as Mayberry's Mayor Document [150] (Title: The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas) The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas is a musical with a book by Texas author Larry L. King and Peter Masterson and music and lyrics by Carol Hall. It is based on a story by King that was inspired by the real-life Chicken Ranch in La Grange, Texas. It is the late 1970s, and a brothel has been operating outside of fictional Gilbert, Texas (subbing for real locale La Grange) for more than a century. It is under the proprietorship of Miss Mona Stangley, having been left to her by the original owner. While Document [151] (Title: Ho Ho Ho) of "I Saw Daddy Kissing Santa Claus" and "Hard Candy Christmas" were noted for their use of camp. He identified "Hard Candy Christmas" as one of the "serious ones" on the album, and said it was only considered camp due to "the fact that [he was] doing it". When recording the song, Visage was unfamiliar with its source "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas", and sang it according to RuPaul's direction. Carol Hall, who had written the song, had described RuPaul's cover as her favorite version, and ranked it above Dolly Parton's interpretation. The album also includes a cover of Document [152] (Title: Dave O'Brien (actor)) with Bebe Daniels in the Busby Berkeley musical "42nd Street" (1933). He also appeared in many low-budget Westerns, often billed as "Tex" O'Brien, alluding to his home state. To modern audiences, he is most likely best to be remembered as a frantic dope addict in the 1936 low-budget exploitation film "Tell Your Children" (better known under its reissue title, "Reefer Madness"), yelling "Play it faster, play it faster!" to a piano-playing girl (Lillian Miles). He appeared in "Queen of the Yukon" (1940) as Bob Adams. In 1940, he appeared in "The Devil Bat" as part of a comedy team with Document [153] (Title: 1990 Texas gubernatorial election) weather to rape, having quipped: "If it's inevitable, just relax and enjoy it". In addition, it has been claimed that as an undergraduate at Texas A&M, he had participated in visits to the Chicken Ranch, a well-known Texas brothel in La Grange, and the "Boy's Towns" of Mexico. As a result of his reported comments, Williams was occasionally parodied, such as in the mock political ad, "Satan Williams", which appeared on Dallas/Fort Worth public television during the 1990 campaign season. Richards was sworn-in as the 45th Governor of Texas on January 15, 1991. 1990 Texas gubernatorial election The 1990 Texas Document [154] (Title: Don Pedro Colley) such films as "Legend of Nigger Charley, Black Caesar", and "Sugar Hill". Throughout his career, Don made several guest appearances in many popular TV series, including "Adam 12, Night Gallery, Ironside, The Streets of San Francisco, Harry O, Little House on the Prairie, Starsky and Hutch, The Bionic Woman, Fantasy Island," and "The A-Team". However, he is probably best known for his roles of Gideon in the series "Daniel Boone", SRT in George Lucas' "THX 1138", in "Beneath the Planet of the Apes" as Ongaro, and as Sheriff Little in the TV series "Dukes of Hazzard". Colley died of cancer Document [155] (Title: Robert Mandan) Family", and Barry, gay friend of Maude on a 1974 episode of "Maude". He also guest-starred in an episode of the western series "Sara" in 1976. He played Mr. Kirby in the 1979 NBC television adaptation of "You Can't Take it With You" and the ineffective but well-meaning Colonel Fielding on the 1981 TV adaptation of "Private Benjamin". Roles in two movies in 1982 were "Zapped!" as Walter J. Coolidge and "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas" as Senator Charles Wingwood. In 1984–85, he played James Bradford on ABC's "Three's a Crowd" opposite John Ritter and in 1986 as Peace Document [156] (Title: Alfred Sandor) up citizenship), to appear in a touring production of "Plaza Suite", the play "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas" (with Lorraine Bayly and Mona Richardson), and he appeared in the film "Nickel Queen", whilst doing television work with roles in "Number 96", "Division 4", "Boney" and "The Evil Touch". However, he would become best known for his long-running role as the "dandy" surgeon Dr. Raymond Shaw in the Australian television soap opera "The Young Doctors". An original cast member of the serial, he continued in the role for six years, leaving around 20 episodes before the end. After suffering from Document [157] (Title: The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas (soundtrack)) 1982 release of "I Will Always Love You" crossed over to the pop charts (#53 Pop and #17 Adult Contemporary) as well. The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas (soundtrack) The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas (Music from the Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) was released along with the film in July 1982. The album was produced by Gregg Perry. In addition to the score of Carol Hall songs recorded for the stage soundtrack, the film soundtrack included two Dolly Parton compositions: "Sneakin' Around", which she performed as a duet with costar Burt Reynolds and a reworking of her 1974 classic "I Document [158] (Title: Anita Morris) late in act two. She was scheduled to perform the former at the Tony Awards in 1982, but the television censors found her outfit too revealing. Her stage work began in the American Mime Theatre, and carried her to Broadway both for "Nine", "Jesus Christ Superstar", "Seesaw", "The Magic Show" (cast album and video/DVD), "Sugar Babies" (replacement for the "Soubrette" originated by Ann Jillian) and "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas". Morris portrayed Rob Lowe's lover Rhonda Ray in "The Hotel New Hampshire" (1984). Other film work included "The Happy Hooker" (1975), "Maria's Lovers" (1984), "Absolute Beginners" (1986) with David Document [159] (Title: The Governor (The Walking Dead)) guards, Caesar Martinez. However, Michonne stays behind and finds her way to The Governor's apartment, where she brutally tortures him, severing his right arm, fingernails, penis, and left eye. When Michonne rejoins the group and they ask her if The Governor is still alive, Michonne is uncertain. The Governor survives with the help of Bob Stookey, a citizen who had medical experience, and is eventually able to find the prison. The Governor uses Rick's murder of Martinez to rally Woodbury's townspeople against the prison's inhabitants. Things do not go according to plan, however, as Rick's group puts up a tenacious Document [160] (Title: Rod Masterson) State Penitentiary inmate, played by Scott Glenn. That same year, Masterson was cast one of two unnamed newspaper reporters of the "Alexandria Daily Town Talk" in the film, "Blaze", a fictionalized account of Louisiana Governor Earl Kemp Long, played by Paul Newman and his involvement with stripper Blaze Starr, played by Lolita Davidovich. In 1992, Masterson played the part of Crawford in the film, "Delta Heat", a police drama set in swampy terrain north of New Orleans, starring Anthony Edwards. In 1994, he had a minor role as a reporter in the film, "Blue Sky", with Tommy Lee Jones, Jessica Document [161] (Title: Burt Reynolds) by Merrick, who fired and then rehired director Don Siegel during filming. Reynolds had two huge hits with car films directed by Needham, "Smokey and the Bandit II" (1980) and "The Cannonball Run" (1981). He starred in David Steinberg's film "Paternity" (1981) and directed himself in a tough action film, "Sharky's Machine" (1981). Reynolds wanted to try a musical again and so agreed to do "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas" (1982). It was a hit, as was "Best Friends" (1982) with Goldie Hawn. In 1982, Reynolds was voted the most popular star in the US for the fifth year Document [162] (Title: Blake Emmons) the Telemiracle telethon in Saskatchewan for several years beginning in 1977, and remained involved for some time afterwards. Emmons played the male lead "Sheriff Ed Earl Dodd" in the Broadway production "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas" as well as the New York Theatrical Production road tour for one year. Blake Emmons Blake Emmons is a Canadian country music singer and entertainer. Emmons hosted the 1974 CTV series "Funny Farm", the Canadian answer to "Hee Haw". He also co-hosted the Nashville syndicated music show "The Country Place" with Jim Ed Brown for Show Biz Inc. in the 1970s. In 1985, Document [163] (Title: Memphis Cathouse Blues) the whorehouse by proposing to Mavis. Reverend Pritchit arrives personally to stop the ceremony, but his true face is exposed when Tammy Sue reveals he's the man who tried to rape her. The film was directed by Louie Lewis for Caballero Home Video, the studio also responsible for such pornographic spoofs as "8 to 4", a spoof of the 1980 film "9 to 5" also originally starring Parton. Porn star Kay Parker, who played the prostitute Rose in the movie, had an uncredited bit role in "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas" film. "Memphis Cathouse Blues" was originally released in Document [164] (Title: The Governor & J.J.) secretary; George Callison (James T. Callahan), the governor's press secretary; and from Sara Andrews (Nora Marlowe), the housekeeper at the governor's mansion. The series won three Golden Globe Awards in 1970 for Best Comedy Series, Best Actress in a Comedy/Musical TV series for Sommars and Best Actor in a Comedy/Musical TV Series for Dailey. Francis De Sales guest-starred as Senator Loomis in the 1970 episode "Charley's Back in Town". The series sometimes featured guest appearances by then current governors, including Robert Docking of Kansas and Deane C. Davis of Vermont. In real life, Sommars has been involved in politics, mostly Document [165] (Title: Stephen Gyllenhaal) Lynda La Plante's series "The Governor". It is about a dynamic and ambitious woman (Ally Sheedy) who is brought in as the young warden of an all-male maximum security prison. Gyllenhaal has also directed several episodes of the CBS series "Numb3rs", "The Mentalist", "Hawthorne", "Army Wives", Rectify, and "Blue Bloods". In 2011 Gyllenhaal directed "Girl Fight" which starred Anne Heche and earned Gyllenhaal a DGA Nomination for outstanding directorial achievement in movies for television. He is also a poet, who has been published in literary journals such as "Prairie Schooner" and "Nimrod". His first collection of poetry, "Claptrap: Notes from Document [166] (Title: The Governor (The Walking Dead)) to Woodbury and warily resumes her place at the Governor's side. In the episode "Arrow on the Doorpost", encouraged by Andrea, the Governor meets with Rick in a secluded grain silo to offer him peace in exchange for turning over Michonne, giving him two days to think about it. The Governor returns to Woodbury and secretly orders Martinez to set an ambush at the barn, to kill all of Rick's group and bring Michonne to Woodbury so The Governor can torture her. In the episode "Prey", Andrea flees for the prison, and the Governor hunts her down personally, bringing her Document [167] (Title: Get Loweded) Collector of History" Danielle Radford "the Erotic Temptress" Evilyn Sin Claire The greater theater influence continued with the addition of villains to the show: roaming mutants and the King of Texas, Lyndon Herbert Walker Ewing III, played by Rat City Rollergirls announcer and BlöödHag frontman Jake Stratton who became Alex Jones' most-beloved and cuddly pet goblin in August 2017 after throwing hot coffee on the Texas talk show host during a Seattle street scuffle. One description of a show, from the event's blog: The final episode of this run included a gunfight between the King of Texas' Army and the Document [168] (Title: James Callahan (actor)) in "The Governor and J.J." which starred Dan Dailey and Julie Sommars. Callahan did not marry until he was sixty-three, when he wed Peggy Cannon in 1994. In February 2007, Callahan was diagnosed with esophageal cancer. Six months later, on August 3, 2007, Callahan died at his home in Fallbrook, California. He was 76 years old. James Callahan (actor) James Thomas Callahan (October 4, 1930 – August 3, 2007) was an American film and television actor who appeared in more than 120 films and television programs between 1959 and 2007. He is perhaps best known for his portrayal from 1987 Document [169] (Title: Bob Steele (actor)) with Tom Tryon. On January 25, 1960, Steele was cast as the frontier gunfighter Luke Short in an episode of the CBS western series, "The Texan", starring Rory Calhoun. Barbara Stuart played the gambler Poker Alice in the same episode, which also features Reed Hadley and Richard Devon. In the middle 1960s, Steele was cast in a regular supporting role as Trooper Duffy in ABC's "F Troop", which allowed him to show his comic talent. Trooper Duffy in the "F Troop" story line claimed to have been "shoulder to shoulder with Davy Crockett at the Alamo" and to have been Document [170] (Title: The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas (film)) released as a single in July 1982, and again reached number one on the U.S. country singles chart. (It also was a mid-level hit on Billboard pop and adult contemporary charts.) An altered version of Hall's "Hard Candy Christmas", in which Parton sings both the chorus and the verses of the song (as opposed to the film version, which is partially sung by some of the other female cast members), was also released as a single, reaching the top-ten on the country singles chart in late 1982. Parton wrote several new songs which were filmed but ultimately not used, including Document [171] (Title: David Cargo) which brought millions of dollars in revenue to the state of New Mexico. Cargo established ties to Hollywood and was even asked to appear in several films. In 1971, he made a cameo appearance in "Bunny O'Hare", starring Bette Davis and Ernest Borgnine, as well as in "Up in the Cellar" (1970), starring Larry Hagman and Joan Collins. During his first campaign for governor, he was known as "Lonesome Dave." Cargo could not seek a third two-year term in 1970. Gubernatorial terms were changed to one four-year term in which a person could not seek consecutive re-election with the 1970 Document [172] (Title: Larry L. King) Texas, was renamed the Larry L. King Theatre. King died on December 20, 2012, at a retirement home in Washington, D. C. He was survived by his third wife, Barbara S. Blaine (who was also his lawyer and literary agent), five children, two grandchildren, and three great-grandchildren. Larry L. King Larry L. King (January 1, 1929 –December 20, 2012) was an American playwright, journalist, and novelist, best remembered for his 1978 Tony Award-nominated play "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas", which became a long-running production on Broadway and was later turned into a feature film starring Burt Reynolds, Charles Durning Document [173] (Title: Jennifer Cody) toasted and roasted with their own special recipe of hilarious and occasionally jaw-dropping love and affection." Cody was seen as Linda Lou in the Actors Fund of America benefit concert of "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas" on October 6, 2006. Cody voiced Charlotte La Bouff in the Disney animated film "The Princess and the Frog" (2009), for which she won an Annie Award. She voiced Fifi the Zebra in the Triggerfish Studio animation film "Khumba" (2013). Cody was featured on the "Law & Order" episode "Crimebusters" as Vicki Sandusky, which was televised in 2009. Cody was a series regular Document [174] (Title: Prostitution in the United States) and author, was Polly Adler, whose bestselling book, "A House Is Not a Home", was eventually adapted as a film also entitled "A House is Not a Home". Carol Leigh, a prostitute's rights activist known as the "Scarlot Harlot," coined the term "Sex worker" in 1978. That same year, the Broadway musical "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas" opened. It was based on the real-life Texas Chicken Ranch brothel. The play was the basis for the 1982 film starring Dolly Parton and Burt Reynolds. COYOTE, formed in 1973, was the first prostitutes' rights group in the country. Other prostitutes' rights Document [175] (Title: Dolly Parton) the few to have received at least one nomination from the Academy Awards, Grammy Awards, Tony Awards, and Emmy Awards. As an actress, she has starred in films such as "9 to 5" (1980) and "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas" (1982), for which she earned Golden Globe nominations for Best Actress, as well as "Rhinestone" (1984), "Steel Magnolias" (1989), "Straight Talk" (1992) and "Joyful Noise" (2012). Dolly Rebecca Parton was born January 19, 1946, in a one-room cabin on the banks of the Little Pigeon River in Pittman Center, Tennessee; a very small community located in Sevier County in Document [176] (Title: Jim Davis (actor)) with aspirations to become governor of the new state. Collectively, Davis appeared 13 times on "Death Valley Days". In 1965, Davis played an historical figure, the wagon master Ezra Meeker, who is abandoned by members of his wagon train, who decided to stop the trip to Oregon instead to prospect for gold in the episode "Devil's Gate". In 1967, Davis was cast as the freighter Luke Campbell of Deadwood, South Dakota, in the episode "The Day They Stole the Salamander", a reference to a Salamander Safe. In 1969, Davis played Colonel William G. Butler (1831–1912), who takes revenge on the Document [177] (Title: David Engel (actor)) played the role of "Smudge" in this movie, a role which he created himself for the original New York City production of "Forever Plaid". He first appeared on film in 1982 in "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas (film)", in 2001 in "New Port South", and in 2006 in the shorts "Zombie Prom" and "The Albino Code". Engel is the creator and director of the MGM/UA HOME VIDEO "Logo-Fanfare" which heads every video release. David Engel (actor) David Engel (born 1959) is an American Broadway singer, actor and dancer. Engel is a six-time winner of the Ovation Awards given out Document [178] (Title: Murder in Texas) doctor then marries his mistress. His former father-in-law, convinced that his daughter was murdered, determines to see that the doctor is punished. "Murder in Texas" was nominated for a 1982 Golden Globe Award for Best Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for TV. In addition, Andy Griffith received his only Emmy nomination for his portrayal of Ash Robinson. The movie was highly ranked in the Nielsen ratings. Part I was the fifth-most popular show for the week ending May 3, and Part II was the most popular show of the following week. Murder in Texas Murder in Texas is a 1981 Document [179] (Title: Henderson Forsythe) member of Mu Theta Nu Fraternity. In 1979, Forsythe won the Tony Award for Best Featured Actor (Musical) for his work in "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas". He also appeared onstage in dramas such as "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf" by Edward Albee, where he was in the original production taking over the role of George originated by Arthur Hill, and "The Birthday Party" by Harold Pinter. He also appeared as Andrew Jorgensen in the off-broadway play "Other People's Money". He was first to perform as the Auditor in Samuel Beckett's "Not I", opposite Jessica Tandy. His television credits Document [180] (Title: Steambath (play)) Perkins as Tandy, Hector Elizondo as the Attendant (God), Marvin Lichterman as Bieberman, Annie Rachel as Meredith, Conrad Bain as Old Timer, Mitchell Jason as Broker, Jere Admire as Young Man, Teno Pollick as 2nd Young Man, Eileen Dietz as Young Girl, Alfred Hinckley as Flanders, Gabor Morea as Gottlieb, Jack Knight as Longshoreman, and William Walsh as 2nd Longshoreman. Miguel Piñero would later play God. Elizondo won an Obie Award for his performance. Initially Charles Grodin was cast in the role of Tandy, but was replaced by Perkins. Coincidentally, Grodin soon landed his breakthrough role as a comedy actor Document [181] (Title: Charles Durning) veteran goes through a cathartic reliving of the battlefield events. For his numerous roles on television, he earned nine Emmy Award nominations. He also received Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor nominations for "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas" in 1982 and "To Be or Not to Be" in 1983. He won a Golden Globe in 1990 for his supporting role in the television miniseries "The Kennedys of Massachusetts", having had three previous nominations. That same year, he won a Tony Award for his performance as Big Daddy in "Cat on a Hot Tin Roof". He received two Drama Desk Document [182] (Title: Her Excellency, the Governor) compromise her?" Her Excellency, the Governor Her Excellency, the Governor is a 1917 American silent drama film produced and distributed by the Triangle Film Corporation. Directed by Albert Parker, the film stars Elda Milar, who later became well known as gossip columnist Hedda Hopper. The film is loosely based the play "His Excellency, the Governor", by Robert Marshall. Like many American films of the time, "Her Excellency, the Governor" was subject to cuts by city and state film censorship boards. The Chicago Board of Censors required the cutting of an intertitle that stated, "You're around her quite often - why Document [183] (Title: Picking Up the Pieces (film)) starred in. Picking Up the Pieces (film) Picking Up the Pieces is a 2000 black comedy film directed by Alfonso Arau and starring Woody Allen, David Schwimmer, Maria Grazia Cucinotta, Kiefer Sutherland, Cheech Marin, and Sharon Stone. Tex (Woody Allen) is a butcher who kills his unfaithful wife Candy (Sharon Stone). After cutting up the body, Tex buries most of her body parts in the desert in New Mexico. A blind woman accidentally trips over Candy's hand, which has not been buried. Picking it up, her sight is restored, and she proclaims the hand to be the "Hand of the Document [184] (Title: Peter Masterson) (1971), "Tomorrow" (1972), "The Exorcist" (1973), "Man on a Swing" (1974) and "Gardens of Stone" (1987). Masterson co-wrote (with Larry L. King) the books for the hit musical "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas" (1978) and its short-lived sequel "The Best Little Whorehouse Goes Public" (1994). In 1985 he directed "The Trip to Bountiful", for which Geraldine Page won the Academy Award for Best Actress. His directing credits additionally include "Full Moon in Blue Water" (1988), "Night Game" (1989), "Blood Red" (1989), "Convicts" (1991), "Arctic Blue" (1993), "The Only Thrill" (1997), "Lost Junction" (2003) and "Whiskey School" (2005). Masterson died Document [185] (Title: The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas (film)) Rooney, so I manipulated him a little. I told Colin, 'Mickey Rooney is a wonderful actor, but everyone knows that. You won't get any credit. Charles Durning can sing and dance and no one knows it, so you'll get all the credit.' " The book of the play was restructured to make it a vehicle for Parton and Reynolds. The plot is basically the same as that of the stage production, with one significant difference. In the original, Ed Earl and Miss Mona had a one-night stand 15 years earlier, but in the film they maintain an ongoing affair. The Document [186] (Title: An Angel from Texas) sweetheart, Lydia Weston (Rosemary Lane). Upon his arrival, Tex finds Lydia working as a secretary for a couple of fast-talking producers rather than being the stage star that her home town thinks she has become. Tex is just the angel for whom sharpshooter producers Mac McClure (Wayne Morris) and Marty Allen (Ronald Reagan) have been waiting, because they have a play set for rehearsal but no money to produce it, and their leading lady, Valerie Blayne (Ruth Terry), is adding to their problems by threatening reprisals from her gangster boyfriend, Pooch Davis (Milburn Stone), unless the show opens on schedule. Document [187] (Title: Jim Nabors) Reynolds, at the latter's request. In "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas" (1982), about a sheriff (Reynolds) who falls in love with a brothel madam (Dolly Parton), Nabors played Deputy Fred, a character similar to Gomer Pyle. Though the film was given mostly unfavorable reviews, Nabors garnered some positive comments for his performance. In 1983, he was cast as an auto mechanic in "Stroker Ace," starring Burt Reynolds as a race car driver who fights a fried-chicken chain entrepreneur. The film was panned, and Nabors earned a Golden Raspberry Award for his performance. In Reynolds' star-studded "Cannonball Run II" (1984), Document [188] (Title: The Texas Chain Saw Massacre) on the film commission board at UT Austin while studying there. Teri McMinn was a student who worked with local theater companies, including the Dallas Theater Center. Henkel called McMinn to come in for a reading after he spotted her picture in the "Austin American-Statesman". For her last call-back he requested that she wear short shorts, which proved to be the most comfortable of all the cast members' costumes. Icelandic-American actor Gunnar Hansen was selected for the role of Leatherface. He regarded Leatherface as being mentally retarded and having never learned to speak properly. To research his character in preparation Document [189] (Title: Ray Middleton (actor)) Get Your Gun". He played the dual roles of the Innkeeper and the Governor in the original stage production of "Man of La Mancha". In television, Middleton's appearances included "The Ed Sullivan Show" (once as a guest host), the "Colgate Comedy Hour", and "Chrysler's Shower of Stars" in the 1950s. He co-starred with Phil Silvers and Lee Remick in a 1967 TV adaptation of "Damn Yankees!". During the 1970s, Middleton appeared in the TV movie "Hec Ramsey" as a judge, in the musical movie "1776", as Colonel Thomas McKean, and in the first TV adaptation of "Helter Skelter" as rancher Document [190] (Title: Dottie West) asked to play the lead role in the stage production of "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas". That summer, she toured for four weeks in the stage production, performing across the country. She had her own float in the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade that year. She also posed for a revealing photo in the men's magazine "Oui". In 1983, she married her sound man, Al Winters, 22 years her junior. In 1984, she appeared in the play "Bring It On Home". In 1986, she made her screen debut in the science fiction film "The Aurora Encounter". In 1984, West released Document [191] (Title: A Texas Steer) rowdy, but there are also a good many witty episodes." A Texas Steer A Texas Steer is a lost 1927 American silent film directed by Richard Wallace and starring Will Rogers. It was a cinematic adaptation from an eponymous play by Charles H. Hoyt. Maverick Brander, a newly elected Congressman from the fictional town of Red Dog, Texas, moves to Washington, D.C. to serve in the United States House of Representatives. He supports the Eagle Rock Dam bill. Meanwhile, he flirts with a woman. The film was reviewed in "The New York Times" by film critic Mordaunt Hall in 1928. Question: who played the governor in best little whorehouse in texas Answer: Charles Durning Long Answer: Charles Durning as The Governor Gold Document ID: 185

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: John Lee Smith) John Lee Smith John Lee Smith (May 16, 1894 – September 26, 1963) was the 32nd Lieutenant Governor of Texas serving under Governor Coke R. Stevenson during World War II and a vocal opponent of Texas labor unions during his tenure. Born May 16, 1894 at Chico, Texas, and raised in Throckmorton, Texas, Smith was educated at Stamford College and West Texas State Teachers College before teaching school. In 1918, he went to France as a member of American Expeditionary Forces; while overseas, he also studied at a French university. Upon his return, he studied law at Chautauqua, New York, Document [2] (Title: Ruta Lee) Worth, Texas. In October 2010, Lee played the role of Miss Mona in "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas", also at the Casa Mañana Theatre. In 1976, Lee married Texas restaurant executive Webster B. "Webb" Lowe Jr. They divide their time between their homes in Hollywood, Palm Springs, Fort Worth and Mexico. She has no children. Lee describes her political views as "conservative" and she appeared at the 1972 Republican National Convention. On August 24, 2013, Lee was inducted into the National Lithuanian American Hall of Fame. In 1964, Lee called then-Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev, asking him to pardon her Document [3] (Title: Jeannie Seely) She played "Miss Mona" in "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas" play as well as playing Jean Shepard's daughter and Lorrie Morgan's mother in the country music musical "Takin' It Home". In 1988, she also published her own book, titled "Pieces of a Puzzled Mind". In the early 1990s, Seely continued to try new things, including playing Danny Shirley's mother in the music video for Confederate Railroad's 1993 No. 1 hit "Trashy Woman". Seely has played at Dolly Parton's "Dollywood" and served as Brad Paisley's date for the 2000 CMA awards show. Lorrie Morgan has also recorded one of Seely's Document [4] (Title: Don Haggerty) Clayton during a Wild West show in Fort Smith, Arkansas. Others in the episode are William Thourlby as Belle's second husband, Sam Starr, and Carlyle Mitchell, in his penultimate role as "Hanging Judge" Isaac Parker.In 1967, Haggerty played Horace Tabor in another "Death Valley Days" episode, "Chicken Bill", hosted by Robert Taylor. In that episode, Dub Taylor played the title role of the silver miner Chicken Bill Lovell, who in the story line salts his mine to get Tabor to pay off Lovell's lingering debt and to fund his continued operation. Earlier, Haggerty played Sheriff Wheeler alongside Julie Sommars as Document [5] (Title: Carol Hall) Fund. Hall died on October 11, 2018 at the age of 82. Carol Hall Carol Hall (April 3, 1936 – October 11, 2018) was an American composer and lyricist. She was best known for composing the music and lyrics for the Broadway stage musical "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas" (1978, adapted as a film in 1982). Her other works include the Broadway sequel "The Best Little Whorehouse Goes Public" (1994), as well as the Off-Broadway musical "To Whom It May Concern" (c. 1986). Hall was born in 1936 in Abilene, Texas. She penned eight one-act plays, all under the Document [6] (Title: Death Valley Days) settler of Los Angeles, defends a man whom he believes has been framed for murder. That same year in the episode "Shanghai Kelly's Birthday Party", Taylor played James Kelly of San Francisco, who shanghaiied sailors onto ships bound to the Far East, with the expectation that none would return to accuse Kelly of a crime. Taylor played Texas John Slaughter, a role most associated with Tom Tryon, in the 1968 "Death Valley Days" episode, "A Short Cut through Tombstone." Buck Taylor (no relation) played his deputy, Billy Stiles. Ned Romero was cast as the Geronimo Kid. He played Porter Stockton Document [7] (Title: James Griffith) 1956's "The First Texan". In the role of Aaron Adams, the town barber, Griffith appeared in 1958 in twelve episodes of the CBS western series, "Trackdown", starring Robert Culp as Texas Ranger Hoby Gilman. Griffith also portrayed deputy Tom Ferguson in the syndicated series, "Sheriff of Cochise," starring John Bromfield, and "U.S. Marshal." Griffith made more than seventy guest appearances on television shows, including eight episodes of "Wagon Train", seven episodes of "The Range Rider", seven episodes of "The Lone Ranger", two episodes of "Annie Oakley", four episodes of "Cheyenne", three episodes of "Buffalo Bill, Jr.", six episodes of "Gunsmoke", Document [8] (Title: The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas (film)) aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 56% rating based on 9 reviews. Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" gave the film two out of four stars, stating, "If they ever give Dolly her freedom and stop packaging her so antiseptically, she could be terrific. But Dolly and Burt and "Whorehouse" never get beyond the concept stage in this movie." The film and the original Broadway musical it was based on were spoofed in the 1982 pornographic film "Memphis Cathouse Blues", which starred Annette Haven in the Dolly Parton role of the madam and Mike Horner in the Burt Document [9] (Title: Hallettsville, Texas) 1965. He started for them in the first Super Bowl against the Green Bay Packers Although the actual town involved in the real story of the "Chicken Ranch" is located a few miles north of Hallettsville on Highway 77, film makers chose the town's historic Lavaca County Courthouse square to serve as backdrop for the city scenes in "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas", the 1982 musical starring Burt Reynolds and Dolly Parton. Hallettsville is also the featured location in the 2009 horror film titled "Hallettsville", which stars Gary Busey and Derek Lee Nixon. The town is mentioned in the Document [10] (Title: Picket Fences) came and went, Don Cheadle joined the cast as John Littleton. Other actors who were in the cast included Marlee Matlin as Mayor Laurie Bey / The Dancing Bandit, Richard Masur as Ed Lawson, Roy Brocksmith as elementary school principal Michael Oslo, Jack Murdock as ethically challenged city councilman Harold Lundstrom, Roy Dotrice as Father Gary Barrett, a Catholic priest, and Dabbs Greer as Reverend Henry Novotny, minister of the local Episcopal church. The town frequently changed mayors, who often met strange fates: "Picket Fences" had a total of 88 episodes and four seasons. The series had two crossover episodes Document [11] (Title: The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas (film)) horror film "House of 1000 Corpses". The house is also featured as the residence of Sabrina and her two aunts on the '90s sitcom "Sabrina the Teenage Witch". The film was mentioned in an episode of "The Venture Bros.", where Dr. Venture mistakes it for a pornographic film, given it's "racey" history. The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas (film) The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas is a 1982 American musical comedy film co-written, produced and directed by Colin Higgins (in his final film as director). It is an adaptation of the 1978 Broadway musical of the same name, and stars Document [12] (Title: David Warren Gibson) Dark Glasses) (1986), and "Chicago" (as Aaron)(1996–2003). David traveled with Liza Minnelli in the production "By Myself" (1983) where he sang and danced in a two-man act directed by Fred Ebb. This show traveled throughout the U.S. and also appeared at the Apollo in London. Off-Broadway, David played Starbuck in "The Rainmaker" (1982) and Edmund in "Long Day's Journey into Night" (1982). He toured in "Busker Alley" (1994) as a cover to Tommy Tune. He has played small roles, usually uncredited, in several movies. Films include "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas" credited as "Aggie" (member of Aggie choir) (1982), Document [13] (Title: The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas) 26, 1981, again starring Glynn and Forsythe. It ran for 204 performances. A short-lived sequel entitled "The Best Little Whorehouse Goes Public" was staged on Broadway in 1994. "The Aggie Song" was performed on the Tony Awards broadcast, but was heavily censored because of the nature of the lyrics and choreography. A U.S. National Tour starring Ann-Margret opened on February 14, 2001. A benefit concert took place on October 16, 2006, to benefit the Actor's Fund. The concert was directed by Mark S. Hoebee and choreographed by Denis Jones. The cast included Terrence Mann (as Sheriff Ed Earl Dodd), Emily Document [14] (Title: Texas John Slaughter (TV series)) to the Chisum ranch, where he informed the foreman that he had come to kill Slaughter. Instead Slaughter shot a hole in the heart of the surprised gambler. A fellow lawman described the short-in-stature Slaughter when in pursuit of outlaws as "a spider spinning its web for the unwary fly." A writer called Slaughter "the meanest good guy who ever lived." John Vivyan, the star of the CBS series "Mr. Lucky", appeared twice on the series with Tryon in the role of dishonest rancher Jason Hemp and a third time in an uncredited part. Early episodes focus on Texas, especially Document [15] (Title: Charles Durning) Mississippi (a character loosely based on the Texas politician and showman W. Lee O'Daniel) in the Coen Brothers' "O Brother, Where Art Thou?" (2000). Prior to appearing in the Burt Reynolds's TV series, "Evening Shade", as the town doctor Harlan Eldridge (1990-1994), Durning appeared with Reynolds in five films, beginning with 1979's "Starting Over", followed by 1981's "Sharky's Machine", 1982's "Best Little Whorehouse in Texas", 1985's "Stick" and 1999's "Hostage Hotel". On TV, Durning had a recurring role on "Everybody Loves Raymond" as the Barone family's long-suffering parish priest, Father Hubley. He also played the voice of recurring character Francis Document [16] (Title: Lt. Gov. You've Gotta Love) guitar and establishing shots of a bus in rural Texas traveling on Texas State Highway 121. It quickly switches from the guitar to a pulsing disco beat with vocals over it extolling the conservative virtues of Dewhurst and his campaign promises. In one section, the advertisement claims that Dewhurst is the "most pro-life candidate" running for lieutenant governor. In another, the singers claim that Dewhurst will keep "Obamanation" away from Texas. While this is going on, in a split screen, Dewhurst can be seen performing a variety of activities. He starts out walking down a hall to the beat of Document [17] (Title: Ned Blessing: The True Story of My Life) fortuitously, placed in the care of a Mexican-Indian mystic named Crecencio (Luis Avalos). This wily sage teaches the boy how to survive—and how to lie and steal, so that he becomes known as the Texas boy bandit. Young Ned will later find his father, being cared for by the equally young Jilly Blue (Taylor Fry), a barroom singer partial to ditties like "Beautiful Dreamer". Time passes, and the adult Ned, played by Daniel Baldwin, is now the sheriff of Plum Creek. His father is the local music teacher. All seems peaceful again until Jilly (Julia Campbell), who had been kidnapped Document [18] (Title: Emma Dunn) "The Governor's Lady" (1912). In "The Easiest Way", Dunn portrayed Annie, who was black, in blackface. In 1913 Dunn appeared in vaudeville. Dunn made her first film in 1914, a silent film of her 1910 stage success, "Mother", directed by Maurice Tourneur. This was Tourneur's first American film. Dunn's second film was 1920's "Old Lady 31", reprising the role she played in the 1916 Broadway play of the same name. One more silent film followed in 1924, "Pied Piper Malone", before she made her talkie debut in "Side Street", co-starring the Moore brothers, Matt, Owen and Tom as her sons. Document [19] (Title: Larry L. King) Larry L. King Larry L. King (January 1, 1929 –December 20, 2012) was an American playwright, journalist, and novelist, best remembered for his 1978 Tony Award-nominated play "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas", which became a long-running production on Broadway and was later turned into a feature film starring Burt Reynolds, Charles Durning and Dolly Parton. He was born Lawrence Leo King on January 1, 1929, in Putnam, Texas, son of Clyde Clayton King, a farmer and blacksmith, and Cora Lee King (née Clark), who introduced him to the writings of Mark Twain. King dropped out of high school to Document [20] (Title: Ed Dixon) the Kennedy Center's premiere production of Leonard Bernstein's "Mass" and is on the recording conducted by the composer. He can also be heard on the cast recording of the 2001 national tour of The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas. Dixon toured as the Governor opposite Ann-Margret as Miss Mona and Gary Sandy as Ed Earl Dodd. He won the 2010 Helen Hayes Award for best supporting actor in a musical for his turn as Max in Sunset Blvd. In May 2012, Dixon took over the role of The Captain in the revival of Cole Porter's "Anything Goes" from actor Walter Document [21] (Title: Thommie Walsh) Luft, Priscilla Lopez, Joel Grey, Barbara Cook, and Julie Budd. Walsh also directed and choreographed many commercials such as the NY Lottery, Perdue Chicken, Crush, and MCI. Walsh's last direction and choreography before his death was the national tour of "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas" starring Ann-Margret and Gary Sandy. At the time of his death, he was working on a musical adaptation of "A Tale of Two Cities" as choreographer, for a Broadway opening. Much of his work was done in collaboration with Tommy Tune, including "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas". He also was a judge for Document [22] (Title: Rodolfo Hoyos Jr.) Sanchez in "Gone to Texas" and as General Antonio López de Santa Anna, also the president of Mexico, in "Mexican Adventure" of the CBS adventure, drama, and western series, "The Adventures of Jim Bowie", starring Scott Forbes as the American adventurer Jim Bowie. In 1958, he played Mexican bandit, murderer and political revolutionary Pancho Villa in "Villa!!" Joining Hoyos in this film are Brian Keith and Cesar Romero. Many of Hoyos' television roles were as Mexican characters in westerns. In 1955, he was cast as an historical figure, Augustine Chacon, a Mexican bandit and folk hero of the Arizona Territory, Document [23] (Title: Pamela Blair) 1978's "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas". Her turn as an eager to work prostitute earned her a Drama Desk Award nomination. She can be heard on the cast recording as the lead in "Hard Candy Christmas", although the song "Bus from Amarillo" was taken from her before the show opened. Further roles on Broadway include "King of Hearts" (in the Geneviève Bujold role), "Clelia" in "The Nerd", and "Joanne" in "A Few Good Men", directed by her then estranged husband, Don Scardino. Blair has made several appearances on American soap operas such as "Loving", "Another World", "Ryan's Hope", and Document [24] (Title: William Hardy (actor)) in "The Front Page" as the crooked Mayor and in "Keely and Du" as the patriarchal leader of underground Christian kidnappers. In the summer of 1994, after three years of fundraising, galvanizing support and attracting talent, Hardy's "Houston Repertory Theater" presented "The Night Hank William Died" by "Little Whorehouse" author Larry L. King with Hardy directing. and later that year "Christmas Twist." Hardy proceeded to work in "every theatrical venue," both acting and directing. At Stages he not only directed "The Moon is Blue" but played the Marquis de Sade in "Quills" and the desperate professor mentoring the troubled young Document [25] (Title: James Best) Westerns, playing opposite Audie Murphy in "Kansas Raiders" (1950), "The Cimarron Kid" (1952) and "The Quick Gun" (1964), Raymond Massey in "Seven Angry Men" (1955), George Montgomery in "Last of the Badman" (1957), Frank Lovejoy in "Cole Younger Gunfighter" (1958), and Randolph Scott in "Ride Lonesome" (1959). He also starred in the science fiction cult movie, "The Killer Shrews" (1959) and its sequel, "Return of the Killer Shrews" (2012). He is most known for playing bumbling Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane in the action/comedy "Dukes of Hazzard", a role that he reprised in "" (1997) as his character was now "boss" Document [26] (Title: Terri Treas) 1979 movie "All That Jazz"; her other film roles are "So Fine" (1981), "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas" (1982), and "House IV" (1992). Terri directed her first movie in 1992 called "Play Nice", starring Louise Robey of "". Terri has written some episodes for TV series. She had made guest appearances on many TV shows, such as "Knight Rider", "Crazy Like a Fox", "The A-Team", "Murphy Brown", and "Roseanne". Terri Treas Terri Treas (born July 19, 1957 in Kansas City, Kansas) is an American actress, writer and director. She has starred in films and on television. Terri is best Document [27] (Title: The Governor (The Walking Dead)) "TV Guide"s list of The 60 Nastiest Villains of All Time. For his performance as the Governor, Morrissey was nominated for Best Supporting Actor at the 39th Saturn Awards. Aside from simply "The Governor," the character's name appeared to be Philip Blake; however, with the release of the novel "", it was revealed that his actual name was Brian Blake, and Philip was revealed to be his deceased brother. When the dead began to rise, Brian and Philip gathered a small group, which included Brian's niece Penny, and the group were constantly on the run when unsecured locations were breached; Document [28] (Title: Clifton James) 1919 Chicago White Sox. Despite being a lifelong New Yorker (and an Actors Studio member of long standing), James was cast as a Southerner in many of his roles, such as his appearances in the James Bond films, and as powerful Houston lawyer Striker Bellman in the daytime soap opera "Texas" from 1981 to 1982. He was a Southern character as the penitentiary's floor-walker in "Cool Hand Luke" (1967) and as Sheriff Lester Crabb, a temporary one-off replacement for regular Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane (James Best) in the second season "Dukes of Hazzard" episode "Treasure of Hazzard" (1980). James appeared Document [29] (Title: Smokey and the Bandit II) three years later, "Smokey and the Bandit Part 3" (1983), in which Reynolds appeared only in a brief cameo appearance, and Sally Field was absent completely. The plot centers on Bo "Bandit" Darville (Burt Reynolds) and Cledus "Snowman" Snow (Jerry Reed), transporting an elephant to the GOP National Convention, with Sheriff Buford T. Justice (Jackie Gleason) in hot pursuit once again. Big Enos Burdette is running for Governor of Texas against another candidate, John Coen. After a figurative and literal "mudslinging," both are confronted by the outgoing governor and given a thorough tongue-lashing. Burdette overhears the governor yelling at an Document [30] (Title: Walter Coy) Bunker Hill in Boston, Massachusetts. Coy's other film appearances included "The Lusty Men" (1952), "Gunmen from Laredo", "The Gunfight at Dodge City", and "North by Northwest" (all 1959), and as Ike Garvey in "Five Guns to Tombstone" (1960). He appeared in the anthology series, "Schlitz Playhouse of Stars" and "Four Star Playhouse" (four times each) and "The Loretta Young Show" (three times). He played a Confederate States of America general in the 1959 episode entitled "Corporal Hardy" of another anthology series, "Alcoa Theatre". He played Dr. Steele in the 1960 episode "The House in Order" on NBC's "The Barbara Stanwyck Document [31] (Title: Alexis Smith) "Picnic", re-titled "Summer Brave" (1975), and the ill-fated musical "Platinum" (1978), which earned Smith another Tony nomination for her performance but closed after a brief run. She starred in several regional productions of "Applause" and then toured for more than a year as the madam in "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas", including a seven-month run in Los Angeles. Smith returned to the big screen with star billing at the age of 54 in "Jacqueline Susann's Once Is Not Enough" (1975) opposite Kirk Douglas, followed by "The Little Girl Who Lives Down the Lane" with Martin Sheen and Jodie Foster Document [32] (Title: The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas (film)) a pleasant arrangement. Not everyone in town approves of her, but Miss Mona is a public-minded citizen who regularly donates to charity, decent and law-abiding in every respect but her line of work. A big-city television personality, do-gooder Melvin P. Thorpe, is about to do a segment about the town, so the sheriff travels there to introduce himself to Thorpe, who greets him warmly. He is shocked by Thorpe's live telecast, in which Thorpe reveals to a huge audience his discovery that "Texas has a whorehouse in it." The Chicken Ranch is an institution, where the winning team from the Document [33] (Title: The Best Little Whorehouse Goes Public) The Best Little Whorehouse Goes Public The Best Little Whorehouse Goes Public is a musical with a book by Larry L. King and Peter Masterson and music and lyrics by Carol Hall. It is a sequel to the 1978 musical "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas". Hoping to recover $26 million in back taxes owed them by Las Vegas whorehouse Stallion Fields, the IRS lures former brothel madam Mona Stangley out of retirement to run the operation. Complications arise when billionaire Sam Dallas arranges the sale of shares in the enterprise on the stock exchange and right-wing politician Senator A. Document [34] (Title: The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas (film)) last time, Earl stops her and proposes to her. She turns him down, knowing that his dream is to run for state legislature, and that having a wife who worked in prostitution would hurt his chances. He again insists that he wants to marry her and that he does not care about what people will think or say. Deputy Fred, in a voiceover, states that Earl and Miss Mona married and that Earl successfully ran for the legislature. Deputy Fred states that he succeeded Earl as Sheriff. Originally, Larry King and Pete Masterton were going to write the script and Document [35] (Title: Tucson Raiders) murder. His little Indian pal, Little Beaver, manages to foil the corrupt Sheriff Kirk’s "(Ed Cassidy)" plan to kill Red as he escapes from jail. Hannah Rogers "(Ruth Lee)" in the pay of Governor York " (Stanley Andrews)", a dishonest politician, tries to trick Red in escaping jail. However, her scheme fails and Red Ryder shoots his way out. He manages to intercept a payroll robbery but finds that Little Beaver has been captured by the outlaws. "The "red headed"" cowboy exposes Hannah’s plot, saves Little Beaver and brings an end to Governor York’s gang. "Tucson Raiders" was based on Document [36] (Title: Burt Reynolds) Burt Reynolds Burton Leon Reynolds Jr. (February 11, 1936 – September 6, 2018) was an American actor, director and producer. He first rose to prominence starring in television series such as "Gunsmoke" (1962–1965), "Hawk" (1966), and "Dan August" (1970–1971). His breakout film role was as Lewis Medlock in "Deliverance" (1972). Reynolds played the leading role in a number of subsequent box office hits, such as "The Longest Yard" (1974), "Smokey and the Bandit" (1977), "Semi-Tough" (1977), "Hooper" (1978), "Smokey and the Bandit II" (1980), "The Cannonball Run" (1981) and "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas" (1982). After a number of Document [37] (Title: Fannie Flagg) Best Little Whorehouse in Texas" (succeeding Carlin Glynn) and the following films: "Some of My Best Friends Are...", "Five Easy Pieces", "Stay Hungry", "Grease", and "Crazy in Alabama", as well as minor roles in various television shows. In 1975 she appeared as the Amazon Doctor in the pilot for "The New Adventures of Wonder Woman". She is also known for being a regular on "The New Dick Van Dyke Show", where for two seasons she played Mike Preston, sister to Van Dyke's character Dick Preston, and for her role as Cassie Bowman in all 30 episodes of the 1980-81 sitcom Document [38] (Title: James Harper (actor)) as Governor Earl Kemp Long. James Harper (actor) James W. Harper (born October 8, 1948) is an American actor. Throughout his career, he has acted in many movies and guest-starred in a myriad television shows, such as "Frasier", "Matlock", "NYPD Blue", "", and "JAG". He also played the role of Admiral Kelso in the 1998 film "Armageddon". In addition to acting, Harper has contributed his voice to several video games, most notably "StarCraft" as Arcturus Mengsk, "", and "Diablo". Harper reprised his role of Arcturus Mengsk in "" and "". Harper portrayed Louisiana State Senator Willie Rainach in the 1989 Document [39] (Title: Dom DeLuise) film "The Glass Bottom Boat" (1966). In his review in "The New York Times", Vincent Canby panned the film but singled out the actor, stating, "[T]he best of the lot, however, is a newcomer, Dom DeLuise, as a portly, bird-brained spy." In the 1970s and 1980s, he often co-starred with Burt Reynolds. Together they appeared in the films "The Cannonball Run" and "Cannonball Run II", "Smokey and the Bandit II", "The End", "All Dogs Go to Heaven" and "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas". DeLuise was the host of the television show "Candid Camera" from 1991 to 1992. DeLuise also Document [40] (Title: The Governor (The Walking Dead)) list of The 60 Nastiest Villains of All Time. David Morrissey has been well received for his performance as the Governor, and was nominated for Best Supporting Actor at the 39th Saturn Awards. The Governor (The Walking Dead) The Governor (real name Philip Blake in the TV series, and Brian Blake in the comics and novels) is a fictional character and a primary antagonist from "The Walking Dead" comic book and television series. On television, he is portrayed by David Morrissey. Created by Robert Kirkman and artists Charlie Adlard and Cliff Rathburn, the character made his comics debut in "The Document [41] (Title: The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas (film)) The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas (film) The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas is a 1982 American musical comedy film co-written, produced and directed by Colin Higgins (in his final film as director). It is an adaptation of the 1978 Broadway musical of the same name, and stars Dolly Parton, Burt Reynolds, Jim Nabors, Charles Durning, Dom DeLuise, Noah Beery Jr., Robert Mandan, Lois Nettleton, Theresa Merritt, Barry Corbin, Mary Jo Catlett and Mary Louise Wilson. Durning was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role as the Texas governor. Golden Globe Award nominations went to Document [42] (Title: John Stephen Hill) of "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas" at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane. He stood by for Elizabeth Taylor's Broadway revival of "The Little Foxes" at the Victoria Palace Theatre. In the London fringe, Hill produced two plays. He was directed by Tom Conti in "Beyond Therapy". He did play readings at Canada House, and on the Lyttleton stage at the Royal National Theatre. Hill is an alumnus of the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art where he was directed by Ian Judge. In 1980, Hill began playing small roles in films, such as "The Sender", as Catherine Deneuve's Document [43] (Title: The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas) Joan Ellis, Delores Hall, and Pamela Blair. Glynn was replaced by Fannie Flagg and Anita Morris later in the run. Alexis Smith starred as Miss Mona in the National Company, which toured major cities for more than a year, ending with a seven-month run in Los Angeles. In what was described as "a return engagement", the show opened on Broadway at the Eugene O'Neill Theatre on May 31, 1982 and closed on July 24, 1982 after nine previews and 63 performances. The cast featured Glynn and Hall. The West End production opened at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane on February Document [44] (Title: Clyde Thompson) a heart attack in 1979. Julia died a decade later. They are buried in Hillsboro, Texas. Thompson’s biography The Meanest Man in Texas, written by Don Umphrey, was originally published in 1984 by Thomas Nelson Publishers, Nashville, Tennessee and has been in print continuously since 2001 with Quarry Press, Dallas, Texas. Clyde Thompson Clyde Thompson (born in 1910; died July 1, 1979) was an American prisoner turned chaplain. He is most noted for being cited and labeled as The Meanest Man in Texas. The film titled "The Meanest Man in Texas" has been filmed and is currently in the post Document [45] (Title: Her Excellency, the Governor) Her Excellency, the Governor Her Excellency, the Governor is a 1917 American silent drama film produced and distributed by the Triangle Film Corporation. Directed by Albert Parker, the film stars Elda Milar, who later became well known as gossip columnist Hedda Hopper. The film is loosely based the play "His Excellency, the Governor", by Robert Marshall. Like many American films of the time, "Her Excellency, the Governor" was subject to cuts by city and state film censorship boards. The Chicago Board of Censors required the cutting of an intertitle that stated, "You're around her quite often - why don't you Document [46] (Title: James Noble (actor)) James Noble (actor) James Wilkes Noble (March 5, 1922 – March 28, 2016) was an American actor, best known for his portrayal of sweet-natured, naive Governor Eugene X. Gatling on ABC's 1979–86 sitcom "Benson". Noble was born in Dallas, Texas, the son of Lois Frances (née Wilkes) and Ralph Byrne Noble. He studied acting and engineering at Southern Methodist University before leaving to serve in the United States Navy during World War II. Returning from the war, Noble studied acting under Lee Strasberg and made appearances in Broadway theatre, and his television career started in soap operas, such as "The Document [47] (Title: Bart After Dark) MacNeille but there had been previous efforts to cast a guest voice for the role. A lot of the episode's plot is based on the film "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas". The oil spill is a reference to the "Exxon Valdez" oil spill. The Sea Captain was shown to be drunk at the helm, which is a reference to Joseph Hazelwood, who was the captain of the "Exxon Valdez" and was accused of being drunk. Reverend Lovejoy's line, "This house is a very, very, very fine house", is a reference to the Crosby, Stills, Nash, & Young song "Our Document [48] (Title: John Alexander Greer) John Alexander Greer John Alexander Greer (July 18, 1802 – July 4, 1855) was a Texan politician, and the second Lieutenant Governor of Texas serving under Governors George T. Wood and Peter H. Bell. Greer was born at Shelbyville, Tennessee on July 18, 1802. He was in Kentucky before moving to Texas in 1830. He represented San Augustine as a senator in the Congress of the Republic of Texas from 1837–1845. Anson Jones, the last president of the Republic of Texas, appointed him as secretary of the treasury in July 1845. He was the Lieutenant Governor of Texas from 1847–1851. Document [49] (Title: A Texas Trilogy) Outstanding Play. The first work in the trilogy, "The Oldest Living Graduate" was broadcast on television on NBC in 1980, starring Henry Fonda, George Grizzard, Timothy Hutton, Cloris Leachman and John Lithgow and won several Emmys, including Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie for George Grizzard. A Texas Trilogy A Texas Trilogy (also known as The Bradleyville Trilogy) is a set of three plays written by Preston Jones. The three plays are set in a mythical West Texas town and employ idiosyncratic language and characters that present an evocative depiction of small town Texas life. The plays Document [50] (Title: The Governor (The Walking Dead)) the first and second season The Governor encounters a dying Merle Dixon, whom The Governor enlisted, along with Caesar Martinez and Milton Mamet, as his lieutenant and advisers. He also tasks Milton, a scientist, with researching a means to reverse the virus in the hopes of saving Penny. The Governor was also known to have had affairs with many of the Woodbury women. The Governor is charming and charismatic, but also murderous, violent, sociopathic, power-hungry, completely sadistic, and horrifically ruthless. He sees himself as the community's only hope for survival, and is thus willing to imprison, abuse and/or kill anyone Document [51] (Title: Ghost Town (1988 film)) and October 1987 at Old Tucson Studios in Tucson, Arizona. In a retrospective interview, actor Franc Luz recounted his time on the set of the film, stating that he had done his own stunts. On director Richard Governor [McCarthy], Luz said: "Richard Governor seemed like a crazy, high energy, highly sexed, charismatic guy with a strong Australian accent... At the time, I was not sure that he had complete control of his set, but I've since learned the no one ever has complete control of any set." The film was released on November 11, 1988 in a limited release, only Document [52] (Title: John Hill (Texas politician)) unfair trade practices. He also played a leading role in closing down the Chicken Ranch in Fayette County, the inspiration for "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas". Hill had a subordinate leak material to reporter Marvin Zindler who ran a week-long series of special reports on The Chicken Ranch putting pressure on Governor Dolph Briscoe. After Briscoe turned to him for advice, Hill suggested that Briscoe call the sheriff of Fayette County who closed down the Chicken Ranch. Hill served as Attorney General until 1979. Hill challenged Briscoe in 1978 in the Democratic primary and was successful but lost in Document [53] (Title: Alan Eichler) and Gilbert Price. He also toured with the show for two years as press agent and continued to have a long association with Kitt. He next publicized the Broadway production of Martin Sherman's play "Bent" with Richard Gere. In 1980, he began a year-long tour as press agent with the first national company of "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas" starring Alexis Smith, following which he settled in Los Angeles. He arranged the very first AIDS benefit for APLA Health in 1983, which was a special Midnight performance of "Women Behind Bars" at the Roxy Theatre (West Hollywood). In 1994, Document [54] (Title: The Gay Place) that year caused these plans to be dropped. All uncited material comes from the book itself. The Gay Place The Gay Place (1961) is a series of three novellas, with interlocking plots and characters, by American author Billy Lee Brammer. The novellas, published in a single book, include "The Flea Circus", "Room Enough to Caper" and "Country Pleasures". Set in an unnamed state identical to Texas, each novella has a different protagonist: Roy Sherwood, a member of the state legislature; Neil Christiansen, the state's junior senator; and Jay McGown, the governor's speechwriter. The governor himself, Arthur Fenstemaker, a master politician Document [55] (Title: Elizabeth Kemp) She demonstrated talent as a child painter from the ages of 13 to 16, graduating from high school with a special award for Creative Achievement. At age 16, she traveled to the Rhode Island School of Design but was told to wait a year. She instead went to New York City and studied at The Art Students League and American Academy of Dramatic Arts, but dropped out shortly afterward. Kemp was in the original cast of "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas", which began at The Actors Studio off-Broadway before it transferred to Broadway and became a long-running smash hit. Document [56] (Title: The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas (film)) Reynolds role as the sheriff. Porn star Kay Parker, who played one of the prostitutes in the film, had an uncredited bit role in "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas". The house used in the film is located at Universal Studios in Hollywood and can be viewed as part of the backlot tram tour. (It was also seen in the "Ghost Whisperer" television series episode "The Lost Boys.") The inspiration for the set came from a real ranch house located outside Austin, Texas, which is featured in scenes from the movie. The house was also featured in Rob Zombie's 2003 Document [57] (Title: Memphis Cathouse Blues) 1982, the same year as the film it was based on. A heavily cut version of the film, with a runtime of 48m 19s, was passed by the BBFC in the United Kingdom rated 18 on April 13, 1994. Memphis Cathouse Blues Memphis Cathouse Blues is a 1982 pornographic film that is a spoof of the Broadway musical "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas", and the 1982 film it was made into, starring Burt Reynolds and Dolly Parton. Annette Haven takes over the Parton role of the madam and Mike Horner the Reynolds role as the sheriff. Madam Mavis (Annette Document [58] (Title: Highway to Heaven) the season one episode "The Right Thing". Moses Gunn, who also co-starred on "Little House" and starred on "Father Murphy", appeared in the season two episode "Popcorn, Peanuts and Cracker Jacks". Barbara Stuart appeared as Carla in the 1986 two-part episode "Love and Marriage". In his last roles, Tyler McVey appeared in separate episodes in 1985 and 1986 as a minister. Don Keefer portrayed Dr. Washburn in the 1986 episode "For the Love of Larry". Anthony Zerbe starred in the episode "The Devil and Jonathan Smith", playing a slave of the Devil whose mission was the exact opposite of Jonathan's. Document [59] (Title: Harry Knowles) of the event, including being given a basket full of dismembered body part props from Gunnar Hansen (the actor who played Leatherface), as well as cutting his birthday cake with the actual chainsaw used in the film. Hansen, however, adamantly denied that any of this ever occurred. On September 23, 2017, it was reported on IndieWire and circulated in other national media that Knowles had allegedly sexually assaulted a woman named Jasmine Baker on two occasions in 1999 and 2000 at Alamo Drafthouse events in Austin, and that when informed of the incidents by Baker, Drafthouse owners took no action. Document [60] (Title: Clyde Thompson) Clyde Thompson Clyde Thompson (born in 1910; died July 1, 1979) was an American prisoner turned chaplain. He is most noted for being cited and labeled as The Meanest Man in Texas. The film titled "The Meanest Man in Texas" has been filmed and is currently in the post production process and is based on the true story and book of the same title (), written by Don Umphrey. It was produced by Brad Wilson and Casey Bond, and directed by Justin Ward. Thrice-convicted murderer Clyde Vernon Thompson (1910-1979) was called “The Meanest Man in Texas” by Texas prison officials Document [61] (Title: The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas (film)) For his part, Reynolds described Parton as 'very self deprecating - in public.' Much of Carol Hall's original Broadway score was performed in the movie version. Omitted were "Good Old Girl", "The Bus From Amarillo", "24 Hours of Lovin", "No Lies" and "Doatsie Mae". Two additional Parton compositions appear in the film: "Sneakin' Around", performed as a duet with Parton and Reynolds, and a two-stanza version of Parton's 1973 composition "I Will Always Love You". The film version of "I Will Always Love You"—the original recording having been a U.S. country chart topper for Parton in the spring of 1974—was Document [62] (Title: W.W. and the Dixie Dancekings) two worked together on the director's next film, "Rocky". Reynolds wanted Dolly Parton to play the female lead. She declined but the two would later work together on "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas". Filming was marked by tension between Reynolds and Avildsen. The two men did not get along professionally or personally and there was often clashes in approach and temperament. One of the central props in the movie is the car that W.W. drives. It is known as a special 1955 "Golden Anniversary" Oldsmobile Rocket 88 of which only 50 were made. It is a four-door sedan painted Document [63] (Title: The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas (film)) Masterton and Tommy Tune, who had directed the stage production, were to direct the film together. King recommended Shirley MacLaine, Dyan Cannon, Cari Glynn and Jill Clayburgh as the possibles to star but was told they were not a sufficient box office draw. When Dolly Parton was cast King suggested Willie Nelson as a co star and Universal executives met with him but in the end Burt Reynolds was cast. Reynolds was paid $3.5 million and Parton $1.5 million. Reynolds wanted script changes and wanted to sing. Universal became nervous about giving the film to first time directors and ended Document [64] (Title: The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas) Skinner, and Jennifer Hudson. A revival production of the musical was staged on London's Fringe at The Union Theatre From October 2011- November 2011, starring Sarah Lark as Miss Mona, Nancy Sullivan as Shy and Leon Craig as Melvin P. Thorpe. Ensemble members included Jarred Page, Sasi Strallen, Katy Streader, Frankie Jenna, Patrick George, Dayle Hodge & Dan O'Brian. The production was directed by Paul Taylor-Mills. A Broadway revival, with direction and choreography from Rob Ashford, was reportedly in the works in 2015. The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas is a musical with a Document [65] (Title: Allan Shivers) Bill Noël of Odessa to the Texas Alcoholic Beverage Commission. Noël was reappointed by the two subsequent governors. Shivers appeared as himself in the 1955 film "Lucy Gallant" starring Jane Wyman and Charlton Heston. Shivers previously held the record for longest "continuous" service as Texas Governor at 7.5 years until June 2008, when Rick Perry surpassed Shivers's record for continuous service. (Bill Clements initially broke Shivers's total service record, having served eight years over two non-consecutive terms; Perry subsequently surpassed this record as well.) Both Shivers and Perry are the only two Texas Governors to have been inaugurated four times. Document [66] (Title: The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas (film)) the station's "Now Showing" segment merely clicked his tongue to eliminate the offending word: "The Best Little [click, click] in Texas!" During interviews, Parton sometimes referred to the film as "The Best Little Chicken House in Texas". "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas" opened in 1,400 theaters on July 23, 1982 and earned $11,874,268 in its opening weekend, ranking number one in the United States box office, dethroning "E.T. The Extra Terrestrial"s six-week run at the top of the box office. The film closed on October 21, having grossed $69,701,637 domestically. The film received mixed reviews from critics. On review Document [67] (Title: M. Emmet Walsh) Independent Spirit Award for Best Male Lead. Walsh made occasional guest appearances on "Home Improvement" as Tim Taylor's father-in-law. In 1992, he appeared as a powerful U.S. Senator in David Winning's "Killer Image". In "Christmas with the Kranks", he played one of the Kranks' neighbors. He also appeared as Alex Lembeck, a motorcycle cop who appointed himself as Sandy Stockton's chaperone and protector on "The Sandy Duncan Show" in 1972. He appeared in an episode of the NBC drama series "Gibbsville" in 1976 and "Little House on the Prairie" in 1981. In comedy, Walsh played the cynical small town sportswriter Document [68] (Title: History of vice in Texas) Chicken Ranch, which had operated for decades with the knowledge of state and local authorities, was finally closed in 1973 by these same authorities after a scandalous report by Houston reporter Marvin Zindler. The Ranch's notoriety following the scandal made it one of the most famous brothels in U.S. history. Its fame later became the inspiration for the 1978 Broadway musical and then movie "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas". During the 19th century Galveston had become one of the largest shipping centers, but the Galveston Hurricane of 1900 destroyed much of the city and made outside investors leery of Document [69] (Title: Matthew Labyorteaux) casting call. He shortly thereafter landed his first dramatic role in "A Woman Under the Influence", where he played one of Peter Falk and Gena Rowlands' children. Aside from his tenure on "Little House on the Prairie", Labyorteaux also starred in the short-lived television series "The Red Hand Gang" (1977) and "Whiz Kids" (1983–84), in addition to several made-for-television movies. His most prominent film role was in Wes Craven's "Deadly Friend" (1986) as Paul Conway, a young genius who resurrects a dead girl using an artificial intelligence microchip from a robot he created that had previously been destroyed by a Document [70] (Title: Lara Teeter) "Junior", originally played by Ray Bolger in 1936. He also won the 1983 Outer Critics Circle Award for Outstanding Debut Performance. The show ran for 505 performances. Additional Broadway credits include "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas" and "The Pirates of Penzance" (chorus). Off-Broadway and national touring credits include the Scarecrow in "The Wizard of Oz" (in 1998), "The Robber Bridegroom", "She Loves Me" as Kodaly in 1987 at the Ahmanson Theatre, "My Fair Lady" as Henry Higgins at the North Shore Music Theatre (Beverly, Massachusetts) in 1999, "Little Shop of Horrors", "Follies" in 2005 as "Buddy" and "Oklahoma!" (national Document [71] (Title: Minnie Fisher Cunningham) alternatives to bars and a deterrent to prostitution, as was the Texas Social Hygiene Association. In 1918, Cunningham received an appointment to the Texas Military Welfare Commission. In spite of the terms of his impeachment banning him from elected office, Ferguson announced his candidacy for Governor in 1918. Acting Governor William P. Hobby was likely to be voted out of office in the wake of Ferguson's illegitimate candidacy. Cunningham worked behind the scenes with state representative Charles Metcalfe to cut a deal for primary suffrage, which would allow women in Texas to vote in the primary elections but not the Document [72] (Title: Kinky Friedman) Story" by Austin-based director Chris Elley. In the film, narrated by Governor Ann Richards, Kinky exclaims that "Jesus loved Barbecue" and analyzes the speech patterns of Texans versus New Yorkers. Raw footage from Friedman's interview appears in the 2005 DVD release of the film. He has appeared in other movies as well including "Loose Shoes" and "The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2". Friedman's persona as a politically incorrect raconteur has been likened to that of movie critic and commentator John Irving Bloom, better known in print as Joe Bob Briggs, with whom he appeared in the B movie "The Texas Chainsaw Document [73] (Title: A Texas Steer) A Texas Steer A Texas Steer is a lost 1927 American silent film directed by Richard Wallace and starring Will Rogers. It was a cinematic adaptation from an eponymous play by Charles H. Hoyt. Maverick Brander, a newly elected Congressman from the fictional town of Red Dog, Texas, moves to Washington, D.C. to serve in the United States House of Representatives. He supports the Eagle Rock Dam bill. Meanwhile, he flirts with a woman. The film was reviewed in "The New York Times" by film critic Mordaunt Hall in 1928. He noted, "There are passages in this film that are Document [74] (Title: Little Britches (outlaw)) starring and narrated by Jim Davis. In this story, Little Britches became smitten with an outlaw named Dave Ridley, played by James Best, rather than Bill Doolin. Little Britches is shown at the conclusion of the episode leaving the Framingham reformatory and anonymously working in a soup kitchen in a slum section of New York City. "Little Britches" is used across the United States as the proper name of numerous business, including day-care centers, pediatric clinics, clothing stores, bakeries, boutiques, and even an employment agency for nannies. Nor should Little Britches the outlaw be confused with: Little Britches (outlaw) Little Document [75] (Title: Frank Ferguson) the NBC western series, "The Tall Man", starring Barry Sullivan as Sheriff Pat Garrett and Clu Gulager as Billy the Kid. In the story line, as Wallace visits Lincoln, New Mexico, Sheriff Garrett tries to keep down brawling in the cantina owned by Big Mamacita (Connie Gilchrist), who is the grandmother of the governor's young aide. In the 1963-1964 season, Ferguson was cast in the recurring role of Judge Gurney in the NBC/Warner Brothers western series "Temple Houston", with Jeffrey Hunter as an historical person, the frontier lawyer Temple Lea Houston, youngest son of Sam Houston. Jack Elam and Mary Document [76] (Title: Robert Fuller (actor)) James Best appeared on the sixth episode of "Laramie." Best played a worried young man who demanded that Jess Harper help save a young man dying of a snake bite. Fuller and Best had a great connection and since the writers loved him from his first appearance, Best later did two additional guest spots on "Laramie" with Fuller, long before landing a starring role in the popular action-comedy satire, "The Dukes of Hazzard", in the 1980s and later, two movies, in 1997 and 2000. Being the traveling man that he was, 'Jimmie' would travel to festivals and run into 'Bobby' Document [77] (Title: Gary Sandy) Gary Sandy Gary Lee Sandy (born December 25, 1945) is an American actor who is best remembered as program director Andy Travis in the television sitcom "WKRP in Cincinnati". In 1982, he replaced Kevin Kline as The Pirate King on Broadway in "The Pirates of Penzance". In 1986, he replaced Tony Roberts as Mortimer Brewster in the fiftieth anniversary production of "Arsenic and Old Lace" opposite Jean Stapleton and Marion Ross, and continued the role in the North American tour. Beginning in 2001, he starred opposite Ann-Margret in a stage production of "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas" which toured Document [78] (Title: J. D. Grey) Gary. In 1965, he was so honored in Dallas, Texas, and thereafter in twelve other cities. He was made an honorary deputy sheriff in ten counties in four states. In 1958, Grey played himself in the film "Damn Citizen", with Keith Andes in the starring role as Louisiana State Police Superintendent Francis Grevemberg, who attempted to eliminate corruption in his state during the 1950s. Grey and his wife, the former Lillian Tooke, whom he married in 1927, had twin daughters born in 1941, Martha Ann Cantrell and her husband, Richard C. Cantrell (born 1940) of Gretna in Jefferson Parish, and Document [79] (Title: Dead Weight (The Walking Dead)) his old cruel ways. When they return to camp, Martinez invites The Governor to play golf atop a trailer, where Martinez reveals that Shumpert, one of The Governor's former henchmen, became reckless and was bitten near one of the walker pits; Martinez then mercy-killed him. A drunk Martinez shares his insecurities about keeping the camp safe, and he offers The Governor a co-leadership role. In response, The Governor strikes Martinez's head with his golf club, throws him off the trailer, and drags him to a pit of walkers, where Martinez is devoured. The Governor repeatedly mutters, "I don't want it". Document [80] (Title: The Governor (The Walking Dead)) up and confronts him. However The Governor "pushes" Tyreese to the ground while still pressing his point. Tyreese ultimately dies in peace, and the vision of the Governor fades away. On television, the character is portrayed by British actor David Morrissey. Glen Mazzara, when asked about the character's direction for season 3 of the show, described The Governor as a narcissist, who sees himself as the future savior of civilization and is willing to resort to the most extreme of measures to achieve his ultimate goal. Despite making few appearances, The Governor's daughter, Penny, plays a key role in his Document [81] (Title: Naughty Marietta (Max Liebman Presents)) is 1790 and Captain Richard Warrington, of the United States Army, arrives with his infantry in New Orleans (""Tramp! Tramp! Tramp!""), where Warrington wants to see Lieutenant Governor Le Grange, on official business. Captain Warrington finds the Governor at the casino, where Le Grange's girlfriend, Yvonne, is an entertainer (""We're the Love of Old New Orleans""). When Warrington asks Le Grange for permission to search for the French pirate "Bras Piqué", who has been robbing American ships, the Governor refuses the request and orders Captain Warrington and his men to leave New Orleans. Meanwhile, the pretty and vivacious Marietta has Document [82] (Title: Stacy Harris) Frank Brigham in "The Case of the Crying Comedian" in 1961. In 1969, Harris played the corrupt and cowardly Mayor Ackerson of the since ghost town of Helena, Texas, in the episode "The Oldest Law" of the syndicated television series, "Death Valley Days", hosted by Robert Taylor not long before Taylor's own death. Popular character actor Jim Davis played Colonel William G. Butler (1831-1912), who takes revenge on the town after its citizens refuse to disclose the killer of Butler's son, Emmett, who died from a stray bullet from a saloon brawl. Butler arranges for the San Antonio and Aransas Document [83] (Title: Memphis Cathouse Blues) Memphis Cathouse Blues Memphis Cathouse Blues is a 1982 pornographic film that is a spoof of the Broadway musical "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas", and the 1982 film it was made into, starring Burt Reynolds and Dolly Parton. Annette Haven takes over the Parton role of the madam and Mike Horner the Reynolds role as the sheriff. Madam Mavis (Annette Haven) runs a bordello in Memphis, Tennessee. Her exclusive client is Sheriff T.J. Thomson (Mike Horner), but he can't help her against Reverend Pritchit (R.J. Reynolds) who sends Deacon Davis (Herschel Savage) and Brother Pyle (Jon Martin) to demonstrate Document [84] (Title: Harry Cheshire) of Wileyville, Texas. Cheshire appeared as Judge Trager between 1958 and 1962 in fifteen episodes of the ABC/Warner Brothers western series, "Lawman", with John Russell and Peter Brown. Cheshire's film appearances include "Barnyard Follies" (1940), "O, My Darling Clementine" (1943), "The Best Years of Our Lives" (1946), "Dangerous Mission" (1954), and an uncredited role in "Ma and Pa Kettle at the Fair" (1952). He guest starred in other television programs, including the westerns, "The Lone Ranger", "The Range Rider", "Annie Oakley", "Tales of the Texas Rangers", "The Adventures of Rin Tin Tin", "The Texan", and "Maverick", and the situation comedies, Document [85] (Title: James Best) and Henry Fonda, and the cross-dressing Dewey Barksdale in the 1976 drama "Ode to Billy Joe". Best guest-starred more than 280 times in numerous television series. In 1954, he played the outlaw Dave Ridley, opposite Gloria Winters as the female bandit "Little Britches" in an episode of "Stories of the Century". In 1954, Best appeared twice on the syndicated "Annie Oakley" series, starring Gail Davis and Brad Johnson. He was cast in the religion anthology series "Crossroads", in its 1956 episode "The White Carnation." He was also cast on an episode of Jackie Cooper's early NBC sitcom "The People's Choice" Document [86] (Title: Carol Hall) Carol Hall Carol Hall (April 3, 1936 – October 11, 2018) was an American composer and lyricist. She was best known for composing the music and lyrics for the Broadway stage musical "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas" (1978, adapted as a film in 1982). Her other works include the Broadway sequel "The Best Little Whorehouse Goes Public" (1994), as well as the Off-Broadway musical "To Whom It May Concern" (c. 1986). Hall was born in 1936 in Abilene, Texas. She penned eight one-act plays, all under the tite "The Days Are As Grass". The work was acquired by Samuel Document [87] (Title: Thommie Walsh) on choreography, musical staging, and direction. His credits include "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas" (1978 and 1982) with "Chorus" cast member Pam Blair, "The 1940's Radio Hour" (1979), "A Day in Hollywood/A Night in the Ukraine" (1980), with "Chorus" cast member Priscilla Lopez, "Do Black Patent Leather Shoes Really Reflect Up?" (1982), "Nine" (1982), "My One and Only" (1983) with "Chorus" cast member Ron Dennis, "" (1983), and "My Favorite Year" (1992). He received the Tony and Drama Desk Awards for his choreography in "A Day in Hollywood/A Night in the Ukraine" and "My One and Only" which also Document [88] (Title: The Meanest Man in Texas) near Cisco, Texas, Clyde is convicted of murder and sentenced to death. Just hours before execution by electric chair, the Governor spares him the death penalty, but he is shipped to the Texas Prison Farm to serve hard labor, where he gains the moniker "The Meanest Man in Texas." The story follows Clyde’s journey as his personal roller-coaster ride takes him on some life-changings highs and lows, but ultimately leads him to redemption. It also includes a handicapped woman on the outside who corresponds with this prisoner who has been given three life sentences. The Meanest Man in Texas The Document [89] (Title: The Proud and Damned) Hansen (Chuck Connors), Ike (Aron Kincaid), Hank (Henry Caps), Jeb (Smokey Robards), and Billy (Peter Ford) have just emigrated from their home state of Texas to Colombia in South America. After their arrival, they are ambushed by Colombian soldiers who force them to come meet General Martinez, the evil, cold-hearted dictator of their country. Martinez sends them to San Carlos, a town where rebel forces are preparing to start a civil war against Martinez's army. The Texans are instructed to live among the rebels, and report back to Martinez what they know within the next couple of days. Martinez warns Document [90] (Title: Ross S. Sterling) C. Hedrick of Fort Worth. Sterling's former house, built about 1910, was moved in 1999 from 106 Westheimer Road to the intersection of Bagby and Rosalie to undergo restoration. Ross S. Sterling Ross Shaw Sterling (February 11, 1875March 25, 1949) was an American politician who was the 31st Governor of Texas, serving a single two-year term from January 20, 1931, to January 17, 1933. Sterling was born in Anahuac in Chambers County near Houston, Texas. He grew up on a farm and, after little formal education, began working as a clerk at the age of 12. At the age of Document [91] (Title: Bob Gunton) time as the President's Secretary of State. Gunton portrays Leland Owlsley in the 2015 TV series "Daredevil". Gunton made a guest appearance on in January 2017. Bob Gunton Robert Patrick Gunton Jr. (born November 15, 1945) is an American actor. He is known for playing strict, authoritarian characters, with his best known roles as Warden Samuel Norton in the 1994 prison film "The Shawshank Redemption", Chief George Earle in 1993's "Demolition Man", Dr. Walcott, the domineering dean of Virginia Medical School in "Patch Adams", and President Juan Peron in the original Broadway production of "Evita", for which he received a Document [92] (Title: I Ain't a Judas) Carl (Chandler Riggs) sees his father would benefit from some rest, and suggests that he let Hershel and Daryl (Norman Reedus) take charge. The Governor is readying Woodbury for total war. Civilians, including women and adolescents, are given weapons and taught to use them, in preparation for combat. Andrea (Laurie Holden) is disturbed by this and asks to leave to negotiate a peace with the prison, but The Governor discourages her, implying that she will not be welcomed back if she leaves. Andrea asks Milton (Dallas Roberts) to help her sneak out, which Milton reports back to The Governor (as Document [93] (Title: John Lee Smith) John Lee Smith John Lee Smith (May 16, 1894 – September 26, 1963) was the 32nd Lieutenant Governor of Texas serving under Governor Coke R. Stevenson during World War II and a vocal opponent of Texas labor unions during his tenure. Born May 16, 1894 at Chico, Texas, and raised in Throckmorton, Texas, Smith was educated at Stamford College and West Texas State Teachers College before teaching school. In 1918, he went to France as a member of American Expeditionary Forces; while overseas, he also studied at a French university. Upon his return, he studied law at Chautauqua, New York, Document [94] (Title: The Best Little Whorehouse Goes Public) Harry Hardast objects to his plan. The Vegas locale allows for an ongoing parade of barely dressed showgirls in glitzy Bob Mackie costumes, Sonny and Cher, Elvis Presley, Liberace, and Siegfried and Roy impersonators, and a two-bit stand-up comic acting as emcee against a background of flashing neon lights and accompanied by the sound of ever-jangling slot machines. After 28 previews, the Broadway production, directed by Tommy Tune and Peter Masterson and choreographed by Tune and Jeff Calhoun, opened on May 10, 1994 at the Lunt-Fontanne Theatre, where it ran for 16 performances. The cast included Dee Hoty as Mona, Document [95] (Title: Len Lesser) appeared in a variety of films such as "Birdman of Alcatraz" (1962), "How to Stuff a Wild Bikini" (1965), "Kelly's Heroes" (1970), "Blood and Lace" (1971), "Dirty Little Billy" (1972), "Papillon" (1973), "Truck Stop Women" (1974), "The Outlaw Josey Wales" (1976), "Supervan" (1977), "Moonshine County Express" (1977), "Ruby" (1977), "Death Hunt" (1981), "Take This Job and Shove It" (1981), "Grandmother's House" (1988) and "Baadasssss!" (2003). Lesser had a recurring role on "Everybody Loves Raymond" as "Garvin", a friend of Frank Barone, who always lifted his arms in excitement whenever he saw Ray (just as Lesser did in his recurring role Document [96] (Title: She Came to the Valley) husband later dies and she finds herself the subject of attention by a man called Bill who she learns is a gun runner for Villa. Pancho Villa was played by Freddy Fender. In January 1979, Maria Luz Corral de Villa came to McAllen, Texas, a south border town to see Kika de la Garza, to present him with a pardon request for her late husband to be exonerated for his actions against the United States. Ms de Villa who at the age of 84 was in frail health arrived by air ambulance. She was assisted by aide Sol Marroquin. Marroquin, Document [97] (Title: Carlin Glynn) "Night Game" (1989), "Convicts" (1991), "Judy Berlin" (1999) and "Whiskey School" (2005). Carlin Glynn Carlin Glynn (born February 19, 1940) is an American singer and retired actress. She is the mother of actress Mary Stuart Masterson. Glynn was born in Cleveland, Ohio. She attended Mirabeau B. Lamar High School in Houston, Texas. A life member of The Actors Studio, Glynn made her belated but Tony-winning Broadway debut - as 1979's Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical - portraying "Mona Stangley" in the original production of "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas", a musical comedy adapted by Glynn's husband and fellow Document [98] (Title: John McConnell (actor)) Kingfish", wherein he portrays colorful Louisiana Governor Huey P. Long. He is perhaps best known for having portrayed Ignatius J. Reilly from the Pulitzer Prize-winning novel "A Confederacy of Dunces", and in that role was the model for a life-sized bronze statue of the fictitious character on historic Canal Street in downtown New Orleans. On television, McConnell has had recurring roles in several series, among them the recent shows: Underground and Hap & Leonard. He also made several appearances over three seasons of "Roseanne", with good friend and colleague John Goodman. McConnell was also featured in a recurring role on Document [99] (Title: Rodolfo Hoyos Jr.) played Governor Armijo in the episode "La Tules" of the syndicated "Death Valley Days" television series, then hosted by Stanley Andrews. In 1977, Hoyos played Emilio Alvarez in "Hard Rock Brown" of the NBC series "Police Story". Hoyos' last television roles were in 1979 as Jose in "Luke" of the ABC western mini-series, "How the West Was Won", with James Arness, and in 1979 as General Ranez in the episode "Cruisin' Angels" of the ABC series, "Charlie's Angels". His final film role was as General Sanzer in "Love and Money" in 1982. Hoyos died in 1983 in Los Angeles at Document [100] (Title: The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas (film)) up replacing Masterton and Tune with Colin Higgins. Reynolds later said Parton "had two directors fired before we started - they were gone. Because I'd made so many movies and she hadn't, everyone thought it was me. Whether she was right or wrong in those decisions, it was amazing to me that she could do it." Higgins prepared for directing it by watching old George Cukor films and Dr. Pepper commercials ("They have a lot of wonderful movement," said Higgins.) Reynolds said he suggested to Higgins that Charles Durning be cast. "Colin is very smart, very commercial. They wanted Mickey Document [101] (Title: Arlene Theater) second season that the Mouse River Players are performing the Best Little Whorehouse in Texas. The first time was in the 1991-1992 season. The Mouse River Players will also hold their annual Thanksgiving Weekend Revue and a youth production in March at the Arlene. The Arlene Theater has a children's theater program called the Mini Mousers. The program offers students between the ages of six and fourteen classes taught by local artists. Students in the program perform in the Mouse River Players annual family production Arlene Theater The Arlene Theater is the name of a performance theater in Downtown Minot, Document [102] (Title: Ewing Mitchell) "Farewell to Fort Apache" of "The Adventures of Rin Tin Tin". In 1956, he was cast in an episode of the CBS fantasy drama, "The Millionaire", in the episode "The Jane Carr Story", with Angie Dickinson in the lead guest-starring role. He appeared twice in 1956 as Preacher Homer Wilkins in the CBS western series, "The Adventures of Jim Bowie", starring Scott Forbes in the title role. In 1956, he played a Confederate colonel in the episode "Enemies" of Ronald W. Reagan's CBS anthology series, "General Electric Theater". His other appearances, mostly on westerns, include "Sugarfoot", "Tales of the Texas Document [103] (Title: The Governor (The Walking Dead)) it is shown that The Governor has a zombified daughter named Penny, whom he keeps hidden, feeds body parts to, and grooms affectionately while playing the lullaby "Bye, baby Bunting". The Governor allows Michonne to leave town, but she is unable to convince Andrea to leave with her. The Governor leads Andrea to a gathering for the townsfolk: a sparring match between Merle and Martinez surrounded by chained, toothless walkers. The spectacle shocks Andrea, who describes it as "barbaric", but the Governor insists it is "fun", and it teaches the residents to not be afraid. In the episode "Hounded", the Document [104] (Title: Jason Beghe) Press" wrote: "There is an affectionate romantic sizzle between the ruggedly handsome Beghe ("G.I. Jane") and the dark-haired, unconventionally attractive Kelly ("Little Odessa")." Kinney Littlefield of "The Orange County Register" said that "Beghe and Kelly have charm." Beghe appeared in acting roles on "Numb3rs", "", "Everwood", "Criminal Minds", "Veronica Mars", "Jag" and "Cane". Beghe portrayed exorcist Ray Purvis in the 2008 horror film "One Missed Call". In 2009, Beghe had a guest-starring role on the television show "Californication". He played the character novelist Richard Bates, a friend of character Hank Moody (played by David Duchovny). "Bates, played by Jason Beghe, Document [105] (Title: The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas (film)) Ranch" was written for the trailer. Parton recorded two of the deleted songs, "A Gamble Either Way", and "A Cowboy's Ways" (a reworking of "Where Stallions Run"), and included them on her 1983 album "Burlap & Satin." The film presented some difficulties for Universal, particularly with advertising. In 1982, the word "whorehouse" was considered obscene in parts of the United States, resulting in the film being renamed "The Best Little Cathouse in Texas" in some print ads, while television ads were either banned outright in some areas, or the offending word was censored; on WXYZ-TV in Detroit, the announcer on Document [106] (Title: Little Britches (outlaw)) only two years in the Indian and Oklahoma territories, but their escapades proved a challenge to law enforcement and the judicial system. It is unknown if Little Britches was "rehabilitated" through her confinement in Framingham, one of the few prisons then available for female inmates. In the film "Cattle Annie and Little Britches" (1981), directed by Lamont Johnson, Diane Lane portrays Little Britches, Amanda Plummer makes her film debut as Cattle Annie, Burt Lancaster is an historically inaccurate and much older Bill Doolin, Rod Steiger is Marshal Tilghman, Scott Glenn is Bill Dalton, and Buck Taylor (known as the young Document [107] (Title: When the Dead Come Knocking) he is still tied to a chair. Glenn manages to fend off and kill the walker while breaking free of his restraints. Separately The Governor (David Morrissey) interrogates Maggie (Lauren Cohan) and when she refuses to talk, he makes her take off her shirt and bra, threatening to rape her. Maggie remains silent and refuses to cooperate, even as The Governor threatens to harm Glenn, forcing him to leave her alone. The Governor then brings the two of them together, and threatens to kill Glenn in front of Maggie. Maggie finally relents, revealing that they come from a small group Document [108] (Title: Brad Leland) and directing. After graduating from college, Leland moved to Dallas where he worked in local theatre and found an agent. He also got a part in one episode of the TV series "Dallas" and in an episode of "In the Heat of the Night". He later appeared in seven episodes of the TV series "Walker, Texas Ranger", in the 2003 "Texas Chain Saw Massacre" remake and as an executive in the film "Hancock". His most visible roles, though, are that of football booster John Aubrey in the film "Friday Night Lights" and the similar character, Buddy Garrity, in the TV Document [109] (Title: The Little Deputy) The Little Deputy The Little Deputy is a Canadian short documentary film, directed by Trevor Anderson and released in 2015. Inspired by Anderson's rediscovery of an old childhood photo of himself and his father dressed in cowboy garb, the film blends Anderson's own contemporary quest to recreate a new version of the photo — as an adult Anderson is openly gay, and wants to recreate the photo while clothed in drag — with segments in which he imagines himself as an actual cowboy in the 1880s. The film premiered at the 2015 Sundance Film Festival. At the Alberta Film and Document [110] (Title: The Best Little Whorehouse Goes Public) Scott Holmes as Sam, Ronn Carroll as the Senator, and Jim David as the emcee. An original cast recording was released by Varèse Sarabande. The Best Little Whorehouse Goes Public The Best Little Whorehouse Goes Public is a musical with a book by Larry L. King and Peter Masterson and music and lyrics by Carol Hall. It is a sequel to the 1978 musical "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas". Hoping to recover $26 million in back taxes owed them by Las Vegas whorehouse Stallion Fields, the IRS lures former brothel madam Mona Stangley out of retirement to run the Document [111] (Title: Night Game (film)) who has also made "The Trip to Bountiful" and wrote "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas", decided to bring the movie to Texas. 'It seemed more interesting to bring it to Houston. A lot of movies are made in San Francisco and not as many in Houston or Galveston,' the director said. 'I think it worked out better; it's a different kind of locale.' Critical to the movie was the availability of the Dome, he said. Filming during the games was limited to capturing crowd reaction, wide-angle shots of the teams and the occasional player at bat. Dodgers outfielder Mike Document [112] (Title: Lt. Gov. You've Gotta Love) top of a pulsating disco beat. It ends with a long list of Dewhurst's accomplishments during this three terms as lieutenant governor that appear on the screen to the beat of the music. Political reporters disliked "Lt. Gov. You've Gotta Love". One reporter claimed that the best way to understand the advertisement was to see it as avant-garde artwork. Other reporters reactions ranged from calling the advertisement quirky to writing that it was ridiculous. Between 2003 and 2015, David Dewhurst served as the 42nd Lieutenant Governor of Texas. During his three terms as lieutenant governor, Dewhurst helped pass the controversial Document [113] (Title: David Morrissey) for a run of Neil LaBute's "In a Dark Dark House" and played the title role in the Liverpool Everyman's production of "Macbeth" in 2011. He then starred in the British crime film "Blitz," playing a morally dubious reporter in contact with the eponymous cop killer. The following year, he portrayed the Governor in AMC television series "The Walking Dead" as a series regular in the third and fourth seasons and the fifth season in a guest role. The British Film Institute describes Morrissey as being considered "one of the most versatile English actors of his generation", and he is Document [114] (Title: Sadomania) in the film he plans an escape for Olga. She goes to work with the other girls out in the hot desert, and the rest of the film is a series of subplots, including one in which a few of the workers are sent out to be hookers, one where a worker participates in a deadly game of cat-and-mouse, and one where the impotent Governor (Antonio Mayans, billed as Robert Foster) buys a couple of the workers to help him perform. There is also a scene where the Governor is finally able to have sex with his wife, but only Document [115] (Title: Bobby Fite) of the Broadway musical-comedy "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas", starring Burt Reynolds and Dolly Parton. In December of that same year, Fite appeared in a co-starring role in the CBS television movie "Miss All-American Beauty". In the film, Fite portrayed Petey Butterfield, the youngest of two brothers to Diane Lane's character, Sally Butterfield, a girl who struggles with her newfound notoriety and responsibilities after winning a Texas beauty pageant. In January 1983, Fite landed a recurring role on the NBC comedy series "Silver Spoons". On the series, Fite portrayed the smooth-talking cowboy with a Texas twang, J.T. Martin, a Document [116] (Title: Willis Bouchey) Thorne in the episode The Mask which premiered March 20th, 1964". Also in 1964, he appeared on "Petticoat Junction". He was Dr. John Rhone in the episode "Kate Flat on Her Back". He also worked again with "Perry Mason" title star Raymond Burr in an episode of NBC's "Ironside". He made guest appearances on "Sheriff of Cochise", "Crossroads", "Richard Diamond, Private Detective", "Johnny Ringo", "Stoney Burke", "Going My Way", "The Dakotas", "Hazel", and "The Andy Griffith Show". On ABC's "Colt .45" television series, Bouchey played Lew Wallace, the governor of New Mexico Territory, in the episode "Amnesty". Wallace offered a Document [117] (Title: Stories of the Century) Jolley played Sheriff Bascome in the episode "Black Bart", with Arthur Space in the title role. Gloria Winters of "Sky King" appeared as the young female bandit Little Britches in the episode of the same name, later known through the 1981 film "Cattle Annie and Little Britches". James Best co-starred with Winters as the outlaw Dave Ridley. Gregg Palmer appeared in the penultimate episode as Joseph A. "Jack" Slade of Julesburg, Colorado, who killed and mutilated the stagecoach robber and horse thief, Jules Beni.John Dehner portrayed Sheriff Henry Plummer of Idaho Territory, who was hanged in 1864 by Montana vigilantes. Document [118] (Title: The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas (film)) relationship in the film brings about not only the accusatory scene, when the sheriff—disappointed that Mona has broken her promise to close the Chicken Ranch down long enough for things to cool off—calls her a whore, but also the happy ending, when he proposes marriage to Mona, even though that might endanger his chances to be elected as a state legislator; the epilogue comments state that he is elected anyway. Parton and Reynolds were rumored to have had a relationship during filming, but in reality they did not get along. Parton described her experience making the movie as 'a nightmare.' Document [119] (Title: Tight Fit) in Distress" by Who Cares in 1985. Steve Grant's background was in musical theatre, to which he returned afterwards. In the 1980s he appeared in productions of "On the Town" and "Best Little Whorehouse in Texas", and in the 1990s he appeared in productions of "Kiss Me, Kate" and "Miss Saigon" at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane in London, where he was a part of the cast at various stages between 1992 and 1999, when the production closed. Since 1999 he has lived partly in London and partly in Southern Spain. For a number of years there was a rumour Document [120] (Title: The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas) taking care of her girls, she is also on good terms with the local sheriff, Ed Earl Dodd. When crusading television reporter Melvin P. Thorpe (based on real-life Houston news personality Marvin Zindler) decides to make the illegal activity an issue, political ramifications cause the place to be closed down. "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas" opened on Broadway at the 46th Street Theatre on June 19, 1978 and ran for 1,584 performances. The production was directed by Peter Masterson and Tommy Tune and choreographed by Tune and Thommie Walsh. The opening cast included Carlin Glynn, Henderson Forsythe, Jay Garner, Document [121] (Title: Chicken Ranch (Texas)) sometime in 1980. The Texas Chicken Ranch is the basis for the 1978 Broadway musical "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas" and 1982 movie adaptation. It also inspired the ZZ Top song "La Grange." Chicken Ranch (Texas) The Chicken Ranch was an illegal but tolerated brothel in the U.S. state of Texas that operated from 1905 until 1973. It was located in Fayette County about east of downtown La Grange. The business was established by Miss Jessie Williams, and was the basis for the 1973 ZZ Top song, "La Grange", the 1978 Broadway musical "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas", Document [122] (Title: James A. Michener's Texas) James A. Michener's Texas James A. Michener's Texas (also called Texas) is a 1994 ABC television miniseries directed by Richard Lang and starring Patrick Duffy as Stephen F. Austin, Stacy Keach as Sam Houston, Chelsea Field as Maddie Quimper, Rick Schroder as Otto McNab, Grant Show as William B. Travis, David Keith as James Bowie, John Schneider as Davy Crockett, María Conchita Alonso as Lucia, and Benjamin Bratt as Benito Garza. The film is narrated by Charlton Heston. Aaron Spelling was the executive producer. Adapted from the historical fiction novel "Texas" by James A. Michener, it includes only the section Document [123] (Title: Alan Eichler) De Niro, Sally Kirkland and Diane Ladd; Tina Howe's "The Nest" with Jill Clayburgh; Leland Hayward's last production "The Mother Lover" with Eileen Heckart; Larry Kramer's "Four Friends" with Brad Davis (actor). In 1970, he began a long association with playwright Tom Eyen, starting with "The Dirtiest Show in Town" and continuing with the prison comedy "Women Behind Bars" (which Eichler also co-produced), "The Neon Woman" starring Divine, "Why Hanna's Skirt Won't Stay Down" with Helen Hanft, "The White Whore and the Bit Player", and the Tony Award-winning musical "Dreamgirls". He also worked with actor-director-playwright Charles Ludlam and helped establish Document [124] (Title: The Best Man (1964 film)) Times" cited William R. Ebersol in the role of Governor John Merwin as one of those who "stand out in a cast that is notable for its authenticity." It was Ebersol's only film and he does not speak. The Best Man (1964 film) The Best Man is a 1964 American political drama film directed by Franklin J. Schaffner with a screenplay by Gore Vidal based on his play of the same title. Starring Henry Fonda, Cliff Robertson, and Lee Tracy, the film details the seamy political maneuverings behind the nomination of a presidential candidate. The supporting cast features Edie Adams, Document [125] (Title: The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas (film)) "A Gamble Either Way" and "Where Stallions Run". The latter was restored for the ABC network television broadcast of the film, as the film was too short for its time slot after the censors finished their broadcast edits and additional material was needed. "A Gamble Either Way" replaced "Girl You're a Woman" from the Broadway score and was sung by Parton after Miss Mona interviewed "Shy" (Andrea Pike) for a job at the Chicken Ranch. The characters of Shy and Angel from the Broadway show were reduced in the film. Their footage was eventually edited out. "Down At The Chicken Document [126] (Title: Eric Lewis (actor)) the Governor", and in Carton's "Lady Huntsworth's Experiment". In 1905, at St. James's Theatre, Lewis received more good notices as a cynical old busybody in the title role of "Mollentrave on Women" by Alfred Sutro. Looking back on this production almost 30 years later, "The Times" called Lewis's performance "perfect". The same year, he starred in George Bernard Shaw's "Passion, Poison and Petrifaction". Later that year at the Haymarket Theatre, he starred in "On the Love Path" by C. M. S. McLellan. The next year saw him in at the Duke of York's Theatre in "All-Of-A-Sudden Peggy" by Ernest Denny. Document [127] (Title: When the Dead Come Knocking) at the nearby prison. Leaving the two alone, The Governor and Merle are surprised that a group so small could take a prison that deep in the dangerous Red Zone. The Governor becomes nervous that he is still being lied to, and begins to question Merle's loyalty to him, though he asserts he is still loyal to Woodbury. The Governor assigns Merle and Martinez (Jose Pablo Cantillo) to scout the prison to verify Maggie's information. Elsewhere in Woodbury, Andrea (Laurie Holden) continues her affair with The Governor, and to avoid informing her of Maggie and Glenn's capture, he assigns her Document [128] (Title: The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas (soundtrack)) The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas (soundtrack) The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas (Music from the Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) was released along with the film in July 1982. The album was produced by Gregg Perry. In addition to the score of Carol Hall songs recorded for the stage soundtrack, the film soundtrack included two Dolly Parton compositions: "Sneakin' Around", which she performed as a duet with costar Burt Reynolds and a reworking of her 1974 classic "I Will Always Love You", the latter of which topped the U.S. country charts in September 1982. Unlike the original 1974 version, the Document [129] (Title: Sam Elliott) on a biography of Sam Houston. The role allowed him to play Houston as both fighter and a man who grew into a skillful political leader; the film depicted his disgrace as governor of Tennessee, his return to his Cherokee Nation friends, and his pivotal role in the liberation of Texas from Mexico in 1836. Elliott played Wade Garrett in "Road House" (1989). In 1991, Elliott and his wife Katharine Ross starred in the adaptation of the Louis L'Amour novel "Conagher" (1991). He portrayed General John Buford in the 1993 historical drama "Gettysburg", and the same year played Virgil Earp Document [130] (Title: Kinky Friedman) 184,992 (37.7 percent), behind Hogan's 190,205 (38.8 percent), but ahead of rancher and former educator Hugh Asa Fitzsimons, III (born 1954), of San Antonio, who received a critical 114,953 votes (23.5 percent). Fitzsimons carried the endorsement of the Democratic nominee for lieutenant governor, his hometown State Senator Leticia Van de Putte, who is running on the ticket headed by State Senator Wendy R. Davis of Fort Worth. Friedman lost the May runoff to Hogan, 54 percent to 46 percent, who then faced Republican Sid Miller in the November election. Friedman appeared in the 2004 documentary film "Barbecue: A Texas Love Document [131] (Title: Dead Weight (The Walking Dead)) (Meyrick Murphy) from a pit of walkers. After reuniting with Lilly (Audrey Marie Anderson) and Tara (Alanna Masterson), The Governor joins the camp of Martinez, who appears surprised by The Governor's decision to adopt a new identity. The Governor, Martinez, Mitch, and Pete go on a supply run to a nearby cabin, on the way to which they find three dead bodies labeled "Liar", "Rapist", and "Murderer". While resting in the cabin, Martinez tells The Governor that he wouldn't have saved him if The Governor weren't with his adopted family, which Martinez believes indicates that The Governor has changed from Document [132] (Title: Ann-Margret) touring production of "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas". The production co-starred Gary Sandy and Ed Dixon. She played Jimmy Fallon's mother in the 2004 comedy "Taxi", co-starring Queen Latifah. In 2001, Ann-Margret worked with Art Greenhaw on the album "God Is Love: The Gospel Sessions". The critically acclaimed project resulted in her first Grammy Award nomination and first Dove Award nomination for Best Album of the Year in a Gospel category. They teamed up again in 2004 for the album "Ann-Margret's Christmas Carol Collection". She performed material from the album at two auditorium church services at Crystal Cathedral in Document [133] (Title: Under a Texas Moon) early 1880s. He is accompanied by his two inseparable companions, played by Georgie Stone and George Cooper. The day is being celebrated in the style of a Spanish fiesta. Fay challenges a rough Texan, played by Noah Beery, to a duel, only to find himself invited to undertake the dangerous task of capturing a cattle rustler who has been stealing cattle from the Lazy Y Ranch. He accepts the task on the promise of receiving $7000 in gold if he can return both the thief and the stolen cattle within 10 days. During the next nine days, Fay spends his Document [134] (Title: The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas (film)) football game between Texas Longhorns and the Texas A&M Aggies traditionally is brought to "celebrate" its victory. The negative publicity puts a spotlight on the place, so Ed Earl gets Miss Mona's word that she will shut the doors until the attention goes away. She shuts it down to regular customers, but elects to let the football players have their party, at which point Thorpe and his TV cameras sneak onto the property and ambush them all. Earl compounds the problem by insulting and threatening Thorpe in the town public square, all also caught on TV. A quarrel and bitter Document [135] (Title: Jerry Leggio) Jerry Leggio Jerry Leggio (born September 23, 1935) is an American actor of stage and screen. He was born in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. He has appeared in such films as "Sounder", "Sister, Sister", "The Badge" and "American Violet" and in two episodes of "In the Heat of the Night". He also appeared in two episodes of "" as Dr. Bonham and in the TV movies "The Ernest Green Story", "Ruffian" and "Mothman". He has had uncredited roles in the films "Hush...Hush, Sweet Charlotte" and "Alvarez Kelly". His stage roles include "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas" (as Sheriff Dodd), "A Document [136] (Title: Fade Out – Fade In) such as Shirley Temple and Bill "Bojangles" Robinson, and Governor is based on MGM honcho Louis B. Mayer, known for his roving eye for pretty starlets and deep-seated nepotism. The musical opened on Broadway on May 26, 1964 at the Mark Hellinger Theatre, and closed on April 17, 1965, after 274 performances and six previews. Directed by George Abbott and choreographed by Ernest Flatt, the cast included Carol Burnett as Hope Springfield, Dick Patterson as Rudolf, Lou Jacobi as Lionel Z. Governor, Jack Cassidy as Byron Prong, and Tina Louise. Cassidy was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Featured Document [137] (Title: The Littlest Outlaw) The Littlest Outlaw The Littlest Outlaw is a live-action film produced by Walt Disney. It was released by Buena Vista Distribution on December 22, 1955. It was directed by Roberto Gavaldón and written by Larry Lansburgh (story), and Bill Walsh (screenplay). It starred Pedro Armendáriz as Gen. Torres, Joseph Calleia as the Padre, and Andrés Velázquez as Pablito. Little Pablito is the ten-year-old son of a cruel horse trainer. The trainer is responsible for training a Mexican general's horse to jump for the grand race. The trainer's methods cause the horse to become afraid of jumping and the general orders Document [138] (Title: The Gay Place) him. The novella concerns itself with Christiansen's rising political prospects as his home life deteriorates. In "Country Pleasures", the governor's party drives out to the set of a film starring Vicki McGown, the ex-wife of Fenstemaker's speechwriter Jay McGown. Vicki attempts to win Jay back, which causes tensions between Jay and his girlfriend Sarah (also the governor's secretary). Vicki takes the governor and Jay on a joyride to an old Mexican village, where the governor drunkenly signs Texas back to the Mexicans. The latter part of the story deals with an attempt to cover up a scandal which breaks open Document [139] (Title: Marietta Marich) Little Whorehouse in Texas", in addition to many other main-stage theatrical roles in Texas. She sang with the Tommy Dorsey Orchestra. In her later years, she became known for her roles in horror films, including the 2003 remake of "The Texas Chainsaw Massacre", starring Jessica Biel. Marich reprised her role as Luda Mae Hewitt in the 2006 prequel, "". In 2013, she replaced fellow veteran actress Tippi Hedren in "House of Good and Evil". Marich was married to former radio host Bob Marich who predeceased her in 2012. They had a son, actor Michael Marich (1969–1996), and a daughter, Allison, Document [140] (Title: Helena, Texas) character actor Jim Davis played the role of Colonel Butler in the 1969 episode "The Oldest Law" of the syndicated television series, "Death Valley Days", hosted by Robert Taylor not long before Taylor's own death. Tom Lowell (born 1941) played Emmett Butler; Stacy Harris, the corrupt Mayor Ackerson, and Tyler McVey, Parson Blake. Helena, Texas Helena is a ghost town in Texas, approximately southeast of San Antonio in Karnes County. The seat of Karnes County from 1854 to 1894, Helena was once known as the self-proclaimed "toughest town on earth" in the mid-19th century. It was named for the second Document [141] (Title: James Best) Hickory, North Carolina. An acting coach, Best taught drama and acting techniques for more than a quarter century in Los Angeles. He also served as artist-in-residence and taught drama at the University of Mississippi (Oxford) for two years prior to his stint on "The Dukes of Hazzard". In 2009, he completed his autobiography "Best In Hollywood: The Good, The Bad and The Beautiful". The book, published in 2009 through Bear Manor Media, premiered at the Mid Atlantic Nostalgia Convention in Aberdeen, Maryland. On November 9, 2014, Best and fellow actor Robert Fuller (along with their wives) attended the 100th birthday Document [142] (Title: The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas (film)) breakup between the sheriff and Miss Mona ensues, punctuated by him calling her "a whore." The Governor of Texas, who cannot make a decision on a single issue until he first sees what voters say in the polls, listens to Earl's appeals to keep the Chicken Ranch open, but when the polls say no he orders Ed Earl to close down the Chicken Ranch. The working girls leave the Chicken Ranch for good. Miss Mona is disconsolate, at least until finding out the effort made by the sheriff on her behalf. As Miss Mona is departing the whorehouse for the Document [143] (Title: Welcome to the Tombs) the woods on the perimeter of the prison. Herschel and Carl hold the man at gunpoint, and Herschel demands the young man hand over his weapon. As he slowly complies with Herschel's demand, Carl unexpectedly and deliberately shoots the man. Some distance from the prison, The Governor catches up to the fleeing convoy and orders them to return to the prison. When they insist on returning to Woodbury, The Governor proceeds to kill them all, including Allen (Daniel Thomas May). He only leaves alive his lieutenants Martinez (Jose Pablo Cantillo) and Shumpert (Travis Love), though he is unaware Karen (Melissa Document [144] (Title: The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas (film)) the film for Best Motion Picture (Comedy or Musical) and Parton for Best Actress in a Motion Picture (Comedy or Musical). It was the fourth highest-grossing live-action musical film of the 1980s. Ed Earl Dodd, the sheriff of Gilbert, Texas, has a relationship of long standing with Miss Mona Stangley, who runs a brothel called the "Chicken Ranch" outside of town. Illegal or not, Earl does not interfere with her business, which has been a fixture in the town for as long as either can remember. Lovers on the side, occasionally interrupted by Deputy Fred, the sheriff and madam have Document [145] (Title: Angelina Love) A Governor Palin parody character, often referred to simply as The Governor, appeared on December 4 played by Shannon Spruill. Love and Sky were oblivious to The Governor being an imposter, resulting in some comedy skits where Kip tried to convince them they were being fooled while others mocked their stupidity. The Governor, meanwhile, convinced the duo that they would have a makeover that would make them worthy of her cabinet; the makeover involved frumpy clothes, no make-up and unstyled hair. On January 15, Taylor Wilde and Roxxi revealed that it had all been a ruse to humiliate The Beautiful Document [146] (Title: Freddy Fender) as Tony in the prison movie "Short Eyes", a 1977 film adaptation, directed by Robert M. Young, of the Miguel Pinero play. Fender played the role of Pancho Villa in 1979s "She Came to the Valley" (later released as "Texas in Flames"). The movie was directed by Albert Band and based on the book by Cleo Dawson. Fender also appeared as himself in an episode of the television series "The Dukes of Hazzard". Freddy Fender Freddy Fender (born Baldemar Garza Huerta; June 4, 1937 – October 14, 2006) was a Mexican American Tejano, country and rock and roll musician, known Document [147] (Title: Robert Bray) Davis's syndicated western "Stories of the Century". That same year, he guest-starred in Reed Hadley's CBS crime drama, "The Public Defender". On December 4, 1955, he was cast as petroleum pioneer Pattillo Higgins in "Spindletop – The First Great Texas Oil Strike (January 10, 1901)" on the CBS history series, "You Are There", the story of the origin of the Texas oil industry. In 1958, he starred in "Never Love a Stranger", a film adaptation of a Harold Robbins novel that also featured Steve McQueen. Bray guest-starred in the episode "Obituary" of NBC's western series, "Jefferson Drum", starring Jeff Richards, Document [148] (Title: William Hardy (actor)) Players at Rice University. Hardy was part of over 90 productions during this time. Decades later, when planning the repertoire for his own Houston theater, he credited his time spent at the Alley, as well as the Alley's founder, Nina Vance, for shaping his own eclectic tastes. "Nina did plays that she thought Houston needed to see, but she also did whatever was necessary to keep the doors open." In January 1979, with Hardy in the role of Sheriff Ed Earl Dodd, "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas" opened in Houston at the Tower Theatre. This was the first Broadway Document [149] (Title: Dick Elliott) Donna Reed, advising him to stop hemming and hawing and "just go ahead and kiss her". He also had a few memorable appearances in episodes of the "Adventures of Superman" television series. He appeared three times as Stanley on the CBS sitcom "December Bride", as well as on two of ABC/Warner Brothers' western series, "Sugarfoot" and "Maverick". He was cast as the prospector Peter Cooper and then as Sheriff Tiny Morris in two segments of CBS's "Tales of the Texas Rangers". He appeared twice as Doc Thornton on ABC's "The Real McCoys". Elliott is perhaps best known as Mayberry's Mayor Document [150] (Title: The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas) The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas is a musical with a book by Texas author Larry L. King and Peter Masterson and music and lyrics by Carol Hall. It is based on a story by King that was inspired by the real-life Chicken Ranch in La Grange, Texas. It is the late 1970s, and a brothel has been operating outside of fictional Gilbert, Texas (subbing for real locale La Grange) for more than a century. It is under the proprietorship of Miss Mona Stangley, having been left to her by the original owner. While Document [151] (Title: Ho Ho Ho) of "I Saw Daddy Kissing Santa Claus" and "Hard Candy Christmas" were noted for their use of camp. He identified "Hard Candy Christmas" as one of the "serious ones" on the album, and said it was only considered camp due to "the fact that [he was] doing it". When recording the song, Visage was unfamiliar with its source "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas", and sang it according to RuPaul's direction. Carol Hall, who had written the song, had described RuPaul's cover as her favorite version, and ranked it above Dolly Parton's interpretation. The album also includes a cover of Document [152] (Title: Dave O'Brien (actor)) with Bebe Daniels in the Busby Berkeley musical "42nd Street" (1933). He also appeared in many low-budget Westerns, often billed as "Tex" O'Brien, alluding to his home state. To modern audiences, he is most likely best to be remembered as a frantic dope addict in the 1936 low-budget exploitation film "Tell Your Children" (better known under its reissue title, "Reefer Madness"), yelling "Play it faster, play it faster!" to a piano-playing girl (Lillian Miles). He appeared in "Queen of the Yukon" (1940) as Bob Adams. In 1940, he appeared in "The Devil Bat" as part of a comedy team with Document [153] (Title: 1990 Texas gubernatorial election) weather to rape, having quipped: "If it's inevitable, just relax and enjoy it". In addition, it has been claimed that as an undergraduate at Texas A&M, he had participated in visits to the Chicken Ranch, a well-known Texas brothel in La Grange, and the "Boy's Towns" of Mexico. As a result of his reported comments, Williams was occasionally parodied, such as in the mock political ad, "Satan Williams", which appeared on Dallas/Fort Worth public television during the 1990 campaign season. Richards was sworn-in as the 45th Governor of Texas on January 15, 1991. 1990 Texas gubernatorial election The 1990 Texas Document [154] (Title: Don Pedro Colley) such films as "Legend of Nigger Charley, Black Caesar", and "Sugar Hill". Throughout his career, Don made several guest appearances in many popular TV series, including "Adam 12, Night Gallery, Ironside, The Streets of San Francisco, Harry O, Little House on the Prairie, Starsky and Hutch, The Bionic Woman, Fantasy Island," and "The A-Team". However, he is probably best known for his roles of Gideon in the series "Daniel Boone", SRT in George Lucas' "THX 1138", in "Beneath the Planet of the Apes" as Ongaro, and as Sheriff Little in the TV series "Dukes of Hazzard". Colley died of cancer Document [155] (Title: Robert Mandan) Family", and Barry, gay friend of Maude on a 1974 episode of "Maude". He also guest-starred in an episode of the western series "Sara" in 1976. He played Mr. Kirby in the 1979 NBC television adaptation of "You Can't Take it With You" and the ineffective but well-meaning Colonel Fielding on the 1981 TV adaptation of "Private Benjamin". Roles in two movies in 1982 were "Zapped!" as Walter J. Coolidge and "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas" as Senator Charles Wingwood. In 1984–85, he played James Bradford on ABC's "Three's a Crowd" opposite John Ritter and in 1986 as Peace Document [156] (Title: Alfred Sandor) up citizenship), to appear in a touring production of "Plaza Suite", the play "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas" (with Lorraine Bayly and Mona Richardson), and he appeared in the film "Nickel Queen", whilst doing television work with roles in "Number 96", "Division 4", "Boney" and "The Evil Touch". However, he would become best known for his long-running role as the "dandy" surgeon Dr. Raymond Shaw in the Australian television soap opera "The Young Doctors". An original cast member of the serial, he continued in the role for six years, leaving around 20 episodes before the end. After suffering from Document [157] (Title: The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas (soundtrack)) 1982 release of "I Will Always Love You" crossed over to the pop charts (#53 Pop and #17 Adult Contemporary) as well. The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas (soundtrack) The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas (Music from the Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) was released along with the film in July 1982. The album was produced by Gregg Perry. In addition to the score of Carol Hall songs recorded for the stage soundtrack, the film soundtrack included two Dolly Parton compositions: "Sneakin' Around", which she performed as a duet with costar Burt Reynolds and a reworking of her 1974 classic "I Document [158] (Title: Anita Morris) late in act two. She was scheduled to perform the former at the Tony Awards in 1982, but the television censors found her outfit too revealing. Her stage work began in the American Mime Theatre, and carried her to Broadway both for "Nine", "Jesus Christ Superstar", "Seesaw", "The Magic Show" (cast album and video/DVD), "Sugar Babies" (replacement for the "Soubrette" originated by Ann Jillian) and "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas". Morris portrayed Rob Lowe's lover Rhonda Ray in "The Hotel New Hampshire" (1984). Other film work included "The Happy Hooker" (1975), "Maria's Lovers" (1984), "Absolute Beginners" (1986) with David Document [159] (Title: The Governor (The Walking Dead)) guards, Caesar Martinez. However, Michonne stays behind and finds her way to The Governor's apartment, where she brutally tortures him, severing his right arm, fingernails, penis, and left eye. When Michonne rejoins the group and they ask her if The Governor is still alive, Michonne is uncertain. The Governor survives with the help of Bob Stookey, a citizen who had medical experience, and is eventually able to find the prison. The Governor uses Rick's murder of Martinez to rally Woodbury's townspeople against the prison's inhabitants. Things do not go according to plan, however, as Rick's group puts up a tenacious Document [160] (Title: Rod Masterson) State Penitentiary inmate, played by Scott Glenn. That same year, Masterson was cast one of two unnamed newspaper reporters of the "Alexandria Daily Town Talk" in the film, "Blaze", a fictionalized account of Louisiana Governor Earl Kemp Long, played by Paul Newman and his involvement with stripper Blaze Starr, played by Lolita Davidovich. In 1992, Masterson played the part of Crawford in the film, "Delta Heat", a police drama set in swampy terrain north of New Orleans, starring Anthony Edwards. In 1994, he had a minor role as a reporter in the film, "Blue Sky", with Tommy Lee Jones, Jessica Document [161] (Title: Burt Reynolds) by Merrick, who fired and then rehired director Don Siegel during filming. Reynolds had two huge hits with car films directed by Needham, "Smokey and the Bandit II" (1980) and "The Cannonball Run" (1981). He starred in David Steinberg's film "Paternity" (1981) and directed himself in a tough action film, "Sharky's Machine" (1981). Reynolds wanted to try a musical again and so agreed to do "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas" (1982). It was a hit, as was "Best Friends" (1982) with Goldie Hawn. In 1982, Reynolds was voted the most popular star in the US for the fifth year Document [162] (Title: Blake Emmons) the Telemiracle telethon in Saskatchewan for several years beginning in 1977, and remained involved for some time afterwards. Emmons played the male lead "Sheriff Ed Earl Dodd" in the Broadway production "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas" as well as the New York Theatrical Production road tour for one year. Blake Emmons Blake Emmons is a Canadian country music singer and entertainer. Emmons hosted the 1974 CTV series "Funny Farm", the Canadian answer to "Hee Haw". He also co-hosted the Nashville syndicated music show "The Country Place" with Jim Ed Brown for Show Biz Inc. in the 1970s. In 1985, Document [163] (Title: Memphis Cathouse Blues) the whorehouse by proposing to Mavis. Reverend Pritchit arrives personally to stop the ceremony, but his true face is exposed when Tammy Sue reveals he's the man who tried to rape her. The film was directed by Louie Lewis for Caballero Home Video, the studio also responsible for such pornographic spoofs as "8 to 4", a spoof of the 1980 film "9 to 5" also originally starring Parton. Porn star Kay Parker, who played the prostitute Rose in the movie, had an uncredited bit role in "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas" film. "Memphis Cathouse Blues" was originally released in Document [164] (Title: The Governor & J.J.) secretary; George Callison (James T. Callahan), the governor's press secretary; and from Sara Andrews (Nora Marlowe), the housekeeper at the governor's mansion. The series won three Golden Globe Awards in 1970 for Best Comedy Series, Best Actress in a Comedy/Musical TV series for Sommars and Best Actor in a Comedy/Musical TV Series for Dailey. Francis De Sales guest-starred as Senator Loomis in the 1970 episode "Charley's Back in Town". The series sometimes featured guest appearances by then current governors, including Robert Docking of Kansas and Deane C. Davis of Vermont. In real life, Sommars has been involved in politics, mostly Document [165] (Title: Stephen Gyllenhaal) Lynda La Plante's series "The Governor". It is about a dynamic and ambitious woman (Ally Sheedy) who is brought in as the young warden of an all-male maximum security prison. Gyllenhaal has also directed several episodes of the CBS series "Numb3rs", "The Mentalist", "Hawthorne", "Army Wives", Rectify, and "Blue Bloods". In 2011 Gyllenhaal directed "Girl Fight" which starred Anne Heche and earned Gyllenhaal a DGA Nomination for outstanding directorial achievement in movies for television. He is also a poet, who has been published in literary journals such as "Prairie Schooner" and "Nimrod". His first collection of poetry, "Claptrap: Notes from Document [166] (Title: The Governor (The Walking Dead)) to Woodbury and warily resumes her place at the Governor's side. In the episode "Arrow on the Doorpost", encouraged by Andrea, the Governor meets with Rick in a secluded grain silo to offer him peace in exchange for turning over Michonne, giving him two days to think about it. The Governor returns to Woodbury and secretly orders Martinez to set an ambush at the barn, to kill all of Rick's group and bring Michonne to Woodbury so The Governor can torture her. In the episode "Prey", Andrea flees for the prison, and the Governor hunts her down personally, bringing her Document [167] (Title: Get Loweded) Collector of History" Danielle Radford "the Erotic Temptress" Evilyn Sin Claire The greater theater influence continued with the addition of villains to the show: roaming mutants and the King of Texas, Lyndon Herbert Walker Ewing III, played by Rat City Rollergirls announcer and BlöödHag frontman Jake Stratton who became Alex Jones' most-beloved and cuddly pet goblin in August 2017 after throwing hot coffee on the Texas talk show host during a Seattle street scuffle. One description of a show, from the event's blog: The final episode of this run included a gunfight between the King of Texas' Army and the Document [168] (Title: James Callahan (actor)) in "The Governor and J.J." which starred Dan Dailey and Julie Sommars. Callahan did not marry until he was sixty-three, when he wed Peggy Cannon in 1994. In February 2007, Callahan was diagnosed with esophageal cancer. Six months later, on August 3, 2007, Callahan died at his home in Fallbrook, California. He was 76 years old. James Callahan (actor) James Thomas Callahan (October 4, 1930 – August 3, 2007) was an American film and television actor who appeared in more than 120 films and television programs between 1959 and 2007. He is perhaps best known for his portrayal from 1987 Document [169] (Title: Bob Steele (actor)) with Tom Tryon. On January 25, 1960, Steele was cast as the frontier gunfighter Luke Short in an episode of the CBS western series, "The Texan", starring Rory Calhoun. Barbara Stuart played the gambler Poker Alice in the same episode, which also features Reed Hadley and Richard Devon. In the middle 1960s, Steele was cast in a regular supporting role as Trooper Duffy in ABC's "F Troop", which allowed him to show his comic talent. Trooper Duffy in the "F Troop" story line claimed to have been "shoulder to shoulder with Davy Crockett at the Alamo" and to have been Document [170] (Title: The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas (film)) released as a single in July 1982, and again reached number one on the U.S. country singles chart. (It also was a mid-level hit on Billboard pop and adult contemporary charts.) An altered version of Hall's "Hard Candy Christmas", in which Parton sings both the chorus and the verses of the song (as opposed to the film version, which is partially sung by some of the other female cast members), was also released as a single, reaching the top-ten on the country singles chart in late 1982. Parton wrote several new songs which were filmed but ultimately not used, including Document [171] (Title: David Cargo) which brought millions of dollars in revenue to the state of New Mexico. Cargo established ties to Hollywood and was even asked to appear in several films. In 1971, he made a cameo appearance in "Bunny O'Hare", starring Bette Davis and Ernest Borgnine, as well as in "Up in the Cellar" (1970), starring Larry Hagman and Joan Collins. During his first campaign for governor, he was known as "Lonesome Dave." Cargo could not seek a third two-year term in 1970. Gubernatorial terms were changed to one four-year term in which a person could not seek consecutive re-election with the 1970 Document [172] (Title: Larry L. King) Texas, was renamed the Larry L. King Theatre. King died on December 20, 2012, at a retirement home in Washington, D. C. He was survived by his third wife, Barbara S. Blaine (who was also his lawyer and literary agent), five children, two grandchildren, and three great-grandchildren. Larry L. King Larry L. King (January 1, 1929 –December 20, 2012) was an American playwright, journalist, and novelist, best remembered for his 1978 Tony Award-nominated play "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas", which became a long-running production on Broadway and was later turned into a feature film starring Burt Reynolds, Charles Durning Document [173] (Title: Jennifer Cody) toasted and roasted with their own special recipe of hilarious and occasionally jaw-dropping love and affection." Cody was seen as Linda Lou in the Actors Fund of America benefit concert of "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas" on October 6, 2006. Cody voiced Charlotte La Bouff in the Disney animated film "The Princess and the Frog" (2009), for which she won an Annie Award. She voiced Fifi the Zebra in the Triggerfish Studio animation film "Khumba" (2013). Cody was featured on the "Law & Order" episode "Crimebusters" as Vicki Sandusky, which was televised in 2009. Cody was a series regular Document [174] (Title: Prostitution in the United States) and author, was Polly Adler, whose bestselling book, "A House Is Not a Home", was eventually adapted as a film also entitled "A House is Not a Home". Carol Leigh, a prostitute's rights activist known as the "Scarlot Harlot," coined the term "Sex worker" in 1978. That same year, the Broadway musical "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas" opened. It was based on the real-life Texas Chicken Ranch brothel. The play was the basis for the 1982 film starring Dolly Parton and Burt Reynolds. COYOTE, formed in 1973, was the first prostitutes' rights group in the country. Other prostitutes' rights Document [175] (Title: Dolly Parton) the few to have received at least one nomination from the Academy Awards, Grammy Awards, Tony Awards, and Emmy Awards. As an actress, she has starred in films such as "9 to 5" (1980) and "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas" (1982), for which she earned Golden Globe nominations for Best Actress, as well as "Rhinestone" (1984), "Steel Magnolias" (1989), "Straight Talk" (1992) and "Joyful Noise" (2012). Dolly Rebecca Parton was born January 19, 1946, in a one-room cabin on the banks of the Little Pigeon River in Pittman Center, Tennessee; a very small community located in Sevier County in Document [176] (Title: Jim Davis (actor)) with aspirations to become governor of the new state. Collectively, Davis appeared 13 times on "Death Valley Days". In 1965, Davis played an historical figure, the wagon master Ezra Meeker, who is abandoned by members of his wagon train, who decided to stop the trip to Oregon instead to prospect for gold in the episode "Devil's Gate". In 1967, Davis was cast as the freighter Luke Campbell of Deadwood, South Dakota, in the episode "The Day They Stole the Salamander", a reference to a Salamander Safe. In 1969, Davis played Colonel William G. Butler (1831–1912), who takes revenge on the Document [177] (Title: David Engel (actor)) played the role of "Smudge" in this movie, a role which he created himself for the original New York City production of "Forever Plaid". He first appeared on film in 1982 in "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas (film)", in 2001 in "New Port South", and in 2006 in the shorts "Zombie Prom" and "The Albino Code". Engel is the creator and director of the MGM/UA HOME VIDEO "Logo-Fanfare" which heads every video release. David Engel (actor) David Engel (born 1959) is an American Broadway singer, actor and dancer. Engel is a six-time winner of the Ovation Awards given out Document [178] (Title: Murder in Texas) doctor then marries his mistress. His former father-in-law, convinced that his daughter was murdered, determines to see that the doctor is punished. "Murder in Texas" was nominated for a 1982 Golden Globe Award for Best Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for TV. In addition, Andy Griffith received his only Emmy nomination for his portrayal of Ash Robinson. The movie was highly ranked in the Nielsen ratings. Part I was the fifth-most popular show for the week ending May 3, and Part II was the most popular show of the following week. Murder in Texas Murder in Texas is a 1981 Document [179] (Title: Henderson Forsythe) member of Mu Theta Nu Fraternity. In 1979, Forsythe won the Tony Award for Best Featured Actor (Musical) for his work in "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas". He also appeared onstage in dramas such as "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf" by Edward Albee, where he was in the original production taking over the role of George originated by Arthur Hill, and "The Birthday Party" by Harold Pinter. He also appeared as Andrew Jorgensen in the off-broadway play "Other People's Money". He was first to perform as the Auditor in Samuel Beckett's "Not I", opposite Jessica Tandy. His television credits Document [180] (Title: Steambath (play)) Perkins as Tandy, Hector Elizondo as the Attendant (God), Marvin Lichterman as Bieberman, Annie Rachel as Meredith, Conrad Bain as Old Timer, Mitchell Jason as Broker, Jere Admire as Young Man, Teno Pollick as 2nd Young Man, Eileen Dietz as Young Girl, Alfred Hinckley as Flanders, Gabor Morea as Gottlieb, Jack Knight as Longshoreman, and William Walsh as 2nd Longshoreman. Miguel Piñero would later play God. Elizondo won an Obie Award for his performance. Initially Charles Grodin was cast in the role of Tandy, but was replaced by Perkins. Coincidentally, Grodin soon landed his breakthrough role as a comedy actor Document [181] (Title: Charles Durning) veteran goes through a cathartic reliving of the battlefield events. For his numerous roles on television, he earned nine Emmy Award nominations. He also received Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor nominations for "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas" in 1982 and "To Be or Not to Be" in 1983. He won a Golden Globe in 1990 for his supporting role in the television miniseries "The Kennedys of Massachusetts", having had three previous nominations. That same year, he won a Tony Award for his performance as Big Daddy in "Cat on a Hot Tin Roof". He received two Drama Desk Document [182] (Title: Her Excellency, the Governor) compromise her?" Her Excellency, the Governor Her Excellency, the Governor is a 1917 American silent drama film produced and distributed by the Triangle Film Corporation. Directed by Albert Parker, the film stars Elda Milar, who later became well known as gossip columnist Hedda Hopper. The film is loosely based the play "His Excellency, the Governor", by Robert Marshall. Like many American films of the time, "Her Excellency, the Governor" was subject to cuts by city and state film censorship boards. The Chicago Board of Censors required the cutting of an intertitle that stated, "You're around her quite often - why Document [183] (Title: Picking Up the Pieces (film)) starred in. Picking Up the Pieces (film) Picking Up the Pieces is a 2000 black comedy film directed by Alfonso Arau and starring Woody Allen, David Schwimmer, Maria Grazia Cucinotta, Kiefer Sutherland, Cheech Marin, and Sharon Stone. Tex (Woody Allen) is a butcher who kills his unfaithful wife Candy (Sharon Stone). After cutting up the body, Tex buries most of her body parts in the desert in New Mexico. A blind woman accidentally trips over Candy's hand, which has not been buried. Picking it up, her sight is restored, and she proclaims the hand to be the "Hand of the Document [184] (Title: Peter Masterson) (1971), "Tomorrow" (1972), "The Exorcist" (1973), "Man on a Swing" (1974) and "Gardens of Stone" (1987). Masterson co-wrote (with Larry L. King) the books for the hit musical "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas" (1978) and its short-lived sequel "The Best Little Whorehouse Goes Public" (1994). In 1985 he directed "The Trip to Bountiful", for which Geraldine Page won the Academy Award for Best Actress. His directing credits additionally include "Full Moon in Blue Water" (1988), "Night Game" (1989), "Blood Red" (1989), "Convicts" (1991), "Arctic Blue" (1993), "The Only Thrill" (1997), "Lost Junction" (2003) and "Whiskey School" (2005). Masterson died Document [185] (Title: The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas (film)) Rooney, so I manipulated him a little. I told Colin, 'Mickey Rooney is a wonderful actor, but everyone knows that. You won't get any credit. Charles Durning can sing and dance and no one knows it, so you'll get all the credit.' " The book of the play was restructured to make it a vehicle for Parton and Reynolds. The plot is basically the same as that of the stage production, with one significant difference. In the original, Ed Earl and Miss Mona had a one-night stand 15 years earlier, but in the film they maintain an ongoing affair. The Document [186] (Title: An Angel from Texas) sweetheart, Lydia Weston (Rosemary Lane). Upon his arrival, Tex finds Lydia working as a secretary for a couple of fast-talking producers rather than being the stage star that her home town thinks she has become. Tex is just the angel for whom sharpshooter producers Mac McClure (Wayne Morris) and Marty Allen (Ronald Reagan) have been waiting, because they have a play set for rehearsal but no money to produce it, and their leading lady, Valerie Blayne (Ruth Terry), is adding to their problems by threatening reprisals from her gangster boyfriend, Pooch Davis (Milburn Stone), unless the show opens on schedule. Document [187] (Title: Jim Nabors) Reynolds, at the latter's request. In "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas" (1982), about a sheriff (Reynolds) who falls in love with a brothel madam (Dolly Parton), Nabors played Deputy Fred, a character similar to Gomer Pyle. Though the film was given mostly unfavorable reviews, Nabors garnered some positive comments for his performance. In 1983, he was cast as an auto mechanic in "Stroker Ace," starring Burt Reynolds as a race car driver who fights a fried-chicken chain entrepreneur. The film was panned, and Nabors earned a Golden Raspberry Award for his performance. In Reynolds' star-studded "Cannonball Run II" (1984), Document [188] (Title: The Texas Chain Saw Massacre) on the film commission board at UT Austin while studying there. Teri McMinn was a student who worked with local theater companies, including the Dallas Theater Center. Henkel called McMinn to come in for a reading after he spotted her picture in the "Austin American-Statesman". For her last call-back he requested that she wear short shorts, which proved to be the most comfortable of all the cast members' costumes. Icelandic-American actor Gunnar Hansen was selected for the role of Leatherface. He regarded Leatherface as being mentally retarded and having never learned to speak properly. To research his character in preparation Document [189] (Title: Ray Middleton (actor)) Get Your Gun". He played the dual roles of the Innkeeper and the Governor in the original stage production of "Man of La Mancha". In television, Middleton's appearances included "The Ed Sullivan Show" (once as a guest host), the "Colgate Comedy Hour", and "Chrysler's Shower of Stars" in the 1950s. He co-starred with Phil Silvers and Lee Remick in a 1967 TV adaptation of "Damn Yankees!". During the 1970s, Middleton appeared in the TV movie "Hec Ramsey" as a judge, in the musical movie "1776", as Colonel Thomas McKean, and in the first TV adaptation of "Helter Skelter" as rancher Document [190] (Title: Dottie West) asked to play the lead role in the stage production of "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas". That summer, she toured for four weeks in the stage production, performing across the country. She had her own float in the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade that year. She also posed for a revealing photo in the men's magazine "Oui". In 1983, she married her sound man, Al Winters, 22 years her junior. In 1984, she appeared in the play "Bring It On Home". In 1986, she made her screen debut in the science fiction film "The Aurora Encounter". In 1984, West released Document [191] (Title: A Texas Steer) rowdy, but there are also a good many witty episodes." A Texas Steer A Texas Steer is a lost 1927 American silent film directed by Richard Wallace and starring Will Rogers. It was a cinematic adaptation from an eponymous play by Charles H. Hoyt. Maverick Brander, a newly elected Congressman from the fictional town of Red Dog, Texas, moves to Washington, D.C. to serve in the United States House of Representatives. He supports the Eagle Rock Dam bill. Meanwhile, he flirts with a woman. The film was reviewed in "The New York Times" by film critic Mordaunt Hall in 1928. Question: who played the governor in best little whorehouse in texas

Answer: Charles Durning Long Answer: Charles Durning as The Governor Gold Document ID: 185

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: 1992 NFL Draft) in retrospect is considered one of the worst in league history. It is the only draft since 1960 to produce no Pro Football Hall of Famers. It was also the final NFL Draft featuring twelve rounds of selections; the league would reduce the rounds to eight the following season, and then seven the year after that, where it has remained since. To date, no member of the 1992 NFL draft has been inducted into the Professional Football Hall of Fame. 1992 NFL Draft The 1992 NFL draft was the procedure by which National Football League teams selected amateur college football Document [2] (Title: 2003 NFL Draft) 27. The draft consisted of seven rounds, with teams selecting in the reverse order of the finish the previous season. There were 32 compensatory picks distributed among 15 teams, with five teams each receiving four additional selections. In addition, the Houston Texans, who started play as an expansion franchise the previous season, were granted a supplemental selection in the middle of each of the draft's final five rounds, plus the final selection in the final two rounds. There was little drama when the draft began with the Cincinnati Bengals selecting Carson Palmer, as Palmer had agreed to contract terms with Document [3] (Title: 2015 NFL Draft) that round in the draft of the following season. Seven players were available, but only one was selected. In the explanations below, (PD) indicates trades completed prior to the start of the draft (i.e. Pre-Draft), while (D) denotes trades that took place during the 2015 draft. General references Trade references 2015 NFL Draft The 2015 NFL Draft was the 80th annual meeting of National Football League (NFL) franchises to select newly eligible football players. It took place in Chicago at the Auditorium Theatre and in Grant Park, from April 30 to May 2. The previous fifty NFL drafts (since 1965) Document [4] (Title: 2009 NFL Draft) minutes in the first round and 10 minutes in the second round. Each team now had 10 minutes to make their selection in the first round and seven minutes in the second round. Rounds three through seven were shortened to five minutes per team. This was the first year that the NFL used this format and it was changed again the following year for the 2010 NFL Draft. The 2009 NFL Draft was televised by both NFL Network and ESPN and was the first to have cheerleaders. The Detroit Lions, who became the first team in NFL history to finish Document [5] (Title: 2004 NFL Draft) to the New York Giants for their first selection, fourth overall pick Philip Rivers of NC State. There were 32 compensatory selections distributed among 16 teams, with the Eagles, Rams, and Jets each receiving 4 compensatory picks. The draft set several records, including the most wide receivers selected in the first round, with seven. Another record set by the draft was the most trades in the first round, with twenty-eight trades. The University of Miami set an NFL record for the most first rounders drafted with 6. Ohio State set an NFL draft record having 14 total players selected through Document [6] (Title: 2010 NFL Draft) the early entry deadline had passed, it was confirmed that the 2010 NFL Draft would have fifty-three non-seniors, tying a draft record for the most non-seniors ever. The draft's first round, in which teams were allowed ten minutes to make each selection, consumed three hours and 28 minutes. The second round (with a maximum of seven minutes per selection) lasted two hours and 25 minutes. After the second round, teams were allotted five minutes per pick. The third round took one hour and 41 minutes. Rounds 4 through 7 each lasted less than two hours. For the second time in Document [7] (Title: National Football League Draft) combination thereof. The round is complete when each team has either selected a player or traded its position in the draft. Certain aspects of the draft, including team positioning and the number of rounds in the draft, have seen revisions since its first creation in 1936, but the fundamental method has remained the same. Currently the draft consists of seven rounds. The original rationale in creating the draft was to increase the competitive parity between the teams as the worst team would, ideally, have chosen the best player available. In the early years of the draft, players were chosen based Document [8] (Title: 2015 NFL Draft) first two overall picks. Shortly before the draft, the NFL shortened the amount of time for certain selections to be made. The time for seventh-round selections was reduced from five minutes to four minutes; similarly, the time for all compensatory selections, which cannot be traded, was reduced from seven minutes to four minutes. Seventy-four underclassmen announced their intention to forgo their remaining NCAA eligibility and declare themselves available to be selected in the draft. An additional ten players who graduated but were still eligible to play college football chose to enter the draft, bringing to 84 the total number of Document [9] (Title: National Football League) and Jacksonville Jaguars. The game was live streamed on the Internet exclusively via Yahoo!, except for over-the-air broadcasts on the local CBS-TV affiliates in the Buffalo and Jacksonville markets. In 2015, the NFL began sponsoring a series of public service announcements to bring attention to domestic abuse and sexual assault in response to what was seen as poor handling of incidents of violence by players. Each April (excluding 2014 when it took place in May), the NFL holds a draft of college players. The draft consists of seven rounds, with each of the 32 clubs getting one pick in each Document [10] (Title: 2015 NFL Draft) the similar records (and the same playoff result for playoff teams) rotate selections round-by-round (e.g. the Titans picked first in the second round). In addition to the seven picks each team is given (one in each round), the league allocated thirty-two (32) supplemental picks at the ends of round 3 through 7, for a total of 256 picks. The supplemental picks are awarded to teams who had net losses of free agent talent from the previous year. A supplemental draft was held on July 9, 2015. For each player selected in the supplemental draft, the team forfeits its pick in Question: how many rounds are in the nfl draft Answer: seven Long Answer: The National Football League Draft, also called the Player Selection Meeting, is an annual event in which the National Football League (NFL) teams select eligible college football players . It serves as the league's most common source of player recruitment . The basic design of the draft is that each team is given a position in the drafting order in reverse order relative to its record in the previous year, which means that the last place team is positioned first . From this position, the team can either select a player or trade their position to another team for other draft positions, a player or players, or any combination thereof . The round is complete when each team has either selected a player or traded its draft position . Certain aspects of the draft, including team positioning and the number of rounds in the draft, have seen revisions since its first creation in 1936, but the fundamental methodology has remained the same . Currently the draft consists of seven rounds . The original rationale in creating the draft was to increase the competitive parity between the teams as the worst team would, ideally, have chosen the best player available. Gold Document ID: 10

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: 1992 NFL Draft) in retrospect is considered one of the worst in league history. It is the only draft since 1960 to produce no Pro Football Hall of Famers. It was also the final NFL Draft featuring twelve rounds of selections; the league would reduce the rounds to eight the following season, and then seven the year after that, where it has remained since. To date, no member of the 1992 NFL draft has been inducted into the Professional Football Hall of Fame. 1992 NFL Draft The 1992 NFL draft was the procedure by which National Football League teams selected amateur college football Document [2] (Title: 2003 NFL Draft) 27. The draft consisted of seven rounds, with teams selecting in the reverse order of the finish the previous season. There were 32 compensatory picks distributed among 15 teams, with five teams each receiving four additional selections. In addition, the Houston Texans, who started play as an expansion franchise the previous season, were granted a supplemental selection in the middle of each of the draft's final five rounds, plus the final selection in the final two rounds. There was little drama when the draft began with the Cincinnati Bengals selecting Carson Palmer, as Palmer had agreed to contract terms with Document [3] (Title: 2015 NFL Draft) that round in the draft of the following season. Seven players were available, but only one was selected. In the explanations below, (PD) indicates trades completed prior to the start of the draft (i.e. Pre-Draft), while (D) denotes trades that took place during the 2015 draft. General references Trade references 2015 NFL Draft The 2015 NFL Draft was the 80th annual meeting of National Football League (NFL) franchises to select newly eligible football players. It took place in Chicago at the Auditorium Theatre and in Grant Park, from April 30 to May 2. The previous fifty NFL drafts (since 1965) Document [4] (Title: 2009 NFL Draft) minutes in the first round and 10 minutes in the second round. Each team now had 10 minutes to make their selection in the first round and seven minutes in the second round. Rounds three through seven were shortened to five minutes per team. This was the first year that the NFL used this format and it was changed again the following year for the 2010 NFL Draft. The 2009 NFL Draft was televised by both NFL Network and ESPN and was the first to have cheerleaders. The Detroit Lions, who became the first team in NFL history to finish Document [5] (Title: 2004 NFL Draft) to the New York Giants for their first selection, fourth overall pick Philip Rivers of NC State. There were 32 compensatory selections distributed among 16 teams, with the Eagles, Rams, and Jets each receiving 4 compensatory picks. The draft set several records, including the most wide receivers selected in the first round, with seven. Another record set by the draft was the most trades in the first round, with twenty-eight trades. The University of Miami set an NFL record for the most first rounders drafted with 6. Ohio State set an NFL draft record having 14 total players selected through Document [6] (Title: 2010 NFL Draft) the early entry deadline had passed, it was confirmed that the 2010 NFL Draft would have fifty-three non-seniors, tying a draft record for the most non-seniors ever. The draft's first round, in which teams were allowed ten minutes to make each selection, consumed three hours and 28 minutes. The second round (with a maximum of seven minutes per selection) lasted two hours and 25 minutes. After the second round, teams were allotted five minutes per pick. The third round took one hour and 41 minutes. Rounds 4 through 7 each lasted less than two hours. For the second time in Document [7] (Title: National Football League Draft) combination thereof. The round is complete when each team has either selected a player or traded its position in the draft. Certain aspects of the draft, including team positioning and the number of rounds in the draft, have seen revisions since its first creation in 1936, but the fundamental method has remained the same. Currently the draft consists of seven rounds. The original rationale in creating the draft was to increase the competitive parity between the teams as the worst team would, ideally, have chosen the best player available. In the early years of the draft, players were chosen based Document [8] (Title: 2015 NFL Draft) first two overall picks. Shortly before the draft, the NFL shortened the amount of time for certain selections to be made. The time for seventh-round selections was reduced from five minutes to four minutes; similarly, the time for all compensatory selections, which cannot be traded, was reduced from seven minutes to four minutes. Seventy-four underclassmen announced their intention to forgo their remaining NCAA eligibility and declare themselves available to be selected in the draft. An additional ten players who graduated but were still eligible to play college football chose to enter the draft, bringing to 84 the total number of Document [9] (Title: National Football League) and Jacksonville Jaguars. The game was live streamed on the Internet exclusively via Yahoo!, except for over-the-air broadcasts on the local CBS-TV affiliates in the Buffalo and Jacksonville markets. In 2015, the NFL began sponsoring a series of public service announcements to bring attention to domestic abuse and sexual assault in response to what was seen as poor handling of incidents of violence by players. Each April (excluding 2014 when it took place in May), the NFL holds a draft of college players. The draft consists of seven rounds, with each of the 32 clubs getting one pick in each Document [10] (Title: 2015 NFL Draft) the similar records (and the same playoff result for playoff teams) rotate selections round-by-round (e.g. the Titans picked first in the second round). In addition to the seven picks each team is given (one in each round), the league allocated thirty-two (32) supplemental picks at the ends of round 3 through 7, for a total of 256 picks. The supplemental picks are awarded to teams who had net losses of free agent talent from the previous year. A supplemental draft was held on July 9, 2015. For each player selected in the supplemental draft, the team forfeits its pick in Question: how many rounds are in the nfl draft

Answer: seven Long Answer: The National Football League Draft, also called the Player Selection Meeting, is an annual event in which the National Football League (NFL) teams select eligible college football players . It serves as the league's most common source of player recruitment . The basic design of the draft is that each team is given a position in the drafting order in reverse order relative to its record in the previous year, which means that the last place team is positioned first . From this position, the team can either select a player or trade their position to another team for other draft positions, a player or players, or any combination thereof . The round is complete when each team has either selected a player or traded its draft position . Certain aspects of the draft, including team positioning and the number of rounds in the draft, have seen revisions since its first creation in 1936, but the fundamental methodology has remained the same . Currently the draft consists of seven rounds . The original rationale in creating the draft was to increase the competitive parity between the teams as the worst team would, ideally, have chosen the best player available. Gold Document ID: 10

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: The Last Thing on My Mind) The Last Thing on My Mind "The Last Thing on My Mind" is a song written by American musician and singer-songwriter Tom Paxton in the early 1960s and recorded first by Paxton in 1964. The song was released on Paxton's 1964 album "Ramblin' Boy", which was his first album released on Elektra Records. The song remains one of Paxton's best-known compositions. The song has since been recorded by dozens of artists, including: Porter Wagoner and Dolly Parton's 1967 duet recording of "The Last Thing on My Mind", their first single as a duet act, reached the top ten at number Document [2] (Title: Country Willie: His Own Songs) "These are songs of a very personal nature, but everyone can apply them to their own situation." Nelson biographer Joe Nick Potoski observes: In his 2015 memoir, Nelson said of the LP: In 1975, a similarly-titled compilation album was released on United Artists. Titled simply "Country Willie", it was a collection of B-sides and album tracks from Nelson's tenure at Liberty Records. AllMusic writes, "While some of these tunes showed up in their original versions on the United Artist album "Best of Willie Nelson", this is still worth tracking down.” Nelson biographer Joe Nick Potoski notes, “Sales were puny, the Document [3] (Title: Stardust (Willie Nelson album)) produce an entire standards album for him. Nelson selected his ten favorite pop songs from his childhood, starting with "Stardust". Nelson and his sister Bobbie had sheet music for the song that he had tried to perform with his guitar, but did not like that arrangement. Jones adapted the song for Nelson, who also picked for the album "Georgia on My Mind", "Blue Skies", "All of Me", "Unchained Melody", "September Song", "On the Sunny Side of the Street", "Moonlight in Vermont", "Don't Get Around Much Anymore" and "Someone to Watch Over Me". The executives of Columbia Records were not convinced Document [4] (Title: Suspicious Minds) played on both the James and Presley versions. The song is about a mistrusting and dysfunctional relationship, and the need of the characters to overcome their issues in order to maintain it. Written in 1968 by Mark James, who was also co-writer of "Always on My Mind" (which Presley would later record), the song was first recorded and released by James on Scepter Records in 1968. Chips Moman had asked James to come to Memphis to write songs for American Sound Studio. At the time, James was residing in Houston. James had written three songs that became number one hits Document [5] (Title: On the Road Again (Willie Nelson song)) song on his 2014 album "A Letter Home". "Forever Country", a promotional single released in 2016, features the song as a medley with "I Will Always Love You" and "Take Me Home, Country Roads". Jerry Reed sang part of "On the Road Again" in his hit "The Bird": "The life I love is makin' money with my friend...". Phish performed the song during the encore of their show on August 6, 2017, closing out their record-setting 13-night "Baker's Dozen" residency and 52nd show played at Madison Square Garden. On the Road Again (Willie Nelson song) "On the Road Again" is Document [6] (Title: Here's Willie Nelson) album, "...And Then I Wrote" for Liberty in 1962. He scored a Top 10 hit with “Touch Me,” but the LP was not a huge seller. Against his better judgement, Nelson would allow his songs to be heavily augmented when he returned to the studio, later admitting, “I didn’t argue. In those days, big productions like Johnny Cash’s ‘Ring of Fire’ were huge hits. So if it worked for Johnny, maybe it’d work for me. I went along with the program.” After failing to deliver a hit for Liberty, Joe Allison, who produced Nelson’s debut, was replaced by Tommy Allsup, Document [7] (Title: Evil on Your Mind) recorded this song on her 1968 Capitol recording "Misty Blue", where it is attributed to Harlan Howard of Wilderness Music. Evil on Your Mind "Evil on Your Mind" is the name of a popular Country music song, originally made famous by Grand Ole Opry star Jan Howard in 1966. In the mid-'60s, Jan Howard was not acquiring any significant hits. Only one of her songs hit the Top 20: in 1960, "The One You Slip Around With" hit No. 13. In 1966, Howard wrote and released her first single of the year, "Evil on Your Mind". The song was written Document [8] (Title: Always on My Mind (Willie Nelson album)) Simon's "Bridge Over Troubled Water", as well as re-recordings of his own songs including "Permanently Lonely" (originally recorded for 1969's "Good Times" LP) and "The Party's Over" (originally recorded for "The Party's Over" released in 1967). A 2003 re-release of the album included two bonus tracks: "The Man Who Owes Everyone" and "I'm a Memory" (another re-recording of an earlier release). Always on My Mind (Willie Nelson album) Always on My Mind is the twenty-seventh studio album by country singer Willie Nelson. It was the Billboard number one country album of the year for 1982, and stayed 253 weeks on Document [9] (Title: You Better Keep It on Your Mind) him seriously. The second voice on the recording is speculated to be Hank Snow. You Better Keep It on Your Mind "You Better Keep It on Your Mind" is a song by Hank Williams. It was composed by Williams and Vic McAlpin and released as a posthumous single by Williams in 1954 on MGM Records. The B-side was "Low Down Blues." McAplin was a staff songwriter at Acuff-Rose and had made minor contributions to Hank's "Long Gone Lonesome Blues" while the pair went on a fishing trip. Thematically, "You Better Keep It on Your Mind" is similar to "You're Gonna Document [10] (Title: Wayne Carson) the Box Tops. Carson's song "Always on My Mind" won Grammy awards in 1983 for Song of the Year and Best Country Song; in 1982 it reached No. 1 on the Billboard Country charts. The Country Music Association named it the Song of the Year in 1982 and 1983. Also in 1982, The Nashville Songwriters Association International named it Song of the Year and the Academy of Country Music named it Single of the Year. In 1997 Carson was inducted into the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame. Carson died on July 20, 2015, aged 72, after suffering from various ailments Document [11] (Title: Willie Nelson) the second version of the bus the same year. Nelson changed his tour bus in 1996, 2005 and 2013, currently touring on the "Honeysuckle Rose V". Willie Nelson Willie Hugh Nelson (born April 29, 1933) is an American musician, singer, songwriter, author, poet, actor, and activist. The critical success of the album "Shotgun Willie" (1973), combined with the critical and commercial success of "Red Headed Stranger" (1975) and "Stardust" (1978), made Nelson one of the most recognized artists in country music. He was one of the main figures of outlaw country, a subgenre of country music that developed in the Document [12] (Title: Willie Nelson) 5, 2015. "Pretty Paper", another collaboration with Ritz was published the following year. In 2002, Nelson became the official spokesman of the Texas Roadhouse, a chain of steakhouses. Nelson heavily promoted the chain and appeared on a special on Food Network. The chain installed "Willie's Corner", a section dedicated to him and decked out with Willie memorabilia, at several locations. In 2008, Nelson reopened Willie's Place, a truck stop in Carl's Corner, Texas. The U.S. Bankruptcy Court allowed Nelson to invest in it. The establishment had about 80 employees and was used as a concert hall with a bar and Document [13] (Title: Willie Nelson) University, San Marcos, Texas. The collection contains lyrics, screenplays, letters, concert programs, tour itineraries, posters, articles, clippings, personal effects, promotional items, souvenirs, and documents. It documents Nelson's IRS troubles and how Farm Aid contributions were used. Most of the material was collected by Nelson's friend Bill Wittliff, who wrote or co-wrote "Honeysuckle Rose", "Barbarosa" and "Red Headed Stranger". In 2014, Nelson donated his personal collection to the Dolph Briscoe Center for American History. The items include photographs, correspondence, song manuscripts, posters, certificate records, awards, signed books, screenplays, personal items and gifts and tributes from Nelson's fans. In April 2010, Nelson Document [14] (Title: Pretty Paper (book)) co-authored by David Ritz. In the fictional account, Nelson decides to learn more about the man, who he learns to be a fellow musician. The man by the name of Vernon Clay initially resists his inquires, eventually later showing Nelson his proficiency on the guitar and singing. Pretty Paper (book) Pretty Paper is a Christmas novel co-written by Willie Nelson and David Ritz. The book presents a fictional account about the life of the street vendor who inspired the song of the same name. In 1963, Nelson wrote the song "Pretty Paper", inspired by a street vendor he often saw Document [15] (Title: Wake Me When It's Over (Willie Nelson song)) My House" spent two weeks on "Cashbox's" Country singles, peaking at 47. Nelson re-recorded the song for his 1972 album "The Willie Way". Wake Me When It's Over (Willie Nelson song) "Wake Me When It's Over" is a song written by country music singer Willie Nelson. After being signed as a recording artist to Liberty Records in 1961, the song was recorded during his second session with the label in September 1961 at Radio Recorders. Selected as the A-side of one of the promotional singles, the song failed to chart. While he lived in Houston, Texas Nelson sold his original Document [16] (Title: Country Willie: His Own Songs) was strong,” Nelson later remembered, “but the public’s reception remained lukewarm. It was my live performances...that helped me cultivate a small but loyal following.” With the arrival of The Beatles in 1963, Liberty abandoned their country division and, after a stint as a pig farmer in Ridgetop, Tennessee, Nelson was signed to RCA by Chet Atkins. Nelson admired Atkins, but also had reservations: “I liked Chet. I had great respect for his hit-making history and, of course, his own masterful musicianship. I had a feeling, though, that like so many others on Music Row, Chet saw me as an outsider Document [17] (Title: Touch Me (Willie Nelson song)) "Billboard" charts nor did it originally appear on an album. Touch Me (Willie Nelson song) "Touch Me" is a song written by country music singer Willie Nelson. Leveraged by the success of his songs, Nelson moved to Nashville in 1960. Through songwriter Harlan Howard, Nelson was signed to write for Pamper Music, and to a recording contract with Liberty Records. Nelson recorded the song during his first recording session with producer Joe Allison in August 1961. "Touch Me" was released as his second single for the label. Following the success of his previous top-ten duet with Shirley Collie, the song Document [18] (Title: Willie Nelson and Family) “Today I Started Loving You Again,” written by Merle Haggard and Bonnie Owens. Haggard would appear at Nelson’s first Dripping Springs Picnic in 1974 and record several duet albums with Nelson. In his 2015 autobiography Nelson wrote: Nelson, who covered Joni Mitchell and Fred Neil on his "Both Sides Now" album, continued to show his appreciation for the new generation of singer-songwriters of the youth culture at the time by recording James Taylor’s “Fire and Rain.” Nelson had also started cutting material by more progressive country tune-smiths like Mickey Newbury and, on this album, Kris Kristofferson, a “brilliant writer” whose Document [19] (Title: Crazy (Willie Nelson song)) Laura Bush, who said it was one of her favorite songs. Europe Single Notable versions include those recorded by Linda Ronstadt who reached #6 on Billboard's Country chart with her version in 1977, Julio Iglesias (hit in the Netherlands, UK and New Zealand), Kenny Rogers (Kenny Rogers version is a completely different song he wrote himself), The Kills, Dottie West, Kidneythieves, LeAnn Rimes, Shirley Bassey, Guy Lombardo, Chaka Khan, Don McLean (Don McClean's is also a completely different song titled, "Crazy Eyes") and The Waifs. "(Rogers also wrote and recorded another song with the title "Crazy", which topped the charts Document [20] (Title: ...And Then I Wrote) record the duet "Willingly," a Cochran composition. The record was released on September 1962. "Touch Me" was released as a single, becoming Nelson's second top ten single, reaching No. 7 on Billboard's Hot Country Singles chart. "Billboard" wrote a review about the single, describing it as an "interesting country-styled tune" with "good" lyrics. "AllMusic" rated the album with four stars out of five. ...And Then I Wrote ...And Then I Wrote is the debut studio album by country singer Willie Nelson, recorded during August and September 1962 and released through Liberty Records. Despite Nelson's fruitless efforts to succeed with his Document [21] (Title: Outlaw country) Joe Shaver. Like Steve Young, Shaver never made it big, but his 1973 album "Old Five and Dimers Like Me" is considered a country classic in the outlaw genre. Willie Nelson's career as a songwriter in Nashville peaked in the late 1960s. As a songwriter, he had written a number of major pop-crossover hits, including "Crazy" for Patsy Cline and "Hello Walls" for Faron Young, but as a singer, he was getting nowhere. He left Nashville in 1971 to return to Texas. The musicians he met in Austin had been developing the folk and rock influenced country music that grew Document [22] (Title: Willie Nelson) amount and Nelson cleared his debts by 1993. During the 1990s and 2000s, Nelson toured continuously, recording several albums including 1998's critically acclaimed "Teatro", and performed and recorded with other acts including Phish, Johnny Cash, and Toby Keith. His duet with Keith, "Beer for My Horses", was released as a single and topped the "Billboard" Hot Country Songs charts for six consecutive weeks in 2003, while the accompanying video won an award for "Best Video" at the 2004 Academy of Country Music Awards. A USA Network television special celebrated Nelson's 70th birthday, and Nelson released "The Essential Willie Nelson" as Document [23] (Title: Willie Nelson) the release entering at number nine. His following release was "Band of Brothers", in 2014, the first Nelson album to feature the most newly self-penned songs since 1996's "Spirit". Upon its release, it topped "Billboard's" Top Country albums chart, the first time since 1986's "The Promiseland", the last Nelson album to top it. The release reached number five on the "Billboard" 200, Nelson's highest position on the chart since 1982's "Always on My Mind". In December 2014, a duet with Rhonda Vincent, "Only Me", topped "Bluegrass Unlimited's" National Airplay chart. In June 2015, his collaboration with Haggard "Django and Jimmie" Document [24] (Title: Willie Got Me Stoned) night with Nelson. Johnson refers to the night which he played poker with Nelson, and he lost consciousness, lost pride, and all hope when he got stoned with Nelson. During that night the two men also went out and smoked pot together. Johnson originally composed the song before "Farm Aid 2015" in Saratoga Springs when he performed the song off of a sheet of paper he wrote on. Then the title of the song was ""Willie Got Me Stoned and Stole All of my Money."" The song was recorded in the summer of 2017 at the 11th show of his Document [25] (Title: I Always Get Lucky with You) 1994 video retrospective "Golden Hits", Jones recalled that he "sung it around Nashville at some of the clubs to try and get used to it before I went into the studio and it came off great. It's a great song. Merle Haggard wrote a good one there." Jones, who was about to hit rock bottom after spending most of the previous decade in a booze and drug-crazed wasteland, delivered a sterling performance, which became the last chart topper of his career, ironically bumping off "Pancho and Lefty," Haggard's hit duet with Willie Nelson. Haggard would record the song again in Document [26] (Title: I'm Alive (Willie Nelson song)) said that he was inspired to write the song after his divorce from actress Renée Zellweger: "Writing that song was a release. It was the best I'd felt in a long time after I wrote that song." Chesney's version of the song is set in the key of E major, with a vocal range from B3 to F5 and a main chord progression of E-E+/G-A-Am. It is primarily accompanied by acoustic guitar, organ, and light percussion. CM Wilcox of The 9513 gave the song a thumbs-down review. He said that the song had "somewhat ambitious" lyrics, and made note of Document [27] (Title: Willie’s Stash, Vol. 1: December Day) the road. Recorded at Pedernales Recordings studio, the album was produced by Buddy Cannon and engineered by Steve Chadie. The liner notes were written by Mickey Raphael. The album includes two original songs newly written by Nelson, as well as new versions of old compositions. With the addition of covers, including Irving Berlin's "Alexander's Ragtime Band" and "What'll I Do". Two singles of the album were released on November 21, 2014. "Laws of Nature" was premiered on Nelson's Sirius XM channel Willie's Roadhouse, while the single and video of "Who'll Buy My Memories" was premiered on "Rolling Stone Country". The Document [28] (Title: Johnny Bush) like Dale Watson and Cornell Hurd sought him out to play on their albums. In 2003, he was inducted into the Texas Country Music Hall of Fame with his lifelong friend Willie Nelson on hand to induct him. In 2007 he released his autobiography, with the aide of Rick Mitchell: "Whiskey River (Take My Mind): The True Story of Texas Honky-Tonk", published by University of Texas Press. A new album, "Kashmere Garden Mud: A Tribute to Houston’s Country Soul" was released on the Icehouse label at the same time. With the success of his recent Botox treatments for his vocal Document [29] (Title: Country music) form of popular music in America." During the early 1980s, country artists continued to see their records perform well on the pop charts. Willie Nelson and Juice Newton each had two songs in the top 5 of the Billboard Hot 100 in the early eighties: Nelson charted "Always on My Mind" (No. 5, 1982) and "To All the Girls I've Loved Before" (No. 5, 1984, a duet with Julio Iglesias), and Newton achieved success with "Queen of Hearts" (No. 2, 1981) and "Angel of the Morning" (No. 4, 1981). Four country songs topped the "Billboard" Hot 100 in the 1980s: Document [30] (Title: Leavin' on Your Mind) album was a huge hit and is still being sold today. (If You've Got) "Leavin' On Your Mind", written by Wayne Walker and Webb Pierce was first recorded by Joyce Smith in September 1961 and was released in March 1962. She had just signed with Decca Records. The Smith version peaked at #126 in the Music Vendor charts w/e 4/9/62. Joyce found herself in Nashville's famed Columbia Studios working with the Legendary Owen Bradley, The Jordanaires, and session players the likes of Pete Drake, Buddy Harmon, Harold Bradley, Billy Grammer and Bobby Moore. The week she recorded Leavin' On Your Document [31] (Title: The Last Thing on My Mind) six on the U.S. country music singles chart in December of that year. It is performed by the Punch Brothers and Stark Sands in the soundtrack of the Coen Brothers' film "Inside Llewyn Davis" (2013). The Last Thing on My Mind "The Last Thing on My Mind" is a song written by American musician and singer-songwriter Tom Paxton in the early 1960s and recorded first by Paxton in 1964. The song was released on Paxton's 1964 album "Ramblin' Boy", which was his first album released on Elektra Records. The song remains one of Paxton's best-known compositions. The song has since Document [32] (Title: Crazy (Willie Nelson song)) he breaks a guitar string and ends up playing Crazy using Johnny's guitar. According to the Ellis Nassour biography "Patsy Cline", Nelson, who at that time was known as a struggling songwriter by the name of Hugh Nelson, was a regular at Tootsie's Orchid Lounge on Nashville's Lower Broadway, where he frequented with friends Kris Kristofferson and Roger Miller, both unknown songwriters at that time. Nelson met Cline's husband, Charlie Dick, at the bar one evening and pitched the song to him. Dick took the track home and played it for Cline, who absolutely hated it at first because Nelson's Document [33] (Title: I Never Cared For You) Houston. Nelson soon after resumed talks with Chet Atkins, and left Monument to join RCA Records. The song became a recurrent track in Nelson's albums. He released new versions of the song with his albums "Me & Paul", "A Horse Called Music", "Teatro" and "December Day". I Never Cared For You "I Never Cared For You" is a song written by country music singer Willie Nelson. Nelson recorded the song during his stint with Monument Records, and eventually became his only single released by the label. While the release failed to achieve national success, it was well received in Texas. Document [34] (Title: Cowboys Are Frequently, Secretly Fond of Each Other) the song wrote itself". The song was written during the "Urban Cowboy" fad while living with his wife in Manhattan next to a gay country bar on Christopher Street called Boots and Saddles. He explains, "Gay life in 1981 was very vibrant in those days. It was part of the culture of the city and cowboy imagery is a part of gay iconography." He wrote the song with Nelson's voice in mind: "I was at the beginning of my songwriting career … and used to like writing songs for my favorite voices. I've been a Willie fan since the '60s." Document [35] (Title: Willie Nelson) of all time. Nelson signed with Liberty Records and was recording by August 1961 at Quonset Hut Studio. His first two successful singles as an artist were released by the next year, including "Willingly" (a duet with his soon-to-be second wife, Shirley Collie, which became his first charting single and first Top Ten at No. 10) and "Touch Me" (his second Top Ten, stalling at No. 7). Nelson's tenure at Liberty yielded his first album entitled "...And Then I Wrote", released in September 1962. In 1963 Collie and Nelson were married in Las Vegas. He then worked on the west Document [36] (Title: Always on My Mind) with their own versions: Elvis Presley in 1972; John Wesley Ryles in 1979; Willie Nelson's Grammy Award-winning version in 1982; Pet Shop Boys in 1987. Elvis Presley recorded his version of "Always on My Mind" on March 29, 1972, a few weeks after his February separation from wife Priscilla. The song received immense fame and critical appreciation and is considered one of the standout songs of the '70s for Elvis. The song was released as the B-side of the "Separate Ways" single, which reached Gold status in the U.S for sales of over a million copies. It was listed as Document [37] (Title: Crazy (Willie Nelson song)) demo "spoke" the lyrics ahead of and behind the beat, about which an annoyed Cline remarked that she "couldn't sing like that". However, Cline's producer, Owen Bradley, loved the song and arranged it in the ballad form in which it was later recorded. On Loretta Lynn's album "I Remember Patsy", Bradley reported that as Cline was still recovering from a recent automobile accident that nearly took her life, she'd had difficulty reaching the high notes of the song on the original production night due to her broken ribs. So after about four hours of trying – in the days of Document [38] (Title: Pretty Paper (song)) more with his sister Bobbie Nelson for their 1997 album "Hill Country Christmas". There have been numerous cover versions of the song, by artists including Glen Campbell (1968), Mickey Gilley (1976), Randy Travis (1986), Asleep at the Wheel (1997), Kenny Chesney (2003), Chris Isaak (2004), Reverend Horton Heat (2005), Emmy Rossum (2013), The Lumineers (2018), and dozens of others. Pretty Paper (song) "Pretty Paper" is a song written by country music singer-songwriter Willie Nelson in 1963. After being signed to Monument Records, Nelson played the song for producer Fred Foster. Foster pitched the song to Roy Orbison, who turned it Document [39] (Title: The Part Where I Cry) into a hit for Claude Gray. Despite that he was not credited as the songwriter on the record, he took advantage of the recognition that the song granted him, and moved to Nashville in 1960. While he joined Ray Price's band as a bass player, his songs became hits for other artists, including "Funny How Time Slips Away" (Billy Walker), "Pretty Paper" (Roy Orbison), and, most famously, "Crazy" by Patsy Cline. Leveraged by his prominence as a songwriter in Nashville, Tennessee, and after his friend Harlan Howard forwarded his songs to producer Joe Allison, Nelson was signed to Liberty Records Document [40] (Title: Cowboys Are Frequently, Secretly Fond of Each Other) ways than one. I want people to know more than anything—gay, straight, whatever—just how cool Willie is and … his way of thinking, his tolerance, everything about him." Nelson's version of the song is his highest charting solo single since his 1984 duet with Julio Iglesias "To All the Girls I've Loved Before" (number 5), debuting at number 52 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart, which Nelson last appeared on with the Toby Keith duet "Beer for My Horses". The song was also well received by critics. Pitchfork Media's Stephen M. Deusner rated the song four out of four stars Document [41] (Title: Both Sides Now (Willie Nelson album)) last collaboration with her husband), and Jimmy Day on bass. The album contains a new version of “I Gotta Get Drunk,” a song Nelson wrote in Houston before moving to Nashville in 1960, as well as “Bloody Mary Morning," a tune destined to become a highlight in the Texan’s live shows. In his 2015 autobiography, Nelson admitted the song was taken from his own unhappy experiences as a drinker: "Both Sides Now" contains the country standards “Wabash Cannonball” and “Crazy Arms,” but what is most striking about the collection is the inclusion of material far beyond the confines of Nashville, Document [42] (Title: Always on My Mind (Willie Nelson album)) Always on My Mind (Willie Nelson album) Always on My Mind is the twenty-seventh studio album by country singer Willie Nelson. It was the Billboard number one country album of the year for 1982, and stayed 253 weeks on the Billboard Top Country Albums charts, peaking at number one for a total of 22 weeks, as well as spending 99 weeks on the "Billboard" 200 for all albums, peaking at number two for 3 weeks. During the recording sessions for Nelson's collaboration album with Merle Haggard, "Pancho & Lefty", the producer Chips Moman and Bobby Emmons suggested that they record Document [43] (Title: Pretty Paper (song)) Pretty Paper (song) "Pretty Paper" is a song written by country music singer-songwriter Willie Nelson in 1963. After being signed to Monument Records, Nelson played the song for producer Fred Foster. Foster pitched the song to Roy Orbison, who turned it into a hit. Nelson recorded his own version of the song in November 1964. The song tells the story of a street vendor who, during the holiday season, sells pencils and paper on the streets. In October 1963, while walking in his farm in Ridgetop, Tennessee, Nelson was inspired to write the song after he remembered a man he Document [44] (Title: ...And Then I Wrote) before finally moving to Nashville: "Within an astounding short period of time – a week or two – I'd written a suite of songs that reflected my real-life situation. I knew these songs were damn good, but at the same time, I didn't know what to do with them." Nelson unconsciously borrowed the first few notes of "Crazy" from the Floyd Tillman song "I Gotta Have My Baby Back." "Hello Walls" was written after Nelson had been hired by Pamper Music. Initially collaborating with Hank Cochran, he was nervous at first, realising "this was creativity on demand," and later recalling: Document [45] (Title: ...And Then I Wrote) Young ("Hello Walls"); Ray Price ("Night Life") and Patsy Cline ("Crazy"). Fueled by the success of his songwriting, he was signed by Liberty Records. During August, Nelson started recording his first album, produced by Joe Allison. The single releases of the album "Touch Me" and "The Part Where I Cry" were recorded on that day in Nashville, Tennessee, while it was completed during September in the recording facilities of the label in Los Angeles, California. The single "Touch Me" became Nelson's second top ten, reaching number 7 on Billboard's Hot Country Singles. In 1958, Nelson released under a contract with Document [46] (Title: Always on My Mind) Always on My Mind "Always on My Mind" is a song by Johnny Christopher, Mark James, and Wayne Carson, recorded first by B.J. Thomas in 1969, then Gwen McCrae (as "You Were Always on My Mind") and Brenda Lee in 1972. The song has been a crossover hit, charting in both the country and western and pop categories. AllMusic lists over 300 recorded releases of the song in versions by dozens of performers. While Brenda Lee's version had stalled at number 45 on the country charts in 1972, other performers reached the top 20 in the United States and elsewhere Document [47] (Title: Here's Willie Nelson) Here's Willie Nelson Here's Willie Nelson is the second studio album by country singer Willie Nelson. After working as a disc jockey in Texas and Oregon, Nelson moved to Nashville in 1960 in hopes of making a living as a songwriter and recording artist. He found work writing compositions for Pamper Music and scored his first hit when Faron Young recorded “Hello Walls.” More hits followed, including Patsy Cline’s classic rendition of “Crazy,” but Nelson, who played bass on tour with Ray Price during this period, wanted to be a recording artist in his own right, and recorded his debut Document [48] (Title: Mark James (songwriter)) Award for Best Country Song for Nelson's version. The United Kingdom's Pet Shop Boys released a successfully charting version of "Always On My Mind" in 1987 which reached #1 in the U.K. and #4 in the United States. On October 11, 2015 in Nashville Tennessee, James entered the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame along with Rosanne Cash, Even Stevens, and several others. Mark James (songwriter) Mark James (born Francis Rodney Zambon, 1940) is an American songwriter who wrote hits for singers B.J. Thomas, Brenda Lee, and Elvis Presley, most notably Presley's last U.S. number one hit single, "Suspicious Minds." Mark Document [49] (Title: Leavin' on Your Mind) Mind in Nashville at the old Columbia Studios, Patsy Cline came into Owen Bradley's office and he played Joyce's record for her, she immediately loved the tune and wanted to record it but Owen said no, we'll wait and see what this Canadian girl does with it. Joyce Smith was one of only a handful to have her early records sell in excess of 100,000 copies in the U.S. which Decca said was a major hit for a first record. Joyce recorded several singles for Decca in the 60's. Her many years of superb performances at rodeos, on TV, and Document [50] (Title: Jimmy Nelson (singer)) led by Joe Liggins and Roy Milton, and playing venues including the Apollo and Howard theaters. He cut singles for a number of labels including Kent, Music City, Paradise and All Boy, and Chess (including for them the 1955 "Free and Easy Mind"). In 1955, Nelson married Nettie (who has since died) and adopted Houston, Texas as his hometown. For the next 20 years, Nelson settled down and took a job working construction, though he continued to write songs and sit in with bands. In the 1980s, Nelson came to the wider attention of blues fans when Ace issued ten Document [51] (Title: Chips Moman) albums by Willie Nelson, Gary Stewart, Tammy Wynette, Ronnie Milsap, and Petula Clark. After a brief return to Memphis in the mid-1980s, during which time his attempt to open a new studio floundered, he settled in LaGrange, Georgia, where he operated another recording studio. Moman recorded the first demo cut on the song "Always on My Mind". Mark James was working for him as a session musician and Wayne Carson was in the studio recording songs, Carson asking the co-writers to add a bridge to the song that Moman insisted it needed. The musicians felt the song was complete, but Document [52] (Title: On the Road Again (Willie Nelson song)) road to use as the theme song. Nelson quickly wrote the song on a barf bag. The tune featured a "train beat". The song was released with Nelson's 1980 album "Honeysuckle Rose", reaching the first position on "Billboard's" top country albums, while it ranked twenty on the "Billboard" Hot 100. Nelson received a Grammy Award for Best Country Song, while he was nominated for Best Original Song during the 53rd Academy Awards. In 2004, "Rolling Stone" ranked it No. 471 on its list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. In 2011, "On the Road Again" was inducted to Document [53] (Title: Willie Nelson) a disc jockey in Texas radio stations and a singer in honky-tonks. Nelson moved to Vancouver, Washington, where he wrote "Family Bible" and recorded the song "Lumberjack" in 1956. He also worked as a disc jockey at various radio stations in Vancouver and nearby Portland Oregon. In 1958, he moved to Houston, Texas, after signing a contract with D Records. He sang at the Esquire Ballroom weekly and he worked as a disk jockey. During that time, he wrote songs that would become country standards, including "Funny How Time Slips Away", "Hello Walls", "Pretty Paper", and "Crazy". In 1960 he Document [54] (Title: Always on My Mind) also featured on a December 2009 ASPCA commercial. The single was certified Platinum by the RIAA signifying U. S. sales in excess of two million. In 2008, the single was inducted to the Grammy Hall of Fame. Nelson's version was also featured, in its entirety, in a season two (2013) episode of the HBO television series "The Newsroom". In 1987, the Pet Shop Boys performed a synthpop version of "Always on My Mind" on "Love Me Tender", a television special on the ITV network in the UK. Commemorating the tenth anniversary of Presley's death, the programme featured various popular acts Document [55] (Title: Country Willie: His Own Songs) one exception being Texas, where the album solidified Willie’s standing as a genuine Nashville star, one sure way to sell tickets to a show.” All tracks composed by Willie Nelson; except where noted. Country Willie: His Own Songs Country Willie: His Own Songs is the third studio album by country singer Willie Nelson. This was Nelson's third album, his first for RCA Victor. Liberty released Nelson’s first two albums, "...And Then I Wrote" and "Here’s Willie Nelson", in 1962 and 1963 respectively, after country stars like Faron Young, Billy Walker, and Patsy Cline had scored huge hits with his songs. Document [56] (Title: Shirley Collie Nelson) and she is credited with writing his singles "I Hope So" (1969) and "Once More With Feeling" (1970). After she discovered Nelson had fathered a daughter with Connie Koepke, who would become his third wife, their marriage fell apart and they divorced in 1971. In the years following, however, she would perform and yodel with Nelson when he toured in Missouri until she retired; and the two collaborated on her 2009 book, "Memoir: Scrapbooks in My Mind: Featuring Shirley and Willie Nelson and Many Others". From 1987–89, Nelson worked for the state of Missouri with the mentally disabled. She continued Document [57] (Title: Pretty Paper (book)) Pretty Paper (book) Pretty Paper is a Christmas novel co-written by Willie Nelson and David Ritz. The book presents a fictional account about the life of the street vendor who inspired the song of the same name. In 1963, Nelson wrote the song "Pretty Paper", inspired by a street vendor he often saw in Fort Worth, Texas during the Christmas season that sold pencils on the door of a department store. The song was later made famous by Roy Orbison, while Nelson recorded his own version in 1979. Published on October 25, 2016 by Penguin Random House the book was Document [58] (Title: Crazy (Willie Nelson song)) for the object of his affection. Patsy Cline was already a country music superstar and looking for material to extend a string of hits. She picked it as a follow-up to her previous big hit "I Fall to Pieces". "Crazy", its complex melody suiting Cline's vocal talent perfectly, was released in late 1961, immediately became another huge hit for Cline and widened the crossover audience she had established with her prior hits. It spent 21 weeks on the chart and eventually became one of her signature tunes. Cline's version is No. 85 on "Rolling Stone"s list of The 500 Greatest Document [59] (Title: Touch Me (Willie Nelson song)) had "appeal for both pop and country & western". "Touch Me" was the same year included on Nelson's debut album "...And Then I Wrote". The single release became Nelson's first chart success as a solo artist, while it would become Nelson's last top ten hit in thirteen years until the release of "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain" in 1975. The song was subsequently covered by Dottie West in 1963 and released as a single the same year. It was her first single release with RCA Victor Records and was produced by Chet Atkins. West's version did not enter any Document [60] (Title: Crazy (Willie Nelson song)) journeyman singer-songwriter who had written several hits for other artists but had not yet had a significant recording of his own. Nelson originally wrote the song for country singer Billy Walker who turned it down for the same reason Roy Drusky turned down "I Fall to Pieces" the previous year - that it was "a girl's song". The song's eventual success helped launch Nelson as a performer as well as a songwriter. Musically the song is a jazz-pop ballad with country overtones and a complex melody. The lyrics describe the singer's state of bemusement at the singer's own helpless love Document [61] (Title: I'm Alive (Willie Nelson song)) his 2008 album "Moment of Forever", which Chesney co-produced. Chesney later recorded the song as a duet with Dave Matthews on "Lucky Old Sun" (also released in 2008), but did not release it as a single from that album. Chesney told "Country Standard Time", "It was never meant to be some kind of a message — except to maybe myself[…]It's one thing when Willie Nelson at 70 sings it, and something totally different when Dave and I do. One is from a place of really knowing; for us, it was more just the fact that we realize it." He also Document [62] (Title: Yesterday's Wine) a 16-week chart run in 1967), and his cover of Morecambe & Wise's "Bring Me Sunshine" (number 13, March 1969). Up to 1970, Nelson had no major success. His royalties were invested in tours that did not produce significant profits. In addition to the problems in his career, Nelson divorced Shirley Collie in 1970. In December, his ranch in Ridgetop, Tennessee burned down. He interpreted the incident as a signal for a change. He moved to a ranch near Bandera, Texas and married Connie Koepke. In early 1971 his single "I'm a Memory" reached the top 30. Felton Jarvis contacted Document [63] (Title: Willie Nelson) from his career, combined with song lyrics, followed in 2002. In 2005 he co-authored "Farm Aid: A Song for America", a commemorative book about the twentieth anniversary of the foundation of Farm Aid. His third book, co-authored with long-time friend Turk Pipkin, "The Tao of Willie: A Guide to the Happiness in Your Heart", was published in 2006. In 2007 a book advocating the use of bio-diesel and the reduction of gas emissions, "On The Clean Road Again: Biodiesel and The Future of the Family Farm", was published. His next book, "A Tale Out of Luck", published in 2008 and Document [64] (Title: Willie Nelson) Me Sunshine" (#13, March 1969) were Nelson's best-selling records during his time with RCA. By 1970, most of his songwriting royalties were invested in tours that did not produce significant profits. In addition to the problems in his career, Nelson divorced Shirley Collie in 1970. In December, his ranch in Ridgetop, Tennessee burned down. He interpreted the incident as a signal for a change. He moved to a ranch near Bandera, Texas, and married Connie Koepke. In early 1971 his single "I'm a Memory" reached the top 30. After recording his final RCA single – "Mountain Dew" (backed with "Phases, Document [65] (Title: On the Road Again (Willie Nelson song)) Contemporary chart. It was his biggest pop hit to that time and won him a Grammy Award for Best Country Song a year later. In 1980 Nelson starred in his first leading role in the film "Honeysuckle Rose", about an aging musician who fails to achieve national fame and relationship with his family, who also are part of his band that travels throughout the United States while playing in different venues. Shortly after signing the contract, Nelson was approached during a flight by the executive producer of the movie, who requested him to write a song about life on the Document [66] (Title: Touch Me (Willie Nelson song)) songwriters Harlan Howard and Hank Cochran at Tootsie's Orchid Lounge. After hearing original songs by Nelson, including "Touch Me", Howard convinced his superiors at Pamper publishing to hire Nelson as a songwriter for US$50 a-week. Howard later also forwarded Nelson originals producer Joe Allison, who signed Nelson to Liberty Records in 1961. Nelson entered his first session at Liberty's Nashville studio on August 22, 1961, at Quonset Hut studio. Nelson was backed by guitarists Kelso Herston, Ray Edenton (who also played fiddle), Harold Bradley and Grady Martin; drummer Buddy Harman, pianist Hargus "Pig" Robbins, bassist Joe Zinkan and the Anita Document [67] (Title: Country Willie: His Own Songs) Country Willie: His Own Songs Country Willie: His Own Songs is the third studio album by country singer Willie Nelson. This was Nelson's third album, his first for RCA Victor. Liberty released Nelson’s first two albums, "...And Then I Wrote" and "Here’s Willie Nelson", in 1962 and 1963 respectively, after country stars like Faron Young, Billy Walker, and Patsy Cline had scored huge hits with his songs. However, these albums bore little resemblance to the ones he would later become famous for, as they were augmented with the lush instrumentation that was typical of the Nashville sound. “The critical praise Document [68] (Title: Dixie on My Mind) to return home ("Lord I'm stuck up here but I've got Dixie on my mind"). Dixie on My Mind "Dixie on My Mind" is a song written and recorded by American country music artist Hank Williams Jr.. It was released in May 1981 as the second single from the album "Rowdy". "Dixie on My Mind" was Hank Williams Jr.'s fourth number one on the country chart. The single went to number one for one week and spent nine weeks on the country chart. The song features Hank attempting to give big city life a fair shot (New York City in Document [69] (Title: Crazy (Willie Nelson song)) Songs of All Time. According to Willie Nelson in an interview with Sirius XM satellite radio he said that he was in a bar called Tootisie's and had put his own song "Crazy" in the jukebox. Patsy Cline's husband heard it and wanted to get it to Patsy. They were both drunk and Willie was reluctant even stayed in the car while her husband played it for her. In the end she recorded it a few weeks later. In another interview Willie says that the song was originally called "Stupid", this matches with the live performance with Johnny Cash where Document [70] (Title: The Party's Over (Willie Nelson song)) ABC's "Monday Night Football". After a key play that ended the possibilities of other team to win the game, Meredith would sing part of the song: "Turn out the lights, the party's over". Nelson later re-recorded the song for his 1982 album "Always on My Mind". It was released as a single, on the B-side of the title track. The Party's Over (Willie Nelson song) "The Party's Over" is a song written by country music singer Willie Nelson during the mid-1950s. After arriving in Houston, Texas, Nelson was hired to play for the Esquire Ballroom band, where he would be Document [71] (Title: Here's Willie Nelson) out several songs on his second album while touring with his wife Shirley Collie and steel guitarist Jimmy Day while playing shows as the trio The Offenders. Nelson later expressed dissatisfaction with the recorded version of “Home Motel,” a song he described as “another study in despair,” and it was typical of the frustration that he would feel regarding the tepid sound of his albums in the decade ahead: In his 2015 memoir, Willie admitted that “Half a Man” was “one of my stranger songs. It’s about a guy who considers what it would be like, in the name of Document [72] (Title: I'm Alive (Willie Nelson song)) I'm Alive (Willie Nelson song) "I'm Alive" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music singer Kenny Chesney. He wrote the song with Dean Dillon and Mark Tamburino. The song was originally recorded by Willie Nelson on his album "Moment of Forever", which Chesney also produced. Chesney himself later recorded it (as a duet with Dave Matthews) on his 2008 album "Lucky Old Sun". This version later appeared on his 2009 compilation album "Greatest Hits II", from which it was released to radio as the album's second single in August 2009. Willie Nelson first recorded the song on Document [73] (Title: Willingly) Willingly "Willingly" is a duet by country music singer Willie Nelson and Shirley Collie, produced by Joe Allison during Nelson's third session for Liberty Records. Released in March 1962, the album reached number ten on "Billboard's" Hot Country Singles. Leveraged by his prominence as a songwriter in Nashville, Tennessee, Nelson was signed as a recording artist by Liberty Records in 1961. Nelson produced two sides in his first session, and an entire album after his second one. While touring with Ray Price as a "Cherokee Cowboys" bassist, Nelson had attended the Nashville disc jockeys convention. Songwriters Harlan Howard and Hank Document [74] (Title: I Never Cared For You) I Never Cared For You "I Never Cared For You" is a song written by country music singer Willie Nelson. Nelson recorded the song during his stint with Monument Records, and eventually became his only single released by the label. While the release failed to achieve national success, it was well received in Texas. Nelson re-recorded the song and included it in several album releases. By early 1964, Nelson left Liberty Records after the release of his debut album, "...And Then I Wrote". At the time, Nelson was approached by Chet Atkins of RCA Records, who talked to him about Document [75] (Title: Country Willie: His Own Songs) writing outsider songs and singing in an outsider style. For all practical purposes, Chet was the ultimate Nashville insider.” Atkins and Nelson first worked together on the Christmas single “Pretty Paper” in November 1964, and in January and April 1965 recorded sessions that made up the bulk of "Country Willie: His Own Songs". It contains remakes of his best known compositions up to that time, such as “Night Life” and “Funny How Time Slips Away,” as well as newer songs like "Healing Hands of Time." Nelson later said of "One Day at a Time" and "It Should Be Easier Now," Document [76] (Title: Always on My Mind) 25th Grammy Awards in February 1983: songwriters Christopher, James and Carson won Song of the Year and Best Country Song; in addition, Nelson won for Best Male Country Vocal Performance. This version also won Country Music Association awards in two consecutive years: 1982 Song of the Year and 1983 Song of the Year for songwriters Christopher, James and Carson; 1982 Single of the Year for Nelson, and; contributed to Nelson winning 1982 Album of the Year for the album "Always on My Mind". Willie Nelson performed the number with Johnny Cash on the 1998 release of "". The song was Document [77] (Title: Willie Nelson) was inducted to the National Agricultural Hall of Fame, for his labor in Farm Aid and other fund raisers to benefit farmers. In 2015 Nelson won the Gershwin Prize, the lifetime award of the Library of Congress. In 2018 The Texas Institute of Letters inducted him among its members for his songwriting. He was included by "Rolling Stone" on its "100 Greatest Singers" and "100 Greatest Guitarists" lists. In 2003, Texas Governor Perry signed bill No. 2582, introduced by State Representative Elizabeth Ames Jones and Senator Jeff Wentworth, which funded the "Texas Music Project", the state's official music charity. Nelson Document [78] (Title: On the Road Again (Willie Nelson song)) On the Road Again (Willie Nelson song) "On the Road Again" is a song written and made famous by country music singer Willie Nelson. The song, about life on tour, came about when the executive producer of the film "Honeysuckle Rose" approached Nelson about writing the song for the film's soundtrack. "On the Road Again" became Nelson's 9th Country & Western No. 1 hit overall (6th as a solo recording act) in November 1980, and became one of Nelson's most recognizable tunes. In addition, the song reached No. 20 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, and No. 7 on the Adult Document [79] (Title: Roll Me Up and Smoke Me When I Die: Musings from the Road) by Micah Nelson, Willie Nelson's son. It is a follow up to two other books of similar nature: "The Tao of Willie: A Guide to the Happiness in Your Heart" and "". The book was a hit in the USA quickly reaching top 10 on "New York Times" Best Sellers List. The foreword was written by Kinky Friedman and the book contains illustrations by Nelson's son Micah Nelson. "The Telegraph" attributed the success of the book to be the "charming and rambling voice of one of the great modern musicians of America". The review rated the book with four stars Document [80] (Title: Willie Nelson) is seen in the film The Garden supporting the impoverished community South Central Farm in Southern Los Angeles. A supporter of the LGBT movement, Nelson published in 2006 through iTunes a version of Ned Sublette's "Cowboys Are Frequently, Secretly Fond of Each Other", that met instant success. During an interview with "Texas Monthly" in 2013, regarding the Defense of Marriage Act and Same-sex marriage in the United States, Nelson responded to a comparison the interviewer made with the Civil Rights Movement, stating: "We'll look back and say it was crazy that we ever even argued about this". He also presented Document [81] (Title: Willie Nelson) moved to Nashville, Tennessee, and later signed a publishing contract with Pamper Music which allowed him to join Ray Price's band as a bassist. In 1962, he recorded his first album, "...And Then I Wrote". Due to this success, Nelson signed in 1964 with RCA Victor and joined the Grand Ole Opry the following year. After mid-chart hits in the late 1960s and the early 1970s, Nelson retired in 1972 and moved to Austin, Texas. The ongoing music scene of Austin motivated Nelson to return from retirement, performing frequently at the Armadillo World Headquarters. In 1973, after signing with Atlantic Document [82] (Title: Crazy (Willie Nelson song)) Crazy (Willie Nelson song) "Crazy" is a ballad composed by Willie Nelson. It has been recorded by several artists, most notably by Patsy Cline, whose version was a No. 2 country hit in 1962. Partly due to the genre-blending nature of the song, it has been covered by dozens of artists in several genres over the years; nevertheless, the song remains inextricably linked with Cline. Nelson's own version appears on his 1962 debut album "...And Then I Wrote". With some help from a friend named Oliver English, Nelson wrote the song in early 1961; at the time he was a Document [83] (Title: Always on My Mind) "powerful production". Willie Nelson recorded and released the song in early 1982. It raced to number one on "Billboard" magazine's Hot Country Singles chart that May, spending two weeks on top and total of 21 weeks on the chart. The song also did very well on Top 40 radio, reaching number five on the "Billboard" Hot 100 for three weeks and staying on this chart for 23 weeks. In the year end charts, it was Billboard's biggest Country hit for 1982. This version also charted in a number of other countries. Nelson's version would result in three wins at the Document [84] (Title: Willie Nelson) co-authored by Mike Blakely, was Nelson's first fictional book. In 2012, it was announced the release of a new autobiography by Nelson, "". Released on November 13, it was named after the song from his album "Heroes". The book contained further biographical details, as well as family pictures and stories about Nelson's political views, as well as his advocation for marijuana. The artwork of the book was designed by Nelson's son, Micah, and the foreword written by Kinky Friedman. In 2015, the publication of a second Nelson autobiography entitled "" co-authored with David Ritz, the book was published on May Document [85] (Title: ...And Then I Wrote) ...And Then I Wrote ...And Then I Wrote is the debut studio album by country singer Willie Nelson, recorded during August and September 1962 and released through Liberty Records. Despite Nelson's fruitless efforts to succeed with his recording releases with D Records, and after trying with other labels as a singer, he sold several of his original written songs to other artists. After his composition "Family Bible" became a hit for Claude Gray in 1960, he moved to Nashville, where he was signed by Pamper Music as a songwriter. Several of his songs became hits for other artists, including Faron Document [86] (Title: Willie Nelson) Lounge, a bar near the Grand Ole Opry frequented by the show's stars and other singers and songwriters. There Nelson met Hank Cochran, a songwriter who worked for the publishing company Pamper Music, owned by Ray Price and Hal Smith. Cochran heard Nelson during a jam session with Buddy Emmons and Jimmy Day. Cochran had just earned a raise of $50 a week, but convinced Smith to pay Nelson the money instead to sign him to Pamper Music. On hearing Nelson sing "Hello Walls" at Tootsie's, Faron Young decided to record it. After Ray Price recorded Nelson's "Night Life", and Document [87] (Title: Willie Nelson) Bruce. Though observers predicted that "Stardust" would ruin his career, it went platinum the same year. Nelson continued to top the charts with hit songs during the late 1970s, including "Good Hearted Woman", "Remember Me", "If You've Got the Money I've Got the Time", and "Uncloudy Day". During the 1980s, Nelson recorded a series of hit singles including "Midnight Rider", a 1980 cover of the Allman Brothers song which Nelson recorded for "The Electric Horseman", the soundtrack "On the Road Again" from the movie "Honeysuckle Rose", and a duet with Julio Iglesias titled "To All the Girls I've Loved Before". Document [88] (Title: Tracy Nelson (singer)) "Four Walls"; the Everly Brothers' "I Wonder If I Care as Much" and a song based on a poem of her own composition, "Salt of the Earth". On November 4, 2011, Nelson performed and recorded with Angela Strehli, Annie Sampson, and Dorothy Morrison as the "Blues Broads" live from the Throckmorton Theatre. In 2013, Nelson was nominated for a Blues Music Award in the 'Koko Taylor Award (Traditional Blues Female)' category. In July 2015, Nelson sang at an "all-star" concert in Nashville, organized by the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum, to celebrate the "Dylan, Cash, and the Nashville Document [89] (Title: Dixie on My Mind) Dixie on My Mind "Dixie on My Mind" is a song written and recorded by American country music artist Hank Williams Jr.. It was released in May 1981 as the second single from the album "Rowdy". "Dixie on My Mind" was Hank Williams Jr.'s fourth number one on the country chart. The single went to number one for one week and spent nine weeks on the country chart. The song features Hank attempting to give big city life a fair shot (New York City in particular) but ends up feeling more dissatisfied than ever with city life, but is unable Document [90] (Title: Willie Nelson and Family) “Sunday Morning Coming Down” contained the poetic realism similar to his own lyrics. Nelson would rerecord the song on his tribute LP "Sings Kristofferson" in 1979. AllMusic: “Over the years, Nelson has shown that he sometimes looks at relationships differently than the average songwriter (such as ‘Crazy’), with a little more thought and from new perspectives. After all, not everyone's life is moon, June, and honeymoon. Two of the finest examples of the Willie way are on this album: ‘I'm A Memory’ and, especially, ‘What Can You Do to Me Now?’ Willie Nelson and Family Willie Nelson and Family is Document [91] (Title: Willie Nelson) In 1982, "Pancho & Lefty", a duet album with Merle Haggard produced by Chips Moman was released. During the recording sessions of "Pancho and Lefty", session guitarist Johnny Christopher and co-writer of "Always on My Mind", tried to pitch the song to an uninterested Haggard. Nelson, who was unaware of Elvis Presley's version of the song asked him to record it. Produced by Moman, the single of the song was released, as well as the album of the same name. The single topped "Billboard's" Hot Country Singles, while it reached number five on the Billboard Hot 100. The release won Document [92] (Title: Touch Me (Willie Nelson song)) Touch Me (Willie Nelson song) "Touch Me" is a song written by country music singer Willie Nelson. Leveraged by the success of his songs, Nelson moved to Nashville in 1960. Through songwriter Harlan Howard, Nelson was signed to write for Pamper Music, and to a recording contract with Liberty Records. Nelson recorded the song during his first recording session with producer Joe Allison in August 1961. "Touch Me" was released as his second single for the label. Following the success of his previous top-ten duet with Shirley Collie, the song reached number seven on "Billboard's" Hot Country Singles, becoming Nelson's Document [93] (Title: Got You on My Mind (Jean Shepard album)) was one of Shepard's first albums not to be recorded on the west coast in California. Instead, sessions for the album were held at the Bradley Film and Recording Studio in Nashville, Tennessee. Ken Nelson, a renowned west coast country figure, produced "Got You on My Mind" and was a producer of Shepard's previous sessions on the Capitol label. Background musicians (personnel) for "Got You on My Mind" consisted of The Nashville A-Team. These musicians played on many Nashville recording sessions during the late 1950s and early 1960s, including many of Shepard's. Songs chosen for the album were a variety Document [94] (Title: The Wall (Willie Nelson song)) on digital stores on the same day, while it was given for free to those who preordered the album. In June 2014, Nelson released through his website an acoustic version of the song. The Wall (Willie Nelson song) "The Wall" is a song written by country music singer Willie Nelson and producer Buddy Cannon. The track became the first single of Nelson's "Band of Brothers". In 2014, Nelson released the album "Band of Brothers", his first release composed of all songs written by him since the 1996 release of "Spirit". Nelson co-wrote the song with Buddy Cannon based on his Document [95] (Title: On the Road Again (Willie Nelson song)) the Grammy Hall of Fame. The song has also featured in several other films and TV series including "South Park", "Shrek", "Shameless", "Family Guy", "Forrest Gump", "The Littlest Hobo", "Monk", "Open Season 3" and "Dumb and Dumber To" which features Nelson rehearsing the song with his band. A live version of the song is featured in 2008 video game "Guitar Hero World Tour", while the studio version was released for "Rock Band" via the Rock Band Country Track Pack. The song appears in a 2016 TV commercial for the Volkswagen Passat with Willie making a cameo appearance driving alongside the Document [96] (Title: Leavin' on Your Mind) Leavin' on Your Mind "Leavin' on Your Mind" is a famous Country/Pop song written by Wayne Walker and Webb Pierce was popularized by Joyce Smith in 1962. Patsy Cline herself puts a wrinkle into this. The story goes that she was in Owen Bradley’s office one day, heard the record Smith made, and immediately wanted the song for herself. According to Smith, “He said, ‘no you can’t have it. I’m going to see what that Canadian gal does with it.’” Cline apparently said pretty please with sugar on top, but Bradley and the label wouldn’t back down. Smith’s single, released Document [97] (Title: Always on My Mind) a double sided hit reaching number 16 on "Billboard" magazine's Hot Country Singles chart in November 1972. In the UK "Always on My Mind" was the hit song and "Separate Ways" was the B-side. It was voted the number 1 song of Presley's recording career in a poll conducted by ITV in 2013. In 1979, John Wesley Ryles reached number 20 on the US country charts with his rendition, entitled "You Are Always on My Mind", from the album "Let the Night Begin". The rendition was produced by Bob Montgomery. A review in "Billboard" praised the "brightly mixed vocals" and Document [98] (Title: Touch Me (Willie Nelson song)) first solo chart success. During his time in Houston, Nelson sold his original "Family Bible", that turned into a hit for Claude Gray. Despite that he was not credited as the songwriter on the record, he took advantage of the recognition that the song granted him, and moved to Nashville in 1960. While he joined Ray Price's band as a bass player, his songs became hits for other artists, including "Funny How Time Slips Away" (Billy Walker), "Pretty Paper" (Roy Orbison), and, most famously, "Crazy" by Patsy Cline. Leveraged by his prominence as a songwriter in Nashville, Tennessee. Nelson met Document [99] (Title: Mark James (songwriter)) songs, "Raised On Rock", "It's Only Love", and "Moody Blue" (the title track to Presley's last studio album). But James' greatest success came with "Always On My Mind," a collaboration with Johnny Christopher and Wayne Carson and issued as a b-side by Presley in 1972. Mark James Trio Released the album "She's Gone Away" 1978 Crazy Cajun Records with fellow band members Joey Longoria and Bobby Winder. A decade after "Always on My Mind" was released, Willie Nelson covered it and it became a huge hit for him. James won a Grammy Award for Song of the Year and Grammy Document [100] (Title: Always on My Mind (Willie Nelson album)) Johnny Christopher's "Always on My Mind". Haggard had no interest in recording a version of the song for the album, so instead Nelson recorded his own version—the first for the album entitled "Always on My Mind". In his autobiography, Nelson stated: "We'll never know what would have happened if Merle had really heard the song right. 'Always on My Mind' bowled me over the moment I first heard it, which is one way I pick songs to record". The rest of the album was constituted by adult-contemporary and pop standards, such as "Do Right Woman, Do Right Man" and Paul Document [101] (Title: Wake Me When It's Over (Willie Nelson song)) took advantage of the recognition that the song granted him, and moved to Nashville in 1960. While he joined Ray Price's band as a bass player, his songs became hits for other artists, including "Funny How Time Slips Away" (Billy Walker), "Pretty Paper" (Roy Orbison), and, most famously, "Crazy" by Patsy Cline. Leveraged by his prominence as a songwriter, he was signed as a recording artist by Liberty Records in 1961. "Wake Me When it's Over" was recorded during Nelson's second session with the label. Producer Joe Allison took him to Radio Recorders, on September 11–12, 1961. Nelson's backing included: Question: who wrote willie nelson always on my mind Answer: Johnny Christopher Long Answer: "Always on My Mind" is a song by Johnny Christopher, Mark James, and Wayne Carson, recorded first by Gwen McCrae (as "You Were Always on My Mind") and Brenda Lee in 1972 . The song has been a crossover hit, charting in both the country and western and pop categories. Gold Document ID: 100

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: The Last Thing on My Mind) The Last Thing on My Mind "The Last Thing on My Mind" is a song written by American musician and singer-songwriter Tom Paxton in the early 1960s and recorded first by Paxton in 1964. The song was released on Paxton's 1964 album "Ramblin' Boy", which was his first album released on Elektra Records. The song remains one of Paxton's best-known compositions. The song has since been recorded by dozens of artists, including: Porter Wagoner and Dolly Parton's 1967 duet recording of "The Last Thing on My Mind", their first single as a duet act, reached the top ten at number Document [2] (Title: Country Willie: His Own Songs) "These are songs of a very personal nature, but everyone can apply them to their own situation." Nelson biographer Joe Nick Potoski observes: In his 2015 memoir, Nelson said of the LP: In 1975, a similarly-titled compilation album was released on United Artists. Titled simply "Country Willie", it was a collection of B-sides and album tracks from Nelson's tenure at Liberty Records. AllMusic writes, "While some of these tunes showed up in their original versions on the United Artist album "Best of Willie Nelson", this is still worth tracking down.” Nelson biographer Joe Nick Potoski notes, “Sales were puny, the Document [3] (Title: Stardust (Willie Nelson album)) produce an entire standards album for him. Nelson selected his ten favorite pop songs from his childhood, starting with "Stardust". Nelson and his sister Bobbie had sheet music for the song that he had tried to perform with his guitar, but did not like that arrangement. Jones adapted the song for Nelson, who also picked for the album "Georgia on My Mind", "Blue Skies", "All of Me", "Unchained Melody", "September Song", "On the Sunny Side of the Street", "Moonlight in Vermont", "Don't Get Around Much Anymore" and "Someone to Watch Over Me". The executives of Columbia Records were not convinced Document [4] (Title: Suspicious Minds) played on both the James and Presley versions. The song is about a mistrusting and dysfunctional relationship, and the need of the characters to overcome their issues in order to maintain it. Written in 1968 by Mark James, who was also co-writer of "Always on My Mind" (which Presley would later record), the song was first recorded and released by James on Scepter Records in 1968. Chips Moman had asked James to come to Memphis to write songs for American Sound Studio. At the time, James was residing in Houston. James had written three songs that became number one hits Document [5] (Title: On the Road Again (Willie Nelson song)) song on his 2014 album "A Letter Home". "Forever Country", a promotional single released in 2016, features the song as a medley with "I Will Always Love You" and "Take Me Home, Country Roads". Jerry Reed sang part of "On the Road Again" in his hit "The Bird": "The life I love is makin' money with my friend...". Phish performed the song during the encore of their show on August 6, 2017, closing out their record-setting 13-night "Baker's Dozen" residency and 52nd show played at Madison Square Garden. On the Road Again (Willie Nelson song) "On the Road Again" is Document [6] (Title: Here's Willie Nelson) album, "...And Then I Wrote" for Liberty in 1962. He scored a Top 10 hit with “Touch Me,” but the LP was not a huge seller. Against his better judgement, Nelson would allow his songs to be heavily augmented when he returned to the studio, later admitting, “I didn’t argue. In those days, big productions like Johnny Cash’s ‘Ring of Fire’ were huge hits. So if it worked for Johnny, maybe it’d work for me. I went along with the program.” After failing to deliver a hit for Liberty, Joe Allison, who produced Nelson’s debut, was replaced by Tommy Allsup, Document [7] (Title: Evil on Your Mind) recorded this song on her 1968 Capitol recording "Misty Blue", where it is attributed to Harlan Howard of Wilderness Music. Evil on Your Mind "Evil on Your Mind" is the name of a popular Country music song, originally made famous by Grand Ole Opry star Jan Howard in 1966. In the mid-'60s, Jan Howard was not acquiring any significant hits. Only one of her songs hit the Top 20: in 1960, "The One You Slip Around With" hit No. 13. In 1966, Howard wrote and released her first single of the year, "Evil on Your Mind". The song was written Document [8] (Title: Always on My Mind (Willie Nelson album)) Simon's "Bridge Over Troubled Water", as well as re-recordings of his own songs including "Permanently Lonely" (originally recorded for 1969's "Good Times" LP) and "The Party's Over" (originally recorded for "The Party's Over" released in 1967). A 2003 re-release of the album included two bonus tracks: "The Man Who Owes Everyone" and "I'm a Memory" (another re-recording of an earlier release). Always on My Mind (Willie Nelson album) Always on My Mind is the twenty-seventh studio album by country singer Willie Nelson. It was the Billboard number one country album of the year for 1982, and stayed 253 weeks on Document [9] (Title: You Better Keep It on Your Mind) him seriously. The second voice on the recording is speculated to be Hank Snow. You Better Keep It on Your Mind "You Better Keep It on Your Mind" is a song by Hank Williams. It was composed by Williams and Vic McAlpin and released as a posthumous single by Williams in 1954 on MGM Records. The B-side was "Low Down Blues." McAplin was a staff songwriter at Acuff-Rose and had made minor contributions to Hank's "Long Gone Lonesome Blues" while the pair went on a fishing trip. Thematically, "You Better Keep It on Your Mind" is similar to "You're Gonna Document [10] (Title: Wayne Carson) the Box Tops. Carson's song "Always on My Mind" won Grammy awards in 1983 for Song of the Year and Best Country Song; in 1982 it reached No. 1 on the Billboard Country charts. The Country Music Association named it the Song of the Year in 1982 and 1983. Also in 1982, The Nashville Songwriters Association International named it Song of the Year and the Academy of Country Music named it Single of the Year. In 1997 Carson was inducted into the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame. Carson died on July 20, 2015, aged 72, after suffering from various ailments Document [11] (Title: Willie Nelson) the second version of the bus the same year. Nelson changed his tour bus in 1996, 2005 and 2013, currently touring on the "Honeysuckle Rose V". Willie Nelson Willie Hugh Nelson (born April 29, 1933) is an American musician, singer, songwriter, author, poet, actor, and activist. The critical success of the album "Shotgun Willie" (1973), combined with the critical and commercial success of "Red Headed Stranger" (1975) and "Stardust" (1978), made Nelson one of the most recognized artists in country music. He was one of the main figures of outlaw country, a subgenre of country music that developed in the Document [12] (Title: Willie Nelson) 5, 2015. "Pretty Paper", another collaboration with Ritz was published the following year. In 2002, Nelson became the official spokesman of the Texas Roadhouse, a chain of steakhouses. Nelson heavily promoted the chain and appeared on a special on Food Network. The chain installed "Willie's Corner", a section dedicated to him and decked out with Willie memorabilia, at several locations. In 2008, Nelson reopened Willie's Place, a truck stop in Carl's Corner, Texas. The U.S. Bankruptcy Court allowed Nelson to invest in it. The establishment had about 80 employees and was used as a concert hall with a bar and Document [13] (Title: Willie Nelson) University, San Marcos, Texas. The collection contains lyrics, screenplays, letters, concert programs, tour itineraries, posters, articles, clippings, personal effects, promotional items, souvenirs, and documents. It documents Nelson's IRS troubles and how Farm Aid contributions were used. Most of the material was collected by Nelson's friend Bill Wittliff, who wrote or co-wrote "Honeysuckle Rose", "Barbarosa" and "Red Headed Stranger". In 2014, Nelson donated his personal collection to the Dolph Briscoe Center for American History. The items include photographs, correspondence, song manuscripts, posters, certificate records, awards, signed books, screenplays, personal items and gifts and tributes from Nelson's fans. In April 2010, Nelson Document [14] (Title: Pretty Paper (book)) co-authored by David Ritz. In the fictional account, Nelson decides to learn more about the man, who he learns to be a fellow musician. The man by the name of Vernon Clay initially resists his inquires, eventually later showing Nelson his proficiency on the guitar and singing. Pretty Paper (book) Pretty Paper is a Christmas novel co-written by Willie Nelson and David Ritz. The book presents a fictional account about the life of the street vendor who inspired the song of the same name. In 1963, Nelson wrote the song "Pretty Paper", inspired by a street vendor he often saw Document [15] (Title: Wake Me When It's Over (Willie Nelson song)) My House" spent two weeks on "Cashbox's" Country singles, peaking at 47. Nelson re-recorded the song for his 1972 album "The Willie Way". Wake Me When It's Over (Willie Nelson song) "Wake Me When It's Over" is a song written by country music singer Willie Nelson. After being signed as a recording artist to Liberty Records in 1961, the song was recorded during his second session with the label in September 1961 at Radio Recorders. Selected as the A-side of one of the promotional singles, the song failed to chart. While he lived in Houston, Texas Nelson sold his original Document [16] (Title: Country Willie: His Own Songs) was strong,” Nelson later remembered, “but the public’s reception remained lukewarm. It was my live performances...that helped me cultivate a small but loyal following.” With the arrival of The Beatles in 1963, Liberty abandoned their country division and, after a stint as a pig farmer in Ridgetop, Tennessee, Nelson was signed to RCA by Chet Atkins. Nelson admired Atkins, but also had reservations: “I liked Chet. I had great respect for his hit-making history and, of course, his own masterful musicianship. I had a feeling, though, that like so many others on Music Row, Chet saw me as an outsider Document [17] (Title: Touch Me (Willie Nelson song)) "Billboard" charts nor did it originally appear on an album. Touch Me (Willie Nelson song) "Touch Me" is a song written by country music singer Willie Nelson. Leveraged by the success of his songs, Nelson moved to Nashville in 1960. Through songwriter Harlan Howard, Nelson was signed to write for Pamper Music, and to a recording contract with Liberty Records. Nelson recorded the song during his first recording session with producer Joe Allison in August 1961. "Touch Me" was released as his second single for the label. Following the success of his previous top-ten duet with Shirley Collie, the song Document [18] (Title: Willie Nelson and Family) “Today I Started Loving You Again,” written by Merle Haggard and Bonnie Owens. Haggard would appear at Nelson’s first Dripping Springs Picnic in 1974 and record several duet albums with Nelson. In his 2015 autobiography Nelson wrote: Nelson, who covered Joni Mitchell and Fred Neil on his "Both Sides Now" album, continued to show his appreciation for the new generation of singer-songwriters of the youth culture at the time by recording James Taylor’s “Fire and Rain.” Nelson had also started cutting material by more progressive country tune-smiths like Mickey Newbury and, on this album, Kris Kristofferson, a “brilliant writer” whose Document [19] (Title: Crazy (Willie Nelson song)) Laura Bush, who said it was one of her favorite songs. Europe Single Notable versions include those recorded by Linda Ronstadt who reached #6 on Billboard's Country chart with her version in 1977, Julio Iglesias (hit in the Netherlands, UK and New Zealand), Kenny Rogers (Kenny Rogers version is a completely different song he wrote himself), The Kills, Dottie West, Kidneythieves, LeAnn Rimes, Shirley Bassey, Guy Lombardo, Chaka Khan, Don McLean (Don McClean's is also a completely different song titled, "Crazy Eyes") and The Waifs. "(Rogers also wrote and recorded another song with the title "Crazy", which topped the charts Document [20] (Title: ...And Then I Wrote) record the duet "Willingly," a Cochran composition. The record was released on September 1962. "Touch Me" was released as a single, becoming Nelson's second top ten single, reaching No. 7 on Billboard's Hot Country Singles chart. "Billboard" wrote a review about the single, describing it as an "interesting country-styled tune" with "good" lyrics. "AllMusic" rated the album with four stars out of five. ...And Then I Wrote ...And Then I Wrote is the debut studio album by country singer Willie Nelson, recorded during August and September 1962 and released through Liberty Records. Despite Nelson's fruitless efforts to succeed with his Document [21] (Title: Outlaw country) Joe Shaver. Like Steve Young, Shaver never made it big, but his 1973 album "Old Five and Dimers Like Me" is considered a country classic in the outlaw genre. Willie Nelson's career as a songwriter in Nashville peaked in the late 1960s. As a songwriter, he had written a number of major pop-crossover hits, including "Crazy" for Patsy Cline and "Hello Walls" for Faron Young, but as a singer, he was getting nowhere. He left Nashville in 1971 to return to Texas. The musicians he met in Austin had been developing the folk and rock influenced country music that grew Document [22] (Title: Willie Nelson) amount and Nelson cleared his debts by 1993. During the 1990s and 2000s, Nelson toured continuously, recording several albums including 1998's critically acclaimed "Teatro", and performed and recorded with other acts including Phish, Johnny Cash, and Toby Keith. His duet with Keith, "Beer for My Horses", was released as a single and topped the "Billboard" Hot Country Songs charts for six consecutive weeks in 2003, while the accompanying video won an award for "Best Video" at the 2004 Academy of Country Music Awards. A USA Network television special celebrated Nelson's 70th birthday, and Nelson released "The Essential Willie Nelson" as Document [23] (Title: Willie Nelson) the release entering at number nine. His following release was "Band of Brothers", in 2014, the first Nelson album to feature the most newly self-penned songs since 1996's "Spirit". Upon its release, it topped "Billboard's" Top Country albums chart, the first time since 1986's "The Promiseland", the last Nelson album to top it. The release reached number five on the "Billboard" 200, Nelson's highest position on the chart since 1982's "Always on My Mind". In December 2014, a duet with Rhonda Vincent, "Only Me", topped "Bluegrass Unlimited's" National Airplay chart. In June 2015, his collaboration with Haggard "Django and Jimmie" Document [24] (Title: Willie Got Me Stoned) night with Nelson. Johnson refers to the night which he played poker with Nelson, and he lost consciousness, lost pride, and all hope when he got stoned with Nelson. During that night the two men also went out and smoked pot together. Johnson originally composed the song before "Farm Aid 2015" in Saratoga Springs when he performed the song off of a sheet of paper he wrote on. Then the title of the song was ""Willie Got Me Stoned and Stole All of my Money."" The song was recorded in the summer of 2017 at the 11th show of his Document [25] (Title: I Always Get Lucky with You) 1994 video retrospective "Golden Hits", Jones recalled that he "sung it around Nashville at some of the clubs to try and get used to it before I went into the studio and it came off great. It's a great song. Merle Haggard wrote a good one there." Jones, who was about to hit rock bottom after spending most of the previous decade in a booze and drug-crazed wasteland, delivered a sterling performance, which became the last chart topper of his career, ironically bumping off "Pancho and Lefty," Haggard's hit duet with Willie Nelson. Haggard would record the song again in Document [26] (Title: I'm Alive (Willie Nelson song)) said that he was inspired to write the song after his divorce from actress Renée Zellweger: "Writing that song was a release. It was the best I'd felt in a long time after I wrote that song." Chesney's version of the song is set in the key of E major, with a vocal range from B3 to F5 and a main chord progression of E-E+/G-A-Am. It is primarily accompanied by acoustic guitar, organ, and light percussion. CM Wilcox of The 9513 gave the song a thumbs-down review. He said that the song had "somewhat ambitious" lyrics, and made note of Document [27] (Title: Willie’s Stash, Vol. 1: December Day) the road. Recorded at Pedernales Recordings studio, the album was produced by Buddy Cannon and engineered by Steve Chadie. The liner notes were written by Mickey Raphael. The album includes two original songs newly written by Nelson, as well as new versions of old compositions. With the addition of covers, including Irving Berlin's "Alexander's Ragtime Band" and "What'll I Do". Two singles of the album were released on November 21, 2014. "Laws of Nature" was premiered on Nelson's Sirius XM channel Willie's Roadhouse, while the single and video of "Who'll Buy My Memories" was premiered on "Rolling Stone Country". The Document [28] (Title: Johnny Bush) like Dale Watson and Cornell Hurd sought him out to play on their albums. In 2003, he was inducted into the Texas Country Music Hall of Fame with his lifelong friend Willie Nelson on hand to induct him. In 2007 he released his autobiography, with the aide of Rick Mitchell: "Whiskey River (Take My Mind): The True Story of Texas Honky-Tonk", published by University of Texas Press. A new album, "Kashmere Garden Mud: A Tribute to Houston’s Country Soul" was released on the Icehouse label at the same time. With the success of his recent Botox treatments for his vocal Document [29] (Title: Country music) form of popular music in America." During the early 1980s, country artists continued to see their records perform well on the pop charts. Willie Nelson and Juice Newton each had two songs in the top 5 of the Billboard Hot 100 in the early eighties: Nelson charted "Always on My Mind" (No. 5, 1982) and "To All the Girls I've Loved Before" (No. 5, 1984, a duet with Julio Iglesias), and Newton achieved success with "Queen of Hearts" (No. 2, 1981) and "Angel of the Morning" (No. 4, 1981). Four country songs topped the "Billboard" Hot 100 in the 1980s: Document [30] (Title: Leavin' on Your Mind) album was a huge hit and is still being sold today. (If You've Got) "Leavin' On Your Mind", written by Wayne Walker and Webb Pierce was first recorded by Joyce Smith in September 1961 and was released in March 1962. She had just signed with Decca Records. The Smith version peaked at #126 in the Music Vendor charts w/e 4/9/62. Joyce found herself in Nashville's famed Columbia Studios working with the Legendary Owen Bradley, The Jordanaires, and session players the likes of Pete Drake, Buddy Harmon, Harold Bradley, Billy Grammer and Bobby Moore. The week she recorded Leavin' On Your Document [31] (Title: The Last Thing on My Mind) six on the U.S. country music singles chart in December of that year. It is performed by the Punch Brothers and Stark Sands in the soundtrack of the Coen Brothers' film "Inside Llewyn Davis" (2013). The Last Thing on My Mind "The Last Thing on My Mind" is a song written by American musician and singer-songwriter Tom Paxton in the early 1960s and recorded first by Paxton in 1964. The song was released on Paxton's 1964 album "Ramblin' Boy", which was his first album released on Elektra Records. The song remains one of Paxton's best-known compositions. The song has since Document [32] (Title: Crazy (Willie Nelson song)) he breaks a guitar string and ends up playing Crazy using Johnny's guitar. According to the Ellis Nassour biography "Patsy Cline", Nelson, who at that time was known as a struggling songwriter by the name of Hugh Nelson, was a regular at Tootsie's Orchid Lounge on Nashville's Lower Broadway, where he frequented with friends Kris Kristofferson and Roger Miller, both unknown songwriters at that time. Nelson met Cline's husband, Charlie Dick, at the bar one evening and pitched the song to him. Dick took the track home and played it for Cline, who absolutely hated it at first because Nelson's Document [33] (Title: I Never Cared For You) Houston. Nelson soon after resumed talks with Chet Atkins, and left Monument to join RCA Records. The song became a recurrent track in Nelson's albums. He released new versions of the song with his albums "Me & Paul", "A Horse Called Music", "Teatro" and "December Day". I Never Cared For You "I Never Cared For You" is a song written by country music singer Willie Nelson. Nelson recorded the song during his stint with Monument Records, and eventually became his only single released by the label. While the release failed to achieve national success, it was well received in Texas. Document [34] (Title: Cowboys Are Frequently, Secretly Fond of Each Other) the song wrote itself". The song was written during the "Urban Cowboy" fad while living with his wife in Manhattan next to a gay country bar on Christopher Street called Boots and Saddles. He explains, "Gay life in 1981 was very vibrant in those days. It was part of the culture of the city and cowboy imagery is a part of gay iconography." He wrote the song with Nelson's voice in mind: "I was at the beginning of my songwriting career … and used to like writing songs for my favorite voices. I've been a Willie fan since the '60s." Document [35] (Title: Willie Nelson) of all time. Nelson signed with Liberty Records and was recording by August 1961 at Quonset Hut Studio. His first two successful singles as an artist were released by the next year, including "Willingly" (a duet with his soon-to-be second wife, Shirley Collie, which became his first charting single and first Top Ten at No. 10) and "Touch Me" (his second Top Ten, stalling at No. 7). Nelson's tenure at Liberty yielded his first album entitled "...And Then I Wrote", released in September 1962. In 1963 Collie and Nelson were married in Las Vegas. He then worked on the west Document [36] (Title: Always on My Mind) with their own versions: Elvis Presley in 1972; John Wesley Ryles in 1979; Willie Nelson's Grammy Award-winning version in 1982; Pet Shop Boys in 1987. Elvis Presley recorded his version of "Always on My Mind" on March 29, 1972, a few weeks after his February separation from wife Priscilla. The song received immense fame and critical appreciation and is considered one of the standout songs of the '70s for Elvis. The song was released as the B-side of the "Separate Ways" single, which reached Gold status in the U.S for sales of over a million copies. It was listed as Document [37] (Title: Crazy (Willie Nelson song)) demo "spoke" the lyrics ahead of and behind the beat, about which an annoyed Cline remarked that she "couldn't sing like that". However, Cline's producer, Owen Bradley, loved the song and arranged it in the ballad form in which it was later recorded. On Loretta Lynn's album "I Remember Patsy", Bradley reported that as Cline was still recovering from a recent automobile accident that nearly took her life, she'd had difficulty reaching the high notes of the song on the original production night due to her broken ribs. So after about four hours of trying – in the days of Document [38] (Title: Pretty Paper (song)) more with his sister Bobbie Nelson for their 1997 album "Hill Country Christmas". There have been numerous cover versions of the song, by artists including Glen Campbell (1968), Mickey Gilley (1976), Randy Travis (1986), Asleep at the Wheel (1997), Kenny Chesney (2003), Chris Isaak (2004), Reverend Horton Heat (2005), Emmy Rossum (2013), The Lumineers (2018), and dozens of others. Pretty Paper (song) "Pretty Paper" is a song written by country music singer-songwriter Willie Nelson in 1963. After being signed to Monument Records, Nelson played the song for producer Fred Foster. Foster pitched the song to Roy Orbison, who turned it Document [39] (Title: The Part Where I Cry) into a hit for Claude Gray. Despite that he was not credited as the songwriter on the record, he took advantage of the recognition that the song granted him, and moved to Nashville in 1960. While he joined Ray Price's band as a bass player, his songs became hits for other artists, including "Funny How Time Slips Away" (Billy Walker), "Pretty Paper" (Roy Orbison), and, most famously, "Crazy" by Patsy Cline. Leveraged by his prominence as a songwriter in Nashville, Tennessee, and after his friend Harlan Howard forwarded his songs to producer Joe Allison, Nelson was signed to Liberty Records Document [40] (Title: Cowboys Are Frequently, Secretly Fond of Each Other) ways than one. I want people to know more than anything—gay, straight, whatever—just how cool Willie is and … his way of thinking, his tolerance, everything about him." Nelson's version of the song is his highest charting solo single since his 1984 duet with Julio Iglesias "To All the Girls I've Loved Before" (number 5), debuting at number 52 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart, which Nelson last appeared on with the Toby Keith duet "Beer for My Horses". The song was also well received by critics. Pitchfork Media's Stephen M. Deusner rated the song four out of four stars Document [41] (Title: Both Sides Now (Willie Nelson album)) last collaboration with her husband), and Jimmy Day on bass. The album contains a new version of “I Gotta Get Drunk,” a song Nelson wrote in Houston before moving to Nashville in 1960, as well as “Bloody Mary Morning," a tune destined to become a highlight in the Texan’s live shows. In his 2015 autobiography, Nelson admitted the song was taken from his own unhappy experiences as a drinker: "Both Sides Now" contains the country standards “Wabash Cannonball” and “Crazy Arms,” but what is most striking about the collection is the inclusion of material far beyond the confines of Nashville, Document [42] (Title: Always on My Mind (Willie Nelson album)) Always on My Mind (Willie Nelson album) Always on My Mind is the twenty-seventh studio album by country singer Willie Nelson. It was the Billboard number one country album of the year for 1982, and stayed 253 weeks on the Billboard Top Country Albums charts, peaking at number one for a total of 22 weeks, as well as spending 99 weeks on the "Billboard" 200 for all albums, peaking at number two for 3 weeks. During the recording sessions for Nelson's collaboration album with Merle Haggard, "Pancho & Lefty", the producer Chips Moman and Bobby Emmons suggested that they record Document [43] (Title: Pretty Paper (song)) Pretty Paper (song) "Pretty Paper" is a song written by country music singer-songwriter Willie Nelson in 1963. After being signed to Monument Records, Nelson played the song for producer Fred Foster. Foster pitched the song to Roy Orbison, who turned it into a hit. Nelson recorded his own version of the song in November 1964. The song tells the story of a street vendor who, during the holiday season, sells pencils and paper on the streets. In October 1963, while walking in his farm in Ridgetop, Tennessee, Nelson was inspired to write the song after he remembered a man he Document [44] (Title: ...And Then I Wrote) before finally moving to Nashville: "Within an astounding short period of time – a week or two – I'd written a suite of songs that reflected my real-life situation. I knew these songs were damn good, but at the same time, I didn't know what to do with them." Nelson unconsciously borrowed the first few notes of "Crazy" from the Floyd Tillman song "I Gotta Have My Baby Back." "Hello Walls" was written after Nelson had been hired by Pamper Music. Initially collaborating with Hank Cochran, he was nervous at first, realising "this was creativity on demand," and later recalling: Document [45] (Title: ...And Then I Wrote) Young ("Hello Walls"); Ray Price ("Night Life") and Patsy Cline ("Crazy"). Fueled by the success of his songwriting, he was signed by Liberty Records. During August, Nelson started recording his first album, produced by Joe Allison. The single releases of the album "Touch Me" and "The Part Where I Cry" were recorded on that day in Nashville, Tennessee, while it was completed during September in the recording facilities of the label in Los Angeles, California. The single "Touch Me" became Nelson's second top ten, reaching number 7 on Billboard's Hot Country Singles. In 1958, Nelson released under a contract with Document [46] (Title: Always on My Mind) Always on My Mind "Always on My Mind" is a song by Johnny Christopher, Mark James, and Wayne Carson, recorded first by B.J. Thomas in 1969, then Gwen McCrae (as "You Were Always on My Mind") and Brenda Lee in 1972. The song has been a crossover hit, charting in both the country and western and pop categories. AllMusic lists over 300 recorded releases of the song in versions by dozens of performers. While Brenda Lee's version had stalled at number 45 on the country charts in 1972, other performers reached the top 20 in the United States and elsewhere Document [47] (Title: Here's Willie Nelson) Here's Willie Nelson Here's Willie Nelson is the second studio album by country singer Willie Nelson. After working as a disc jockey in Texas and Oregon, Nelson moved to Nashville in 1960 in hopes of making a living as a songwriter and recording artist. He found work writing compositions for Pamper Music and scored his first hit when Faron Young recorded “Hello Walls.” More hits followed, including Patsy Cline’s classic rendition of “Crazy,” but Nelson, who played bass on tour with Ray Price during this period, wanted to be a recording artist in his own right, and recorded his debut Document [48] (Title: Mark James (songwriter)) Award for Best Country Song for Nelson's version. The United Kingdom's Pet Shop Boys released a successfully charting version of "Always On My Mind" in 1987 which reached #1 in the U.K. and #4 in the United States. On October 11, 2015 in Nashville Tennessee, James entered the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame along with Rosanne Cash, Even Stevens, and several others. Mark James (songwriter) Mark James (born Francis Rodney Zambon, 1940) is an American songwriter who wrote hits for singers B.J. Thomas, Brenda Lee, and Elvis Presley, most notably Presley's last U.S. number one hit single, "Suspicious Minds." Mark Document [49] (Title: Leavin' on Your Mind) Mind in Nashville at the old Columbia Studios, Patsy Cline came into Owen Bradley's office and he played Joyce's record for her, she immediately loved the tune and wanted to record it but Owen said no, we'll wait and see what this Canadian girl does with it. Joyce Smith was one of only a handful to have her early records sell in excess of 100,000 copies in the U.S. which Decca said was a major hit for a first record. Joyce recorded several singles for Decca in the 60's. Her many years of superb performances at rodeos, on TV, and Document [50] (Title: Jimmy Nelson (singer)) led by Joe Liggins and Roy Milton, and playing venues including the Apollo and Howard theaters. He cut singles for a number of labels including Kent, Music City, Paradise and All Boy, and Chess (including for them the 1955 "Free and Easy Mind"). In 1955, Nelson married Nettie (who has since died) and adopted Houston, Texas as his hometown. For the next 20 years, Nelson settled down and took a job working construction, though he continued to write songs and sit in with bands. In the 1980s, Nelson came to the wider attention of blues fans when Ace issued ten Document [51] (Title: Chips Moman) albums by Willie Nelson, Gary Stewart, Tammy Wynette, Ronnie Milsap, and Petula Clark. After a brief return to Memphis in the mid-1980s, during which time his attempt to open a new studio floundered, he settled in LaGrange, Georgia, where he operated another recording studio. Moman recorded the first demo cut on the song "Always on My Mind". Mark James was working for him as a session musician and Wayne Carson was in the studio recording songs, Carson asking the co-writers to add a bridge to the song that Moman insisted it needed. The musicians felt the song was complete, but Document [52] (Title: On the Road Again (Willie Nelson song)) road to use as the theme song. Nelson quickly wrote the song on a barf bag. The tune featured a "train beat". The song was released with Nelson's 1980 album "Honeysuckle Rose", reaching the first position on "Billboard's" top country albums, while it ranked twenty on the "Billboard" Hot 100. Nelson received a Grammy Award for Best Country Song, while he was nominated for Best Original Song during the 53rd Academy Awards. In 2004, "Rolling Stone" ranked it No. 471 on its list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. In 2011, "On the Road Again" was inducted to Document [53] (Title: Willie Nelson) a disc jockey in Texas radio stations and a singer in honky-tonks. Nelson moved to Vancouver, Washington, where he wrote "Family Bible" and recorded the song "Lumberjack" in 1956. He also worked as a disc jockey at various radio stations in Vancouver and nearby Portland Oregon. In 1958, he moved to Houston, Texas, after signing a contract with D Records. He sang at the Esquire Ballroom weekly and he worked as a disk jockey. During that time, he wrote songs that would become country standards, including "Funny How Time Slips Away", "Hello Walls", "Pretty Paper", and "Crazy". In 1960 he Document [54] (Title: Always on My Mind) also featured on a December 2009 ASPCA commercial. The single was certified Platinum by the RIAA signifying U. S. sales in excess of two million. In 2008, the single was inducted to the Grammy Hall of Fame. Nelson's version was also featured, in its entirety, in a season two (2013) episode of the HBO television series "The Newsroom". In 1987, the Pet Shop Boys performed a synthpop version of "Always on My Mind" on "Love Me Tender", a television special on the ITV network in the UK. Commemorating the tenth anniversary of Presley's death, the programme featured various popular acts Document [55] (Title: Country Willie: His Own Songs) one exception being Texas, where the album solidified Willie’s standing as a genuine Nashville star, one sure way to sell tickets to a show.” All tracks composed by Willie Nelson; except where noted. Country Willie: His Own Songs Country Willie: His Own Songs is the third studio album by country singer Willie Nelson. This was Nelson's third album, his first for RCA Victor. Liberty released Nelson’s first two albums, "...And Then I Wrote" and "Here’s Willie Nelson", in 1962 and 1963 respectively, after country stars like Faron Young, Billy Walker, and Patsy Cline had scored huge hits with his songs. Document [56] (Title: Shirley Collie Nelson) and she is credited with writing his singles "I Hope So" (1969) and "Once More With Feeling" (1970). After she discovered Nelson had fathered a daughter with Connie Koepke, who would become his third wife, their marriage fell apart and they divorced in 1971. In the years following, however, she would perform and yodel with Nelson when he toured in Missouri until she retired; and the two collaborated on her 2009 book, "Memoir: Scrapbooks in My Mind: Featuring Shirley and Willie Nelson and Many Others". From 1987–89, Nelson worked for the state of Missouri with the mentally disabled. She continued Document [57] (Title: Pretty Paper (book)) Pretty Paper (book) Pretty Paper is a Christmas novel co-written by Willie Nelson and David Ritz. The book presents a fictional account about the life of the street vendor who inspired the song of the same name. In 1963, Nelson wrote the song "Pretty Paper", inspired by a street vendor he often saw in Fort Worth, Texas during the Christmas season that sold pencils on the door of a department store. The song was later made famous by Roy Orbison, while Nelson recorded his own version in 1979. Published on October 25, 2016 by Penguin Random House the book was Document [58] (Title: Crazy (Willie Nelson song)) for the object of his affection. Patsy Cline was already a country music superstar and looking for material to extend a string of hits. She picked it as a follow-up to her previous big hit "I Fall to Pieces". "Crazy", its complex melody suiting Cline's vocal talent perfectly, was released in late 1961, immediately became another huge hit for Cline and widened the crossover audience she had established with her prior hits. It spent 21 weeks on the chart and eventually became one of her signature tunes. Cline's version is No. 85 on "Rolling Stone"s list of The 500 Greatest Document [59] (Title: Touch Me (Willie Nelson song)) had "appeal for both pop and country & western". "Touch Me" was the same year included on Nelson's debut album "...And Then I Wrote". The single release became Nelson's first chart success as a solo artist, while it would become Nelson's last top ten hit in thirteen years until the release of "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain" in 1975. The song was subsequently covered by Dottie West in 1963 and released as a single the same year. It was her first single release with RCA Victor Records and was produced by Chet Atkins. West's version did not enter any Document [60] (Title: Crazy (Willie Nelson song)) journeyman singer-songwriter who had written several hits for other artists but had not yet had a significant recording of his own. Nelson originally wrote the song for country singer Billy Walker who turned it down for the same reason Roy Drusky turned down "I Fall to Pieces" the previous year - that it was "a girl's song". The song's eventual success helped launch Nelson as a performer as well as a songwriter. Musically the song is a jazz-pop ballad with country overtones and a complex melody. The lyrics describe the singer's state of bemusement at the singer's own helpless love Document [61] (Title: I'm Alive (Willie Nelson song)) his 2008 album "Moment of Forever", which Chesney co-produced. Chesney later recorded the song as a duet with Dave Matthews on "Lucky Old Sun" (also released in 2008), but did not release it as a single from that album. Chesney told "Country Standard Time", "It was never meant to be some kind of a message — except to maybe myself[…]It's one thing when Willie Nelson at 70 sings it, and something totally different when Dave and I do. One is from a place of really knowing; for us, it was more just the fact that we realize it." He also Document [62] (Title: Yesterday's Wine) a 16-week chart run in 1967), and his cover of Morecambe & Wise's "Bring Me Sunshine" (number 13, March 1969). Up to 1970, Nelson had no major success. His royalties were invested in tours that did not produce significant profits. In addition to the problems in his career, Nelson divorced Shirley Collie in 1970. In December, his ranch in Ridgetop, Tennessee burned down. He interpreted the incident as a signal for a change. He moved to a ranch near Bandera, Texas and married Connie Koepke. In early 1971 his single "I'm a Memory" reached the top 30. Felton Jarvis contacted Document [63] (Title: Willie Nelson) from his career, combined with song lyrics, followed in 2002. In 2005 he co-authored "Farm Aid: A Song for America", a commemorative book about the twentieth anniversary of the foundation of Farm Aid. His third book, co-authored with long-time friend Turk Pipkin, "The Tao of Willie: A Guide to the Happiness in Your Heart", was published in 2006. In 2007 a book advocating the use of bio-diesel and the reduction of gas emissions, "On The Clean Road Again: Biodiesel and The Future of the Family Farm", was published. His next book, "A Tale Out of Luck", published in 2008 and Document [64] (Title: Willie Nelson) Me Sunshine" (#13, March 1969) were Nelson's best-selling records during his time with RCA. By 1970, most of his songwriting royalties were invested in tours that did not produce significant profits. In addition to the problems in his career, Nelson divorced Shirley Collie in 1970. In December, his ranch in Ridgetop, Tennessee burned down. He interpreted the incident as a signal for a change. He moved to a ranch near Bandera, Texas, and married Connie Koepke. In early 1971 his single "I'm a Memory" reached the top 30. After recording his final RCA single – "Mountain Dew" (backed with "Phases, Document [65] (Title: On the Road Again (Willie Nelson song)) Contemporary chart. It was his biggest pop hit to that time and won him a Grammy Award for Best Country Song a year later. In 1980 Nelson starred in his first leading role in the film "Honeysuckle Rose", about an aging musician who fails to achieve national fame and relationship with his family, who also are part of his band that travels throughout the United States while playing in different venues. Shortly after signing the contract, Nelson was approached during a flight by the executive producer of the movie, who requested him to write a song about life on the Document [66] (Title: Touch Me (Willie Nelson song)) songwriters Harlan Howard and Hank Cochran at Tootsie's Orchid Lounge. After hearing original songs by Nelson, including "Touch Me", Howard convinced his superiors at Pamper publishing to hire Nelson as a songwriter for US$50 a-week. Howard later also forwarded Nelson originals producer Joe Allison, who signed Nelson to Liberty Records in 1961. Nelson entered his first session at Liberty's Nashville studio on August 22, 1961, at Quonset Hut studio. Nelson was backed by guitarists Kelso Herston, Ray Edenton (who also played fiddle), Harold Bradley and Grady Martin; drummer Buddy Harman, pianist Hargus "Pig" Robbins, bassist Joe Zinkan and the Anita Document [67] (Title: Country Willie: His Own Songs) Country Willie: His Own Songs Country Willie: His Own Songs is the third studio album by country singer Willie Nelson. This was Nelson's third album, his first for RCA Victor. Liberty released Nelson’s first two albums, "...And Then I Wrote" and "Here’s Willie Nelson", in 1962 and 1963 respectively, after country stars like Faron Young, Billy Walker, and Patsy Cline had scored huge hits with his songs. However, these albums bore little resemblance to the ones he would later become famous for, as they were augmented with the lush instrumentation that was typical of the Nashville sound. “The critical praise Document [68] (Title: Dixie on My Mind) to return home ("Lord I'm stuck up here but I've got Dixie on my mind"). Dixie on My Mind "Dixie on My Mind" is a song written and recorded by American country music artist Hank Williams Jr.. It was released in May 1981 as the second single from the album "Rowdy". "Dixie on My Mind" was Hank Williams Jr.'s fourth number one on the country chart. The single went to number one for one week and spent nine weeks on the country chart. The song features Hank attempting to give big city life a fair shot (New York City in Document [69] (Title: Crazy (Willie Nelson song)) Songs of All Time. According to Willie Nelson in an interview with Sirius XM satellite radio he said that he was in a bar called Tootisie's and had put his own song "Crazy" in the jukebox. Patsy Cline's husband heard it and wanted to get it to Patsy. They were both drunk and Willie was reluctant even stayed in the car while her husband played it for her. In the end she recorded it a few weeks later. In another interview Willie says that the song was originally called "Stupid", this matches with the live performance with Johnny Cash where Document [70] (Title: The Party's Over (Willie Nelson song)) ABC's "Monday Night Football". After a key play that ended the possibilities of other team to win the game, Meredith would sing part of the song: "Turn out the lights, the party's over". Nelson later re-recorded the song for his 1982 album "Always on My Mind". It was released as a single, on the B-side of the title track. The Party's Over (Willie Nelson song) "The Party's Over" is a song written by country music singer Willie Nelson during the mid-1950s. After arriving in Houston, Texas, Nelson was hired to play for the Esquire Ballroom band, where he would be Document [71] (Title: Here's Willie Nelson) out several songs on his second album while touring with his wife Shirley Collie and steel guitarist Jimmy Day while playing shows as the trio The Offenders. Nelson later expressed dissatisfaction with the recorded version of “Home Motel,” a song he described as “another study in despair,” and it was typical of the frustration that he would feel regarding the tepid sound of his albums in the decade ahead: In his 2015 memoir, Willie admitted that “Half a Man” was “one of my stranger songs. It’s about a guy who considers what it would be like, in the name of Document [72] (Title: I'm Alive (Willie Nelson song)) I'm Alive (Willie Nelson song) "I'm Alive" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music singer Kenny Chesney. He wrote the song with Dean Dillon and Mark Tamburino. The song was originally recorded by Willie Nelson on his album "Moment of Forever", which Chesney also produced. Chesney himself later recorded it (as a duet with Dave Matthews) on his 2008 album "Lucky Old Sun". This version later appeared on his 2009 compilation album "Greatest Hits II", from which it was released to radio as the album's second single in August 2009. Willie Nelson first recorded the song on Document [73] (Title: Willingly) Willingly "Willingly" is a duet by country music singer Willie Nelson and Shirley Collie, produced by Joe Allison during Nelson's third session for Liberty Records. Released in March 1962, the album reached number ten on "Billboard's" Hot Country Singles. Leveraged by his prominence as a songwriter in Nashville, Tennessee, Nelson was signed as a recording artist by Liberty Records in 1961. Nelson produced two sides in his first session, and an entire album after his second one. While touring with Ray Price as a "Cherokee Cowboys" bassist, Nelson had attended the Nashville disc jockeys convention. Songwriters Harlan Howard and Hank Document [74] (Title: I Never Cared For You) I Never Cared For You "I Never Cared For You" is a song written by country music singer Willie Nelson. Nelson recorded the song during his stint with Monument Records, and eventually became his only single released by the label. While the release failed to achieve national success, it was well received in Texas. Nelson re-recorded the song and included it in several album releases. By early 1964, Nelson left Liberty Records after the release of his debut album, "...And Then I Wrote". At the time, Nelson was approached by Chet Atkins of RCA Records, who talked to him about Document [75] (Title: Country Willie: His Own Songs) writing outsider songs and singing in an outsider style. For all practical purposes, Chet was the ultimate Nashville insider.” Atkins and Nelson first worked together on the Christmas single “Pretty Paper” in November 1964, and in January and April 1965 recorded sessions that made up the bulk of "Country Willie: His Own Songs". It contains remakes of his best known compositions up to that time, such as “Night Life” and “Funny How Time Slips Away,” as well as newer songs like "Healing Hands of Time." Nelson later said of "One Day at a Time" and "It Should Be Easier Now," Document [76] (Title: Always on My Mind) 25th Grammy Awards in February 1983: songwriters Christopher, James and Carson won Song of the Year and Best Country Song; in addition, Nelson won for Best Male Country Vocal Performance. This version also won Country Music Association awards in two consecutive years: 1982 Song of the Year and 1983 Song of the Year for songwriters Christopher, James and Carson; 1982 Single of the Year for Nelson, and; contributed to Nelson winning 1982 Album of the Year for the album "Always on My Mind". Willie Nelson performed the number with Johnny Cash on the 1998 release of "". The song was Document [77] (Title: Willie Nelson) was inducted to the National Agricultural Hall of Fame, for his labor in Farm Aid and other fund raisers to benefit farmers. In 2015 Nelson won the Gershwin Prize, the lifetime award of the Library of Congress. In 2018 The Texas Institute of Letters inducted him among its members for his songwriting. He was included by "Rolling Stone" on its "100 Greatest Singers" and "100 Greatest Guitarists" lists. In 2003, Texas Governor Perry signed bill No. 2582, introduced by State Representative Elizabeth Ames Jones and Senator Jeff Wentworth, which funded the "Texas Music Project", the state's official music charity. Nelson Document [78] (Title: On the Road Again (Willie Nelson song)) On the Road Again (Willie Nelson song) "On the Road Again" is a song written and made famous by country music singer Willie Nelson. The song, about life on tour, came about when the executive producer of the film "Honeysuckle Rose" approached Nelson about writing the song for the film's soundtrack. "On the Road Again" became Nelson's 9th Country & Western No. 1 hit overall (6th as a solo recording act) in November 1980, and became one of Nelson's most recognizable tunes. In addition, the song reached No. 20 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, and No. 7 on the Adult Document [79] (Title: Roll Me Up and Smoke Me When I Die: Musings from the Road) by Micah Nelson, Willie Nelson's son. It is a follow up to two other books of similar nature: "The Tao of Willie: A Guide to the Happiness in Your Heart" and "". The book was a hit in the USA quickly reaching top 10 on "New York Times" Best Sellers List. The foreword was written by Kinky Friedman and the book contains illustrations by Nelson's son Micah Nelson. "The Telegraph" attributed the success of the book to be the "charming and rambling voice of one of the great modern musicians of America". The review rated the book with four stars Document [80] (Title: Willie Nelson) is seen in the film The Garden supporting the impoverished community South Central Farm in Southern Los Angeles. A supporter of the LGBT movement, Nelson published in 2006 through iTunes a version of Ned Sublette's "Cowboys Are Frequently, Secretly Fond of Each Other", that met instant success. During an interview with "Texas Monthly" in 2013, regarding the Defense of Marriage Act and Same-sex marriage in the United States, Nelson responded to a comparison the interviewer made with the Civil Rights Movement, stating: "We'll look back and say it was crazy that we ever even argued about this". He also presented Document [81] (Title: Willie Nelson) moved to Nashville, Tennessee, and later signed a publishing contract with Pamper Music which allowed him to join Ray Price's band as a bassist. In 1962, he recorded his first album, "...And Then I Wrote". Due to this success, Nelson signed in 1964 with RCA Victor and joined the Grand Ole Opry the following year. After mid-chart hits in the late 1960s and the early 1970s, Nelson retired in 1972 and moved to Austin, Texas. The ongoing music scene of Austin motivated Nelson to return from retirement, performing frequently at the Armadillo World Headquarters. In 1973, after signing with Atlantic Document [82] (Title: Crazy (Willie Nelson song)) Crazy (Willie Nelson song) "Crazy" is a ballad composed by Willie Nelson. It has been recorded by several artists, most notably by Patsy Cline, whose version was a No. 2 country hit in 1962. Partly due to the genre-blending nature of the song, it has been covered by dozens of artists in several genres over the years; nevertheless, the song remains inextricably linked with Cline. Nelson's own version appears on his 1962 debut album "...And Then I Wrote". With some help from a friend named Oliver English, Nelson wrote the song in early 1961; at the time he was a Document [83] (Title: Always on My Mind) "powerful production". Willie Nelson recorded and released the song in early 1982. It raced to number one on "Billboard" magazine's Hot Country Singles chart that May, spending two weeks on top and total of 21 weeks on the chart. The song also did very well on Top 40 radio, reaching number five on the "Billboard" Hot 100 for three weeks and staying on this chart for 23 weeks. In the year end charts, it was Billboard's biggest Country hit for 1982. This version also charted in a number of other countries. Nelson's version would result in three wins at the Document [84] (Title: Willie Nelson) co-authored by Mike Blakely, was Nelson's first fictional book. In 2012, it was announced the release of a new autobiography by Nelson, "". Released on November 13, it was named after the song from his album "Heroes". The book contained further biographical details, as well as family pictures and stories about Nelson's political views, as well as his advocation for marijuana. The artwork of the book was designed by Nelson's son, Micah, and the foreword written by Kinky Friedman. In 2015, the publication of a second Nelson autobiography entitled "" co-authored with David Ritz, the book was published on May Document [85] (Title: ...And Then I Wrote) ...And Then I Wrote ...And Then I Wrote is the debut studio album by country singer Willie Nelson, recorded during August and September 1962 and released through Liberty Records. Despite Nelson's fruitless efforts to succeed with his recording releases with D Records, and after trying with other labels as a singer, he sold several of his original written songs to other artists. After his composition "Family Bible" became a hit for Claude Gray in 1960, he moved to Nashville, where he was signed by Pamper Music as a songwriter. Several of his songs became hits for other artists, including Faron Document [86] (Title: Willie Nelson) Lounge, a bar near the Grand Ole Opry frequented by the show's stars and other singers and songwriters. There Nelson met Hank Cochran, a songwriter who worked for the publishing company Pamper Music, owned by Ray Price and Hal Smith. Cochran heard Nelson during a jam session with Buddy Emmons and Jimmy Day. Cochran had just earned a raise of $50 a week, but convinced Smith to pay Nelson the money instead to sign him to Pamper Music. On hearing Nelson sing "Hello Walls" at Tootsie's, Faron Young decided to record it. After Ray Price recorded Nelson's "Night Life", and Document [87] (Title: Willie Nelson) Bruce. Though observers predicted that "Stardust" would ruin his career, it went platinum the same year. Nelson continued to top the charts with hit songs during the late 1970s, including "Good Hearted Woman", "Remember Me", "If You've Got the Money I've Got the Time", and "Uncloudy Day". During the 1980s, Nelson recorded a series of hit singles including "Midnight Rider", a 1980 cover of the Allman Brothers song which Nelson recorded for "The Electric Horseman", the soundtrack "On the Road Again" from the movie "Honeysuckle Rose", and a duet with Julio Iglesias titled "To All the Girls I've Loved Before". Document [88] (Title: Tracy Nelson (singer)) "Four Walls"; the Everly Brothers' "I Wonder If I Care as Much" and a song based on a poem of her own composition, "Salt of the Earth". On November 4, 2011, Nelson performed and recorded with Angela Strehli, Annie Sampson, and Dorothy Morrison as the "Blues Broads" live from the Throckmorton Theatre. In 2013, Nelson was nominated for a Blues Music Award in the 'Koko Taylor Award (Traditional Blues Female)' category. In July 2015, Nelson sang at an "all-star" concert in Nashville, organized by the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum, to celebrate the "Dylan, Cash, and the Nashville Document [89] (Title: Dixie on My Mind) Dixie on My Mind "Dixie on My Mind" is a song written and recorded by American country music artist Hank Williams Jr.. It was released in May 1981 as the second single from the album "Rowdy". "Dixie on My Mind" was Hank Williams Jr.'s fourth number one on the country chart. The single went to number one for one week and spent nine weeks on the country chart. The song features Hank attempting to give big city life a fair shot (New York City in particular) but ends up feeling more dissatisfied than ever with city life, but is unable Document [90] (Title: Willie Nelson and Family) “Sunday Morning Coming Down” contained the poetic realism similar to his own lyrics. Nelson would rerecord the song on his tribute LP "Sings Kristofferson" in 1979. AllMusic: “Over the years, Nelson has shown that he sometimes looks at relationships differently than the average songwriter (such as ‘Crazy’), with a little more thought and from new perspectives. After all, not everyone's life is moon, June, and honeymoon. Two of the finest examples of the Willie way are on this album: ‘I'm A Memory’ and, especially, ‘What Can You Do to Me Now?’ Willie Nelson and Family Willie Nelson and Family is Document [91] (Title: Willie Nelson) In 1982, "Pancho & Lefty", a duet album with Merle Haggard produced by Chips Moman was released. During the recording sessions of "Pancho and Lefty", session guitarist Johnny Christopher and co-writer of "Always on My Mind", tried to pitch the song to an uninterested Haggard. Nelson, who was unaware of Elvis Presley's version of the song asked him to record it. Produced by Moman, the single of the song was released, as well as the album of the same name. The single topped "Billboard's" Hot Country Singles, while it reached number five on the Billboard Hot 100. The release won Document [92] (Title: Touch Me (Willie Nelson song)) Touch Me (Willie Nelson song) "Touch Me" is a song written by country music singer Willie Nelson. Leveraged by the success of his songs, Nelson moved to Nashville in 1960. Through songwriter Harlan Howard, Nelson was signed to write for Pamper Music, and to a recording contract with Liberty Records. Nelson recorded the song during his first recording session with producer Joe Allison in August 1961. "Touch Me" was released as his second single for the label. Following the success of his previous top-ten duet with Shirley Collie, the song reached number seven on "Billboard's" Hot Country Singles, becoming Nelson's Document [93] (Title: Got You on My Mind (Jean Shepard album)) was one of Shepard's first albums not to be recorded on the west coast in California. Instead, sessions for the album were held at the Bradley Film and Recording Studio in Nashville, Tennessee. Ken Nelson, a renowned west coast country figure, produced "Got You on My Mind" and was a producer of Shepard's previous sessions on the Capitol label. Background musicians (personnel) for "Got You on My Mind" consisted of The Nashville A-Team. These musicians played on many Nashville recording sessions during the late 1950s and early 1960s, including many of Shepard's. Songs chosen for the album were a variety Document [94] (Title: The Wall (Willie Nelson song)) on digital stores on the same day, while it was given for free to those who preordered the album. In June 2014, Nelson released through his website an acoustic version of the song. The Wall (Willie Nelson song) "The Wall" is a song written by country music singer Willie Nelson and producer Buddy Cannon. The track became the first single of Nelson's "Band of Brothers". In 2014, Nelson released the album "Band of Brothers", his first release composed of all songs written by him since the 1996 release of "Spirit". Nelson co-wrote the song with Buddy Cannon based on his Document [95] (Title: On the Road Again (Willie Nelson song)) the Grammy Hall of Fame. The song has also featured in several other films and TV series including "South Park", "Shrek", "Shameless", "Family Guy", "Forrest Gump", "The Littlest Hobo", "Monk", "Open Season 3" and "Dumb and Dumber To" which features Nelson rehearsing the song with his band. A live version of the song is featured in 2008 video game "Guitar Hero World Tour", while the studio version was released for "Rock Band" via the Rock Band Country Track Pack. The song appears in a 2016 TV commercial for the Volkswagen Passat with Willie making a cameo appearance driving alongside the Document [96] (Title: Leavin' on Your Mind) Leavin' on Your Mind "Leavin' on Your Mind" is a famous Country/Pop song written by Wayne Walker and Webb Pierce was popularized by Joyce Smith in 1962. Patsy Cline herself puts a wrinkle into this. The story goes that she was in Owen Bradley’s office one day, heard the record Smith made, and immediately wanted the song for herself. According to Smith, “He said, ‘no you can’t have it. I’m going to see what that Canadian gal does with it.’” Cline apparently said pretty please with sugar on top, but Bradley and the label wouldn’t back down. Smith’s single, released Document [97] (Title: Always on My Mind) a double sided hit reaching number 16 on "Billboard" magazine's Hot Country Singles chart in November 1972. In the UK "Always on My Mind" was the hit song and "Separate Ways" was the B-side. It was voted the number 1 song of Presley's recording career in a poll conducted by ITV in 2013. In 1979, John Wesley Ryles reached number 20 on the US country charts with his rendition, entitled "You Are Always on My Mind", from the album "Let the Night Begin". The rendition was produced by Bob Montgomery. A review in "Billboard" praised the "brightly mixed vocals" and Document [98] (Title: Touch Me (Willie Nelson song)) first solo chart success. During his time in Houston, Nelson sold his original "Family Bible", that turned into a hit for Claude Gray. Despite that he was not credited as the songwriter on the record, he took advantage of the recognition that the song granted him, and moved to Nashville in 1960. While he joined Ray Price's band as a bass player, his songs became hits for other artists, including "Funny How Time Slips Away" (Billy Walker), "Pretty Paper" (Roy Orbison), and, most famously, "Crazy" by Patsy Cline. Leveraged by his prominence as a songwriter in Nashville, Tennessee. Nelson met Document [99] (Title: Mark James (songwriter)) songs, "Raised On Rock", "It's Only Love", and "Moody Blue" (the title track to Presley's last studio album). But James' greatest success came with "Always On My Mind," a collaboration with Johnny Christopher and Wayne Carson and issued as a b-side by Presley in 1972. Mark James Trio Released the album "She's Gone Away" 1978 Crazy Cajun Records with fellow band members Joey Longoria and Bobby Winder. A decade after "Always on My Mind" was released, Willie Nelson covered it and it became a huge hit for him. James won a Grammy Award for Song of the Year and Grammy Document [100] (Title: Always on My Mind (Willie Nelson album)) Johnny Christopher's "Always on My Mind". Haggard had no interest in recording a version of the song for the album, so instead Nelson recorded his own version—the first for the album entitled "Always on My Mind". In his autobiography, Nelson stated: "We'll never know what would have happened if Merle had really heard the song right. 'Always on My Mind' bowled me over the moment I first heard it, which is one way I pick songs to record". The rest of the album was constituted by adult-contemporary and pop standards, such as "Do Right Woman, Do Right Man" and Paul Document [101] (Title: Wake Me When It's Over (Willie Nelson song)) took advantage of the recognition that the song granted him, and moved to Nashville in 1960. While he joined Ray Price's band as a bass player, his songs became hits for other artists, including "Funny How Time Slips Away" (Billy Walker), "Pretty Paper" (Roy Orbison), and, most famously, "Crazy" by Patsy Cline. Leveraged by his prominence as a songwriter, he was signed as a recording artist by Liberty Records in 1961. "Wake Me When it's Over" was recorded during Nelson's second session with the label. Producer Joe Allison took him to Radio Recorders, on September 11–12, 1961. Nelson's backing included: Question: who wrote willie nelson always on my mind

Answer: Johnny Christopher Long Answer: "Always on My Mind" is a song by Johnny Christopher, Mark James, and Wayne Carson, recorded first by Gwen McCrae (as "You Were Always on My Mind") and Brenda Lee in 1972 . The song has been a crossover hit, charting in both the country and western and pop categories. Gold Document ID: 100

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Cultural contracts) hair choices. Cultural contracts Cultural contracts refer to the degree that cultural values are exchanged between groups. It extends identity negotiation theory and uncertainty reduction theory by focusing defining the negotiation experience from the perspective of minority groups when dealing with majority cultural norms. Cultural contracts theory was developed in 1999 by Dr. Ronald L. Jackson, an identity scholar and a professor in media and cinema studies at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Cultural contracts first appeared in Communication Quarterly in 1999. The theory is inspired by Ting-Toomey's (1986) identity validation model (IDM) that emerged from a study of Document [2] (Title: Organizational safety) summary of safety and accidents organizational knowledge using internal links (to existing Wikipedia pages), external links (to sources outside of Wikipedia), and seminal literature citations. Organizational culture emerged from organizational studies and management to describe the attitudes, perceptions, beliefs and values of an organization. Organizational culture is the established underlying suppositions (Ashkanasy, Broadfoot, & Falkus, 2000; Schein, 1991; Strauss, 1987) communicated through shared, collectively supported, perceptions (Schneider, Brief, & Guzzo, 1996) that ultimately manifest in organizational outputs (Ashkanasy et al., 2000; Schein, 1991; Strauss, 1987). More basic, organizational culture has been described as "the specific collection of values and norms Document [3] (Title: Canadian cultural protectionism) for the Arts, is responsible for the distribution of large sums of money to individuals or groups that promote what it defines as Canadian culture. The Council had a greater impact than its parent, and continues to support emerging Canadian cultural talent that it approves of. The Commission also works to foster a general sense that Canada risks being swamped by an invasion of foreign culture. This led to an increased fear that Canada might very well lose a distinct, national culture. In 1955, with this fear in mind, the government appointed Robert Fowler to chair a Royal Commission that Document [4] (Title: Safety culture) Safety culture Safety culture is the collection of the beliefs, perceptions and values that employees share in relation to risks within an organization, such as a workplace or community. Safety culture is a part of organizational culture, and has been described in a variety of ways; notably the National Academies of Science and the Association of Land Grant and Public Universities have published summaries on this topic in 2014 and 2016 . Studies have found that workplace related disasters are a result of a breakdown in an organization’s policies and procedures that were established to deal with safety, and that Document [5] (Title: Cultural safety) gains and positive health and wellbeing outcomes; 2) acknowledging the beliefs and practices of those who differ from them. For example, this may be by: age or generation, gender, sexual orientation, occupation and socio-economic status, ethnic origin or migrant experience, religious or spiritual belief, disability Cultural safety aims to enhance the delivery of health services through a culturally safe workforce by: 1) identifying the power relationship between the service provider and the people who use the service. The health care provider accepts and works alongside others after undergoing a careful process of institutional and personal analysis of power relationships; 2) Document [6] (Title: Cultural humility) Replacing the idea of cultural competency, cultural humility was based on the idea of focusing on self-reflection and lifelong learning. Tervalon and Murray-Garcia believed that health care professionals were not receiving appropriate education or training in terms of multiculturalism, and developed a new method of approaching the topic. Recently, the social work profession has begun adopting cultural humility into frameworks for service delivery and practice. Most cultural humility rhetoric focuses on interpersonal, individual micro practice social work in terms of worker/client relationships and culturally appropriate intervention procedures. However, social work posits cultural humility as a strong self-reflection tool for the Document [7] (Title: International Association for Child Safety) another, experiencing the typical difficulties of starting a small, unique-concept business. The first meeting was held in Dallas on November 4, 1995, the day before the opening of the Juvenile Products Manufacturers Association (JPMA) show. About 15 different companies were represented. The name International Association for Child Safety was adopted, with the word “international” added to reflect two members from Canada in attendance. This proved insightful as it allowed for the Association to later include members from other countries such as Turkey, England, New Zealand, South Africa, Columbia and the Netherlands. On October 15, 1997, the International Association for Child Document [8] (Title: Droit du seigneur) tribal societies and medieval European society. In "The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State" in 1884, socialist Friedrich Engels argued it was real and had an anthropological origin. In 1930, Scottish legal scholar Hector McKechnie concluded, based on historical evidence, that the practice had existed in Scotland in early times. Italian scholar Paolo Mantegazza, in his 1935 book "The Sexual Relations of Mankind", said that while not a law, it was most likely a binding custom. As late as the nineteenth century, some Kurdish chieftains in Anatolia raped Armenian brides on their wedding night (part of what Document [9] (Title: Cultural safety) in the words of a tutor, they had been disadvantaged all their lives and needed that extra week; that students were made to wear signs saying "Pakaitore (Moutoa Gardens) is Maori land" during the course's selection process and risked exclusion if they refused; and that a tutor who had no teaching qualifications spent most of the class time sitting outside smoking and reading the newspaper. Critics have claimed that cultural safety is based on airy-fairy quasi-psychological subjects which has resulted in an abandonment of rigorous and theoretical task-based nursing. Public opposition to cultural safety during the 1990s led to a Document [10] (Title: Cultural studies) emerged in different national and regional contexts such as the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Latin America, Asia, Africa and Italy. In his 1994 book, "Introducing Cultural Studies", Ziauddin Sardar lists the following five main characteristics of cultural studies: As Dennis Dworkin writes, "a critical moment" in the beginning of cultural studies as a field was when Richard Hoggart used the term in 1964 in founding the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies (CCCS) at the University of Birmingham in the UK, which was to become home for the development of the intellectual orientation that has become known internationally as Document [11] (Title: Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage) and intangible works through which the creativity of people finds expression,” and asked UNESCO and Member States to take measures for protecting this kind of heritage. In 1989, UNESCO adopted the Recommendation on the Safeguarding of Traditional Culture and Folklore as the first legal instrument towards the safeguarding of intangible cultural heritage. This Recommendation reflected the ideas of the earlier Conference in Mexico City. UNESCO conducted some promotional programs for raising awareness of this Recommendation, but was not very successful. However, in the late 90's, there was a conference held for the assessment of this Recommendation, which pointed out some Document [12] (Title: Cultural safety) through actions which recognise, respect, and nurture the unique cultural identity of a patient. Effective practice for a person from another culture is determined by that person or family. Culture includes, but is not restricted to, age or generation; gender; sexual orientation; occupation and socio-economic status; ethnic origin or migrant experience; religious or spiritual beliefs; and disability. Unsafe cultural practice comprises any action which diminishes, demeans or disempowers the cultural identity and wellbeing of an individual. Cultural safety aims to improve the health status and wellbeing of New Zealanders and applies to all relationships through: 1) an emphasis on health Document [13] (Title: Safety culture) that such vulnerability does not originate from just ‘human error’, chance environmental factors or technological failures alone. Rather, it is the ingrained organisational policies and standards which have repeatedly been shown to predate the catastrophe." However it is now also applied (with less certain validity) to individual accidents, and hence has come to relate to a full range of safety behaviors from the wearing of PPE (or not), the quality of delivery of a tool box talk, the quality of shopfloor response to fault conditions – or (what is frequently the main concern for major accidents) the extent to which Document [14] (Title: Safety culture) safety culture questionnaires have emerged. For example, in oil companies a safety culture questionnaire was developed in UK. Another questionnaire in the same field was developed in Iran. Safety culture Safety culture is the collection of the beliefs, perceptions and values that employees share in relation to risks within an organization, such as a workplace or community. Safety culture is a part of organizational culture, and has been described in a variety of ways; notably the National Academies of Science and the Association of Land Grant and Public Universities have published summaries on this topic in 2014 and 2016 . Document [15] (Title: Safety culture) authors focus on attitudes, where others see safety culture being expressed through behaviours and activities. The safety culture of an organization can be a critical influence on human performance in safety-related tasks and hence on the safety performance of the organization. Many proprietary and academic methods claim to assess safety culture, but few have been validated against actual safety performance. The vast majority of surveys examine key issues such as leadership, involvement, commitment, communication, and incident reporting. Some safety culture maturity tools are used in focus group exercises, though few of these (even the most popular) have been examined against Document [16] (Title: Cultural safety) of other minorities. A number of controversies during the mid 1990s affected the concept of cultural safety in New Zealand. Critics claimed that nursing students were afraid to speak out about the excesses of cultural safety on their nursing degrees, presumably for concerns about failing their course after not meeting cultural safety requirements. Student nurse Anna Penn said she had been "bounced out" of her nursing course for being branded culturally unsafe by the polytechnic's kaumatua, the late Hohua Tutengaehe, after she questioned the denial of her right as a women to speak on a Marae. She also challenged a Document [17] (Title: Cultural Survival) Cultural Survival Cultural Survival (founded 1972) is a nonprofit group based in Cambridge, Massachusetts, US, which is dedicated to defending the human rights of indigenous peoples. Cultural Survival was founded by anthropologist David Maybury-Lewis and his wife, Pia, in response to the opening up of the Amazonian and South American hinterlands during the 1960s, and the drastic effects this had on Indigenous inhabitants. It has since worked with Indigenous communities in Asia, Africa, South America, North America, and Australia, becoming the leading US-based organization defending the rights of Indigenous Peoples around the world. Headquartered in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Cultural Survival also Document [18] (Title: Safety culture) establishes that, as an overriding priority, nuclear plant safety issues receive the attention warranted by their significance." Since then, a number of definitions of safety culture have been published. The U.K. Health and Safety Commission developed one of the most commonly used definitions of safety culture: "The product of individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies, and patterns of behaviour that determine the commitment to, and the style and proficiency of, an organisation’s health and safety management". "Organisations with a positive safety culture are characterized by communications founded on mutual trust, by shared perceptions of the importance of safety and Document [19] (Title: Cultural Survival) has a satellite office for the Guatemala Radio Project in Guatemala. As of 2012, Cultural Survival had a four-star rating from Charity Navigator. Cultural Survival Cultural Survival (founded 1972) is a nonprofit group based in Cambridge, Massachusetts, US, which is dedicated to defending the human rights of indigenous peoples. Cultural Survival was founded by anthropologist David Maybury-Lewis and his wife, Pia, in response to the opening up of the Amazonian and South American hinterlands during the 1960s, and the drastic effects this had on Indigenous inhabitants. It has since worked with Indigenous communities in Asia, Africa, South America, North America, Document [20] (Title: Safety culture) better training of employees, and the introduction of formal safety management systems. Consequently, (some argue) in a workplace that has benefited from these improvements, many of the residual workplace accidents result from operator error — one or more operators doing a job differently from the safe way they were trained to. Hence, there is now a move to apply the concept of safety culture at the individual level; worker behaviour is influenced by the safety culture of an organization, so safety culture could affect the worker injury rate. Although the overall culture of an organization may affect the behaviour of Document [21] (Title: Ray B. Browne) India, Korea, Japan, Indonesia, Australia, and New Zealand. Ray Browne was credited with coining the term "popular culture" in 1967; however, he did not originate this term. In 1973, Browne created the first academic program dedicated to studying popular culture at Bowling Green University. Browne created this program because he wanted to know the effects of society on culture and the effects of culture on society. Browne stressed to scholars that it was important to learn about the irrelevant changes in peoples' lives. However, many scholars criticized Browne for trying to belittle their teachings when he created the "popular culture Document [22] (Title: Cultural safety) his/her own. According to Brascoupé (2009) "the long-term value of the concept of cultural safety as a tool for cultural regeneration is hard to assess and depends on the integrity of the processes that underlie the concept of cultural safety". Most cultural safety research has been completed in New Zealand and Australia's health-care field, but the statistical evidence of the benefits of cultural safety is lacking, and other evidence is largely qualitative and anecdotal. Irihapeti Ramsden, the architect of cultural safety, stated that cultural safety training is too skewed toward Maori studies in many nursing courses and ignores the cultures Document [23] (Title: Safety culture) (1997). reviewing them. Variables consistently related to lower injury rates included both those specified by a safety management system and purely cultural factors. Control of major accident hazards requires a specific focus on process-safety management over and above conventional safety management, and Anderson (2004) has expressed concern at the implications for management of major hazards of the extension of the "safety culture" concept to justify behavioural safety initiatives to reduce injury (or lost-time accident) rates by improving safety culture. He argues that "loss of containment" rates on major hazard sites give a good indication of how well the major accident Document [24] (Title: Safety culture) culture of the organization or workplace. The UK HSE notes that safety culture is not just (nor even most significantly) an issue of shopfloor worker attitudes and behaviours "Many companies talk about ‘safety culture’ when referring to the inclination of their employees to comply with rules or act safety or unsafely. However we find that the culture and style of management is even more significant, for example a natural, unconscious bias for production over safety, or a tendency to focussing on the short-term and being highly reactive." Since the 1980s there has been a large amount of research into safety Document [25] (Title: Safety culture) culture. However the concept remains largely "ill defined". Within the literature there are a number of varying definitions of safety culture with arguments for and against the concept. Two of the most prominent and most-commonly used definitions are those given above from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and from the UK Health and Safety Commission (HSC). However, there are some common characteristics shared by other definitions. Some characteristics associated with safety culture include the incorporation of beliefs, values and attitudes. A critical feature of safety culture is that it is shared by a group. When defining safety culture some Document [26] (Title: Leif Svanström) 1960s, he studied a number of descriptive and analytical works, and beginning from the 1970s he is engaged in home and occupational injuries. In 1974, he introduced "the community approach to safety promotion, encapsulated in the Falköping Model", which made a great influence at Swedish and international community safety work. Leif has been doing policy development and is described as the founder of the Safe Community movement. He is the leader of International Safe Community Certifying Centre – a NGO for injury prevention and certifyer of municipalities at a global level. Under his leadership of the Research Group on Injury Document [27] (Title: Safety Harbor culture) By around 1700, however, the Safety Harbor culture had virtually disappeared due to disease and incursions by other Native Americans from the north.. Safety Harbor culture The Safety Harbor culture was an archaeological culture practiced by Native Americans living on the central Gulf coast of the Florida peninsula, from about 900 CE until after 1700. The Safety Harbor culture is defined by the presence of Safety Harbor ceramics in burial mounds. The culture is named after the Safety Harbor Site, which is close to the center of the culture area. The Safety Harbor Site is the probable location of the Document [28] (Title: Culture) Hoggart coined the term in 1964 when he founded the Birmingham Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies or CCCS. It has since become strongly associated with Stuart Hall, who succeeded Hoggart as Director. Cultural studies in this sense, then, can be viewed as a limited concentration scoped on the intricacies of consumerism, which belongs to a wider culture sometimes referred to as "Western civilization" or "globalism." From the 1970s onward, Stuart Hall's pioneering work, along with that of his colleagues Paul Willis, Dick Hebdige, Tony Jefferson, and Angela McRobbie, created an international intellectual movement. As the field developed, it began to Document [29] (Title: Safety culture) culture complies with the formal safety management system The safety culture of an organization cannot be created or changed overnight; it develops over time as a result of history, work environment, the workforce, health and safety practices, and management leadership: "Organizations, like organisms, adapt". An organization’s safety culture is ultimately reflected in the way safety is addressed in its workplaces (whether boardroom or shopfloor). In reality an organization's safety management system is not a set of policies and procedures on a bookshelf, but how those policies and procedures are implemented into the workplace, which will be influenced by the safety Document [30] (Title: Cultural safety) responding effectively to people with diverse needs and strengths in a way that the people who use the service can define as safe Cultural safety is broad in its application: 1) recognising inequalities within health care, education, employment and societal interactions that represent the microcosm of inequalities in health, education, employment and society that have prevailed within our nation; 2) addressing the cause and effect relationship of history, political, social, and employment status, housing, education, gender and personal experience upon people who use psychological services; 3) accepting the legitimacy of difference and diversity in human behaviour and social structure; 4) Document [31] (Title: Safety culture) by confidence in the efficacy of preventive measures." The Cullen Report into the Ladbroke Grove rail crash saw safety culture as "the way we typically do things around here"; this would imply that every organisation has a safety culture – just some a better one than others. The concept of 'safety culture' originally arose in connection with major organisational accidents, where it provides a crucial insight into how multiple organisational barriers against such accidents can be simultaneously ineffective: "With each disaster that occurs our knowledge of the factors which make organisations vulnerable to failures has grown. It has become clear Document [32] (Title: Cultural synergy) more prevalent as globalization takes place., and the concept and/or phrase can be found in discussions of globalization. The concept goes back in the 1970s in the USA , at a time when the American management was thought to be the one and only business model. This is what is commonly known as the concept of Ethnocentrism , which some specialist consider to be cause of the general ignorance amongst American managers towards the influence of culture on management. It was only a matter of time (after the postwar economic success of other foreign countries) until American management realised that Document [33] (Title: Cultural safety) practices of health care so that every consumer receives an effective service; 4) preparing health care providers to resolve any tension between the culture of the health care institution, the culture on which health care theory and practice has traditionally been based, and the people using the services; 5) understanding that such power imbalances can be examined, negotiated and changed to provide equitable, effective, efficient and acceptable service delivery, which minimises risk to people who might otherwise be alienated from the service; 6) an understanding of self, the rights of others and legitimacy of difference should provide the psychologists with Document [34] (Title: Cultural safety) the skills to work with all people who are different from them. Standards for the registration of nurses in all scopes of practice require the content of theory and practice related experience in nursing programmes to include cultural safety, the Treaty of Waitangi and Maori health. Irihapete Ramsden said the woeful state of Maori health was a driving force for cultural safety's introduction into New Zealand's nursing schools. Maori had higher rates of asthma, heart disease, diabetes, obesity, cot death, ear infection leading to deafness and traffic accident injury involving alcohol and leading to death. Also, they had lower rates Document [35] (Title: Cultural humility) interventions.” Thus discovering and incorporating these differences help foster an environment that allows cultural humility to grow and take shape. Cultural competence was an idea first promoted in the healthcare profession. Competence educational programs are aimed at preventing medical misdiagnoses and errors due to lack of cultural understanding. However, with the increasing diversity in the United States combined with an added cultural awareness, competence was not serving the needs of all medical professionals. Cultural humility is a term coined by Melanie Tervalon and Jann Murray-Garcia in 1998 to describe a way of infiltrating multiculturalism into their work as healthcare professionals. Document [36] (Title: Cultural relativism) that give special rights to specific groups: Malaysia, Mexico, Indonesia, and Colombia. Cultural relativism Cultural relativism is the idea that a person's beliefs, values, and practices should be understood based on that person's own culture, rather than be judged against the criteria of another. It was established as axiomatic in anthropological research by Franz Boas in the first few decades of the 20th century and later popularized by his students. Boas first articulated the idea in 1887: "civilization is not something absolute, but ... is relative, and ... our ideas and conceptions are true only so far as our civilization Document [37] (Title: Cultural memory) protect and maintain historic sites and related cultural artifacts. ‘The Right to historic Cultural Memory’ derives from 50 years of the author’s public political experience, institutional administration, study and research, arts practice, world travel, teaching, seminars, public lectures, international conferences, books, publications, and bibliographies. Cultural memory Because memory is not just an individual, private experience but is also part of the collective domain, cultural memory has become a topic in both historiography (Pierre Nora, Richard Terdiman) and cultural studies (e.g., Susan Stewart). These emphasize cultural memory’s process (historiography) and its implications and objects (cultural studies), respectively. Two schools of thought Document [38] (Title: Cultural safety) other hand, the second one improves the delivery of health services. The third one focuses on the differences among the people who are being treated and accepting those differences. The fourth principle focuses on understanding the power of health services and how health care impacts individuals and families. Cultural Safety has its origins in the field of nursing education. The concept originated at a nursing leadership hui in 1989 after concerns were raised by Māori nursing students about the safety of Māori students in monocultural nursing schools and of Māori intellectual property when taught by tauiwi. Cultural safety is met Document [39] (Title: Canadian cultural protectionism) Canadian cultural protectionism Cultural protectionism in Canada has, since the mid-20th century, taken the form of conscious, interventionist attempts on the part of various Governments of Canada to promote Canadian cultural production and limit the effect of foreign culture on the domestic audience. Sharing a large border and a common language with the United States, Canadian politicians have perceived the need to preserve and support a culture separate from US-based North American culture in the globalized media arena. Canada's efforts to maintain its cultural differences from the US and Mexico have been balanced by countermeasures in trade arrangements, including the Document [40] (Title: Saferworld) for an EU Code of Conduct on Arms Exports, and involvement in the first discussions about what is now known as the Arms Trade Treaty. In the 1990s, Saferworld began looking at the broader elements of conflict such as governance, power, marginalisation, access to resources, and development. Saferworld moved from Bristol to London in 1995, and a grant from the UK Department for International Development in 2000 enabled it to expand its work to start in-country programming. In 2010 Saferworld started programmes in the Middle East and North Africa, including Yemen, and developed an increasing focus on cross-border and regional Document [41] (Title: Cultural sustainability) has been responsible for the vast majority of these conventions, maintaining that cultural sustainability and cultural heritage are a strong cornerstone of society. One of the more relevant conventions created in 2003 is the "Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage" which proclaims that culture must be protected against all adversarial combatants. This safeguard was implemented as an understanding that culture guarantees sustainability. Implementing policy based on cultural history is in the process of becoming a widely talked about subject and holds that cultures will be able to thrive in the context of both present and future. Conventions Document [42] (Title: Safety culture) human factors on safety outcomes, and the decisive effect of 'safety culture' on those factors. In the US, similar issues were found to underlie the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster, subsequent investigation of which identified that cultural issues had influenced numerous "flawed" decisions on behalf of NASA and Thiokol management that had contributed to the disaster. The lesson drawn from the UK disasters was that, "It is essential to create a corporate atmosphere or culture in which safety is understood to be and is accepted as, the number one priority." From public enquiries it has become evident that a broken safety Document [43] (Title: Cultural safety) the Treaty of Waitangi and maori health in nursing education and practice... TRC, 2009. Kawa Whakaruruhau: Cultural Safety. Retrieved from http://www.library.auckland.ac.nz/subject-guides/med/docs/cultural-safety.pdf Wepa, D (ed) 2005 Cultural safety in Aotearoa New Zealand. Auckland. Pearson Education Cultural safety In New Zealand, cultural safety is the effective nursing practice of a person or family from another culture that is determined by that person or family. Its origins are in nursing education and a culture can range anywhere from age or generation, gender, sexual orientation, occupation, religious beliefs, or even disabilities. An unsafe cultural practice is an action that demeans the cultural identity of Document [44] (Title: Cultural safety) of immunisation, earned less and lived five to seven years less than non-Maori. The concept developed in New Zealand by nurses working with Māori that moves beyond the traditional concept of cultural sensitivity (being acceptable to difference) to analysing power imbalances, institutional discrimination, colonisation and relationships with colonisers. It develops the idea that to provide quality care for people from different ethnicities than the mainstream, health care providers must embraces the skill of self-reflection as a means to advancing a therapeutic encounter and provide care congruent with the knowledge that cultural values and norms of the patient are different from Document [45] (Title: Prostitution in France) unsafe areas. As the discourse shifted from abolitionism to security, so did more explicit laws and regulations. This disquiet enabled Nicolas Sarkozy to later mobilize public anxiety about security evident in the elections that year in his Domestic Security bill. The cultural context is the concept of gender equality as stated in the preamble to the 1946 and 1958 constitution and which had seen an increasing momentum of political gains for women, including the establishment of a women's policy agency in 1974 and a ministry of women's rights in 1981. However, a significant gap still exists in terms of economic Document [46] (Title: Safety culture) the breakdown flows from inadequate attention being paid to safety issues. A good safety culture can be promoted by senior management commitment to safety, realistic practices for handling hazards, continuous organisational learning, and care and concern for hazards shared across the workforce. The Chernobyl disaster highlighted the importance of safety culture and the effect of managerial and human factors on safety performance. The term ‘safety culture’ was first used in INSAG’s (1986) ‘Summary Report on the Post-Accident Review Meeting on the Chernobyl Accident’ where safety culture was described as: "That assembly of characteristics and attitudes in organizations and individuals which Document [47] (Title: Cultural rights) conserve each society’s culture base and essentially prevent ethnocide. The cultural rights movement has been popularized because much traditional cultural knowledge has commercial value, like ethno-medicine, cosmetics, cultivated plants, foods, folklore, arts, crafts, songs, dances, costumes, and rituals. Studying ancient cultures may reveal evidence about the history of the human race and shed more light on our origin and successive cultural development. However, the study, sharing and commercialization of such cultural aspects can be hard to achieve without infringing upon the cultural rights of those who are a part of that culture. Cultural rights should be taken into consideration also Document [48] (Title: Impact of culture on aviation safety) the controllers to ask the pilots if they were declaring an emergency and assist the pilots in landing the aircraft. The crashes have been blamed on aspects of the national cultures of the crews. Geert Hofstede classified national cultures into four dimensions, two of which can be applied to the flight deck: power distance, which defines the "nature of relations between subordinates and superiors", or "how often subordinates are afraid to express disagreement"; and whether the culture is collectivist or individualist in nature. Western cultures are individualistic and have a low power distance, whereas most Asian and Latin cultures are Document [49] (Title: Safety culture) company incident rates. Although there is some uncertainty and ambiguity in defining safety culture, there is no uncertainty over the relevance or significance of the concept. Mearns et al. stated that "safety culture is an important concept that forms the environment within which individual safety attitudes develop and persist and safety behaviours are promoted". With every major disaster, considerable resources are allocated to identify factors that might have contributed to the outcome of the event. Consideration of the considerable detail revealed by inquiries into such disasters is invaluable in identifying generic factors that "make organisations vulnerable to failures" From such Document [50] (Title: Environmental inequality in Europe) that has seen significant degradation of Indigenous lands as a result of oil and gas development. According to Donahoe, The idea was that, by protecting folklore, they would also be protecting the environment within which the folklore was embedded. It was especially important that the law should 'link the perpetuation of living folklore traditions to specific communities and landscapes': Understood in its fullest sense, it means that sacred place myths cannot exist without sacred places, nor local legends without the sites to which they are attached. In short, folklore cannot meaningfully endure if separated from the specific enculturated environment that Document [51] (Title: Safety culture) After a number of Korean Air crashes, and particularly after the Korean Air Cargo Flight 8509 crash, a December 1999 review found that a culture of overly strong hierarchichy (influenced in general Korean culture by Confucianism) prevented subordinates from speaking up in safety-critical situations. The airline's safety record later improved considerably. Reason considers an ideal safety culture "the ‘engine’ that drives the system towards the goal of sustaining the maximum resistance towards its operational hazards" regardless of current commercial concerns or leadership style. This requires a constant high level of respect for anything that might defeat safety systems and ‘not Document [52] (Title: Aboriginal child protection) a philosophy of kinship care, that recognized "the importance of cultural identity in child protection policy." "[K]inship care in New Zealand is ... an effort to redress past practices that harmed and alienated Māori children and families." Historically, in the United States "Indian tribes ... struggled against the assimilationist policies instituted by the United States which sought to destroy tribal cultures by removing Native American children from their tribes and families. In a stark example of such policies, the purpose articulated in the charter of the first boarding school in the 1890s on the Navajo reservation was 'to remove the Document [53] (Title: Cultural area) and folklore vs. dress and architecture vs. language. Cultural areas are not considered equivalent to "Kulturkreis" (Culture circles). A culture area is a concept in cultural anthropology in which a geographic region and time sequence (age area) is characterized by substantially uniform environment and culture. The concept of culture areas was originated by museum curators and ethnologists during the late 1800s as means of arranging exhibits. Clark Wissler and Alfred Kroeber further developed the concept on the premise that they represent longstanding cultural divisions. The concept is criticized by some, who argue that the basis for classification is arbitrary. But Document [54] (Title: Safety culture) "The validity of the safety culture concept with regard to individual accidents is yet to be ascertained." (p. 643). Pidgeon and O’Leary argue "a ‘good’ safety culture might reflect and be promoted by four factors Only two of those factors fall within a management system, and leadership as well as management is necessary. Several papers (e.g., for the UK offshore oil industry -Mearns et al. (2000)) have sought to identify specific safety management practices that predict (conventional) safety performance. Shannon (1998) gives details of many reported surveys in Canada and the US and reports the conclusions of Shannon et al. Document [55] (Title: Safety Harbor culture) Safety Harbor culture The Safety Harbor culture was an archaeological culture practiced by Native Americans living on the central Gulf coast of the Florida peninsula, from about 900 CE until after 1700. The Safety Harbor culture is defined by the presence of Safety Harbor ceramics in burial mounds. The culture is named after the Safety Harbor Site, which is close to the center of the culture area. The Safety Harbor Site is the probable location of the chief town of the Tocobaga, the best known of the groups practicing the Safety Harbor culture. The Safety Harbor people were organized into Document [56] (Title: Safety culture) vulture is responsible for many of the major process safety disasters that have taken place around the world over the past 20 years or so. Typical features related to these disasters are where there had been a culture of: "Tough guy" attributes like unwillingness to admit ignorance, admit mistakes, or ask for help can undermine safety culture and productivity, by interfering with exchange of useful information. A Harvard Business School study found an intervention to improve the culture at Shell Oil during the construction of the Ursa tension leg platform contributed to increased productivity and an 84% lower accident rate. Document [57] (Title: Cultural safety) accepting that the attitudes and beliefs, policies and practices of psychological service providers can act as barriers to service access; 5) concerning quality improvement in service delivery and consumer rights. Cultural safety has a close focus on: 1) understanding the impact of the health care provided as a bearer of his/her own culture, history, attitudes and life experiences and the response other people make to these factors; 2) challenging health care providers to examine their practice carefully, recognising the power relationship in health care institutions is biased toward the provider of the service; 3) balancing the power relationships in the Document [58] (Title: Cultural safety) Cultural safety In New Zealand, cultural safety is the effective nursing practice of a person or family from another culture that is determined by that person or family. Its origins are in nursing education and a culture can range anywhere from age or generation, gender, sexual orientation, occupation, religious beliefs, or even disabilities. An unsafe cultural practice is an action that demeans the cultural identity of a particular person or family. Cultural safety also has four different principles. The first one aims to improve health status and well-being of New Zealanders because the concept originated in New Zealand; on the Document [59] (Title: Cultural safety) tutor's claim that pre-European Maori had printing presses which were thrown into the sea by white colonials. Penn subsequently attended a nursing course in Queensland, Australia, and is now a registered nurse in New Zealand. In addition, Ex Waikato Polytechnic nursing tutor Brian Stabb said he had been sacked for being "culturally unsafe". Mr Stabb wrote that "I have experienced it as a racial judgement which carries all the stigmas of the most rabid forms of racism. Further. it seems this label can be handed out willy nilly with little or no accounability. The rationale I have been offered is Document [60] (Title: Cultural contracts) Cultural contracts Cultural contracts refer to the degree that cultural values are exchanged between groups. It extends identity negotiation theory and uncertainty reduction theory by focusing defining the negotiation experience from the perspective of minority groups when dealing with majority cultural norms. Cultural contracts theory was developed in 1999 by Dr. Ronald L. Jackson, an identity scholar and a professor in media and cinema studies at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Cultural contracts first appeared in Communication Quarterly in 1999. The theory is inspired by Ting-Toomey's (1986) identity validation model (IDM) that emerged from a study of European American Document [61] (Title: Culture of the United Kingdom) owned, unless by the owners invitation or consent, was established as common law in Coke's "Institutes of the Lawes of England". "For a man's house is his castle, et domus sua cuique est tutissimum refugium [and each man's home is his safest refuge]." It is the origin of the famous dictum, “an Englishman’s home is his castle”. Sir William Blackstone, 18th-century jurist, judge and politician best known for his "Commentaries on the Laws of England", containing his formulation: "It is better that ten guilty persons escape than that one innocent suffer", a principle that government and the courts must err Document [62] (Title: Cultural safety) Parliamentary Select Committee inquiry into its teaching, whilst a simultaneous review was carried out by the NZ Nursing Council. After the review the NZ Nursing Council revised the guidelines for cultural safety in Nursing and Midwifery Education to placate public concern that cultural safety privileged Maori. Cultural safety has been criticized for lacking a clear and comprehensive practice framework that is easily translated by, and responsive to, both culturally diverse health care providers and equally diverse health care recipients. Dominion Post [Wellington, New Zealand] 23 Aug 1997. 2nd ed. Cultural Safety. New Zealand Nursing Council, 2011. Guidelines for cultural safety, Document [63] (Title: Safety culture) employees, much research has focused on the effect of more localised factors (i.e. supervisors, interpretation of safety policies) in the specific culture of individual workplaces, leading to the concept of a "Local safety climate, which is more susceptible to transition and change". This would also suggest that safety climate operates on a different level than safety culture. Mearns et al. note that although safety culture was a concept originally used to describe the inadequacies of safety management that result in major disasters, that the concept is now being applied to explain accidents at the individual level, although as they emphasize, Question: where did the concept of cultural safety originate from Answer: New Zealand Long Answer: Cultural safety can be defined as the effective nursing practice of a person or family from another culture that is determined by that person or family (from Nursing Council of New Zealand, Guidelines for Cultural Safety, the Treaty of Waitangi and Māori Health in Nursing Education and Practice, 2011, p. 7). Its origins are in nursing education and a culture can range anywhere from age or generation, gender, sexual orientation, occupation, religious beliefs, or even disabilities . An unsafe cultural practice is an action that demeans the cultural identity of a particular person or family . Cultural safety also has four different principles . The first one aims to improve health status and well - being of New Zealanders because the concept originated in New Zealand; on the other hand, the second one improves the delivery of health services . The third one focuses on the differences among the people who are being treated and accepting those differences . The fourth principle focuses on understanding the power of health services and how health care impacts individuals and families. Gold Document ID: 62

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Cultural contracts) hair choices. Cultural contracts Cultural contracts refer to the degree that cultural values are exchanged between groups. It extends identity negotiation theory and uncertainty reduction theory by focusing defining the negotiation experience from the perspective of minority groups when dealing with majority cultural norms. Cultural contracts theory was developed in 1999 by Dr. Ronald L. Jackson, an identity scholar and a professor in media and cinema studies at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Cultural contracts first appeared in Communication Quarterly in 1999. The theory is inspired by Ting-Toomey's (1986) identity validation model (IDM) that emerged from a study of Document [2] (Title: Organizational safety) summary of safety and accidents organizational knowledge using internal links (to existing Wikipedia pages), external links (to sources outside of Wikipedia), and seminal literature citations. Organizational culture emerged from organizational studies and management to describe the attitudes, perceptions, beliefs and values of an organization. Organizational culture is the established underlying suppositions (Ashkanasy, Broadfoot, & Falkus, 2000; Schein, 1991; Strauss, 1987) communicated through shared, collectively supported, perceptions (Schneider, Brief, & Guzzo, 1996) that ultimately manifest in organizational outputs (Ashkanasy et al., 2000; Schein, 1991; Strauss, 1987). More basic, organizational culture has been described as "the specific collection of values and norms Document [3] (Title: Canadian cultural protectionism) for the Arts, is responsible for the distribution of large sums of money to individuals or groups that promote what it defines as Canadian culture. The Council had a greater impact than its parent, and continues to support emerging Canadian cultural talent that it approves of. The Commission also works to foster a general sense that Canada risks being swamped by an invasion of foreign culture. This led to an increased fear that Canada might very well lose a distinct, national culture. In 1955, with this fear in mind, the government appointed Robert Fowler to chair a Royal Commission that Document [4] (Title: Safety culture) Safety culture Safety culture is the collection of the beliefs, perceptions and values that employees share in relation to risks within an organization, such as a workplace or community. Safety culture is a part of organizational culture, and has been described in a variety of ways; notably the National Academies of Science and the Association of Land Grant and Public Universities have published summaries on this topic in 2014 and 2016 . Studies have found that workplace related disasters are a result of a breakdown in an organization’s policies and procedures that were established to deal with safety, and that Document [5] (Title: Cultural safety) gains and positive health and wellbeing outcomes; 2) acknowledging the beliefs and practices of those who differ from them. For example, this may be by: age or generation, gender, sexual orientation, occupation and socio-economic status, ethnic origin or migrant experience, religious or spiritual belief, disability Cultural safety aims to enhance the delivery of health services through a culturally safe workforce by: 1) identifying the power relationship between the service provider and the people who use the service. The health care provider accepts and works alongside others after undergoing a careful process of institutional and personal analysis of power relationships; 2) Document [6] (Title: Cultural humility) Replacing the idea of cultural competency, cultural humility was based on the idea of focusing on self-reflection and lifelong learning. Tervalon and Murray-Garcia believed that health care professionals were not receiving appropriate education or training in terms of multiculturalism, and developed a new method of approaching the topic. Recently, the social work profession has begun adopting cultural humility into frameworks for service delivery and practice. Most cultural humility rhetoric focuses on interpersonal, individual micro practice social work in terms of worker/client relationships and culturally appropriate intervention procedures. However, social work posits cultural humility as a strong self-reflection tool for the Document [7] (Title: International Association for Child Safety) another, experiencing the typical difficulties of starting a small, unique-concept business. The first meeting was held in Dallas on November 4, 1995, the day before the opening of the Juvenile Products Manufacturers Association (JPMA) show. About 15 different companies were represented. The name International Association for Child Safety was adopted, with the word “international” added to reflect two members from Canada in attendance. This proved insightful as it allowed for the Association to later include members from other countries such as Turkey, England, New Zealand, South Africa, Columbia and the Netherlands. On October 15, 1997, the International Association for Child Document [8] (Title: Droit du seigneur) tribal societies and medieval European society. In "The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State" in 1884, socialist Friedrich Engels argued it was real and had an anthropological origin. In 1930, Scottish legal scholar Hector McKechnie concluded, based on historical evidence, that the practice had existed in Scotland in early times. Italian scholar Paolo Mantegazza, in his 1935 book "The Sexual Relations of Mankind", said that while not a law, it was most likely a binding custom. As late as the nineteenth century, some Kurdish chieftains in Anatolia raped Armenian brides on their wedding night (part of what Document [9] (Title: Cultural safety) in the words of a tutor, they had been disadvantaged all their lives and needed that extra week; that students were made to wear signs saying "Pakaitore (Moutoa Gardens) is Maori land" during the course's selection process and risked exclusion if they refused; and that a tutor who had no teaching qualifications spent most of the class time sitting outside smoking and reading the newspaper. Critics have claimed that cultural safety is based on airy-fairy quasi-psychological subjects which has resulted in an abandonment of rigorous and theoretical task-based nursing. Public opposition to cultural safety during the 1990s led to a Document [10] (Title: Cultural studies) emerged in different national and regional contexts such as the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Latin America, Asia, Africa and Italy. In his 1994 book, "Introducing Cultural Studies", Ziauddin Sardar lists the following five main characteristics of cultural studies: As Dennis Dworkin writes, "a critical moment" in the beginning of cultural studies as a field was when Richard Hoggart used the term in 1964 in founding the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies (CCCS) at the University of Birmingham in the UK, which was to become home for the development of the intellectual orientation that has become known internationally as Document [11] (Title: Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage) and intangible works through which the creativity of people finds expression,” and asked UNESCO and Member States to take measures for protecting this kind of heritage. In 1989, UNESCO adopted the Recommendation on the Safeguarding of Traditional Culture and Folklore as the first legal instrument towards the safeguarding of intangible cultural heritage. This Recommendation reflected the ideas of the earlier Conference in Mexico City. UNESCO conducted some promotional programs for raising awareness of this Recommendation, but was not very successful. However, in the late 90's, there was a conference held for the assessment of this Recommendation, which pointed out some Document [12] (Title: Cultural safety) through actions which recognise, respect, and nurture the unique cultural identity of a patient. Effective practice for a person from another culture is determined by that person or family. Culture includes, but is not restricted to, age or generation; gender; sexual orientation; occupation and socio-economic status; ethnic origin or migrant experience; religious or spiritual beliefs; and disability. Unsafe cultural practice comprises any action which diminishes, demeans or disempowers the cultural identity and wellbeing of an individual. Cultural safety aims to improve the health status and wellbeing of New Zealanders and applies to all relationships through: 1) an emphasis on health Document [13] (Title: Safety culture) that such vulnerability does not originate from just ‘human error’, chance environmental factors or technological failures alone. Rather, it is the ingrained organisational policies and standards which have repeatedly been shown to predate the catastrophe." However it is now also applied (with less certain validity) to individual accidents, and hence has come to relate to a full range of safety behaviors from the wearing of PPE (or not), the quality of delivery of a tool box talk, the quality of shopfloor response to fault conditions – or (what is frequently the main concern for major accidents) the extent to which Document [14] (Title: Safety culture) safety culture questionnaires have emerged. For example, in oil companies a safety culture questionnaire was developed in UK. Another questionnaire in the same field was developed in Iran. Safety culture Safety culture is the collection of the beliefs, perceptions and values that employees share in relation to risks within an organization, such as a workplace or community. Safety culture is a part of organizational culture, and has been described in a variety of ways; notably the National Academies of Science and the Association of Land Grant and Public Universities have published summaries on this topic in 2014 and 2016 . Document [15] (Title: Safety culture) authors focus on attitudes, where others see safety culture being expressed through behaviours and activities. The safety culture of an organization can be a critical influence on human performance in safety-related tasks and hence on the safety performance of the organization. Many proprietary and academic methods claim to assess safety culture, but few have been validated against actual safety performance. The vast majority of surveys examine key issues such as leadership, involvement, commitment, communication, and incident reporting. Some safety culture maturity tools are used in focus group exercises, though few of these (even the most popular) have been examined against Document [16] (Title: Cultural safety) of other minorities. A number of controversies during the mid 1990s affected the concept of cultural safety in New Zealand. Critics claimed that nursing students were afraid to speak out about the excesses of cultural safety on their nursing degrees, presumably for concerns about failing their course after not meeting cultural safety requirements. Student nurse Anna Penn said she had been "bounced out" of her nursing course for being branded culturally unsafe by the polytechnic's kaumatua, the late Hohua Tutengaehe, after she questioned the denial of her right as a women to speak on a Marae. She also challenged a Document [17] (Title: Cultural Survival) Cultural Survival Cultural Survival (founded 1972) is a nonprofit group based in Cambridge, Massachusetts, US, which is dedicated to defending the human rights of indigenous peoples. Cultural Survival was founded by anthropologist David Maybury-Lewis and his wife, Pia, in response to the opening up of the Amazonian and South American hinterlands during the 1960s, and the drastic effects this had on Indigenous inhabitants. It has since worked with Indigenous communities in Asia, Africa, South America, North America, and Australia, becoming the leading US-based organization defending the rights of Indigenous Peoples around the world. Headquartered in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Cultural Survival also Document [18] (Title: Safety culture) establishes that, as an overriding priority, nuclear plant safety issues receive the attention warranted by their significance." Since then, a number of definitions of safety culture have been published. The U.K. Health and Safety Commission developed one of the most commonly used definitions of safety culture: "The product of individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies, and patterns of behaviour that determine the commitment to, and the style and proficiency of, an organisation’s health and safety management". "Organisations with a positive safety culture are characterized by communications founded on mutual trust, by shared perceptions of the importance of safety and Document [19] (Title: Cultural Survival) has a satellite office for the Guatemala Radio Project in Guatemala. As of 2012, Cultural Survival had a four-star rating from Charity Navigator. Cultural Survival Cultural Survival (founded 1972) is a nonprofit group based in Cambridge, Massachusetts, US, which is dedicated to defending the human rights of indigenous peoples. Cultural Survival was founded by anthropologist David Maybury-Lewis and his wife, Pia, in response to the opening up of the Amazonian and South American hinterlands during the 1960s, and the drastic effects this had on Indigenous inhabitants. It has since worked with Indigenous communities in Asia, Africa, South America, North America, Document [20] (Title: Safety culture) better training of employees, and the introduction of formal safety management systems. Consequently, (some argue) in a workplace that has benefited from these improvements, many of the residual workplace accidents result from operator error — one or more operators doing a job differently from the safe way they were trained to. Hence, there is now a move to apply the concept of safety culture at the individual level; worker behaviour is influenced by the safety culture of an organization, so safety culture could affect the worker injury rate. Although the overall culture of an organization may affect the behaviour of Document [21] (Title: Ray B. Browne) India, Korea, Japan, Indonesia, Australia, and New Zealand. Ray Browne was credited with coining the term "popular culture" in 1967; however, he did not originate this term. In 1973, Browne created the first academic program dedicated to studying popular culture at Bowling Green University. Browne created this program because he wanted to know the effects of society on culture and the effects of culture on society. Browne stressed to scholars that it was important to learn about the irrelevant changes in peoples' lives. However, many scholars criticized Browne for trying to belittle their teachings when he created the "popular culture Document [22] (Title: Cultural safety) his/her own. According to Brascoupé (2009) "the long-term value of the concept of cultural safety as a tool for cultural regeneration is hard to assess and depends on the integrity of the processes that underlie the concept of cultural safety". Most cultural safety research has been completed in New Zealand and Australia's health-care field, but the statistical evidence of the benefits of cultural safety is lacking, and other evidence is largely qualitative and anecdotal. Irihapeti Ramsden, the architect of cultural safety, stated that cultural safety training is too skewed toward Maori studies in many nursing courses and ignores the cultures Document [23] (Title: Safety culture) (1997). reviewing them. Variables consistently related to lower injury rates included both those specified by a safety management system and purely cultural factors. Control of major accident hazards requires a specific focus on process-safety management over and above conventional safety management, and Anderson (2004) has expressed concern at the implications for management of major hazards of the extension of the "safety culture" concept to justify behavioural safety initiatives to reduce injury (or lost-time accident) rates by improving safety culture. He argues that "loss of containment" rates on major hazard sites give a good indication of how well the major accident Document [24] (Title: Safety culture) culture of the organization or workplace. The UK HSE notes that safety culture is not just (nor even most significantly) an issue of shopfloor worker attitudes and behaviours "Many companies talk about ‘safety culture’ when referring to the inclination of their employees to comply with rules or act safety or unsafely. However we find that the culture and style of management is even more significant, for example a natural, unconscious bias for production over safety, or a tendency to focussing on the short-term and being highly reactive." Since the 1980s there has been a large amount of research into safety Document [25] (Title: Safety culture) culture. However the concept remains largely "ill defined". Within the literature there are a number of varying definitions of safety culture with arguments for and against the concept. Two of the most prominent and most-commonly used definitions are those given above from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and from the UK Health and Safety Commission (HSC). However, there are some common characteristics shared by other definitions. Some characteristics associated with safety culture include the incorporation of beliefs, values and attitudes. A critical feature of safety culture is that it is shared by a group. When defining safety culture some Document [26] (Title: Leif Svanström) 1960s, he studied a number of descriptive and analytical works, and beginning from the 1970s he is engaged in home and occupational injuries. In 1974, he introduced "the community approach to safety promotion, encapsulated in the Falköping Model", which made a great influence at Swedish and international community safety work. Leif has been doing policy development and is described as the founder of the Safe Community movement. He is the leader of International Safe Community Certifying Centre – a NGO for injury prevention and certifyer of municipalities at a global level. Under his leadership of the Research Group on Injury Document [27] (Title: Safety Harbor culture) By around 1700, however, the Safety Harbor culture had virtually disappeared due to disease and incursions by other Native Americans from the north.. Safety Harbor culture The Safety Harbor culture was an archaeological culture practiced by Native Americans living on the central Gulf coast of the Florida peninsula, from about 900 CE until after 1700. The Safety Harbor culture is defined by the presence of Safety Harbor ceramics in burial mounds. The culture is named after the Safety Harbor Site, which is close to the center of the culture area. The Safety Harbor Site is the probable location of the Document [28] (Title: Culture) Hoggart coined the term in 1964 when he founded the Birmingham Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies or CCCS. It has since become strongly associated with Stuart Hall, who succeeded Hoggart as Director. Cultural studies in this sense, then, can be viewed as a limited concentration scoped on the intricacies of consumerism, which belongs to a wider culture sometimes referred to as "Western civilization" or "globalism." From the 1970s onward, Stuart Hall's pioneering work, along with that of his colleagues Paul Willis, Dick Hebdige, Tony Jefferson, and Angela McRobbie, created an international intellectual movement. As the field developed, it began to Document [29] (Title: Safety culture) culture complies with the formal safety management system The safety culture of an organization cannot be created or changed overnight; it develops over time as a result of history, work environment, the workforce, health and safety practices, and management leadership: "Organizations, like organisms, adapt". An organization’s safety culture is ultimately reflected in the way safety is addressed in its workplaces (whether boardroom or shopfloor). In reality an organization's safety management system is not a set of policies and procedures on a bookshelf, but how those policies and procedures are implemented into the workplace, which will be influenced by the safety Document [30] (Title: Cultural safety) responding effectively to people with diverse needs and strengths in a way that the people who use the service can define as safe Cultural safety is broad in its application: 1) recognising inequalities within health care, education, employment and societal interactions that represent the microcosm of inequalities in health, education, employment and society that have prevailed within our nation; 2) addressing the cause and effect relationship of history, political, social, and employment status, housing, education, gender and personal experience upon people who use psychological services; 3) accepting the legitimacy of difference and diversity in human behaviour and social structure; 4) Document [31] (Title: Safety culture) by confidence in the efficacy of preventive measures." The Cullen Report into the Ladbroke Grove rail crash saw safety culture as "the way we typically do things around here"; this would imply that every organisation has a safety culture – just some a better one than others. The concept of 'safety culture' originally arose in connection with major organisational accidents, where it provides a crucial insight into how multiple organisational barriers against such accidents can be simultaneously ineffective: "With each disaster that occurs our knowledge of the factors which make organisations vulnerable to failures has grown. It has become clear Document [32] (Title: Cultural synergy) more prevalent as globalization takes place., and the concept and/or phrase can be found in discussions of globalization. The concept goes back in the 1970s in the USA , at a time when the American management was thought to be the one and only business model. This is what is commonly known as the concept of Ethnocentrism , which some specialist consider to be cause of the general ignorance amongst American managers towards the influence of culture on management. It was only a matter of time (after the postwar economic success of other foreign countries) until American management realised that Document [33] (Title: Cultural safety) practices of health care so that every consumer receives an effective service; 4) preparing health care providers to resolve any tension between the culture of the health care institution, the culture on which health care theory and practice has traditionally been based, and the people using the services; 5) understanding that such power imbalances can be examined, negotiated and changed to provide equitable, effective, efficient and acceptable service delivery, which minimises risk to people who might otherwise be alienated from the service; 6) an understanding of self, the rights of others and legitimacy of difference should provide the psychologists with Document [34] (Title: Cultural safety) the skills to work with all people who are different from them. Standards for the registration of nurses in all scopes of practice require the content of theory and practice related experience in nursing programmes to include cultural safety, the Treaty of Waitangi and Maori health. Irihapete Ramsden said the woeful state of Maori health was a driving force for cultural safety's introduction into New Zealand's nursing schools. Maori had higher rates of asthma, heart disease, diabetes, obesity, cot death, ear infection leading to deafness and traffic accident injury involving alcohol and leading to death. Also, they had lower rates Document [35] (Title: Cultural humility) interventions.” Thus discovering and incorporating these differences help foster an environment that allows cultural humility to grow and take shape. Cultural competence was an idea first promoted in the healthcare profession. Competence educational programs are aimed at preventing medical misdiagnoses and errors due to lack of cultural understanding. However, with the increasing diversity in the United States combined with an added cultural awareness, competence was not serving the needs of all medical professionals. Cultural humility is a term coined by Melanie Tervalon and Jann Murray-Garcia in 1998 to describe a way of infiltrating multiculturalism into their work as healthcare professionals. Document [36] (Title: Cultural relativism) that give special rights to specific groups: Malaysia, Mexico, Indonesia, and Colombia. Cultural relativism Cultural relativism is the idea that a person's beliefs, values, and practices should be understood based on that person's own culture, rather than be judged against the criteria of another. It was established as axiomatic in anthropological research by Franz Boas in the first few decades of the 20th century and later popularized by his students. Boas first articulated the idea in 1887: "civilization is not something absolute, but ... is relative, and ... our ideas and conceptions are true only so far as our civilization Document [37] (Title: Cultural memory) protect and maintain historic sites and related cultural artifacts. ‘The Right to historic Cultural Memory’ derives from 50 years of the author’s public political experience, institutional administration, study and research, arts practice, world travel, teaching, seminars, public lectures, international conferences, books, publications, and bibliographies. Cultural memory Because memory is not just an individual, private experience but is also part of the collective domain, cultural memory has become a topic in both historiography (Pierre Nora, Richard Terdiman) and cultural studies (e.g., Susan Stewart). These emphasize cultural memory’s process (historiography) and its implications and objects (cultural studies), respectively. Two schools of thought Document [38] (Title: Cultural safety) other hand, the second one improves the delivery of health services. The third one focuses on the differences among the people who are being treated and accepting those differences. The fourth principle focuses on understanding the power of health services and how health care impacts individuals and families. Cultural Safety has its origins in the field of nursing education. The concept originated at a nursing leadership hui in 1989 after concerns were raised by Māori nursing students about the safety of Māori students in monocultural nursing schools and of Māori intellectual property when taught by tauiwi. Cultural safety is met Document [39] (Title: Canadian cultural protectionism) Canadian cultural protectionism Cultural protectionism in Canada has, since the mid-20th century, taken the form of conscious, interventionist attempts on the part of various Governments of Canada to promote Canadian cultural production and limit the effect of foreign culture on the domestic audience. Sharing a large border and a common language with the United States, Canadian politicians have perceived the need to preserve and support a culture separate from US-based North American culture in the globalized media arena. Canada's efforts to maintain its cultural differences from the US and Mexico have been balanced by countermeasures in trade arrangements, including the Document [40] (Title: Saferworld) for an EU Code of Conduct on Arms Exports, and involvement in the first discussions about what is now known as the Arms Trade Treaty. In the 1990s, Saferworld began looking at the broader elements of conflict such as governance, power, marginalisation, access to resources, and development. Saferworld moved from Bristol to London in 1995, and a grant from the UK Department for International Development in 2000 enabled it to expand its work to start in-country programming. In 2010 Saferworld started programmes in the Middle East and North Africa, including Yemen, and developed an increasing focus on cross-border and regional Document [41] (Title: Cultural sustainability) has been responsible for the vast majority of these conventions, maintaining that cultural sustainability and cultural heritage are a strong cornerstone of society. One of the more relevant conventions created in 2003 is the "Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage" which proclaims that culture must be protected against all adversarial combatants. This safeguard was implemented as an understanding that culture guarantees sustainability. Implementing policy based on cultural history is in the process of becoming a widely talked about subject and holds that cultures will be able to thrive in the context of both present and future. Conventions Document [42] (Title: Safety culture) human factors on safety outcomes, and the decisive effect of 'safety culture' on those factors. In the US, similar issues were found to underlie the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster, subsequent investigation of which identified that cultural issues had influenced numerous "flawed" decisions on behalf of NASA and Thiokol management that had contributed to the disaster. The lesson drawn from the UK disasters was that, "It is essential to create a corporate atmosphere or culture in which safety is understood to be and is accepted as, the number one priority." From public enquiries it has become evident that a broken safety Document [43] (Title: Cultural safety) the Treaty of Waitangi and maori health in nursing education and practice... TRC, 2009. Kawa Whakaruruhau: Cultural Safety. Retrieved from http://www.library.auckland.ac.nz/subject-guides/med/docs/cultural-safety.pdf Wepa, D (ed) 2005 Cultural safety in Aotearoa New Zealand. Auckland. Pearson Education Cultural safety In New Zealand, cultural safety is the effective nursing practice of a person or family from another culture that is determined by that person or family. Its origins are in nursing education and a culture can range anywhere from age or generation, gender, sexual orientation, occupation, religious beliefs, or even disabilities. An unsafe cultural practice is an action that demeans the cultural identity of Document [44] (Title: Cultural safety) of immunisation, earned less and lived five to seven years less than non-Maori. The concept developed in New Zealand by nurses working with Māori that moves beyond the traditional concept of cultural sensitivity (being acceptable to difference) to analysing power imbalances, institutional discrimination, colonisation and relationships with colonisers. It develops the idea that to provide quality care for people from different ethnicities than the mainstream, health care providers must embraces the skill of self-reflection as a means to advancing a therapeutic encounter and provide care congruent with the knowledge that cultural values and norms of the patient are different from Document [45] (Title: Prostitution in France) unsafe areas. As the discourse shifted from abolitionism to security, so did more explicit laws and regulations. This disquiet enabled Nicolas Sarkozy to later mobilize public anxiety about security evident in the elections that year in his Domestic Security bill. The cultural context is the concept of gender equality as stated in the preamble to the 1946 and 1958 constitution and which had seen an increasing momentum of political gains for women, including the establishment of a women's policy agency in 1974 and a ministry of women's rights in 1981. However, a significant gap still exists in terms of economic Document [46] (Title: Safety culture) the breakdown flows from inadequate attention being paid to safety issues. A good safety culture can be promoted by senior management commitment to safety, realistic practices for handling hazards, continuous organisational learning, and care and concern for hazards shared across the workforce. The Chernobyl disaster highlighted the importance of safety culture and the effect of managerial and human factors on safety performance. The term ‘safety culture’ was first used in INSAG’s (1986) ‘Summary Report on the Post-Accident Review Meeting on the Chernobyl Accident’ where safety culture was described as: "That assembly of characteristics and attitudes in organizations and individuals which Document [47] (Title: Cultural rights) conserve each society’s culture base and essentially prevent ethnocide. The cultural rights movement has been popularized because much traditional cultural knowledge has commercial value, like ethno-medicine, cosmetics, cultivated plants, foods, folklore, arts, crafts, songs, dances, costumes, and rituals. Studying ancient cultures may reveal evidence about the history of the human race and shed more light on our origin and successive cultural development. However, the study, sharing and commercialization of such cultural aspects can be hard to achieve without infringing upon the cultural rights of those who are a part of that culture. Cultural rights should be taken into consideration also Document [48] (Title: Impact of culture on aviation safety) the controllers to ask the pilots if they were declaring an emergency and assist the pilots in landing the aircraft. The crashes have been blamed on aspects of the national cultures of the crews. Geert Hofstede classified national cultures into four dimensions, two of which can be applied to the flight deck: power distance, which defines the "nature of relations between subordinates and superiors", or "how often subordinates are afraid to express disagreement"; and whether the culture is collectivist or individualist in nature. Western cultures are individualistic and have a low power distance, whereas most Asian and Latin cultures are Document [49] (Title: Safety culture) company incident rates. Although there is some uncertainty and ambiguity in defining safety culture, there is no uncertainty over the relevance or significance of the concept. Mearns et al. stated that "safety culture is an important concept that forms the environment within which individual safety attitudes develop and persist and safety behaviours are promoted". With every major disaster, considerable resources are allocated to identify factors that might have contributed to the outcome of the event. Consideration of the considerable detail revealed by inquiries into such disasters is invaluable in identifying generic factors that "make organisations vulnerable to failures" From such Document [50] (Title: Environmental inequality in Europe) that has seen significant degradation of Indigenous lands as a result of oil and gas development. According to Donahoe, The idea was that, by protecting folklore, they would also be protecting the environment within which the folklore was embedded. It was especially important that the law should 'link the perpetuation of living folklore traditions to specific communities and landscapes': Understood in its fullest sense, it means that sacred place myths cannot exist without sacred places, nor local legends without the sites to which they are attached. In short, folklore cannot meaningfully endure if separated from the specific enculturated environment that Document [51] (Title: Safety culture) After a number of Korean Air crashes, and particularly after the Korean Air Cargo Flight 8509 crash, a December 1999 review found that a culture of overly strong hierarchichy (influenced in general Korean culture by Confucianism) prevented subordinates from speaking up in safety-critical situations. The airline's safety record later improved considerably. Reason considers an ideal safety culture "the ‘engine’ that drives the system towards the goal of sustaining the maximum resistance towards its operational hazards" regardless of current commercial concerns or leadership style. This requires a constant high level of respect for anything that might defeat safety systems and ‘not Document [52] (Title: Aboriginal child protection) a philosophy of kinship care, that recognized "the importance of cultural identity in child protection policy." "[K]inship care in New Zealand is ... an effort to redress past practices that harmed and alienated Māori children and families." Historically, in the United States "Indian tribes ... struggled against the assimilationist policies instituted by the United States which sought to destroy tribal cultures by removing Native American children from their tribes and families. In a stark example of such policies, the purpose articulated in the charter of the first boarding school in the 1890s on the Navajo reservation was 'to remove the Document [53] (Title: Cultural area) and folklore vs. dress and architecture vs. language. Cultural areas are not considered equivalent to "Kulturkreis" (Culture circles). A culture area is a concept in cultural anthropology in which a geographic region and time sequence (age area) is characterized by substantially uniform environment and culture. The concept of culture areas was originated by museum curators and ethnologists during the late 1800s as means of arranging exhibits. Clark Wissler and Alfred Kroeber further developed the concept on the premise that they represent longstanding cultural divisions. The concept is criticized by some, who argue that the basis for classification is arbitrary. But Document [54] (Title: Safety culture) "The validity of the safety culture concept with regard to individual accidents is yet to be ascertained." (p. 643). Pidgeon and O’Leary argue "a ‘good’ safety culture might reflect and be promoted by four factors Only two of those factors fall within a management system, and leadership as well as management is necessary. Several papers (e.g., for the UK offshore oil industry -Mearns et al. (2000)) have sought to identify specific safety management practices that predict (conventional) safety performance. Shannon (1998) gives details of many reported surveys in Canada and the US and reports the conclusions of Shannon et al. Document [55] (Title: Safety Harbor culture) Safety Harbor culture The Safety Harbor culture was an archaeological culture practiced by Native Americans living on the central Gulf coast of the Florida peninsula, from about 900 CE until after 1700. The Safety Harbor culture is defined by the presence of Safety Harbor ceramics in burial mounds. The culture is named after the Safety Harbor Site, which is close to the center of the culture area. The Safety Harbor Site is the probable location of the chief town of the Tocobaga, the best known of the groups practicing the Safety Harbor culture. The Safety Harbor people were organized into Document [56] (Title: Safety culture) vulture is responsible for many of the major process safety disasters that have taken place around the world over the past 20 years or so. Typical features related to these disasters are where there had been a culture of: "Tough guy" attributes like unwillingness to admit ignorance, admit mistakes, or ask for help can undermine safety culture and productivity, by interfering with exchange of useful information. A Harvard Business School study found an intervention to improve the culture at Shell Oil during the construction of the Ursa tension leg platform contributed to increased productivity and an 84% lower accident rate. Document [57] (Title: Cultural safety) accepting that the attitudes and beliefs, policies and practices of psychological service providers can act as barriers to service access; 5) concerning quality improvement in service delivery and consumer rights. Cultural safety has a close focus on: 1) understanding the impact of the health care provided as a bearer of his/her own culture, history, attitudes and life experiences and the response other people make to these factors; 2) challenging health care providers to examine their practice carefully, recognising the power relationship in health care institutions is biased toward the provider of the service; 3) balancing the power relationships in the Document [58] (Title: Cultural safety) Cultural safety In New Zealand, cultural safety is the effective nursing practice of a person or family from another culture that is determined by that person or family. Its origins are in nursing education and a culture can range anywhere from age or generation, gender, sexual orientation, occupation, religious beliefs, or even disabilities. An unsafe cultural practice is an action that demeans the cultural identity of a particular person or family. Cultural safety also has four different principles. The first one aims to improve health status and well-being of New Zealanders because the concept originated in New Zealand; on the Document [59] (Title: Cultural safety) tutor's claim that pre-European Maori had printing presses which were thrown into the sea by white colonials. Penn subsequently attended a nursing course in Queensland, Australia, and is now a registered nurse in New Zealand. In addition, Ex Waikato Polytechnic nursing tutor Brian Stabb said he had been sacked for being "culturally unsafe". Mr Stabb wrote that "I have experienced it as a racial judgement which carries all the stigmas of the most rabid forms of racism. Further. it seems this label can be handed out willy nilly with little or no accounability. The rationale I have been offered is Document [60] (Title: Cultural contracts) Cultural contracts Cultural contracts refer to the degree that cultural values are exchanged between groups. It extends identity negotiation theory and uncertainty reduction theory by focusing defining the negotiation experience from the perspective of minority groups when dealing with majority cultural norms. Cultural contracts theory was developed in 1999 by Dr. Ronald L. Jackson, an identity scholar and a professor in media and cinema studies at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Cultural contracts first appeared in Communication Quarterly in 1999. The theory is inspired by Ting-Toomey's (1986) identity validation model (IDM) that emerged from a study of European American Document [61] (Title: Culture of the United Kingdom) owned, unless by the owners invitation or consent, was established as common law in Coke's "Institutes of the Lawes of England". "For a man's house is his castle, et domus sua cuique est tutissimum refugium [and each man's home is his safest refuge]." It is the origin of the famous dictum, “an Englishman’s home is his castle”. Sir William Blackstone, 18th-century jurist, judge and politician best known for his "Commentaries on the Laws of England", containing his formulation: "It is better that ten guilty persons escape than that one innocent suffer", a principle that government and the courts must err Document [62] (Title: Cultural safety) Parliamentary Select Committee inquiry into its teaching, whilst a simultaneous review was carried out by the NZ Nursing Council. After the review the NZ Nursing Council revised the guidelines for cultural safety in Nursing and Midwifery Education to placate public concern that cultural safety privileged Maori. Cultural safety has been criticized for lacking a clear and comprehensive practice framework that is easily translated by, and responsive to, both culturally diverse health care providers and equally diverse health care recipients. Dominion Post [Wellington, New Zealand] 23 Aug 1997. 2nd ed. Cultural Safety. New Zealand Nursing Council, 2011. Guidelines for cultural safety, Document [63] (Title: Safety culture) employees, much research has focused on the effect of more localised factors (i.e. supervisors, interpretation of safety policies) in the specific culture of individual workplaces, leading to the concept of a "Local safety climate, which is more susceptible to transition and change". This would also suggest that safety climate operates on a different level than safety culture. Mearns et al. note that although safety culture was a concept originally used to describe the inadequacies of safety management that result in major disasters, that the concept is now being applied to explain accidents at the individual level, although as they emphasize, Question: where did the concept of cultural safety originate from

Answer: New Zealand Long Answer: Cultural safety can be defined as the effective nursing practice of a person or family from another culture that is determined by that person or family (from Nursing Council of New Zealand, Guidelines for Cultural Safety, the Treaty of Waitangi and Māori Health in Nursing Education and Practice, 2011, p. 7). Its origins are in nursing education and a culture can range anywhere from age or generation, gender, sexual orientation, occupation, religious beliefs, or even disabilities . An unsafe cultural practice is an action that demeans the cultural identity of a particular person or family . Cultural safety also has four different principles . The first one aims to improve health status and well - being of New Zealanders because the concept originated in New Zealand; on the other hand, the second one improves the delivery of health services . The third one focuses on the differences among the people who are being treated and accepting those differences . The fourth principle focuses on understanding the power of health services and how health care impacts individuals and families. Gold Document ID: 62

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Plaza de Toros de Valencia) it is administered by the Provincial Council of Valencia and the Simon Casas Productions company. Over the years, it has been managed both by private companies and the Council of Valencia itself. The bullfighting arena is situated in the Centro district of the city, at 28 Calle de Xàtiva Valencia, 46004 Spain. It is located next to the North Station and also close to the Plaza del Ayuntamiento (Town Hall Square). Right in front of the bullring, there is a metro station called "Xàtiva" with the lines number 3, 5 and 9. The bullring holds around 12,000 people. Plaza de Document [2] (Title: Plaza de toros de Acho) Plaza de toros de Acho The de Acho is the premier bullring in Lima, Peru. Located beside the historical center of the Rímac District, the plaza is classified as a national historic monument. It is the oldest bullring in the Americas and the second-oldest in the world after La Maestranza in Spain (not counting the Roman Empire-era Arles Amphitheatre in France). It opened on 30 January 1766. Of the 56 official bullrings in Peru, the Plaza de Acho ranks most prominently. It has a seating capacity of 14,700 and was constructed of adobe and wood, both traditional materials. In 1765, Document [3] (Title: Pamplona) It seats 19,529 and is the third largest in the world, after the bull rings of Mexico and Madrid. Other sports with some of the top clubs in Pamplona include handball (Portland San Antonio, Europe's championship winner 2001), futsal (MRA Xota) and water polo (Larraina). Pamplona's favourite son may well be Miguel Indurain, five time Tour de France winner. Former Arsenal goalkeeper Manuel Almunia is also from Pamplona. The Movistar Team, the direct descendent of Indurain's Banesto team, is based in Egüés, a municipality in the metropolitan area of Pamplona. Pamplona is also home to the headquarters of The International Document [4] (Title: Jerez de la Frontera) equine institution headquartered in Jerez is the Yeguada Militar de Jerez de la Frontera (known outside Spain as the Yeguada Militar), the Spanish military stud farm dedicated to the breeding of purebred Andalusian and Arabian horses. Founded in 1847, it became the official stud farm of the Spanish military in 1893. The 2002 FEI World Equestrian Games were held in Jerez at the Estadio Municipal de Chapín, which was remodeled for the event, from September 10 to September 22, 2002. This was the 4th edition of the games, which are held every four years and run by the FEI. Jerez, Document [5] (Title: Running of the bulls) a photo. The encierro of Pamplona has been depicted many times in literature, television or advertising, but became known worldwide partly because of the descriptions of Ernest Hemingway in books "The Sun Also Rises" and "Death in the Afternoon". The cinema pioneer Louis Lumière filmed the run in 1899. The event is the basis for a chapter in James Michener's 1971 novel "The Drifters". The run is depicted in the 1991 Billy Crystal film "City Slickers", where the character "Mitch" (Crystal) is gored (non-fatally) from behind by a bull during a vacation with the other main characters. The run appears Document [6] (Title: Running of the bulls) the Nudes, a demonstration done two days before the beginning of San Fermín in Pamplona. By marching naked, they protested the festival and the following bullfight, arguing the bulls are tortured for entertainment. The city of San Miguel de Allende, Mexico, cancelled its "Sanmiguelada" running of the bulls after 2006, citing public disorder associated with the event. After the event was cancelled in San Miguel, the city of Salvatierra, also in the state of Guanajuato, picked up the event. It is now called "La Marquesada" and the three-day event is held during the last weekend of the month of September Document [7] (Title: Andalusia) (known as "nazarenos") sing saetas. Andalusia is the site of such pilgrim destinations as the Santuario de Nuestra Señora de la Cabeza in Andújar and the Hermitage of El Rocío in Almonte. While some trace the lineage of the Spanish Fighting Bull back to Roman times, today's fighting bulls in the Iberian peninsula and in the former Spanish Empire trace back to Andalusia in the 15th and 16th centuries. Andalusia remains a center of bull-rearing and bullfighting: its 227 "fincas de ganado" where fighting bulls are raised cover . In the year 2000, Andalusia's roughly 100 bullrings hosted 1,139 "corridas". Document [8] (Title: Running of the bulls) in the 2011 Bollywood movie "Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara", directed by Zoya Akhtar, as the final dare in the bucket list of the three bachelors who have to overcome their ultimate fear; death. At first, the trio run part of the route. They stop at the square, but then recover their nerve, and continue to the end. The completion of the run depicts their freedom as they learn that surviving a mortal danger can bring joy. "Running with Bulls," a 2012 documentary of the festival filmed by Construct Creatives and presented by Jason Farrel, depicts the pros and cons of Document [9] (Title: Running of the bulls) the Bull , in which hundreds of red- and white-clad beachgoers are chased down the shore by a single "bull" (two people in a pantomime horse-style costume). In Rangiora, New Zealand, an annual Running of the Sheep is held, in which 1000–2000 sheep are released down the main street of the small farming town. The Running of the Bulls UK is a pub crawl event that takes place on London's Hampstead Heath and uses fast human runners in place of bulls. In 2014, Pamplona inaugurated a series of running events in June, the San Fermín Marathon, of a full marathon Document [10] (Title: Pamplona City Transport) Pamplona City Transport Pamplona City Transport (officially Transporte Urbano Comarcal de Pamplona, also known as Villavesas informally), is the company offering bus services in Pamplona and its metropolitan area, serving around 300,000 people. The buses are white, yellow and green. Pamplona City Transport is operated by the "Mancomunidad de la Comarca de Pamplona". There are between 102 and 88 buses on the street, depending on the time of the day. Because of the increase in ridership, the company operates 39 double or articulated buses. There are 418 stations on the 21 different lines. Because of the rapid urbanistic growth Pamplona Document [11] (Title: Running of the bulls) bullring, which acts as a funnel as it is much narrower than the previous street. In such cases injuries come both from asphyxia and contusions to those in the pile and from goring if the bulls crush into the pile. This kind of blocking of the entrance has occurred at least ten times in the history of the run, the last occurring in 2013 and the first dating back to 1878. A runner died of suffocation in one such pile up in 1977. Overall, since record-keeping began in 1910, 15 people have been killed in the bull running of Pamplona, Document [12] (Title: San Fermín) variety of basque pelota. It is held in one of the courts of the city. Betting is common during these events. Every afternoon from July 7 to 14 there is a bullfight in which the 6 bulls that have been driven to the bullring during the bullrunning of that day are killed. It begins at 6pm. In addition the 5th bullfight with younger bulls and not fully trained bullfighters is performed while the 6th features bullfighters on horses (in Spanish "rejoneo"). While the bullring of the city is the fourth largest in size in the world, it is full every Document [13] (Title: Toro embolado) runner) which is set alight. Toro embolado A ' (in Spanish), ' (in Catalan), roughly meaning 'bull with balls', is a festive activity, typical of many towns in Spain (mainly in the Valencian community and Southern Catalonia), in which a bull that has balls of flammable material attached to its horns, which are set on fire, is set free in the streets at night, and participants dodge the bull when it comes close. It can be considered a variant of an ( in Catalan). This activity is held in a number of Spanish towns during their local festivals. In recent Document [14] (Title: Hereford Zone, Maryland) Maryland. The Bulls have won 3 state titles in 1997, 2001 and 2002. Much of this success is attributed to coach Steve Turnbaugh who turned around a formerly downtrodden Hereford football program. Hereford High is also the host of the annual "Bull Run" Cross Country Invitational, run in the end of September, which is one of the largest East Coast cross country running events, attracting over 100 schools from surrounding states. The "grueling" course is noted for its hills, twists, turns and a steep ravine known as "The Dip", all making for what has been called "The Toughest Three Miles Document [15] (Title: Running of the bulls) Running of the bulls The running of the bulls (, from the verb "encerrar", 'to corral, to enclose'; , literally 'haste, momentum'; , 'street-bulls') is an event that involves running in front of a small group of cattle, typically six but sometimes ten or more, that have been let loose on a course of a sectioned-off subset of a town's streets, usually as part of a summertime festival. Particular breeds of cattle may be favored, such as the in Spain, also often used in post-run bullfighting, and Camargue cattle in Occitan France, which are not fought. Actual bulls (non-castrated male Document [16] (Title: Tamborrada) hardware from the water pump to mock the soldiers stationed in the city by aping their daily procession from the San Telmo headquarters to the Main Gate at the city walls ("Puerta de Tierra"). The comic procession in carnival mood may have developed into a youth music group, the Carnival of Donostia, which started on the 20th of January, followed by the Caldereros at the beginning of February. In the early days, the procession also heralded the ox run event, held on the same day. At this stage, the members of the procession dressed in everyday clothes, as they had Document [17] (Title: Plaza de toros de La Malagueta) Plaza de toros de La Malagueta La Malagueta is the bullring at Málaga (Andalucía, Spain) which since 1876 has been denominated a cultural asset of Spain (BIC). It is located in the eastern district of Málaga, alongside the Paseo de Reding. The first event was held in 1876. the current (2013 season) operator is Coso de Badajoz SL, a company owned by José Cutiño. The style of the building is neomudéjar and it takes the form of a 16-sided hexadecagon. After a refurbishment carried out in 2010 the arena now has a capacity for 9,032 spectators. The ring measures 52 Document [18] (Title: Running of the bulls) the Raia in Sabugal, Portugal, with horses leading the herd crossing old border passes out of Spain and using the medieval 'Forcåo', or the bull run of Navalcarnero held at night. Other "encierros" have also caused fatalities. "Bous al carrer", "correbou" or "correbous" (meaning in Catalan, 'bulls in the street', 'street-bulls') is a typical festivity in many villages in the Valencian region, Terres de l'Ebre, Catalonia, and Fornalutx, Mallorca. Another similar tradition is "soltes de vaques", where cows are used instead of bulls. Even though they can take place all along the year, they are most usual during local festivals Document [19] (Title: Running of the bulls) least ten bulls are run together through the street guided by a group of twelve mounted on white Camargue horses; the , in which one bull is released outside the foyer and finds his own way back to the pen; the , in which one bull is run, accompanied through the streets; and the , which is the same thing but after dark. Boys and men run with the bulls and try and separate them from the horses, stop them, and physically turn them away from the horses. The English town of Stamford, Lincolnshire was host to the Stamford bull Document [20] (Title: Blanca, Murcia) in Blanca the famous declaration of Regional Tourist Interest, and it is undoubtedly the most celebrated day for all residents in Blanca. The running of the bulls is a very old tradition that has been held for over three hundred fifty years, and it is a unique event in the Region of Murcia. During the morning the atmosphere that prevails throughout the entire running route of the bulls, is a limitless joy, in which dance and parade of bands encourage all who join the festivities, and where everyone is welcome. It is always held before August 15. The life and Document [21] (Title: Running of the bulls) was gored by a bull soon after its publication. (See Further Reading section below.) Although the most famous running of the bulls is that of San Fermín, they are held in towns and villages across Spain, Portugal, and in some cities in southern France during the summer. Examples are the bull run of San Sebastián de los Reyes, near Madrid, at the end of August which is the most popular of Spain after Pamplona, the bull run of Cuéllar, considered as the oldest of Spain since there are documents of its existence dating back to 1215, the Highland Capeias of Document [22] (Title: Bull running) a gathering, secular or religious, were in place at this time of year." William Fitzstephen, writing in 1173, indicates that, in London at least, the animals to be slaughtered were often first used for sport: "[T]he youth are entertained in a morning with boars fighting to the last gasp, as likewise with hogs full tusked, intended to be converted into bacon; or game-bulls, and bears of a large bulk, are baited with dogs." Notes References Bibliography Bull running Bull running was a medieval custom practiced in England until the 19th century. It involved chasing a bull through the streets of Document [23] (Title: Running of the Nudes) Running of the Nudes The Running of the Nudes, like the well-known Running of the Bulls, takes place in Pamplona, Spain. The Running of the Nudes occurs two days before the Running of the Bulls, just before the start of the nine-day festival of San Fermín. The event was created in 2002 and is supported by animal welfare groups, including PETA, who object to the Running of the Bulls, claiming that the event is cruel and glorifies bullfighting, which the groups oppose. In the Running of the Nudes, naked humans, many wearing only plastic horns and red scarves, follow the Document [24] (Title: Running of the bulls) the controversial tradition. Since 2014, the Esquire Channel has broadcast the running of the bulls as a show in the US, with both live commentary and then a recorded 'round up' later in the day by NBCSN commentators the Men in Blazers, including interviews with noted participants such as Madrid-born runner David Ubeda, former US Special Forces soldier turned filmmaker Dennis Clancey, the historic New York-born runner Joe Distler, and former British bullfighter and author Alexander Fiske-Harrison. In 2014, the eBook guide, "Fiesta: How To Survive The Bulls Of Pamplona", caused headlines around the world when one of the contributors Document [25] (Title: Stamford bull run) 5th Earl of Surrey, standing on the battlements of the castle, saw two bulls fighting in the meadow beneath. Some butchers came to part the combatants and one of the bulls ran into the town, causing a great uproar. The earl, mounting his horse, rode after the animal, and enjoyed the sport so much, that he gave the meadow in which the fight began to the butchers of Stamford on condition that they should provide a bull, to be run in the town every 13 November, forever after. The town of Stamford acquired common rights in the grassy floodplain next Document [26] (Title: Bullfighting) Camargue region of Provence before graduating to regular contests held principally in Arles and Nîmes but also in other Provençal and Languedoc towns and villages. Before the "course", an "abrivado"—a "running" of the bulls in the streets—takes place, in which young men compete to outrun the charging bulls. The "course" itself takes place in a small (often portable) arena erected in a town square. For a period of about 15–20 minutes, the "raseteurs" compete to snatch rosettes ("cocarde") tied between the bulls' horns. They do not take the rosette with their bare hands but with a claw-shaped metal instrument called Document [27] (Title: Yolanda Barcina) ("alcaldesa") of Pamplona in 1999 and the vice-president of the UPN in 2003. In 2009, she took the position of Miguel Sanz in the party, before winning the elections for President of Navarre. In 2001, Barcina had a debate with actress Penélope Cruz about the San Fermín running of the bulls. She has distinguished herself for her hard-line approach on Basque nationalism, and a rigid stance on environmental issues, favouring controversial engineering projects like the construction of the Itoiz Reservoir, the high speed train (in the offing) and the trans-Pyrenean motorway (in the offing). On this account, Barcina was subjected Document [28] (Title: Kukuxumusu) regions festivals and typical elements and have, therefore, become a popular souvenir in Spain. Kukuxumusu has added computer screensavers and virtual postcards, with their usual unique humour to their line of clothing and souvenirs. Kukuxumusu Ataute, S.L., better known by their trading name Kukuxumusu, is a Spanish company from Pamplona, Navarra specialising in clothing and product design. Its name means "flea kiss" in Basque. The company was founded in 1989 Pamplona's San Fermín festival. Three friends made souvenir T-shirts depicting the bull-running and bull fights. The company gradually grew and is now one of the key images of San Fermín; Document [29] (Title: Running of the bulls) (normally in August). Compared to encierros, animals are not directed to any bullring. These festivities are normally organized by the youngsters of the village, as a way for showing their courage and ability with the bull. Some sources consider this tradition a masculine initiation rite to adulthood. Numerous bull-running events happen in France in the region around Sommières, in accordance with the Camargues tradition, in which no bulls are intentionally injured or killed. For instance, in Calvisson, the annual event takes place around 20 July over a period of five days. There are four events: the , in which at Document [30] (Title: Running of the bulls) of the herd has entered the bullring and its corral respectively, marking the end of the event. The average duration between the first rocket and the end of the encierro is two minutes, 30 seconds. The encierro is usually composed of the six bulls to be fought in the afternoon, six steers that run in herd with the bulls, and three more steers that follow the herd to encourage any reluctant bulls to continue along the route. The function of the steers, who run the route daily, is to guide the bulls to the bullring. The average speed of the Document [31] (Title: Running of the bulls) run for almost 700 years until it was abandoned in 1837. According to local tradition, the custom dated from the time of King John when William de Warenne, 5th Earl of Surrey, saw two bulls fighting in the meadow beneath. Some butchers came to part the combatants and one of the bulls ran into the town, causing a great uproar. The earl, mounting his horse, rode after the animal, and enjoyed the sport so much, that he gave the meadow in which the fight began, to the butchers of Stamford, on condition that they should provide a bull, to be Document [32] (Title: San Fermín) a fireworks display at the city hall. This closing ceremony tradition started out in the 1920s. The running of the bulls (In Spanish "encierro or los toros de san Fermin") involves hundreds of people running in front of six bulls and another six steers down an 825-meter (0.51 mile) stretch of narrow streets of a section of the old town of Pamplona. The run ends in the Pamplona's bullring taking a mean time of around 3 minutes where the bulls would be held until the afternoon's bullfight when they would be killed. Bullruns are held between July 7 and 14 Document [33] (Title: Gata de Gorgos) A key part of this event includes bull running along the street known as Paseo de Alicante - another is when the town's young men and women who are 'coming of age' form groups called 'Quintos' and march through the town accompanied by music and watched by family and friends. The highlight to many is the Paella Night, where most of the town congregate in the school to cook paella in the open air before being entertained by a local band. Gata de Gorgos Gata de Gorgos ( ) is a village in the Marina Alta region of the north Document [34] (Title: Running of the bulls) or first weekend of October. Some links may contain graphic content where marked. Running of the bulls The running of the bulls (, from the verb "encerrar", 'to corral, to enclose'; , literally 'haste, momentum'; , 'street-bulls') is an event that involves running in front of a small group of cattle, typically six but sometimes ten or more, that have been let loose on a course of a sectioned-off subset of a town's streets, usually as part of a summertime festival. Particular breeds of cattle may be favored, such as the in Spain, also often used in post-run bullfighting, and Document [35] (Title: Bill Hillmann) United States". He has given expert commentary on the running of the bulls for CNN, "The Today Show", "CBS This Morning", BBC World Service, and Esquire Network. His audio essay "Running with the Bulls in Pamplona" for WBEZ Chicago Public Radio won an Edward R. Murrow Award from the Radio Television Digital News Association in 2010. He was inspired to join the tradition by Ernest Hemingway's book "The Sun Also Rises", and has taken part in the bull runs in Pamplona since 2005. In 2011 and 2012 he wrote how-to guides on the running of the bulls for "Outside" magazine. Document [36] (Title: Huamantla) has since grown in popularity. It is based on the running of the bulls in Pamplona and was originally called the “Pamplonada”. The first run had seven bulls which has since grown in number to about twenty five. The running of the bulls is more dangerous as the animals are released into the streets from two directions. This event is the most famous of its kind in Mexico. During the month there are also donkey and car races, a children’s version of running with the bulls, a parade with floats, a feria queen, a paella festival, cockfights, a chess tournament Document [37] (Title: Running of the bulls) blessing". The singers finish by shouting " and ('Long live Saint Fermin', in Spanish and Basque, respectively). Most runners dress in the traditional clothing of the festival which consists of a white shirt and trousers with a red waistband () and neckerchief (). Also some of them hold the day's newspaper rolled to draw the bulls' attention from them if necessary. A first rocket is set off at 8 a.m. to alert the runners that the corral gate is open. A second rocket signals that all six bulls have been released. The third and fourth rockets are signals that all Document [38] (Title: Pamplona) Federation of Basque Pelota (FIPV). Basque pelota is principally practiced in France, Spain, and North and South America, but also in other countries like Italy and Philippines. Pamplona is twinned with the following cities: Pamplona Pamplona (; ) or Iruña (, alternative spelling: "Iruñea", ) is the capital city of the Autonomous Community of Navarre, in Spain, and historically also of the former Kingdom of Navarre. Pamplona is also the second largest city in the greater Basque cultural region, composed of two Spanish autonomous communities, Navarre and Basque Country, and the French Basque Country. Pamplona has a moderate climate being Document [39] (Title: The Sun Also Rises) in the bullring. Book Three shows the characters in the aftermath of the fiesta. Sober again, they leave Pamplona; Bill returns to Paris, Mike stays in Bayonne, and Jake goes to San Sebastián on the northern coast of Spain. As Jake is about to return to Paris, he receives a telegram from Brett asking for help; she had gone to Madrid with Romero. He finds her there in a cheap hotel, without money, and without Romero. She announces she has decided to go back to Mike. The novel ends with Jake and Brett in a taxi speaking of the things Document [40] (Title: Movistar Team (men's team)) Zülle, twice winner of the Vuelta a España. The team offices are in Egüés, a municipality of Navarre, Spain, in the metropolitan area of Pamplona. A later sponsor was Caisse d'Epargne, a French semi-cooperative banking group. Having previously used Pinarello bikes, the team rode Canyon frames in 2014, with Campagnolo parts. Since 2008, Eusebio Unzué has been the manager of the team after the long running manager, José Miguel Echavarri, retired from the sport. Directeurs sportifs of the team include Neil Stephens, Alfonso Galilea and José Luis Jaimerena. The team began in 1980 as the Reynolds team which José Miguel Document [41] (Title: 2009 Clásica de San Sebastián) the suspended local rider, Mikel Astarloza. The route is an anticlockwise loop, heading southwest from San Sebastián, reaching its highest point, and its farthest from the city at the Alto de Udana (574 m). It then heads back towards the southern suburbs of the start town, before heading east through the Jaizkibel mountains to Hondarribia on the French border, and then back to San Sebastián. As well as the overall race, there are prizes available for amassing most points at five intermediate sprints around the course, and for gaining points at the top of six mountain passes and hilltops. 2009 Document [42] (Title: Calvisson) and then, in 1704, used as a base for the royalist troops in the battle of Nages against the protestant forces of Jean Cavalier the "prophet" and military leader. In 1787, the Rock of Gachone which stands above the village is used as triangulation point by Jean-Dominique Cassini for mapping the area. Bull running happens in Calvisson, according to the Carmargues tradition, where no bull gets hurt. The annual event takes place around 20 July over a period of five days. There are four events, the Abrivado where over ten bulls are run together through the street guided by a Document [43] (Title: Kukuxumusu) Kukuxumusu Ataute, S.L., better known by their trading name Kukuxumusu, is a Spanish company from Pamplona, Navarra specialising in clothing and product design. Its name means "flea kiss" in Basque. The company was founded in 1989 Pamplona's San Fermín festival. Three friends made souvenir T-shirts depicting the bull-running and bull fights. The company gradually grew and is now one of the key images of San Fermín; in addition to clothing they also produce other goods such as chinaware, keyrings and postcards. Kukuxumusu has exclusive shops in Pamplona and all the main cities within the Basque Country and also in the Document [44] (Title: Pamplona) Pamplona Pamplona (; ) or Iruña (, alternative spelling: "Iruñea", ) is the capital city of the Autonomous Community of Navarre, in Spain, and historically also of the former Kingdom of Navarre. Pamplona is also the second largest city in the greater Basque cultural region, composed of two Spanish autonomous communities, Navarre and Basque Country, and the French Basque Country. Pamplona has a moderate climate being at in terms of elevation. In addition to its elevation, Pamplona being inland results in cool nights by Spanish standards. The city is famous worldwide for the running of the bulls during the San Document [45] (Title: Pamplona) Competition biennially since 1991, and the annual Punto de Vista International Documentary Film Festival, the most important Spanish documentary film festival, since 2004. One of the more popular cultural expressions include the "Gigantes", which come out during festivals many times during the year. These are approximately 30-foot wooden statues that have a person inside that make them dance around the city. They represent each of the main continents of the world, including Europe, the Americas, Africa, and Asia. After the 2015 municipal elections, there are 27 seats in Pamplona's municipal council: ten of Navarrese People's Union ("Unión del Pueblo Navarro"), Document [46] (Title: Manuel Turrillas) Jarana, Muthiko, Oberena, as well as many others. Manuel Turrillas is also the composer of the popular song that runners sing, newspaper in hand, before the worldwide famous running of the bulls of the festival of San Fermín, a celebration hold in the city of Pamplona. Turillas is well known for composing the CA Osasuna football club hymn. The catalog of his work includes more than 400 compositions. The City Council of Pamplona awarded him the Gold Medal of the city. Manuel Turrillas died, aged 92, in Pamplona, and, after his death, the city dedicated a square to honor him Document [47] (Title: Plaza de Toros de Albacete) Plaza de Toros de Albacete The Plaza de Toros de Albacete is a bullring in the town of the Albacete, in the region of Castilla-La Mancha (Spain). Popularly known as "La Chata", a member of the Royal Academy, José Maria de Cossio, called it "one of the most excellent bullrings of Spain". The city of Albacete has a tradition of bullfighting that goes back centuries. According to the minutes of the city council of 29 May 1564 bullfights were to be held in the plaza del Altozan (downtown at the time) on 24 June in honour of John the Baptist, Document [48] (Title: Plaza de Toros, Calatayud) Plaza de Toros, Calatayud The Plaza de Toros de Calatayud is a bullring located at the Paraje de Margarita on the Calle Barón de Warsage, in the city of Calatayud, within the Province of Zaragoza in the region of Aragon, northeastern Spain. The site of Calatayud's former market place had been the locale for the celebration of festivals and bullfights. In the 1870s it was decided to formalize the arena, and have the proceeds from it go to the Hospicio (Hospice) of the town. Construction began in April 23 and was completed by September 9, 1877 under the direction of Document [49] (Title: La Monumental) the building. It was the last place in Catalonia where bullfights were held, since the Parliament of Catalonia passed a law banning bullfighting events on 28 July 2010 that came into force in 2012. It is owned by the Balañá family, who placed it under the control of the Casa Matilla, an organisation which manages a number of bullrings. The plaza is currently used for sporting, musical and circus events. The building was originally built in the "noucentista" architectural style, the work of Manuel Joaquim Raspall i Mayol. The expansion work was done by Ignasi Mas i Morell and Domènec Document [50] (Title: Bull running) uncertain, and the date of observance varied across the country. In Stamford, the bull run took place on St Brice's Day (13 November); in Tutbury, it was held on the Feast of the Assumption (15 August); and in Axbridge on Guy Fawkes Day (5 November). The earliest documented instance of bull running appears in 1389, among medieval guild records collected by Joshua Toulmin Smith. The document—from Stamford's "Gild of St. Martin"—states that "on the feast of St. Martin, this gild, by custom beyond reach of memory, has a bull; which bull is hunted [not "baited"] by dogs, and then sold; Document [51] (Title: Tecate) Park, featuring dance groups, crafts, food concessions, and exhibits. The pamplonada, or running of the bulls, was ordinarily held in August in the 1980s and early 1990s along one of the main streets, but it was canceled because of a series of accidents and violence. Tecate has a stadium, Manuel Ceceña, which is home to the local baseball team, the Cerveceros ("Brewers"). Tecate is the site of the Autonomous University of Baja California, Tecate. The school houses a school of engineering. Tecate has a competition every year for 5th grade students where they share their ideas to change their community Document [52] (Title: National Pyrotechnic Festival) the Running of the Bulls in Pamplona, Spain, these "little bulls" or "toritos" are also fireworks frames. These frames are made from wood, reed, hard paper mache (called cartonería), wire and more and painted bright colors. They can measure anywhere from fifty cm to over three meters in height costing between 400 and 20,000 pesos to make. The larger toritos are made by groups of thirty to forty people because of the cost and can have as many as 4,000 fireworks on them. The toritos are given names such as El Chico, Sagitario Toro Maya and Monster. In the 2013 Document [53] (Title: Pamplona City Transport) on the day of the week, and it ranges from 15 to 60 minutes. Pamplona City Transport Pamplona City Transport (officially Transporte Urbano Comarcal de Pamplona, also known as Villavesas informally), is the company offering bus services in Pamplona and its metropolitan area, serving around 300,000 people. The buses are white, yellow and green. Pamplona City Transport is operated by the "Mancomunidad de la Comarca de Pamplona". There are between 102 and 88 buses on the street, depending on the time of the day. Because of the increase in ridership, the company operates 39 double or articulated buses. There are Document [54] (Title: Pamplona) five of EH Bildu, five of Geroa Bai, three of the Socialist Party of Navarre, three of Aranzadi (supported by Podemos Sí Se Puede) and one of Izquierda-Ezkerra. Pamplona is linked by motorways with neighbouring Zaragoza (1978), San Sebastián, Vitoria (1995) and Logroño (2006). Since 2007 buses use a new bus station in the city centre that replaces the old one (1934). The airport (1972), operated by Aena and located in Noain, schedules several flights daily to Madrid and Barcelona. There are railway (1861) links with Madrid, Zaragoza and northern Spain, operated by Renfe. High speed train link with Zaragoza, Document [55] (Title: Medialuna) football it began in roughly the 16th century during the rule of Governor García Hurtado de Mendoza. At the time, the cattle in Chile were not well identified and it was not uncommon for the animals to get lost. To help prevent the loss, Governor Hurtado proclaimed that, in Santiago, every 24th and 25 July, the commemoration of Saint Jacob - patron saint of the city -, the cattle would be gathered in the Plaza de Armas de Santiago to be branded and selected. This is basically how Chilean rodeo began. Medialuna A medialuna (literally "half moon") is crescent-shaped corral Document [56] (Title: Medina del Campo) Greyhound Races National Championship, which consists of hare-coursing. The local patron feast San Antolín (Saint Antoninus of Pamiers) is held on 2 September. The celebrations revolve around the religious ceremonies and, above all, around the bullfighting. The "encierros" (Running of the Bulls) are very typical of Medina (they let the fighting bulls loose throughout the fields and along the streets of the city, leading them up to the bullring). Also emblematic are the Dodges, in Spanish so-called "cortes", in which people go towards the bull and, just when the beast attacks, try to avoid them. <br> Medina del Campo Medina Document [57] (Title: Pamplona) the Mediterranean patterns of somewhat drier summer months. Sunshine hours are more similar to the oceanic coastal climate in nearby Basque locations than typical Spanish mediterranean areas are, but rainfall is significantly lower than in Bilbao and especially San Sebastián. In the winter of 75–74 BC, the area served as a camp for the Roman general Pompey in the war against Sertorius. He is considered to be the founder of Pompaelo, "as if "Pompeiopolis"" in Strabo's words, which became Pamplona, in modern Spanish. However, in later times it has been discovered that it was the chief town of the Vascones. Document [58] (Title: La Línea de la Concepción Bullring) was built between 1880 and 1883 in a typical Andalusian style just thirteen years after the municipality was established. The bull ring is said to be a centre for meeting people including those from the nearby peninsula of Gibraltar. This may account for its original capacity being 6,000 people despite the town's population only being 5,000 at the time. The building was partially removed in the 1980s but is still listed as being of special interest () by the Spanish Government. The diameter of the bull ring at which gives a floor area of over . The diameter of the Document [59] (Title: San Sebastián) Sebastián ("San Sebastián Classic"). Cycling races are extremely popular in Spain, and the Clásica de San Sebastián professional is held during early August. It has been held annually in San Sebastián since 1981. The race is part of the UCI ProTour and was previously part of its predecessor the UCI Road World Cup. San Sebastián is twinned with: San Sebastián San Sebastián () or Donostia () is a coastal city and municipality located in the Basque Autonomous Community, Spain. It lies on the coast of the Bay of Biscay, from the French border. The capital city of Gipuzkoa, the municipality's Document [60] (Title: Lamborghini Murciélago) for a fighting bull that survived 24 sword strokes in an 1879 fight against Rafael ""El Lagartijo"" Molina Sánchez, at the "Coso de los califas" bullring in Córdoba, Spain. Murciélago fought with such passion and spirit that the "matador" chose to spare its life, a rare honor. The bull, which came from Joaquin del Val di Navarra's farm, was later presented as a gift to Don Antonio Miura, a noted local breeder; thus began the famed Miura line of fighting bulls, and the name for one of Lamborghini's greatest designs. "Murciélago" is the Spanish name for the bat. In the Document [61] (Title: Terceira Island) local Terceiran villagers from April/May to late September. In these events, similar to the "Running of the Bulls", a bull is let loose from the town’s square (or other open space) with a very long rope around its neck. The other end of the rope are held by eight ""pastores"", men dressed in traditional garb (white shirts, grey pants and a black hat), who control the animal from a distance (providing some sense of security). Courageous people then attempt to provoke the animal and get as close to it while avoiding being gored (resulting in the occasional injury or mayhem). Document [62] (Title: Route of the Bull) Route of the Bull The Route of the Bull (in Spanish, "Ruta del Toro") is a tourist trail in the province of Cádiz, Spain, that traverses the areas where fighting bulls are raised. These bulls, used in bullfights (corridas) throughout Spain, are of a breed native to Spain, a breed also appreciated for its beef. The Route of the Bull is meant to direct tourists through landscapes where it is possible to observe these totemic animals in their natural habitat, but the scenic beauty of the countryside, and the myriad points of historical and cultural interest along the way, make Document [63] (Title: Bull running) Bull running Bull running was a medieval custom practiced in England until the 19th century. It involved chasing a bull through the streets of a town until it was weakened, then slaughtering the animal and butchering it for its meat. Bull running became illegal in 1835, and the last bull run took place in Stamford, Lincolnshire, in 1839. The practice was not confined to any particular region, with bull runs also documented at Axbridge in the south west, Canterbury and Wokingham in the south east, Tutbury in the midlands, and Wisbech in the east. The origins of the custom are Document [64] (Title: Santamaría Bullring) another use, in addition to denying resources of public enterprises for such parties. However, in 2017 after 4 years of suspension, bullfighting returned to Santamaría Bullring because of Enrique Peñalosa's decision, the city's current mayor. Santamaría Bullring Santamaría Bullring (Plaza de Toros de Santamaría, in original Spanish) is a bullring in Bogotá, Colombia, and it is currently used for bullfighting, although it has also been used for concerts and other cultural activities. The stadium holds 14,500 people and was built in 1931. This bullring is more commonly known as the Plaza de Toros Santamaría. Outside this bullring there is a Document [65] (Title: Bullfighting) the ring, people (usually young men) run in front of a small group of bulls that have been let loose, on a course of a sectioned-off subset of a town's streets. A "toro embolado" (in Spanish), "bou embolat" (in Catalan), roughly meaning "bull with balls", is a festive activity held at night and typical of many towns in Spain (mainly in the Valencian Community and Southern Catalonia). Balls of flammable material are attached to a bull's horns. The balls are lit and the bull is set free in the streets at night; participants dodge the bull when it comes close. Document [66] (Title: The Caper of the Golden Bulls) Life is idyllic until one day Angela Tresler (Ralli), an acquaintance from the war, turns up threatening to expose Churchman's illegal activity unless he and his crew pull off a daring robbery for her in Pamplona. During the fiesta, Churchman's men carry concealed explosives and tools during the famed Running of the Bulls, veering off into an alley during the event. Churchman has broken into a bank and, using the dynamite, he blows open a safe, timing the explosion with a cannon's shot that is a traditional rite during the festival. Inside the safe are rare jewels, which he hides Document [67] (Title: Bull running) was said to have been started by John of Gaunt shortly after he married his Spanish wife, Constance of Castile, in 1372, in an effort to remind her of her home. The story was first advanced—purely as speculation—by Robert Plot in his "The Natural History of Stafford-Shire" (1686), where he writes: Samuel Pegge, addressing the Society of Antiquaries in 1765, dismissed Plot's conjecture as "entirely mistaken", while lamenting that it had become received wisdom in the interim. While John of Gaunt had established a Court of Minstrels at Tutbury in 1381, the bull running appears instead to have been instituted Document [68] (Title: Fermin) as Lesaka, in the fiesta called the "Regata del Bidasoa". In the basilica of San Fermín de Aldapa, the martyrdom of Saint Fermin is still commemorated on September 25. On the preceding Thursday to Sunday there are numerous festivities there, in the Navarrería (a neighbourhood of Pamplona) and near the Cathedral. Celebrations begin with a firework rocket set off by a youngster from the Navarrería, who has been given the title of the little mayor. As at Pamplona, the celebrations have a special closing ceremony called "Pobre de Mí" ("Poor Me"). When certain relics of the saint were brought back Document [69] (Title: Bill Hillmann) the oldest, in Cuéllar, a small town about two hours north of Madrid, where hundreds of horsemen guide the bulls 3 miles (5 km) to the town and into the run. On July 8, 2017, he was gored by one of the bulls from José Escolar in Pamplona. Bill Hillmann Bill Hillmann (born 1982) is an American author, storyteller, and journalist. He is a bull-runner and former boxer. Hillmann was born in Chicago in 1982, and grew up on the city's North Side. He attended St. Joseph High School. He has a bachelor's degree from Elmhurst College and an MFA Document [70] (Title: Cross de San Sebastián) Cross de San Sebastián The Cross Internacional de San Sebastián, also known as the "Cross Internacional de Donostia", is an annual cross country running event which is staged in late January in San Sebastián, Spain. The competition was first held in 1956 as a men's only race and attracted top level runners from the outset, with Olympic gold medallists Emil Zátopek, Alain Mimoun and Mamo Wolde being among the winners in the first decade of the event. A women's race was introduced in 1971 and two-time World Cross champion Carmen Valero took a record four back-to-back wins soon after. From Document [71] (Title: Kukuxumusu) rest of Spain. Moreover its products are sold elsewhere in over sixty countries. Kukuxumusu's designs are distinctive for their style and humour. Their most famous designs involve bulls and the San Fermín runners in their traditional red and white clothing, but adding some absurd elements. Bulls may be seen chasing the runners over the sea on surfboards, or apparently uninterested in the San Fermín activities. In some designs, the roles of humans and bulls are reversed. Other designs often involve animals, devils or Basque symbols such as the lauburu in humorous situations. Kukuxumusu's designs have grown to include other Spanish Document [72] (Title: New Year's Eve) a way to cut down on the large production surplus they had had that year. Nowadays, the tradition is followed by almost every Spaniard, and the twelve grapes have become synonymous with the New Year. After the clock has finished striking twelve, people greet each other and toast with sparkling wine such as cava or champagne, or with cider. The song "Un año más," by the Spanish group Mecano, is frequently played. Earlier in the evening at around 20:00, there is a 10k run called San Silvestre Vallecana, which starts on Paseo de la Castellana, next to Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, Document [73] (Title: San Fermín) After the religious function, the group formed by the Authorities and village, they came back to the Home of “the town”, at about 90 minutes after leaving it. Then was effectuated the move, to contemplate the bulls that while they were waiting to move, they grazed in the grove. The opening of the festival is marked by setting off the pyrotechnic "chupinazo" (or "txupinazo" in Basque language). The rocket is launched at 12:00 noon on July 6 from a city hall balcony with thousands of people celebrating the act in the city hall square and other locations in Pamplona. The Document [74] (Title: Ignacio Baleztena Ascárate) Carlism, like the annual pilgrimage to Javier, launched in 1939. Baleztena remained particularly fascinated by the sanfermines, investigating their history and forming part of Corte de San Fermín. He is credited for launching an unofficial feast anthem "Uno de enero, dos de febrero" and a popular "Iruña-ko mezetak" song, apart from a number of other unrelated chants. It was Baleztena and his friends who in 1911 first performed ; it remains debated whather the ritual was intended as a Carlist demonstration dogging the Liberal-dominated city council or simply as a juvenile joke. When it comes to running of the bulls Document [75] (Title: Michael Palin's Hemingway Adventure) reading a novel of Hemingway. After being chased by a fake bull he ends up in Pamplona, Spain. There he watches the famous bull run and then goes to interview a professional matador. Hemingway loved the bull run, and Palin confides that it must be an age thing - he can't stand watching it. Travelling to Africa where Hemingway went on many safaris, Palin goes to a local Maasai circumcision where the teenage boys are dressed up in finery. "Which of you is the most beautiful here?" he asked. "We are all beautiful," replies the boy, "except you!" Afterwards, he Document [76] (Title: Museum of Navarre, Pamplona) story museum is chronologically arranged, starting from prehistoric works to the 20th-century. Among its collections are: In addition the museum displays works by artists from or active in Navarre such as Javier Ciga, Jesús Basiano, Gerardo Sacristán, Caro, Joreg Oteiza, Julio Martín Royo, Salaberri, Aquerreta or Manterola. The church is used to display retablos and religious art. Museum of Navarre, Pamplona The Museum of Navarra is the art museum of Navarre, and is located on Calle Cuesta Santo Domingo in Pamplona, in the Navarre province of Spain. The museum is sited in the old hospital of 16th-century "Nuestra Señora de Document [77] (Title: Route of the Bull) following the route worthwhile even for the visitor who finds the very notion of the bullfight off-putting. The trail runs between Jerez de la Frontera and Tarifa, and it passes through the municipalities of San José del Valle, Paterna de Rivera, Medina Sidonia, Benalup-Casas Viejas, Alcalá de los Gazules, Jimena de la Frontera, Castellar de la Frontera, San Roque and Los Barrios. Another tourist trail of this sort is the route that wanders through the "pueblos blancos" of the province of Cádiz, the so-called "White Towns of Andalusia". Route of the Bull The Route of the Bull (in Spanish, "Ruta Document [78] (Title: Running of the bulls) wooden fences is erected to direct the bulls along the route and to block off side streets. A double wooden fence is used in those areas where there is enough space, while in other parts the buildings of the street act as barriers. The gaps in the barricades are wide enough for a human to slip through but narrow enough to block a bull. The fence is composed of approximately three thousand separate pieces of wood. Some parts of the fence remain in place for the duration of the fiesta, while others are placed and removed each morning. Spectators can Document [79] (Title: Pamplona, Norte de Santander) is a student city and tourism is probably the main present economic activity of the city of Pamplona, where thousands of students are lodged and fed, thus also they are the main consumers in innumerable the night clubs and cafés that have been proliferating. Pamplona, Norte de Santander Pamplona (pronounced ) is a municipality and city in Norte de Santander, Colombia. Nueva Pamplona del Valle del Espíritu Santo, the name by which Don Pedro de Ursúa and Don Ortún Velasco de Velázquez paid tribute to the capital of the province of Navarre in Spain, was founded on 1 November 1549. Document [80] (Title: Juan José Padilla) several times by the bull. The bull's horn caught his head, and he was scalped. He was rushed to a hospital in Avila, and doctors ruled out any brain damage. He returned to the ring in Pamplona a few days later. His final corrida was with the bulls of Núñez del Cuvillo in the Feria de El Pilar in Zaragoza, the same ring where he had lost his eye seven years before. Cutting two ears from his final bull, he was carried out of the ring on the shoulders of the crowd and finally retired, still number one in the Document [81] (Title: Conchita Moreno) family. She has publicly criticised the Running of the Bulls in Pamplona. Conchita Moreno Conchita Moreno (Caracas, December 8, 1927-2007) was a professional female mounted bullfighter from Venezuela. Moreno explains that she is named Conchita because she was born on the day of the Immaculate Conception, the second of seven, to Norberto Moreno Mayora (a builder from Ocumare del Tuy, who constructed the famous Las Palomas area of Macuto) and Juana D'Amico del Castillo (a textile worker who may have been the first woman to use an electric loom). Her maternal grandparents were Italian, and emigrated to Venezuela before her Document [82] (Title: Running of the bulls) RTVE, the public Spanish national television channel, for over 30 years. It is the highest profile event of the San Fermín festival, which is held every year from 6–14 July. The first bull running is on 7 July, followed by one on each of the following mornings of the festival, beginning every day at 8 am. Among the rules to take part in the event are that participants must be at least 18 years old, run in the same direction as the bulls, not incite the bulls, and not be under the influence of alcohol. In Pamplona, a set of Document [83] (Title: San Fermín) guide us in the running of the bulls, giving to us his blessing"”. A second cracker signals that the last bull has left the corral. There are six fighting bulls accompanied by six oxen (often white and brown colored) that guide them to the "plaza" and followed by three more not fighting oxen. There are also some shepherds guiding the bulls, wearing green T-shirts and holding long poles. Once all of the bulls have entered the arena, a third rocket is released while a fourth firecracker indicates that the bulls are in their bullpens and the run has concluded. After Document [84] (Title: Bulls of Guisando) García Lorca uses their symbolic value in his "Llanto por la muerte de Ignacio Sánchez Mejías": The bulls are protected in Spain's heritage listings as a "Bien de Interés Cultural" (Property of Cultural Interest), being classified as a "Sitio histórico" or historic site. Bulls of Guisando The Bulls of Guisando () are a set of Celtiberian sculptures located on the hill of Guisando in the municipality of El Tiemblo, Ávila, Spain. The four sculptures, made of granite, represent quadrupeds identified as bulls or pigs. The balance of opinion favours bulls: there are holes which have been interpreted as sockets for Document [85] (Title: Legend № 17) the Running of the Bulls in Spain where Kharlamov's mother originally was from. Then the action is transferred to Moscow in 1967, where the young hockey player gets acquainted with the famous trainer Anatoli Tarasov, who sends Valeri along with his friend Alexander Gusev to the city of Chebarkul, Chelyabinsk Oblast, where they will play for the local "Zvezda" team. Having overcome the difficulties of adaptation in the lower league team, Valeri displays effective hockey skills and returns to Moscow at the end of the season where Tarasov invites him to join HC CSKA Moscow, but at first Anatoli tests Document [86] (Title: Feria Real de San Roque) "fair" a series of bullfightings organized on this occasion, and often - especially in Andalusia - the festivities that accompany these bullfights. In many parts of Spain, there are nevertheless still a parting between the festivities and the feria which takes place on this occasion. The Royal Fair closes on a Sunday night with a fireworks show and at 7am on the Monday with the Running of the Bulls known locally as Toro del Aguardiente which has occurred yearly since 1649, named as terrified participants are given a shot of the strong alcoholic spirit ‘Aguardiente’ for courage, before running with Document [87] (Title: Calvisson) group of twelve 'guardians' mounted on white Camargues horses, an Encierro where one bull is released outside the foyer and finds his own way back to the pen, the Bandido where one bull is run accompanied through the streets, and the Bandido de nuit which is the same thing but after dark. Boys and men run with the bulls and try and separate them from the horses, stop them, and physically turn them away from the horses. Calvisson It lies between Nîmes, Montpellier, the Cevennes and the Camargue and has a strong Protestant history. Calvisson is a commune in Gard Document [88] (Title: San Fermín) and a different "encaste" (sub-breed) of bull appears each day. The event begins at 8 a.m. when a first firecracker is lit to announce the release of the bulls from their corral. Before the year 1924 it started at 6 and at 7 between 1924 and 1974. Runners gather earlier at the beginning of the itinerary to ask for the protection of the Saint by singing a chant three times before a small statue of San Fermín which has been placed in a raised niche in a wall: “"To San Fermin we ask to be our patron saint and to Document [89] (Title: Stamford bull run) peace-keeping forces quickly and without reported serious incident. Because the townsfolk were forced to bear the cost of this militia presence for several years in a row, they agreed to stop the practice on their own henceforth, and kept their word. The last known witness of the bull-running was James Fuller Scholes who spoke of it in a newspaper interview in 1928 before his 94th birthday: Stamford bull run The Stamford bull run, or the bull-running in Stamford, was a bull-running and bull-baiting event held on St Brice's Day (13 November) in the English town of Stamford, Lincolnshire, for almost Document [90] (Title: Running of the bulls) the market, men would try to speed the process by hurrying their cattle using tactics of fear and excitement. After years of this practice, the transportation and hurrying began to turn into a competition, as young adults would attempt to race in front of the bulls and make it safely to their pens without being overtaken. When the popularity of this practice increased and was noticed more and more by the expanding population of Spanish cities, a tradition was created and stands to this day. The Pamplona encierro is the most popular in Spain and has been broadcast live by Document [91] (Title: La Línea de la Concepción Bullring) whole building is . In its early days the ring saw a ballooning show by the Montgolfier brothers in 1894. Bullfights mark the end of the Feria de la Línea which is celebrated in mid-July and in recent times is the only time that a bullfight occurs. La Línea de la Concepción Bullring The bull ring in La Línea de la Concepción (), a town in the province of Cádiz at the southern edge of Spain, close to the British territory of Gibraltar, was opened in 1883. The bull ring is said to be unusual in that it has an Document [92] (Title: Basque rural sports) on long ropes regularly on a particular day of the week (which varies from town to town). Occasionally a bull would break free on run wild, an event called "karrera egitea" (to make a run), while the crowds made sport of the bulls. From the 14th century onwards bulls were increasingly let loose on purpose, ultimately leading to the tradition of running the bulls. It's also known as "soka-mutilen jokoa", the game of the rope boys. Sometimes this would happen at night, with lights attached to the bulls, the most likely forerunner of the "zezen-suzko" or "fire bull". In the Document [93] (Title: Ratón) participating in bull running in the streets ("encierros" in Spanish), Ratón also often performed in the "recortes", a style of bullfighting in which members of the public dodge the bull around obstacles such as wooden stairs or platforms placed in a bullring. At one such event held in Museros in 2005, Ratón gored a dozen people and injured several more in another event at Yátova in 2006. Ratón took his first life on 9 August 2006 during Sagunto's festival, when he gored a 56-year-old man from León more than ten times. The killing was caught on video and was viewed Document [94] (Title: Alexander Fiske-Harrison) issue in his early twenties and, as a student of both philosophy and biology, has perhaps tussled with it more lengthily and cogently than most of us." As part of his researches in 2009 Fiske-Harrison began running with the bulls in Pamplona, and became a part of the 'Runners Team of the World', and continued to do it across the rest of Spain, including the "encierros", 'bull-runs', of the Navarran towns of Tafalla and Falces - where the run is down a mountain path beside a sheer drop called 'El Pilón'- in the Madrid suburb of San Sebastián de los Document [95] (Title: Hotel La Perla) or Pablo Sarasate. In the studies about Hemingway, author of "The Sun Also Rises", and in popular lore it is sometimes mistakenly identified as the model for the novel’s Hotel Montoya. Actually, Hotel Montoya was inspired by Juanito Quintana's hotel. Hotel La Perla Hotel La Perla (Spanish: Gran Hotel La Perla) is the most famous hotel in Pamplona, Spain. It is located in the Plaza del Castillo (Castle Square), with one side facing Estafeta Street, one of the main routes in the Running of the Bulls. The balconies of the hotel are among the most coveted sites from which to Document [96] (Title: Running of the bulls) run in the town every 13 November, for ever after. As of 2013 the bull run had been revived as a ceremonial, festival-style community event. A variation is the nightly "fire bull" where balls of flammable material are placed on the horns. Currently the bull is often replaced by a runner carrying a frame on which fireworks are placed and dodgers, usually children, run to avoid the sparks. In 2008, Red Bull Racing driver David Coulthard and Scuderia Toro Rosso driver Sébastien Bourdais performed a version of a 'bull running' event in Pamplona, Spain, with the Formula One cars chasing Document [97] (Title: Pamplona) work for Volkswagen and other companies. Other remarkable industries are building materials, metalworking and food processing. Renewable energy technologies are also an increasing economic sector (wind turbines manufacturing and generation) and neighboring Sarriguren is the seat of the National Centre for Renewable Energies (CENER) and of Acciona Energía. Pamplona is the main commercial and services centre of Navarre. Its area of influence is not beyond the province, except for the University of Navarre and its teaching hospital, which provide private educational and health services nationwide. The city is home to two universities: the above-mentioned University of Navarre, a corporate work Document [98] (Title: Maestranza (Seville)) in its Royal Bullring. Regular tours are conducted of the Bullring and the Museum. Maestranza (Seville) The Plaza de toros de la Real Maestranza de Caballería de Sevilla is a 12,000-capacity bullring in Seville, Spain. During the annual Seville Fair in Seville, it is the site of one of the most well-known bullfighting festivals in the world. It is a part of the Real Maestranza de Caballería de Sevilla, a noble guild established for traditional cavalry training. The ring itself is considered one of the city's most enjoyable tourist attractions and is certainly one of the most visited. As a Document [99] (Title: Alexander Fiske-Harrison) Reyes and the ancient castle of Cuéllar in Old Castile, which hosts the oldest "encierro", 'bull-run' in Spain, and where he was awarded a prize for writing about the encierros in 2013. He has written and spoken on the subject widely, including for Bear Grylls on the Discovery Channel and for the Esquire Network's coverage of the Pamplona running of the bulls. In Spring 2014 Fiske-Harrison co-authored and edited the book "The Bulls Of Pamplona". It included a foreword from the Mayor of Pamplona and contributions from famous living "aficionados" of the festival of San Fermín, including John Hemingway, grandson Document [100] (Title: Running of the bulls) (42.195 km), half-marathon (21.097 km), or 10 km road race that concludes with the final 900m of each race using the route, runners crossing the finish line inside the bullring. Many opponents argue that bulls are mentally injured by the harassment and voicing of both participants and spectators, and some of animals may also die because of the stress, especially if they are roped or bring flares in their horns (bou embolat version). Despite all this, the festivities seem to have wide popular support in their villages Many animal rights activists oppose the event. PETA activists created the Running of Document [101] (Title: Raoul and the Kings of Spain) but was more successful in continental Europe, reaching #23 in Italy, #13 in Belgium (Wallonia) and #5 in France. The album features a reunion with Oleta Adams, who had recorded and toured extensively with the band for "The Seeds of Love" album, and here duets with Orzabal on the track "Me and My Big Ideas". The front cover photo titled, "Running Them In At Pamplona", is by Jose Galle and is a depiction of the annual "Running of the Bulls" festival held in Pamplona in Spain. Several inner sleeve photographs were by David Tack, taken from his book "Impressions Of Document [102] (Title: Cheyenne Frontier Days) Friday, the annual walking of the steers is held on the preceding Sunday morning. This event, which attracts considerable attention, is based on the running of the bulls in Pamplona, Spain and in part inspired by the cattle drives of the Old West. In 2013, 447 steers, herded by mounted cowboys, walked three miles from Hynds Boulevard into Frontier Park. In 2015, 550 steers walked this route. It starts from a pasture north of the city and runs along Interstate 25, south and then through the city streets aforementioned into the park. Cheyenne Frontier Days only has a full-time staff Document [103] (Title: Tordesillas) del Toro de la Vega" (The Meadow Bull Tournament), The bull is driven by horsemen. When it reaches the meadow across the river it is finally speared and stabbed by many competing lancers. The person who delivers the fatal blow (this can be with a rifle) is entitled to cut off the bull's testicles impaled on the tip of his spear and parade them through the town. The city then awards him a gold medal and a commemorative forged iron spear. Tordesillas Tordesillas () is a town and municipality in the province of Valladolid, Castile and León, central Spain. It Document [104] (Title: Bill Hillmann) By 2013 he had acquired the nickname "Buffalo Bill Hillmann", and in 2014 he co-authored the book "Fiesta: How to Survive the Bulls of Pamplona" with Alexander Fiske-Harrison and John Hemingway. On July 9, 2014, a bull gored Hillmann twice in the thigh at the festival of San Fermín in Pamplona, but he returned to bull-running in Pamplona in 2015, and published his memoir, "Mozos: A Decade Running with the Bulls". In the summer of 2016 he ran with the bulls more than 200 times in towns throughout Spain. He has stated that his favorite running of the bulls is Document [105] (Title: Running of the bulls) into the turn at Estafeta ("la curva"), resulting in the installation of anti-slip surfacing, and now most of the bulls negotiate the turn onto Estafeta and are often ahead of the steers. This has resulted in a quicker run. Runners are not permitted in the first 50 meters of the encierro, which is an uphill grade where the bulls are much faster. Every year, between 50 and 100 people are injured during the run. Not all of the injuries require taking the patients to the hospital: in 2013, 50 people were taken by ambulance to Pamplona's hospital, with this number Document [106] (Title: Medialuna) Medialuna A medialuna (literally "half moon") is crescent-shaped corral used for rodeos, the official sport in Chile. They are generally 64–66 metres in diameter. Chilean rodeos are not quite the same sport famous in the American West; they involve two riders on horseback trying to herd a calf around a circular arena, attempting to pin him against several large cushions. The main medialuna in Chile is the Medialuna Monumental de Rancagua. Located in the city of Rancagua, it currently seats 12,000 spectators. It is the home of the annual National Championship of Chilean Rodeo. It hosted the 2006 Davis Cup Document [107] (Title: Running of the Nudes) have promoted the event, coordinating low-cost transportation and accommodations for the runners. The event has become an annual alternative festival to the Running of the Bulls. Local citizens, initially offended by the public display of nudity, have become more accepting due to changing morals and because the new event has extended the traditional festival and added to its important economic impact for the town. Organizers work with local government to obtain permits and provide insurance, as required by local law. Running of the Nudes The Running of the Nudes, like the well-known Running of the Bulls, takes place in Pamplona, Document [108] (Title: UDC Txantrea) which has seen several promising players move to the Bilbao team. Recent graduates include Borja Ekiza, Iñigo Pérez, Mikel San José, Gorka Iraizoz and Iker Muniain, all of whom played a role in their run to the 2012 UEFA Europa League Final. UDC Txantrea Unión Deportiva Cultural Chantrea is a Spanish football team based in Pamplona, in the autonomous community of Navarre. Founded in 1952, it plays in Tercera División - Group 15, holding home games at "Estadio Chantrea", with a capacity of 3,500 seats. Chantrea (also sometimes known with the Basque spelling Txantrea) is the representative team for the Document [109] (Title: Spanish Fighting Bull) Spanish Fighting Bull The Spanish Fighting Bull (Toro Bravo, "toro de lidia", "toro lidiado", "ganado bravo", "Touro de Lide") is an Iberian heterogeneous cattle population. It is primarily bred free-range on extensive estates in Spain, Portugal, France and Latin American countries where bull fighting is organized. Fighting bulls are selected primarily for a certain combination of aggression, energy, strength, and stamina. Some commentators trace the origins of the fighting bull to wild bulls from the Iberian Peninsula and their use for arena games in the Roman Empire. Although the actual origins are disputed, genetic studies have indicated that the breeding Document [110] (Title: Las Ventas) of them in the shade and the rest in the sun. The president of the 'corrida' sits in the 10th Tendido. The Royal Box is of outstanding design, with its Mudéjar architecture, a complete bathroom and a lift. Opposite to the Royal Box, in the covered grandstand roof, is the clock. The bullring has five gates, plus three more called "toriles", from where the bulls enter the arena. The gate of the "cuadrillas", between "tendidos" 3 and 4, has access to the horse yard. Inside this door, the "paseillo" starts and the "picadores" (those who pierce the bull with the Document [111] (Title: Fermin) rested at Thorney, Cambridgeshire. These occurrences point towards possible veneration of Firmin in Anglo-Saxon England. The San Fermin festival is celebrated in Pamplona, in the region of Navarre, every year from the 6th to the 14th of July. It has become internationally known because of the running of the bulls, where the bulls are led through the streets of the old quarter as far as the bull ring by runners. The fiestas are celebrated in honor of San Fermin, patron saint of Navarra, although the religious aspect would seem to have taken on a secondary role over the last number Document [112] (Title: José María Araúz de Robles Estremera) mainstream "toro do lidia"; his "ganadería" formed one of the 30-odd bull-ranches which served as a point of reference in scientific studies, also taking part in celebrated events like the Pamplona Sanfermines. In 1978 the breed was taken over by his son Francisco Javier Arauz de Robles López, who changed the "hierro" (1978) and later moved the "ganaderia" to Jaen province. Initially fairly active, recently it has been rather quiescent, with the owners pointing to a number of difficulties, including competition from Domecq breed. This, plus allegedly declining quality led some organisations to black-list the breed, despite the owner's marketing Document [113] (Title: Plaza de toros de Acho) The best bullfighter of the year is awarded the "Escapulario de Oro" (Golden Scapular), while the " Escapulario de Plata" Silver Scapular goes to the provider of the best bull. Sometimes either or both scapulars may go not awarded. Plaza de toros de Acho The de Acho is the premier bullring in Lima, Peru. Located beside the historical center of the Rímac District, the plaza is classified as a national historic monument. It is the oldest bullring in the Americas and the second-oldest in the world after La Maestranza in Spain (not counting the Roman Empire-era Arles Amphitheatre in France). Document [114] (Title: San Fermín) San Fermín The festival of San Fermín is a week-long, historically rooted celebration held annually in the city of Pamplona, Navarra , Spain. The celebrations start at noon on the sixth of July, when the party starts with the setting off the pyrotechnic "chupinazo", and continue until midnight, on the fourteenth of July, with the singing of the "Pobre de Mí". While its most famous event is the encierro, or the running of the bulls, at 8:00 AM from July 7 to 14, the festival involves many other traditional and folkloric events. It is known locally as "Sanfermines" and is Document [115] (Title: Pamplona) Fermín festival, which is held annually from July 6 to 14. This festival was brought to literary renown with the 1926 publication of Ernest Hemingway's novel "The Sun Also Rises". It is also home to Osasuna, the only Navarrese football club to have ever played in the Spanish top division. Pamplona is located in the middle of Navarre in a rounded valley, known as the Basin of Pamplona, that links the mountainous North with the Ebro valley. It is from the city of San Sebastián, from Bilbao, from Paris and from Madrid. The climate and landscape of the basin is Document [116] (Title: Spain) all over the world go to Spain to experience one of these festivals. One of the most famous is San Fermín, in Pamplona. While its most famous event is the "encierro", or the running of the bulls, which happens at 8:00 am from 7 to 14 July, the week-long celebration involves many other traditional and folkloric events. Its events were central to the plot of The Sun Also Rises, by Ernest Hemingway, which brought it to the general attention of English-speaking people. As a result, it has become one of the most internationally renowned fiestas in Spain, with over 1,000,000 Document [117] (Title: San Roque, Cádiz) although the stands and attractions located in the Fairground El Ejido do not open until Wednesday, the day of the inaugural cavalcade. The Royal Fair closes on a Sunday night with a fireworks show and at 7am on the Monday with the Running of the Bulls known locally as Toro del Aguardiente which has occurred yearly since 1649, named as terrified participants are given a shot of the strong alcoholic spirit ‘Aguardiente’ for courage, before running with the bulls to the San Roque bullring, marking the end of the fair. Gabine Muguruza, Tennis Player, French Open Champion, 2016 San Roque, Document [118] (Title: Running of the bulls) 500 runners through the actual Pamplona route. The Big Easy Rollergirls roller derby team has performed an annual mock bull run in New Orleans, Louisiana since 2007. The team, dressed as bulls, skates after runners through the French Quarter. In 2012, there were 14,000 runners and over 400 "bulls" from all over the country, with huge before- and after-parties. In Ballyjamesduff, Ireland, an annual event called the Pig Run is held with small pigs. It looks just like a mini- but with pigs instead of bulls. In Dewey Beach, Delaware, a bar named The Starboard sponsors an annual Running of Document [119] (Title: Chorizo de Pamplona) Chorizo de Pamplona Chorizo de Pamplona is a sausage that is typical in the cuisine of the Navarre region of Spain It is prepared with equal parts of finely-chopped beef and pork and significant amounts of a strong smoked paprika, pork fat and a natural or plastic casing which is designated to have a minimum size of forty millimeters in diameter. The red-orange coloration is due to the addition of paprika, which is abundant in Navarre. Despite its local name, it is a very common type of sausage in delicatessens around the Spanish territory. It is also produced and sold Document [120] (Title: Plaza de Toros, Calatayud) the architect of Mariano Medarde. The octagonal ring has a capacity for 8830 spectators on three floors. It has stables for 30 horses, and 3 corrals. Bullfights typically take place in August and September, respectively during the "Fiestas de San Roque" and "Fiestas de la Virgen de la Peña". Plaza de Toros, Calatayud The Plaza de Toros de Calatayud is a bullring located at the Paraje de Margarita on the Calle Barón de Warsage, in the city of Calatayud, within the Province of Zaragoza in the region of Aragon, northeastern Spain. The site of Calatayud's former market place had been Document [121] (Title: San Fermín) the end of the run young cows with wrapped horns are released in the bullring and toss the participants, to the amusement of the crowd. The circuit has only changed slightly since 1852 as the former bullring was located close to the present one. Before that date the bullrunning ended in the "castle plaza", still not far from the present bullring. While the origin of this tradition was the necessity to move the bulls from outside the city to the bullring for the bullfight it is not clear when citizens began to run in front of them. There are written Document [122] (Title: Plaza de toros de San Roque) not open until Wednesday, the day of the inaugural cavalcade. The Royal Fair closes on a Sunday night with a fireworks show and at 7am on the Monday with the Running of the Bulls known locally as Toro del Aguardiente which has occurred yearly since 1649, named as terrified participants are given a shot of the strong alcoholic spirit ‘Aguardiente’ for courage, before running with the bulls to the Plaza de toros de San Roque, marking the end of the fair. Plaza de toros de San Roque The Plaza de toros de San Roque is a bull ring in San Document [123] (Title: Basque rural sports) frontenis), Florida and the Philippines. As such it has been an Olympic exhibition sport in Paris, Mexico and Barcelona. It is called "pelota vasca" in Spanish and "pelote basque" in French. Basque arm wrestling follows broadly the same rules as anywhere else. A form of bull-leaping called "errekorteak" in Basque and "recortes" in Spanish, is practiced in parts of the Basque Country, especially Navarre. The name of this sport literally translates as "snout rope" ("soka" "rope" and "mutur" "snout"). It is "vaquillas" ("calves") in Spanish. It derives from a tradition where cattle destined for slaughter were led through the town Document [124] (Title: Afternoon of the Bulls) Afternoon of the Bulls Afternoon of the Bulls () is a 1956 Spanish drama film directed by Ladislao Vajda. It was entered into the 1956 Cannes Film Festival. The film was selected as the Spanish entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 29th Academy Awards. In the bullring of Las Ventas, in Madrid, four parallel stories are shown in the film: the senior bullfighter Ricardo Puente breaks up with his lover Paloma; the winner of the day, Juan Carmona is barely hurt by a bull because he is haunted with the notice of a new baby; Rondeño II Document [125] (Title: Running of the Nudes) same route taken by the Running of the Bulls, from the Santo Domingo corrals through the town’s streets, ending at the Plaza de Toros. The length of the run is some 800 metres (about half a mile) and the event takes about one hour. In 2002, approximately 25 naked streakers ran through Pamplona's winding streets to promote an alternative to the Running of the Bulls. Subsequent events saw a steady increase in the numbers of runners with an estimated 1000 nude or semi-nude runners taking part in the event in 2006. Animal welfare groups across Europe and in North America Document [126] (Title: Emory and Henry College) a Saturday). Running of the Bulls – The Running of the Bulls is a bi-annual event in which girls who are pledging a sorority are sent running out of the front door of Wiley-Jackson (MaWa) and are told to run towards the sorority which they intend to pledge. The event, although short, is often attended by much of the student population due to its humorous nature. The Rock – Every athletic team that plays their games at Fred Selfe Stadium touches a giant rock taken from the late Fred Selfe's hometown. Coach Selfe was a long-time assistant coach for the Document [127] (Title: Basque rural sports) "zezen-suzko", a contraption of fireworks is strapped to a bull and lit at night. Today this is sometimes also practised in bullrings, either temporary or permanent, using calves rather. If fully grown bulls are used it is as a prelude for a bullfight, which is a regular feature of the Running of the Bulls in Iruñea/Pamplona. This is game involves throwing small objects like pebbles, balls or coins across a distance, trying to hit the target, a vertical metal pole. It is called "juego de la raya" in Spanish and "jeu de la raie" in French. Sheepdog trials are another Document [128] (Title: Running of the bulls) nearly doubling that of 2012. Goring is much less common but potentially life threatening. In 2013, for example, six participants were gored along the festival, in 2012, only four runners were injured by the horns of the bulls with exactly the same number of gored people in 2011, nine in 2010 and 10 in 2009; with one of the latter killed. As most of the runners are male, only 5 women have been gored since 1974. Before that date, running was prohibited for women. Another major risk is runners falling and piling up (a "montón") at the entrance of the Document [129] (Title: Stamford bull run) Stamford bull run The Stamford bull run, or the bull-running in Stamford, was a bull-running and bull-baiting event held on St Brice's Day (13 November) in the English town of Stamford, Lincolnshire, for almost 700 years, until it was ended in 1839. The custom dated from the time of King John. A 1996 "Journal of Popular Culture" paper refers to the bull run as a festival, in the academic sense of "the broader context of the medieval if not aboriginal festival calendar", though works written during and shortly after the activity's later years variously describe it as a "riotous custom", Document [130] (Title: San Fermín) to take place at the same time as the fair, when Pamplona's weather is better. This is considered to be the beginning of the Sanfermines. During medieval times acts included an opening speech, musicians, tournaments, theatre, bullfights, dances or even fireworks. Bullrunning appears in 17th and 18th century chronicles together with the presence of foreigners and the first concerns about the excessive drinking and dissolute behavior during the event. Finally, the Parade of Giants was created in the mid-19th century. The first official bullring was constructed in 1844. The worldwide fame of the modern festival, and the great number of Document [131] (Title: Running of the bulls) only stand behind the second fence, whereas the space between the two fences is reserved for security and medical personnel and also to participants who need cover during the event. The encierro begins with runners singing a benediction. It is sung three times, each time being sung both in Spanish and Basque. The benediction is a prayer given at a statue of Saint Fermin, patron of the festival and the city, to ask the saint's protection and can be translated into English as "We ask Saint Fermin, as our Patron, to guide us through the encierro and give us his Document [132] (Title: Harry Crosby) 1927, Crosby and Hemingway visited Pamplona for the running of the bulls. Crosby wrote of Hemingway that "H. could drink us under the table." Harry and Caresse published the Paris edition of Hemingway's "The Torrents of Spring". In early 1928, they traveled to the Middle East, visiting a number of countries. In late 1928, they secured a 20-year lease on a medieval mill outside of Paris in Ermenonville, for living quarters, which they named "Le Moulin du Soleil" ("The Mill of the Sun"). It had three old stone buildings, no electricity or telephone, and a single bathroom. The Crosbys added Document [133] (Title: Museum of Navarre, Pamplona) Museum of Navarre, Pamplona The Museum of Navarra is the art museum of Navarre, and is located on Calle Cuesta Santo Domingo in Pamplona, in the Navarre province of Spain. The museum is sited in the old hospital of 16th-century "Nuestra Señora de la Misericordia de Pamplona", converted to museum only in 1956. The origins of the collection are works obtained by a provincial Commission in 1844, and displayed in 1910 at what is now the "Cámara de los Comptos". To the right of the entrance is the facade of the church of the hospital. The exhibits in the four Document [134] (Title: Hotel La Perla) Hotel La Perla Hotel La Perla (Spanish: Gran Hotel La Perla) is the most famous hotel in Pamplona, Spain. It is located in the Plaza del Castillo (Castle Square), with one side facing Estafeta Street, one of the main routes in the Running of the Bulls. The balconies of the hotel are among the most coveted sites from which to view the event. Opened on June 5 of 1881, it is the city's oldest hotel, and the oldest still in operation in the country. It was originally named "Fonda [a] La Perla". The original owners were Miguel and Teresa Graz. Document [135] (Title: Plaza de toros de La Malagueta) bullfight of the season is held in the month of September in honour of Our Lady of Victory, the patron saint of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Málaga. Plaza de toros de La Malagueta La Malagueta is the bullring at Málaga (Andalucía, Spain) which since 1876 has been denominated a cultural asset of Spain (BIC). It is located in the eastern district of Málaga, alongside the Paseo de Reding. The first event was held in 1876. the current (2013 season) operator is Coso de Badajoz SL, a company owned by José Cutiño. The style of the building is neomudéjar and Document [136] (Title: Coracora) a donation. If the bull does not die the person who bought it and the person receiving it enters the bullring called pucachucos. they are pure red dresses people who enter leading a team of bulls. to remove the dead bull in place, leaving the rruedo. Sivén happen to be the home of the bull who resivio. and exquisite taste of a steak. Each year, a person must sign up to be in charge of the town festival on August 5. Spaniards had a specific job to bring the statue of the Virgen. Their destination was to Cuzco, but along Document [137] (Title: Tudela, Navarre) and the physician and theologian Michael de Villanueva were from the city. The city hosts an annual festival in honor of Santa Ana (mother of the Virgin Mary) which begin on 24 July at noon and continue for approximately a week. Street music, bullfights and the running of the bulls are typical events of the festival. Personas ilustres: José Roberto Rausell Campo Archeological excavations have shown that the area of Tudela has been populated since the lower paleolithic era. The town of Tudela was founded by the Romans on Celt-Iberian settlements. Since then the town has been inhabited continuously. The Document [138] (Title: La Línea de la Concepción Bullring) La Línea de la Concepción Bullring The bull ring in La Línea de la Concepción (), a town in the province of Cádiz at the southern edge of Spain, close to the British territory of Gibraltar, was opened in 1883. The bull ring is said to be unusual in that it has an odd number of sides. With 49 sides it is however nearly circular and it also has eleven entrances. The building was designed by Adolfo del Castillo and built on the Plaza de Arenal. It is now one of the oldest buildings in the town. The bull ring Document [139] (Title: Pamplona) of Opus Dei founded in 1952, which is ranked as the best private university in Spain, and the Public University of Navarre, established by the Government of Navarre in 1987. There is also a local branch of the UNED (Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia). The two most important museums in Pamplona are the Museo de Navarra, devoted to the archaeological and artistic heritage of Navarre, and the Museo Diocesano of religious art, located in the cathedral. Pamplona is the first Spanish city in the French way of the Way of Saint James. Pamplona has hosted the Sarasate Violin International Document [140] (Title: Running of the bulls) cattle) are typically used in such events. The most famous bull-run – what a capitalized "the Running of the Bulls" most often refers to in English – is the held in Pamplona during the nine-day festival of Sanfermines in honour of Saint Fermin. It has become a major global tourism event, today very different from the traditional, local festival. More traditional summer bull-runs are held in other places such as towns and villages across Spain and Portugal, in some cities in Mexico, and in the Occitan (Camargue) region of southern France. Bull-running was formerly also practiced in rural England, most Document [141] (Title: Running of the bulls) famously at Stamford until 1837. The origin of this event comes from the need to transport the bulls from the fields outside the city, where they were bred, to the bullring, where they would be killed in the evening. During this "run", youngsters would jump among them to show off their bravado. In Pamplona and other places, the six bulls in the event are still those that will feature in the afternoon bullfight of the same day. Spanish tradition holds that bull-running began in northeastern Spain in the early 14th century. While transporting cattle in order to sell them at Document [142] (Title: Running of the bulls) herd is . The length of the run is . It goes through four streets of the old part of the city (Santo Domingo, Ayuntamiento, Mercaderes and Estafeta) via the Town Hall Square and the short section "Telefónica" (named for the location of the old telephone office at end of Calle Estafeta) just before entering into the bullring through its callejón (tunnel). The fastest part of the route is up Santo Domingo and across the Town Hall Square, but the bulls often became separated at the entrance to Estafeta Street as they slowed down. One or more would slip going Document [143] (Title: Dénia) celebrated each March. Huge papier maché statues, called "fallas" are set up throughout the town, and then set ablaze. The "Bous a la Mar" (meaning "Bulls at the Sea") is held in July. The highlight of this week long festival is watching bulls run down the main street "Marqués de Campo", only to be chased into the Mediterranean sea by those daring enough to enter a makeshift bull ring with them. Since 1974 it has been home to painter and sculptor Joan Castejón. The town honored him as Adoptive Son of Dénia in 1999. Dénia's local football team is called Document [144] (Title: Spanish-style bullfighting) Spanish-style bullfighting Spanish-style bullfighting, known as a "corrida de toros" (literally a "running of the bulls"), "fiesta", is practiced in Spain, where it originates, Mexico, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, Peru, as well as in parts of Southern France and Portugal. In a traditional "corrida", three "toreros, "also called "matadores" or, in French, "toréadors", each fight two out of a total of six fighting bulls, each of which is at least four years old and weighs up to about (with a minimum weight limit of for the bullrings of the first degree). Bullfighting season in Spain runs from March to October. It Document [145] (Title: Course landaise) for the most part the main attraction of the yearly celebrations held in villages of western Gascony (Bas-Armagnac, Chalosse, and Bearn) and as far west as Bayonne. Other forms of related entertainments are the running of the bulls made famous in the neighboring Spanish Basque Country by the Ferias of Pamplona, but also enjoyed in Bayonne and smaller towns of Gascony such as Nogaro. The can in a way be compared with the steer-wrestling events in American rodeos to the extent that they are related expressions of a rural culture that can be traced to the ancient Basque tradition of Document [146] (Title: Tourada à corda) people ("pastores") that direct the bull and prevent its leaving the field of play. The bull is led along the course of the road, and taunted and teased by players, but with no intent to kill the animal; the animal's horns are capped with balls or leather to diminish the risk to the players. All the bulls are released after each event in order to rest before the next event (at least three weeks). The first known "tourada à corda" was in 1622, organised by the Câmara de Angra during the celebrations in honour of the canonisation of saints Francis Document [147] (Title: Bullring) de Toros de Las Ventas in Madrid (Spain), widely regarded as the most prestigious one, La Maestranza in Seville (Spain), and Plaza de Toros México in Mexico. Villages round the Camargue, such as Rodilhan in the Gard, who also practise 'mise à mort' - killing the bull. Bullring A bullring is an arena where bullfighting is performed. Bullrings are often associated with Spain, but they can also be found in neighboring countries and the New World. Bullrings are often historic and culturally significant centres that bear many structural similarities to the Roman amphitheatre. The classic bullring is an enclosed, roughly Document [148] (Title: Toro de la Vega tournament) Toro de la Vega tournament The "Toro de la Vega" is a medieval bull festival celebrated in the town of Tordesillas (province of Valladolid, Spain). The tournament consists of the chase of a bull by hundreds of lancers, in which some of these will try to lance the bull to death, after it has been released through the streets of the town and led to an open field by the runners and participants. If the bull surpasses the limits of the tournament, or the lancers are not able to kill it, it will be pardoned. The festival has been celebrated Document [149] (Title: Stamford bull run) in from outside, to stop the bull-run of 1837, but it happened anyway. The bull and the people ran through the security line, a riot ensued, and in the end no one was killed (not even the bull, which turned out to have been supplied by or stolen from a local lord, discreetly unnamed in contemporary reports). The last bull-run of Stamford was in 1839, in the face of an even larger force of soldiers and constables – some of the latter of whom smuggled the bull in themselves. The run was short, with the bull being captured by the Document [150] (Title: Pamplona) its surrounding area (Vuelta del Castillo) shifted into a park area with large lawns and modern sculptures. The most remarkable parks of the new neighborhoods include the Yamaguchi park, between Iturrama and Ermitagaña, which includes a little Japanese garden; the campus of the University of Navarre; the Parque del Mundo in Chantrea; and the Arga park. CA Osasuna (Club Atlético "Osasuna" (Basque for "Health") is the local football team. Their home stadium is called El Sadar, known as "Reyno de Navarra" between 2005 and 2013 in exchange for the Government of Navarre's sponsorship. Pamplona's bull ring was rebuilt in 1923. Document [151] (Title: Basques) ball games has its unique offspring among Basque ball games, known generically as pilota (Spanish: "pelota"). Some variants have been exported to the United States and Macau under the name of Jai Alai. There are several sports derived by Basques from everyday chores. Heavy workers were challenged and bets placed upon them. Examples are: The encierro (bull run) in Pamplona's fiestas "Sanfermines" started as a transport of bulls to the ring. These encierros, as well as other bull and bullock related activities are not exclusive to Pamplona but are traditional in many towns and villages of the Basque country. There Question: where in pamplona is the running of the bulls Answer: four streets of the old part of the city Long Answer: The length of the run is 875 meters (957 yards). It goes through four streets of the old part of the city (Santo Domingo, Ayuntamiento, Mercaderes and Estafeta) via the Town Hall Square and the short section "Telefónica" (named for the location of the old telephone office at end of Calle Estafeta) just before entering into the bullring through its callejón (tunnel). The fastest part of the route is up Santo Domingo and across the Town Hall Square, but the bulls often became separated at the entrance to Estafeta Street as they slowed down . One or more would slip going into the turn at Estafeta ("la curva"), resulting in the installation of anti-slip surfacing, and now most of the bulls negotiate the turn onto Estafeta and are often ahead of the steers . This has resulted in a quicker run . Runners are not permitted in the first 50 meters of the encierro, which is an uphill grade where the bulls are much faster. Gold Document ID: 142

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Plaza de Toros de Valencia) it is administered by the Provincial Council of Valencia and the Simon Casas Productions company. Over the years, it has been managed both by private companies and the Council of Valencia itself. The bullfighting arena is situated in the Centro district of the city, at 28 Calle de Xàtiva Valencia, 46004 Spain. It is located next to the North Station and also close to the Plaza del Ayuntamiento (Town Hall Square). Right in front of the bullring, there is a metro station called "Xàtiva" with the lines number 3, 5 and 9. The bullring holds around 12,000 people. Plaza de Document [2] (Title: Plaza de toros de Acho) Plaza de toros de Acho The de Acho is the premier bullring in Lima, Peru. Located beside the historical center of the Rímac District, the plaza is classified as a national historic monument. It is the oldest bullring in the Americas and the second-oldest in the world after La Maestranza in Spain (not counting the Roman Empire-era Arles Amphitheatre in France). It opened on 30 January 1766. Of the 56 official bullrings in Peru, the Plaza de Acho ranks most prominently. It has a seating capacity of 14,700 and was constructed of adobe and wood, both traditional materials. In 1765, Document [3] (Title: Pamplona) It seats 19,529 and is the third largest in the world, after the bull rings of Mexico and Madrid. Other sports with some of the top clubs in Pamplona include handball (Portland San Antonio, Europe's championship winner 2001), futsal (MRA Xota) and water polo (Larraina). Pamplona's favourite son may well be Miguel Indurain, five time Tour de France winner. Former Arsenal goalkeeper Manuel Almunia is also from Pamplona. The Movistar Team, the direct descendent of Indurain's Banesto team, is based in Egüés, a municipality in the metropolitan area of Pamplona. Pamplona is also home to the headquarters of The International Document [4] (Title: Jerez de la Frontera) equine institution headquartered in Jerez is the Yeguada Militar de Jerez de la Frontera (known outside Spain as the Yeguada Militar), the Spanish military stud farm dedicated to the breeding of purebred Andalusian and Arabian horses. Founded in 1847, it became the official stud farm of the Spanish military in 1893. The 2002 FEI World Equestrian Games were held in Jerez at the Estadio Municipal de Chapín, which was remodeled for the event, from September 10 to September 22, 2002. This was the 4th edition of the games, which are held every four years and run by the FEI. Jerez, Document [5] (Title: Running of the bulls) a photo. The encierro of Pamplona has been depicted many times in literature, television or advertising, but became known worldwide partly because of the descriptions of Ernest Hemingway in books "The Sun Also Rises" and "Death in the Afternoon". The cinema pioneer Louis Lumière filmed the run in 1899. The event is the basis for a chapter in James Michener's 1971 novel "The Drifters". The run is depicted in the 1991 Billy Crystal film "City Slickers", where the character "Mitch" (Crystal) is gored (non-fatally) from behind by a bull during a vacation with the other main characters. The run appears Document [6] (Title: Running of the bulls) the Nudes, a demonstration done two days before the beginning of San Fermín in Pamplona. By marching naked, they protested the festival and the following bullfight, arguing the bulls are tortured for entertainment. The city of San Miguel de Allende, Mexico, cancelled its "Sanmiguelada" running of the bulls after 2006, citing public disorder associated with the event. After the event was cancelled in San Miguel, the city of Salvatierra, also in the state of Guanajuato, picked up the event. It is now called "La Marquesada" and the three-day event is held during the last weekend of the month of September Document [7] (Title: Andalusia) (known as "nazarenos") sing saetas. Andalusia is the site of such pilgrim destinations as the Santuario de Nuestra Señora de la Cabeza in Andújar and the Hermitage of El Rocío in Almonte. While some trace the lineage of the Spanish Fighting Bull back to Roman times, today's fighting bulls in the Iberian peninsula and in the former Spanish Empire trace back to Andalusia in the 15th and 16th centuries. Andalusia remains a center of bull-rearing and bullfighting: its 227 "fincas de ganado" where fighting bulls are raised cover . In the year 2000, Andalusia's roughly 100 bullrings hosted 1,139 "corridas". Document [8] (Title: Running of the bulls) in the 2011 Bollywood movie "Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara", directed by Zoya Akhtar, as the final dare in the bucket list of the three bachelors who have to overcome their ultimate fear; death. At first, the trio run part of the route. They stop at the square, but then recover their nerve, and continue to the end. The completion of the run depicts their freedom as they learn that surviving a mortal danger can bring joy. "Running with Bulls," a 2012 documentary of the festival filmed by Construct Creatives and presented by Jason Farrel, depicts the pros and cons of Document [9] (Title: Running of the bulls) the Bull , in which hundreds of red- and white-clad beachgoers are chased down the shore by a single "bull" (two people in a pantomime horse-style costume). In Rangiora, New Zealand, an annual Running of the Sheep is held, in which 1000–2000 sheep are released down the main street of the small farming town. The Running of the Bulls UK is a pub crawl event that takes place on London's Hampstead Heath and uses fast human runners in place of bulls. In 2014, Pamplona inaugurated a series of running events in June, the San Fermín Marathon, of a full marathon Document [10] (Title: Pamplona City Transport) Pamplona City Transport Pamplona City Transport (officially Transporte Urbano Comarcal de Pamplona, also known as Villavesas informally), is the company offering bus services in Pamplona and its metropolitan area, serving around 300,000 people. The buses are white, yellow and green. Pamplona City Transport is operated by the "Mancomunidad de la Comarca de Pamplona". There are between 102 and 88 buses on the street, depending on the time of the day. Because of the increase in ridership, the company operates 39 double or articulated buses. There are 418 stations on the 21 different lines. Because of the rapid urbanistic growth Pamplona Document [11] (Title: Running of the bulls) bullring, which acts as a funnel as it is much narrower than the previous street. In such cases injuries come both from asphyxia and contusions to those in the pile and from goring if the bulls crush into the pile. This kind of blocking of the entrance has occurred at least ten times in the history of the run, the last occurring in 2013 and the first dating back to 1878. A runner died of suffocation in one such pile up in 1977. Overall, since record-keeping began in 1910, 15 people have been killed in the bull running of Pamplona, Document [12] (Title: San Fermín) variety of basque pelota. It is held in one of the courts of the city. Betting is common during these events. Every afternoon from July 7 to 14 there is a bullfight in which the 6 bulls that have been driven to the bullring during the bullrunning of that day are killed. It begins at 6pm. In addition the 5th bullfight with younger bulls and not fully trained bullfighters is performed while the 6th features bullfighters on horses (in Spanish "rejoneo"). While the bullring of the city is the fourth largest in size in the world, it is full every Document [13] (Title: Toro embolado) runner) which is set alight. Toro embolado A ' (in Spanish), ' (in Catalan), roughly meaning 'bull with balls', is a festive activity, typical of many towns in Spain (mainly in the Valencian community and Southern Catalonia), in which a bull that has balls of flammable material attached to its horns, which are set on fire, is set free in the streets at night, and participants dodge the bull when it comes close. It can be considered a variant of an ( in Catalan). This activity is held in a number of Spanish towns during their local festivals. In recent Document [14] (Title: Hereford Zone, Maryland) Maryland. The Bulls have won 3 state titles in 1997, 2001 and 2002. Much of this success is attributed to coach Steve Turnbaugh who turned around a formerly downtrodden Hereford football program. Hereford High is also the host of the annual "Bull Run" Cross Country Invitational, run in the end of September, which is one of the largest East Coast cross country running events, attracting over 100 schools from surrounding states. The "grueling" course is noted for its hills, twists, turns and a steep ravine known as "The Dip", all making for what has been called "The Toughest Three Miles Document [15] (Title: Running of the bulls) Running of the bulls The running of the bulls (, from the verb "encerrar", 'to corral, to enclose'; , literally 'haste, momentum'; , 'street-bulls') is an event that involves running in front of a small group of cattle, typically six but sometimes ten or more, that have been let loose on a course of a sectioned-off subset of a town's streets, usually as part of a summertime festival. Particular breeds of cattle may be favored, such as the in Spain, also often used in post-run bullfighting, and Camargue cattle in Occitan France, which are not fought. Actual bulls (non-castrated male Document [16] (Title: Tamborrada) hardware from the water pump to mock the soldiers stationed in the city by aping their daily procession from the San Telmo headquarters to the Main Gate at the city walls ("Puerta de Tierra"). The comic procession in carnival mood may have developed into a youth music group, the Carnival of Donostia, which started on the 20th of January, followed by the Caldereros at the beginning of February. In the early days, the procession also heralded the ox run event, held on the same day. At this stage, the members of the procession dressed in everyday clothes, as they had Document [17] (Title: Plaza de toros de La Malagueta) Plaza de toros de La Malagueta La Malagueta is the bullring at Málaga (Andalucía, Spain) which since 1876 has been denominated a cultural asset of Spain (BIC). It is located in the eastern district of Málaga, alongside the Paseo de Reding. The first event was held in 1876. the current (2013 season) operator is Coso de Badajoz SL, a company owned by José Cutiño. The style of the building is neomudéjar and it takes the form of a 16-sided hexadecagon. After a refurbishment carried out in 2010 the arena now has a capacity for 9,032 spectators. The ring measures 52 Document [18] (Title: Running of the bulls) the Raia in Sabugal, Portugal, with horses leading the herd crossing old border passes out of Spain and using the medieval 'Forcåo', or the bull run of Navalcarnero held at night. Other "encierros" have also caused fatalities. "Bous al carrer", "correbou" or "correbous" (meaning in Catalan, 'bulls in the street', 'street-bulls') is a typical festivity in many villages in the Valencian region, Terres de l'Ebre, Catalonia, and Fornalutx, Mallorca. Another similar tradition is "soltes de vaques", where cows are used instead of bulls. Even though they can take place all along the year, they are most usual during local festivals Document [19] (Title: Running of the bulls) least ten bulls are run together through the street guided by a group of twelve mounted on white Camargue horses; the , in which one bull is released outside the foyer and finds his own way back to the pen; the , in which one bull is run, accompanied through the streets; and the , which is the same thing but after dark. Boys and men run with the bulls and try and separate them from the horses, stop them, and physically turn them away from the horses. The English town of Stamford, Lincolnshire was host to the Stamford bull Document [20] (Title: Blanca, Murcia) in Blanca the famous declaration of Regional Tourist Interest, and it is undoubtedly the most celebrated day for all residents in Blanca. The running of the bulls is a very old tradition that has been held for over three hundred fifty years, and it is a unique event in the Region of Murcia. During the morning the atmosphere that prevails throughout the entire running route of the bulls, is a limitless joy, in which dance and parade of bands encourage all who join the festivities, and where everyone is welcome. It is always held before August 15. The life and Document [21] (Title: Running of the bulls) was gored by a bull soon after its publication. (See Further Reading section below.) Although the most famous running of the bulls is that of San Fermín, they are held in towns and villages across Spain, Portugal, and in some cities in southern France during the summer. Examples are the bull run of San Sebastián de los Reyes, near Madrid, at the end of August which is the most popular of Spain after Pamplona, the bull run of Cuéllar, considered as the oldest of Spain since there are documents of its existence dating back to 1215, the Highland Capeias of Document [22] (Title: Bull running) a gathering, secular or religious, were in place at this time of year." William Fitzstephen, writing in 1173, indicates that, in London at least, the animals to be slaughtered were often first used for sport: "[T]he youth are entertained in a morning with boars fighting to the last gasp, as likewise with hogs full tusked, intended to be converted into bacon; or game-bulls, and bears of a large bulk, are baited with dogs." Notes References Bibliography Bull running Bull running was a medieval custom practiced in England until the 19th century. It involved chasing a bull through the streets of Document [23] (Title: Running of the Nudes) Running of the Nudes The Running of the Nudes, like the well-known Running of the Bulls, takes place in Pamplona, Spain. The Running of the Nudes occurs two days before the Running of the Bulls, just before the start of the nine-day festival of San Fermín. The event was created in 2002 and is supported by animal welfare groups, including PETA, who object to the Running of the Bulls, claiming that the event is cruel and glorifies bullfighting, which the groups oppose. In the Running of the Nudes, naked humans, many wearing only plastic horns and red scarves, follow the Document [24] (Title: Running of the bulls) the controversial tradition. Since 2014, the Esquire Channel has broadcast the running of the bulls as a show in the US, with both live commentary and then a recorded 'round up' later in the day by NBCSN commentators the Men in Blazers, including interviews with noted participants such as Madrid-born runner David Ubeda, former US Special Forces soldier turned filmmaker Dennis Clancey, the historic New York-born runner Joe Distler, and former British bullfighter and author Alexander Fiske-Harrison. In 2014, the eBook guide, "Fiesta: How To Survive The Bulls Of Pamplona", caused headlines around the world when one of the contributors Document [25] (Title: Stamford bull run) 5th Earl of Surrey, standing on the battlements of the castle, saw two bulls fighting in the meadow beneath. Some butchers came to part the combatants and one of the bulls ran into the town, causing a great uproar. The earl, mounting his horse, rode after the animal, and enjoyed the sport so much, that he gave the meadow in which the fight began to the butchers of Stamford on condition that they should provide a bull, to be run in the town every 13 November, forever after. The town of Stamford acquired common rights in the grassy floodplain next Document [26] (Title: Bullfighting) Camargue region of Provence before graduating to regular contests held principally in Arles and Nîmes but also in other Provençal and Languedoc towns and villages. Before the "course", an "abrivado"—a "running" of the bulls in the streets—takes place, in which young men compete to outrun the charging bulls. The "course" itself takes place in a small (often portable) arena erected in a town square. For a period of about 15–20 minutes, the "raseteurs" compete to snatch rosettes ("cocarde") tied between the bulls' horns. They do not take the rosette with their bare hands but with a claw-shaped metal instrument called Document [27] (Title: Yolanda Barcina) ("alcaldesa") of Pamplona in 1999 and the vice-president of the UPN in 2003. In 2009, she took the position of Miguel Sanz in the party, before winning the elections for President of Navarre. In 2001, Barcina had a debate with actress Penélope Cruz about the San Fermín running of the bulls. She has distinguished herself for her hard-line approach on Basque nationalism, and a rigid stance on environmental issues, favouring controversial engineering projects like the construction of the Itoiz Reservoir, the high speed train (in the offing) and the trans-Pyrenean motorway (in the offing). On this account, Barcina was subjected Document [28] (Title: Kukuxumusu) regions festivals and typical elements and have, therefore, become a popular souvenir in Spain. Kukuxumusu has added computer screensavers and virtual postcards, with their usual unique humour to their line of clothing and souvenirs. Kukuxumusu Ataute, S.L., better known by their trading name Kukuxumusu, is a Spanish company from Pamplona, Navarra specialising in clothing and product design. Its name means "flea kiss" in Basque. The company was founded in 1989 Pamplona's San Fermín festival. Three friends made souvenir T-shirts depicting the bull-running and bull fights. The company gradually grew and is now one of the key images of San Fermín; Document [29] (Title: Running of the bulls) (normally in August). Compared to encierros, animals are not directed to any bullring. These festivities are normally organized by the youngsters of the village, as a way for showing their courage and ability with the bull. Some sources consider this tradition a masculine initiation rite to adulthood. Numerous bull-running events happen in France in the region around Sommières, in accordance with the Camargues tradition, in which no bulls are intentionally injured or killed. For instance, in Calvisson, the annual event takes place around 20 July over a period of five days. There are four events: the , in which at Document [30] (Title: Running of the bulls) of the herd has entered the bullring and its corral respectively, marking the end of the event. The average duration between the first rocket and the end of the encierro is two minutes, 30 seconds. The encierro is usually composed of the six bulls to be fought in the afternoon, six steers that run in herd with the bulls, and three more steers that follow the herd to encourage any reluctant bulls to continue along the route. The function of the steers, who run the route daily, is to guide the bulls to the bullring. The average speed of the Document [31] (Title: Running of the bulls) run for almost 700 years until it was abandoned in 1837. According to local tradition, the custom dated from the time of King John when William de Warenne, 5th Earl of Surrey, saw two bulls fighting in the meadow beneath. Some butchers came to part the combatants and one of the bulls ran into the town, causing a great uproar. The earl, mounting his horse, rode after the animal, and enjoyed the sport so much, that he gave the meadow in which the fight began, to the butchers of Stamford, on condition that they should provide a bull, to be Document [32] (Title: San Fermín) a fireworks display at the city hall. This closing ceremony tradition started out in the 1920s. The running of the bulls (In Spanish "encierro or los toros de san Fermin") involves hundreds of people running in front of six bulls and another six steers down an 825-meter (0.51 mile) stretch of narrow streets of a section of the old town of Pamplona. The run ends in the Pamplona's bullring taking a mean time of around 3 minutes where the bulls would be held until the afternoon's bullfight when they would be killed. Bullruns are held between July 7 and 14 Document [33] (Title: Gata de Gorgos) A key part of this event includes bull running along the street known as Paseo de Alicante - another is when the town's young men and women who are 'coming of age' form groups called 'Quintos' and march through the town accompanied by music and watched by family and friends. The highlight to many is the Paella Night, where most of the town congregate in the school to cook paella in the open air before being entertained by a local band. Gata de Gorgos Gata de Gorgos ( ) is a village in the Marina Alta region of the north Document [34] (Title: Running of the bulls) or first weekend of October. Some links may contain graphic content where marked. Running of the bulls The running of the bulls (, from the verb "encerrar", 'to corral, to enclose'; , literally 'haste, momentum'; , 'street-bulls') is an event that involves running in front of a small group of cattle, typically six but sometimes ten or more, that have been let loose on a course of a sectioned-off subset of a town's streets, usually as part of a summertime festival. Particular breeds of cattle may be favored, such as the in Spain, also often used in post-run bullfighting, and Document [35] (Title: Bill Hillmann) United States". He has given expert commentary on the running of the bulls for CNN, "The Today Show", "CBS This Morning", BBC World Service, and Esquire Network. His audio essay "Running with the Bulls in Pamplona" for WBEZ Chicago Public Radio won an Edward R. Murrow Award from the Radio Television Digital News Association in 2010. He was inspired to join the tradition by Ernest Hemingway's book "The Sun Also Rises", and has taken part in the bull runs in Pamplona since 2005. In 2011 and 2012 he wrote how-to guides on the running of the bulls for "Outside" magazine. Document [36] (Title: Huamantla) has since grown in popularity. It is based on the running of the bulls in Pamplona and was originally called the “Pamplonada”. The first run had seven bulls which has since grown in number to about twenty five. The running of the bulls is more dangerous as the animals are released into the streets from two directions. This event is the most famous of its kind in Mexico. During the month there are also donkey and car races, a children’s version of running with the bulls, a parade with floats, a feria queen, a paella festival, cockfights, a chess tournament Document [37] (Title: Running of the bulls) blessing". The singers finish by shouting " and ('Long live Saint Fermin', in Spanish and Basque, respectively). Most runners dress in the traditional clothing of the festival which consists of a white shirt and trousers with a red waistband () and neckerchief (). Also some of them hold the day's newspaper rolled to draw the bulls' attention from them if necessary. A first rocket is set off at 8 a.m. to alert the runners that the corral gate is open. A second rocket signals that all six bulls have been released. The third and fourth rockets are signals that all Document [38] (Title: Pamplona) Federation of Basque Pelota (FIPV). Basque pelota is principally practiced in France, Spain, and North and South America, but also in other countries like Italy and Philippines. Pamplona is twinned with the following cities: Pamplona Pamplona (; ) or Iruña (, alternative spelling: "Iruñea", ) is the capital city of the Autonomous Community of Navarre, in Spain, and historically also of the former Kingdom of Navarre. Pamplona is also the second largest city in the greater Basque cultural region, composed of two Spanish autonomous communities, Navarre and Basque Country, and the French Basque Country. Pamplona has a moderate climate being Document [39] (Title: The Sun Also Rises) in the bullring. Book Three shows the characters in the aftermath of the fiesta. Sober again, they leave Pamplona; Bill returns to Paris, Mike stays in Bayonne, and Jake goes to San Sebastián on the northern coast of Spain. As Jake is about to return to Paris, he receives a telegram from Brett asking for help; she had gone to Madrid with Romero. He finds her there in a cheap hotel, without money, and without Romero. She announces she has decided to go back to Mike. The novel ends with Jake and Brett in a taxi speaking of the things Document [40] (Title: Movistar Team (men's team)) Zülle, twice winner of the Vuelta a España. The team offices are in Egüés, a municipality of Navarre, Spain, in the metropolitan area of Pamplona. A later sponsor was Caisse d'Epargne, a French semi-cooperative banking group. Having previously used Pinarello bikes, the team rode Canyon frames in 2014, with Campagnolo parts. Since 2008, Eusebio Unzué has been the manager of the team after the long running manager, José Miguel Echavarri, retired from the sport. Directeurs sportifs of the team include Neil Stephens, Alfonso Galilea and José Luis Jaimerena. The team began in 1980 as the Reynolds team which José Miguel Document [41] (Title: 2009 Clásica de San Sebastián) the suspended local rider, Mikel Astarloza. The route is an anticlockwise loop, heading southwest from San Sebastián, reaching its highest point, and its farthest from the city at the Alto de Udana (574 m). It then heads back towards the southern suburbs of the start town, before heading east through the Jaizkibel mountains to Hondarribia on the French border, and then back to San Sebastián. As well as the overall race, there are prizes available for amassing most points at five intermediate sprints around the course, and for gaining points at the top of six mountain passes and hilltops. 2009 Document [42] (Title: Calvisson) and then, in 1704, used as a base for the royalist troops in the battle of Nages against the protestant forces of Jean Cavalier the "prophet" and military leader. In 1787, the Rock of Gachone which stands above the village is used as triangulation point by Jean-Dominique Cassini for mapping the area. Bull running happens in Calvisson, according to the Carmargues tradition, where no bull gets hurt. The annual event takes place around 20 July over a period of five days. There are four events, the Abrivado where over ten bulls are run together through the street guided by a Document [43] (Title: Kukuxumusu) Kukuxumusu Ataute, S.L., better known by their trading name Kukuxumusu, is a Spanish company from Pamplona, Navarra specialising in clothing and product design. Its name means "flea kiss" in Basque. The company was founded in 1989 Pamplona's San Fermín festival. Three friends made souvenir T-shirts depicting the bull-running and bull fights. The company gradually grew and is now one of the key images of San Fermín; in addition to clothing they also produce other goods such as chinaware, keyrings and postcards. Kukuxumusu has exclusive shops in Pamplona and all the main cities within the Basque Country and also in the Document [44] (Title: Pamplona) Pamplona Pamplona (; ) or Iruña (, alternative spelling: "Iruñea", ) is the capital city of the Autonomous Community of Navarre, in Spain, and historically also of the former Kingdom of Navarre. Pamplona is also the second largest city in the greater Basque cultural region, composed of two Spanish autonomous communities, Navarre and Basque Country, and the French Basque Country. Pamplona has a moderate climate being at in terms of elevation. In addition to its elevation, Pamplona being inland results in cool nights by Spanish standards. The city is famous worldwide for the running of the bulls during the San Document [45] (Title: Pamplona) Competition biennially since 1991, and the annual Punto de Vista International Documentary Film Festival, the most important Spanish documentary film festival, since 2004. One of the more popular cultural expressions include the "Gigantes", which come out during festivals many times during the year. These are approximately 30-foot wooden statues that have a person inside that make them dance around the city. They represent each of the main continents of the world, including Europe, the Americas, Africa, and Asia. After the 2015 municipal elections, there are 27 seats in Pamplona's municipal council: ten of Navarrese People's Union ("Unión del Pueblo Navarro"), Document [46] (Title: Manuel Turrillas) Jarana, Muthiko, Oberena, as well as many others. Manuel Turrillas is also the composer of the popular song that runners sing, newspaper in hand, before the worldwide famous running of the bulls of the festival of San Fermín, a celebration hold in the city of Pamplona. Turillas is well known for composing the CA Osasuna football club hymn. The catalog of his work includes more than 400 compositions. The City Council of Pamplona awarded him the Gold Medal of the city. Manuel Turrillas died, aged 92, in Pamplona, and, after his death, the city dedicated a square to honor him Document [47] (Title: Plaza de Toros de Albacete) Plaza de Toros de Albacete The Plaza de Toros de Albacete is a bullring in the town of the Albacete, in the region of Castilla-La Mancha (Spain). Popularly known as "La Chata", a member of the Royal Academy, José Maria de Cossio, called it "one of the most excellent bullrings of Spain". The city of Albacete has a tradition of bullfighting that goes back centuries. According to the minutes of the city council of 29 May 1564 bullfights were to be held in the plaza del Altozan (downtown at the time) on 24 June in honour of John the Baptist, Document [48] (Title: Plaza de Toros, Calatayud) Plaza de Toros, Calatayud The Plaza de Toros de Calatayud is a bullring located at the Paraje de Margarita on the Calle Barón de Warsage, in the city of Calatayud, within the Province of Zaragoza in the region of Aragon, northeastern Spain. The site of Calatayud's former market place had been the locale for the celebration of festivals and bullfights. In the 1870s it was decided to formalize the arena, and have the proceeds from it go to the Hospicio (Hospice) of the town. Construction began in April 23 and was completed by September 9, 1877 under the direction of Document [49] (Title: La Monumental) the building. It was the last place in Catalonia where bullfights were held, since the Parliament of Catalonia passed a law banning bullfighting events on 28 July 2010 that came into force in 2012. It is owned by the Balañá family, who placed it under the control of the Casa Matilla, an organisation which manages a number of bullrings. The plaza is currently used for sporting, musical and circus events. The building was originally built in the "noucentista" architectural style, the work of Manuel Joaquim Raspall i Mayol. The expansion work was done by Ignasi Mas i Morell and Domènec Document [50] (Title: Bull running) uncertain, and the date of observance varied across the country. In Stamford, the bull run took place on St Brice's Day (13 November); in Tutbury, it was held on the Feast of the Assumption (15 August); and in Axbridge on Guy Fawkes Day (5 November). The earliest documented instance of bull running appears in 1389, among medieval guild records collected by Joshua Toulmin Smith. The document—from Stamford's "Gild of St. Martin"—states that "on the feast of St. Martin, this gild, by custom beyond reach of memory, has a bull; which bull is hunted [not "baited"] by dogs, and then sold; Document [51] (Title: Tecate) Park, featuring dance groups, crafts, food concessions, and exhibits. The pamplonada, or running of the bulls, was ordinarily held in August in the 1980s and early 1990s along one of the main streets, but it was canceled because of a series of accidents and violence. Tecate has a stadium, Manuel Ceceña, which is home to the local baseball team, the Cerveceros ("Brewers"). Tecate is the site of the Autonomous University of Baja California, Tecate. The school houses a school of engineering. Tecate has a competition every year for 5th grade students where they share their ideas to change their community Document [52] (Title: National Pyrotechnic Festival) the Running of the Bulls in Pamplona, Spain, these "little bulls" or "toritos" are also fireworks frames. These frames are made from wood, reed, hard paper mache (called cartonería), wire and more and painted bright colors. They can measure anywhere from fifty cm to over three meters in height costing between 400 and 20,000 pesos to make. The larger toritos are made by groups of thirty to forty people because of the cost and can have as many as 4,000 fireworks on them. The toritos are given names such as El Chico, Sagitario Toro Maya and Monster. In the 2013 Document [53] (Title: Pamplona City Transport) on the day of the week, and it ranges from 15 to 60 minutes. Pamplona City Transport Pamplona City Transport (officially Transporte Urbano Comarcal de Pamplona, also known as Villavesas informally), is the company offering bus services in Pamplona and its metropolitan area, serving around 300,000 people. The buses are white, yellow and green. Pamplona City Transport is operated by the "Mancomunidad de la Comarca de Pamplona". There are between 102 and 88 buses on the street, depending on the time of the day. Because of the increase in ridership, the company operates 39 double or articulated buses. There are Document [54] (Title: Pamplona) five of EH Bildu, five of Geroa Bai, three of the Socialist Party of Navarre, three of Aranzadi (supported by Podemos Sí Se Puede) and one of Izquierda-Ezkerra. Pamplona is linked by motorways with neighbouring Zaragoza (1978), San Sebastián, Vitoria (1995) and Logroño (2006). Since 2007 buses use a new bus station in the city centre that replaces the old one (1934). The airport (1972), operated by Aena and located in Noain, schedules several flights daily to Madrid and Barcelona. There are railway (1861) links with Madrid, Zaragoza and northern Spain, operated by Renfe. High speed train link with Zaragoza, Document [55] (Title: Medialuna) football it began in roughly the 16th century during the rule of Governor García Hurtado de Mendoza. At the time, the cattle in Chile were not well identified and it was not uncommon for the animals to get lost. To help prevent the loss, Governor Hurtado proclaimed that, in Santiago, every 24th and 25 July, the commemoration of Saint Jacob - patron saint of the city -, the cattle would be gathered in the Plaza de Armas de Santiago to be branded and selected. This is basically how Chilean rodeo began. Medialuna A medialuna (literally "half moon") is crescent-shaped corral Document [56] (Title: Medina del Campo) Greyhound Races National Championship, which consists of hare-coursing. The local patron feast San Antolín (Saint Antoninus of Pamiers) is held on 2 September. The celebrations revolve around the religious ceremonies and, above all, around the bullfighting. The "encierros" (Running of the Bulls) are very typical of Medina (they let the fighting bulls loose throughout the fields and along the streets of the city, leading them up to the bullring). Also emblematic are the Dodges, in Spanish so-called "cortes", in which people go towards the bull and, just when the beast attacks, try to avoid them. <br> Medina del Campo Medina Document [57] (Title: Pamplona) the Mediterranean patterns of somewhat drier summer months. Sunshine hours are more similar to the oceanic coastal climate in nearby Basque locations than typical Spanish mediterranean areas are, but rainfall is significantly lower than in Bilbao and especially San Sebastián. In the winter of 75–74 BC, the area served as a camp for the Roman general Pompey in the war against Sertorius. He is considered to be the founder of Pompaelo, "as if "Pompeiopolis"" in Strabo's words, which became Pamplona, in modern Spanish. However, in later times it has been discovered that it was the chief town of the Vascones. Document [58] (Title: La Línea de la Concepción Bullring) was built between 1880 and 1883 in a typical Andalusian style just thirteen years after the municipality was established. The bull ring is said to be a centre for meeting people including those from the nearby peninsula of Gibraltar. This may account for its original capacity being 6,000 people despite the town's population only being 5,000 at the time. The building was partially removed in the 1980s but is still listed as being of special interest () by the Spanish Government. The diameter of the bull ring at which gives a floor area of over . The diameter of the Document [59] (Title: San Sebastián) Sebastián ("San Sebastián Classic"). Cycling races are extremely popular in Spain, and the Clásica de San Sebastián professional is held during early August. It has been held annually in San Sebastián since 1981. The race is part of the UCI ProTour and was previously part of its predecessor the UCI Road World Cup. San Sebastián is twinned with: San Sebastián San Sebastián () or Donostia () is a coastal city and municipality located in the Basque Autonomous Community, Spain. It lies on the coast of the Bay of Biscay, from the French border. The capital city of Gipuzkoa, the municipality's Document [60] (Title: Lamborghini Murciélago) for a fighting bull that survived 24 sword strokes in an 1879 fight against Rafael ""El Lagartijo"" Molina Sánchez, at the "Coso de los califas" bullring in Córdoba, Spain. Murciélago fought with such passion and spirit that the "matador" chose to spare its life, a rare honor. The bull, which came from Joaquin del Val di Navarra's farm, was later presented as a gift to Don Antonio Miura, a noted local breeder; thus began the famed Miura line of fighting bulls, and the name for one of Lamborghini's greatest designs. "Murciélago" is the Spanish name for the bat. In the Document [61] (Title: Terceira Island) local Terceiran villagers from April/May to late September. In these events, similar to the "Running of the Bulls", a bull is let loose from the town’s square (or other open space) with a very long rope around its neck. The other end of the rope are held by eight ""pastores"", men dressed in traditional garb (white shirts, grey pants and a black hat), who control the animal from a distance (providing some sense of security). Courageous people then attempt to provoke the animal and get as close to it while avoiding being gored (resulting in the occasional injury or mayhem). Document [62] (Title: Route of the Bull) Route of the Bull The Route of the Bull (in Spanish, "Ruta del Toro") is a tourist trail in the province of Cádiz, Spain, that traverses the areas where fighting bulls are raised. These bulls, used in bullfights (corridas) throughout Spain, are of a breed native to Spain, a breed also appreciated for its beef. The Route of the Bull is meant to direct tourists through landscapes where it is possible to observe these totemic animals in their natural habitat, but the scenic beauty of the countryside, and the myriad points of historical and cultural interest along the way, make Document [63] (Title: Bull running) Bull running Bull running was a medieval custom practiced in England until the 19th century. It involved chasing a bull through the streets of a town until it was weakened, then slaughtering the animal and butchering it for its meat. Bull running became illegal in 1835, and the last bull run took place in Stamford, Lincolnshire, in 1839. The practice was not confined to any particular region, with bull runs also documented at Axbridge in the south west, Canterbury and Wokingham in the south east, Tutbury in the midlands, and Wisbech in the east. The origins of the custom are Document [64] (Title: Santamaría Bullring) another use, in addition to denying resources of public enterprises for such parties. However, in 2017 after 4 years of suspension, bullfighting returned to Santamaría Bullring because of Enrique Peñalosa's decision, the city's current mayor. Santamaría Bullring Santamaría Bullring (Plaza de Toros de Santamaría, in original Spanish) is a bullring in Bogotá, Colombia, and it is currently used for bullfighting, although it has also been used for concerts and other cultural activities. The stadium holds 14,500 people and was built in 1931. This bullring is more commonly known as the Plaza de Toros Santamaría. Outside this bullring there is a Document [65] (Title: Bullfighting) the ring, people (usually young men) run in front of a small group of bulls that have been let loose, on a course of a sectioned-off subset of a town's streets. A "toro embolado" (in Spanish), "bou embolat" (in Catalan), roughly meaning "bull with balls", is a festive activity held at night and typical of many towns in Spain (mainly in the Valencian Community and Southern Catalonia). Balls of flammable material are attached to a bull's horns. The balls are lit and the bull is set free in the streets at night; participants dodge the bull when it comes close. Document [66] (Title: The Caper of the Golden Bulls) Life is idyllic until one day Angela Tresler (Ralli), an acquaintance from the war, turns up threatening to expose Churchman's illegal activity unless he and his crew pull off a daring robbery for her in Pamplona. During the fiesta, Churchman's men carry concealed explosives and tools during the famed Running of the Bulls, veering off into an alley during the event. Churchman has broken into a bank and, using the dynamite, he blows open a safe, timing the explosion with a cannon's shot that is a traditional rite during the festival. Inside the safe are rare jewels, which he hides Document [67] (Title: Bull running) was said to have been started by John of Gaunt shortly after he married his Spanish wife, Constance of Castile, in 1372, in an effort to remind her of her home. The story was first advanced—purely as speculation—by Robert Plot in his "The Natural History of Stafford-Shire" (1686), where he writes: Samuel Pegge, addressing the Society of Antiquaries in 1765, dismissed Plot's conjecture as "entirely mistaken", while lamenting that it had become received wisdom in the interim. While John of Gaunt had established a Court of Minstrels at Tutbury in 1381, the bull running appears instead to have been instituted Document [68] (Title: Fermin) as Lesaka, in the fiesta called the "Regata del Bidasoa". In the basilica of San Fermín de Aldapa, the martyrdom of Saint Fermin is still commemorated on September 25. On the preceding Thursday to Sunday there are numerous festivities there, in the Navarrería (a neighbourhood of Pamplona) and near the Cathedral. Celebrations begin with a firework rocket set off by a youngster from the Navarrería, who has been given the title of the little mayor. As at Pamplona, the celebrations have a special closing ceremony called "Pobre de Mí" ("Poor Me"). When certain relics of the saint were brought back Document [69] (Title: Bill Hillmann) the oldest, in Cuéllar, a small town about two hours north of Madrid, where hundreds of horsemen guide the bulls 3 miles (5 km) to the town and into the run. On July 8, 2017, he was gored by one of the bulls from José Escolar in Pamplona. Bill Hillmann Bill Hillmann (born 1982) is an American author, storyteller, and journalist. He is a bull-runner and former boxer. Hillmann was born in Chicago in 1982, and grew up on the city's North Side. He attended St. Joseph High School. He has a bachelor's degree from Elmhurst College and an MFA Document [70] (Title: Cross de San Sebastián) Cross de San Sebastián The Cross Internacional de San Sebastián, also known as the "Cross Internacional de Donostia", is an annual cross country running event which is staged in late January in San Sebastián, Spain. The competition was first held in 1956 as a men's only race and attracted top level runners from the outset, with Olympic gold medallists Emil Zátopek, Alain Mimoun and Mamo Wolde being among the winners in the first decade of the event. A women's race was introduced in 1971 and two-time World Cross champion Carmen Valero took a record four back-to-back wins soon after. From Document [71] (Title: Kukuxumusu) rest of Spain. Moreover its products are sold elsewhere in over sixty countries. Kukuxumusu's designs are distinctive for their style and humour. Their most famous designs involve bulls and the San Fermín runners in their traditional red and white clothing, but adding some absurd elements. Bulls may be seen chasing the runners over the sea on surfboards, or apparently uninterested in the San Fermín activities. In some designs, the roles of humans and bulls are reversed. Other designs often involve animals, devils or Basque symbols such as the lauburu in humorous situations. Kukuxumusu's designs have grown to include other Spanish Document [72] (Title: New Year's Eve) a way to cut down on the large production surplus they had had that year. Nowadays, the tradition is followed by almost every Spaniard, and the twelve grapes have become synonymous with the New Year. After the clock has finished striking twelve, people greet each other and toast with sparkling wine such as cava or champagne, or with cider. The song "Un año más," by the Spanish group Mecano, is frequently played. Earlier in the evening at around 20:00, there is a 10k run called San Silvestre Vallecana, which starts on Paseo de la Castellana, next to Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, Document [73] (Title: San Fermín) After the religious function, the group formed by the Authorities and village, they came back to the Home of “the town”, at about 90 minutes after leaving it. Then was effectuated the move, to contemplate the bulls that while they were waiting to move, they grazed in the grove. The opening of the festival is marked by setting off the pyrotechnic "chupinazo" (or "txupinazo" in Basque language). The rocket is launched at 12:00 noon on July 6 from a city hall balcony with thousands of people celebrating the act in the city hall square and other locations in Pamplona. The Document [74] (Title: Ignacio Baleztena Ascárate) Carlism, like the annual pilgrimage to Javier, launched in 1939. Baleztena remained particularly fascinated by the sanfermines, investigating their history and forming part of Corte de San Fermín. He is credited for launching an unofficial feast anthem "Uno de enero, dos de febrero" and a popular "Iruña-ko mezetak" song, apart from a number of other unrelated chants. It was Baleztena and his friends who in 1911 first performed ; it remains debated whather the ritual was intended as a Carlist demonstration dogging the Liberal-dominated city council or simply as a juvenile joke. When it comes to running of the bulls Document [75] (Title: Michael Palin's Hemingway Adventure) reading a novel of Hemingway. After being chased by a fake bull he ends up in Pamplona, Spain. There he watches the famous bull run and then goes to interview a professional matador. Hemingway loved the bull run, and Palin confides that it must be an age thing - he can't stand watching it. Travelling to Africa where Hemingway went on many safaris, Palin goes to a local Maasai circumcision where the teenage boys are dressed up in finery. "Which of you is the most beautiful here?" he asked. "We are all beautiful," replies the boy, "except you!" Afterwards, he Document [76] (Title: Museum of Navarre, Pamplona) story museum is chronologically arranged, starting from prehistoric works to the 20th-century. Among its collections are: In addition the museum displays works by artists from or active in Navarre such as Javier Ciga, Jesús Basiano, Gerardo Sacristán, Caro, Joreg Oteiza, Julio Martín Royo, Salaberri, Aquerreta or Manterola. The church is used to display retablos and religious art. Museum of Navarre, Pamplona The Museum of Navarra is the art museum of Navarre, and is located on Calle Cuesta Santo Domingo in Pamplona, in the Navarre province of Spain. The museum is sited in the old hospital of 16th-century "Nuestra Señora de Document [77] (Title: Route of the Bull) following the route worthwhile even for the visitor who finds the very notion of the bullfight off-putting. The trail runs between Jerez de la Frontera and Tarifa, and it passes through the municipalities of San José del Valle, Paterna de Rivera, Medina Sidonia, Benalup-Casas Viejas, Alcalá de los Gazules, Jimena de la Frontera, Castellar de la Frontera, San Roque and Los Barrios. Another tourist trail of this sort is the route that wanders through the "pueblos blancos" of the province of Cádiz, the so-called "White Towns of Andalusia". Route of the Bull The Route of the Bull (in Spanish, "Ruta Document [78] (Title: Running of the bulls) wooden fences is erected to direct the bulls along the route and to block off side streets. A double wooden fence is used in those areas where there is enough space, while in other parts the buildings of the street act as barriers. The gaps in the barricades are wide enough for a human to slip through but narrow enough to block a bull. The fence is composed of approximately three thousand separate pieces of wood. Some parts of the fence remain in place for the duration of the fiesta, while others are placed and removed each morning. Spectators can Document [79] (Title: Pamplona, Norte de Santander) is a student city and tourism is probably the main present economic activity of the city of Pamplona, where thousands of students are lodged and fed, thus also they are the main consumers in innumerable the night clubs and cafés that have been proliferating. Pamplona, Norte de Santander Pamplona (pronounced ) is a municipality and city in Norte de Santander, Colombia. Nueva Pamplona del Valle del Espíritu Santo, the name by which Don Pedro de Ursúa and Don Ortún Velasco de Velázquez paid tribute to the capital of the province of Navarre in Spain, was founded on 1 November 1549. Document [80] (Title: Juan José Padilla) several times by the bull. The bull's horn caught his head, and he was scalped. He was rushed to a hospital in Avila, and doctors ruled out any brain damage. He returned to the ring in Pamplona a few days later. His final corrida was with the bulls of Núñez del Cuvillo in the Feria de El Pilar in Zaragoza, the same ring where he had lost his eye seven years before. Cutting two ears from his final bull, he was carried out of the ring on the shoulders of the crowd and finally retired, still number one in the Document [81] (Title: Conchita Moreno) family. She has publicly criticised the Running of the Bulls in Pamplona. Conchita Moreno Conchita Moreno (Caracas, December 8, 1927-2007) was a professional female mounted bullfighter from Venezuela. Moreno explains that she is named Conchita because she was born on the day of the Immaculate Conception, the second of seven, to Norberto Moreno Mayora (a builder from Ocumare del Tuy, who constructed the famous Las Palomas area of Macuto) and Juana D'Amico del Castillo (a textile worker who may have been the first woman to use an electric loom). Her maternal grandparents were Italian, and emigrated to Venezuela before her Document [82] (Title: Running of the bulls) RTVE, the public Spanish national television channel, for over 30 years. It is the highest profile event of the San Fermín festival, which is held every year from 6–14 July. The first bull running is on 7 July, followed by one on each of the following mornings of the festival, beginning every day at 8 am. Among the rules to take part in the event are that participants must be at least 18 years old, run in the same direction as the bulls, not incite the bulls, and not be under the influence of alcohol. In Pamplona, a set of Document [83] (Title: San Fermín) guide us in the running of the bulls, giving to us his blessing"”. A second cracker signals that the last bull has left the corral. There are six fighting bulls accompanied by six oxen (often white and brown colored) that guide them to the "plaza" and followed by three more not fighting oxen. There are also some shepherds guiding the bulls, wearing green T-shirts and holding long poles. Once all of the bulls have entered the arena, a third rocket is released while a fourth firecracker indicates that the bulls are in their bullpens and the run has concluded. After Document [84] (Title: Bulls of Guisando) García Lorca uses their symbolic value in his "Llanto por la muerte de Ignacio Sánchez Mejías": The bulls are protected in Spain's heritage listings as a "Bien de Interés Cultural" (Property of Cultural Interest), being classified as a "Sitio histórico" or historic site. Bulls of Guisando The Bulls of Guisando () are a set of Celtiberian sculptures located on the hill of Guisando in the municipality of El Tiemblo, Ávila, Spain. The four sculptures, made of granite, represent quadrupeds identified as bulls or pigs. The balance of opinion favours bulls: there are holes which have been interpreted as sockets for Document [85] (Title: Legend № 17) the Running of the Bulls in Spain where Kharlamov's mother originally was from. Then the action is transferred to Moscow in 1967, where the young hockey player gets acquainted with the famous trainer Anatoli Tarasov, who sends Valeri along with his friend Alexander Gusev to the city of Chebarkul, Chelyabinsk Oblast, where they will play for the local "Zvezda" team. Having overcome the difficulties of adaptation in the lower league team, Valeri displays effective hockey skills and returns to Moscow at the end of the season where Tarasov invites him to join HC CSKA Moscow, but at first Anatoli tests Document [86] (Title: Feria Real de San Roque) "fair" a series of bullfightings organized on this occasion, and often - especially in Andalusia - the festivities that accompany these bullfights. In many parts of Spain, there are nevertheless still a parting between the festivities and the feria which takes place on this occasion. The Royal Fair closes on a Sunday night with a fireworks show and at 7am on the Monday with the Running of the Bulls known locally as Toro del Aguardiente which has occurred yearly since 1649, named as terrified participants are given a shot of the strong alcoholic spirit ‘Aguardiente’ for courage, before running with Document [87] (Title: Calvisson) group of twelve 'guardians' mounted on white Camargues horses, an Encierro where one bull is released outside the foyer and finds his own way back to the pen, the Bandido where one bull is run accompanied through the streets, and the Bandido de nuit which is the same thing but after dark. Boys and men run with the bulls and try and separate them from the horses, stop them, and physically turn them away from the horses. Calvisson It lies between Nîmes, Montpellier, the Cevennes and the Camargue and has a strong Protestant history. Calvisson is a commune in Gard Document [88] (Title: San Fermín) and a different "encaste" (sub-breed) of bull appears each day. The event begins at 8 a.m. when a first firecracker is lit to announce the release of the bulls from their corral. Before the year 1924 it started at 6 and at 7 between 1924 and 1974. Runners gather earlier at the beginning of the itinerary to ask for the protection of the Saint by singing a chant three times before a small statue of San Fermín which has been placed in a raised niche in a wall: “"To San Fermin we ask to be our patron saint and to Document [89] (Title: Stamford bull run) peace-keeping forces quickly and without reported serious incident. Because the townsfolk were forced to bear the cost of this militia presence for several years in a row, they agreed to stop the practice on their own henceforth, and kept their word. The last known witness of the bull-running was James Fuller Scholes who spoke of it in a newspaper interview in 1928 before his 94th birthday: Stamford bull run The Stamford bull run, or the bull-running in Stamford, was a bull-running and bull-baiting event held on St Brice's Day (13 November) in the English town of Stamford, Lincolnshire, for almost Document [90] (Title: Running of the bulls) the market, men would try to speed the process by hurrying their cattle using tactics of fear and excitement. After years of this practice, the transportation and hurrying began to turn into a competition, as young adults would attempt to race in front of the bulls and make it safely to their pens without being overtaken. When the popularity of this practice increased and was noticed more and more by the expanding population of Spanish cities, a tradition was created and stands to this day. The Pamplona encierro is the most popular in Spain and has been broadcast live by Document [91] (Title: La Línea de la Concepción Bullring) whole building is . In its early days the ring saw a ballooning show by the Montgolfier brothers in 1894. Bullfights mark the end of the Feria de la Línea which is celebrated in mid-July and in recent times is the only time that a bullfight occurs. La Línea de la Concepción Bullring The bull ring in La Línea de la Concepción (), a town in the province of Cádiz at the southern edge of Spain, close to the British territory of Gibraltar, was opened in 1883. The bull ring is said to be unusual in that it has an Document [92] (Title: Basque rural sports) on long ropes regularly on a particular day of the week (which varies from town to town). Occasionally a bull would break free on run wild, an event called "karrera egitea" (to make a run), while the crowds made sport of the bulls. From the 14th century onwards bulls were increasingly let loose on purpose, ultimately leading to the tradition of running the bulls. It's also known as "soka-mutilen jokoa", the game of the rope boys. Sometimes this would happen at night, with lights attached to the bulls, the most likely forerunner of the "zezen-suzko" or "fire bull". In the Document [93] (Title: Ratón) participating in bull running in the streets ("encierros" in Spanish), Ratón also often performed in the "recortes", a style of bullfighting in which members of the public dodge the bull around obstacles such as wooden stairs or platforms placed in a bullring. At one such event held in Museros in 2005, Ratón gored a dozen people and injured several more in another event at Yátova in 2006. Ratón took his first life on 9 August 2006 during Sagunto's festival, when he gored a 56-year-old man from León more than ten times. The killing was caught on video and was viewed Document [94] (Title: Alexander Fiske-Harrison) issue in his early twenties and, as a student of both philosophy and biology, has perhaps tussled with it more lengthily and cogently than most of us." As part of his researches in 2009 Fiske-Harrison began running with the bulls in Pamplona, and became a part of the 'Runners Team of the World', and continued to do it across the rest of Spain, including the "encierros", 'bull-runs', of the Navarran towns of Tafalla and Falces - where the run is down a mountain path beside a sheer drop called 'El Pilón'- in the Madrid suburb of San Sebastián de los Document [95] (Title: Hotel La Perla) or Pablo Sarasate. In the studies about Hemingway, author of "The Sun Also Rises", and in popular lore it is sometimes mistakenly identified as the model for the novel’s Hotel Montoya. Actually, Hotel Montoya was inspired by Juanito Quintana's hotel. Hotel La Perla Hotel La Perla (Spanish: Gran Hotel La Perla) is the most famous hotel in Pamplona, Spain. It is located in the Plaza del Castillo (Castle Square), with one side facing Estafeta Street, one of the main routes in the Running of the Bulls. The balconies of the hotel are among the most coveted sites from which to Document [96] (Title: Running of the bulls) run in the town every 13 November, for ever after. As of 2013 the bull run had been revived as a ceremonial, festival-style community event. A variation is the nightly "fire bull" where balls of flammable material are placed on the horns. Currently the bull is often replaced by a runner carrying a frame on which fireworks are placed and dodgers, usually children, run to avoid the sparks. In 2008, Red Bull Racing driver David Coulthard and Scuderia Toro Rosso driver Sébastien Bourdais performed a version of a 'bull running' event in Pamplona, Spain, with the Formula One cars chasing Document [97] (Title: Pamplona) work for Volkswagen and other companies. Other remarkable industries are building materials, metalworking and food processing. Renewable energy technologies are also an increasing economic sector (wind turbines manufacturing and generation) and neighboring Sarriguren is the seat of the National Centre for Renewable Energies (CENER) and of Acciona Energía. Pamplona is the main commercial and services centre of Navarre. Its area of influence is not beyond the province, except for the University of Navarre and its teaching hospital, which provide private educational and health services nationwide. The city is home to two universities: the above-mentioned University of Navarre, a corporate work Document [98] (Title: Maestranza (Seville)) in its Royal Bullring. Regular tours are conducted of the Bullring and the Museum. Maestranza (Seville) The Plaza de toros de la Real Maestranza de Caballería de Sevilla is a 12,000-capacity bullring in Seville, Spain. During the annual Seville Fair in Seville, it is the site of one of the most well-known bullfighting festivals in the world. It is a part of the Real Maestranza de Caballería de Sevilla, a noble guild established for traditional cavalry training. The ring itself is considered one of the city's most enjoyable tourist attractions and is certainly one of the most visited. As a Document [99] (Title: Alexander Fiske-Harrison) Reyes and the ancient castle of Cuéllar in Old Castile, which hosts the oldest "encierro", 'bull-run' in Spain, and where he was awarded a prize for writing about the encierros in 2013. He has written and spoken on the subject widely, including for Bear Grylls on the Discovery Channel and for the Esquire Network's coverage of the Pamplona running of the bulls. In Spring 2014 Fiske-Harrison co-authored and edited the book "The Bulls Of Pamplona". It included a foreword from the Mayor of Pamplona and contributions from famous living "aficionados" of the festival of San Fermín, including John Hemingway, grandson Document [100] (Title: Running of the bulls) (42.195 km), half-marathon (21.097 km), or 10 km road race that concludes with the final 900m of each race using the route, runners crossing the finish line inside the bullring. Many opponents argue that bulls are mentally injured by the harassment and voicing of both participants and spectators, and some of animals may also die because of the stress, especially if they are roped or bring flares in their horns (bou embolat version). Despite all this, the festivities seem to have wide popular support in their villages Many animal rights activists oppose the event. PETA activists created the Running of Document [101] (Title: Raoul and the Kings of Spain) but was more successful in continental Europe, reaching #23 in Italy, #13 in Belgium (Wallonia) and #5 in France. The album features a reunion with Oleta Adams, who had recorded and toured extensively with the band for "The Seeds of Love" album, and here duets with Orzabal on the track "Me and My Big Ideas". The front cover photo titled, "Running Them In At Pamplona", is by Jose Galle and is a depiction of the annual "Running of the Bulls" festival held in Pamplona in Spain. Several inner sleeve photographs were by David Tack, taken from his book "Impressions Of Document [102] (Title: Cheyenne Frontier Days) Friday, the annual walking of the steers is held on the preceding Sunday morning. This event, which attracts considerable attention, is based on the running of the bulls in Pamplona, Spain and in part inspired by the cattle drives of the Old West. In 2013, 447 steers, herded by mounted cowboys, walked three miles from Hynds Boulevard into Frontier Park. In 2015, 550 steers walked this route. It starts from a pasture north of the city and runs along Interstate 25, south and then through the city streets aforementioned into the park. Cheyenne Frontier Days only has a full-time staff Document [103] (Title: Tordesillas) del Toro de la Vega" (The Meadow Bull Tournament), The bull is driven by horsemen. When it reaches the meadow across the river it is finally speared and stabbed by many competing lancers. The person who delivers the fatal blow (this can be with a rifle) is entitled to cut off the bull's testicles impaled on the tip of his spear and parade them through the town. The city then awards him a gold medal and a commemorative forged iron spear. Tordesillas Tordesillas () is a town and municipality in the province of Valladolid, Castile and León, central Spain. It Document [104] (Title: Bill Hillmann) By 2013 he had acquired the nickname "Buffalo Bill Hillmann", and in 2014 he co-authored the book "Fiesta: How to Survive the Bulls of Pamplona" with Alexander Fiske-Harrison and John Hemingway. On July 9, 2014, a bull gored Hillmann twice in the thigh at the festival of San Fermín in Pamplona, but he returned to bull-running in Pamplona in 2015, and published his memoir, "Mozos: A Decade Running with the Bulls". In the summer of 2016 he ran with the bulls more than 200 times in towns throughout Spain. He has stated that his favorite running of the bulls is Document [105] (Title: Running of the bulls) into the turn at Estafeta ("la curva"), resulting in the installation of anti-slip surfacing, and now most of the bulls negotiate the turn onto Estafeta and are often ahead of the steers. This has resulted in a quicker run. Runners are not permitted in the first 50 meters of the encierro, which is an uphill grade where the bulls are much faster. Every year, between 50 and 100 people are injured during the run. Not all of the injuries require taking the patients to the hospital: in 2013, 50 people were taken by ambulance to Pamplona's hospital, with this number Document [106] (Title: Medialuna) Medialuna A medialuna (literally "half moon") is crescent-shaped corral used for rodeos, the official sport in Chile. They are generally 64–66 metres in diameter. Chilean rodeos are not quite the same sport famous in the American West; they involve two riders on horseback trying to herd a calf around a circular arena, attempting to pin him against several large cushions. The main medialuna in Chile is the Medialuna Monumental de Rancagua. Located in the city of Rancagua, it currently seats 12,000 spectators. It is the home of the annual National Championship of Chilean Rodeo. It hosted the 2006 Davis Cup Document [107] (Title: Running of the Nudes) have promoted the event, coordinating low-cost transportation and accommodations for the runners. The event has become an annual alternative festival to the Running of the Bulls. Local citizens, initially offended by the public display of nudity, have become more accepting due to changing morals and because the new event has extended the traditional festival and added to its important economic impact for the town. Organizers work with local government to obtain permits and provide insurance, as required by local law. Running of the Nudes The Running of the Nudes, like the well-known Running of the Bulls, takes place in Pamplona, Document [108] (Title: UDC Txantrea) which has seen several promising players move to the Bilbao team. Recent graduates include Borja Ekiza, Iñigo Pérez, Mikel San José, Gorka Iraizoz and Iker Muniain, all of whom played a role in their run to the 2012 UEFA Europa League Final. UDC Txantrea Unión Deportiva Cultural Chantrea is a Spanish football team based in Pamplona, in the autonomous community of Navarre. Founded in 1952, it plays in Tercera División - Group 15, holding home games at "Estadio Chantrea", with a capacity of 3,500 seats. Chantrea (also sometimes known with the Basque spelling Txantrea) is the representative team for the Document [109] (Title: Spanish Fighting Bull) Spanish Fighting Bull The Spanish Fighting Bull (Toro Bravo, "toro de lidia", "toro lidiado", "ganado bravo", "Touro de Lide") is an Iberian heterogeneous cattle population. It is primarily bred free-range on extensive estates in Spain, Portugal, France and Latin American countries where bull fighting is organized. Fighting bulls are selected primarily for a certain combination of aggression, energy, strength, and stamina. Some commentators trace the origins of the fighting bull to wild bulls from the Iberian Peninsula and their use for arena games in the Roman Empire. Although the actual origins are disputed, genetic studies have indicated that the breeding Document [110] (Title: Las Ventas) of them in the shade and the rest in the sun. The president of the 'corrida' sits in the 10th Tendido. The Royal Box is of outstanding design, with its Mudéjar architecture, a complete bathroom and a lift. Opposite to the Royal Box, in the covered grandstand roof, is the clock. The bullring has five gates, plus three more called "toriles", from where the bulls enter the arena. The gate of the "cuadrillas", between "tendidos" 3 and 4, has access to the horse yard. Inside this door, the "paseillo" starts and the "picadores" (those who pierce the bull with the Document [111] (Title: Fermin) rested at Thorney, Cambridgeshire. These occurrences point towards possible veneration of Firmin in Anglo-Saxon England. The San Fermin festival is celebrated in Pamplona, in the region of Navarre, every year from the 6th to the 14th of July. It has become internationally known because of the running of the bulls, where the bulls are led through the streets of the old quarter as far as the bull ring by runners. The fiestas are celebrated in honor of San Fermin, patron saint of Navarra, although the religious aspect would seem to have taken on a secondary role over the last number Document [112] (Title: José María Araúz de Robles Estremera) mainstream "toro do lidia"; his "ganadería" formed one of the 30-odd bull-ranches which served as a point of reference in scientific studies, also taking part in celebrated events like the Pamplona Sanfermines. In 1978 the breed was taken over by his son Francisco Javier Arauz de Robles López, who changed the "hierro" (1978) and later moved the "ganaderia" to Jaen province. Initially fairly active, recently it has been rather quiescent, with the owners pointing to a number of difficulties, including competition from Domecq breed. This, plus allegedly declining quality led some organisations to black-list the breed, despite the owner's marketing Document [113] (Title: Plaza de toros de Acho) The best bullfighter of the year is awarded the "Escapulario de Oro" (Golden Scapular), while the " Escapulario de Plata" Silver Scapular goes to the provider of the best bull. Sometimes either or both scapulars may go not awarded. Plaza de toros de Acho The de Acho is the premier bullring in Lima, Peru. Located beside the historical center of the Rímac District, the plaza is classified as a national historic monument. It is the oldest bullring in the Americas and the second-oldest in the world after La Maestranza in Spain (not counting the Roman Empire-era Arles Amphitheatre in France). Document [114] (Title: San Fermín) San Fermín The festival of San Fermín is a week-long, historically rooted celebration held annually in the city of Pamplona, Navarra , Spain. The celebrations start at noon on the sixth of July, when the party starts with the setting off the pyrotechnic "chupinazo", and continue until midnight, on the fourteenth of July, with the singing of the "Pobre de Mí". While its most famous event is the encierro, or the running of the bulls, at 8:00 AM from July 7 to 14, the festival involves many other traditional and folkloric events. It is known locally as "Sanfermines" and is Document [115] (Title: Pamplona) Fermín festival, which is held annually from July 6 to 14. This festival was brought to literary renown with the 1926 publication of Ernest Hemingway's novel "The Sun Also Rises". It is also home to Osasuna, the only Navarrese football club to have ever played in the Spanish top division. Pamplona is located in the middle of Navarre in a rounded valley, known as the Basin of Pamplona, that links the mountainous North with the Ebro valley. It is from the city of San Sebastián, from Bilbao, from Paris and from Madrid. The climate and landscape of the basin is Document [116] (Title: Spain) all over the world go to Spain to experience one of these festivals. One of the most famous is San Fermín, in Pamplona. While its most famous event is the "encierro", or the running of the bulls, which happens at 8:00 am from 7 to 14 July, the week-long celebration involves many other traditional and folkloric events. Its events were central to the plot of The Sun Also Rises, by Ernest Hemingway, which brought it to the general attention of English-speaking people. As a result, it has become one of the most internationally renowned fiestas in Spain, with over 1,000,000 Document [117] (Title: San Roque, Cádiz) although the stands and attractions located in the Fairground El Ejido do not open until Wednesday, the day of the inaugural cavalcade. The Royal Fair closes on a Sunday night with a fireworks show and at 7am on the Monday with the Running of the Bulls known locally as Toro del Aguardiente which has occurred yearly since 1649, named as terrified participants are given a shot of the strong alcoholic spirit ‘Aguardiente’ for courage, before running with the bulls to the San Roque bullring, marking the end of the fair. Gabine Muguruza, Tennis Player, French Open Champion, 2016 San Roque, Document [118] (Title: Running of the bulls) 500 runners through the actual Pamplona route. The Big Easy Rollergirls roller derby team has performed an annual mock bull run in New Orleans, Louisiana since 2007. The team, dressed as bulls, skates after runners through the French Quarter. In 2012, there were 14,000 runners and over 400 "bulls" from all over the country, with huge before- and after-parties. In Ballyjamesduff, Ireland, an annual event called the Pig Run is held with small pigs. It looks just like a mini- but with pigs instead of bulls. In Dewey Beach, Delaware, a bar named The Starboard sponsors an annual Running of Document [119] (Title: Chorizo de Pamplona) Chorizo de Pamplona Chorizo de Pamplona is a sausage that is typical in the cuisine of the Navarre region of Spain It is prepared with equal parts of finely-chopped beef and pork and significant amounts of a strong smoked paprika, pork fat and a natural or plastic casing which is designated to have a minimum size of forty millimeters in diameter. The red-orange coloration is due to the addition of paprika, which is abundant in Navarre. Despite its local name, it is a very common type of sausage in delicatessens around the Spanish territory. It is also produced and sold Document [120] (Title: Plaza de Toros, Calatayud) the architect of Mariano Medarde. The octagonal ring has a capacity for 8830 spectators on three floors. It has stables for 30 horses, and 3 corrals. Bullfights typically take place in August and September, respectively during the "Fiestas de San Roque" and "Fiestas de la Virgen de la Peña". Plaza de Toros, Calatayud The Plaza de Toros de Calatayud is a bullring located at the Paraje de Margarita on the Calle Barón de Warsage, in the city of Calatayud, within the Province of Zaragoza in the region of Aragon, northeastern Spain. The site of Calatayud's former market place had been Document [121] (Title: San Fermín) the end of the run young cows with wrapped horns are released in the bullring and toss the participants, to the amusement of the crowd. The circuit has only changed slightly since 1852 as the former bullring was located close to the present one. Before that date the bullrunning ended in the "castle plaza", still not far from the present bullring. While the origin of this tradition was the necessity to move the bulls from outside the city to the bullring for the bullfight it is not clear when citizens began to run in front of them. There are written Document [122] (Title: Plaza de toros de San Roque) not open until Wednesday, the day of the inaugural cavalcade. The Royal Fair closes on a Sunday night with a fireworks show and at 7am on the Monday with the Running of the Bulls known locally as Toro del Aguardiente which has occurred yearly since 1649, named as terrified participants are given a shot of the strong alcoholic spirit ‘Aguardiente’ for courage, before running with the bulls to the Plaza de toros de San Roque, marking the end of the fair. Plaza de toros de San Roque The Plaza de toros de San Roque is a bull ring in San Document [123] (Title: Basque rural sports) frontenis), Florida and the Philippines. As such it has been an Olympic exhibition sport in Paris, Mexico and Barcelona. It is called "pelota vasca" in Spanish and "pelote basque" in French. Basque arm wrestling follows broadly the same rules as anywhere else. A form of bull-leaping called "errekorteak" in Basque and "recortes" in Spanish, is practiced in parts of the Basque Country, especially Navarre. The name of this sport literally translates as "snout rope" ("soka" "rope" and "mutur" "snout"). It is "vaquillas" ("calves") in Spanish. It derives from a tradition where cattle destined for slaughter were led through the town Document [124] (Title: Afternoon of the Bulls) Afternoon of the Bulls Afternoon of the Bulls () is a 1956 Spanish drama film directed by Ladislao Vajda. It was entered into the 1956 Cannes Film Festival. The film was selected as the Spanish entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 29th Academy Awards. In the bullring of Las Ventas, in Madrid, four parallel stories are shown in the film: the senior bullfighter Ricardo Puente breaks up with his lover Paloma; the winner of the day, Juan Carmona is barely hurt by a bull because he is haunted with the notice of a new baby; Rondeño II Document [125] (Title: Running of the Nudes) same route taken by the Running of the Bulls, from the Santo Domingo corrals through the town’s streets, ending at the Plaza de Toros. The length of the run is some 800 metres (about half a mile) and the event takes about one hour. In 2002, approximately 25 naked streakers ran through Pamplona's winding streets to promote an alternative to the Running of the Bulls. Subsequent events saw a steady increase in the numbers of runners with an estimated 1000 nude or semi-nude runners taking part in the event in 2006. Animal welfare groups across Europe and in North America Document [126] (Title: Emory and Henry College) a Saturday). Running of the Bulls – The Running of the Bulls is a bi-annual event in which girls who are pledging a sorority are sent running out of the front door of Wiley-Jackson (MaWa) and are told to run towards the sorority which they intend to pledge. The event, although short, is often attended by much of the student population due to its humorous nature. The Rock – Every athletic team that plays their games at Fred Selfe Stadium touches a giant rock taken from the late Fred Selfe's hometown. Coach Selfe was a long-time assistant coach for the Document [127] (Title: Basque rural sports) "zezen-suzko", a contraption of fireworks is strapped to a bull and lit at night. Today this is sometimes also practised in bullrings, either temporary or permanent, using calves rather. If fully grown bulls are used it is as a prelude for a bullfight, which is a regular feature of the Running of the Bulls in Iruñea/Pamplona. This is game involves throwing small objects like pebbles, balls or coins across a distance, trying to hit the target, a vertical metal pole. It is called "juego de la raya" in Spanish and "jeu de la raie" in French. Sheepdog trials are another Document [128] (Title: Running of the bulls) nearly doubling that of 2012. Goring is much less common but potentially life threatening. In 2013, for example, six participants were gored along the festival, in 2012, only four runners were injured by the horns of the bulls with exactly the same number of gored people in 2011, nine in 2010 and 10 in 2009; with one of the latter killed. As most of the runners are male, only 5 women have been gored since 1974. Before that date, running was prohibited for women. Another major risk is runners falling and piling up (a "montón") at the entrance of the Document [129] (Title: Stamford bull run) Stamford bull run The Stamford bull run, or the bull-running in Stamford, was a bull-running and bull-baiting event held on St Brice's Day (13 November) in the English town of Stamford, Lincolnshire, for almost 700 years, until it was ended in 1839. The custom dated from the time of King John. A 1996 "Journal of Popular Culture" paper refers to the bull run as a festival, in the academic sense of "the broader context of the medieval if not aboriginal festival calendar", though works written during and shortly after the activity's later years variously describe it as a "riotous custom", Document [130] (Title: San Fermín) to take place at the same time as the fair, when Pamplona's weather is better. This is considered to be the beginning of the Sanfermines. During medieval times acts included an opening speech, musicians, tournaments, theatre, bullfights, dances or even fireworks. Bullrunning appears in 17th and 18th century chronicles together with the presence of foreigners and the first concerns about the excessive drinking and dissolute behavior during the event. Finally, the Parade of Giants was created in the mid-19th century. The first official bullring was constructed in 1844. The worldwide fame of the modern festival, and the great number of Document [131] (Title: Running of the bulls) only stand behind the second fence, whereas the space between the two fences is reserved for security and medical personnel and also to participants who need cover during the event. The encierro begins with runners singing a benediction. It is sung three times, each time being sung both in Spanish and Basque. The benediction is a prayer given at a statue of Saint Fermin, patron of the festival and the city, to ask the saint's protection and can be translated into English as "We ask Saint Fermin, as our Patron, to guide us through the encierro and give us his Document [132] (Title: Harry Crosby) 1927, Crosby and Hemingway visited Pamplona for the running of the bulls. Crosby wrote of Hemingway that "H. could drink us under the table." Harry and Caresse published the Paris edition of Hemingway's "The Torrents of Spring". In early 1928, they traveled to the Middle East, visiting a number of countries. In late 1928, they secured a 20-year lease on a medieval mill outside of Paris in Ermenonville, for living quarters, which they named "Le Moulin du Soleil" ("The Mill of the Sun"). It had three old stone buildings, no electricity or telephone, and a single bathroom. The Crosbys added Document [133] (Title: Museum of Navarre, Pamplona) Museum of Navarre, Pamplona The Museum of Navarra is the art museum of Navarre, and is located on Calle Cuesta Santo Domingo in Pamplona, in the Navarre province of Spain. The museum is sited in the old hospital of 16th-century "Nuestra Señora de la Misericordia de Pamplona", converted to museum only in 1956. The origins of the collection are works obtained by a provincial Commission in 1844, and displayed in 1910 at what is now the "Cámara de los Comptos". To the right of the entrance is the facade of the church of the hospital. The exhibits in the four Document [134] (Title: Hotel La Perla) Hotel La Perla Hotel La Perla (Spanish: Gran Hotel La Perla) is the most famous hotel in Pamplona, Spain. It is located in the Plaza del Castillo (Castle Square), with one side facing Estafeta Street, one of the main routes in the Running of the Bulls. The balconies of the hotel are among the most coveted sites from which to view the event. Opened on June 5 of 1881, it is the city's oldest hotel, and the oldest still in operation in the country. It was originally named "Fonda [a] La Perla". The original owners were Miguel and Teresa Graz. Document [135] (Title: Plaza de toros de La Malagueta) bullfight of the season is held in the month of September in honour of Our Lady of Victory, the patron saint of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Málaga. Plaza de toros de La Malagueta La Malagueta is the bullring at Málaga (Andalucía, Spain) which since 1876 has been denominated a cultural asset of Spain (BIC). It is located in the eastern district of Málaga, alongside the Paseo de Reding. The first event was held in 1876. the current (2013 season) operator is Coso de Badajoz SL, a company owned by José Cutiño. The style of the building is neomudéjar and Document [136] (Title: Coracora) a donation. If the bull does not die the person who bought it and the person receiving it enters the bullring called pucachucos. they are pure red dresses people who enter leading a team of bulls. to remove the dead bull in place, leaving the rruedo. Sivén happen to be the home of the bull who resivio. and exquisite taste of a steak. Each year, a person must sign up to be in charge of the town festival on August 5. Spaniards had a specific job to bring the statue of the Virgen. Their destination was to Cuzco, but along Document [137] (Title: Tudela, Navarre) and the physician and theologian Michael de Villanueva were from the city. The city hosts an annual festival in honor of Santa Ana (mother of the Virgin Mary) which begin on 24 July at noon and continue for approximately a week. Street music, bullfights and the running of the bulls are typical events of the festival. Personas ilustres: José Roberto Rausell Campo Archeological excavations have shown that the area of Tudela has been populated since the lower paleolithic era. The town of Tudela was founded by the Romans on Celt-Iberian settlements. Since then the town has been inhabited continuously. The Document [138] (Title: La Línea de la Concepción Bullring) La Línea de la Concepción Bullring The bull ring in La Línea de la Concepción (), a town in the province of Cádiz at the southern edge of Spain, close to the British territory of Gibraltar, was opened in 1883. The bull ring is said to be unusual in that it has an odd number of sides. With 49 sides it is however nearly circular and it also has eleven entrances. The building was designed by Adolfo del Castillo and built on the Plaza de Arenal. It is now one of the oldest buildings in the town. The bull ring Document [139] (Title: Pamplona) of Opus Dei founded in 1952, which is ranked as the best private university in Spain, and the Public University of Navarre, established by the Government of Navarre in 1987. There is also a local branch of the UNED (Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia). The two most important museums in Pamplona are the Museo de Navarra, devoted to the archaeological and artistic heritage of Navarre, and the Museo Diocesano of religious art, located in the cathedral. Pamplona is the first Spanish city in the French way of the Way of Saint James. Pamplona has hosted the Sarasate Violin International Document [140] (Title: Running of the bulls) cattle) are typically used in such events. The most famous bull-run – what a capitalized "the Running of the Bulls" most often refers to in English – is the held in Pamplona during the nine-day festival of Sanfermines in honour of Saint Fermin. It has become a major global tourism event, today very different from the traditional, local festival. More traditional summer bull-runs are held in other places such as towns and villages across Spain and Portugal, in some cities in Mexico, and in the Occitan (Camargue) region of southern France. Bull-running was formerly also practiced in rural England, most Document [141] (Title: Running of the bulls) famously at Stamford until 1837. The origin of this event comes from the need to transport the bulls from the fields outside the city, where they were bred, to the bullring, where they would be killed in the evening. During this "run", youngsters would jump among them to show off their bravado. In Pamplona and other places, the six bulls in the event are still those that will feature in the afternoon bullfight of the same day. Spanish tradition holds that bull-running began in northeastern Spain in the early 14th century. While transporting cattle in order to sell them at Document [142] (Title: Running of the bulls) herd is . The length of the run is . It goes through four streets of the old part of the city (Santo Domingo, Ayuntamiento, Mercaderes and Estafeta) via the Town Hall Square and the short section "Telefónica" (named for the location of the old telephone office at end of Calle Estafeta) just before entering into the bullring through its callejón (tunnel). The fastest part of the route is up Santo Domingo and across the Town Hall Square, but the bulls often became separated at the entrance to Estafeta Street as they slowed down. One or more would slip going Document [143] (Title: Dénia) celebrated each March. Huge papier maché statues, called "fallas" are set up throughout the town, and then set ablaze. The "Bous a la Mar" (meaning "Bulls at the Sea") is held in July. The highlight of this week long festival is watching bulls run down the main street "Marqués de Campo", only to be chased into the Mediterranean sea by those daring enough to enter a makeshift bull ring with them. Since 1974 it has been home to painter and sculptor Joan Castejón. The town honored him as Adoptive Son of Dénia in 1999. Dénia's local football team is called Document [144] (Title: Spanish-style bullfighting) Spanish-style bullfighting Spanish-style bullfighting, known as a "corrida de toros" (literally a "running of the bulls"), "fiesta", is practiced in Spain, where it originates, Mexico, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, Peru, as well as in parts of Southern France and Portugal. In a traditional "corrida", three "toreros, "also called "matadores" or, in French, "toréadors", each fight two out of a total of six fighting bulls, each of which is at least four years old and weighs up to about (with a minimum weight limit of for the bullrings of the first degree). Bullfighting season in Spain runs from March to October. It Document [145] (Title: Course landaise) for the most part the main attraction of the yearly celebrations held in villages of western Gascony (Bas-Armagnac, Chalosse, and Bearn) and as far west as Bayonne. Other forms of related entertainments are the running of the bulls made famous in the neighboring Spanish Basque Country by the Ferias of Pamplona, but also enjoyed in Bayonne and smaller towns of Gascony such as Nogaro. The can in a way be compared with the steer-wrestling events in American rodeos to the extent that they are related expressions of a rural culture that can be traced to the ancient Basque tradition of Document [146] (Title: Tourada à corda) people ("pastores") that direct the bull and prevent its leaving the field of play. The bull is led along the course of the road, and taunted and teased by players, but with no intent to kill the animal; the animal's horns are capped with balls or leather to diminish the risk to the players. All the bulls are released after each event in order to rest before the next event (at least three weeks). The first known "tourada à corda" was in 1622, organised by the Câmara de Angra during the celebrations in honour of the canonisation of saints Francis Document [147] (Title: Bullring) de Toros de Las Ventas in Madrid (Spain), widely regarded as the most prestigious one, La Maestranza in Seville (Spain), and Plaza de Toros México in Mexico. Villages round the Camargue, such as Rodilhan in the Gard, who also practise 'mise à mort' - killing the bull. Bullring A bullring is an arena where bullfighting is performed. Bullrings are often associated with Spain, but they can also be found in neighboring countries and the New World. Bullrings are often historic and culturally significant centres that bear many structural similarities to the Roman amphitheatre. The classic bullring is an enclosed, roughly Document [148] (Title: Toro de la Vega tournament) Toro de la Vega tournament The "Toro de la Vega" is a medieval bull festival celebrated in the town of Tordesillas (province of Valladolid, Spain). The tournament consists of the chase of a bull by hundreds of lancers, in which some of these will try to lance the bull to death, after it has been released through the streets of the town and led to an open field by the runners and participants. If the bull surpasses the limits of the tournament, or the lancers are not able to kill it, it will be pardoned. The festival has been celebrated Document [149] (Title: Stamford bull run) in from outside, to stop the bull-run of 1837, but it happened anyway. The bull and the people ran through the security line, a riot ensued, and in the end no one was killed (not even the bull, which turned out to have been supplied by or stolen from a local lord, discreetly unnamed in contemporary reports). The last bull-run of Stamford was in 1839, in the face of an even larger force of soldiers and constables – some of the latter of whom smuggled the bull in themselves. The run was short, with the bull being captured by the Document [150] (Title: Pamplona) its surrounding area (Vuelta del Castillo) shifted into a park area with large lawns and modern sculptures. The most remarkable parks of the new neighborhoods include the Yamaguchi park, between Iturrama and Ermitagaña, which includes a little Japanese garden; the campus of the University of Navarre; the Parque del Mundo in Chantrea; and the Arga park. CA Osasuna (Club Atlético "Osasuna" (Basque for "Health") is the local football team. Their home stadium is called El Sadar, known as "Reyno de Navarra" between 2005 and 2013 in exchange for the Government of Navarre's sponsorship. Pamplona's bull ring was rebuilt in 1923. Document [151] (Title: Basques) ball games has its unique offspring among Basque ball games, known generically as pilota (Spanish: "pelota"). Some variants have been exported to the United States and Macau under the name of Jai Alai. There are several sports derived by Basques from everyday chores. Heavy workers were challenged and bets placed upon them. Examples are: The encierro (bull run) in Pamplona's fiestas "Sanfermines" started as a transport of bulls to the ring. These encierros, as well as other bull and bullock related activities are not exclusive to Pamplona but are traditional in many towns and villages of the Basque country. There Question: where in pamplona is the running of the bulls

Answer: four streets of the old part of the city Long Answer: The length of the run is 875 meters (957 yards). It goes through four streets of the old part of the city (Santo Domingo, Ayuntamiento, Mercaderes and Estafeta) via the Town Hall Square and the short section "Telefónica" (named for the location of the old telephone office at end of Calle Estafeta) just before entering into the bullring through its callejón (tunnel). The fastest part of the route is up Santo Domingo and across the Town Hall Square, but the bulls often became separated at the entrance to Estafeta Street as they slowed down . One or more would slip going into the turn at Estafeta ("la curva"), resulting in the installation of anti-slip surfacing, and now most of the bulls negotiate the turn onto Estafeta and are often ahead of the steers . This has resulted in a quicker run . Runners are not permitted in the first 50 meters of the encierro, which is an uphill grade where the bulls are much faster. Gold Document ID: 142

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Microsoft Office 2000) sold in Canada and the United States, required the user to activate the product via the Internet. Microsoft extended this requirement to retail editions sold in Canada and the United States with the availability of Office 2000 Service Release 1. However, product activation is no longer required as of April 15, 2003. Product activation would become a requirement for all editions of Office from Office XP onward. Office 2000 supports Windows 95, Windows NT 4.0 SP3, Windows 98, Windows ME, Windows 2000, Windows XP, and Windows Vista. It is the last version of Office to support Windows 95 as its Document [2] (Title: Microsoft Office 97) also the first Microsoft product to include product activation. The Brazilian versions of Office 97 Small Business Edition and Publisher 98 required it. Assisted support options and security updates for Office 97 ended on January 16, 2004. Mainstream hotfix support for Office 97 ended on August 31, 2001. Extended hotfix support ended on February 28, 2002. Two Office 97 applications featured easter eggs: Microsoft Word 97 contained a hidden pinball game and Microsoft Excel contained a hidden flight simulator. Office 97 was released in five editions. They are as follows: Some additional programs were branded as a member of the Document [3] (Title: Microsoft Office) September 22, 2015. On September 26, 2017, Microsoft announced that the next version of the suite for Windows desktop, Office 2019, was in development. On April 27, 2018, Microsoft released Office 2019 Commercial Preview for Windows 10. Prior to packaging its various office-type Mac OS software applications into Office, Microsoft released Mac versions of Word 1.0 in 1984, the first year of the Macintosh computer; Excel 1.0 in 1985; and PowerPoint 1.0 in 1987. Microsoft does not include its Access database application in Office for Mac. Microsoft has noted that some features are added to Office for Mac before they Document [4] (Title: Microsoft Office) and was made available to TechNet and MSDN subscribers for download. On November 15, 2012, the 60-day trial version was released for public download. Office 2013 was released to general availability on January 29, 2013. Service Pack 1 for Office 2013 was released on February 25, 2014. On January 22, 2015, the Microsoft Office blog announced that the next version of the suite for Windows desktop, Office 2016, was in development. On May 4, 2015, a public preview of Microsoft Office 2016 was released. Office 2016 was released for Mac OS X on July 9, 2015 and for Windows on Document [5] (Title: Microsoft Office XP) 3.1 and Windows 95. Office XP is compatible with Windows NT 4.0 SP6, Windows 98, Windows 2000, Windows ME, Windows XP; and Windows Vista. It is the last version to support Windows NT 4.0, Windows 98, and Windows ME, as its successor, Office 2003, does not support these operating systems. Microsoft released three service packs for Office XP during its lifetime. Mainstream support for Office XP ended on July 11, 2006 and extended support ended on July 12, 2011. Office XP received mostly positive reviews upon its release, with critics praising its collaboration features, document protection and recovery functionality, and Document [6] (Title: Microsoft Office) Excel 5.0, PowerPoint 4.0 and Mail 3.2. It was the first Office suite for Power Macintosh. Its user interface was identical to Office 4.2 for Windows leading many customers to comment that it wasn't Mac-like enough. The final release for Mac 68K was Office 4.2.1, which updated Word to version 6.0.1, somewhat improving performance. Microsoft Office 98 Macintosh Edition was unveiled at MacWorld Expo/San Francisco in 1998. It introduced the Internet Explorer 4.0 web browser and Outlook Express, an Internet e-mail client and usenet newsgroup reader. Office 98 was re-engineered by Microsoft's Macintosh Business Unit to satisfy customers' desire for Document [7] (Title: Microsoft Office) in capability and visual design. Office 97 also featured Natural Language Systems and grammar checking. Office 97 was the first version of Office to include the Office Assistant. In Brazil, it was also the first version to introduce the Registration Wizard, a precursor to Microsoft Product Activation. Microsoft Office 2000 (Office 9.0) introduced adaptive menus, where little-used options were hidden from the user. It also introduced a new security feature, built around digital signatures, to diminish the threat of macro viruses. Office 2000 automatically trusts macros (written in VBA 6) that were digitally signed from authors who have been previously Document [8] (Title: History of Microsoft) CD-ROM product. Later, on August 8, 1989, Microsoft introduced its most successful office product, Microsoft Office. Unlike the model of Microsoft Works, Microsoft Office was a bundle of separate office productivity applications, such as Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel and so forth. While Microsoft Word and Microsoft Office were mostly developed internally, Microsoft also continued its trend of rebranding products from other companies, such as Microsoft SQL Server on January 13, 1988, a relational database management system for companies that was based on technology licensed from Sybase. On May 22, 1990 Microsoft launched Windows 3.0. The new version of Microsoft's operating Document [9] (Title: WordPerfect) for lawyers. Another notable variant is WordPerfect Office 2000 for Linux, released on March 10, 2000. Although it supports various Linux distributions, it was designed with Corel Linux in mind as a way to upgrade such systems, which bundled a free version of the WordPerfect word processor. Quattro Pro is a spreadsheet program that originally competed against the dominant Lotus 1-2-3, and now competes against LibreOffice Calc, Microsoft Excel, Google Docs and Apple's Numbers. Corel's application is available only for the Windows platform. Presentations is a presentation program by Corel. Its main competitors include LibreOffice Impress, Microsoft PowerPoint, Google Docs, Document [10] (Title: Microsoft) eye on Microsoft for possible collusion, marking the beginning of over a decade of legal clashes with the U.S. government. Meanwhile, the company was at work on a 32-bit OS, Microsoft Windows NT, which was heavily based on their copy of the OS/2 code. It shipped on July 21, 1993, with a new modular kernel and the Win32 application programming interface (API), making porting from 16-bit (MS-DOS-based) Windows easier. Once Microsoft informed IBM of NT, the OS/2 partnership deteriorated. In 1990, Microsoft introduced its office suite, Microsoft Office. The suite bundled separate productivity applications, such as Microsoft Word and Microsoft Document [11] (Title: Microsoft Office 2003) and submitting electronic structured data forms; and OneNote, a note-taking program for creating and organizing diagrams, graphics, handwritten notes, recorded audio, and text. It also introduces the Picture Manager graphics software to open, manage, and share digital images. With the release of Office 2003, Microsoft rebranded the Office productivity suite as an integrated system dedicated to information workers. As a result, Microsoft appended the Office branding to all programs. Office 2003 is also the first version with support for Windows XP colors and visual styles, and introduces updated icons. Office 2003 is the last version of Office to include the Document [12] (Title: Windows 2000) Windows 2000 Windows 2000 is an operating system that was produced by Microsoft as part of the Windows NT family of operating systems. It was released to manufacturing on December 15, 1999, and launched to retail on February 17, 2000. It is the successor to Windows NT 4.0. Four editions of Windows 2000 were released: "Professional", "Server", "Advanced Server", and "Datacenter Server"; the latter was both released to manufacturing and launched months after the other editions. While each edition of Windows 2000 was targeted at a different market, they shared a core set of features, including many system utilities such Document [13] (Title: Claris) that Claris did not match. Claris did offer ClarisWorks, an all-in-one package; and, while the price was right, ClarisWorks was very limited and could not compete in the business market. Microsoft also released a Works package. Microsoft's domination of the Macintosh office suite software marketplace would be replicated five years later when (following the release of Windows 95), Microsoft Office crushed its two main rivals in Windows software: the WordPerfect/Quattro Pro suite and the Lotus SmartSuite. By the late 1980s, HyperCard needed updating as well but Apple management did not see any value in the product and let it wither. Document [14] (Title: Microsoft Office 2008 for Mac) Microsoft Office 2008 for Mac Microsoft Office 2008 for Mac is a version of the Microsoft Office productivity suite for Mac OS X. It supersedes Office 2004 for Mac (which did not have Intel native code) and is the Mac OS X equivalent of Office 2007. Office 2008 was developed by Microsoft's Macintosh Business Unit and released on January 15, 2008. Office 2008 was followed by Microsoft Office for Mac 2011 released on October 26, 2010, requiring a Mac with an Intel processor and Mac OS version 10.5 or better. Office 2008 is also the last version to feature Entourage, Document [15] (Title: Microsoft Office 2001) saying: "Isn't it great that the Mac is going to have the best version of Office?" The software was then demonstrated by Kevin Browne, the general manager of the Mac BU at the time, in a French user interface. Entourage 2001 was the first program shown, to which the crowd applauded upon hearing that it along with its unique features were only available for the Mac. Word 2001 and PowerPoint 2001 were also demonstrated to positive crowd reactions. Excel 2001 was not demonstrated. Microsoft Office 2001 Microsoft Office 2001 is a suite of productivity software for Mac OS 8, Mac Document [16] (Title: Microsoft Office XP) Microsoft Office XP Microsoft Office XP (codenamed Office 10) is an office suite created and distributed by Microsoft for the Windows operating system. Office XP was released to manufacturing on March 5, 2001 and was later made available to retail on May 31, 2001. It is the successor to Office 2000 and the predecessor of Office 2003. New features in Office XP include smart tags, a selection-based search feature that recognizes different types of text in a document so that users can perform additional actions; a task pane interface that consolidates popular menu bar commands on the right side of Document [17] (Title: Pocket PC 2000) counterparts; such as Microsoft Reader, Microsoft Money, Pocket Internet Explorer and Windows Media Player. A version of Microsoft Office called Pocket Office was also bundled and included Pocket Word, Pocket Excel and Pocket Outlook. Notes, a note-taking app saw its first release and would be supported by most later versions of Windows Mobile. Intelligent character recognition support allowed Notes to distinguish styles of handwriting to be learned by the OS during processing to improve accuracy and recognition levels. Pocket PC 2000 Pocket PC 2000, originally codenamed "Rapier", was released on April 19, 2000, and was based on Windows CE 3.0. Document [18] (Title: Internet Explorer for Mac) text smoothing. In 2002, Microsoft reassigned developers to develop version 6 of Internet Explorer for Mac, intended to be used as the base for a new product. MSN for Mac OS X would be a subscription-only browser that worked with the online MSN service, incorporate features like an address book, junk mail filters and an MSN Messenger client. However, after hearing that Apple had started development of their own browser, they canceled the standalone browser development and concentrated on the MSN browser, which was released on May 15, 2003. On June 13, 2003, PC Pro reported that Macintosh Business Unit Document [19] (Title: Microsoft Office 97) Microsoft Office 97 Microsoft Office 97 is a major milestone release of Microsoft Office, which includes hundreds of new features and improvements over its predecessor, Microsoft Office 95. Office 97 introduced "Command Bars," a paradigm in which menus and toolbars were made more similar in capability and visual design. It also featured natural language systems and sophisticated grammar checking. It was published on CD-ROM as well as on a set of 44 3½-inch floppy disks. Released on November 19, 1996, it was the last version to support Windows NT 3.51 on i386 and DEC Alpha computers. (Only Word and Excel Document [20] (Title: Microsoft Office XP) 2000. Before the release of Office 10 Beta 2, there was speculation that Microsoft intended to rebrand the new product as "Office 2001," "Office 2002," "Office.NET," or "Office XP." The latter was shorthand for "eXPerience" and was positioned as a brand that would emphasize the new experiences enabled by the product. At the time, Microsoft intended to name the latest version of Visual Studio as "Visual Studio .NET" but unnamed sources stated that the company did not desire to do the same with Office 10, as the product was only partially related to the company's .NET strategy. Microsoft ultimately decided Document [21] (Title: Microsoft Project) was labelled version 1 for Windows. In 1991 a Macintosh version was released. Development continued until Microsoft Project 4.0 for Mac in 1993. Microsoft Project 4 for the Mac included both 68k and PowerMac versions, Visual Basic for Applications and integration with Microsoft office 4.2 for the Mac. In 1994, Microsoft stopped development of most of its Mac applications and did not offer a new version of Office until 1998, after the creation of the new Microsoft Macintosh Business Unit the year prior. The Mac Business Unit never released an updated version of Project, and the last version does not Document [22] (Title: WPS Office) 97 for Microsoft Windows. In 1997, WPS 97 was released. The next version, WPS 2000, was released two years later. Both products were developed for a 16-bit Windows platform, with the capability of running on 32-bit Windows platforms. In May 2001, Kingsoft launched a full office suite under the name WPS Office 2001, which contained a word processor, together with spreadsheet and presentation applications. With WPS Office 2001, Kingsoft entered the office productivity market in the People's Republic of China. In 2002, WPS Office 2002 was released, succeeding WPS Office 2001 as the flagship version of WPS Office and adding Document [23] (Title: History of Microsoft Office) History of Microsoft Office This is a history of Microsoft Office and its versions. This table only includes final releases and not pre-release software such as Microsoft Office 2000. Microsoft Office 2000 Personal was an additional SKU, solely designed for the Japanese market, that included Word 2000, Excel 2000 and Outlook 2000. This compilation would later become widespread as Microsoft Office 2003 Basic. As with previous versions, Office 2016 is made available in several distinct editions aimed towards different markets. All traditional editions of Microsoft Office 2016 contain Word, Excel, PowerPoint and OneNote and are licensed for use on one Document [24] (Title: Microsoft Office 2003) Microsoft Office 2003 Microsoft Office 2003 (codenamed Office 11) is an office suite developed and distributed by Microsoft for its Windows operating system. Office 2003 was released to manufacturing on August 19, 2003, and was later released to retail on October 21, 2003. It was the successor to Office XP and the predecessor to Office 2007. New features in Office 2003 include information rights management; new collaboration features; improved support for SharePoint, smart tags, and XML; and extended use of Office Online services. Office 2003 introduces two new programs to the Office product lineup: InfoPath, a program for designing, filling, Document [25] (Title: Office 2004 for Mac) right to left and bidirectional languages (such as Arabic, Hebrew, Persian, etc.) in Office 2004. This issue has not been fixed in Office 2008 or 2011 either. Office 2004 for Mac Office 2004 for Mac is a version of Microsoft Office developed for Mac OS X. It is equivalent to Office 2003 for Windows. The software was originally written for PowerPC Macs, so Macs with Intel CPUs must run the program under Mac OS X's Rosetta emulation layer. For this reason, it is not compatible with Mac OS X 10.7 and newer. Office 2004 was replaced by its successor, Microsoft Document [26] (Title: Office 2004 for Mac) Office 2004 for Mac Office 2004 for Mac is a version of Microsoft Office developed for Mac OS X. It is equivalent to Office 2003 for Windows. The software was originally written for PowerPC Macs, so Macs with Intel CPUs must run the program under Mac OS X's Rosetta emulation layer. For this reason, it is not compatible with Mac OS X 10.7 and newer. Office 2004 was replaced by its successor, Microsoft Office 2008 for Mac, which was developed as a universal binary to run natively on Intel Macs. However, Office 2008 did not include support for Visual Basic Document [27] (Title: Microsoft Office 95) Microsoft Office 95 Microsoft Office 95, also known as Microsoft Office for Windows 95, released on August 24, 1995, was a version of Microsoft Office designed specifically for Windows 95, succeeding Office 4.3. Office 95 was replaced by Office 97 on November 19, 1996. Microsoft Office 95 includes six applications: Word (a word processor), Excel (a spreadsheet), PowerPoint (a presentation program), Access (a database management system), Schedule+ (a time management app) and Binder (a program for binding the work of the mentioned apps together). The CD-ROM version also includes Microsoft Bookshelf. True to its namesake, this suite is designed specifically Document [28] (Title: Microsoft PhotoDraw) Microsoft PhotoDraw Microsoft PhotoDraw 2000 is a discontinued vector graphics and raster imaging software package developed by Microsoft. Microsoft PhotoDraw 2000 was released in 1999 along with Microsoft Office 2000 Premium and Developer, but came separately on 2 CDs. It developed from the Picture It! 2.0 engine's .MIX format and expanded further into vector imaging technology. It required a separate installation from the main installer for the core Office suite, and was also released as a stand-alone product as part of Microsoft's Graphics Studio line of products (Greetings, etc.). Microsoft released the subsequent version called Microsoft PhotoDraw 2000 Version 2 Document [29] (Title: History of Microsoft) and Lotus 1-2-3. Novell, an owner of WordPerfect for a time, alleged that Microsoft used its inside knowledge of the DOS and Windows kernels and of undocumented Application Programming Interface features to make Office perform better than its competitors. Eventually, Microsoft Office became the dominant business suite, with a market share far exceeding that of its competitors. In March 1992, Microsoft released Windows 3.1 along with its first promotional campaign on TV; the software sold over three million copies in its first two months on the market. In October, Windows for Workgroups 3.1 was released with integrated networking abilities such Document [30] (Title: Microsoft Office 2000) successor, Office XP, is not compatible. Microsoft released three service packs for Office 2000 throughout its life cycle. The first update was called Service Release 1 (SR-1), while subsequent updates were referred to as service packs. Mainstream support for Office 2000 ended on June 30, 2004, and extended support ended on July 14, 2009. Five main editions of Office 2000 were available, with an additional Personal edition with Word, Excel, and Outlook exclusive to Japan. A similar Basic edition for Office 2003 would later be released to all markets. Microsoft Office 2000 Microsoft Office 2000 is a release of Microsoft Document [31] (Title: History of Microsoft) the three most-popular Macintosh business applications. That year the company purchased Forethought, the developer of PowerPoint and Microsoft's first major software acquisition on the 30th July 1987. Meanwhile, Microsoft began introducing its most prominent office products. Microsoft Works, an integrated office program which combined features typically found in a word processor, spreadsheet, database and other office applications, saw its first release as an application for the Apple Macintosh towards the end of 1986. Microsoft Works would later be sold with other Microsoft products including Microsoft Word and Microsoft Bookshelf, a reference collection introduced in 1987 that was the company's first Document [32] (Title: History of Microsoft Office) computer. Five traditional editions of Office 2016 were released for Windows: Three traditional editions of Office 2016 were released for Mac: Office 98 History of Microsoft Office This is a history of Microsoft Office and its versions. This table only includes final releases and not pre-release software such as Microsoft Office 2000. Microsoft Office 2000 Personal was an additional SKU, solely designed for the Japanese market, that included Word 2000, Excel 2000 and Outlook 2000. This compilation would later become widespread as Microsoft Office 2003 Basic. As with previous versions, Office 2016 is made available in several distinct editions aimed Document [33] (Title: Microsoft Office 2003) menu bar and toolbars across all programs, as well as the last version to include the "97 - 2003" file format as the default. It is compatible with Windows 2000 (although administrative privileges are required to be installed) and Windows XP but not with Windows NT 4.0, Windows 98, or Windows ME. It is the last version of Office compatible with Windows 2000. Microsoft released a total of three service packs for Office 2003 throughout its lifecycle. Service Pack 1 was released on July 27, 2004, Service Pack 2 was released on September 27, 2005, and Service Pack 3 was Document [34] (Title: Microsoft Office XP) 2001, then codenamed "Tahoe", was also in development at this time and was slated to improve collaboration for users of Office 2000 and Office 10. In August, Microsoft released Office 10 Beta 1 for product evaluation purposes. During this period Office 10 was characterized as an interim release between its predecessor, Office 2000 and a future version, and was planned to include new formatting options; integrated speech recognition; improved collaboration capabilities and enhanced support for web services; and a web portal complete with web parts. Beta 1 was compatible with Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows NT 4.0 SP5, and Windows Document [35] (Title: Microsoft Office XP) version of Windows Installer. Microsoft also terminated the product's support for Windows 95 and Windows NT 4.0 SP5. After the release of Beta 2, Microsoft announced a Corporate Preview Kit Program for Office XP that would allow up to 500,000 corporate customers to evaluate a Corporate Preview Beta version of the product on a total of 10 machines per copy; individual copies cost $19.95 and expired on August 31, 2001. Office XP was released to manufacturing on March 5, 2001 and was later made available to retail on May 31, 2001. Microsoft released a total of three service packs for Document [36] (Title: Apple Productivity Experience Group) to the Specialized Devices and Applications Group inside the Entertainment and Devices Division, and is now back inside the Microsoft Office division. Prior to the creation of the Mac BU, Microsoft had developed Macintosh software, starting in 1984 with Word 1.0 for Macintosh. During the early and mid 1990s, Microsoft's Word, Excel, and Powerpoint teams simultaneously developed Windows and Macintosh versions of these applications, but after releasing Office 97 for Windows, Microsoft decided, in January 1997, to form a separate Macintosh Business Unit to focus on creating applications optimized for the Macintosh platform. In August 1997, as part of a Document [37] (Title: Microsoft Office) Office on CD-ROM later that year, Microsoft became the first major Mac publisher to put its applications on CD-ROM. Microsoft Office 1.5 for Mac was released in 1991 and included the updated Excel 3.0, the first application to support Apple’s System 7 operating system. Microsoft Office 3.0 for Mac was released in 1992 and included Word 5.0, Excel 4.0, PowerPoint 3.0 and Mail Client. Excel 4.0 was the first application to support new AppleScript. Microsoft Office 4.2 for Mac was released in 1994. (Version 4.0 was skipped to synchronize version numbers with Office for Windows) Version 4.2 included Word 6.0, Document [38] (Title: Microsoft Office XP) smart tags; however, the suite's handwriting recognition and speech recognition capabilities were criticized, and were mostly viewed as inferior to similar offerings from competitors. As of May 2002, over 60 million Office XP licenses were sold. At a meeting with financial analysts in July 2000, Microsoft demonstrated Office XP, then known by its codename, Office 10, which included a subset of features Microsoft designed in accordance with what at the time was known as the .NET strategy, one by which it intended to provide extensive client access to various web services and features such as speech recognition. SharePoint Portal Server Document [39] (Title: Microsoft at Work) Magazine awarded it a "Whatever Happened To..." in July, noting that "few" products had come to market supporting the standard, and that the original at Work group had been broken up and sent to different divisions within the company. Microsoft continued to claim that it was still being developed, but it seems that by 1995 the effort was dead. One of the few pieces of software to support at Work was a Microsoft Outlook fax engine, Microsoft Fax (or "Microsoft At Work Fax"), which shipped with Windows 95 but stopped working under more recent versions of the OS. Although at Document [40] (Title: Microsoft Office 2000) interface improvements including personalized menus and toolbars that omit infrequently used commands from view. Office 2000 introduces PhotoDraw, a raster and vector imaging program, as well as Web Components. It is also the first version of Office to use Windows Installer for the installation process. It also comes with Internet Explorer 5 and uses its technologies as well. Microsoft released five main editions of Office 2000 globally: Standard, Small Business, Professional, Premium, and Developer.An additional Personal edition exclusive to Japan was also released. All retail editions sold in Australia, Brazil, China, France, and New Zealand, as well as academic copies Document [41] (Title: Microsoft Office 2007) Microsoft Office 2007 Microsoft Office 2007 (codenamed Office 12) is a version of Microsoft Office, a family of office suites and productivity software for Windows, developed and published by Microsoft. It was released to manufacturing on November 3, 2006; it was subsequently made available to volume license customers on November 30, 2006, and later to retail on January 30, 2007, the same respective release dates of Windows Vista. It was preceded by Office 2003 and succeeded by Office 2010. Office 2007 introduced a new graphical user interface called the "Fluent User Interface", which uses ribbons and an Office menu instead Document [42] (Title: History of Microsoft) built on the Microsoft Component Object Model (COM); this enabled Microsoft and others to embed controls in many programming languages, including the company's own scripting languages, such as JScript and VBScript. ActiveX included frameworks for documents and server solutions. The company also released the Microsoft SQL Server 6.5, which had built-in support for internet applications. Later in 1997, Microsoft Office 97 as well as Internet Explorer 4.0 were released, marking the beginning of the takeover of the browser market from rival Netscape, and by agreement with Apple Computer, Internet Explorer was bundled with the Apple Macintosh operating system as well Document [43] (Title: Microsoft Office 98 Macintosh Edition) Microsoft Office 98 Macintosh Edition Microsoft Office 98 Macintosh Edition is a version of Microsoft Office for the classic Mac OS, unveiled at Macworld Expo/San Francisco on January 6, 1998. It introduced the Internet Explorer 4.0 browser and Outlook Express, an Internet e-mail client and usenet newsgroup reader. Office 98 was re-engineered by Microsoft's Macintosh Business Unit to satisfy customers' desire for more Mac-like software. There are two editions of Office 98: Gold and Standard. It included drag-and-drop installation, self-repairing applications and Quick Thesaurus, before such features were available in a version of Office for Windows. It also was the Document [44] (Title: Forethought, Inc.) would go on to become the most used and sought after presentation suite, having a 95% market share. Microsoft would later integrate its software under the banner 'Office 365' a subscription-based model which includes Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft OneNote and its proprietary cloud storage 'OneDrive. Forethought, Inc. Forethought, Inc. was a computer software company, best known as developers of what is now Microsoft PowerPoint. In late 1983, Rob Campbell and Taylor Pohlman founded Forethought, Inc in order to develop object-oriented bit-mapped application software. In 1984, they hired Bob Gaskins, a former Ph.D. student at the University of California, Berkeley, Document [45] (Title: Microsoft Office) It is the first version to use new, more colorful icons. Outlook 2003 provides improved functionality in many areas, including Kerberos authentication, RPC over HTTP, Cached Exchange Mode, and an improved junk mail filter. Microsoft Office 2007 (Office 12.0) was released in 2007. Office 2007's new features include a new graphical user interface called the Fluent User Interface, replacing the menus and toolbars that have been the cornerstone of Office since its inception with a tabbed toolbar, known as the Ribbon; new XML-based file formats called Office Open XML; and the inclusion of Groove, a collaborative software application. Microsoft Office Document [46] (Title: Microsoft Office) designated as trusted. The Registration Wizard, a precursor to Microsoft Product Activation, remained in Brazil and was also extended to Australia and New Zealand, though not for volume-licensed editions. Academic software in the United States and Canada also featured the Registration Wizard. Microsoft Office XP (Office 10.0 or Office 2002) was released in conjunction with Windows XP, and was a major upgrade with numerous enhancements and changes over Office 2000. Office XP introduced the Safe Mode feature, which allows applications such as Outlook to boot when it might otherwise fail by bypassing a corrupted registry or a faulty add-in. Smart Document [47] (Title: Microsoft Works) their low-cost machines. Microsoft Works originated as MouseWorks, an integrated spreadsheet, word processor and database program, designed for the Macintosh by ex-Apple employee Don Williams and Rupert Lissner. Williams was planning to emulate the success of AppleWorks, a similar product for Apple II computers. However, Bill Gates and his Head of Acquisitions, Alan M. Boyd, convinced Williams to license the product to Microsoft instead. Initially it was to be a scaled-down version of Office for the (then) small laptops such as the Radio Shack TRS-80 Model 100 which Microsoft was developing. As laptops grew in power, however, Microsoft Works, as Document [48] (Title: Microsoft Office) for Office v. X ended on January 9, 2007 after the release of the final update, 10.1.9 Office v.X includes Word X, Excel X, PowerPoint X, Entourage X, MSN Messenger for Mac and Windows Media Player 9 for Mac; it was the last version of Office for Mac to include Internet Explorer for Mac. Microsoft Office 2004 for Mac was released on May 11, 2004. It includes Microsoft Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Entourage and Virtual PC. It is the final version of Office to be built exclusively for PowerPC and to officially support G3 processors, as its sequel lists a G4, Document [49] (Title: Product activation) in the Brazilian market. Microsoft then rolled out product activation in its flagship Microsoft Office 2000 product. All retail copies sold in Australia, Brazil, China, France, and New Zealand, and some sold in Canada and the United States, required the user to activate the product via the Internet. However, all copies of Office 2000 do not require activation after April 15, 2003. After its success, the product activation system was extended worldwide and incorporated into Windows XP and Office XP and all subsequent versions of Windows and Office. Despite independently developing its own technology, in April 2009 a jury found Document [50] (Title: Windows ME) of Microsoft Office to be compatible with Windows ME. Windows ME was a continuation of the Windows 9x model and still DOS-based like its predecessors, but with restricted access to real mode MS-DOS in order to decrease system boot time. In 2001, Windows XP was released and became Windows ME's successor, popularizing most of its features and introducing more visual themes. In 1998, Microsoft stated that there would be no version of Windows 9x after Windows 98. In May 1999, however, Microsoft released Windows 98 Second Edition, and then announced a new version of Windows 9x which was later revealed Document [51] (Title: Microsoft Office) tag is a technology introduced with Office XP in Word and Excel and discontinued in Office 2010. Office XP includes integrated voice command and text dictation capabilities, as well as handwriting recognition. It was the first version to require Microsoft Product Activation worldwide and in all editions as an anti-piracy measure, which attracted widespread controversy. Product Activation remained absent from Office for Mac releases until it was introduced in Office 2011 for Mac. Microsoft Office 2003 (Office 11.0) was released in 2003. It featured a new logo. Two new applications made their debut in Office 2003: Microsoft InfoPath and OneNote. Document [52] (Title: Microsoft Project) was the first version to use VBA macro language. It was the last version to run on Windows NT 3.51. Project 98 SR-1 was a major service release addressing several issues in Project 98. Microsoft Project 2000 was the first to use personalized menus and to use Windows Installer-based setup interface, like all Office 2000 applications, and introduced Microsoft Project Central (later renamed Microsoft Project Server). Project 2000 was also the last version to run on Windows 95. Project 2000 SR-1 fixed several bugs. Microsoft Project 2002 was the first to contain mandatory product activation, like Office XP and Windows Document [53] (Title: MSDE) later implemented by Peter Byrne (core), Ronald Martinsen (core/setup), and Mike Maringas (setup). Alger and Martinsen are the co-inventors who hold the patent. The initial release of MSDE is called the "Microsoft Desktop Engine", which is based on SQL Server 7.0 and was positioned as an alternative to using Microsoft Access's Microsoft Jet Database Engine with a focus on its ability to operate as a client–server application instead of requiring direct access to the file system which the Jet database resided on. Microsoft Access, the company's most popular database tool at the time, was expanded for its Office 2000 release Document [54] (Title: Windows Update) 2000, XP, and Server 2003. Over time, the list has expanded to include other Microsoft products, such as Windows Live, Windows Defender, Visual Studio, runtimes and redistributables, Zune Software, Virtual PC and Virtual Server, CAPICOM, Microsoft Lync, Microsoft Expression Studio, and other server products. It also offers Silverlight and Windows Media Player as optional downloads if applicable to the operating system. Office Update is a free online service that allows users to detect and install updates for certain Microsoft Office products. The original update service supported Office 2000, Office XP, Office 2003 and Office 2007. On 1 August 2009 Microsoft Document [55] (Title: Usinternetworking Inc) company became a public company via an initial public offering. Shares rose 174% on the first day of trading, ending the day at $57.50 per share. On April 26, 1999, the company was named the first certified Broadvision application service provider. In November 1999, the company announced an agreement to develop Microsoft Office 2000 as an online service. In July 2000, founder Christopher R. McCleary resigned as chief executive officer of the company and was replaced with Andrew Stern. In August 2000, the company acquired EnableVision. By July 2001, after the bursting of the dot-com bubble, shares were trading for Document [56] (Title: Microsoft Office 2000) Microsoft Office 2000 Microsoft Office 2000 is a release of Microsoft Office, an office suite developed and distributed by Microsoft for the Windows family of operating systems. Office 2000 was released to manufacturing on March 29, 1999, and was made available to retail on June 7, 1999. It is the successor to Office 97 and the predecessor to Office XP. New features in Office 2000 include HTML document creation and publishing, Internet collaboration features such as integration with NetMeeting, roaming user profile support, COM add-in support; an updated version of the Office Assistant, improved compliance with the year 2000, and Document [57] (Title: Development of Windows XP) version. At the WinHEC conference on April 7, 1999, Steve Ballmer announced an updated version of Windows 98 known as Windows Millennium, breaking a promise made by Microsoft CEO Bill Gates in 1998 that Windows 98 would be the final consumer-oriented version of Windows to use the MS-DOS architecture. Concepts introduced by Neptune would influence future Windows products; in Windows ME, the activity center concept was used for System Restore and Help and Support Center (which both combined Win32 code with an interface rendered using Internet Explorer's layout engine), the hub concept would be expanded on Windows Phone, and Windows Document [58] (Title: Microsoft Office 2003) for all of its applications, the Office Assistant, the ability to slipstream service packs into the original setup files, Office Web Components, and the "Save My Settings Wizard", which allowed users to choose whether to keep a locally cached copy of installation source files and several utility resource kit tools. It was also the last Office version to support Windows 2000. A new picture organizer with basic editing features, called Microsoft Office Picture Manager, was included. Only basic clipart and templates were included on the disc media, with most content hosted online and downloadable from within the Office application. Microsoft Document [59] (Title: Microsoft Office 97) were available for the Alpha.) Two service releases (SR-1 and SR-2) were released for Office 97. SR-2 solved the year 2000 problem in Office 97. Microsoft Office 97 is the first version of Office to feature the Office Assistant, a feature designed to assist users by the way of an interactive animated character, which interfaced with the Office help content. The default assistant was "Clippit", nicknamed "Clippy", a paperclip. The office assistant feature was also included in its successor, Microsoft Office 2000, as well as in Office XP (hidden by default) and 2003 (not installed by default). Office 97 is Document [60] (Title: Microsoft Office XP) it's almost not even worth discussing," concluding that it "is sort of a joke" when compared with mature products such as Dragon NaturallySpeaking. Microsoft Office XP Microsoft Office XP (codenamed Office 10) is an office suite created and distributed by Microsoft for the Windows operating system. Office XP was released to manufacturing on March 5, 2001 and was later made available to retail on May 31, 2001. It is the successor to Office 2000 and the predecessor of Office 2003. New features in Office XP include smart tags, a selection-based search feature that recognizes different types of text in a Document [61] (Title: Microsoft Office) software they felt was more Mac-like. It included drag–and-drop installation, self-repairing applications and Quick Thesaurus, before such features were available in Office for Windows. It also was the first version to support QuickTime movies. Microsoft Office 2001 was launched in 2000 as the last Office suite for the classic Mac OS. It required a PowerPC processor. This version introduced Entourage, an e-mail client that included information management tools such as a calendar, an address book, task lists and notes. Microsoft Office v. X was released in 2001 and was the first version of Microsoft Office for Mac OS X. Support Document [62] (Title: Microsoft Office 98 Macintosh Edition) first version to support QuickTime movies. The applications in Microsoft Office 98 were: Another rare edition of Microsoft Office 98 Macintosh Edition was published titled: "Microsoft Office 98 Macintosh Gold Edition." This version included everything the normal version included plus Microsoft FrontPage Version 1.0 for Macintosh, Microsoft Bookshelf 98 reference software, and Microsoft Encarta 98 Macintosh Deluxe Edition. Source of above. Microsoft Office 98 Macintosh Edition Microsoft Office 98 Macintosh Edition is a version of Microsoft Office for the classic Mac OS, unveiled at Macworld Expo/San Francisco on January 6, 1998. It introduced the Internet Explorer 4.0 browser and Outlook Document [63] (Title: Microsoft Office) a one-time purchase option on September 22, 2015. Microsoft Office Microsoft Office is a family of client software, server software, and services developed by Microsoft. It was first announced by Bill Gates on August 1, 1988, at COMDEX in Las Vegas. Initially a marketing term for an office suite (bundled set of productivity applications), the first version of Office contained Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, and Microsoft PowerPoint. Over the years, Office applications have grown substantially closer with shared features such as a common spell checker, OLE data integration and Visual Basic for Applications scripting language. Microsoft also positions Office as Document [64] (Title: Microsoft Office 2001) Microsoft Office 2001 Microsoft Office 2001 is a suite of productivity software for Mac OS 8, Mac OS 9, or the Classic environment in Mac OS X. It is the Mac equivalent of Office 2000. It was developed by Microsoft and announced on September 13, 2000 before its release on October 11, 2000. As with previous versions of Microsoft Office, Office 2001 includes Word, PowerPoint, and Excel. It also includes, for the first time, Entourage, a personal information manager that features an e-mail client, a calendar, an address book, task lists and personal notes. Office 2001 was the first time Document [65] (Title: Microsoft Office XP) on "Office XP" as the final name of the product and used the same brand for Windows XP—then codenamed "Whistler"—which was developed concurrently. In spite of this, individual Office XP products such as Excel, PowerPoint, and Word would continue to use Microsoft's year-based naming conventions and were named after the year 2002. Office XP Beta 2 was released to 10,000 technical testers in late 2000. Beta 2 introduced several improvements to setup tools. The Custom Maintenance Wizard, for example, now allowed setup components to be modified after their installation, and the setup process of Office XP itself used a new Document [66] (Title: Microsoft Office) Microsoft Office Microsoft Office is a family of client software, server software, and services developed by Microsoft. It was first announced by Bill Gates on August 1, 1988, at COMDEX in Las Vegas. Initially a marketing term for an office suite (bundled set of productivity applications), the first version of Office contained Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, and Microsoft PowerPoint. Over the years, Office applications have grown substantially closer with shared features such as a common spell checker, OLE data integration and Visual Basic for Applications scripting language. Microsoft also positions Office as a development platform for line-of-business software under the Document [67] (Title: Tandy 2000) resolution capabilities until 1988. Tandy/Radio Shack produced print advertising featuring Bill Gates of Microsoft extolling the superior performance of the Tandy 2000 and how it was advantageous in Microsoft's development of Windows 1.0. Software packages that were released for the Tandy 2000 included WordPerfect 4.2 (WP5.1 could work with software patches), Lotus 1-2-3, Ashton-Tate's Framework, DBase, MultiMate, , AutoCAD, Lumena (from Time Arts) shareware office programs, and the complete line of Microsoft language products. Microsoft released a version of Xenix for the Tandy 2000 (used with Western Digital's ViaNet network card, distributed by Tandy). Better BASIC for both the Tandy Document [68] (Title: Microsoft Office) numbered the same as the Macintosh versions). Microsoft Office 4.2 for Windows NT was released in 1994 for i386, Alpha, MIPS and PowerPC architectures, containing Word 6.0 and Excel 5.0 (both 32-bit, PowerPoint 4.0 (16-bit), and Microsoft Office Manager 4.2 (the precursor to the Office Shortcut Bar)). Microsoft Office 95 was released on August 24, 1995. Software version numbers were altered again to create parity across the suite—every program was called version 7.0 meaning all but Word missed out versions. It was designed as a fully 32-bit version to match Windows 95. Office 95 was available in two versions, Office Question: ms office 2000 was developed by which company Answer: Microsoft Long Answer: Microsoft Office 2000 is a release of Microsoft Office, an office suite developed and distributed by Microsoft for the Windows family of operating systems . Office 2000 was released to manufacturing on March 29, 1999, and was made available to retail on June 7, 1999 . It is the successor to Office 97 and the predecessor to Office XP. Gold Document ID: 68

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Microsoft Office 2000) sold in Canada and the United States, required the user to activate the product via the Internet. Microsoft extended this requirement to retail editions sold in Canada and the United States with the availability of Office 2000 Service Release 1. However, product activation is no longer required as of April 15, 2003. Product activation would become a requirement for all editions of Office from Office XP onward. Office 2000 supports Windows 95, Windows NT 4.0 SP3, Windows 98, Windows ME, Windows 2000, Windows XP, and Windows Vista. It is the last version of Office to support Windows 95 as its Document [2] (Title: Microsoft Office 97) also the first Microsoft product to include product activation. The Brazilian versions of Office 97 Small Business Edition and Publisher 98 required it. Assisted support options and security updates for Office 97 ended on January 16, 2004. Mainstream hotfix support for Office 97 ended on August 31, 2001. Extended hotfix support ended on February 28, 2002. Two Office 97 applications featured easter eggs: Microsoft Word 97 contained a hidden pinball game and Microsoft Excel contained a hidden flight simulator. Office 97 was released in five editions. They are as follows: Some additional programs were branded as a member of the Document [3] (Title: Microsoft Office) September 22, 2015. On September 26, 2017, Microsoft announced that the next version of the suite for Windows desktop, Office 2019, was in development. On April 27, 2018, Microsoft released Office 2019 Commercial Preview for Windows 10. Prior to packaging its various office-type Mac OS software applications into Office, Microsoft released Mac versions of Word 1.0 in 1984, the first year of the Macintosh computer; Excel 1.0 in 1985; and PowerPoint 1.0 in 1987. Microsoft does not include its Access database application in Office for Mac. Microsoft has noted that some features are added to Office for Mac before they Document [4] (Title: Microsoft Office) and was made available to TechNet and MSDN subscribers for download. On November 15, 2012, the 60-day trial version was released for public download. Office 2013 was released to general availability on January 29, 2013. Service Pack 1 for Office 2013 was released on February 25, 2014. On January 22, 2015, the Microsoft Office blog announced that the next version of the suite for Windows desktop, Office 2016, was in development. On May 4, 2015, a public preview of Microsoft Office 2016 was released. Office 2016 was released for Mac OS X on July 9, 2015 and for Windows on Document [5] (Title: Microsoft Office XP) 3.1 and Windows 95. Office XP is compatible with Windows NT 4.0 SP6, Windows 98, Windows 2000, Windows ME, Windows XP; and Windows Vista. It is the last version to support Windows NT 4.0, Windows 98, and Windows ME, as its successor, Office 2003, does not support these operating systems. Microsoft released three service packs for Office XP during its lifetime. Mainstream support for Office XP ended on July 11, 2006 and extended support ended on July 12, 2011. Office XP received mostly positive reviews upon its release, with critics praising its collaboration features, document protection and recovery functionality, and Document [6] (Title: Microsoft Office) Excel 5.0, PowerPoint 4.0 and Mail 3.2. It was the first Office suite for Power Macintosh. Its user interface was identical to Office 4.2 for Windows leading many customers to comment that it wasn't Mac-like enough. The final release for Mac 68K was Office 4.2.1, which updated Word to version 6.0.1, somewhat improving performance. Microsoft Office 98 Macintosh Edition was unveiled at MacWorld Expo/San Francisco in 1998. It introduced the Internet Explorer 4.0 web browser and Outlook Express, an Internet e-mail client and usenet newsgroup reader. Office 98 was re-engineered by Microsoft's Macintosh Business Unit to satisfy customers' desire for Document [7] (Title: Microsoft Office) in capability and visual design. Office 97 also featured Natural Language Systems and grammar checking. Office 97 was the first version of Office to include the Office Assistant. In Brazil, it was also the first version to introduce the Registration Wizard, a precursor to Microsoft Product Activation. Microsoft Office 2000 (Office 9.0) introduced adaptive menus, where little-used options were hidden from the user. It also introduced a new security feature, built around digital signatures, to diminish the threat of macro viruses. Office 2000 automatically trusts macros (written in VBA 6) that were digitally signed from authors who have been previously Document [8] (Title: History of Microsoft) CD-ROM product. Later, on August 8, 1989, Microsoft introduced its most successful office product, Microsoft Office. Unlike the model of Microsoft Works, Microsoft Office was a bundle of separate office productivity applications, such as Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel and so forth. While Microsoft Word and Microsoft Office were mostly developed internally, Microsoft also continued its trend of rebranding products from other companies, such as Microsoft SQL Server on January 13, 1988, a relational database management system for companies that was based on technology licensed from Sybase. On May 22, 1990 Microsoft launched Windows 3.0. The new version of Microsoft's operating Document [9] (Title: WordPerfect) for lawyers. Another notable variant is WordPerfect Office 2000 for Linux, released on March 10, 2000. Although it supports various Linux distributions, it was designed with Corel Linux in mind as a way to upgrade such systems, which bundled a free version of the WordPerfect word processor. Quattro Pro is a spreadsheet program that originally competed against the dominant Lotus 1-2-3, and now competes against LibreOffice Calc, Microsoft Excel, Google Docs and Apple's Numbers. Corel's application is available only for the Windows platform. Presentations is a presentation program by Corel. Its main competitors include LibreOffice Impress, Microsoft PowerPoint, Google Docs, Document [10] (Title: Microsoft) eye on Microsoft for possible collusion, marking the beginning of over a decade of legal clashes with the U.S. government. Meanwhile, the company was at work on a 32-bit OS, Microsoft Windows NT, which was heavily based on their copy of the OS/2 code. It shipped on July 21, 1993, with a new modular kernel and the Win32 application programming interface (API), making porting from 16-bit (MS-DOS-based) Windows easier. Once Microsoft informed IBM of NT, the OS/2 partnership deteriorated. In 1990, Microsoft introduced its office suite, Microsoft Office. The suite bundled separate productivity applications, such as Microsoft Word and Microsoft Document [11] (Title: Microsoft Office 2003) and submitting electronic structured data forms; and OneNote, a note-taking program for creating and organizing diagrams, graphics, handwritten notes, recorded audio, and text. It also introduces the Picture Manager graphics software to open, manage, and share digital images. With the release of Office 2003, Microsoft rebranded the Office productivity suite as an integrated system dedicated to information workers. As a result, Microsoft appended the Office branding to all programs. Office 2003 is also the first version with support for Windows XP colors and visual styles, and introduces updated icons. Office 2003 is the last version of Office to include the Document [12] (Title: Windows 2000) Windows 2000 Windows 2000 is an operating system that was produced by Microsoft as part of the Windows NT family of operating systems. It was released to manufacturing on December 15, 1999, and launched to retail on February 17, 2000. It is the successor to Windows NT 4.0. Four editions of Windows 2000 were released: "Professional", "Server", "Advanced Server", and "Datacenter Server"; the latter was both released to manufacturing and launched months after the other editions. While each edition of Windows 2000 was targeted at a different market, they shared a core set of features, including many system utilities such Document [13] (Title: Claris) that Claris did not match. Claris did offer ClarisWorks, an all-in-one package; and, while the price was right, ClarisWorks was very limited and could not compete in the business market. Microsoft also released a Works package. Microsoft's domination of the Macintosh office suite software marketplace would be replicated five years later when (following the release of Windows 95), Microsoft Office crushed its two main rivals in Windows software: the WordPerfect/Quattro Pro suite and the Lotus SmartSuite. By the late 1980s, HyperCard needed updating as well but Apple management did not see any value in the product and let it wither. Document [14] (Title: Microsoft Office 2008 for Mac) Microsoft Office 2008 for Mac Microsoft Office 2008 for Mac is a version of the Microsoft Office productivity suite for Mac OS X. It supersedes Office 2004 for Mac (which did not have Intel native code) and is the Mac OS X equivalent of Office 2007. Office 2008 was developed by Microsoft's Macintosh Business Unit and released on January 15, 2008. Office 2008 was followed by Microsoft Office for Mac 2011 released on October 26, 2010, requiring a Mac with an Intel processor and Mac OS version 10.5 or better. Office 2008 is also the last version to feature Entourage, Document [15] (Title: Microsoft Office 2001) saying: "Isn't it great that the Mac is going to have the best version of Office?" The software was then demonstrated by Kevin Browne, the general manager of the Mac BU at the time, in a French user interface. Entourage 2001 was the first program shown, to which the crowd applauded upon hearing that it along with its unique features were only available for the Mac. Word 2001 and PowerPoint 2001 were also demonstrated to positive crowd reactions. Excel 2001 was not demonstrated. Microsoft Office 2001 Microsoft Office 2001 is a suite of productivity software for Mac OS 8, Mac Document [16] (Title: Microsoft Office XP) Microsoft Office XP Microsoft Office XP (codenamed Office 10) is an office suite created and distributed by Microsoft for the Windows operating system. Office XP was released to manufacturing on March 5, 2001 and was later made available to retail on May 31, 2001. It is the successor to Office 2000 and the predecessor of Office 2003. New features in Office XP include smart tags, a selection-based search feature that recognizes different types of text in a document so that users can perform additional actions; a task pane interface that consolidates popular menu bar commands on the right side of Document [17] (Title: Pocket PC 2000) counterparts; such as Microsoft Reader, Microsoft Money, Pocket Internet Explorer and Windows Media Player. A version of Microsoft Office called Pocket Office was also bundled and included Pocket Word, Pocket Excel and Pocket Outlook. Notes, a note-taking app saw its first release and would be supported by most later versions of Windows Mobile. Intelligent character recognition support allowed Notes to distinguish styles of handwriting to be learned by the OS during processing to improve accuracy and recognition levels. Pocket PC 2000 Pocket PC 2000, originally codenamed "Rapier", was released on April 19, 2000, and was based on Windows CE 3.0. Document [18] (Title: Internet Explorer for Mac) text smoothing. In 2002, Microsoft reassigned developers to develop version 6 of Internet Explorer for Mac, intended to be used as the base for a new product. MSN for Mac OS X would be a subscription-only browser that worked with the online MSN service, incorporate features like an address book, junk mail filters and an MSN Messenger client. However, after hearing that Apple had started development of their own browser, they canceled the standalone browser development and concentrated on the MSN browser, which was released on May 15, 2003. On June 13, 2003, PC Pro reported that Macintosh Business Unit Document [19] (Title: Microsoft Office 97) Microsoft Office 97 Microsoft Office 97 is a major milestone release of Microsoft Office, which includes hundreds of new features and improvements over its predecessor, Microsoft Office 95. Office 97 introduced "Command Bars," a paradigm in which menus and toolbars were made more similar in capability and visual design. It also featured natural language systems and sophisticated grammar checking. It was published on CD-ROM as well as on a set of 44 3½-inch floppy disks. Released on November 19, 1996, it was the last version to support Windows NT 3.51 on i386 and DEC Alpha computers. (Only Word and Excel Document [20] (Title: Microsoft Office XP) 2000. Before the release of Office 10 Beta 2, there was speculation that Microsoft intended to rebrand the new product as "Office 2001," "Office 2002," "Office.NET," or "Office XP." The latter was shorthand for "eXPerience" and was positioned as a brand that would emphasize the new experiences enabled by the product. At the time, Microsoft intended to name the latest version of Visual Studio as "Visual Studio .NET" but unnamed sources stated that the company did not desire to do the same with Office 10, as the product was only partially related to the company's .NET strategy. Microsoft ultimately decided Document [21] (Title: Microsoft Project) was labelled version 1 for Windows. In 1991 a Macintosh version was released. Development continued until Microsoft Project 4.0 for Mac in 1993. Microsoft Project 4 for the Mac included both 68k and PowerMac versions, Visual Basic for Applications and integration with Microsoft office 4.2 for the Mac. In 1994, Microsoft stopped development of most of its Mac applications and did not offer a new version of Office until 1998, after the creation of the new Microsoft Macintosh Business Unit the year prior. The Mac Business Unit never released an updated version of Project, and the last version does not Document [22] (Title: WPS Office) 97 for Microsoft Windows. In 1997, WPS 97 was released. The next version, WPS 2000, was released two years later. Both products were developed for a 16-bit Windows platform, with the capability of running on 32-bit Windows platforms. In May 2001, Kingsoft launched a full office suite under the name WPS Office 2001, which contained a word processor, together with spreadsheet and presentation applications. With WPS Office 2001, Kingsoft entered the office productivity market in the People's Republic of China. In 2002, WPS Office 2002 was released, succeeding WPS Office 2001 as the flagship version of WPS Office and adding Document [23] (Title: History of Microsoft Office) History of Microsoft Office This is a history of Microsoft Office and its versions. This table only includes final releases and not pre-release software such as Microsoft Office 2000. Microsoft Office 2000 Personal was an additional SKU, solely designed for the Japanese market, that included Word 2000, Excel 2000 and Outlook 2000. This compilation would later become widespread as Microsoft Office 2003 Basic. As with previous versions, Office 2016 is made available in several distinct editions aimed towards different markets. All traditional editions of Microsoft Office 2016 contain Word, Excel, PowerPoint and OneNote and are licensed for use on one Document [24] (Title: Microsoft Office 2003) Microsoft Office 2003 Microsoft Office 2003 (codenamed Office 11) is an office suite developed and distributed by Microsoft for its Windows operating system. Office 2003 was released to manufacturing on August 19, 2003, and was later released to retail on October 21, 2003. It was the successor to Office XP and the predecessor to Office 2007. New features in Office 2003 include information rights management; new collaboration features; improved support for SharePoint, smart tags, and XML; and extended use of Office Online services. Office 2003 introduces two new programs to the Office product lineup: InfoPath, a program for designing, filling, Document [25] (Title: Office 2004 for Mac) right to left and bidirectional languages (such as Arabic, Hebrew, Persian, etc.) in Office 2004. This issue has not been fixed in Office 2008 or 2011 either. Office 2004 for Mac Office 2004 for Mac is a version of Microsoft Office developed for Mac OS X. It is equivalent to Office 2003 for Windows. The software was originally written for PowerPC Macs, so Macs with Intel CPUs must run the program under Mac OS X's Rosetta emulation layer. For this reason, it is not compatible with Mac OS X 10.7 and newer. Office 2004 was replaced by its successor, Microsoft Document [26] (Title: Office 2004 for Mac) Office 2004 for Mac Office 2004 for Mac is a version of Microsoft Office developed for Mac OS X. It is equivalent to Office 2003 for Windows. The software was originally written for PowerPC Macs, so Macs with Intel CPUs must run the program under Mac OS X's Rosetta emulation layer. For this reason, it is not compatible with Mac OS X 10.7 and newer. Office 2004 was replaced by its successor, Microsoft Office 2008 for Mac, which was developed as a universal binary to run natively on Intel Macs. However, Office 2008 did not include support for Visual Basic Document [27] (Title: Microsoft Office 95) Microsoft Office 95 Microsoft Office 95, also known as Microsoft Office for Windows 95, released on August 24, 1995, was a version of Microsoft Office designed specifically for Windows 95, succeeding Office 4.3. Office 95 was replaced by Office 97 on November 19, 1996. Microsoft Office 95 includes six applications: Word (a word processor), Excel (a spreadsheet), PowerPoint (a presentation program), Access (a database management system), Schedule+ (a time management app) and Binder (a program for binding the work of the mentioned apps together). The CD-ROM version also includes Microsoft Bookshelf. True to its namesake, this suite is designed specifically Document [28] (Title: Microsoft PhotoDraw) Microsoft PhotoDraw Microsoft PhotoDraw 2000 is a discontinued vector graphics and raster imaging software package developed by Microsoft. Microsoft PhotoDraw 2000 was released in 1999 along with Microsoft Office 2000 Premium and Developer, but came separately on 2 CDs. It developed from the Picture It! 2.0 engine's .MIX format and expanded further into vector imaging technology. It required a separate installation from the main installer for the core Office suite, and was also released as a stand-alone product as part of Microsoft's Graphics Studio line of products (Greetings, etc.). Microsoft released the subsequent version called Microsoft PhotoDraw 2000 Version 2 Document [29] (Title: History of Microsoft) and Lotus 1-2-3. Novell, an owner of WordPerfect for a time, alleged that Microsoft used its inside knowledge of the DOS and Windows kernels and of undocumented Application Programming Interface features to make Office perform better than its competitors. Eventually, Microsoft Office became the dominant business suite, with a market share far exceeding that of its competitors. In March 1992, Microsoft released Windows 3.1 along with its first promotional campaign on TV; the software sold over three million copies in its first two months on the market. In October, Windows for Workgroups 3.1 was released with integrated networking abilities such Document [30] (Title: Microsoft Office 2000) successor, Office XP, is not compatible. Microsoft released three service packs for Office 2000 throughout its life cycle. The first update was called Service Release 1 (SR-1), while subsequent updates were referred to as service packs. Mainstream support for Office 2000 ended on June 30, 2004, and extended support ended on July 14, 2009. Five main editions of Office 2000 were available, with an additional Personal edition with Word, Excel, and Outlook exclusive to Japan. A similar Basic edition for Office 2003 would later be released to all markets. Microsoft Office 2000 Microsoft Office 2000 is a release of Microsoft Document [31] (Title: History of Microsoft) the three most-popular Macintosh business applications. That year the company purchased Forethought, the developer of PowerPoint and Microsoft's first major software acquisition on the 30th July 1987. Meanwhile, Microsoft began introducing its most prominent office products. Microsoft Works, an integrated office program which combined features typically found in a word processor, spreadsheet, database and other office applications, saw its first release as an application for the Apple Macintosh towards the end of 1986. Microsoft Works would later be sold with other Microsoft products including Microsoft Word and Microsoft Bookshelf, a reference collection introduced in 1987 that was the company's first Document [32] (Title: History of Microsoft Office) computer. Five traditional editions of Office 2016 were released for Windows: Three traditional editions of Office 2016 were released for Mac: Office 98 History of Microsoft Office This is a history of Microsoft Office and its versions. This table only includes final releases and not pre-release software such as Microsoft Office 2000. Microsoft Office 2000 Personal was an additional SKU, solely designed for the Japanese market, that included Word 2000, Excel 2000 and Outlook 2000. This compilation would later become widespread as Microsoft Office 2003 Basic. As with previous versions, Office 2016 is made available in several distinct editions aimed Document [33] (Title: Microsoft Office 2003) menu bar and toolbars across all programs, as well as the last version to include the "97 - 2003" file format as the default. It is compatible with Windows 2000 (although administrative privileges are required to be installed) and Windows XP but not with Windows NT 4.0, Windows 98, or Windows ME. It is the last version of Office compatible with Windows 2000. Microsoft released a total of three service packs for Office 2003 throughout its lifecycle. Service Pack 1 was released on July 27, 2004, Service Pack 2 was released on September 27, 2005, and Service Pack 3 was Document [34] (Title: Microsoft Office XP) 2001, then codenamed "Tahoe", was also in development at this time and was slated to improve collaboration for users of Office 2000 and Office 10. In August, Microsoft released Office 10 Beta 1 for product evaluation purposes. During this period Office 10 was characterized as an interim release between its predecessor, Office 2000 and a future version, and was planned to include new formatting options; integrated speech recognition; improved collaboration capabilities and enhanced support for web services; and a web portal complete with web parts. Beta 1 was compatible with Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows NT 4.0 SP5, and Windows Document [35] (Title: Microsoft Office XP) version of Windows Installer. Microsoft also terminated the product's support for Windows 95 and Windows NT 4.0 SP5. After the release of Beta 2, Microsoft announced a Corporate Preview Kit Program for Office XP that would allow up to 500,000 corporate customers to evaluate a Corporate Preview Beta version of the product on a total of 10 machines per copy; individual copies cost $19.95 and expired on August 31, 2001. Office XP was released to manufacturing on March 5, 2001 and was later made available to retail on May 31, 2001. Microsoft released a total of three service packs for Document [36] (Title: Apple Productivity Experience Group) to the Specialized Devices and Applications Group inside the Entertainment and Devices Division, and is now back inside the Microsoft Office division. Prior to the creation of the Mac BU, Microsoft had developed Macintosh software, starting in 1984 with Word 1.0 for Macintosh. During the early and mid 1990s, Microsoft's Word, Excel, and Powerpoint teams simultaneously developed Windows and Macintosh versions of these applications, but after releasing Office 97 for Windows, Microsoft decided, in January 1997, to form a separate Macintosh Business Unit to focus on creating applications optimized for the Macintosh platform. In August 1997, as part of a Document [37] (Title: Microsoft Office) Office on CD-ROM later that year, Microsoft became the first major Mac publisher to put its applications on CD-ROM. Microsoft Office 1.5 for Mac was released in 1991 and included the updated Excel 3.0, the first application to support Apple’s System 7 operating system. Microsoft Office 3.0 for Mac was released in 1992 and included Word 5.0, Excel 4.0, PowerPoint 3.0 and Mail Client. Excel 4.0 was the first application to support new AppleScript. Microsoft Office 4.2 for Mac was released in 1994. (Version 4.0 was skipped to synchronize version numbers with Office for Windows) Version 4.2 included Word 6.0, Document [38] (Title: Microsoft Office XP) smart tags; however, the suite's handwriting recognition and speech recognition capabilities were criticized, and were mostly viewed as inferior to similar offerings from competitors. As of May 2002, over 60 million Office XP licenses were sold. At a meeting with financial analysts in July 2000, Microsoft demonstrated Office XP, then known by its codename, Office 10, which included a subset of features Microsoft designed in accordance with what at the time was known as the .NET strategy, one by which it intended to provide extensive client access to various web services and features such as speech recognition. SharePoint Portal Server Document [39] (Title: Microsoft at Work) Magazine awarded it a "Whatever Happened To..." in July, noting that "few" products had come to market supporting the standard, and that the original at Work group had been broken up and sent to different divisions within the company. Microsoft continued to claim that it was still being developed, but it seems that by 1995 the effort was dead. One of the few pieces of software to support at Work was a Microsoft Outlook fax engine, Microsoft Fax (or "Microsoft At Work Fax"), which shipped with Windows 95 but stopped working under more recent versions of the OS. Although at Document [40] (Title: Microsoft Office 2000) interface improvements including personalized menus and toolbars that omit infrequently used commands from view. Office 2000 introduces PhotoDraw, a raster and vector imaging program, as well as Web Components. It is also the first version of Office to use Windows Installer for the installation process. It also comes with Internet Explorer 5 and uses its technologies as well. Microsoft released five main editions of Office 2000 globally: Standard, Small Business, Professional, Premium, and Developer.An additional Personal edition exclusive to Japan was also released. All retail editions sold in Australia, Brazil, China, France, and New Zealand, as well as academic copies Document [41] (Title: Microsoft Office 2007) Microsoft Office 2007 Microsoft Office 2007 (codenamed Office 12) is a version of Microsoft Office, a family of office suites and productivity software for Windows, developed and published by Microsoft. It was released to manufacturing on November 3, 2006; it was subsequently made available to volume license customers on November 30, 2006, and later to retail on January 30, 2007, the same respective release dates of Windows Vista. It was preceded by Office 2003 and succeeded by Office 2010. Office 2007 introduced a new graphical user interface called the "Fluent User Interface", which uses ribbons and an Office menu instead Document [42] (Title: History of Microsoft) built on the Microsoft Component Object Model (COM); this enabled Microsoft and others to embed controls in many programming languages, including the company's own scripting languages, such as JScript and VBScript. ActiveX included frameworks for documents and server solutions. The company also released the Microsoft SQL Server 6.5, which had built-in support for internet applications. Later in 1997, Microsoft Office 97 as well as Internet Explorer 4.0 were released, marking the beginning of the takeover of the browser market from rival Netscape, and by agreement with Apple Computer, Internet Explorer was bundled with the Apple Macintosh operating system as well Document [43] (Title: Microsoft Office 98 Macintosh Edition) Microsoft Office 98 Macintosh Edition Microsoft Office 98 Macintosh Edition is a version of Microsoft Office for the classic Mac OS, unveiled at Macworld Expo/San Francisco on January 6, 1998. It introduced the Internet Explorer 4.0 browser and Outlook Express, an Internet e-mail client and usenet newsgroup reader. Office 98 was re-engineered by Microsoft's Macintosh Business Unit to satisfy customers' desire for more Mac-like software. There are two editions of Office 98: Gold and Standard. It included drag-and-drop installation, self-repairing applications and Quick Thesaurus, before such features were available in a version of Office for Windows. It also was the Document [44] (Title: Forethought, Inc.) would go on to become the most used and sought after presentation suite, having a 95% market share. Microsoft would later integrate its software under the banner 'Office 365' a subscription-based model which includes Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft OneNote and its proprietary cloud storage 'OneDrive. Forethought, Inc. Forethought, Inc. was a computer software company, best known as developers of what is now Microsoft PowerPoint. In late 1983, Rob Campbell and Taylor Pohlman founded Forethought, Inc in order to develop object-oriented bit-mapped application software. In 1984, they hired Bob Gaskins, a former Ph.D. student at the University of California, Berkeley, Document [45] (Title: Microsoft Office) It is the first version to use new, more colorful icons. Outlook 2003 provides improved functionality in many areas, including Kerberos authentication, RPC over HTTP, Cached Exchange Mode, and an improved junk mail filter. Microsoft Office 2007 (Office 12.0) was released in 2007. Office 2007's new features include a new graphical user interface called the Fluent User Interface, replacing the menus and toolbars that have been the cornerstone of Office since its inception with a tabbed toolbar, known as the Ribbon; new XML-based file formats called Office Open XML; and the inclusion of Groove, a collaborative software application. Microsoft Office Document [46] (Title: Microsoft Office) designated as trusted. The Registration Wizard, a precursor to Microsoft Product Activation, remained in Brazil and was also extended to Australia and New Zealand, though not for volume-licensed editions. Academic software in the United States and Canada also featured the Registration Wizard. Microsoft Office XP (Office 10.0 or Office 2002) was released in conjunction with Windows XP, and was a major upgrade with numerous enhancements and changes over Office 2000. Office XP introduced the Safe Mode feature, which allows applications such as Outlook to boot when it might otherwise fail by bypassing a corrupted registry or a faulty add-in. Smart Document [47] (Title: Microsoft Works) their low-cost machines. Microsoft Works originated as MouseWorks, an integrated spreadsheet, word processor and database program, designed for the Macintosh by ex-Apple employee Don Williams and Rupert Lissner. Williams was planning to emulate the success of AppleWorks, a similar product for Apple II computers. However, Bill Gates and his Head of Acquisitions, Alan M. Boyd, convinced Williams to license the product to Microsoft instead. Initially it was to be a scaled-down version of Office for the (then) small laptops such as the Radio Shack TRS-80 Model 100 which Microsoft was developing. As laptops grew in power, however, Microsoft Works, as Document [48] (Title: Microsoft Office) for Office v. X ended on January 9, 2007 after the release of the final update, 10.1.9 Office v.X includes Word X, Excel X, PowerPoint X, Entourage X, MSN Messenger for Mac and Windows Media Player 9 for Mac; it was the last version of Office for Mac to include Internet Explorer for Mac. Microsoft Office 2004 for Mac was released on May 11, 2004. It includes Microsoft Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Entourage and Virtual PC. It is the final version of Office to be built exclusively for PowerPC and to officially support G3 processors, as its sequel lists a G4, Document [49] (Title: Product activation) in the Brazilian market. Microsoft then rolled out product activation in its flagship Microsoft Office 2000 product. All retail copies sold in Australia, Brazil, China, France, and New Zealand, and some sold in Canada and the United States, required the user to activate the product via the Internet. However, all copies of Office 2000 do not require activation after April 15, 2003. After its success, the product activation system was extended worldwide and incorporated into Windows XP and Office XP and all subsequent versions of Windows and Office. Despite independently developing its own technology, in April 2009 a jury found Document [50] (Title: Windows ME) of Microsoft Office to be compatible with Windows ME. Windows ME was a continuation of the Windows 9x model and still DOS-based like its predecessors, but with restricted access to real mode MS-DOS in order to decrease system boot time. In 2001, Windows XP was released and became Windows ME's successor, popularizing most of its features and introducing more visual themes. In 1998, Microsoft stated that there would be no version of Windows 9x after Windows 98. In May 1999, however, Microsoft released Windows 98 Second Edition, and then announced a new version of Windows 9x which was later revealed Document [51] (Title: Microsoft Office) tag is a technology introduced with Office XP in Word and Excel and discontinued in Office 2010. Office XP includes integrated voice command and text dictation capabilities, as well as handwriting recognition. It was the first version to require Microsoft Product Activation worldwide and in all editions as an anti-piracy measure, which attracted widespread controversy. Product Activation remained absent from Office for Mac releases until it was introduced in Office 2011 for Mac. Microsoft Office 2003 (Office 11.0) was released in 2003. It featured a new logo. Two new applications made their debut in Office 2003: Microsoft InfoPath and OneNote. Document [52] (Title: Microsoft Project) was the first version to use VBA macro language. It was the last version to run on Windows NT 3.51. Project 98 SR-1 was a major service release addressing several issues in Project 98. Microsoft Project 2000 was the first to use personalized menus and to use Windows Installer-based setup interface, like all Office 2000 applications, and introduced Microsoft Project Central (later renamed Microsoft Project Server). Project 2000 was also the last version to run on Windows 95. Project 2000 SR-1 fixed several bugs. Microsoft Project 2002 was the first to contain mandatory product activation, like Office XP and Windows Document [53] (Title: MSDE) later implemented by Peter Byrne (core), Ronald Martinsen (core/setup), and Mike Maringas (setup). Alger and Martinsen are the co-inventors who hold the patent. The initial release of MSDE is called the "Microsoft Desktop Engine", which is based on SQL Server 7.0 and was positioned as an alternative to using Microsoft Access's Microsoft Jet Database Engine with a focus on its ability to operate as a client–server application instead of requiring direct access to the file system which the Jet database resided on. Microsoft Access, the company's most popular database tool at the time, was expanded for its Office 2000 release Document [54] (Title: Windows Update) 2000, XP, and Server 2003. Over time, the list has expanded to include other Microsoft products, such as Windows Live, Windows Defender, Visual Studio, runtimes and redistributables, Zune Software, Virtual PC and Virtual Server, CAPICOM, Microsoft Lync, Microsoft Expression Studio, and other server products. It also offers Silverlight and Windows Media Player as optional downloads if applicable to the operating system. Office Update is a free online service that allows users to detect and install updates for certain Microsoft Office products. The original update service supported Office 2000, Office XP, Office 2003 and Office 2007. On 1 August 2009 Microsoft Document [55] (Title: Usinternetworking Inc) company became a public company via an initial public offering. Shares rose 174% on the first day of trading, ending the day at $57.50 per share. On April 26, 1999, the company was named the first certified Broadvision application service provider. In November 1999, the company announced an agreement to develop Microsoft Office 2000 as an online service. In July 2000, founder Christopher R. McCleary resigned as chief executive officer of the company and was replaced with Andrew Stern. In August 2000, the company acquired EnableVision. By July 2001, after the bursting of the dot-com bubble, shares were trading for Document [56] (Title: Microsoft Office 2000) Microsoft Office 2000 Microsoft Office 2000 is a release of Microsoft Office, an office suite developed and distributed by Microsoft for the Windows family of operating systems. Office 2000 was released to manufacturing on March 29, 1999, and was made available to retail on June 7, 1999. It is the successor to Office 97 and the predecessor to Office XP. New features in Office 2000 include HTML document creation and publishing, Internet collaboration features such as integration with NetMeeting, roaming user profile support, COM add-in support; an updated version of the Office Assistant, improved compliance with the year 2000, and Document [57] (Title: Development of Windows XP) version. At the WinHEC conference on April 7, 1999, Steve Ballmer announced an updated version of Windows 98 known as Windows Millennium, breaking a promise made by Microsoft CEO Bill Gates in 1998 that Windows 98 would be the final consumer-oriented version of Windows to use the MS-DOS architecture. Concepts introduced by Neptune would influence future Windows products; in Windows ME, the activity center concept was used for System Restore and Help and Support Center (which both combined Win32 code with an interface rendered using Internet Explorer's layout engine), the hub concept would be expanded on Windows Phone, and Windows Document [58] (Title: Microsoft Office 2003) for all of its applications, the Office Assistant, the ability to slipstream service packs into the original setup files, Office Web Components, and the "Save My Settings Wizard", which allowed users to choose whether to keep a locally cached copy of installation source files and several utility resource kit tools. It was also the last Office version to support Windows 2000. A new picture organizer with basic editing features, called Microsoft Office Picture Manager, was included. Only basic clipart and templates were included on the disc media, with most content hosted online and downloadable from within the Office application. Microsoft Document [59] (Title: Microsoft Office 97) were available for the Alpha.) Two service releases (SR-1 and SR-2) were released for Office 97. SR-2 solved the year 2000 problem in Office 97. Microsoft Office 97 is the first version of Office to feature the Office Assistant, a feature designed to assist users by the way of an interactive animated character, which interfaced with the Office help content. The default assistant was "Clippit", nicknamed "Clippy", a paperclip. The office assistant feature was also included in its successor, Microsoft Office 2000, as well as in Office XP (hidden by default) and 2003 (not installed by default). Office 97 is Document [60] (Title: Microsoft Office XP) it's almost not even worth discussing," concluding that it "is sort of a joke" when compared with mature products such as Dragon NaturallySpeaking. Microsoft Office XP Microsoft Office XP (codenamed Office 10) is an office suite created and distributed by Microsoft for the Windows operating system. Office XP was released to manufacturing on March 5, 2001 and was later made available to retail on May 31, 2001. It is the successor to Office 2000 and the predecessor of Office 2003. New features in Office XP include smart tags, a selection-based search feature that recognizes different types of text in a Document [61] (Title: Microsoft Office) software they felt was more Mac-like. It included drag–and-drop installation, self-repairing applications and Quick Thesaurus, before such features were available in Office for Windows. It also was the first version to support QuickTime movies. Microsoft Office 2001 was launched in 2000 as the last Office suite for the classic Mac OS. It required a PowerPC processor. This version introduced Entourage, an e-mail client that included information management tools such as a calendar, an address book, task lists and notes. Microsoft Office v. X was released in 2001 and was the first version of Microsoft Office for Mac OS X. Support Document [62] (Title: Microsoft Office 98 Macintosh Edition) first version to support QuickTime movies. The applications in Microsoft Office 98 were: Another rare edition of Microsoft Office 98 Macintosh Edition was published titled: "Microsoft Office 98 Macintosh Gold Edition." This version included everything the normal version included plus Microsoft FrontPage Version 1.0 for Macintosh, Microsoft Bookshelf 98 reference software, and Microsoft Encarta 98 Macintosh Deluxe Edition. Source of above. Microsoft Office 98 Macintosh Edition Microsoft Office 98 Macintosh Edition is a version of Microsoft Office for the classic Mac OS, unveiled at Macworld Expo/San Francisco on January 6, 1998. It introduced the Internet Explorer 4.0 browser and Outlook Document [63] (Title: Microsoft Office) a one-time purchase option on September 22, 2015. Microsoft Office Microsoft Office is a family of client software, server software, and services developed by Microsoft. It was first announced by Bill Gates on August 1, 1988, at COMDEX in Las Vegas. Initially a marketing term for an office suite (bundled set of productivity applications), the first version of Office contained Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, and Microsoft PowerPoint. Over the years, Office applications have grown substantially closer with shared features such as a common spell checker, OLE data integration and Visual Basic for Applications scripting language. Microsoft also positions Office as Document [64] (Title: Microsoft Office 2001) Microsoft Office 2001 Microsoft Office 2001 is a suite of productivity software for Mac OS 8, Mac OS 9, or the Classic environment in Mac OS X. It is the Mac equivalent of Office 2000. It was developed by Microsoft and announced on September 13, 2000 before its release on October 11, 2000. As with previous versions of Microsoft Office, Office 2001 includes Word, PowerPoint, and Excel. It also includes, for the first time, Entourage, a personal information manager that features an e-mail client, a calendar, an address book, task lists and personal notes. Office 2001 was the first time Document [65] (Title: Microsoft Office XP) on "Office XP" as the final name of the product and used the same brand for Windows XP—then codenamed "Whistler"—which was developed concurrently. In spite of this, individual Office XP products such as Excel, PowerPoint, and Word would continue to use Microsoft's year-based naming conventions and were named after the year 2002. Office XP Beta 2 was released to 10,000 technical testers in late 2000. Beta 2 introduced several improvements to setup tools. The Custom Maintenance Wizard, for example, now allowed setup components to be modified after their installation, and the setup process of Office XP itself used a new Document [66] (Title: Microsoft Office) Microsoft Office Microsoft Office is a family of client software, server software, and services developed by Microsoft. It was first announced by Bill Gates on August 1, 1988, at COMDEX in Las Vegas. Initially a marketing term for an office suite (bundled set of productivity applications), the first version of Office contained Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, and Microsoft PowerPoint. Over the years, Office applications have grown substantially closer with shared features such as a common spell checker, OLE data integration and Visual Basic for Applications scripting language. Microsoft also positions Office as a development platform for line-of-business software under the Document [67] (Title: Tandy 2000) resolution capabilities until 1988. Tandy/Radio Shack produced print advertising featuring Bill Gates of Microsoft extolling the superior performance of the Tandy 2000 and how it was advantageous in Microsoft's development of Windows 1.0. Software packages that were released for the Tandy 2000 included WordPerfect 4.2 (WP5.1 could work with software patches), Lotus 1-2-3, Ashton-Tate's Framework, DBase, MultiMate, , AutoCAD, Lumena (from Time Arts) shareware office programs, and the complete line of Microsoft language products. Microsoft released a version of Xenix for the Tandy 2000 (used with Western Digital's ViaNet network card, distributed by Tandy). Better BASIC for both the Tandy Document [68] (Title: Microsoft Office) numbered the same as the Macintosh versions). Microsoft Office 4.2 for Windows NT was released in 1994 for i386, Alpha, MIPS and PowerPC architectures, containing Word 6.0 and Excel 5.0 (both 32-bit, PowerPoint 4.0 (16-bit), and Microsoft Office Manager 4.2 (the precursor to the Office Shortcut Bar)). Microsoft Office 95 was released on August 24, 1995. Software version numbers were altered again to create parity across the suite—every program was called version 7.0 meaning all but Word missed out versions. It was designed as a fully 32-bit version to match Windows 95. Office 95 was available in two versions, Office Question: ms office 2000 was developed by which company

Answer: Microsoft Long Answer: Microsoft Office 2000 is a release of Microsoft Office, an office suite developed and distributed by Microsoft for the Windows family of operating systems . Office 2000 was released to manufacturing on March 29, 1999, and was made available to retail on June 7, 1999 . It is the successor to Office 97 and the predecessor to Office XP. Gold Document ID: 68

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Private School League) Country Day. Morgan Park Academy had joined in 1960, however, it was included with the six teams that exited the conference and with Chicago Harvard leaving the conference in 1962, it left the league with a total of seven teams at the beginning of the 1967 school year. North Park Academy departed the conference in 1969, Wheaton Academy left in 1971, however, to replace them, Little Flower Academy and Providence Catholic High School were added in 1971. Aurora Central Catholic High School was added in 1973 when Little Flower Academy closed keeping the league at seven members as the 1970's Document [2] (Title: Ivy League) been coeducational from its founding (1865) and Columbia being the last (1983) to become coeducational. Before they became coeducational, many of the Ivy schools maintained extensive social ties with nearby Seven Sisters women's colleges, including weekend visits, dances and parties inviting Ivy and Seven Sisters students to mingle. This was the case not only at Barnard College and Radcliffe College, which are adjacent to Columbia and Harvard, but at more distant institutions as well. The movie "Animal House" includes a satiric version of the formerly common visits by Dartmouth men to Massachusetts to meet Smith and Mount Holyoke women, a Document [3] (Title: Princeton Day School) seniors, a third were honored as semi-finalists or commended scholars in the National Merit Scholarship Program. In the five years through 2018, the most common schools for members of the PDS graduating classes were Duke University (10), Princeton University (15), Lehigh University (12), University of Chicago (11), New York University (21) and Boston College (10). The school is a member of the National Association of Independent Schools, New Jersey Association of Independent Schools and the Association of Delaware Valley Independent Schools. Founded in 1899, Miss Fine's School in Princeton prepared girls for college with a curriculum including English, French, Latin, Document [4] (Title: Big Three (colleges)) proposed by President and Princeton alumnus Woodrow Wilson in December 1909 out of a desire to reduce injuries, and took several years to come to fruition, resulting in common eligibility requirements. The Three Presidents' Agreement addendum of January 1923 covered financial arrangements, scouting and scholarships, among other things. In 1926, tensions arose once more after Princeton had shut out Harvard for three consecutive games by a cumulative score of 82-0. This led to a hiatus in games between Harvard and Princeton which caused Big Three competition to be suspended for eight years, although Yale continued to play both opponents during Document [5] (Title: Big Three (colleges)) are often rated among the top three institutions in the National Universities category along with Columbia, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the University of Chicago. Over the past eighteen years ending with the 2018 rankings, "U.S. News" has named as the best national university Princeton eleven times, Harvard twice and the two schools tied for first five times. In the current 2019 "U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges Ranking", Princeton is ranked first; Harvard is second; Columbia is third, tied with Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Yale, and the University of Chicago. In recent years, Stanford as well as Document [6] (Title: Eastern Intercollegiate Basketball League) under the leadership of Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Famer Ralph Morgan, with Columbia, Cornell, Penn, Princeton, and Yale participating. Dartmouth College joined the conference in 1911–12; Yale dropped out in 1912–13, but returned the following year. The conference remained stable at six teams from 1913–14 until 1932–33 (with a one-year suspension in 1918–19 for World War I). Columbia and Cornell were successful early in this period, with the Lions winning two championships, the Big Red one, and both sharing a fourth (the only time a first-place tie was not broken by a playoff game). The late teens and early Document [7] (Title: Ivy League) these institutions maintain in basketball, baseball and track." However, they noted that the league "has such promising possibilities that it may not be dismissed and must be the subject of further consideration." In 1945 the presidents of the eight schools signed the first "Ivy Group Agreement", which set academic, financial, and athletic standards for the football teams. The principles established reiterated those put forward in the Harvard-Yale-Princeton Presidents' Agreement of 1916. The Ivy Group Agreement established the core tenet that an applicant's ability to play on a team would not influence admissions decisions: In 1954, the presidents extended the Ivy Document [8] (Title: Ivy Council) respective campuses. In May-June 2008, then-President Bing Chen (Penn '09) and then-VP External Affairs Sue Yang (Columbia '10) facilitated two dozen student government Presidents and student journalists to travel to Beijing, Wuhan, and Shanghai for the first Ivy League student delegation through mainland China. The American students held a dialogue with their Chinese peers on international student relations at Peking University, and met with Chinese leaders. In 2015, in its seventh year, brought a delegation of 8 Chinese students from the top universities in China, who visited the Ivy League Universities and continued with the goal of international cultural exchange. Document [9] (Title: 2010–13 Big East Conference realignment) the entire balance of over $110 million left in the NCAA National Tournament prize pool accumulated by the Big East in prior years. The FBS schools retained the charter of the original 1979–2012 Big East Conference, starting the 2013 academic year under the new name of American Athletic Conference. The Big East was founded in 1979 by seven universities in the Northeastern United States—Boston College (BC), Connecticut (UConn), Georgetown, Providence, St. John's, Seton Hall, and Syracuse. The seven founders consisted of five Catholic institutions, one private but secular university (Syracuse) and one public school (UConn). More significantly, only two of Document [10] (Title: ECAC Hockey) Ivy League schools were potentially leaving the conference and disagreements over schedule length versus academics caused Boston University, Boston College, Providence, Northeastern and New Hampshire to decide to leave the ECAC to form what would become Hockey East, which began play in the 1984–85 season. By that fall, Maine also departed the ECAC for the new conference. This left the ECAC with twelve teams (Army, Brown, Clarkson, Colgate, Cornell, Dartmouth, Harvard, Princeton, RPI, St. Lawrence, Vermont, and Yale). Army would stay in the conference until the end of the 1990–91 season, at which point they became independent (they now play Document [11] (Title: Ivy League) drive of more than two hours. As noted by Irene Harwarth, Mindi Maline, and Elizabeth DeBra, "The 'Seven Sisters' was the name given to Barnard, Smith, Mount Holyoke, Vassar, Bryn Mawr, Wellesley, and Radcliffe, because of their parallel to the Ivy League men's colleges." In 1982 the Ivy League considered adding two members, with Army, Navy, and Northwestern as the most likely candidates; if it had done so, the league could probably have avoided being moved into the recently created Division I-AA (now Division I FCS) for football. In 1983, following the admission of women to Columbia College, Columbia University Document [12] (Title: Big Three (colleges)) the order Harvard, Yale, and Princeton or Harvard, Princeton and Yale . The Harvard, Yale, and Princeton order is the one in which they were founded — 1636, 1701, and 1746, respectively. Over the past half-century, the 'Big Three', and the rest of the Ivy League, have increasingly stressed both diversity and academic merit in their admissions process, and have dissociated themselves from some of their WASP roots. Notwithstanding, a certain lack in economic diversity persists at the three colleges. As Jerome Karabel, a Harvard graduate and the author of "The Chosen" detailing the history of the admissions process at Document [13] (Title: U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges Ranking) the Big Three, Harvard, Yale and Princeton round out the first three essentially every year. When asked how he knew his system was sound, Mel Elfin, the rankings' founder, often answered that he knew it because those three schools always landed on top. When a new lead statistician, Amy Graham, changed the formula in 1999 to one she considered more statistically valid, the California Institute of Technology jumped to first place. Ms. Graham soon left, and a modified system pushed Princeton back to No. 1 the next year." A 2010 study by the University of Michigan found that university rankings Document [14] (Title: Seven Sisters (colleges)) in 1999. Barnard College was Columbia University's women's liberal arts undergraduate college until its all-male coordinate school Columbia College went co-ed in 1983; to this day, Barnard continues to be an all-women's undergraduate college affiliated with Columbia. All seven schools were founded between 1837 and 1889. Four are in Massachusetts, two are in New York, and one is in Pennsylvania. Irene Harwarth, Mindi Maline, and Elizabeth DeBra note that "Independent nonprofit women’s colleges, which included the 'Seven Sisters', were founded to provide educational opportunities to women equal to those available to men and were geared toward women who wanted to Document [15] (Title: Big Three (colleges)) that period. More than 150 years ago, Union College was one of the Big Four along with Harvard, Yale and Princeton. Student attrition due to the Civil War and a scandal over college finances led to a decline at Union that caused it to lose ground and drop from the Big Four. Big Three (colleges) The Big Three is a historical term used in the United States to refer to Harvard University, Yale University, and Princeton University. The phrase Big Three originated in the 1880s, when these three colleges dominated college football. In 1906, these schools formed a sports compact Document [16] (Title: Ivy League) the NCAA Division I athletic conference in 1954. Seven of the eight schools were founded during the colonial period (Cornell was founded in 1865), and thus account for seven of the nine Colonial Colleges chartered before the American Revolution. Ivy League schools are generally viewed as some of the most prestigious, and are ranked among the best universities worldwide by "U.S. News & World Report". All eight universities place in the top fourteen of the 2019 "U.S. News & World Report" national university rankings, including four Ivies in the top three (Columbia and Yale are tied for third). In the Document [17] (Title: Ivy League) president to graduate from college, graduating from Harvard in 1755. Students of the Ivy League largely hail from the Northeast, largely from the New York City, Boston, and Philadelphia areas. As all eight Ivy League universities are within the Northeast, it is no surprise that most graduates end up working and residing in the Northeast after graduation. An unscientific survey of Harvard seniors from the Class of 2013 found that 42% hailed from the Northeast and 55% overall were planning on working and residing in the Northeast. Boston and New York City are traditionally where many Ivy League graduates end Document [18] (Title: Ivy League) proportion of students. In the most recent academic year, seven of the eight Ivy League schools reported record-high application numbers; seven also reported record-low acceptance rates. Members of the League have been highly ranked by various university rankings. In addition to the broad rankings listed in the accompanying chart, several Ivy League schools are highly ranked in the current "2018 US News & World Report" assessment of Best Undergraduate Teaching: 1. Princeton; 2. Dartmouth; 3. Brown; 10. Yale. The "Wall Street Journal" rankings place all eight of the universities within the top 20 in the country. Further, Ivy League members Document [19] (Title: Ivy League) These counterparts are often referred to in the American media as the "Ivy League" of their respective nations. Additionally, groupings of schools use the "Ivy" nomenclature to denote a perceived comparability, such as American liberal arts colleges (Little Ivies), lesser known schools (Hidden Ivies), public universities (Public Ivies), and schools in the Southern United States (Southern Ivies). Ivy League universities have some of the largest university financial endowments in the world, which allows the universities to provide many resources for their academic programs and research endeavors. , Harvard University has an endowment of $37.1 billion, the highest of any US Document [20] (Title: Yale Bulldogs football) 1978, then called I-A for larger schools, and I-AA for the smaller ones. The NCAA had devised the split, in part, with the Ivy League in mind, but the conference did not move down for four seasons despite the fact that there were many indications that the ancient eight were on the wrong side of an increasing disparity between the big and small schools. In 1982, the NCAA created a rule that stated a program's average attendance must be at least 15,000 to qualify for I-A membership. This forced the conference's hand, as only some of the member schools met Document [21] (Title: History of Harvard University) where the "Great White Quadrangle" or HMS Quad with its five white marble buildings was established. The reputation continued to grow into the 20th century, especially in terms of scientific research and support from regional and national elites. Fifteen scientists won the Nobel Prize for work done at the Medical School. Its four major flagship teaching hospitals are Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston Children's Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital. The Harvard Law School was established in 1817, making it the oldest continuously operating law school in the nation. It was a small operation and grew Document [22] (Title: Black Ivy League) State University are located in the Mid-Atlantic states. Each of these institutions are co-educational with the exception of Morehouse College, which is an all-male institution and Spelman College, an all-female institution. All institutions are currently accredited by such organizations as the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools and Southern Association of Colleges and Schools. The founding of two historic members, Lincoln and Cheyney University of Pennsylvania, predates the Civil War. The remaining members were founded in the late 19th century except for Xavier University of Louisiana, founded in 1915 by the Catholic Church. During the relevant time period, these Document [23] (Title: Ivy League) in 1937. Yale and Columbia previously fielded teams in the league but no longer do so. The Ivy League is home to some of the oldest college rugby teams in the United States. Although these teams are not "varsity" sports, they compete annually in the Ivy Rugby Conference. The table above includes the number of team championships won from the beginning of official Ivy League competition (1956–57 academic year) through 2016-17. Princeton and Harvard have on occasion won ten or more Ivy League titles in a year, an achievement accomplished 10 times by Harvard and 24 times by Princeton, including Document [24] (Title: Princeton Tigers men's lacrosse) Harvard. Between 1967 and 1992 Princeton won no Ivy League championships, while Cornell was the dominant conference power. Until the 1990s, Princeton played at Finney Field. Princeton won seven more Ivy League championships in the 1990s including perfect 6–0 records in 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998 and 1999. 1997 is regarded as the best in school history with a record number of wins during its 15–0 season and 10 All-Americans plus 13 All-Ivy League selections. Including the 2010 season, Princeton has earned 25 Ivy League championships, the only Ivy League tournament championship to date, 19 NCAA Division I Championship appearances, Document [25] (Title: Ivy League) manager of athletics, reported the situation in January 1936 as follows: Within a year of this statement and having held month-long discussions about the proposal, on December 3, 1936, the idea of "the formation of an Ivy League" gained enough traction among the undergraduate bodies of the universities that the "Columbia Daily Spectator", "The Cornell Daily Sun", "The Dartmouth", "The Harvard Crimson", "The Daily Pennsylvanian", "The Daily Princetonian" and the "Yale Daily News" would simultaneously run an editorial entitled "Now Is the Time", encouraging the seven universities to form the league in an effort to preserve the ideals of athletics. Document [26] (Title: Three Rivers Conference (Illinois)) Rivers Conference. In early 2012, it was announced that Orion, Rockridge, Sherrard, all former members of the Olympic Conference, and Princeton accepted an invitation for full membership in the Three Rivers Conference at the start of the 2013-14 school year. These four schools, along with Hall, Kewanee, and St. Bede Academy make up the seven teams in the newly created South Division. The North Division includes Amboy-La Moille, Bureau Valley, Erie-Prophetstown, Fulton, Morrison, Newman Central Catholic, and Riverdale. The decision to create a geographical North-South alignment was based upon a desire to maintain existing rivalries and minimize travel times. The Document [27] (Title: White Anglo-Saxon Protestant) about World War II, Ivy League universities were composed largely of WASP students. As some of the nation's top colleges and universities, they still continue to be the university of choice for WASP families today. The Big Three (Harvard, Yale and Princeton universities) have traditionally been the top three universities of choice for WASP families. Admission to these colleges and universities is based on academic merit, but there is nonetheless a certain preference for "legacy" alumni. Students can form connections which carry over to the influential spheres of finance, culture, and politics. Many alumni from these schools go on to Document [28] (Title: Big Three (colleges)) Review" found in 1963 that Harvard, Yale, and Princeton enrolled 45% of boys on the New York Social Register. That year Nathaniel Burt described the social prestige of the Big Three: Burt continued, "Every city sends or has sent its Socially Registered sons to Harvard, Yale, and Princeton, in some preferred order, and to one local institution. This order varies. New York sets the pattern with Yale first, Harvard second, Princeton third, then Columbia. St. Louis and Baltimore are Princeton towns. Most other cities (Chicago, Cleveland, Cincinnati) are Yale towns. Only Boston, and occasionally Washington, are Harvard towns." The connection Document [29] (Title: Hidden Ivies) universities that emulate them. "The Hidden Ivies: 50 Top Colleges - From Amherst to Williams - That Rival the Ivy League", the second edition of the guide published in 2009, evaluates 50 "renowned academic institutions." Nine of the 50 schools in the second edition are located in the Midwestern United States, 24 in the Northeastern United States, 11 in the Southern United States, and six in the Western United States. "Hidden Ivies" discusses the college admissions process and attempts to evaluate 63 colleges in comparison to Ivy League colleges. The schools are examined based on academics, admissions process, financial aid, Document [30] (Title: University Athletic Association) Report's Best Colleges Rankings. Historically, the division was colloquially called the "egghead eight", or "nerdy nine" when Johns Hopkins was a member. This stems both from the academic strength of the member schools, and the fact that the conference prioritizes academic achievement over athletic prowess. All of the universities listed above are founding members except Brandeis, which joined shortly before official competition began in October 1987. Johns Hopkins University was a founding member, but no longer participates in the UAA. - Johns Hopkins had dual athletic conference membership with the Centennial Conference from 1992-93 to 2000-01, then the Blue Jays Document [31] (Title: Ivy League) Eastern Intercollegiate Baseball League; they were later joined by Harvard, Brown, Army and Navy. Before the formal establishment of the Ivy League, there was an "unwritten and unspoken agreement among certain Eastern colleges on athletic relations". The earliest reference to the "Ivy colleges" came in 1933, when Stanley Woodward of the New York Herald Tribune used it to refer to the eight current members plus Army. In 1935, the Associated Press reported on an example of collaboration between the schools: Despite such collaboration, the universities did not seem to consider the formation of the league as imminent. Romeyn Berry, Cornell's Document [32] (Title: Ivy League) Group Agreement to all intercollegiate sports, effective with the 1955–56 basketball season. This is generally reckoned as the formal formation of the Ivy League. As part of the transition, Brown, the only Ivy that hadn't joined the EIBL, did so for the 1954–55 season. A year later, the Ivy League absorbed the EIBL. The Ivy League claims the EIBL's history as its own. Through the EIBL, it is the oldest basketball conference in Division I. As late as the 1960s many of the Ivy League universities' undergraduate programs remained open only to men, with Cornell the only one to have Document [33] (Title: Big Three (colleges)) suspended as well. The Big Three made further formal agreements in 1916 and 1923, and although in part they have now been superseded by the Ivy League, formed in 1945, the three universities still sponsor events that involve only themselves. The first Big Three agreement in 1906 was the result of a conference on football called by President of the United States and Harvard alumnus Theodore Roosevelt in October 1905 as a result of deteriorating relations, caused once again by increasing violence of play, more recently between Harvard and Princeton. The agreement of June 1916, the Triple Agreement, was originally Document [34] (Title: Education in New York City) with the institution enrolling about half of all college students in New York City. The City University's alumni include Jonas Salk, Colin Powell, Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel. Columbia University, an Ivy League university founded in 1754 and currently located in Morningside Heights, Manhattan, is the fifth oldest institution of higher learning in the United States. Barnard College is an independent women's college, one of the original Seven Sisters, affiliated with Columbia. Through a reciprocal agreement, Barnard and Columbia students share classes, housing, and extracurricular activities, and Barnard graduates receive the degree of the University. New York University (NYU) is Document [35] (Title: Radcliffe College) yields of students admitted to Harvard, Yale and Princeton, and to comparable admissions competition posed by the increasing national popularity of co-ed Stanford, Harvard president Derek Bok reduced the admissions ratio of Harvard students to Radcliffe students from 4:1 to 5:2. That same year, several Harvard and Radcliffe dormitories began swapping students through an experimental program, and in 1972 full co-residence between the two colleges was instituted. The schools' departments of athletics merged shortly thereafter. By the late 1960s there were open discussions between Radcliffe and Harvard about complete merger of the two institutions—which in truth meant abolition of Radcliffe. Document [36] (Title: Project 985) world-renowned faculty and visiting scholars, and help Chinese faculty attend conferences abroad. In 2009, the original 9 founding member universities of Project 985 formed the C9 League, which is referred to as the Chinese equivalent of the US Ivy League. By the end of the second phase of the project, 39 universities were sponsored. It was announced in 2011 that the project has closed its doors, and no more new schools will be able to join in. In September 2017, a related plan called the Double First Class University Plan was announced. It was unclear whether this plan represents a Document [37] (Title: Ivy League) 2001. Harvard, Yale, Princeton and Penn each have over a dozen former scholar-athletes enshrined in the College Football Hall of Fame. Currently Dartmouth holds the record for most Ivy League football titles, with 18, followed closely by Harvard and Penn, each with 17 titles. In addition, the Ivy League has produced Super Bowl winners Kevin Boothe (Cornell), two-time Pro Bowler Zak DeOssie (Brown), Sean Morey (Brown), All-Pro selection Matt Birk (Harvard), Calvin Hill (Yale), Derrick Harmon (Cornell) and 1999 "Mr. Irrelevant" Jim Finn (Penn). Beginning with the 1982 football season, the Ivy League has competed in Division I-AA (renamed FCS Document [38] (Title: Columbia Lions) any other conference in the United States. All eight Ivy schools are listed in the top 20 NCAA Division I schools in number of sports offered for both men and women. Columbia University was founded in 1754 and currently fields 31 co-ed, men’s, and women’s teams. Women's teams are cooperatively organized with the affiliated Barnard College. All Columbia teams compete at the Division I level in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). The school's football team competes at the NCAA Division I FCS level. In 1910, the school adopted the lion mascot as a reference to the institution's royal past. Document [39] (Title: Ivy League) to refer to the Ancient Eight plus several other schools for purposes of alumni associations, university affiliations, or endowment comparisons. In his book "Untangling the Ivy League", Zawel writes, "The inclusion of non–Ivy League schools under this term is commonplace for some schools and extremely rare for others. Among these other schools, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Stanford University are almost always included. The University of Chicago and Duke University are often included as well." In their 2015 book "Acing Admissions", Mehta and Dixit write, "The ["Ivy Plus" schools] include, but are not limited to: Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Document [40] (Title: Public Ivy) University in 1959, was an admissions officer at Yale, and the director of admissions at Bowdoin College, University of California, Santa Cruz, and Vassar College. He traveled the nation examining higher education, and identified eight public institutions (the same as the number of Ivy League members) that he thought had the look and feel of an Ivy League university. In addition to academic excellence, other factors considered by Moll include appearance, age, and school traditions, as well as certain other Ivy League characteristics. The original Public Ivies as Moll listed them in 1985: Moll also offered in the same book Document [41] (Title: Ivy League) Cornell, Columbia, and Penn founded the Intercollegiate Rowing Association, which remains the oldest collegiate athletic organizing body in the US. To this day, the IRA Championship Regatta determines the national champion in rowing and all of the Ivies are regularly invited to compete. A basketball league was later created in 1902, when Columbia, Cornell, Harvard, Yale and Princeton formed the Eastern Intercollegiate Basketball League; they were later joined by Penn and Dartmouth. In 1906, the organization that eventually became the National Collegiate Athletic Association was formed, primarily to formalize rules for the emerging sport of football. But of the 39 Document [42] (Title: Princeton Tigers football) least 15,000 to qualify for I-A membership. This forced the conference’s hand, as only some of the member schools met the attendance qualification. Choosing to stay together rather than stand their ground separately in the increasingly competitive I-A subdivision, the Ivy League moved down into I-AA starting with the 1982 season. Despite often finishing its seasons ranked in the championship subdivision, Princeton cannot play in the NCAA Division I Football Championship per Ivy League rules. Since the formation of the Ivy League, Princeton has achieved moderate success on the gridiron, with eleven Ivy League championships, three outright and eight shared, Document [43] (Title: Southern Ivy) conference originated during the 1950s. Harvie Branscomb, then-chancellor at Vanderbilt University, originally attempted to establish a rivalry between Vanderbilt and traditional Ivy League schools to foster relationships with academically-oriented schools. The school followed through on this effort and played a game against Yale in October 1948. However, after the Vanderbilt Commodores shut out the Yale Bulldogs, 35-0, Yale said they no longer wanted to play Vanderbilt. This caused Branscomb to call a meeting with the presidents of other Southern private universities in the late 1950s—Southern Methodist University (SMU), Rice University, Duke University and Tulane University— where Branscomb suggested they try Document [44] (Title: Ivy League) Ivy League The Ivy League is an American collegiate athletic conference comprising sports teams from eight private universities in the Northeastern United States. The term "Ivy League" is typically used to refer to those eight schools as a group of elite colleges beyond the sports context. The eight members are Brown University, Columbia University, Cornell University, Dartmouth College, Harvard University, the University of Pennsylvania, Princeton University, and Yale University. "Ivy League" has connotations of academic excellence, selectivity in admissions, and social elitism. While the term was in use as early as 1933, it became official only after the formation of Document [45] (Title: College rowing (United States)) the best placed boat from an Ivy League school being crowned Ivy League Champion. Prior to the formation of the Mid-Atlantic Rowing Conference, the nine charter member schools — Bryn Mawr College, Franklin & Marshall College, Johns Hopkins University, Marietta College, the University of Mary Washington, North Park University, Richard Stockton College, Rutgers University–Camden, and Washington College — enjoyed an affiliation due to their annual competition at the Mid-Atlantic Division III Rowing Championships, formerly the Atlantic Collegiate League Sprints Championships. In late 2008, the rowing programs at the nine schools expressed a common desire to formalize their association in order Document [46] (Title: Grace Harlowe) O'Malley, and Jessica Bright. The four promote fair play and virtue while winning over troubled girls like Miriam Nesbit and Eleanor Savell, playing basketball, and founding sorority Phi Sigma Tau. The group becomes friends with boys in their acquaintance: David Nesbit, Tom Gray, Hippy Wingate, and Reddy Brooks, forming "The Eight Originals." "The College Girls Series" sees the friends part ways: Grace, Anne, and Miriam depart for Overton College, while Jessica and Nora attend a conservatory. The Eight Originals gather on holidays, but the seven College books focus on the three at Overton, along with new friends like J. Elfreda Document [47] (Title: Big Three (colleges)) Columbia, the University of Chicago and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) have ranked just as well or better than Harvard, Yale and Princeton and so have been included as academic peers. These seven universities have among the largest endowments, Harvard being the highest at $36 billion, and largest endowments per student, Princeton being the highest at $2.8 million per student. The Ivy plus Stanford and MIT placement rate also acts as a benchmark for high schools to measure how well it prepares its students for the college admissions process. The three colleges, when named together, are generally named in Document [48] (Title: Ivy League) the Ivy League schools have identifiable Protestant roots, while others were founded as non-sectarian schools. Church of England "King's College" broke up during the Revolution and was reformed as public nonsectarian Columbia College. In the early nineteenth century, the specific purpose of training Calvinist ministers was handed off to theological seminaries, but a denominational tone and such relics as compulsory chapel often lasted well into the twentieth century. Penn and Brown were officially founded as nonsectarian schools. Brown's charter promised no religious tests and "full liberty of conscience", but placed control in the hands of a board of twenty-two Baptists, Document [49] (Title: Stanley Woodward (editor)) "Ivy League", that distinction goes to Associated Press editor Alan J. Gould, who first used the name two years later. Woodward himself began using the reference in his own writings after it gained popularity. Eight of the nine universities mentioned in Woodward's 1933 column went on to form the Ivy League football conference, signing the "Ivy Group Agreement" for their programs in 1945, and expanding it to other sports nine years later. Only Army failed to join. Woodward was promoted to sports editor of the "Herald Tribune" upon the death of George Herbert Daley in 1938. He was described by Document [50] (Title: Cornell–Princeton lacrosse rivalry) 1996, 1997, 1998, 2001) and six pre-NCAA era national championships (1884, 1885, 1937, 1942, 1951, 1953). The most recent Ivy League title for each school was 2015 when they finished the regular season tied with Brown with identical 4-2 records. Although the two schools have a long rivalry, they did not oppose each other in postseason play until the quarterfinals of the 2009 NCAA Division I Men's Lacrosse Championship at Hofstra University's Shuart Stadium. Cornell won 6–4. In 2010, Princeton defeated Cornell 10–9 in the inaugural Ivy League lacrosse championship tournament and received the league's automatic berth to the 2010 Document [51] (Title: Ivy League) 2019 "U.S. News & World Report" global university rankings, three Ivies rank in the top ten (Harvard – 1st, Columbia – 8th, and Princeton – 9th) and six in the top twenty. Undergraduate-focused Ivies such as Brown University and Dartmouth College rank 99th and 197th, respectively. "U.S. News" has named a member of the Ivy League as the best national university in each of the past 18 years ending with the 2018 rankings: Princeton eleven times, Harvard twice, and the two schools tied for first five times. Undergraduate enrollments range from about 4,000 to 14,000, making them larger than those Document [52] (Title: Ivy League) Stanford University and Northwestern University. Besides selectivity, these Ivy Plus colleges are thought to share similar values around academic and professional excellence, intellectual curiosity, leadership and civil engagement." Ivy League The Ivy League is an American collegiate athletic conference comprising sports teams from eight private universities in the Northeastern United States. The term "Ivy League" is typically used to refer to those eight schools as a group of elite colleges beyond the sports context. The eight members are Brown University, Columbia University, Cornell University, Dartmouth College, Harvard University, the University of Pennsylvania, Princeton University, and Yale University. "Ivy League" has Document [53] (Title: Eastern Intercollegiate Basketball League) University, Cornell University, Harvard University, Princeton University, and Yale University. The league adopted the double round robin format that has since become standard for college basketball conferences, with each team hosting every other team once and in turn being hosted by all of the others once. Yale won the initial championship with a 5–3 record. The University of Pennsylvania was admitted to the league for the 1903–04 season, after securing temporary playing facilities. The championships during the first few years were evenly divided between Yale, Columbia, and Penn, with the Bulldogs winning three times, and the other two schools winning Document [54] (Title: Ivy League) the colonial era, together with the United States Military Academy (West Point), the United States Naval Academy, and a few others. These schools were known for their long-standing traditions in intercollegiate athletics, often being the first schools to participate in such activities. However, at this time, none of these institutions made efforts to form an athletic league. A common folk etymology attributes the name to the Roman numeral for four (IV), asserting that there was such a sports league originally with four members. The "Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins" helped to perpetuate this belief. The supposed "IV League" Document [55] (Title: Harvard Crimson men's ice hockey) in 1935–36, and leading the Crimson to a 15–1 record in 1936–37. The Quadrangular League was created for the 1933–34 with Harvard, Yale, Princeton and Dartmouth, the league is considered the predecessor to the Ivy League. In 1936, the Council of Ivy Group Presidents agreed on the formal formation of the League, however the agreement did not go into effect until the 1955–56 season. The program was suspended for two years during World War II but then returned to the ice for an abbreviated 1945–46 season. In 1950 Ralph "Cooney" Weiland became head coach, Weiland was a former NHL scoring Document [56] (Title: Ivy League) have produced many Nobel laureates, winners of the Nobel Prize and the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. According to the Nobel Foundation's website, the number of prize-winners affiliated with each Ivy League university at the time of their awards is: Brown, 2; Columbia, 17; Cornell, 8; Dartmouth, 0; Harvard, 36; Penn, 4; Princeton, 14; and Yale, 8. In addition, each university self-reports their number of affiliated Nobel laureates, but they use varying definitions for which Nobel winners they claim (for example, alumni, active faculty, former faculty, visiting faculty, adjunct faculty, etc.) Collaboration between the member schools is illustrated by Document [57] (Title: Big Three (colleges)) process. From the 1930s on, Big Three admissions became progressively more meritocratic, but still included non-academic factors such as “lineage.” Ivy League schools including Harvard, Yale and Princeton have in the past been regarded as the goals for many children in WASP circles. Some educators have attempted to discourage this fixation. Jay Mathews, author of "Harvard Schmarvard", addresses seniors obsessed with Ivy League schools with the analysis: “It does not matter where you go to school, it matters what you do when you get there and what you do after you graduate.” The "Big Three" schools: Princeton, Harvard and Yale Document [58] (Title: Seven Sisters (colleges)) two schools was completed. Since 1999, all undergraduate students have received diplomas bearing the seal of Harvard College, and identified as Harvard students. Radcliffe College no longer exists as an undergraduate institution, but Radcliffe class reunions take place at Harvard each year. The Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study was created following the merger in 1999, and today offers non-degree instruction and executive education programs. Barnard College has similarly been affiliated with Columbia University since its founding in 1888, but it continues to be independently governed. Mount Holyoke College and Smith College are also members of Pioneer Valley's Five Colleges consortium. Document [59] (Title: Harvard–Yale football rivalry) departments at Harvard, Yale and Princeton in 1906, 1916 (the "Three Presidents Agreements" on eligibility), and a revision of that agreement in 1923 have been considered precursors to the Ivy Group Agreement, each agreement addressing amateurism and college football. The Ivy Group Agreement, adopted in 1945, states for football, "the players be truly representative of the student body and not a group of special recruited and trained athletes." Harvard president Nathan Pusey and Yale president A. Whitney Griswold collaborated closely toward the eventual implementation of the Ivy League in 1954 with the "Agreement" extended to all sports. Round-robin play started Document [60] (Title: Sprint football) shifted its resources to club football. A number of other Ivy League schools have historically had sprint football teams, including the Yale Bulldogs, Harvard Crimson, and Columbia Lions, all of whom had dropped the sport many years earlier; of the Ivy League schools, only Penn and the Cornell Big Red remain. For its first 83 seasons, the CSFL did not sponsor playoff or bowl games (a tradition due in no small part to the Ivy League schools, who, like the rest of the Ivy League, abstain from all football postseason play to encourage academic performance). The season championship was decided Document [61] (Title: Big Three (colleges)) HPY, noted: More recently, Yale, Princeton and Harvard instituted no-loan financial aid policies which provide students with need-based aid from private funds held by the universities. This enables greater attendance from the poorer classes than Pell Grant statistics would indicate, since many recipients of university grants do not receive Pell Grants. The athletic agreements among the three universities were first formalized in 1906, although their football teams had been engaging in three-way competitions, which newspapers had been referring to as "HPY," since 1878. (Princeton and Yale first played in 1873, Harvard and Yale in 1875, with Harvard and Princeton first Document [62] (Title: Ivy League) "a philosophical enclave" and not a statement about class. Columnist Russell Baker opined that "Voters inclined to loathe and fear elite Ivy League schools rarely make fine distinctions between Yale and Harvard. All they know is that both are full of rich, fancy, stuck-up and possibly dangerous intellectuals who never sit down to supper in their undershirt no matter how hot the weather gets." Still, the last five presidents have all attended Ivy League schools for at least part of their education— George H. W. Bush (Yale undergrad), Bill Clinton (Yale Law School), George W. Bush (Yale undergrad, Harvard Business Document [63] (Title: Fordham Rams football) coach ever, played for Leahy on that famous "Granite" line. Additionally, Fordham is credited with inspiring the term "Ivy League" after "New York Herald Tribune" sportswriter Caswell Adams compared the Rams to Princeton and Yale, two powerhouses of the day. Adams remarked disparagingly of the latter two, that they were "only Ivy League" squads. Up until then what is now called the Ivy League was a loose collection of schools informally known as the Ancient Eight. Ironically, although Fordham shunned most Ivies during their glory years, since moving to the I-AA/FCS ranks in 1989, the bulk of the Rams' out Document [64] (Title: Ivy League) of a typical private liberal arts college and smaller than a typical public state university. Total enrollments, including graduate students, range from approximately 6,400 at Dartmouth to over 20,000 at Columbia, Cornell, Harvard, and Penn. Ivy League financial endowments range from Brown's $3.5 billion to Harvard's $34.5 billion, the largest financial endowment of any academic institution in the world. The Ivy League has drawn many comparisons to other elite grouping of universities in other nations such as Oxbridge and the Golden Triangle in the United Kingdom, C9 League in China, Group of Eight in Australia, and Imperial Universities in Japan. Document [65] (Title: Ivy League) original member colleges in the NCAA, only two of them (Dartmouth and Penn) later became Ivies. In February 1903, intercollegiate wrestling began when Yale accepted a challenge from Columbia, published in the Yale News. The dual meet took place prior to a basketball game hosted by Columbia and resulted in a tie. Two years later, Penn and Princeton also added wrestling teams, leading to the formation of the student-run Intercollegiate Wrestling Association, now the Eastern Intercollegiate Wrestling Association (EIWA), the first and oldest collegiate wrestling league in the US. In 1930, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Penn, Princeton and Yale formed the Document [66] (Title: Old Four) Canada's most venerable universities. Except for the University of Western Ontario, all were founded by Royal Charter during the British colonial era before Canadian Confederation. Historically, these schools have held intense rivalries in athletics. Today, the Old Four are all research universities and members of Canada's U15 Group of Canadian research universities. The Old Four was for several decades also a conference for Canadian football competition between these same four schools, but conference realignment, beginning in the early 1970s, has meant that it no longer exists in its original form. The Old Four schools are all public institutions unaffiliated with Document [67] (Title: Ivy League) was formed over a century ago and consisted of Harvard, Yale, Princeton, and a fourth school that varies depending on who is telling the story. However, it is clear that Harvard, Princeton, Yale and Columbia met on November 23, 1876 at the so-called Massasoit Convention to decide on uniform rules for the emerging game of American football, which rapidly spread. Seven out of the eight Ivy League schools were founded before the American Revolution; Cornell was founded just after the American Civil War. These seven were the primary colleges in the Northern and Middle Colonies, and their early faculties and Document [68] (Title: College and university rankings) account 21 factors which it categorizes as measures of educational quality, affordability, and alumni earnings. The rankings considered 1500 four-year colleges and reported the top ranking 736. In 2015, according to Money, the top five colleges are Stanford, Babson, MIT, Princeton, and Caltech. The Princeton Review annually asks students and parents what their dream college is, if cost and ability to get in were not factors. In 2016, for the fourth consecutive year, Stanford was the top "dream school" for both students and parents. Second and third places, in 2016, were taken by Harvard and New York University among students, Document [69] (Title: Black Ivy League) except for Tuskegee University, which began to receive Cooperative Extension funding in 1972. However, the Black Ivy League schools have received Part B federal aid under the Higher Education Act of 1965 as HBCUs. Black Ivy League The Black Ivy League is a colloquial term that at times referred to the historically black colleges in the United States that attracted the majority of high-performing and affluent African American students prior to the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s. Similar groups include: Public Ivies, Southern Ivies, and the Little Ivies, among others, none of which have canonical definitions. Generally, these schools Document [70] (Title: Colonial colleges) Colonial colleges The colonial colleges are nine institutions of higher education chartered in the Thirteen Colonies before the United States of America became a sovereign nation after the American Revolution. These nine have long been considered together, notably in the survey of their origins in the 1907 "The Cambridge History of English and American Literature". Seven of the nine colonial colleges are part of the Ivy League athletic conference: Harvard, Yale, Princeton, Columbia, University of Pennsylvania, Brown, and Dartmouth. (The eighth member of the Ivy League, Cornell University, was founded in 1865.) The two colonial colleges not in the Ivy Document [71] (Title: New England) out of eight Ivy League schools, New England contains the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Tufts University, four of the original Seven Sisters, the bulk of educational institutions that are identified as the "Little Ivies", one of the eight original Public Ivies, the Colleges of Worcester Consortium in central Massachusetts, and the Five Colleges consortium in western Massachusetts. The University of Maine, the University of New Hampshire, the University of Connecticut, the University of Massachusetts at Amherst, the University of Rhode Island, and the University of Vermont are the flagship state universities in the region. At the pre-college level, New Document [72] (Title: Old Four) any religion. Although three were founded as religious schools, they have all since become secular institutions. Note: The 2011 finals were cancelled due to field conditions. Old Four The Old Four is a soccer conference composed of four public institutions of higher education in Central Canada. The name is also an appellation for the four universities as a group, consisted of McGill University, Queen’s University, University of Toronto and University of Western Ontario. They are home to the original four soccer teams in Canadian collegiate athletics. The Old Four holds an annual exhibition tournament over the Labour Day weekend, although Document [73] (Title: History of Brown University) by providing instruction "in the Vernacular and Learned Languages, and in the liberal Arts and Sciences." The charter's language has long been interpreted by the university as discouraging the founding of a business school or law school. Brown continues to be one of only two Ivy League colleges with neither a business school nor a law school (the other being Princeton). The charter required that the makeup of the board of thirty-six trustees include twenty-two Baptists, five Friends, four Congregationalists, and five Church of England members, and by twelve Fellows, of whom eight, including the President, should be Baptists "and Document [74] (Title: Ivy League) founding boards were largely drawn from other Ivy League institutions. There were also some British graduates from the University of Cambridge, the University of Oxford, the University of St. Andrews, the University of Edinburgh, and elsewhere on their boards. Similarly, the founder of The College of William & Mary, in 1693, was a British graduate of the University of Edinburgh. Cornell provided Stanford University with its first president. The influence of these institutions on the founding of other colleges and universities is notable. This included the Southern public college movement which blossomed in the decades surrounding the turn of the Document [75] (Title: Ivy League) automatic bid. The Ivy League is one of only two Division I conferences which award their official basketball championships solely on regular-season results; the other is the Southeastern Conference. Since its inception, an Ivy League school has yet to win either the men's or women's Division I NCAA Basketball Tournament. On average, each Ivy school has more than 35 varsity teams. All eight are in the top 20 for number of sports offered for both men and women among Division I schools. Unlike most Division I athletic conferences, the Ivy League prohibits the granting of athletic scholarships; all scholarships awarded Document [76] (Title: Ivy League) the student-led Ivy Council that meets in the fall and spring of each year, with representatives from every Ivy League school. The governing body of the Ivy League is the Council of Ivy Group Presidents, composed of each university president. During meetings, the presidents often discuss common procedures and initiatives for the universities. The universities also collaborate academically through the IvyPlus Exchange program, which allows students to cross-register at one of the Ivies or one of the eligible schools, which include the University of California at Berkeley, University of Chicago, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Stanford University. Different fashion Document [77] (Title: Harvard Crimson baseball) 1979. Another future Major Leaguer, Jeff Musselman, was the 1985 EIBL Pitcher of the Year. During the tenure of Leigh Hogan (1991–1995), the EIBL folded, and the Ivy League began sponsoring baseball. Several northeast schools had formed the Patriot League in 1986, and the two non-Ivy members of the EIBL, Army and Navy, had joined the league in other sports– Army in 1990–1991 and Navy in 1991–1992. Both schools' baseball programs played their last seasons in the EIBL in 1992. Beginning with the 1993 season, the Ivy League sponsored baseball. Its eight teams competed in two four-team divisions: Harvard, Dartmouth, Document [78] (Title: Rankings of universities in the United States) the 2005 methodology). A "New York Times" article reported that, given the "U.S. News" weighting methodology, "it's easy to guess who's going to end up on top: the Big Three, Harvard, Yale and Princeton round out the first three essentially every year. When asked how he knew his system was sound, Mel Elfin, the rankings' founder, often answered that he knew it because those three schools always landed on top. When a new lead statistician, Amy Graham, changed the formula in 1999 to one she considered more statistically valid, the California Institute of Technology jumped to first place. Ms. Graham Document [79] (Title: Black Ivy League) agreement as to which schools are included in the "Black Ivy League", and sources list different possible members. The 1984 book "Blacks in Colleges" by Dr. Jacqueline Fleming, states that "... schools that make up the 'Black Ivy league' [include] Fisk, Morehouse, Spelman, Dillard, Howard, Clark Atlanta, Hampton, Tuskegee." Fleming further notes that, "[t]he presence of Black Ivy League colleges pull the best and most privileged black students... [A]ll seven are unique schools, with little overlap among them." Bill Maxwell, in a 2003 series on Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs), coincides with Fleming in describing the Black Ivy League Document [80] (Title: Hunter College High School) (e.g. Stuyvesant = 22:1). Nearly 99% of Hunter's classes of 2002 through 2005 went directly to college, and about 25% of these students accepted admission into an Ivy League school. "Worth" reported that 9.4% of Hunter's classes of 1998 through 2001 attended Harvard, Yale or Princeton (the highest rate of any public school in the United States). In 2006–2007, 73 of the graduating seniors were accepted into at least one Ivy League school, constituting approximately 40% of the whole class. In the graduating class of 2015, out of about 190 students, Hunter received 89 total acceptances from the Ivy League, Document [81] (Title: Black Ivy League) Nashville, Tennessee, and Los Angeles, California. , these four medical schools "reportedly account[ed] for more than half of all Black medical school graduates" in the United States. Tuskegee has had a School of Veterinary Medicine since the 1930s and began awarding PhDs in the 1980s. Regarding extension and outreach, many of the HBCUs which are not in the Black Ivy League are land grant universities, founded in response to the Second Morrill Act of 1890. As a result, those institutions receive annual federal and state appropriations to conduct extension activities, which are not available to the Black Ivy League schools, Document [82] (Title: Ivy League) was formally designated as "Ivy Day" in 1874. Ivy planting ceremonies are reported for Yale, Simmons, Bryn Mawr and many others. Princeton's "Ivy Club" was founded in 1879. The first usage of "Ivy" in reference to a group of colleges is from sportswriter Stanley Woodward (1895–1965). The first known instance of the term "Ivy League" being used appeared in "The Christian Science Monitor" on February 7, 1935. Several sportswriters and other journalists used the term shortly later to refer to the older colleges, those along the northeastern seaboard of the United States, chiefly the nine institutions with origins dating from Document [83] (Title: Little Ivies) Liberty League, Patriot League and the Centennial Conference. Among the Little Ivies are the "Little Three", a term used by Amherst College, Wesleyan University and Williams College, and "Maine Big Three", a term used by Colby College, Bates College and Bowdoin College. The term is inspired by the "Big Three" Ivy League athletic rivalry between Harvard, Princeton, and Yale despite there being no academic, athletic or historical relationship between the liberal arts colleges and the Ivy League universities. Amherst College, Wesleyan University and Williams College joined Bowdoin College to found the New England Small College Athletic Conference (NESCAC) in 1971 Document [84] (Title: Princeton University) Princeton University Princeton University is a private Ivy League research university in Princeton, New Jersey. Founded in 1746 in Elizabeth as the College of New Jersey, Princeton is the fourth-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and one of the nine colonial colleges chartered before the American Revolution. The institution moved to Newark in 1747, then to the current site nine years later, and renamed Princeton University in 1896. Princeton provides undergraduate and graduate instruction in the humanities, social sciences, natural sciences, and engineering. It offers professional degrees through the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Document [85] (Title: History of Harvard University) Radcliffe College, established in 1879 as sister school of Harvard College, became one of the most prominent schools for women in the United States. In the 1920s Edward Harkness (1874–1940), a Yale man with oil wealth, was ignored by his alma mater and so gave $12,000,000 to Harvard to establish a house system like that of Oxford University. Yale later took his money and set up a similar system. In addition to the usual department, specialized research centers proliferated, especially to enable interdisciplinary research projects that could not be handled at the department level. However, the departments kept jealous control Document [86] (Title: Harvard Crimson football) undefeated seasons from 1912 to 1914, including two perfect seasons in 1912 and 1913. The NCAA decided to split Division I into two subdivisions in 1978, then called I-A for larger schools, and I-AA for the smaller ones. The NCAA had devised the split, in part, with the Ivy League in mind, but the conference did not move down for four seasons despite the fact that there were many indications that the ancient eight were on the wrong side of an increasing disparity between the big and small schools. In 1982, the NCAA created a rule that stated a program's Document [87] (Title: Education in the United States) apply to these schools gain admission. Included among the top 20 institutions identified by ARWU in 2009 are six of the eight schools in the Ivy League; 4 of the 10 schools in the University of California system (Berkeley, Los Angeles, San Diego and San Francisco); the private Universities of Stanford, Chicago, and Johns Hopkins; the public Universities of Washington and Wisconsin; and the Massachusetts and California Institutes of Technology. Also renowned within the United States are the so-called Little Ivies and a number of prestigious liberal arts colleges. Certain public universities (sometimes referred to as Public Ivies) are also Document [88] (Title: Black Ivy League) distinct disadvantage. Today, many of these institutions are struggling to keep pace with white institutions in terms of course offerings, facilities, athletics, and student services." Yet, Black Ivy League schools enroll more black National Merit Scholars than elite traditional schools, such as Harvard, Yale, and Stanford, perhaps because these students have financial aid independent of the school they attend. As reported by the "Washington Post", "Top-tier schools—including Howard, Hampton University, and Spelman and Morehouse colleges—vie with Harvard and Princeton for top black students and faculty." Since the 1960s, the Ivy League has actively recruited blacks who now play prominent roles Document [89] (Title: Ivy League) the NCAA tournament bid, then rebounded to win outright championships in 2012, 2013, and 2014. Harvard also won the 2013 Great Alaska Shootout, defeating TCU to become the only Ivy League school to win the now-defunct tournament. Rivalries exist between other Ivy league teams in other sports, including Cornell and Harvard in hockey, Harvard and Princeton in swimming, and Harvard and Penn in football (Penn and Harvard have won 28 Ivy League Football Championships since 1982, Penn-16; Harvard-12). During that time Penn has had 8 undefeated Ivy League Football Championships and Harvard has had 6 undefeated Ivy League Football Championships. Document [90] (Title: Ivy League) and Barnard College entered into an athletic consortium agreement by which students from both schools compete together on Columbia University women's athletic teams, which replaced the women's teams previously sponsored by Barnard. When Army and Navy departed the Eastern Intercollegiate Baseball League in 1992, all intercollegiate competition involving the eight schools became united under the Ivy League banner. The Ivy League schools are highly selective, with acceptance rates since 2018 being 10% or less at each of the universities. Admitted students come from around the world, although students from New England and the Northeastern United States make up a significant Document [91] (Title: Seven Sisters (colleges)) Seven Sisters (colleges) The Seven Sisters was a name given to seven liberal arts colleges in the Northeastern United States that are historically women's colleges. Five of the seven institutions continue to offer all-female undergraduate programs: Barnard College, Bryn Mawr College, Mount Holyoke College, Smith College, and Wellesley College. Vassar College has been co-educational since 1969. Radcliffe College shared common and overlapping history with Harvard College from the time it was founded as "the Harvard Annex" in 1879. Harvard and Radcliffe effectively merged in 1977, but Radcliffe continued to be the sponsoring college for women at Harvard until its dissolution Document [92] (Title: Eight Schools Association) compose the Eight Schools Athletic Council. Like their counterpart administrators, faculty, and students, they meet to share information and organize ESA sports events and tournaments. The inaugural tournament of the institutionalized ESA took place on December 2, 2007, when Northfield Mount Hermon hosted the "Eight Schools Wrestling Jamboree". Two weeks later Choate and Hotchkiss were venues of the boys and girls basketball "Eight Schools Holiday Tournament", December 15–16. Neither event saw the full participation of all eight schools. St. Paul's hosted the "Eight Schools Holiday Basketball Classic," December 18–19, 2009. It will be remembered that the Ivy League began in Document [93] (Title: St. Albans School (Washington, D.C.)) out of its 75 graduates, or 33%, to an Ivy league School, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the University of Chicago, or Stanford, making its matriculation one of the best in the country. The class of 2013 similarly fared well, with 21 graduates attending Ivy League schools or Stanford and 2 each attending the University of Chicago and the United States Military Academy. From the 76 member class of 2014, 16 headed to the Ivy League, 2 to Stanford, 1 to Duke, and 4 to the University of Chicago. As of 2015, St. Albans students had the highest average SAT scores Document [94] (Title: Ivy League) 19th century when Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina and Virginia established what became the flagship universities for each of these states. In 1801, a majority of the first board of trustees for what became the University of South Carolina were Princeton alumni. They appointed Jonathan Maxcy, a Brown graduate, as the university's first president. Thomas Cooper, an Oxford alumnus and University of Pennsylvania faculty member, became the second president of the South Carolina college. The founders of the University of California came from Yale, hence the school colors of University of California are Yale Blue and California Gold. Some of Document [95] (Title: Black Ivy League) institutions as being "Howard University, Hampton University, Spelman College, Fisk University, Morehouse College, Tuskegee University and Dillard University." The "North Star" News described "Howard, Fisk, Hampton, Morehouse, Morgan, Tuskegee, and Cheyney ... as the equivalent of a Black Ivy League." Lincoln University in Pennsylvania has also been mentioned as being included in the group. In 1976, the "Chicago Tribune" included "Morehouse, Atlanta University, Morris Brown, Gannon, Clark and Spelman..." The actual Ivy League is an eight-member athletic conference. At one point in history, some of these institutions debated forming a Black Ivy League athletic conference without reaching an agreement. Although Document [96] (Title: Rutgers University) called the College of New Jersey). The four schools met at the Fifth Avenue Hotel in Manhattan on October 19, 1873, to establish a set of rules governing their intercollegiate competition, and particularly to codify the new game of football. Although invited, Harvard chose not to attend. In the early years of intercollegiate athletics, the schools that participated in these athletic events were located solely in the American Northeast. However, by the turn of the 20th century, colleges and universities across the United States began to participate. Rutgers University is referred to as "the birthplace of college football" as the Document [97] (Title: Old Four) Old Four The Old Four is a soccer conference composed of four public institutions of higher education in Central Canada. The name is also an appellation for the four universities as a group, consisted of McGill University, Queen’s University, University of Toronto and University of Western Ontario. They are home to the original four soccer teams in Canadian collegiate athletics. The Old Four holds an annual exhibition tournament over the Labour Day weekend, although the teams do not accumulate points toward the regular season of the Canadian Interuniversity Sport competition. As the name suggests, the Old Four schools are among Document [98] (Title: Ivy League) five Quakers, four Congregationalists, and five Episcopalians. Cornell has been strongly nonsectarian from its founding. "Ivy League" is sometimes used as a way of referring to an elite class, even though institutions such as Cornell University were among the first in the United States to reject racial and gender discrimination in their admissions policies. This dates back to at least 1935. Novels and memoirs attest this sense, as a social elite; to some degree independent of the actual schools. After the Second World War, the present Ivy League institutions slowly widened their selection of their students. They had always had Document [99] (Title: History of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology) filed an antitrust suit against MIT and the eight Ivy League colleges in 1991 for holding "Overlap Meetings" to prevent bidding wars over promising students from consuming funds for need-based scholarships. While the Ivy League institutions settled, MIT contested the charges on the grounds that the practice was not anticompetitive because it ensured the availability of aid for the greatest number of students. MIT ultimately prevailed when the Justice Department dropped the case in 1994. In 2001, the Environmental Protection Agency sued MIT for violating Clean Water Act and Clean Air Act with regard to its hazardous waste storage and Document [100] (Title: Princeton University) "Cherokee Advocate", graduated in 1844. Princeton University Princeton University is a private Ivy League research university in Princeton, New Jersey. Founded in 1746 in Elizabeth as the College of New Jersey, Princeton is the fourth-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and one of the nine colonial colleges chartered before the American Revolution. The institution moved to Newark in 1747, then to the current site nine years later, and renamed Princeton University in 1896. Princeton provides undergraduate and graduate instruction in the humanities, social sciences, natural sciences, and engineering. It offers professional degrees through the Woodrow Wilson School Document [101] (Title: Harvard–Yale football rivalry) in 1956 for football among programs representing Brown University, Columbia University, Cornell University, Dartmouth College, Harvard University, Princeton University, University of Pennsylvania, and Yale University. † The 1881 game is recognized by both teams as a Yale victory due to four fewer safeties. ‡ Hosted ESPN's College Gameday. All games since 1956 are Ivy League contests. Regular season overtime was introduced for Division I-AA in 1981 and was used in the 2005 game. The contests are hosted in stadiums listed on the U.S. National Register of Historical Places and are U.S. National Historic Landmarks. They are among the oldest gridiron Document [102] (Title: Rutgers Scarlet Knights) University, Columbia University and long-time rival, Princeton University (then called "The College of New Jersey"). The four schools met at the Fifth Avenue Hotel in Manhattan on October 19, 1873 to establish a set of rules governing their intercollegiate competition, and particularly to codify the new game of football. Though invited, Harvard chose not to attend. In the early years of intercollegiate athletics, the circle of schools that participated in these athletic events were located solely in the American Northeast. However, by the turn of the century, colleges and universities across the United States began to participate. The first intercollegiate Document [103] (Title: Ivy Rugby Conference) commercial sponsors. Sponsors have included H2H, Royall Lyme and Boathouse Sports. The Ivy League schools have a rich rugby tradition that pre-dates the formation of the Ivy conference. The eight Ivy League schools competed in the Ivy Rugby Championship Tournament from 1969 until the Ivy Rugby Conference was formed in 2009. The Ivy Rugby logo was developed in 2005. In addition to the traditional 15-a-side rugby union competition, the teams play yearly for the Ivy Rugby 7s Championship held the first Saturday in November. Ivy Rugby Conference The Ivy Rugby Conference is an annual rugby union competition played among the Document [104] (Title: Big Three (colleges)) In 1908, Scotsman Robert Knox Risk wrote the following about the state of American universities during the early 20th century. Edward Digby Baltzell wrote: "The three major upper-class institutions in America have been Harvard, Yale, and Princeton." These colleges have, in the past, been set apart from others by a special historic connection with the White-Anglo-Saxon Protestant (WASP) establishment. Of the three, Princeton University was traditionally the preferred choice of the Southern upper class. While describing the recruiting process for The Rough Riders, Theodore Roosevelt, mentioned the Ivy League schools including Harvard, Yale and Princeton as target schools. The "Saturday Document [105] (Title: History of Princeton University) Three' relationship of the time. Harvard's actions were based on the fact that games with Princeton had been marred by fights and roughness. During the 1930s, the 'Big Three' was restored, and in 1939 it was enlarged to the Ivy League. During World War II the student body of Princeton University became almost entirely military as the result of Reserve Officer Training Corps mobilization, the Navy V-7 and V-12 programs, and the Army Specialized Training Program. Wartime changes opened Princeton to the larger world and brought it into the mainstream of American society. From their beginnings Harvard, Yale and Princeton Document [106] (Title: Big Three (colleges)) Big Three (colleges) The Big Three is a historical term used in the United States to refer to Harvard University, Yale University, and Princeton University. The phrase Big Three originated in the 1880s, when these three colleges dominated college football. In 1906, these schools formed a sports compact that formalized a three-way football competition which began in 1878. This early agreement predated the Ivy League by exactly half a century. The rivalry remains intense today, though the three schools are no longer national football powerhouses, and schools continue to refer to their intercollegiate competitions as "Big Three" or "Harvard-Princeton-Yale" meets. Document [107] (Title: Ivy League) distinguished faculties; some of the first Americans with doctorates had taught for them; but they now decided that they could not both be world-class research institutions and be competitive in the highest ranks of American college sport; in addition, the schools experienced the scandals of any other big-time football programs, although more quietly. The first formal athletic league involving eventual Ivy League schools (or any US colleges, for that matter) was created in 1870 with the formation of the Rowing Association of American Colleges. The RAAC hosted a de facto national championship in rowing during the period 1870–1894. In 1895, Question: what are the four original ivy league schools Answer: Harvard, Princeton, Yale and Columbia Long Answer: A common folk etymology attributes the name to the Roman numeral for four (IV), asserting that there was such a sports league originally with four members . The Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins helped to perpetuate this belief . The supposed "IV League" was formed over a century ago and consisted of Harvard, Yale, Princeton, and a fourth school that varies depending on who is telling the story . However, it is clear that Harvard, Princeton, Yale and Columbia met on November 23, 1876 at the so - called Massasoit Convention to decide on uniform rules for the emerging game of American football, which rapidly spread. Gold Document ID: 67

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Private School League) Country Day. Morgan Park Academy had joined in 1960, however, it was included with the six teams that exited the conference and with Chicago Harvard leaving the conference in 1962, it left the league with a total of seven teams at the beginning of the 1967 school year. North Park Academy departed the conference in 1969, Wheaton Academy left in 1971, however, to replace them, Little Flower Academy and Providence Catholic High School were added in 1971. Aurora Central Catholic High School was added in 1973 when Little Flower Academy closed keeping the league at seven members as the 1970's Document [2] (Title: Ivy League) been coeducational from its founding (1865) and Columbia being the last (1983) to become coeducational. Before they became coeducational, many of the Ivy schools maintained extensive social ties with nearby Seven Sisters women's colleges, including weekend visits, dances and parties inviting Ivy and Seven Sisters students to mingle. This was the case not only at Barnard College and Radcliffe College, which are adjacent to Columbia and Harvard, but at more distant institutions as well. The movie "Animal House" includes a satiric version of the formerly common visits by Dartmouth men to Massachusetts to meet Smith and Mount Holyoke women, a Document [3] (Title: Princeton Day School) seniors, a third were honored as semi-finalists or commended scholars in the National Merit Scholarship Program. In the five years through 2018, the most common schools for members of the PDS graduating classes were Duke University (10), Princeton University (15), Lehigh University (12), University of Chicago (11), New York University (21) and Boston College (10). The school is a member of the National Association of Independent Schools, New Jersey Association of Independent Schools and the Association of Delaware Valley Independent Schools. Founded in 1899, Miss Fine's School in Princeton prepared girls for college with a curriculum including English, French, Latin, Document [4] (Title: Big Three (colleges)) proposed by President and Princeton alumnus Woodrow Wilson in December 1909 out of a desire to reduce injuries, and took several years to come to fruition, resulting in common eligibility requirements. The Three Presidents' Agreement addendum of January 1923 covered financial arrangements, scouting and scholarships, among other things. In 1926, tensions arose once more after Princeton had shut out Harvard for three consecutive games by a cumulative score of 82-0. This led to a hiatus in games between Harvard and Princeton which caused Big Three competition to be suspended for eight years, although Yale continued to play both opponents during Document [5] (Title: Big Three (colleges)) are often rated among the top three institutions in the National Universities category along with Columbia, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the University of Chicago. Over the past eighteen years ending with the 2018 rankings, "U.S. News" has named as the best national university Princeton eleven times, Harvard twice and the two schools tied for first five times. In the current 2019 "U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges Ranking", Princeton is ranked first; Harvard is second; Columbia is third, tied with Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Yale, and the University of Chicago. In recent years, Stanford as well as Document [6] (Title: Eastern Intercollegiate Basketball League) under the leadership of Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Famer Ralph Morgan, with Columbia, Cornell, Penn, Princeton, and Yale participating. Dartmouth College joined the conference in 1911–12; Yale dropped out in 1912–13, but returned the following year. The conference remained stable at six teams from 1913–14 until 1932–33 (with a one-year suspension in 1918–19 for World War I). Columbia and Cornell were successful early in this period, with the Lions winning two championships, the Big Red one, and both sharing a fourth (the only time a first-place tie was not broken by a playoff game). The late teens and early Document [7] (Title: Ivy League) these institutions maintain in basketball, baseball and track." However, they noted that the league "has such promising possibilities that it may not be dismissed and must be the subject of further consideration." In 1945 the presidents of the eight schools signed the first "Ivy Group Agreement", which set academic, financial, and athletic standards for the football teams. The principles established reiterated those put forward in the Harvard-Yale-Princeton Presidents' Agreement of 1916. The Ivy Group Agreement established the core tenet that an applicant's ability to play on a team would not influence admissions decisions: In 1954, the presidents extended the Ivy Document [8] (Title: Ivy Council) respective campuses. In May-June 2008, then-President Bing Chen (Penn '09) and then-VP External Affairs Sue Yang (Columbia '10) facilitated two dozen student government Presidents and student journalists to travel to Beijing, Wuhan, and Shanghai for the first Ivy League student delegation through mainland China. The American students held a dialogue with their Chinese peers on international student relations at Peking University, and met with Chinese leaders. In 2015, in its seventh year, brought a delegation of 8 Chinese students from the top universities in China, who visited the Ivy League Universities and continued with the goal of international cultural exchange. Document [9] (Title: 2010–13 Big East Conference realignment) the entire balance of over $110 million left in the NCAA National Tournament prize pool accumulated by the Big East in prior years. The FBS schools retained the charter of the original 1979–2012 Big East Conference, starting the 2013 academic year under the new name of American Athletic Conference. The Big East was founded in 1979 by seven universities in the Northeastern United States—Boston College (BC), Connecticut (UConn), Georgetown, Providence, St. John's, Seton Hall, and Syracuse. The seven founders consisted of five Catholic institutions, one private but secular university (Syracuse) and one public school (UConn). More significantly, only two of Document [10] (Title: ECAC Hockey) Ivy League schools were potentially leaving the conference and disagreements over schedule length versus academics caused Boston University, Boston College, Providence, Northeastern and New Hampshire to decide to leave the ECAC to form what would become Hockey East, which began play in the 1984–85 season. By that fall, Maine also departed the ECAC for the new conference. This left the ECAC with twelve teams (Army, Brown, Clarkson, Colgate, Cornell, Dartmouth, Harvard, Princeton, RPI, St. Lawrence, Vermont, and Yale). Army would stay in the conference until the end of the 1990–91 season, at which point they became independent (they now play Document [11] (Title: Ivy League) drive of more than two hours. As noted by Irene Harwarth, Mindi Maline, and Elizabeth DeBra, "The 'Seven Sisters' was the name given to Barnard, Smith, Mount Holyoke, Vassar, Bryn Mawr, Wellesley, and Radcliffe, because of their parallel to the Ivy League men's colleges." In 1982 the Ivy League considered adding two members, with Army, Navy, and Northwestern as the most likely candidates; if it had done so, the league could probably have avoided being moved into the recently created Division I-AA (now Division I FCS) for football. In 1983, following the admission of women to Columbia College, Columbia University Document [12] (Title: Big Three (colleges)) the order Harvard, Yale, and Princeton or Harvard, Princeton and Yale . The Harvard, Yale, and Princeton order is the one in which they were founded — 1636, 1701, and 1746, respectively. Over the past half-century, the 'Big Three', and the rest of the Ivy League, have increasingly stressed both diversity and academic merit in their admissions process, and have dissociated themselves from some of their WASP roots. Notwithstanding, a certain lack in economic diversity persists at the three colleges. As Jerome Karabel, a Harvard graduate and the author of "The Chosen" detailing the history of the admissions process at Document [13] (Title: U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges Ranking) the Big Three, Harvard, Yale and Princeton round out the first three essentially every year. When asked how he knew his system was sound, Mel Elfin, the rankings' founder, often answered that he knew it because those three schools always landed on top. When a new lead statistician, Amy Graham, changed the formula in 1999 to one she considered more statistically valid, the California Institute of Technology jumped to first place. Ms. Graham soon left, and a modified system pushed Princeton back to No. 1 the next year." A 2010 study by the University of Michigan found that university rankings Document [14] (Title: Seven Sisters (colleges)) in 1999. Barnard College was Columbia University's women's liberal arts undergraduate college until its all-male coordinate school Columbia College went co-ed in 1983; to this day, Barnard continues to be an all-women's undergraduate college affiliated with Columbia. All seven schools were founded between 1837 and 1889. Four are in Massachusetts, two are in New York, and one is in Pennsylvania. Irene Harwarth, Mindi Maline, and Elizabeth DeBra note that "Independent nonprofit women’s colleges, which included the 'Seven Sisters', were founded to provide educational opportunities to women equal to those available to men and were geared toward women who wanted to Document [15] (Title: Big Three (colleges)) that period. More than 150 years ago, Union College was one of the Big Four along with Harvard, Yale and Princeton. Student attrition due to the Civil War and a scandal over college finances led to a decline at Union that caused it to lose ground and drop from the Big Four. Big Three (colleges) The Big Three is a historical term used in the United States to refer to Harvard University, Yale University, and Princeton University. The phrase Big Three originated in the 1880s, when these three colleges dominated college football. In 1906, these schools formed a sports compact Document [16] (Title: Ivy League) the NCAA Division I athletic conference in 1954. Seven of the eight schools were founded during the colonial period (Cornell was founded in 1865), and thus account for seven of the nine Colonial Colleges chartered before the American Revolution. Ivy League schools are generally viewed as some of the most prestigious, and are ranked among the best universities worldwide by "U.S. News & World Report". All eight universities place in the top fourteen of the 2019 "U.S. News & World Report" national university rankings, including four Ivies in the top three (Columbia and Yale are tied for third). In the Document [17] (Title: Ivy League) president to graduate from college, graduating from Harvard in 1755. Students of the Ivy League largely hail from the Northeast, largely from the New York City, Boston, and Philadelphia areas. As all eight Ivy League universities are within the Northeast, it is no surprise that most graduates end up working and residing in the Northeast after graduation. An unscientific survey of Harvard seniors from the Class of 2013 found that 42% hailed from the Northeast and 55% overall were planning on working and residing in the Northeast. Boston and New York City are traditionally where many Ivy League graduates end Document [18] (Title: Ivy League) proportion of students. In the most recent academic year, seven of the eight Ivy League schools reported record-high application numbers; seven also reported record-low acceptance rates. Members of the League have been highly ranked by various university rankings. In addition to the broad rankings listed in the accompanying chart, several Ivy League schools are highly ranked in the current "2018 US News & World Report" assessment of Best Undergraduate Teaching: 1. Princeton; 2. Dartmouth; 3. Brown; 10. Yale. The "Wall Street Journal" rankings place all eight of the universities within the top 20 in the country. Further, Ivy League members Document [19] (Title: Ivy League) These counterparts are often referred to in the American media as the "Ivy League" of their respective nations. Additionally, groupings of schools use the "Ivy" nomenclature to denote a perceived comparability, such as American liberal arts colleges (Little Ivies), lesser known schools (Hidden Ivies), public universities (Public Ivies), and schools in the Southern United States (Southern Ivies). Ivy League universities have some of the largest university financial endowments in the world, which allows the universities to provide many resources for their academic programs and research endeavors. , Harvard University has an endowment of $37.1 billion, the highest of any US Document [20] (Title: Yale Bulldogs football) 1978, then called I-A for larger schools, and I-AA for the smaller ones. The NCAA had devised the split, in part, with the Ivy League in mind, but the conference did not move down for four seasons despite the fact that there were many indications that the ancient eight were on the wrong side of an increasing disparity between the big and small schools. In 1982, the NCAA created a rule that stated a program's average attendance must be at least 15,000 to qualify for I-A membership. This forced the conference's hand, as only some of the member schools met Document [21] (Title: History of Harvard University) where the "Great White Quadrangle" or HMS Quad with its five white marble buildings was established. The reputation continued to grow into the 20th century, especially in terms of scientific research and support from regional and national elites. Fifteen scientists won the Nobel Prize for work done at the Medical School. Its four major flagship teaching hospitals are Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston Children's Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital. The Harvard Law School was established in 1817, making it the oldest continuously operating law school in the nation. It was a small operation and grew Document [22] (Title: Black Ivy League) State University are located in the Mid-Atlantic states. Each of these institutions are co-educational with the exception of Morehouse College, which is an all-male institution and Spelman College, an all-female institution. All institutions are currently accredited by such organizations as the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools and Southern Association of Colleges and Schools. The founding of two historic members, Lincoln and Cheyney University of Pennsylvania, predates the Civil War. The remaining members were founded in the late 19th century except for Xavier University of Louisiana, founded in 1915 by the Catholic Church. During the relevant time period, these Document [23] (Title: Ivy League) in 1937. Yale and Columbia previously fielded teams in the league but no longer do so. The Ivy League is home to some of the oldest college rugby teams in the United States. Although these teams are not "varsity" sports, they compete annually in the Ivy Rugby Conference. The table above includes the number of team championships won from the beginning of official Ivy League competition (1956–57 academic year) through 2016-17. Princeton and Harvard have on occasion won ten or more Ivy League titles in a year, an achievement accomplished 10 times by Harvard and 24 times by Princeton, including Document [24] (Title: Princeton Tigers men's lacrosse) Harvard. Between 1967 and 1992 Princeton won no Ivy League championships, while Cornell was the dominant conference power. Until the 1990s, Princeton played at Finney Field. Princeton won seven more Ivy League championships in the 1990s including perfect 6–0 records in 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998 and 1999. 1997 is regarded as the best in school history with a record number of wins during its 15–0 season and 10 All-Americans plus 13 All-Ivy League selections. Including the 2010 season, Princeton has earned 25 Ivy League championships, the only Ivy League tournament championship to date, 19 NCAA Division I Championship appearances, Document [25] (Title: Ivy League) manager of athletics, reported the situation in January 1936 as follows: Within a year of this statement and having held month-long discussions about the proposal, on December 3, 1936, the idea of "the formation of an Ivy League" gained enough traction among the undergraduate bodies of the universities that the "Columbia Daily Spectator", "The Cornell Daily Sun", "The Dartmouth", "The Harvard Crimson", "The Daily Pennsylvanian", "The Daily Princetonian" and the "Yale Daily News" would simultaneously run an editorial entitled "Now Is the Time", encouraging the seven universities to form the league in an effort to preserve the ideals of athletics. Document [26] (Title: Three Rivers Conference (Illinois)) Rivers Conference. In early 2012, it was announced that Orion, Rockridge, Sherrard, all former members of the Olympic Conference, and Princeton accepted an invitation for full membership in the Three Rivers Conference at the start of the 2013-14 school year. These four schools, along with Hall, Kewanee, and St. Bede Academy make up the seven teams in the newly created South Division. The North Division includes Amboy-La Moille, Bureau Valley, Erie-Prophetstown, Fulton, Morrison, Newman Central Catholic, and Riverdale. The decision to create a geographical North-South alignment was based upon a desire to maintain existing rivalries and minimize travel times. The Document [27] (Title: White Anglo-Saxon Protestant) about World War II, Ivy League universities were composed largely of WASP students. As some of the nation's top colleges and universities, they still continue to be the university of choice for WASP families today. The Big Three (Harvard, Yale and Princeton universities) have traditionally been the top three universities of choice for WASP families. Admission to these colleges and universities is based on academic merit, but there is nonetheless a certain preference for "legacy" alumni. Students can form connections which carry over to the influential spheres of finance, culture, and politics. Many alumni from these schools go on to Document [28] (Title: Big Three (colleges)) Review" found in 1963 that Harvard, Yale, and Princeton enrolled 45% of boys on the New York Social Register. That year Nathaniel Burt described the social prestige of the Big Three: Burt continued, "Every city sends or has sent its Socially Registered sons to Harvard, Yale, and Princeton, in some preferred order, and to one local institution. This order varies. New York sets the pattern with Yale first, Harvard second, Princeton third, then Columbia. St. Louis and Baltimore are Princeton towns. Most other cities (Chicago, Cleveland, Cincinnati) are Yale towns. Only Boston, and occasionally Washington, are Harvard towns." The connection Document [29] (Title: Hidden Ivies) universities that emulate them. "The Hidden Ivies: 50 Top Colleges - From Amherst to Williams - That Rival the Ivy League", the second edition of the guide published in 2009, evaluates 50 "renowned academic institutions." Nine of the 50 schools in the second edition are located in the Midwestern United States, 24 in the Northeastern United States, 11 in the Southern United States, and six in the Western United States. "Hidden Ivies" discusses the college admissions process and attempts to evaluate 63 colleges in comparison to Ivy League colleges. The schools are examined based on academics, admissions process, financial aid, Document [30] (Title: University Athletic Association) Report's Best Colleges Rankings. Historically, the division was colloquially called the "egghead eight", or "nerdy nine" when Johns Hopkins was a member. This stems both from the academic strength of the member schools, and the fact that the conference prioritizes academic achievement over athletic prowess. All of the universities listed above are founding members except Brandeis, which joined shortly before official competition began in October 1987. Johns Hopkins University was a founding member, but no longer participates in the UAA. - Johns Hopkins had dual athletic conference membership with the Centennial Conference from 1992-93 to 2000-01, then the Blue Jays Document [31] (Title: Ivy League) Eastern Intercollegiate Baseball League; they were later joined by Harvard, Brown, Army and Navy. Before the formal establishment of the Ivy League, there was an "unwritten and unspoken agreement among certain Eastern colleges on athletic relations". The earliest reference to the "Ivy colleges" came in 1933, when Stanley Woodward of the New York Herald Tribune used it to refer to the eight current members plus Army. In 1935, the Associated Press reported on an example of collaboration between the schools: Despite such collaboration, the universities did not seem to consider the formation of the league as imminent. Romeyn Berry, Cornell's Document [32] (Title: Ivy League) Group Agreement to all intercollegiate sports, effective with the 1955–56 basketball season. This is generally reckoned as the formal formation of the Ivy League. As part of the transition, Brown, the only Ivy that hadn't joined the EIBL, did so for the 1954–55 season. A year later, the Ivy League absorbed the EIBL. The Ivy League claims the EIBL's history as its own. Through the EIBL, it is the oldest basketball conference in Division I. As late as the 1960s many of the Ivy League universities' undergraduate programs remained open only to men, with Cornell the only one to have Document [33] (Title: Big Three (colleges)) suspended as well. The Big Three made further formal agreements in 1916 and 1923, and although in part they have now been superseded by the Ivy League, formed in 1945, the three universities still sponsor events that involve only themselves. The first Big Three agreement in 1906 was the result of a conference on football called by President of the United States and Harvard alumnus Theodore Roosevelt in October 1905 as a result of deteriorating relations, caused once again by increasing violence of play, more recently between Harvard and Princeton. The agreement of June 1916, the Triple Agreement, was originally Document [34] (Title: Education in New York City) with the institution enrolling about half of all college students in New York City. The City University's alumni include Jonas Salk, Colin Powell, Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel. Columbia University, an Ivy League university founded in 1754 and currently located in Morningside Heights, Manhattan, is the fifth oldest institution of higher learning in the United States. Barnard College is an independent women's college, one of the original Seven Sisters, affiliated with Columbia. Through a reciprocal agreement, Barnard and Columbia students share classes, housing, and extracurricular activities, and Barnard graduates receive the degree of the University. New York University (NYU) is Document [35] (Title: Radcliffe College) yields of students admitted to Harvard, Yale and Princeton, and to comparable admissions competition posed by the increasing national popularity of co-ed Stanford, Harvard president Derek Bok reduced the admissions ratio of Harvard students to Radcliffe students from 4:1 to 5:2. That same year, several Harvard and Radcliffe dormitories began swapping students through an experimental program, and in 1972 full co-residence between the two colleges was instituted. The schools' departments of athletics merged shortly thereafter. By the late 1960s there were open discussions between Radcliffe and Harvard about complete merger of the two institutions—which in truth meant abolition of Radcliffe. Document [36] (Title: Project 985) world-renowned faculty and visiting scholars, and help Chinese faculty attend conferences abroad. In 2009, the original 9 founding member universities of Project 985 formed the C9 League, which is referred to as the Chinese equivalent of the US Ivy League. By the end of the second phase of the project, 39 universities were sponsored. It was announced in 2011 that the project has closed its doors, and no more new schools will be able to join in. In September 2017, a related plan called the Double First Class University Plan was announced. It was unclear whether this plan represents a Document [37] (Title: Ivy League) 2001. Harvard, Yale, Princeton and Penn each have over a dozen former scholar-athletes enshrined in the College Football Hall of Fame. Currently Dartmouth holds the record for most Ivy League football titles, with 18, followed closely by Harvard and Penn, each with 17 titles. In addition, the Ivy League has produced Super Bowl winners Kevin Boothe (Cornell), two-time Pro Bowler Zak DeOssie (Brown), Sean Morey (Brown), All-Pro selection Matt Birk (Harvard), Calvin Hill (Yale), Derrick Harmon (Cornell) and 1999 "Mr. Irrelevant" Jim Finn (Penn). Beginning with the 1982 football season, the Ivy League has competed in Division I-AA (renamed FCS Document [38] (Title: Columbia Lions) any other conference in the United States. All eight Ivy schools are listed in the top 20 NCAA Division I schools in number of sports offered for both men and women. Columbia University was founded in 1754 and currently fields 31 co-ed, men’s, and women’s teams. Women's teams are cooperatively organized with the affiliated Barnard College. All Columbia teams compete at the Division I level in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). The school's football team competes at the NCAA Division I FCS level. In 1910, the school adopted the lion mascot as a reference to the institution's royal past. Document [39] (Title: Ivy League) to refer to the Ancient Eight plus several other schools for purposes of alumni associations, university affiliations, or endowment comparisons. In his book "Untangling the Ivy League", Zawel writes, "The inclusion of non–Ivy League schools under this term is commonplace for some schools and extremely rare for others. Among these other schools, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Stanford University are almost always included. The University of Chicago and Duke University are often included as well." In their 2015 book "Acing Admissions", Mehta and Dixit write, "The ["Ivy Plus" schools] include, but are not limited to: Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Document [40] (Title: Public Ivy) University in 1959, was an admissions officer at Yale, and the director of admissions at Bowdoin College, University of California, Santa Cruz, and Vassar College. He traveled the nation examining higher education, and identified eight public institutions (the same as the number of Ivy League members) that he thought had the look and feel of an Ivy League university. In addition to academic excellence, other factors considered by Moll include appearance, age, and school traditions, as well as certain other Ivy League characteristics. The original Public Ivies as Moll listed them in 1985: Moll also offered in the same book Document [41] (Title: Ivy League) Cornell, Columbia, and Penn founded the Intercollegiate Rowing Association, which remains the oldest collegiate athletic organizing body in the US. To this day, the IRA Championship Regatta determines the national champion in rowing and all of the Ivies are regularly invited to compete. A basketball league was later created in 1902, when Columbia, Cornell, Harvard, Yale and Princeton formed the Eastern Intercollegiate Basketball League; they were later joined by Penn and Dartmouth. In 1906, the organization that eventually became the National Collegiate Athletic Association was formed, primarily to formalize rules for the emerging sport of football. But of the 39 Document [42] (Title: Princeton Tigers football) least 15,000 to qualify for I-A membership. This forced the conference’s hand, as only some of the member schools met the attendance qualification. Choosing to stay together rather than stand their ground separately in the increasingly competitive I-A subdivision, the Ivy League moved down into I-AA starting with the 1982 season. Despite often finishing its seasons ranked in the championship subdivision, Princeton cannot play in the NCAA Division I Football Championship per Ivy League rules. Since the formation of the Ivy League, Princeton has achieved moderate success on the gridiron, with eleven Ivy League championships, three outright and eight shared, Document [43] (Title: Southern Ivy) conference originated during the 1950s. Harvie Branscomb, then-chancellor at Vanderbilt University, originally attempted to establish a rivalry between Vanderbilt and traditional Ivy League schools to foster relationships with academically-oriented schools. The school followed through on this effort and played a game against Yale in October 1948. However, after the Vanderbilt Commodores shut out the Yale Bulldogs, 35-0, Yale said they no longer wanted to play Vanderbilt. This caused Branscomb to call a meeting with the presidents of other Southern private universities in the late 1950s—Southern Methodist University (SMU), Rice University, Duke University and Tulane University— where Branscomb suggested they try Document [44] (Title: Ivy League) Ivy League The Ivy League is an American collegiate athletic conference comprising sports teams from eight private universities in the Northeastern United States. The term "Ivy League" is typically used to refer to those eight schools as a group of elite colleges beyond the sports context. The eight members are Brown University, Columbia University, Cornell University, Dartmouth College, Harvard University, the University of Pennsylvania, Princeton University, and Yale University. "Ivy League" has connotations of academic excellence, selectivity in admissions, and social elitism. While the term was in use as early as 1933, it became official only after the formation of Document [45] (Title: College rowing (United States)) the best placed boat from an Ivy League school being crowned Ivy League Champion. Prior to the formation of the Mid-Atlantic Rowing Conference, the nine charter member schools — Bryn Mawr College, Franklin & Marshall College, Johns Hopkins University, Marietta College, the University of Mary Washington, North Park University, Richard Stockton College, Rutgers University–Camden, and Washington College — enjoyed an affiliation due to their annual competition at the Mid-Atlantic Division III Rowing Championships, formerly the Atlantic Collegiate League Sprints Championships. In late 2008, the rowing programs at the nine schools expressed a common desire to formalize their association in order Document [46] (Title: Grace Harlowe) O'Malley, and Jessica Bright. The four promote fair play and virtue while winning over troubled girls like Miriam Nesbit and Eleanor Savell, playing basketball, and founding sorority Phi Sigma Tau. The group becomes friends with boys in their acquaintance: David Nesbit, Tom Gray, Hippy Wingate, and Reddy Brooks, forming "The Eight Originals." "The College Girls Series" sees the friends part ways: Grace, Anne, and Miriam depart for Overton College, while Jessica and Nora attend a conservatory. The Eight Originals gather on holidays, but the seven College books focus on the three at Overton, along with new friends like J. Elfreda Document [47] (Title: Big Three (colleges)) Columbia, the University of Chicago and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) have ranked just as well or better than Harvard, Yale and Princeton and so have been included as academic peers. These seven universities have among the largest endowments, Harvard being the highest at $36 billion, and largest endowments per student, Princeton being the highest at $2.8 million per student. The Ivy plus Stanford and MIT placement rate also acts as a benchmark for high schools to measure how well it prepares its students for the college admissions process. The three colleges, when named together, are generally named in Document [48] (Title: Ivy League) the Ivy League schools have identifiable Protestant roots, while others were founded as non-sectarian schools. Church of England "King's College" broke up during the Revolution and was reformed as public nonsectarian Columbia College. In the early nineteenth century, the specific purpose of training Calvinist ministers was handed off to theological seminaries, but a denominational tone and such relics as compulsory chapel often lasted well into the twentieth century. Penn and Brown were officially founded as nonsectarian schools. Brown's charter promised no religious tests and "full liberty of conscience", but placed control in the hands of a board of twenty-two Baptists, Document [49] (Title: Stanley Woodward (editor)) "Ivy League", that distinction goes to Associated Press editor Alan J. Gould, who first used the name two years later. Woodward himself began using the reference in his own writings after it gained popularity. Eight of the nine universities mentioned in Woodward's 1933 column went on to form the Ivy League football conference, signing the "Ivy Group Agreement" for their programs in 1945, and expanding it to other sports nine years later. Only Army failed to join. Woodward was promoted to sports editor of the "Herald Tribune" upon the death of George Herbert Daley in 1938. He was described by Document [50] (Title: Cornell–Princeton lacrosse rivalry) 1996, 1997, 1998, 2001) and six pre-NCAA era national championships (1884, 1885, 1937, 1942, 1951, 1953). The most recent Ivy League title for each school was 2015 when they finished the regular season tied with Brown with identical 4-2 records. Although the two schools have a long rivalry, they did not oppose each other in postseason play until the quarterfinals of the 2009 NCAA Division I Men's Lacrosse Championship at Hofstra University's Shuart Stadium. Cornell won 6–4. In 2010, Princeton defeated Cornell 10–9 in the inaugural Ivy League lacrosse championship tournament and received the league's automatic berth to the 2010 Document [51] (Title: Ivy League) 2019 "U.S. News & World Report" global university rankings, three Ivies rank in the top ten (Harvard – 1st, Columbia – 8th, and Princeton – 9th) and six in the top twenty. Undergraduate-focused Ivies such as Brown University and Dartmouth College rank 99th and 197th, respectively. "U.S. News" has named a member of the Ivy League as the best national university in each of the past 18 years ending with the 2018 rankings: Princeton eleven times, Harvard twice, and the two schools tied for first five times. Undergraduate enrollments range from about 4,000 to 14,000, making them larger than those Document [52] (Title: Ivy League) Stanford University and Northwestern University. Besides selectivity, these Ivy Plus colleges are thought to share similar values around academic and professional excellence, intellectual curiosity, leadership and civil engagement." Ivy League The Ivy League is an American collegiate athletic conference comprising sports teams from eight private universities in the Northeastern United States. The term "Ivy League" is typically used to refer to those eight schools as a group of elite colleges beyond the sports context. The eight members are Brown University, Columbia University, Cornell University, Dartmouth College, Harvard University, the University of Pennsylvania, Princeton University, and Yale University. "Ivy League" has Document [53] (Title: Eastern Intercollegiate Basketball League) University, Cornell University, Harvard University, Princeton University, and Yale University. The league adopted the double round robin format that has since become standard for college basketball conferences, with each team hosting every other team once and in turn being hosted by all of the others once. Yale won the initial championship with a 5–3 record. The University of Pennsylvania was admitted to the league for the 1903–04 season, after securing temporary playing facilities. The championships during the first few years were evenly divided between Yale, Columbia, and Penn, with the Bulldogs winning three times, and the other two schools winning Document [54] (Title: Ivy League) the colonial era, together with the United States Military Academy (West Point), the United States Naval Academy, and a few others. These schools were known for their long-standing traditions in intercollegiate athletics, often being the first schools to participate in such activities. However, at this time, none of these institutions made efforts to form an athletic league. A common folk etymology attributes the name to the Roman numeral for four (IV), asserting that there was such a sports league originally with four members. The "Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins" helped to perpetuate this belief. The supposed "IV League" Document [55] (Title: Harvard Crimson men's ice hockey) in 1935–36, and leading the Crimson to a 15–1 record in 1936–37. The Quadrangular League was created for the 1933–34 with Harvard, Yale, Princeton and Dartmouth, the league is considered the predecessor to the Ivy League. In 1936, the Council of Ivy Group Presidents agreed on the formal formation of the League, however the agreement did not go into effect until the 1955–56 season. The program was suspended for two years during World War II but then returned to the ice for an abbreviated 1945–46 season. In 1950 Ralph "Cooney" Weiland became head coach, Weiland was a former NHL scoring Document [56] (Title: Ivy League) have produced many Nobel laureates, winners of the Nobel Prize and the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. According to the Nobel Foundation's website, the number of prize-winners affiliated with each Ivy League university at the time of their awards is: Brown, 2; Columbia, 17; Cornell, 8; Dartmouth, 0; Harvard, 36; Penn, 4; Princeton, 14; and Yale, 8. In addition, each university self-reports their number of affiliated Nobel laureates, but they use varying definitions for which Nobel winners they claim (for example, alumni, active faculty, former faculty, visiting faculty, adjunct faculty, etc.) Collaboration between the member schools is illustrated by Document [57] (Title: Big Three (colleges)) process. From the 1930s on, Big Three admissions became progressively more meritocratic, but still included non-academic factors such as “lineage.” Ivy League schools including Harvard, Yale and Princeton have in the past been regarded as the goals for many children in WASP circles. Some educators have attempted to discourage this fixation. Jay Mathews, author of "Harvard Schmarvard", addresses seniors obsessed with Ivy League schools with the analysis: “It does not matter where you go to school, it matters what you do when you get there and what you do after you graduate.” The "Big Three" schools: Princeton, Harvard and Yale Document [58] (Title: Seven Sisters (colleges)) two schools was completed. Since 1999, all undergraduate students have received diplomas bearing the seal of Harvard College, and identified as Harvard students. Radcliffe College no longer exists as an undergraduate institution, but Radcliffe class reunions take place at Harvard each year. The Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study was created following the merger in 1999, and today offers non-degree instruction and executive education programs. Barnard College has similarly been affiliated with Columbia University since its founding in 1888, but it continues to be independently governed. Mount Holyoke College and Smith College are also members of Pioneer Valley's Five Colleges consortium. Document [59] (Title: Harvard–Yale football rivalry) departments at Harvard, Yale and Princeton in 1906, 1916 (the "Three Presidents Agreements" on eligibility), and a revision of that agreement in 1923 have been considered precursors to the Ivy Group Agreement, each agreement addressing amateurism and college football. The Ivy Group Agreement, adopted in 1945, states for football, "the players be truly representative of the student body and not a group of special recruited and trained athletes." Harvard president Nathan Pusey and Yale president A. Whitney Griswold collaborated closely toward the eventual implementation of the Ivy League in 1954 with the "Agreement" extended to all sports. Round-robin play started Document [60] (Title: Sprint football) shifted its resources to club football. A number of other Ivy League schools have historically had sprint football teams, including the Yale Bulldogs, Harvard Crimson, and Columbia Lions, all of whom had dropped the sport many years earlier; of the Ivy League schools, only Penn and the Cornell Big Red remain. For its first 83 seasons, the CSFL did not sponsor playoff or bowl games (a tradition due in no small part to the Ivy League schools, who, like the rest of the Ivy League, abstain from all football postseason play to encourage academic performance). The season championship was decided Document [61] (Title: Big Three (colleges)) HPY, noted: More recently, Yale, Princeton and Harvard instituted no-loan financial aid policies which provide students with need-based aid from private funds held by the universities. This enables greater attendance from the poorer classes than Pell Grant statistics would indicate, since many recipients of university grants do not receive Pell Grants. The athletic agreements among the three universities were first formalized in 1906, although their football teams had been engaging in three-way competitions, which newspapers had been referring to as "HPY," since 1878. (Princeton and Yale first played in 1873, Harvard and Yale in 1875, with Harvard and Princeton first Document [62] (Title: Ivy League) "a philosophical enclave" and not a statement about class. Columnist Russell Baker opined that "Voters inclined to loathe and fear elite Ivy League schools rarely make fine distinctions between Yale and Harvard. All they know is that both are full of rich, fancy, stuck-up and possibly dangerous intellectuals who never sit down to supper in their undershirt no matter how hot the weather gets." Still, the last five presidents have all attended Ivy League schools for at least part of their education— George H. W. Bush (Yale undergrad), Bill Clinton (Yale Law School), George W. Bush (Yale undergrad, Harvard Business Document [63] (Title: Fordham Rams football) coach ever, played for Leahy on that famous "Granite" line. Additionally, Fordham is credited with inspiring the term "Ivy League" after "New York Herald Tribune" sportswriter Caswell Adams compared the Rams to Princeton and Yale, two powerhouses of the day. Adams remarked disparagingly of the latter two, that they were "only Ivy League" squads. Up until then what is now called the Ivy League was a loose collection of schools informally known as the Ancient Eight. Ironically, although Fordham shunned most Ivies during their glory years, since moving to the I-AA/FCS ranks in 1989, the bulk of the Rams' out Document [64] (Title: Ivy League) of a typical private liberal arts college and smaller than a typical public state university. Total enrollments, including graduate students, range from approximately 6,400 at Dartmouth to over 20,000 at Columbia, Cornell, Harvard, and Penn. Ivy League financial endowments range from Brown's $3.5 billion to Harvard's $34.5 billion, the largest financial endowment of any academic institution in the world. The Ivy League has drawn many comparisons to other elite grouping of universities in other nations such as Oxbridge and the Golden Triangle in the United Kingdom, C9 League in China, Group of Eight in Australia, and Imperial Universities in Japan. Document [65] (Title: Ivy League) original member colleges in the NCAA, only two of them (Dartmouth and Penn) later became Ivies. In February 1903, intercollegiate wrestling began when Yale accepted a challenge from Columbia, published in the Yale News. The dual meet took place prior to a basketball game hosted by Columbia and resulted in a tie. Two years later, Penn and Princeton also added wrestling teams, leading to the formation of the student-run Intercollegiate Wrestling Association, now the Eastern Intercollegiate Wrestling Association (EIWA), the first and oldest collegiate wrestling league in the US. In 1930, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Penn, Princeton and Yale formed the Document [66] (Title: Old Four) Canada's most venerable universities. Except for the University of Western Ontario, all were founded by Royal Charter during the British colonial era before Canadian Confederation. Historically, these schools have held intense rivalries in athletics. Today, the Old Four are all research universities and members of Canada's U15 Group of Canadian research universities. The Old Four was for several decades also a conference for Canadian football competition between these same four schools, but conference realignment, beginning in the early 1970s, has meant that it no longer exists in its original form. The Old Four schools are all public institutions unaffiliated with Document [67] (Title: Ivy League) was formed over a century ago and consisted of Harvard, Yale, Princeton, and a fourth school that varies depending on who is telling the story. However, it is clear that Harvard, Princeton, Yale and Columbia met on November 23, 1876 at the so-called Massasoit Convention to decide on uniform rules for the emerging game of American football, which rapidly spread. Seven out of the eight Ivy League schools were founded before the American Revolution; Cornell was founded just after the American Civil War. These seven were the primary colleges in the Northern and Middle Colonies, and their early faculties and Document [68] (Title: College and university rankings) account 21 factors which it categorizes as measures of educational quality, affordability, and alumni earnings. The rankings considered 1500 four-year colleges and reported the top ranking 736. In 2015, according to Money, the top five colleges are Stanford, Babson, MIT, Princeton, and Caltech. The Princeton Review annually asks students and parents what their dream college is, if cost and ability to get in were not factors. In 2016, for the fourth consecutive year, Stanford was the top "dream school" for both students and parents. Second and third places, in 2016, were taken by Harvard and New York University among students, Document [69] (Title: Black Ivy League) except for Tuskegee University, which began to receive Cooperative Extension funding in 1972. However, the Black Ivy League schools have received Part B federal aid under the Higher Education Act of 1965 as HBCUs. Black Ivy League The Black Ivy League is a colloquial term that at times referred to the historically black colleges in the United States that attracted the majority of high-performing and affluent African American students prior to the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s. Similar groups include: Public Ivies, Southern Ivies, and the Little Ivies, among others, none of which have canonical definitions. Generally, these schools Document [70] (Title: Colonial colleges) Colonial colleges The colonial colleges are nine institutions of higher education chartered in the Thirteen Colonies before the United States of America became a sovereign nation after the American Revolution. These nine have long been considered together, notably in the survey of their origins in the 1907 "The Cambridge History of English and American Literature". Seven of the nine colonial colleges are part of the Ivy League athletic conference: Harvard, Yale, Princeton, Columbia, University of Pennsylvania, Brown, and Dartmouth. (The eighth member of the Ivy League, Cornell University, was founded in 1865.) The two colonial colleges not in the Ivy Document [71] (Title: New England) out of eight Ivy League schools, New England contains the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Tufts University, four of the original Seven Sisters, the bulk of educational institutions that are identified as the "Little Ivies", one of the eight original Public Ivies, the Colleges of Worcester Consortium in central Massachusetts, and the Five Colleges consortium in western Massachusetts. The University of Maine, the University of New Hampshire, the University of Connecticut, the University of Massachusetts at Amherst, the University of Rhode Island, and the University of Vermont are the flagship state universities in the region. At the pre-college level, New Document [72] (Title: Old Four) any religion. Although three were founded as religious schools, they have all since become secular institutions. Note: The 2011 finals were cancelled due to field conditions. Old Four The Old Four is a soccer conference composed of four public institutions of higher education in Central Canada. The name is also an appellation for the four universities as a group, consisted of McGill University, Queen’s University, University of Toronto and University of Western Ontario. They are home to the original four soccer teams in Canadian collegiate athletics. The Old Four holds an annual exhibition tournament over the Labour Day weekend, although Document [73] (Title: History of Brown University) by providing instruction "in the Vernacular and Learned Languages, and in the liberal Arts and Sciences." The charter's language has long been interpreted by the university as discouraging the founding of a business school or law school. Brown continues to be one of only two Ivy League colleges with neither a business school nor a law school (the other being Princeton). The charter required that the makeup of the board of thirty-six trustees include twenty-two Baptists, five Friends, four Congregationalists, and five Church of England members, and by twelve Fellows, of whom eight, including the President, should be Baptists "and Document [74] (Title: Ivy League) founding boards were largely drawn from other Ivy League institutions. There were also some British graduates from the University of Cambridge, the University of Oxford, the University of St. Andrews, the University of Edinburgh, and elsewhere on their boards. Similarly, the founder of The College of William & Mary, in 1693, was a British graduate of the University of Edinburgh. Cornell provided Stanford University with its first president. The influence of these institutions on the founding of other colleges and universities is notable. This included the Southern public college movement which blossomed in the decades surrounding the turn of the Document [75] (Title: Ivy League) automatic bid. The Ivy League is one of only two Division I conferences which award their official basketball championships solely on regular-season results; the other is the Southeastern Conference. Since its inception, an Ivy League school has yet to win either the men's or women's Division I NCAA Basketball Tournament. On average, each Ivy school has more than 35 varsity teams. All eight are in the top 20 for number of sports offered for both men and women among Division I schools. Unlike most Division I athletic conferences, the Ivy League prohibits the granting of athletic scholarships; all scholarships awarded Document [76] (Title: Ivy League) the student-led Ivy Council that meets in the fall and spring of each year, with representatives from every Ivy League school. The governing body of the Ivy League is the Council of Ivy Group Presidents, composed of each university president. During meetings, the presidents often discuss common procedures and initiatives for the universities. The universities also collaborate academically through the IvyPlus Exchange program, which allows students to cross-register at one of the Ivies or one of the eligible schools, which include the University of California at Berkeley, University of Chicago, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Stanford University. Different fashion Document [77] (Title: Harvard Crimson baseball) 1979. Another future Major Leaguer, Jeff Musselman, was the 1985 EIBL Pitcher of the Year. During the tenure of Leigh Hogan (1991–1995), the EIBL folded, and the Ivy League began sponsoring baseball. Several northeast schools had formed the Patriot League in 1986, and the two non-Ivy members of the EIBL, Army and Navy, had joined the league in other sports– Army in 1990–1991 and Navy in 1991–1992. Both schools' baseball programs played their last seasons in the EIBL in 1992. Beginning with the 1993 season, the Ivy League sponsored baseball. Its eight teams competed in two four-team divisions: Harvard, Dartmouth, Document [78] (Title: Rankings of universities in the United States) the 2005 methodology). A "New York Times" article reported that, given the "U.S. News" weighting methodology, "it's easy to guess who's going to end up on top: the Big Three, Harvard, Yale and Princeton round out the first three essentially every year. When asked how he knew his system was sound, Mel Elfin, the rankings' founder, often answered that he knew it because those three schools always landed on top. When a new lead statistician, Amy Graham, changed the formula in 1999 to one she considered more statistically valid, the California Institute of Technology jumped to first place. Ms. Graham Document [79] (Title: Black Ivy League) agreement as to which schools are included in the "Black Ivy League", and sources list different possible members. The 1984 book "Blacks in Colleges" by Dr. Jacqueline Fleming, states that "... schools that make up the 'Black Ivy league' [include] Fisk, Morehouse, Spelman, Dillard, Howard, Clark Atlanta, Hampton, Tuskegee." Fleming further notes that, "[t]he presence of Black Ivy League colleges pull the best and most privileged black students... [A]ll seven are unique schools, with little overlap among them." Bill Maxwell, in a 2003 series on Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs), coincides with Fleming in describing the Black Ivy League Document [80] (Title: Hunter College High School) (e.g. Stuyvesant = 22:1). Nearly 99% of Hunter's classes of 2002 through 2005 went directly to college, and about 25% of these students accepted admission into an Ivy League school. "Worth" reported that 9.4% of Hunter's classes of 1998 through 2001 attended Harvard, Yale or Princeton (the highest rate of any public school in the United States). In 2006–2007, 73 of the graduating seniors were accepted into at least one Ivy League school, constituting approximately 40% of the whole class. In the graduating class of 2015, out of about 190 students, Hunter received 89 total acceptances from the Ivy League, Document [81] (Title: Black Ivy League) Nashville, Tennessee, and Los Angeles, California. , these four medical schools "reportedly account[ed] for more than half of all Black medical school graduates" in the United States. Tuskegee has had a School of Veterinary Medicine since the 1930s and began awarding PhDs in the 1980s. Regarding extension and outreach, many of the HBCUs which are not in the Black Ivy League are land grant universities, founded in response to the Second Morrill Act of 1890. As a result, those institutions receive annual federal and state appropriations to conduct extension activities, which are not available to the Black Ivy League schools, Document [82] (Title: Ivy League) was formally designated as "Ivy Day" in 1874. Ivy planting ceremonies are reported for Yale, Simmons, Bryn Mawr and many others. Princeton's "Ivy Club" was founded in 1879. The first usage of "Ivy" in reference to a group of colleges is from sportswriter Stanley Woodward (1895–1965). The first known instance of the term "Ivy League" being used appeared in "The Christian Science Monitor" on February 7, 1935. Several sportswriters and other journalists used the term shortly later to refer to the older colleges, those along the northeastern seaboard of the United States, chiefly the nine institutions with origins dating from Document [83] (Title: Little Ivies) Liberty League, Patriot League and the Centennial Conference. Among the Little Ivies are the "Little Three", a term used by Amherst College, Wesleyan University and Williams College, and "Maine Big Three", a term used by Colby College, Bates College and Bowdoin College. The term is inspired by the "Big Three" Ivy League athletic rivalry between Harvard, Princeton, and Yale despite there being no academic, athletic or historical relationship between the liberal arts colleges and the Ivy League universities. Amherst College, Wesleyan University and Williams College joined Bowdoin College to found the New England Small College Athletic Conference (NESCAC) in 1971 Document [84] (Title: Princeton University) Princeton University Princeton University is a private Ivy League research university in Princeton, New Jersey. Founded in 1746 in Elizabeth as the College of New Jersey, Princeton is the fourth-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and one of the nine colonial colleges chartered before the American Revolution. The institution moved to Newark in 1747, then to the current site nine years later, and renamed Princeton University in 1896. Princeton provides undergraduate and graduate instruction in the humanities, social sciences, natural sciences, and engineering. It offers professional degrees through the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Document [85] (Title: History of Harvard University) Radcliffe College, established in 1879 as sister school of Harvard College, became one of the most prominent schools for women in the United States. In the 1920s Edward Harkness (1874–1940), a Yale man with oil wealth, was ignored by his alma mater and so gave $12,000,000 to Harvard to establish a house system like that of Oxford University. Yale later took his money and set up a similar system. In addition to the usual department, specialized research centers proliferated, especially to enable interdisciplinary research projects that could not be handled at the department level. However, the departments kept jealous control Document [86] (Title: Harvard Crimson football) undefeated seasons from 1912 to 1914, including two perfect seasons in 1912 and 1913. The NCAA decided to split Division I into two subdivisions in 1978, then called I-A for larger schools, and I-AA for the smaller ones. The NCAA had devised the split, in part, with the Ivy League in mind, but the conference did not move down for four seasons despite the fact that there were many indications that the ancient eight were on the wrong side of an increasing disparity between the big and small schools. In 1982, the NCAA created a rule that stated a program's Document [87] (Title: Education in the United States) apply to these schools gain admission. Included among the top 20 institutions identified by ARWU in 2009 are six of the eight schools in the Ivy League; 4 of the 10 schools in the University of California system (Berkeley, Los Angeles, San Diego and San Francisco); the private Universities of Stanford, Chicago, and Johns Hopkins; the public Universities of Washington and Wisconsin; and the Massachusetts and California Institutes of Technology. Also renowned within the United States are the so-called Little Ivies and a number of prestigious liberal arts colleges. Certain public universities (sometimes referred to as Public Ivies) are also Document [88] (Title: Black Ivy League) distinct disadvantage. Today, many of these institutions are struggling to keep pace with white institutions in terms of course offerings, facilities, athletics, and student services." Yet, Black Ivy League schools enroll more black National Merit Scholars than elite traditional schools, such as Harvard, Yale, and Stanford, perhaps because these students have financial aid independent of the school they attend. As reported by the "Washington Post", "Top-tier schools—including Howard, Hampton University, and Spelman and Morehouse colleges—vie with Harvard and Princeton for top black students and faculty." Since the 1960s, the Ivy League has actively recruited blacks who now play prominent roles Document [89] (Title: Ivy League) the NCAA tournament bid, then rebounded to win outright championships in 2012, 2013, and 2014. Harvard also won the 2013 Great Alaska Shootout, defeating TCU to become the only Ivy League school to win the now-defunct tournament. Rivalries exist between other Ivy league teams in other sports, including Cornell and Harvard in hockey, Harvard and Princeton in swimming, and Harvard and Penn in football (Penn and Harvard have won 28 Ivy League Football Championships since 1982, Penn-16; Harvard-12). During that time Penn has had 8 undefeated Ivy League Football Championships and Harvard has had 6 undefeated Ivy League Football Championships. Document [90] (Title: Ivy League) and Barnard College entered into an athletic consortium agreement by which students from both schools compete together on Columbia University women's athletic teams, which replaced the women's teams previously sponsored by Barnard. When Army and Navy departed the Eastern Intercollegiate Baseball League in 1992, all intercollegiate competition involving the eight schools became united under the Ivy League banner. The Ivy League schools are highly selective, with acceptance rates since 2018 being 10% or less at each of the universities. Admitted students come from around the world, although students from New England and the Northeastern United States make up a significant Document [91] (Title: Seven Sisters (colleges)) Seven Sisters (colleges) The Seven Sisters was a name given to seven liberal arts colleges in the Northeastern United States that are historically women's colleges. Five of the seven institutions continue to offer all-female undergraduate programs: Barnard College, Bryn Mawr College, Mount Holyoke College, Smith College, and Wellesley College. Vassar College has been co-educational since 1969. Radcliffe College shared common and overlapping history with Harvard College from the time it was founded as "the Harvard Annex" in 1879. Harvard and Radcliffe effectively merged in 1977, but Radcliffe continued to be the sponsoring college for women at Harvard until its dissolution Document [92] (Title: Eight Schools Association) compose the Eight Schools Athletic Council. Like their counterpart administrators, faculty, and students, they meet to share information and organize ESA sports events and tournaments. The inaugural tournament of the institutionalized ESA took place on December 2, 2007, when Northfield Mount Hermon hosted the "Eight Schools Wrestling Jamboree". Two weeks later Choate and Hotchkiss were venues of the boys and girls basketball "Eight Schools Holiday Tournament", December 15–16. Neither event saw the full participation of all eight schools. St. Paul's hosted the "Eight Schools Holiday Basketball Classic," December 18–19, 2009. It will be remembered that the Ivy League began in Document [93] (Title: St. Albans School (Washington, D.C.)) out of its 75 graduates, or 33%, to an Ivy league School, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the University of Chicago, or Stanford, making its matriculation one of the best in the country. The class of 2013 similarly fared well, with 21 graduates attending Ivy League schools or Stanford and 2 each attending the University of Chicago and the United States Military Academy. From the 76 member class of 2014, 16 headed to the Ivy League, 2 to Stanford, 1 to Duke, and 4 to the University of Chicago. As of 2015, St. Albans students had the highest average SAT scores Document [94] (Title: Ivy League) 19th century when Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina and Virginia established what became the flagship universities for each of these states. In 1801, a majority of the first board of trustees for what became the University of South Carolina were Princeton alumni. They appointed Jonathan Maxcy, a Brown graduate, as the university's first president. Thomas Cooper, an Oxford alumnus and University of Pennsylvania faculty member, became the second president of the South Carolina college. The founders of the University of California came from Yale, hence the school colors of University of California are Yale Blue and California Gold. Some of Document [95] (Title: Black Ivy League) institutions as being "Howard University, Hampton University, Spelman College, Fisk University, Morehouse College, Tuskegee University and Dillard University." The "North Star" News described "Howard, Fisk, Hampton, Morehouse, Morgan, Tuskegee, and Cheyney ... as the equivalent of a Black Ivy League." Lincoln University in Pennsylvania has also been mentioned as being included in the group. In 1976, the "Chicago Tribune" included "Morehouse, Atlanta University, Morris Brown, Gannon, Clark and Spelman..." The actual Ivy League is an eight-member athletic conference. At one point in history, some of these institutions debated forming a Black Ivy League athletic conference without reaching an agreement. Although Document [96] (Title: Rutgers University) called the College of New Jersey). The four schools met at the Fifth Avenue Hotel in Manhattan on October 19, 1873, to establish a set of rules governing their intercollegiate competition, and particularly to codify the new game of football. Although invited, Harvard chose not to attend. In the early years of intercollegiate athletics, the schools that participated in these athletic events were located solely in the American Northeast. However, by the turn of the 20th century, colleges and universities across the United States began to participate. Rutgers University is referred to as "the birthplace of college football" as the Document [97] (Title: Old Four) Old Four The Old Four is a soccer conference composed of four public institutions of higher education in Central Canada. The name is also an appellation for the four universities as a group, consisted of McGill University, Queen’s University, University of Toronto and University of Western Ontario. They are home to the original four soccer teams in Canadian collegiate athletics. The Old Four holds an annual exhibition tournament over the Labour Day weekend, although the teams do not accumulate points toward the regular season of the Canadian Interuniversity Sport competition. As the name suggests, the Old Four schools are among Document [98] (Title: Ivy League) five Quakers, four Congregationalists, and five Episcopalians. Cornell has been strongly nonsectarian from its founding. "Ivy League" is sometimes used as a way of referring to an elite class, even though institutions such as Cornell University were among the first in the United States to reject racial and gender discrimination in their admissions policies. This dates back to at least 1935. Novels and memoirs attest this sense, as a social elite; to some degree independent of the actual schools. After the Second World War, the present Ivy League institutions slowly widened their selection of their students. They had always had Document [99] (Title: History of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology) filed an antitrust suit against MIT and the eight Ivy League colleges in 1991 for holding "Overlap Meetings" to prevent bidding wars over promising students from consuming funds for need-based scholarships. While the Ivy League institutions settled, MIT contested the charges on the grounds that the practice was not anticompetitive because it ensured the availability of aid for the greatest number of students. MIT ultimately prevailed when the Justice Department dropped the case in 1994. In 2001, the Environmental Protection Agency sued MIT for violating Clean Water Act and Clean Air Act with regard to its hazardous waste storage and Document [100] (Title: Princeton University) "Cherokee Advocate", graduated in 1844. Princeton University Princeton University is a private Ivy League research university in Princeton, New Jersey. Founded in 1746 in Elizabeth as the College of New Jersey, Princeton is the fourth-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and one of the nine colonial colleges chartered before the American Revolution. The institution moved to Newark in 1747, then to the current site nine years later, and renamed Princeton University in 1896. Princeton provides undergraduate and graduate instruction in the humanities, social sciences, natural sciences, and engineering. It offers professional degrees through the Woodrow Wilson School Document [101] (Title: Harvard–Yale football rivalry) in 1956 for football among programs representing Brown University, Columbia University, Cornell University, Dartmouth College, Harvard University, Princeton University, University of Pennsylvania, and Yale University. † The 1881 game is recognized by both teams as a Yale victory due to four fewer safeties. ‡ Hosted ESPN's College Gameday. All games since 1956 are Ivy League contests. Regular season overtime was introduced for Division I-AA in 1981 and was used in the 2005 game. The contests are hosted in stadiums listed on the U.S. National Register of Historical Places and are U.S. National Historic Landmarks. They are among the oldest gridiron Document [102] (Title: Rutgers Scarlet Knights) University, Columbia University and long-time rival, Princeton University (then called "The College of New Jersey"). The four schools met at the Fifth Avenue Hotel in Manhattan on October 19, 1873 to establish a set of rules governing their intercollegiate competition, and particularly to codify the new game of football. Though invited, Harvard chose not to attend. In the early years of intercollegiate athletics, the circle of schools that participated in these athletic events were located solely in the American Northeast. However, by the turn of the century, colleges and universities across the United States began to participate. The first intercollegiate Document [103] (Title: Ivy Rugby Conference) commercial sponsors. Sponsors have included H2H, Royall Lyme and Boathouse Sports. The Ivy League schools have a rich rugby tradition that pre-dates the formation of the Ivy conference. The eight Ivy League schools competed in the Ivy Rugby Championship Tournament from 1969 until the Ivy Rugby Conference was formed in 2009. The Ivy Rugby logo was developed in 2005. In addition to the traditional 15-a-side rugby union competition, the teams play yearly for the Ivy Rugby 7s Championship held the first Saturday in November. Ivy Rugby Conference The Ivy Rugby Conference is an annual rugby union competition played among the Document [104] (Title: Big Three (colleges)) In 1908, Scotsman Robert Knox Risk wrote the following about the state of American universities during the early 20th century. Edward Digby Baltzell wrote: "The three major upper-class institutions in America have been Harvard, Yale, and Princeton." These colleges have, in the past, been set apart from others by a special historic connection with the White-Anglo-Saxon Protestant (WASP) establishment. Of the three, Princeton University was traditionally the preferred choice of the Southern upper class. While describing the recruiting process for The Rough Riders, Theodore Roosevelt, mentioned the Ivy League schools including Harvard, Yale and Princeton as target schools. The "Saturday Document [105] (Title: History of Princeton University) Three' relationship of the time. Harvard's actions were based on the fact that games with Princeton had been marred by fights and roughness. During the 1930s, the 'Big Three' was restored, and in 1939 it was enlarged to the Ivy League. During World War II the student body of Princeton University became almost entirely military as the result of Reserve Officer Training Corps mobilization, the Navy V-7 and V-12 programs, and the Army Specialized Training Program. Wartime changes opened Princeton to the larger world and brought it into the mainstream of American society. From their beginnings Harvard, Yale and Princeton Document [106] (Title: Big Three (colleges)) Big Three (colleges) The Big Three is a historical term used in the United States to refer to Harvard University, Yale University, and Princeton University. The phrase Big Three originated in the 1880s, when these three colleges dominated college football. In 1906, these schools formed a sports compact that formalized a three-way football competition which began in 1878. This early agreement predated the Ivy League by exactly half a century. The rivalry remains intense today, though the three schools are no longer national football powerhouses, and schools continue to refer to their intercollegiate competitions as "Big Three" or "Harvard-Princeton-Yale" meets. Document [107] (Title: Ivy League) distinguished faculties; some of the first Americans with doctorates had taught for them; but they now decided that they could not both be world-class research institutions and be competitive in the highest ranks of American college sport; in addition, the schools experienced the scandals of any other big-time football programs, although more quietly. The first formal athletic league involving eventual Ivy League schools (or any US colleges, for that matter) was created in 1870 with the formation of the Rowing Association of American Colleges. The RAAC hosted a de facto national championship in rowing during the period 1870–1894. In 1895, Question: what are the four original ivy league schools

Answer: Harvard, Princeton, Yale and Columbia Long Answer: A common folk etymology attributes the name to the Roman numeral for four (IV), asserting that there was such a sports league originally with four members . The Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins helped to perpetuate this belief . The supposed "IV League" was formed over a century ago and consisted of Harvard, Yale, Princeton, and a fourth school that varies depending on who is telling the story . However, it is clear that Harvard, Princeton, Yale and Columbia met on November 23, 1876 at the so - called Massasoit Convention to decide on uniform rules for the emerging game of American football, which rapidly spread. Gold Document ID: 67

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Hebrew calendar) them alone. It may be noted that in the Bible the name of the first month, "Aviv", literally means "spring". Thus, if Adar was over and spring had not yet arrived, an additional month was observed. Traditionally, for the Babylonian and Hebrew lunisolar calendars, the years 3, 6, 8, 11, 14, 17, and 19 are the long (13-month) years of the Metonic cycle. This cycle forms the basis of the Christian ecclesiastical calendar and the Hebrew calendar and is used for the computation of the date of Easter each year During leap years Adar I (or Adar Aleph – "first Document [2] (Title: Hebrew calendar) excessive length of the Hebrew calendar mean year, as well as helping it to "hold onto" the northward equinox for the maximum duration. When the 19-year intercalary cycle was finalised in the 4th century, the earliest Passover (in year 16 of the cycle) coincided with the northward equinox, which means that Passover fell near the "first" full moon after the northward equinox, or that the northward equinox landed within one lunation before 16 days after the "molad" of "Nisan". This is still the case in about 80% of years; but, in about 20% of years, Passover is a month late Document [3] (Title: Full moon) full moon on 15 Nisan of the Hebrew calendar. The date of the Jewish Rosh Hashana and Sukkot festivals along with all other Jewish holidays are dependent on the dates of the new moons. In lunisolar calendars, an intercalary month occurs seven times in the 19 years of the Metonic cycle, or on average every 2.7 years (19/7). In the Hebrew Calendar this is noted with a periodic extra month of Adar in the early spring. In the modern system of "traditional" full moon names tied to the solstice and equinox points, a supernumerary full moon in such a period Document [4] (Title: Liturgical year) before the Babylonian exile were solar (based on the return of the same relative position between the sun and the earth), lunisolar (based on months that corresponded to the cycle of the moon, with periodic additional months to bring the calendar back into agreement with the solar cycle) like the present-day Jewish calendar of Hillel II, or purely lunar, as the Hijri calendar. The first month of the Hebrew year was called אביב (Aviv), evidently adopted by Moses from Ipip as the eleventh month of the non-lunar Egyptian calendar (that is also the origin of Abib as the tenth month Document [5] (Title: Tishri-years) the years from the Autumn season, around the Autumn Equinox (Gregorian September 22/23). The New Years Day of the Tishri-years is called "Rosh Hashanah" ("Head of the Year"); it begins the Fall Feasts of Israel. Tishri 1, however, is not determined directly by its relationship to the Autumn Equinox. It depends on the determination of Nisan 1, which is the day after the New Moon closest to the Spring Equinox (within fifteen days before or after). Tishri 1 is the first day of the seventh month. Although the month number is always counted from Nisan, in the Tishri-years, the year Document [6] (Title: Hebrew calendar) an additional day to have 30 days, and the year is called a full ("maleh") year. The calendar rules have been designed to ensure that Rosh Hashanah does not fall on a Sunday, Wednesday or Friday. This is to ensure that Yom Kippur does not directly precede or follow Shabbat, which would create practical difficulties, and that Hoshana Rabbah is not on a Shabbat, in which case certain ceremonies would be lost for a year. The solar year is about eleven days longer than twelve lunar months. The Bible does not directly mention the addition of "embolismic" or intercalary months. Document [7] (Title: Rosh Hashanah LaBehema) Rosh Hashanah LaBehema Rosh Hashanah L'Ma'sar Behemah ( "New Year for Tithing Animals") or Rosh Hashanah LaBehemot ( "New Year for (Domesticated) Animals") is one of the four New Year's day festivals ("Rosh Hashanot") in the Jewish calendar as indicated in the Mishnah. During the time of the Temple, this was a day on which shepherds determined which of their mature animals were to be tithed. The day coincides with Rosh Chodesh Elul, the New Moon for the month of Elul, exactly one month before Rosh Hashanah. Beginning in 2009, the festival began to be revived by religious Jewish animal Document [8] (Title: Kings of Judah) of dating reigns of the Israelite kings in reference to the Gregorian calendar. Years in the Gregorian calendar commence on 1 January, whereas year numbers for dating biblical events start on 1 Tishri of the Hebrew calendar, with an unfixed starting point during September–October on the Gregorian calendar. Accordingly, an event which takes place after 1 Tishri, for example, in November and December on the Gregorian calendar, would fall in the following year in the Hebrew calendar used for biblical dating. A detailed account of a coronation in ancient Judah is found in 2 Kings 11:12 and 2 Chronicles 23:11, Document [9] (Title: Israel Summer Time) the Day of Atonement and then returning to summer time. In September 2010 the argument over the dates for summer time reached new heights and some firms even refused to adopt it. On 6 June 2011, Internal Affairs Minister Eli Yishai announced his support for extending IDT, setting the ending time to the beginning of October. The change required the approval of the Knesset. On November 5, 2012, the Israeli Knesset approved the bill to extend IDT to a period of 193 days, beginning on the Friday before the last Sunday in March (at 2:00 local time, or 0:00 UTC, Document [10] (Title: Islamic calendar) 8m = 20874y 6m. Therefore, the first month of the Jewish year beginning in 20874 AD/CE corresponds to the sixth month of the Muslim year AH20874. The worked example in Conversion between Jewish and civil dates, shows that the civil date of the first day of this month (ignoring the displacements) is Friday, 14 June. The year AH20875 will therefore begin seven months later, on the first day of the eighth Jewish month, which the worked example shows to be 7 January, 20875 AD/CE (again ignoring the displacements). The date given by this method, being calculated, may differ by a Document [11] (Title: Elul) phrase "Ani L'dodi V'dodi Li" – "I am my beloved's and my beloved is mine" (Song of Solomon 6:3). Elul is seen as a time to search one's heart and draw close to God in preparation for the coming Day of Judgement, Rosh Hashanah, and Day of Atonement, Yom Kippur. During the month of Elul, there are a number of special rituals leading up to the High Holy Days. It is customary to blow the shofar every morning (except on Shabbat) from Rosh Hodesh Elul (the first day of the month) until the day before Rosh Hashanah. The blasts are Document [12] (Title: Academic term) now ends on August 26 . In 2014, the old schedule was reinstated so that the summer break is back to August 31. The period between Yom Kippur and Sukkot was added as holiday to compensate for this but , has consequently been removed. In most Yeshivas, the year is divided into three periods (terms) called "zmanim". Elul zman starts from the beginning of the Hebrew month of Elul and extends until the end of Yom Kippur. This is the shortest (approx. six weeks), but most intense semester as it comes before the High Holidays of Rosh Hashanah and Yom Document [13] (Title: Hebrew calendar) the basic Hebrew calendar year is one of twelve lunar months alternating between 29 and 30 days: In leap years (such as 5779) an additional month, Adar I (30 days) is added after Shevat, while the regular Adar is referred to as "Adar II." The insertion of the leap month mentioned above is based on the requirement that Passover—the festival celebrating the Exodus from Egypt, which took place in the spring—always occurs in the [northern hemisphere's] spring season. Since the adoption of a fixed calendar, intercalations in the Hebrew calendar have been assigned to fixed points in a 19-year cycle. Document [14] (Title: Cheshvan) The Hebrew Bible, before the Babylonian Exile, refers to the month as Bul (). In Sidon, the reference to Bul is also made on the Sarcophaugus of Eshmunazar II dated to the early 5th century BC. Cheshvan Marcheshvan (, "Marḥešvan" "Marḥešwān"; from Akkadian "waraḫsamnu", literally, ""eighth month""), sometimes shortened to Cheshvan (, "Ḥešvan" "Ḥešwān"), is the second month of the civil year (which starts on 1 Tishrei), and the eighth month of the ecclesiastical year (which starts on 1 Nisan) on the Hebrew calendar. In a regular ("kesidran") year, Marcheshvan has 29 days, but because of the Rosh Hashanah postponement Document [15] (Title: Emor) children have announced, that it is Rosh Hashanah. If the court determined that the month of Elul spanned a full 30 days, so that Rosh Hashanah would fall on the next day, then God would direct the ministering angels to remove the platform, remove the defense attorneys, remove the prosecutors, for God’s children had declared Elul a full month. For says of Rosh Hashanah, “For it is a statute for Israel, an ordinance of the God of Jacob,” and thus if it is not a statute for Israel, then it also is not an ordinance of God. A Baraita taught Document [16] (Title: Elul) meant to awaken one's spirits and inspire him to begin the soul searching which will prepare him for the High Holy Days. As part of this preparation, Elul is the time to begin the sometimes-difficult process of granting and asking for forgiveness. It is also customary to recite Psalm 27 every day from Rosh Hodesh Elul through Hoshanah Rabbah on Sukkot (in Tishrei). Aside from the blowing of the shofar, the other significant ritual practice during Elul is to recite selichot (special penitential prayers) either every morning before sunrise beginning on the Sunday immediately before Rosh Hashanah, or, if starting Document [17] (Title: Hebrew calendar) 932d 2h 31 2/18m or 1d 2h 31 2/18m later after removing complete weeks. Allowing for the current difference of thirteen days between the civil and Julian calendars, the Julian date is 13+(248x0d 5h 47 4/18m) earlier, which is 72d 21h 28 16/18m earlier. Convert back to the civil calendar by applying the formula. So, in 20874 CE, the Jewish year is due to begin 87d 2h 31 2/18m later than in 2026 CE and 1d 2h 31 2/18m later in the week. In 20874 CE, therefore, the Jewish year is due to begin at 11.30 3/18 A.M. on Friday, Document [18] (Title: Adar) Adar Adar ( ; from Akkadian "adaru") is the sixth month of the civil year and the twelfth month of the ecclesiastical year on the Hebrew calendar, roughly corresponding to the month of March in the Gregorian calendar. It is a winter month of 29 days. The Month of Adar in the Holy Scriptures comprises in Esther 09, 21. In leap years, it is preceded by a 30-day intercalary month named Adar Aleph (, Aleph being the first letter of the Hebrew alphabet, also known as "Adar Rishon" ("First Adar") or "Adar I") and it is then itself called Adar Document [19] (Title: Elul) Elul Elul (, "Elul" "ʾĔlûl") is the twelfth month of the Jewish civil year and the sixth month of the ecclesiastical year on the Hebrew calendar. It is a summer month of 29 days. Elul usually occurs in August–September on the Gregorian calendar. In the Jewish tradition, the month of Elul is a time of repentance in preparation for the High Holy Days of Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur. The word "Elul" is similar to the root of the verb "search" in Aramaic. The Talmud writes that the Hebrew word "Elul" can be understood to be an acronym for the Document [20] (Title: Bein Hazmanim) rather than on Tisha B'Av.) The Yeshiva year typically begins on 1 Elul, this being Rosh Chodesh Elul. The first Zman runs for five and a half weeks until the end of Yom Kippur on 10 Tishrei. The month of Elul, the beginning of Tishrei, and the High Holy Days, all marked by focus on repentance, are followed by the extended, more joyous holiday of Sukkot at the end of Tishrei. The first major Bein Hazmanim period usually begins immediately following Yom Kippur, and runs at least until the end of Sukkot (22 Tishrei in Israel, 23 Tishrei in the Document [21] (Title: Jewish Talmudic Calendar) the beginning of the Era of the World (Anno Mundi). The reference junction of the Sun and the Moon (Molad 1) on the day of creation is considered to be at 5 hours and 204 halakim, or 11:11:20 p.m., in the evening of Sunday, Oct 7, 3761 BC. In every 19 years, the solar and lunar calendars basically synchronize, with only about 2 hours of difference. Thus each 19 years is called a Small Mahzor in Jewish Talmudic Calendar, which is equivalent to the Greek Metonic Cycle, although they do not start on the same year. The year of creation Document [22] (Title: Leap year) rule which ensures that month 11 is always the month that contains the northern winter solstice. The intercalary month takes the same number as the preceding month; for example, if it follows the second month (二月) then it is simply called "leap second month" i.e. . The Hebrew calendar is lunisolar with an embolismic month. This extra month is called "Adar Alef" (first Adar) and is added before "Adar", which then becomes "Adar Bet" (second Adar). According to the Metonic cycle, this is done seven times every nineteen years (specifically, in years 3, 6, 8, 11, 14, 17, and 19). Document [23] (Title: Revelation 12 sign prophecy) begin on the evening of September 21 and end on the evening of the 22nd (if the 2% illuminated moon is sighted) or begin on the evening of the 22nd and end on the evening of the 23rd when the sign is fulfilled. Rosh Hashanah is the Jewish New Year celebration, in this case marking the end of the year 5777 (sometimes abbreviated to the significant number 777) and the beginning of 5778. The Feast of Trumpets in Jewish tradition is believed to be a day when the dead will be resurrected and judgement will begin while Christians believe the Document [24] (Title: Hebrew calendar) the destruction of the Temple" with the modern creation-era . The Hebrew lunar year is about eleven days shorter than the solar year and uses the 19-year Metonic cycle to bring it into line with the solar year, with the addition of an intercalary month every two or three years, for a total of seven times per 19 years. Even with this intercalation, the average Hebrew calendar year is longer by about 6 minutes and 40 seconds than the current mean tropical year, so that every 216 years the Hebrew calendar will fall a day behind the current mean tropical Document [25] (Title: Geonim) was Saadia Gaon, who wrote Biblical commentaries and many other works: he is best known for the philosophical work Emunoth ve-Deoth. Two months of the year were denoted as "yarchei kallah", or "months of the bride" (referring to the Talmud) – the Hebrew months of Adar and Elul. During this time, foreign students assembled in the academy for common study. During the first three weeks of the "yarchei kallah" the scholars seated in the first row reported on the Talmud treatise assigned for study during the preceding months; in the fourth week the other scholars and also some of the Document [26] (Title: Hebrew calendar) by these criteria (as it was in AM 5765 and 5768, the 8th and 11th years of the 19-year cycle = Gregorian 2005 and 2008 CE). Presently, this occurs after the "premature" insertion of a leap month in years 8, 11, and 19 of each 19-year cycle, which causes the northward equinox to land on exceptionally early Hebrew dates in such years. This problem will get worse over time, and so beginning in AM 5817 (2057 CE), year 3 of each 19-year cycle will also be a month late. If the calendar is not amended, then Passover will start to Document [27] (Title: Hebrew calendar) day of the week is three or two days. If 29 February is included fewer than five times in the nineteen – year period the date will be later by the number of days which corresponds to the difference between the actual number of insertions and five. If the year is due to start on Sunday, it actually begins on the following Tuesday if the following year is due to start on Friday morning. If due to start on Monday, Wednesday or Friday it actually begins on the following day. If due to start on Saturday, it actually begins on Document [28] (Title: Yom tov sheni shel galuyot) largely did the same. The need for a second festival day arises from problems encountered by Jews living in the Diaspora following the Babylonian exile. The Jewish calendar, is a lunar system with months of 29 or 30 days. In Temple times, the length of the month depended on witnesses who had seen the new moon coming to the Temple in Jerusalem. Following confirmation of their evidence, a new Jewish month would be proclaimed. News of this proclamation was subsequently sent out to all Jewish communities. If no witnesses arrived, the new month was proclaimed the following day. Those communities Document [29] (Title: Hebrew calendar) 7 are leap years of 13 months. To determine whether a Jewish year is a leap year, one must find its position in the 19-year Metonic cycle. This position is calculated by dividing the Jewish year number by 19 and finding the remainder. (Since there is no year 0, a remainder of 0 indicates that the year is year 19 of the cycle.) For example, the Jewish year divided by 19 results in a remainder of % 19, indicating that it is year of the Metonic cycle. Years 3, 6, 8, 11, 14, 17, and 19 of the Metonic cycle Document [30] (Title: Rosh Hashanah) never falls on a Sunday, Wednesday, or Friday. The Torah defines Rosh Hashanah as a one-day celebration, and since days in the Hebrew calendar begin at sundown, the beginning of Rosh Hashanah is at sundown at the end of 29 Elul. The rules of the Hebrew calendar are designed such that the first day of Rosh Hashanah will never occur on the first, fourth, or sixth day of the Jewish week (i.e., Sunday, Wednesday, or Friday). Since the time of the destruction of the Second Temple of Jerusalem in 70 CE and the time of Rabban Yohanan ben Zakkai, normative Document [31] (Title: Hebrew calendar) 1st of Shevat is the new year for trees—so the school of Shammai; and the school of Hillel say: On the 15th thereof. The month of Elul is the new year for counting animal tithes ("ma'aser behemah"). "Tu Bishvat" ("the 15th of Shevat") marks the new year for trees (and agricultural tithes). For the dates of the Jewish New Year see Jewish and Israeli holidays 2000–2050 or calculate using the section "Conversion between Jewish and civil calendars". The Jewish calendar is based on the Metonic cycle of 19 years, of which 12 are common (non-leap) years of 12 months and Document [32] (Title: Year 6000) Year 6000 According to classical Jewish sources, the Hebrew year 6000 (from sunset of 29 September 2239 until nightfall of 16 September 2240 on the Gregorian calendar) marks the latest time for the initiation of the Messianic Age. The Talmud, Midrash, and the Kabbalistic work, the Zohar, state that the 'deadline' by which the Messiah must appear is 6,000 years from creation. According to tradition, the Hebrew calendar started at the time of Creation, placed at 3761 BC. The current (-3761/-3760) Hebrew year is . The belief that the seventh millennium will correspond to the Messianic Age is founded upon Document [33] (Title: Pinechas (parsha)) rise, and let the prosecutors rise, for God’s children have announced, that it is Rosh Hashanah. If the court determined that the month of Elul spanned a full 30 days, so that Rosh Hashanah would fall on the next day, then God would direct the ministering angels to remove the platform, remove the defense attorneys, remove the prosecutors, for God’s children had declared Elul a full month. For says of Rosh Hashanah, “For it is a statute for Israel, an ordinance of the God of Jacob,” and thus if it is not a statute for Israel, then it also is Document [34] (Title: Hebrew calendar) ancient Israel, the start of the ecclesiastical new year for the counting of months and festivals (i.e., Nisan) was determined by reference to Passover. Passover is on 15 Nisan, () which corresponds to the full moon of Nisan. As Passover is a spring festival, it should fall on a full moon day around, and normally just after, the vernal (northward) equinox. If the twelfth full moon after the previous Passover is too early compared to the equinox, a leap month is inserted near the end of the previous year before the new year is set to begin. According to normative Document [35] (Title: Anno Mundi) The first year of the Jewish calendar, Anno Mundi 1 (AM 1), began about one year before Creation, so that year is also called the Year of emptiness. The first five days of Jewish Creation week occupy the last five days of AM 1, Elul 25–29. The sixth day of Creation, when Adam and Eve were created, is the first day of AM 2, Rosh Hashanah (1 Tishrei). Its associated molad Adam (molad VaYaD) occurred on Day 5 (yom Vav) at 14 (Yud Daled) hours (and 0 parts). A year earlier, the first day of AM 1, Rosh Hashanah (1 Document [36] (Title: Mishkan T'filah) changes are replacing a line from the Reform movement’s earlier prayerbook, "Gates of Repentance," that mentioned the joy of a bride and groom specifically, with the line "rejoicing with couples under the chuppah [wedding canopy]", and adding a third, non-gendered option to the way worshippers are called to the Torah, offering “mibeit,” Hebrew for “from the house of,” in addition to the traditional “son of” or “daughter of.” Several other versions of Mishkan HaNefesh (ex. youth, large print...) have also been put out. Mishkan Halev is the official prayer book for the Hebrew month of Elul. Elul coincides with August Document [37] (Title: Hebrew calendar) Judaism, the verses in require that the months be determined by a proper court with the necessary authority to sanctify the months. Hence the court, not the astronomy, has the final decision. According to some Christian and Karaite sources, the tradition in ancient Israel was that 1 Nisan would not start until the barley is ripe, being the test for the onset of spring. If the barley was not ripe, an intercalary month would be added before Nisan. The day most commonly referred to as the "New Year" is 1 Tishrei, which actually begins in the seventh month of the Document [38] (Title: Elul) Sunday would not afford four days of selichot, then the Sunday one week prior (Ashkenazi tradition) or every morning during the entire month of Elul (Sephardi tradition). Ashkenazi Jews begin the recitation of selichot with a special service on Saturday night between solar mid-night (not 12:00) and morning light on the first day of Selichot. Many Jews also visit the graves of loved ones throughout the month in order to remember and honor those people in our past who inspire us to live more fully in the future. Another social custom is to begin or end all letters written during Document [39] (Title: Ahaziah of Judah) begins one-year coregency sometime in the six months on or after Nisan 1 of 842 BC, which was in the 11th year of Jehoram of Israel (2 Kings 9:29) by Israel's Nisan calendar and non-accession reckoning (2 Kings 9:29). By a Judean calendar the year would be 843/842 BC, i.e. the year starting in Tishri of 843 BC. The start of his sole reign would be in the six months following Nisan 1 of 841 BC, in the 12th year of Jehoram of Israel (2 Kings 8:25); his death also occurred in this six-month interval. By Judean reckoning, this would Document [40] (Title: Ohr) Jewish mystical tradition. Judah Loew ben Bezalel (the Maharal) died on the 18th day (18 means "Chai"-"life" in Gematria) of the Hebrew month of Elul in the year 1609 (17 September). The 18th of Elul, 12 days before Rosh Hashanah, is a central mystical date in the personal preparations of teshuvah (return to God) for the upcoming "Days of Awe". A central component of the teachings of the Maharal was the concept of Divine paradox, above intellect. This prepared the way for the Hasidic movement, that sought the inner expression in Hasidic philosophy of the Kabbalistic tradition. The founder of Document [41] (Title: Jubilee (biblical)) cycle would have been 1406 BC. According to the religious calendar that started the year in Nisan, and in accordance with Joshua 5:10 that places the entry in the land in Nisan, Nisan of 1406 BC is the month and year when counting started. But 1406 BC is the year of entry into the land that is traditionally derived by another method, namely taking Thiele's date of 931/930 BC for the start of the divided kingdom after Solomon's death, in conjunction with 1 Kings 6:1 (Solomon's fourth year was 480th year of Exodus-era), to derive the date of the Exodus Document [42] (Title: Hebrew calendar) celebrate the Gregorian New Year (usually known as "Silvester Night"—"ליל סילבסטר") on the night between 31 December and 1 January. Prominent rabbis have on several occasions sharply denounced this practice, but with no noticeable effect on the secularist celebrants. Wall calendars commonly used in Israel are hybrids. Most are organised according to Gregorian rather than Jewish months, but begin in September, when the Jewish New Year usually falls, and provide the Jewish date in small characters. Outside of Rabbinic Judaism, evidence shows a diversity of practice. Karaites use the lunar month and the solar year, but the Karaite calendar differs Document [43] (Title: Days of week on Hebrew calendar) the "four gates". Since three arrangements cannot occur within the fixed calendar, most holidays can each occur on one of four possible days. All the holy days and festivals fall in the months of Nisan through Tishrei, months one to seven. These months always have the same number of days, alternating 30 and 29. The next two months are Cheshvan and Kislev, months eight and nine. Both or either of these months can have either 29 or 30 days, allowing for adjustments to be made and the schedule in the coming year to be manipulated. (On a regular year, Cheshvan Document [44] (Title: Nisan-years) Vernal Equinox (Spring Equinox, when the day and the night is of equal length, set at March 21 in the Gregorian Calendar). It begins the first month, named Nisanu/Nisan/Abib. The month of Nisan is important since it begins the Spring Feasts of Israel. The observation of the New Moon may be influenced by the weather condition, so the Rosh Chodesh may be delayed for one or two days. But over all the errors cancel each other, and the calendar system remains accurate. The intercalary month could be a second Sixth Month (Ululu II), as often practiced in Mesopatamia, or a Document [45] (Title: Bo (parsha)) sun and the moon on the 28th of Elul. The entire Hebrew calendar — years, months, days, nights, seasons, and intercalation — were before God, and God intercalated the years and delivered the calculations to Adam in the Garden of Eden, as can be read, "This is the calculation for the generations of Adam." Adam handed on the tradition to Enoch, who was initiated in the principle of intercalation, as says, "And Enoch walked with God." Enoch passed the principle of intercalation to Noah, who conveyed the tradition to Shem, who conveyed it to Abraham, who conveyed it to Isaac, Document [46] (Title: Hebrew calendar) recited until "Shemini Atzeret", after the end of Sukkot, yet it is becoming increasingly likely that the rainy season in Israel will start before the end of Sukkot. No equinox or solstice will ever be more than a day or so away from its mean date according to the solar calendar, while nineteen Jewish years average 6939d 16h 33m 03s compared to the 6939d 14h 26m 15s of nineteen mean tropical years. This discrepancy has mounted up to six days, which is why the earliest Passover currently falls on 26 March (as in AM 5773 / 2013 CE). Given the Document [47] (Title: Era) of the age of the world, assuming it was created as described in the Book of Genesis. In Jewish religious contexts one of the versions is still used, and many Eastern Orthodox religious calendars used another version until 1728. Hebrew year 5772 AM began at sunset on 28 September 2011 and ended on 16 September 2012. In the Western church Anno Domini (=AD = CE), counting the years since the birth of Jesus on traditional calculations, was always dominant. The Islamic calendar, which also has variants, counts years from the Hijra or emigration of the Islamic prophet Muhammad from Mecca Document [48] (Title: Jewish holidays) (ראש חודש) (lit., "head of the month") is a minor holiday or observance occurring on the first day of each month of the Jewish calendar, as well as the last day of the preceding month if it has thirty days. Beyond the preceding, current observance is limited to changes in liturgy. "Related observances:" The month of Elul that precedes Rosh Hashanah is considered to be a propitious time for repentance. For this reason, additional penitential prayers called Selichot are added to the daily prayers, except on Shabbat. Sephardi Jews add these prayers each weekday during Elul. Ashkenazi Jews recite them Document [49] (Title: Rosh Hashanah) of Tishri as the beginning of the Jewish year began with the early Egyptians and was preserved by the Hebrew nation, being also alluded to in the Hebrew Bible when describing the Great Deluge at the time of Noah. This began during the "second month" ("Marheshvan") counting from Tishri, a view that has largely been accepted by the Sages of Israel. The Mishnah contains the second known reference to Rosh Hashanah as the "day of judgment". In the Talmud tractate on Rosh Hashanah, it states that three books of account are opened on Rosh Hashanah, wherein the fate of the Document [50] (Title: Rosh Hashanah) ordinary years, Sabbatical years, Jubilees, and dates inscribed on legal deeds and contracts are reckoned differently; such years begin on the first day of the lunar month Tishri (usually corresponding to the months September–October in the Gregorian calendar). Their injunction is expressly stated in the Hebrew Bible: "Three times in the year you shall keep a feast unto me… the feast of unleavened bread (Passover)… the feast of harvest (Shavuot)… and the feast of ingathering (Sukkot) which is "at the departing of the year"" . "At the departing of the year" implies that the new year begins here. The reckoning Document [51] (Title: Passover) April of the Gregorian calendar. Passover is a spring festival, so the 15th day of Nisan typically begins on the night of a full moon after the northern vernal equinox. However, due to leap months falling after the vernal equinox, Passover sometimes starts on the second full moon after vernal equinox, as in 2016. To ensure that Passover did not start before spring, the tradition in ancient Israel held that the first day of Nisan would not start until the barley was ripe, being the test for the onset of spring. If the barley was not ripe, or various other Document [52] (Title: 929: Tanakh B'yachad) English as well. It will conclude on February 2, 2022. 929: Tanakh B'yachad 929: Tanakh B'yachad (Hebrew: Bible Together, 929 - תנך ביחד) is a project for learning one chapter of Tanakh per day (except Friday and Saturday), totaling 5 chapters per week. The name '929' refers to the total number of chapters in the Tanakh. The project was announced by the Israeli Education Ministry, and began on December 21, 2014. The first cycle was completed on April 18, 2018, coinciding with Israel's 70th Independence Day. The first cycle of the project offered content in Hebrew only. The second cycle, Document [53] (Title: Elul) of the Hebrew calendar months, was brought from the Babylonian captivity, and originated from the Akkadian word for "Harvest". A similar month name was also used in Akkadian, in the form "Elūlu". Eylül is also the name for September in Turkish; this is derived from "ʾAylūl", used in the Levant (see Arabic names of calendar months). Elul Elul (, "Elul" "ʾĔlûl") is the twelfth month of the Jewish civil year and the sixth month of the ecclesiastical year on the Hebrew calendar. It is a summer month of 29 days. Elul usually occurs in August–September on the Gregorian calendar. In Document [54] (Title: Rosh Hashanah) 2013. The latest Gregorian date that Rosh Hashanah can occur is October 5, as happened in 1815, 1929 and 1967, and will happen again in 2043. After 2089, the differences between the Hebrew calendar and the Gregorian calendar will result in Rosh Hashanah falling no earlier than September 6. Starting in 2214, the new latest date will be October 6. Although the Jewish calendar is based on the lunar cycle, so that the first day of each month originally began with the first sighting of a new moon, since the fourth century it has been arranged so that Rosh Hashanah Document [55] (Title: Hebrew calendar) These rules are implemented by adding an extra day to Marcheshvan (making it 30 days long) or by removing one day from Kislev (making it 29 days long). Accordingly, a common Hebrew calendar year can have a length of 353, 354 or 355 days, while a leap Hebrew calendar year can have a length of 383, 384 or 385 days. The Hebrew calendar is a lunisolar calendar, meaning that months are based on lunar months, but years are based on solar years. The calendar year features twelve lunar months of twenty-nine or thirty days, with an intercalary lunar month added Document [56] (Title: Tishrei) Israel) – Shemini Atzeret/Atzeres & Simchat Torah/Simchas Torah Tishrei Tishrei ( or Tishri ; "tishré" or "tishrí"); from Akkadian "tašrītu" "Beginning", from "šurrû" "To begin") is the first month of the civil year (which starts on 1 Tishrei) and the seventh month of the ecclesiastical year (which starts on 1 Nisan) in the Hebrew calendar. The name of the month is Babylonian. It is an autumn month of 30 days. Tishrei usually occurs in September–October on the Gregorian calendar. In the Hebrew Bible, before the Babylonian Exile, the month is called Ethanim ( - ). Edwin R. Thiele has concluded, Document [57] (Title: Seder Olam Rabbah) Jewish tradition, "Year 1" is considered to have begun on the 25 of Elul, 6 days before the beginning of "Year 2" on the first of Tishrei, when Adam was created. The new moon of its first month (Tishrei) is designated "molad tohu" (meaning new moon of chaos or nothing). By Halafta's calculation Adam was created during the year 3761 BCE. However, "Seder Olam Rabbah" treats the creation of Adam as the beginning of "Year Zero". This results in a two-year discrepancy between the years given in "Seder Olam Rabbah" and the Jewish year used now. For example, "Seder Olam Document [58] (Title: Rosh Hashanah LaBehema) Jerusalem, and in major cities across the United States. Several prominent Masorti and Open Orthodox rabbis have since lent their support for reviving the festival, including Adam Frank, Yitz Greenberg, Jonathan Wittenberg, David Wolpe, and Shmuly Yanklowitz. Rosh Hashanah L'Ma'sar Behemah coincides with Rosh Ḥodesh Elul. Commencing the first of Elul (and continuing throughout the month), the shofar is blown at the end of the shacharit morning service in anticipation of Rosh Hashanah. The period of "heshbon hanefesh" (the traditional accounting for one's relationships during the month of Elul) begins on this day. (This period of self-reflection and relationship repair Document [59] (Title: Hebrew calendar) ecclesiastical year. On that day the formal New Year for the counting of years (such as Shmita and Yovel), Rosh Hashanah ("head of the year") is observed. (see , which uses the phrase "beginning of the year".) This is the civil new year, and the date on which the year number advances. Certain agricultural practices are also marked from this date. In the 1st century, Josephus stated that while – Moses...appointed Nisan...as the first month for the festivals...the commencement of the year for everything relating to divine worship, but for selling and buying and other ordinary affairs he preserved the Document [60] (Title: Polycarp) according to the Hebrew calendar the earliest time Nisan 14, the date of the Passover, can fall on in any given year is late March. Other "Great Sabbaths" (if this is referring to what are commonly considered to be Jewish holy days, though observed by many early professors of Christ) come in the spring, late summer, and the fall. None occur in winter. It is claimed that the "Great Sabbath" is alluded to in John 7:37. Here it is referred to as "the last day, that great day of the feast" and is a separate annual holy day immediately following Document [61] (Title: Emor) "turn of the year" in the autumn harvest month of Tishrei. Psalm likely refers to Rosh Hashanah when it enjoins, "Blow the horn at the new moon, at the full moon of our feast day. For it is a statute for Israel, an ordinance of the God of Jacob." refers to the Festival of Yom Kippur. In the Hebrew Bible, Yom Kippur is called: Much as Yom Kippur, on the 10th of the month of Tishrei, precedes the Festival of Sukkot, on the 15th of the month of Tishrei, speaks of a period starting on the 10th of the month Document [62] (Title: Islamic calendar) corresponding to the first month of the Jewish year which begins in 20874 AD/CE. Dividing 20874 by 19 gives quotient 1098 and remainder 12. Dividing 2026 by 19 gives quotient 106 and remainder 12. 2026 is chosen because it gives the same remainder on division by 19 as 20874. The two years are therefore (1098–106)=992×19 years apart. The Muslim month number corresponding to the first Jewish month is therefore 992×7=6944 higher than in 2026. To convert into years and months divide by twelve – 6944/12=578 years and 8 months. Adding, we get 1447y 10m + 20874y – 2026y + 578y Document [63] (Title: Hebrew calendar) difference goes above 18/19-month this signifies a leap year, and the difference is reduced by one month. To calculate the day on which Rosh Hashanah of a given year will fall, it is necessary first to calculate the expected molad (moment of lunar conjunction or new moon) of Tishrei in that year, and then to apply a set of rules to determine whether the first day of the year must be postponed. The molad can be calculated by multiplying the number of months that will have elapsed since some (preceding) molad whose weekday is known by the mean length of Document [64] (Title: Bechukotai) or early June. The lunisolar Hebrew calendar contains up to 55 weeks, the exact number varying between 50 in common years and 54 or 55 in leap years. In leap years (for example, 2019, 2022, 2024, and 2027), parashah Bechukotai is read separately. In common years (for example, 2020, 2021, 2023, 2025, and 2026), parashah Bechukotai is combined with the previous parashah, Behar, to help achieve the needed number of weekly readings. In years when the first day of Passover falls on a Sabbath (as it does in 2018, 2019, and 2022), Jews in Israel and Reform Jews read the Document [65] (Title: Hebrew calendar) count the year by months and not by days." Both the Syrian calendar, currently used in the Arabic-speaking countries of the Fertile crescent, and the modern Assyrian calendar share many of the names for months with the Hebrew calendar, such as Nisan, Iyyar, Tammuz, Ab, Elul, Tishri and Adar, indicating a common origin. The origin is thought to be the Babylonian calendar. The modern Turkish calendar includes the names Şubat (February), Nisan (April), Temmuz (July) and Eylul (September). The former name for October was Tesrin. Babylonian exile The Jewish people left Babylon and returned to live in Judea around 586 Document [66] (Title: Hebrew calendar) land on or after the summer solstice around AM 16652 (12892 CE). (The exact year when this will begin to occur depends on uncertainties in the future tidal slowing of the Earth rotation rate, and on the accuracy of predictions of precession and Earth axial tilt.) The seriousness of the spring equinox drift is widely discounted on the grounds that Passover will remain in the spring season for many millennia, and the text of the Torah is generally not interpreted as having specified tight calendrical limits. The Hebrew calendar also drifts with respect to the autumn equinox, and at least Document [67] (Title: Rosh Hashanah LaBehema) is also commonly referred to as "Elul Zman", the Elul season.) Rosh Hashanah LaBehema Rosh Hashanah L'Ma'sar Behemah ( "New Year for Tithing Animals") or Rosh Hashanah LaBehemot ( "New Year for (Domesticated) Animals") is one of the four New Year's day festivals ("Rosh Hashanot") in the Jewish calendar as indicated in the Mishnah. During the time of the Temple, this was a day on which shepherds determined which of their mature animals were to be tithed. The day coincides with Rosh Chodesh Elul, the New Moon for the month of Elul, exactly one month before Rosh Hashanah. Beginning in Document [68] (Title: Hebrew calendar) "year 1" is "not" Creation, but about one year before Creation, with the new moon of its first month (Tishrei) to be called "molad tohu" (the mean new moon of chaos or nothing). The Jewish calendar's epoch (reference date), 1 Tishrei AM 1, is equivalent to Monday, 7 October 3761 BC/BCE in the proleptic Julian calendar, the equivalent tabular date (same daylight period) and is about one year "before" the traditional Jewish date of Creation on 25 Elul AM 1, based upon the "Seder Olam Rabbah". Thus, adding 3760 before Rosh Hashanah or 3761 after to a Julian year number Document [69] (Title: Jewish Talmudic Calendar) out at the end of Iggul 21; another is to adopt the synodic month to be the more accurate 29.53058868 days, thus the length of the year would be (235*13*26-1)/(19*13*26) = 365.2426 days, very close to the actual 365.2422 days of the tropical year. The result is the "Hebrew Calendar" in the program CalMaster2000. Jewish Talmudic Calendar The Jewish Talmudic Calendar is a lunisolar calendar using Tishri-years, observed by the Jewish people since the Late Antiquity (AD 300-700). While it is based on Nisan-years, which began from the prebiblical Babylonian times (c. 2000 BC), and the Tishri-years was formed in Document [70] (Title: Hebrew calendar) whether each year is an ordinary or leap year by its position in the 19-year Metonic cycle. Years 3, 6, 8, 11, 14, 17, and 19 are leap years. Secondly, one must determine the number of days between the starting Tishrei "molad" (TM1) and the Tishrei "molad" of the next year (TM2). For calendar descriptions in general the day begins at 6 p.m., but for the purpose of determining Rosh Hashanah, a "molad" occurring on or after noon is treated as belonging to the next day (the first "deḥiyyah"). All months are calculated as 29d, 12h, 44m, 3s long (MonLen). Document [71] (Title: Hebrew calendar) 14 June. Because of the displacements, it actually begins on Saturday, 15 June. Odd months have 30 days and even months 29, so the starting dates are 2, 15 July; 3, 13 August; 4, 12 September; 5, 11 October; 6, 10 November; 7, 9 December, and 8, 8 January. The rules are based on the theory that Maimonides explains in his book "Rabbinical Astronomy" – no allowance is made for the secular (centennial) decrease of ½ second in the length of the mean tropical year and the increase of about four yards in the distance between the earth and the Document [72] (Title: Hebrew calendar) the following day if the previous year was due to begin on Monday morning. The table below lists, for a Jewish year commencing on 23 March, the civil date of the first day of each month. If the year does not begin on 23 March, each month's first day will differ from the date shown by the number of days that the start of the year differs from 23 March. The correct column is the one which shows the correct starting date for the following year in the last row. If 29 February falls within a Jewish month the first Document [73] (Title: Biblical and Talmudic units of measurement) the intercalary month). The Israelite month was clearly broken up into weeks, since the Genesis creation (and biblical references to Shabbat) describe a seven-day week. The seven-day cycle is not seen as a cycle in nature and is rather a custom biblically originating from . The modern Hebrew calendar follows a seven-day weekly cycle, which runs concurrently but independently of the monthly and annual cycles. The origin of Hebrew seven day week and the Sabbath, as well as the true meaning of the name, is uncertain. The earliest Biblical passages which mention it (Exodus 20:10 and 24:21; Deut. 5:14; Amos Document [74] (Title: Elul) the month of Elul with wishes that the recipient have a good year. The standard blessing is ""K'tiva VaHatima Tova"" ("a good writing and sealing [of judgement]"), meaning that the person should be written and sealed in the Book of Life for a good year. Tradition teaches that on Rosh Hashanah, each person is written down for a good or a poor year, based on their actions in the previous one, and their sincere efforts at atoning for mistakes or harm. On Yom Kippur, that fate is "sealed." The name of the month Elul, like the names of the rest Document [75] (Title: Hebrew calendar) and the number of the month to within a month or so. From the 4th century, the number of the month is given exactly and from the 9th century the day of the month is given exactly as well. In the Julian calendar, every 76 years the Jewish year is due to start 5h 47 14/18m earlier, and 3d 18h 12 4/18m later in the week. On what civil date does the eighth month begin in CE 20874-5? 20874=2026+(248x76). In (248x76) Julian years the Jewish year is due to start (248x3d 18h 12 4/18m) later in the week, which is Document [76] (Title: High Holy Days) prefer the term High Holy Days over High Holidays because the former emphasizes the personal, reflective, introspective aspects of this period. By contrast, Holidays suggests a time of communal celebrations of events in the history of the Jewish people. The Hebrew month preceding Rosh Hashanah, Elul, is designated as a month of introspection and repentance. In preparation for the Jewish New Year, special prayers are recited. is added at the end of morning and evening prayers, and the shofar (ram's horn) is blown at the end of morning services on weekdays (except for the eve of Rosh Hashanah itself). Among Document [77] (Title: Jewish eschatology) time of creation; the year 2009-2010 (the Hebrew New Year begins during September or October) of the Gregorian calendar corresponds to the Hebrew year 5770. There is a kabbalistic tradition that maintains that the seven days of creation in Genesis 1 correspond to seven millennia of the existence of natural creation. The tradition teaches that the seventh day of the week, "Shabbat" or the day of rest, corresponds to the seventh millennium (Hebrew years 6000 - 7000), the age of universal 'rest' - the Messianic Era. The Talmud comments: The Midrash comments: "Six eons for going in and coming out, Document [78] (Title: Tishri-years) begins and ends with Tishri 1. The intercalary month is still the second Adar, initially determined by agricultural observations in Israel. Although meteorological conditions may cause a few days of delay for each Rosh Codesh ("Head of the Month"), over all the errors will cancel each other, and the calendar system remained accurate. After the fourth century AD, Hillel II fixed the Jewish Talmudic Calendar by a mathematical algorithm, in order for Jews all around the world to observe the feasts according to the same calendar. This caused the Jewish calendar to gradually depart from the actual seasons, due to Document [79] (Title: Passover) after dusk of the 14th of Nisan and ends at dusk of the 15th day of the month of Nisan. The rituals unique to the Passover celebrations commence with the Passover Seder when the 15th of Nisan has begun. In the Northern Hemisphere Passover takes place in spring as the Torah prescribes it: "in the month of [the] spring" ( ). It is one of the most widely celebrated Jewish holidays. In the narrative of the Exodus, the Bible tells that God helped the Children of Israel escape from their slavery in Egypt by inflicting ten plagues upon the ancient Document [80] (Title: Hebrew calendar) a (synodic) lunar month, which is 29 days, 12 hours, and 793 parts (there are 1080 "parts" in an hour, so that one part is equal to 3 seconds). The very first molad, the molad tohu, fell on Sunday evening at 11.11, or in Jewish terms Day 2, 5 hours, and 204 parts. In calculating the number of months that will have passed since the known molad that one uses as the starting point, one must remember to include any leap months that falls within the elapsed interval, according to the cycle of leap years. A 19-year cycle of 235 Document [81] (Title: Jewish Talmudic Calendar) according to the Rabbinical Chronology (3761 BC) is taken as year 1 in the first Small Mahzor. The Greek cycle begins from an arbitrarily year, usually from the beginning of the Common Era (Anno Domini). If every 13 Small Mahzor is called an Iggul, because 12 times 2 hours is a day, and 30 days are a month, in less than 30 Igguls a whole intercalary month should be removed. The position of the years in a Small Mahzor is called the Golden Number. The pattern of the leap years will change slightly each Iggul, but the Jewish Talmudic Calendar Document [82] (Title: Rosh Hashanah) the Persians or Greeks; the primary reason was agricultural in both cases, the time of sowing the seed and bringing in the harvest. In Jewish law, four major New Years are observed, each one marking a beginning of sorts. The lunar month Nisan (usually corresponding to the months March–April in the Gregorian calendar) is when a new year is added to the reign of Jewish kings, and it marks the start of the year for the three Jewish pilgrimages. Its injunction is expressly stated in the Hebrew Bible: "This month shall be unto you "the beginning" of months" . However, Document [83] (Title: Nitzavim) Hebrew letters of the words of , "et-levavecha, v’et-levav", “[the Lord your God will circumcise] your heart, and the heart [of your seed, to love the Lord your God with all your heart],” spell out , "Elul", the name of the month that includes Rosh Hashannah and Yom Kippur. The "Mishnah Berurah" cited this as Scriptural support for the practice of rising early to say prayers for forgiveness (, "Selichot") from the first day of the month of Elul until Yom Kippur. Alter saw in "life and good and death and evil" an echo of "the tree of knowledge good Document [84] (Title: Investigative judgment) the month of Passover which must occur in the Spring, and the latest secular date it can start is about April 19. Yom Kippur is always 173 days after this date, and that would be October 9. There is no way it could work out to be October 22." All Hebrew calendars universally agree that Yom Kippur (which is the 10th day of Tishrei), in the year 1844 A.D. (Hebrew year 5605) actually occurred on September 23. Lack of confidence within Adventism – Raymond F. Cottrell, claimed that the investigative judgment doctrine lacks support within Adventist academia and point to Document [85] (Title: Am Yisrael Foundation) honor the ongoing contributions of Olim to Israeli society. As the tenth of Nisan occurs a few days before the Passover holiday, when schools are not in session, the school system will also mark the holiday on the seventh of the Hebrew month of Heshvan. That date is also symbolic as the Torah portion read out in synagogues that week, Lekh Lekha, relates the story of how the biblical patriarch Abraham is ordered by God to leave his home and his family and go up to the Land of Israel. The Yom HaAliyah bill was presented to the Twentieth Knesset Document [86] (Title: Tishrei) Tishrei Tishrei ( or Tishri ; "tishré" or "tishrí"); from Akkadian "tašrītu" "Beginning", from "šurrû" "To begin") is the first month of the civil year (which starts on 1 Tishrei) and the seventh month of the ecclesiastical year (which starts on 1 Nisan) in the Hebrew calendar. The name of the month is Babylonian. It is an autumn month of 30 days. Tishrei usually occurs in September–October on the Gregorian calendar. In the Hebrew Bible, before the Babylonian Exile, the month is called Ethanim ( - ). Edwin R. Thiele has concluded, in "The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings", Document [87] (Title: Rosh Hashanah) communities perform Hatarat nedarim (a nullification of vows) after the morning prayer services during the morning on the 29th of the Hebrew month of Elul, which ends at sundown, when Erev Rosh Hashanah commences. The mood becomes festive but serious in anticipation of the new year and the synagogue services. Many Orthodox men immerse in a mikveh in honor of the coming day. Rosh Hashanah occurs 163 days after the first day of Passover ("Pesach"). In terms of the Gregorian calendar, the earliest date on which Rosh Hashanah can fall is September 5, as happened in 1842, 1861, 1899 and Document [88] (Title: Hebrew calendar) a Sabbath nor a Monday, lest 10 Tishrei (Yom Kippur) fall on a Friday or a Sunday. This indicates that, by the time of the redaction of the Jerusalem Talmud (c. 400 CE), there were a fixed number of days in all months from Adar to Elul, also implying that the extra month was already a second Adar added before the regular Adar. In another passage, a sage is reported to have counseled "those who make the computations" not to set the first day of Tishrei or the Day of the Willow on the sabbath. This indicates that there was Document [89] (Title: Anno Mundi) Tishrei), is associated with molad tohu (new moon of chaos), so named because it occurred before Creation when everything was still chaotic — it is also translated as the new moon of nothing. This is also called molad BaHaRaD, because it occurred on Day 2 (yom Beis), 5 (Hei) hours, 204 (RaD) parts (11:11:20 pm). Because this is just before midnight when the Western day begins, but after 6 pm when the Jewish calendrical day begins (equivalent to the next tabular day with the same daylight period), its Julian calendar date is 6/7 October 3761 BC (Gregorian: 6/7 September 3761 Document [90] (Title: Hebrew calendar) BCE. At this time they adopted the Babylonian names for the months. The Babylonian calendar descended directly from the Sumerian calendar. Biblical references to the pre-exilic calendar include ten months identified by number rather than by name. In parts of the Torah portion "Noach" ("Noah") (specifically, , , ) it is implied that the months are thirty days long. There is also an indication that there were twelve months in the annual cycle (, ). Prior to the Babylonian exile, the names of only four months are referred to in the Tanakh: All of these are believed to be Canaanite Document [91] (Title: Rosh Hashanah) the month of Elul, during which Jews are supposed to begin a self-examination and repentance, a process that culminates in the ten days of the "Yamim Nora'im" known as beginning with Rosh Hashanah and ending with the holiday of Yom Kippur. The "shofar" is traditionally blown each morning for the entire month of Elul, the month preceding Rosh Hashanah. The sound of the "shofar" is intended to awaken the listeners from their "slumbers" and alert them to the coming judgment. The shofar is not blown on Shabbat. In the period leading up to the "Yamim Nora'im" (Hebrew, "days of awe"), Document [92] (Title: Solar deity) tradition, according to which the date of Christmas was fixed at nine months after 25 March, the date of the vernal equinox, on which the Annunciation was celebrated. The Jewish calendar date of 14 Nisan was believed to be that of creation, as well as of the Exodus and so of Passover, and Christians held that the new creation, both the death of Jesus and the beginning of his human life, occurred on the same date, which some put at 25 March in the Julian calendar. It was a traditional Jewish belief that great men lived a whole number of Document [93] (Title: Hebrew calendar) a long time. The use of multiple starting dates for a year is comparable to different starting dates for civil "calendar years", "tax or fiscal years", "academic years", "religious cycles", etc. By the time of the redaction of the "Mishnah", (c. 200 CE), jurists had identified four new-year dates: The 1st of Nisan is the new year for kings and feasts; the 1st of Elul is the new year for the tithe of cattle... the 1st of Tishri is the new year for years, of the years of release and jubilee years, for the planting and for vegetables; and the Document [94] (Title: Seder Olam Rabbah) of Elul in the Year of Chaos (Tohu), the Talmud and Seder Olam's Year 1 is from the 1 Tishrei - the creation of Adam. Thus Year 1 in the Talmud and Seder Olam is actually Year 2 in today's Hebrew Calendar. Therefore, when calculating to the year of creation from Seder Olam, Taking into account the 1 year mentioned above; as well as the fact that there is no year "0", as the year before 1 CE is 1 BCE, not 0, we arrive at the number 3760 BCE as the Year 1 of the modern Hebrew calendar. According Document [95] (Title: Hebrew calendar) compared against calculations. At first the beginning of each Jewish month was signaled to the communities of Israel and beyond by fires lit on mountaintops, but after the Samaritans began to light false fires, messengers were sent. The inability of the messengers to reach communities outside Israel before mid-month High Holy Days (Succot and Passover) led outlying communities to celebrate scriptural festivals for two days rather than one, observing the second feast-day of the Jewish diaspora because of uncertainty of whether the previous month ended after 29 or 30 days. In his work "Mishneh Torah" (1178), Maimonides included a chapter Document [96] (Title: Hebrew calendar) moon resulting from tidal friction because astronomy was not sufficiently developed in the 12th century (when Maimonides wrote his book) to detect this. 723–730. Hebrew calendar The Hebrew or Jewish calendar (, ) is a lunisolar calendar used today predominantly for Jewish religious observances. It determines the dates for Jewish holidays and the appropriate public reading of Torah portions, "yahrzeits" (dates to commemorate the death of a relative), and daily Psalm readings, among many ceremonial uses. In Israel, it is used for religious purposes, provides a time frame for agriculture and is an official calendar for civil purposes, although the Question: when does the hebrew month of elul begin Answer: summer Long Answer: Elul (Hebrew: אֱלוּל ‎, Standard Elul Tiberian ʾĔlûl) is the twelfth month of the Jewish civil year and the sixth month of the ecclesiastical year on the Hebrew calendar . It is a summer month of 29 days . Elul usually occurs in August--September on the Gregorian calendar. Gold Document ID: 66

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Hebrew calendar) them alone. It may be noted that in the Bible the name of the first month, "Aviv", literally means "spring". Thus, if Adar was over and spring had not yet arrived, an additional month was observed. Traditionally, for the Babylonian and Hebrew lunisolar calendars, the years 3, 6, 8, 11, 14, 17, and 19 are the long (13-month) years of the Metonic cycle. This cycle forms the basis of the Christian ecclesiastical calendar and the Hebrew calendar and is used for the computation of the date of Easter each year During leap years Adar I (or Adar Aleph – "first Document [2] (Title: Hebrew calendar) excessive length of the Hebrew calendar mean year, as well as helping it to "hold onto" the northward equinox for the maximum duration. When the 19-year intercalary cycle was finalised in the 4th century, the earliest Passover (in year 16 of the cycle) coincided with the northward equinox, which means that Passover fell near the "first" full moon after the northward equinox, or that the northward equinox landed within one lunation before 16 days after the "molad" of "Nisan". This is still the case in about 80% of years; but, in about 20% of years, Passover is a month late Document [3] (Title: Full moon) full moon on 15 Nisan of the Hebrew calendar. The date of the Jewish Rosh Hashana and Sukkot festivals along with all other Jewish holidays are dependent on the dates of the new moons. In lunisolar calendars, an intercalary month occurs seven times in the 19 years of the Metonic cycle, or on average every 2.7 years (19/7). In the Hebrew Calendar this is noted with a periodic extra month of Adar in the early spring. In the modern system of "traditional" full moon names tied to the solstice and equinox points, a supernumerary full moon in such a period Document [4] (Title: Liturgical year) before the Babylonian exile were solar (based on the return of the same relative position between the sun and the earth), lunisolar (based on months that corresponded to the cycle of the moon, with periodic additional months to bring the calendar back into agreement with the solar cycle) like the present-day Jewish calendar of Hillel II, or purely lunar, as the Hijri calendar. The first month of the Hebrew year was called אביב (Aviv), evidently adopted by Moses from Ipip as the eleventh month of the non-lunar Egyptian calendar (that is also the origin of Abib as the tenth month Document [5] (Title: Tishri-years) the years from the Autumn season, around the Autumn Equinox (Gregorian September 22/23). The New Years Day of the Tishri-years is called "Rosh Hashanah" ("Head of the Year"); it begins the Fall Feasts of Israel. Tishri 1, however, is not determined directly by its relationship to the Autumn Equinox. It depends on the determination of Nisan 1, which is the day after the New Moon closest to the Spring Equinox (within fifteen days before or after). Tishri 1 is the first day of the seventh month. Although the month number is always counted from Nisan, in the Tishri-years, the year Document [6] (Title: Hebrew calendar) an additional day to have 30 days, and the year is called a full ("maleh") year. The calendar rules have been designed to ensure that Rosh Hashanah does not fall on a Sunday, Wednesday or Friday. This is to ensure that Yom Kippur does not directly precede or follow Shabbat, which would create practical difficulties, and that Hoshana Rabbah is not on a Shabbat, in which case certain ceremonies would be lost for a year. The solar year is about eleven days longer than twelve lunar months. The Bible does not directly mention the addition of "embolismic" or intercalary months. Document [7] (Title: Rosh Hashanah LaBehema) Rosh Hashanah LaBehema Rosh Hashanah L'Ma'sar Behemah ( "New Year for Tithing Animals") or Rosh Hashanah LaBehemot ( "New Year for (Domesticated) Animals") is one of the four New Year's day festivals ("Rosh Hashanot") in the Jewish calendar as indicated in the Mishnah. During the time of the Temple, this was a day on which shepherds determined which of their mature animals were to be tithed. The day coincides with Rosh Chodesh Elul, the New Moon for the month of Elul, exactly one month before Rosh Hashanah. Beginning in 2009, the festival began to be revived by religious Jewish animal Document [8] (Title: Kings of Judah) of dating reigns of the Israelite kings in reference to the Gregorian calendar. Years in the Gregorian calendar commence on 1 January, whereas year numbers for dating biblical events start on 1 Tishri of the Hebrew calendar, with an unfixed starting point during September–October on the Gregorian calendar. Accordingly, an event which takes place after 1 Tishri, for example, in November and December on the Gregorian calendar, would fall in the following year in the Hebrew calendar used for biblical dating. A detailed account of a coronation in ancient Judah is found in 2 Kings 11:12 and 2 Chronicles 23:11, Document [9] (Title: Israel Summer Time) the Day of Atonement and then returning to summer time. In September 2010 the argument over the dates for summer time reached new heights and some firms even refused to adopt it. On 6 June 2011, Internal Affairs Minister Eli Yishai announced his support for extending IDT, setting the ending time to the beginning of October. The change required the approval of the Knesset. On November 5, 2012, the Israeli Knesset approved the bill to extend IDT to a period of 193 days, beginning on the Friday before the last Sunday in March (at 2:00 local time, or 0:00 UTC, Document [10] (Title: Islamic calendar) 8m = 20874y 6m. Therefore, the first month of the Jewish year beginning in 20874 AD/CE corresponds to the sixth month of the Muslim year AH20874. The worked example in Conversion between Jewish and civil dates, shows that the civil date of the first day of this month (ignoring the displacements) is Friday, 14 June. The year AH20875 will therefore begin seven months later, on the first day of the eighth Jewish month, which the worked example shows to be 7 January, 20875 AD/CE (again ignoring the displacements). The date given by this method, being calculated, may differ by a Document [11] (Title: Elul) phrase "Ani L'dodi V'dodi Li" – "I am my beloved's and my beloved is mine" (Song of Solomon 6:3). Elul is seen as a time to search one's heart and draw close to God in preparation for the coming Day of Judgement, Rosh Hashanah, and Day of Atonement, Yom Kippur. During the month of Elul, there are a number of special rituals leading up to the High Holy Days. It is customary to blow the shofar every morning (except on Shabbat) from Rosh Hodesh Elul (the first day of the month) until the day before Rosh Hashanah. The blasts are Document [12] (Title: Academic term) now ends on August 26 . In 2014, the old schedule was reinstated so that the summer break is back to August 31. The period between Yom Kippur and Sukkot was added as holiday to compensate for this but , has consequently been removed. In most Yeshivas, the year is divided into three periods (terms) called "zmanim". Elul zman starts from the beginning of the Hebrew month of Elul and extends until the end of Yom Kippur. This is the shortest (approx. six weeks), but most intense semester as it comes before the High Holidays of Rosh Hashanah and Yom Document [13] (Title: Hebrew calendar) the basic Hebrew calendar year is one of twelve lunar months alternating between 29 and 30 days: In leap years (such as 5779) an additional month, Adar I (30 days) is added after Shevat, while the regular Adar is referred to as "Adar II." The insertion of the leap month mentioned above is based on the requirement that Passover—the festival celebrating the Exodus from Egypt, which took place in the spring—always occurs in the [northern hemisphere's] spring season. Since the adoption of a fixed calendar, intercalations in the Hebrew calendar have been assigned to fixed points in a 19-year cycle. Document [14] (Title: Cheshvan) The Hebrew Bible, before the Babylonian Exile, refers to the month as Bul (). In Sidon, the reference to Bul is also made on the Sarcophaugus of Eshmunazar II dated to the early 5th century BC. Cheshvan Marcheshvan (, "Marḥešvan" "Marḥešwān"; from Akkadian "waraḫsamnu", literally, ""eighth month""), sometimes shortened to Cheshvan (, "Ḥešvan" "Ḥešwān"), is the second month of the civil year (which starts on 1 Tishrei), and the eighth month of the ecclesiastical year (which starts on 1 Nisan) on the Hebrew calendar. In a regular ("kesidran") year, Marcheshvan has 29 days, but because of the Rosh Hashanah postponement Document [15] (Title: Emor) children have announced, that it is Rosh Hashanah. If the court determined that the month of Elul spanned a full 30 days, so that Rosh Hashanah would fall on the next day, then God would direct the ministering angels to remove the platform, remove the defense attorneys, remove the prosecutors, for God’s children had declared Elul a full month. For says of Rosh Hashanah, “For it is a statute for Israel, an ordinance of the God of Jacob,” and thus if it is not a statute for Israel, then it also is not an ordinance of God. A Baraita taught Document [16] (Title: Elul) meant to awaken one's spirits and inspire him to begin the soul searching which will prepare him for the High Holy Days. As part of this preparation, Elul is the time to begin the sometimes-difficult process of granting and asking for forgiveness. It is also customary to recite Psalm 27 every day from Rosh Hodesh Elul through Hoshanah Rabbah on Sukkot (in Tishrei). Aside from the blowing of the shofar, the other significant ritual practice during Elul is to recite selichot (special penitential prayers) either every morning before sunrise beginning on the Sunday immediately before Rosh Hashanah, or, if starting Document [17] (Title: Hebrew calendar) 932d 2h 31 2/18m or 1d 2h 31 2/18m later after removing complete weeks. Allowing for the current difference of thirteen days between the civil and Julian calendars, the Julian date is 13+(248x0d 5h 47 4/18m) earlier, which is 72d 21h 28 16/18m earlier. Convert back to the civil calendar by applying the formula. So, in 20874 CE, the Jewish year is due to begin 87d 2h 31 2/18m later than in 2026 CE and 1d 2h 31 2/18m later in the week. In 20874 CE, therefore, the Jewish year is due to begin at 11.30 3/18 A.M. on Friday, Document [18] (Title: Adar) Adar Adar ( ; from Akkadian "adaru") is the sixth month of the civil year and the twelfth month of the ecclesiastical year on the Hebrew calendar, roughly corresponding to the month of March in the Gregorian calendar. It is a winter month of 29 days. The Month of Adar in the Holy Scriptures comprises in Esther 09, 21. In leap years, it is preceded by a 30-day intercalary month named Adar Aleph (, Aleph being the first letter of the Hebrew alphabet, also known as "Adar Rishon" ("First Adar") or "Adar I") and it is then itself called Adar Document [19] (Title: Elul) Elul Elul (, "Elul" "ʾĔlûl") is the twelfth month of the Jewish civil year and the sixth month of the ecclesiastical year on the Hebrew calendar. It is a summer month of 29 days. Elul usually occurs in August–September on the Gregorian calendar. In the Jewish tradition, the month of Elul is a time of repentance in preparation for the High Holy Days of Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur. The word "Elul" is similar to the root of the verb "search" in Aramaic. The Talmud writes that the Hebrew word "Elul" can be understood to be an acronym for the Document [20] (Title: Bein Hazmanim) rather than on Tisha B'Av.) The Yeshiva year typically begins on 1 Elul, this being Rosh Chodesh Elul. The first Zman runs for five and a half weeks until the end of Yom Kippur on 10 Tishrei. The month of Elul, the beginning of Tishrei, and the High Holy Days, all marked by focus on repentance, are followed by the extended, more joyous holiday of Sukkot at the end of Tishrei. The first major Bein Hazmanim period usually begins immediately following Yom Kippur, and runs at least until the end of Sukkot (22 Tishrei in Israel, 23 Tishrei in the Document [21] (Title: Jewish Talmudic Calendar) the beginning of the Era of the World (Anno Mundi). The reference junction of the Sun and the Moon (Molad 1) on the day of creation is considered to be at 5 hours and 204 halakim, or 11:11:20 p.m., in the evening of Sunday, Oct 7, 3761 BC. In every 19 years, the solar and lunar calendars basically synchronize, with only about 2 hours of difference. Thus each 19 years is called a Small Mahzor in Jewish Talmudic Calendar, which is equivalent to the Greek Metonic Cycle, although they do not start on the same year. The year of creation Document [22] (Title: Leap year) rule which ensures that month 11 is always the month that contains the northern winter solstice. The intercalary month takes the same number as the preceding month; for example, if it follows the second month (二月) then it is simply called "leap second month" i.e. . The Hebrew calendar is lunisolar with an embolismic month. This extra month is called "Adar Alef" (first Adar) and is added before "Adar", which then becomes "Adar Bet" (second Adar). According to the Metonic cycle, this is done seven times every nineteen years (specifically, in years 3, 6, 8, 11, 14, 17, and 19). Document [23] (Title: Revelation 12 sign prophecy) begin on the evening of September 21 and end on the evening of the 22nd (if the 2% illuminated moon is sighted) or begin on the evening of the 22nd and end on the evening of the 23rd when the sign is fulfilled. Rosh Hashanah is the Jewish New Year celebration, in this case marking the end of the year 5777 (sometimes abbreviated to the significant number 777) and the beginning of 5778. The Feast of Trumpets in Jewish tradition is believed to be a day when the dead will be resurrected and judgement will begin while Christians believe the Document [24] (Title: Hebrew calendar) the destruction of the Temple" with the modern creation-era . The Hebrew lunar year is about eleven days shorter than the solar year and uses the 19-year Metonic cycle to bring it into line with the solar year, with the addition of an intercalary month every two or three years, for a total of seven times per 19 years. Even with this intercalation, the average Hebrew calendar year is longer by about 6 minutes and 40 seconds than the current mean tropical year, so that every 216 years the Hebrew calendar will fall a day behind the current mean tropical Document [25] (Title: Geonim) was Saadia Gaon, who wrote Biblical commentaries and many other works: he is best known for the philosophical work Emunoth ve-Deoth. Two months of the year were denoted as "yarchei kallah", or "months of the bride" (referring to the Talmud) – the Hebrew months of Adar and Elul. During this time, foreign students assembled in the academy for common study. During the first three weeks of the "yarchei kallah" the scholars seated in the first row reported on the Talmud treatise assigned for study during the preceding months; in the fourth week the other scholars and also some of the Document [26] (Title: Hebrew calendar) by these criteria (as it was in AM 5765 and 5768, the 8th and 11th years of the 19-year cycle = Gregorian 2005 and 2008 CE). Presently, this occurs after the "premature" insertion of a leap month in years 8, 11, and 19 of each 19-year cycle, which causes the northward equinox to land on exceptionally early Hebrew dates in such years. This problem will get worse over time, and so beginning in AM 5817 (2057 CE), year 3 of each 19-year cycle will also be a month late. If the calendar is not amended, then Passover will start to Document [27] (Title: Hebrew calendar) day of the week is three or two days. If 29 February is included fewer than five times in the nineteen – year period the date will be later by the number of days which corresponds to the difference between the actual number of insertions and five. If the year is due to start on Sunday, it actually begins on the following Tuesday if the following year is due to start on Friday morning. If due to start on Monday, Wednesday or Friday it actually begins on the following day. If due to start on Saturday, it actually begins on Document [28] (Title: Yom tov sheni shel galuyot) largely did the same. The need for a second festival day arises from problems encountered by Jews living in the Diaspora following the Babylonian exile. The Jewish calendar, is a lunar system with months of 29 or 30 days. In Temple times, the length of the month depended on witnesses who had seen the new moon coming to the Temple in Jerusalem. Following confirmation of their evidence, a new Jewish month would be proclaimed. News of this proclamation was subsequently sent out to all Jewish communities. If no witnesses arrived, the new month was proclaimed the following day. Those communities Document [29] (Title: Hebrew calendar) 7 are leap years of 13 months. To determine whether a Jewish year is a leap year, one must find its position in the 19-year Metonic cycle. This position is calculated by dividing the Jewish year number by 19 and finding the remainder. (Since there is no year 0, a remainder of 0 indicates that the year is year 19 of the cycle.) For example, the Jewish year divided by 19 results in a remainder of % 19, indicating that it is year of the Metonic cycle. Years 3, 6, 8, 11, 14, 17, and 19 of the Metonic cycle Document [30] (Title: Rosh Hashanah) never falls on a Sunday, Wednesday, or Friday. The Torah defines Rosh Hashanah as a one-day celebration, and since days in the Hebrew calendar begin at sundown, the beginning of Rosh Hashanah is at sundown at the end of 29 Elul. The rules of the Hebrew calendar are designed such that the first day of Rosh Hashanah will never occur on the first, fourth, or sixth day of the Jewish week (i.e., Sunday, Wednesday, or Friday). Since the time of the destruction of the Second Temple of Jerusalem in 70 CE and the time of Rabban Yohanan ben Zakkai, normative Document [31] (Title: Hebrew calendar) 1st of Shevat is the new year for trees—so the school of Shammai; and the school of Hillel say: On the 15th thereof. The month of Elul is the new year for counting animal tithes ("ma'aser behemah"). "Tu Bishvat" ("the 15th of Shevat") marks the new year for trees (and agricultural tithes). For the dates of the Jewish New Year see Jewish and Israeli holidays 2000–2050 or calculate using the section "Conversion between Jewish and civil calendars". The Jewish calendar is based on the Metonic cycle of 19 years, of which 12 are common (non-leap) years of 12 months and Document [32] (Title: Year 6000) Year 6000 According to classical Jewish sources, the Hebrew year 6000 (from sunset of 29 September 2239 until nightfall of 16 September 2240 on the Gregorian calendar) marks the latest time for the initiation of the Messianic Age. The Talmud, Midrash, and the Kabbalistic work, the Zohar, state that the 'deadline' by which the Messiah must appear is 6,000 years from creation. According to tradition, the Hebrew calendar started at the time of Creation, placed at 3761 BC. The current (-3761/-3760) Hebrew year is . The belief that the seventh millennium will correspond to the Messianic Age is founded upon Document [33] (Title: Pinechas (parsha)) rise, and let the prosecutors rise, for God’s children have announced, that it is Rosh Hashanah. If the court determined that the month of Elul spanned a full 30 days, so that Rosh Hashanah would fall on the next day, then God would direct the ministering angels to remove the platform, remove the defense attorneys, remove the prosecutors, for God’s children had declared Elul a full month. For says of Rosh Hashanah, “For it is a statute for Israel, an ordinance of the God of Jacob,” and thus if it is not a statute for Israel, then it also is Document [34] (Title: Hebrew calendar) ancient Israel, the start of the ecclesiastical new year for the counting of months and festivals (i.e., Nisan) was determined by reference to Passover. Passover is on 15 Nisan, () which corresponds to the full moon of Nisan. As Passover is a spring festival, it should fall on a full moon day around, and normally just after, the vernal (northward) equinox. If the twelfth full moon after the previous Passover is too early compared to the equinox, a leap month is inserted near the end of the previous year before the new year is set to begin. According to normative Document [35] (Title: Anno Mundi) The first year of the Jewish calendar, Anno Mundi 1 (AM 1), began about one year before Creation, so that year is also called the Year of emptiness. The first five days of Jewish Creation week occupy the last five days of AM 1, Elul 25–29. The sixth day of Creation, when Adam and Eve were created, is the first day of AM 2, Rosh Hashanah (1 Tishrei). Its associated molad Adam (molad VaYaD) occurred on Day 5 (yom Vav) at 14 (Yud Daled) hours (and 0 parts). A year earlier, the first day of AM 1, Rosh Hashanah (1 Document [36] (Title: Mishkan T'filah) changes are replacing a line from the Reform movement’s earlier prayerbook, "Gates of Repentance," that mentioned the joy of a bride and groom specifically, with the line "rejoicing with couples under the chuppah [wedding canopy]", and adding a third, non-gendered option to the way worshippers are called to the Torah, offering “mibeit,” Hebrew for “from the house of,” in addition to the traditional “son of” or “daughter of.” Several other versions of Mishkan HaNefesh (ex. youth, large print...) have also been put out. Mishkan Halev is the official prayer book for the Hebrew month of Elul. Elul coincides with August Document [37] (Title: Hebrew calendar) Judaism, the verses in require that the months be determined by a proper court with the necessary authority to sanctify the months. Hence the court, not the astronomy, has the final decision. According to some Christian and Karaite sources, the tradition in ancient Israel was that 1 Nisan would not start until the barley is ripe, being the test for the onset of spring. If the barley was not ripe, an intercalary month would be added before Nisan. The day most commonly referred to as the "New Year" is 1 Tishrei, which actually begins in the seventh month of the Document [38] (Title: Elul) Sunday would not afford four days of selichot, then the Sunday one week prior (Ashkenazi tradition) or every morning during the entire month of Elul (Sephardi tradition). Ashkenazi Jews begin the recitation of selichot with a special service on Saturday night between solar mid-night (not 12:00) and morning light on the first day of Selichot. Many Jews also visit the graves of loved ones throughout the month in order to remember and honor those people in our past who inspire us to live more fully in the future. Another social custom is to begin or end all letters written during Document [39] (Title: Ahaziah of Judah) begins one-year coregency sometime in the six months on or after Nisan 1 of 842 BC, which was in the 11th year of Jehoram of Israel (2 Kings 9:29) by Israel's Nisan calendar and non-accession reckoning (2 Kings 9:29). By a Judean calendar the year would be 843/842 BC, i.e. the year starting in Tishri of 843 BC. The start of his sole reign would be in the six months following Nisan 1 of 841 BC, in the 12th year of Jehoram of Israel (2 Kings 8:25); his death also occurred in this six-month interval. By Judean reckoning, this would Document [40] (Title: Ohr) Jewish mystical tradition. Judah Loew ben Bezalel (the Maharal) died on the 18th day (18 means "Chai"-"life" in Gematria) of the Hebrew month of Elul in the year 1609 (17 September). The 18th of Elul, 12 days before Rosh Hashanah, is a central mystical date in the personal preparations of teshuvah (return to God) for the upcoming "Days of Awe". A central component of the teachings of the Maharal was the concept of Divine paradox, above intellect. This prepared the way for the Hasidic movement, that sought the inner expression in Hasidic philosophy of the Kabbalistic tradition. The founder of Document [41] (Title: Jubilee (biblical)) cycle would have been 1406 BC. According to the religious calendar that started the year in Nisan, and in accordance with Joshua 5:10 that places the entry in the land in Nisan, Nisan of 1406 BC is the month and year when counting started. But 1406 BC is the year of entry into the land that is traditionally derived by another method, namely taking Thiele's date of 931/930 BC for the start of the divided kingdom after Solomon's death, in conjunction with 1 Kings 6:1 (Solomon's fourth year was 480th year of Exodus-era), to derive the date of the Exodus Document [42] (Title: Hebrew calendar) celebrate the Gregorian New Year (usually known as "Silvester Night"—"ליל סילבסטר") on the night between 31 December and 1 January. Prominent rabbis have on several occasions sharply denounced this practice, but with no noticeable effect on the secularist celebrants. Wall calendars commonly used in Israel are hybrids. Most are organised according to Gregorian rather than Jewish months, but begin in September, when the Jewish New Year usually falls, and provide the Jewish date in small characters. Outside of Rabbinic Judaism, evidence shows a diversity of practice. Karaites use the lunar month and the solar year, but the Karaite calendar differs Document [43] (Title: Days of week on Hebrew calendar) the "four gates". Since three arrangements cannot occur within the fixed calendar, most holidays can each occur on one of four possible days. All the holy days and festivals fall in the months of Nisan through Tishrei, months one to seven. These months always have the same number of days, alternating 30 and 29. The next two months are Cheshvan and Kislev, months eight and nine. Both or either of these months can have either 29 or 30 days, allowing for adjustments to be made and the schedule in the coming year to be manipulated. (On a regular year, Cheshvan Document [44] (Title: Nisan-years) Vernal Equinox (Spring Equinox, when the day and the night is of equal length, set at March 21 in the Gregorian Calendar). It begins the first month, named Nisanu/Nisan/Abib. The month of Nisan is important since it begins the Spring Feasts of Israel. The observation of the New Moon may be influenced by the weather condition, so the Rosh Chodesh may be delayed for one or two days. But over all the errors cancel each other, and the calendar system remains accurate. The intercalary month could be a second Sixth Month (Ululu II), as often practiced in Mesopatamia, or a Document [45] (Title: Bo (parsha)) sun and the moon on the 28th of Elul. The entire Hebrew calendar — years, months, days, nights, seasons, and intercalation — were before God, and God intercalated the years and delivered the calculations to Adam in the Garden of Eden, as can be read, "This is the calculation for the generations of Adam." Adam handed on the tradition to Enoch, who was initiated in the principle of intercalation, as says, "And Enoch walked with God." Enoch passed the principle of intercalation to Noah, who conveyed the tradition to Shem, who conveyed it to Abraham, who conveyed it to Isaac, Document [46] (Title: Hebrew calendar) recited until "Shemini Atzeret", after the end of Sukkot, yet it is becoming increasingly likely that the rainy season in Israel will start before the end of Sukkot. No equinox or solstice will ever be more than a day or so away from its mean date according to the solar calendar, while nineteen Jewish years average 6939d 16h 33m 03s compared to the 6939d 14h 26m 15s of nineteen mean tropical years. This discrepancy has mounted up to six days, which is why the earliest Passover currently falls on 26 March (as in AM 5773 / 2013 CE). Given the Document [47] (Title: Era) of the age of the world, assuming it was created as described in the Book of Genesis. In Jewish religious contexts one of the versions is still used, and many Eastern Orthodox religious calendars used another version until 1728. Hebrew year 5772 AM began at sunset on 28 September 2011 and ended on 16 September 2012. In the Western church Anno Domini (=AD = CE), counting the years since the birth of Jesus on traditional calculations, was always dominant. The Islamic calendar, which also has variants, counts years from the Hijra or emigration of the Islamic prophet Muhammad from Mecca Document [48] (Title: Jewish holidays) (ראש חודש) (lit., "head of the month") is a minor holiday or observance occurring on the first day of each month of the Jewish calendar, as well as the last day of the preceding month if it has thirty days. Beyond the preceding, current observance is limited to changes in liturgy. "Related observances:" The month of Elul that precedes Rosh Hashanah is considered to be a propitious time for repentance. For this reason, additional penitential prayers called Selichot are added to the daily prayers, except on Shabbat. Sephardi Jews add these prayers each weekday during Elul. Ashkenazi Jews recite them Document [49] (Title: Rosh Hashanah) of Tishri as the beginning of the Jewish year began with the early Egyptians and was preserved by the Hebrew nation, being also alluded to in the Hebrew Bible when describing the Great Deluge at the time of Noah. This began during the "second month" ("Marheshvan") counting from Tishri, a view that has largely been accepted by the Sages of Israel. The Mishnah contains the second known reference to Rosh Hashanah as the "day of judgment". In the Talmud tractate on Rosh Hashanah, it states that three books of account are opened on Rosh Hashanah, wherein the fate of the Document [50] (Title: Rosh Hashanah) ordinary years, Sabbatical years, Jubilees, and dates inscribed on legal deeds and contracts are reckoned differently; such years begin on the first day of the lunar month Tishri (usually corresponding to the months September–October in the Gregorian calendar). Their injunction is expressly stated in the Hebrew Bible: "Three times in the year you shall keep a feast unto me… the feast of unleavened bread (Passover)… the feast of harvest (Shavuot)… and the feast of ingathering (Sukkot) which is "at the departing of the year"" . "At the departing of the year" implies that the new year begins here. The reckoning Document [51] (Title: Passover) April of the Gregorian calendar. Passover is a spring festival, so the 15th day of Nisan typically begins on the night of a full moon after the northern vernal equinox. However, due to leap months falling after the vernal equinox, Passover sometimes starts on the second full moon after vernal equinox, as in 2016. To ensure that Passover did not start before spring, the tradition in ancient Israel held that the first day of Nisan would not start until the barley was ripe, being the test for the onset of spring. If the barley was not ripe, or various other Document [52] (Title: 929: Tanakh B'yachad) English as well. It will conclude on February 2, 2022. 929: Tanakh B'yachad 929: Tanakh B'yachad (Hebrew: Bible Together, 929 - תנך ביחד) is a project for learning one chapter of Tanakh per day (except Friday and Saturday), totaling 5 chapters per week. The name '929' refers to the total number of chapters in the Tanakh. The project was announced by the Israeli Education Ministry, and began on December 21, 2014. The first cycle was completed on April 18, 2018, coinciding with Israel's 70th Independence Day. The first cycle of the project offered content in Hebrew only. The second cycle, Document [53] (Title: Elul) of the Hebrew calendar months, was brought from the Babylonian captivity, and originated from the Akkadian word for "Harvest". A similar month name was also used in Akkadian, in the form "Elūlu". Eylül is also the name for September in Turkish; this is derived from "ʾAylūl", used in the Levant (see Arabic names of calendar months). Elul Elul (, "Elul" "ʾĔlûl") is the twelfth month of the Jewish civil year and the sixth month of the ecclesiastical year on the Hebrew calendar. It is a summer month of 29 days. Elul usually occurs in August–September on the Gregorian calendar. In Document [54] (Title: Rosh Hashanah) 2013. The latest Gregorian date that Rosh Hashanah can occur is October 5, as happened in 1815, 1929 and 1967, and will happen again in 2043. After 2089, the differences between the Hebrew calendar and the Gregorian calendar will result in Rosh Hashanah falling no earlier than September 6. Starting in 2214, the new latest date will be October 6. Although the Jewish calendar is based on the lunar cycle, so that the first day of each month originally began with the first sighting of a new moon, since the fourth century it has been arranged so that Rosh Hashanah Document [55] (Title: Hebrew calendar) These rules are implemented by adding an extra day to Marcheshvan (making it 30 days long) or by removing one day from Kislev (making it 29 days long). Accordingly, a common Hebrew calendar year can have a length of 353, 354 or 355 days, while a leap Hebrew calendar year can have a length of 383, 384 or 385 days. The Hebrew calendar is a lunisolar calendar, meaning that months are based on lunar months, but years are based on solar years. The calendar year features twelve lunar months of twenty-nine or thirty days, with an intercalary lunar month added Document [56] (Title: Tishrei) Israel) – Shemini Atzeret/Atzeres & Simchat Torah/Simchas Torah Tishrei Tishrei ( or Tishri ; "tishré" or "tishrí"); from Akkadian "tašrītu" "Beginning", from "šurrû" "To begin") is the first month of the civil year (which starts on 1 Tishrei) and the seventh month of the ecclesiastical year (which starts on 1 Nisan) in the Hebrew calendar. The name of the month is Babylonian. It is an autumn month of 30 days. Tishrei usually occurs in September–October on the Gregorian calendar. In the Hebrew Bible, before the Babylonian Exile, the month is called Ethanim ( - ). Edwin R. Thiele has concluded, Document [57] (Title: Seder Olam Rabbah) Jewish tradition, "Year 1" is considered to have begun on the 25 of Elul, 6 days before the beginning of "Year 2" on the first of Tishrei, when Adam was created. The new moon of its first month (Tishrei) is designated "molad tohu" (meaning new moon of chaos or nothing). By Halafta's calculation Adam was created during the year 3761 BCE. However, "Seder Olam Rabbah" treats the creation of Adam as the beginning of "Year Zero". This results in a two-year discrepancy between the years given in "Seder Olam Rabbah" and the Jewish year used now. For example, "Seder Olam Document [58] (Title: Rosh Hashanah LaBehema) Jerusalem, and in major cities across the United States. Several prominent Masorti and Open Orthodox rabbis have since lent their support for reviving the festival, including Adam Frank, Yitz Greenberg, Jonathan Wittenberg, David Wolpe, and Shmuly Yanklowitz. Rosh Hashanah L'Ma'sar Behemah coincides with Rosh Ḥodesh Elul. Commencing the first of Elul (and continuing throughout the month), the shofar is blown at the end of the shacharit morning service in anticipation of Rosh Hashanah. The period of "heshbon hanefesh" (the traditional accounting for one's relationships during the month of Elul) begins on this day. (This period of self-reflection and relationship repair Document [59] (Title: Hebrew calendar) ecclesiastical year. On that day the formal New Year for the counting of years (such as Shmita and Yovel), Rosh Hashanah ("head of the year") is observed. (see , which uses the phrase "beginning of the year".) This is the civil new year, and the date on which the year number advances. Certain agricultural practices are also marked from this date. In the 1st century, Josephus stated that while – Moses...appointed Nisan...as the first month for the festivals...the commencement of the year for everything relating to divine worship, but for selling and buying and other ordinary affairs he preserved the Document [60] (Title: Polycarp) according to the Hebrew calendar the earliest time Nisan 14, the date of the Passover, can fall on in any given year is late March. Other "Great Sabbaths" (if this is referring to what are commonly considered to be Jewish holy days, though observed by many early professors of Christ) come in the spring, late summer, and the fall. None occur in winter. It is claimed that the "Great Sabbath" is alluded to in John 7:37. Here it is referred to as "the last day, that great day of the feast" and is a separate annual holy day immediately following Document [61] (Title: Emor) "turn of the year" in the autumn harvest month of Tishrei. Psalm likely refers to Rosh Hashanah when it enjoins, "Blow the horn at the new moon, at the full moon of our feast day. For it is a statute for Israel, an ordinance of the God of Jacob." refers to the Festival of Yom Kippur. In the Hebrew Bible, Yom Kippur is called: Much as Yom Kippur, on the 10th of the month of Tishrei, precedes the Festival of Sukkot, on the 15th of the month of Tishrei, speaks of a period starting on the 10th of the month Document [62] (Title: Islamic calendar) corresponding to the first month of the Jewish year which begins in 20874 AD/CE. Dividing 20874 by 19 gives quotient 1098 and remainder 12. Dividing 2026 by 19 gives quotient 106 and remainder 12. 2026 is chosen because it gives the same remainder on division by 19 as 20874. The two years are therefore (1098–106)=992×19 years apart. The Muslim month number corresponding to the first Jewish month is therefore 992×7=6944 higher than in 2026. To convert into years and months divide by twelve – 6944/12=578 years and 8 months. Adding, we get 1447y 10m + 20874y – 2026y + 578y Document [63] (Title: Hebrew calendar) difference goes above 18/19-month this signifies a leap year, and the difference is reduced by one month. To calculate the day on which Rosh Hashanah of a given year will fall, it is necessary first to calculate the expected molad (moment of lunar conjunction or new moon) of Tishrei in that year, and then to apply a set of rules to determine whether the first day of the year must be postponed. The molad can be calculated by multiplying the number of months that will have elapsed since some (preceding) molad whose weekday is known by the mean length of Document [64] (Title: Bechukotai) or early June. The lunisolar Hebrew calendar contains up to 55 weeks, the exact number varying between 50 in common years and 54 or 55 in leap years. In leap years (for example, 2019, 2022, 2024, and 2027), parashah Bechukotai is read separately. In common years (for example, 2020, 2021, 2023, 2025, and 2026), parashah Bechukotai is combined with the previous parashah, Behar, to help achieve the needed number of weekly readings. In years when the first day of Passover falls on a Sabbath (as it does in 2018, 2019, and 2022), Jews in Israel and Reform Jews read the Document [65] (Title: Hebrew calendar) count the year by months and not by days." Both the Syrian calendar, currently used in the Arabic-speaking countries of the Fertile crescent, and the modern Assyrian calendar share many of the names for months with the Hebrew calendar, such as Nisan, Iyyar, Tammuz, Ab, Elul, Tishri and Adar, indicating a common origin. The origin is thought to be the Babylonian calendar. The modern Turkish calendar includes the names Şubat (February), Nisan (April), Temmuz (July) and Eylul (September). The former name for October was Tesrin. Babylonian exile The Jewish people left Babylon and returned to live in Judea around 586 Document [66] (Title: Hebrew calendar) land on or after the summer solstice around AM 16652 (12892 CE). (The exact year when this will begin to occur depends on uncertainties in the future tidal slowing of the Earth rotation rate, and on the accuracy of predictions of precession and Earth axial tilt.) The seriousness of the spring equinox drift is widely discounted on the grounds that Passover will remain in the spring season for many millennia, and the text of the Torah is generally not interpreted as having specified tight calendrical limits. The Hebrew calendar also drifts with respect to the autumn equinox, and at least Document [67] (Title: Rosh Hashanah LaBehema) is also commonly referred to as "Elul Zman", the Elul season.) Rosh Hashanah LaBehema Rosh Hashanah L'Ma'sar Behemah ( "New Year for Tithing Animals") or Rosh Hashanah LaBehemot ( "New Year for (Domesticated) Animals") is one of the four New Year's day festivals ("Rosh Hashanot") in the Jewish calendar as indicated in the Mishnah. During the time of the Temple, this was a day on which shepherds determined which of their mature animals were to be tithed. The day coincides with Rosh Chodesh Elul, the New Moon for the month of Elul, exactly one month before Rosh Hashanah. Beginning in Document [68] (Title: Hebrew calendar) "year 1" is "not" Creation, but about one year before Creation, with the new moon of its first month (Tishrei) to be called "molad tohu" (the mean new moon of chaos or nothing). The Jewish calendar's epoch (reference date), 1 Tishrei AM 1, is equivalent to Monday, 7 October 3761 BC/BCE in the proleptic Julian calendar, the equivalent tabular date (same daylight period) and is about one year "before" the traditional Jewish date of Creation on 25 Elul AM 1, based upon the "Seder Olam Rabbah". Thus, adding 3760 before Rosh Hashanah or 3761 after to a Julian year number Document [69] (Title: Jewish Talmudic Calendar) out at the end of Iggul 21; another is to adopt the synodic month to be the more accurate 29.53058868 days, thus the length of the year would be (235*13*26-1)/(19*13*26) = 365.2426 days, very close to the actual 365.2422 days of the tropical year. The result is the "Hebrew Calendar" in the program CalMaster2000. Jewish Talmudic Calendar The Jewish Talmudic Calendar is a lunisolar calendar using Tishri-years, observed by the Jewish people since the Late Antiquity (AD 300-700). While it is based on Nisan-years, which began from the prebiblical Babylonian times (c. 2000 BC), and the Tishri-years was formed in Document [70] (Title: Hebrew calendar) whether each year is an ordinary or leap year by its position in the 19-year Metonic cycle. Years 3, 6, 8, 11, 14, 17, and 19 are leap years. Secondly, one must determine the number of days between the starting Tishrei "molad" (TM1) and the Tishrei "molad" of the next year (TM2). For calendar descriptions in general the day begins at 6 p.m., but for the purpose of determining Rosh Hashanah, a "molad" occurring on or after noon is treated as belonging to the next day (the first "deḥiyyah"). All months are calculated as 29d, 12h, 44m, 3s long (MonLen). Document [71] (Title: Hebrew calendar) 14 June. Because of the displacements, it actually begins on Saturday, 15 June. Odd months have 30 days and even months 29, so the starting dates are 2, 15 July; 3, 13 August; 4, 12 September; 5, 11 October; 6, 10 November; 7, 9 December, and 8, 8 January. The rules are based on the theory that Maimonides explains in his book "Rabbinical Astronomy" – no allowance is made for the secular (centennial) decrease of ½ second in the length of the mean tropical year and the increase of about four yards in the distance between the earth and the Document [72] (Title: Hebrew calendar) the following day if the previous year was due to begin on Monday morning. The table below lists, for a Jewish year commencing on 23 March, the civil date of the first day of each month. If the year does not begin on 23 March, each month's first day will differ from the date shown by the number of days that the start of the year differs from 23 March. The correct column is the one which shows the correct starting date for the following year in the last row. If 29 February falls within a Jewish month the first Document [73] (Title: Biblical and Talmudic units of measurement) the intercalary month). The Israelite month was clearly broken up into weeks, since the Genesis creation (and biblical references to Shabbat) describe a seven-day week. The seven-day cycle is not seen as a cycle in nature and is rather a custom biblically originating from . The modern Hebrew calendar follows a seven-day weekly cycle, which runs concurrently but independently of the monthly and annual cycles. The origin of Hebrew seven day week and the Sabbath, as well as the true meaning of the name, is uncertain. The earliest Biblical passages which mention it (Exodus 20:10 and 24:21; Deut. 5:14; Amos Document [74] (Title: Elul) the month of Elul with wishes that the recipient have a good year. The standard blessing is ""K'tiva VaHatima Tova"" ("a good writing and sealing [of judgement]"), meaning that the person should be written and sealed in the Book of Life for a good year. Tradition teaches that on Rosh Hashanah, each person is written down for a good or a poor year, based on their actions in the previous one, and their sincere efforts at atoning for mistakes or harm. On Yom Kippur, that fate is "sealed." The name of the month Elul, like the names of the rest Document [75] (Title: Hebrew calendar) and the number of the month to within a month or so. From the 4th century, the number of the month is given exactly and from the 9th century the day of the month is given exactly as well. In the Julian calendar, every 76 years the Jewish year is due to start 5h 47 14/18m earlier, and 3d 18h 12 4/18m later in the week. On what civil date does the eighth month begin in CE 20874-5? 20874=2026+(248x76). In (248x76) Julian years the Jewish year is due to start (248x3d 18h 12 4/18m) later in the week, which is Document [76] (Title: High Holy Days) prefer the term High Holy Days over High Holidays because the former emphasizes the personal, reflective, introspective aspects of this period. By contrast, Holidays suggests a time of communal celebrations of events in the history of the Jewish people. The Hebrew month preceding Rosh Hashanah, Elul, is designated as a month of introspection and repentance. In preparation for the Jewish New Year, special prayers are recited. is added at the end of morning and evening prayers, and the shofar (ram's horn) is blown at the end of morning services on weekdays (except for the eve of Rosh Hashanah itself). Among Document [77] (Title: Jewish eschatology) time of creation; the year 2009-2010 (the Hebrew New Year begins during September or October) of the Gregorian calendar corresponds to the Hebrew year 5770. There is a kabbalistic tradition that maintains that the seven days of creation in Genesis 1 correspond to seven millennia of the existence of natural creation. The tradition teaches that the seventh day of the week, "Shabbat" or the day of rest, corresponds to the seventh millennium (Hebrew years 6000 - 7000), the age of universal 'rest' - the Messianic Era. The Talmud comments: The Midrash comments: "Six eons for going in and coming out, Document [78] (Title: Tishri-years) begins and ends with Tishri 1. The intercalary month is still the second Adar, initially determined by agricultural observations in Israel. Although meteorological conditions may cause a few days of delay for each Rosh Codesh ("Head of the Month"), over all the errors will cancel each other, and the calendar system remained accurate. After the fourth century AD, Hillel II fixed the Jewish Talmudic Calendar by a mathematical algorithm, in order for Jews all around the world to observe the feasts according to the same calendar. This caused the Jewish calendar to gradually depart from the actual seasons, due to Document [79] (Title: Passover) after dusk of the 14th of Nisan and ends at dusk of the 15th day of the month of Nisan. The rituals unique to the Passover celebrations commence with the Passover Seder when the 15th of Nisan has begun. In the Northern Hemisphere Passover takes place in spring as the Torah prescribes it: "in the month of [the] spring" ( ). It is one of the most widely celebrated Jewish holidays. In the narrative of the Exodus, the Bible tells that God helped the Children of Israel escape from their slavery in Egypt by inflicting ten plagues upon the ancient Document [80] (Title: Hebrew calendar) a (synodic) lunar month, which is 29 days, 12 hours, and 793 parts (there are 1080 "parts" in an hour, so that one part is equal to 3 seconds). The very first molad, the molad tohu, fell on Sunday evening at 11.11, or in Jewish terms Day 2, 5 hours, and 204 parts. In calculating the number of months that will have passed since the known molad that one uses as the starting point, one must remember to include any leap months that falls within the elapsed interval, according to the cycle of leap years. A 19-year cycle of 235 Document [81] (Title: Jewish Talmudic Calendar) according to the Rabbinical Chronology (3761 BC) is taken as year 1 in the first Small Mahzor. The Greek cycle begins from an arbitrarily year, usually from the beginning of the Common Era (Anno Domini). If every 13 Small Mahzor is called an Iggul, because 12 times 2 hours is a day, and 30 days are a month, in less than 30 Igguls a whole intercalary month should be removed. The position of the years in a Small Mahzor is called the Golden Number. The pattern of the leap years will change slightly each Iggul, but the Jewish Talmudic Calendar Document [82] (Title: Rosh Hashanah) the Persians or Greeks; the primary reason was agricultural in both cases, the time of sowing the seed and bringing in the harvest. In Jewish law, four major New Years are observed, each one marking a beginning of sorts. The lunar month Nisan (usually corresponding to the months March–April in the Gregorian calendar) is when a new year is added to the reign of Jewish kings, and it marks the start of the year for the three Jewish pilgrimages. Its injunction is expressly stated in the Hebrew Bible: "This month shall be unto you "the beginning" of months" . However, Document [83] (Title: Nitzavim) Hebrew letters of the words of , "et-levavecha, v’et-levav", “[the Lord your God will circumcise] your heart, and the heart [of your seed, to love the Lord your God with all your heart],” spell out , "Elul", the name of the month that includes Rosh Hashannah and Yom Kippur. The "Mishnah Berurah" cited this as Scriptural support for the practice of rising early to say prayers for forgiveness (, "Selichot") from the first day of the month of Elul until Yom Kippur. Alter saw in "life and good and death and evil" an echo of "the tree of knowledge good Document [84] (Title: Investigative judgment) the month of Passover which must occur in the Spring, and the latest secular date it can start is about April 19. Yom Kippur is always 173 days after this date, and that would be October 9. There is no way it could work out to be October 22." All Hebrew calendars universally agree that Yom Kippur (which is the 10th day of Tishrei), in the year 1844 A.D. (Hebrew year 5605) actually occurred on September 23. Lack of confidence within Adventism – Raymond F. Cottrell, claimed that the investigative judgment doctrine lacks support within Adventist academia and point to Document [85] (Title: Am Yisrael Foundation) honor the ongoing contributions of Olim to Israeli society. As the tenth of Nisan occurs a few days before the Passover holiday, when schools are not in session, the school system will also mark the holiday on the seventh of the Hebrew month of Heshvan. That date is also symbolic as the Torah portion read out in synagogues that week, Lekh Lekha, relates the story of how the biblical patriarch Abraham is ordered by God to leave his home and his family and go up to the Land of Israel. The Yom HaAliyah bill was presented to the Twentieth Knesset Document [86] (Title: Tishrei) Tishrei Tishrei ( or Tishri ; "tishré" or "tishrí"); from Akkadian "tašrītu" "Beginning", from "šurrû" "To begin") is the first month of the civil year (which starts on 1 Tishrei) and the seventh month of the ecclesiastical year (which starts on 1 Nisan) in the Hebrew calendar. The name of the month is Babylonian. It is an autumn month of 30 days. Tishrei usually occurs in September–October on the Gregorian calendar. In the Hebrew Bible, before the Babylonian Exile, the month is called Ethanim ( - ). Edwin R. Thiele has concluded, in "The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings", Document [87] (Title: Rosh Hashanah) communities perform Hatarat nedarim (a nullification of vows) after the morning prayer services during the morning on the 29th of the Hebrew month of Elul, which ends at sundown, when Erev Rosh Hashanah commences. The mood becomes festive but serious in anticipation of the new year and the synagogue services. Many Orthodox men immerse in a mikveh in honor of the coming day. Rosh Hashanah occurs 163 days after the first day of Passover ("Pesach"). In terms of the Gregorian calendar, the earliest date on which Rosh Hashanah can fall is September 5, as happened in 1842, 1861, 1899 and Document [88] (Title: Hebrew calendar) a Sabbath nor a Monday, lest 10 Tishrei (Yom Kippur) fall on a Friday or a Sunday. This indicates that, by the time of the redaction of the Jerusalem Talmud (c. 400 CE), there were a fixed number of days in all months from Adar to Elul, also implying that the extra month was already a second Adar added before the regular Adar. In another passage, a sage is reported to have counseled "those who make the computations" not to set the first day of Tishrei or the Day of the Willow on the sabbath. This indicates that there was Document [89] (Title: Anno Mundi) Tishrei), is associated with molad tohu (new moon of chaos), so named because it occurred before Creation when everything was still chaotic — it is also translated as the new moon of nothing. This is also called molad BaHaRaD, because it occurred on Day 2 (yom Beis), 5 (Hei) hours, 204 (RaD) parts (11:11:20 pm). Because this is just before midnight when the Western day begins, but after 6 pm when the Jewish calendrical day begins (equivalent to the next tabular day with the same daylight period), its Julian calendar date is 6/7 October 3761 BC (Gregorian: 6/7 September 3761 Document [90] (Title: Hebrew calendar) BCE. At this time they adopted the Babylonian names for the months. The Babylonian calendar descended directly from the Sumerian calendar. Biblical references to the pre-exilic calendar include ten months identified by number rather than by name. In parts of the Torah portion "Noach" ("Noah") (specifically, , , ) it is implied that the months are thirty days long. There is also an indication that there were twelve months in the annual cycle (, ). Prior to the Babylonian exile, the names of only four months are referred to in the Tanakh: All of these are believed to be Canaanite Document [91] (Title: Rosh Hashanah) the month of Elul, during which Jews are supposed to begin a self-examination and repentance, a process that culminates in the ten days of the "Yamim Nora'im" known as beginning with Rosh Hashanah and ending with the holiday of Yom Kippur. The "shofar" is traditionally blown each morning for the entire month of Elul, the month preceding Rosh Hashanah. The sound of the "shofar" is intended to awaken the listeners from their "slumbers" and alert them to the coming judgment. The shofar is not blown on Shabbat. In the period leading up to the "Yamim Nora'im" (Hebrew, "days of awe"), Document [92] (Title: Solar deity) tradition, according to which the date of Christmas was fixed at nine months after 25 March, the date of the vernal equinox, on which the Annunciation was celebrated. The Jewish calendar date of 14 Nisan was believed to be that of creation, as well as of the Exodus and so of Passover, and Christians held that the new creation, both the death of Jesus and the beginning of his human life, occurred on the same date, which some put at 25 March in the Julian calendar. It was a traditional Jewish belief that great men lived a whole number of Document [93] (Title: Hebrew calendar) a long time. The use of multiple starting dates for a year is comparable to different starting dates for civil "calendar years", "tax or fiscal years", "academic years", "religious cycles", etc. By the time of the redaction of the "Mishnah", (c. 200 CE), jurists had identified four new-year dates: The 1st of Nisan is the new year for kings and feasts; the 1st of Elul is the new year for the tithe of cattle... the 1st of Tishri is the new year for years, of the years of release and jubilee years, for the planting and for vegetables; and the Document [94] (Title: Seder Olam Rabbah) of Elul in the Year of Chaos (Tohu), the Talmud and Seder Olam's Year 1 is from the 1 Tishrei - the creation of Adam. Thus Year 1 in the Talmud and Seder Olam is actually Year 2 in today's Hebrew Calendar. Therefore, when calculating to the year of creation from Seder Olam, Taking into account the 1 year mentioned above; as well as the fact that there is no year "0", as the year before 1 CE is 1 BCE, not 0, we arrive at the number 3760 BCE as the Year 1 of the modern Hebrew calendar. According Document [95] (Title: Hebrew calendar) compared against calculations. At first the beginning of each Jewish month was signaled to the communities of Israel and beyond by fires lit on mountaintops, but after the Samaritans began to light false fires, messengers were sent. The inability of the messengers to reach communities outside Israel before mid-month High Holy Days (Succot and Passover) led outlying communities to celebrate scriptural festivals for two days rather than one, observing the second feast-day of the Jewish diaspora because of uncertainty of whether the previous month ended after 29 or 30 days. In his work "Mishneh Torah" (1178), Maimonides included a chapter Document [96] (Title: Hebrew calendar) moon resulting from tidal friction because astronomy was not sufficiently developed in the 12th century (when Maimonides wrote his book) to detect this. 723–730. Hebrew calendar The Hebrew or Jewish calendar (, ) is a lunisolar calendar used today predominantly for Jewish religious observances. It determines the dates for Jewish holidays and the appropriate public reading of Torah portions, "yahrzeits" (dates to commemorate the death of a relative), and daily Psalm readings, among many ceremonial uses. In Israel, it is used for religious purposes, provides a time frame for agriculture and is an official calendar for civil purposes, although the Question: when does the hebrew month of elul begin

Answer: summer Long Answer: Elul (Hebrew: אֱלוּל ‎, Standard Elul Tiberian ʾĔlûl) is the twelfth month of the Jewish civil year and the sixth month of the ecclesiastical year on the Hebrew calendar . It is a summer month of 29 days . Elul usually occurs in August--September on the Gregorian calendar. Gold Document ID: 66

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Hurricane Maria) location data, researchers reported that travel from Puerto Rico increased 20% the day before the hurricane made landfall. Puerto Rican travelers often chose to go to Orlando, Miami, New York City, and Atlanta. Internally, there was an influx of people into San Juan. As Maria approached the coast of North Carolina and threatened to bring tropical storm conditions, a storm surge warning was issued for the coast between Ocracoke Inlet and Cape Hatteras, while a storm surge watch was issued for the Pamlico Sound, the lower Neuse River, and the Alligator River on the morning of September 26. A state Document [2] (Title: Meteorological history of Hurricane Maria) and close to the Outer Banks in the United States ultimately caused Maria to weaken quickly. Turning away from the United States as a weakened tropical storm, it became extratropical on September 30, dissipating 3 days later. The hurricane caused catastrophic damage across its path in the Caribbean, with 3,057 killed and around $91.6 billion (2017 USD) in damages, making it the third-costliest Atlantic hurricane on record. The islands of Dominica and Puerto Rico experienced the worst impacts of Maria, which was the most intense storm to strike the former, and the worst storm to strike the latter since the Document [3] (Title: 2017 Atlantic hurricane season) a little over an hour later, the storm weakened slightly as it entered the eastern Caribbean Sea; amid favorable conditions, however, Maria regained Category 5 intensity and eventually reached peak winds of 175 mph (280 km/h) late on September 19. Around 08:00 UTC on September 20, the eyewall of Maria struck Vieques, and a little over two hours later, the core of the storm made landfall near Yabucoa, Puerto Rico, with winds of 155 mph (250 km/h). Land interaction caused a significant degration in Maria's structure, and it weakened to a Category 2 hurricane while moving offshore. Growing in size Document [4] (Title: 2017 Atlantic hurricane season) months after the hurricane, due to the effects of catastrophic damage to the island's infrastructure. Maria was the deadliest hurricane in Dominica since the 1834 Padre Ruíz hurricane, and the deadliest in Puerto Rico since the 1899 San Ciriaco hurricane. On October 3, a broad area of low pressure formed in the southwestern Caribbean Sea. The disturbance quickly organized, and on October 4, the NHC announced that the disturbance had strengthened into Tropical Depression Sixteen, and began issuing advisories on the storm. The system slowly became stronger and more organized, and, early on October 5, was deemed a tropical storm Document [5] (Title: 2011 Atlantic hurricane season) dwellings in the Yabucoa area receiving water damage. Many people were forced to evacuate after water and mud began entering their homes. Nearly 16,000 people were without electricity in Puerto Rico. Maria left approximately $1.36 million in damage on the island. In addition, tropical storm-force winds were observed on many of the U. S. Virgin Islands. As the system passed west of Bermuda, brief tropical storm-force sustained winds were recorded, along with higher gusts; rainfall on the island, however, was minimal. In Newfoundland, fairly strong winds were recorded, but rainfall totals were generally minimal. On September 5 and September 6, Document [6] (Title: 2011 Atlantic hurricane season) periphery of the subtropical ridge, and regained tropical storm status on September 10. Maria further strengthened to attain hurricane status while making its closest approach to Bermuda. The cyclone peaked with winds of 80 mph (130 km/h) on September 16, but soon weakened due to an increase in wind shear and cooler ocean temperatures. Maria made landfall near Cape St. Mary's, Newfoundland, on September 16, before being absorbed by a frontal system later that day. Despite its poor organization, Maria brought heavy rainfall to portions of the eastern Caribbean, especially Puerto Rico. Numerous roadways and homes were flooded, with 150 Document [7] (Title: Hurricane Maria) areas. More than 2,000 people were rescued once military relief reached the town 24 hours after the storm. At least eight people died from the flooding, while many were unaccounted for. On September 24, Puerto Rico's Governor Ricardo Rosselló estimated that the damage from Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico was probably over the $8 billion damage figure from Hurricane Georges. Approximately 80 percent of the territory's agriculture was lost due to the hurricane, with agricultural losses estimated at $780 million. The hurricane completely destroyed the island's power grid, leaving all 3.4 million residents without electricity. Governor Rosselló stated that it Document [8] (Title: Hurricane Hortense) day, the storm made landfall near Guánica, Puerto Rico with winds of 80 mph (130 km/h); this made it the first hurricane landfall on the island since Hurricane Hugo in 1989. Initially, most tropical cyclone forecast models anticipated Hortense would pass south of the island and instead strike the Dominican Republic. After two hours, Hortense emerged into the Mona Passage and brushed the eastern tip of Dominican Republic; Punta Cana near the eastern tip of the country reported the calm of the eye on September 10. Land interaction with Hispaniola weakened the storm slightly, though it would soon re-strengthen. While Document [9] (Title: Puerto Rico) schools since May 2017; some of these were in schools in the mainland U.S. (Before the hurricanes, Puerto Rico had planned to close 179 schools due to inadequate numbers of students.) The official number of Hurricane Maria-related deaths as reported by the government of Puerto Rico is 64. The Commonwealth has commissioned George Washington University to assess the death toll and is awaiting that report. An academic study based on household surveys and reported in the New England Journal of Medicine estimated that the number of hurricane-related deaths during the period September 20, 2017 to December 31, 2017 was around Document [10] (Title: Hurricane Maria) parts of the island including San Juan, Trujillo Alto, Guaynabo, Carolina, Caguas, and Juncos. Cascading outages affected areas powered by substations in Villa Betina and Quebrada Negrito. Approximately 400 megawatts of electricity production was lost. On March 1, 2018, a second major blackout occurred when a transmission line failed and caused two power stations to shut down; more than 970,000 people lost electricity. Excluding those affected by the second blackout, more than 200,000 people remained without power following Maria as of March 2. Another large-scale blackout occurred on April 12 from a line failure. Less than a week later on Document [11] (Title: Hurricane Maria) left behind by Hurricane Jose a week prior, causing its inner core to collapse and the structure of the storm to change significantly. On September 28, a trough that was beginning to emerge off the Northeastern United States swung Maria eastward out to sea, while also weakening to a tropical storm. Periodic bursts of convection near the center managed to maintain Maria's intensity as it accelerated east-northeast across the northern Atlantic Ocean, but interaction with an encroaching frontal zone ultimately resulted in the storm becoming an extratropical cyclone on September 30, which continued east-northeastward, before dissipating on October 2. Upon Document [12] (Title: Hurricane Maria (2011)) Hurricane Maria (2011) Hurricane Maria was a Category 1 hurricane that made landfall on the island of Newfoundland during September 2011. Originating from a tropical wave over the central Atlantic on September 6, Maria moved toward the west and slowly strengthened. While approaching the northern Leeward Islands, however, the system entered a region of higher vertical wind shear and cooler sea surface temperatures, causing it to degenerate into a low-pressure area. It slowly curved toward the north and northeast around the western periphery of the subtropical ridge, and regained tropical storm status on September 10. Maria further strengthened to attain Document [13] (Title: Meteorological history of Hurricane Maria) the start of an eyewall replacement cycle—the inner violent core remained undisrupted through the afternoon. Maria attained its peak intensity at 03:00 UTC on September 20, roughly 30 mi (45 km) south of St. Croix. Maximum sustained winds reached 175 mph (280 km/h), and the storm's central pressure bottomed out at 908 mbar (hPa; 26.81 inHg); this ranks it as the tenth-most intense Atlantic hurricane since reliable records began. The hurricane made its closest approach to St. Croix at around 05:00 UTC on September 20, passing within 20 mi (30 km) of the island; the storm's outer eyewall lashed the Document [14] (Title: Hurricane Maria) Maria made landfall at 21:15 AST that day (1:15 UTC, September 19) as a Category 5 hurricane with maximum sustained winds of 165 mph (270 km/h). These winds, the most extreme to ever impact the island, damaged the roof of practically every home—including the official residence of Prime Minister Roosevelt Skerrit, who required rescue when his home began to flood. Downing all cellular, radio and internet services, Maria effectively cut Dominica off from the outside world; the situation there remained unclear for a couple of days after the hurricane's passage. Skerrit called the devastation "mind boggling" before going offline, and Document [15] (Title: 1985 Puerto Rico floods) "worst disaster" on the island since Hurricane Donna in 1960. On October 7, Puerto Rican governor Rafael Hernández Colón declared an islandwide state of emergency and activated 300 National Guardsmen to assist in search and rescue operations. Governor Colón sought "technical advice" from Mexico, as the country had experienced a devastating earthquake two weeks prior. The United States Coast Guard flew helicopters into flooded areas to rescue stranded residents, including 18 people along a hill in the western portion of the island. About $10 million in emergency funds was allocated by the Puerto Rican legislature, of which $1 million was Document [16] (Title: Hurricane Maria) the 1928 San Felipe Segundo hurricane. Maria weakened significantly while traversing Puerto Rico, but was able to restrengthen to a major hurricane once it emerged over the Atlantic later that afternoon, eventually attaining a secondary peak intensity with winds of 125 mph (205 km/h) on September 22, while north of Hispaniola. Maria then began fluctuating in intensity for the next few days as the eye periodically appeared and disappeared, while slowly nearing the East Coast of the United States, although southwesterly wind shear gradually weakened the hurricane. By September 25, it passed over cooler sea surface temperatures that had been Document [17] (Title: Hurricane Maria) by Hurricane Irma. Total losses from the hurricane are estimated at upwards of $91.61 billion (2017 USD), mostly in Puerto Rico, ranking it as the third-costliest tropical cyclone on record. Originating from a tropical wave, Maria became a tropical storm on September 16, east of the Lesser Antilles. Highly favorable environmental conditions allowed the storm to undergo explosive intensification as it approached the island arc. The hurricane reached Category 5 strength on September 18 just before making landfall on Dominica, becoming the first Category 5 hurricane on record to strike the island. After weakening slightly due to crossing Dominica, Maria Document [18] (Title: Disaster tourism) Maria devastated the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico. Hurricane Maria is estimated to caused 4,645 deaths total, and in Puerto Rico, it is estimated to have caused $94 billion in property damage and displaced approximately 60,000 people. On October 9, 2017, Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg and Facebook social VR chief Rachel Franklin used a livestream to showcase Facebook’s new VR app, Facebook Spaces, by taking a virtual tour of the devastated areas Puerto Rico. During the 10 minute video, Zuckerberg explains how Facebook partnered with Red Cross to build population map from satellite imagery and better allocate the relief effort. Document [19] (Title: Hurricane Maria) was structurally damaged, and on September 22, the National Weather Service issued a flash flood emergency for parts of the area in response. Tens of thousands of people were ordered to evacuate the area, with about 70,000 thought to be at risk. The entirety of Puerto Rico was declared a Federal Disaster Zone shortly after the hurricane. The Federal Emergency Management Agency planned to open an air bridge with three to four aircraft carrying essential supplies to the island daily starting on September 22. Beyond flights involving the relief effort, limited commercial traffic resumed at Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport Document [20] (Title: Hurricane Gordon (2006)) over cooler waters, and passed through the Azores on September 20. Shortly thereafter, it became an extratropical cyclone and subsequently affected Spain, Ireland, and the United Kingdom. The only land area affected while Gordon was tropical – the Azores – sustained little damage, in spite of wind gusts reaching hurricane force on Santa Maria Island. Impact was much more significant from the storm in its extratropical phase. In Spain, wind gusts reached along the northwest coast and left 100,000 people without power. Five people in the country sustained storm-related injuries. Further north, the storm brought a surge of tropical air Document [21] (Title: 1932 San Ciprian hurricane) three landfalls, the storm continued to trek westward as a weak tropical storm before making its fourth and fifth landfalls in Belize and mainland Mexico. The storm then dissipated on October 3. The San Ciprian Hurricane took an unusual east to west path across Puerto Rico, producing damage across the entire length of the United States territory. The next storm to follow a similar path was Hurricane Georges in 1998. Overall damage in Puerto Rico was catastrophic as the storm left $30 million (1932 USD, equivalent to $ billion in ) and 225–257 fatalities. The hurricane also caused moderate damage Document [22] (Title: 1970 Atlantic hurricane season) houses were destroyed and another 1,000 sustained damage, while about 10,000 people were left homeless. The storm affected at least 40 state roads, including 15 blocked by landslides, and 11 bridges destroyed. Overall, damage in Puerto Rico totaled $65 million. At least 18 people were killed on the island, and the system was considered one of the worst disasters in Puerto Rican history. A tropical wave exited western Africa and emerged into the Atlantic Ocean on September 15. It moved slowly westward until September 22, when a high-pressure area caused it to accelerate west-northwestward towards the Leeward Islands. By the Document [23] (Title: Meteorological history of Hurricane Maria) Puerto Rico as a Category 5 hurricane. Additionally, when Maria made landfall in Puerto Rico as a Category 4 storm, following the landfalls of Harvey and Irma, it marked the first time that three Category 4 hurricanes made landfall in the United States within a year, including unincorporated territories. Maria maintained a general west-northwest course across Puerto Rico, emerging over the Atlantic Ocean shortly before 18:00 UTC. Interaction with the mountainous terrain resulted in substantial weakening; sustained winds fell to 110 mph (175 km/h) and the central pressure rose to 959 mbars (hPa; 28.32 inHg). With favorable environmental conditions, Maria Document [24] (Title: Hurricane Maria) fast response cutter, , and Navy helicopters. On September 21, the mother and her two children were rescued while the father drowned inside the capsized vessel. Maria's Category 4 winds broke a line feed antenna of the Arecibo Observatory, causing it to fall and puncturing the dish below, greatly reducing its ability to function until repairs could be made. Hurricane Maria greatly affected Puerto Rico's agriculture. Coffee was the worst affected crop, with 18 million coffee trees destroyed, which will require about five to ten years to bring back at least 15% of the coffee production of the island. Torrential Document [25] (Title: Hurricane Maria) deployed 670 personnel engaged in assessing and restoring the power grid; as of September 25, 83 generators were installed and an additional 186 generators were en route. As of September 26, agencies of the U.S. government had delivered four million meals, six million liters of water, 70,000 tarps and 15,000 rolls of roof sheeting. National Guard troops were activated and deployed to Puerto Rico from Connecticut, Georgia, Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Missouri, New York, Rhode Island, and Wisconsin. On September 29, the hospital ship left port at Norfolk, Virginia to help victims of Hurricanes Irma and Maria, and arrived in San Document [26] (Title: Hurricane Ella (1958)) that time that the Weather Bureau Office in San Juan, Puerto Rico began issuing bulletins and advisories. Ella strengthened into a Category 1 hurricane at 1200 UTC on August 31, six hours later, before becoming a Category 2 hurricane. On September 1, Ella curved west-northwestward, and by later that day, made landfall on the Tiburon Peninsula of Haiti with winds of 110 mph (175 km/h). However, the storm was operationally thought to have remained offshore. Ella re-emerged into the Caribbean Sea on September 1, and on September 2, the storm made landfall near Santiago de Cuba, Cuba as a Category Document [27] (Title: Hurricane Maria) caused the worst electrical blackout in U.S. history and in June 2018, thousands of homes and businesses were still without power. Maria was the third consecutive major hurricane to threaten the Leeward Islands in two weeks, after Irma had made landfall in several of the islands two weeks prior and Hurricane Jose passed dangerously close shortly afterward, bringing tropical storm force winds to Barbuda. , 3,057 people were estimated to have been killed by the hurricane: an estimated 2,975 in Puerto Rico, 65 in Dominica, 5 in the Dominican Republic, 4 in the contiguous United States, 3 in Haiti, 2 Document [28] (Title: Meteorological history of Hurricane Maria) 5 intensity as it made landfall on the island of Dominica early on September 19. Land interaction weakened the storm somewhat, although it was able to quickly recover and later peaked that night with sustained winds of 175 mph (280 km/h) and a pressure of . Early the next morning it weakened to a high-end Category 4 hurricane before making landfall in Puerto Rico. Maria weakened significantly due to crossing the island, but was able to strengthen somewhat as it passed close to Hispaniola and The Bahamas on September 21–23. Structural changes in the hurricane as it moved further north Document [29] (Title: Hurricane Maria) islands, is located on Puerto Rico. As of September 15, 83% of the items there, including 90% of the water and all of the tarps and cots, had been deployed for post-Irma relief, mostly to the U.S. Virgin Islands. Maria arrived before supplies were replenished. Evacuation orders were issued in Puerto Rico in advance of Maria, and officials announced that 450 shelters would open in the afternoon of September 18. As of September 19, at least 2,000 people in Puerto Rico had sought shelter. Using anonymous aggregate cell phone tracking data provided by Google from users that opted to share Document [30] (Title: Hurricane Maria (2011)) to Senegal on September 1. The wave entered the eastern tropical Atlantic early the following day and slowly strengthened. By September 6, it had developed a sufficient amount of convection to be designated as Tropical Depression Fourteen, while it was about 700 mi (1100 km) west-southwest of the southern Cape Verde Islands. By this time, it had also developed well-established outflow within the western semicircle of the low-pressure center. The depression continued to increase in strength, and it was upgraded to a tropical storm six hours after formation, receiving the name Maria. Early on September 7, the National Hurricane Center Document [31] (Title: Meteorological history of Hurricane Maria) intensity with winds of 165 mph (270 km/h) and a central pressure of 922 mbar (hPa; 27.23 inHg). Maria made landfall in Dominica at 01:15 UTC on September 19, becoming the first Category 5 hurricane on record to strike the island nation. Interaction with the high mountains of Dominica imparted slight weakening of the hurricane to Category 4; however, once it had emerged into the Caribbean Sea, Maria quickly regained Category 5 intensity. Additional strengthening took place as the storm tracked northwest toward Puerto Rico. Despite the formation of concentric eyewalls—the larger one spanning and the smaller only , signalling Document [32] (Title: Meteorological history of Hurricane Maria) the mid-latitude westerlies. Gradually weakening, Maria soon began to move over sea surface temperatures of and below, causing most of its convection to dissipate. Late on September 30, Maria transitioned into an extratropical cyclone. During the next couple of days, Maria's remnants accelerated east-northeastward towards the United Kingdom, while rapidly weakening. Maria's remnants later dissipated on October 2, to the southwest of Ireland. Meteorological history of Hurricane Maria Hurricane Maria was the tenth-most intense Atlantic hurricane on record and caused catastrophic damage in Dominica and Puerto Rico in late September 2017. Originating from a tropical wave, it developed into a Document [33] (Title: Meteorological history of Hurricane Maria) island while the more violent inner eye remained offshore. Three hours later, at around 08:00 UTC, the outer eyewall struck Vieques, an island off the eastern coast of Puerto Rico. By this time, the outer eyewall became dominant as the inner one decayed, and the eyewall replacement cycle caused Maria weaken to Category 4 strength. Maria made landfall near Yabucoa, Puerto Rico, at 10:15 UTC, with winds of 155 mph (250 km/h) and a central pressure of 920 mbar (hPa; 27.17 inHg), making it the strongest to hit the island since the 1928 San Felipe Segundo hurricane, which had struck Document [34] (Title: Puerto Rico) Irma on September 8, 2017, but high winds caused a loss of electrical power to some one million residents. Almost 50% of hospitals were operating with power provided by generators. The Category 4 Hurricane Jose, as expected, veered away from Puerto Rico. A short time later, the devastating Hurricane Maria made landfall in Puerto Rico as a Category 4 hurricane, with sustained winds, powerful rains and widespread flooding causing tremendous destruction, including the electrical grid, which could remain out for 4–6 months. With such widespread destruction and a great need for supplies – everything from drinking water, food, medicine and Document [35] (Title: Effects of Hurricane Georges in Puerto Rico) Republic and Haiti. By September 25, Georges entered the Gulf of Mexico as a Category 2 hurricane. The storm made landfall three days later near Biloxi, Mississippi with winds of 105 mph (165 km/h). Upon landfall, the hurricane's forward motion slowed to an eastward drift. Georges dissipated on October 1 near the Atlantic coast of Florida. On September 19, a hurricane watch was issued for Puerto Rico. A day later on September 20, the watch was upgraded to a hurricane warning for the entire island. The warning was discontinued on September 22 at 1500 UTC. More than 1,600 people sought Document [36] (Title: Hurricane Maria) third person had a fatal heart attack during the hurricane. The hurricane caused extensive and severe damage to St. Croix. After both hurricanes, the office of V.I. congresswoman Stacey Plaskett stated that 90% of buildings in the Virgin Islands were damaged or destroyed and 13,000 of those buildings had lost their roofs. The Luis Hospital suffered roof damage and flooding, but remained operational. The storm made landfall on Puerto Rico on Wednesday, September 20, near the Yabucoa municipality at 10:15 UTC (6:15am local time) as a high-end Category 4 hurricane with winds of 155 mph (250 km/h). A sustained wind Document [37] (Title: Effects of Hurricane Georges in Puerto Rico) Georges began as a tropical wave that moved off the coast of Africa during mid-September 1998. Tracking westward, the wave spawned an area of low pressure two days later, which quickly strengthened into a tropical depression. On September 16, the depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Georges, and to Hurricane Georges the next day. The storm reached its peak intensity on September 20 with winds of 155 mph (250 km/h), just below Category 5 status on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale. Over the following five days, the hurricane tracked through the Greater Antilles, causing over 600 fatalities, mainly in the Dominican Document [38] (Title: Hurricane Maria) Puerto Rico, and that the limiting factors would be port capacity and local transport capacity. The Jones Act was waived for a period of ten days starting on September 28 following a formal request by Puerto Rico Governor Rosselló. San Juan Mayor Carmen Yulín Cruz called the disaster a "terrifying humanitarian crisis" and on September 26 pleaded for relief efforts to be sped up. The White House contested claims that the administration was not responding effectively. General Joseph L. Lengyel, Chief of the National Guard Bureau, defended the Trump Administration's response, and reiterated that relief efforts were hampered by Puerto Document [39] (Title: 1985 Puerto Rico floods) which isolated towns, washed out roads, and caused rivers to exceed their banks. In addition to the deadly landslide in Mameyes, the floods washed out a bridge in Santa Isabel that killed several people. The storm system caused about $125 million in damage and 180 deaths, which prompted a presidential disaster declaration. The tropical wave later spawned Tropical Storm Isabel. The tropical wave that caused the flooding moved off the west coast of Africa on September 29. Moving westward, the system entered the eastern Caribbean Sea on October 5, although rainfall began spreading across Puerto Rico the day prior. The Document [40] (Title: Hurricane Maria death toll controversy) substantial damage. The storm weakened the already embattled power grid, and left it susceptible to complete failure. While recovery efforts remained underway in Texas and Florida for Harvey and Irma, respectively, Maria struck Puerto Rico on September 20 as a high-end Category 4 hurricane. The hurricane inflicted catastrophic damage island-wide, decimating the power grid, crippling road infrastructure, and leaving the majority of people without access to clean water. The Federal Emergency Management Agency had little time to prepare and respond, and had shipped out many of the supplies it had stored on Puerto Rico to assist recovery from Irma in Document [41] (Title: Puerto Rico) the people of Puerto Rico, held on November 6, 2012, to end its current form of territorial status and to begin the process to admit Puerto Rico as a State. The initiative has not made Puerto Rico into a state. In late September 2017, Hurricane Maria hit the island as a Category 4 storm causing severe damage to homes, other buildings and infrastructure. The recovery as of late November was slow but progress had been made. Electricity was restored to two-thirds of the island, although there was some doubt as to the number of residents getting reliable power. In January Document [42] (Title: Hurricane Betsy (1956)) Rico, it produced hurricane force winds across the entire territory except in the southwest corner. Sustained winds reached in San Juan, and Ramey Air Force Base on the island's northwestern portion recorded wind gusts. The high winds downed a significant number of trees in the island's interior due to the funneling within valleys. In Aibonito, the winds destroyed 1000 houses and damaged another 500, and in nearby Comerío the winds severely damaged or destroyed 1285 dwellings. In Jayuya in the central portion of the island, the hurricane left severe crop damage, including a complete loss to the banana crop. However, Document [43] (Title: Hurricane Maria) island was still in an emergency mode and in need of more help. "Politico" compared the federal response to Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico to that for Hurricane Harvey, which had hit the greater Houston area of Texas a month earlier. Though Maria caused catastrophic damage, the response was slower in quantitative terms. A Harvard Humanitarian Initiative analysis of the military deployment in Mach 2018 said the military mission in Puerto Rico after hurricane was better than critics say but suffered flaws. It concluded that the U.S. military itself performed as well in Puerto Rico as it does in its Document [44] (Title: Hurricane Maria (2011)) heavy rainfall flooded and damaged around 150 homes. Many people were forced to relocate after rainfall and mud filled their homes. Near the city of Naguabo, Puerto Rico, the car of a 60-year-old woman was swept away by flood waters on a road. After becoming tangled in bushes, the woman was able to get out of her car and pulled to safety. Nearly a month after the storm, U.S. president Barack Obama announced that federal disaster aid would be available to the island due to Maria. Following Maria's regeneration into a tropical cyclone, a tropical storm watch was issued for Document [45] (Title: 2017 Atlantic hurricane season) and curving north, Maria regained Category 3 strength and maintained this intensity for several days before entering a less conducive environment. After fluctuating between tropical storm and minimal hurricane strength off the coastline of North Carolina, the system turned sharply east away from the United States, and ultimately evolved into an extratropical cyclone over the far northern Atlantic, on September 30. Dominica sustained catastrophic damage from Maria, with nearly every structure on the island damaged or destroyed. Surrounding islands were also dealt a devastating blow, with reports of flooding, downed trees, and damaged buildings. Puerto Rico also suffered catastrophic damage. Document [46] (Title: Hurricane Maria (2011)) hurricane status while making its closest approach to Bermuda. The cyclone attained peak winds of 80 mph (130 km/h) on September 16, but weakened thereafter because of an increase in wind shear and cooler sea surface temperatures. Maria made landfall on the southeastern coast of Newfoundland during the afternoon hours of September 16 before becoming absorbed by a frontal system later on that same day. Despite its poor organization, Maria brought heavy rainfall to portions of the east Caribbean, notably Puerto Rico. Numerous roadways and homes were flooded, and as the storm passed through the extreme northeastern Caribbean, over 15,000 Document [47] (Title: Hurricane Erika (1997)) Airport. The wind gusts snapped tree branches into power lines, leaving up to 12,000 people without power in San Juan, Guaynabo and Bayamón. Rainfall was light on the island, with Caguas reporting a peak total of 0.77 inches (20 mm). The hurricane produced swells of 10 to 12 ft (3 to 3.7 m) on the northern coast of Puerto Rico, causing beach erosion or coastal flooding. One road was closed when sections of it were flooded or washed out. The strong waves forced the evacuation of eight families in the northern portion of the island. The strong waves killed two Document [48] (Title: Hurricane Baker (1950)) 23, Baker made landfall near the Puerto Rican town of Guánica as a minimal tropical storm. The highest winds on the island of Puerto Rico were 35–40 mph (55–65 km/h). The storm then degenerated into an easterly tropical wave, and moved west-northwestward over northeastern Hispaniola. On August 24, it re-entered the Atlantic Ocean, and Tropical Depression Baker crossed the coast of eastern Cuba early on the next day. On August 25, Baker redeveloped a center over the Caribbean Sea off southern Cuba, and re-intensified to tropical storm status. On August 27, Baker affected the Pinar del Río Province with 60 Document [49] (Title: Hurricane Maria) height were likely 20 percent higher than what was seen at sea level. The radar was rebuilt and finally brought back online 9 months later. The nearby island of Vieques suffered similarly extensive damage. Communications were largely lost across the island. Widespread property destruction took place with many structures leveled. The recreational ship "Ferrel", carrying a family of four, issued a distress signal while battling and on September 20. Communications with the vessel were lost near Vieques on September 20. The United States Coast Guard, United States Navy, and British Royal Navy conducted search-and-rescue operations utilizing an HC-130 aircraft, a Document [50] (Title: Hurricane Maria) achieved its peak intensity over the eastern Caribbean with maximum sustained winds of 175 mph (280 km/h) and a pressure of 908 mbar (hPa; 26.81 inHg), making it the tenth-most intense Atlantic hurricane on record. On September 20, an eyewall replacement cycle took place, weakening Maria to a high-end Category 4 hurricane by the time it struck Puerto Rico. Interaction with land further weakened the hurricane, though it regained some strength as it moved northeast of The Bahamas. Moving slowly to the north, Maria gradually degraded and weakened to a tropical storm on September 28. Embedded in the westerlies, Maria Document [51] (Title: Hurricane Maria) 2016, and 336 more compared to September and October 2015. A two-week investigation in November 2017 by CNN of 112 funeral homes—approximately half of the island—found 499 deaths that were said to be hurricane-related between September 20 and October 19. Two scientists, Alexis Santos and Jeffrey Howard, estimated the death toll in Puerto Rico to be 1,085 by the end of November 2017. They utilized average monthly deaths and the spike in fatalities following the hurricane. The value only accounted for reported deaths, and with limitations to communication, the actual toll could have been even higher. Utilizing a similar method, Document [52] (Title: Julia Keleher) Mayagüez, with delegating authority, local decision-making, accountability and new structures. Since her appointment, the PRDE has consolidated and closed 167 public schools with the purpose of restructuring the public education system, and cutting close to $7 million in expenses because of the Puerto Rican government-debt crisis. On September 20, 2017, Puerto Rico was hit by the most devastating hurricane in 100 years. Hurricane Maria made landfall as a Category 4 hurricane and crossed the island from southeast to north, causing a huge amount of physical and emotional devastation and an unprecedented humanitarian crisis. The hurricane left 95% of the island Document [53] (Title: Hurricane Maria (2011)) watches were upgraded to tropical storm warnings at 2230 UTC. On the following day, Puerto Rico and many of the U.S. Virgin Islands and British Virgin Islands were placed under a tropical storm watch. The watches and warnings for the islands were discontinued around 1500 UTC on September 10, after the strong thunderstorms diminished from Maria's center. The storm's effects on the island of Puerto Rico were primarily in the form of heavy rainfall. Flood waters near Patillas, Puerto Rico, destroyed several homes and bridges, causing $1.3 million (2011 USD) in damage. In the surrounding city of Yabucoa, Puerto Rico, Document [54] (Title: Hurricane Maria) the island of Dominica, however it quickly restrengthened to a Category 5 hurricane and attained its peak intensity with winds of 175 mph (280 km/h) and a pressure of 908 mbar (hPa; 26.81 inHg) at 03:00 UTC on September 20 while southeast of Puerto Rico; this ranks it as the tenth-most intense Atlantic hurricane since reliable records began. An eyewall replacement cycle caused Maria weaken to Category 4 strength before it made landfall near Yabucoa, Puerto Rico at 10:15 UTC (6:15am local time) that day with winds of 155 mph (250 km/h)—the most intense to strike on the island since Document [55] (Title: Hurricane Maria (2011)) mph (130 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 983 mbar (29.03 inHg). Continuing on a northeastward course, Maria began to move over an area with cooler sea surface temperatures and higher vertical wind shear. Around 1800 UTC, Maria weakened to a tropical storm and made landfall near Cape St. Mary's, Newfoundland at 1830 UTC with winds of 70 mph (110 km/h). Shortly thereafter, the cyclone's circulation was absorbed by a frontal system over the Avalon Peninsula of Newfoundland, on September 18. Before Maria's arrival, tropical storm watches were issued for most of the Lesser Antilles on September 8; the Document [56] (Title: Effects of Hurricane Jeanne in Puerto Rico) on September 15 as a tropical storm, about 17 mi (29 km) east of Guayama. Prior to hitting, 3,629 people evacuated to 159 schools converted into emergency shelters. Governor Sila María Calderón forbade the sale of alcohol during the storm. All ports around the island were closed, and most flights were canceled. Due to the threat for downed wires, the governor ordered for the entire island's power grid to be turned off during the storm. During Hurricane Hugo in 1989, six people were electrocuted to death, which influenced the decision. In addition, ferry trips from the main island to Vieques Document [57] (Title: Hurricane Maria death toll controversy) the spread of rumors undermined public trust in and perceived transparency of the government. Hurricane Maria death toll controversy Hurricane Maria struck Puerto Rico as a high-end Category 4 hurricane on September 20, 2017, resulting in the island's most severe natural disaster in modern history. The entire island suffered devastating effects with the entire population losing access to electricity, the majority losing access to clean water, tens of thousands of homes destroyed, and road infrastructure left crippled. A series of cascading infrastructure failures compounded the direct effects of the hurricane; scores of people died from lack of aid, electricity, water, Document [58] (Title: Hurricane Maria) accelerated toward the east and later east-northeast over the open Atlantic, becoming extratropical on September 30 and dissipating by October 3. Maria wrought catastrophic damage to the entirety of Dominica, which suffered an island-wide communication blackout. Much of the housing stock and infrastructure were left beyond repair, while the island's lush vegetation was practically eradicated. The islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique endured widespread flooding, damaged roofs, and uprooted trees. Puerto Rico also suffered catastrophic damage and a major humanitarian crisis; most of the island's population suffered from flooding and lack of resources, compounded by the slow relief process. The storm Document [59] (Title: Hurricane Maria death toll controversy) Hurricane Maria death toll controversy Hurricane Maria struck Puerto Rico as a high-end Category 4 hurricane on September 20, 2017, resulting in the island's most severe natural disaster in modern history. The entire island suffered devastating effects with the entire population losing access to electricity, the majority losing access to clean water, tens of thousands of homes destroyed, and road infrastructure left crippled. A series of cascading infrastructure failures compounded the direct effects of the hurricane; scores of people died from lack of aid, electricity, water, and access to medical care. The territory's elderly and poor population were most impacted. Document [60] (Title: Meteorological history of Hurricane Maria) steadily reorganized as it moved away from Puerto Rico. A large eye, 45 mi (75 km) wide, developed with deep convection blossoming around it. Early on September 21, the system regained Category 3 intensity. Initially, cooler waters stirred up by Hurricane Irma two weeks prior limited Maria's reorganization. During the afternoon of September 21, the system traversed the Navidad and Silver banks north of the Dominican Republic; shoaling from the region's shallow waters temporarily interfered with measurements of surface winds. Convection around the storm's eye deepened and its eye became better defined that night, and the hurricane reached a secondary Document [61] (Title: Hurricane Maria death toll controversy) Senator Kamala Harris claimed that "the government failed Puerto Rico at every level in the wake of Hurricane Maria". Between September 20 and October 18, the island's only medical examiner authorized 911 bodies for cremation; however, they were not physically examined and simply given "natural causes" as the cause of death. Official statistics showed increases of about 20% and 27% in overall fatalities in Puerto Rico during September 2017, compared to 2016 and 2015, followed by a decrease of about 10% in October 2017 compared to the previous two Octobers. On November 3, San Juan Mayor Yulín Cruz said that Document [62] (Title: 1949 Atlantic hurricane season) system developed into a tropical storm late on September 20, while located about south-southeast of Saint Croix. A small storm, it quickly strengthened as it traversed west-northwestward, and became a hurricane by 12:00 UTC on September 21. After reaching peak winds of 80 mph (130 km/h) the hurricane weakened, and it made landfall on September 22 on the southeastern Dominican Republic as a tropical storm. The storm rapidly dissipated after moving inland. Strong winds resulted in heavy damage in Saint Croix. In Puerto Rico, where it was known as the San Mateo Hurricane, wind gusts from the hurricane peaked at Document [63] (Title: WWC Aniversario) Hurricane Maria thru Puerto Rico. It took place in three venues: Aniversario 1989 is well known for having various changes and was postponed following the aftermath of Hurricane Hugo The 2001 event was nicknamed "Black September (Septiembre Negro)". This event was dedicated to Isaac Rosario. This event was dedicated to Jose Rivera, Sr. The 2007 show was dedicated to Bruiser Brody. It consisted of two events. The first event took place at Coliseo de Puerto Rico José Miguel Agrelot in San Juan, Puerto Rico. The second event was held the following day at the Sports and Recreation Palace in Mayagüez, Document [64] (Title: Hurricane Maria) of with a gust to was reported in San Juan, immediately prior to the hurricane making landfall on the island. After landfall, wind gusts of were reported at Yabucoa Harbor and at Camp Santiago. In addition, very heavy rainfall occurred throughout the territory, peaking at 37.9 inches (962.7 mm) in Caguas. The eyewall replacement cycle that caused María to weaken to Category 4 strength also caused the eye to triple in size as the diameter expanded prior to landfall. This change in size caused the area exposed to high-intensity winds on the island to be far greater. Widespread flooding affected Document [65] (Title: Hurricane Kyle (2008)) Island, being closed to high-sided vehicles for 7½ hours. No fatalities were reported in Canada, and damages were minor, totaling to $9 million. On October 1, President George W. Bush declared Puerto Rico major disaster area. The declaration allowed federal assistance to reach affected communities in the United States Commonwealth. Residents who met the requirements to receive federal aid were eligible for funding for temporary housing. People who lost their jobs due to the flooding were eligible for unemployment grants for 26 weeks starting the day of the disaster declaration. Residents were able to receive up to $200,000 for home Document [66] (Title: Meteorological history of Hurricane Maria) Meteorological history of Hurricane Maria Hurricane Maria was the tenth-most intense Atlantic hurricane on record and caused catastrophic damage in Dominica and Puerto Rico in late September 2017. Originating from a tropical wave, it developed into a tropical depression on September 16 while situated to the east of the Lesser Antilles. Gradual intensification occurred over the next day or two and it strengthened into a tropical storm, which was named Maria. By late on September 17, Maria had intensified into a hurricane. As it approached the island arc, it underwent explosive intensification on September 18, with the hurricane reaching Category Document [67] (Title: History of Puerto Rico) of the outcome of the referendum, action by the United States Congress would be necessary to implement changes to the status of Puerto Rico under the Territorial Clause of the United States Constitution. While the eye of Category 5 Hurricane Irma passed north of the island on September 5, 2017, winds were sufficient to leave 1 million citizens without power. On September 20, 2017, Hurricane Maria hit the island directly, destroying infrastructure - electricity, potable water supplies, transportation, and communication. Coffee was a major industry before the 1940s. Arabica beans were introduced to the island in 1736. Production soared in Document [68] (Title: Hurricane Maria) its winds from 85 mph (140 km/h)—a Category 1 hurricane, to 165 mph (270 km/h)—a Category 5 hurricane, in just 24 hours, by which time it was located just 15 mi (25 km) east-southeast of Dominica late on September 18; the rate of intensification that occurred has been exceeded only a few times in the Atlantic since records began. Maria made landfall in Dominica at 01:15 UTC on September 19, becoming the first Category 5 hurricane on record to strike the island nation. Entering the Caribbean Sea, Maria weakened slightly to a Category 4 hurricane due to land interaction with Question: when did hurricane maria make landfall in puerto rico Answer: September 20 Long Answer: The hurricane made its closest approach to St. Croix around 05: 00 UTC on September 20, passing within 20 mi (30 km) of the island; the storm's outer eyewall lashed the island while the more violent inner eye remained offshore . Hours later, around 08: 00 UTC, the outer eyewall struck Vieques, an island off the eastern coast of Puerto Rico . By this time, the outer eye became dominant as the inner one decayed, and the eyewall replacement cycle caused Maria to weaken to Category 4 strength . Maria made landfall just south of Yabucoa, Puerto Rico, around 10: 15 UTC with sustained winds of 155 mph (250 km / h), making it the strongest to hit the island since the 1928 San Felipe Segundo hurricane . Maria maintained a general west - northwest course across Puerto Rico, emerging over the Atlantic Ocean shortly before 18: 00 UTC . Interaction with the mountainous terrain resulted in substantial weakening; sustained winds fell to 110 mph (175 km / h) and the central pressure rose to 957 mbars (hPa; 28.26 inHg). With favorable environmental conditions, Maria steadily reorganized as it moved away from Puerto Rico . A large eye, 45 mi (75 km) wide, developed with deep convection blossoming around it . Early on September 21, the system regained Category 3 intensity. Gold Document ID: 67

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Hurricane Maria) location data, researchers reported that travel from Puerto Rico increased 20% the day before the hurricane made landfall. Puerto Rican travelers often chose to go to Orlando, Miami, New York City, and Atlanta. Internally, there was an influx of people into San Juan. As Maria approached the coast of North Carolina and threatened to bring tropical storm conditions, a storm surge warning was issued for the coast between Ocracoke Inlet and Cape Hatteras, while a storm surge watch was issued for the Pamlico Sound, the lower Neuse River, and the Alligator River on the morning of September 26. A state Document [2] (Title: Meteorological history of Hurricane Maria) and close to the Outer Banks in the United States ultimately caused Maria to weaken quickly. Turning away from the United States as a weakened tropical storm, it became extratropical on September 30, dissipating 3 days later. The hurricane caused catastrophic damage across its path in the Caribbean, with 3,057 killed and around $91.6 billion (2017 USD) in damages, making it the third-costliest Atlantic hurricane on record. The islands of Dominica and Puerto Rico experienced the worst impacts of Maria, which was the most intense storm to strike the former, and the worst storm to strike the latter since the Document [3] (Title: 2017 Atlantic hurricane season) a little over an hour later, the storm weakened slightly as it entered the eastern Caribbean Sea; amid favorable conditions, however, Maria regained Category 5 intensity and eventually reached peak winds of 175 mph (280 km/h) late on September 19. Around 08:00 UTC on September 20, the eyewall of Maria struck Vieques, and a little over two hours later, the core of the storm made landfall near Yabucoa, Puerto Rico, with winds of 155 mph (250 km/h). Land interaction caused a significant degration in Maria's structure, and it weakened to a Category 2 hurricane while moving offshore. Growing in size Document [4] (Title: 2017 Atlantic hurricane season) months after the hurricane, due to the effects of catastrophic damage to the island's infrastructure. Maria was the deadliest hurricane in Dominica since the 1834 Padre Ruíz hurricane, and the deadliest in Puerto Rico since the 1899 San Ciriaco hurricane. On October 3, a broad area of low pressure formed in the southwestern Caribbean Sea. The disturbance quickly organized, and on October 4, the NHC announced that the disturbance had strengthened into Tropical Depression Sixteen, and began issuing advisories on the storm. The system slowly became stronger and more organized, and, early on October 5, was deemed a tropical storm Document [5] (Title: 2011 Atlantic hurricane season) dwellings in the Yabucoa area receiving water damage. Many people were forced to evacuate after water and mud began entering their homes. Nearly 16,000 people were without electricity in Puerto Rico. Maria left approximately $1.36 million in damage on the island. In addition, tropical storm-force winds were observed on many of the U. S. Virgin Islands. As the system passed west of Bermuda, brief tropical storm-force sustained winds were recorded, along with higher gusts; rainfall on the island, however, was minimal. In Newfoundland, fairly strong winds were recorded, but rainfall totals were generally minimal. On September 5 and September 6, Document [6] (Title: 2011 Atlantic hurricane season) periphery of the subtropical ridge, and regained tropical storm status on September 10. Maria further strengthened to attain hurricane status while making its closest approach to Bermuda. The cyclone peaked with winds of 80 mph (130 km/h) on September 16, but soon weakened due to an increase in wind shear and cooler ocean temperatures. Maria made landfall near Cape St. Mary's, Newfoundland, on September 16, before being absorbed by a frontal system later that day. Despite its poor organization, Maria brought heavy rainfall to portions of the eastern Caribbean, especially Puerto Rico. Numerous roadways and homes were flooded, with 150 Document [7] (Title: Hurricane Maria) areas. More than 2,000 people were rescued once military relief reached the town 24 hours after the storm. At least eight people died from the flooding, while many were unaccounted for. On September 24, Puerto Rico's Governor Ricardo Rosselló estimated that the damage from Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico was probably over the $8 billion damage figure from Hurricane Georges. Approximately 80 percent of the territory's agriculture was lost due to the hurricane, with agricultural losses estimated at $780 million. The hurricane completely destroyed the island's power grid, leaving all 3.4 million residents without electricity. Governor Rosselló stated that it Document [8] (Title: Hurricane Hortense) day, the storm made landfall near Guánica, Puerto Rico with winds of 80 mph (130 km/h); this made it the first hurricane landfall on the island since Hurricane Hugo in 1989. Initially, most tropical cyclone forecast models anticipated Hortense would pass south of the island and instead strike the Dominican Republic. After two hours, Hortense emerged into the Mona Passage and brushed the eastern tip of Dominican Republic; Punta Cana near the eastern tip of the country reported the calm of the eye on September 10. Land interaction with Hispaniola weakened the storm slightly, though it would soon re-strengthen. While Document [9] (Title: Puerto Rico) schools since May 2017; some of these were in schools in the mainland U.S. (Before the hurricanes, Puerto Rico had planned to close 179 schools due to inadequate numbers of students.) The official number of Hurricane Maria-related deaths as reported by the government of Puerto Rico is 64. The Commonwealth has commissioned George Washington University to assess the death toll and is awaiting that report. An academic study based on household surveys and reported in the New England Journal of Medicine estimated that the number of hurricane-related deaths during the period September 20, 2017 to December 31, 2017 was around Document [10] (Title: Hurricane Maria) parts of the island including San Juan, Trujillo Alto, Guaynabo, Carolina, Caguas, and Juncos. Cascading outages affected areas powered by substations in Villa Betina and Quebrada Negrito. Approximately 400 megawatts of electricity production was lost. On March 1, 2018, a second major blackout occurred when a transmission line failed and caused two power stations to shut down; more than 970,000 people lost electricity. Excluding those affected by the second blackout, more than 200,000 people remained without power following Maria as of March 2. Another large-scale blackout occurred on April 12 from a line failure. Less than a week later on Document [11] (Title: Hurricane Maria) left behind by Hurricane Jose a week prior, causing its inner core to collapse and the structure of the storm to change significantly. On September 28, a trough that was beginning to emerge off the Northeastern United States swung Maria eastward out to sea, while also weakening to a tropical storm. Periodic bursts of convection near the center managed to maintain Maria's intensity as it accelerated east-northeast across the northern Atlantic Ocean, but interaction with an encroaching frontal zone ultimately resulted in the storm becoming an extratropical cyclone on September 30, which continued east-northeastward, before dissipating on October 2. Upon Document [12] (Title: Hurricane Maria (2011)) Hurricane Maria (2011) Hurricane Maria was a Category 1 hurricane that made landfall on the island of Newfoundland during September 2011. Originating from a tropical wave over the central Atlantic on September 6, Maria moved toward the west and slowly strengthened. While approaching the northern Leeward Islands, however, the system entered a region of higher vertical wind shear and cooler sea surface temperatures, causing it to degenerate into a low-pressure area. It slowly curved toward the north and northeast around the western periphery of the subtropical ridge, and regained tropical storm status on September 10. Maria further strengthened to attain Document [13] (Title: Meteorological history of Hurricane Maria) the start of an eyewall replacement cycle—the inner violent core remained undisrupted through the afternoon. Maria attained its peak intensity at 03:00 UTC on September 20, roughly 30 mi (45 km) south of St. Croix. Maximum sustained winds reached 175 mph (280 km/h), and the storm's central pressure bottomed out at 908 mbar (hPa; 26.81 inHg); this ranks it as the tenth-most intense Atlantic hurricane since reliable records began. The hurricane made its closest approach to St. Croix at around 05:00 UTC on September 20, passing within 20 mi (30 km) of the island; the storm's outer eyewall lashed the Document [14] (Title: Hurricane Maria) Maria made landfall at 21:15 AST that day (1:15 UTC, September 19) as a Category 5 hurricane with maximum sustained winds of 165 mph (270 km/h). These winds, the most extreme to ever impact the island, damaged the roof of practically every home—including the official residence of Prime Minister Roosevelt Skerrit, who required rescue when his home began to flood. Downing all cellular, radio and internet services, Maria effectively cut Dominica off from the outside world; the situation there remained unclear for a couple of days after the hurricane's passage. Skerrit called the devastation "mind boggling" before going offline, and Document [15] (Title: 1985 Puerto Rico floods) "worst disaster" on the island since Hurricane Donna in 1960. On October 7, Puerto Rican governor Rafael Hernández Colón declared an islandwide state of emergency and activated 300 National Guardsmen to assist in search and rescue operations. Governor Colón sought "technical advice" from Mexico, as the country had experienced a devastating earthquake two weeks prior. The United States Coast Guard flew helicopters into flooded areas to rescue stranded residents, including 18 people along a hill in the western portion of the island. About $10 million in emergency funds was allocated by the Puerto Rican legislature, of which $1 million was Document [16] (Title: Hurricane Maria) the 1928 San Felipe Segundo hurricane. Maria weakened significantly while traversing Puerto Rico, but was able to restrengthen to a major hurricane once it emerged over the Atlantic later that afternoon, eventually attaining a secondary peak intensity with winds of 125 mph (205 km/h) on September 22, while north of Hispaniola. Maria then began fluctuating in intensity for the next few days as the eye periodically appeared and disappeared, while slowly nearing the East Coast of the United States, although southwesterly wind shear gradually weakened the hurricane. By September 25, it passed over cooler sea surface temperatures that had been Document [17] (Title: Hurricane Maria) by Hurricane Irma. Total losses from the hurricane are estimated at upwards of $91.61 billion (2017 USD), mostly in Puerto Rico, ranking it as the third-costliest tropical cyclone on record. Originating from a tropical wave, Maria became a tropical storm on September 16, east of the Lesser Antilles. Highly favorable environmental conditions allowed the storm to undergo explosive intensification as it approached the island arc. The hurricane reached Category 5 strength on September 18 just before making landfall on Dominica, becoming the first Category 5 hurricane on record to strike the island. After weakening slightly due to crossing Dominica, Maria Document [18] (Title: Disaster tourism) Maria devastated the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico. Hurricane Maria is estimated to caused 4,645 deaths total, and in Puerto Rico, it is estimated to have caused $94 billion in property damage and displaced approximately 60,000 people. On October 9, 2017, Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg and Facebook social VR chief Rachel Franklin used a livestream to showcase Facebook’s new VR app, Facebook Spaces, by taking a virtual tour of the devastated areas Puerto Rico. During the 10 minute video, Zuckerberg explains how Facebook partnered with Red Cross to build population map from satellite imagery and better allocate the relief effort. Document [19] (Title: Hurricane Maria) was structurally damaged, and on September 22, the National Weather Service issued a flash flood emergency for parts of the area in response. Tens of thousands of people were ordered to evacuate the area, with about 70,000 thought to be at risk. The entirety of Puerto Rico was declared a Federal Disaster Zone shortly after the hurricane. The Federal Emergency Management Agency planned to open an air bridge with three to four aircraft carrying essential supplies to the island daily starting on September 22. Beyond flights involving the relief effort, limited commercial traffic resumed at Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport Document [20] (Title: Hurricane Gordon (2006)) over cooler waters, and passed through the Azores on September 20. Shortly thereafter, it became an extratropical cyclone and subsequently affected Spain, Ireland, and the United Kingdom. The only land area affected while Gordon was tropical – the Azores – sustained little damage, in spite of wind gusts reaching hurricane force on Santa Maria Island. Impact was much more significant from the storm in its extratropical phase. In Spain, wind gusts reached along the northwest coast and left 100,000 people without power. Five people in the country sustained storm-related injuries. Further north, the storm brought a surge of tropical air Document [21] (Title: 1932 San Ciprian hurricane) three landfalls, the storm continued to trek westward as a weak tropical storm before making its fourth and fifth landfalls in Belize and mainland Mexico. The storm then dissipated on October 3. The San Ciprian Hurricane took an unusual east to west path across Puerto Rico, producing damage across the entire length of the United States territory. The next storm to follow a similar path was Hurricane Georges in 1998. Overall damage in Puerto Rico was catastrophic as the storm left $30 million (1932 USD, equivalent to $ billion in ) and 225–257 fatalities. The hurricane also caused moderate damage Document [22] (Title: 1970 Atlantic hurricane season) houses were destroyed and another 1,000 sustained damage, while about 10,000 people were left homeless. The storm affected at least 40 state roads, including 15 blocked by landslides, and 11 bridges destroyed. Overall, damage in Puerto Rico totaled $65 million. At least 18 people were killed on the island, and the system was considered one of the worst disasters in Puerto Rican history. A tropical wave exited western Africa and emerged into the Atlantic Ocean on September 15. It moved slowly westward until September 22, when a high-pressure area caused it to accelerate west-northwestward towards the Leeward Islands. By the Document [23] (Title: Meteorological history of Hurricane Maria) Puerto Rico as a Category 5 hurricane. Additionally, when Maria made landfall in Puerto Rico as a Category 4 storm, following the landfalls of Harvey and Irma, it marked the first time that three Category 4 hurricanes made landfall in the United States within a year, including unincorporated territories. Maria maintained a general west-northwest course across Puerto Rico, emerging over the Atlantic Ocean shortly before 18:00 UTC. Interaction with the mountainous terrain resulted in substantial weakening; sustained winds fell to 110 mph (175 km/h) and the central pressure rose to 959 mbars (hPa; 28.32 inHg). With favorable environmental conditions, Maria Document [24] (Title: Hurricane Maria) fast response cutter, , and Navy helicopters. On September 21, the mother and her two children were rescued while the father drowned inside the capsized vessel. Maria's Category 4 winds broke a line feed antenna of the Arecibo Observatory, causing it to fall and puncturing the dish below, greatly reducing its ability to function until repairs could be made. Hurricane Maria greatly affected Puerto Rico's agriculture. Coffee was the worst affected crop, with 18 million coffee trees destroyed, which will require about five to ten years to bring back at least 15% of the coffee production of the island. Torrential Document [25] (Title: Hurricane Maria) deployed 670 personnel engaged in assessing and restoring the power grid; as of September 25, 83 generators were installed and an additional 186 generators were en route. As of September 26, agencies of the U.S. government had delivered four million meals, six million liters of water, 70,000 tarps and 15,000 rolls of roof sheeting. National Guard troops were activated and deployed to Puerto Rico from Connecticut, Georgia, Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Missouri, New York, Rhode Island, and Wisconsin. On September 29, the hospital ship left port at Norfolk, Virginia to help victims of Hurricanes Irma and Maria, and arrived in San Document [26] (Title: Hurricane Ella (1958)) that time that the Weather Bureau Office in San Juan, Puerto Rico began issuing bulletins and advisories. Ella strengthened into a Category 1 hurricane at 1200 UTC on August 31, six hours later, before becoming a Category 2 hurricane. On September 1, Ella curved west-northwestward, and by later that day, made landfall on the Tiburon Peninsula of Haiti with winds of 110 mph (175 km/h). However, the storm was operationally thought to have remained offshore. Ella re-emerged into the Caribbean Sea on September 1, and on September 2, the storm made landfall near Santiago de Cuba, Cuba as a Category Document [27] (Title: Hurricane Maria) caused the worst electrical blackout in U.S. history and in June 2018, thousands of homes and businesses were still without power. Maria was the third consecutive major hurricane to threaten the Leeward Islands in two weeks, after Irma had made landfall in several of the islands two weeks prior and Hurricane Jose passed dangerously close shortly afterward, bringing tropical storm force winds to Barbuda. , 3,057 people were estimated to have been killed by the hurricane: an estimated 2,975 in Puerto Rico, 65 in Dominica, 5 in the Dominican Republic, 4 in the contiguous United States, 3 in Haiti, 2 Document [28] (Title: Meteorological history of Hurricane Maria) 5 intensity as it made landfall on the island of Dominica early on September 19. Land interaction weakened the storm somewhat, although it was able to quickly recover and later peaked that night with sustained winds of 175 mph (280 km/h) and a pressure of . Early the next morning it weakened to a high-end Category 4 hurricane before making landfall in Puerto Rico. Maria weakened significantly due to crossing the island, but was able to strengthen somewhat as it passed close to Hispaniola and The Bahamas on September 21–23. Structural changes in the hurricane as it moved further north Document [29] (Title: Hurricane Maria) islands, is located on Puerto Rico. As of September 15, 83% of the items there, including 90% of the water and all of the tarps and cots, had been deployed for post-Irma relief, mostly to the U.S. Virgin Islands. Maria arrived before supplies were replenished. Evacuation orders were issued in Puerto Rico in advance of Maria, and officials announced that 450 shelters would open in the afternoon of September 18. As of September 19, at least 2,000 people in Puerto Rico had sought shelter. Using anonymous aggregate cell phone tracking data provided by Google from users that opted to share Document [30] (Title: Hurricane Maria (2011)) to Senegal on September 1. The wave entered the eastern tropical Atlantic early the following day and slowly strengthened. By September 6, it had developed a sufficient amount of convection to be designated as Tropical Depression Fourteen, while it was about 700 mi (1100 km) west-southwest of the southern Cape Verde Islands. By this time, it had also developed well-established outflow within the western semicircle of the low-pressure center. The depression continued to increase in strength, and it was upgraded to a tropical storm six hours after formation, receiving the name Maria. Early on September 7, the National Hurricane Center Document [31] (Title: Meteorological history of Hurricane Maria) intensity with winds of 165 mph (270 km/h) and a central pressure of 922 mbar (hPa; 27.23 inHg). Maria made landfall in Dominica at 01:15 UTC on September 19, becoming the first Category 5 hurricane on record to strike the island nation. Interaction with the high mountains of Dominica imparted slight weakening of the hurricane to Category 4; however, once it had emerged into the Caribbean Sea, Maria quickly regained Category 5 intensity. Additional strengthening took place as the storm tracked northwest toward Puerto Rico. Despite the formation of concentric eyewalls—the larger one spanning and the smaller only , signalling Document [32] (Title: Meteorological history of Hurricane Maria) the mid-latitude westerlies. Gradually weakening, Maria soon began to move over sea surface temperatures of and below, causing most of its convection to dissipate. Late on September 30, Maria transitioned into an extratropical cyclone. During the next couple of days, Maria's remnants accelerated east-northeastward towards the United Kingdom, while rapidly weakening. Maria's remnants later dissipated on October 2, to the southwest of Ireland. Meteorological history of Hurricane Maria Hurricane Maria was the tenth-most intense Atlantic hurricane on record and caused catastrophic damage in Dominica and Puerto Rico in late September 2017. Originating from a tropical wave, it developed into a Document [33] (Title: Meteorological history of Hurricane Maria) island while the more violent inner eye remained offshore. Three hours later, at around 08:00 UTC, the outer eyewall struck Vieques, an island off the eastern coast of Puerto Rico. By this time, the outer eyewall became dominant as the inner one decayed, and the eyewall replacement cycle caused Maria weaken to Category 4 strength. Maria made landfall near Yabucoa, Puerto Rico, at 10:15 UTC, with winds of 155 mph (250 km/h) and a central pressure of 920 mbar (hPa; 27.17 inHg), making it the strongest to hit the island since the 1928 San Felipe Segundo hurricane, which had struck Document [34] (Title: Puerto Rico) Irma on September 8, 2017, but high winds caused a loss of electrical power to some one million residents. Almost 50% of hospitals were operating with power provided by generators. The Category 4 Hurricane Jose, as expected, veered away from Puerto Rico. A short time later, the devastating Hurricane Maria made landfall in Puerto Rico as a Category 4 hurricane, with sustained winds, powerful rains and widespread flooding causing tremendous destruction, including the electrical grid, which could remain out for 4–6 months. With such widespread destruction and a great need for supplies – everything from drinking water, food, medicine and Document [35] (Title: Effects of Hurricane Georges in Puerto Rico) Republic and Haiti. By September 25, Georges entered the Gulf of Mexico as a Category 2 hurricane. The storm made landfall three days later near Biloxi, Mississippi with winds of 105 mph (165 km/h). Upon landfall, the hurricane's forward motion slowed to an eastward drift. Georges dissipated on October 1 near the Atlantic coast of Florida. On September 19, a hurricane watch was issued for Puerto Rico. A day later on September 20, the watch was upgraded to a hurricane warning for the entire island. The warning was discontinued on September 22 at 1500 UTC. More than 1,600 people sought Document [36] (Title: Hurricane Maria) third person had a fatal heart attack during the hurricane. The hurricane caused extensive and severe damage to St. Croix. After both hurricanes, the office of V.I. congresswoman Stacey Plaskett stated that 90% of buildings in the Virgin Islands were damaged or destroyed and 13,000 of those buildings had lost their roofs. The Luis Hospital suffered roof damage and flooding, but remained operational. The storm made landfall on Puerto Rico on Wednesday, September 20, near the Yabucoa municipality at 10:15 UTC (6:15am local time) as a high-end Category 4 hurricane with winds of 155 mph (250 km/h). A sustained wind Document [37] (Title: Effects of Hurricane Georges in Puerto Rico) Georges began as a tropical wave that moved off the coast of Africa during mid-September 1998. Tracking westward, the wave spawned an area of low pressure two days later, which quickly strengthened into a tropical depression. On September 16, the depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Georges, and to Hurricane Georges the next day. The storm reached its peak intensity on September 20 with winds of 155 mph (250 km/h), just below Category 5 status on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale. Over the following five days, the hurricane tracked through the Greater Antilles, causing over 600 fatalities, mainly in the Dominican Document [38] (Title: Hurricane Maria) Puerto Rico, and that the limiting factors would be port capacity and local transport capacity. The Jones Act was waived for a period of ten days starting on September 28 following a formal request by Puerto Rico Governor Rosselló. San Juan Mayor Carmen Yulín Cruz called the disaster a "terrifying humanitarian crisis" and on September 26 pleaded for relief efforts to be sped up. The White House contested claims that the administration was not responding effectively. General Joseph L. Lengyel, Chief of the National Guard Bureau, defended the Trump Administration's response, and reiterated that relief efforts were hampered by Puerto Document [39] (Title: 1985 Puerto Rico floods) which isolated towns, washed out roads, and caused rivers to exceed their banks. In addition to the deadly landslide in Mameyes, the floods washed out a bridge in Santa Isabel that killed several people. The storm system caused about $125 million in damage and 180 deaths, which prompted a presidential disaster declaration. The tropical wave later spawned Tropical Storm Isabel. The tropical wave that caused the flooding moved off the west coast of Africa on September 29. Moving westward, the system entered the eastern Caribbean Sea on October 5, although rainfall began spreading across Puerto Rico the day prior. The Document [40] (Title: Hurricane Maria death toll controversy) substantial damage. The storm weakened the already embattled power grid, and left it susceptible to complete failure. While recovery efforts remained underway in Texas and Florida for Harvey and Irma, respectively, Maria struck Puerto Rico on September 20 as a high-end Category 4 hurricane. The hurricane inflicted catastrophic damage island-wide, decimating the power grid, crippling road infrastructure, and leaving the majority of people without access to clean water. The Federal Emergency Management Agency had little time to prepare and respond, and had shipped out many of the supplies it had stored on Puerto Rico to assist recovery from Irma in Document [41] (Title: Puerto Rico) the people of Puerto Rico, held on November 6, 2012, to end its current form of territorial status and to begin the process to admit Puerto Rico as a State. The initiative has not made Puerto Rico into a state. In late September 2017, Hurricane Maria hit the island as a Category 4 storm causing severe damage to homes, other buildings and infrastructure. The recovery as of late November was slow but progress had been made. Electricity was restored to two-thirds of the island, although there was some doubt as to the number of residents getting reliable power. In January Document [42] (Title: Hurricane Betsy (1956)) Rico, it produced hurricane force winds across the entire territory except in the southwest corner. Sustained winds reached in San Juan, and Ramey Air Force Base on the island's northwestern portion recorded wind gusts. The high winds downed a significant number of trees in the island's interior due to the funneling within valleys. In Aibonito, the winds destroyed 1000 houses and damaged another 500, and in nearby Comerío the winds severely damaged or destroyed 1285 dwellings. In Jayuya in the central portion of the island, the hurricane left severe crop damage, including a complete loss to the banana crop. However, Document [43] (Title: Hurricane Maria) island was still in an emergency mode and in need of more help. "Politico" compared the federal response to Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico to that for Hurricane Harvey, which had hit the greater Houston area of Texas a month earlier. Though Maria caused catastrophic damage, the response was slower in quantitative terms. A Harvard Humanitarian Initiative analysis of the military deployment in Mach 2018 said the military mission in Puerto Rico after hurricane was better than critics say but suffered flaws. It concluded that the U.S. military itself performed as well in Puerto Rico as it does in its Document [44] (Title: Hurricane Maria (2011)) heavy rainfall flooded and damaged around 150 homes. Many people were forced to relocate after rainfall and mud filled their homes. Near the city of Naguabo, Puerto Rico, the car of a 60-year-old woman was swept away by flood waters on a road. After becoming tangled in bushes, the woman was able to get out of her car and pulled to safety. Nearly a month after the storm, U.S. president Barack Obama announced that federal disaster aid would be available to the island due to Maria. Following Maria's regeneration into a tropical cyclone, a tropical storm watch was issued for Document [45] (Title: 2017 Atlantic hurricane season) and curving north, Maria regained Category 3 strength and maintained this intensity for several days before entering a less conducive environment. After fluctuating between tropical storm and minimal hurricane strength off the coastline of North Carolina, the system turned sharply east away from the United States, and ultimately evolved into an extratropical cyclone over the far northern Atlantic, on September 30. Dominica sustained catastrophic damage from Maria, with nearly every structure on the island damaged or destroyed. Surrounding islands were also dealt a devastating blow, with reports of flooding, downed trees, and damaged buildings. Puerto Rico also suffered catastrophic damage. Document [46] (Title: Hurricane Maria (2011)) hurricane status while making its closest approach to Bermuda. The cyclone attained peak winds of 80 mph (130 km/h) on September 16, but weakened thereafter because of an increase in wind shear and cooler sea surface temperatures. Maria made landfall on the southeastern coast of Newfoundland during the afternoon hours of September 16 before becoming absorbed by a frontal system later on that same day. Despite its poor organization, Maria brought heavy rainfall to portions of the east Caribbean, notably Puerto Rico. Numerous roadways and homes were flooded, and as the storm passed through the extreme northeastern Caribbean, over 15,000 Document [47] (Title: Hurricane Erika (1997)) Airport. The wind gusts snapped tree branches into power lines, leaving up to 12,000 people without power in San Juan, Guaynabo and Bayamón. Rainfall was light on the island, with Caguas reporting a peak total of 0.77 inches (20 mm). The hurricane produced swells of 10 to 12 ft (3 to 3.7 m) on the northern coast of Puerto Rico, causing beach erosion or coastal flooding. One road was closed when sections of it were flooded or washed out. The strong waves forced the evacuation of eight families in the northern portion of the island. The strong waves killed two Document [48] (Title: Hurricane Baker (1950)) 23, Baker made landfall near the Puerto Rican town of Guánica as a minimal tropical storm. The highest winds on the island of Puerto Rico were 35–40 mph (55–65 km/h). The storm then degenerated into an easterly tropical wave, and moved west-northwestward over northeastern Hispaniola. On August 24, it re-entered the Atlantic Ocean, and Tropical Depression Baker crossed the coast of eastern Cuba early on the next day. On August 25, Baker redeveloped a center over the Caribbean Sea off southern Cuba, and re-intensified to tropical storm status. On August 27, Baker affected the Pinar del Río Province with 60 Document [49] (Title: Hurricane Maria) height were likely 20 percent higher than what was seen at sea level. The radar was rebuilt and finally brought back online 9 months later. The nearby island of Vieques suffered similarly extensive damage. Communications were largely lost across the island. Widespread property destruction took place with many structures leveled. The recreational ship "Ferrel", carrying a family of four, issued a distress signal while battling and on September 20. Communications with the vessel were lost near Vieques on September 20. The United States Coast Guard, United States Navy, and British Royal Navy conducted search-and-rescue operations utilizing an HC-130 aircraft, a Document [50] (Title: Hurricane Maria) achieved its peak intensity over the eastern Caribbean with maximum sustained winds of 175 mph (280 km/h) and a pressure of 908 mbar (hPa; 26.81 inHg), making it the tenth-most intense Atlantic hurricane on record. On September 20, an eyewall replacement cycle took place, weakening Maria to a high-end Category 4 hurricane by the time it struck Puerto Rico. Interaction with land further weakened the hurricane, though it regained some strength as it moved northeast of The Bahamas. Moving slowly to the north, Maria gradually degraded and weakened to a tropical storm on September 28. Embedded in the westerlies, Maria Document [51] (Title: Hurricane Maria) 2016, and 336 more compared to September and October 2015. A two-week investigation in November 2017 by CNN of 112 funeral homes—approximately half of the island—found 499 deaths that were said to be hurricane-related between September 20 and October 19. Two scientists, Alexis Santos and Jeffrey Howard, estimated the death toll in Puerto Rico to be 1,085 by the end of November 2017. They utilized average monthly deaths and the spike in fatalities following the hurricane. The value only accounted for reported deaths, and with limitations to communication, the actual toll could have been even higher. Utilizing a similar method, Document [52] (Title: Julia Keleher) Mayagüez, with delegating authority, local decision-making, accountability and new structures. Since her appointment, the PRDE has consolidated and closed 167 public schools with the purpose of restructuring the public education system, and cutting close to $7 million in expenses because of the Puerto Rican government-debt crisis. On September 20, 2017, Puerto Rico was hit by the most devastating hurricane in 100 years. Hurricane Maria made landfall as a Category 4 hurricane and crossed the island from southeast to north, causing a huge amount of physical and emotional devastation and an unprecedented humanitarian crisis. The hurricane left 95% of the island Document [53] (Title: Hurricane Maria (2011)) watches were upgraded to tropical storm warnings at 2230 UTC. On the following day, Puerto Rico and many of the U.S. Virgin Islands and British Virgin Islands were placed under a tropical storm watch. The watches and warnings for the islands were discontinued around 1500 UTC on September 10, after the strong thunderstorms diminished from Maria's center. The storm's effects on the island of Puerto Rico were primarily in the form of heavy rainfall. Flood waters near Patillas, Puerto Rico, destroyed several homes and bridges, causing $1.3 million (2011 USD) in damage. In the surrounding city of Yabucoa, Puerto Rico, Document [54] (Title: Hurricane Maria) the island of Dominica, however it quickly restrengthened to a Category 5 hurricane and attained its peak intensity with winds of 175 mph (280 km/h) and a pressure of 908 mbar (hPa; 26.81 inHg) at 03:00 UTC on September 20 while southeast of Puerto Rico; this ranks it as the tenth-most intense Atlantic hurricane since reliable records began. An eyewall replacement cycle caused Maria weaken to Category 4 strength before it made landfall near Yabucoa, Puerto Rico at 10:15 UTC (6:15am local time) that day with winds of 155 mph (250 km/h)—the most intense to strike on the island since Document [55] (Title: Hurricane Maria (2011)) mph (130 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 983 mbar (29.03 inHg). Continuing on a northeastward course, Maria began to move over an area with cooler sea surface temperatures and higher vertical wind shear. Around 1800 UTC, Maria weakened to a tropical storm and made landfall near Cape St. Mary's, Newfoundland at 1830 UTC with winds of 70 mph (110 km/h). Shortly thereafter, the cyclone's circulation was absorbed by a frontal system over the Avalon Peninsula of Newfoundland, on September 18. Before Maria's arrival, tropical storm watches were issued for most of the Lesser Antilles on September 8; the Document [56] (Title: Effects of Hurricane Jeanne in Puerto Rico) on September 15 as a tropical storm, about 17 mi (29 km) east of Guayama. Prior to hitting, 3,629 people evacuated to 159 schools converted into emergency shelters. Governor Sila María Calderón forbade the sale of alcohol during the storm. All ports around the island were closed, and most flights were canceled. Due to the threat for downed wires, the governor ordered for the entire island's power grid to be turned off during the storm. During Hurricane Hugo in 1989, six people were electrocuted to death, which influenced the decision. In addition, ferry trips from the main island to Vieques Document [57] (Title: Hurricane Maria death toll controversy) the spread of rumors undermined public trust in and perceived transparency of the government. Hurricane Maria death toll controversy Hurricane Maria struck Puerto Rico as a high-end Category 4 hurricane on September 20, 2017, resulting in the island's most severe natural disaster in modern history. The entire island suffered devastating effects with the entire population losing access to electricity, the majority losing access to clean water, tens of thousands of homes destroyed, and road infrastructure left crippled. A series of cascading infrastructure failures compounded the direct effects of the hurricane; scores of people died from lack of aid, electricity, water, Document [58] (Title: Hurricane Maria) accelerated toward the east and later east-northeast over the open Atlantic, becoming extratropical on September 30 and dissipating by October 3. Maria wrought catastrophic damage to the entirety of Dominica, which suffered an island-wide communication blackout. Much of the housing stock and infrastructure were left beyond repair, while the island's lush vegetation was practically eradicated. The islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique endured widespread flooding, damaged roofs, and uprooted trees. Puerto Rico also suffered catastrophic damage and a major humanitarian crisis; most of the island's population suffered from flooding and lack of resources, compounded by the slow relief process. The storm Document [59] (Title: Hurricane Maria death toll controversy) Hurricane Maria death toll controversy Hurricane Maria struck Puerto Rico as a high-end Category 4 hurricane on September 20, 2017, resulting in the island's most severe natural disaster in modern history. The entire island suffered devastating effects with the entire population losing access to electricity, the majority losing access to clean water, tens of thousands of homes destroyed, and road infrastructure left crippled. A series of cascading infrastructure failures compounded the direct effects of the hurricane; scores of people died from lack of aid, electricity, water, and access to medical care. The territory's elderly and poor population were most impacted. Document [60] (Title: Meteorological history of Hurricane Maria) steadily reorganized as it moved away from Puerto Rico. A large eye, 45 mi (75 km) wide, developed with deep convection blossoming around it. Early on September 21, the system regained Category 3 intensity. Initially, cooler waters stirred up by Hurricane Irma two weeks prior limited Maria's reorganization. During the afternoon of September 21, the system traversed the Navidad and Silver banks north of the Dominican Republic; shoaling from the region's shallow waters temporarily interfered with measurements of surface winds. Convection around the storm's eye deepened and its eye became better defined that night, and the hurricane reached a secondary Document [61] (Title: Hurricane Maria death toll controversy) Senator Kamala Harris claimed that "the government failed Puerto Rico at every level in the wake of Hurricane Maria". Between September 20 and October 18, the island's only medical examiner authorized 911 bodies for cremation; however, they were not physically examined and simply given "natural causes" as the cause of death. Official statistics showed increases of about 20% and 27% in overall fatalities in Puerto Rico during September 2017, compared to 2016 and 2015, followed by a decrease of about 10% in October 2017 compared to the previous two Octobers. On November 3, San Juan Mayor Yulín Cruz said that Document [62] (Title: 1949 Atlantic hurricane season) system developed into a tropical storm late on September 20, while located about south-southeast of Saint Croix. A small storm, it quickly strengthened as it traversed west-northwestward, and became a hurricane by 12:00 UTC on September 21. After reaching peak winds of 80 mph (130 km/h) the hurricane weakened, and it made landfall on September 22 on the southeastern Dominican Republic as a tropical storm. The storm rapidly dissipated after moving inland. Strong winds resulted in heavy damage in Saint Croix. In Puerto Rico, where it was known as the San Mateo Hurricane, wind gusts from the hurricane peaked at Document [63] (Title: WWC Aniversario) Hurricane Maria thru Puerto Rico. It took place in three venues: Aniversario 1989 is well known for having various changes and was postponed following the aftermath of Hurricane Hugo The 2001 event was nicknamed "Black September (Septiembre Negro)". This event was dedicated to Isaac Rosario. This event was dedicated to Jose Rivera, Sr. The 2007 show was dedicated to Bruiser Brody. It consisted of two events. The first event took place at Coliseo de Puerto Rico José Miguel Agrelot in San Juan, Puerto Rico. The second event was held the following day at the Sports and Recreation Palace in Mayagüez, Document [64] (Title: Hurricane Maria) of with a gust to was reported in San Juan, immediately prior to the hurricane making landfall on the island. After landfall, wind gusts of were reported at Yabucoa Harbor and at Camp Santiago. In addition, very heavy rainfall occurred throughout the territory, peaking at 37.9 inches (962.7 mm) in Caguas. The eyewall replacement cycle that caused María to weaken to Category 4 strength also caused the eye to triple in size as the diameter expanded prior to landfall. This change in size caused the area exposed to high-intensity winds on the island to be far greater. Widespread flooding affected Document [65] (Title: Hurricane Kyle (2008)) Island, being closed to high-sided vehicles for 7½ hours. No fatalities were reported in Canada, and damages were minor, totaling to $9 million. On October 1, President George W. Bush declared Puerto Rico major disaster area. The declaration allowed federal assistance to reach affected communities in the United States Commonwealth. Residents who met the requirements to receive federal aid were eligible for funding for temporary housing. People who lost their jobs due to the flooding were eligible for unemployment grants for 26 weeks starting the day of the disaster declaration. Residents were able to receive up to $200,000 for home Document [66] (Title: Meteorological history of Hurricane Maria) Meteorological history of Hurricane Maria Hurricane Maria was the tenth-most intense Atlantic hurricane on record and caused catastrophic damage in Dominica and Puerto Rico in late September 2017. Originating from a tropical wave, it developed into a tropical depression on September 16 while situated to the east of the Lesser Antilles. Gradual intensification occurred over the next day or two and it strengthened into a tropical storm, which was named Maria. By late on September 17, Maria had intensified into a hurricane. As it approached the island arc, it underwent explosive intensification on September 18, with the hurricane reaching Category Document [67] (Title: History of Puerto Rico) of the outcome of the referendum, action by the United States Congress would be necessary to implement changes to the status of Puerto Rico under the Territorial Clause of the United States Constitution. While the eye of Category 5 Hurricane Irma passed north of the island on September 5, 2017, winds were sufficient to leave 1 million citizens without power. On September 20, 2017, Hurricane Maria hit the island directly, destroying infrastructure - electricity, potable water supplies, transportation, and communication. Coffee was a major industry before the 1940s. Arabica beans were introduced to the island in 1736. Production soared in Document [68] (Title: Hurricane Maria) its winds from 85 mph (140 km/h)—a Category 1 hurricane, to 165 mph (270 km/h)—a Category 5 hurricane, in just 24 hours, by which time it was located just 15 mi (25 km) east-southeast of Dominica late on September 18; the rate of intensification that occurred has been exceeded only a few times in the Atlantic since records began. Maria made landfall in Dominica at 01:15 UTC on September 19, becoming the first Category 5 hurricane on record to strike the island nation. Entering the Caribbean Sea, Maria weakened slightly to a Category 4 hurricane due to land interaction with Question: when did hurricane maria make landfall in puerto rico

Answer: September 20 Long Answer: The hurricane made its closest approach to St. Croix around 05: 00 UTC on September 20, passing within 20 mi (30 km) of the island; the storm's outer eyewall lashed the island while the more violent inner eye remained offshore . Hours later, around 08: 00 UTC, the outer eyewall struck Vieques, an island off the eastern coast of Puerto Rico . By this time, the outer eye became dominant as the inner one decayed, and the eyewall replacement cycle caused Maria to weaken to Category 4 strength . Maria made landfall just south of Yabucoa, Puerto Rico, around 10: 15 UTC with sustained winds of 155 mph (250 km / h), making it the strongest to hit the island since the 1928 San Felipe Segundo hurricane . Maria maintained a general west - northwest course across Puerto Rico, emerging over the Atlantic Ocean shortly before 18: 00 UTC . Interaction with the mountainous terrain resulted in substantial weakening; sustained winds fell to 110 mph (175 km / h) and the central pressure rose to 957 mbars (hPa; 28.26 inHg). With favorable environmental conditions, Maria steadily reorganized as it moved away from Puerto Rico . A large eye, 45 mi (75 km) wide, developed with deep convection blossoming around it . Early on September 21, the system regained Category 3 intensity. Gold Document ID: 67

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Lee Thompson Young) Lee Thompson Young Lee Thompson Young (February 1, 1984 – August 19, 2013) was an American actor. He is best remembered for his adolescent role as the title character on the Disney Channel television series "The Famous Jett Jackson" (1998–2001) and as Chris Comer in the movie "Friday Night Lights" (2004). His last starring role was as Boston police detective Barry Frost on the TNT police drama series "Rizzoli & Isles" (2010–14). Young was born in Columbia, South Carolina, the son of Velma Elaine (née Love) and Tommy Scott Young. He was in the second grade when his parents' marriage Document [2] (Title: Frost at Christmas) Frost at Christmas Frost at Christmas (1984) is the first of the series of novels written by R. D. Wingfield, the creator of the character Detective Inspector Jack Frost, who is more famously known in the television series "A Touch of Frost", where the character is played by Sir David Jason. This novel was adapted into the TV episode 'Care and Protection', which was also the first in the series. As Christmas approaches Detective Inspector Jack Frost is on the trail of a sensitive case with limited time to solve it. Tracy Uphill, an eight-year-old child, goes missing after attending Document [3] (Title: Kelli Giddish) and was canceled on February 18. Giddish starred as the central character, U.S. Marshal Annie Frost, in the police procedural drama "Chase", which premiered on NBC in fall 2010. Giddish received rave reviews for her ability to play the lead character in the series, but it was pulled in early February 2011. On April 6, 2011, NBC decided to air five new episodes of "Chase" on Saturday nights with the first beginning on April 23, 2011. In January 2007, Giddish guest starred on "Law & Order: Special Victims Unit" in the episode "Outsider" as Kara Bawson. It was announced on Document [4] (Title: James Rebhorn) "Blank Check" (1994), Clyde Frost, the father of famed bullrider Lane Frost, in "8 Seconds" (1994), Lt. Tyler in "White Squall" (1996), and a shipping magnate in "The Talented Mr. Ripley" (1999). One of his best known performances came in the popular 1996 film "Independence Day", where he played Secretary of Defense Albert Nimzicki. He acted in "Scent of a Woman" (1992), and also played an expert witness in "My Cousin Vinny" (1992). He appeared in "Carlito's Way" the following year. Rebhorn also played an FBI Agent in the 1994 film "Guarding Tess". Rebhorn played several roles on television, including Document [5] (Title: Mister Frost) Mister Frost Mister Frost is a 1990 supernatural thriller film starring Jeff Goldblum and directed by French filmmaker Philippe Setbon, who also co-wrote the screenplay with Derry Hall, Brad Lynch and Louise Vincent. It co-starred Kathy Baker and Alan Bates. A police detective named Felix Detweiler visits the palatial French estate of Mister Frost, whose first name is never given, to investigate a report of a dead body. Frost, with very little prompting, cheerfully admits that he has many bodies buried in his yard. Frost is arrested and ultimately placed in an asylum, where he does not speak another word Document [6] (Title: Rizzoli & Isles) renewed "Rizzoli & Isles" for an 18-episode sixth season. In August 2013, production on the fourth season was suspended when cast member Lee Thompson Young was found dead at his Los Angeles apartment from a self-inflicted gunshot wound. In the second half of the fifth season, a new character, crime scene analyst Nina Holiday, played by Idara Victor, was introduced. Series executive producer Jan Nash stated that Nina would not replace Young's character, Frost, but is her own character. Instead, the existing characters were given "new dynamics", according to Nash. For example, Jane and Korsak work more cases together, and Document [7] (Title: Rizzoli & Isles) lesbian subtext to its popularity. Harmon said that she was not surprised by the attention and that, while it was "'super fun' to play a role that has some same-sex romantic vibes", the characters are "straight" and "just best friends". Alexander said that she was not initially aware of the subtext but believed it reflected the characters' chemistry. She also expressed skepticism that Rizzoli and Isles' friendship was out of the ordinary. Rizzoli & Isles Rizzoli & Isles is a TNT television series starring Angie Harmon as police detective Jane Rizzoli and Sasha Alexander as medical examiner Dr. Maura Isles. Document [8] (Title: R. D. Wingfield) planned to kill Frost in the first book, but he was persuaded instead to leave it as an open ending. Following this, two more Frost books were written: "A Touch of Frost" and "Night Frost". In 1977 Frost appeared in a radio play called "Three Days of Frost", in which Frost was played by Leslie Sands, a friend of Wingfield's. The books were first published in the United Kingdom in early 1989, and in 1992 Frost first appeared on television in "A Touch of Frost", played by David Jason. Wingfield was never enthusiastic about the TV adaptation of his detective, Document [9] (Title: Rizzoli & Isles) who was unaware of his expulsion—Hoyt, aided by a third apprentice, manages to capture Jane and Maura, only to have Jane beat Hoyt and then stab him when he and his apprentice try to kill Maura. The untitled project was on TNT's development slate as early as March 2008. In October 2009, TNT placed a cast-contingent pilot order under the original title, "Rizzoli". The pilot script was written by Janet Tamaro. Angie Harmon was the first actress cast, taking the title role of police detective Jane Rizzoli. Sasha Alexander won the role of medical examiner Dr. Maura Isles after auditioning Document [10] (Title: Lindsay Frost) and Casey Giolito, an actor. Lindsay Frost Lindsay Elisabeth Frost (born June 4, 1962) is an American actress and fine artist. Frost is known for playing the role of Betsy Stewart Andropoulos on the daytime soap opera "As the World Turns" from 1984 to 1988, a role which was previously played by actress Meg Ryan. She also played Dr. Jesse Lane in the drama "Birdland", Sergeant Helen Sullivan in the crime drama "High Incident", Fay Pernovick in the drama "Nightmare Cafe", and Claire Stark in the crime drama "Shark". She appeared on "Crossing Jordan" in the recurring role of Maggie Document [11] (Title: Jack Frost (detective)) in the UK. The series stars David Jason as Frost. This series has been broadcast under the umbrella title "A Touch of Frost". To date, there have been thirty-eight stories broadcast (forty-two episodes, if counted individually). These have been released on VHS and DVD internationally. Three endings were filmed for the final episode. The first ending saw Frost the victim of a hit-and-run on his wedding day, and later suffering a fatal heart attack in hospital. The second ending saw his colleague George Toolan die instead, as a result of the car crash. The third was similar to the second Document [12] (Title: Mateusz Skutnik) while the third is drawn in a much more colorful, painterly style. "Rizzoli and Isles" is a game series made by PastelGames based on the TV series of the same name. In each game, the player is an unnamed detective working for Rizzoli and Isles. "Aurora" is a point-and-click game series made by K. Poznanski and K. Olos that takes place in the 1800s in a little town in the Wild West. The player must escape before a singer named Aurora comes to town, because all the people in all the towns she has ever visited were found dead after Document [13] (Title: Jack Frost (detective)) Jack Frost (detective) Detective Inspector William Edward "Jack" Frost, GC, is a fictional detective created by R. D. Wingfield—characterised as sloppy, untidy, hopeless with paperwork—but unmatched at solving mysteries. The character has appeared in two radio plays, ten published novels, and a TV series spanning 42 episodes between 1992 and 2010. "Jack" is a nickname, alluding to Jack Frost. The character first appeared in a radio play entitled "Three Days of Frost" first transmitted on BBC Radio 4 on 12 February 1977. He was portrayed by Leslie Sands. The character's second appearance was also on BBC Radio 4, in a Document [14] (Title: A Touch of Frost) of David Jason from a predominantly comic actor to a dramatic actor. At a press conference in London on 15 September 2008, David Jason announced that he would be quitting the role of DI Jack Frost. Jason's main reason for quitting the role was that Frost was by now the oldest detective on television and he felt that it was 'natural' to retire as Frost. At 68, a police detective would already have been retired for eight years. Sir David said: "You wouldn't want me to play Frost in a wheelchair, would you?... Frost is getting a little long in Document [15] (Title: A Touch of Frost) A Touch of Frost A Touch of Frost is a television detective series produced by Yorkshire Television (later ITV Studios) for ITV from 6 December 1992 until 5 April 2010, initially based on the Frost novels by R. D. Wingfield. Writing credit for the three episodes in the first 1992 series went to Richard Harris. The series stars David Jason as Detective Inspector William Edward "Jack" Frost, an experienced and dedicated detective who frequently clashes with his superiors. In his cases, Frost is usually assisted by a variety of different detective sergeants or constables, with each bringing a different slant Document [16] (Title: Derek Martin) (1973), "Eskimo Nell" (1975), "Sex Express" (aka "Diversions") (1975), "Adventures of a Plumber's Mate" (1978), "Ragtime" (1981), "Spaghetti House" (1982), and "Boston Kickout" (1995). In 1978 he appeared as Detective Inspector Fred Pyall in the BBC television series "Law and Order". From 1981-82, he played Det. Insp. Berwick in two series of the BBC drama "The Chinese Detective". In 1982 he became the second actor to take on the role of R. D. Wingfield's fictional Detective Inspector Jack Frost, starring in a BBC radio adaptation of "A Touch of Frost". In 1984 he appeared in an episode of season five Document [17] (Title: Jack Frost (detective)) with Superintendent Mullet being the victim. The second ending was the one officially used (with David Jason's support). The ending in which Frost dies was screened during a tribute to the show on ITV1 on April 6, 2010. Frost is a recipient of the George Cross, which sometimes serves as a plot element in allowing him to get away with actions that would otherwise have landed him in trouble. He tends to experience survivor guilt whenever his George Cross is brought to mind. Jack Frost (detective) Detective Inspector William Edward "Jack" Frost, GC, is a fictional detective created by R. Document [18] (Title: Rizzoli & Isles) Rizzoli & Isles Rizzoli & Isles is a TNT television series starring Angie Harmon as police detective Jane Rizzoli and Sasha Alexander as medical examiner Dr. Maura Isles. The one-hour drama is based on the series of "Rizzoli & Isles" novels by Tess Gerritsen. It premiered on July 12, 2010, and aired 105 episodes in seven seasons, concluding on September 5, 2016. The series' backstory is inspired by the Maura Isles/Jane Rizzoli series of novels by Tess Gerritsen. Rizzoli appears in the series' first novel, "The Surgeon", and Isles is introduced in the second, "The Apprentice", which serves as the Document [19] (Title: Sasha Alexander) on the TNT series "Rizzoli & Isles" – the Commonwealth of Massachusetts' Chief Medical Examiner, who works with the Boston Police Department. Alexander costarred with Angie Harmon, who played Boston Homicide Detective Jane Rizzoli, Isles' best friend on the show. In 2015, Alexander began a recurring role on Showtime's "Shameless" portraying Helene Runyon, one of Lip Gallagher's college professors. Her character Helene maintains an open relationship with her husband Theo (played by Michael Reilly Burke) which allows her to sleep with Lip. The relationship between Helene and Lip is both romantic and one which provides him with guidance in his Document [20] (Title: Lindsay Frost) Lindsay Frost Lindsay Elisabeth Frost (born June 4, 1962) is an American actress and fine artist. Frost is known for playing the role of Betsy Stewart Andropoulos on the daytime soap opera "As the World Turns" from 1984 to 1988, a role which was previously played by actress Meg Ryan. She also played Dr. Jesse Lane in the drama "Birdland", Sergeant Helen Sullivan in the crime drama "High Incident", Fay Pernovick in the drama "Nightmare Cafe", and Claire Stark in the crime drama "Shark". She appeared on "Crossing Jordan" in the recurring role of Maggie from 2001 to 2006. In Document [21] (Title: A Touch of Frost (novel)) A Touch of Frost (novel) A Touch of Frost (1987) is a crime novel by, R.D. Wingfield. The series inspired a popular television series of the same name, starring David Jason as the title character, Detective Inspector Jack Frost; a disheveled, unorthodox and caustic police officer. The murder of a local drug addict, the hunt for a serial rapist, a hit-and-run involving the spoiled son of an MP, and a robbery at a strip joint all have something in common. Detective Inspector Jack Frost has been assigned with the thankless task of investigating them. Fighting the stress and ignoring his Document [22] (Title: Nick Frost) Nick Frost Nicholas John Frost (born 28 March 1972) is an English actor, comedian, screenwriter, producer, and author. He is best known for his work in the "Three Flavours Cornetto" trilogy of films, consisting of "Shaun of the Dead" (2004), "Hot Fuzz" (2007), and "The World's End" (2013), and the television comedy "Spaced" (1999–2001). He also appeared in Joe Cornish's film "Attack the Block" (2011). He co-starred in the 2011 film "Paul", which he co-wrote with frequent collaborator and best friend Simon Pegg. He is also well known for his various roles in the sketch show "Man Stroke Woman". Frost Document [23] (Title: Angie Harmon) 2016, she co-starred with Sasha Alexander in the TNT crime-drama series "Rizzoli & Isles", playing Boston, Massachusetts police detective Jane Rizzoli. The show premiered July 12, 2010. She directed the series' 100th episode. Harmon appears in the music video for Craig Morgan's "This Ole Boy", released in January 2012. In July 2012, during promotions for a new season of "Rizzoli and Isles", Harmon revealed on Conan O'Brien's late night series that she was a fan of and very interested in playing a movie version of the She-Hulk from Marvel Comics should such a movie become available. Harmon won Outstanding Female Document [24] (Title: Neil Dudgeon) of Cake", alongside Tim Woodward, Jeremy Northam and Nathaniel Parker. As well as occasional appearances in series such as "Casualty", "London's Burning" and "Lovejoy", he appeared in 1994 as Detective Constable Costello, a one-episode subordinate to Detective Inspector William Edward "Jack" Frost (played by David Jason), in the TV series "A Touch of Frost", in 1998-99 as George the Chauffeur in "The Mrs Bradley Mysteries" (alongside Dame Diana Rigg), in "Inspector Morse" (episode "The Way Through The Woods"), "Between The Lines", "Common As Muck" (in 1994 & 1997), "Out of the Blue", "Sherlock Holmes and the Case of the Silk Document [25] (Title: Rizzoli & Isles) her and shoots Hoyt, saving her life. Jane, reasoning that Korsak would never trust her as his partner after seeing her so vulnerable, applies for a new partner. The series pilot, "See One. Do One. Teach One", is largely based on the novel "The Apprentice". Jane and medical examiner Maura Isles investigate a killer with Hoyt's modus operandi plus an interest in necrophilia. Jane and Maura discover that the copycat was John Stark (Brendan McCarthy), a soldier who met Hoyt in medical school, had his identity erased for CIA black operations, and mimicked Hoyt's MO in a killing spree during Document [26] (Title: Rizzoli & Isles) with Harmon. Bruce McGill signed as Rizzoli's former partner, Sgt. Vince Korsak. Lee Thompson Young was cast as her new partner, Barry Frost. The role of Rizzoli's younger brother Frankie was filled by Jordan Bridges. Lorraine Bracco signed on as Rizzoli's mother, Angela. In early 2010, Billy Burke was announced as FBI agent Gabriel Dean. In late January 2010, TNT green-lighted the pilot to series with the new title "Rizzoli & Isles". Ten episodes were ordered and the show premiered on July 12, 2010. The series is produced on the Paramount Pictures lot in Hollywood, California. Owing to a sponsorship Document [27] (Title: Mister Frost) by distributor Dutch Film Works. Mister Frost Mister Frost is a 1990 supernatural thriller film starring Jeff Goldblum and directed by French filmmaker Philippe Setbon, who also co-wrote the screenplay with Derry Hall, Brad Lynch and Louise Vincent. It co-starred Kathy Baker and Alan Bates. A police detective named Felix Detweiler visits the palatial French estate of Mister Frost, whose first name is never given, to investigate a report of a dead body. Frost, with very little prompting, cheerfully admits that he has many bodies buried in his yard. Frost is arrested and ultimately placed in an asylum, where he Document [28] (Title: Idara Victor) Nina Holiday, crime scene analyst and IT tech of the Boston Police Department, in the US crime-series "Rizzoli & Isles". Idara Victor became a member of the regular cast of the season 6, replacing the late Lee Thompson Young. In addition to her role as Nina Holiday, Victor has a recurring role on the AMC drama "", from 2014-2017, and appeared in the 2016 productions "Pure Genius" and "". She has joined the cast of the new film "" from writer and producer James Cameron and director Robert Rodriguez, playing opposite Christoph Waltz. The film will be released in February Document [29] (Title: Alex Frost) Alex Frost Alex Frosty Frost (born February 17, 1987) is an American actor. He had a starring role in Gus Van Sant's Columbine-based film "Elephant", which was awarded the Palme d'Or prize in 2003. Since "Elephant", Frost has worked on a number of films, including "The Queen of Cactus Cove", "The Lost" and "The Standard". He appeared in a Season 3 episode of "NCIS" entitled "Ravenous". He played the primary antagonist in the Owen Wilson movie "Drillbit Taylor", released on March 21, 2008, by Paramount Pictures. He appeared in two films in 2009, "Calvin Marshall" and "The Vicious Kind". He Document [30] (Title: Rizzoli & Isles) basis for the television series. Boston detective Jane Rizzoli has been investigating a serial killer named Charles Hoyt. Hoyt, who was banned from medical school for fondling a corpse, used his vast medical knowledge to systematically torture and kill people, usually choosing couples so that he could induce the most fear in his victims. Jane ascertains Hoyt's location, but as she is searching for him, she is hit in the back of the head and knocked unconscious. She is pinned to the floor by scalpels and awakes as Hoyt prepares to cut her throat, but Vince Korsak, Jane's partner, locates Question: who played detective frost on rizzoli and isles Answer: Lee Thompson Young Long Answer: Lee Thompson Young (February 1, 1984--August 19, 2013) was an American actor . He was known for his teenage role as the title character on the Disney Channel television series The Famous Jett Jackson (1998--2001) and as Chris Comer in the movie Friday Night Lights (2004). His last starring role was as Boston police detective Barry Frost on the TNT police drama series Rizzoli & Isles (2010--14). Gold Document ID: 28

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Lee Thompson Young) Lee Thompson Young Lee Thompson Young (February 1, 1984 – August 19, 2013) was an American actor. He is best remembered for his adolescent role as the title character on the Disney Channel television series "The Famous Jett Jackson" (1998–2001) and as Chris Comer in the movie "Friday Night Lights" (2004). His last starring role was as Boston police detective Barry Frost on the TNT police drama series "Rizzoli & Isles" (2010–14). Young was born in Columbia, South Carolina, the son of Velma Elaine (née Love) and Tommy Scott Young. He was in the second grade when his parents' marriage Document [2] (Title: Frost at Christmas) Frost at Christmas Frost at Christmas (1984) is the first of the series of novels written by R. D. Wingfield, the creator of the character Detective Inspector Jack Frost, who is more famously known in the television series "A Touch of Frost", where the character is played by Sir David Jason. This novel was adapted into the TV episode 'Care and Protection', which was also the first in the series. As Christmas approaches Detective Inspector Jack Frost is on the trail of a sensitive case with limited time to solve it. Tracy Uphill, an eight-year-old child, goes missing after attending Document [3] (Title: Kelli Giddish) and was canceled on February 18. Giddish starred as the central character, U.S. Marshal Annie Frost, in the police procedural drama "Chase", which premiered on NBC in fall 2010. Giddish received rave reviews for her ability to play the lead character in the series, but it was pulled in early February 2011. On April 6, 2011, NBC decided to air five new episodes of "Chase" on Saturday nights with the first beginning on April 23, 2011. In January 2007, Giddish guest starred on "Law & Order: Special Victims Unit" in the episode "Outsider" as Kara Bawson. It was announced on Document [4] (Title: James Rebhorn) "Blank Check" (1994), Clyde Frost, the father of famed bullrider Lane Frost, in "8 Seconds" (1994), Lt. Tyler in "White Squall" (1996), and a shipping magnate in "The Talented Mr. Ripley" (1999). One of his best known performances came in the popular 1996 film "Independence Day", where he played Secretary of Defense Albert Nimzicki. He acted in "Scent of a Woman" (1992), and also played an expert witness in "My Cousin Vinny" (1992). He appeared in "Carlito's Way" the following year. Rebhorn also played an FBI Agent in the 1994 film "Guarding Tess". Rebhorn played several roles on television, including Document [5] (Title: Mister Frost) Mister Frost Mister Frost is a 1990 supernatural thriller film starring Jeff Goldblum and directed by French filmmaker Philippe Setbon, who also co-wrote the screenplay with Derry Hall, Brad Lynch and Louise Vincent. It co-starred Kathy Baker and Alan Bates. A police detective named Felix Detweiler visits the palatial French estate of Mister Frost, whose first name is never given, to investigate a report of a dead body. Frost, with very little prompting, cheerfully admits that he has many bodies buried in his yard. Frost is arrested and ultimately placed in an asylum, where he does not speak another word Document [6] (Title: Rizzoli & Isles) renewed "Rizzoli & Isles" for an 18-episode sixth season. In August 2013, production on the fourth season was suspended when cast member Lee Thompson Young was found dead at his Los Angeles apartment from a self-inflicted gunshot wound. In the second half of the fifth season, a new character, crime scene analyst Nina Holiday, played by Idara Victor, was introduced. Series executive producer Jan Nash stated that Nina would not replace Young's character, Frost, but is her own character. Instead, the existing characters were given "new dynamics", according to Nash. For example, Jane and Korsak work more cases together, and Document [7] (Title: Rizzoli & Isles) lesbian subtext to its popularity. Harmon said that she was not surprised by the attention and that, while it was "'super fun' to play a role that has some same-sex romantic vibes", the characters are "straight" and "just best friends". Alexander said that she was not initially aware of the subtext but believed it reflected the characters' chemistry. She also expressed skepticism that Rizzoli and Isles' friendship was out of the ordinary. Rizzoli & Isles Rizzoli & Isles is a TNT television series starring Angie Harmon as police detective Jane Rizzoli and Sasha Alexander as medical examiner Dr. Maura Isles. Document [8] (Title: R. D. Wingfield) planned to kill Frost in the first book, but he was persuaded instead to leave it as an open ending. Following this, two more Frost books were written: "A Touch of Frost" and "Night Frost". In 1977 Frost appeared in a radio play called "Three Days of Frost", in which Frost was played by Leslie Sands, a friend of Wingfield's. The books were first published in the United Kingdom in early 1989, and in 1992 Frost first appeared on television in "A Touch of Frost", played by David Jason. Wingfield was never enthusiastic about the TV adaptation of his detective, Document [9] (Title: Rizzoli & Isles) who was unaware of his expulsion—Hoyt, aided by a third apprentice, manages to capture Jane and Maura, only to have Jane beat Hoyt and then stab him when he and his apprentice try to kill Maura. The untitled project was on TNT's development slate as early as March 2008. In October 2009, TNT placed a cast-contingent pilot order under the original title, "Rizzoli". The pilot script was written by Janet Tamaro. Angie Harmon was the first actress cast, taking the title role of police detective Jane Rizzoli. Sasha Alexander won the role of medical examiner Dr. Maura Isles after auditioning Document [10] (Title: Lindsay Frost) and Casey Giolito, an actor. Lindsay Frost Lindsay Elisabeth Frost (born June 4, 1962) is an American actress and fine artist. Frost is known for playing the role of Betsy Stewart Andropoulos on the daytime soap opera "As the World Turns" from 1984 to 1988, a role which was previously played by actress Meg Ryan. She also played Dr. Jesse Lane in the drama "Birdland", Sergeant Helen Sullivan in the crime drama "High Incident", Fay Pernovick in the drama "Nightmare Cafe", and Claire Stark in the crime drama "Shark". She appeared on "Crossing Jordan" in the recurring role of Maggie Document [11] (Title: Jack Frost (detective)) in the UK. The series stars David Jason as Frost. This series has been broadcast under the umbrella title "A Touch of Frost". To date, there have been thirty-eight stories broadcast (forty-two episodes, if counted individually). These have been released on VHS and DVD internationally. Three endings were filmed for the final episode. The first ending saw Frost the victim of a hit-and-run on his wedding day, and later suffering a fatal heart attack in hospital. The second ending saw his colleague George Toolan die instead, as a result of the car crash. The third was similar to the second Document [12] (Title: Mateusz Skutnik) while the third is drawn in a much more colorful, painterly style. "Rizzoli and Isles" is a game series made by PastelGames based on the TV series of the same name. In each game, the player is an unnamed detective working for Rizzoli and Isles. "Aurora" is a point-and-click game series made by K. Poznanski and K. Olos that takes place in the 1800s in a little town in the Wild West. The player must escape before a singer named Aurora comes to town, because all the people in all the towns she has ever visited were found dead after Document [13] (Title: Jack Frost (detective)) Jack Frost (detective) Detective Inspector William Edward "Jack" Frost, GC, is a fictional detective created by R. D. Wingfield—characterised as sloppy, untidy, hopeless with paperwork—but unmatched at solving mysteries. The character has appeared in two radio plays, ten published novels, and a TV series spanning 42 episodes between 1992 and 2010. "Jack" is a nickname, alluding to Jack Frost. The character first appeared in a radio play entitled "Three Days of Frost" first transmitted on BBC Radio 4 on 12 February 1977. He was portrayed by Leslie Sands. The character's second appearance was also on BBC Radio 4, in a Document [14] (Title: A Touch of Frost) of David Jason from a predominantly comic actor to a dramatic actor. At a press conference in London on 15 September 2008, David Jason announced that he would be quitting the role of DI Jack Frost. Jason's main reason for quitting the role was that Frost was by now the oldest detective on television and he felt that it was 'natural' to retire as Frost. At 68, a police detective would already have been retired for eight years. Sir David said: "You wouldn't want me to play Frost in a wheelchair, would you?... Frost is getting a little long in Document [15] (Title: A Touch of Frost) A Touch of Frost A Touch of Frost is a television detective series produced by Yorkshire Television (later ITV Studios) for ITV from 6 December 1992 until 5 April 2010, initially based on the Frost novels by R. D. Wingfield. Writing credit for the three episodes in the first 1992 series went to Richard Harris. The series stars David Jason as Detective Inspector William Edward "Jack" Frost, an experienced and dedicated detective who frequently clashes with his superiors. In his cases, Frost is usually assisted by a variety of different detective sergeants or constables, with each bringing a different slant Document [16] (Title: Derek Martin) (1973), "Eskimo Nell" (1975), "Sex Express" (aka "Diversions") (1975), "Adventures of a Plumber's Mate" (1978), "Ragtime" (1981), "Spaghetti House" (1982), and "Boston Kickout" (1995). In 1978 he appeared as Detective Inspector Fred Pyall in the BBC television series "Law and Order". From 1981-82, he played Det. Insp. Berwick in two series of the BBC drama "The Chinese Detective". In 1982 he became the second actor to take on the role of R. D. Wingfield's fictional Detective Inspector Jack Frost, starring in a BBC radio adaptation of "A Touch of Frost". In 1984 he appeared in an episode of season five Document [17] (Title: Jack Frost (detective)) with Superintendent Mullet being the victim. The second ending was the one officially used (with David Jason's support). The ending in which Frost dies was screened during a tribute to the show on ITV1 on April 6, 2010. Frost is a recipient of the George Cross, which sometimes serves as a plot element in allowing him to get away with actions that would otherwise have landed him in trouble. He tends to experience survivor guilt whenever his George Cross is brought to mind. Jack Frost (detective) Detective Inspector William Edward "Jack" Frost, GC, is a fictional detective created by R. Document [18] (Title: Rizzoli & Isles) Rizzoli & Isles Rizzoli & Isles is a TNT television series starring Angie Harmon as police detective Jane Rizzoli and Sasha Alexander as medical examiner Dr. Maura Isles. The one-hour drama is based on the series of "Rizzoli & Isles" novels by Tess Gerritsen. It premiered on July 12, 2010, and aired 105 episodes in seven seasons, concluding on September 5, 2016. The series' backstory is inspired by the Maura Isles/Jane Rizzoli series of novels by Tess Gerritsen. Rizzoli appears in the series' first novel, "The Surgeon", and Isles is introduced in the second, "The Apprentice", which serves as the Document [19] (Title: Sasha Alexander) on the TNT series "Rizzoli & Isles" – the Commonwealth of Massachusetts' Chief Medical Examiner, who works with the Boston Police Department. Alexander costarred with Angie Harmon, who played Boston Homicide Detective Jane Rizzoli, Isles' best friend on the show. In 2015, Alexander began a recurring role on Showtime's "Shameless" portraying Helene Runyon, one of Lip Gallagher's college professors. Her character Helene maintains an open relationship with her husband Theo (played by Michael Reilly Burke) which allows her to sleep with Lip. The relationship between Helene and Lip is both romantic and one which provides him with guidance in his Document [20] (Title: Lindsay Frost) Lindsay Frost Lindsay Elisabeth Frost (born June 4, 1962) is an American actress and fine artist. Frost is known for playing the role of Betsy Stewart Andropoulos on the daytime soap opera "As the World Turns" from 1984 to 1988, a role which was previously played by actress Meg Ryan. She also played Dr. Jesse Lane in the drama "Birdland", Sergeant Helen Sullivan in the crime drama "High Incident", Fay Pernovick in the drama "Nightmare Cafe", and Claire Stark in the crime drama "Shark". She appeared on "Crossing Jordan" in the recurring role of Maggie from 2001 to 2006. In Document [21] (Title: A Touch of Frost (novel)) A Touch of Frost (novel) A Touch of Frost (1987) is a crime novel by, R.D. Wingfield. The series inspired a popular television series of the same name, starring David Jason as the title character, Detective Inspector Jack Frost; a disheveled, unorthodox and caustic police officer. The murder of a local drug addict, the hunt for a serial rapist, a hit-and-run involving the spoiled son of an MP, and a robbery at a strip joint all have something in common. Detective Inspector Jack Frost has been assigned with the thankless task of investigating them. Fighting the stress and ignoring his Document [22] (Title: Nick Frost) Nick Frost Nicholas John Frost (born 28 March 1972) is an English actor, comedian, screenwriter, producer, and author. He is best known for his work in the "Three Flavours Cornetto" trilogy of films, consisting of "Shaun of the Dead" (2004), "Hot Fuzz" (2007), and "The World's End" (2013), and the television comedy "Spaced" (1999–2001). He also appeared in Joe Cornish's film "Attack the Block" (2011). He co-starred in the 2011 film "Paul", which he co-wrote with frequent collaborator and best friend Simon Pegg. He is also well known for his various roles in the sketch show "Man Stroke Woman". Frost Document [23] (Title: Angie Harmon) 2016, she co-starred with Sasha Alexander in the TNT crime-drama series "Rizzoli & Isles", playing Boston, Massachusetts police detective Jane Rizzoli. The show premiered July 12, 2010. She directed the series' 100th episode. Harmon appears in the music video for Craig Morgan's "This Ole Boy", released in January 2012. In July 2012, during promotions for a new season of "Rizzoli and Isles", Harmon revealed on Conan O'Brien's late night series that she was a fan of and very interested in playing a movie version of the She-Hulk from Marvel Comics should such a movie become available. Harmon won Outstanding Female Document [24] (Title: Neil Dudgeon) of Cake", alongside Tim Woodward, Jeremy Northam and Nathaniel Parker. As well as occasional appearances in series such as "Casualty", "London's Burning" and "Lovejoy", he appeared in 1994 as Detective Constable Costello, a one-episode subordinate to Detective Inspector William Edward "Jack" Frost (played by David Jason), in the TV series "A Touch of Frost", in 1998-99 as George the Chauffeur in "The Mrs Bradley Mysteries" (alongside Dame Diana Rigg), in "Inspector Morse" (episode "The Way Through The Woods"), "Between The Lines", "Common As Muck" (in 1994 & 1997), "Out of the Blue", "Sherlock Holmes and the Case of the Silk Document [25] (Title: Rizzoli & Isles) her and shoots Hoyt, saving her life. Jane, reasoning that Korsak would never trust her as his partner after seeing her so vulnerable, applies for a new partner. The series pilot, "See One. Do One. Teach One", is largely based on the novel "The Apprentice". Jane and medical examiner Maura Isles investigate a killer with Hoyt's modus operandi plus an interest in necrophilia. Jane and Maura discover that the copycat was John Stark (Brendan McCarthy), a soldier who met Hoyt in medical school, had his identity erased for CIA black operations, and mimicked Hoyt's MO in a killing spree during Document [26] (Title: Rizzoli & Isles) with Harmon. Bruce McGill signed as Rizzoli's former partner, Sgt. Vince Korsak. Lee Thompson Young was cast as her new partner, Barry Frost. The role of Rizzoli's younger brother Frankie was filled by Jordan Bridges. Lorraine Bracco signed on as Rizzoli's mother, Angela. In early 2010, Billy Burke was announced as FBI agent Gabriel Dean. In late January 2010, TNT green-lighted the pilot to series with the new title "Rizzoli & Isles". Ten episodes were ordered and the show premiered on July 12, 2010. The series is produced on the Paramount Pictures lot in Hollywood, California. Owing to a sponsorship Document [27] (Title: Mister Frost) by distributor Dutch Film Works. Mister Frost Mister Frost is a 1990 supernatural thriller film starring Jeff Goldblum and directed by French filmmaker Philippe Setbon, who also co-wrote the screenplay with Derry Hall, Brad Lynch and Louise Vincent. It co-starred Kathy Baker and Alan Bates. A police detective named Felix Detweiler visits the palatial French estate of Mister Frost, whose first name is never given, to investigate a report of a dead body. Frost, with very little prompting, cheerfully admits that he has many bodies buried in his yard. Frost is arrested and ultimately placed in an asylum, where he Document [28] (Title: Idara Victor) Nina Holiday, crime scene analyst and IT tech of the Boston Police Department, in the US crime-series "Rizzoli & Isles". Idara Victor became a member of the regular cast of the season 6, replacing the late Lee Thompson Young. In addition to her role as Nina Holiday, Victor has a recurring role on the AMC drama "", from 2014-2017, and appeared in the 2016 productions "Pure Genius" and "". She has joined the cast of the new film "" from writer and producer James Cameron and director Robert Rodriguez, playing opposite Christoph Waltz. The film will be released in February Document [29] (Title: Alex Frost) Alex Frost Alex Frosty Frost (born February 17, 1987) is an American actor. He had a starring role in Gus Van Sant's Columbine-based film "Elephant", which was awarded the Palme d'Or prize in 2003. Since "Elephant", Frost has worked on a number of films, including "The Queen of Cactus Cove", "The Lost" and "The Standard". He appeared in a Season 3 episode of "NCIS" entitled "Ravenous". He played the primary antagonist in the Owen Wilson movie "Drillbit Taylor", released on March 21, 2008, by Paramount Pictures. He appeared in two films in 2009, "Calvin Marshall" and "The Vicious Kind". He Document [30] (Title: Rizzoli & Isles) basis for the television series. Boston detective Jane Rizzoli has been investigating a serial killer named Charles Hoyt. Hoyt, who was banned from medical school for fondling a corpse, used his vast medical knowledge to systematically torture and kill people, usually choosing couples so that he could induce the most fear in his victims. Jane ascertains Hoyt's location, but as she is searching for him, she is hit in the back of the head and knocked unconscious. She is pinned to the floor by scalpels and awakes as Hoyt prepares to cut her throat, but Vince Korsak, Jane's partner, locates Question: who played detective frost on rizzoli and isles

Answer: Lee Thompson Young Long Answer: Lee Thompson Young (February 1, 1984--August 19, 2013) was an American actor . He was known for his teenage role as the title character on the Disney Channel television series The Famous Jett Jackson (1998--2001) and as Chris Comer in the movie Friday Night Lights (2004). His last starring role was as Boston police detective Barry Frost on the TNT police drama series Rizzoli & Isles (2010--14). Gold Document ID: 28

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: The Thief and the Cobbler) the movie was completed, Allied Filmmakers, along with Majestic Films, reacquired the distribution rights from the Completion Bond Company. Calvert's version of the film was distributed in South Africa and in Australia as "The Princess and the Cobbler" on September 23, 1993. In December 1994, Miramax Films, then a subsidiary of Disney and had already released "Aladdin" first, bought the rights in North America. Until Miramax agreed to distribute the film, it was refused by many other American distributors. "It was a very difficult film to market, it had such a reputation," Calvert recalls. "I don't think that they were Document [2] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) the film "the funniest feature ever made." Furthermore, English-Irish comedian Spike Milligan considered it to be the greatest film of all time. James Berardinelli gave it 3.5 out of 4 stars, praising the "crisp visuals and wonderful song-and-dance numbers." Peter Travers of "Rolling Stone" said the comedy made the film accessible to both children and adults, a vision shared with Desson Howe of "The Washington Post", who also said "kids are still going to be entranced by the magic and adventure." Brian Lowry of "Variety" praised the cast of characters, describing the expressive magic carpet as "its most remarkable accomplishment" Document [3] (Title: Disneytoon Studios) unit was started. Then a second sequel, "Aladdin and the King of Thieves" (1996), assigned work to both the Australian and Japanese animation units. In August 1994 with the departure of Walt Disney Studios chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg, its filmed entertainment business was split into two, with this division moved as a part of Walt Disney Television Animation into the newly created Walt Disney Television and Telecommunications under chairman Richard H. Frank. Morrill was in charge of the above first Aladdin DTV film, launching Disney Video Premiere. Morrill expanded the DTV market making it more important for Disney, thus the overseas Document [4] (Title: Aladin (film)) Aladin (film) Aladin is a 2009 Indian Hindi fantasy adventure film directed by Sujoy Ghosh. The film stars Ritesh Deshmukh, Amitabh Bachchan , Jacqueline Fernandez and Sanjay Dutt. The film performed poorly at the box office. Aladdin and His Magic Lamp was originally a cartoon, first released in France in 1970, created by Hungarian producer, script-writer and director Jean Image ("Imre Hajdú"). Long ago, Ringmaster (Sanjay Dutt) was once a genie, but he used his powers only for himself, not to grant wishes to humans, so the other genies decided to strip him of his powers. He was still immortal, Document [5] (Title: Aladdin and the King of Thieves) announced in January 1995 that a third film was in production, and later in June, that it was scheduled for a home video release in 1996. In September 1995, it was confirmed that Robin Williams would reprise the role of the Genie reportedly for a $1 million salary after he received an apology from Joe Roth for Disney breaching an agreement not to use his voice to merchandise products inspired by "Aladdin". With Williams on board, all recordings and animation footage of Dan Castellaneta as the Genie was scrapped, and all of the Genie's scenes were rewritten to fit Williams' Document [6] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) demand Aladdin's release, only for Jafar to lie to her that Aladdin has been beheaded. Disguised as an old man, Jafar frees Aladdin and Abu from prison, and sends them to the cave, ordering them to retrieve the lamp. There, Aladdin finds a magic carpet and obtains the lamp. Unaware to touch nothing but the lamp, Abu grabs a red jewel, and the cave collapses. Aladdin hands over the lamp to Jafar, who throws both Aladdin and Abu back down into the cave, though not before Abu manages to steal the lamp back. Trapped, Aladdin rubs the lamp and meets Document [7] (Title: Aladdin (2011 musical)) to keep a whole season of RuPaul's Drag Race contestants in runway attire." Marilyn Stasio of "Variety" gave the show a negative review, commenting: "The magic-carpet ride is magical. The Cave of Wonders is wonderful. And yes, you'll hear the tunes you loved in the 1992 movie. But the notion that "Disney Aladdin" somehow resurrects the spirit of the late Howard Ashman, who had the original inspiration for the movie and contributed most of its clever lyrics, is a joke. Restoring a person's work without respecting his artistic sensibility is no tribute at all." Aladdin (2011 musical) Aladdin is a Document [8] (Title: Superfantagenio) Superfantagenio Superfantagenio (also known as "Aladdin") is a 1986 Italian/American family comedy film starring Bud Spencer as the Genie and Luca Venantini as Aladdin, and with Spencer's daughter Diamy participating in a secondary role as Aladdin's love interest. The story revolves around a teenage boy named Al Haddin, nicknamed "Aladdin", who is living with his widowed mother Janet and his alcoholic grandfather Jeremiah in Miami, Florida. He and his family live in poverty since his father's untimely demise; his mother slaves away in the nightclub of Monti Siracusa, a local mobster boss who runs a citywide protection racket. Jeremiah aggravates Document [9] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) which apparently really "clashed" with the Williams' wilder home decor. Williams refused to sign on for "The Return of Jafar" so it was Dan Castellaneta that voiced the Genie. When Jeffrey Katzenberg was replaced by Joe Roth as Walt Disney Studios chairman, Roth organized a public apology to Williams. Williams would, in turn, reprise the role in the 1996 direct-to-video sequel "Aladdin and the King of Thieves". Composer Alan Menken and songwriters Howard Ashman and Tim Rice were praised for creating a soundtrack that is "consistently good, rivaling the best of Disney's other animated musicals from the '90s." Menken and Document [10] (Title: The Wonders of Aladdin) toward the film, called it "a fun movie". According to MGM records it made a loss of $276,000. The Wonders of Aladdin The Wonders of Aladdin (Italian: "Le meraviglie di Aladino") is a 1961 Italian-French-American fantasy film directed by Henry Levin (with second unit direction by Mario Bava) and produced by Joseph E. Levine for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The film stars Donald O'Connor as the title character. At this time, O'Connor was reaching the decline of his career after many years of fame. O'Connor signed to make the film in October 1960. O'Connor said "The story of Aladdin has been done by Document [11] (Title: Disney's Aladdin: A Musical Spectacular) often changed to reflect current events in the news and popular culture. The musical replaced the venue's previous show, "The Power of Blast", which played from 2001 to 2002. Alan Menken composed and wrote lyrics for a new song for this production, called "To Be Free". Buena Vista Records released an official soundtrack to the production in 2003. This is an original cast recording, and includes almost every piece of music used in the show. The main cast on the recording is Miles Wesley (Aladdin), Deedee Magno (Jasmine), Nick Santa Maria (Genie), Lance Roberts (Jafar) and Jamila Ajibade (Narrator). Orchestrations Document [12] (Title: Aladin (film)) Aladin since his childhood. His life changes when Jasmine (Jacqueline Fernandez) enters the city, and Aladin immediately falls for her. Jasmine has a birthday party for Aladin, and as a present Kasim gives Aladin a magic lamp for his birthday to embarrass him in front of Jasmine. However, this lamp turns out to be the magic lamp that Aladin's father's murderers were trying to find. Aladin rubs the lamp and releases the genie, Genius (Amitabh Bachchan). Desperate to grant him three wishes so his contract with the magic lamp can end, the rock-star Genius suddenly makes Aladin's life very interesting Document [13] (Title: Aladdin (2019 film)) Aladdin (2019 film) Aladdin is an upcoming American musical romantic fantasy adventure film directed by Guy Ritchie, from the screenplay co-written with John August and Vanessa Taylor, and produced by Walt Disney Pictures. It is a live-action adaptation of Disney's 1992 animated film of the same name, which is in turn based on the Arabic folktale of the same name from "One Thousand and One Nights" and the French interpretation by Antoine Galland. The film stars Mena Massoud as the title character alongside Will Smith, Naomi Scott, Marwan Kenzari, Navid Negahban, Nasim Pedrad, Billy Magnussen, and Numan Acar. In October Document [14] (Title: Aladdin (franchise)) Aladdin" was developed by SIMS and published by Sega, and released in 1994 for the Game Gear worldwide and for the Master System in Europe. Sega went on to produce this game since they already had the necessary intellectual property licensing rights in order to publish the Virgin Interactive game on the Mega Drive/Genesis. The game is also significantly different in gameplay compared to its Mega Drive counterpart. There are three main types of level, chase levels in which Aladdin must outrun enemies while dodging obstacles, exploration levels in which Aladdin must carefully navigate traps and solve puzzles, similar to Document [15] (Title: Disneytoon Studios) director of specials, Sharon Morrill, in 1993. Disney began producing direct-to-video sequels of Walt Disney Feature Animation films: the first of which was the "Aladdin" (1992) sequel "The Return of Jafar" (1994). When "Aladdin" was selected as a possible candidate as an animated TV series (before the film's release), as with many animated series, the first three episodes were a multi-part story which Disney used as a potential "family movie special" for the Friday night before the series' premiere. The opening story was instead greenlit for a direct-to-video release. Thus with "The Return of Jafar" and its success, the direct-to-video Document [16] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) the most successful film of 1992 grossing $217 million in the United States and over $504 million worldwide. It was the biggest gross for an animated film until "The Lion King" two years later, and was the first full-length animated film to gross $200 million in North America. , it is the thirtieth highest grossing animated film and the third highest-grossing traditionally-animated feature worldwide, behind "The Lion King" and "The Simpsons Movie". It sold an estimated 52,442,300 tickets in the US. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that 94% of critics gave the film a positive review based on Document [17] (Title: Aladdin (2011 musical)) change the casting of a show." Broadway Company National Tour Company Three songs that were cut from the 1992 film following the death of Howard Ashman were restored for the musical, as noted below. Four others were newly written for the musical, as noted. All music is by Alan Menken. Lyricists are listed for the individual songs. The pre-Broadway production in Toronto received mixed reviews. The "National Post" review said "This Aladdin turns out to be the best ever stage version of a movie", praising its score, direction, choreography, staging, lighting, design, and altered characterisations. CHCH said "Artistically, this Aladdin Document [18] (Title: Disney's Aladdin (Virgin Games video game)) million physical units sold since its release. The player controls Aladdin, who must make his way through several levels based on locations from the movie: from the streets and rooftops of Agrabah, the Cave of Wonders and the Sultan's dungeon to the final confrontation in Grand Vizier Jafar's palace. The Sultan's guards and also animals of the desert want to hinder Aladdin in his way. He can attack either close range with a scimitar, which can deflect certain projectiles, or long range with a limited supply of apples. Next to apples, Aladdin can also collect gems which can be traded Document [19] (Title: Aladdin (Disney character)) Aladdin are finally wed, and Aladdin reconciles with his father. "The Return of Jafar" and "Aladdin and the King of Thieves" together serve as bookends to the Aladdin (TV series) as its prologue and epilogue, respectively. Aladdin was formerly a member of the Disney Adventurers franchise targeted at young boys sold by the Disney Store from 1999-2004, which sold various merchandise, mostly including toys. "Hercules and the Arabian Night" is set after the end of "King of Thieves" as Jasmine refers to herself as married. He is featured as a guest in Disney's House of Mouse, "" and Mickey's House Document [20] (Title: Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp (1982 film)) as The Princess, John Carradine as The Wizard and June Lockhart as Aladdin's Mother. The opening and ending song was "Angel's Flight" were performed by Shadowfax. This dub would air on television by The Disney Channel on September 3, 1984, and American Movie Classics on April 5, 1992. But, has not seen a home media release to date. The story revolves around Aladdin, an impoverished but street smart kid who lives in an Arabian city somewhere in a desert with his mother. Along with his gang of friends, they steal from the local merchants and market sellers to survive. One Document [21] (Title: The New Adventures of Aladdin) are a representation of people in his real life. His desire to be a rapper, traveler and rich is incorporated with the children's fantasy requests in the story. In the end he decides to not to steal and as Aladdin he owns who he is with his wife, that he is not an financier or someone who does philanthropic work. but a simple person who loves her dearly and broke. in August 2017 a sequel is current shooting and a release date in France confirmated The New Adventures of Aladdin The New Adventures of Aladdin (original title: Les Nouvelles Aventures Document [22] (Title: Miss Saigon) came to the stage for one final bow, including Tanya Manalang (Alternate Kim), Christian Rey Marbella (Understudy Engineer), before the main cast in the evening. Cameron Mackintosh announced a cinema screening of the 25th Anniversary Gala along with a movie at a later date, a brand new UK Tour, and plans to transfer to Australia, Germany, and Broadway in the next two years. The revival closed to make way for the London transfer of the Broadway best-selling show "Aladdin" in May 2016, with former understudy for Thuy, Ethan Le Pong, understudying the lead role of Aladdin. It was announced on Document [23] (Title: Project Aladdin) from the Muslim world translated into English and French. The Aladdin Project was officially launched on March 27, 2009, at the UNESCO headquarters in Paris. In an unprecedented event, the Heads of State of Egypt, Morocco, Qatar, Tunisia and Bosnia and the governments of Turkey and Spain sent high-level representatives to join Senegalese President Abdoulaye Wade, former French President Jacques Chirac and other dignitaries from Europe and the Muslim world to hail the Aladdin Project, reject Holocaust denial, and embark on a Jewish-Muslim dialogue based on mutual knowledge and mutual respect. The conference was opened by UNESCO Director General Koichiro Document [24] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) and Douglas Seale. The film follows Aladdin, an Arabian street urchin, who finds a magic lamp containing a genie. In order to hide the lamp from the Grand vizier, he disguises himself as a wealthy prince, and tries to impress the Sultan and his daughter. Lyricist Howard Ashman first pitched the idea, and the screenplay went through three drafts before then-Walt Disney Studios president Jeffrey Katzenberg agreed to its production. The animators based their designs on the work of caricaturist Al Hirschfeld, and computers were used for finishing the artwork and creating some animated elements. The musical score was written Document [25] (Title: Aladdin (Disney character)) Aladdin (Disney character) Aladdin is a fictional character and the titular protagonist of Walt Disney Pictures's 31st animated feature film "Aladdin" (1992) based on Aladdin, a folk tale of Middle Eastern origin. He is voiced by American actor Scott Weinger, while his singing voice is provided by Brad Kane. He also stars in the two direct-to-video sequels "The Return of Jafar" (1994) and "Aladdin and the King of Thieves" (1996), as well as the animated television series based on the film. Mena Massoud is set to play a live-action version of the character in a live action adaptation of the Document [26] (Title: Aladdin (2019 film)) Dolby Cinema and IMAX by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures on May 24, 2019, replacing the original date set for "". Will Smith debuted the first official poster on October 10, 2018. The teaser trailer was released the following day. The film has drawn criticism for its decision to add a new original white character by casting actor Billy Magnussen as Prince Anders which fans and critics deemed "unnecessary" and "offensive", sparking accusations of whitewashing to the film while pointing out the irony regarding the worldwide search for actors and actresses to play the leads in connection to the controversy. Document [27] (Title: IMAX) of the high resolution IMAX film negatives. "Treasure Planet" was also released in select IMAX theaters and was the first theatrical film released in regular and IMAX theaters simultaneously. But all of these releases had underwhelming box office returns and Disney canceled later big-screen re-releases, including "Aladdin". With the unveiling of the DMR process (see below), Warner Bros. Pictures especially embraced the format beginning in 2003 with the two "Matrix" sequels, "Reloaded" and "Revolutions". Since "The Prisoner of Azkaban" in 2004, Warner Bros. began releasing the Harry Potter film franchise in IMAX to strong financial success. Also in 2004 the Document [28] (Title: Aladdin (franchise)) to direct the film. Filming began in July 2017 and continued through January 2018. On July 15, at the D23 Expo it was announced that Naomi Scott and Will Smith were cast as Princess Jasmine and Genie, respectively, along with newcomer Mena Massoud being cast as Aladdin. The film is scheduled to be released on May 24, 2019. Shortly after "The Return of Jafar", an animated series was produced. The episodes focused on Aladdin's adventures after the events of the second film. The "Aladdin" characters later made a crossover with "Hercules: The Animated Series", and were featured as guests in Document [29] (Title: The Return of Jafar) $300million worldwide. The trailer for the film was seen on the 1994 VHS videocassette release of "The Fox and the Hound". Originally released on VHS that year, "The Return of Jafar" was later reissued on Special Edition DVD (with ""Aladdin:"" added to the title) on January 18, 2005, with digitally restored picture and remastered sound. The Special Edition DVD, along with the other two films in the series, were placed on moratorium ("placed back into the Disney Vault") on January 31, 2008 in the United States, and February 4, 2008 in the United Kingdom. "The Return of Jafar", along with Document [30] (Title: Aladdin (animated TV series)) Zealand. The series has not yet been officially released on DVD, but on March 14, 2005, three episodes of the series were released on the "Jasmine's Enchanted Tales: Journey of a Princess" DVD release. Also, four episodes were released as part of the "Disney Princess" DVD releases. The first season of the show is currently available for purchase on Amazon Instant Video in Germany. . Daytime Emmy Awards Aladdin (animated TV series) Aladdin is an American animated television series produced by Walt Disney Television Animation which aired from September 5, 1994, to November 25, 1995, based on the original 1992 Document [31] (Title: Aladdin (soundtrack)) Aladdin (soundtrack) Aladdin: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack for the 1992 Disney animated feature film, "Aladdin"". "The album was released by Walt Disney Records on CD and cassette tape on October 27, 1992. The soundtrack was intertwined with demos, work tapes and unreleased masters, as well as original scores in 1994 in a four-disc box set entitled "The Music Behind the Magic: The Musical Artistry of Alan Menken, Howard Ashman & Tim Rice". A remastered reissue with altered lyrics and new artwork was released in 2001. A special edition reissue featuring two previously released demos and new artwork Document [32] (Title: Disney Renaissance) morning, including "The Little Mermaid" and "Aladdin" both on CBS. Most of the films Disney released in the Renaissance era were well-received, as in the film critic site Rotten Tomatoes, four out of the first five—"The Little Mermaid," "Beauty and the Beast", "Aladdin", and "The Lion King"—have the best critical reception (with over 90% positive reviews) and are referred to among critics as the "big four", while "Pocahontas" has the lowest reception of Disney's "renaissance" films (with 57% of positive reviews). The success of the Disney Renaissance attracted the attention of many animation studios and film studios. Major film studios Document [33] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) similar characters, scenes and background designs, and the antagonist Zig-Zag's resemblance in character design and mannerisms to Genie and Jafar. Though "Aladdin" was released prior to "The Thief and the Cobbler", "The Thief and the Cobbler" initially began production much earlier in the 1960s, and was mired in difficulties including financial problems, copyright issues, story revisions and late production times caused by separate studios trying to finish the film after Richard Williams was fired from the project for lack of finished work. The late release, coupled with Miramax purchasing and re-editing the film, has sometimes resulted in "The Thief and Document [34] (Title: 1001 Arabian Nights (1959 film)) 1001 Arabian Nights (1959 film) 1001 Arabian Nights is a 1959 American animated comedy film produced by United Productions of America (UPA) and distributed by Columbia Pictures. Released to theaters on December 1, 1959, the film is a loose adaptation of the Arab folktale of "Aladdin" from "One Thousand and One Nights", albeit with the addition of UPA's star cartoon character, Mr. Magoo, to the story as Aladdin's uncle, "Abdul Azziz Magoo". It is the first animated feature to be released by Columbia Pictures. In a distant Middle Eastern Kingdom, the young Aladdin lives with his shortsighted and stubborn uncle, Document [35] (Title: Aladdin (soundtrack)) Rice demos Alan Menken's score for "Aladdin" follows the compositional method also used in "The Little Mermaid" and "Beauty and the Beast", with specific cues and motifs derived from the songs' melodies. When Aladdin and Jasmine are together, they are usually accompanied by an instrumental cue of "A Whole New World". Aladdin (soundtrack) Aladdin: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack for the 1992 Disney animated feature film, "Aladdin"". "The album was released by Walt Disney Records on CD and cassette tape on October 27, 1992. The soundtrack was intertwined with demos, work tapes and unreleased masters, as well as Document [36] (Title: Aladdin (franchise)) Aladdin (franchise) Aladdin is a Disney media franchise comprising a film series and additional media. It began with the 1992 American animated feature of the same name, which was based on the tale of the same name, and was directed by Ron Clements and John Musker. The success of the film led to two direct-to-video sequels, a television series (which had a crossover episode with "Hercules: The Animated Series"), a Broadway musical, various rides and themed areas in Disney's theme parks, several video games, and merchandise, among other related works. The franchise as a whole has EGOT-ed, meaning it has Document [37] (Title: Superfantagenio) wish, which is fulfilled. With the reward money from Siracusa's capture, the Haddins buy the nightclub and celebrate its reopening, with the Genie staying with them as a normal human being. Superfantagenio Superfantagenio (also known as "Aladdin") is a 1986 Italian/American family comedy film starring Bud Spencer as the Genie and Luca Venantini as Aladdin, and with Spencer's daughter Diamy participating in a secondary role as Aladdin's love interest. The story revolves around a teenage boy named Al Haddin, nicknamed "Aladdin", who is living with his widowed mother Janet and his alcoholic grandfather Jeremiah in Miami, Florida. He and his Document [38] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Golden Films film)) to DVD in 2002 by "GoodTimes Entertainment", as part of their "Collectible Classics" line. Shortly after its appearance as a VHS by GoodTimes, the Disney Company brought an unfair competition and infringement lawsuit, claiming that the GoodTimes packaging deliberately imitated the style of the images used by Disney to promote its own Aladdin theatrical film (starring Robin Williams), thereby deceiving consumers into thinking they were buying the Disney film (which had not yet been issued on VHS). However, a federal court dismissed the suit on the grounds that Aladdin was a public domain work and the GoodTimes packaging (with an Document [39] (Title: Disney's Aladdin (Virgin Games video game)) Disney's Aladdin (Virgin Games video game) Disney's Aladdin is a platform video game developed and published by Virgin Games based on the 1992 film of the same name. The game was released for the Sega Genesis in November 1993, and was later ported to Amiga and DOS computers the following year. The NES and the Game Boy received a reworked port. It is one of several video games based on the film, including another game that was released in the same month by Capcom for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System. The game is the third best-selling Genesis game, with 4 Document [40] (Title: Aladdin) Baba) are often introduced into the plot. One version of the "pantomime Aladdin" is Sandy Wilson's musical "Aladdin", from 1979. Since the early 1990s Aladdin pantomimes have tended to be influenced by the Disney animation. For instance, the 2007/8 production at the Birmingham Hippodrome starring John Barrowman featured songs from the Disney movies "Aladdin" and "Mulan". Aladdin Aladdin (; , "", ) is a folk tale of Middle Eastern origin. It is one of the tales in "The Book of One Thousand and One Nights (The Arabian Nights)", and one of the best known—despite not being part of the original Document [41] (Title: Aladdin (Indian TV series)) Aladdin (Indian TV series) Aladdin – Jaanbaaz Ek Jalwe Anek is an Indian Hindi-language television series that was aired on Zee TV from 16 November 2007 to 21 March 2009, based on the story of Aladdin, a character from The Arabian Nights. The series was produced by "Applause Entertainment", a television production company owned by the Aditya Birla Group Corporation. Re-runs of the show aired on BIG Magic. The plot revolves around 15-year-old Aladdin who faces many obstacles because he is an orphan. Above all, he is tortured by his own aunt and uncle, who treat him like their servant. Document [42] (Title: Cinderella (2015 Disney film)) "Aladdin", "The Lion King", "Mulan", "Pinocchio", "Fantasia", "The Sword in the Stone", "The Black Cauldron", "Peter Pan", "The Little Mermaid", "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs," "Lady and the Tramp", and "Lilo & Stitch". The company also has plans for live-action spin-offs of "Peter Pan", "One Hundred and One Dalmatians" and "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs" along with a live-action prequel to "Aladdin". Cinderella (2015 Disney film) Cinderella is a 2015 romantic fantasy film directed by Kenneth Branagh, with a screenplay written by Chris Weitz, and co-produced by Walt Disney Pictures, Kinberg Genre, Allison Shearmur Productions, and Beagle Pug Document [43] (Title: Ron Clements) "Aladdin" because they thought the story would suit a wackier, faster-paced, and more contemporary mood than that found in recent Disney animated films. Working from Ashman and Menken's treatment and musical score, the two delivered a story reel to Katzenberg in April 1991, which was strongly disapproved of. Jettisoning multiple characters and story ideas and the inclusion of Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio as co-screenwriters, the production team restructured the entire story in eight days. Released in November 1992, "Aladdin" received positive reviews from film critics, and became the first animated film to gross over $200 million in domestic grosses. Document [44] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Golden Films film)) enormous, mustached, genie with gold or orange coloring) was sufficiently distinct from the Disney images (with an enormous, non-mustached, blue genie). Aladdin (1992 Golden Films film) Aladdin is a 48-minute animated film based on the classic "Arabian Nights" story, Aladdin and the magic lamp, translated by Antoine Galland. Like all other Golden Films productions, the film featured a single theme song, "Rub the Lamp", written and composed by Richard Hurwitz and John Arrias. It was released directly to video on April 27, 1992. A young boy named Aladdin lives a poor life with his mother. A shifty man named Hassim Document [45] (Title: Aladdin (franchise)) "Disney's Aladdin in Nasira's Revenge" is the "Aladdin" franchise video game which was developed for the PlayStation and PC by Argonaut Games and distributed by Disney Interactive in 2001. The game is set after the events of "The Return of Jafar", during the television series, and before "Aladdin and the King of Thieves". The legendary city of Agrabah is in trouble again: the evil sorceress Nasira (Jodi Benson) is out to avenge the death of her brother, the nefarious sorcerer Jafar (Jonathan Freeman). She begins her vengeful plot by taking over the palace with a spell and kidnapping Princess Jasmine Document [46] (Title: Aladdin and His Magic Lamp (1970 film)) Aladdin and His Magic Lamp (1970 film) Aladdin and His Magic Lamp () is a 1970 French animated film directed by Jean Image. It is loosely based on the Arabian Nights tale of Aladdin. Made by Image's fifty-artist crew on a limited schedule in 1969 (from April to November of that year), the film proved successful with children upon its original release. Paramount Pictures, who picked up the American rights for the film, released it on July 1, 1975, as part of its Saturday "Family Matinee" cinema program. It was Image's second and final film to receive a U.S. release. Document [47] (Title: Aladdin Aur Jadui Chirag) The lyricists were Pandit Chand, Shyam Hindi, Ramesh Chandra Pandey and Anjum Jaipuri. The playback singing was by Mohammed Rafi, Lata Mangeshkar, Shamshad Begum, Asha Bhonsle and Chitragupta. Aladdin Aur Jadui Chirag Aladdin Aur Jadui Chirag (Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp) is a 1952 fantasy adventure film produced and directed by Homi Wadia. Made under the Basant Pictures banner, it had story, scenario and additional dialogue by JBH Wadia. The dialogues were written by Teznath Zar. The music of the film was composed by S. N. Tripathi and Chitragupta. The film starred Meena Kumari, Mahipal, S. N. Tripathi, B. M. Document [48] (Title: Aladdin (franchise)) on Broadway on February 26, 2014 (in previews) and officially opened on March 20, 2014 at the New Amsterdam Theatre, taking the place of "Mary Poppins". The musical had a pre-Broadway tryout at the Ed Mirvish Theatre in Toronto lasting from November 13, 2013 to January 12, 2014. Casey Nicholaw directed and choreographed, with Chad Beguelin writing the book and additional lyrics, Bob Crowley as the scene designer, and costume design by Gregg Barnes. Aladdin the musical was also opened at Tokyo's Dentsu Shiki Theatre Umi in May 2015. It had its European premiere in December 2015 at the Stage Document [49] (Title: Aladdin (franchise)) came to fruition. On July 15, 2015, it was reported that a live-action prequel to "Aladdin" is currently in development under the title "Genies". The new film will reportedly focus on genies and their realm and reveal how Aladdin's genie ended up in the lamp. The film is being written by Damian Shannon and Mark Swift. Tripp Vinson will serve as a producer through Vinson Films. On October 10, 2016, Deadline reported that Disney is developing a live-action Aladdin movie, with John August writing the script and Dan Lin producing. The site also reported that Guy Ritchie is in talks Document [50] (Title: Aladdin - Naam Toh Suna Hoga) Aladdin - Naam Toh Suna Hoga Aladdin - Naam Toh Suna Hoga (Translation: "Aladdin - You Must Have Heard The Name") is SAB TV's fantasy television show. It premiered on 21 August 2018 and stars Siddharth Nigam and Avneet Kaur. The story starts with Mallika, a powerful and evil enchantress who plans to take over the world. Her plans are foiled by her servant Hassan who kills her by turning her into a statue. But before she dies, she turns Hassan into a Genie and traps him in a lamp not to be found until 500 years as she promised Document [51] (Title: Aladdin and the King of Thieves) reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes, the film received 27% approval rating from critics, with an average score of 4.8/10. Caryn James of "The New York Times" praised the sequel as "far better than "The Return of Jafar"", but acknowledged that "the video has some other weak spots, but these hardly matter when "Aladdin and the King of Thieves" is so brimming with comic invention and adventure." Aladdin and the King of Thieves Aladdin and the King of Thieves (also known as Aladdin 3: Aladdin and the King of Thieves) is a 1996 American direct-to-video animated musical fantasy adventure film produced Document [52] (Title: Disney's Aladdin: A Musical Spectacular) Whole New World - Underscore (:20) 20. I'll Say (:42) 21. We Through Yet/Prince Ali (Reprise) (1:36) 22. Snake! (:41) 23. He Has More Power (:50) 24. Father, I've Decided (:59) 25. Celebration (1:36) 26. Curtain Call (1:13) Disney's Aladdin: A Musical Spectacular Disney's Aladdin: A Musical Spectacular was a Broadway-style show based on Disney's 1992 animated film "Aladdin" with music by Alan Menken and lyrics by Howard Ashman, Tim Rice and Alan Menken. It was performed inside the Hyperion Theater in Hollywood Land at Disney California Adventure from 2003 to 2016. In September 2015, it was announced that the Document [53] (Title: Aladdin (franchise)) Theatre Neue Flora in Hamburg. It opened in Sydney and London's West End in 2016. In addition, a stage adaptation of the movie has been created for younger students, known as "Disney's Aladdin Jr." Licensing and performing rights are currently being held by Music Theatre International. MTI licenses both a "Kids" version (which uses doubling to foster more of an ensemble feeling among young children) and a "Dual Language" version (which takes the Junior version and adds an element of half the characters speaking only in Spanish). The film also inspired a Disney On Ice presentation, and two attractions in Document [54] (Title: Aladdin and his Winter Wish) Aladdin and his Winter Wish Aladdin and his Winter Wish is an American panto version of the Middle Eastern folk tale Aladdin. The panto's book was written by Kris Lythgoe and its music is based around classic pop tunes by artists such as Ray Charles, Coldplay, and Starship. "Aladdin and his Winter Wish" premiered at the Pasadena Playhouse on December 11, 2013 and ran through December 29 of the same year. The story follows the general Aladdin fairytale with some additional characters. Wishee Washee is Aladdin’s brother and Widow Twankey plays Aladdin’s mom. The character of Widow Twankey is played Document [55] (Title: Aladdin (2019 film)) be co-writing new songs for the film with songwriters of "La La Land", Pasek & Paul. Menken would also score the film, which will also include the original film's songs written by Menken, Howard Ashman and Tim Rice. Pasek and Paul wrote the lyrics for two new songs. One of them is a solo for the character of Jasmine. which Paul called "a beautiful piece of music", and praised Scott's singing as "incredible". The other song is a new duet for Aladdin and Jasmine, which Paul referred to as "a sweet song". "Aladdin" is scheduled to be released in 3D, Document [56] (Title: Aladdin (performer)) Aladdin (performer) Aladdin Abdullah Achmed Anthony Pallante (September 12, 1912 – June 9, 1970) was an actor and musician better known to fans as Aladdin who appeared on "The Lawrence Welk Show" from 1955 to 1967. Born and raised in New York, Aladdin first began his professional career as a dancer at age three, but a serious fall, which left him temporarily paralyzed, forced him to turn his talents in an instrumental and vocal direction, which led him to learning to play the violin. Prior to joining Welk's Champagne Music Makers, he appeared with Ray Noble on the Edgar Bergen Document [57] (Title: Aladdin and His Wonderful Lamp) cartoon, and were often billed in theaters alongside or above the main feature. Unlike the first two films, "Aladdin and His Wonderful Lamp" is more Disney-esque in plot and pacing, and does not make use of the Fleischer Tabletop 3D background process. According to the film’s press release, its making involved two hundred colors and twenty-eight thousand individual, full-color drawings; the press release also mentions 3D animation, but such footage was never used in the final version. However, a glimpse can be obtained in a Popular Science short, which documents the film’s making, and reveals a sculpted model of the Document [58] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) stay with Jasmine. Realizing that he has to be himself, Aladdin decides to keep his promise and frees the Genie. Realizing Aladdin and Jasmine's love, the Sultan changes the law to allow Jasmine to marry whom she chooses. The Genie leaves to explore the world, while Aladdin and Jasmine start their new life together. In 1988, lyricist Howard Ashman pitched the idea of an animated musical adaptation of Aladdin. Ashman had written a 40-page film treatment remaining faithful to the plot and characters of the original story, but envisioned as a campy 1930s-style musical with a Cab Calloway/Fats Waller-like Genie. Document [59] (Title: Aladdin (2019 film)) The decision to hire non-Arab, non-Middle Eastern and half-white Anglo Indian actress Naomi Scott to play the lead female Princess Jasmine has also drawn criticism as well as accusations of colorism, although certain members of the cast, particularly Negahban and Pedrad, are of Iranian descent while Acar is of Turkish descent. In October 2018, Lea Salonga, who provided Jasmine's singing voice in the original film, defended the casting of Scott saying, "The girl who played Princess Jasmine is so gorgeous, Naomi Scott. She’s so beautiful! Really, really beautiful!” In January 2018, it was reported that the white extras were being Document [60] (Title: Aladdin (franchise)) However, this time, with Iago on Aladdin's side, Abis Mal becomes Jafar's new henchman. Now, Aladdin and co. must find a way to thwart Jafar, with his limitless genie power. In 1996, the second sequel to "Aladdin", "Aladdin and the King of Thieves" was released on video. The story concludes as Aladdin and Jasmine are about to have their wedding and Aladdin discovers that his father is still alive, but is the king of all thieves in Agrabah. In 2005, screenwriter Robert Reece, who co-wrote "" and "", pitched a fourth "Aladdin" feature to DisneyToon Studios execs, although it never Document [61] (Title: Adam Green's Aladdin) with most film festivals stating finding it too "off brand". However, after releasing the trailer online, Green started to get offers for screening the film. Vice Media, also got in contact with Green after seeing the trailer asking him to pitch a TV show for their Viceland channel. Adam Green's Aladdin Adam Green's Aladdin is an independent film written, directed by, and starring Adam Green that presents a modern take on the Arabian Nights classic tale. The film stars Alia Shawkat, Natasha Lyonne, Jack Dishel, Macaulay Culkin, and Nicole LaLiberte. The film explores themes of technology, government repression, greed, and Document [62] (Title: Aladdin and His Magic Lamp (1970 film)) Aladdin and His Magic Lamp (1970 film) Aladdin and His Magic Lamp () is a 1970 French animated film directed by Jean Image. It is loosely based on the Arabian Nights tale of Aladdin. Made by Image's fifty-artist crew on a limited schedule in 1969 (from April to November of that year), the film proved successful with children upon its original release. Paramount Pictures, who picked up the American rights for the film, released it on July 1, 1975, as part of its Saturday "Family Matinee" cinema program. It was Image's second and final film to receive a U.S. release. Document [63] (Title: Aladdin (franchise)) his son, Jay. The setting for the Aladdin franchise is the fictional sultanate of Agrabah. The original Aladdin film has received critical acclaim. The various other aspects of the franchise, such as the direct-to-video sequels, have received mixed to negative reviews. "See also: List of Disney's Aladdin characters" Along with the film release, three different video games based on "Aladdin" were released. "Disney's Aladdin", an international co-production between Virgin Games and Walt Disney Feature Animation for the Genesis, was released in late 1993 and later ported to Nintendo Entertainment System, PC, Game Boy and Game Boy Color. That same year, Document [64] (Title: Aladdin Aur Jadui Chirag) Aladdin Aur Jadui Chirag Aladdin Aur Jadui Chirag (Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp) is a 1952 fantasy adventure film produced and directed by Homi Wadia. Made under the Basant Pictures banner, it had story, scenario and additional dialogue by JBH Wadia. The dialogues were written by Teznath Zar. The music of the film was composed by S. N. Tripathi and Chitragupta. The film starred Meena Kumari, Mahipal, S. N. Tripathi, B. M. Vyas, Pandit Amarnath and Raja Sandow. This fantasy film from the Arabian Nights follows the adventures of Aladdin and his finding of the magic lamp in the cave, Document [65] (Title: Aladdin (franchise)) Disney's theme parks: "The Magic Carpets of Aladdin", a Dumbo the Flying Elephant-like ride at both Magic Kingdom at Walt Disney World Resort and Walt Disney Studios Park at Disneyland Resort Paris; and the show "" at Disney California Adventure Park. In 2015 Disney Press launched a young adult novel series that retells Disney films but with certain elements changed. The first novel in the series is "A Whole New World: A Twisted Tale", written by Liz Braswell, which retells the film but with Jafar gaining control of the genie before Aladdin does. Aladdin (franchise) Aladdin is a Disney media Document [66] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) a sample of 69 reviews, with an average rating of 8.1/10. The site's consensus reads, "A highly entertaining entry in Disney's renaissance era, "Aladdin" is beautifully drawn, with near-classic songs and a cast of scene-stealing characters." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 86 out of 100 based on 25 critics, indicating "universal acclaim". Most critics' praise went to Robin Williams' performance as Genie, with Janet Maslin of "The New York Times" declaring that children "needn't know precisely what Mr. Williams is evoking to understand how funny he is." Warner Bros. Cartoons director Chuck Jones even called Document [67] (Title: Aladdin and the King of Thieves) "1001 Arabian Nights", replacing Ali Baba with Aladdin, and for the first time since the original "Aladdin", the film has a completely new soundtrack instead of the rearranged music from the original film for "The Return of Jafar" and the series. Though the film serves as the finale of the series, the characters also appear in a 1999 crossover episode of the animated series "Hercules," titled "Hercules and the Arabian Night", as well as the 2007 direct-to-video title called "". While the Genie and the people of Agrabah prepare for the upcoming wedding of Aladdin and Princess Jasmine, Aladdin retrieves Document [68] (Title: The Wonders of Aladdin) role. It only took a week but the actor said it was "very tiring because of the tricks." In January, three Americans on the film - O'Connor, Levin and writer Henry Motofsky - accidentally crossed the Tunisian border into Algeria 20 miles south of Tozeur while scouting locations in the Sahara Desert and were arrested. They were held for three hours then returned to the film unit. Filming finished in March 1961. "From now on I'll do nothing but drawing room comedies," said O'Connor, "and the only location I'm going on is in my backyard". Allmovie, while not particularly favorable Document [69] (Title: Disney's Aladdin: A Musical Spectacular) Disney's Aladdin: A Musical Spectacular Disney's Aladdin: A Musical Spectacular was a Broadway-style show based on Disney's 1992 animated film "Aladdin" with music by Alan Menken and lyrics by Howard Ashman, Tim Rice and Alan Menken. It was performed inside the Hyperion Theater in Hollywood Land at Disney California Adventure from 2003 to 2016. In September 2015, it was announced that the show's final day of performance would be January 10, 2016. The show was then closed on January 11, and was replaced by a musical stage show inspired by Disney's 2013 animated film "Frozen", which premiered in May 2016. Document [70] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) anniversary. A non-Diamond Edition Blu-ray was released in a few select European countries in March 2013. The Belgian edition (released without advertisements, commercials or any kind of fanfare) comes as a 1-disc version with its extras ported over from the Platinum Edition DVD. The same disc was released in the United Kingdom on April 14, 2013. Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released the film on a Diamond Edition Blu-ray on October 13, 2015. The film was released on Digital HD on September 29, 2015. Upon its first week of release on home media in the U.S., the film topped the Document [71] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) Aladdin (1992 Disney film) Aladdin is a 1992 American animated musical fantasy film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and released by Walt Disney Pictures. The film is the 31st Disney animated feature film, and was the fourth produced during the Disney film era known as the Disney Renaissance. It was produced and directed by Ron Clements and John Musker, and is based on the Arabic folktale of the same name from "One Thousand and One Nights" and the French interpretation by Antoine Galland. The voice cast features Scott Weinger, Robin Williams, Linda Larkin, Jonathan Freeman, Frank Welker, Gilbert Gottfried Document [72] (Title: Aladdin (2011 musical)) are pretty but bland, and the temperature doesn't start rising again until the magic-carpet ride, which comes after intermission and is the slickest thing to hit Broadway since the flying car in "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang". From then on, "Aladdin" becomes fun". Charles Isherwood of "The New York Times" was mostly positive in his review, writing that "this latest musical adapted from one of Disney's popular movies ... defied my dour expectations. As directed and choreographed [by] Nicholaw, and adapted by ... Beguelin, "Aladdin" has an infectious and only mildly syrupy spirit. Not to mention enough baubles, bangles and beading Document [73] (Title: Aladdin (Disney character)) Wonders, where he meets a sentient magic carpet and is commanded to only get a magic lamp. He gets it, but Abu's grabbing of a giant gem causes the cave to collapse. Aladdin, Abu, and the carpet are left in the cave. Abu delivers the lamp to Aladdin, and when he rubs it, a giant blue Genie appears, telling Aladdin he will fulfill three wishes. After leaving the collapsed cave with the Genie's help, he decides to become a prince in order to win Jasmine's heart. In the first direct-to-video sequel, "The Return of Jafar" (1994), Jasmine begins to question Document [74] (Title: San Andreas (film)) the company's first film to be released in Dolby Cinema. "San Andreas" was released on Digital HD and Blu-ray/DVD on October 13, 2015. Upon its first week of release on home media in the U.S., the film topped the Nielsen VideoScan First Alert chart, which tracks overall disc sales, and debuted at number 2 at the Blu-ray Disc sales chart with 40% of unit sales coming from Blu-ray, a surprisingly low ratio given the film's over-the-top special effects. It was blocked by the Diamond Edition Blu-ray Disc edition of the 1992 Disney animated classic "Aladdin". As of 2016, it is Document [75] (Title: A Whole New World) A Whole New World "A Whole New World" is a song from Disney's 1992 animated feature film "Aladdin", with music by Alan Menken and lyrics by Tim Rice. A duet originally recorded by singers Brad Kane and Lea Salonga in their respective roles as the singing voices of the main characters Aladdin and Jasmine, the ballad serves as both the film's love and theme song. Lyrically, "A Whole New World" describes Aladdin showing the confined princess a life of freedom and the pair's acknowledgment of their love for each other while riding on a magic carpet. The song garnered an Document [76] (Title: Aladdin (2019 film)) Princess Jasmine commenced in March 2017, with principal production set to begin in the UK in July 2017 until January 2018. On April 19, 2017, it was reported that either Gabriel Iglesias or Will Smith was in talks for the role of Genie, for which the latter was confirmed in July. In May 2017, it was revealed that Jade Thirlwall was in talks for the part of Princess Jasmine. On July 11, 2017, it was revealed that principal production on "Aladdin" had been pushed back by a month, to August 2017, due to struggles in finding the right actor to Document [77] (Title: Jason Scott Lee) Lee turned down the role and was replaced by Robin Shou. Lee played Caine 607 in the 1998 film "Soldier", along with Kurt Russell and "Mortal Kombat" film director Paul Anderson. In 2000 he played Aladdin in the miniseries "Arabian Nights". He did voice-over work for the 2002 Disney animated adventure film "Lilo & Stitch". Lee went on to appear in several direct-to-video films such as "" (2001), "" (2003), and "" (2005). Lee is among the actors, producers and directors interviewed in the documentary "The Slanted Screen" (2006), directed by Jeff Adachi, about the representation of Asian and Asian Document [78] (Title: Aladdin (2011 musical)) as Aladdin and featured Aiza Seguerra as Genie. The musical was staged in Spanish in Bogotá, Colombia, in 2013. "Aladdin" had a pre-Broadway tryout at the Ed Mirvish Theatre in Toronto, Ontario, from November 2013 to January 2014. Nicholaw again directed and choreographed, with book and additional lyrics by Beguelin, scenic design by Bob Crowley, and costume design by Gregg Barnes. The musical premiered on Broadway on February 26, 2014, in previews and officially opened on March 20, 2014, at the New Amsterdam Theatre, taking the place of "Mary Poppins". The show was nominated for five Tony Awards, winning one Document [79] (Title: Walter Lantz Productions) fall, often featuring popular musicians of the time. The series ended in 1945 at the twilight of the big band era. After Disney's success with "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs", the Lantz studio planned to make its own feature, "Aladdin and His Lamp", featuring the comedy duo of Abbott and Costello, but after "Mr. Bug Goes to Town" failed at the box office, "Aladdin" never made it to actual production. Late in the decade, Lantz attempted to do a feature-length cartoon again, but it never came to fruition. In 1947, Lantz went to renegotiate his seven-year Universal contract with Document [80] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) "Aladdin"s debut in theaters, with the film's trailer being attached to most Disney VHS releases, and numerous tie-ins and licensees being released. After a limited release on November 13, 1992, "Aladdin" debuted in 1131 theaters on November 25, 1992, grossing $19.2 million in its opening weekend – number two at the box office, behind "". It took eight weeks for the film to reach number one at the US box office, breaking the record for the week between Christmas and New Year's Eve with $32.2 million. The film held the top spot five times during its 22-week run. "Aladdin" was Document [81] (Title: Aladdin (franchise)) (Linda Larkin) and the Sultan; she then commands the guard's captain Razoul (Jim Cummings) to bring Aladdin (Scott Weinger) to her. The treacherous Nasira believes that if she collects a set of ancient relics that are spread all over Agrabah she might be able to revive Jafar and take over the world, and so she uses her captives to force Aladdin into doing this job for her. In November 2010 Alan Menken confirmed that a musical theatre adaptation of the show is in the works with a book written by Chad Beguelin. The show premiered at the 5th Avenue Theatre Document [82] (Title: Aladdin (2019 film)) had hired Vanessa Taylor to polish the original screenplay by August, specifically to do some "character work" and what is called "script doctoring". Meanwhile, Richie and the studio focused on casting the other main roles with filming slated to start in August in London. In August 2017, Marwan Kenzari joined the cast as Jafar with Nasim Pedrad cast in a newly created role as "a hand maid and friend of Jasmine" who will serve as a "comic relief" and Numan Acar as Hakim. The following month, Billy Magnussen joined the cast in a newly created role as Prince Anders alongside Document [83] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) and considered that ""Aladdin" overcomes most story flaws thanks to sheer technical virtuosity." Some aspects of the film were widely criticized. Ed Gonzalez of "Slant Magazine" wrote a negative review, describing the film as racist, ridiculous, and a "narcissistic circus act" from Robin Williams. Roger Ebert, who generally praised the film in his review, considered the music inferior to its predecessors "The Little Mermaid" and "Beauty and the Beast", and claimed Aladdin and Jasmine were "pale and routine." He criticized what he saw as the film's use of ethnic stereotypes, writing: "Most of the Arab characters have exaggerated facial characteristics Document [84] (Title: Aladdin (2019 film)) August penning the screenplay for Walt Disney Pictures with Dan Lin attached as producer. The studio said that the film would be "an ambitious and nontraditional" take on the tale of "Aladdin" that would keep much of the musical elements of the original film. On the non-traditional aspect, the studio planned for the film to be told in a nonlinear format. In February 2017, Lin revealed about casting during an interview, saying that they were looking for a diverse cast and that they would not try "to make """. A worldwide casting call for the lead roles of Aladdin and Document [85] (Title: Aladdin (soundtrack)) is one of the best-selling soundtrack albums to an animated film, with 3million copies sold in the United States and 300,000 copies sold in Canada. Notes Total time of unreleased score material excluding song instrumentals: 34 minutes and 29 seconds Total time of unreleased score material including song instrumentals: 48 minutes and 51 seconds Howard Ashman and Alan Menken composed several songs for an initial story treatment of Aladdin prior to beginning work on "Beauty and the Beast". This story treatment incorporated several plot elements from the original folk tale and additional characters that were eliminated during later story development. Document [86] (Title: The Wonders of Aladdin) The Wonders of Aladdin The Wonders of Aladdin (Italian: "Le meraviglie di Aladino") is a 1961 Italian-French-American fantasy film directed by Henry Levin (with second unit direction by Mario Bava) and produced by Joseph E. Levine for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The film stars Donald O'Connor as the title character. At this time, O'Connor was reaching the decline of his career after many years of fame. O'Connor signed to make the film in October 1960. O'Connor said "The story of Aladdin has been done by everyone but this is its first time around as a comedy." "The Wonders of Aladdin" was produced in Document [87] (Title: Direct-to-video) films which cannot be shown theatrically due to controversial content, or because the cost involved in a theatrical release is beyond the releasing company. Animated sequels and feature-length episodes of animated series are also often released in this fashion. The Walt Disney Company began making sequels to many of its animated films for video release beginning with "The Return of Jafar" (the sequel to "Aladdin") in 1994 and "Aladdin and the King of Thieves" (the second sequel to "Aladdin") in 1996. Universal Studios also began their long line of "The Land Before Time" sequels that same year. Some horror films Document [88] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) features. Accompanied by a $19 million marketing campaign, the DVD sold about 3 million units in its first month. The film's soundtrack was available in its original Dolby 5.1 track or in a new Disney Enhanced Home Theater Mix. The DVD went into moratorium in January 2008, along with its sequels. According to an insert in the "Lady and the Tramp" Diamond Edition release case, "Aladdin" was going to be released on Blu-ray Disc as a Diamond Edition in Spring 2013. Instead, "Peter Pan" was released on Blu-ray as a Diamond Edition on February 5, 2013 to celebrate its 60th Document [89] (Title: Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp (1982 film)) Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp (1982 film) , is a 1982 anime fantasy film based on the Middle Eastern folk tale of Aladdin. The film was released in Japan on 13 March 1982 by Toei. An English dubbed by Frontier Enterprises and received a VHS release by Media Home Entertainment in 1988 in the United States. An alternative English dub, under the title "Aladdin and the Magic Lamp", was recorded and mixed at Golden Sync Studios and released in United States and Canada by The Samuel Goldwyn Company. With the celebrity voice cast of Christopher Atkins as Aladdin, Kristy McNichol Document [90] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) and producer John Musker explains: He was initially going to be as young as thirteen, but that eventually changed to eighteen. Aladdin was designed by a team led by supervising animator Glen Keane, and was originally made to resemble actor Michael J. Fox. During production, it was decided that the design was too boyish and wasn't "appealing enough," so the character was redesigned to add elements derived from actor Tom Cruise and Calvin Klein models. The design for most characters was based on the work of caricaturist Al Hirschfeld, which production designer Richard Vander Wende also considered appropriate to the Document [91] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) to free the Genie in order to maintain his charade. Iago steals the lamp, and Jafar becomes the Genie's new master. He uses his first two wishes to usurp the Sultan, and become the world's most powerful sorcerer, exposing Aladdin's identity and exiling him, Abu, and the carpet to a frozen wasteland. However, they escape, and return to the palace, where Jafar tries to use his final wish to make Jasmine fall in love with him, but the Genie cannot grant the wish as it is beyond his power. Upon noticing Aladdin, Jasmine pretends the wish has been granted to Document [92] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) Blu-ray Disc sales chart and debuted at number 2 at the Nielsen VideoScan First Alert chart, which tracks overall disc sales behind the disaster film "San Andreas". The film's Blu-Ray release in the United States sold 1.81million units and grossed , . One of the verses of the opening song "Arabian Nights" was altered following complaints from the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee (ADC). The lyrics were changed in July 1993 from ""Where they cut off your ear if they don't like your face,"" in the original release to ""Where it's flat and immense and the heat is intense."" The change first Document [93] (Title: Aladdin (animated TV series)) Aladdin (animated TV series) Aladdin is an American animated television series produced by Walt Disney Television Animation which aired from September 5, 1994, to November 25, 1995, based on the original 1992 Disney film of the same name. The series is set after "The Return of Jafar" and picked up where the installment left off. The "Aladdin" TV series is considered one of Disney's finest television animation work. The series was produced by Alan Zaslove and Tad Stones, who were already renowned for their work on "" and "Darkwing Duck". Many of the films' stars provided the voices of their Document [94] (Title: Aladdin (franchise)) feats to get through levels. Throughout the level, Aladdin can collect apples to throw at enemies and golden scarabs which unlock bonus stages. Throughout each level there are various diamonds (collecting all within a level also unlocking bonus stages), with players able to unlock an extra challenge if they collect 70 red diamonds. The game was later ported to the Game Boy Advance with extra stages, though all the songs based directly on the original movie were replaced with new music, possibly because of copyright reasons. It was also unofficially ported to the NES in 1995 by Hummer Team. "Disney's Document [95] (Title: Aladdin (1958 film)) Aladdin (1958 film) Aladdin is a 1958 musical fantasy written especially for television with a book by S.J. Perelman and music and lyrics by Cole Porter, telecast in color on the "DuPont Show of the Month" by CBS. It was Porter's very last musical score. Columbia Records issued both monophonic and stereophonic LP's of the songs with members of the original TV cast, which included Cyril Ritchard, Dennis King, Basil Rathbone, Anna Maria Alberghetti, Geoffrey Holder (as the Genie), Sal Mineo (as Aladdin,) and Una Merkel (as Aladdin's mother). Sony Records has digitally remastered the stereo recording for release on Document [96] (Title: Aladdin (animated TV series)) TV counterparts, with the notable exceptions of Dan Castellaneta filling in for Robin Williams in the Genie role (like in "The Return of Jafar"), and Val Bettin as the Sultan (who replaced Douglas Seale after the original film). Unlike "The Little Mermaid", the series does not feature any musical numbers. The series originally aired as a preview on The Disney Channel in early 1994, and in September of that year it began airing concurrently on the syndicated The Disney Afternoon block and on Saturday mornings on CBS (prior to Disney's purchase of rival ABC). Disney Channel reran the series from Document [97] (Title: Aladdin (animated TV series)) Arabian Night," an episode of "". Guest stars intended to be in the series included George C. Scott, Hank Azaria, June Foray, Paul Winchell, Phil Hartman, James Earl Jones and Richard Horvitz, but the makers did not have the time. The animated television series was animated by Walt Disney Television Animation (Australia) Pty. Limited, Walt Disney Animation Japan, Inc., Toon City Animation, Inc., in Manila, Philippines, Kennedy Cartoons in Manila, Philippines and Kennedy Cartoons in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Guimarares Productions in São Paulo, Brasil, Moving Images International (working with Toon City on the show's episodes) in Manila, Philippines, Animal-ya (also Document [98] (Title: Aladdin Jr.) interviews" with several characters at the beginning of the show. There are also similar musicals based on "The Jungle Book", "Cinderella", "One Hundred and One Dalmatians", "The Aristocats" and "Sleeping Beauty" but they have the word "Kids" at the end of the title instead of "Jr.". MTI's "Kids" musicals are written for even younger performers and are shortened further to run approximately 30 minutes. The musicals based on "Alice in Wonderland" and "Mulan" are "Jr." versions, which like "Aladdin Jr." are more detailed. In 2018, MTI revised "Aladdin Jr." to replicate the 2014 Broadway musical. Source: MTI Shows Genie and Document [99] (Title: Aladdin (2011 musical)) the fictional Arabian city of Agrabah, the characters and setting are Middle Eastern. "Aladdin" premiered at the 5th Avenue Theatre in Seattle in 2011. After several regional and international productions in 2012, the musical was given a Toronto tryout in 2013. It opened on Broadway at the New Amsterdam Theatre on March 20, 2014, to mostly warm reviews and was nominated for five Tony Awards. In November 2010, Alan Menken confirmed that a musical theatre adaptation of the movie was in the works with a book written by Chad Beguelin. The musical premiered in Seattle, Washington, at the 5th Avenue Document [100] (Title: Aladdin (franchise)) from July 7–31, 2011. Jonathan Freeman, who voiced Jafar in the film, played the role in the stage adaptation. Adam Jacobs and Courtney Reed played Aladdin and Jasmine. Additional actors included Seán G. Griffin as the Sultan; Don Darryl Rivera as Iago; and, playing Omar, Babkak, and Kassim – a trio of characters originally conceived by the film's creators but not used – Andrew Keenan-Bolger, Brian Gonzales, and Brandon O'Neill. The show was also directed and choreographed by Casey Nicholaw. Another production of the musical played at the Muny Theatre in St. Louis from July 5–13, 2012. The musical premiered Document [101] (Title: Aladdin (opera)) Aladdin (opera) Aladdin, Op. 43, is an opera by the Swedish composer Kurt Atterberg, to a libretto written by and . Two versions exist, in Swedish and German. The opera is based on the story, "Aladdin's Magic Lamp" from "One Thousand and One Nights". It was first performed on 18 March 1941 at the Royal Swedish Opera, Stockholm. The idea for the composition was born in August 1936 when the composer met the librettists in Garmisch. The libretto was largely finished when Atterberg began composing the piano score on 15 July 1937. On 24 August 1940 the piano score was Document [102] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) Ashman began work on the film together, with Rice taking over as lyricist after Ashman died of AIDS-related complications in early 1991. Although fourteen songs were written for "Aladdin", only six are featured in the movie, three by each lyricist. The DVD Special Edition released in 2004 includes four songs in early animation tests, and a music video of one, "Proud of Your Boy", performed by Clay Aiken, which also appears on the album "DisneyMania 3". The version of the song "A Whole New World" sung by Peabo Bryson and Regina Belle that plays over the end credits holds the Document [103] (Title: The New Aladdin) became available and replaced Elsie in the leading role, but shortly thereafter "The Merry Widow" made Elsie a big star. The Aladdin story had been dramatised extensively in England before and was very popular in pantomime versions, but this was the first book musical on the subject. P. G. Wodehouse wrote a comic dramatisation of the creation of "The New Aladdin" called "The Cooks and the Gaiety Broth" as part of "". The New Aladdin The New Aladdin is an Edwardian musical comedy in two acts by James T. Tanner and W. H. Risque, with music by Ivan Caryll, Lionel Document [104] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) 25% of space on advertising artwork, since Williams' film "Toys" was scheduled for release one month after "Aladdin"s debut. For financial reasons, the studio went back on the deal on both counts, especially in poster art by having the Genie in 25% of the image, but having other major and supporting characters portrayed considerably smaller. The Disney Hyperion book "Aladdin: The Making of an Animated Film" listed both of Williams' characters "The Peddler" and "The Genie" ahead of main characters, but was forced to refer to him only as "the actor signed to play the Genie". Disney, while not using Document [105] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) based on Disney workers. Beast, Sebastian from "The Little Mermaid", and Pinocchio make brief appearances, and the wardrobe of the Genie at the end of the film—Goofy hat, Hawaiian shirt, and sandals—are a reference to a short film that Robin Williams did for the Disney-MGM Studios tour in the late 1980s. In gratitude for his success with Touchstone Pictures' "Good Morning, Vietnam", Robin Williams voiced the Genie for SAG scale pay ($75,000) instead of his asking fee of $8 million, on condition that his name or image not be used for marketing, and his (supporting) character not take more than Document [106] (Title: Aladdin and the King of Thieves) 18, 2005, the film was re-released as a Special Edition DVD, with digitally restored picture, remastered sound, two additional games, and a behind-the-scenes bonus feature. However, the film was matted into a 1.85:1 anamorphic widescreen ratio (an aspect ratio Disney has rarely used for animation). The DVD went back into the Disney Vault along with the other two films in the series in January 2008. "Aladdin and the King of Thieves", along with "The Return of Jafar", was released on Blu-ray/DVD/Digital HD Combo Pack on January 5, 2016 as a Disney Movie Club exclusive in North America. Based on 11 Document [107] (Title: Adventures of Aladdin) by Sachin. The special effects according to the credit roll of the film are attributed to "Basant Studio Special Effects Department under the supervision of Homi Wadia". The music was composed by Chitragupta with lyrics by Kafil Azar and Naqsh Lyallpuri. The singers were Mohammed Rafi, Manna Dey and Asha Bhosle. Adventures of Aladdin Adventures of Aladdin (Aladdin and the Magic Lamp) is a 1978 adventure fantasy film produced and directed by Homi Wadia. This was the last film produced/directed by him. The film was a Basant Pictures productions and starred Sachin, Nazneen, Jayshree T., Paintal, Raza Murad and Sudhir. Document [108] (Title: 1001 Arabian Nights (1959 film)) of the four-disc DVD boxed set "Mr. Magoo-The Theatrical Collection: 1949-1959" from Shout! Factory. 1001 Arabian Nights (1959 film) 1001 Arabian Nights is a 1959 American animated comedy film produced by United Productions of America (UPA) and distributed by Columbia Pictures. Released to theaters on December 1, 1959, the film is a loose adaptation of the Arab folktale of "Aladdin" from "One Thousand and One Nights", albeit with the addition of UPA's star cartoon character, Mr. Magoo, to the story as Aladdin's uncle, "Abdul Azziz Magoo". It is the first animated feature to be released by Columbia Pictures. In a Document [109] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) originally conceived as an uptight British archetype, was reworked into a comic role after the filmmakers saw Gilbert Gottfried in "Beverly Hills Cop II", who was then cast for the role. By October 1991, Katzenberg was satisfied with the new version of "Aladdin". As with Woolverton's screenplay, several characters and plot elements were based on the 1940 version of "The Thief of Bagdad", though the location of the film was changed from Baghdad to the fictional Arabian city of Agrabah. One of the first issues that the animators faced during production of "Aladdin" was the depiction of Aladdin himself. Director Document [110] (Title: Disney's Aladdin (Virgin Games video game)) was then shipped to Virgin's California facility to be digitized. The game used traditional animation, which was produced by Disney animators under the supervision of Virgin's animation staff, including animation producer Andy Luckey, technical director Paul Schmiedeke and animation director Mike Dietz, using an in-house "Digicel" process to compress the data onto the cartridge. Virgin was given the deadline of October 1993 to complete production as to coincide with the home video release of the film; this deadline left Virgin with about three-quarters the normal amount of time to build a game. The game features some musical arrangements from the Document [111] (Title: Disney's Aladdin (1994 video game)) Disney's Aladdin (1994 video game) Disney's Aladdin is a 1994 video game developed by SIMS Co., Ltd. for the Game Gear and Master System. Based on the film of the same name, "Disney's Aladdin" is a side-scrolling platform game in which the player character is Aladdin. The Genesis game differs markedly from the 8-bit game on the Game Gear and Master System. The Walt Disney Company gave Sega a license to create "Aladdin" games for both the Game Gear and the Sega Genesis because of Sega's previous successes with other Disney video games, such as "Castle of Illusion Starring Mickey Document [112] (Title: Aladdin (franchise)) won the four biggest awards of American show business: the Emmy, Grammy, Oscar and Tony Awards. "Aladdin" was released in 1992. The 31st Disney animated feature film was directed by John Musker and Ron Clements, and is based on the Arabic folktale of "Aladdin and the Magic Lamp" from the "One Thousand and One Nights". The plot follows street urchin Aladdin as he attempts to gain the affection of Princess Jasmine after acquiring a magic lamp. "Aladdin" was followed by Disney's first direct-to-video sequel, "The Return of Jafar" in 1994. The plot mainly focused on Jafar seeking revenge on Aladdin. Document [113] (Title: Aladdin (2011 musical)) some controversy as the American Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee received numerous complaints from actors of Middle Eastern descent. The executive director of a US minority rights organisation also drew attention to the show's missed opportunity to feature an underrepresented minority on Broadway. The show was directed and choreographed by Casey Nicholaw. In 2012, productions of the musical played at the Tuacahn Amphitheatre in Ivins, Utah, from June to October 2012 and The Muny in St. Louis in July 2012. In 2012, "Aladdin" was staged in Manila at the Meralco Theater. Directed by Bobby Garcia and Chari Arespacochaga, it starred Tom Rodriguez Document [114] (Title: Aladdin and his Winter Wish) Aladdin and his Winter Wish Aladdin and his Winter Wish is an American panto version of the Middle Eastern folk tale Aladdin. The panto's book was written by Kris Lythgoe and its music is based around classic pop tunes by artists such as Ray Charles, Coldplay, and Starship. "Aladdin and his Winter Wish" premiered at the Pasadena Playhouse on December 11, 2013 and ran through December 29 of the same year. The story follows the general Aladdin fairytale with some additional characters. Wishee Washee is Aladdin’s brother and Widow Twankey plays Aladdin’s mom. The character of Widow Twankey is played Document [115] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Golden Films film)) return to his home. After his safe return, Aladdin's mother disregards the lamp and Aladdin keeps it hidden and remains silent about it. Four years later, Aladdin is captivated by the Sultan's daughter Layla and sneaks into the bathing house to see her. Aladdin escapes the guards and returns home to tell his mother his wish to marry the princess. Next day, Aladdin's mother presents a sack of jewels he obtained from the cave before the sultan. The sultan's conniving vizier (who has plans to marry the princess himself) convinces the sultan that his daughter is worth more than the Document [116] (Title: Project Aladdin) Project Aladdin Project Aladdin is a multi-faceted cultural initiative launched in March 2009 under the patronage of UNESCO with the aim of countering Holocaust denial and all forms of racism and intolerance, while promoting intercultural dialogue, particularly among Muslims and Jews. The project was initiated by the Fondation pour la Mémoire de la Shoah, a French foundation dedicated to keeping alive the memory of the Holocaust. The Project's sponsors include President of France Jacques Chirac, and Prince Hassan bin Talal of Jordan and former German Chancellor Gerhard Schröder, who are also on the Project's "Board of Distinguished Patrons." Other members Document [117] (Title: Aladdin (Disney character)) for his appearance was originally Michael J. Fox in "Back to the Future", but later changed to Tom Cruise. Keane based the movement of Aladdin's loose pants on rapper MC Hammer. Some have said this conception of the character makes him almost "too" contemporary for the setting of the film. Aladdin was drawn with large eyes, like those of other Disney heroes, to indicate innocence. The lineaments of his body are more free-flowing and more rounded than is usual for Disney heroes. He looks like a modern 18-year-old, except for his wardrobe. In the movie, they often describe him as Document [118] (Title: Aladdin (Disney character)) 1992 film. When Aladdin is initially introduced, he is eighteen years old. He never received a formal education, and has only learned by living on the streets of Agrabah. He has to steal food in the local market in order to survive. He was born to Cassim and his wife. When Aladdin was only an infant, his father left him and his mother in order to find a better life for his family. When Aladdin was two, his mother was captured by bandits and was presumed dead. Aladdin's parents were too poor to provide clothing for their son. When Aladdin Document [119] (Title: Walt Disney Animation Studios) Clements, Kirk Wise, and Gary Trousdale, the new guard of Disney artists creating these films included story artists/directors Roger Allers, Rob Minkoff, Chris Sanders, and Brenda Chapman, and lead animators Glen Keane, Andreas Deja, Eric Goldberg, Nik Ranieri, Will Finn, and many others. "Aladdin", released in November 1992, continued the upward trend in Disney's animation success, earning $504 million worldwide at the box office, and two more Oscars for Best Song and Best Score. Featuring songs by Menken, Ashman, and Tim Rice (who replaced Ashman after his passing) and starring the voice of Robin Williams, "Aladdin" also established the trend Document [120] (Title: Modern animation in the United States) Movie: Treasure of the Lost Lamp", which is not considered by the studio to be part of the Disney animated "canon". The practice of making non-canon direct-to-video sequels to canon films began in 1994 with "The Return of Jafar", a sequel to "Aladdin". This was a reversal of the long-standing studio policy against sequels to animated films (which did not apply to live-action films); Walt Disney has often been quoted on the subject as saying "you can't top pigs with pigs", a reference to how the "Three Little Pigs" short managed to get more than three sequels. Because of strong Document [121] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) death. In October 2016, it was reported that Disney was developing a live-action adaptation of "Aladdin" with Guy Ritchie signed on to direct the film. John August is writing the script, which will reportedly retain the musical elements of the original film, while Dan Lin is attached as producer. Lin revealed that they were looking for a diverse cast. In April 2017, Will Smith entered talks to play the Genie. The following month, Jade Thirlwall entered talks to portray the role of Jasmine. Alan Menken said filming was slated to begin August 2017. Production had originally been scheduled to begin Document [122] (Title: The Walt Disney Company India) second HD channel UTV HD on 21 October 2018, showing Bollywood and Hollywood films in Hindi. It premieres a new movie every Friday. On 7 November 2017, Disney announced the promotion of Abhishek Maheshwari as country head for India. He was to report to Mahesh Samat, Walt Disney International South Asia managing director. On 14 December 2017, The Walt Disney Company announced the acquisition of 21st Century Fox, which includes Star India. Consumers Products licensed DLF Brands for Disney & Me stores that opened in April 2018. The Live Entertainment divisions' second musical, "Aladdin", premiered on 20 April 2018. On Document [123] (Title: Aladdin (franchise)) storyline of the original film. In "Kingdom Hearts II", it is a mixture of "Aladdin" and "The Return of Jafar". Genie is also a recurring summon in the series. Aladdin, Jasmine, and the Genie appeared in the 2011 motion-controlled game, "", as meet-and-greet characters. "Aladdin" was also referenced throughout the "Disney Infinity" series via power discs and in-game toys, with Aladdin and Jasmine being added to the series as playable characters in the series' second game, "". "Disney's Aladdin" was developed for the Mega Drive by Virgin Interactive's studio of Virgin Games USA and published by Sega in 1993. This Document [124] (Title: Aladdin (soundtrack)) was released in 2004. The music on the album earned composer Alan Menken the Academy Award for Best Original Score and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score. The album also as received a nomination for the BAFTA Award for Best Film Music, the Academy Award for Best Original Song, and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song. The music on the album also holds a distinction for having the first and only Disney song to win a Grammy Award for Song of the Year for the song "A Whole New World" performed by Regina Belle. The album Document [125] (Title: The Nightmare Before Christmas) release of the film, Disney executive David Hoberman was quoted, "I hope "Nightmare" goes out and makes a fortune. If it does, great. If it doesn't, that doesn't negate the validity of the process. The budget was less than any Disney blockbuster so it doesn't have to earn "Aladdin"-sized grosses to satisfy us." The film earned $50 million in the United States on its first theatrical run and was regarded as a moderate "sleeper hit". "The Nightmare Before Christmas" made a further $8.7 million in box office gross in its 2006 reissue. The 2007 and 2008 reissues earned $14.5 million Document [126] (Title: Disney Princess) the direct-to-video sequel). Naomi Scott will star as Jasmine in a live-action film adaptation of "Aladdin". Jasmine is based on Princess Badroulbadour from the One Thousand and One Nights tale of "Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp". Jasmine is one of the first Disney princesses to identify as a minority and to be a part of a movie taking place in an area other than Europe. While a part of the new line of progressive princesses, shown by how Jasmine is more likely to leave the castle and has immense curiosity about the world beyond the palace walls, critics have judged Document [127] (Title: The Return of Jafar) relations for Disney's home video division, stated the decision to release "The Return of Jafar" on home video was due to time constraints claiming that "to put the film in the theatrical pipeline would have taken up to five years", but releasing it on home video would take "less than two years." In addition to that, Feldstein confirmed that financing was also a consideration since producing a direct-to-video feature would be "less costly to make than "Aladdin"." Likewise, due to an expanding video market, Disney claimed demand from theatrical and video audiences for Aladdin and other characters was another reason Document [128] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) without rescheduling the film's November 25, 1992 release date. Among the changes Katzenberg requested from Clements and Musker were to not be dependent on Ashman's vision, and the removal of Aladdin's mother, remarking, "Eighty-six the mother. The mom's a zero." Screenwriting duo Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio were brought in to rework the story, and the changes they made included the removal of Aladdin's mother, the strengthening of the character of Princess Jasmine, and the deletion of several of the Ashman-Menken songs. Aladdin's personality was rewritten to be "a little rougher, like a young Harrison Ford," and the parrot Iago, Document [129] (Title: Aladdin (2019 film)) portray the titular role. It was revealed that over 2,000 actors and actresses had auditioned for the roles of Aladdin and Jasmine but that finding a male lead of Middle-Eastern or Indian descent in his 20s who could act and sing had proven difficult. Naomi Scott and Tara Sutaria were revealed to be the final two actresses in the running for the role of Jasmine, but neither could be cast until a chemistry test was done with whomever was cast as Aladdin. The studio was interested in casting Dev Patel or Riz Ahmed for the lead role of Aladdin, but Document [130] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) and John Musker joined the production, picking "Aladdin" out of three projects offered, which also included an adaptation of "Swan Lake" and "King of the Jungle" – that eventually became "The Lion King". Before Ashman's death in March 1991, Ashman and Menken had composed "Prince Ali" and his last song, "Humiliate the Boy". Musker and Clements wrote a draft of the screenplay, and then delivered a story reel to studio chief Jeffrey Katzenberg in April 1991. Katzenberg thought the script "didn't engage", and on a day known by the staff as "Black Friday," demanded that the entire story be rewritten Document [131] (Title: Aladdin (Indian TV series)) evil Jafar. Aladdin (Indian TV series) Aladdin – Jaanbaaz Ek Jalwe Anek is an Indian Hindi-language television series that was aired on Zee TV from 16 November 2007 to 21 March 2009, based on the story of Aladdin, a character from The Arabian Nights. The series was produced by "Applause Entertainment", a television production company owned by the Aditya Birla Group Corporation. Re-runs of the show aired on BIG Magic. The plot revolves around 15-year-old Aladdin who faces many obstacles because he is an orphan. Above all, he is tortured by his own aunt and uncle, who treat him like Document [132] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) released on May 24, 2019. In the fictional city of Agrabah (which Disney places near the Jordan river), Jafar, the Grand vizier of the Sultan, and his parrot Iago, seek the lamp hidden within the Cave of Wonders, but are told that only a "diamond in the rough" may enter. Jafar identifies a street urchin named Aladdin. Princess Jasmine, who refuses to marry a suitor, temporarily leaves the palace and meets Aladdin and his pet monkey, Abu. Aladdin and Jasmine become friends and eventually fall in love. When the palace guards capture Aladdin on Jafar's orders, Jasmine confronts Jafar to Document [133] (Title: Aladdin (2019 film)) neither were considered likely to obtain the role. In what became the final rounds of screen testing, actors Achraf Koutet, Mena Massoud, and George Kosturos were still in the running for the role of Aladdin. However, the studio had begun perusing old audition tapes for the role, having not been satisfied by the latest round of screen tests. At the 2017 D23 Expo, on July 15, it was announced that Massoud had been cast as Aladdin and Scott had been cast as Jasmine, ending a four month long open casting call. On July 17, 2017, it was revealed that Disney Document [134] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Golden Films film)) Aladdin (1992 Golden Films film) Aladdin is a 48-minute animated film based on the classic "Arabian Nights" story, Aladdin and the magic lamp, translated by Antoine Galland. Like all other Golden Films productions, the film featured a single theme song, "Rub the Lamp", written and composed by Richard Hurwitz and John Arrias. It was released directly to video on April 27, 1992. A young boy named Aladdin lives a poor life with his mother. A shifty man named Hassim approaches Aladdin claiming to be his long lost uncle and persuades him to come on a journey promising riches. Once in Document [135] (Title: The New Adventures of Aladdin) The New Adventures of Aladdin The New Adventures of Aladdin (original title: Les Nouvelles Aventures d'Aladin) is a 2015 French comedy film directed by Arthur Benzaquen and starring Kev Adams. On Christmas Eve, Sam and Khaled are disguised as Santa in the Galeries Lafayette, hoping to steal all that fall under their nose. Unfortunately for him, Sam is stuck with children aged between 6 and 10 years and they ask him to tell them a story. Initially he refuses but when the floor manager insists, he tells the story of Aladdin in his own way. Main characters of the story Document [136] (Title: Planet Hollywood Las Vegas) 1,000-person tent near the Aladdin and charged $250 a ticket for people to watch the implosion from inside the tent, with the proceeds benefiting the Make-A-Wish Foundation of Southern Nevada. The old resort's sign read, "Out of the dust Aladdin rises anew. See you in 2000." Frank Wright, the curator of the Nevada State Museum, said about the Aladdin's lack of success: "I don't know why it never made it. It never had the glamour of the Sands or the exotic dancers of the Tropicana or the Dunes or Stardust. Maybe it was location, but the Hacienda was farther out, Document [137] (Title: Aladdin (1958 film)) CD. As far as is known, the original telecast was never repeated (although videotape was in use by then), nor has it been issued on VHS or DVD. A kinescope of the 1958 broadcast survives and can be viewed at both the New York City and Beverly Hills, California, branches of "The Paley Center For Media". The musical was later presented on stage in London, premiering on December 17, 1959, at the Coliseum. Bob Monkhouse, Doretta Morrow, Ian Wallace & Ronald Shiner starred. The Musical Director was Bobby Howell. The London stage production added to the score several songs that Document [138] (Title: Disney's Aladdin (Capcom video game)) Disney's Aladdin (Capcom video game) The game was released in November 1993, the same month that another game with the same title was released by Virgin Games for Sega Genesis. The two games vary in some respects; in the Virgin game, Aladdin wields a sword, which was not the case in the Capcom game. The Capcom game was ported to Game Boy Advance (GBA) in Japan on August 1, 2003, in Europe on March 19, 2004, and in North America on September 28, 2004. "Disney’s Aladdin" is a side-scrolling platform game in which the player controls the eponymous main character Document [139] (Title: Adam Green's Aladdin) Adam Green's Aladdin Adam Green's Aladdin is an independent film written, directed by, and starring Adam Green that presents a modern take on the Arabian Nights classic tale. The film stars Alia Shawkat, Natasha Lyonne, Jack Dishel, Macaulay Culkin, and Nicole LaLiberte. The film explores themes of technology, government repression, greed, and true love. The film was partially funded through the crowdfunding website Kickstarter, and filmed over the summer of 2014. The film was released on April 15, 2016, through video on demand. The film revolves around Aladdin's dysfunctional family, who live in an average American city ruled by a Document [140] (Title: The Return of Jafar) The Return of Jafar The Return of Jafar (also known as Aladdin 2: The Return of Jafar) is a 1994 American direct-to-video animated musical fantasy adventure film produced by Walt Disney Television Animation. It is the first sequel to the 1992 film "Aladdin", and serves as the pilot to the "Aladdin" animated series. Released on May 20, 1994, it was the first Disney direct-to-video animated film, and marked the first American direct-to-video animated film. It sold 15million VHS tapes and grossed , becoming one of the best-selling films on home video. Another direct-to-video sequel, "Aladdin and the King of Thieves", Document [141] (Title: Adam Green (musician)) who claims to have conceived it under the influence of ketamine. Others appearing in the film included BP Fallon, Alia Shawkat, Devendra Banhart, Pete Doherty, Dev Hynes, Jeffrey Lewis, Sky Ferreira, Cory Kennedy and Macaulay Culkin. In August 2013, Green announced that his next film will be a version of Aladdin, entitled Adam Green's Aladdin. The film was successfully crowdfunded through Kickstarter in the spring of 2014. Filmed largely over the summer of 2014. Although Green was brought up in a secular Jewish home, his grandparents were very religious. His great-grandmother, Felice Bauer, was engaged to Franz Kafka; her family Document [142] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) appeared on the 1993 video release. The original lyric was intact on the initial CD soundtrack release, but the re-release uses the edited lyric. The rerecording has the original voice on all other lines and then a noticeably deeper voice says the edited line. The subsequent line, ""It's barbaric, but hey, it's home,"" was left intact. The Broadway adaptation also uses the edited line. "Entertainment Weekly" ranked "Aladdin" in a list of the most controversial films in history, due to this incident. The ADC also complained about the portrayal of the lead characters Aladdin and Jasmine. They criticized the characters' Document [143] (Title: Tangled (franchise)) reprising their roles. Disney released a short sequel on theaters in early 2012. The plot revolves around Rapunzel and Eugene's wedding day. A stage musical adaptation of the film premiered on board the "Disney Magic" of the Disney Cruise Line on November 11,2015, featuring new songs by Menken and Slater. The show is 1 hour long, 40 minutes shorter than the movie, with three new songs. The new songs are "Flower of Gold" and "Wanted Man", both of which covers the background with the later about Flynn, and "When She Returns" during the festival. A video game based on the Document [144] (Title: Aladdin and the King of Thieves) Aladdin and the King of Thieves Aladdin and the King of Thieves (also known as Aladdin 3: Aladdin and the King of Thieves) is a 1996 American direct-to-video animated musical fantasy adventure film produced by Walt Disney Television Animation. It is the second sequel to the 1992 film "Aladdin", and serves as the final chapter of the "Arabian Nights"-inspired Disney franchise beginning with the first film, and continuing with its first direct-to-video sequel "The Return of Jafar" and the animated series of the same name. The film is inspired by the tale "Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves" from the Document [145] (Title: Aladdin and His Magic Lamp (1967 film)) a life together. Principal photography took place in Chersonesus. Aladdin and His Magic Lamp (1967 film) Aladdin's Magic Lamp () is a 1966 Soviet fantasy film directed by Boris Rytsarev based on the tale Aladdin from One Thousand and One Nights. A magician asks the stars who can get him the magic lamp. They tell him that it should be Aladdin, the son of Ali al Maruf. The magician then seeks Aladdin throughout Baghdad. When he finds himself on the market, suddenly the sultan arrives with his beautiful daughter Budur and it is announced that the head will be cut Document [146] (Title: Aladdin (2019 film)) Navid Negahban as the Sultan. When asked about Ritchie's take on the film, Pasek & Paul described it as "very muscular and action-packed". Despite initial reports, the animal characters Abu the monkey, Iago the parrot, and Rajah the tiger from the original film will be appearing in some capacity. Principal photography commenced on September 6, 2017, at Longcross Studios in Longcross, Surrey, England, and concluded on January 24, 2018. Part of the film was shot in Wadi Rum Desert, Jordan. Reshoots took place during the month of August 2018. At the 2017 D23 Expo, Alan Menken announced that he will Document [147] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) New World". The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists: 2004: AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs: The film was first released in VHS on October 1, 1993, as part of the "Walt Disney Classics" line. In its first week of availability, "Aladdin" sold over 10.6 million copies, grossing about $265million in the United States. In less than three weeks, the VHS release of "Aladdin" sold over 16million units and grossed over $400million in the United States. By December 1993, it had topped 21million sales and grossed about $500million in the United States. By 1994, it went on to Document [148] (Title: Aladdin Jr.) Aladdin Jr. Aladdin Jr. is a one-act, eleven-scene theatre musical adapted from the 1992 Walt Disney Animation Studios film "Aladdin" which is an adaptation of the folk tale "Aladdin". The production runs between 60 and 80 minutes and includes five female parts, six male parts, and a chorus. "Aladdin Jr." is a part of the Broadway Jr. series by Music Theatre International (MTI). MTI's Broadway Jr. series adapts full length musicals into approximately 70-minute productions that are more manageable for middle school aged performers. "Aladdin Jr." rights come in a kit which includes scripts for the main cast and chorus Document [149] (Title: Aladdin and the King of Thieves) comic style. Two comic adaptations of the movie were on sale September 1996. Upon its release, the film was accompanied by a marketing campaign at more than $70 million with commercial tie-ins with McDonald's and General Mills. At the time of its release, "King of Thieves" was reportedly outselling "The Return of Jafar," but Disney declined to disclose actual sales figures for the release. In January 1997, "The Wall Street Journal" reported that it sold over 10 million units, and generated at least $130 million in revenue. In total, the film sold 10.3million units in the United States. On January Document [150] (Title: Aladdin and His Magic Lamp (1967 film)) Aladdin and His Magic Lamp (1967 film) Aladdin's Magic Lamp () is a 1966 Soviet fantasy film directed by Boris Rytsarev based on the tale Aladdin from One Thousand and One Nights. A magician asks the stars who can get him the magic lamp. They tell him that it should be Aladdin, the son of Ali al Maruf. The magician then seeks Aladdin throughout Baghdad. When he finds himself on the market, suddenly the sultan arrives with his beautiful daughter Budur and it is announced that the head will be cut off from the one who dares to look at Document [151] (Title: Chad Beguelin) script to Grammnet Productions and also worked as a staff writer for Disney's live action film department in California. Casey Nicholaw directed and choreographed the stage musical "Aladdin" which ran at the 5th Avenue Theatre, Seattle, Washington, July 7–31, 2011. The musical uses songs from the 1992 film "Aladdin", with a new book by Beguelin and new lyrics by Beguelin and Alan Menken. The musical opened on Broadway on March 20, 2014 at the New Amsterdam Theatre. Beguelin made his Off-Broadway playwrighting debut with "Harbor", directed by Mark Lamos, presented by Primary Stages, from August 6, 2013 to September 8, Document [152] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) with a nomination for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy. Other awards included the Annie Award for Best Animated Feature, a MTV Movie Award for Best Comedic Performance to Robin Williams, Saturn Awards for Best Fantasy Film, Performance by a Younger Actor to Scott Weinger and Supporting Actor to Robin Williams, the Best Animated Feature by the Los Angeles Film Critics Association, and four Grammy Awards, Best Soundtrack Album, and Song of the Year, Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal and Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or for Television for "A Whole Document [153] (Title: The Magic Carpets of Aladdin) may notice that this area has a new look. The shops look like the marketplace buildings from Aladdin, and different characters from Aladdin are in some of the buildings to do meet & greets and sign autographs. The attraction opened at Walt Disney Studios Park in Disneyland Paris on 16 March 2002, as Flying Carpets Over Agrabah. The attraction is set against a large "movie set" backdrop of Agrabah, with guests playing as the extras in Genie's directorial debut. A third version of the attraction opened at Tokyo DisneySea in Tokyo Disney Resort on July 18, 2011, as Jasmine's Flying Document [154] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) songs for the film with Academy Award winners Pasek and Paul ("La La Land") while Vanessa Taylor ("Game of Thrones", "The Shape of Water") would re-write the script. In August 2017, Marwan Kenzari, Nasim Pedrad, and Numan Acar joined the cast as Jafar, Dalia, and Hakim, respectively. The following month, Billy Magnussen and Navid Negahban were cast as Prince Anders and the Sultan, respectively. Filming began on September 6, 2017 at Longcross Studios and concluded on January 24, 2018. The film is scheduled for release on May 24, 2019. Aladdin (1992 Disney film) Aladdin is a 1992 American animated musical Document [155] (Title: Disney's Aladdin: A Musical Spectacular) A version of the show continues to play on board the Disney Cruise Line ship Disney Fantasy. The Broadway Style Musical will be performed in India starting in 2018. The production is a Broadway-type show. Many of the scenes and songs from the movie are re-created on stage and some of the action spills out into the aisles, such as Prince Ali's arrival in Agrabah on elephant back. At Disney California Adventure, the 45-minute production took place in the 2,000 seat Hyperion Theater, located at the end of Hollywood Land. While most of the show was scripted, the Genie's dialogue Document [156] (Title: Aladdin (animated TV series)) 1997 until 2000. The show was shown on Toon Disney from April 1998 until December 2008. The series was followed by "Aladdin and the King of Thieves", which was released on August 13, 1996. After Jafar's death, Aladdin continues his duty as the savior of Agrabah. He and his friends continue their adventure, exploring the world and protecting the city from the group of villains. A total of eighty-six episodes were produced. The direct-to-video film "Aladdin and the King of Thieves" marked after the series. It was followed by a guest appearance on November 24, 1998, in "Hercules and the Document [157] (Title: New Yorker Films) foreign film distributors such as Sony Pictures Classics, First Look, and Lions Gate Entertainment. In 2002, New Yorker Films was acquired by Madstone Films. On February 23, 2009, New Yorker Films posted a notice on its Web site announcing it had gone out of business. An e-mail from company vice president José Lopez, published on the IndieWire news site, confirmed that the company's demise was the result of its parent company's defaulting on a loan. In February 2010, a year after it ceased operations, it was announced that Aladdin Distribution LLC, headed by Christopher Harbonville and David Raphel, had acquired Document [158] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) sell over 25 million units in total (a record only broken by the later release of "The Lion King"). This VHS edition entered moratorium on April 30, 1994. A THX-certified widescreen LaserDisc was issued in Autumn 1994, and a Spanish-dubbed VHS for the American market was released on April 14, 1995. On October 5, 2004, "Aladdin" was rereleased onto VHS and for the first time released onto DVD, as part of Disney's Platinum Edition line. The DVD release featured retouched and cleaned-up animation, prepared for "Aladdin"s planned but ultimately cancelled IMAX reissue in 2003, and a second disc with bonus Document [159] (Title: Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment) in October of each year. "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs" was the first film to receive this honor in 2001. The two following titles, "Beauty and the Beast" and "The Lion King" were both released in IMAX and other giant screen theaters during the holiday season before their October DVD releases. Due to underperforming box office results, this tradition was terminated after "Aladdin". In May 2003, Disney announced that they would be adding the next four best-selling titles to the collection. Starting in 2005, a Platinum Editions was released in October and February/March. Another tradition practiced for these releases Document [160] (Title: The Return of Jafar) Daly graded the sequel a C- criticizing it as a "knockoff" that "carries the Disney label and costs about as much as a tape of "Aladdin", but it's clear from the first jerky frame that the same time, care, and creativity didn't go into it." When Disney was publishing their own comics in the mid-90s, they produced a two issue Aladdin comic presenting an alternate version of "The Return of Jafar". It was titled "The Return of Aladdin". The comic is introduced by the Merchant from the first film. The story starts off showing that Aladdin has been particularly bored Document [161] (Title: Aladdin (2011 musical)) as Iago, Irvine Iqbal as the Sultan, Nathan Amzi as Babkak, Stephen Rahman-Hughes as Kassim and Rachid Sabitri as Omar. As previously announced, Trevor Dion Nicholas made his London stage debut as Genie. The special effects are created by Jim Steinmeyer, the master illusionist who helped David Copperfield. It will run until 31 August 2019, to make way for a revival of "Mary Poppins". "Aladdin" had its Australian premiere in Sydney at the Capitol Theatre on August 11, 2016, where it played until February 19, 2017. Following performances in Sydney, "Aladdin" transferred to Melbourne in April 2017. Following the Melbourne Document [162] (Title: Aladdin (2011 musical)) Aladdin (2011 musical) Aladdin is a musical based on the 1992 Disney animated film of the same name with music by Alan Menken and lyrics by Howard Ashman, Tim Rice and Chad Beguelin. Beguelin also wrote the book. The musical includes three songs written for the film by Ashman but not used and four new songs written by Menken and Beguelin. The story follows the familiar tale of a poor young man who is granted three wishes by a genie in a lamp, which he uses to woo a princess and to thwart the sultan's evil Grand Vizier. Set in Document [163] (Title: Aladdin (2011 musical)) Theatre from July 7 to 31, 2011. Jonathan Freeman, who voiced Jafar in the film, played the role in the stage adaptation. Adam Jacobs and Courtney Reed played Aladdin and Jasmine, despite the characters being Middle Eastern. Additional cast included James Monroe Iglehart as Genie; Clifton Davis as the Sultan; Don Darryl Rivera as Iago; and, playing Omar, Kassim and Babkak, a trio of characters originally conceived by the film's creators but ultimately replaced by Abu, were Andrew Keenan-Bolger, Brian Gonzales and Brandon O'Neill, respectively. Disney’s colourblind casting policy meant ethnicity was not considered in the casting process which sparked Document [164] (Title: Aladdin (2019 film)) applied brown make-up during filming in order to "blend in", which caused an outcry and condemnation among fans and critics, branding the practice as "an insult to the whole industry" while accusing the producers of not recruiting people with Middle-Eastern or North African heritage. Disney responded to the controversy, saying, "Diversity of our cast and background performers was a requirement and only in a handful of instances when it was a matter of specialty skills, safety and control (special effects rigs, stunt performers and handling of animals) were crew made up to blend in." Aladdin (2019 film) Aladdin is an Document [165] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) the Cobbler" being labeled a rip-off of "Aladdin". On July 15, 2015, the studio announced the development of a live-action comedy adventure prequel called "Genies". The film was being written by Mark Swift and Damian Shannon, while Tripp Vinson was on board to produce via his Vinson Films banner. It was intended to serve as a lead to the live-action "Aladdin" film. On November 8, Disney revealed it had originally planned to use Robin Williams' unused lines from the 1991–92 recording sessions for the film, but his will prohibited the studio from using his likeness for twenty-five years after his Document [166] (Title: Aladdin (1958 film)) Lost Musicals project, Ian Marshall-Fisher directed a stage revival at Sadler's Wells, London. The cast included John Savident as The Magician, Richard Dempsey as Aladdin, Vivienne Martin as Aladdin's mother, Candy Ma as the Princess and Rhiannon Drake as Jade Bud. The production garnered much media attention, due to the well-known cast. Aladdin (1958 film) Aladdin is a 1958 musical fantasy written especially for television with a book by S.J. Perelman and music and lyrics by Cole Porter, telecast in color on the "DuPont Show of the Month" by CBS. It was Porter's very last musical score. Columbia Records issued Document [167] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) in July, but was delayed due to Disney having trouble finding the right people to play Aladdin and Jasmine. British actress Naomi Scott and Indian actress Tara Sutaria were being considered to play Jasmine. For the role of Aladdin, British actors Riz Ahmed and Dev Patel were initially considered, but it was later decided that a newcomer should be cast in the role. In July 2017, it was announced that Egyptian-Canadian actor Mena Massoud had been cast as Aladdin, Scott as Jasmine, and Smith as the Genie. At the 2017 D23 Expo, Menken announced that he would be co-writing new Document [168] (Title: Aladdin (2011 musical)) Theatre, where it played from April 11 to July 2, 2017. The Genie welcomes the audience to the middle-eastern city of Agrabah. He notes that Agrabah is a very diverse place, full of revered nobles, misfits, and even a few villains ("Arabian Nights"). Aladdin is a young man who spends his days stealing food from the street vendors of Agrabah along with his three best friends, Kassim, Omar and Babkak ("One Jump Ahead"). After being referred to as a "worthless street rat" Aladdin expresses his dreams of showing the world he's more than just a common urchin ("One Jump Ahead" Document [169] (Title: Aladdin (1979 musical)) Aladdin (1979 musical) Aladdin is a musical written by Sandy Wilson for the newly-refurbished Lyric Theatre, Hammersmith. Although not a pantomime, it played during the theatre's inaugural Christmas pantomime season of 1979/80 at the theatre, opening on 21 December 1979, and starred Richard Freeman as Aladdin, Joe Melia as Tuang Kee Chung (Widow Twankey), Aubrey Woods as Abanazar, Ernest Clark as The Emperor, Martin McEvoy as The Genie, Elizabeth Welch as Fatima and Christine McKenna as Badr-al-Badur. The Aladdin story (sometimes combined with Ali Baba and other "Arabian Nights" tales) had been a traditional pantomime subject in England for nearly Document [170] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) by Alan Menken and features six songs with lyrics written by Ashman and Tim Rice, who took over after Ashman's death. "Aladdin" was released on November 25, 1992, to critical and commercial success, becoming the highest-grossing film of 1992 with an earn of over $504 million in worldwide box office revenue. Upon release, it became the first animated feature to reach the half–billion dollar mark, and was briefly the highest-grossing animated film of all time until it was surpassed by "The Lion King". "Aladdin" garnered two Academy Awards, as well as other accolades for its soundtrack which had the first Document [171] (Title: Adventures of Aladdin) Adventures of Aladdin Adventures of Aladdin (Aladdin and the Magic Lamp) is a 1978 adventure fantasy film produced and directed by Homi Wadia. This was the last film produced/directed by him. The film was a Basant Pictures productions and starred Sachin, Nazneen, Jayshree T., Paintal, Raza Murad and Sudhir. Homi Wadia turned to the Arabian Nights again for the story of Aladdin, after his earlier success with Aladdin Aur Jadui Chirag (1952). This time the film was in colour. It follows Aladdin’s adventure with the magic lamp and his confrontation with the evil magician. This time the role was played Document [172] (Title: Aladdin (2011 musical)) for Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Musical for James Monroe Iglehart. The cast album was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album. A Japanese production opened in 2015 at the Dentsu Shiki Theatre Umi in Tokyo, presented by the Shiki Theatre Company. A cast album has been released. The musical is scheduled to be produced in Hamburg, Germany, in 2015 in partnership with Stage Entertainment. A West End production was confirmed for 2016 at the Prince Edward Theatre in London, taking the place of the revival of "Miss Saigon". In July 2015, Disney Theatrical Document [173] (Title: Twisted (musical)) 28 as part of a limited run. The group put the entire musical up on YouTube on November 27, 2013. It was produced by StarKid Productions and directed by Brian Holden. The musical's cast recording debuted at No. 63 on the American iTunes Top 100 albums chart. "Twisted" is presented as an alternate history of the events of "Aladdin": instead of being a scheming villain, Ja'far is a good-intentioned, hard-working official who wants what's best for the kingdom, but is nevertheless blamed for all the problems of society. The Princess is portrayed not as a heroine, but as an arrogant Document [174] (Title: Aladdin (2019 film)) 2016, Disney announced Guy Ritchie would direct a live-action "Aladdin" remake. Smith was the first member of the cast to join, signing on to voice Genie in July 2017, and later that month Massoud and Scott were confirmed for the two lead roles. Principal photography began that September at Longcross Studios in Surrey, England, also filming in the Wadi Rum Desert in Jordan, and lasted until January 2018. "Aladdin" is scheduled to be released in the United States on May 24, 2019. On October 10, 2016, it was announced that Guy Ritchie would direct a live-action "Aladdin" film with John Document [175] (Title: Aladdin (Disney character)) in his street rat clothes. Aladdin, Jasmine, Carpet, Abu and Genie make cameo appearances in the Hong Kong Disneyland version of It's a Small World. In the Broadway musical adaptation, Aladdin is played by actor Adam Jacobs. Aladdin (Disney character) Aladdin is a fictional character and the titular protagonist of Walt Disney Pictures's 31st animated feature film "Aladdin" (1992) based on Aladdin, a folk tale of Middle Eastern origin. He is voiced by American actor Scott Weinger, while his singing voice is provided by Brad Kane. He also stars in the two direct-to-video sequels "The Return of Jafar" (1994) and Document [176] (Title: The Wonders of Aladdin) tandem with "The Thief of Baghdad", with producer Joseph E. Levine, set designer Flavio Mogherini, cinematographer Tonino Delli Colli and special effects artist Mario Bava working on both films. Levine sold the film's worldwide distribution rights to MGM as part of a three picture deal, the others being two films starring Steve Reeves, "Morgan the Pirate" and "The Thief of Bagdad". The film was shot in location in Tunisia with studio work in Rome. Filming started December 1960. The Tunisian government were keen to attract filmmakers to the region and provided much assistance, including the loan of their army as Document [177] (Title: John Musker) of. Jettisoning multiple characters and story ideas and the inclusion of Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio as co-screenwriters, the production team restructured the entire story in eight days. Released in November 1992, "Aladdin" received positive reviews from film critics, and became the first animated film to gross over $200 million in domestic grosses. Following work on "Aladdin", Clements, along with Musker, resumed their work on "Treasure Planet", which was again turned down by Katzenberg in 1993 who disapproved the adaptation of a classic adventure tale and setting it in outer space. A deal was struck with the two directors to Document [178] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Golden Films film)) princess to have Aladdin wish for the egg of the fabled Roc to bring them good luck. The genie is not able to grant this wish as the Roc is superior to him and reveals that Fatima is actually Hassim. Aladdin feigns illness to bring Hassim right where he wants him. Aladdin and Hassim duel, ending up with Hassim tripping on his robe and accidentally killing himself. Aladdin and the princess then live happily ever after without the fear of anyone stealing the lamp again. "Aladdin" was produced by Golden Films and the "American Film Investment Corporation", it was distributed Document [179] (Title: The Return of Jafar) was released in 1996. One year has passed since the events of the first film. Aladdin and Abu have settled in the palace with Princess Jasmine and her father, the Sultan. Still yearning for adventures, Aladdin foils the robbery of a criminal group led by Abis Mal, stealing their loot and returning it to the people of Agrabah. Meanwhile, in the desert, Iago escapes from Jafar's lamp and refuses to heed Jafar's demands to free him. After throwing the lamp into a well, Iago returns to Agrabah, hoping to get close to Aladdin and return to the palace. During a Document [180] (Title: The New Aladdin) The New Aladdin The New Aladdin is an Edwardian musical comedy in two acts by James T. Tanner and W. H. Risque, with music by Ivan Caryll, Lionel Monckton, and additional numbers by Frank E. Tours, and lyrics by Adrian Ross, Percy Greenbank, W. H. Risque, and George Grossmith, Jr. It was produced by George Edwardes at the Gaiety Theatre, opening on 29 September 1906 and running for 203 performances. The London production starred Grossmith, Harry Grattan (who also choreographed), Lily Elsie, Edmund Payne and Gaby Deslys (making her London debut). Gertie Millar, the established star of the Gaiety soon Document [181] (Title: Hyperion Theater) 2002 to make room for "". Inspired by Disney's 1992 animated film "Aladdin", the show premiered in January 2003. In spring 2010 it was initially announced that "Disney's Aladdin: A Musical Spectacular" would close and be replaced by "". However, later that year it was announced that the plans were cancelled and that the "Aladdin" musical would remain for the time being. The theater held the world premiere for Disney's "The Lone Ranger" on June 22, 2013. "Disney's Aladdin: A Musical Spectacular" closed in January 2016. It was announced that the venue's next show would be a musical inspired by Document [182] (Title: Disney's Aladdin: A Musical Spectacular) by Timothy Williams (composer). Track Listing 1. Arabian Nights*/A Thousand Stories/Who Dares Approach (1:43) 2. Off You Go/The Mouth Closes (:34) 3. You Have Been Warned (:11) 4. Aladdin Intro (:24) 5. One Jump Ahead (2:44) 6. Street Rat! (:24) 7. Princess of Agrabah (:14) 8. Old Man (:48) 9. Go Now, Into the Cave/Gold Reveal/Cave Collapse (1:57) 10. Carpet (:39) 11. Genie Up (:22) 12. Friend Like Me (3:18) 13. The Palace (:25) 14. Sultan's Fanfare (:13) 15. Prince Ali (2:04) 16. Genie Free/Jafar Plots (1:27) 17. To Be Free (2:44) 18. A Whole New World (3:38) 19. A Document [183] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) and only number from a Disney feature to earn a Grammy Award for Song of the Year for the film's theme song sung by Peabo Bryson and Regina Belle. The film's VHS release also set a sales record and grossed about $500million in the United States. success led to various derived works and other material inspired by the film, including two direct-to-video sequels, "The Return of Jafar" (1994) and "Aladdin and the King of Thieves" (1996); an animated television series of the same name; and a Broadway adaptation. A live-action adaptation of the film directed by Guy Ritchie will be Document [184] (Title: Krewella) from Aladdin with Yasmine's face over Yasmine and Jahan's face appearing on random characters throughout. Krewella estimated that "New World Part 2" would be released by mid-2017, then later by early September 2017 and before their "New World" Tour, but neither of these release dates eventuated. Multiple teasers of possible songs exist, such as "dead af", "Rise Up", "New World" (with Yellow Claw), "Angels Cry", "I Got This", "Thrilla", "Alibi", "Like We", and multiple unnamed songs. They released a new single, "New World", on September 18, 2017, featuring Yellow Claw and Taylor Bennett. "Dead AF" was later released as a Document [185] (Title: Aladdin (2011 musical)) Productions and Tim Rice officially announced that the show would open in the summer 2016 in the West End and that auditions would be held from August through September 2015. In October 2015, it was announced that the show would officially open on June 9, 2016, with previews beginning May 27, and that Trevor Dion Nicholas would be playing the Genie. The official opening was later delayed till June 15, 2016. In November 2015 full cast was announced. Dean John-Wilson would play the role of Aladdin alongside Jade Ewen as Jasmine. Don Gallagher would play Jafar, Peter Howe would join Document [186] (Title: Disney Infinity: Marvel Super Heroes) On August 7, 2014 a trailer focusing on Aladdin and Jasmine from "Aladdin" was released. To coincide Gamescom 2014, Disney Interactive Studios released a trailer featuring Donald Duck on August 12, 2014. An informational trailer for the Toybox was released on August 14, 2014. Another trailer centering on the Toybox was released on August 20, 2014. A trailer revolving around Baymax and Hiro Hamada from "Big Hero 6" was released on August 27, 2014. A trailer, titled Walk It, themed to the Aerosmith song Walk This Way was released on September 5, 2014. Multiple teases from the "Disney Infinity" team Document [187] (Title: Aladdin's Lantern) Aladdin's Lantern Alladin's Lantern is a 1938 "Our Gang" short comedy film directed by Gordon Douglas. It was the 171st "Our Gang" short (172nd episode, 83rd talking short, 84th talking episode, and third MGM produced episode) that was released. The gang members are putting on a musical show about Aladdin and his lamp. While Spanky, Alfalfa and Darla endeavor to stick to the script (such as it is), their efforts are undermined by smaller kids Buckwheat and Porky. Gloria Brown, Bobby Callahan, Dix Davis, Tim Davis, Rae-Nell Laskey, Henry Lee, Peggy Lynch, Pricilla Montgomery, Harold Switzer, Marylyn Astor Thorpe, Laura Document [188] (Title: The Return of Jafar) "Aladdin and the King of Thieves" was released on Blu-ray/DVD/Digital HD Combo Pack on January 5, 2016 as a Disney Movie Club exclusive in North America. On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an overall approval rating of 33% based on 12 reviews collected, with a weighted average score of 3.9/10. David Nusair of reelfilm.com summed up most of the negative feelings that contributed to this rating: Despite the mostly negative reception, on the television program "Siskel & Ebert", the film received a "two thumbs up" from Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert. Writing for "Entertainment Weekly", Steve Question: when does the new aladdin movie come out Answer: May 24, 2019 Long Answer: Aladdin is scheduled to be released in the United States on May 24, 2019. Gold Document ID: 174

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: The Thief and the Cobbler) the movie was completed, Allied Filmmakers, along with Majestic Films, reacquired the distribution rights from the Completion Bond Company. Calvert's version of the film was distributed in South Africa and in Australia as "The Princess and the Cobbler" on September 23, 1993. In December 1994, Miramax Films, then a subsidiary of Disney and had already released "Aladdin" first, bought the rights in North America. Until Miramax agreed to distribute the film, it was refused by many other American distributors. "It was a very difficult film to market, it had such a reputation," Calvert recalls. "I don't think that they were Document [2] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) the film "the funniest feature ever made." Furthermore, English-Irish comedian Spike Milligan considered it to be the greatest film of all time. James Berardinelli gave it 3.5 out of 4 stars, praising the "crisp visuals and wonderful song-and-dance numbers." Peter Travers of "Rolling Stone" said the comedy made the film accessible to both children and adults, a vision shared with Desson Howe of "The Washington Post", who also said "kids are still going to be entranced by the magic and adventure." Brian Lowry of "Variety" praised the cast of characters, describing the expressive magic carpet as "its most remarkable accomplishment" Document [3] (Title: Disneytoon Studios) unit was started. Then a second sequel, "Aladdin and the King of Thieves" (1996), assigned work to both the Australian and Japanese animation units. In August 1994 with the departure of Walt Disney Studios chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg, its filmed entertainment business was split into two, with this division moved as a part of Walt Disney Television Animation into the newly created Walt Disney Television and Telecommunications under chairman Richard H. Frank. Morrill was in charge of the above first Aladdin DTV film, launching Disney Video Premiere. Morrill expanded the DTV market making it more important for Disney, thus the overseas Document [4] (Title: Aladin (film)) Aladin (film) Aladin is a 2009 Indian Hindi fantasy adventure film directed by Sujoy Ghosh. The film stars Ritesh Deshmukh, Amitabh Bachchan , Jacqueline Fernandez and Sanjay Dutt. The film performed poorly at the box office. Aladdin and His Magic Lamp was originally a cartoon, first released in France in 1970, created by Hungarian producer, script-writer and director Jean Image ("Imre Hajdú"). Long ago, Ringmaster (Sanjay Dutt) was once a genie, but he used his powers only for himself, not to grant wishes to humans, so the other genies decided to strip him of his powers. He was still immortal, Document [5] (Title: Aladdin and the King of Thieves) announced in January 1995 that a third film was in production, and later in June, that it was scheduled for a home video release in 1996. In September 1995, it was confirmed that Robin Williams would reprise the role of the Genie reportedly for a $1 million salary after he received an apology from Joe Roth for Disney breaching an agreement not to use his voice to merchandise products inspired by "Aladdin". With Williams on board, all recordings and animation footage of Dan Castellaneta as the Genie was scrapped, and all of the Genie's scenes were rewritten to fit Williams' Document [6] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) demand Aladdin's release, only for Jafar to lie to her that Aladdin has been beheaded. Disguised as an old man, Jafar frees Aladdin and Abu from prison, and sends them to the cave, ordering them to retrieve the lamp. There, Aladdin finds a magic carpet and obtains the lamp. Unaware to touch nothing but the lamp, Abu grabs a red jewel, and the cave collapses. Aladdin hands over the lamp to Jafar, who throws both Aladdin and Abu back down into the cave, though not before Abu manages to steal the lamp back. Trapped, Aladdin rubs the lamp and meets Document [7] (Title: Aladdin (2011 musical)) to keep a whole season of RuPaul's Drag Race contestants in runway attire." Marilyn Stasio of "Variety" gave the show a negative review, commenting: "The magic-carpet ride is magical. The Cave of Wonders is wonderful. And yes, you'll hear the tunes you loved in the 1992 movie. But the notion that "Disney Aladdin" somehow resurrects the spirit of the late Howard Ashman, who had the original inspiration for the movie and contributed most of its clever lyrics, is a joke. Restoring a person's work without respecting his artistic sensibility is no tribute at all." Aladdin (2011 musical) Aladdin is a Document [8] (Title: Superfantagenio) Superfantagenio Superfantagenio (also known as "Aladdin") is a 1986 Italian/American family comedy film starring Bud Spencer as the Genie and Luca Venantini as Aladdin, and with Spencer's daughter Diamy participating in a secondary role as Aladdin's love interest. The story revolves around a teenage boy named Al Haddin, nicknamed "Aladdin", who is living with his widowed mother Janet and his alcoholic grandfather Jeremiah in Miami, Florida. He and his family live in poverty since his father's untimely demise; his mother slaves away in the nightclub of Monti Siracusa, a local mobster boss who runs a citywide protection racket. Jeremiah aggravates Document [9] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) which apparently really "clashed" with the Williams' wilder home decor. Williams refused to sign on for "The Return of Jafar" so it was Dan Castellaneta that voiced the Genie. When Jeffrey Katzenberg was replaced by Joe Roth as Walt Disney Studios chairman, Roth organized a public apology to Williams. Williams would, in turn, reprise the role in the 1996 direct-to-video sequel "Aladdin and the King of Thieves". Composer Alan Menken and songwriters Howard Ashman and Tim Rice were praised for creating a soundtrack that is "consistently good, rivaling the best of Disney's other animated musicals from the '90s." Menken and Document [10] (Title: The Wonders of Aladdin) toward the film, called it "a fun movie". According to MGM records it made a loss of $276,000. The Wonders of Aladdin The Wonders of Aladdin (Italian: "Le meraviglie di Aladino") is a 1961 Italian-French-American fantasy film directed by Henry Levin (with second unit direction by Mario Bava) and produced by Joseph E. Levine for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The film stars Donald O'Connor as the title character. At this time, O'Connor was reaching the decline of his career after many years of fame. O'Connor signed to make the film in October 1960. O'Connor said "The story of Aladdin has been done by Document [11] (Title: Disney's Aladdin: A Musical Spectacular) often changed to reflect current events in the news and popular culture. The musical replaced the venue's previous show, "The Power of Blast", which played from 2001 to 2002. Alan Menken composed and wrote lyrics for a new song for this production, called "To Be Free". Buena Vista Records released an official soundtrack to the production in 2003. This is an original cast recording, and includes almost every piece of music used in the show. The main cast on the recording is Miles Wesley (Aladdin), Deedee Magno (Jasmine), Nick Santa Maria (Genie), Lance Roberts (Jafar) and Jamila Ajibade (Narrator). Orchestrations Document [12] (Title: Aladin (film)) Aladin since his childhood. His life changes when Jasmine (Jacqueline Fernandez) enters the city, and Aladin immediately falls for her. Jasmine has a birthday party for Aladin, and as a present Kasim gives Aladin a magic lamp for his birthday to embarrass him in front of Jasmine. However, this lamp turns out to be the magic lamp that Aladin's father's murderers were trying to find. Aladin rubs the lamp and releases the genie, Genius (Amitabh Bachchan). Desperate to grant him three wishes so his contract with the magic lamp can end, the rock-star Genius suddenly makes Aladin's life very interesting Document [13] (Title: Aladdin (2019 film)) Aladdin (2019 film) Aladdin is an upcoming American musical romantic fantasy adventure film directed by Guy Ritchie, from the screenplay co-written with John August and Vanessa Taylor, and produced by Walt Disney Pictures. It is a live-action adaptation of Disney's 1992 animated film of the same name, which is in turn based on the Arabic folktale of the same name from "One Thousand and One Nights" and the French interpretation by Antoine Galland. The film stars Mena Massoud as the title character alongside Will Smith, Naomi Scott, Marwan Kenzari, Navid Negahban, Nasim Pedrad, Billy Magnussen, and Numan Acar. In October Document [14] (Title: Aladdin (franchise)) Aladdin" was developed by SIMS and published by Sega, and released in 1994 for the Game Gear worldwide and for the Master System in Europe. Sega went on to produce this game since they already had the necessary intellectual property licensing rights in order to publish the Virgin Interactive game on the Mega Drive/Genesis. The game is also significantly different in gameplay compared to its Mega Drive counterpart. There are three main types of level, chase levels in which Aladdin must outrun enemies while dodging obstacles, exploration levels in which Aladdin must carefully navigate traps and solve puzzles, similar to Document [15] (Title: Disneytoon Studios) director of specials, Sharon Morrill, in 1993. Disney began producing direct-to-video sequels of Walt Disney Feature Animation films: the first of which was the "Aladdin" (1992) sequel "The Return of Jafar" (1994). When "Aladdin" was selected as a possible candidate as an animated TV series (before the film's release), as with many animated series, the first three episodes were a multi-part story which Disney used as a potential "family movie special" for the Friday night before the series' premiere. The opening story was instead greenlit for a direct-to-video release. Thus with "The Return of Jafar" and its success, the direct-to-video Document [16] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) the most successful film of 1992 grossing $217 million in the United States and over $504 million worldwide. It was the biggest gross for an animated film until "The Lion King" two years later, and was the first full-length animated film to gross $200 million in North America. , it is the thirtieth highest grossing animated film and the third highest-grossing traditionally-animated feature worldwide, behind "The Lion King" and "The Simpsons Movie". It sold an estimated 52,442,300 tickets in the US. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that 94% of critics gave the film a positive review based on Document [17] (Title: Aladdin (2011 musical)) change the casting of a show." Broadway Company National Tour Company Three songs that were cut from the 1992 film following the death of Howard Ashman were restored for the musical, as noted below. Four others were newly written for the musical, as noted. All music is by Alan Menken. Lyricists are listed for the individual songs. The pre-Broadway production in Toronto received mixed reviews. The "National Post" review said "This Aladdin turns out to be the best ever stage version of a movie", praising its score, direction, choreography, staging, lighting, design, and altered characterisations. CHCH said "Artistically, this Aladdin Document [18] (Title: Disney's Aladdin (Virgin Games video game)) million physical units sold since its release. The player controls Aladdin, who must make his way through several levels based on locations from the movie: from the streets and rooftops of Agrabah, the Cave of Wonders and the Sultan's dungeon to the final confrontation in Grand Vizier Jafar's palace. The Sultan's guards and also animals of the desert want to hinder Aladdin in his way. He can attack either close range with a scimitar, which can deflect certain projectiles, or long range with a limited supply of apples. Next to apples, Aladdin can also collect gems which can be traded Document [19] (Title: Aladdin (Disney character)) Aladdin are finally wed, and Aladdin reconciles with his father. "The Return of Jafar" and "Aladdin and the King of Thieves" together serve as bookends to the Aladdin (TV series) as its prologue and epilogue, respectively. Aladdin was formerly a member of the Disney Adventurers franchise targeted at young boys sold by the Disney Store from 1999-2004, which sold various merchandise, mostly including toys. "Hercules and the Arabian Night" is set after the end of "King of Thieves" as Jasmine refers to herself as married. He is featured as a guest in Disney's House of Mouse, "" and Mickey's House Document [20] (Title: Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp (1982 film)) as The Princess, John Carradine as The Wizard and June Lockhart as Aladdin's Mother. The opening and ending song was "Angel's Flight" were performed by Shadowfax. This dub would air on television by The Disney Channel on September 3, 1984, and American Movie Classics on April 5, 1992. But, has not seen a home media release to date. The story revolves around Aladdin, an impoverished but street smart kid who lives in an Arabian city somewhere in a desert with his mother. Along with his gang of friends, they steal from the local merchants and market sellers to survive. One Document [21] (Title: The New Adventures of Aladdin) are a representation of people in his real life. His desire to be a rapper, traveler and rich is incorporated with the children's fantasy requests in the story. In the end he decides to not to steal and as Aladdin he owns who he is with his wife, that he is not an financier or someone who does philanthropic work. but a simple person who loves her dearly and broke. in August 2017 a sequel is current shooting and a release date in France confirmated The New Adventures of Aladdin The New Adventures of Aladdin (original title: Les Nouvelles Aventures Document [22] (Title: Miss Saigon) came to the stage for one final bow, including Tanya Manalang (Alternate Kim), Christian Rey Marbella (Understudy Engineer), before the main cast in the evening. Cameron Mackintosh announced a cinema screening of the 25th Anniversary Gala along with a movie at a later date, a brand new UK Tour, and plans to transfer to Australia, Germany, and Broadway in the next two years. The revival closed to make way for the London transfer of the Broadway best-selling show "Aladdin" in May 2016, with former understudy for Thuy, Ethan Le Pong, understudying the lead role of Aladdin. It was announced on Document [23] (Title: Project Aladdin) from the Muslim world translated into English and French. The Aladdin Project was officially launched on March 27, 2009, at the UNESCO headquarters in Paris. In an unprecedented event, the Heads of State of Egypt, Morocco, Qatar, Tunisia and Bosnia and the governments of Turkey and Spain sent high-level representatives to join Senegalese President Abdoulaye Wade, former French President Jacques Chirac and other dignitaries from Europe and the Muslim world to hail the Aladdin Project, reject Holocaust denial, and embark on a Jewish-Muslim dialogue based on mutual knowledge and mutual respect. The conference was opened by UNESCO Director General Koichiro Document [24] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) and Douglas Seale. The film follows Aladdin, an Arabian street urchin, who finds a magic lamp containing a genie. In order to hide the lamp from the Grand vizier, he disguises himself as a wealthy prince, and tries to impress the Sultan and his daughter. Lyricist Howard Ashman first pitched the idea, and the screenplay went through three drafts before then-Walt Disney Studios president Jeffrey Katzenberg agreed to its production. The animators based their designs on the work of caricaturist Al Hirschfeld, and computers were used for finishing the artwork and creating some animated elements. The musical score was written Document [25] (Title: Aladdin (Disney character)) Aladdin (Disney character) Aladdin is a fictional character and the titular protagonist of Walt Disney Pictures's 31st animated feature film "Aladdin" (1992) based on Aladdin, a folk tale of Middle Eastern origin. He is voiced by American actor Scott Weinger, while his singing voice is provided by Brad Kane. He also stars in the two direct-to-video sequels "The Return of Jafar" (1994) and "Aladdin and the King of Thieves" (1996), as well as the animated television series based on the film. Mena Massoud is set to play a live-action version of the character in a live action adaptation of the Document [26] (Title: Aladdin (2019 film)) Dolby Cinema and IMAX by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures on May 24, 2019, replacing the original date set for "". Will Smith debuted the first official poster on October 10, 2018. The teaser trailer was released the following day. The film has drawn criticism for its decision to add a new original white character by casting actor Billy Magnussen as Prince Anders which fans and critics deemed "unnecessary" and "offensive", sparking accusations of whitewashing to the film while pointing out the irony regarding the worldwide search for actors and actresses to play the leads in connection to the controversy. Document [27] (Title: IMAX) of the high resolution IMAX film negatives. "Treasure Planet" was also released in select IMAX theaters and was the first theatrical film released in regular and IMAX theaters simultaneously. But all of these releases had underwhelming box office returns and Disney canceled later big-screen re-releases, including "Aladdin". With the unveiling of the DMR process (see below), Warner Bros. Pictures especially embraced the format beginning in 2003 with the two "Matrix" sequels, "Reloaded" and "Revolutions". Since "The Prisoner of Azkaban" in 2004, Warner Bros. began releasing the Harry Potter film franchise in IMAX to strong financial success. Also in 2004 the Document [28] (Title: Aladdin (franchise)) to direct the film. Filming began in July 2017 and continued through January 2018. On July 15, at the D23 Expo it was announced that Naomi Scott and Will Smith were cast as Princess Jasmine and Genie, respectively, along with newcomer Mena Massoud being cast as Aladdin. The film is scheduled to be released on May 24, 2019. Shortly after "The Return of Jafar", an animated series was produced. The episodes focused on Aladdin's adventures after the events of the second film. The "Aladdin" characters later made a crossover with "Hercules: The Animated Series", and were featured as guests in Document [29] (Title: The Return of Jafar) $300million worldwide. The trailer for the film was seen on the 1994 VHS videocassette release of "The Fox and the Hound". Originally released on VHS that year, "The Return of Jafar" was later reissued on Special Edition DVD (with ""Aladdin:"" added to the title) on January 18, 2005, with digitally restored picture and remastered sound. The Special Edition DVD, along with the other two films in the series, were placed on moratorium ("placed back into the Disney Vault") on January 31, 2008 in the United States, and February 4, 2008 in the United Kingdom. "The Return of Jafar", along with Document [30] (Title: Aladdin (animated TV series)) Zealand. The series has not yet been officially released on DVD, but on March 14, 2005, three episodes of the series were released on the "Jasmine's Enchanted Tales: Journey of a Princess" DVD release. Also, four episodes were released as part of the "Disney Princess" DVD releases. The first season of the show is currently available for purchase on Amazon Instant Video in Germany. . Daytime Emmy Awards Aladdin (animated TV series) Aladdin is an American animated television series produced by Walt Disney Television Animation which aired from September 5, 1994, to November 25, 1995, based on the original 1992 Document [31] (Title: Aladdin (soundtrack)) Aladdin (soundtrack) Aladdin: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack for the 1992 Disney animated feature film, "Aladdin"". "The album was released by Walt Disney Records on CD and cassette tape on October 27, 1992. The soundtrack was intertwined with demos, work tapes and unreleased masters, as well as original scores in 1994 in a four-disc box set entitled "The Music Behind the Magic: The Musical Artistry of Alan Menken, Howard Ashman & Tim Rice". A remastered reissue with altered lyrics and new artwork was released in 2001. A special edition reissue featuring two previously released demos and new artwork Document [32] (Title: Disney Renaissance) morning, including "The Little Mermaid" and "Aladdin" both on CBS. Most of the films Disney released in the Renaissance era were well-received, as in the film critic site Rotten Tomatoes, four out of the first five—"The Little Mermaid," "Beauty and the Beast", "Aladdin", and "The Lion King"—have the best critical reception (with over 90% positive reviews) and are referred to among critics as the "big four", while "Pocahontas" has the lowest reception of Disney's "renaissance" films (with 57% of positive reviews). The success of the Disney Renaissance attracted the attention of many animation studios and film studios. Major film studios Document [33] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) similar characters, scenes and background designs, and the antagonist Zig-Zag's resemblance in character design and mannerisms to Genie and Jafar. Though "Aladdin" was released prior to "The Thief and the Cobbler", "The Thief and the Cobbler" initially began production much earlier in the 1960s, and was mired in difficulties including financial problems, copyright issues, story revisions and late production times caused by separate studios trying to finish the film after Richard Williams was fired from the project for lack of finished work. The late release, coupled with Miramax purchasing and re-editing the film, has sometimes resulted in "The Thief and Document [34] (Title: 1001 Arabian Nights (1959 film)) 1001 Arabian Nights (1959 film) 1001 Arabian Nights is a 1959 American animated comedy film produced by United Productions of America (UPA) and distributed by Columbia Pictures. Released to theaters on December 1, 1959, the film is a loose adaptation of the Arab folktale of "Aladdin" from "One Thousand and One Nights", albeit with the addition of UPA's star cartoon character, Mr. Magoo, to the story as Aladdin's uncle, "Abdul Azziz Magoo". It is the first animated feature to be released by Columbia Pictures. In a distant Middle Eastern Kingdom, the young Aladdin lives with his shortsighted and stubborn uncle, Document [35] (Title: Aladdin (soundtrack)) Rice demos Alan Menken's score for "Aladdin" follows the compositional method also used in "The Little Mermaid" and "Beauty and the Beast", with specific cues and motifs derived from the songs' melodies. When Aladdin and Jasmine are together, they are usually accompanied by an instrumental cue of "A Whole New World". Aladdin (soundtrack) Aladdin: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack for the 1992 Disney animated feature film, "Aladdin"". "The album was released by Walt Disney Records on CD and cassette tape on October 27, 1992. The soundtrack was intertwined with demos, work tapes and unreleased masters, as well as Document [36] (Title: Aladdin (franchise)) Aladdin (franchise) Aladdin is a Disney media franchise comprising a film series and additional media. It began with the 1992 American animated feature of the same name, which was based on the tale of the same name, and was directed by Ron Clements and John Musker. The success of the film led to two direct-to-video sequels, a television series (which had a crossover episode with "Hercules: The Animated Series"), a Broadway musical, various rides and themed areas in Disney's theme parks, several video games, and merchandise, among other related works. The franchise as a whole has EGOT-ed, meaning it has Document [37] (Title: Superfantagenio) wish, which is fulfilled. With the reward money from Siracusa's capture, the Haddins buy the nightclub and celebrate its reopening, with the Genie staying with them as a normal human being. Superfantagenio Superfantagenio (also known as "Aladdin") is a 1986 Italian/American family comedy film starring Bud Spencer as the Genie and Luca Venantini as Aladdin, and with Spencer's daughter Diamy participating in a secondary role as Aladdin's love interest. The story revolves around a teenage boy named Al Haddin, nicknamed "Aladdin", who is living with his widowed mother Janet and his alcoholic grandfather Jeremiah in Miami, Florida. He and his Document [38] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Golden Films film)) to DVD in 2002 by "GoodTimes Entertainment", as part of their "Collectible Classics" line. Shortly after its appearance as a VHS by GoodTimes, the Disney Company brought an unfair competition and infringement lawsuit, claiming that the GoodTimes packaging deliberately imitated the style of the images used by Disney to promote its own Aladdin theatrical film (starring Robin Williams), thereby deceiving consumers into thinking they were buying the Disney film (which had not yet been issued on VHS). However, a federal court dismissed the suit on the grounds that Aladdin was a public domain work and the GoodTimes packaging (with an Document [39] (Title: Disney's Aladdin (Virgin Games video game)) Disney's Aladdin (Virgin Games video game) Disney's Aladdin is a platform video game developed and published by Virgin Games based on the 1992 film of the same name. The game was released for the Sega Genesis in November 1993, and was later ported to Amiga and DOS computers the following year. The NES and the Game Boy received a reworked port. It is one of several video games based on the film, including another game that was released in the same month by Capcom for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System. The game is the third best-selling Genesis game, with 4 Document [40] (Title: Aladdin) Baba) are often introduced into the plot. One version of the "pantomime Aladdin" is Sandy Wilson's musical "Aladdin", from 1979. Since the early 1990s Aladdin pantomimes have tended to be influenced by the Disney animation. For instance, the 2007/8 production at the Birmingham Hippodrome starring John Barrowman featured songs from the Disney movies "Aladdin" and "Mulan". Aladdin Aladdin (; , "", ) is a folk tale of Middle Eastern origin. It is one of the tales in "The Book of One Thousand and One Nights (The Arabian Nights)", and one of the best known—despite not being part of the original Document [41] (Title: Aladdin (Indian TV series)) Aladdin (Indian TV series) Aladdin – Jaanbaaz Ek Jalwe Anek is an Indian Hindi-language television series that was aired on Zee TV from 16 November 2007 to 21 March 2009, based on the story of Aladdin, a character from The Arabian Nights. The series was produced by "Applause Entertainment", a television production company owned by the Aditya Birla Group Corporation. Re-runs of the show aired on BIG Magic. The plot revolves around 15-year-old Aladdin who faces many obstacles because he is an orphan. Above all, he is tortured by his own aunt and uncle, who treat him like their servant. Document [42] (Title: Cinderella (2015 Disney film)) "Aladdin", "The Lion King", "Mulan", "Pinocchio", "Fantasia", "The Sword in the Stone", "The Black Cauldron", "Peter Pan", "The Little Mermaid", "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs," "Lady and the Tramp", and "Lilo & Stitch". The company also has plans for live-action spin-offs of "Peter Pan", "One Hundred and One Dalmatians" and "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs" along with a live-action prequel to "Aladdin". Cinderella (2015 Disney film) Cinderella is a 2015 romantic fantasy film directed by Kenneth Branagh, with a screenplay written by Chris Weitz, and co-produced by Walt Disney Pictures, Kinberg Genre, Allison Shearmur Productions, and Beagle Pug Document [43] (Title: Ron Clements) "Aladdin" because they thought the story would suit a wackier, faster-paced, and more contemporary mood than that found in recent Disney animated films. Working from Ashman and Menken's treatment and musical score, the two delivered a story reel to Katzenberg in April 1991, which was strongly disapproved of. Jettisoning multiple characters and story ideas and the inclusion of Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio as co-screenwriters, the production team restructured the entire story in eight days. Released in November 1992, "Aladdin" received positive reviews from film critics, and became the first animated film to gross over $200 million in domestic grosses. Document [44] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Golden Films film)) enormous, mustached, genie with gold or orange coloring) was sufficiently distinct from the Disney images (with an enormous, non-mustached, blue genie). Aladdin (1992 Golden Films film) Aladdin is a 48-minute animated film based on the classic "Arabian Nights" story, Aladdin and the magic lamp, translated by Antoine Galland. Like all other Golden Films productions, the film featured a single theme song, "Rub the Lamp", written and composed by Richard Hurwitz and John Arrias. It was released directly to video on April 27, 1992. A young boy named Aladdin lives a poor life with his mother. A shifty man named Hassim Document [45] (Title: Aladdin (franchise)) "Disney's Aladdin in Nasira's Revenge" is the "Aladdin" franchise video game which was developed for the PlayStation and PC by Argonaut Games and distributed by Disney Interactive in 2001. The game is set after the events of "The Return of Jafar", during the television series, and before "Aladdin and the King of Thieves". The legendary city of Agrabah is in trouble again: the evil sorceress Nasira (Jodi Benson) is out to avenge the death of her brother, the nefarious sorcerer Jafar (Jonathan Freeman). She begins her vengeful plot by taking over the palace with a spell and kidnapping Princess Jasmine Document [46] (Title: Aladdin and His Magic Lamp (1970 film)) Aladdin and His Magic Lamp (1970 film) Aladdin and His Magic Lamp () is a 1970 French animated film directed by Jean Image. It is loosely based on the Arabian Nights tale of Aladdin. Made by Image's fifty-artist crew on a limited schedule in 1969 (from April to November of that year), the film proved successful with children upon its original release. Paramount Pictures, who picked up the American rights for the film, released it on July 1, 1975, as part of its Saturday "Family Matinee" cinema program. It was Image's second and final film to receive a U.S. release. Document [47] (Title: Aladdin Aur Jadui Chirag) The lyricists were Pandit Chand, Shyam Hindi, Ramesh Chandra Pandey and Anjum Jaipuri. The playback singing was by Mohammed Rafi, Lata Mangeshkar, Shamshad Begum, Asha Bhonsle and Chitragupta. Aladdin Aur Jadui Chirag Aladdin Aur Jadui Chirag (Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp) is a 1952 fantasy adventure film produced and directed by Homi Wadia. Made under the Basant Pictures banner, it had story, scenario and additional dialogue by JBH Wadia. The dialogues were written by Teznath Zar. The music of the film was composed by S. N. Tripathi and Chitragupta. The film starred Meena Kumari, Mahipal, S. N. Tripathi, B. M. Document [48] (Title: Aladdin (franchise)) on Broadway on February 26, 2014 (in previews) and officially opened on March 20, 2014 at the New Amsterdam Theatre, taking the place of "Mary Poppins". The musical had a pre-Broadway tryout at the Ed Mirvish Theatre in Toronto lasting from November 13, 2013 to January 12, 2014. Casey Nicholaw directed and choreographed, with Chad Beguelin writing the book and additional lyrics, Bob Crowley as the scene designer, and costume design by Gregg Barnes. Aladdin the musical was also opened at Tokyo's Dentsu Shiki Theatre Umi in May 2015. It had its European premiere in December 2015 at the Stage Document [49] (Title: Aladdin (franchise)) came to fruition. On July 15, 2015, it was reported that a live-action prequel to "Aladdin" is currently in development under the title "Genies". The new film will reportedly focus on genies and their realm and reveal how Aladdin's genie ended up in the lamp. The film is being written by Damian Shannon and Mark Swift. Tripp Vinson will serve as a producer through Vinson Films. On October 10, 2016, Deadline reported that Disney is developing a live-action Aladdin movie, with John August writing the script and Dan Lin producing. The site also reported that Guy Ritchie is in talks Document [50] (Title: Aladdin - Naam Toh Suna Hoga) Aladdin - Naam Toh Suna Hoga Aladdin - Naam Toh Suna Hoga (Translation: "Aladdin - You Must Have Heard The Name") is SAB TV's fantasy television show. It premiered on 21 August 2018 and stars Siddharth Nigam and Avneet Kaur. The story starts with Mallika, a powerful and evil enchantress who plans to take over the world. Her plans are foiled by her servant Hassan who kills her by turning her into a statue. But before she dies, she turns Hassan into a Genie and traps him in a lamp not to be found until 500 years as she promised Document [51] (Title: Aladdin and the King of Thieves) reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes, the film received 27% approval rating from critics, with an average score of 4.8/10. Caryn James of "The New York Times" praised the sequel as "far better than "The Return of Jafar"", but acknowledged that "the video has some other weak spots, but these hardly matter when "Aladdin and the King of Thieves" is so brimming with comic invention and adventure." Aladdin and the King of Thieves Aladdin and the King of Thieves (also known as Aladdin 3: Aladdin and the King of Thieves) is a 1996 American direct-to-video animated musical fantasy adventure film produced Document [52] (Title: Disney's Aladdin: A Musical Spectacular) Whole New World - Underscore (:20) 20. I'll Say (:42) 21. We Through Yet/Prince Ali (Reprise) (1:36) 22. Snake! (:41) 23. He Has More Power (:50) 24. Father, I've Decided (:59) 25. Celebration (1:36) 26. Curtain Call (1:13) Disney's Aladdin: A Musical Spectacular Disney's Aladdin: A Musical Spectacular was a Broadway-style show based on Disney's 1992 animated film "Aladdin" with music by Alan Menken and lyrics by Howard Ashman, Tim Rice and Alan Menken. It was performed inside the Hyperion Theater in Hollywood Land at Disney California Adventure from 2003 to 2016. In September 2015, it was announced that the Document [53] (Title: Aladdin (franchise)) Theatre Neue Flora in Hamburg. It opened in Sydney and London's West End in 2016. In addition, a stage adaptation of the movie has been created for younger students, known as "Disney's Aladdin Jr." Licensing and performing rights are currently being held by Music Theatre International. MTI licenses both a "Kids" version (which uses doubling to foster more of an ensemble feeling among young children) and a "Dual Language" version (which takes the Junior version and adds an element of half the characters speaking only in Spanish). The film also inspired a Disney On Ice presentation, and two attractions in Document [54] (Title: Aladdin and his Winter Wish) Aladdin and his Winter Wish Aladdin and his Winter Wish is an American panto version of the Middle Eastern folk tale Aladdin. The panto's book was written by Kris Lythgoe and its music is based around classic pop tunes by artists such as Ray Charles, Coldplay, and Starship. "Aladdin and his Winter Wish" premiered at the Pasadena Playhouse on December 11, 2013 and ran through December 29 of the same year. The story follows the general Aladdin fairytale with some additional characters. Wishee Washee is Aladdin’s brother and Widow Twankey plays Aladdin’s mom. The character of Widow Twankey is played Document [55] (Title: Aladdin (2019 film)) be co-writing new songs for the film with songwriters of "La La Land", Pasek & Paul. Menken would also score the film, which will also include the original film's songs written by Menken, Howard Ashman and Tim Rice. Pasek and Paul wrote the lyrics for two new songs. One of them is a solo for the character of Jasmine. which Paul called "a beautiful piece of music", and praised Scott's singing as "incredible". The other song is a new duet for Aladdin and Jasmine, which Paul referred to as "a sweet song". "Aladdin" is scheduled to be released in 3D, Document [56] (Title: Aladdin (performer)) Aladdin (performer) Aladdin Abdullah Achmed Anthony Pallante (September 12, 1912 – June 9, 1970) was an actor and musician better known to fans as Aladdin who appeared on "The Lawrence Welk Show" from 1955 to 1967. Born and raised in New York, Aladdin first began his professional career as a dancer at age three, but a serious fall, which left him temporarily paralyzed, forced him to turn his talents in an instrumental and vocal direction, which led him to learning to play the violin. Prior to joining Welk's Champagne Music Makers, he appeared with Ray Noble on the Edgar Bergen Document [57] (Title: Aladdin and His Wonderful Lamp) cartoon, and were often billed in theaters alongside or above the main feature. Unlike the first two films, "Aladdin and His Wonderful Lamp" is more Disney-esque in plot and pacing, and does not make use of the Fleischer Tabletop 3D background process. According to the film’s press release, its making involved two hundred colors and twenty-eight thousand individual, full-color drawings; the press release also mentions 3D animation, but such footage was never used in the final version. However, a glimpse can be obtained in a Popular Science short, which documents the film’s making, and reveals a sculpted model of the Document [58] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) stay with Jasmine. Realizing that he has to be himself, Aladdin decides to keep his promise and frees the Genie. Realizing Aladdin and Jasmine's love, the Sultan changes the law to allow Jasmine to marry whom she chooses. The Genie leaves to explore the world, while Aladdin and Jasmine start their new life together. In 1988, lyricist Howard Ashman pitched the idea of an animated musical adaptation of Aladdin. Ashman had written a 40-page film treatment remaining faithful to the plot and characters of the original story, but envisioned as a campy 1930s-style musical with a Cab Calloway/Fats Waller-like Genie. Document [59] (Title: Aladdin (2019 film)) The decision to hire non-Arab, non-Middle Eastern and half-white Anglo Indian actress Naomi Scott to play the lead female Princess Jasmine has also drawn criticism as well as accusations of colorism, although certain members of the cast, particularly Negahban and Pedrad, are of Iranian descent while Acar is of Turkish descent. In October 2018, Lea Salonga, who provided Jasmine's singing voice in the original film, defended the casting of Scott saying, "The girl who played Princess Jasmine is so gorgeous, Naomi Scott. She’s so beautiful! Really, really beautiful!” In January 2018, it was reported that the white extras were being Document [60] (Title: Aladdin (franchise)) However, this time, with Iago on Aladdin's side, Abis Mal becomes Jafar's new henchman. Now, Aladdin and co. must find a way to thwart Jafar, with his limitless genie power. In 1996, the second sequel to "Aladdin", "Aladdin and the King of Thieves" was released on video. The story concludes as Aladdin and Jasmine are about to have their wedding and Aladdin discovers that his father is still alive, but is the king of all thieves in Agrabah. In 2005, screenwriter Robert Reece, who co-wrote "" and "", pitched a fourth "Aladdin" feature to DisneyToon Studios execs, although it never Document [61] (Title: Adam Green's Aladdin) with most film festivals stating finding it too "off brand". However, after releasing the trailer online, Green started to get offers for screening the film. Vice Media, also got in contact with Green after seeing the trailer asking him to pitch a TV show for their Viceland channel. Adam Green's Aladdin Adam Green's Aladdin is an independent film written, directed by, and starring Adam Green that presents a modern take on the Arabian Nights classic tale. The film stars Alia Shawkat, Natasha Lyonne, Jack Dishel, Macaulay Culkin, and Nicole LaLiberte. The film explores themes of technology, government repression, greed, and Document [62] (Title: Aladdin and His Magic Lamp (1970 film)) Aladdin and His Magic Lamp (1970 film) Aladdin and His Magic Lamp () is a 1970 French animated film directed by Jean Image. It is loosely based on the Arabian Nights tale of Aladdin. Made by Image's fifty-artist crew on a limited schedule in 1969 (from April to November of that year), the film proved successful with children upon its original release. Paramount Pictures, who picked up the American rights for the film, released it on July 1, 1975, as part of its Saturday "Family Matinee" cinema program. It was Image's second and final film to receive a U.S. release. Document [63] (Title: Aladdin (franchise)) his son, Jay. The setting for the Aladdin franchise is the fictional sultanate of Agrabah. The original Aladdin film has received critical acclaim. The various other aspects of the franchise, such as the direct-to-video sequels, have received mixed to negative reviews. "See also: List of Disney's Aladdin characters" Along with the film release, three different video games based on "Aladdin" were released. "Disney's Aladdin", an international co-production between Virgin Games and Walt Disney Feature Animation for the Genesis, was released in late 1993 and later ported to Nintendo Entertainment System, PC, Game Boy and Game Boy Color. That same year, Document [64] (Title: Aladdin Aur Jadui Chirag) Aladdin Aur Jadui Chirag Aladdin Aur Jadui Chirag (Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp) is a 1952 fantasy adventure film produced and directed by Homi Wadia. Made under the Basant Pictures banner, it had story, scenario and additional dialogue by JBH Wadia. The dialogues were written by Teznath Zar. The music of the film was composed by S. N. Tripathi and Chitragupta. The film starred Meena Kumari, Mahipal, S. N. Tripathi, B. M. Vyas, Pandit Amarnath and Raja Sandow. This fantasy film from the Arabian Nights follows the adventures of Aladdin and his finding of the magic lamp in the cave, Document [65] (Title: Aladdin (franchise)) Disney's theme parks: "The Magic Carpets of Aladdin", a Dumbo the Flying Elephant-like ride at both Magic Kingdom at Walt Disney World Resort and Walt Disney Studios Park at Disneyland Resort Paris; and the show "" at Disney California Adventure Park. In 2015 Disney Press launched a young adult novel series that retells Disney films but with certain elements changed. The first novel in the series is "A Whole New World: A Twisted Tale", written by Liz Braswell, which retells the film but with Jafar gaining control of the genie before Aladdin does. Aladdin (franchise) Aladdin is a Disney media Document [66] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) a sample of 69 reviews, with an average rating of 8.1/10. The site's consensus reads, "A highly entertaining entry in Disney's renaissance era, "Aladdin" is beautifully drawn, with near-classic songs and a cast of scene-stealing characters." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 86 out of 100 based on 25 critics, indicating "universal acclaim". Most critics' praise went to Robin Williams' performance as Genie, with Janet Maslin of "The New York Times" declaring that children "needn't know precisely what Mr. Williams is evoking to understand how funny he is." Warner Bros. Cartoons director Chuck Jones even called Document [67] (Title: Aladdin and the King of Thieves) "1001 Arabian Nights", replacing Ali Baba with Aladdin, and for the first time since the original "Aladdin", the film has a completely new soundtrack instead of the rearranged music from the original film for "The Return of Jafar" and the series. Though the film serves as the finale of the series, the characters also appear in a 1999 crossover episode of the animated series "Hercules," titled "Hercules and the Arabian Night", as well as the 2007 direct-to-video title called "". While the Genie and the people of Agrabah prepare for the upcoming wedding of Aladdin and Princess Jasmine, Aladdin retrieves Document [68] (Title: The Wonders of Aladdin) role. It only took a week but the actor said it was "very tiring because of the tricks." In January, three Americans on the film - O'Connor, Levin and writer Henry Motofsky - accidentally crossed the Tunisian border into Algeria 20 miles south of Tozeur while scouting locations in the Sahara Desert and were arrested. They were held for three hours then returned to the film unit. Filming finished in March 1961. "From now on I'll do nothing but drawing room comedies," said O'Connor, "and the only location I'm going on is in my backyard". Allmovie, while not particularly favorable Document [69] (Title: Disney's Aladdin: A Musical Spectacular) Disney's Aladdin: A Musical Spectacular Disney's Aladdin: A Musical Spectacular was a Broadway-style show based on Disney's 1992 animated film "Aladdin" with music by Alan Menken and lyrics by Howard Ashman, Tim Rice and Alan Menken. It was performed inside the Hyperion Theater in Hollywood Land at Disney California Adventure from 2003 to 2016. In September 2015, it was announced that the show's final day of performance would be January 10, 2016. The show was then closed on January 11, and was replaced by a musical stage show inspired by Disney's 2013 animated film "Frozen", which premiered in May 2016. Document [70] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) anniversary. A non-Diamond Edition Blu-ray was released in a few select European countries in March 2013. The Belgian edition (released without advertisements, commercials or any kind of fanfare) comes as a 1-disc version with its extras ported over from the Platinum Edition DVD. The same disc was released in the United Kingdom on April 14, 2013. Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released the film on a Diamond Edition Blu-ray on October 13, 2015. The film was released on Digital HD on September 29, 2015. Upon its first week of release on home media in the U.S., the film topped the Document [71] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) Aladdin (1992 Disney film) Aladdin is a 1992 American animated musical fantasy film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and released by Walt Disney Pictures. The film is the 31st Disney animated feature film, and was the fourth produced during the Disney film era known as the Disney Renaissance. It was produced and directed by Ron Clements and John Musker, and is based on the Arabic folktale of the same name from "One Thousand and One Nights" and the French interpretation by Antoine Galland. The voice cast features Scott Weinger, Robin Williams, Linda Larkin, Jonathan Freeman, Frank Welker, Gilbert Gottfried Document [72] (Title: Aladdin (2011 musical)) are pretty but bland, and the temperature doesn't start rising again until the magic-carpet ride, which comes after intermission and is the slickest thing to hit Broadway since the flying car in "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang". From then on, "Aladdin" becomes fun". Charles Isherwood of "The New York Times" was mostly positive in his review, writing that "this latest musical adapted from one of Disney's popular movies ... defied my dour expectations. As directed and choreographed [by] Nicholaw, and adapted by ... Beguelin, "Aladdin" has an infectious and only mildly syrupy spirit. Not to mention enough baubles, bangles and beading Document [73] (Title: Aladdin (Disney character)) Wonders, where he meets a sentient magic carpet and is commanded to only get a magic lamp. He gets it, but Abu's grabbing of a giant gem causes the cave to collapse. Aladdin, Abu, and the carpet are left in the cave. Abu delivers the lamp to Aladdin, and when he rubs it, a giant blue Genie appears, telling Aladdin he will fulfill three wishes. After leaving the collapsed cave with the Genie's help, he decides to become a prince in order to win Jasmine's heart. In the first direct-to-video sequel, "The Return of Jafar" (1994), Jasmine begins to question Document [74] (Title: San Andreas (film)) the company's first film to be released in Dolby Cinema. "San Andreas" was released on Digital HD and Blu-ray/DVD on October 13, 2015. Upon its first week of release on home media in the U.S., the film topped the Nielsen VideoScan First Alert chart, which tracks overall disc sales, and debuted at number 2 at the Blu-ray Disc sales chart with 40% of unit sales coming from Blu-ray, a surprisingly low ratio given the film's over-the-top special effects. It was blocked by the Diamond Edition Blu-ray Disc edition of the 1992 Disney animated classic "Aladdin". As of 2016, it is Document [75] (Title: A Whole New World) A Whole New World "A Whole New World" is a song from Disney's 1992 animated feature film "Aladdin", with music by Alan Menken and lyrics by Tim Rice. A duet originally recorded by singers Brad Kane and Lea Salonga in their respective roles as the singing voices of the main characters Aladdin and Jasmine, the ballad serves as both the film's love and theme song. Lyrically, "A Whole New World" describes Aladdin showing the confined princess a life of freedom and the pair's acknowledgment of their love for each other while riding on a magic carpet. The song garnered an Document [76] (Title: Aladdin (2019 film)) Princess Jasmine commenced in March 2017, with principal production set to begin in the UK in July 2017 until January 2018. On April 19, 2017, it was reported that either Gabriel Iglesias or Will Smith was in talks for the role of Genie, for which the latter was confirmed in July. In May 2017, it was revealed that Jade Thirlwall was in talks for the part of Princess Jasmine. On July 11, 2017, it was revealed that principal production on "Aladdin" had been pushed back by a month, to August 2017, due to struggles in finding the right actor to Document [77] (Title: Jason Scott Lee) Lee turned down the role and was replaced by Robin Shou. Lee played Caine 607 in the 1998 film "Soldier", along with Kurt Russell and "Mortal Kombat" film director Paul Anderson. In 2000 he played Aladdin in the miniseries "Arabian Nights". He did voice-over work for the 2002 Disney animated adventure film "Lilo & Stitch". Lee went on to appear in several direct-to-video films such as "" (2001), "" (2003), and "" (2005). Lee is among the actors, producers and directors interviewed in the documentary "The Slanted Screen" (2006), directed by Jeff Adachi, about the representation of Asian and Asian Document [78] (Title: Aladdin (2011 musical)) as Aladdin and featured Aiza Seguerra as Genie. The musical was staged in Spanish in Bogotá, Colombia, in 2013. "Aladdin" had a pre-Broadway tryout at the Ed Mirvish Theatre in Toronto, Ontario, from November 2013 to January 2014. Nicholaw again directed and choreographed, with book and additional lyrics by Beguelin, scenic design by Bob Crowley, and costume design by Gregg Barnes. The musical premiered on Broadway on February 26, 2014, in previews and officially opened on March 20, 2014, at the New Amsterdam Theatre, taking the place of "Mary Poppins". The show was nominated for five Tony Awards, winning one Document [79] (Title: Walter Lantz Productions) fall, often featuring popular musicians of the time. The series ended in 1945 at the twilight of the big band era. After Disney's success with "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs", the Lantz studio planned to make its own feature, "Aladdin and His Lamp", featuring the comedy duo of Abbott and Costello, but after "Mr. Bug Goes to Town" failed at the box office, "Aladdin" never made it to actual production. Late in the decade, Lantz attempted to do a feature-length cartoon again, but it never came to fruition. In 1947, Lantz went to renegotiate his seven-year Universal contract with Document [80] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) "Aladdin"s debut in theaters, with the film's trailer being attached to most Disney VHS releases, and numerous tie-ins and licensees being released. After a limited release on November 13, 1992, "Aladdin" debuted in 1131 theaters on November 25, 1992, grossing $19.2 million in its opening weekend – number two at the box office, behind "". It took eight weeks for the film to reach number one at the US box office, breaking the record for the week between Christmas and New Year's Eve with $32.2 million. The film held the top spot five times during its 22-week run. "Aladdin" was Document [81] (Title: Aladdin (franchise)) (Linda Larkin) and the Sultan; she then commands the guard's captain Razoul (Jim Cummings) to bring Aladdin (Scott Weinger) to her. The treacherous Nasira believes that if she collects a set of ancient relics that are spread all over Agrabah she might be able to revive Jafar and take over the world, and so she uses her captives to force Aladdin into doing this job for her. In November 2010 Alan Menken confirmed that a musical theatre adaptation of the show is in the works with a book written by Chad Beguelin. The show premiered at the 5th Avenue Theatre Document [82] (Title: Aladdin (2019 film)) had hired Vanessa Taylor to polish the original screenplay by August, specifically to do some "character work" and what is called "script doctoring". Meanwhile, Richie and the studio focused on casting the other main roles with filming slated to start in August in London. In August 2017, Marwan Kenzari joined the cast as Jafar with Nasim Pedrad cast in a newly created role as "a hand maid and friend of Jasmine" who will serve as a "comic relief" and Numan Acar as Hakim. The following month, Billy Magnussen joined the cast in a newly created role as Prince Anders alongside Document [83] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) and considered that ""Aladdin" overcomes most story flaws thanks to sheer technical virtuosity." Some aspects of the film were widely criticized. Ed Gonzalez of "Slant Magazine" wrote a negative review, describing the film as racist, ridiculous, and a "narcissistic circus act" from Robin Williams. Roger Ebert, who generally praised the film in his review, considered the music inferior to its predecessors "The Little Mermaid" and "Beauty and the Beast", and claimed Aladdin and Jasmine were "pale and routine." He criticized what he saw as the film's use of ethnic stereotypes, writing: "Most of the Arab characters have exaggerated facial characteristics Document [84] (Title: Aladdin (2019 film)) August penning the screenplay for Walt Disney Pictures with Dan Lin attached as producer. The studio said that the film would be "an ambitious and nontraditional" take on the tale of "Aladdin" that would keep much of the musical elements of the original film. On the non-traditional aspect, the studio planned for the film to be told in a nonlinear format. In February 2017, Lin revealed about casting during an interview, saying that they were looking for a diverse cast and that they would not try "to make """. A worldwide casting call for the lead roles of Aladdin and Document [85] (Title: Aladdin (soundtrack)) is one of the best-selling soundtrack albums to an animated film, with 3million copies sold in the United States and 300,000 copies sold in Canada. Notes Total time of unreleased score material excluding song instrumentals: 34 minutes and 29 seconds Total time of unreleased score material including song instrumentals: 48 minutes and 51 seconds Howard Ashman and Alan Menken composed several songs for an initial story treatment of Aladdin prior to beginning work on "Beauty and the Beast". This story treatment incorporated several plot elements from the original folk tale and additional characters that were eliminated during later story development. Document [86] (Title: The Wonders of Aladdin) The Wonders of Aladdin The Wonders of Aladdin (Italian: "Le meraviglie di Aladino") is a 1961 Italian-French-American fantasy film directed by Henry Levin (with second unit direction by Mario Bava) and produced by Joseph E. Levine for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The film stars Donald O'Connor as the title character. At this time, O'Connor was reaching the decline of his career after many years of fame. O'Connor signed to make the film in October 1960. O'Connor said "The story of Aladdin has been done by everyone but this is its first time around as a comedy." "The Wonders of Aladdin" was produced in Document [87] (Title: Direct-to-video) films which cannot be shown theatrically due to controversial content, or because the cost involved in a theatrical release is beyond the releasing company. Animated sequels and feature-length episodes of animated series are also often released in this fashion. The Walt Disney Company began making sequels to many of its animated films for video release beginning with "The Return of Jafar" (the sequel to "Aladdin") in 1994 and "Aladdin and the King of Thieves" (the second sequel to "Aladdin") in 1996. Universal Studios also began their long line of "The Land Before Time" sequels that same year. Some horror films Document [88] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) features. Accompanied by a $19 million marketing campaign, the DVD sold about 3 million units in its first month. The film's soundtrack was available in its original Dolby 5.1 track or in a new Disney Enhanced Home Theater Mix. The DVD went into moratorium in January 2008, along with its sequels. According to an insert in the "Lady and the Tramp" Diamond Edition release case, "Aladdin" was going to be released on Blu-ray Disc as a Diamond Edition in Spring 2013. Instead, "Peter Pan" was released on Blu-ray as a Diamond Edition on February 5, 2013 to celebrate its 60th Document [89] (Title: Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp (1982 film)) Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp (1982 film) , is a 1982 anime fantasy film based on the Middle Eastern folk tale of Aladdin. The film was released in Japan on 13 March 1982 by Toei. An English dubbed by Frontier Enterprises and received a VHS release by Media Home Entertainment in 1988 in the United States. An alternative English dub, under the title "Aladdin and the Magic Lamp", was recorded and mixed at Golden Sync Studios and released in United States and Canada by The Samuel Goldwyn Company. With the celebrity voice cast of Christopher Atkins as Aladdin, Kristy McNichol Document [90] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) and producer John Musker explains: He was initially going to be as young as thirteen, but that eventually changed to eighteen. Aladdin was designed by a team led by supervising animator Glen Keane, and was originally made to resemble actor Michael J. Fox. During production, it was decided that the design was too boyish and wasn't "appealing enough," so the character was redesigned to add elements derived from actor Tom Cruise and Calvin Klein models. The design for most characters was based on the work of caricaturist Al Hirschfeld, which production designer Richard Vander Wende also considered appropriate to the Document [91] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) to free the Genie in order to maintain his charade. Iago steals the lamp, and Jafar becomes the Genie's new master. He uses his first two wishes to usurp the Sultan, and become the world's most powerful sorcerer, exposing Aladdin's identity and exiling him, Abu, and the carpet to a frozen wasteland. However, they escape, and return to the palace, where Jafar tries to use his final wish to make Jasmine fall in love with him, but the Genie cannot grant the wish as it is beyond his power. Upon noticing Aladdin, Jasmine pretends the wish has been granted to Document [92] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) Blu-ray Disc sales chart and debuted at number 2 at the Nielsen VideoScan First Alert chart, which tracks overall disc sales behind the disaster film "San Andreas". The film's Blu-Ray release in the United States sold 1.81million units and grossed , . One of the verses of the opening song "Arabian Nights" was altered following complaints from the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee (ADC). The lyrics were changed in July 1993 from ""Where they cut off your ear if they don't like your face,"" in the original release to ""Where it's flat and immense and the heat is intense."" The change first Document [93] (Title: Aladdin (animated TV series)) Aladdin (animated TV series) Aladdin is an American animated television series produced by Walt Disney Television Animation which aired from September 5, 1994, to November 25, 1995, based on the original 1992 Disney film of the same name. The series is set after "The Return of Jafar" and picked up where the installment left off. The "Aladdin" TV series is considered one of Disney's finest television animation work. The series was produced by Alan Zaslove and Tad Stones, who were already renowned for their work on "" and "Darkwing Duck". Many of the films' stars provided the voices of their Document [94] (Title: Aladdin (franchise)) feats to get through levels. Throughout the level, Aladdin can collect apples to throw at enemies and golden scarabs which unlock bonus stages. Throughout each level there are various diamonds (collecting all within a level also unlocking bonus stages), with players able to unlock an extra challenge if they collect 70 red diamonds. The game was later ported to the Game Boy Advance with extra stages, though all the songs based directly on the original movie were replaced with new music, possibly because of copyright reasons. It was also unofficially ported to the NES in 1995 by Hummer Team. "Disney's Document [95] (Title: Aladdin (1958 film)) Aladdin (1958 film) Aladdin is a 1958 musical fantasy written especially for television with a book by S.J. Perelman and music and lyrics by Cole Porter, telecast in color on the "DuPont Show of the Month" by CBS. It was Porter's very last musical score. Columbia Records issued both monophonic and stereophonic LP's of the songs with members of the original TV cast, which included Cyril Ritchard, Dennis King, Basil Rathbone, Anna Maria Alberghetti, Geoffrey Holder (as the Genie), Sal Mineo (as Aladdin,) and Una Merkel (as Aladdin's mother). Sony Records has digitally remastered the stereo recording for release on Document [96] (Title: Aladdin (animated TV series)) TV counterparts, with the notable exceptions of Dan Castellaneta filling in for Robin Williams in the Genie role (like in "The Return of Jafar"), and Val Bettin as the Sultan (who replaced Douglas Seale after the original film). Unlike "The Little Mermaid", the series does not feature any musical numbers. The series originally aired as a preview on The Disney Channel in early 1994, and in September of that year it began airing concurrently on the syndicated The Disney Afternoon block and on Saturday mornings on CBS (prior to Disney's purchase of rival ABC). Disney Channel reran the series from Document [97] (Title: Aladdin (animated TV series)) Arabian Night," an episode of "". Guest stars intended to be in the series included George C. Scott, Hank Azaria, June Foray, Paul Winchell, Phil Hartman, James Earl Jones and Richard Horvitz, but the makers did not have the time. The animated television series was animated by Walt Disney Television Animation (Australia) Pty. Limited, Walt Disney Animation Japan, Inc., Toon City Animation, Inc., in Manila, Philippines, Kennedy Cartoons in Manila, Philippines and Kennedy Cartoons in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Guimarares Productions in São Paulo, Brasil, Moving Images International (working with Toon City on the show's episodes) in Manila, Philippines, Animal-ya (also Document [98] (Title: Aladdin Jr.) interviews" with several characters at the beginning of the show. There are also similar musicals based on "The Jungle Book", "Cinderella", "One Hundred and One Dalmatians", "The Aristocats" and "Sleeping Beauty" but they have the word "Kids" at the end of the title instead of "Jr.". MTI's "Kids" musicals are written for even younger performers and are shortened further to run approximately 30 minutes. The musicals based on "Alice in Wonderland" and "Mulan" are "Jr." versions, which like "Aladdin Jr." are more detailed. In 2018, MTI revised "Aladdin Jr." to replicate the 2014 Broadway musical. Source: MTI Shows Genie and Document [99] (Title: Aladdin (2011 musical)) the fictional Arabian city of Agrabah, the characters and setting are Middle Eastern. "Aladdin" premiered at the 5th Avenue Theatre in Seattle in 2011. After several regional and international productions in 2012, the musical was given a Toronto tryout in 2013. It opened on Broadway at the New Amsterdam Theatre on March 20, 2014, to mostly warm reviews and was nominated for five Tony Awards. In November 2010, Alan Menken confirmed that a musical theatre adaptation of the movie was in the works with a book written by Chad Beguelin. The musical premiered in Seattle, Washington, at the 5th Avenue Document [100] (Title: Aladdin (franchise)) from July 7–31, 2011. Jonathan Freeman, who voiced Jafar in the film, played the role in the stage adaptation. Adam Jacobs and Courtney Reed played Aladdin and Jasmine. Additional actors included Seán G. Griffin as the Sultan; Don Darryl Rivera as Iago; and, playing Omar, Babkak, and Kassim – a trio of characters originally conceived by the film's creators but not used – Andrew Keenan-Bolger, Brian Gonzales, and Brandon O'Neill. The show was also directed and choreographed by Casey Nicholaw. Another production of the musical played at the Muny Theatre in St. Louis from July 5–13, 2012. The musical premiered Document [101] (Title: Aladdin (opera)) Aladdin (opera) Aladdin, Op. 43, is an opera by the Swedish composer Kurt Atterberg, to a libretto written by and . Two versions exist, in Swedish and German. The opera is based on the story, "Aladdin's Magic Lamp" from "One Thousand and One Nights". It was first performed on 18 March 1941 at the Royal Swedish Opera, Stockholm. The idea for the composition was born in August 1936 when the composer met the librettists in Garmisch. The libretto was largely finished when Atterberg began composing the piano score on 15 July 1937. On 24 August 1940 the piano score was Document [102] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) Ashman began work on the film together, with Rice taking over as lyricist after Ashman died of AIDS-related complications in early 1991. Although fourteen songs were written for "Aladdin", only six are featured in the movie, three by each lyricist. The DVD Special Edition released in 2004 includes four songs in early animation tests, and a music video of one, "Proud of Your Boy", performed by Clay Aiken, which also appears on the album "DisneyMania 3". The version of the song "A Whole New World" sung by Peabo Bryson and Regina Belle that plays over the end credits holds the Document [103] (Title: The New Aladdin) became available and replaced Elsie in the leading role, but shortly thereafter "The Merry Widow" made Elsie a big star. The Aladdin story had been dramatised extensively in England before and was very popular in pantomime versions, but this was the first book musical on the subject. P. G. Wodehouse wrote a comic dramatisation of the creation of "The New Aladdin" called "The Cooks and the Gaiety Broth" as part of "". The New Aladdin The New Aladdin is an Edwardian musical comedy in two acts by James T. Tanner and W. H. Risque, with music by Ivan Caryll, Lionel Document [104] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) 25% of space on advertising artwork, since Williams' film "Toys" was scheduled for release one month after "Aladdin"s debut. For financial reasons, the studio went back on the deal on both counts, especially in poster art by having the Genie in 25% of the image, but having other major and supporting characters portrayed considerably smaller. The Disney Hyperion book "Aladdin: The Making of an Animated Film" listed both of Williams' characters "The Peddler" and "The Genie" ahead of main characters, but was forced to refer to him only as "the actor signed to play the Genie". Disney, while not using Document [105] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) based on Disney workers. Beast, Sebastian from "The Little Mermaid", and Pinocchio make brief appearances, and the wardrobe of the Genie at the end of the film—Goofy hat, Hawaiian shirt, and sandals—are a reference to a short film that Robin Williams did for the Disney-MGM Studios tour in the late 1980s. In gratitude for his success with Touchstone Pictures' "Good Morning, Vietnam", Robin Williams voiced the Genie for SAG scale pay ($75,000) instead of his asking fee of $8 million, on condition that his name or image not be used for marketing, and his (supporting) character not take more than Document [106] (Title: Aladdin and the King of Thieves) 18, 2005, the film was re-released as a Special Edition DVD, with digitally restored picture, remastered sound, two additional games, and a behind-the-scenes bonus feature. However, the film was matted into a 1.85:1 anamorphic widescreen ratio (an aspect ratio Disney has rarely used for animation). The DVD went back into the Disney Vault along with the other two films in the series in January 2008. "Aladdin and the King of Thieves", along with "The Return of Jafar", was released on Blu-ray/DVD/Digital HD Combo Pack on January 5, 2016 as a Disney Movie Club exclusive in North America. Based on 11 Document [107] (Title: Adventures of Aladdin) by Sachin. The special effects according to the credit roll of the film are attributed to "Basant Studio Special Effects Department under the supervision of Homi Wadia". The music was composed by Chitragupta with lyrics by Kafil Azar and Naqsh Lyallpuri. The singers were Mohammed Rafi, Manna Dey and Asha Bhosle. Adventures of Aladdin Adventures of Aladdin (Aladdin and the Magic Lamp) is a 1978 adventure fantasy film produced and directed by Homi Wadia. This was the last film produced/directed by him. The film was a Basant Pictures productions and starred Sachin, Nazneen, Jayshree T., Paintal, Raza Murad and Sudhir. Document [108] (Title: 1001 Arabian Nights (1959 film)) of the four-disc DVD boxed set "Mr. Magoo-The Theatrical Collection: 1949-1959" from Shout! Factory. 1001 Arabian Nights (1959 film) 1001 Arabian Nights is a 1959 American animated comedy film produced by United Productions of America (UPA) and distributed by Columbia Pictures. Released to theaters on December 1, 1959, the film is a loose adaptation of the Arab folktale of "Aladdin" from "One Thousand and One Nights", albeit with the addition of UPA's star cartoon character, Mr. Magoo, to the story as Aladdin's uncle, "Abdul Azziz Magoo". It is the first animated feature to be released by Columbia Pictures. In a Document [109] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) originally conceived as an uptight British archetype, was reworked into a comic role after the filmmakers saw Gilbert Gottfried in "Beverly Hills Cop II", who was then cast for the role. By October 1991, Katzenberg was satisfied with the new version of "Aladdin". As with Woolverton's screenplay, several characters and plot elements were based on the 1940 version of "The Thief of Bagdad", though the location of the film was changed from Baghdad to the fictional Arabian city of Agrabah. One of the first issues that the animators faced during production of "Aladdin" was the depiction of Aladdin himself. Director Document [110] (Title: Disney's Aladdin (Virgin Games video game)) was then shipped to Virgin's California facility to be digitized. The game used traditional animation, which was produced by Disney animators under the supervision of Virgin's animation staff, including animation producer Andy Luckey, technical director Paul Schmiedeke and animation director Mike Dietz, using an in-house "Digicel" process to compress the data onto the cartridge. Virgin was given the deadline of October 1993 to complete production as to coincide with the home video release of the film; this deadline left Virgin with about three-quarters the normal amount of time to build a game. The game features some musical arrangements from the Document [111] (Title: Disney's Aladdin (1994 video game)) Disney's Aladdin (1994 video game) Disney's Aladdin is a 1994 video game developed by SIMS Co., Ltd. for the Game Gear and Master System. Based on the film of the same name, "Disney's Aladdin" is a side-scrolling platform game in which the player character is Aladdin. The Genesis game differs markedly from the 8-bit game on the Game Gear and Master System. The Walt Disney Company gave Sega a license to create "Aladdin" games for both the Game Gear and the Sega Genesis because of Sega's previous successes with other Disney video games, such as "Castle of Illusion Starring Mickey Document [112] (Title: Aladdin (franchise)) won the four biggest awards of American show business: the Emmy, Grammy, Oscar and Tony Awards. "Aladdin" was released in 1992. The 31st Disney animated feature film was directed by John Musker and Ron Clements, and is based on the Arabic folktale of "Aladdin and the Magic Lamp" from the "One Thousand and One Nights". The plot follows street urchin Aladdin as he attempts to gain the affection of Princess Jasmine after acquiring a magic lamp. "Aladdin" was followed by Disney's first direct-to-video sequel, "The Return of Jafar" in 1994. The plot mainly focused on Jafar seeking revenge on Aladdin. Document [113] (Title: Aladdin (2011 musical)) some controversy as the American Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee received numerous complaints from actors of Middle Eastern descent. The executive director of a US minority rights organisation also drew attention to the show's missed opportunity to feature an underrepresented minority on Broadway. The show was directed and choreographed by Casey Nicholaw. In 2012, productions of the musical played at the Tuacahn Amphitheatre in Ivins, Utah, from June to October 2012 and The Muny in St. Louis in July 2012. In 2012, "Aladdin" was staged in Manila at the Meralco Theater. Directed by Bobby Garcia and Chari Arespacochaga, it starred Tom Rodriguez Document [114] (Title: Aladdin and his Winter Wish) Aladdin and his Winter Wish Aladdin and his Winter Wish is an American panto version of the Middle Eastern folk tale Aladdin. The panto's book was written by Kris Lythgoe and its music is based around classic pop tunes by artists such as Ray Charles, Coldplay, and Starship. "Aladdin and his Winter Wish" premiered at the Pasadena Playhouse on December 11, 2013 and ran through December 29 of the same year. The story follows the general Aladdin fairytale with some additional characters. Wishee Washee is Aladdin’s brother and Widow Twankey plays Aladdin’s mom. The character of Widow Twankey is played Document [115] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Golden Films film)) return to his home. After his safe return, Aladdin's mother disregards the lamp and Aladdin keeps it hidden and remains silent about it. Four years later, Aladdin is captivated by the Sultan's daughter Layla and sneaks into the bathing house to see her. Aladdin escapes the guards and returns home to tell his mother his wish to marry the princess. Next day, Aladdin's mother presents a sack of jewels he obtained from the cave before the sultan. The sultan's conniving vizier (who has plans to marry the princess himself) convinces the sultan that his daughter is worth more than the Document [116] (Title: Project Aladdin) Project Aladdin Project Aladdin is a multi-faceted cultural initiative launched in March 2009 under the patronage of UNESCO with the aim of countering Holocaust denial and all forms of racism and intolerance, while promoting intercultural dialogue, particularly among Muslims and Jews. The project was initiated by the Fondation pour la Mémoire de la Shoah, a French foundation dedicated to keeping alive the memory of the Holocaust. The Project's sponsors include President of France Jacques Chirac, and Prince Hassan bin Talal of Jordan and former German Chancellor Gerhard Schröder, who are also on the Project's "Board of Distinguished Patrons." Other members Document [117] (Title: Aladdin (Disney character)) for his appearance was originally Michael J. Fox in "Back to the Future", but later changed to Tom Cruise. Keane based the movement of Aladdin's loose pants on rapper MC Hammer. Some have said this conception of the character makes him almost "too" contemporary for the setting of the film. Aladdin was drawn with large eyes, like those of other Disney heroes, to indicate innocence. The lineaments of his body are more free-flowing and more rounded than is usual for Disney heroes. He looks like a modern 18-year-old, except for his wardrobe. In the movie, they often describe him as Document [118] (Title: Aladdin (Disney character)) 1992 film. When Aladdin is initially introduced, he is eighteen years old. He never received a formal education, and has only learned by living on the streets of Agrabah. He has to steal food in the local market in order to survive. He was born to Cassim and his wife. When Aladdin was only an infant, his father left him and his mother in order to find a better life for his family. When Aladdin was two, his mother was captured by bandits and was presumed dead. Aladdin's parents were too poor to provide clothing for their son. When Aladdin Document [119] (Title: Walt Disney Animation Studios) Clements, Kirk Wise, and Gary Trousdale, the new guard of Disney artists creating these films included story artists/directors Roger Allers, Rob Minkoff, Chris Sanders, and Brenda Chapman, and lead animators Glen Keane, Andreas Deja, Eric Goldberg, Nik Ranieri, Will Finn, and many others. "Aladdin", released in November 1992, continued the upward trend in Disney's animation success, earning $504 million worldwide at the box office, and two more Oscars for Best Song and Best Score. Featuring songs by Menken, Ashman, and Tim Rice (who replaced Ashman after his passing) and starring the voice of Robin Williams, "Aladdin" also established the trend Document [120] (Title: Modern animation in the United States) Movie: Treasure of the Lost Lamp", which is not considered by the studio to be part of the Disney animated "canon". The practice of making non-canon direct-to-video sequels to canon films began in 1994 with "The Return of Jafar", a sequel to "Aladdin". This was a reversal of the long-standing studio policy against sequels to animated films (which did not apply to live-action films); Walt Disney has often been quoted on the subject as saying "you can't top pigs with pigs", a reference to how the "Three Little Pigs" short managed to get more than three sequels. Because of strong Document [121] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) death. In October 2016, it was reported that Disney was developing a live-action adaptation of "Aladdin" with Guy Ritchie signed on to direct the film. John August is writing the script, which will reportedly retain the musical elements of the original film, while Dan Lin is attached as producer. Lin revealed that they were looking for a diverse cast. In April 2017, Will Smith entered talks to play the Genie. The following month, Jade Thirlwall entered talks to portray the role of Jasmine. Alan Menken said filming was slated to begin August 2017. Production had originally been scheduled to begin Document [122] (Title: The Walt Disney Company India) second HD channel UTV HD on 21 October 2018, showing Bollywood and Hollywood films in Hindi. It premieres a new movie every Friday. On 7 November 2017, Disney announced the promotion of Abhishek Maheshwari as country head for India. He was to report to Mahesh Samat, Walt Disney International South Asia managing director. On 14 December 2017, The Walt Disney Company announced the acquisition of 21st Century Fox, which includes Star India. Consumers Products licensed DLF Brands for Disney & Me stores that opened in April 2018. The Live Entertainment divisions' second musical, "Aladdin", premiered on 20 April 2018. On Document [123] (Title: Aladdin (franchise)) storyline of the original film. In "Kingdom Hearts II", it is a mixture of "Aladdin" and "The Return of Jafar". Genie is also a recurring summon in the series. Aladdin, Jasmine, and the Genie appeared in the 2011 motion-controlled game, "", as meet-and-greet characters. "Aladdin" was also referenced throughout the "Disney Infinity" series via power discs and in-game toys, with Aladdin and Jasmine being added to the series as playable characters in the series' second game, "". "Disney's Aladdin" was developed for the Mega Drive by Virgin Interactive's studio of Virgin Games USA and published by Sega in 1993. This Document [124] (Title: Aladdin (soundtrack)) was released in 2004. The music on the album earned composer Alan Menken the Academy Award for Best Original Score and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score. The album also as received a nomination for the BAFTA Award for Best Film Music, the Academy Award for Best Original Song, and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song. The music on the album also holds a distinction for having the first and only Disney song to win a Grammy Award for Song of the Year for the song "A Whole New World" performed by Regina Belle. The album Document [125] (Title: The Nightmare Before Christmas) release of the film, Disney executive David Hoberman was quoted, "I hope "Nightmare" goes out and makes a fortune. If it does, great. If it doesn't, that doesn't negate the validity of the process. The budget was less than any Disney blockbuster so it doesn't have to earn "Aladdin"-sized grosses to satisfy us." The film earned $50 million in the United States on its first theatrical run and was regarded as a moderate "sleeper hit". "The Nightmare Before Christmas" made a further $8.7 million in box office gross in its 2006 reissue. The 2007 and 2008 reissues earned $14.5 million Document [126] (Title: Disney Princess) the direct-to-video sequel). Naomi Scott will star as Jasmine in a live-action film adaptation of "Aladdin". Jasmine is based on Princess Badroulbadour from the One Thousand and One Nights tale of "Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp". Jasmine is one of the first Disney princesses to identify as a minority and to be a part of a movie taking place in an area other than Europe. While a part of the new line of progressive princesses, shown by how Jasmine is more likely to leave the castle and has immense curiosity about the world beyond the palace walls, critics have judged Document [127] (Title: The Return of Jafar) relations for Disney's home video division, stated the decision to release "The Return of Jafar" on home video was due to time constraints claiming that "to put the film in the theatrical pipeline would have taken up to five years", but releasing it on home video would take "less than two years." In addition to that, Feldstein confirmed that financing was also a consideration since producing a direct-to-video feature would be "less costly to make than "Aladdin"." Likewise, due to an expanding video market, Disney claimed demand from theatrical and video audiences for Aladdin and other characters was another reason Document [128] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) without rescheduling the film's November 25, 1992 release date. Among the changes Katzenberg requested from Clements and Musker were to not be dependent on Ashman's vision, and the removal of Aladdin's mother, remarking, "Eighty-six the mother. The mom's a zero." Screenwriting duo Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio were brought in to rework the story, and the changes they made included the removal of Aladdin's mother, the strengthening of the character of Princess Jasmine, and the deletion of several of the Ashman-Menken songs. Aladdin's personality was rewritten to be "a little rougher, like a young Harrison Ford," and the parrot Iago, Document [129] (Title: Aladdin (2019 film)) portray the titular role. It was revealed that over 2,000 actors and actresses had auditioned for the roles of Aladdin and Jasmine but that finding a male lead of Middle-Eastern or Indian descent in his 20s who could act and sing had proven difficult. Naomi Scott and Tara Sutaria were revealed to be the final two actresses in the running for the role of Jasmine, but neither could be cast until a chemistry test was done with whomever was cast as Aladdin. The studio was interested in casting Dev Patel or Riz Ahmed for the lead role of Aladdin, but Document [130] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) and John Musker joined the production, picking "Aladdin" out of three projects offered, which also included an adaptation of "Swan Lake" and "King of the Jungle" – that eventually became "The Lion King". Before Ashman's death in March 1991, Ashman and Menken had composed "Prince Ali" and his last song, "Humiliate the Boy". Musker and Clements wrote a draft of the screenplay, and then delivered a story reel to studio chief Jeffrey Katzenberg in April 1991. Katzenberg thought the script "didn't engage", and on a day known by the staff as "Black Friday," demanded that the entire story be rewritten Document [131] (Title: Aladdin (Indian TV series)) evil Jafar. Aladdin (Indian TV series) Aladdin – Jaanbaaz Ek Jalwe Anek is an Indian Hindi-language television series that was aired on Zee TV from 16 November 2007 to 21 March 2009, based on the story of Aladdin, a character from The Arabian Nights. The series was produced by "Applause Entertainment", a television production company owned by the Aditya Birla Group Corporation. Re-runs of the show aired on BIG Magic. The plot revolves around 15-year-old Aladdin who faces many obstacles because he is an orphan. Above all, he is tortured by his own aunt and uncle, who treat him like Document [132] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) released on May 24, 2019. In the fictional city of Agrabah (which Disney places near the Jordan river), Jafar, the Grand vizier of the Sultan, and his parrot Iago, seek the lamp hidden within the Cave of Wonders, but are told that only a "diamond in the rough" may enter. Jafar identifies a street urchin named Aladdin. Princess Jasmine, who refuses to marry a suitor, temporarily leaves the palace and meets Aladdin and his pet monkey, Abu. Aladdin and Jasmine become friends and eventually fall in love. When the palace guards capture Aladdin on Jafar's orders, Jasmine confronts Jafar to Document [133] (Title: Aladdin (2019 film)) neither were considered likely to obtain the role. In what became the final rounds of screen testing, actors Achraf Koutet, Mena Massoud, and George Kosturos were still in the running for the role of Aladdin. However, the studio had begun perusing old audition tapes for the role, having not been satisfied by the latest round of screen tests. At the 2017 D23 Expo, on July 15, it was announced that Massoud had been cast as Aladdin and Scott had been cast as Jasmine, ending a four month long open casting call. On July 17, 2017, it was revealed that Disney Document [134] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Golden Films film)) Aladdin (1992 Golden Films film) Aladdin is a 48-minute animated film based on the classic "Arabian Nights" story, Aladdin and the magic lamp, translated by Antoine Galland. Like all other Golden Films productions, the film featured a single theme song, "Rub the Lamp", written and composed by Richard Hurwitz and John Arrias. It was released directly to video on April 27, 1992. A young boy named Aladdin lives a poor life with his mother. A shifty man named Hassim approaches Aladdin claiming to be his long lost uncle and persuades him to come on a journey promising riches. Once in Document [135] (Title: The New Adventures of Aladdin) The New Adventures of Aladdin The New Adventures of Aladdin (original title: Les Nouvelles Aventures d'Aladin) is a 2015 French comedy film directed by Arthur Benzaquen and starring Kev Adams. On Christmas Eve, Sam and Khaled are disguised as Santa in the Galeries Lafayette, hoping to steal all that fall under their nose. Unfortunately for him, Sam is stuck with children aged between 6 and 10 years and they ask him to tell them a story. Initially he refuses but when the floor manager insists, he tells the story of Aladdin in his own way. Main characters of the story Document [136] (Title: Planet Hollywood Las Vegas) 1,000-person tent near the Aladdin and charged $250 a ticket for people to watch the implosion from inside the tent, with the proceeds benefiting the Make-A-Wish Foundation of Southern Nevada. The old resort's sign read, "Out of the dust Aladdin rises anew. See you in 2000." Frank Wright, the curator of the Nevada State Museum, said about the Aladdin's lack of success: "I don't know why it never made it. It never had the glamour of the Sands or the exotic dancers of the Tropicana or the Dunes or Stardust. Maybe it was location, but the Hacienda was farther out, Document [137] (Title: Aladdin (1958 film)) CD. As far as is known, the original telecast was never repeated (although videotape was in use by then), nor has it been issued on VHS or DVD. A kinescope of the 1958 broadcast survives and can be viewed at both the New York City and Beverly Hills, California, branches of "The Paley Center For Media". The musical was later presented on stage in London, premiering on December 17, 1959, at the Coliseum. Bob Monkhouse, Doretta Morrow, Ian Wallace & Ronald Shiner starred. The Musical Director was Bobby Howell. The London stage production added to the score several songs that Document [138] (Title: Disney's Aladdin (Capcom video game)) Disney's Aladdin (Capcom video game) The game was released in November 1993, the same month that another game with the same title was released by Virgin Games for Sega Genesis. The two games vary in some respects; in the Virgin game, Aladdin wields a sword, which was not the case in the Capcom game. The Capcom game was ported to Game Boy Advance (GBA) in Japan on August 1, 2003, in Europe on March 19, 2004, and in North America on September 28, 2004. "Disney’s Aladdin" is a side-scrolling platform game in which the player controls the eponymous main character Document [139] (Title: Adam Green's Aladdin) Adam Green's Aladdin Adam Green's Aladdin is an independent film written, directed by, and starring Adam Green that presents a modern take on the Arabian Nights classic tale. The film stars Alia Shawkat, Natasha Lyonne, Jack Dishel, Macaulay Culkin, and Nicole LaLiberte. The film explores themes of technology, government repression, greed, and true love. The film was partially funded through the crowdfunding website Kickstarter, and filmed over the summer of 2014. The film was released on April 15, 2016, through video on demand. The film revolves around Aladdin's dysfunctional family, who live in an average American city ruled by a Document [140] (Title: The Return of Jafar) The Return of Jafar The Return of Jafar (also known as Aladdin 2: The Return of Jafar) is a 1994 American direct-to-video animated musical fantasy adventure film produced by Walt Disney Television Animation. It is the first sequel to the 1992 film "Aladdin", and serves as the pilot to the "Aladdin" animated series. Released on May 20, 1994, it was the first Disney direct-to-video animated film, and marked the first American direct-to-video animated film. It sold 15million VHS tapes and grossed , becoming one of the best-selling films on home video. Another direct-to-video sequel, "Aladdin and the King of Thieves", Document [141] (Title: Adam Green (musician)) who claims to have conceived it under the influence of ketamine. Others appearing in the film included BP Fallon, Alia Shawkat, Devendra Banhart, Pete Doherty, Dev Hynes, Jeffrey Lewis, Sky Ferreira, Cory Kennedy and Macaulay Culkin. In August 2013, Green announced that his next film will be a version of Aladdin, entitled Adam Green's Aladdin. The film was successfully crowdfunded through Kickstarter in the spring of 2014. Filmed largely over the summer of 2014. Although Green was brought up in a secular Jewish home, his grandparents were very religious. His great-grandmother, Felice Bauer, was engaged to Franz Kafka; her family Document [142] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) appeared on the 1993 video release. The original lyric was intact on the initial CD soundtrack release, but the re-release uses the edited lyric. The rerecording has the original voice on all other lines and then a noticeably deeper voice says the edited line. The subsequent line, ""It's barbaric, but hey, it's home,"" was left intact. The Broadway adaptation also uses the edited line. "Entertainment Weekly" ranked "Aladdin" in a list of the most controversial films in history, due to this incident. The ADC also complained about the portrayal of the lead characters Aladdin and Jasmine. They criticized the characters' Document [143] (Title: Tangled (franchise)) reprising their roles. Disney released a short sequel on theaters in early 2012. The plot revolves around Rapunzel and Eugene's wedding day. A stage musical adaptation of the film premiered on board the "Disney Magic" of the Disney Cruise Line on November 11,2015, featuring new songs by Menken and Slater. The show is 1 hour long, 40 minutes shorter than the movie, with three new songs. The new songs are "Flower of Gold" and "Wanted Man", both of which covers the background with the later about Flynn, and "When She Returns" during the festival. A video game based on the Document [144] (Title: Aladdin and the King of Thieves) Aladdin and the King of Thieves Aladdin and the King of Thieves (also known as Aladdin 3: Aladdin and the King of Thieves) is a 1996 American direct-to-video animated musical fantasy adventure film produced by Walt Disney Television Animation. It is the second sequel to the 1992 film "Aladdin", and serves as the final chapter of the "Arabian Nights"-inspired Disney franchise beginning with the first film, and continuing with its first direct-to-video sequel "The Return of Jafar" and the animated series of the same name. The film is inspired by the tale "Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves" from the Document [145] (Title: Aladdin and His Magic Lamp (1967 film)) a life together. Principal photography took place in Chersonesus. Aladdin and His Magic Lamp (1967 film) Aladdin's Magic Lamp () is a 1966 Soviet fantasy film directed by Boris Rytsarev based on the tale Aladdin from One Thousand and One Nights. A magician asks the stars who can get him the magic lamp. They tell him that it should be Aladdin, the son of Ali al Maruf. The magician then seeks Aladdin throughout Baghdad. When he finds himself on the market, suddenly the sultan arrives with his beautiful daughter Budur and it is announced that the head will be cut Document [146] (Title: Aladdin (2019 film)) Navid Negahban as the Sultan. When asked about Ritchie's take on the film, Pasek & Paul described it as "very muscular and action-packed". Despite initial reports, the animal characters Abu the monkey, Iago the parrot, and Rajah the tiger from the original film will be appearing in some capacity. Principal photography commenced on September 6, 2017, at Longcross Studios in Longcross, Surrey, England, and concluded on January 24, 2018. Part of the film was shot in Wadi Rum Desert, Jordan. Reshoots took place during the month of August 2018. At the 2017 D23 Expo, Alan Menken announced that he will Document [147] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) New World". The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists: 2004: AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs: The film was first released in VHS on October 1, 1993, as part of the "Walt Disney Classics" line. In its first week of availability, "Aladdin" sold over 10.6 million copies, grossing about $265million in the United States. In less than three weeks, the VHS release of "Aladdin" sold over 16million units and grossed over $400million in the United States. By December 1993, it had topped 21million sales and grossed about $500million in the United States. By 1994, it went on to Document [148] (Title: Aladdin Jr.) Aladdin Jr. Aladdin Jr. is a one-act, eleven-scene theatre musical adapted from the 1992 Walt Disney Animation Studios film "Aladdin" which is an adaptation of the folk tale "Aladdin". The production runs between 60 and 80 minutes and includes five female parts, six male parts, and a chorus. "Aladdin Jr." is a part of the Broadway Jr. series by Music Theatre International (MTI). MTI's Broadway Jr. series adapts full length musicals into approximately 70-minute productions that are more manageable for middle school aged performers. "Aladdin Jr." rights come in a kit which includes scripts for the main cast and chorus Document [149] (Title: Aladdin and the King of Thieves) comic style. Two comic adaptations of the movie were on sale September 1996. Upon its release, the film was accompanied by a marketing campaign at more than $70 million with commercial tie-ins with McDonald's and General Mills. At the time of its release, "King of Thieves" was reportedly outselling "The Return of Jafar," but Disney declined to disclose actual sales figures for the release. In January 1997, "The Wall Street Journal" reported that it sold over 10 million units, and generated at least $130 million in revenue. In total, the film sold 10.3million units in the United States. On January Document [150] (Title: Aladdin and His Magic Lamp (1967 film)) Aladdin and His Magic Lamp (1967 film) Aladdin's Magic Lamp () is a 1966 Soviet fantasy film directed by Boris Rytsarev based on the tale Aladdin from One Thousand and One Nights. A magician asks the stars who can get him the magic lamp. They tell him that it should be Aladdin, the son of Ali al Maruf. The magician then seeks Aladdin throughout Baghdad. When he finds himself on the market, suddenly the sultan arrives with his beautiful daughter Budur and it is announced that the head will be cut off from the one who dares to look at Document [151] (Title: Chad Beguelin) script to Grammnet Productions and also worked as a staff writer for Disney's live action film department in California. Casey Nicholaw directed and choreographed the stage musical "Aladdin" which ran at the 5th Avenue Theatre, Seattle, Washington, July 7–31, 2011. The musical uses songs from the 1992 film "Aladdin", with a new book by Beguelin and new lyrics by Beguelin and Alan Menken. The musical opened on Broadway on March 20, 2014 at the New Amsterdam Theatre. Beguelin made his Off-Broadway playwrighting debut with "Harbor", directed by Mark Lamos, presented by Primary Stages, from August 6, 2013 to September 8, Document [152] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) with a nomination for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy. Other awards included the Annie Award for Best Animated Feature, a MTV Movie Award for Best Comedic Performance to Robin Williams, Saturn Awards for Best Fantasy Film, Performance by a Younger Actor to Scott Weinger and Supporting Actor to Robin Williams, the Best Animated Feature by the Los Angeles Film Critics Association, and four Grammy Awards, Best Soundtrack Album, and Song of the Year, Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal and Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or for Television for "A Whole Document [153] (Title: The Magic Carpets of Aladdin) may notice that this area has a new look. The shops look like the marketplace buildings from Aladdin, and different characters from Aladdin are in some of the buildings to do meet & greets and sign autographs. The attraction opened at Walt Disney Studios Park in Disneyland Paris on 16 March 2002, as Flying Carpets Over Agrabah. The attraction is set against a large "movie set" backdrop of Agrabah, with guests playing as the extras in Genie's directorial debut. A third version of the attraction opened at Tokyo DisneySea in Tokyo Disney Resort on July 18, 2011, as Jasmine's Flying Document [154] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) songs for the film with Academy Award winners Pasek and Paul ("La La Land") while Vanessa Taylor ("Game of Thrones", "The Shape of Water") would re-write the script. In August 2017, Marwan Kenzari, Nasim Pedrad, and Numan Acar joined the cast as Jafar, Dalia, and Hakim, respectively. The following month, Billy Magnussen and Navid Negahban were cast as Prince Anders and the Sultan, respectively. Filming began on September 6, 2017 at Longcross Studios and concluded on January 24, 2018. The film is scheduled for release on May 24, 2019. Aladdin (1992 Disney film) Aladdin is a 1992 American animated musical Document [155] (Title: Disney's Aladdin: A Musical Spectacular) A version of the show continues to play on board the Disney Cruise Line ship Disney Fantasy. The Broadway Style Musical will be performed in India starting in 2018. The production is a Broadway-type show. Many of the scenes and songs from the movie are re-created on stage and some of the action spills out into the aisles, such as Prince Ali's arrival in Agrabah on elephant back. At Disney California Adventure, the 45-minute production took place in the 2,000 seat Hyperion Theater, located at the end of Hollywood Land. While most of the show was scripted, the Genie's dialogue Document [156] (Title: Aladdin (animated TV series)) 1997 until 2000. The show was shown on Toon Disney from April 1998 until December 2008. The series was followed by "Aladdin and the King of Thieves", which was released on August 13, 1996. After Jafar's death, Aladdin continues his duty as the savior of Agrabah. He and his friends continue their adventure, exploring the world and protecting the city from the group of villains. A total of eighty-six episodes were produced. The direct-to-video film "Aladdin and the King of Thieves" marked after the series. It was followed by a guest appearance on November 24, 1998, in "Hercules and the Document [157] (Title: New Yorker Films) foreign film distributors such as Sony Pictures Classics, First Look, and Lions Gate Entertainment. In 2002, New Yorker Films was acquired by Madstone Films. On February 23, 2009, New Yorker Films posted a notice on its Web site announcing it had gone out of business. An e-mail from company vice president José Lopez, published on the IndieWire news site, confirmed that the company's demise was the result of its parent company's defaulting on a loan. In February 2010, a year after it ceased operations, it was announced that Aladdin Distribution LLC, headed by Christopher Harbonville and David Raphel, had acquired Document [158] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) sell over 25 million units in total (a record only broken by the later release of "The Lion King"). This VHS edition entered moratorium on April 30, 1994. A THX-certified widescreen LaserDisc was issued in Autumn 1994, and a Spanish-dubbed VHS for the American market was released on April 14, 1995. On October 5, 2004, "Aladdin" was rereleased onto VHS and for the first time released onto DVD, as part of Disney's Platinum Edition line. The DVD release featured retouched and cleaned-up animation, prepared for "Aladdin"s planned but ultimately cancelled IMAX reissue in 2003, and a second disc with bonus Document [159] (Title: Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment) in October of each year. "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs" was the first film to receive this honor in 2001. The two following titles, "Beauty and the Beast" and "The Lion King" were both released in IMAX and other giant screen theaters during the holiday season before their October DVD releases. Due to underperforming box office results, this tradition was terminated after "Aladdin". In May 2003, Disney announced that they would be adding the next four best-selling titles to the collection. Starting in 2005, a Platinum Editions was released in October and February/March. Another tradition practiced for these releases Document [160] (Title: The Return of Jafar) Daly graded the sequel a C- criticizing it as a "knockoff" that "carries the Disney label and costs about as much as a tape of "Aladdin", but it's clear from the first jerky frame that the same time, care, and creativity didn't go into it." When Disney was publishing their own comics in the mid-90s, they produced a two issue Aladdin comic presenting an alternate version of "The Return of Jafar". It was titled "The Return of Aladdin". The comic is introduced by the Merchant from the first film. The story starts off showing that Aladdin has been particularly bored Document [161] (Title: Aladdin (2011 musical)) as Iago, Irvine Iqbal as the Sultan, Nathan Amzi as Babkak, Stephen Rahman-Hughes as Kassim and Rachid Sabitri as Omar. As previously announced, Trevor Dion Nicholas made his London stage debut as Genie. The special effects are created by Jim Steinmeyer, the master illusionist who helped David Copperfield. It will run until 31 August 2019, to make way for a revival of "Mary Poppins". "Aladdin" had its Australian premiere in Sydney at the Capitol Theatre on August 11, 2016, where it played until February 19, 2017. Following performances in Sydney, "Aladdin" transferred to Melbourne in April 2017. Following the Melbourne Document [162] (Title: Aladdin (2011 musical)) Aladdin (2011 musical) Aladdin is a musical based on the 1992 Disney animated film of the same name with music by Alan Menken and lyrics by Howard Ashman, Tim Rice and Chad Beguelin. Beguelin also wrote the book. The musical includes three songs written for the film by Ashman but not used and four new songs written by Menken and Beguelin. The story follows the familiar tale of a poor young man who is granted three wishes by a genie in a lamp, which he uses to woo a princess and to thwart the sultan's evil Grand Vizier. Set in Document [163] (Title: Aladdin (2011 musical)) Theatre from July 7 to 31, 2011. Jonathan Freeman, who voiced Jafar in the film, played the role in the stage adaptation. Adam Jacobs and Courtney Reed played Aladdin and Jasmine, despite the characters being Middle Eastern. Additional cast included James Monroe Iglehart as Genie; Clifton Davis as the Sultan; Don Darryl Rivera as Iago; and, playing Omar, Kassim and Babkak, a trio of characters originally conceived by the film's creators but ultimately replaced by Abu, were Andrew Keenan-Bolger, Brian Gonzales and Brandon O'Neill, respectively. Disney’s colourblind casting policy meant ethnicity was not considered in the casting process which sparked Document [164] (Title: Aladdin (2019 film)) applied brown make-up during filming in order to "blend in", which caused an outcry and condemnation among fans and critics, branding the practice as "an insult to the whole industry" while accusing the producers of not recruiting people with Middle-Eastern or North African heritage. Disney responded to the controversy, saying, "Diversity of our cast and background performers was a requirement and only in a handful of instances when it was a matter of specialty skills, safety and control (special effects rigs, stunt performers and handling of animals) were crew made up to blend in." Aladdin (2019 film) Aladdin is an Document [165] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) the Cobbler" being labeled a rip-off of "Aladdin". On July 15, 2015, the studio announced the development of a live-action comedy adventure prequel called "Genies". The film was being written by Mark Swift and Damian Shannon, while Tripp Vinson was on board to produce via his Vinson Films banner. It was intended to serve as a lead to the live-action "Aladdin" film. On November 8, Disney revealed it had originally planned to use Robin Williams' unused lines from the 1991–92 recording sessions for the film, but his will prohibited the studio from using his likeness for twenty-five years after his Document [166] (Title: Aladdin (1958 film)) Lost Musicals project, Ian Marshall-Fisher directed a stage revival at Sadler's Wells, London. The cast included John Savident as The Magician, Richard Dempsey as Aladdin, Vivienne Martin as Aladdin's mother, Candy Ma as the Princess and Rhiannon Drake as Jade Bud. The production garnered much media attention, due to the well-known cast. Aladdin (1958 film) Aladdin is a 1958 musical fantasy written especially for television with a book by S.J. Perelman and music and lyrics by Cole Porter, telecast in color on the "DuPont Show of the Month" by CBS. It was Porter's very last musical score. Columbia Records issued Document [167] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) in July, but was delayed due to Disney having trouble finding the right people to play Aladdin and Jasmine. British actress Naomi Scott and Indian actress Tara Sutaria were being considered to play Jasmine. For the role of Aladdin, British actors Riz Ahmed and Dev Patel were initially considered, but it was later decided that a newcomer should be cast in the role. In July 2017, it was announced that Egyptian-Canadian actor Mena Massoud had been cast as Aladdin, Scott as Jasmine, and Smith as the Genie. At the 2017 D23 Expo, Menken announced that he would be co-writing new Document [168] (Title: Aladdin (2011 musical)) Theatre, where it played from April 11 to July 2, 2017. The Genie welcomes the audience to the middle-eastern city of Agrabah. He notes that Agrabah is a very diverse place, full of revered nobles, misfits, and even a few villains ("Arabian Nights"). Aladdin is a young man who spends his days stealing food from the street vendors of Agrabah along with his three best friends, Kassim, Omar and Babkak ("One Jump Ahead"). After being referred to as a "worthless street rat" Aladdin expresses his dreams of showing the world he's more than just a common urchin ("One Jump Ahead" Document [169] (Title: Aladdin (1979 musical)) Aladdin (1979 musical) Aladdin is a musical written by Sandy Wilson for the newly-refurbished Lyric Theatre, Hammersmith. Although not a pantomime, it played during the theatre's inaugural Christmas pantomime season of 1979/80 at the theatre, opening on 21 December 1979, and starred Richard Freeman as Aladdin, Joe Melia as Tuang Kee Chung (Widow Twankey), Aubrey Woods as Abanazar, Ernest Clark as The Emperor, Martin McEvoy as The Genie, Elizabeth Welch as Fatima and Christine McKenna as Badr-al-Badur. The Aladdin story (sometimes combined with Ali Baba and other "Arabian Nights" tales) had been a traditional pantomime subject in England for nearly Document [170] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) by Alan Menken and features six songs with lyrics written by Ashman and Tim Rice, who took over after Ashman's death. "Aladdin" was released on November 25, 1992, to critical and commercial success, becoming the highest-grossing film of 1992 with an earn of over $504 million in worldwide box office revenue. Upon release, it became the first animated feature to reach the half–billion dollar mark, and was briefly the highest-grossing animated film of all time until it was surpassed by "The Lion King". "Aladdin" garnered two Academy Awards, as well as other accolades for its soundtrack which had the first Document [171] (Title: Adventures of Aladdin) Adventures of Aladdin Adventures of Aladdin (Aladdin and the Magic Lamp) is a 1978 adventure fantasy film produced and directed by Homi Wadia. This was the last film produced/directed by him. The film was a Basant Pictures productions and starred Sachin, Nazneen, Jayshree T., Paintal, Raza Murad and Sudhir. Homi Wadia turned to the Arabian Nights again for the story of Aladdin, after his earlier success with Aladdin Aur Jadui Chirag (1952). This time the film was in colour. It follows Aladdin’s adventure with the magic lamp and his confrontation with the evil magician. This time the role was played Document [172] (Title: Aladdin (2011 musical)) for Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Musical for James Monroe Iglehart. The cast album was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album. A Japanese production opened in 2015 at the Dentsu Shiki Theatre Umi in Tokyo, presented by the Shiki Theatre Company. A cast album has been released. The musical is scheduled to be produced in Hamburg, Germany, in 2015 in partnership with Stage Entertainment. A West End production was confirmed for 2016 at the Prince Edward Theatre in London, taking the place of the revival of "Miss Saigon". In July 2015, Disney Theatrical Document [173] (Title: Twisted (musical)) 28 as part of a limited run. The group put the entire musical up on YouTube on November 27, 2013. It was produced by StarKid Productions and directed by Brian Holden. The musical's cast recording debuted at No. 63 on the American iTunes Top 100 albums chart. "Twisted" is presented as an alternate history of the events of "Aladdin": instead of being a scheming villain, Ja'far is a good-intentioned, hard-working official who wants what's best for the kingdom, but is nevertheless blamed for all the problems of society. The Princess is portrayed not as a heroine, but as an arrogant Document [174] (Title: Aladdin (2019 film)) 2016, Disney announced Guy Ritchie would direct a live-action "Aladdin" remake. Smith was the first member of the cast to join, signing on to voice Genie in July 2017, and later that month Massoud and Scott were confirmed for the two lead roles. Principal photography began that September at Longcross Studios in Surrey, England, also filming in the Wadi Rum Desert in Jordan, and lasted until January 2018. "Aladdin" is scheduled to be released in the United States on May 24, 2019. On October 10, 2016, it was announced that Guy Ritchie would direct a live-action "Aladdin" film with John Document [175] (Title: Aladdin (Disney character)) in his street rat clothes. Aladdin, Jasmine, Carpet, Abu and Genie make cameo appearances in the Hong Kong Disneyland version of It's a Small World. In the Broadway musical adaptation, Aladdin is played by actor Adam Jacobs. Aladdin (Disney character) Aladdin is a fictional character and the titular protagonist of Walt Disney Pictures's 31st animated feature film "Aladdin" (1992) based on Aladdin, a folk tale of Middle Eastern origin. He is voiced by American actor Scott Weinger, while his singing voice is provided by Brad Kane. He also stars in the two direct-to-video sequels "The Return of Jafar" (1994) and Document [176] (Title: The Wonders of Aladdin) tandem with "The Thief of Baghdad", with producer Joseph E. Levine, set designer Flavio Mogherini, cinematographer Tonino Delli Colli and special effects artist Mario Bava working on both films. Levine sold the film's worldwide distribution rights to MGM as part of a three picture deal, the others being two films starring Steve Reeves, "Morgan the Pirate" and "The Thief of Bagdad". The film was shot in location in Tunisia with studio work in Rome. Filming started December 1960. The Tunisian government were keen to attract filmmakers to the region and provided much assistance, including the loan of their army as Document [177] (Title: John Musker) of. Jettisoning multiple characters and story ideas and the inclusion of Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio as co-screenwriters, the production team restructured the entire story in eight days. Released in November 1992, "Aladdin" received positive reviews from film critics, and became the first animated film to gross over $200 million in domestic grosses. Following work on "Aladdin", Clements, along with Musker, resumed their work on "Treasure Planet", which was again turned down by Katzenberg in 1993 who disapproved the adaptation of a classic adventure tale and setting it in outer space. A deal was struck with the two directors to Document [178] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Golden Films film)) princess to have Aladdin wish for the egg of the fabled Roc to bring them good luck. The genie is not able to grant this wish as the Roc is superior to him and reveals that Fatima is actually Hassim. Aladdin feigns illness to bring Hassim right where he wants him. Aladdin and Hassim duel, ending up with Hassim tripping on his robe and accidentally killing himself. Aladdin and the princess then live happily ever after without the fear of anyone stealing the lamp again. "Aladdin" was produced by Golden Films and the "American Film Investment Corporation", it was distributed Document [179] (Title: The Return of Jafar) was released in 1996. One year has passed since the events of the first film. Aladdin and Abu have settled in the palace with Princess Jasmine and her father, the Sultan. Still yearning for adventures, Aladdin foils the robbery of a criminal group led by Abis Mal, stealing their loot and returning it to the people of Agrabah. Meanwhile, in the desert, Iago escapes from Jafar's lamp and refuses to heed Jafar's demands to free him. After throwing the lamp into a well, Iago returns to Agrabah, hoping to get close to Aladdin and return to the palace. During a Document [180] (Title: The New Aladdin) The New Aladdin The New Aladdin is an Edwardian musical comedy in two acts by James T. Tanner and W. H. Risque, with music by Ivan Caryll, Lionel Monckton, and additional numbers by Frank E. Tours, and lyrics by Adrian Ross, Percy Greenbank, W. H. Risque, and George Grossmith, Jr. It was produced by George Edwardes at the Gaiety Theatre, opening on 29 September 1906 and running for 203 performances. The London production starred Grossmith, Harry Grattan (who also choreographed), Lily Elsie, Edmund Payne and Gaby Deslys (making her London debut). Gertie Millar, the established star of the Gaiety soon Document [181] (Title: Hyperion Theater) 2002 to make room for "". Inspired by Disney's 1992 animated film "Aladdin", the show premiered in January 2003. In spring 2010 it was initially announced that "Disney's Aladdin: A Musical Spectacular" would close and be replaced by "". However, later that year it was announced that the plans were cancelled and that the "Aladdin" musical would remain for the time being. The theater held the world premiere for Disney's "The Lone Ranger" on June 22, 2013. "Disney's Aladdin: A Musical Spectacular" closed in January 2016. It was announced that the venue's next show would be a musical inspired by Document [182] (Title: Disney's Aladdin: A Musical Spectacular) by Timothy Williams (composer). Track Listing 1. Arabian Nights*/A Thousand Stories/Who Dares Approach (1:43) 2. Off You Go/The Mouth Closes (:34) 3. You Have Been Warned (:11) 4. Aladdin Intro (:24) 5. One Jump Ahead (2:44) 6. Street Rat! (:24) 7. Princess of Agrabah (:14) 8. Old Man (:48) 9. Go Now, Into the Cave/Gold Reveal/Cave Collapse (1:57) 10. Carpet (:39) 11. Genie Up (:22) 12. Friend Like Me (3:18) 13. The Palace (:25) 14. Sultan's Fanfare (:13) 15. Prince Ali (2:04) 16. Genie Free/Jafar Plots (1:27) 17. To Be Free (2:44) 18. A Whole New World (3:38) 19. A Document [183] (Title: Aladdin (1992 Disney film)) and only number from a Disney feature to earn a Grammy Award for Song of the Year for the film's theme song sung by Peabo Bryson and Regina Belle. The film's VHS release also set a sales record and grossed about $500million in the United States. success led to various derived works and other material inspired by the film, including two direct-to-video sequels, "The Return of Jafar" (1994) and "Aladdin and the King of Thieves" (1996); an animated television series of the same name; and a Broadway adaptation. A live-action adaptation of the film directed by Guy Ritchie will be Document [184] (Title: Krewella) from Aladdin with Yasmine's face over Yasmine and Jahan's face appearing on random characters throughout. Krewella estimated that "New World Part 2" would be released by mid-2017, then later by early September 2017 and before their "New World" Tour, but neither of these release dates eventuated. Multiple teasers of possible songs exist, such as "dead af", "Rise Up", "New World" (with Yellow Claw), "Angels Cry", "I Got This", "Thrilla", "Alibi", "Like We", and multiple unnamed songs. They released a new single, "New World", on September 18, 2017, featuring Yellow Claw and Taylor Bennett. "Dead AF" was later released as a Document [185] (Title: Aladdin (2011 musical)) Productions and Tim Rice officially announced that the show would open in the summer 2016 in the West End and that auditions would be held from August through September 2015. In October 2015, it was announced that the show would officially open on June 9, 2016, with previews beginning May 27, and that Trevor Dion Nicholas would be playing the Genie. The official opening was later delayed till June 15, 2016. In November 2015 full cast was announced. Dean John-Wilson would play the role of Aladdin alongside Jade Ewen as Jasmine. Don Gallagher would play Jafar, Peter Howe would join Document [186] (Title: Disney Infinity: Marvel Super Heroes) On August 7, 2014 a trailer focusing on Aladdin and Jasmine from "Aladdin" was released. To coincide Gamescom 2014, Disney Interactive Studios released a trailer featuring Donald Duck on August 12, 2014. An informational trailer for the Toybox was released on August 14, 2014. Another trailer centering on the Toybox was released on August 20, 2014. A trailer revolving around Baymax and Hiro Hamada from "Big Hero 6" was released on August 27, 2014. A trailer, titled Walk It, themed to the Aerosmith song Walk This Way was released on September 5, 2014. Multiple teases from the "Disney Infinity" team Document [187] (Title: Aladdin's Lantern) Aladdin's Lantern Alladin's Lantern is a 1938 "Our Gang" short comedy film directed by Gordon Douglas. It was the 171st "Our Gang" short (172nd episode, 83rd talking short, 84th talking episode, and third MGM produced episode) that was released. The gang members are putting on a musical show about Aladdin and his lamp. While Spanky, Alfalfa and Darla endeavor to stick to the script (such as it is), their efforts are undermined by smaller kids Buckwheat and Porky. Gloria Brown, Bobby Callahan, Dix Davis, Tim Davis, Rae-Nell Laskey, Henry Lee, Peggy Lynch, Pricilla Montgomery, Harold Switzer, Marylyn Astor Thorpe, Laura Document [188] (Title: The Return of Jafar) "Aladdin and the King of Thieves" was released on Blu-ray/DVD/Digital HD Combo Pack on January 5, 2016 as a Disney Movie Club exclusive in North America. On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an overall approval rating of 33% based on 12 reviews collected, with a weighted average score of 3.9/10. David Nusair of reelfilm.com summed up most of the negative feelings that contributed to this rating: Despite the mostly negative reception, on the television program "Siskel & Ebert", the film received a "two thumbs up" from Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert. Writing for "Entertainment Weekly", Steve Question: when does the new aladdin movie come out

Answer: May 24, 2019 Long Answer: Aladdin is scheduled to be released in the United States on May 24, 2019. Gold Document ID: 174

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Robert Eckels) Authority while she and Eckels were engaged and he was a state legislator. Eckels said that because of their relationship he avoided sponsoring transit authority bills. The couple has a daughter, Kirby Eckels. In 1982 at the age of twenty-five, Eckels was elected to the first of his six terms in the House. At the time Bill Clements, the first Republican governor of Texas since Reconstruction, was simultaneously unseated by the Democrat Mark White, then the state attorney general. Eckels did not seek a seventh term in 1994, when George W. Bush was elected governor. He represented the newly numbered Document [2] (Title: Joe A. Guerra) death. In 1964, Guerra joined the Republican Party. In 1978, he was the Webb County chairman of the Bill Clements gubernatorial campaign, when the Republican nominee, the first of his party to be elected governor since 1869, defeated the Democrat John Luke Hill, the former Texas Attorney General, for the state's top constitutional office. He supported George Herbert Walker Bush for U.S. President in 1988 and 1992. Guerra later worked to elect George W. Bush as governor of Texas and U.S. President. He also campaigned for the former Republican U.S. representative from U.S. House District 23, Henry Bonilla of San Document [3] (Title: Ernest Angelo) GOP delayed the election of the first Republican governor, Bill Clements in 1978, beyond what would have otherwise been possible. Angelo's tenure as mayor corresponded partly with that of Jim Reese in Odessa. When veteran Democratic U.S. Representative George H. Mahon of Lubbock retired, an open election developed for the seat in 1978. Reese entered the Republican primary; so did 31-year-old George W. Bush, son George Herbert Walker Bush, the man would become vice president two years later. Bush won the primary and then lost the general election to then Democrat (later Republican) Kent Hance, subsequently a Texas Railroad Commissioner, Document [4] (Title: Ed Emmett) of Arts degree in Economics from Rice University in Houston. In 1974, he earned his Master of Public Affairs degree from the University of Texas at Austin. Emmett and his wife, Gwendolyn O. Emmett, have four children. In 1978 at the age of twenty-nine, Emmett was elected to the first of his four terms in the state House. That year Bill Clements was elected as the first Republican governor of Texas since Reconstruction, having narrowly defeated the Democrat John Luke Hill, a former attorney general and Texas Supreme Court justice. By the time Emmett left the House, Clements returned for Document [5] (Title: J. E. "Buster" Brown) president and a member of the law fraternity Phi Alpha Delta. He received both L.L.B. and a Juris Doctor degrees from UT. He began his law practice in 1972 and was thereafter a briefing attorney with the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals and later an assistant district attorney in Brazoria County. In 1980, buoyed by the popularity of the Reagan/Bush ticket, Brown unseated Democratic Senator A. R. "Babe" Schwartz, a veteran lawmaker from Galveston, then in District 17. Brown was recruited as a candidate by Karl Rove, then twenty-nine and working for Governor Bill Clements, Texas' first Republican governor since Document [6] (Title: Republican Party of Texas) shape and nature of the state changed." 104 years after the most recent previous Republican governor, Bill Clements eked out a narrow victory in November 1978. In 1984, Reagan, George H.W. Bush, and Phil Gramm led a GOP ticket that relied upon the RPT to provide a centralized network of communications. Throughout the rest of the decade, the total Republican vote continued to increase, and the party made large gains in both the state legislature and in local races. Since 1994, every statewide elected office has been held by a Republican. Both houses of the Texas Legislature feature Republican majorities. Document [7] (Title: Preston Smith (governor)) Mark White in the gubernatorial race, Smith cast his ballot for Ronald Reagan and Bill Clements, respectively. Smith died in Lubbock. He is interred with his wife, the former Ima Mae Smith (1911-1998), at the Texas State Cemetery in Austin. Preston Smith (governor) Preston Earnest Smith (March 7, 1912 October 18, 2003) was the 40th Governor of Texas from 1969 to 1973, who previously served as the lieutenant governor from 1963 to 1969. Smith was born into a tenant farming family of thirteen children in Williamson County near the capital city of Austin. The family later moved to Lamesa in Document [8] (Title: Mark White) second term as state attorney general, but chose to seek the governorship in 1982 against fellow Democrat Bob Armstrong, who was the outgoing state Land Commissioner, who vacated the General Land Office following twelve years, and then the incumbent Bill Clements, Texas' first Republican governor since Reconstruction. In November 1982, he defeated Clements over concerns about the governor's poor economic numbers and lack of support from minority groups. White received 1,697,870 votes (53.2 percent) to Clements' 1,465,537 (45.9 percent) in a year where Texas Democrats swept all the statewide offices up for grabs; led by U.S. Senator Lloyd Bentsen (who Document [9] (Title: Mark White) Mark White Mark Wells White Jr. (March 17, 1940 – August 5, 2017) was an American politician and lawyer, who served as the 43rd Governor of Texas from 1983 to 1987. He also held office as Secretary of State of Texas (1973–77), and as Texas Attorney General (1979–83). White was elected governor in the 1982 gubernatorial election, defeating the incumbent Bill Clements. A member of the Democratic Party, White sought to improve education, transportation, water resources, law enforcement, and taxes to lure new industry to Texas. He appointed the first Hispanic woman to serve as judge of a district court Document [10] (Title: Peter O'Donnell (Texas)) Hubert Humphrey won the state's electoral votes, and Conservative Democrat Preston Smith was elected governor over Republican Paul Eggers, led to calls to replace O'Donnell as chairman in 1969. By 1972, the Republicans hoped once more to rebound in Texas. Albert Fay lost the Republican primary for governor to former Democrat State Senator Henry Grover, also of Houston. In turn Grover was defeated in a fairly close vote by the Democrat Dolph Briscoe, but John Tower won a third term in the Senate. In 1978, he was a key advisor to the narrow election of Bill Clements, the Dallas industrialist Document [11] (Title: Texas's 22nd congressional district) April 3, 1976, Republican Ron Paul, a physician and Air Force veteran who had moved from the Pittsburgh area in the previous decade with his wife and settled in Brazoria County, won a special election to fill the remainder of Casey's unexpired term. While Paul lost the general election later that year to Democratic State Senator Bob Gammage by fewer than 300 votes, in 1978 he defeated Gammage in a rematch by a 1,200-vote margin, coinciding with the election of Bill Clements as Texas' first Republican Governor since Reconstruction. In 1980, Paul would go on to win a second term, Document [12] (Title: Ray Hutchison) was senior counsel with the law firm Bracewell & Giuliani. His principal area of practice was public finance. In 1976, Hutchison became chairman of the Texas Republican Party, but he left the nonsalaried position in 1977 to pursue his gubernatorial campaign. In the spring of 1978, he lost his party's nomination to Bill Clements, an industrialist also from Dallas, by a lopsided vote of 115,345, 72.8 percent to 38,268, 24.2 percent. Another 4,790 votes or 3 percent went to Charles Thompson. Clements went on to win narrowly the general election by defeating the Democrat John Luke Hill and hence became Document [13] (Title: Governor of Texas) 20th centuries ever served more than seven and a half consecutive years in office (Allan Shivers) or eight years total service (Bill Clements, in two non-consecutive four-year terms). Former Governor Rick Perry, who served from 2000 to 2015, has now surpassed both these records, becoming the first Texas governor to serve three consecutive terms. When Perry won the general election on November 2, 2010, he joined Shivers, Price Daniel, and John Connally as the only Texas governors elected to three terms (the terms served by Governors Shivers, Daniel, and Connally were 2 year terms). In case of a vacancy in Document [14] (Title: Texas Democratic Party) Texas, and the tide was clearly turning when Democrats lost the gubernatorial election of 1978. Bill Clements was the first Republican governor since Reconstruction. By the 1990s Republicans had gained a strong foothold in the state, and throughout the 21st century they have been largely victorious. Currently, both houses of the Texas Legislature feature Republican majorities. At the federal level, Republicans hold both of the state's Senate seats and 24 out of the possible 36 House of Representatives seats allotted to Texas. The Texas Democratic Party is the primary organization responsible for increasing the representation of its ideological base in Document [15] (Title: Mark White) on January 18, 1983 by KTVV-TV NBC 36 Austin Mark White Mark Wells White Jr. (March 17, 1940 – August 5, 2017) was an American politician and lawyer, who served as the 43rd Governor of Texas from 1983 to 1987. He also held office as Secretary of State of Texas (1973–77), and as Texas Attorney General (1979–83). White was elected governor in the 1982 gubernatorial election, defeating the incumbent Bill Clements. A member of the Democratic Party, White sought to improve education, transportation, water resources, law enforcement, and taxes to lure new industry to Texas. He appointed the first Hispanic Document [16] (Title: 1982 Texas gubernatorial election) 1982 Texas gubernatorial election The 1982 Texas gubernatorial election was held on November 2, 1982 to elect the Governor of Texas. Incumbent Republican Governor Bill Clements was running for re-election, but was defeated in the general election by Democrat Mark White, winning 46% of the vote to White's 53%. White was sworn in for his first and only term on January 18, 1983. White carried 196 out of 254 counties. Temple refused to participate in the runoff, causing White to win by default. (1) Gubernatorial Debate from September 24, 1982 in Amarillo (2) White Campaign commercials from October 7, 1982 Document [17] (Title: Jim Reese (Texas politician)) the Jimmy Carter presidency, as exhibited by the last reelection of Senator John Tower and the first Republican gubernatorial victory since 1869, with the triumph of Bill Clements. As of 2016, Carter remains the last Democrat to have won the electoral votes of Texas, for Reagan's 1980 Texas triumph marked the first of a full generation of at least ten consecutive Republican presidential victories in the Lone Star State. After Mahon's retirement announcement, 31-year-old George Walker Bush quickly launched his own campaign for the seat. Bush's grandfather was the U.S. Senator Prescott Bush of Connecticut. His father, President George Herbert Document [18] (Title: Kent Hance) Bill Clements out of retirement for the right to challenge Democratic Governor Mark White. In 1988, Hance was a Texas delegate to his first ever Republican National Convention, which met in New Orleans. In 1987, Clements appointed his former intraparty rival Hance to a vacancy on the Texas Railroad Commission. In 1988, Hance was elected as a Republican to the commission on the coattails of presidential nominee George H.W. Bush, the father of George W. Bush whom Hance had defeated in the 1978 election for the 19th Congressional District. He left the Railroad Commission in 1990, once again to seek Document [19] (Title: Ernest Angelo) decade before the region between Midland and San Angelo moved strongly into the Republican camp. In that same year, Bill Clements of Dallas, the first Texas Republican governor since 1873, and Houston oilman George Strake, Jr. the GOP candidate for lieutenant governor and later state party chairman, were crushed in an avalanche of Democratic votes. It was the last year through at least 2018 that the Democrats in Texas would win all of the statewide races in Texas, including judgeships. Angelo noted that the poor Republican prospects in Texas in 1982 were blamed on a downturn in the national economy, Question: who was the first republican to be elected governor of texas in the 20th century Answer: Bill Clements Long Answer: # Governor Term in office Party Election Prior office Lt. Governor James Pinckney Henderson March 31, 1808 - June 4, 1858 (Aged 50) February 19, 1846 - December 21, 1847 Democratic 1845 Minister to England and France Republic of Texas (1837 - 1840) Albert Clinton Horton George T. Wood March 12, 1795 - September 3, 1858 (Aged 63) December 21, 1847--December 21, 1849 Democratic 1847 Texas State Senator (1846 - 1847) John Alexander Greer Peter Hansborough Bell May 11, 1810 - March 8, 1898 (Aged 87) December 21, 1849--November 23, 1853 Democratic 1849 Lieutenant colonel of the Second Regiment Texas Mounted Volunteers (1845 - 1949) 1851 James W. Henderson James W. Henderson August 15, 1817 - August 30, 1880 (Aged 63) November 23, 1853--December 21, 1853 Democratic 3rd Lieutenant Governor of Texas (1851 - 1853) Office vacant 5 Elisha M. Pease January 3, 1812 - August 26, 1883 (Aged 71) December 21, 1853--December 21, 1857 Unionist 1853 Texas State Senator (1849 - 1851) David Catchings Dickson 1855 Hardin Richard Runnels 6 Hardin R. Runnels August 30, 1820 - December 25, 1873 (Aged 53) December 21, 1857--December 21, 1859 Democratic 1857 3rd Lieutenant Governor of Texas (1855 - 1857) Francis Lubbock 7 Sam Houston March 2, 1793 - July 26, 1863 (Aged 70) December 21, 1859--March 16, 1861 Independent 1859 U.S. Senator from Texas (1846 - 1859) Edward Clark 8 Edward Clark April 1, 1815 - May 4, 1880 (Aged 65) March 18, 1861--November 7, 1861 Democratic 7th Lieutenant Governor of Texas (1859 - 1861) Office vacant 9 Francis Lubbock October 16, 1815 - June 22, 1905 (Aged 89) November 7, 1861--November 5, 1863 Democratic 1861 6th Lieutenant Governor of Texas (1857 - 1859) John McClannahan Crockett 10 Pendleton Murrah 1824 or 1826 - August 4, 1865 (Aged about 40) November 5, 1863--June 17, 1865 Democratic 1863 Texas State Representative (1857) Fletcher Summerfield Stockdale - Fletcher Summerfield Stockdale 1823 or 1825 - February 4, 1890 (Aged about 67) June 11, 1865--June 16, 1865 Military 9th Lieutenant Governor of Texas (1863 - 1865) Office vacant 11 Andrew Jackson Hamilton January 28, 1815 - April 11, 1875 (Aged 60) June 16, 1865--August 9, 1866 Democratic - Military Texas State Senator - Elect (1861) 12 James W. Throckmorton February 1, 1825 - April 21, 1894 (Aged 69) August 9, 1866--August 8, 1867 Democratic 1866 Captain of the 6th Texas Cavalry Regiment Confederate Army (1861 - 1863) George Washington Jones 13 Elisha M. Pease January 3, 1812 - August 26, 1883 (Aged 71) August 8, 1867--September 30, 1869 Republican 5th Governor of Texas (1853 - 1857) Office vacant 14 Edmund J. Davis October 2, 1827 - February 7, 1883 (Aged 55) January 8, 1870--January 15, 1874 Republican 1869 Brigadier General of the First Texas Cavalry Regiment Union Army (1862 - 1865) 15 Richard Coke March 18, 1829 - May 14, 1897 (Aged 68) January 15, 1874--December 1, 1876 Democratic 1873 Associate Justice of the Texas Supreme Court (1866 - 1867) Richard B. Hubbard 1876 16 Richard B. Hubbard November 1, 1832 - July 12, 1901 (Aged 68) December 1, 1876--January 21, 1879 Democratic 16th Lieutenant Governor of Texas (1874 - 1876) Office vacant 17 Oran Milo Roberts July 9, 1815--May 19, 1898 (Aged 82) January 21, 1879--January 16, 1883 Democratic 1878 7th Chief Justice of the Texas Supreme Court (1874 - 1879) Joseph D. Sayers 1880 Leonidas Jefferson Storey 18 John Ireland January 1, 1827--March 15, 1896 (Aged 69) January 16, 1883--January 18, 1887 Democratic 1882 Associate Justice of the Texas Supreme Court (1875 - 1876) Francis Marion Martin 1884 Barnett Gibbs 19 Lawrence Sullivan "Sul" Ross September 27, 1838--January 3, 1898 (Aged 59) January 18, 1887--January 20, 1891 Democratic 1886 Texas State Senator (1881 - 1883) Thomas Benton Wheeler 1888 20 Jim Hogg March 24, 1851--March 3, 1906 (Aged 54) January 20, 1891--January 15, 1895 Democratic 1890 21st Attorney General of Texas (1887 - 1891) George Cassety Pendleton 1892 Martin McNulty Crane 21 Charles A. Culberson June 10, 1855--March 19, 1925 (Aged 69) January 15, 1895--January 17, 1899 Democratic 1894 22nd Attorney General of Texas (1891 - 1895) George Taylor Jester 1896 22 Joseph D. Sayers September 23, 1841--May 15, 1929 (Aged 87) January 17, 1899--January 20, 1903 Democratic 1898 U.S. Representative for Texas' 9th district (1893 - 1899) James Browning 1900 23 S.W.T. Lanham July 4, 1846--July 29, 1908 (Aged 62) January 20, 1903--January 15, 1907 Democratic 1902 U.S. Representative for Texas' 8th district (1897 - 1903) George D. Neal 1904 24 Thomas Mitchell Campbell April 22, 1856--April 1, 1923 (Aged 66) January 15, 1907--January 17, 1911 Democratic 1906 General Manager of the Railroad (1892 - 1897) Asbury Bascom Davidson 1908 25 Oscar Branch Colquitt December 16, 1861--March 8, 1940 (Aged 78) January 17, 1911--January 19, 1915 Democratic 1910 Texas Railroad Commissioner (1903 - 1911) 1912 William Harding Mayes 26 James E. "Pa" Ferguson August 31, 1871--September 21, 1944 (Aged 73) January 19, 1915--August 25, 1917 Democratic 1914 Local banker (since 1906) William P. Hobby 1916 27 William P. Hobby March 26, 1878--June 7, 1964 (Aged 86) August 25, 1917--January 18, 1921 Democratic 24th Lieutenant Governor of Texas (1915 - 1917) Office vacant 1918 Willard Arnold Johnson 28 Pat Morris Neff November 26, 1871--January 20, 1952 (Aged 80) January 18, 1921--January 20, 1925 Democratic 1920 Texas State Representative (1899 - 1903) Lynch Davidson 1922 Thomas Whitfield Davidson 29 Miriam A. "Ma" Ferguson June 13, 1875--June 25, 1961 (Aged 86) January 20, 1925--January 18, 1927 Democratic 1924 First Lady of Texas (1915--1917) Barry Miller 30 Dan Moody June 1, 1893--May 22, 1966 (Aged 72) January 18, 1927--January 20, 1931 Democratic 1926 32nd Attorney General of Texas (1931--1935) 1928 31 Ross S. Sterling February 11, 1875--March 25, 1949 (Aged 74) January 20, 1931--January 17, 1933 Democratic 1930 Chairman of the Texas Highway Commission (1930) Edgar E. Witt 32 Miriam A. "Ma" Ferguson June 13, 1875--June 25, 1961 (Aged 86) January 17, 1933--January 15, 1935 Democratic 1932 29th Governor of Texas (1925 - 1927) 33 James Allred March 29, 1899--September 24, 1959 (Aged 60) January 15, 1935--January 17, 1939 Democratic 1934 35th Attorney General of Texas (1931--1935) Walter Frank Woodul 1936 34 Wilbert Lee "Pappy" O'Daniel March 11, 1890--May 11, 1969 (Aged 79) January 17, 1939--August 4, 1941 Democratic 1938 President of the Fort Worth Chamber of Commerce (1933 - 1934) Coke R. Stevenson 1940 35 Coke R. Stevenson March 20, 1888--June 28, 1975 (Aged 87) August 4, 1941--January 21, 1947 Democratic 31st Lieutenant Governor of Texas (1939 - 1941) Office vacant 1942 John Lee Smith 1944 36 Beauford H. Jester January 12, 1893--July 11, 1949 (Aged 56) January 21, 1947--July 11, 1949 Democratic 1946 Member of the Texas Railroad Commission (1943 - 1947) Allan Shivers 1948 37 Allan Shivers October 5, 1907--January 14, 1985 (Aged 77) July 11, 1949--January 15, 1957 Democratic 33rd Lieutenant Governor of Texas (1947 - 1949) Office vacant 1950 Ben Ramsey 1952 1954 38 Price Daniel October 10, 1910--August 25, 1988 (Aged 77) January 15, 1957--January 15, 1963 Democratic 1956 U.S. Senator from Texas (1953 - 1957) 1958 1960 Office vacant 39 John Connally February 27, 1917--June 15, 1993 (Aged 76) January 15, 1963--January 21, 1969 Democratic 1962 56th United States Secretary of the Navy (1961) Preston Smith 1964 1966 40 Preston Smith March 8, 1912--October 18, 2003 (Aged 91) January 21, 1969--January 16, 1973 Democratic 1968 35th Lieutenant Governor of Texas (1963 - 1969) Ben Barnes 1970 41 Dolph Briscoe April 23, 1923--June 27, 2010 (Aged 87) January 16, 1973--January 16, 1979 Democratic 1972 Texas State Representative (1949 - 1957) William P. Hobby Jr . 42 Bill Clements April 13, 1917--May 29, 2011 (Aged 94) January 16, 1979--January 18, 1983 Republican 1978 15th United States Deputy Secretary of Defense (1973 - 1977) 43 Mark White March 17, 1940--August 5, 2017 (Aged 77) January 18, 1983--January 20, 1987 Democratic 1982 46th Attorney General of Texas (1979 - 1983) 44 Bill Clements April 13, 1917--May 29, 2011 (Aged 94) January 20, 1987--January 15, 1991 Republican 1986 42nd Governor of Texas (1979 - 1983) 45 Ann Richards September 1, 1933--September 13, 2006 (Aged 73) January 15, 1991--January 17, 1995 Democratic 1990 Treasurer of Texas (1983 - 1991) Bob Bullock 46 George W. Bush July 6, 1946 (Age 71) January 17, 1995--December 21, 2000 Republican 1994 Managing General Partner of the Texas Rangers (1989 - 1994) 1998 Rick Perry 47 Rick Perry March 4, 1950 (Age 67) December 21, 2000--January 20, 2015 Republican 39th Lieutenant Governor of Texas (1999 - 2000) Bill Ratliff 2002 David Dewhurst 2006 48 Greg Abbott November 13, 1957 (Age 59) January 20, 2015--Incumbent Republican 2014 50th Attorney General of Texas (2002 - 2015) Dan Patrick Gold Document ID: 19

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Robert Eckels) Authority while she and Eckels were engaged and he was a state legislator. Eckels said that because of their relationship he avoided sponsoring transit authority bills. The couple has a daughter, Kirby Eckels. In 1982 at the age of twenty-five, Eckels was elected to the first of his six terms in the House. At the time Bill Clements, the first Republican governor of Texas since Reconstruction, was simultaneously unseated by the Democrat Mark White, then the state attorney general. Eckels did not seek a seventh term in 1994, when George W. Bush was elected governor. He represented the newly numbered Document [2] (Title: Joe A. Guerra) death. In 1964, Guerra joined the Republican Party. In 1978, he was the Webb County chairman of the Bill Clements gubernatorial campaign, when the Republican nominee, the first of his party to be elected governor since 1869, defeated the Democrat John Luke Hill, the former Texas Attorney General, for the state's top constitutional office. He supported George Herbert Walker Bush for U.S. President in 1988 and 1992. Guerra later worked to elect George W. Bush as governor of Texas and U.S. President. He also campaigned for the former Republican U.S. representative from U.S. House District 23, Henry Bonilla of San Document [3] (Title: Ernest Angelo) GOP delayed the election of the first Republican governor, Bill Clements in 1978, beyond what would have otherwise been possible. Angelo's tenure as mayor corresponded partly with that of Jim Reese in Odessa. When veteran Democratic U.S. Representative George H. Mahon of Lubbock retired, an open election developed for the seat in 1978. Reese entered the Republican primary; so did 31-year-old George W. Bush, son George Herbert Walker Bush, the man would become vice president two years later. Bush won the primary and then lost the general election to then Democrat (later Republican) Kent Hance, subsequently a Texas Railroad Commissioner, Document [4] (Title: Ed Emmett) of Arts degree in Economics from Rice University in Houston. In 1974, he earned his Master of Public Affairs degree from the University of Texas at Austin. Emmett and his wife, Gwendolyn O. Emmett, have four children. In 1978 at the age of twenty-nine, Emmett was elected to the first of his four terms in the state House. That year Bill Clements was elected as the first Republican governor of Texas since Reconstruction, having narrowly defeated the Democrat John Luke Hill, a former attorney general and Texas Supreme Court justice. By the time Emmett left the House, Clements returned for Document [5] (Title: J. E. "Buster" Brown) president and a member of the law fraternity Phi Alpha Delta. He received both L.L.B. and a Juris Doctor degrees from UT. He began his law practice in 1972 and was thereafter a briefing attorney with the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals and later an assistant district attorney in Brazoria County. In 1980, buoyed by the popularity of the Reagan/Bush ticket, Brown unseated Democratic Senator A. R. "Babe" Schwartz, a veteran lawmaker from Galveston, then in District 17. Brown was recruited as a candidate by Karl Rove, then twenty-nine and working for Governor Bill Clements, Texas' first Republican governor since Document [6] (Title: Republican Party of Texas) shape and nature of the state changed." 104 years after the most recent previous Republican governor, Bill Clements eked out a narrow victory in November 1978. In 1984, Reagan, George H.W. Bush, and Phil Gramm led a GOP ticket that relied upon the RPT to provide a centralized network of communications. Throughout the rest of the decade, the total Republican vote continued to increase, and the party made large gains in both the state legislature and in local races. Since 1994, every statewide elected office has been held by a Republican. Both houses of the Texas Legislature feature Republican majorities. Document [7] (Title: Preston Smith (governor)) Mark White in the gubernatorial race, Smith cast his ballot for Ronald Reagan and Bill Clements, respectively. Smith died in Lubbock. He is interred with his wife, the former Ima Mae Smith (1911-1998), at the Texas State Cemetery in Austin. Preston Smith (governor) Preston Earnest Smith (March 7, 1912 October 18, 2003) was the 40th Governor of Texas from 1969 to 1973, who previously served as the lieutenant governor from 1963 to 1969. Smith was born into a tenant farming family of thirteen children in Williamson County near the capital city of Austin. The family later moved to Lamesa in Document [8] (Title: Mark White) second term as state attorney general, but chose to seek the governorship in 1982 against fellow Democrat Bob Armstrong, who was the outgoing state Land Commissioner, who vacated the General Land Office following twelve years, and then the incumbent Bill Clements, Texas' first Republican governor since Reconstruction. In November 1982, he defeated Clements over concerns about the governor's poor economic numbers and lack of support from minority groups. White received 1,697,870 votes (53.2 percent) to Clements' 1,465,537 (45.9 percent) in a year where Texas Democrats swept all the statewide offices up for grabs; led by U.S. Senator Lloyd Bentsen (who Document [9] (Title: Mark White) Mark White Mark Wells White Jr. (March 17, 1940 – August 5, 2017) was an American politician and lawyer, who served as the 43rd Governor of Texas from 1983 to 1987. He also held office as Secretary of State of Texas (1973–77), and as Texas Attorney General (1979–83). White was elected governor in the 1982 gubernatorial election, defeating the incumbent Bill Clements. A member of the Democratic Party, White sought to improve education, transportation, water resources, law enforcement, and taxes to lure new industry to Texas. He appointed the first Hispanic woman to serve as judge of a district court Document [10] (Title: Peter O'Donnell (Texas)) Hubert Humphrey won the state's electoral votes, and Conservative Democrat Preston Smith was elected governor over Republican Paul Eggers, led to calls to replace O'Donnell as chairman in 1969. By 1972, the Republicans hoped once more to rebound in Texas. Albert Fay lost the Republican primary for governor to former Democrat State Senator Henry Grover, also of Houston. In turn Grover was defeated in a fairly close vote by the Democrat Dolph Briscoe, but John Tower won a third term in the Senate. In 1978, he was a key advisor to the narrow election of Bill Clements, the Dallas industrialist Document [11] (Title: Texas's 22nd congressional district) April 3, 1976, Republican Ron Paul, a physician and Air Force veteran who had moved from the Pittsburgh area in the previous decade with his wife and settled in Brazoria County, won a special election to fill the remainder of Casey's unexpired term. While Paul lost the general election later that year to Democratic State Senator Bob Gammage by fewer than 300 votes, in 1978 he defeated Gammage in a rematch by a 1,200-vote margin, coinciding with the election of Bill Clements as Texas' first Republican Governor since Reconstruction. In 1980, Paul would go on to win a second term, Document [12] (Title: Ray Hutchison) was senior counsel with the law firm Bracewell & Giuliani. His principal area of practice was public finance. In 1976, Hutchison became chairman of the Texas Republican Party, but he left the nonsalaried position in 1977 to pursue his gubernatorial campaign. In the spring of 1978, he lost his party's nomination to Bill Clements, an industrialist also from Dallas, by a lopsided vote of 115,345, 72.8 percent to 38,268, 24.2 percent. Another 4,790 votes or 3 percent went to Charles Thompson. Clements went on to win narrowly the general election by defeating the Democrat John Luke Hill and hence became Document [13] (Title: Governor of Texas) 20th centuries ever served more than seven and a half consecutive years in office (Allan Shivers) or eight years total service (Bill Clements, in two non-consecutive four-year terms). Former Governor Rick Perry, who served from 2000 to 2015, has now surpassed both these records, becoming the first Texas governor to serve three consecutive terms. When Perry won the general election on November 2, 2010, he joined Shivers, Price Daniel, and John Connally as the only Texas governors elected to three terms (the terms served by Governors Shivers, Daniel, and Connally were 2 year terms). In case of a vacancy in Document [14] (Title: Texas Democratic Party) Texas, and the tide was clearly turning when Democrats lost the gubernatorial election of 1978. Bill Clements was the first Republican governor since Reconstruction. By the 1990s Republicans had gained a strong foothold in the state, and throughout the 21st century they have been largely victorious. Currently, both houses of the Texas Legislature feature Republican majorities. At the federal level, Republicans hold both of the state's Senate seats and 24 out of the possible 36 House of Representatives seats allotted to Texas. The Texas Democratic Party is the primary organization responsible for increasing the representation of its ideological base in Document [15] (Title: Mark White) on January 18, 1983 by KTVV-TV NBC 36 Austin Mark White Mark Wells White Jr. (March 17, 1940 – August 5, 2017) was an American politician and lawyer, who served as the 43rd Governor of Texas from 1983 to 1987. He also held office as Secretary of State of Texas (1973–77), and as Texas Attorney General (1979–83). White was elected governor in the 1982 gubernatorial election, defeating the incumbent Bill Clements. A member of the Democratic Party, White sought to improve education, transportation, water resources, law enforcement, and taxes to lure new industry to Texas. He appointed the first Hispanic Document [16] (Title: 1982 Texas gubernatorial election) 1982 Texas gubernatorial election The 1982 Texas gubernatorial election was held on November 2, 1982 to elect the Governor of Texas. Incumbent Republican Governor Bill Clements was running for re-election, but was defeated in the general election by Democrat Mark White, winning 46% of the vote to White's 53%. White was sworn in for his first and only term on January 18, 1983. White carried 196 out of 254 counties. Temple refused to participate in the runoff, causing White to win by default. (1) Gubernatorial Debate from September 24, 1982 in Amarillo (2) White Campaign commercials from October 7, 1982 Document [17] (Title: Jim Reese (Texas politician)) the Jimmy Carter presidency, as exhibited by the last reelection of Senator John Tower and the first Republican gubernatorial victory since 1869, with the triumph of Bill Clements. As of 2016, Carter remains the last Democrat to have won the electoral votes of Texas, for Reagan's 1980 Texas triumph marked the first of a full generation of at least ten consecutive Republican presidential victories in the Lone Star State. After Mahon's retirement announcement, 31-year-old George Walker Bush quickly launched his own campaign for the seat. Bush's grandfather was the U.S. Senator Prescott Bush of Connecticut. His father, President George Herbert Document [18] (Title: Kent Hance) Bill Clements out of retirement for the right to challenge Democratic Governor Mark White. In 1988, Hance was a Texas delegate to his first ever Republican National Convention, which met in New Orleans. In 1987, Clements appointed his former intraparty rival Hance to a vacancy on the Texas Railroad Commission. In 1988, Hance was elected as a Republican to the commission on the coattails of presidential nominee George H.W. Bush, the father of George W. Bush whom Hance had defeated in the 1978 election for the 19th Congressional District. He left the Railroad Commission in 1990, once again to seek Document [19] (Title: Ernest Angelo) decade before the region between Midland and San Angelo moved strongly into the Republican camp. In that same year, Bill Clements of Dallas, the first Texas Republican governor since 1873, and Houston oilman George Strake, Jr. the GOP candidate for lieutenant governor and later state party chairman, were crushed in an avalanche of Democratic votes. It was the last year through at least 2018 that the Democrats in Texas would win all of the statewide races in Texas, including judgeships. Angelo noted that the poor Republican prospects in Texas in 1982 were blamed on a downturn in the national economy, Question: who was the first republican to be elected governor of texas in the 20th century

Answer: Bill Clements Long Answer: # Governor Term in office Party Election Prior office Lt. Governor James Pinckney Henderson March 31, 1808 - June 4, 1858 (Aged 50) February 19, 1846 - December 21, 1847 Democratic 1845 Minister to England and France Republic of Texas (1837 - 1840) Albert Clinton Horton George T. Wood March 12, 1795 - September 3, 1858 (Aged 63) December 21, 1847--December 21, 1849 Democratic 1847 Texas State Senator (1846 - 1847) John Alexander Greer Peter Hansborough Bell May 11, 1810 - March 8, 1898 (Aged 87) December 21, 1849--November 23, 1853 Democratic 1849 Lieutenant colonel of the Second Regiment Texas Mounted Volunteers (1845 - 1949) 1851 James W. Henderson James W. Henderson August 15, 1817 - August 30, 1880 (Aged 63) November 23, 1853--December 21, 1853 Democratic 3rd Lieutenant Governor of Texas (1851 - 1853) Office vacant 5 Elisha M. Pease January 3, 1812 - August 26, 1883 (Aged 71) December 21, 1853--December 21, 1857 Unionist 1853 Texas State Senator (1849 - 1851) David Catchings Dickson 1855 Hardin Richard Runnels 6 Hardin R. Runnels August 30, 1820 - December 25, 1873 (Aged 53) December 21, 1857--December 21, 1859 Democratic 1857 3rd Lieutenant Governor of Texas (1855 - 1857) Francis Lubbock 7 Sam Houston March 2, 1793 - July 26, 1863 (Aged 70) December 21, 1859--March 16, 1861 Independent 1859 U.S. Senator from Texas (1846 - 1859) Edward Clark 8 Edward Clark April 1, 1815 - May 4, 1880 (Aged 65) March 18, 1861--November 7, 1861 Democratic 7th Lieutenant Governor of Texas (1859 - 1861) Office vacant 9 Francis Lubbock October 16, 1815 - June 22, 1905 (Aged 89) November 7, 1861--November 5, 1863 Democratic 1861 6th Lieutenant Governor of Texas (1857 - 1859) John McClannahan Crockett 10 Pendleton Murrah 1824 or 1826 - August 4, 1865 (Aged about 40) November 5, 1863--June 17, 1865 Democratic 1863 Texas State Representative (1857) Fletcher Summerfield Stockdale - Fletcher Summerfield Stockdale 1823 or 1825 - February 4, 1890 (Aged about 67) June 11, 1865--June 16, 1865 Military 9th Lieutenant Governor of Texas (1863 - 1865) Office vacant 11 Andrew Jackson Hamilton January 28, 1815 - April 11, 1875 (Aged 60) June 16, 1865--August 9, 1866 Democratic - Military Texas State Senator - Elect (1861) 12 James W. Throckmorton February 1, 1825 - April 21, 1894 (Aged 69) August 9, 1866--August 8, 1867 Democratic 1866 Captain of the 6th Texas Cavalry Regiment Confederate Army (1861 - 1863) George Washington Jones 13 Elisha M. Pease January 3, 1812 - August 26, 1883 (Aged 71) August 8, 1867--September 30, 1869 Republican 5th Governor of Texas (1853 - 1857) Office vacant 14 Edmund J. Davis October 2, 1827 - February 7, 1883 (Aged 55) January 8, 1870--January 15, 1874 Republican 1869 Brigadier General of the First Texas Cavalry Regiment Union Army (1862 - 1865) 15 Richard Coke March 18, 1829 - May 14, 1897 (Aged 68) January 15, 1874--December 1, 1876 Democratic 1873 Associate Justice of the Texas Supreme Court (1866 - 1867) Richard B. Hubbard 1876 16 Richard B. Hubbard November 1, 1832 - July 12, 1901 (Aged 68) December 1, 1876--January 21, 1879 Democratic 16th Lieutenant Governor of Texas (1874 - 1876) Office vacant 17 Oran Milo Roberts July 9, 1815--May 19, 1898 (Aged 82) January 21, 1879--January 16, 1883 Democratic 1878 7th Chief Justice of the Texas Supreme Court (1874 - 1879) Joseph D. Sayers 1880 Leonidas Jefferson Storey 18 John Ireland January 1, 1827--March 15, 1896 (Aged 69) January 16, 1883--January 18, 1887 Democratic 1882 Associate Justice of the Texas Supreme Court (1875 - 1876) Francis Marion Martin 1884 Barnett Gibbs 19 Lawrence Sullivan "Sul" Ross September 27, 1838--January 3, 1898 (Aged 59) January 18, 1887--January 20, 1891 Democratic 1886 Texas State Senator (1881 - 1883) Thomas Benton Wheeler 1888 20 Jim Hogg March 24, 1851--March 3, 1906 (Aged 54) January 20, 1891--January 15, 1895 Democratic 1890 21st Attorney General of Texas (1887 - 1891) George Cassety Pendleton 1892 Martin McNulty Crane 21 Charles A. Culberson June 10, 1855--March 19, 1925 (Aged 69) January 15, 1895--January 17, 1899 Democratic 1894 22nd Attorney General of Texas (1891 - 1895) George Taylor Jester 1896 22 Joseph D. Sayers September 23, 1841--May 15, 1929 (Aged 87) January 17, 1899--January 20, 1903 Democratic 1898 U.S. Representative for Texas' 9th district (1893 - 1899) James Browning 1900 23 S.W.T. Lanham July 4, 1846--July 29, 1908 (Aged 62) January 20, 1903--January 15, 1907 Democratic 1902 U.S. Representative for Texas' 8th district (1897 - 1903) George D. Neal 1904 24 Thomas Mitchell Campbell April 22, 1856--April 1, 1923 (Aged 66) January 15, 1907--January 17, 1911 Democratic 1906 General Manager of the Railroad (1892 - 1897) Asbury Bascom Davidson 1908 25 Oscar Branch Colquitt December 16, 1861--March 8, 1940 (Aged 78) January 17, 1911--January 19, 1915 Democratic 1910 Texas Railroad Commissioner (1903 - 1911) 1912 William Harding Mayes 26 James E. "Pa" Ferguson August 31, 1871--September 21, 1944 (Aged 73) January 19, 1915--August 25, 1917 Democratic 1914 Local banker (since 1906) William P. Hobby 1916 27 William P. Hobby March 26, 1878--June 7, 1964 (Aged 86) August 25, 1917--January 18, 1921 Democratic 24th Lieutenant Governor of Texas (1915 - 1917) Office vacant 1918 Willard Arnold Johnson 28 Pat Morris Neff November 26, 1871--January 20, 1952 (Aged 80) January 18, 1921--January 20, 1925 Democratic 1920 Texas State Representative (1899 - 1903) Lynch Davidson 1922 Thomas Whitfield Davidson 29 Miriam A. "Ma" Ferguson June 13, 1875--June 25, 1961 (Aged 86) January 20, 1925--January 18, 1927 Democratic 1924 First Lady of Texas (1915--1917) Barry Miller 30 Dan Moody June 1, 1893--May 22, 1966 (Aged 72) January 18, 1927--January 20, 1931 Democratic 1926 32nd Attorney General of Texas (1931--1935) 1928 31 Ross S. Sterling February 11, 1875--March 25, 1949 (Aged 74) January 20, 1931--January 17, 1933 Democratic 1930 Chairman of the Texas Highway Commission (1930) Edgar E. Witt 32 Miriam A. "Ma" Ferguson June 13, 1875--June 25, 1961 (Aged 86) January 17, 1933--January 15, 1935 Democratic 1932 29th Governor of Texas (1925 - 1927) 33 James Allred March 29, 1899--September 24, 1959 (Aged 60) January 15, 1935--January 17, 1939 Democratic 1934 35th Attorney General of Texas (1931--1935) Walter Frank Woodul 1936 34 Wilbert Lee "Pappy" O'Daniel March 11, 1890--May 11, 1969 (Aged 79) January 17, 1939--August 4, 1941 Democratic 1938 President of the Fort Worth Chamber of Commerce (1933 - 1934) Coke R. Stevenson 1940 35 Coke R. Stevenson March 20, 1888--June 28, 1975 (Aged 87) August 4, 1941--January 21, 1947 Democratic 31st Lieutenant Governor of Texas (1939 - 1941) Office vacant 1942 John Lee Smith 1944 36 Beauford H. Jester January 12, 1893--July 11, 1949 (Aged 56) January 21, 1947--July 11, 1949 Democratic 1946 Member of the Texas Railroad Commission (1943 - 1947) Allan Shivers 1948 37 Allan Shivers October 5, 1907--January 14, 1985 (Aged 77) July 11, 1949--January 15, 1957 Democratic 33rd Lieutenant Governor of Texas (1947 - 1949) Office vacant 1950 Ben Ramsey 1952 1954 38 Price Daniel October 10, 1910--August 25, 1988 (Aged 77) January 15, 1957--January 15, 1963 Democratic 1956 U.S. Senator from Texas (1953 - 1957) 1958 1960 Office vacant 39 John Connally February 27, 1917--June 15, 1993 (Aged 76) January 15, 1963--January 21, 1969 Democratic 1962 56th United States Secretary of the Navy (1961) Preston Smith 1964 1966 40 Preston Smith March 8, 1912--October 18, 2003 (Aged 91) January 21, 1969--January 16, 1973 Democratic 1968 35th Lieutenant Governor of Texas (1963 - 1969) Ben Barnes 1970 41 Dolph Briscoe April 23, 1923--June 27, 2010 (Aged 87) January 16, 1973--January 16, 1979 Democratic 1972 Texas State Representative (1949 - 1957) William P. Hobby Jr . 42 Bill Clements April 13, 1917--May 29, 2011 (Aged 94) January 16, 1979--January 18, 1983 Republican 1978 15th United States Deputy Secretary of Defense (1973 - 1977) 43 Mark White March 17, 1940--August 5, 2017 (Aged 77) January 18, 1983--January 20, 1987 Democratic 1982 46th Attorney General of Texas (1979 - 1983) 44 Bill Clements April 13, 1917--May 29, 2011 (Aged 94) January 20, 1987--January 15, 1991 Republican 1986 42nd Governor of Texas (1979 - 1983) 45 Ann Richards September 1, 1933--September 13, 2006 (Aged 73) January 15, 1991--January 17, 1995 Democratic 1990 Treasurer of Texas (1983 - 1991) Bob Bullock 46 George W. Bush July 6, 1946 (Age 71) January 17, 1995--December 21, 2000 Republican 1994 Managing General Partner of the Texas Rangers (1989 - 1994) 1998 Rick Perry 47 Rick Perry March 4, 1950 (Age 67) December 21, 2000--January 20, 2015 Republican 39th Lieutenant Governor of Texas (1999 - 2000) Bill Ratliff 2002 David Dewhurst 2006 48 Greg Abbott November 13, 1957 (Age 59) January 20, 2015--Incumbent Republican 2014 50th Attorney General of Texas (2002 - 2015) Dan Patrick Gold Document ID: 19

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: American civil religion) a semi-sacred day—a status it maintains in the 21st century. Its celebration in Boston proclaimed national over local patriotism, and included orations, dinners, militia musters, parades, marching bands, floats and fireworks. By 1800, the Fourth was closely identified with the Federalist party. Republicans were annoyed, and stage their own celebrations on the fourth—with rival parades sometimes clashing with each other. That generated even more excitement and larger crowds. After the collapse of the Federalists starting in 1815, the Fourth became a nonpartisan holiday. Since the days of George Washington presidents have assumed one of several roles in American civil religion, Document [2] (Title: Uniform Monday Holiday Act) Uniform Monday Holiday Act The Uniform Monday Holiday Act () is an Act of Congress that amended the federal holiday provisions of the United States Code to establish the observance of certain holidays on Mondays. The Act was signed into law on June 28, 1968, and took effect on January 1, 1971. The Act moved Washington's Birthday (February 22), Memorial Day (May 30), and Veterans Day (November 11) from fixed dates to designated Mondays, and established as a federal holiday Columbus Day—which had previously been celebrated in some states on October 12—to a designated Monday. The Act was designed to Document [3] (Title: Uniform Monday Holiday Act) relocated the date of Columbus Day to the same date as Thanksgiving in Canada. Several Canadian provinces would later establish Family Day which coincides with Washington's Birthday. Uniform Monday Holiday Act The Uniform Monday Holiday Act () is an Act of Congress that amended the federal holiday provisions of the United States Code to establish the observance of certain holidays on Mondays. The Act was signed into law on June 28, 1968, and took effect on January 1, 1971. The Act moved Washington's Birthday (February 22), Memorial Day (May 30), and Veterans Day (November 11) from fixed dates to designated Document [4] (Title: Federal holidays in the United States) call on the people of the United States to observe the day "with appropriate ceremonies and activities." Examples of presidentially declared holidays were the days of the funerals for former Presidents Ronald Reagan and Gerald Ford; federal government offices were closed and employees given a paid holiday. Some individuals and organizations have objected to the federal status of certain holidays, such as Martin Luther King Jr. Day and Columbus Day. In particular, Senator Jesse Helms of North Carolina opposed the creation of the federal holiday for the birthday of Martin Luther King Jr. in 1983. Protests by the Native American Document [5] (Title: Flag Day (United States)) Flag Day (United States) In the United States, Flag Day is celebrated on June 14. It commemorates the adoption of the flag of the United States on June 14, 1777 by resolution of the Second Continental Congress. The United States Army also celebrates the U.S. Army Birthdays on this date; Congress adopted "the American continental army" after reaching a consensus position in the Committee of the Whole on June 14, 1775. In 1916, President Woodrow Wilson issued a proclamation that officially established June 14 as Flag Day; in August 1946, National Flag Day was established by an Act of Congress. Document [6] (Title: Federal Hill, Providence, Rhode Island) its name after a 1788 Fourth of July ox roast celebration on the plain adjacent to the hill. The organizers of the celebration intended to celebrate the ratification of the Federal Constitution by the 9 of the 13 states needed to create the United States. Because anti-federalist sentiment was strong in Rhode Island, General William West led 1,000 armed farmers to Providence to stop the celebration. Eventually, a compromise was reached and the celebrants agreed to celebrate Independence Day only and not the ratification of the Federal Constitution. The issue remained hotly controversial in Rhode Island for two more years Document [7] (Title: The Eighth (United States)) The Eighth (United States) The Eighth was a federal holiday in the United States from 1828 until 1861 commemorating the U.S. victory in the Battle of New Orleans on January 8, 1815. The Eighth was celebrated widely across the Southern United States after the War of 1812. January 8 became an official federal holiday in 1828, following Andrew Jackson's election as president and continued as such from that time until the start of the Civil War. The holiday remains largely forgotten by the American public. According to "The Bryan (Ohio) Times" article from January 4, 2005, the Battle of New Document [8] (Title: Constitution Day (United States)) Day” at the 1939 New York World's Fair, and had a local New York newspaper tie-in with “I am an American Day” in the city. The promotion proved so successful that a newspaper chain promoted “I am an American Day” on a nationwide basis and had President Roosevelt name it as an official day. In 1939, William Randolph Hearst advocated, through his chain of daily newspapers, the creation of a holiday to celebrate citizenship. In 1940, Congress designated the third Sunday in May as "I am an American Day." In 1944 "I am an American Day" was promoted through the Document [9] (Title: National Doughnut Day) to trick the North Vietnamese into giving out donuts in honor of the occasion. National Doughnut Day National Doughnut Day, or National Donut Day — celebrated in the United States, is on the first Friday of June of each year, succeeding the Doughnut event created by The Salvation Army in Chicago in 1938 to honor those of their members who served doughnuts to soldiers during World War I. The holiday celebrates the doughnut. Many American doughnut stores offer free doughnuts on National Doughnut Day. National Doughnut Day started in 1938 as a fund raiser for Chicago's The Salvation Army. Their Document [10] (Title: Franksgiving) 1939 had fit into the former tradition, and each year from 1942 on matched a new (and still current) fourth-Thursday approach. That new approach was embodied in a joint resolution of Congress, signed into law by President Roosevelt on November 26, 1941, and designating the fourth Thursday in November of each year as Thanksgiving Day. (Prior to that in the 20th century, the phrase "Thanksgiving Day" had been used in the prose of the presidential proclamation only in Calvin Coolidge's first, among his six.) In November 1942, Roosevelt's proclamation made mention of the joint resolution, and of the date it Document [11] (Title: Federalist Party) popular support for the new Federalist Party. The parade organizers incorporated secular versions of traditional religious themes and rituals, thereby fostering a highly visible celebration of the nation's new civil religion. The Fourth of July became a semi-sacred day—a status it maintains in the 21st century. Its celebration in Boston emphasized national over local patriotism and included orations, dinners, militia musters, parades, marching bands, floats and fireworks. By 1800, the Fourth of July was closely identified with the Federalist Party. Republicans were annoyed and staged their own celebrations on the same day—with rival parades sometimes clashing with each other, which Document [12] (Title: United States) of July is celebrated annually as Independence Day. The Second Continental Congress declared on September 9 "where, heretofore, the words 'United Colonies' have been used, the stile be altered for the future to the 'United States' ". In 1777, the Articles of Confederation established a weak government that operated until 1789. Britain recognized the independence of the United States following their defeat at Yorktown in 1781. In the peace treaty of 1783, American sovereignty was recognized from the Atlantic coast west to the Mississippi River. Nationalists led the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 in writing the United States Constitution, ratified in Document [13] (Title: Labor Day) By the time it became an official federal holiday in 1894, thirty U.S. states officially celebrated Labor Day. All U.S. states, the District of Columbia, and the United States territories have subsequently made Labor Day a statutory holiday. The date of May 1 (an ancient European folk holiday known as May Day) emerged in 1886 as an alternative holiday for the celebration of labor, later becoming known as International Workers' Day. The date had its origins at the 1885 convention of the American Federation of Labor, which passed a resolution calling for adoption of the eight-hour day effective May 1, Document [14] (Title: Franksgiving) while the remaining 16 states did so on the 27th. Roughly two in seven last Thursdays of November are the fifth Thursday of that month; in 1939, the fourth (but second to last) Thursday had been named in the presidential proclamation, in lieu of that year's fifth (and last) Thursday. The second and third of the then non-traditional Thanksgivings remain outliers. Specifically, the presidential proclamation of November 9, 1940 and November 8, 1941 called for observances on November 21, 1940 and November 20, 1941, respectively, the third (and second to last) Thursdays. Every such holiday in the 20th century until Document [15] (Title: Commemoration of the American Revolution) Commemoration of the American Revolution Commemorations of the American Revolution (1775-1783) have given it a central place in the American memory. As the founding story, it is covered in the schools, memorialized by a national holiday, and commemorated in innumerable monuments. Thus Independence Day (the "Fourth of July") is a major national holiday celebrated annually. Besides local sites such as Bunker Hill, one of the first national pilgrimages for memorial tourists was Mount Vernon, George Washington's estate, which attracted ten thousand visitors a year by the 1850s. Every nation constructs and honors the memory of its founding, and following generations Document [16] (Title: Federal holidays in the United States) Federal holidays in the United States In the United States, a federal holiday is an authorized holiday which has been recognized by the US government. Every year on a U.S. federal holiday, non-essential federal government offices are closed, and every federal employee is paid for the holiday. Private-sector employees required to work on a legal holiday may receive holiday pay in addition to their ordinary wages. Federal holidays are designated by the United States Congress in Title V of the United States Code (). Congress has authority to create holidays only for federal institutions (including federally owned properties) and employees, Document [17] (Title: Federal holidays in the United States) In 1983, the birthday of Martin Luther King Jr. became the nation's most recently established holiday. Most of the ten U.S. federal holidays are also state holidays. A holiday that falls on a weekend is usually observed on the closest weekday (e.g. a holiday falling on a Saturday is observed on the preceding Friday, while a holiday falling on a Sunday is observed on the succeeding Monday). The official names came from the laws that define holidays for federal employees. New Year's Day, Independence Day, Veterans Day, and Christmas Day are observed on the same calendar date each year. Holidays Document [18] (Title: HFStival) Fourth of July were the foundation for the first festival and are considered part of HFStival history. The HFStival began as the WHFS Fourth of July Festival, an all-day concert followed by a fireworks display, which was held twice at Lake Fairfax Park in Reston, Virginia 1990 and 1991. The first proper HFStival was held in Upper Marlboro, Maryland in 1992, and the following year's event, on July 4, 1993, the event was moved to RFK Stadium for the first time, where it would continue annually return for the next six years. In 1993, when the first RFK lineup was Document [19] (Title: Bristol Fourth of July Parade) Bristol Fourth of July Parade Bristol Fourth of July Parade, or Bristol Fourth of July Celebration (officially known as the Military, Civic and Firemen's Parade), founded in 1785, is a nationally known Fourth of July parade in Bristol, Rhode Island. The parade is part of the oldest Fourth of July celebration in the United States of America. The annual official and historic celebrations (Patriotic Exercises) were established in 1785 by Rev. Henry Wight of the First Congregational Church and veteran of the Revolutionary War, and later by Rev. Wight as the Parade, and continue today, organized by the Bristol Fourth Document [20] (Title: Labor Day) such a public celebration, owing to optimum weather and the date's place on the calendar, sitting midway between the Fourth of July and Thanksgiving public holidays. Labor Day picnics and other public gatherings frequently featured speeches by prominent labor leaders. In 1909 the American Federation of Labor convention designated the Sunday preceding Labor Day as "Labor Sunday", to be dedicated to the spiritual and educational aspects of the labor movement. This secondary date failed to gain significant traction in popular culture. In 1887 Oregon became the first state of the United States to make Labor Day an official public holiday. Document [21] (Title: Veterans Day) accordance with the Uniform Monday Holiday Act, Veterans Day was moved to the fourth Monday of October (October 25, 1971; October 23, 1972; October 22, 1973; October 28, 1974; October 27, 1975; October 25, 1976, and October 24, 1977). In 1978, it was moved back to its original celebration on November 11. While the legal holiday remains on November 11, if that date happens to be on a Saturday or Sunday, then organizations that formally observe the holiday will normally be closed on the adjacent Friday or Monday, respectively. Because it is a federal holiday, some American workers and many Document [22] (Title: Independence Day (United States)) Monroe, another Founding Father who was elected as President, also died on July 4, 1831. He was the third President who died on the anniversary of independence. Calvin Coolidge, the 30th President, was born on July 4, 1872; so far he is the only U.S. President to have been born on Independence Day. Independence Day is a national holiday marked by patriotic displays. Similar to other summer-themed events, Independence Day celebrations often take place outdoors. According to , Independence Day is a federal holiday, so all non-essential federal institutions (such as the postal service and federal courts) are closed on Document [23] (Title: Memorial Day) convenient three-day weekend. The change moved Memorial Day from its traditional May 30 date to the last Monday in May. The law took effect at the federal level in 1971. After some initial confusion and unwillingness to comply, all 50 states adopted Congress' change of date within a few years. Memorial Day endures as a holiday which most businesses observe because it marks the unofficial beginning of summer. The Veterans of Foreign Wars (VFW) and Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War (SUVCW) advocated returning to the original date, although the significance of the date is tenuous. The VFW Document [24] (Title: Independence Day (United States)) Independence Day in conjunction with Windsor, Ontario's celebration of Canada Day. The first week of July is typically one of the busiest United States travel periods of the year, as many people use what is often a three-day holiday weekend for extended vacation trips. The Philippines celebrates July 4 as its Republic Day to commemorate that day in 1946 when it ceased to be a U.S. territory and the United States officially recognized Philippine Independence. July 4 was intentionally chosen by the United States because it corresponds to its Independence Day, and this day was observed in the Philippines as Document [25] (Title: Uniform Monday Holiday Act) increase the number of three-day weekends for federal employees, a favorite goal of the travel industry. Veterans Day was removed from this list of "always-on-Monday" holidays when it was moved back to its traditional date of November 11, by act of Congress in 1975, effective 1978. The Act did not officially establish "Presidents Day", nor did it combine the observance of Lincoln's Birthday with Washington's Birthday. The perception stems from the fact that the act placed federal observance of Washington's "birthday" in the week of February 15 to 21 and, since that week always falls between Lincoln's birthday (February 12) Document [26] (Title: Flag Day (United States)) Flag Day is not an official federal holiday. Title 36 of the United States Code, Subtitle I, Part A, CHAPTER 1, § 110 is the official statute on Flag Day; however, it is at the president's discretion to officially proclaim the observance. On June 14, 1937, Pennsylvania became the first U.S. state to celebrate Flag Day as a state holiday, beginning in the town of Rennerdale. New York Statutes designate the second Sunday in June as Flag Day, a state holiday. Perhaps the oldest continuing Flag Day parade is in Fairfield, Washington. Beginning in 1909 or 1910, Fairfield has held Document [27] (Title: Bristol Fourth of July Parade) of July Committee. The festivities officially start on June 14, Flag Day, beginning a period of outdoor concerts, soap-box races and a firefighters' muster at Independence Park. The celebration climaxes on July 4 with the oldest annual parade in the United States, "The Military, Civic and Firemen's Parade", an event that draws over 200,000 people from Rhode Island and around the world. These elaborate celebrations give Bristol its nickname, "America's most patriotic town". In 1785 the Bristol Fourth of July Celebration (beginning as the Patriotic Exercises) was founded and the Fourth of July has been celebrated every year in Bristol Document [28] (Title: Public holidays in the United States) 1968 (effective 1971), official holidays are observed on a Monday, except for New Year's Day, Independence Day, Veterans Day, Thanksgiving, and Christmas. While all current federal holidays have also been made public holidays in all 50 states for federal organizations, each state is not bound to observe the holidays on the same dates as the federal holidays. Many states also have additional holidays that are not observed by the federal government. Many businesses likewise observe certain holidays as well, which are also not mandated by any government agency. A list of "recommended diversity holidays" recognizes many cultures that range from Document [29] (Title: Bernard J. Cigrand) in the magazine as well as in other magazines and newspapers to promote the holiday. On the third Saturday in June 1894, a public school children’s celebration of Flag Day took place in Chicago at Douglas, Garfield, Humboldt, Lincoln, and Washington Parks. More than 300,000 children participated, and the celebration was repeated the next year. From the late 1880s on, Cigrand spoke around the country promoting patriotism, respect for the flag, and the need for the annual observance of a flag day on June 14, the day in 1777 that the Continental Congress adopted the Stars and Stripes. He became Document [30] (Title: Independence Day (United States)) Independence Day until 1962. In 1964, the name of the July 4 holiday was changed to Republic Day. Rebild National Park in Denmark is said to hold the largest July 4 celebrations outside of the United States. Independence Day (United States) Independence Day (colloquial: the Fourth of July) is a federal holiday in the United States commemorating the adoption of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. The Continental Congress declared that the thirteen American colonies regarded themselves as free and independent states, the United States of America, and were no longer connected to the British Crown. The Congress Document [31] (Title: Independence Day (United States)) Independence Day (United States) Independence Day (colloquial: the Fourth of July) is a federal holiday in the United States commemorating the adoption of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. The Continental Congress declared that the thirteen American colonies regarded themselves as free and independent states, the United States of America, and were no longer connected to the British Crown. The Congress actually voted to declare independence two days earlier, on July 2. Independence Day is commonly associated with fireworks, parades, barbecues, carnivals, fairs, picnics, concerts, baseball games, family reunions, and political speeches and ceremonies, in addition to various Document [32] (Title: Federal holidays in the United States) Dakota mark the day with an alternative holiday or observance. South Dakota is the only state to recognize Native American Day as an alternate. Hawaii recognizes Discoverer's Day. Christmas Day as a federal or public holiday is also sometimes objected to by various sources, usually due to its ties with the Christian religion. In December 1999, the U.S. District Court, in the case "Ganulin vs. United States", denied the charge that Christmas Day's federal status violated the Establishment Clause of the Constitution, ruling that "the Christmas holiday has become largely secularized", and that "by giving federal employees a paid vacation Document [33] (Title: Society of American Indians) On December 14, 1915, he presented the endorsements of 24 state governments at the White House. There is no record, however, of such a national day being proclaimed. Today, several states celebrate the fourth Friday in September. In Illinois, for example, legislators enacted such a day in 1919. Presently, several states have designated Columbus Day as Native American Day, but it is observed without any recognition as a national legal holiday. In 1990. President George H. W. Bush approved a joint resolution designating November 1990 "National American Indian Heritage Month." Similar proclamations have been issued each year since 1994. As Document [34] (Title: Federal holidays in the United States) 1885 to all federal employees. The original four holidays were: George Washington's Birthday became a Federal holiday in 1880. In 1888 and 1894, respectively, Decoration Day (now Memorial Day) and Labor Day were created. In 1938, Armistice Day (now Veterans Day) was created to mark the end of World War I. The scope and the name of the holiday was expanded in 1954 to honor Americans who fought in World War II and the Korean War. In 1968, the Monday Holiday Act of 1968 shifted several holidays to always fall on a Monday and saw the establishment of Columbus Day. Document [35] (Title: Federal holidays in the United States) and for the District of Columbia. However, as a general rule other institutions, including banks, post offices, and schools, may be closed on those days. In various parts of the country, state and city holidays may be observed in addition to the federal holidays. The history of federal holidays in the United States dates back to June 28, 1870, when Congress created federal holidays "to correspond with similar laws of States around the District ... and ... in every State of the Union." Although at first applicable only to federal employees in the District of Columbia, Congress extended coverage in Question: when did the fourth of july become a federal holiday Answer: In 1938 Long Answer: In 1779, July 4 fell on a Sunday . The holiday was celebrated on Monday, July 5 . In 1781, the Massachusetts General Court became the first state legislature to recognize July 4 as a state celebration . In 1783, Moravians in Salem, North Carolina, held a celebration of July 4 with a challenging music program assembled by Johann Friedrich Peter . This work was titled The Psalm of Joy . This is recognized as the first recorded celebration and is still celebrated there today . In 1870, the U.S. Congress made Independence Day an unpaid holiday for federal employees . In 1938, Congress changed Independence Day to a paid federal holiday. Gold Document ID: 34

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: American civil religion) a semi-sacred day—a status it maintains in the 21st century. Its celebration in Boston proclaimed national over local patriotism, and included orations, dinners, militia musters, parades, marching bands, floats and fireworks. By 1800, the Fourth was closely identified with the Federalist party. Republicans were annoyed, and stage their own celebrations on the fourth—with rival parades sometimes clashing with each other. That generated even more excitement and larger crowds. After the collapse of the Federalists starting in 1815, the Fourth became a nonpartisan holiday. Since the days of George Washington presidents have assumed one of several roles in American civil religion, Document [2] (Title: Uniform Monday Holiday Act) Uniform Monday Holiday Act The Uniform Monday Holiday Act () is an Act of Congress that amended the federal holiday provisions of the United States Code to establish the observance of certain holidays on Mondays. The Act was signed into law on June 28, 1968, and took effect on January 1, 1971. The Act moved Washington's Birthday (February 22), Memorial Day (May 30), and Veterans Day (November 11) from fixed dates to designated Mondays, and established as a federal holiday Columbus Day—which had previously been celebrated in some states on October 12—to a designated Monday. The Act was designed to Document [3] (Title: Uniform Monday Holiday Act) relocated the date of Columbus Day to the same date as Thanksgiving in Canada. Several Canadian provinces would later establish Family Day which coincides with Washington's Birthday. Uniform Monday Holiday Act The Uniform Monday Holiday Act () is an Act of Congress that amended the federal holiday provisions of the United States Code to establish the observance of certain holidays on Mondays. The Act was signed into law on June 28, 1968, and took effect on January 1, 1971. The Act moved Washington's Birthday (February 22), Memorial Day (May 30), and Veterans Day (November 11) from fixed dates to designated Document [4] (Title: Federal holidays in the United States) call on the people of the United States to observe the day "with appropriate ceremonies and activities." Examples of presidentially declared holidays were the days of the funerals for former Presidents Ronald Reagan and Gerald Ford; federal government offices were closed and employees given a paid holiday. Some individuals and organizations have objected to the federal status of certain holidays, such as Martin Luther King Jr. Day and Columbus Day. In particular, Senator Jesse Helms of North Carolina opposed the creation of the federal holiday for the birthday of Martin Luther King Jr. in 1983. Protests by the Native American Document [5] (Title: Flag Day (United States)) Flag Day (United States) In the United States, Flag Day is celebrated on June 14. It commemorates the adoption of the flag of the United States on June 14, 1777 by resolution of the Second Continental Congress. The United States Army also celebrates the U.S. Army Birthdays on this date; Congress adopted "the American continental army" after reaching a consensus position in the Committee of the Whole on June 14, 1775. In 1916, President Woodrow Wilson issued a proclamation that officially established June 14 as Flag Day; in August 1946, National Flag Day was established by an Act of Congress. Document [6] (Title: Federal Hill, Providence, Rhode Island) its name after a 1788 Fourth of July ox roast celebration on the plain adjacent to the hill. The organizers of the celebration intended to celebrate the ratification of the Federal Constitution by the 9 of the 13 states needed to create the United States. Because anti-federalist sentiment was strong in Rhode Island, General William West led 1,000 armed farmers to Providence to stop the celebration. Eventually, a compromise was reached and the celebrants agreed to celebrate Independence Day only and not the ratification of the Federal Constitution. The issue remained hotly controversial in Rhode Island for two more years Document [7] (Title: The Eighth (United States)) The Eighth (United States) The Eighth was a federal holiday in the United States from 1828 until 1861 commemorating the U.S. victory in the Battle of New Orleans on January 8, 1815. The Eighth was celebrated widely across the Southern United States after the War of 1812. January 8 became an official federal holiday in 1828, following Andrew Jackson's election as president and continued as such from that time until the start of the Civil War. The holiday remains largely forgotten by the American public. According to "The Bryan (Ohio) Times" article from January 4, 2005, the Battle of New Document [8] (Title: Constitution Day (United States)) Day” at the 1939 New York World's Fair, and had a local New York newspaper tie-in with “I am an American Day” in the city. The promotion proved so successful that a newspaper chain promoted “I am an American Day” on a nationwide basis and had President Roosevelt name it as an official day. In 1939, William Randolph Hearst advocated, through his chain of daily newspapers, the creation of a holiday to celebrate citizenship. In 1940, Congress designated the third Sunday in May as "I am an American Day." In 1944 "I am an American Day" was promoted through the Document [9] (Title: National Doughnut Day) to trick the North Vietnamese into giving out donuts in honor of the occasion. National Doughnut Day National Doughnut Day, or National Donut Day — celebrated in the United States, is on the first Friday of June of each year, succeeding the Doughnut event created by The Salvation Army in Chicago in 1938 to honor those of their members who served doughnuts to soldiers during World War I. The holiday celebrates the doughnut. Many American doughnut stores offer free doughnuts on National Doughnut Day. National Doughnut Day started in 1938 as a fund raiser for Chicago's The Salvation Army. Their Document [10] (Title: Franksgiving) 1939 had fit into the former tradition, and each year from 1942 on matched a new (and still current) fourth-Thursday approach. That new approach was embodied in a joint resolution of Congress, signed into law by President Roosevelt on November 26, 1941, and designating the fourth Thursday in November of each year as Thanksgiving Day. (Prior to that in the 20th century, the phrase "Thanksgiving Day" had been used in the prose of the presidential proclamation only in Calvin Coolidge's first, among his six.) In November 1942, Roosevelt's proclamation made mention of the joint resolution, and of the date it Document [11] (Title: Federalist Party) popular support for the new Federalist Party. The parade organizers incorporated secular versions of traditional religious themes and rituals, thereby fostering a highly visible celebration of the nation's new civil religion. The Fourth of July became a semi-sacred day—a status it maintains in the 21st century. Its celebration in Boston emphasized national over local patriotism and included orations, dinners, militia musters, parades, marching bands, floats and fireworks. By 1800, the Fourth of July was closely identified with the Federalist Party. Republicans were annoyed and staged their own celebrations on the same day—with rival parades sometimes clashing with each other, which Document [12] (Title: United States) of July is celebrated annually as Independence Day. The Second Continental Congress declared on September 9 "where, heretofore, the words 'United Colonies' have been used, the stile be altered for the future to the 'United States' ". In 1777, the Articles of Confederation established a weak government that operated until 1789. Britain recognized the independence of the United States following their defeat at Yorktown in 1781. In the peace treaty of 1783, American sovereignty was recognized from the Atlantic coast west to the Mississippi River. Nationalists led the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 in writing the United States Constitution, ratified in Document [13] (Title: Labor Day) By the time it became an official federal holiday in 1894, thirty U.S. states officially celebrated Labor Day. All U.S. states, the District of Columbia, and the United States territories have subsequently made Labor Day a statutory holiday. The date of May 1 (an ancient European folk holiday known as May Day) emerged in 1886 as an alternative holiday for the celebration of labor, later becoming known as International Workers' Day. The date had its origins at the 1885 convention of the American Federation of Labor, which passed a resolution calling for adoption of the eight-hour day effective May 1, Document [14] (Title: Franksgiving) while the remaining 16 states did so on the 27th. Roughly two in seven last Thursdays of November are the fifth Thursday of that month; in 1939, the fourth (but second to last) Thursday had been named in the presidential proclamation, in lieu of that year's fifth (and last) Thursday. The second and third of the then non-traditional Thanksgivings remain outliers. Specifically, the presidential proclamation of November 9, 1940 and November 8, 1941 called for observances on November 21, 1940 and November 20, 1941, respectively, the third (and second to last) Thursdays. Every such holiday in the 20th century until Document [15] (Title: Commemoration of the American Revolution) Commemoration of the American Revolution Commemorations of the American Revolution (1775-1783) have given it a central place in the American memory. As the founding story, it is covered in the schools, memorialized by a national holiday, and commemorated in innumerable monuments. Thus Independence Day (the "Fourth of July") is a major national holiday celebrated annually. Besides local sites such as Bunker Hill, one of the first national pilgrimages for memorial tourists was Mount Vernon, George Washington's estate, which attracted ten thousand visitors a year by the 1850s. Every nation constructs and honors the memory of its founding, and following generations Document [16] (Title: Federal holidays in the United States) Federal holidays in the United States In the United States, a federal holiday is an authorized holiday which has been recognized by the US government. Every year on a U.S. federal holiday, non-essential federal government offices are closed, and every federal employee is paid for the holiday. Private-sector employees required to work on a legal holiday may receive holiday pay in addition to their ordinary wages. Federal holidays are designated by the United States Congress in Title V of the United States Code (). Congress has authority to create holidays only for federal institutions (including federally owned properties) and employees, Document [17] (Title: Federal holidays in the United States) In 1983, the birthday of Martin Luther King Jr. became the nation's most recently established holiday. Most of the ten U.S. federal holidays are also state holidays. A holiday that falls on a weekend is usually observed on the closest weekday (e.g. a holiday falling on a Saturday is observed on the preceding Friday, while a holiday falling on a Sunday is observed on the succeeding Monday). The official names came from the laws that define holidays for federal employees. New Year's Day, Independence Day, Veterans Day, and Christmas Day are observed on the same calendar date each year. Holidays Document [18] (Title: HFStival) Fourth of July were the foundation for the first festival and are considered part of HFStival history. The HFStival began as the WHFS Fourth of July Festival, an all-day concert followed by a fireworks display, which was held twice at Lake Fairfax Park in Reston, Virginia 1990 and 1991. The first proper HFStival was held in Upper Marlboro, Maryland in 1992, and the following year's event, on July 4, 1993, the event was moved to RFK Stadium for the first time, where it would continue annually return for the next six years. In 1993, when the first RFK lineup was Document [19] (Title: Bristol Fourth of July Parade) Bristol Fourth of July Parade Bristol Fourth of July Parade, or Bristol Fourth of July Celebration (officially known as the Military, Civic and Firemen's Parade), founded in 1785, is a nationally known Fourth of July parade in Bristol, Rhode Island. The parade is part of the oldest Fourth of July celebration in the United States of America. The annual official and historic celebrations (Patriotic Exercises) were established in 1785 by Rev. Henry Wight of the First Congregational Church and veteran of the Revolutionary War, and later by Rev. Wight as the Parade, and continue today, organized by the Bristol Fourth Document [20] (Title: Labor Day) such a public celebration, owing to optimum weather and the date's place on the calendar, sitting midway between the Fourth of July and Thanksgiving public holidays. Labor Day picnics and other public gatherings frequently featured speeches by prominent labor leaders. In 1909 the American Federation of Labor convention designated the Sunday preceding Labor Day as "Labor Sunday", to be dedicated to the spiritual and educational aspects of the labor movement. This secondary date failed to gain significant traction in popular culture. In 1887 Oregon became the first state of the United States to make Labor Day an official public holiday. Document [21] (Title: Veterans Day) accordance with the Uniform Monday Holiday Act, Veterans Day was moved to the fourth Monday of October (October 25, 1971; October 23, 1972; October 22, 1973; October 28, 1974; October 27, 1975; October 25, 1976, and October 24, 1977). In 1978, it was moved back to its original celebration on November 11. While the legal holiday remains on November 11, if that date happens to be on a Saturday or Sunday, then organizations that formally observe the holiday will normally be closed on the adjacent Friday or Monday, respectively. Because it is a federal holiday, some American workers and many Document [22] (Title: Independence Day (United States)) Monroe, another Founding Father who was elected as President, also died on July 4, 1831. He was the third President who died on the anniversary of independence. Calvin Coolidge, the 30th President, was born on July 4, 1872; so far he is the only U.S. President to have been born on Independence Day. Independence Day is a national holiday marked by patriotic displays. Similar to other summer-themed events, Independence Day celebrations often take place outdoors. According to , Independence Day is a federal holiday, so all non-essential federal institutions (such as the postal service and federal courts) are closed on Document [23] (Title: Memorial Day) convenient three-day weekend. The change moved Memorial Day from its traditional May 30 date to the last Monday in May. The law took effect at the federal level in 1971. After some initial confusion and unwillingness to comply, all 50 states adopted Congress' change of date within a few years. Memorial Day endures as a holiday which most businesses observe because it marks the unofficial beginning of summer. The Veterans of Foreign Wars (VFW) and Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War (SUVCW) advocated returning to the original date, although the significance of the date is tenuous. The VFW Document [24] (Title: Independence Day (United States)) Independence Day in conjunction with Windsor, Ontario's celebration of Canada Day. The first week of July is typically one of the busiest United States travel periods of the year, as many people use what is often a three-day holiday weekend for extended vacation trips. The Philippines celebrates July 4 as its Republic Day to commemorate that day in 1946 when it ceased to be a U.S. territory and the United States officially recognized Philippine Independence. July 4 was intentionally chosen by the United States because it corresponds to its Independence Day, and this day was observed in the Philippines as Document [25] (Title: Uniform Monday Holiday Act) increase the number of three-day weekends for federal employees, a favorite goal of the travel industry. Veterans Day was removed from this list of "always-on-Monday" holidays when it was moved back to its traditional date of November 11, by act of Congress in 1975, effective 1978. The Act did not officially establish "Presidents Day", nor did it combine the observance of Lincoln's Birthday with Washington's Birthday. The perception stems from the fact that the act placed federal observance of Washington's "birthday" in the week of February 15 to 21 and, since that week always falls between Lincoln's birthday (February 12) Document [26] (Title: Flag Day (United States)) Flag Day is not an official federal holiday. Title 36 of the United States Code, Subtitle I, Part A, CHAPTER 1, § 110 is the official statute on Flag Day; however, it is at the president's discretion to officially proclaim the observance. On June 14, 1937, Pennsylvania became the first U.S. state to celebrate Flag Day as a state holiday, beginning in the town of Rennerdale. New York Statutes designate the second Sunday in June as Flag Day, a state holiday. Perhaps the oldest continuing Flag Day parade is in Fairfield, Washington. Beginning in 1909 or 1910, Fairfield has held Document [27] (Title: Bristol Fourth of July Parade) of July Committee. The festivities officially start on June 14, Flag Day, beginning a period of outdoor concerts, soap-box races and a firefighters' muster at Independence Park. The celebration climaxes on July 4 with the oldest annual parade in the United States, "The Military, Civic and Firemen's Parade", an event that draws over 200,000 people from Rhode Island and around the world. These elaborate celebrations give Bristol its nickname, "America's most patriotic town". In 1785 the Bristol Fourth of July Celebration (beginning as the Patriotic Exercises) was founded and the Fourth of July has been celebrated every year in Bristol Document [28] (Title: Public holidays in the United States) 1968 (effective 1971), official holidays are observed on a Monday, except for New Year's Day, Independence Day, Veterans Day, Thanksgiving, and Christmas. While all current federal holidays have also been made public holidays in all 50 states for federal organizations, each state is not bound to observe the holidays on the same dates as the federal holidays. Many states also have additional holidays that are not observed by the federal government. Many businesses likewise observe certain holidays as well, which are also not mandated by any government agency. A list of "recommended diversity holidays" recognizes many cultures that range from Document [29] (Title: Bernard J. Cigrand) in the magazine as well as in other magazines and newspapers to promote the holiday. On the third Saturday in June 1894, a public school children’s celebration of Flag Day took place in Chicago at Douglas, Garfield, Humboldt, Lincoln, and Washington Parks. More than 300,000 children participated, and the celebration was repeated the next year. From the late 1880s on, Cigrand spoke around the country promoting patriotism, respect for the flag, and the need for the annual observance of a flag day on June 14, the day in 1777 that the Continental Congress adopted the Stars and Stripes. He became Document [30] (Title: Independence Day (United States)) Independence Day until 1962. In 1964, the name of the July 4 holiday was changed to Republic Day. Rebild National Park in Denmark is said to hold the largest July 4 celebrations outside of the United States. Independence Day (United States) Independence Day (colloquial: the Fourth of July) is a federal holiday in the United States commemorating the adoption of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. The Continental Congress declared that the thirteen American colonies regarded themselves as free and independent states, the United States of America, and were no longer connected to the British Crown. The Congress Document [31] (Title: Independence Day (United States)) Independence Day (United States) Independence Day (colloquial: the Fourth of July) is a federal holiday in the United States commemorating the adoption of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. The Continental Congress declared that the thirteen American colonies regarded themselves as free and independent states, the United States of America, and were no longer connected to the British Crown. The Congress actually voted to declare independence two days earlier, on July 2. Independence Day is commonly associated with fireworks, parades, barbecues, carnivals, fairs, picnics, concerts, baseball games, family reunions, and political speeches and ceremonies, in addition to various Document [32] (Title: Federal holidays in the United States) Dakota mark the day with an alternative holiday or observance. South Dakota is the only state to recognize Native American Day as an alternate. Hawaii recognizes Discoverer's Day. Christmas Day as a federal or public holiday is also sometimes objected to by various sources, usually due to its ties with the Christian religion. In December 1999, the U.S. District Court, in the case "Ganulin vs. United States", denied the charge that Christmas Day's federal status violated the Establishment Clause of the Constitution, ruling that "the Christmas holiday has become largely secularized", and that "by giving federal employees a paid vacation Document [33] (Title: Society of American Indians) On December 14, 1915, he presented the endorsements of 24 state governments at the White House. There is no record, however, of such a national day being proclaimed. Today, several states celebrate the fourth Friday in September. In Illinois, for example, legislators enacted such a day in 1919. Presently, several states have designated Columbus Day as Native American Day, but it is observed without any recognition as a national legal holiday. In 1990. President George H. W. Bush approved a joint resolution designating November 1990 "National American Indian Heritage Month." Similar proclamations have been issued each year since 1994. As Document [34] (Title: Federal holidays in the United States) 1885 to all federal employees. The original four holidays were: George Washington's Birthday became a Federal holiday in 1880. In 1888 and 1894, respectively, Decoration Day (now Memorial Day) and Labor Day were created. In 1938, Armistice Day (now Veterans Day) was created to mark the end of World War I. The scope and the name of the holiday was expanded in 1954 to honor Americans who fought in World War II and the Korean War. In 1968, the Monday Holiday Act of 1968 shifted several holidays to always fall on a Monday and saw the establishment of Columbus Day. Document [35] (Title: Federal holidays in the United States) and for the District of Columbia. However, as a general rule other institutions, including banks, post offices, and schools, may be closed on those days. In various parts of the country, state and city holidays may be observed in addition to the federal holidays. The history of federal holidays in the United States dates back to June 28, 1870, when Congress created federal holidays "to correspond with similar laws of States around the District ... and ... in every State of the Union." Although at first applicable only to federal employees in the District of Columbia, Congress extended coverage in Question: when did the fourth of july become a federal holiday

Answer: In 1938 Long Answer: In 1779, July 4 fell on a Sunday . The holiday was celebrated on Monday, July 5 . In 1781, the Massachusetts General Court became the first state legislature to recognize July 4 as a state celebration . In 1783, Moravians in Salem, North Carolina, held a celebration of July 4 with a challenging music program assembled by Johann Friedrich Peter . This work was titled The Psalm of Joy . This is recognized as the first recorded celebration and is still celebrated there today . In 1870, the U.S. Congress made Independence Day an unpaid holiday for federal employees . In 1938, Congress changed Independence Day to a paid federal holiday. Gold Document ID: 34

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Guiding Light (1980–89)) find out the truth about Phillip's birth and tell him before Alan and Justin had a chance too, and for a while Phillip refused to accept both men back in his life. He'd forgive Justin before the end of 1983, but not Alan. Beth would also be raped by Bradley, which would halt the romance building between Phillip and Beth. In 1983, the show focused on Rick Bauer, Phillip Spaulding, Mindy Lewis and Beth Raines, with Phillip and Beth running away to New York City to escape the dangerous Bradley (who would end up in prison for the rape), Beth Document [2] (Title: Ron Raines) La Mancha". He played the role of Johnny Brown in the Debbie Reynolds US tour of "The Unsinkable Molly Brown" in 1990. In 1994, he was offered a part in the national touring production of "The Sound of Music" with Marie Osmond on the same day he was offered the role of Alan Spaulding on "Guiding Light". He decided to take the TV role. He appeared in the Kennedy Center production of "Follies" from May 7, 2011 through June 19, 2011, as Ben Stone, with Bernadette Peters, Jan Maxwell, Danny Burstein and Elaine Paige. He had played this role previously Document [3] (Title: Michael Conforti) Michael Conforti Michael Conforti is an American television writer on the ABC Daytime soap opera General Hospital. He played Jeremy Rhodes on "Edge of Night", and Wally Bacon on "Guiding Light". Conforti later became a writer for the soap opera "Guiding Light". He became a Co-Head Writer for "All My Children" and "Guiding Light". Michael is currently a Breakdown Writer for the television show The Young and the Restless. "All My Children" (hired by Angela Shapiro) "General Hospital" (hired by Megan McTavish) "Guiding Light" "The Young and the Restless" (hired by Josh Griffith) Daytime Emmy Awards WINS NOMINATIONS Writers Guild Document [4] (Title: Vincent Irizarry) sow the seeds for a career as a professional actor, soon winning a full-time scholarship with Lee Strasberg at his Theater Institute. Irizarry got his start in daytime television in 1983 as Brandon/Lujack Luvonaczek Spaulding on "Guiding Light". His character was paired up with Beth Raines (then Judi Evans Luciano) and they were considered a "supercouple." He was nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award in 1985, but lost to future "All My Children" co-star Michael E. Knight. He then moved on to play Dr. Scott Clark from 1987 to 1989 on "Santa Barbara". He also portrayed the role of Lujack Document [5] (Title: Guiding Light (1970–79)) an affair with hard-boiled Diane Ballard. Originally Phillip's governess, Elizabeth fired Diane when she sensed inappropriate interactions between her and Alan; almost immediately, Alan then hired her as his personal assistant at Spaulding Enterprises. Diane, a sometime vindictive but shrewd businesswoman, harbored fantasies of being the next Mrs. Spaulding, but would continually be let down when Alan married two other women. Also brought to town for a while was Alan's personal attorney, the smooth talking Dean Blackford. Dean met the widowed Dr. Sara McIntyre, whom he romanced and married in Hawaii. Sara had attempted to romance Justin, but Justin was Document [6] (Title: Phillip Spaulding) rang out and Phillip was shot! It was then that the truth came out: Alan was behind the accidents in order to keep Blake from marrying Phillip and accidentally shot Phillip after having a struggle with a very much alive Roger. While Roger was exposed to everyone, Alan wasn't exposed immediately as the shooter. Roger was first suspected but finally convinced Ross, Phillip and Alan-Michael of Alan's crimes so the three decided to trick Alan into walking again. While Alex was in Europe, Roger appeared into the Spaulding mansion and appeared to shoot Phillip and Alan-Michael. Shocked, Alan stood up Document [7] (Title: Alan Spaulding) having plotted with India Von Halkein and her father to take over Spaulding. Alexandra and Alan battle but eventually come to an understanding. Alan and Vanessa once again become involved and are briefly engaged, but his fascination with Reva leads to Vanessa leaving town and ending their relationship for good. Alan learns that new Spaulding employee Blake Lindsey is really Christina Thorpe, Roger's daughter. In the middle of Blake and Philip's wedding, the truth about Roger is revealed, and Alan accidentally shoots Philip while aiming at Roger. He is sent to prison, periodically appearing as he reveals to Philip the Document [8] (Title: Guiding Light (1980–89)) ruin his private investigation business. Diane would use the information against Henry and Vanessa, and also the fact that Derek Colby had expressed interest in Vanessa, to have Derek force Henry and Vanessa to sign over their stock in Spaulding to her, or Diane would go to Alan and let him know that Henry had signed a deal with Jocelyn Electronics that would benefit Henry and his daughter over Alan's family. And unknown to everyone else in town, Carrie and Diane had a past, that Carrie and Diane were mortal enemies. Everything came to ahead when Alan fired Diane, and Document [9] (Title: Alexandra Spaulding) the "Guiding Light" finale, Alexandra mourned the sudden death of her brother Alan and left Springfield to travel around Europe with Fletcher Reade, promising to return for an upcoming family wedding. Alexandra Spaulding Alexandra Spaulding (formerly von Halkein, Thorpe and Foley), affectionately known by family and friends as Alex, is a fictional character on CBS's daytime drama "Guiding Light". Beverlee McKinsey was the first actress to play the role, which she did from February 10, 1984 to August 21, 1992. McKinsey made the character one of the most memorable women on daytime television and although she loved her family, "her Document [10] (Title: Guiding Light (1980–89)) the audience, that Joe had stolen all of Diane's blackmail items out of her apartment, and Joe tried to blackmail Alan in turn. Also the affair between Rita and Alan came out when the pregnant Hope Bauer Spaulding (who had overheard an argument between Alan and Henry about the affair) ran her car into a tree and gave birth prematurely to their son, Alan-Michael Spaulding. Joe, in trying to go around Mike and the police to investigate Diane's death, let it be known in flashbacks told to the audience not only was he in Diane's apartment the night she was Document [11] (Title: Grant Aleksander) his work in daytime dramas (soap operas). Among his appearances in daytime are a stint on "Capitol" for the 1986 season as dastardly "DJ Phillips", and the role of "Alec McIntyre" on "All My Children" from 1993 to 1996. Aleksander portrayed Phillip Spaulding on the daytime drama "Guiding Light" from 1982 to 1984. He was temporarily replaced for a time by actor John Bolger, but returned to "Guiding Light" from 1986 to 1991, citing exhaustion from being front-burner five days a week for five years. He also dealt with the loss of both of his parents in the early 1990s, Document [12] (Title: Jeffrey O'Neill (Guiding Light)) Jeffrey O'Neill (Guiding Light) Jeffrey O'Neill is a fictional character on CBS's daytime drama "Guiding Light". He has been played by Bradley Cole from May 9, 2003 to September 18, 2009. Cole played the role of Richard Winslow on the show from 1999 to 2002. Jeffrey is married to Reva Shayne O'Neill and was married to Olivia Spencer when she was on her death bed. He has two children, a daughter Ava Peralta with Olivia and a son Colin O'Neill with Reva. Jeffrey was also a grandfather to Maximus "Max" Lewis, Ava's son who died shortly after birth. Jeffrey is Document [13] (Title: Guiding Light (2000–09)) who had been sent out of town with her father and Reva's son Johnathan Randall. Phillip then found himself arrested and behind bars after Lizzie called the authorities. During Coop's funeral Alan burst in and made a scene and Phillip made a deal to appear at the funeral and grabbed a deputies gun and fired it into the air to get everyone's attention and was re-arrested after making a plea that the Coopers and Spauldings try to get along. Alan was persuaded by Beth and Lizzie to give Company back to Buzz and the Cooper family only to have Buzz Document [14] (Title: Guiding Light (1970–79)) only eclipsed by Charita Bauer's record of 34 years that she set in the fall of 1984), and the character of Alan Spaulding (introduced by The Dobsons on November 7, 1977) would remain part of the show's canvas off-and-on until September 2009, although with two major recasts. Also the longest running recurring character began under The Dobsons, Cedars Hospital's OB-GYN Dr. Margaret Sedwick. Dr. Sedwick first made her appearance in September 1979 during Jackie Scott Marler Spaulding's difficult pregnancy and subsequent miscarriage. Dr. Sedwick and the actress who played her from the beginning, Margaret Gwenver (Sedwick was Gwenver's married name) Document [15] (Title: Guiding Light (2000–09)) Winslow, were married, and half-cousins Johnathan Randall (Reva's son) and Tammy Winslow (Cassie's daughter) wed. Not long thereafter, Tammy was hit by a car while pushing Johnathan out of harm's way. The vehicle was driven by Tammy's cousin Daisy's boyfriend, "G", who was hired by Alan Spaulding to kill Johnathan. Johnathan eventually faked his and daughter Sarah's death to leave town and escape the wrath of Sarah's grandfather, Alan Spaulding. Their departure was difficult on Sarah's mother, Lizzie Spaulding, who would spend much of the year trying to find Jonathan and baby Sarah. In one of soap opera history's first Document [16] (Title: Guiding Light (1990–99)) was added to the Cooper Family. Lucy Cooper, who was the product of his off-screen relationship with Sylvie, a woman he'd met years earlier and then later "married" in Arizona. Sylvie (who was identified as being from Sweden) was a nurse Buzz had met while at a VA Hospital.Sylvie would have died sometime later. Lucy would get involved and later marry, Alan-Michael Spaulding (who had previously been married to Blake Thorpe—as had Phillip Spaulding—and then Harley Cooper and then Frank's eventual wife, Eleni Andros, a Greek immigrant). Blake, who still blamed Holly for her divorce from Alan-Michael, plotted to steal Document [17] (Title: Guiding Light) 1974, after she had attempted to poison Dr. Sara McIntyre. A pivotal character, off-and-on, until the spring of 1998, Roger Thorpe, was introduced on April 1, 1971. The role of Roger was originally proposed to be blonde, fair-skinned preppy type, a man who was dating his boss's daughter Holly. Ultimately, Michael Zaslow, a dark haired actor with a more ethnic appearance, was hired for the role instead by long-time casting director, Betty Rea. Zaslow portrayed Roger as a complicated and multifaceted villain. Theo Goetz, the actor who played Papa Bauer since the first episode of "The Guiding Light", died in Document [18] (Title: Jeff Branson) prior to "All My Children" included a 2000 guest spot on NBC's "". He had a small part that year in the film "Shaft" and in 2002 he was in the feature film "Wolves of Wall Street". In 2003, he played the role of a younger Alan Spaulding on "Guiding Light"; coincidentally also played Shayne Lewis on "Guiding Light" up until the last episode of the show, 18 September 2009. In 2005, Branson received a Daytime Emmy Award nomination in the category of Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series for his work on "All My Children" as Jonathan Lavery. Document [19] (Title: Guiding Light (1980–89)) course. Sonni would also get involved for a while with Alan. Long plotted a storyline (before the writer's strike) where Phillip tried to use many people in Springfield (including Reva, Henry, Alexandra and Alan-Michael) to oust Alan as President of Spaulding Enterprises (this story was reminiscent of many of the real life business scandals taking place at the time; this was also Christopher Bernau's last huge storyline before his departure). There were some wonderful scenes presented where Phillip was able to successfully take down Alan for many of his past crimes, but afterwards Phillip started feeling guilty and didn't know Document [20] (Title: Guiding Light (2000–09)) been the cause of the death of a young girl, Maryanne Caruthers, when they were young men in 1977. The story line was roundly criticized for its plot-holes, most notably that only two of the characters, Ed and Alan, were even on the show in 1977, and even Alan was not introduced until a month "after" the story supposedly took place. The story line (widely considered by many fans to have taken place in an alternative reality) was also substantially similar to 1983's Annabelle Sims story line, which featured H.B. Lewis (father of Billy and Josh), Bill Bauer (father of Document [21] (Title: Guiding Light (1980–89)) time had the audience get caught up in a baby naming contest, and the name that won was Anthony James Chamberlain. But in 1995–1996, when Nola and her son made a return appearance in Springfield, the name of the SORASed son was just, "J" Chamberlain). The affair between Alan and Trish became more convoluted and when it came out during the time Browne was writing the show in the summer of 1983, it would lead to Hope Bauer Spaulding becoming an alcoholic as her uncle Ed and grandfather had been. (There were some great scenes with Elvira Russell during these Document [22] (Title: Alan-Michael Spaulding) raised to adulthood by his mother in New York City and lived near his great great Aunt Trudy Bauer Palmer until he came to Springfield to live with his father when he was 17 years old. Until recently, he was the only biological son of his father, Alan Spaulding. Despite this, his adopted older brother, Phillip, seemed to be Alan's favorite and was groomed to take over the business while Alan-Michael was often left feeling overlooked and unloved. He is heavily influenced by his desire to be nothing like his father and brother on a personal level and his deep-rooted Document [23] (Title: Michael Conforti) of America Award WINS NOMINATIONS Michael Conforti Michael Conforti is an American television writer on the ABC Daytime soap opera General Hospital. He played Jeremy Rhodes on "Edge of Night", and Wally Bacon on "Guiding Light". Conforti later became a writer for the soap opera "Guiding Light". He became a Co-Head Writer for "All My Children" and "Guiding Light". Michael is currently a Breakdown Writer for the television show The Young and the Restless. "All My Children" (hired by Angela Shapiro) "General Hospital" (hired by Megan McTavish) "Guiding Light" "The Young and the Restless" (hired by Josh Griffith) Daytime Emmy Document [24] (Title: Guiding Light (1980–89)) episodes, but the writing was considered flat). Hope would take Alan-Michael out of town, to New York City, in November 1983 (the first of several Bauers that would soon leave the show). Floyd Parker lost all his money and prestige as a rock star, after staying for a time in the Spaulding mansion while Alan was in prison, after punching out his manager Josh Lewis But Floyd would not stop seeing Lesley Ann Monroe. Lesley Ann started to find herself attracted to Cedars Hospital administrator Warren Andrews. Warren was put into place as administrator (after Adam Thorpe, who'd previously held Document [25] (Title: Guiding Light (1980–89)) Very soon Carrie and Ross moved into together, and then got engaged. As is usually the case on most soap operas, things weren't really that rosy between the two of them. Ross was let on to the secret that his brother Justin Marler and Jackie Marler, who had gotten remarried after Elizabeth Spaulding left the country, were actually the biological parents of Phillip Spaulding. Ross had also used Amanda to further his career, and Diane Ballard knew that Ross still carried a torch for the still emotionally fragile Amanda. Diane also was still after getting control of Spaulding, and started Document [26] (Title: Alan-Michael Spaulding) Philip and Beth out of town, and Alexandra out on a mission to find herself. Roger Thorpe took this opportunity to use Alan-Michael's inexperience to take over Spaulding Enterprises which he did with the help of jewel thief Jenna Bradshaw who claimed that her late father was responsible for the invention which brought Spaulding to the top of the business world. Ousted from his family's company, Alan-Michael searched desperately for Alexandra to no avail. Just when it seemed all was hopeless, Alexandra returned, and with the help of Bess Lowell (Brandon Spaulding's former executive secretary), they were able to regain Document [27] (Title: Guiding Light) Rita Stapleton, whose complex relationships with Roger and Ed propelled much of the story for the remainder of the decade, Alan Spaulding, and Ross Marler, both of whom remained major characters into the 2000s. The decision was made during the fall of 1977 to reintroduce the thought-dead character of Bill Bauer, in a major retcon. The other characters thought that he had died in an airplane crash in July 1969, but he was said to actually be alive. (Many viewers who had also paid attention to the show and story line back in September 1968, remembered that Bill was told Document [28] (Title: Guiding Light) Phillip Spaulding, Mindy Lewis, and Beth Raines. She also introduced characters Alexandra Spaulding, performed by actress Beverlee McKinsey, of "Another World" and "Texas" fame; and Reva Shayne, played by Kim Zimmer. The ratings in the mid- to late 1980s were solid and healthy. Pamela K. Long returned for a second head writer stint from 1987 to 1990. The characters of Roger Thorpe and Holly Norris returned to the series during the late 1980s. Maureen Garrett reprised her role of Holly #2 in 1988, followed by Michael Zaslow as Roger in 1989. With the new decade, the series' storytelling transitioned from Document [29] (Title: Bauer family (Guiding Light)) of the shows run. Hope Bauer began drinking while married to Alan Spaulding, who was treating her badly. Her character was soon written out of the show after this storyline, but it was mentioned in later years that she was still struggling with the affliction, and that it was the cause of her estrangement from her son, Alan-Michael. Bert Bauer was diagnosed with uterine cancer during the early 1960s. The actress claimed to have received thousands of letters from women who were motivated to request pap-smears from their doctors as a result of the story. During the late 1970s, Ed's Document [30] (Title: Alan-Michael Spaulding) custody of Marah and Shayne. Alan-Michael would return in 2005, divorced from Lucy. He and Marina Cooper (ironically, the child Eleni had conceived with Frank) would have a brief courtship between 2005 and 2006, and he later had a courtship with Ava Peralta before leaving Springfield again. Alan-Michael Spaulding Alan-Michael Spaulding is a fictional character on the CBS soap opera "Guiding Light". The character is the son of wealthy businessman, Alan Spaulding, and his former wife, Hope Bauer. Alan-Michael was born on-screen on September 23, 1981, but this was subsequently revised to 1970 when he turned 17 years old and Document [31] (Title: Guiding Light (1990–99)) already established by Long characters, Gilly Grant and Hampton Speakes, amongst those was Gilly's brother, David Grant, who started out as a criminal but later "reformed" into a private investigator, and Hampton's daughter, Katherine "Kat" Speakes who had a relationship with David, until she went to school in Europe. Then-Executive Producer Phelps herself was a controversial figure among "Guiding Light" fans. Actress Beverlee McKinsey played Alexandra Spaulding, Alan's older sister, on "Guiding Light" during the Pam Long years, and executed an option in her contract that, combined with vacation time she had earned, allowed her to leave the show without Document [32] (Title: Ron Raines) he finished Juilliard. Raines joined "Guiding Light" in 1994 in his first television role. He is the third actor to play the part of the sinister, nefarious Alan Spaulding, a role which has earned him three Emmy nominations. He remained on "Guiding Light" through its cancellation in 2009. In 2013 he appeared in an episode (Lady Killer) of the CBS drama Person of Interest as Bruce Wellington. In 2014 he made a guest appearance on the CBS drama "Elementary" as Ian. In 2014, Raines played Senator William Preston in the soap opera web series "Beacon Hill". He made his debut Document [33] (Title: Jeffrey King) the show but also longtime veterans. When asked about a potential love interest, Bleu revealed that there was a potential pairing with Jeffrey and Destiny Evans (Shenell Edmonds) coming up. Bleu referred to Jeffrey's past as having a "puppet strings" affect on his future. In November 2011, Bleu said that the series would soon delve into Jeffrey's past and reveal his "true purpose". By late November, Ron Raines, known for his role as Alan Spaulding on "Guiding Light" was cast in the role of Carl Peterson, Jeffrey's longtime mentor. Jeffrey is a friend of Matthew Buchanan (Eddie Alderson) and Danielle Document [34] (Title: Alan-Michael Spaulding) Alan-Michael Spaulding Alan-Michael Spaulding is a fictional character on the CBS soap opera "Guiding Light". The character is the son of wealthy businessman, Alan Spaulding, and his former wife, Hope Bauer. Alan-Michael was born on-screen on September 23, 1981, but this was subsequently revised to 1970 when he turned 17 years old and then later to 1965 or 1966 during his brief dalliance with Marina Cooper in 2006. Four actors have regularly portrayed the character, the most recent being Michael Dempsey from November 2005 to May 2007. Rick Hearst was the actor who portrayed him the longest, and is arguably Document [35] (Title: Shayne Lewis) Shayne Lewis Shayne Lewis is a fictional character from the CBS soap opera "Guiding Light". He is the second child of supercouple Joshua Lewis and Reva Shayne. In 2008, Jeff Branson stepped into the role to critical acclaim and soon won a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in 2009, having the distinction of winning the final award in the show's last year on television. Branson previously appeared on the show in 2004 as a young version of Alan Spaulding in a flashback scene during Carrie Carruther's murder investigation. Prior to Branson assuming the role as an adult, the Document [36] (Title: Guiding Light (1990–99)) This somewhat campy material was bulldozed through by actress, Cynthia Watros, whose performance astonished viewers. Annie, with Alan Spaulding's help, then tried to manipulate Reva's real sister Cassie into breaking up Josh and Reva. Watros left the show in early 1998, after Annie was arrested for her past misdeeds at her and Alan's aborted wedding (and also having her attempting to be defended by another recently new character, attorney and also Ross, Justin and Lainie Marler's long lost surprise half-brother, Ben Warren), leaving a big hole in a show that had been largely centered on the Josh/Reva/Annie storyline. During the Document [37] (Title: Guiding Light (1980–89)) Also reintroduced in the first half of 1980 was Holly's brother Andy Norris, who had become a novelist and had become interested in the intrigue of Alan Spaulding. Andy thought that Alan's story might make a great novel and a wonderful "television" miniseries. Although Andy didn't seem her type, Katie Parker, after being disappointed romantically by Dr. Mark Hamilton (Hamilton and Burton Cooper would suddenly just stop appearing on the show), became involved with Andy. Katie was also working as an assistant to Dr. Sara McIntyre, who had become a sex therapist. When Andy discovered that Katie was working for Document [38] (Title: Guiding Light (2000–09)) father-in-law Alan Spaulding's daughter, Peyton Raines, married and divorced Rick Bauer, and returned to school to study law. The Lewis family had its share of problems in 2008. Cassie frequently saw visions of and spoke with her late daughter Tammy's ghost; Cassie and Richard's adopted son Will was found to be responsible for the death of his biological father, Prince Alonzo Baptiste, and the near death of his uncle, Edmund Winslow. Edmund then lapsed into a coma, thanks to Jeffrey O'Neil tampering with his oxygen tube. Will tormented Cassie's son, R.J., and was later carted off to a reform school Document [39] (Title: Guiding Light (1980–89)) Dreaming Death (that killed off the unpopular Lesley Ann Monroe, and meant that Alan Spaulding and his portrayor, Christopher Bernau departed, until 1986), the mystery surrounding the hauntings of Annabelle and Tony Reardon's cottage next to the Spaulding mansion (that near the end would bring in, Alexandra finding out that her father, Brandon was not dead after all—even though viewers had seen him die onscreen, but was living in Barbados with an entire new branch of the Spaulding family. Brandon's mistress Sharina and their daughter Victoria Spaulding). Vanessa giving birth to her and Billy's son and then getting hooked on Document [40] (Title: Ross Marler) that Phillip had hired a mechanic to tamper with the plane in an effort to keep Ross off of his tail. Ross Marler Ross Marler is a fictional character from the CBS daytime soap opera "Guiding Light". The role was portrayed by Jerry verDorn, who joined the series on March 19, 1979 and remained with the series until October 11, 2005. As portrayed by actor Jerry verDorn, the role of Ross was introduced to Guiding Light in 1979 by head writers Bridget and Jerome Dobson and executive producer Allen M. Potter. verDorn received Daytime Emmy Awards in the Best Supporting Document [41] (Title: Matt Clark (The Young and the Restless)) familiar with the soap opera genre, having played Alan-Michael Spaulding on "Guiding Light" for several years prior. "TimesDaily" wrote: "Expect the storyline of the vengeful Matt to be stepped up with Hearst in the role". In April 2001, it was announced that Hearst would exit, and the character died onscreen the following month. However, due to Hearst's popularity with viewers, the actor returned for several recurring guest appearances beginning July 2001 as a vision being seen by the insane Tricia Dennison after his character's death. Speaking on his exit and appearances afterward, Hearst said: "I look at every opportunity as Document [42] (Title: Ron Raines) Ron Raines Ron Raines (born December 2, 1949) is an American actor. He is known for the role of Alan Spaulding on the television soap opera "Guiding Light". Raines also performs in musical theatre and in concert with symphony orchestras. Raines was born in Texas City, Texas. His father was a Church of the Nazarene minister, and Raines became interested in music through the church. He was once in a band called Renaissance. He graduated from Nacogdoches High School in Nacogdoches, Texas, graduated from Oklahoma City University and later attended Juilliard. He decided to pursue a career in performing after Document [43] (Title: Alan-Michael Spaulding) the best known for the role. He was nominated for four Daytime Emmy Awards, winning his first in 1991. The child who played him at birth was a baby girl named Jessica Zutterman. Carl T. Evans introduced the teenage character on July 4, 1987, when Alan-Michael literally parachuted onto the annual Bauer barbecue. He played Alan-Michael until 1990 when Rick Hearst took over the character, playing him for six years. When he left, Michael Dietz was recast briefly (July 3, 1996, to February 7, 1997). In 2005, "Guiding Light" reintroduced the character with Michael Dempsey in the role. Alan-Michael was Document [44] (Title: Guiding Light (1970–79)) in over his head dealing with trashy journalist Brandy Shelloe, who had broken up his and Jackie's marriage eight years earlier. Mike Bauer tried to warn Sara that Dean was a shady character, and indeed Dean was. He tried to win sole custody of Phillip for Alan by paying off a man named Ramon de Vilar to falsely testify that Elizabeth had had an affair with him. This ploy did work for a while, and Alan was awarded sole custody after he married Jackie. Later it would be learned that Dean would have kept the de Vilar affidavits, that de Document [45] (Title: Alexandra Spaulding) Alexandra Spaulding Alexandra Spaulding (formerly von Halkein, Thorpe and Foley), affectionately known by family and friends as Alex, is a fictional character on CBS's daytime drama "Guiding Light". Beverlee McKinsey was the first actress to play the role, which she did from February 10, 1984 to August 21, 1992. McKinsey made the character one of the most memorable women on daytime television and although she loved her family, "her voice dripped venom when she addressed her enemies." Lydia Bruce (Maggie Powers, "The Doctors") played the role of Alexandra for a couple of days in the fall of 1984 after the Document [46] (Title: Phillip Spaulding) he could spread lies about Phillip to the board. Phillip didn't leave but arrived during a board meeting to see Alan-Michael's actions against him. Not long after, Amanda exposed Alan-Michael as "A. Spaulding" through a letter from Neil to him. After Phillip asked Alan to support him during his fight against Alan-Michael Alan collapsed due to intense pain in his back and was rushed to Cedars. While recovering in his bed, he confessed to the family he was actually "A. Spaulding" and had hired Neil to set Phillip up since he had been disappointed in Phillip. Furious, Phillip disowned Alan Document [47] (Title: Guiding Light (1980–89)) Diane threatened Alan that she'd let it be known how Alan had "bought" Phillip as his son and that Phillip wasn't really a Spaulding. Diane had also gotten access to enough stock to force Alan out of his own company. Unfortunately for Diane, before she could oust Alan, she was killed by a blow to the head when she was pushed into her fireplace mantel. (In a gruesome scene Vanessa as played by Stuart came to see Diane and found her body {or Landon Geier's body} strewn against the fireplace mantel her head bludgeoned). Right away it was known, by Document [48] (Title: Alan Spaulding) Alan Spaulding Alan Spaulding is a fictional character on the CBS soap opera "Guiding Light". He was played by Christopher Bernau from the time of the character's introduction in 1977 until June 1988, when Christopher Bernau left the role due to health problems; Daniel Pilon stepped into the role from 1989 until the character was sent to prison in 1990. From 1994 to the series 2009 conclusion, the character was played by Ron Raines. Alan Spaulding resides in Chicago with his wealthy family prior to his move to Springfield. At the time, he is married to Elizabeth, and they are Document [49] (Title: Guiding Light (1990–99)) granddaughter Vickie Brandon Spaulding. Vickie came to town following her mother Victoria Spauldings death(Offcsreen)in Barbados. Victoria's mother Sharina Tamerlaine was also mentioned.It was hinted at that Vickie's long lost father was an old business associate of her grandfather Brandon Spaulding.Possibly Stanley Norris (Holly, Ken and Andy's late father) Vickie was involved with the controversial clone story and was a very under-used character for much of her time on the show before all together disappearing back to Barbados in 2001. In 1998, Esensten and Brown wrote a hotly debated storyline that ended up making GL the laughingstock of the industry. Reva, Document [50] (Title: Grant Aleksander) murdered the same year, but a subsequent story in 2005 revealed that the character was alive. Subsequent attempts by producers to have him return in 2005 and 2006 did not meet with success. In late 2008, it was announced by the official "Guiding Light" website that he would be reprising his role as Phillip Spaulding. Aleksander resumed the role on February 9, 2009 and played Phillip until the show ended in September 2009. Aleksander played the bartender at "Mickey's Bar" in the 1986 movie "Tough Guys", starring Burt Lancaster and Kirk Douglas. In 2006, he appeared in two motion pictures, Document [51] (Title: Guiding Light (1970–79)) death of Dr. Renee DuBois, who had arrived in town to testify at some future point that Arthur Green was indeed Roger. Renee in her short time in Springfield developed romantic feelings for Mike Bauer (he did as well back), but one evening at her hotel Roger got into her hotel room and shocked her. As a scared Renee was backing out away from him she ended up falling backwards to her death, dying in Mike's arms. The Bauers' and the Spauldings' lives grew ever-more complicated as Alan married Mike's daughter Hope, against the wishes of her father. (Mike still Document [52] (Title: Guiding Light (1990–99)) brother, Phillip Spaulding, and her lover from her college days, Gary Swanson who tried to kill at various times in 1990, Alan-Michael, Phillip and Blake, kidnapped both Alan-Michael and Blake, and also killed the man who brought an alive, Beth Raines (now played by Beth Chamberlin) back to Springfield, architect, Neil Everest and tried to set up Phillip as Neil's murderer and almost succeeded, until Roger, Ross and a briefly returned to town, India von Halkein figured out his and Blake's plans (Alan-Michael would dump her, and Blake for a while would blame both her parents and Ross for doing Document [53] (Title: Vincent Irizarry) Spaulding's twin brother, Nick McHenry Spaulding on "Guiding Light" from July 1991 to February 26, 1996. Irizarry returned for a cameo guest appearance in late-December 1996. Later, Irizarry was cast in the role of Dr. David Hayward on the soap opera "All My Children", a role he originated in 1997. Irizarry also crossed over to "One Life to Live", during the infamous baby-swap storyline in 2005. In September 2006, after almost ten years as David, Irizarry was fired from "AMC" due to a lack of storyline. He portrayed David until November 28, 2006. However, in November 2006, Irizarry joined the Document [54] (Title: Guiding Light) recasting the part. Leslie was killed by a drunk driver. Her father, Dr. Steve Jackson, remained on the show for the remainder of the '70s, serving as a senior physician at Cedars, and as a friend and companion to Bert Bauer. In November 1975, the name was changed in the show's opening and closing visuals from "The Guiding Light" to "Guiding Light". On November 7, 1977, the show expanded to a full hour and was broadcast from 2:30 to 3:30 pm daily. The series during the 1970s emphasized the Bauers and the Spauldings. Several notable characters were introduced. Bridget and Document [55] (Title: Jerry verDorn) Jerry verDorn Jerry verDorn (born November 23, 1949) is an American soap opera actor, best known for his role as Ross Marler in "Guiding Light" and Clint Buchanan in "One Life to Live". verDorn became one of "Guiding Light"s longest-running cast members, debuting in the role on March 23, 1979 and portraying the character of Ross for over 26 years. He won Daytime Emmy Awards for Best Supporting Actor in 1995 and again in 1996. ver Dorn also portrayed Ross in a 1983 television movie, "The Cradle Will Fall", an adaptation of a book to film using several "Guiding Light" Document [56] (Title: Guiding Light (1990–99)) when she threw herself out of the car Reva would end up driving off the bridge to her supposed death), and then Dr. Justin Marler who had since broken up with Helen Manzini returned from India to help both his daughter and his brother, Ross. (Although Justin would leave in the spring of 1991 when he was cured of his malaria that he had contracted while in India). Samantha would depart in 1992. Blake played both ends against the middle with both Alan-Michael Spaulding (pretending to be pregnant and then pretending to have suffered from a miscarriage), Alan-Michael's older adopted Document [57] (Title: Guiding Light (1990–99)) the other Spaulding maids, Donna. But by the spring of 1994 storylines aimlessly wandered, many revolving solely around characters played by new hires who were close friends to Phelps (several episodes featured nothing more than Justin Deas yelling on a rooftop). In spite of their talent, some of these actors, such as Marcy Walker (Tangie Hill; formerly a ward of Roger Thorpe's), Scott Hoxby who would later change his name to Derek Hoxby (Detective Patrick Cutter) and Veronica Cruz (Gabriella Lopez Grant; who married David for a short time to not be deported), were enormously unpopular with viewers. The storylines Document [58] (Title: Alan Spaulding) break up Billy Lewis and Vanessa Chamberlain, the latter of whom Alan wants to marry. Alan was very close to his sister Alexandra growing up, and planned a masked ball in her honor when she comes to town. She initially seeks revenge for his part in their father, Brandon, taking away her illegitimate son, and blackmails him into giving her control of Spaulding when she learns of his dealings with Beth Raines' adoptive father, Bradley. Alan disappears in the jungle during the "Dreaming Death" scare that takes the lives of several Springfield residents. Two years later, Alan turns up alive, Document [59] (Title: Guiding Light (1990–99)) themselves were often stagnant and silly, such as Alan's (by then played by Ron Raines) return from prison involving his hiding his face at all times and affecting a fake Japanese accent (he was pretending to be a foreign businessman so he could regain his company), Nick becoming more and more distracted by the power of Spaulding Enterprises, Alan shooting and wounding Alan-Michael (and Tangie acting as Alan-Michael's nurse, but caught in a romantic triangle between the father and son). Matt and Vanessa keeping their romance a secret from family and friends, and Alan and Jenna using a look alike Document [60] (Title: Guiding Light (1990–99)) Roger Thorpe was gaslighted and drugged by his new wife, Dinah Marler-Thorpe, and Roger's son, Hart, who had recently returned. Amanda Spaulding returned from California as a former madam who counted Matt Reardon as one of her high priced escorts. Amanda would later turn out not to Alans daughter after all but to be Brandon Spauldings daughter and that Alexandra had known the truth all these years. This re-written piece history infuriated longtime viewers. Notably because the lack of how the writers did not brush up on the Spaulding and Stafford family history. Amanda's half-siblings Morgan Richards and Matthew Evans Document [61] (Title: Robert Milli) Robert Milli Robert Milli (born March 15, 1933, Brooklyn, NY) is an American television actor. He is perhaps best known for his long-running portrayal of Adam Thorpe on the CBS soap "Guiding Light," a role he played from 1972-1981, briefly reprising the role on numerous occasions during the late 1980s and early 1990s. He originated the role of Dr. Jim Craig on the ABC soap "One Life to Live", playing the role from 1968 to 1969, and also appeared on a number of other soaps, including "Another World", "Somerset", "All My Children," and "Love is a Many Splendored Thing." He Document [62] (Title: Doris Wolfe) that Ashlee doesn't know. In September 2009, Doris was forced to tell Ashlee about her sexuality. Ashlee was upset that her mother kept this lifelong secret. Doris Wolfe Doris Wolfe (formerly Spaulding) is a fictional character on CBS's daytime drama "Guiding Light". She has been portrayed by Orlagh Cassidy from February 23, 1999 to September 18, 2009. Doris is perceived as a no-nonsense politician who will do just about anything to get ahead in life, often referred to as a "woman people love to hate." Doris Wolfe pulled herself up from relative poverty with little more than her own burning Document [63] (Title: Robert Milli) also played Horatio in Richard Burton's Hamlet, and had a small part in "Klute." He has also guest starred in the series "Spenser for Hire", and "Law & Order." Robert Milli Robert Milli (born March 15, 1933, Brooklyn, NY) is an American television actor. He is perhaps best known for his long-running portrayal of Adam Thorpe on the CBS soap "Guiding Light," a role he played from 1972-1981, briefly reprising the role on numerous occasions during the late 1980s and early 1990s. He originated the role of Dr. Jim Craig on the ABC soap "One Life to Live", playing the Document [64] (Title: Jonathan Randall) up and he married Tammy, but she was killed by Alan Spaulding on January 24, 2007, shortly after their wedding. Jonathan departed from the show shortly afterwards; he faked his and his daughter's death to get away from Spaulding. His time between his faked death and his next return to Spring Field were documented in the book, "Guiding Light: Jonathan's Story," which connected to the series with murder of the police chief of Tourmaline by Alan. In January 2008, Jonathan returned with his daughter. Unable to work things out with Lizzie due to her grandfather's control of her life, Jonathan Document [65] (Title: Guiding Light (1970–79)) continued to look for ways to kill Ben, even though Lucille apparently had a debilitating stroke. Then in the November 1979, Lucille was summoned by Alan Spaulding's father, Brandon Spaulding to his "death" bed, and the audience would learn the startling secret that Lucille was hiding: that Amanda was actually the product of an affair between Alan and a woman that Alan had known when he was younger, Jane Marie Stafford. When Ben started to become suspicious of Lucille's involvement in Brandon's "death", Lucille continued to find even more bizarre ways to kill her nemesis, Ben McFarren. Of course Lucille Document [66] (Title: Guiding Light (1980–89)) Spaulding (Christopher Bernau until the summer of 1988 and then played by Daniel Pilon until the winter of 1990) would come back to town and get involved with India and get her involved in an art forgery scam (Alan would later try to come between Vanessa and Billy, and much later with Reva and Josh, again). Alan had tried to convince Reva that the child she was pregnant with was really the departed Kyle's, but Reva would find out later that someone had doctored the paternity test results (this would be after Reva was briefly in a coma). It would Document [67] (Title: Guiding Light (1980–89)) how to handle finally being near the top. A little while later Reva followed Alan to Venezuela to track down Sonni, but met up with the character of Blake Lindsey; (played by Elizabeth Dennehy, Sherry Stringfield, and Elizabeth Keifer, although Keifer was to play the character the longest from July 1992 to the present day), who at first seemed to be working for Alan. But when Blake was introduced to Phillip, Blake turned into an agent provocateur. Just as Sonni's multiple personality disorder storyline had gone off course during the writer's strike, so did the story involving Blake. During the Document [68] (Title: Paul Rauch) episode of Santa Barbara on January 15, 1993, there was a roll-call list of the cast and crew. The final shot consisted of Paul Rauch standing in front of the camera, smashing a cigar under his shoe, and walking away. Nonetheless, that final shot caused controversy. On August 22, 2013, Grant Aleksander, who had portrayed Phillip Spaulding on "Guiding Light" from 1983 through the series finale in 2009, revealed in an interview with Carolyn Hinsey that Paul Rauch had been working on a continuation of "Guiding Light" at the time of his death on December 10, 2012. According to the Document [69] (Title: Guiding Light (2000–09)) into a coma and then recovered, only to have Spaulding Enterprises and the Spaulding mansion taken away from him by his adopted son Phillip's cousin Dinah and her half-brother Bill Lewis. Dinah's mom, Vanessa Chamberlain, moved from The Beacon into the Spaulding mansion with her daughter, Maureen, and ex-husband, Billy Lewis, joining Dinah and Bill. Alan later regained the Spaulding mansion and moved back in with his sister Alexandra, who along with Vanessa's ex, Matt Reardon, continued to exist mostly in the background, rarely seen on screen. Bill Lewis faced health problems while Dinah had her second cousin, Lizzie Spaulding, Document [70] (Title: Tom Wiggin) he guest starred in an episode of "Law & Order". He had non-contract roles on "All My Children" (Stan), and "Guiding Light" (Sam). He played Warden Whitakker in "Iron Jawed Angels" starring Hilary Swank, Whitey Ford in the mini series "The Bronx Is Burning", starring John Turturro and he appeared again on Broadway, starring with Farrah Fawcett in "Bobbi Boland". He played Lawrence Decker, a non-contract role on "Guiding Light" shortly before it went dark. He has appeared in several independent films, 'Exposure', "Brother to Brother" (starring Anthony Mackie) and "Diggers", starring Paul Rudd and Maura Tierney. In 2015 he Document [71] (Title: Children of Guiding Light) returned to Danny and Michelle. Hope left town with parents and brother in November 2005. Robert "Robbie" Fredrico Santos is the son of Daniel "Danny" Santos and Michelle Bauer Santos. He had a younger sister Hope Santos. Robbie left town with his parents and sister in November 2005. Emma Spencer Spaulding (formerly Emma Spencer Lewis) is a fictional character on the soap opera "Guiding Light". She was portrayed by Kathryn Hall from 2006–07 and portrayed by Jacqueline Tsirkin from 2007–09. The character is born on October 29, 2003, later revised to October 29, 2000 in 2007. James Alexander Spaulding (previous Document [72] (Title: Guiding Light (1970–79)) from heart attack. Soderberg and Sommer also wrote most of the set-up to how both the characters of Katherine "Kit" Vestid and Charlotte Waring Bauer would become one of the most interesting pair of villainess seen on television up to that point, that would be concluded by the next writing regime. On April 1, 1971, a new character was introduced, by Soderberg and Sommer, who would become one of the most major and remembered characters in daytime, Roger Thorpe, played by Michael Zaslow, originally a junior executive employee of Stanley Norris', off-an-on until the spring of 1997. (Thorpe would stay Document [73] (Title: Keith Charles (actor)) Heart Is" (Robert Jardin, 1972). He also worked on "The Guiding Light"/"Guiding Light" three times in three different roles (Professor Alexander "Alex" McDaniels, 1974-1975, Dr. Frank Nelson, 1980-1981 and Brandon Spaulding, 1984) and was the first actor to play Ted Clayton on "One Life to Live", for a year until he was replaced by another actor. With his wife, composer Nancy For, he was a dialogue writer for "As the World Turns" and "The Secet Storm". He played El Gallo in the original off-Broadway production of "The Fantasticks", and Potemkin in the Broadwa musical "Celebration". Charles appeared in films such Document [74] (Title: Guiding Light (1980–89)) Mike) investigated and found Alan's new private investigator, Joe Bradley in Chet's hotel room, Mike decided to put Jennifer on the witness stand in her own defense while Derek brought both Alan and Chet into the courtroom. In emotional scenes (interrupted by CBS News reports of the end of the Iran hostage crisis; the producers later showed these scenes as part of Jennifer Richards' flashbacks due to the amount of phone calls into CBS's switchboard angry with the interruption), it was revealed that Amanda was the biological daughter of both Alan and Jennifer. Amanda suffered a miscarriage (of her and Document [75] (Title: Jeffrey O'Neill (Guiding Light)) Jeffrey O'Neill (Guiding Light) Jeffrey O'Neill is a fictional character on CBS's daytime drama "Guiding Light". He has been played by Bradley Cole from May 9, 2003 to September 18, 2009. Cole played the role of Richard Winslow on the show from 1999 to 2002. Jeffrey is married to Reva Shayne O'Neill and was married to Olivia Spencer when she was on her death bed. He has two children, a daughter Ava Peralta with Olivia and a son Colin O'Neill with Reva. Jeffrey was also a grandfather to Maximus "Max" Lewis, Ava's son who died shortly after birth. Jeffrey is Document [76] (Title: Phillip Spaulding) and later made up with Alan-Michael and made plans to move to New York. As for Alan, he was suffering from paralysis, and giving up, refused to attend physical therapy sessions. Although Phillip arranged for him to be transferred to a rehabilitation clinic, he could not be persuaded by Alan to stay in town.. However, Alan still would not admit the seriousness of his injury and refused to heed the doctor's warning he would have to relearn how to use his body. Phillip dropped by the clinic on his way out of town, where Alex tried to convince him of Document [77] (Title: Alan Spaulding) the adoptive parents of Phillip Spaulding (though Elizabeth believes Phillip to be her biological son). Shortly after the Spauldings' arrival in Springfield, Alan has an affair with Phillip's governess, Diane Ballard; When Elizabeth senses impropriety between Alan and Diane, she terminates Diane as Phillip's governess, but Alan immediately hires her as his executive assistant at Spaulding Enterprises. Elizabeth eventually tires of Alan's philandering and divorces him. Alan begins to date the much younger Hope Bauer whom he eventually marries. They have a son, Alan-Michael Spaulding, but divorce after Alan's affair with Rita Bauer, who is married to Hope's uncle, Ed. Document [78] (Title: Guiding Light (2000–09)) Ed), and Brandon Spaulding (father of Alan) in a murder mystery similar to the one their sons were involved in, which was "also" met with minor backlash due to its rewriting of character histories. The goings-on so annoyed longtime actor Peter Simon (who played Ed Bauer for much of the 1980s, left in 1996, and returned in 2002) that he quit the show and refused to return. Also in 2003, David Grant (though never shown on screen) was now a private investigator in Paris, France, and the long absence of David's mother, Vivian Grant (who had not been seen on Document [79] (Title: Guiding Light (1980–89)) mutual desire to bring down Alan Spaulding and take over Spaulding Enterprises. When Vanessa visited Joe at the Boarding House she took an instant disliking to Nola (and the feelings were mutual), and Vanessa accidentally caught Nola in one of her lies about the timing of when she became pregnant, and also talking to Tim into getting drunk (which Vanessa knew from her relationship with Ed was the last thing Tim needed). Vanessa thought of Nola as nothing but a gutter snipe, and went to Hillary about her suspicions. Sure enough in a rather violent way, things were about to Document [80] (Title: Eleni Andros Cooper) Eleni Andros Cooper Eleni Andros Cooper is a fictional character on the soap opera "Guiding Light". She was originally portrayed by actress Melina Kanakaredes from April 19, 1991 to March 1, 1995. She was temporarily replaced by actress Wendy Kaplan from December 1994 to January 1995 on a recurring basis. She was then portrayed by Jennifer Roszell from March 6, 1995 to September 22, 1999. Roszell returned to the role from Dec 2001 to Spring 2002, in October 2006, and finally in December 2008, which marked the character's last appearance on the show. Eleni is the ex-wife of Alan-Michael Spaulding Document [81] (Title: James Rebhorn) an abusive stepfather, Bradley Raines, on the soap opera "Guiding Light" from 1983 to 1985, and an abusive father, Henry Lange, on sister soap "As the World Turns" from 1988 to 1991. An earlier daytime role was as John Brady in "Texas" from 1981 to 1982. Also in 1991, he played the role of 'Ezra' in the television movie/pilot "Plymouth". Another performance was a cameo in Madonna's video for her single "Bad Girl" along with Christopher Walken (1993). In 1994, he appeared in an episode of the Nickelodeon series "The Adventures of Pete & Pete", titled "Farewell, My Little Viking" Document [82] (Title: Guiding Light (1980–89)) Alan was Joe's killer, and Mike followed Alan, Hope and Alan-Michael on a honeymoon trip to the island country of Tenerife, in October 1981, where some mysterious one-eyed man (the other eye had a patch over it) was trying to kill Alan, but almost killed Mike (Alan saved Mike's life, when Alan realized he couldn't let his father-in-law die) and returned to Springfield, where eventually he'd be arrested and sent to prison for his role in covering up Roger Thorpe's "death" in June 1979. Back in Springfield, it would be learned by Ross that Carrie was the murderer of Joe Document [83] (Title: Remy Boudreau) Remy Boudreau Remy Boudreau is a fictional character on CBS's daytime drama "Guiding Light". From April 7, 2006 to September 18, 2009, he has been portrayed by Lawrence Saint Victor, but was previously portrayed by Corey Parker Robinson from August 28, 2001 to April 4, 2002 and Gavin Alexander Houston from May 14, 2002 to Summer 2005. Remy Boudreau has always tried to be the good guy, but that was never enough for his father, Clayton. Remy had wanted to be a musician, but his father wanted him to be an athlete. After an injury made this more unlikely, their Document [84] (Title: Guiding Light (2000–09)) relationship with Remy, who was now married to Christina Moore. Remy's parents, Clayton and Felecia, and sister, Mel, comforted Remy when Max died and expressed concern about his extremely sudden marriage to Christina. Ava moved to San Francisco. Meanwhile, Josh and Reva's son Shayne Lewis, now wheelchair bound, returned to Springfield at the end of 2008.The last of the Santos family members, Father Ray Santos, was finally written out when Ray joined his cousin Danny in Louisiana. Alan Spaulding developed a brain tumor, leading to a series of visions (not seen on screen) of his dead son, Gus. Alan lapsed Document [85] (Title: Alan Spaulding) daughter. She continues to blame Alan for Tammy's death and is seeking vengeance. He saves Reva's life, and to keep each other from telling anyone, Reva moves into the Spaulding mansion. Alan volunteers to have a transplant to save his son Phillip's life. While recovering, Alan attends the Lewis/Cooper wedding. Alan dies on a bench in front of a lake. He is cremated and his remains put in the same lake where he died. Alan Spaulding Alan Spaulding is a fictional character on the CBS soap opera "Guiding Light". He was played by Christopher Bernau from the time of the Document [86] (Title: Doris Wolfe) Doris Wolfe Doris Wolfe (formerly Spaulding) is a fictional character on CBS's daytime drama "Guiding Light". She has been portrayed by Orlagh Cassidy from February 23, 1999 to September 18, 2009. Doris is perceived as a no-nonsense politician who will do just about anything to get ahead in life, often referred to as a "woman people love to hate." Doris Wolfe pulled herself up from relative poverty with little more than her own burning ambition. Raising her daughter, Ashlee, alone in a trailer park, she fought her way up the ladder to become one of Springfield's most successful lawyers. When Document [87] (Title: Christopher Bernau) that of villain Alan Spaulding on the soap opera "Guiding Light", a role he played from 1977 to 1984 and again from 1986 until shortly before his death in 1989. Though his famous character was portrayed as a habitual womanizer, Bernau is considered to be one of the only truly "out" soap opera actors, as it was fairly well known by both the actors he worked with and the soap press at large that he was gay. Bernau was diagnosed with AIDS but continued to work on "Guiding Light". He left the show when he became too ill to show Document [88] (Title: Spaulding family) Spaulding family The Spaulding Family is a fictional family on the CBS daytime soap opera Guiding Light, and currently reside in the fictional town of Springfield. The Spaulding family became one of the core family on the show follow their arrival in 1977. The Spaulding family arrive in Springfield on November 7, 1977. Businessman Alan Spaulding arrived in town with his wife Elizabeth Granville Spaulding their then seven-year-old son Phillip Spaulding. Alan was the owner of Spaulding Enterprises, after he wrested the company away from his own father, Brandon. Over the years Spaulding Enterprises has gone through many CEO's with Document [89] (Title: Guiding Light (1980–89)) Alan brought Billy's ex-wife Reva to town to break them up. Reva soon fell back into the arms of her true love Josh ("Bud"), but along the way managed to marry or sleep with a variety of men, including Josh's own father. (Zimmer would win the first of three Daytime "Emmy" awards for her portrayal of Reva, in May 1984). In 1984, Long also created the regal Alexandra Spaulding, and the show scored a casting coup by landing Beverlee McKinsey, who had a memorable run as Iris on "Another World" and "Texas". The storyline of the Four Musketeers proved so Document [90] (Title: Marj Dusay) veteran actor John Aniston and working with future "Guiding Light" co-star Crystal Chappell. After a nationwide search for an actress to take over for the enormously popular Beverlee McKinsey, Marj began as Alexandra Spaulding on "Guiding Light" in August 1993, remaining on the show until March 1997. She returned for a brief stint from November 1998-February 1999, but could not resist the chance to create her own part. Marj finally originated a soap role as the evil Vanessa Bennett on "All My Children" from 1999-2002. As the mother of Dr. David Hayward (Vincent Irizarry, her co-star from "Guiding Light") and Document [91] (Title: Guiding Light) not before resolving conflicts with many former adversaries, including Jonathan. Alan's death brought the characters together in a way that could not have happened while he was still alive. Alexandra is especially distraught about Alan's death, but was pleased when Fletcher Reade came to the Spaulding Mansion after Alan's service, and convinced her to accompany him to Europe. Beth and Phillip have grown closer and decided to remarry; Mindy Lewis returned to Springfield for good, and she and Rick also became fonder of each other. Reva and Josh had a discussion, and agreed that they each had their respective problems Document [92] (Title: Guiding Light (1980–89)) around a man named, Samuel Pasquin, who would turn out to be really Spaulding employee, Mark Evans who got Jennifer Richards to marry him, but then had an affair with her and Alan's daughter, Amanda Spaulding. In the end, in April and May 1983, this storyline would be convoluted to the point of dragging in both Nola Reardon and Quinton Chamberlain. Mark would end up falling to his death taking psychotic ex-lover Mona Enright aka Rebecca Cartwright along with him, as she was about to kill both Amanda and her ex-lover Quint. A new storyline was introduced that used the Document [93] (Title: Guiding Light (1970–79)) resented Alan for sabotaging his relationship with ex-wife Elizabeth Spaulding, by poisoning his son Philip against Mike, and also because he felt certain that Alan was involved in criminal activity, possibly working with Roger.) Upon Rita's return to Springfield during the summer of 1980, she and Ed tried to resume their marriage, but were forced to admit that they'd grown too far apart; Rita and Alan became close during this time, and eventually, their relationship evolved into an ongoing affair (despite the fact that Rita was, by marriage, Hope's aunt). When the affair finally was exposed by blackmailer Andy Norris Document [94] (Title: Guiding Light (1970–79)) summer estate with his emotionally distant wife, Elizabeth. Elizabeth doted on young Phillip, whom she believed to be her son. In reality, her baby had been stillborn, and Alan had obtained Phillip from an unknown woman. That woman would turn out to be none other than, Jackie Marler! Although Jackie was still in love with Justin Marler, she married Alan after he and Elizabeth divorced in 1978 to make sure she was close to her son. (Justin had no idea he was a father; Alan had no idea Jackie was Phillip's mother.) Through all of this, Alan also carried on Document [95] (Title: Guiding Light (1980–89)) threatening not only Justin, Jackie and Ross, but also Alan (Diane had gotten from Roger Thorpe's apartment the affidavits from de Vilar, and an audiotape that Roger had made detailing his blackmailing of Alan). Diane tried to force Alan, and Ross to remove Phillip from Alan's will. Diane also was blackmailing Henry Chamberlain about the fact that he had an affair with a woman named, Stephanie Ryan before he married Vanessa's mother, and that Henry and Stephanie had a son named, Sean Ryan, that Henry had lost track of and had no idea where he was (Diane would tell Henry Document [96] (Title: Guiding Light (1980–89)) Tom Reardon (Gregory Beecroft in a dual role) when he caught not only Tom, but also H.B., Henry Chamberlain, Bill Bauer(not long before he moved to Springfield) and Alan's father, Brandon Spaulding (played in these flashbacks by John Wardell), carrying on with Annie during a fishing expedition just outside Springfield. After Eli was caught, with him almost blowing up half the town (or at least half of the show's canvas of characters), with Ross Marler saving everyone, the mystery of Tom's disappearance and death was cleared up. For a while Bea was mad at Henry for keeping the mystery a Document [97] (Title: Phillip Spaulding) continued to court each other until they ultimately married in 2004 when she gave birth to Emma Spaulding. Eventually, thanks to Harley, Buzz Cooper, and Frank Cooper, Phillip developed a vendetta against the Cooper family and literally went insane. After having him committed, Olivia divorced him and ran away with her daughter Emma. Phillip Spaulding Phillip Granville Spaulding is a fictional character from the CBS soap opera "Guiding Light", portrayed by Grant Aleksander. The character is the adopted son of business mogul, Alan Spaulding, and his first ex-wife, Elizabeth. Phillip has been portrayed by three different actors. Aleksander joined the Document [98] (Title: Children of Guiding Light) and younger maternal half-sister Peyton Spaulding. James's bone marrow is used to save Lizzie's life. In 2008, James is supposed to be the star of the church play, but he is pushed off the stage by Will Winslow. In April 2009, he returns to town as an adult to see his father, who has been pardoned for his crimes. It turns out that James hooked up with the Governor's daughter, Amy Young, to get Philip released. Peyton Alexandra Spaulding (born Bernadette Bauer) is the daughter of Alan Spaulding and Beth Raines. Born on February 12, 2008. Peyton has 3 paternal Document [99] (Title: Kyle Sampson (Guiding Light)) Kyle Sampson (Guiding Light) Kyle Sampson is a fictional character from the CBS daytime soap opera "Guiding Light". He was played by Larkin Malloy from 1984 to 1987. Kyle was the result of an affair between Cardinal John Malone and Sally Gleason. He was the President of Sampson Industries which caused him to become an enemy to both Alan Spaulding and Billy Lewis. It was once believed that Kyle was the son of Lewis Oil founder, H.B. Lewis. Kyle was in love with and engaged to Billy and H.B.'s ex-wife Reva Shayne. Kyle Sampson was once believed to be the Document [100] (Title: Beth Chamberlin) Beth Chamberlin Beth Chamberlin (born October 1, 1963) is an American actress, known for her role as Beth Raines on the CBS soap opera, "Guiding Light". Chamberlin was born in Danville, Vermont. She studied ballet with the American Ballet Theatre before enrolling at New York University as a dance/theater major. Chamberlin has a number of regional theater credits, include The Taming of the Shrew, Godspell, Flowers for Algernon and You Can't Take It with You. Chamberlin is best known for her portrayal of Beth Raines Spaulding LeMay Winslow Spaulding Bauer Spaulding on the CBS daytime soap opera "Guiding Light". She Document [101] (Title: Alan-Michael Spaulding) need to prove that he's just as capable as they are in business. While Alan and Philip are wholly proud of being Spauldings, Alan-Michael has always seen it as a mixed blessing, and sometimes more of a curse. He also has a deep seated need for his father's approval which is usually at odds with his disdain for him. Conversely, he is much closer with his Aunt Alexandra who is usually an ally to him in business as well as personal matters. Between 1992 and 1993, Alan-Michael was the only Spaulding by blood residing in Springfield, with Alan in prison, Document [102] (Title: Children of Guiding Light) James Lemay Jr.) is a fictional character on the daytime soap opera "Guiding Light". He was portrayed by Desmond and Aidan Young from June 2000 until September 2001. He was later played by Caleb Collins from October 2007 until February 2008, and by Zack Conroy from April until September 2009. James is the son of Phillip Spaulding and Beth Raines. He is born on June 29, 2000 (later changed to 1991) and initially believed to the child of Beth's husband James Lemay. James has four siblings, older sister Lizzie Spaulding, older paternal half-brother Zach Spaulding, younger paternal half-sister Emma Spaulding Document [103] (Title: Phillip Spaulding) Phillip Spaulding Phillip Granville Spaulding is a fictional character from the CBS soap opera "Guiding Light", portrayed by Grant Aleksander. The character is the adopted son of business mogul, Alan Spaulding, and his first ex-wife, Elizabeth. Phillip has been portrayed by three different actors. Aleksander joined the cast in 1982 and left in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, John Bolger played the role of Phillip. Grant Aleksander then returned and played the role from 1986 to 1991. Five years later, in 1996, he returned, playing Phillip until November 2004, when the character of Phillip was shot onscreen and presumed to Document [104] (Title: Guiding Light (1980–89)) Ben's baby) due to the stress of the emotions of finding out the truth (in 1997, in a major rewrite, Amanda by then played by Toby Poser learned that her father was Brandon Spaulding and Alan was her brother—a storyline move that was unpopular with many long time viewers). Shortly after the original reveal of Amanda being Alan and Jennifer's biological daughter, Eve Stapleton started being chased around by a stalker (the suspects were many including Vanessa—who sent Eve a dead rat through the mail—and Amanda). But in the end Amanda, upon finding many of her personal items missing from Question: who played alan michael spaulding on guiding light Answer: Carl T. Evans Long Answer: Portrayed by Jessica Zutterman (1981--83) Carl T. Evans (1987--90) Rick Hearst (1990--96) Michael Dietz (1996--97) Michael Dempsey (2005--07) Gold Document ID: 43

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Guiding Light (1980–89)) find out the truth about Phillip's birth and tell him before Alan and Justin had a chance too, and for a while Phillip refused to accept both men back in his life. He'd forgive Justin before the end of 1983, but not Alan. Beth would also be raped by Bradley, which would halt the romance building between Phillip and Beth. In 1983, the show focused on Rick Bauer, Phillip Spaulding, Mindy Lewis and Beth Raines, with Phillip and Beth running away to New York City to escape the dangerous Bradley (who would end up in prison for the rape), Beth Document [2] (Title: Ron Raines) La Mancha". He played the role of Johnny Brown in the Debbie Reynolds US tour of "The Unsinkable Molly Brown" in 1990. In 1994, he was offered a part in the national touring production of "The Sound of Music" with Marie Osmond on the same day he was offered the role of Alan Spaulding on "Guiding Light". He decided to take the TV role. He appeared in the Kennedy Center production of "Follies" from May 7, 2011 through June 19, 2011, as Ben Stone, with Bernadette Peters, Jan Maxwell, Danny Burstein and Elaine Paige. He had played this role previously Document [3] (Title: Michael Conforti) Michael Conforti Michael Conforti is an American television writer on the ABC Daytime soap opera General Hospital. He played Jeremy Rhodes on "Edge of Night", and Wally Bacon on "Guiding Light". Conforti later became a writer for the soap opera "Guiding Light". He became a Co-Head Writer for "All My Children" and "Guiding Light". Michael is currently a Breakdown Writer for the television show The Young and the Restless. "All My Children" (hired by Angela Shapiro) "General Hospital" (hired by Megan McTavish) "Guiding Light" "The Young and the Restless" (hired by Josh Griffith) Daytime Emmy Awards WINS NOMINATIONS Writers Guild Document [4] (Title: Vincent Irizarry) sow the seeds for a career as a professional actor, soon winning a full-time scholarship with Lee Strasberg at his Theater Institute. Irizarry got his start in daytime television in 1983 as Brandon/Lujack Luvonaczek Spaulding on "Guiding Light". His character was paired up with Beth Raines (then Judi Evans Luciano) and they were considered a "supercouple." He was nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award in 1985, but lost to future "All My Children" co-star Michael E. Knight. He then moved on to play Dr. Scott Clark from 1987 to 1989 on "Santa Barbara". He also portrayed the role of Lujack Document [5] (Title: Guiding Light (1970–79)) an affair with hard-boiled Diane Ballard. Originally Phillip's governess, Elizabeth fired Diane when she sensed inappropriate interactions between her and Alan; almost immediately, Alan then hired her as his personal assistant at Spaulding Enterprises. Diane, a sometime vindictive but shrewd businesswoman, harbored fantasies of being the next Mrs. Spaulding, but would continually be let down when Alan married two other women. Also brought to town for a while was Alan's personal attorney, the smooth talking Dean Blackford. Dean met the widowed Dr. Sara McIntyre, whom he romanced and married in Hawaii. Sara had attempted to romance Justin, but Justin was Document [6] (Title: Phillip Spaulding) rang out and Phillip was shot! It was then that the truth came out: Alan was behind the accidents in order to keep Blake from marrying Phillip and accidentally shot Phillip after having a struggle with a very much alive Roger. While Roger was exposed to everyone, Alan wasn't exposed immediately as the shooter. Roger was first suspected but finally convinced Ross, Phillip and Alan-Michael of Alan's crimes so the three decided to trick Alan into walking again. While Alex was in Europe, Roger appeared into the Spaulding mansion and appeared to shoot Phillip and Alan-Michael. Shocked, Alan stood up Document [7] (Title: Alan Spaulding) having plotted with India Von Halkein and her father to take over Spaulding. Alexandra and Alan battle but eventually come to an understanding. Alan and Vanessa once again become involved and are briefly engaged, but his fascination with Reva leads to Vanessa leaving town and ending their relationship for good. Alan learns that new Spaulding employee Blake Lindsey is really Christina Thorpe, Roger's daughter. In the middle of Blake and Philip's wedding, the truth about Roger is revealed, and Alan accidentally shoots Philip while aiming at Roger. He is sent to prison, periodically appearing as he reveals to Philip the Document [8] (Title: Guiding Light (1980–89)) ruin his private investigation business. Diane would use the information against Henry and Vanessa, and also the fact that Derek Colby had expressed interest in Vanessa, to have Derek force Henry and Vanessa to sign over their stock in Spaulding to her, or Diane would go to Alan and let him know that Henry had signed a deal with Jocelyn Electronics that would benefit Henry and his daughter over Alan's family. And unknown to everyone else in town, Carrie and Diane had a past, that Carrie and Diane were mortal enemies. Everything came to ahead when Alan fired Diane, and Document [9] (Title: Alexandra Spaulding) the "Guiding Light" finale, Alexandra mourned the sudden death of her brother Alan and left Springfield to travel around Europe with Fletcher Reade, promising to return for an upcoming family wedding. Alexandra Spaulding Alexandra Spaulding (formerly von Halkein, Thorpe and Foley), affectionately known by family and friends as Alex, is a fictional character on CBS's daytime drama "Guiding Light". Beverlee McKinsey was the first actress to play the role, which she did from February 10, 1984 to August 21, 1992. McKinsey made the character one of the most memorable women on daytime television and although she loved her family, "her Document [10] (Title: Guiding Light (1980–89)) the audience, that Joe had stolen all of Diane's blackmail items out of her apartment, and Joe tried to blackmail Alan in turn. Also the affair between Rita and Alan came out when the pregnant Hope Bauer Spaulding (who had overheard an argument between Alan and Henry about the affair) ran her car into a tree and gave birth prematurely to their son, Alan-Michael Spaulding. Joe, in trying to go around Mike and the police to investigate Diane's death, let it be known in flashbacks told to the audience not only was he in Diane's apartment the night she was Document [11] (Title: Grant Aleksander) his work in daytime dramas (soap operas). Among his appearances in daytime are a stint on "Capitol" for the 1986 season as dastardly "DJ Phillips", and the role of "Alec McIntyre" on "All My Children" from 1993 to 1996. Aleksander portrayed Phillip Spaulding on the daytime drama "Guiding Light" from 1982 to 1984. He was temporarily replaced for a time by actor John Bolger, but returned to "Guiding Light" from 1986 to 1991, citing exhaustion from being front-burner five days a week for five years. He also dealt with the loss of both of his parents in the early 1990s, Document [12] (Title: Jeffrey O'Neill (Guiding Light)) Jeffrey O'Neill (Guiding Light) Jeffrey O'Neill is a fictional character on CBS's daytime drama "Guiding Light". He has been played by Bradley Cole from May 9, 2003 to September 18, 2009. Cole played the role of Richard Winslow on the show from 1999 to 2002. Jeffrey is married to Reva Shayne O'Neill and was married to Olivia Spencer when she was on her death bed. He has two children, a daughter Ava Peralta with Olivia and a son Colin O'Neill with Reva. Jeffrey was also a grandfather to Maximus "Max" Lewis, Ava's son who died shortly after birth. Jeffrey is Document [13] (Title: Guiding Light (2000–09)) who had been sent out of town with her father and Reva's son Johnathan Randall. Phillip then found himself arrested and behind bars after Lizzie called the authorities. During Coop's funeral Alan burst in and made a scene and Phillip made a deal to appear at the funeral and grabbed a deputies gun and fired it into the air to get everyone's attention and was re-arrested after making a plea that the Coopers and Spauldings try to get along. Alan was persuaded by Beth and Lizzie to give Company back to Buzz and the Cooper family only to have Buzz Document [14] (Title: Guiding Light (1970–79)) only eclipsed by Charita Bauer's record of 34 years that she set in the fall of 1984), and the character of Alan Spaulding (introduced by The Dobsons on November 7, 1977) would remain part of the show's canvas off-and-on until September 2009, although with two major recasts. Also the longest running recurring character began under The Dobsons, Cedars Hospital's OB-GYN Dr. Margaret Sedwick. Dr. Sedwick first made her appearance in September 1979 during Jackie Scott Marler Spaulding's difficult pregnancy and subsequent miscarriage. Dr. Sedwick and the actress who played her from the beginning, Margaret Gwenver (Sedwick was Gwenver's married name) Document [15] (Title: Guiding Light (2000–09)) Winslow, were married, and half-cousins Johnathan Randall (Reva's son) and Tammy Winslow (Cassie's daughter) wed. Not long thereafter, Tammy was hit by a car while pushing Johnathan out of harm's way. The vehicle was driven by Tammy's cousin Daisy's boyfriend, "G", who was hired by Alan Spaulding to kill Johnathan. Johnathan eventually faked his and daughter Sarah's death to leave town and escape the wrath of Sarah's grandfather, Alan Spaulding. Their departure was difficult on Sarah's mother, Lizzie Spaulding, who would spend much of the year trying to find Jonathan and baby Sarah. In one of soap opera history's first Document [16] (Title: Guiding Light (1990–99)) was added to the Cooper Family. Lucy Cooper, who was the product of his off-screen relationship with Sylvie, a woman he'd met years earlier and then later "married" in Arizona. Sylvie (who was identified as being from Sweden) was a nurse Buzz had met while at a VA Hospital.Sylvie would have died sometime later. Lucy would get involved and later marry, Alan-Michael Spaulding (who had previously been married to Blake Thorpe—as had Phillip Spaulding—and then Harley Cooper and then Frank's eventual wife, Eleni Andros, a Greek immigrant). Blake, who still blamed Holly for her divorce from Alan-Michael, plotted to steal Document [17] (Title: Guiding Light) 1974, after she had attempted to poison Dr. Sara McIntyre. A pivotal character, off-and-on, until the spring of 1998, Roger Thorpe, was introduced on April 1, 1971. The role of Roger was originally proposed to be blonde, fair-skinned preppy type, a man who was dating his boss's daughter Holly. Ultimately, Michael Zaslow, a dark haired actor with a more ethnic appearance, was hired for the role instead by long-time casting director, Betty Rea. Zaslow portrayed Roger as a complicated and multifaceted villain. Theo Goetz, the actor who played Papa Bauer since the first episode of "The Guiding Light", died in Document [18] (Title: Jeff Branson) prior to "All My Children" included a 2000 guest spot on NBC's "". He had a small part that year in the film "Shaft" and in 2002 he was in the feature film "Wolves of Wall Street". In 2003, he played the role of a younger Alan Spaulding on "Guiding Light"; coincidentally also played Shayne Lewis on "Guiding Light" up until the last episode of the show, 18 September 2009. In 2005, Branson received a Daytime Emmy Award nomination in the category of Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series for his work on "All My Children" as Jonathan Lavery. Document [19] (Title: Guiding Light (1980–89)) course. Sonni would also get involved for a while with Alan. Long plotted a storyline (before the writer's strike) where Phillip tried to use many people in Springfield (including Reva, Henry, Alexandra and Alan-Michael) to oust Alan as President of Spaulding Enterprises (this story was reminiscent of many of the real life business scandals taking place at the time; this was also Christopher Bernau's last huge storyline before his departure). There were some wonderful scenes presented where Phillip was able to successfully take down Alan for many of his past crimes, but afterwards Phillip started feeling guilty and didn't know Document [20] (Title: Guiding Light (2000–09)) been the cause of the death of a young girl, Maryanne Caruthers, when they were young men in 1977. The story line was roundly criticized for its plot-holes, most notably that only two of the characters, Ed and Alan, were even on the show in 1977, and even Alan was not introduced until a month "after" the story supposedly took place. The story line (widely considered by many fans to have taken place in an alternative reality) was also substantially similar to 1983's Annabelle Sims story line, which featured H.B. Lewis (father of Billy and Josh), Bill Bauer (father of Document [21] (Title: Guiding Light (1980–89)) time had the audience get caught up in a baby naming contest, and the name that won was Anthony James Chamberlain. But in 1995–1996, when Nola and her son made a return appearance in Springfield, the name of the SORASed son was just, "J" Chamberlain). The affair between Alan and Trish became more convoluted and when it came out during the time Browne was writing the show in the summer of 1983, it would lead to Hope Bauer Spaulding becoming an alcoholic as her uncle Ed and grandfather had been. (There were some great scenes with Elvira Russell during these Document [22] (Title: Alan-Michael Spaulding) raised to adulthood by his mother in New York City and lived near his great great Aunt Trudy Bauer Palmer until he came to Springfield to live with his father when he was 17 years old. Until recently, he was the only biological son of his father, Alan Spaulding. Despite this, his adopted older brother, Phillip, seemed to be Alan's favorite and was groomed to take over the business while Alan-Michael was often left feeling overlooked and unloved. He is heavily influenced by his desire to be nothing like his father and brother on a personal level and his deep-rooted Document [23] (Title: Michael Conforti) of America Award WINS NOMINATIONS Michael Conforti Michael Conforti is an American television writer on the ABC Daytime soap opera General Hospital. He played Jeremy Rhodes on "Edge of Night", and Wally Bacon on "Guiding Light". Conforti later became a writer for the soap opera "Guiding Light". He became a Co-Head Writer for "All My Children" and "Guiding Light". Michael is currently a Breakdown Writer for the television show The Young and the Restless. "All My Children" (hired by Angela Shapiro) "General Hospital" (hired by Megan McTavish) "Guiding Light" "The Young and the Restless" (hired by Josh Griffith) Daytime Emmy Document [24] (Title: Guiding Light (1980–89)) episodes, but the writing was considered flat). Hope would take Alan-Michael out of town, to New York City, in November 1983 (the first of several Bauers that would soon leave the show). Floyd Parker lost all his money and prestige as a rock star, after staying for a time in the Spaulding mansion while Alan was in prison, after punching out his manager Josh Lewis But Floyd would not stop seeing Lesley Ann Monroe. Lesley Ann started to find herself attracted to Cedars Hospital administrator Warren Andrews. Warren was put into place as administrator (after Adam Thorpe, who'd previously held Document [25] (Title: Guiding Light (1980–89)) Very soon Carrie and Ross moved into together, and then got engaged. As is usually the case on most soap operas, things weren't really that rosy between the two of them. Ross was let on to the secret that his brother Justin Marler and Jackie Marler, who had gotten remarried after Elizabeth Spaulding left the country, were actually the biological parents of Phillip Spaulding. Ross had also used Amanda to further his career, and Diane Ballard knew that Ross still carried a torch for the still emotionally fragile Amanda. Diane also was still after getting control of Spaulding, and started Document [26] (Title: Alan-Michael Spaulding) Philip and Beth out of town, and Alexandra out on a mission to find herself. Roger Thorpe took this opportunity to use Alan-Michael's inexperience to take over Spaulding Enterprises which he did with the help of jewel thief Jenna Bradshaw who claimed that her late father was responsible for the invention which brought Spaulding to the top of the business world. Ousted from his family's company, Alan-Michael searched desperately for Alexandra to no avail. Just when it seemed all was hopeless, Alexandra returned, and with the help of Bess Lowell (Brandon Spaulding's former executive secretary), they were able to regain Document [27] (Title: Guiding Light) Rita Stapleton, whose complex relationships with Roger and Ed propelled much of the story for the remainder of the decade, Alan Spaulding, and Ross Marler, both of whom remained major characters into the 2000s. The decision was made during the fall of 1977 to reintroduce the thought-dead character of Bill Bauer, in a major retcon. The other characters thought that he had died in an airplane crash in July 1969, but he was said to actually be alive. (Many viewers who had also paid attention to the show and story line back in September 1968, remembered that Bill was told Document [28] (Title: Guiding Light) Phillip Spaulding, Mindy Lewis, and Beth Raines. She also introduced characters Alexandra Spaulding, performed by actress Beverlee McKinsey, of "Another World" and "Texas" fame; and Reva Shayne, played by Kim Zimmer. The ratings in the mid- to late 1980s were solid and healthy. Pamela K. Long returned for a second head writer stint from 1987 to 1990. The characters of Roger Thorpe and Holly Norris returned to the series during the late 1980s. Maureen Garrett reprised her role of Holly #2 in 1988, followed by Michael Zaslow as Roger in 1989. With the new decade, the series' storytelling transitioned from Document [29] (Title: Bauer family (Guiding Light)) of the shows run. Hope Bauer began drinking while married to Alan Spaulding, who was treating her badly. Her character was soon written out of the show after this storyline, but it was mentioned in later years that she was still struggling with the affliction, and that it was the cause of her estrangement from her son, Alan-Michael. Bert Bauer was diagnosed with uterine cancer during the early 1960s. The actress claimed to have received thousands of letters from women who were motivated to request pap-smears from their doctors as a result of the story. During the late 1970s, Ed's Document [30] (Title: Alan-Michael Spaulding) custody of Marah and Shayne. Alan-Michael would return in 2005, divorced from Lucy. He and Marina Cooper (ironically, the child Eleni had conceived with Frank) would have a brief courtship between 2005 and 2006, and he later had a courtship with Ava Peralta before leaving Springfield again. Alan-Michael Spaulding Alan-Michael Spaulding is a fictional character on the CBS soap opera "Guiding Light". The character is the son of wealthy businessman, Alan Spaulding, and his former wife, Hope Bauer. Alan-Michael was born on-screen on September 23, 1981, but this was subsequently revised to 1970 when he turned 17 years old and Document [31] (Title: Guiding Light (1990–99)) already established by Long characters, Gilly Grant and Hampton Speakes, amongst those was Gilly's brother, David Grant, who started out as a criminal but later "reformed" into a private investigator, and Hampton's daughter, Katherine "Kat" Speakes who had a relationship with David, until she went to school in Europe. Then-Executive Producer Phelps herself was a controversial figure among "Guiding Light" fans. Actress Beverlee McKinsey played Alexandra Spaulding, Alan's older sister, on "Guiding Light" during the Pam Long years, and executed an option in her contract that, combined with vacation time she had earned, allowed her to leave the show without Document [32] (Title: Ron Raines) he finished Juilliard. Raines joined "Guiding Light" in 1994 in his first television role. He is the third actor to play the part of the sinister, nefarious Alan Spaulding, a role which has earned him three Emmy nominations. He remained on "Guiding Light" through its cancellation in 2009. In 2013 he appeared in an episode (Lady Killer) of the CBS drama Person of Interest as Bruce Wellington. In 2014 he made a guest appearance on the CBS drama "Elementary" as Ian. In 2014, Raines played Senator William Preston in the soap opera web series "Beacon Hill". He made his debut Document [33] (Title: Jeffrey King) the show but also longtime veterans. When asked about a potential love interest, Bleu revealed that there was a potential pairing with Jeffrey and Destiny Evans (Shenell Edmonds) coming up. Bleu referred to Jeffrey's past as having a "puppet strings" affect on his future. In November 2011, Bleu said that the series would soon delve into Jeffrey's past and reveal his "true purpose". By late November, Ron Raines, known for his role as Alan Spaulding on "Guiding Light" was cast in the role of Carl Peterson, Jeffrey's longtime mentor. Jeffrey is a friend of Matthew Buchanan (Eddie Alderson) and Danielle Document [34] (Title: Alan-Michael Spaulding) Alan-Michael Spaulding Alan-Michael Spaulding is a fictional character on the CBS soap opera "Guiding Light". The character is the son of wealthy businessman, Alan Spaulding, and his former wife, Hope Bauer. Alan-Michael was born on-screen on September 23, 1981, but this was subsequently revised to 1970 when he turned 17 years old and then later to 1965 or 1966 during his brief dalliance with Marina Cooper in 2006. Four actors have regularly portrayed the character, the most recent being Michael Dempsey from November 2005 to May 2007. Rick Hearst was the actor who portrayed him the longest, and is arguably Document [35] (Title: Shayne Lewis) Shayne Lewis Shayne Lewis is a fictional character from the CBS soap opera "Guiding Light". He is the second child of supercouple Joshua Lewis and Reva Shayne. In 2008, Jeff Branson stepped into the role to critical acclaim and soon won a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in 2009, having the distinction of winning the final award in the show's last year on television. Branson previously appeared on the show in 2004 as a young version of Alan Spaulding in a flashback scene during Carrie Carruther's murder investigation. Prior to Branson assuming the role as an adult, the Document [36] (Title: Guiding Light (1990–99)) This somewhat campy material was bulldozed through by actress, Cynthia Watros, whose performance astonished viewers. Annie, with Alan Spaulding's help, then tried to manipulate Reva's real sister Cassie into breaking up Josh and Reva. Watros left the show in early 1998, after Annie was arrested for her past misdeeds at her and Alan's aborted wedding (and also having her attempting to be defended by another recently new character, attorney and also Ross, Justin and Lainie Marler's long lost surprise half-brother, Ben Warren), leaving a big hole in a show that had been largely centered on the Josh/Reva/Annie storyline. During the Document [37] (Title: Guiding Light (1980–89)) Also reintroduced in the first half of 1980 was Holly's brother Andy Norris, who had become a novelist and had become interested in the intrigue of Alan Spaulding. Andy thought that Alan's story might make a great novel and a wonderful "television" miniseries. Although Andy didn't seem her type, Katie Parker, after being disappointed romantically by Dr. Mark Hamilton (Hamilton and Burton Cooper would suddenly just stop appearing on the show), became involved with Andy. Katie was also working as an assistant to Dr. Sara McIntyre, who had become a sex therapist. When Andy discovered that Katie was working for Document [38] (Title: Guiding Light (2000–09)) father-in-law Alan Spaulding's daughter, Peyton Raines, married and divorced Rick Bauer, and returned to school to study law. The Lewis family had its share of problems in 2008. Cassie frequently saw visions of and spoke with her late daughter Tammy's ghost; Cassie and Richard's adopted son Will was found to be responsible for the death of his biological father, Prince Alonzo Baptiste, and the near death of his uncle, Edmund Winslow. Edmund then lapsed into a coma, thanks to Jeffrey O'Neil tampering with his oxygen tube. Will tormented Cassie's son, R.J., and was later carted off to a reform school Document [39] (Title: Guiding Light (1980–89)) Dreaming Death (that killed off the unpopular Lesley Ann Monroe, and meant that Alan Spaulding and his portrayor, Christopher Bernau departed, until 1986), the mystery surrounding the hauntings of Annabelle and Tony Reardon's cottage next to the Spaulding mansion (that near the end would bring in, Alexandra finding out that her father, Brandon was not dead after all—even though viewers had seen him die onscreen, but was living in Barbados with an entire new branch of the Spaulding family. Brandon's mistress Sharina and their daughter Victoria Spaulding). Vanessa giving birth to her and Billy's son and then getting hooked on Document [40] (Title: Ross Marler) that Phillip had hired a mechanic to tamper with the plane in an effort to keep Ross off of his tail. Ross Marler Ross Marler is a fictional character from the CBS daytime soap opera "Guiding Light". The role was portrayed by Jerry verDorn, who joined the series on March 19, 1979 and remained with the series until October 11, 2005. As portrayed by actor Jerry verDorn, the role of Ross was introduced to Guiding Light in 1979 by head writers Bridget and Jerome Dobson and executive producer Allen M. Potter. verDorn received Daytime Emmy Awards in the Best Supporting Document [41] (Title: Matt Clark (The Young and the Restless)) familiar with the soap opera genre, having played Alan-Michael Spaulding on "Guiding Light" for several years prior. "TimesDaily" wrote: "Expect the storyline of the vengeful Matt to be stepped up with Hearst in the role". In April 2001, it was announced that Hearst would exit, and the character died onscreen the following month. However, due to Hearst's popularity with viewers, the actor returned for several recurring guest appearances beginning July 2001 as a vision being seen by the insane Tricia Dennison after his character's death. Speaking on his exit and appearances afterward, Hearst said: "I look at every opportunity as Document [42] (Title: Ron Raines) Ron Raines Ron Raines (born December 2, 1949) is an American actor. He is known for the role of Alan Spaulding on the television soap opera "Guiding Light". Raines also performs in musical theatre and in concert with symphony orchestras. Raines was born in Texas City, Texas. His father was a Church of the Nazarene minister, and Raines became interested in music through the church. He was once in a band called Renaissance. He graduated from Nacogdoches High School in Nacogdoches, Texas, graduated from Oklahoma City University and later attended Juilliard. He decided to pursue a career in performing after Document [43] (Title: Alan-Michael Spaulding) the best known for the role. He was nominated for four Daytime Emmy Awards, winning his first in 1991. The child who played him at birth was a baby girl named Jessica Zutterman. Carl T. Evans introduced the teenage character on July 4, 1987, when Alan-Michael literally parachuted onto the annual Bauer barbecue. He played Alan-Michael until 1990 when Rick Hearst took over the character, playing him for six years. When he left, Michael Dietz was recast briefly (July 3, 1996, to February 7, 1997). In 2005, "Guiding Light" reintroduced the character with Michael Dempsey in the role. Alan-Michael was Document [44] (Title: Guiding Light (1970–79)) in over his head dealing with trashy journalist Brandy Shelloe, who had broken up his and Jackie's marriage eight years earlier. Mike Bauer tried to warn Sara that Dean was a shady character, and indeed Dean was. He tried to win sole custody of Phillip for Alan by paying off a man named Ramon de Vilar to falsely testify that Elizabeth had had an affair with him. This ploy did work for a while, and Alan was awarded sole custody after he married Jackie. Later it would be learned that Dean would have kept the de Vilar affidavits, that de Document [45] (Title: Alexandra Spaulding) Alexandra Spaulding Alexandra Spaulding (formerly von Halkein, Thorpe and Foley), affectionately known by family and friends as Alex, is a fictional character on CBS's daytime drama "Guiding Light". Beverlee McKinsey was the first actress to play the role, which she did from February 10, 1984 to August 21, 1992. McKinsey made the character one of the most memorable women on daytime television and although she loved her family, "her voice dripped venom when she addressed her enemies." Lydia Bruce (Maggie Powers, "The Doctors") played the role of Alexandra for a couple of days in the fall of 1984 after the Document [46] (Title: Phillip Spaulding) he could spread lies about Phillip to the board. Phillip didn't leave but arrived during a board meeting to see Alan-Michael's actions against him. Not long after, Amanda exposed Alan-Michael as "A. Spaulding" through a letter from Neil to him. After Phillip asked Alan to support him during his fight against Alan-Michael Alan collapsed due to intense pain in his back and was rushed to Cedars. While recovering in his bed, he confessed to the family he was actually "A. Spaulding" and had hired Neil to set Phillip up since he had been disappointed in Phillip. Furious, Phillip disowned Alan Document [47] (Title: Guiding Light (1980–89)) Diane threatened Alan that she'd let it be known how Alan had "bought" Phillip as his son and that Phillip wasn't really a Spaulding. Diane had also gotten access to enough stock to force Alan out of his own company. Unfortunately for Diane, before she could oust Alan, she was killed by a blow to the head when she was pushed into her fireplace mantel. (In a gruesome scene Vanessa as played by Stuart came to see Diane and found her body {or Landon Geier's body} strewn against the fireplace mantel her head bludgeoned). Right away it was known, by Document [48] (Title: Alan Spaulding) Alan Spaulding Alan Spaulding is a fictional character on the CBS soap opera "Guiding Light". He was played by Christopher Bernau from the time of the character's introduction in 1977 until June 1988, when Christopher Bernau left the role due to health problems; Daniel Pilon stepped into the role from 1989 until the character was sent to prison in 1990. From 1994 to the series 2009 conclusion, the character was played by Ron Raines. Alan Spaulding resides in Chicago with his wealthy family prior to his move to Springfield. At the time, he is married to Elizabeth, and they are Document [49] (Title: Guiding Light (1990–99)) granddaughter Vickie Brandon Spaulding. Vickie came to town following her mother Victoria Spauldings death(Offcsreen)in Barbados. Victoria's mother Sharina Tamerlaine was also mentioned.It was hinted at that Vickie's long lost father was an old business associate of her grandfather Brandon Spaulding.Possibly Stanley Norris (Holly, Ken and Andy's late father) Vickie was involved with the controversial clone story and was a very under-used character for much of her time on the show before all together disappearing back to Barbados in 2001. In 1998, Esensten and Brown wrote a hotly debated storyline that ended up making GL the laughingstock of the industry. Reva, Document [50] (Title: Grant Aleksander) murdered the same year, but a subsequent story in 2005 revealed that the character was alive. Subsequent attempts by producers to have him return in 2005 and 2006 did not meet with success. In late 2008, it was announced by the official "Guiding Light" website that he would be reprising his role as Phillip Spaulding. Aleksander resumed the role on February 9, 2009 and played Phillip until the show ended in September 2009. Aleksander played the bartender at "Mickey's Bar" in the 1986 movie "Tough Guys", starring Burt Lancaster and Kirk Douglas. In 2006, he appeared in two motion pictures, Document [51] (Title: Guiding Light (1970–79)) death of Dr. Renee DuBois, who had arrived in town to testify at some future point that Arthur Green was indeed Roger. Renee in her short time in Springfield developed romantic feelings for Mike Bauer (he did as well back), but one evening at her hotel Roger got into her hotel room and shocked her. As a scared Renee was backing out away from him she ended up falling backwards to her death, dying in Mike's arms. The Bauers' and the Spauldings' lives grew ever-more complicated as Alan married Mike's daughter Hope, against the wishes of her father. (Mike still Document [52] (Title: Guiding Light (1990–99)) brother, Phillip Spaulding, and her lover from her college days, Gary Swanson who tried to kill at various times in 1990, Alan-Michael, Phillip and Blake, kidnapped both Alan-Michael and Blake, and also killed the man who brought an alive, Beth Raines (now played by Beth Chamberlin) back to Springfield, architect, Neil Everest and tried to set up Phillip as Neil's murderer and almost succeeded, until Roger, Ross and a briefly returned to town, India von Halkein figured out his and Blake's plans (Alan-Michael would dump her, and Blake for a while would blame both her parents and Ross for doing Document [53] (Title: Vincent Irizarry) Spaulding's twin brother, Nick McHenry Spaulding on "Guiding Light" from July 1991 to February 26, 1996. Irizarry returned for a cameo guest appearance in late-December 1996. Later, Irizarry was cast in the role of Dr. David Hayward on the soap opera "All My Children", a role he originated in 1997. Irizarry also crossed over to "One Life to Live", during the infamous baby-swap storyline in 2005. In September 2006, after almost ten years as David, Irizarry was fired from "AMC" due to a lack of storyline. He portrayed David until November 28, 2006. However, in November 2006, Irizarry joined the Document [54] (Title: Guiding Light) recasting the part. Leslie was killed by a drunk driver. Her father, Dr. Steve Jackson, remained on the show for the remainder of the '70s, serving as a senior physician at Cedars, and as a friend and companion to Bert Bauer. In November 1975, the name was changed in the show's opening and closing visuals from "The Guiding Light" to "Guiding Light". On November 7, 1977, the show expanded to a full hour and was broadcast from 2:30 to 3:30 pm daily. The series during the 1970s emphasized the Bauers and the Spauldings. Several notable characters were introduced. Bridget and Document [55] (Title: Jerry verDorn) Jerry verDorn Jerry verDorn (born November 23, 1949) is an American soap opera actor, best known for his role as Ross Marler in "Guiding Light" and Clint Buchanan in "One Life to Live". verDorn became one of "Guiding Light"s longest-running cast members, debuting in the role on March 23, 1979 and portraying the character of Ross for over 26 years. He won Daytime Emmy Awards for Best Supporting Actor in 1995 and again in 1996. ver Dorn also portrayed Ross in a 1983 television movie, "The Cradle Will Fall", an adaptation of a book to film using several "Guiding Light" Document [56] (Title: Guiding Light (1990–99)) when she threw herself out of the car Reva would end up driving off the bridge to her supposed death), and then Dr. Justin Marler who had since broken up with Helen Manzini returned from India to help both his daughter and his brother, Ross. (Although Justin would leave in the spring of 1991 when he was cured of his malaria that he had contracted while in India). Samantha would depart in 1992. Blake played both ends against the middle with both Alan-Michael Spaulding (pretending to be pregnant and then pretending to have suffered from a miscarriage), Alan-Michael's older adopted Document [57] (Title: Guiding Light (1990–99)) the other Spaulding maids, Donna. But by the spring of 1994 storylines aimlessly wandered, many revolving solely around characters played by new hires who were close friends to Phelps (several episodes featured nothing more than Justin Deas yelling on a rooftop). In spite of their talent, some of these actors, such as Marcy Walker (Tangie Hill; formerly a ward of Roger Thorpe's), Scott Hoxby who would later change his name to Derek Hoxby (Detective Patrick Cutter) and Veronica Cruz (Gabriella Lopez Grant; who married David for a short time to not be deported), were enormously unpopular with viewers. The storylines Document [58] (Title: Alan Spaulding) break up Billy Lewis and Vanessa Chamberlain, the latter of whom Alan wants to marry. Alan was very close to his sister Alexandra growing up, and planned a masked ball in her honor when she comes to town. She initially seeks revenge for his part in their father, Brandon, taking away her illegitimate son, and blackmails him into giving her control of Spaulding when she learns of his dealings with Beth Raines' adoptive father, Bradley. Alan disappears in the jungle during the "Dreaming Death" scare that takes the lives of several Springfield residents. Two years later, Alan turns up alive, Document [59] (Title: Guiding Light (1990–99)) themselves were often stagnant and silly, such as Alan's (by then played by Ron Raines) return from prison involving his hiding his face at all times and affecting a fake Japanese accent (he was pretending to be a foreign businessman so he could regain his company), Nick becoming more and more distracted by the power of Spaulding Enterprises, Alan shooting and wounding Alan-Michael (and Tangie acting as Alan-Michael's nurse, but caught in a romantic triangle between the father and son). Matt and Vanessa keeping their romance a secret from family and friends, and Alan and Jenna using a look alike Document [60] (Title: Guiding Light (1990–99)) Roger Thorpe was gaslighted and drugged by his new wife, Dinah Marler-Thorpe, and Roger's son, Hart, who had recently returned. Amanda Spaulding returned from California as a former madam who counted Matt Reardon as one of her high priced escorts. Amanda would later turn out not to Alans daughter after all but to be Brandon Spauldings daughter and that Alexandra had known the truth all these years. This re-written piece history infuriated longtime viewers. Notably because the lack of how the writers did not brush up on the Spaulding and Stafford family history. Amanda's half-siblings Morgan Richards and Matthew Evans Document [61] (Title: Robert Milli) Robert Milli Robert Milli (born March 15, 1933, Brooklyn, NY) is an American television actor. He is perhaps best known for his long-running portrayal of Adam Thorpe on the CBS soap "Guiding Light," a role he played from 1972-1981, briefly reprising the role on numerous occasions during the late 1980s and early 1990s. He originated the role of Dr. Jim Craig on the ABC soap "One Life to Live", playing the role from 1968 to 1969, and also appeared on a number of other soaps, including "Another World", "Somerset", "All My Children," and "Love is a Many Splendored Thing." He Document [62] (Title: Doris Wolfe) that Ashlee doesn't know. In September 2009, Doris was forced to tell Ashlee about her sexuality. Ashlee was upset that her mother kept this lifelong secret. Doris Wolfe Doris Wolfe (formerly Spaulding) is a fictional character on CBS's daytime drama "Guiding Light". She has been portrayed by Orlagh Cassidy from February 23, 1999 to September 18, 2009. Doris is perceived as a no-nonsense politician who will do just about anything to get ahead in life, often referred to as a "woman people love to hate." Doris Wolfe pulled herself up from relative poverty with little more than her own burning Document [63] (Title: Robert Milli) also played Horatio in Richard Burton's Hamlet, and had a small part in "Klute." He has also guest starred in the series "Spenser for Hire", and "Law & Order." Robert Milli Robert Milli (born March 15, 1933, Brooklyn, NY) is an American television actor. He is perhaps best known for his long-running portrayal of Adam Thorpe on the CBS soap "Guiding Light," a role he played from 1972-1981, briefly reprising the role on numerous occasions during the late 1980s and early 1990s. He originated the role of Dr. Jim Craig on the ABC soap "One Life to Live", playing the Document [64] (Title: Jonathan Randall) up and he married Tammy, but she was killed by Alan Spaulding on January 24, 2007, shortly after their wedding. Jonathan departed from the show shortly afterwards; he faked his and his daughter's death to get away from Spaulding. His time between his faked death and his next return to Spring Field were documented in the book, "Guiding Light: Jonathan's Story," which connected to the series with murder of the police chief of Tourmaline by Alan. In January 2008, Jonathan returned with his daughter. Unable to work things out with Lizzie due to her grandfather's control of her life, Jonathan Document [65] (Title: Guiding Light (1970–79)) continued to look for ways to kill Ben, even though Lucille apparently had a debilitating stroke. Then in the November 1979, Lucille was summoned by Alan Spaulding's father, Brandon Spaulding to his "death" bed, and the audience would learn the startling secret that Lucille was hiding: that Amanda was actually the product of an affair between Alan and a woman that Alan had known when he was younger, Jane Marie Stafford. When Ben started to become suspicious of Lucille's involvement in Brandon's "death", Lucille continued to find even more bizarre ways to kill her nemesis, Ben McFarren. Of course Lucille Document [66] (Title: Guiding Light (1980–89)) Spaulding (Christopher Bernau until the summer of 1988 and then played by Daniel Pilon until the winter of 1990) would come back to town and get involved with India and get her involved in an art forgery scam (Alan would later try to come between Vanessa and Billy, and much later with Reva and Josh, again). Alan had tried to convince Reva that the child she was pregnant with was really the departed Kyle's, but Reva would find out later that someone had doctored the paternity test results (this would be after Reva was briefly in a coma). It would Document [67] (Title: Guiding Light (1980–89)) how to handle finally being near the top. A little while later Reva followed Alan to Venezuela to track down Sonni, but met up with the character of Blake Lindsey; (played by Elizabeth Dennehy, Sherry Stringfield, and Elizabeth Keifer, although Keifer was to play the character the longest from July 1992 to the present day), who at first seemed to be working for Alan. But when Blake was introduced to Phillip, Blake turned into an agent provocateur. Just as Sonni's multiple personality disorder storyline had gone off course during the writer's strike, so did the story involving Blake. During the Document [68] (Title: Paul Rauch) episode of Santa Barbara on January 15, 1993, there was a roll-call list of the cast and crew. The final shot consisted of Paul Rauch standing in front of the camera, smashing a cigar under his shoe, and walking away. Nonetheless, that final shot caused controversy. On August 22, 2013, Grant Aleksander, who had portrayed Phillip Spaulding on "Guiding Light" from 1983 through the series finale in 2009, revealed in an interview with Carolyn Hinsey that Paul Rauch had been working on a continuation of "Guiding Light" at the time of his death on December 10, 2012. According to the Document [69] (Title: Guiding Light (2000–09)) into a coma and then recovered, only to have Spaulding Enterprises and the Spaulding mansion taken away from him by his adopted son Phillip's cousin Dinah and her half-brother Bill Lewis. Dinah's mom, Vanessa Chamberlain, moved from The Beacon into the Spaulding mansion with her daughter, Maureen, and ex-husband, Billy Lewis, joining Dinah and Bill. Alan later regained the Spaulding mansion and moved back in with his sister Alexandra, who along with Vanessa's ex, Matt Reardon, continued to exist mostly in the background, rarely seen on screen. Bill Lewis faced health problems while Dinah had her second cousin, Lizzie Spaulding, Document [70] (Title: Tom Wiggin) he guest starred in an episode of "Law & Order". He had non-contract roles on "All My Children" (Stan), and "Guiding Light" (Sam). He played Warden Whitakker in "Iron Jawed Angels" starring Hilary Swank, Whitey Ford in the mini series "The Bronx Is Burning", starring John Turturro and he appeared again on Broadway, starring with Farrah Fawcett in "Bobbi Boland". He played Lawrence Decker, a non-contract role on "Guiding Light" shortly before it went dark. He has appeared in several independent films, 'Exposure', "Brother to Brother" (starring Anthony Mackie) and "Diggers", starring Paul Rudd and Maura Tierney. In 2015 he Document [71] (Title: Children of Guiding Light) returned to Danny and Michelle. Hope left town with parents and brother in November 2005. Robert "Robbie" Fredrico Santos is the son of Daniel "Danny" Santos and Michelle Bauer Santos. He had a younger sister Hope Santos. Robbie left town with his parents and sister in November 2005. Emma Spencer Spaulding (formerly Emma Spencer Lewis) is a fictional character on the soap opera "Guiding Light". She was portrayed by Kathryn Hall from 2006–07 and portrayed by Jacqueline Tsirkin from 2007–09. The character is born on October 29, 2003, later revised to October 29, 2000 in 2007. James Alexander Spaulding (previous Document [72] (Title: Guiding Light (1970–79)) from heart attack. Soderberg and Sommer also wrote most of the set-up to how both the characters of Katherine "Kit" Vestid and Charlotte Waring Bauer would become one of the most interesting pair of villainess seen on television up to that point, that would be concluded by the next writing regime. On April 1, 1971, a new character was introduced, by Soderberg and Sommer, who would become one of the most major and remembered characters in daytime, Roger Thorpe, played by Michael Zaslow, originally a junior executive employee of Stanley Norris', off-an-on until the spring of 1997. (Thorpe would stay Document [73] (Title: Keith Charles (actor)) Heart Is" (Robert Jardin, 1972). He also worked on "The Guiding Light"/"Guiding Light" three times in three different roles (Professor Alexander "Alex" McDaniels, 1974-1975, Dr. Frank Nelson, 1980-1981 and Brandon Spaulding, 1984) and was the first actor to play Ted Clayton on "One Life to Live", for a year until he was replaced by another actor. With his wife, composer Nancy For, he was a dialogue writer for "As the World Turns" and "The Secet Storm". He played El Gallo in the original off-Broadway production of "The Fantasticks", and Potemkin in the Broadwa musical "Celebration". Charles appeared in films such Document [74] (Title: Guiding Light (1980–89)) Mike) investigated and found Alan's new private investigator, Joe Bradley in Chet's hotel room, Mike decided to put Jennifer on the witness stand in her own defense while Derek brought both Alan and Chet into the courtroom. In emotional scenes (interrupted by CBS News reports of the end of the Iran hostage crisis; the producers later showed these scenes as part of Jennifer Richards' flashbacks due to the amount of phone calls into CBS's switchboard angry with the interruption), it was revealed that Amanda was the biological daughter of both Alan and Jennifer. Amanda suffered a miscarriage (of her and Document [75] (Title: Jeffrey O'Neill (Guiding Light)) Jeffrey O'Neill (Guiding Light) Jeffrey O'Neill is a fictional character on CBS's daytime drama "Guiding Light". He has been played by Bradley Cole from May 9, 2003 to September 18, 2009. Cole played the role of Richard Winslow on the show from 1999 to 2002. Jeffrey is married to Reva Shayne O'Neill and was married to Olivia Spencer when she was on her death bed. He has two children, a daughter Ava Peralta with Olivia and a son Colin O'Neill with Reva. Jeffrey was also a grandfather to Maximus "Max" Lewis, Ava's son who died shortly after birth. Jeffrey is Document [76] (Title: Phillip Spaulding) and later made up with Alan-Michael and made plans to move to New York. As for Alan, he was suffering from paralysis, and giving up, refused to attend physical therapy sessions. Although Phillip arranged for him to be transferred to a rehabilitation clinic, he could not be persuaded by Alan to stay in town.. However, Alan still would not admit the seriousness of his injury and refused to heed the doctor's warning he would have to relearn how to use his body. Phillip dropped by the clinic on his way out of town, where Alex tried to convince him of Document [77] (Title: Alan Spaulding) the adoptive parents of Phillip Spaulding (though Elizabeth believes Phillip to be her biological son). Shortly after the Spauldings' arrival in Springfield, Alan has an affair with Phillip's governess, Diane Ballard; When Elizabeth senses impropriety between Alan and Diane, she terminates Diane as Phillip's governess, but Alan immediately hires her as his executive assistant at Spaulding Enterprises. Elizabeth eventually tires of Alan's philandering and divorces him. Alan begins to date the much younger Hope Bauer whom he eventually marries. They have a son, Alan-Michael Spaulding, but divorce after Alan's affair with Rita Bauer, who is married to Hope's uncle, Ed. Document [78] (Title: Guiding Light (2000–09)) Ed), and Brandon Spaulding (father of Alan) in a murder mystery similar to the one their sons were involved in, which was "also" met with minor backlash due to its rewriting of character histories. The goings-on so annoyed longtime actor Peter Simon (who played Ed Bauer for much of the 1980s, left in 1996, and returned in 2002) that he quit the show and refused to return. Also in 2003, David Grant (though never shown on screen) was now a private investigator in Paris, France, and the long absence of David's mother, Vivian Grant (who had not been seen on Document [79] (Title: Guiding Light (1980–89)) mutual desire to bring down Alan Spaulding and take over Spaulding Enterprises. When Vanessa visited Joe at the Boarding House she took an instant disliking to Nola (and the feelings were mutual), and Vanessa accidentally caught Nola in one of her lies about the timing of when she became pregnant, and also talking to Tim into getting drunk (which Vanessa knew from her relationship with Ed was the last thing Tim needed). Vanessa thought of Nola as nothing but a gutter snipe, and went to Hillary about her suspicions. Sure enough in a rather violent way, things were about to Document [80] (Title: Eleni Andros Cooper) Eleni Andros Cooper Eleni Andros Cooper is a fictional character on the soap opera "Guiding Light". She was originally portrayed by actress Melina Kanakaredes from April 19, 1991 to March 1, 1995. She was temporarily replaced by actress Wendy Kaplan from December 1994 to January 1995 on a recurring basis. She was then portrayed by Jennifer Roszell from March 6, 1995 to September 22, 1999. Roszell returned to the role from Dec 2001 to Spring 2002, in October 2006, and finally in December 2008, which marked the character's last appearance on the show. Eleni is the ex-wife of Alan-Michael Spaulding Document [81] (Title: James Rebhorn) an abusive stepfather, Bradley Raines, on the soap opera "Guiding Light" from 1983 to 1985, and an abusive father, Henry Lange, on sister soap "As the World Turns" from 1988 to 1991. An earlier daytime role was as John Brady in "Texas" from 1981 to 1982. Also in 1991, he played the role of 'Ezra' in the television movie/pilot "Plymouth". Another performance was a cameo in Madonna's video for her single "Bad Girl" along with Christopher Walken (1993). In 1994, he appeared in an episode of the Nickelodeon series "The Adventures of Pete & Pete", titled "Farewell, My Little Viking" Document [82] (Title: Guiding Light (1980–89)) Alan was Joe's killer, and Mike followed Alan, Hope and Alan-Michael on a honeymoon trip to the island country of Tenerife, in October 1981, where some mysterious one-eyed man (the other eye had a patch over it) was trying to kill Alan, but almost killed Mike (Alan saved Mike's life, when Alan realized he couldn't let his father-in-law die) and returned to Springfield, where eventually he'd be arrested and sent to prison for his role in covering up Roger Thorpe's "death" in June 1979. Back in Springfield, it would be learned by Ross that Carrie was the murderer of Joe Document [83] (Title: Remy Boudreau) Remy Boudreau Remy Boudreau is a fictional character on CBS's daytime drama "Guiding Light". From April 7, 2006 to September 18, 2009, he has been portrayed by Lawrence Saint Victor, but was previously portrayed by Corey Parker Robinson from August 28, 2001 to April 4, 2002 and Gavin Alexander Houston from May 14, 2002 to Summer 2005. Remy Boudreau has always tried to be the good guy, but that was never enough for his father, Clayton. Remy had wanted to be a musician, but his father wanted him to be an athlete. After an injury made this more unlikely, their Document [84] (Title: Guiding Light (2000–09)) relationship with Remy, who was now married to Christina Moore. Remy's parents, Clayton and Felecia, and sister, Mel, comforted Remy when Max died and expressed concern about his extremely sudden marriage to Christina. Ava moved to San Francisco. Meanwhile, Josh and Reva's son Shayne Lewis, now wheelchair bound, returned to Springfield at the end of 2008.The last of the Santos family members, Father Ray Santos, was finally written out when Ray joined his cousin Danny in Louisiana. Alan Spaulding developed a brain tumor, leading to a series of visions (not seen on screen) of his dead son, Gus. Alan lapsed Document [85] (Title: Alan Spaulding) daughter. She continues to blame Alan for Tammy's death and is seeking vengeance. He saves Reva's life, and to keep each other from telling anyone, Reva moves into the Spaulding mansion. Alan volunteers to have a transplant to save his son Phillip's life. While recovering, Alan attends the Lewis/Cooper wedding. Alan dies on a bench in front of a lake. He is cremated and his remains put in the same lake where he died. Alan Spaulding Alan Spaulding is a fictional character on the CBS soap opera "Guiding Light". He was played by Christopher Bernau from the time of the Document [86] (Title: Doris Wolfe) Doris Wolfe Doris Wolfe (formerly Spaulding) is a fictional character on CBS's daytime drama "Guiding Light". She has been portrayed by Orlagh Cassidy from February 23, 1999 to September 18, 2009. Doris is perceived as a no-nonsense politician who will do just about anything to get ahead in life, often referred to as a "woman people love to hate." Doris Wolfe pulled herself up from relative poverty with little more than her own burning ambition. Raising her daughter, Ashlee, alone in a trailer park, she fought her way up the ladder to become one of Springfield's most successful lawyers. When Document [87] (Title: Christopher Bernau) that of villain Alan Spaulding on the soap opera "Guiding Light", a role he played from 1977 to 1984 and again from 1986 until shortly before his death in 1989. Though his famous character was portrayed as a habitual womanizer, Bernau is considered to be one of the only truly "out" soap opera actors, as it was fairly well known by both the actors he worked with and the soap press at large that he was gay. Bernau was diagnosed with AIDS but continued to work on "Guiding Light". He left the show when he became too ill to show Document [88] (Title: Spaulding family) Spaulding family The Spaulding Family is a fictional family on the CBS daytime soap opera Guiding Light, and currently reside in the fictional town of Springfield. The Spaulding family became one of the core family on the show follow their arrival in 1977. The Spaulding family arrive in Springfield on November 7, 1977. Businessman Alan Spaulding arrived in town with his wife Elizabeth Granville Spaulding their then seven-year-old son Phillip Spaulding. Alan was the owner of Spaulding Enterprises, after he wrested the company away from his own father, Brandon. Over the years Spaulding Enterprises has gone through many CEO's with Document [89] (Title: Guiding Light (1980–89)) Alan brought Billy's ex-wife Reva to town to break them up. Reva soon fell back into the arms of her true love Josh ("Bud"), but along the way managed to marry or sleep with a variety of men, including Josh's own father. (Zimmer would win the first of three Daytime "Emmy" awards for her portrayal of Reva, in May 1984). In 1984, Long also created the regal Alexandra Spaulding, and the show scored a casting coup by landing Beverlee McKinsey, who had a memorable run as Iris on "Another World" and "Texas". The storyline of the Four Musketeers proved so Document [90] (Title: Marj Dusay) veteran actor John Aniston and working with future "Guiding Light" co-star Crystal Chappell. After a nationwide search for an actress to take over for the enormously popular Beverlee McKinsey, Marj began as Alexandra Spaulding on "Guiding Light" in August 1993, remaining on the show until March 1997. She returned for a brief stint from November 1998-February 1999, but could not resist the chance to create her own part. Marj finally originated a soap role as the evil Vanessa Bennett on "All My Children" from 1999-2002. As the mother of Dr. David Hayward (Vincent Irizarry, her co-star from "Guiding Light") and Document [91] (Title: Guiding Light) not before resolving conflicts with many former adversaries, including Jonathan. Alan's death brought the characters together in a way that could not have happened while he was still alive. Alexandra is especially distraught about Alan's death, but was pleased when Fletcher Reade came to the Spaulding Mansion after Alan's service, and convinced her to accompany him to Europe. Beth and Phillip have grown closer and decided to remarry; Mindy Lewis returned to Springfield for good, and she and Rick also became fonder of each other. Reva and Josh had a discussion, and agreed that they each had their respective problems Document [92] (Title: Guiding Light (1980–89)) around a man named, Samuel Pasquin, who would turn out to be really Spaulding employee, Mark Evans who got Jennifer Richards to marry him, but then had an affair with her and Alan's daughter, Amanda Spaulding. In the end, in April and May 1983, this storyline would be convoluted to the point of dragging in both Nola Reardon and Quinton Chamberlain. Mark would end up falling to his death taking psychotic ex-lover Mona Enright aka Rebecca Cartwright along with him, as she was about to kill both Amanda and her ex-lover Quint. A new storyline was introduced that used the Document [93] (Title: Guiding Light (1970–79)) resented Alan for sabotaging his relationship with ex-wife Elizabeth Spaulding, by poisoning his son Philip against Mike, and also because he felt certain that Alan was involved in criminal activity, possibly working with Roger.) Upon Rita's return to Springfield during the summer of 1980, she and Ed tried to resume their marriage, but were forced to admit that they'd grown too far apart; Rita and Alan became close during this time, and eventually, their relationship evolved into an ongoing affair (despite the fact that Rita was, by marriage, Hope's aunt). When the affair finally was exposed by blackmailer Andy Norris Document [94] (Title: Guiding Light (1970–79)) summer estate with his emotionally distant wife, Elizabeth. Elizabeth doted on young Phillip, whom she believed to be her son. In reality, her baby had been stillborn, and Alan had obtained Phillip from an unknown woman. That woman would turn out to be none other than, Jackie Marler! Although Jackie was still in love with Justin Marler, she married Alan after he and Elizabeth divorced in 1978 to make sure she was close to her son. (Justin had no idea he was a father; Alan had no idea Jackie was Phillip's mother.) Through all of this, Alan also carried on Document [95] (Title: Guiding Light (1980–89)) threatening not only Justin, Jackie and Ross, but also Alan (Diane had gotten from Roger Thorpe's apartment the affidavits from de Vilar, and an audiotape that Roger had made detailing his blackmailing of Alan). Diane tried to force Alan, and Ross to remove Phillip from Alan's will. Diane also was blackmailing Henry Chamberlain about the fact that he had an affair with a woman named, Stephanie Ryan before he married Vanessa's mother, and that Henry and Stephanie had a son named, Sean Ryan, that Henry had lost track of and had no idea where he was (Diane would tell Henry Document [96] (Title: Guiding Light (1980–89)) Tom Reardon (Gregory Beecroft in a dual role) when he caught not only Tom, but also H.B., Henry Chamberlain, Bill Bauer(not long before he moved to Springfield) and Alan's father, Brandon Spaulding (played in these flashbacks by John Wardell), carrying on with Annie during a fishing expedition just outside Springfield. After Eli was caught, with him almost blowing up half the town (or at least half of the show's canvas of characters), with Ross Marler saving everyone, the mystery of Tom's disappearance and death was cleared up. For a while Bea was mad at Henry for keeping the mystery a Document [97] (Title: Phillip Spaulding) continued to court each other until they ultimately married in 2004 when she gave birth to Emma Spaulding. Eventually, thanks to Harley, Buzz Cooper, and Frank Cooper, Phillip developed a vendetta against the Cooper family and literally went insane. After having him committed, Olivia divorced him and ran away with her daughter Emma. Phillip Spaulding Phillip Granville Spaulding is a fictional character from the CBS soap opera "Guiding Light", portrayed by Grant Aleksander. The character is the adopted son of business mogul, Alan Spaulding, and his first ex-wife, Elizabeth. Phillip has been portrayed by three different actors. Aleksander joined the Document [98] (Title: Children of Guiding Light) and younger maternal half-sister Peyton Spaulding. James's bone marrow is used to save Lizzie's life. In 2008, James is supposed to be the star of the church play, but he is pushed off the stage by Will Winslow. In April 2009, he returns to town as an adult to see his father, who has been pardoned for his crimes. It turns out that James hooked up with the Governor's daughter, Amy Young, to get Philip released. Peyton Alexandra Spaulding (born Bernadette Bauer) is the daughter of Alan Spaulding and Beth Raines. Born on February 12, 2008. Peyton has 3 paternal Document [99] (Title: Kyle Sampson (Guiding Light)) Kyle Sampson (Guiding Light) Kyle Sampson is a fictional character from the CBS daytime soap opera "Guiding Light". He was played by Larkin Malloy from 1984 to 1987. Kyle was the result of an affair between Cardinal John Malone and Sally Gleason. He was the President of Sampson Industries which caused him to become an enemy to both Alan Spaulding and Billy Lewis. It was once believed that Kyle was the son of Lewis Oil founder, H.B. Lewis. Kyle was in love with and engaged to Billy and H.B.'s ex-wife Reva Shayne. Kyle Sampson was once believed to be the Document [100] (Title: Beth Chamberlin) Beth Chamberlin Beth Chamberlin (born October 1, 1963) is an American actress, known for her role as Beth Raines on the CBS soap opera, "Guiding Light". Chamberlin was born in Danville, Vermont. She studied ballet with the American Ballet Theatre before enrolling at New York University as a dance/theater major. Chamberlin has a number of regional theater credits, include The Taming of the Shrew, Godspell, Flowers for Algernon and You Can't Take It with You. Chamberlin is best known for her portrayal of Beth Raines Spaulding LeMay Winslow Spaulding Bauer Spaulding on the CBS daytime soap opera "Guiding Light". She Document [101] (Title: Alan-Michael Spaulding) need to prove that he's just as capable as they are in business. While Alan and Philip are wholly proud of being Spauldings, Alan-Michael has always seen it as a mixed blessing, and sometimes more of a curse. He also has a deep seated need for his father's approval which is usually at odds with his disdain for him. Conversely, he is much closer with his Aunt Alexandra who is usually an ally to him in business as well as personal matters. Between 1992 and 1993, Alan-Michael was the only Spaulding by blood residing in Springfield, with Alan in prison, Document [102] (Title: Children of Guiding Light) James Lemay Jr.) is a fictional character on the daytime soap opera "Guiding Light". He was portrayed by Desmond and Aidan Young from June 2000 until September 2001. He was later played by Caleb Collins from October 2007 until February 2008, and by Zack Conroy from April until September 2009. James is the son of Phillip Spaulding and Beth Raines. He is born on June 29, 2000 (later changed to 1991) and initially believed to the child of Beth's husband James Lemay. James has four siblings, older sister Lizzie Spaulding, older paternal half-brother Zach Spaulding, younger paternal half-sister Emma Spaulding Document [103] (Title: Phillip Spaulding) Phillip Spaulding Phillip Granville Spaulding is a fictional character from the CBS soap opera "Guiding Light", portrayed by Grant Aleksander. The character is the adopted son of business mogul, Alan Spaulding, and his first ex-wife, Elizabeth. Phillip has been portrayed by three different actors. Aleksander joined the cast in 1982 and left in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, John Bolger played the role of Phillip. Grant Aleksander then returned and played the role from 1986 to 1991. Five years later, in 1996, he returned, playing Phillip until November 2004, when the character of Phillip was shot onscreen and presumed to Document [104] (Title: Guiding Light (1980–89)) Ben's baby) due to the stress of the emotions of finding out the truth (in 1997, in a major rewrite, Amanda by then played by Toby Poser learned that her father was Brandon Spaulding and Alan was her brother—a storyline move that was unpopular with many long time viewers). Shortly after the original reveal of Amanda being Alan and Jennifer's biological daughter, Eve Stapleton started being chased around by a stalker (the suspects were many including Vanessa—who sent Eve a dead rat through the mail—and Amanda). But in the end Amanda, upon finding many of her personal items missing from Question: who played alan michael spaulding on guiding light

Answer: Carl T. Evans Long Answer: Portrayed by Jessica Zutterman (1981--83) Carl T. Evans (1987--90) Rick Hearst (1990--96) Michael Dietz (1996--97) Michael Dempsey (2005--07) Gold Document ID: 43

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Smokin Wanjala) election took place on March 4, 2013, it resulted in the 2 frontrunners, Uhuru of Jubilee and Raila of CORD, clinching 50.6% and 43.7% of the vote respectively. Uhuru Kenyatta was declared the president-elect of Kenya by the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission. Raila Odinga challenged this in the Supreme Court of Kenya. Wanjala was one of the six judges who dismissed the petition on March 30, 2013. The highly awaited verdict, given amid great tension in the country, was rendered in favour of Uhuru Kenyatta and was unanimous. Smokin Wanjala Smokin Wanjala is a Kenyan lawyer and an Associate Document [2] (Title: 2013 Kenyan presidential election petition) Raila said 'Kenya is more important and urged Uhuru to reunite all Kenyans and uphold constitutionalism'. He disagreed with the court but he also noted that their decision is final. Following the determination of the case, the swearing in ceremony of Uhuru Kenyatta as President and William Ruto as Deputy President was held on 9 April 2013 in accordance with Article 141(2)(b) of the constitution of Kenya: In case the Supreme Court upholds the victory of the president-elect, the swearing in will take place on "the first Tuesday following the seventh day following the date on which the court renders Document [3] (Title: Supreme Court of Kenya) The following are the current members of the Supreme Court: The first round of the presidential election took place on March 4, 2013. Uhuru Kenyatta was declared the president-elect of Kenya by the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission (IEBC). Raila Odinga challenged this in the Supreme Court due to several technicalities, including discrepancies in voter numbers as reported by the IEBC, and the failure of biometric voter registration kits; it was ultimately dismissed on March 30, 2013. At the end of the petition, the Supreme Court declined to nullify the election and affirmed the victory of Uhuru Kenyatta. The 2017 Document [4] (Title: Uhuru Kenyatta) In 2013, Uhuru Kenyatta was elected as the 4th and current president of Kenya under The National Alliance (TNA), which was part of the "Jubilee Alliance" with his running mate William Ruto's United Republican Party (URP). Uhuru and Ruto won 50.07% of votes cast, with closest rivals, Raila Odinga and running mate Kalonzo Musyoka of the Coalition for Reforms and Democracy garnering 42%. Raila Amolo Odinga disputed the election results at the Supreme Court which however held (7–0) that the election of Uhuru was valid and such irregularities as existed did not make a difference to the final outcome. Uhuru Document [5] (Title: Anne Nyokabi Muhoho) Anne Nyokabi Muhoho Anne Nyokabi Muhoho (also called Hannah) (1920–August 2006) was married to Chief Muhoho in Kenya, and the mother-in-law of Jomo Kenyatta, the first prime minister (1963–1964) and the first president of Kenya (1964–1978). A girls' school in Nairobi bears her name. Her daughter Ngina Kenyatta (born 1931) was the first lady to late president Jomo Kenyatta. Anne Nyokabi Muhoho's son George Muhoho has been a Catholic priest, the first black African diplomat to the Vatican embassy attaché for the EU in Brussels. She had two grandsons by Ngina, and Uhuru Kenyatta was elected the fourth president of Document [6] (Title: 2017 Kenyan general election) or local level and urged all sides to accept the result. The Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission (IEBC) declared incumbents Uhuru Kenyatta and William Ruto as president-elect and deputy president-elect respectively on the evening of 11 August 2017. The National Super Alliance disputed the results. Three women, Uasin Gishu's Margaret Kamar, Susan Kihika of Nakuru and Fatuma Dullo of Isiolo became the first women in Kenya's history to be elected to the Senate rather than appointed. Kihika was also elected Senate Majority Whip on 31 August. Three women were elected as governors for the first time for their respective counties Document [7] (Title: Uhuru Kenyatta) eight candidates. CORD, under the leadership of presidential candidate Raila Odinga, lodged a petition with the Supreme Court of Kenya on 10 March 2013 challenging Uhuru’s election. On 30 March 2013, Dr Willy Mutunga, the Chief Justice of Kenya, read the unanimous Supreme Court ruling declaring the election of Uhuru Kenyatta and his running-mate, William Ruto, as valid. On 11 August 2017, the Chairman of the IEBC, Wafula Chebukati announced Uhuru's reelection to a second term in office during the 2017 Kenyan general election, with 54% of the popular vote. This was later contested in court and annulled. In the Document [8] (Title: Sakaja Johnson) a driver before eventually becoming the director of the Vijana na Kibaki lobby group. At the election, where he took a lead role in vote tallying support for the Presidential Secretariat. During the 2008 post-election crisis, his resolve to see a solution found resulted in him addressing President Mwai Kibaki’s Cabinet at the age of 22. It was here that he first came into contact with the current president (Uhuru Kenyatta) who was then the Minister for Local Government. He shortly moved to help with the formulation of the 2010 constitution where he took a lead role in definition of Document [9] (Title: Uhuru Kenyatta) holiday celebrated to the country's independence on 1 June, President Uhuru Kenyatta announced free maternal care in all public health facilities, a move that was welcomed by many Kenyans. On 1 September 2017, the Supreme Court of Kenya nullified the re-election of Uhuru Kenyatta after the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission (IEBC) had announced him the winner on 8 August 2017. He was sworn in on 28 November 2017 for his second presidential term. His major challenges include the high cost of living, rising public debt, a high public wage bill and allegations of corruption among people close to his Document [10] (Title: Uhuru Kenyatta) Uhuru Kenyatta Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta (born 26 October 1961) is a Kenyan politician and businessman who is the fourth and current President of the Republic of Kenya. He served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Gatundu South from 2002 to 2013. Currently the party leader and a member of the Jubilee Party of Kenya, he was previously involved with The National Alliance and before that the Kenya African National Union. He is the son of Jomo Kenyatta, Kenya's first President, and his fourth wife Mama Ngina Kenyatta. Uhuru was re-elected for a second term in the August 2017 general Document [11] (Title: Presidency of Uhuru Kenyatta) Presidency of Uhuru Kenyatta The Presidency of Uhuru Kenyatta began on 9 April 2013 after being sworn in as 4th president of Kenya. He succeeded Mwai Kibaki. During his inaugural speech Uhuru promised economic transformation through vision 2030 , unity among all Kenyans, free maternal care and that he would serve all Kenyans. When the first round of the presidential election took place on 4 March 2013, Uhuru Kenyatta was declared the president-elect of Kenya by the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission. Raila Odinga challenged this in the Supreme Court of Kenya. However, his petition was dismissed on March 30, Document [12] (Title: Uhuru Kenyatta) the Africa Centre for Open Governance (AFRICOG). Uhuru Kenyatta and his running mate were respondents in these cases and were represented by Fred Ngatia and Katwa Kigen respectively. The Supreme court judges unanimously upheld the election of Uhuru Kenyatta as Kenya’s fourth president after rejecting Raila Odinga's petition in a verdict delivered on Saturday 30 March 2013. Chief Justice Willy Mutunga in his ruling said the elections were indeed conducted in compliance with the Constitution and the law. After the Supreme Court dismissed the petitions the swearing in ceremony was held on 9 April 2013 at the Moi International Sports Document [13] (Title: John Njue) verdict in the disputed initial round of the presidential election held on 4 March between Uhuru Kenyatta and Kenya's Prime Minister Raila Odinga. Kenyatta and Deputy President-elect William Ruto we're facing charges at the International Criminal Court (ICC) at The Hague that they instigated post-electoral violence in Kenya after the 2007 election. He was one of the cardinal electors who participated in the 2013 papal conclave that elected Pope Francis. On 30 November 2013, Cardinal Njue was named a Member of the Congregation for Catholic Education by Pope Francis. In June 2013, after US President Barack Obama, whose father was Document [14] (Title: Inauguration of Uhuru Kenyatta) Deputy President and then invite Kenyatta to make his inaugural address to the nation. Once the festivities which are set to begin at 10am and end at 2pm are over, Kibaki will lead the way out and receive Kenyatta at State House where a lunch with invited Heads of State will take place before leaving the house on the hill and all it entails to him The following dignitaries are expected to attend the ceremony: Inauguration of Uhuru Kenyatta The inauguration of Uhuru Kenyatta took place 9 April 2013. Kenyatta won 50.07% of the vote in the 2013 presidential election. Document [15] (Title: Inauguration of Uhuru Kenyatta) Inauguration of Uhuru Kenyatta The inauguration of Uhuru Kenyatta took place 9 April 2013. Kenyatta won 50.07% of the vote in the 2013 presidential election. After the supreme court dismissed Raila petition on 30 March 2013.According to Article 141 (2) (b) of the constitution says that in case the Supreme Court upholds the victory of the president-elect, the swearing in will take place on "the first Tuesday following the seventh day following the date on which the court renders a decision declaring the election to be valid.", The event was held at Kasarani Stadium. When the first round of the Document [16] (Title: Mutula Kilonzo) skirts. He won Makueni senatorial race in 2013 by defeating John Harun Mwau He previously served as private attorney to now retired President Moi. Mutula Kilonzo made his debut in parliament as a nominated M.P for K.A.N.U in January 2003. When the first round of the presidential election took place on 4 March 2013. Uhuru Kenyatta was declared the president-elect of Kenya by the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission. Raila Odinga challenged this in the Supreme Court of Kenya.He was one of the many lawyer assembled by Raila Odinga to draft and offer legal services on the petition.The petition was Document [17] (Title: William Ruto) member of parliament. He joined with Uhuru Kenyatta to form the Jubilee alliance for the 2013 presidential election. On 6 October 2014 Ruto was appointed acting president of Kenya by President Uhuru Kenyatta following his summons to appear before the ICC. It is believed he will succeed Kenyatta and run for the party presidency in 2022. In December 2010, the prosecutor of the International Criminal Court announced that he was seeking summonses of six people, including Ruto over their involvement in the 2007-8 electoral violence. The ICC's Pre-Trial Chamber subsequently issued a summons for Ruto at the prosecutor's request. Ruto Document [18] (Title: William Ruto) William Ruto William Samoei Arap Ruto (born 21 December 1966) is a Kenyan politician who has been Deputy President of Kenya since 2013. He served as the Acting President of Kenya between 5 and 8 October 2014 while President Uhuru Kenyatta was away at the Hague. He previously served in various ministerial positions including the Ministry of Agriculture and Ministry of Higher Education. He was Secretary General of KANU, the former ruling political party, and MP for Eldoret North Constituency between December 1997 and January 2013. He won the seat in the 1997 Kenyan election after defeating Reuben Chesire. He Document [19] (Title: Willy Mutunga) should he be approved as chief justice. Mutunga denied that he would exercise such influence and asked the public to keenly follow the matter if he were appointed. After the first round of the presidential election took place on 4 March 2013, the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission declared Uhuru Kenyatta the president-elect of Kenya. Raila Odinga challenged this in the Supreme Court of Kenya. The court unanimously dismissed the challenge on 30 March 2013, with Mutunga reading the decision of the court. Dr. Mutunga announced in 2015 that he would retire early from his office to give the country Document [20] (Title: History of Kenya) President, as his successor. A rainbow coalition of opposition parties routed the ruling KANU party, and its leader, Moi's former vice-president Mwai Kibaki, was elected President by a large majority. On 27 December 2002, by 62% the voters overwhelmingly elected members of the National Rainbow Coalition (NaRC) to parliament and NaRC candidate Mwai Kibaki (b. 1931) to the presidency. Voters rejected the Kenya African National Union's (KANU) presidential candidate, Uhuru Kenyatta, the handpicked candidate of outgoing president Moi. International and local observers reported the 2002 elections to be generally more fair and less violent than those of both 1992 and Document [21] (Title: Uhuru Kenyatta) A Jubilee Party vice president admitted on 20 March 2018, that the party had hired an affiliate of Cambridge Analytica for "branding" in the 2017 election. Uhuru Kenyatta was officially declared the president elect on Saturday 9 March at 2:44pm. As per the IEBC's official results, Uhuru got 6,173,433 of the 12,221,053 valid votes cast ahead of the second placed Raila Odinga who garnered 5,340,546 (43.7%). Uhuru's result was 50.51% of the vote and was above the 50% plus 1 vote threshold set out in the 2010 constitution, thus making him the president-elect. There was some discontent with the official Document [22] (Title: Inauguration of Uhuru Kenyatta) presidential election took place on 4 March 2013, Uhuru Kenyatta was declared the president-elect of Kenya by the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission. Raila Odinga challenged this in the Supreme Court of Kenya. However, his petition was dismissed on March 30, 2013. Uhuru swearing will be 7th in Kenya after Jomo Kenyatta (1964), Daniel Arap Moi (1978, 1992, 1997) and Mwai Kibaki (2002, 2007) No activities will take place at the Kasarani Stadium between 9 March and the inauguration date as security officers make the necessary arrangements. More than 100,000 people are expected to attend the ceremony along with foreign Document [23] (Title: Njoki Susanna Ndung'u) of Kenya by the Judicial Service Commission (Kenya) which had interviewed 25 applicants. When the first round of the presidential election took place on March 4, 2013. Uhuru Kenyatta was declared the president-elect of Kenya by the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission. Raila Odinga challenged this in the Supreme Court of Kenya. She was one of the six judges who dismissed the petition on March 30, 2013. At the conclusion of the 2017 presidential election petition, Lady Justice Njoki Ndung'u rendered a dissenting opinion alongside Justice Jacktone Boma Ojwang, citing no evidence to announce the elections as null and void. Document [24] (Title: Presidency of Uhuru Kenyatta) Xi Jinping, with a delegate of 60 businessmen and 5 Governors. On his way back he briefly stopped over in Dubai, United Arab Emirates where the President further discussed on promoting Kenya’s trade agenda. Francis Kimemia as Secretary to the cabinet Lawrence Lenayapa as Statehouse Comptroller Kaplana Rawal as Deputity Chief Justice of Kenya Manoah Esipisu as secretary of communication and head Presidential Strategic Communications Unit (PSCU). He will be assisted by Eric N'Geno, Edward Irungu, Munyoku Boru, James Kinyua, Dennis Itumbi William Ruto Presidency of Uhuru Kenyatta The Presidency of Uhuru Kenyatta began on 9 April 2013 after being Document [25] (Title: William Ruto) under control. William Ruto William Samoei Arap Ruto (born 21 December 1966) is a Kenyan politician who has been Deputy President of Kenya since 2013. He served as the Acting President of Kenya between 5 and 8 October 2014 while President Uhuru Kenyatta was away at the Hague. He previously served in various ministerial positions including the Ministry of Agriculture and Ministry of Higher Education. He was Secretary General of KANU, the former ruling political party, and MP for Eldoret North Constituency between December 1997 and January 2013. He won the seat in the 1997 Kenyan election after defeating Reuben Document [26] (Title: Kenyatta family) Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta (born 1961), Anna Nyokabi Muthama Kenyatta (born May 1963) Muhoho Kenyatta (born 1965). Mama Ngina lives quietly as a wealthy widow in Kenya. Uhuru Kenyatta unsuccessfully vied for the Kenyan presidency as President Moi's preferred successor in 2002. He served as Minister of Local Government and Minister of Finance, and in 2013 he was elected as President and later on re-elected in 2017. Muhoho Kenyatta runs his mother's vast family business but lives out of the public limelight. Kenyatta was the uncle of Ngethe Njoroge, Kenya's first representative to the United Nations and the great uncle of Document [27] (Title: Uhuru Kenyatta) made every other commodity highly unaffordable for most Kenyans. Uhuru Kenyatta Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta (born 26 October 1961) is a Kenyan politician and businessman who is the fourth and current President of the Republic of Kenya. He served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Gatundu South from 2002 to 2013. Currently the party leader and a member of the Jubilee Party of Kenya, he was previously involved with The National Alliance and before that the Kenya African National Union. He is the son of Jomo Kenyatta, Kenya's first President, and his fourth wife Mama Ngina Kenyatta. Uhuru was re-elected Document [28] (Title: Kiema Kilonzo) Chief Executive Officer of the Dynasty Group of Companies. He was first elected on a Forum for the Restoration of Democracy-People (Ford-People) ticket in 2002 before being re-elected on a Wiper Democratic Movement-Kenya (WDM-K) ticket in 2007. He was a Gubernatorial candidate in Kitui local elections, 2013 but came second behind Julius Malombe. He was vying on a National Rainbow Coalition (NARC) ticket. In 2014, he was appointed by President Uhuru Kenyatta as the first Kenyan ambassador to Turkey following the opening of the Kenyan Embassy in Ankara in 2012. He presented his credentials to the then president of Turkey, Document [29] (Title: Raila Odinga) March 2013 and garnered 5,340,546 votes (43.70%) out of the 12,221,053 valid votes cast. The winner, Uhuru Kenyatta garnered 6,173,433 votes (50.51%). As this was above the 50% plus 1 vote threshold, Uhuru won it on the first round without requiring a run-off between the top two candidates. The Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission (IEBC) therefore officially declared Uhuru Kenyatta the president elect on Saturday 9 March at 2:44pm. Uhuru was set to take office as Kenya's 4th president. However, Raila Odinga in a press conference shortly after the results were announced noted that the election had been marred by Question: who is the president of kenya by now Answer: Uhuru Kenyatta Long Answer: President of The People's Republic of Kenya Rais wa Jamhuri ya Kenya (Swahili) Coat of arms of Kenya Current Presidential Standard Incumbent Uhuru Kenyatta since 9 April 2013 Style His Excellency (Formal / International Correspondence) Residence State House, Nairobi (Official Residence) Appointer Direct popular vote Term length Five years; renewable once Inaugural holder Jomo Kenyatta 12 December 1964 Deputy Deputy President of Kenya Salary KES. 16.2 million (US $155,994.34) annually Website president.go.ke Gold Document ID: 29

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Smokin Wanjala) election took place on March 4, 2013, it resulted in the 2 frontrunners, Uhuru of Jubilee and Raila of CORD, clinching 50.6% and 43.7% of the vote respectively. Uhuru Kenyatta was declared the president-elect of Kenya by the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission. Raila Odinga challenged this in the Supreme Court of Kenya. Wanjala was one of the six judges who dismissed the petition on March 30, 2013. The highly awaited verdict, given amid great tension in the country, was rendered in favour of Uhuru Kenyatta and was unanimous. Smokin Wanjala Smokin Wanjala is a Kenyan lawyer and an Associate Document [2] (Title: 2013 Kenyan presidential election petition) Raila said 'Kenya is more important and urged Uhuru to reunite all Kenyans and uphold constitutionalism'. He disagreed with the court but he also noted that their decision is final. Following the determination of the case, the swearing in ceremony of Uhuru Kenyatta as President and William Ruto as Deputy President was held on 9 April 2013 in accordance with Article 141(2)(b) of the constitution of Kenya: In case the Supreme Court upholds the victory of the president-elect, the swearing in will take place on "the first Tuesday following the seventh day following the date on which the court renders Document [3] (Title: Supreme Court of Kenya) The following are the current members of the Supreme Court: The first round of the presidential election took place on March 4, 2013. Uhuru Kenyatta was declared the president-elect of Kenya by the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission (IEBC). Raila Odinga challenged this in the Supreme Court due to several technicalities, including discrepancies in voter numbers as reported by the IEBC, and the failure of biometric voter registration kits; it was ultimately dismissed on March 30, 2013. At the end of the petition, the Supreme Court declined to nullify the election and affirmed the victory of Uhuru Kenyatta. The 2017 Document [4] (Title: Uhuru Kenyatta) In 2013, Uhuru Kenyatta was elected as the 4th and current president of Kenya under The National Alliance (TNA), which was part of the "Jubilee Alliance" with his running mate William Ruto's United Republican Party (URP). Uhuru and Ruto won 50.07% of votes cast, with closest rivals, Raila Odinga and running mate Kalonzo Musyoka of the Coalition for Reforms and Democracy garnering 42%. Raila Amolo Odinga disputed the election results at the Supreme Court which however held (7–0) that the election of Uhuru was valid and such irregularities as existed did not make a difference to the final outcome. Uhuru Document [5] (Title: Anne Nyokabi Muhoho) Anne Nyokabi Muhoho Anne Nyokabi Muhoho (also called Hannah) (1920–August 2006) was married to Chief Muhoho in Kenya, and the mother-in-law of Jomo Kenyatta, the first prime minister (1963–1964) and the first president of Kenya (1964–1978). A girls' school in Nairobi bears her name. Her daughter Ngina Kenyatta (born 1931) was the first lady to late president Jomo Kenyatta. Anne Nyokabi Muhoho's son George Muhoho has been a Catholic priest, the first black African diplomat to the Vatican embassy attaché for the EU in Brussels. She had two grandsons by Ngina, and Uhuru Kenyatta was elected the fourth president of Document [6] (Title: 2017 Kenyan general election) or local level and urged all sides to accept the result. The Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission (IEBC) declared incumbents Uhuru Kenyatta and William Ruto as president-elect and deputy president-elect respectively on the evening of 11 August 2017. The National Super Alliance disputed the results. Three women, Uasin Gishu's Margaret Kamar, Susan Kihika of Nakuru and Fatuma Dullo of Isiolo became the first women in Kenya's history to be elected to the Senate rather than appointed. Kihika was also elected Senate Majority Whip on 31 August. Three women were elected as governors for the first time for their respective counties Document [7] (Title: Uhuru Kenyatta) eight candidates. CORD, under the leadership of presidential candidate Raila Odinga, lodged a petition with the Supreme Court of Kenya on 10 March 2013 challenging Uhuru’s election. On 30 March 2013, Dr Willy Mutunga, the Chief Justice of Kenya, read the unanimous Supreme Court ruling declaring the election of Uhuru Kenyatta and his running-mate, William Ruto, as valid. On 11 August 2017, the Chairman of the IEBC, Wafula Chebukati announced Uhuru's reelection to a second term in office during the 2017 Kenyan general election, with 54% of the popular vote. This was later contested in court and annulled. In the Document [8] (Title: Sakaja Johnson) a driver before eventually becoming the director of the Vijana na Kibaki lobby group. At the election, where he took a lead role in vote tallying support for the Presidential Secretariat. During the 2008 post-election crisis, his resolve to see a solution found resulted in him addressing President Mwai Kibaki’s Cabinet at the age of 22. It was here that he first came into contact with the current president (Uhuru Kenyatta) who was then the Minister for Local Government. He shortly moved to help with the formulation of the 2010 constitution where he took a lead role in definition of Document [9] (Title: Uhuru Kenyatta) holiday celebrated to the country's independence on 1 June, President Uhuru Kenyatta announced free maternal care in all public health facilities, a move that was welcomed by many Kenyans. On 1 September 2017, the Supreme Court of Kenya nullified the re-election of Uhuru Kenyatta after the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission (IEBC) had announced him the winner on 8 August 2017. He was sworn in on 28 November 2017 for his second presidential term. His major challenges include the high cost of living, rising public debt, a high public wage bill and allegations of corruption among people close to his Document [10] (Title: Uhuru Kenyatta) Uhuru Kenyatta Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta (born 26 October 1961) is a Kenyan politician and businessman who is the fourth and current President of the Republic of Kenya. He served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Gatundu South from 2002 to 2013. Currently the party leader and a member of the Jubilee Party of Kenya, he was previously involved with The National Alliance and before that the Kenya African National Union. He is the son of Jomo Kenyatta, Kenya's first President, and his fourth wife Mama Ngina Kenyatta. Uhuru was re-elected for a second term in the August 2017 general Document [11] (Title: Presidency of Uhuru Kenyatta) Presidency of Uhuru Kenyatta The Presidency of Uhuru Kenyatta began on 9 April 2013 after being sworn in as 4th president of Kenya. He succeeded Mwai Kibaki. During his inaugural speech Uhuru promised economic transformation through vision 2030 , unity among all Kenyans, free maternal care and that he would serve all Kenyans. When the first round of the presidential election took place on 4 March 2013, Uhuru Kenyatta was declared the president-elect of Kenya by the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission. Raila Odinga challenged this in the Supreme Court of Kenya. However, his petition was dismissed on March 30, Document [12] (Title: Uhuru Kenyatta) the Africa Centre for Open Governance (AFRICOG). Uhuru Kenyatta and his running mate were respondents in these cases and were represented by Fred Ngatia and Katwa Kigen respectively. The Supreme court judges unanimously upheld the election of Uhuru Kenyatta as Kenya’s fourth president after rejecting Raila Odinga's petition in a verdict delivered on Saturday 30 March 2013. Chief Justice Willy Mutunga in his ruling said the elections were indeed conducted in compliance with the Constitution and the law. After the Supreme Court dismissed the petitions the swearing in ceremony was held on 9 April 2013 at the Moi International Sports Document [13] (Title: John Njue) verdict in the disputed initial round of the presidential election held on 4 March between Uhuru Kenyatta and Kenya's Prime Minister Raila Odinga. Kenyatta and Deputy President-elect William Ruto we're facing charges at the International Criminal Court (ICC) at The Hague that they instigated post-electoral violence in Kenya after the 2007 election. He was one of the cardinal electors who participated in the 2013 papal conclave that elected Pope Francis. On 30 November 2013, Cardinal Njue was named a Member of the Congregation for Catholic Education by Pope Francis. In June 2013, after US President Barack Obama, whose father was Document [14] (Title: Inauguration of Uhuru Kenyatta) Deputy President and then invite Kenyatta to make his inaugural address to the nation. Once the festivities which are set to begin at 10am and end at 2pm are over, Kibaki will lead the way out and receive Kenyatta at State House where a lunch with invited Heads of State will take place before leaving the house on the hill and all it entails to him The following dignitaries are expected to attend the ceremony: Inauguration of Uhuru Kenyatta The inauguration of Uhuru Kenyatta took place 9 April 2013. Kenyatta won 50.07% of the vote in the 2013 presidential election. Document [15] (Title: Inauguration of Uhuru Kenyatta) Inauguration of Uhuru Kenyatta The inauguration of Uhuru Kenyatta took place 9 April 2013. Kenyatta won 50.07% of the vote in the 2013 presidential election. After the supreme court dismissed Raila petition on 30 March 2013.According to Article 141 (2) (b) of the constitution says that in case the Supreme Court upholds the victory of the president-elect, the swearing in will take place on "the first Tuesday following the seventh day following the date on which the court renders a decision declaring the election to be valid.", The event was held at Kasarani Stadium. When the first round of the Document [16] (Title: Mutula Kilonzo) skirts. He won Makueni senatorial race in 2013 by defeating John Harun Mwau He previously served as private attorney to now retired President Moi. Mutula Kilonzo made his debut in parliament as a nominated M.P for K.A.N.U in January 2003. When the first round of the presidential election took place on 4 March 2013. Uhuru Kenyatta was declared the president-elect of Kenya by the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission. Raila Odinga challenged this in the Supreme Court of Kenya.He was one of the many lawyer assembled by Raila Odinga to draft and offer legal services on the petition.The petition was Document [17] (Title: William Ruto) member of parliament. He joined with Uhuru Kenyatta to form the Jubilee alliance for the 2013 presidential election. On 6 October 2014 Ruto was appointed acting president of Kenya by President Uhuru Kenyatta following his summons to appear before the ICC. It is believed he will succeed Kenyatta and run for the party presidency in 2022. In December 2010, the prosecutor of the International Criminal Court announced that he was seeking summonses of six people, including Ruto over their involvement in the 2007-8 electoral violence. The ICC's Pre-Trial Chamber subsequently issued a summons for Ruto at the prosecutor's request. Ruto Document [18] (Title: William Ruto) William Ruto William Samoei Arap Ruto (born 21 December 1966) is a Kenyan politician who has been Deputy President of Kenya since 2013. He served as the Acting President of Kenya between 5 and 8 October 2014 while President Uhuru Kenyatta was away at the Hague. He previously served in various ministerial positions including the Ministry of Agriculture and Ministry of Higher Education. He was Secretary General of KANU, the former ruling political party, and MP for Eldoret North Constituency between December 1997 and January 2013. He won the seat in the 1997 Kenyan election after defeating Reuben Chesire. He Document [19] (Title: Willy Mutunga) should he be approved as chief justice. Mutunga denied that he would exercise such influence and asked the public to keenly follow the matter if he were appointed. After the first round of the presidential election took place on 4 March 2013, the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission declared Uhuru Kenyatta the president-elect of Kenya. Raila Odinga challenged this in the Supreme Court of Kenya. The court unanimously dismissed the challenge on 30 March 2013, with Mutunga reading the decision of the court. Dr. Mutunga announced in 2015 that he would retire early from his office to give the country Document [20] (Title: History of Kenya) President, as his successor. A rainbow coalition of opposition parties routed the ruling KANU party, and its leader, Moi's former vice-president Mwai Kibaki, was elected President by a large majority. On 27 December 2002, by 62% the voters overwhelmingly elected members of the National Rainbow Coalition (NaRC) to parliament and NaRC candidate Mwai Kibaki (b. 1931) to the presidency. Voters rejected the Kenya African National Union's (KANU) presidential candidate, Uhuru Kenyatta, the handpicked candidate of outgoing president Moi. International and local observers reported the 2002 elections to be generally more fair and less violent than those of both 1992 and Document [21] (Title: Uhuru Kenyatta) A Jubilee Party vice president admitted on 20 March 2018, that the party had hired an affiliate of Cambridge Analytica for "branding" in the 2017 election. Uhuru Kenyatta was officially declared the president elect on Saturday 9 March at 2:44pm. As per the IEBC's official results, Uhuru got 6,173,433 of the 12,221,053 valid votes cast ahead of the second placed Raila Odinga who garnered 5,340,546 (43.7%). Uhuru's result was 50.51% of the vote and was above the 50% plus 1 vote threshold set out in the 2010 constitution, thus making him the president-elect. There was some discontent with the official Document [22] (Title: Inauguration of Uhuru Kenyatta) presidential election took place on 4 March 2013, Uhuru Kenyatta was declared the president-elect of Kenya by the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission. Raila Odinga challenged this in the Supreme Court of Kenya. However, his petition was dismissed on March 30, 2013. Uhuru swearing will be 7th in Kenya after Jomo Kenyatta (1964), Daniel Arap Moi (1978, 1992, 1997) and Mwai Kibaki (2002, 2007) No activities will take place at the Kasarani Stadium between 9 March and the inauguration date as security officers make the necessary arrangements. More than 100,000 people are expected to attend the ceremony along with foreign Document [23] (Title: Njoki Susanna Ndung'u) of Kenya by the Judicial Service Commission (Kenya) which had interviewed 25 applicants. When the first round of the presidential election took place on March 4, 2013. Uhuru Kenyatta was declared the president-elect of Kenya by the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission. Raila Odinga challenged this in the Supreme Court of Kenya. She was one of the six judges who dismissed the petition on March 30, 2013. At the conclusion of the 2017 presidential election petition, Lady Justice Njoki Ndung'u rendered a dissenting opinion alongside Justice Jacktone Boma Ojwang, citing no evidence to announce the elections as null and void. Document [24] (Title: Presidency of Uhuru Kenyatta) Xi Jinping, with a delegate of 60 businessmen and 5 Governors. On his way back he briefly stopped over in Dubai, United Arab Emirates where the President further discussed on promoting Kenya’s trade agenda. Francis Kimemia as Secretary to the cabinet Lawrence Lenayapa as Statehouse Comptroller Kaplana Rawal as Deputity Chief Justice of Kenya Manoah Esipisu as secretary of communication and head Presidential Strategic Communications Unit (PSCU). He will be assisted by Eric N'Geno, Edward Irungu, Munyoku Boru, James Kinyua, Dennis Itumbi William Ruto Presidency of Uhuru Kenyatta The Presidency of Uhuru Kenyatta began on 9 April 2013 after being Document [25] (Title: William Ruto) under control. William Ruto William Samoei Arap Ruto (born 21 December 1966) is a Kenyan politician who has been Deputy President of Kenya since 2013. He served as the Acting President of Kenya between 5 and 8 October 2014 while President Uhuru Kenyatta was away at the Hague. He previously served in various ministerial positions including the Ministry of Agriculture and Ministry of Higher Education. He was Secretary General of KANU, the former ruling political party, and MP for Eldoret North Constituency between December 1997 and January 2013. He won the seat in the 1997 Kenyan election after defeating Reuben Document [26] (Title: Kenyatta family) Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta (born 1961), Anna Nyokabi Muthama Kenyatta (born May 1963) Muhoho Kenyatta (born 1965). Mama Ngina lives quietly as a wealthy widow in Kenya. Uhuru Kenyatta unsuccessfully vied for the Kenyan presidency as President Moi's preferred successor in 2002. He served as Minister of Local Government and Minister of Finance, and in 2013 he was elected as President and later on re-elected in 2017. Muhoho Kenyatta runs his mother's vast family business but lives out of the public limelight. Kenyatta was the uncle of Ngethe Njoroge, Kenya's first representative to the United Nations and the great uncle of Document [27] (Title: Uhuru Kenyatta) made every other commodity highly unaffordable for most Kenyans. Uhuru Kenyatta Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta (born 26 October 1961) is a Kenyan politician and businessman who is the fourth and current President of the Republic of Kenya. He served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Gatundu South from 2002 to 2013. Currently the party leader and a member of the Jubilee Party of Kenya, he was previously involved with The National Alliance and before that the Kenya African National Union. He is the son of Jomo Kenyatta, Kenya's first President, and his fourth wife Mama Ngina Kenyatta. Uhuru was re-elected Document [28] (Title: Kiema Kilonzo) Chief Executive Officer of the Dynasty Group of Companies. He was first elected on a Forum for the Restoration of Democracy-People (Ford-People) ticket in 2002 before being re-elected on a Wiper Democratic Movement-Kenya (WDM-K) ticket in 2007. He was a Gubernatorial candidate in Kitui local elections, 2013 but came second behind Julius Malombe. He was vying on a National Rainbow Coalition (NARC) ticket. In 2014, he was appointed by President Uhuru Kenyatta as the first Kenyan ambassador to Turkey following the opening of the Kenyan Embassy in Ankara in 2012. He presented his credentials to the then president of Turkey, Document [29] (Title: Raila Odinga) March 2013 and garnered 5,340,546 votes (43.70%) out of the 12,221,053 valid votes cast. The winner, Uhuru Kenyatta garnered 6,173,433 votes (50.51%). As this was above the 50% plus 1 vote threshold, Uhuru won it on the first round without requiring a run-off between the top two candidates. The Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission (IEBC) therefore officially declared Uhuru Kenyatta the president elect on Saturday 9 March at 2:44pm. Uhuru was set to take office as Kenya's 4th president. However, Raila Odinga in a press conference shortly after the results were announced noted that the election had been marred by Question: who is the president of kenya by now

Answer: Uhuru Kenyatta Long Answer: President of The People's Republic of Kenya Rais wa Jamhuri ya Kenya (Swahili) Coat of arms of Kenya Current Presidential Standard Incumbent Uhuru Kenyatta since 9 April 2013 Style His Excellency (Formal / International Correspondence) Residence State House, Nairobi (Official Residence) Appointer Direct popular vote Term length Five years; renewable once Inaugural holder Jomo Kenyatta 12 December 1964 Deputy Deputy President of Kenya Salary KES. 16.2 million (US $155,994.34) annually Website president.go.ke Gold Document ID: 29

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: World of Dance (season 1)) their opponents, then both acts perform back-to-back, receiving feedback from the judges. After each performance, the judges will score them in the 5 categories: Performance, Technique, Creativity, Choreography & Presentation. Unlike the Qualifiers, only the final average for each act is shown. The act with the highest average at the end of the duel moves on to the next round, the other faces immediate elimination. World of Dance (season 1) The first season of American reality dance competition "World of Dance" premiered May 30, 2017, on NBC. Jennifer Lopez, Ne-Yo, and Derek Hough served as the judges, with Jenna Dewan Document [2] (Title: Mia Michaels) Mia Michaels Mia Michaels (born February 23, 1966) is an American choreographer best known as a judge and for her contemporary choreography on the TV show "So You Think You Can Dance" (SYTYCD). She has worked with musical artists such as Celine Dion, Madonna, Tom Cruise, Catherine Zeta-Jones, Ricky Martin, Gloria Estefan, and Prince. In 2005 she choreographed Cirque du Soleil's world tour, "Delirium" as well as Celine Dion's Las Vegas show "A New Day..." for which she was later nominated for Emmy. In 2007 she won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Choreography for her "Calling You" routine on season Document [3] (Title: World of Dance (TV series)) contestant(s) with the highest final score will be crowned World of Dance champion 2018 and will win the $1,000,000 USD grand prize. The judges are scoring in 5 categories. Each category is worth 20 points, with a perfect score of 100: Jennifer Lopez, who serves as both executive producer and judge, felt that the series would be a return to her roots; Lopez had achieved early fame as a member of "In Living Color"s dance crew, The Fly Girls. She explained that dance had been her "first form of artistic expression", and that the series "reminded me of all the Document [4] (Title: Kathrin Menzinger) former soccer player Hans Sarpei and won the competition. Just one day after the final show of "Let's Dance" she managed to win together with her partner Vadim Garbuzov the World Championship Show Dance Latin of the Prodessional Division of the WDSF. In November 2015 she also won the World Championship ShowDance Standard, again with her partner Vadim, thus being the first couple ever to hold both titles in Showdance Latin and Standard Kathrin Menzinger Kathrin Menzinger (born 24 September 1988 in Vienna) is an Austrian dancer She started to dance at the age of 3, first with ballet, but Document [5] (Title: World of Dance) dance group/WOD winners Desi Hoppers, led by Shantanu Maheshwari. NBC World of Dance is a 10-episode dance competition program produced by Universal Television Alternative Studio in association with Nuyorican Productions and World of Dance. Executive producing are Jennifer Lopez, Elaine Goldsmith-Thomas, Benny Medina, Kris Curry, Matilda Zoltowski, David Gonzalez and Matthew Everitt. The show features celebrity judges Jennifer Lopez, Derek Hough, Ne-Yo, and host/mentor Jenna Dewan-Tatum, along with 50 of the world’s best dancers and dance teams competing for a $1 million prize—the largest prize of any dance competition show. As Lopez told the New York Times, “My whole goal Document [6] (Title: Jenna Johnson (dancer)) was paired with Olympic figure skater Adam Rippon. The couple reached the finals and won the competition on May 21, 2018. Johnson is one of few dancers to win in her second season and to win after being eliminated first in her previous season. Following her win, Johnson returned for season 27 and she was paired with reality television star Joe Amabile. Despite continually receiving low scores and criticism from the judges, the pair was consistently saved by the viewers' votes. They ultimately made it to the semi-finals of the competition where they finished in 5th place, tying with Juan Document [7] (Title: Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 21)) 8 perfect scores (a record broken in season 25 by Jordan Fisher) and became the second youngest winner of the show at 17 years old (after season 8 winner Shawn Johnson, who was 3 days younger at the time of her win, and later slipped to third behind season 23 winner Laurie Hernandez, who was 16 years old at the time of her win). This also marked Hough's sixth competitive win, extending his own record for the most wins for a professional dancer on the series. On August 19, 2015, nine professional dancers were revealed during "Good Morning America". Karina Document [8] (Title: World of Dance (season 2)) This season by Les Twins, Keone & Mari (actually Mariel) Madrid, Kinjaz and Derek Hough. In preparation for season two, handpicked competitors, being talented in any styles of dancing, from qualifying events around the nation and thousands of online submissions, are divided into four divisions: Junior (groups of 1-4, under 18), Upper (groups of 1-4, 18 and older), Junior Team (groups of 5+, under 18) and Upper Team (groups of 5+, 18 and older). In some cases dancers who didn't apply were directly contacted by the producers or their agents. The elimination process of the contestants are in four rounds: Document [9] (Title: So You Think You Can Dance (Belgian and Dutch TV series)) the nations from visiting or working within Cuba. The remaining three judges made the ultimate decision on the season's Top 18 dancers. On the 27 November 2011 finale, ballet dancer Nina Plantefève-Castryck was announced the winner of the fourth season and was awarded a choice of dance school opportunities, a cash prize of €25,000, and a role in a music video of David Guetta. With Anna-Alicia Sklias taking second place, the vote also marked the first time in the show's four seasons that first place and first runner-up both went to female contestants, as well as the first time the Document [10] (Title: World of Dance (TV series)) World of Dance (TV series) World of Dance is an American reality competition television series executive produced by Jennifer Lopez. The first two seasons were hosted by Jenna Dewan, but the third season will be hosted by Scott Evans . The series features dance performers, including solo acts and larger groups, representing any style of dance, competing for a grand prize of $1 million. The contestants are scored by judges Jennifer Lopez, Ne-Yo, and Derek Hough. The series was created in partnership with preeminent global dance brand, World of Dance, which produces dance competitions and dance lifestyle events in more Document [11] (Title: So You Think You Can Dance Canada) Murphy, Dan Karaty, Kenny Ortega, and Mia Michaels, who choreographed a group piece. The finale was held on December 7, 2008. Contemporary dancer Nico Archambault of Montreal was declared the winner, with ballet dancer Allie Bertram of Calgary as runner-up, hip hop dancer Miles Faber of Calgary in third, and Latin dancer Natalli Reznik of Toronto in fourth. Archambault was awarded $100,000 and a 2009 C230 Mercedes-Benz. Auditions for season 2 took place from April to May, 2009 in Vancouver, Edmonton, Saint John, Toronto and Montreal. Leah Miller, Jean-Marc Généreux and Tré Armstrong returned for season 2 which premiered August Document [12] (Title: Taniec z Gwiazdami (season 14)) points for her Viennese Waltz, making it the lowest score of the week. Aneta & Stefano won the competition. This is the 8th time the winner was not on the first place according to the judges' scoreboard. In Season 11 Rafał Maserak and Stefano Terrazzino also danced in the finale. In Season 11 Rafał Maserak won the competition. Stefano Terrazzino won the competititon for the third time since he won the 4th and 8th season with Kinga Rusin and Agata Kulesza. It was the fifth final for both Maserak and Terrazzino. Maserak won Season 10 with Anna Mucha and Season Document [13] (Title: So You Think You Can Dance Canada (season 2) finalists) 10 Canadian tour at the time. Danced behind Nicole Scherzinger on So You Can Think You Can Dance(US) result show 2011.07.14. She is now a dancer for Beyoncé, appearing in several of the videos for her 2013 self-titled album, and principal dancer on The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour. Anthony Grafton 24, from Calgary, Alberta is a ballroom dancer. Anthony looks forward to working with the great choreographers on the show, especially Mia Michaels and can’t wait to build stories with his partner on stage. He has a miniature dachshund named Jackson. He was eliminated in week 2. Jenna Lynn Document [14] (Title: World of Dance (season 2)) host, Jenna, became mentors for each of the finalists. Derek worked with Charity & Andres, Jennifer worked with S-Rank, Jenna worked with Michael Dameski, and Ne-Yo worked with The Lab. Each of the 4 finalists performed twice. The first performance's music was chosen by their judge, or Jenna, and the second was chosen by the finalist. After each performance, the final scores were displayed on a leaderboard. The winner of the World Finals was determined by the judges combined average scores from both performances. After the first four performances, Season 1's Divisional Finalists Kinjaz and Keone & Mari performed with Document [15] (Title: Taniec z Gwiazdami (season 14)) win the show. It also marks the third time in history of the show the winning couple was outside the judges' top three. With three wins, Terrazzino is currently the most successful professional dancer in history of the show. Notes: Week 1: Joanna Moro scored 32 out of 40 for her Waltz, making it the highest score in this episode. It was the lowest of the highest ratings in the first episode ever (the same situation was, however, in the 3rd and 4th season). Natalia Siwiec got 18 points for her Cha-cha-cha, making it the lowest score of the week. Document [16] (Title: World of Dance (season 2)) Derek Hough. Season 1's winner Les Twins also performed before the crowning. After the final performances, The Lab were announced as the winners of World of Dance; their final combined score of 97.5 beat out Michael Dameski by 1.5 points. 4th S-Rank (93.5) 3rd Charity & Andres (94.3) 2nd Michael Dameski (96) WINNER The Lab (97.5) Misty Copeland joined the Judges panel for Division Final round World of Dance (season 2) The second season of American reality competition television series "World of Dance" premiered May 29, 2018, on NBC. Jennifer Lopez, Ne-Yo, and Derek Hough returned as the judges, with Document [17] (Title: World of Dance (season 2)) In the World Final all four division champions will compete for the $1,000,000 USD grand prize. The concept of last season is copied; every contestant will perform twice in two separate rounds. The average score of both rounds by each contestant will make their final score. The contestant(s) with the highest final score will be crowned World of Dance champion 2018 and will win the $1,000,000 USD grand prize. The judges are scoring in 5 categories. Each category is worth 20 points, with a perfect score of 100: Jennifer Lopez, Ne-Yo, and Derek Hough returned as the series judges, with Document [18] (Title: Pasha Kovalev) rounds during the auditions, and later that season choreographed a Jive for Russell Ferguson and Mollee Gray. Kovalev was announced as an "All-Star" for both Season 7 and Season 8 of the show, performing all the Latin and Ballroom dances with the female finalists, including winners Lauren Froderman and Melanie Moore. For Season 9, the following year, he returned to choreograph a Cha-cha routine for contestants Janelle Issis and Dareian Kujawa on the third week of live shows. Finally, on 16 July 2014, Kovalev returned with Garnis to choreograph a new Jive routine for contestants Bridget Whitman and Emilio Dosal Document [19] (Title: World of Dance (season 2)) Jenna Dewan returning as host. Misty Copeland, who judged in season 1, is announced coming back as guest judge for the Divisional Final, with Julianne Hough, Mel B, Savion Glover and Paula Abdul also joining as guest mentors for The Cut. Tony Award winner Savion Glover will collaborate with judge Jennifer Lopez with the Junior Team division. Actress, dancer, singer and Emmy Award-winning choreographer Julianne Hough, who will be working with her brother, judge Derek Hough, in the Upper division. “America’s Got Talent” judge Mel B will join forces with judge Ne-Yo in mentoring the Junior division. World-renowned dancer/choreographer Paula Document [20] (Title: World of Dance (season 1)) World of Dance (season 1) The first season of American reality dance competition "World of Dance" premiered May 30, 2017, on NBC. Jennifer Lopez, Ne-Yo, and Derek Hough served as the judges, with Jenna Dewan serving as host. Hip hop dancers Les Twins, from Paris, France, were crowned as the winners of the $1,000,000 prize on August 8, 2017. Fourteen-year-old contemporary dancer Eva Igo and Latin/Swing group Swing Latino were named first runner-up and second runner-up respectively. Despite their Qualifier performance not being shown, this act's hometown and dance style were made available on the "World of Dance" website. In Document [21] (Title: Vadim Garbuzov) dancer. In 2012, with the singer Petra Frey, Garbuzov won the seventh season of "Dancing Stars". Since 2012, Garbuzov and Menzinger have regularly taken part in the world championships of the show dance category. In September 2012, in Beijing, they became finalists of the World Latin Freestyle Championship. In early 2013, Garbuzov and Menzinger turned professionals of World DanceSport Federation. At their first professional competition in Merano they took fourth place in Freestyle Latin World Cup. In 2014 in Vienna, they came second in Standard at the Professional European Show Dance Championship. The second TV victory came to Garbuzov in Question: who won the world of dance last season Answer: Les Twins Long Answer: Season Duration Episodes Winner's prize Finalists Presenter Judges Premiere Finale Winner Runner - up Third place May 30, 2017 August 8, 2017 10 $1,000,000 Les Twins Eva Igo Swing Latino Jenna Dewan Ne - Yo Jennifer Lopez Derek Hough May 29, 2018 September 2018 16 TBD Gold Document ID: 20

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: World of Dance (season 1)) their opponents, then both acts perform back-to-back, receiving feedback from the judges. After each performance, the judges will score them in the 5 categories: Performance, Technique, Creativity, Choreography & Presentation. Unlike the Qualifiers, only the final average for each act is shown. The act with the highest average at the end of the duel moves on to the next round, the other faces immediate elimination. World of Dance (season 1) The first season of American reality dance competition "World of Dance" premiered May 30, 2017, on NBC. Jennifer Lopez, Ne-Yo, and Derek Hough served as the judges, with Jenna Dewan Document [2] (Title: Mia Michaels) Mia Michaels Mia Michaels (born February 23, 1966) is an American choreographer best known as a judge and for her contemporary choreography on the TV show "So You Think You Can Dance" (SYTYCD). She has worked with musical artists such as Celine Dion, Madonna, Tom Cruise, Catherine Zeta-Jones, Ricky Martin, Gloria Estefan, and Prince. In 2005 she choreographed Cirque du Soleil's world tour, "Delirium" as well as Celine Dion's Las Vegas show "A New Day..." for which she was later nominated for Emmy. In 2007 she won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Choreography for her "Calling You" routine on season Document [3] (Title: World of Dance (TV series)) contestant(s) with the highest final score will be crowned World of Dance champion 2018 and will win the $1,000,000 USD grand prize. The judges are scoring in 5 categories. Each category is worth 20 points, with a perfect score of 100: Jennifer Lopez, who serves as both executive producer and judge, felt that the series would be a return to her roots; Lopez had achieved early fame as a member of "In Living Color"s dance crew, The Fly Girls. She explained that dance had been her "first form of artistic expression", and that the series "reminded me of all the Document [4] (Title: Kathrin Menzinger) former soccer player Hans Sarpei and won the competition. Just one day after the final show of "Let's Dance" she managed to win together with her partner Vadim Garbuzov the World Championship Show Dance Latin of the Prodessional Division of the WDSF. In November 2015 she also won the World Championship ShowDance Standard, again with her partner Vadim, thus being the first couple ever to hold both titles in Showdance Latin and Standard Kathrin Menzinger Kathrin Menzinger (born 24 September 1988 in Vienna) is an Austrian dancer She started to dance at the age of 3, first with ballet, but Document [5] (Title: World of Dance) dance group/WOD winners Desi Hoppers, led by Shantanu Maheshwari. NBC World of Dance is a 10-episode dance competition program produced by Universal Television Alternative Studio in association with Nuyorican Productions and World of Dance. Executive producing are Jennifer Lopez, Elaine Goldsmith-Thomas, Benny Medina, Kris Curry, Matilda Zoltowski, David Gonzalez and Matthew Everitt. The show features celebrity judges Jennifer Lopez, Derek Hough, Ne-Yo, and host/mentor Jenna Dewan-Tatum, along with 50 of the world’s best dancers and dance teams competing for a $1 million prize—the largest prize of any dance competition show. As Lopez told the New York Times, “My whole goal Document [6] (Title: Jenna Johnson (dancer)) was paired with Olympic figure skater Adam Rippon. The couple reached the finals and won the competition on May 21, 2018. Johnson is one of few dancers to win in her second season and to win after being eliminated first in her previous season. Following her win, Johnson returned for season 27 and she was paired with reality television star Joe Amabile. Despite continually receiving low scores and criticism from the judges, the pair was consistently saved by the viewers' votes. They ultimately made it to the semi-finals of the competition where they finished in 5th place, tying with Juan Document [7] (Title: Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 21)) 8 perfect scores (a record broken in season 25 by Jordan Fisher) and became the second youngest winner of the show at 17 years old (after season 8 winner Shawn Johnson, who was 3 days younger at the time of her win, and later slipped to third behind season 23 winner Laurie Hernandez, who was 16 years old at the time of her win). This also marked Hough's sixth competitive win, extending his own record for the most wins for a professional dancer on the series. On August 19, 2015, nine professional dancers were revealed during "Good Morning America". Karina Document [8] (Title: World of Dance (season 2)) This season by Les Twins, Keone & Mari (actually Mariel) Madrid, Kinjaz and Derek Hough. In preparation for season two, handpicked competitors, being talented in any styles of dancing, from qualifying events around the nation and thousands of online submissions, are divided into four divisions: Junior (groups of 1-4, under 18), Upper (groups of 1-4, 18 and older), Junior Team (groups of 5+, under 18) and Upper Team (groups of 5+, 18 and older). In some cases dancers who didn't apply were directly contacted by the producers or their agents. The elimination process of the contestants are in four rounds: Document [9] (Title: So You Think You Can Dance (Belgian and Dutch TV series)) the nations from visiting or working within Cuba. The remaining three judges made the ultimate decision on the season's Top 18 dancers. On the 27 November 2011 finale, ballet dancer Nina Plantefève-Castryck was announced the winner of the fourth season and was awarded a choice of dance school opportunities, a cash prize of €25,000, and a role in a music video of David Guetta. With Anna-Alicia Sklias taking second place, the vote also marked the first time in the show's four seasons that first place and first runner-up both went to female contestants, as well as the first time the Document [10] (Title: World of Dance (TV series)) World of Dance (TV series) World of Dance is an American reality competition television series executive produced by Jennifer Lopez. The first two seasons were hosted by Jenna Dewan, but the third season will be hosted by Scott Evans . The series features dance performers, including solo acts and larger groups, representing any style of dance, competing for a grand prize of $1 million. The contestants are scored by judges Jennifer Lopez, Ne-Yo, and Derek Hough. The series was created in partnership with preeminent global dance brand, World of Dance, which produces dance competitions and dance lifestyle events in more Document [11] (Title: So You Think You Can Dance Canada) Murphy, Dan Karaty, Kenny Ortega, and Mia Michaels, who choreographed a group piece. The finale was held on December 7, 2008. Contemporary dancer Nico Archambault of Montreal was declared the winner, with ballet dancer Allie Bertram of Calgary as runner-up, hip hop dancer Miles Faber of Calgary in third, and Latin dancer Natalli Reznik of Toronto in fourth. Archambault was awarded $100,000 and a 2009 C230 Mercedes-Benz. Auditions for season 2 took place from April to May, 2009 in Vancouver, Edmonton, Saint John, Toronto and Montreal. Leah Miller, Jean-Marc Généreux and Tré Armstrong returned for season 2 which premiered August Document [12] (Title: Taniec z Gwiazdami (season 14)) points for her Viennese Waltz, making it the lowest score of the week. Aneta & Stefano won the competition. This is the 8th time the winner was not on the first place according to the judges' scoreboard. In Season 11 Rafał Maserak and Stefano Terrazzino also danced in the finale. In Season 11 Rafał Maserak won the competition. Stefano Terrazzino won the competititon for the third time since he won the 4th and 8th season with Kinga Rusin and Agata Kulesza. It was the fifth final for both Maserak and Terrazzino. Maserak won Season 10 with Anna Mucha and Season Document [13] (Title: So You Think You Can Dance Canada (season 2) finalists) 10 Canadian tour at the time. Danced behind Nicole Scherzinger on So You Can Think You Can Dance(US) result show 2011.07.14. She is now a dancer for Beyoncé, appearing in several of the videos for her 2013 self-titled album, and principal dancer on The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour. Anthony Grafton 24, from Calgary, Alberta is a ballroom dancer. Anthony looks forward to working with the great choreographers on the show, especially Mia Michaels and can’t wait to build stories with his partner on stage. He has a miniature dachshund named Jackson. He was eliminated in week 2. Jenna Lynn Document [14] (Title: World of Dance (season 2)) host, Jenna, became mentors for each of the finalists. Derek worked with Charity & Andres, Jennifer worked with S-Rank, Jenna worked with Michael Dameski, and Ne-Yo worked with The Lab. Each of the 4 finalists performed twice. The first performance's music was chosen by their judge, or Jenna, and the second was chosen by the finalist. After each performance, the final scores were displayed on a leaderboard. The winner of the World Finals was determined by the judges combined average scores from both performances. After the first four performances, Season 1's Divisional Finalists Kinjaz and Keone & Mari performed with Document [15] (Title: Taniec z Gwiazdami (season 14)) win the show. It also marks the third time in history of the show the winning couple was outside the judges' top three. With three wins, Terrazzino is currently the most successful professional dancer in history of the show. Notes: Week 1: Joanna Moro scored 32 out of 40 for her Waltz, making it the highest score in this episode. It was the lowest of the highest ratings in the first episode ever (the same situation was, however, in the 3rd and 4th season). Natalia Siwiec got 18 points for her Cha-cha-cha, making it the lowest score of the week. Document [16] (Title: World of Dance (season 2)) Derek Hough. Season 1's winner Les Twins also performed before the crowning. After the final performances, The Lab were announced as the winners of World of Dance; their final combined score of 97.5 beat out Michael Dameski by 1.5 points. 4th S-Rank (93.5) 3rd Charity & Andres (94.3) 2nd Michael Dameski (96) WINNER The Lab (97.5) Misty Copeland joined the Judges panel for Division Final round World of Dance (season 2) The second season of American reality competition television series "World of Dance" premiered May 29, 2018, on NBC. Jennifer Lopez, Ne-Yo, and Derek Hough returned as the judges, with Document [17] (Title: World of Dance (season 2)) In the World Final all four division champions will compete for the $1,000,000 USD grand prize. The concept of last season is copied; every contestant will perform twice in two separate rounds. The average score of both rounds by each contestant will make their final score. The contestant(s) with the highest final score will be crowned World of Dance champion 2018 and will win the $1,000,000 USD grand prize. The judges are scoring in 5 categories. Each category is worth 20 points, with a perfect score of 100: Jennifer Lopez, Ne-Yo, and Derek Hough returned as the series judges, with Document [18] (Title: Pasha Kovalev) rounds during the auditions, and later that season choreographed a Jive for Russell Ferguson and Mollee Gray. Kovalev was announced as an "All-Star" for both Season 7 and Season 8 of the show, performing all the Latin and Ballroom dances with the female finalists, including winners Lauren Froderman and Melanie Moore. For Season 9, the following year, he returned to choreograph a Cha-cha routine for contestants Janelle Issis and Dareian Kujawa on the third week of live shows. Finally, on 16 July 2014, Kovalev returned with Garnis to choreograph a new Jive routine for contestants Bridget Whitman and Emilio Dosal Document [19] (Title: World of Dance (season 2)) Jenna Dewan returning as host. Misty Copeland, who judged in season 1, is announced coming back as guest judge for the Divisional Final, with Julianne Hough, Mel B, Savion Glover and Paula Abdul also joining as guest mentors for The Cut. Tony Award winner Savion Glover will collaborate with judge Jennifer Lopez with the Junior Team division. Actress, dancer, singer and Emmy Award-winning choreographer Julianne Hough, who will be working with her brother, judge Derek Hough, in the Upper division. “America’s Got Talent” judge Mel B will join forces with judge Ne-Yo in mentoring the Junior division. World-renowned dancer/choreographer Paula Document [20] (Title: World of Dance (season 1)) World of Dance (season 1) The first season of American reality dance competition "World of Dance" premiered May 30, 2017, on NBC. Jennifer Lopez, Ne-Yo, and Derek Hough served as the judges, with Jenna Dewan serving as host. Hip hop dancers Les Twins, from Paris, France, were crowned as the winners of the $1,000,000 prize on August 8, 2017. Fourteen-year-old contemporary dancer Eva Igo and Latin/Swing group Swing Latino were named first runner-up and second runner-up respectively. Despite their Qualifier performance not being shown, this act's hometown and dance style were made available on the "World of Dance" website. In Document [21] (Title: Vadim Garbuzov) dancer. In 2012, with the singer Petra Frey, Garbuzov won the seventh season of "Dancing Stars". Since 2012, Garbuzov and Menzinger have regularly taken part in the world championships of the show dance category. In September 2012, in Beijing, they became finalists of the World Latin Freestyle Championship. In early 2013, Garbuzov and Menzinger turned professionals of World DanceSport Federation. At their first professional competition in Merano they took fourth place in Freestyle Latin World Cup. In 2014 in Vienna, they came second in Standard at the Professional European Show Dance Championship. The second TV victory came to Garbuzov in Question: who won the world of dance last season

Answer: Les Twins Long Answer: Season Duration Episodes Winner's prize Finalists Presenter Judges Premiere Finale Winner Runner - up Third place May 30, 2017 August 8, 2017 10 $1,000,000 Les Twins Eva Igo Swing Latino Jenna Dewan Ne - Yo Jennifer Lopez Derek Hough May 29, 2018 September 2018 16 TBD Gold Document ID: 20

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Government of Vermont) illegal immigrants. The money was managed by the Vermont State Police. In most New England states, municipal governments derive all of their power from the state, though in practice the laws regarding their authority are very broadly construed. This is not the case in Vermont. Towns and cities in Vermont are subject to Dillon's Rule, which holds that municipal governments only have the powers that are expressly granted to them by Vermont or federal law, plus any powers that are necessarily implied by the express powers and any powers essential to the municipality's existence. Vermont is one of ten states Document [2] (Title: Vermont) trends for opioid use which has roughly tripled, addicts seeking treatment in Vermont have increased from 650 in 2011 to 7,500 in 2016. Linguists have identified speech patterns found among Vermonters as belonging to Western New England English, a dialect of New England English, which features full pronunciation of all "r" sounds, pronouncing "horse" and "hoarse" the same, and pronouncing vowels in "father" and "bother" the same, none of which are features traditionally shared in neighboring Eastern New England English. Some rural speakers realize the "t" as a glottal stop ("mitten" sounds like "mi'in" and "Vermont" like "Vermon' "). A Document [3] (Title: Freedom and Unity) the flag of Vermont. The motto can be found above the central doors of the Vermont Supreme Court, and above the rostrum in Representatives Hall at the Vermont State House. Tanzania's official motto is the Swahili phrase "Uhuru na Umoja", which translates as "Freedom and Unity". Freedom and Unity "Freedom and Unity" is the official motto of the U.S. state of Vermont. The motto was first adopted in 1788 for use on the Great Seal of the Vermont Republic. Ira Allen designed the Vermont seal and is often credited as its author. Allen's 1798 book "The Natural and Political History Document [4] (Title: Essex County, Vermont) with Quebec was established at 45 degrees north latitude. On November 5, 1792, the legislature divided Chittenden and Orange counties into six separate counties, as follows: Chittenden, Orange, Franklin, Caledonia, Essex, and Orleans. No reason is given for the county being named after the county of Essex in England. In 1999, a group of investors bought from Champion International Paper for $7.5 million, covering parts of fourteen towns in the county. The state of Vermont and the Freeman Foundation purchased easements for $8.5 million to guarantee traditional uses of the land for logging and recreation. In 2008, Plum Creek Timber Document [5] (Title: Windsor, Vermont) official state capital. Commerce prospered due to the village's location on the banks of the Connecticut River where several smaller streams run into it. The economy improved in the mid-19th century when Windsor became the first town in the state to break ground for the railroad with the construction of a rail depot. Windsor Station connected the town to out-of-state markets. It was after the railroad went through that the area was discovered by tourists. Windsor's war memorial, the City Center Veterans Memorial, was created by sculptor Lawrence Nowlan. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a Document [6] (Title: Burlington, Vermont) Burlington, Vermont Burlington is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Vermont and the seat of Chittenden County. It is located south of the Canada–United States border and south of Canada's second most populous city, Montreal. The city's population was 42,452 according to a 2015 U.S. census estimate. It is the least populous municipality in the United States to be the most populous incorporated area in a state. A regional college town, Burlington is home to the University of Vermont (UVM) and Champlain College, a small private college. Vermont's largest hospital, the UVM Medical Center, is located within Document [7] (Title: Western New England English) even dropping the "r" sound everywhere except before vowels, just like in Boston or Maine. A dwindling, generally both rural, older, male segment of the Vermont population, especially in northwestern Vermont, pronounces with a higher starting point as (e.g. in "cows"; ), and an older segment of this same population pronounces (e.g. in "lie") with a lower or more rounded starting point as . These speakers may retain vestigial elements of the trap-bath split, backing and lowering in certain environments, particularly in function words like "that" and "have". A deep retroflex approximant for "r" is a common characteristic among many Document [8] (Title: Vermont Route 14) 2 for through East Montpelier center, VT 14 continues for to an intersection with VT 214, in North Montpelier village. It soon enters the town of Calais, running for nearly through the eastern part of this mostly rural town, including the village of East Calais, plus another through the next town, Woodbury. Within Woodbury, it passes through the small town center, then continues past Greenwood Lake to run for several miles along the narrow river valley at the eastern edge of the Woodbury Mountains. Upon entering the next town, Hardwick, the valley opens up as the road approaches the town Document [9] (Title: Constitution of Vermont) constitutions are written in gender-neutral language. Constitution of Vermont The Constitution of the State of Vermont is the fundamental body of law of the U.S. state of Vermont. It was adopted in 1793 following Vermont's admission to the Union in 1791 and is largely based upon the 1777 Constitution of the Vermont Republic which was ratified at Windsor in the Old Constitution House and amended in 1786. At 8,295 words, it is the shortest U.S. state constitution. From 1777 to 1791, Vermont was an independent country, often referred to in the present day as the Vermont Republic. During that time Document [10] (Title: Montpelier Historic District (Vermont)) and enlarged in 1989 and 2018. Montpelier was chartered in 1781, and was a sleepy rural community when it was named the state capital in 1805, primarily for its geographically central location and access to road and waterways. This inaugurated a development boom, with State Street forming an important axis between the state complex and the town center. The town was named the county seat of what is now Washington County in 1811. Industrial development was enhanced by the arrival of the railroad in 1849, and the town's economy boomed after the American Civil War. It was reincorporated as a Document [11] (Title: Vermont) judicial branches: the Vermont General Assembly, the Governor of Vermont and the Vermont Supreme Court. The governorship and the General Assembly serve two-year terms including the governor and 30 senators. There are no term limits for any office. The state capital is in Montpelier. There are three types of incorporated municipalities in Vermont: towns, cities, and villages. Like most of New England, there is slight provision for autonomous county government. Counties and county seats are merely convenient repositories for various government services such as state courts, with several elected officers such as a state's Attorney and sheriff. All county services Document [12] (Title: Washington County, Vermont) Washington County, Vermont Washington County is a county located in the U.S. state of Vermont. Named after George Washington, its county seat is the municipality of Montpelier, the least populous state capital in the United States, and the most populous municipality is Barre. As of the 2010 census, the population was 59,534, making it the third-most populous county in Vermont, but the third-least populous capital county in the United States after Hughes County, South Dakota and Franklin County, Kentucky. If Carson City, Nevada and Juneau, Alaska was treated as counties, Washington County would be the fifth-least populous capital county. Washington Document [13] (Title: Vermont Republic) on that 1776 document in Philadelphia. During the time of the Vermont Republic, the government issued its own coinage and currency, and operated a postal service. The governor of Vermont, Thomas Chittenden, with consent of his council and the General Assembly, appointed commissioners to the American government seated in Philadelphia. Vermont engaged in diplomatic negotiations with the United States, the Netherlands, and France. After a British regiment and allied Mohawks attacked and terrorized Vermont settlers, in the Royalton Raid, Ethan Allen led a group of Vermont politicians in secret discussions with Frederick Haldimand, the Governor General of the Province of Document [14] (Title: U.S. Route 2 in Vermont) In Montpelier, the main route bypasses the downtown area using Memorial Drive, while a business loop using State Street serves downtown. After leaving Montpelier, the road turns north-eastward, crossing into Caledonia County and passing through Saint Johnsbury. It then passes into rural Essex County, and eventually crosses the Connecticut River from Guildhall, Vermont into Lancaster, New Hampshire. An improved road between the main settlements of Burlington and Montpelier was first established from old footpaths in 1805, when the Winooski Turnpike was chartered by the state of Vermont. The old turnpike road utilized the relatively flat banks of the Winooski River Document [15] (Title: Vermont Seal of Quality) of the Red Clover ("Trifolium pratense") Vermont's state flower. The words "" appear above the state name in the typeface Goudy Old Style. The agency name appears below the state name Vermont in medium gray, set in uppercase Futura Condensed, a sans-serif typeface. Several variants of the Seal of Quality exist: the seal alone, the seal with a green ribbon and the passage , the seal with the passage , the seal with the passage , and the seal with the passage . Vermont Seal of Quality The Seal program has been discontinued. The seal was being abused by being Document [16] (Title: Killington, Vermont) to the state of Vermont, for services received. The votes are largely symbolic, as secession is highly unlikely and would require the agreement of both states' legislatures, as well as that of the U.S. Congress. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which is land and , or 0.47%, is water. The Ottauquechee River has its headwaters in the town. As of the census of 2000, there were 1,095 people, 500 households, and 282 families residing in the town. The population density was 23.5 people per square mile (9.1/km). There were Document [17] (Title: Orleans County, Vermont) Newbury as the shire town. The state granted a town to Ebenezer Crafts, and sixty-three associates, on November 6, 1780. The town name was changed to Craftsbury, in honor of Ebenezer Crafts on October 27, 1790. Crafts was the first settler in the county. On September 3, 1783, as a result of the signing of the Treaty of Paris the Revolutionary War ended with Great Britain recognizing the independence of the United States. Vermont's border with Quebec was established at 45 degrees north latitude. From 1791 to 1793, Timothy Hinman built what is now called the "Hinman Settler Road" linking Document [18] (Title: Vermont State House) distinctive gold leaf dome are easily visible while approaching Montpelier, the smallest city to serve as capital of a U.S. state. The current structure was designed by architect Thomas Silloway (1828–1910) amplifying the design of an earlier structure designed by Ammi B. Young, (1798–1874) later supervising architect of the U.S. Treasury. The first State House built in 1808 by Sylvanus Baldwin was replaced by the current Vermont Supreme Court Building completed in 1918. The prior edifice, known as the "Second State House", was constructed on the same site between 1833 and 1838. Young's structure was of a more reserved Greek Document [19] (Title: Vermont) vote against Franklin D. Roosevelt in all four of his presidential campaigns (the other was Maine). Vermont's history of independent political thought has led to movements for the establishment of the Second Vermont Republic and other plans advocating secession. Vermont is the only state in the United States that requires voters to be sworn in, having established the voter's oath or affirmation in 1777. Republicans dominated local Vermont politics from the party's founding in 1854 until the mid-1970s. Before the 1960s, rural interests dominated the legislature. As a result, cities, particularly the older sections of Burlington and Winooski, were neglected Document [20] (Title: Vermont Republic) the New York grants and the New Hampshire grants, Ethan Allen and his militia of "Green Mountain Boys" suppressed Loyalists. On January 15, 1777, a convention of representatives from towns in the territory declared the region independent, choosing the name the Republic of New Connecticut (although it was sometimes known colloquially as the Republic of the Green Mountains). On June 2 of that year, the name of the fledgling nation was officially changed to "Vermont" (from the French, "les Verts Monts", meaning the Green Mountains) upon the suggestion of Dr. Thomas Young, a member of the Sons of Liberty and Document [21] (Title: Coat of arms of Vermont) Bank . One of these notes is in the special collections of the Vermont History Center in Barre, Vermont. Prior to the discovery of the 1807 banknotes, the earliest representation of the coat of arms of Vermont was found on an engraved 1821 state military commissions. The exact designer is not known, but it is likely that then Secretary of State Robert Temple worked with an engraver in developing the arms. Considerable liberties were taken in early depictions of the coat of arms. The location of the cow and the sheaves (bundles of cereal grains) moved about the foreground, and Document [22] (Title: Montpelier, Vermont) and granite ledges. Towne Hill runs in a ridge (~900 ft/275 m) along the northern edge of the city. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and 0.10% is water. The Winooski River flows west along the south edge of downtown village and is fed by several smaller tributaries that cut through residential districts. Montpelier is subject to periodic flooding in the flat city center, with two major floods occurring 1927 and 1992. On its borders are the towns of Middlesex to the west, Berlin to the south, Document [23] (Title: Government of Vermont) Government of Vermont The government of Vermont is a republican form of government modeled after the Government of the United States. The Constitution of Vermont is the supreme law of the state, followed by the Vermont Statutes. This is roughly analogous to the Federal United States Constitution, United States Code and Code of Federal Regulations respectively. Provision is made for the following frame of government under the Constitution of the State of Vermont: the executive branch, the legislative branch, and the judicial branch. All members of the executive and legislative branch serve two-year terms including the governor and senators. There Document [24] (Title: Northeast Kingdom) to visit in the country and the ninth most desirable place to visit in the world. The largest municipalities in the Northeast Kingdom are the towns of St. Johnsbury (population 7,603), Lyndon (5,981), and Derby (4,621), and the city of Newport (4,589). Although Vermont is known as the Green Mountain State, the Northeast Kingdom lies outside that geological formation and is based on a set of long-ago volcanic islands, compressed during collision with the Taconic orogeny. Views and vistas differ sharply from those of the state's central mountain spine. The presence of kame terraces in the counties are of interest Document [25] (Title: Westminster (town), Vermont) New Hampshire Grants. On January 15, 1777, a group of Vermonters met in the Westminster courthouse to declare the independence of the Republic of New Connecticut (later renamed the Republic of Vermont). According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 46.1 square miles (119.5 km), of which 46.1 square miles (119.3 km) is land and 0.04 square mile (0.1 km) (0.06%) is water. Westminster is crossed by Interstate 91 (Exit 5 serves the town), U.S. Route 5, Vermont Route 121 and Vermont Route 123. The New England Central Railroad has track rights through the Document [26] (Title: Vermont) dwindling segment of the Vermont population, generally both rural and male—especially in northwestern Vermont, pronounces certain vowels in a distinctive manner (e.g. "cows" sounds like "cayows," "fight" like "foight," "calf" like "caaf," "there" like "thair," "hand" like "hay-nd," and "back" like "bah-k"). Eastern New England English—also found in New Hampshire, Maine and eastern Massachusetts—was common in eastern Vermont in the mid-twentieth century and before, but has become rare. There the practice of dropping the "r" sound in words ending in "r" ("farmer" sounds like "farm-uh") and adding an "r" sound to words ending in a vowel ("idea" sounds like "idee-er") Document [27] (Title: The Pavilion (Vermont)) or the legislative session when work is sometimes conducted late into the night. The Pavilion (Vermont) The Pavilion is the principal workplace of the Governor of Vermont, located at 109 State Street in Montpelier, capital of the U.S. state of Vermont. The building is built in the French Second Empire style, and houses the working offices, reception room, press briefing room, and living apartments of Vermont's governor. The term "The Fifth Floor" is sometimes used as a metonym for a governor's administration, or the Vermont governorship, which refers to the location of the governor's offices on the fifth floor of Document [28] (Title: The Pavilion (Vermont)) The Pavilion (Vermont) The Pavilion is the principal workplace of the Governor of Vermont, located at 109 State Street in Montpelier, capital of the U.S. state of Vermont. The building is built in the French Second Empire style, and houses the working offices, reception room, press briefing room, and living apartments of Vermont's governor. The term "The Fifth Floor" is sometimes used as a metonym for a governor's administration, or the Vermont governorship, which refers to the location of the governor's offices on the fifth floor of the Pavilion. The offices of two other elected statewide officials, the Vermont Attorney Document [29] (Title: Northeast Kingdom) Northeast Kingdom The Northeast Kingdom is the northeast corner of the U.S. state of Vermont, comprising Essex, Orleans and Caledonia counties and having a population at the 2010 census of 64,764. In Vermont, the written term "NEK" is often used. The term "Northeast Kingdom" is attributed to George D. Aiken, former Governor of Vermont and a U.S. senator, who first used the term in a 1949 speech. The area is often referred to by Vermonters simply as "The Kingdom." Because of its three-county extent, it includes several "gateway" towns: at the southeastern corner, St. Johnsbury, just a few miles from Document [30] (Title: Addison, Vermont) The highest point is Snake Mountain, which is 1281 ft above Lake Champlain. As of the census of 2000, there were 1,393 people, 494 households, and 402 families residing in the town. The population density was 33.4 people per square mile (12.9/km²). There were 651 housing units at an average density of 15.6 per square mile (6.0/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 98.42% White, 0.14% African American, 0.22% Native American, 0.36% Asian, 0.14% Pacific Islander, and 0.72% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.57% of the population. There were 494 households out Document [31] (Title: History of Vermont) area as a hunting ground and warring with the remaining Abenaki. French explorer Samuel de Champlain claimed the area of what is now Lake Champlain, giving to the mountains the appellation of "les Verts Monts" (the Green Mountains). Since in the French language adjectives normally come after the noun, the usual structure of this name would be "les Monts Verts." However, when an adjective is intended to be emphasized, it may be placed before the noun, which is the likely explanation for the origin of Vermont's name. It has been suggested that a possible alternative source of the name was Document [32] (Title: Vermont Seal of Quality) time no resolution has been found to this program. The Vermont Seal of Quality is a graphic mark indicating highest levels of quality for foods grown and made in the U.S. state of Vermont. The seal is granted by the Vermont Agency of Agriculture Food and Markets and is displayed in the packaging and promotional materials for approved products. The Vermont Seal of Quality takes the form of a horizontal ellipse shape with the word Vermont featured prominentally in green Palatino Italic type. The left stroke of the V of Vermont serves as a stem supporting a leaf and flower Document [33] (Title: Vermont) lowest birthrate in the nation, 42/1000 women. The center of population of Vermont is located in Washington County, in the town of Warren. As of 2014, 51.3% of Vermont's population was born in the state (compared with 58.7% for the United States). The changing demographics between those with multi-generational ties to the state and those who are newcomers, bringing different values with them, has resulted in a degree of tension between the two perspectives. This tension is expressed in the terms, "Woodchuck", being applied to those established in the state, and "Flatlander", applied to the newcomers. Vermont is the least Document [34] (Title: Vermont, Wisconsin) Vermont, Wisconsin Vermont is a town in Dane County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 839 at the 2000 census. The unincorporated communities of Elvers and Vermont are located in the town. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 35.8 square miles (92.6 km²), all of it land. As of the census of 2000, there were 839 people, 298 households, and 241 families residing in the town. The population density was 23.5 people per square mile (9.1/km²). There were 312 housing units at an average density of 8.7 per square mile (3.4/km²). The Document [35] (Title: Vermont Standard) Vermont Standard The Vermont Standard is the oldest continuously-published weekly newspaper in the U.S State of Vermont. It is based in Woodstock, Vermont. The newspaper was founded in 1853 and covers local sports, business and community events serving the town of Woodstock and the surrounding communities of Windsor County. The "Vermont Standard" began as an anti-alcohol publication known as the "Vermont Temperance Standard." It is now owned by Phillip Camp Sr who began working for the "Standard" in 1952 while still in high school. The "Vermont Standard" has a weekly paid circulation of 5,200 copies. The "Vermont Standard" was formed Document [36] (Title: Vermont, Victoria) Institute Hall, which was on the site now occupied by the Scout Hall. Some of the names listed are also included on the Mitcham and Blackburn War Memorials. L. L. Vale Post Office opened on 1 November 1881 and was renamed Vermont in 1889. It was closed between 1895 and 1899. A Vermont East Post Office was open between 1964 and 1993. In the 2016 census the population of Vermont was 10,442, approximately 51.2% female and 48.8% male. The median/average age of the people in Vermont is 40 years of age. 64.1% of people were born in Australia. The most Document [37] (Title: Vermont) state; Killington Peak, the second-highest; Camel's Hump, the state's third-highest; and Mount Abraham, the fifth-highest peak. Areas in Vermont administered by the National Park Service include the Marsh-Billings-Rockefeller National Historical Park (in Woodstock) and the Appalachian National Scenic Trail. Vermont has nine incorporated cities. The most populous city in Vermont is Burlington, and its metropolitan area is also the most populous in the state with an estimate of 214,796 as of 2013. Although these towns are large enough to be considered cities, they are not incorporated as such. The annual mean temperature for the state is . Vermont has a Document [38] (Title: Vermont) area. In 1988 a number of Vermont-based composers including Gwyneth Walker formed the Vermont Composers Consortium, which was recognized by the governor proclaiming 2011 as "The Year of the Composer". Burlington, Vermont's largest city, hosts the annual Vermont International Film Festival in October, that presents 10 days of independent film from the US and around the world. The Brattleboro-based Vermont Theatre Company presents an annual summer Shakespeare festival. Brattleboro also hosts the summertime Strolling of the Heifers parade which celebrates Vermont's dairy culture. The annual Green Mountain Film Festival is held in Montpelier. In the Northeast Kingdom, the Bread and Document [39] (Title: Education in Vermont) average Vermont graduate in the class of 2007 owed $24,329, making the state the fourth worst in the country. During the period of the Vermont Republic several towns on the east side of the Connecticut River were part of Vermont. This included Hanover, home of Dartmouth College. Statehood brought about establishment of the Connecticut River as a natural border. Having lost Dartmouth College, Ira Allen established the University of Vermont (UVM) in 1791 to complement the smaller college at Castleton. By the mid-twentieth century all but one of the state normal schools, and many of the seminaries, had become four-year Document [40] (Title: History of Vermont) New Hampshire Grants a free and independent "district"." On January 15, 1777, representatives of the New Hampshire Grants convened in Westminster and declared their land an independent republic. For the first six months of the republic's existence, the state was called New Connecticut. On June 2, a second convention of 72 delegates met at Westminster, known as the "Westminster Convention". At this meeting, the delegates adopted the name "Vermont" on the suggestion of Dr. Thomas Young of Philadelphia, a supporter of the delegates who wrote a letter advising them on how to achieve statehood. The delegates set the time for Document [41] (Title: Windsor, Vermont) Windsor, Vermont Windsor is a town in Windsor County, Vermont, United States. As the "Birthplace of Vermont", the town is where the Constitution of Vermont was adopted in 1777, thus marking the founding of the Vermont Republic—a sovereign state until 1791 when Vermont joined the United States. Over much of its history, Windsor was home to a variety of manufacturing enterprises. The population was 3,553 at the 2010 census. One of the New Hampshire grants, Windsor was chartered as a town on July 6, 1761, by colonial governor Benning Wentworth. It was first settled in August 1764 by Captain Steele Document [42] (Title: Vermont, Victoria) Vermont, Victoria Vermont is a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, east of Melbourne's Central Business District. Its local government area comprises the cities of Maroondah and Whitehorse. At the , Vermont had a population of 9,902. The meaning of (behind) Vermont is "Green Hill". Vermont is bordered by Mitcham to the north, Nunawading and Forest Hill to the west, Vermont South to the south and Wantirna and Ringwood to the east. The suburb of Vermont is the location of the Vermont Volunteers Roll of Honour for the First World War. The honour board used to hang in the former Mechanics Document [43] (Title: Burlington, Vermont) designed by Burlington Associates (now TruexCollins) in the Brutalist style, while the Roman Catholic Cathedral was built in 1974-77 and was designed by Edward Larrabee Barnes, with the park-like grounds designed by landscape architect Dan Kiley. The Vermont Lake Monsters of the New York – Penn League, a Class A short-season (June to September) minor league baseball team, were formerly called the Vermont Expos. The team changed its name in 2007 after its parent Major League Baseball club, the Montreal Expos of the National League, moved from Montreal to Washington, D.C. and became the Washington Nationals. In 2010, the Lake Document [44] (Title: Vermont State House) which is a more painterly armorial representation of the Great Seal of Vermont (reserved solely for embossing documents), the arms are topped by the head of a buck white-tailed deer and circled by branches of Eastern White Pine ("Pinus strobus"). Pine badges were worn as an expression of Vermont identity by citizens while the state was a republic, and again during the American Civil War by Vermont's military regiments. The other skylight features the rarely seen reverse of the state coat of arms, a female personification of the state referred to as "Vermontannia." The wall stencils in the Cedar Creek Document [45] (Title: Vermont municipality) Vermont municipality A Vermont municipality is a particular type of New England municipality. It is the basic unit of local government. Vermont contains 246 incorporated towns and cities. Nine are cities and 237 are towns. Collectively, these 246 municipalities cover the vast majority of, but not all of, the state's territory. There are some unincorporated areas in the sparsely populated mountainous regions of the state. Most of the unincorporated areas are in Essex County, in the northeastern part of the state. Bennington, Windham and Chittenden counties also contain smaller amounts of unincorporated territory. This territory includes five unincorporated townships and Document [46] (Title: Western New England English) and lax, similar to , and sometimes with no glide as monophthongal . Especially rural speakers pronounce "milk" as . Northwestern Vermont (centered on Burlington) shows no raising of (except before nasal consonants), and therefore stays back in the mouth, leading to a cot–caught merger to [ɑ]; this whole process follows the logic of the Canadian Shift of Standard Canadian English. Since the mid-twentieth century, Vermont speakers have largely avoided stigmatized local features, and now follow the rhotic "r" of the rest of Western New England. However, before this time, the eastern edge of Vermont spoke Eastern New England English, Document [47] (Title: Seal of Vermont) suggesting clouds; on the bottom wavy lines suggest water. It is believed that the two sets of wavy lines might also suggest the Connecticut River and Lake Champlain, today Vermont's east and west borders. The passage "Freedom & Unity"—Vermont's state motto—is centered below the state name. The motto is central to the Vermont ideal of balancing personal freedom with the individual's responsibility to their community. The seal was first used by the government of the independent Vermont Republic as it existed prior to admission to the Union. Intended for use to emboss official documents, the seal is not intended for Document [48] (Title: Blacksmith token) "VTS", which is claimed to be an abbreviated, Latin version for "Vermont". McLachlan refuted this claim, saying that he had "little doubt that this piece was struck and issued in Canada as an imitation of a George III copper". This argument has been picked up again in more recent numismatic studies, with one article affirming that an example graded as Fine reveals the "I" should be read as "T", supporting the "VTS" reading. An off-center strike of this Blacksmith token in the collection of the Bank of Canada Museum where the top portion of the supposed "T" ought to be Document [49] (Title: Lyndon, Vermont) and woodlands. The Passumpsic River, flowing through the center of the town, provided power for grist and saw mills. The charter of the town of Lyndon was signed by Governor Thomas Chittenden in 1780. It seems likely that the name Lyndon was chosen to honor Josias Lyndon (1704–1778), a former governor of Rhode Island and friend of many of the proprietors. Many of these men served with the 2nd Rhode Island Regiment, 1st Division, including Israel Angell. The original proprietors secured the grant as a business venture and had no intention of settling it. Some of the men held high Document [50] (Title: Lake Saint Catherine (Vermont)) are over eighty years of age, do not remember of hearing it called otherwise than Lake Austin or Lake St. Austin." In her book Vermont Place Names, Esther Swift says that in 1771 New York patented a town named St. Catherine, in nostalgic remembrance of St. Catherin's Point on the Isle of Wight, the last land seen by the British emigrants as they left England. She adds that when the Green Mountain Boys ran the Yorkers out, they kept the pleasant-sounding name for the lake. There are other stories and legends but the accepted belief, locally at least, is that Document [51] (Title: Vermont Transit Lines) and then on to Boston. On April 1, 2008 Greyhound Lines ceased use of the Vermont Transit Lines brand fully consolidating VTL routes into its operations timetable. Vermont Transit Routes 62 (Montreal-Burlington-White River Junction-Boston), 67 (White River Junction-Springfield) and 60 (Bangor-Boston) remain in the Greyhound national network. For most of the company's history, Vermont Transit's identity has been closely tied to the state of Vermont. Drivers wore uniforms in Vermont's state colors of green and gold, with a cloisonne tie clasp of the Vermont coat of arms. The fleet of buses were painted in a combination of green, gold and Document [52] (Title: Winooski River) the south side of downtown and the Vermont State House. From Montpelier it flows northwest into Chittenden County through Richmond, passing north of the city of Burlington. It enters the eastern side of Lake Champlain approximately northwest of downtown Burlington. The City of Winooski sits along the river approximately upstream from its mouth, on the northeastern edge of Burlington. The river was historically used for the transportation of timber in the logging heyday of Vermont during the 19th century. The valley of the river downstream from Montpelier is where both U.S. Highway 2 and Interstate 89 run between Montpelier and Document [53] (Title: Coat of arms of Vermont) Coat of arms of Vermont The coat of arms of Vermont is the official armorial bearings of the U.S. state of Vermont. Most of the elements found in the coat of arms originate in the Great Seal of Vermont designed by Ira Allen. Whereas the Great Seal of Vermont is reproduced in a single color and is reserved for embossing and authenticating state documents, the coat of arms is a more naturalistic and colorful representation of many of the same elements. The Coat of arms of Vermont was first used in 1807 on $5 bank notes of The Vermont State Document [54] (Title: USS Vermont (BB-20)) broken up under the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty. Her bell currently resides at the Vermont State Capitol in Montpelier, VT. Notes Citations USS Vermont (BB-20) USS "Vermont" (BB-20), a , was the second ship of the United States Navy named after the 14th state. She was the third member of the class, which included five other ships. The "Connecticut"-class ships were armed with a main battery of four guns and had a top speed of . "Vermont" was laid down in May 1904 at the Fore River shipyard and launched in August 1905. The ship entered service with Document [55] (Title: Vermont municipality) Burlington was not chartered until 1865, as Vermont's second city. For many years prior to the 1860s Vermont had just one city, which was the city of Vergennes, incorporated in 1788. As in most of New England, population is not a determination in what makes a city or a town in Vermont. Rather, cities are formed when a town's residents choose to switch from a town meeting form to a city form. There are a number of towns that have larger populations than nearby cities. In Vermont, there are a number of cities with fewer than 10,000 people, even a Document [56] (Title: U.S. Route 2) Vermont. US 2 traverses the length of Grand Isle County and crossing Lake Champlain over several bridges until it reaches the mainland in Milton and Chittenden County. From there it travels south to Burlington, where it begins to closely parallel Interstate 89 all the way to Montpelier and Washington County. At Montpelier, the road turns north-eastward, crossing into Caledonia County and passing through Saint Johnsbury. It then passes into Essex County, and eventually crosses the Connecticut River from Guildhall, Vermont into Lancaster, New Hampshire. Once into New Hampshire, the road continues southeastward, passing through Jefferson (home to several small amusement Document [57] (Title: History of Vermont) are ours, or this night Molly Stark sleeps a widow!" In a desperate, all-day battle fought in intense summer heat, the army of Yankee farmers defeated the British, killing or capturing 900 men. Burgoyne never recovered from this loss and eventually surrendered at Saratoga on October 17. In 1778, David Redding, convicted of being a traitor to the colonies and a spy for the British, was hanged in Bennington. The first printing press in the state was established in Dresden in 1779. Vermont continued to govern itself as a sovereign entity based in the eastern town of Windsor for 14 Document [58] (Title: Interstate 91) with US 2. Along westbound US 2, the capital of Vermont, Montpelier, is eventually reached from I-91, although I-89 provides Montpelier with immediate Interstate access. I-91 continues northward, now following the Passumpsic River valley. It travels through Vermont's Northeast Kingdom region and the town of Lyndon. Two exits in Lyndon serve the village of Lyndonville and Lyndon State College. After exit 24, I-91 departs Route 5, which it had been closely paralleling since the Massachusetts state line. I-91 follows the valley of Miller Run, and there are no convenient services until Barton at exit 25. The interstate proceeds through Sheffield. Document [59] (Title: USS Vermont (BB-20)) completed hull was launched on 31 August 1905, with the christening performed by Jennie Bell, the daughter of Charles J. Bell, the governor of the ship's namesake state. On 4 March 1907, "Vermont" was commissioned into the US Navy at the Boston Navy Yard, with Captain William P. Potter as her first commanding officer. The ship then embarked on a shakedown cruise from Boston to Hampton Roads, Virginia. She then joined the 1st Division of the Atlantic Fleet for training exercises. "Vermont" left Hampton Roads on 30 August, bound for Provincetown. She stayed there until 5 September before returning to Document [60] (Title: Ira Allen) Frederick Haldimand, the British Governor of the Province of Quebec, about the possibility of reinstating Vermont as a British province. An alternate explanation is that the Allen brothers were not actually interested in returning Vermont to the British but merely used the Haldimand negotiations to both stave off a British invasion of Vermont from Canada and prod the Continental Congress into recognizing Vermont as separate from New York and New Hampshire and admitting it to the United States. Vermont was granted statehood in 1791. Allen designed the Great Seal of Vermont. Over two days at Windsor in 1778, Allen drew Document [61] (Title: Vermont) state to be admitted to the newly established United States in 1791. Vermont is one of only four U.S. states that were previously sovereign states (along with California, Hawaii, and Texas), given that the original 13 states were formerly colonies. During the mid 19th century, Vermont was a strong source of abolitionist sentiment and sent a significant contingent of soldiers to participate in the American Civil War. The geography of the state is marked by the Green Mountains, which run north-south up the middle of the state, separating Lake Champlain and other valley terrain on the west from the Connecticut Document [62] (Title: Montpelier, Vermont) the North Branch of the Winooski River. His family moved in the following winter. Colonel Davis selected the name "Montpelier" after the French city of Montpellier. There was a general enthusiasm for things French as a result of the country's aid to the American colonies during the Revolutionary War. The settlement grew quickly, and by 1791 the population reached 117. The configuration of the early village was strongly influenced by geography. As early as 1799 a bridge was constructed across the Winooski River to Berlin. The Town's Charter was reissued on February 6, 1804 to include a boundary description of Document [63] (Title: Flag of Vermont) Flag of Vermont The flag of Vermont consists of the state's coat of arms and motto. The Vermont General Assembly adopted the current flag on June 1, 1923. Multiple versions of the flag have been included throughout history. Originally, the flag was the same as the flag of the Green Mountain Boys. It was then changed to look similar to the flag of the United States, consisting of red and white stripes, and a blue canton. It was changed to be dissimilar to avoid confusion. Proposals have been brought up to revert the flag back to the Green Mountain Boys' Document [64] (Title: The Song of the Vermonters, 1779) with bribes in their hands, Still seek to divide and parcel our lands; We've coats for our traitors, whoever they are; The warp is of feathers–the filling of tar: Does the 'old Bay State' threaten? Does Congress complain? Swarms Hampshire in arms on our borders again? Bark the war dogs of Britain aloud on the lake– Let 'em come; what they can they are welcome to take. What seek they among us? The pride of our wealth Is comfort, contentment, and labor, and health, And lands which, as Freemen we only have trod, Independent of all, save the mercies of Document [65] (Title: Vermont Republic) Vermont Republic The Vermont Republic is a term used by historians to refer to the government of Vermont that existed from 1777 to 1791. In January 1777, delegates from 28 towns met and declared independence from the jurisdictions and land claims both of the British colony of Quebec and of the American states of New Hampshire and New York. They also abolished adult slavery within their boundaries. Many people in Vermont took part in the American Revolution, although the Continental Congress did not recognize the jurisdiction as independent. Because of vehement objections from New York, which had conflicting property claims, Document [66] (Title: Winooski, Vermont) city dismissed their city manager of 11 months, while he was still an at-will employee. His contract had been scheduled for three years. The mayor of the city is Seth Leonard. Jesse Baker was hired as city manager in 2017, replacing Katherine "Deac" Deccareau. As of the 2010 U.S. Census, there were 7,267 people and 3,252 households residing in the city. The population density was 5,191 people per square mile (1,964.1/km). There were 3,393 housing units at an average density of 2,107.5 per square mile (814.1/km). The racial makeup of the city was 82.5% white (81.5% non-Hispanic white alone), 6.9% Document [67] (Title: Montpelier, Vermont) regulation, and provision for potable drinking water and wastewater. Montpelier has become one of Vermont's most readily accessible cities and towns, as Vermont's founders deliberately placed the capital near the geographic center of the state. The city is located along Interstate 89. East-west U.S. Route 2 and north-south Vermont Route 12 are two other principal routes that intersect in Montpelier. Both I-89 and U.S. 2 provide a direct link to Burlington and the populous Lake Champlain Valley in the northwestern corner of the state. U.S. Route 302 has its western terminus in Montpelier, connecting it with the nearby city of Document [68] (Title: Coat of arms of Vermont) the Vermont border, and at Vermont Welcome Centers. The "blazon" was formalized and described by state statute in 1840 in the following manner: "the coat of arms of the state shall be, and is described as follows: Green, a landscape occupying half of the shield; on the right and left, in the background, high mountains, blue; the sky yellow. From near the base, and reaching nearly to the top of the shield, arises a pine-tree of the natural color, and between three erect sheaves, yellow, placed bendwise on the dexter side, and a red cow standing on the sinister side Document [69] (Title: Governor of Vermont) impeachment) from office. The Lieutenant Governor is also the Lieutenant-General of the "forces of the State." Governor of Vermont The Governor of Vermont is the head of the Government of Vermont, United States. The officeholder is elected in even-numbered years by direct voting for a term of two years. Vermont and bordering New Hampshire are now the only states to hold gubernatorial elections every two years, instead of every four as in the other 48 U.S. states. There is no limit on the number of terms a Vermont Governor can serve. If no candidate receives at least 50 percent plus Document [70] (Title: Dorset, Vermont) be settled." This was the first official step toward Vermont's independence. Thus, the future state of Vermont was underway. The town of Windsor claims to be the birthplace of Vermont, and, indeed, it was there, on 2 July 1777, that the constitution was adopted and the name chosen. But it was in Dorset at Cephas Kent's tavern that the idea of Vermont was born; and, as Zephine Humphrey put it, "The idea is the dynamic reality and the fact its shadow." In 1790, New York finally relinquished her claims and, on 18 February 1791, Congress admitted Vermont as the fourteenth Document [71] (Title: Vermont municipality) towns, and are much smaller than a typical town in terms of land area. The above process has created several instances where there are adjacent towns and cities with the same name. In all cases, the city was originally the “town center” of the town, but later incorporated as a city and became a separate municipality. A typical town was laid out in a square. Each contained 36 sections, squares or . One section was reserved for the support of public schools. This was copied when the Continental Congress laid out Ohio 1785-7. Vermont contains some town-sized unorganized entities, referred Document [72] (Title: Burlington, Vermont) the city limits. The City of Burlington also owns the state of Vermont's largest airport, the Burlington International Airport, in neighboring South Burlington. In 2015, Burlington became the first city in the U.S. to run completely on renewable energy. Two theories have been put forward regarding the origin of Burlington's name. The first is that it was named after Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington, and the second is that the name honors the politically prominent and wealthy Burling family of New York. While no Burling family members are listed as grantees of the town, the family held large tracts Document [73] (Title: Brave Little State of Vermont speech) the state nearly a year ago. Transportation has been restored. The railroads are in a better condition than before. The highways are open to traffic for those who wish to travel by automobile.<br> <br> Vermont is a state I love. I could not look upon the peaks of Ascutney, Killington, Mansfield, and Equinox, without being moved in a way that no other scene could move me. It was here that I first saw the light of day; here I received my bride, here my dead lie pillowed on the loving breast of our everlasting hills.<br> <br> I love Vermont because Document [74] (Title: Coat of arms of Vermont) War by Vermont's military regiments. The motto Freedom and Unity is central to the Vermont ideal of balancing personal freedom with the individual's responsibility to their community. Many government seals of Vermont use the state's coat of arms. Coat of arms of Vermont The coat of arms of Vermont is the official armorial bearings of the U.S. state of Vermont. Most of the elements found in the coat of arms originate in the Great Seal of Vermont designed by Ira Allen. Whereas the Great Seal of Vermont is reproduced in a single color and is reserved for embossing and authenticating Document [75] (Title: Windsor, Vermont) to Paradise Park in the Windsor Town Forest which borders Runnemede Lake Windsor, Vermont Windsor is a town in Windsor County, Vermont, United States. As the "Birthplace of Vermont", the town is where the Constitution of Vermont was adopted in 1777, thus marking the founding of the Vermont Republic—a sovereign state until 1791 when Vermont joined the United States. Over much of its history, Windsor was home to a variety of manufacturing enterprises. The population was 3,553 at the 2010 census. One of the New Hampshire grants, Windsor was chartered as a town on July 6, 1761, by colonial governor Document [76] (Title: Flag of Vermont) flag, but none have succeeded. The flag consists of the state's coat of arms and motto on a field of azure. While the pine needle supporters of the coat of arms are represented throughout New England and symbolizes the small pine branches worn at the battle of Plattsburgh near the end of the War of 1812, the pine tree in the middle of the coat of arms represents the Vermont forests. The cow and three sheaves of wheat represent the dairy and agriculture industries. The deer head on top represents Vermont's wildlife. The Green Mountains are in the background as Document [77] (Title: Vermont) the Secretary of State of Vermont speculated that the archaic French term "Verd Mont" (green mountain) may have inspired Young. Another source points out the predominance of mica-quartz-chlorite schist, a green-hued metamorphosed shale, as a possible reason. The Green Mountains form a north–south spine running most of the length of the state, slightly west of its center. In the southwest portion of the state are located the Taconic Mountains. In the northwest, near Lake Champlain, is the fertile Champlain Valley. In the south of the valley is Lake Bomoseen. Vermont is located in the New England region of the Northeastern Document [78] (Title: Interstate 89) to enter the scenic rolling hills of Vermont, turning almost due northward about from the New Hampshire state line, and continues through the high country of central Vermont. The Interstate passes through the towns of Sharon, Royalton, Bethel, Randolph, Brookfield, and Williamstown before reaching the "twin cities" of Barre and Montpelier in the middle of Vermont. The interstate's highest point was said to be in the town of Brookfield, although the sign that made the declaration was taken down in the late 1990s. Another directional shift, again to the northwest, occurs while passing the interchange for Montpelier. For the next Document [79] (Title: Vermont State House) Vermont State House The Vermont State House, located in Montpelier, is the state capitol of the U.S. state of Vermont. It is the seat of the Vermont General Assembly. The current Greek Revival structure is the third building on the same site to be used as the State House. Designed by Thomas Silloway in 1857 and 1858, it was occupied in 1859. A careful restoration of the Vermont State House began in the early 1980s led by curator David Schütz and the Friends of the Vermont State House, a citizens' advisory committee. The general style of the building is Neoclassical Document [80] (Title: Vermont copper) translates as by authority of Vermont. The reverse of the coin depicts a seated woman, and the inscription an abbreviation of independence and liberty. Sixteen variations of dies on this second set of coins were made. The new design closely resembled the British halfpenny then in circulation in the American colonies. On that coin a bust of George III is encircled by the inscription and the reverse with a seated female embodiment of Britain called "Britannia." A common explanation of the redesign of Vermont's coins, so close to the British half-pence model, has been made to make their circulation and Document [81] (Title: Vermont State House) each February 14 the columns of the portico and lawn are bedecked with red paper hearts by the so-called Valentine Phantom. Additionally, the public lawn and steps of the portico serve as a well-used platform for peaceful demonstrations, press conferences by various official and non-official groups, and for formally welcoming official visitors to the State of Vermont. On June 12, 2013 Google added the Vermont State House to their Street View imagery. Vermont State House The Vermont State House, located in Montpelier, is the state capitol of the U.S. state of Vermont. It is the seat of the Vermont General Document [82] (Title: Northeast Kingdom) second favorite romantic getaway and the third favorite family getaway in New England. In 2015, the region featured half a dozen local radio stations, as well as regional versions of Vermont Public Radio (FM88.5 broadcast from Burke Mountain) and Montpelier's The Point; popular are Magic 97.7 FM broadcast from Lyndonville, VT, and MOO (WMOO) at 92.1FM from Derby Center, Vermont. In all three counties, estimated population dropped between 2010 and 2012 by about 200 people. State population declined slightly as well. As in the rest of New England, there is a strong state government. Town government often uses unpaid volunteers Document [83] (Title: Vermont Military Crest) the Battle of Plattsburg, and through the U.S. Civil War. The crest is based upon the crest found on the coat of arms of Vermont. The design of the Vermont military crest is the source of the nickname for Vermont National Guard officers and enlistees, both male and female, as "Vermont Bucks." Vermont Military Crest The Vermont Military Crest was first used in the coats of arms of units of Vermont state regiments, and later by the Vermont National Guard, as granted by the precursor organizations of what is now the United States Army Institute of Heraldry. The official Institute Document [84] (Title: Vermont) Vermont Vermont () is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. It borders the U.S. states of Massachusetts to the south, New Hampshire to the east, New York to the west, and the Canadian province of Quebec to the north. Vermont is the second-smallest by population and the sixth-smallest by area of the 50 U.S. states. The state capital is Montpelier, the least populous state capital in the United States. The most populous city, Burlington, is the least populous city to be the most populous city in a state. As of 2015, Vermont was the Document [85] (Title: Vermont) state in which to do business. Politically, Vermont transitioned from being a reliably Republican state to one more liberal starting in 1960. It alternates between Republican and Democratic governors, but has sent only Democrats (or independents) to Congress since 2007. Voters have consistently chosen Democrats for president since 1992. The state became the first to recognize unions for same-sex couples through legislative action with the introduction of civil unions in 2000. The origin of the name "Vermont" is uncertain, but likely comes from the French "Les Verts Monts", meaning "the Green Mountains". Thomas Young introduced it in 1777. In 1913, Document [86] (Title: Montpelier Historic District (Vermont)) Montpelier Historic District (Vermont) The Montpelier Historic District encompasses much of the historic commercial and government district of Montpelier, the state capital of Vermont. The city center, focused on the confluence of the Winooski River with its North Branch, has been economically driven by state government since 1805, and had industry powered by the rivers. Its center reflects a diversity of 19th century architecture. In addition to the Vermont State House, the district includes The Pavilion, the commercial downtown area, and residential areas to the east and north. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978, Document [87] (Title: Montpelier Historic District (Vermont)) district is largely characterized by brick buildings built after twof fires swept the area in 1875. Montpelier Historic District (Vermont) The Montpelier Historic District encompasses much of the historic commercial and government district of Montpelier, the state capital of Vermont. The city center, focused on the confluence of the Winooski River with its North Branch, has been economically driven by state government since 1805, and had industry powered by the rivers. Its center reflects a diversity of 19th century architecture. In addition to the Vermont State House, the district includes The Pavilion, the commercial downtown area, and residential areas to Document [88] (Title: Brave Little State of Vermont speech) East side, across and down the West side. We have seen Brattleboro, Bellows Falls, Windsor, White River Junction and Bethel. We have looked toward Montpelier. We have visited Burlington and Middlebury. Returning we have seen Rutland.<br> <br> I have had an opportunity of visiting again the scenes of my childhood. I want to express to you, and through the press to the other cities of Vermont, my sincere appreciation for the general hospitality bestowed upon me and my associates on the occasion of this journey.<br> <br> It is gratifying to note the splendid recovery from the great catastrophe which overtook Document [89] (Title: Vermont Veterans Medal) that service to our nation is also service to the citizens of our state. The edges of this ribbon are bordered in yellow. In the Vermont Coat of Arms, bundles of wheat are shown in yellow. In this ribbon, they represent the protection offered our state by nature’s bounty. The medal is cast in bronze, with the coat of arms of Vermont on the obverse and the Great Seal of Vermont on the reverse. Across the top is inscribed “Vermont National Defense,” uniting the interests of our state with our nation. The year “1777” is inscribed at the bottom, indicating Document [90] (Title: Rutland (city), Vermont) set in 1994. On average, the wettest month is July, and February is the driest. Rutland is the 3rd largest city in Vermont that is not located on, or near, either of the state's two major Interstate highways. It is, however, signed on I-91 at exit 6 northbound in Rockingham and appears on auxiliary signs at exit 10 southbound near White River Junction. The city is also signed on I-89 at exit 13 southbound in South Burlington, exit 3 southbound in Royalton, and exit 1 northbound in Quechee. In addition, the city appears on auxiliary guide signs on the Adirondack Document [91] (Title: Seal of Vermont) arms of Vermont. Seal of Vermont The Great Seal of the State of Vermont is the official seal of the U.S. state of Vermont, used to emboss and authenticate official documents. It was designed by Ira Allen, brother of Ethan Allen and one of the state's founders. The seal, depicts a 14-branched pine tree rising from the forest, with two grain sheaves above. The 14 branches symbolize the Thirteen Colonies and Vermont as the 14th state admitted to the union. A cow on the right, representing Vermont's history of dairy farming, also appears. On the top of the seal are Document [92] (Title: Rutland (city), Vermont) the nearby towns of Fair Haven, Manchester, Middlebury (in a partnership with Addison County Transit Resources), and Proctor. 2 winter tourist geared buses also go to and from Okemo Mountain in Ludlow and Killington Ski Resort; the bus serving Killington is called the Diamond Express. Both of these buses run year round. "The Bus" was free prior to 2007, when the 50 cents fare was added to control the added gas expenses. MVRTD is housed in the downtown Marble Valley Regional Transit Center. Premier Coach's Vermont Translines serves Rutland daily with two intercity bus connections between Burlington, Lebanon, New Hampshire Document [93] (Title: Government of Vermont) by guidelines set by the state statutes and constitution. Towns govern themselves by direct citizen participation via town meeting. Between town meetings, town affairs are managed by elected selectboards. As in most of New England, any town that grows too large to be governed by a town meeting can opt for a city form with a mayor and city council. Towns and cities may also have town managers and mayors responsible for the management of municipal affairs. There are three types of incorporated municipalities in Vermont, towns, cities and villages. As in the other New England states, towns are the Document [94] (Title: Governor of Vermont) Governor of Vermont The Governor of Vermont is the head of the Government of Vermont, United States. The officeholder is elected in even-numbered years by direct voting for a term of two years. Vermont and bordering New Hampshire are now the only states to hold gubernatorial elections every two years, instead of every four as in the other 48 U.S. states. There is no limit on the number of terms a Vermont Governor can serve. If no candidate receives at least 50 percent plus one vote of all votes for Governor cast in the election, the Governor of Vermont is Document [95] (Title: Central Vermont Railway) from Burlington on Lake Champlain east to Montpelier, and then southeast and south to Windsor on the Connecticut River. Initial plans had the main line running through Montpelier. However, due to the difficulty of building through the Williamstown Gulf, a narrow valley south of Barre, Vermont, and to land interests of Charles Paine in Northfield, Vermont, a course to the west was selected, leaving the state capital to be serviced by a short branch line. Construction began on December 15, 1845, and the first section, from White River Junction west to Bethel, opened on June 26, 1848. Subsequent sections opened Document [96] (Title: Ferdinand, Vermont) to the east by Brunswick and Maidstone, and to the south by Granby and East Haven. A small part of the southwestern boundary is with the town of Newark in Caledonia County. Vermont Route 105 crosses the northern part of the town, running between Island Pond to the west and Bloomfield to the east. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which is land and , or 0.43%, is water. The Nulhegan River, a tributary of the Connecticut River, flows from west to east across the northern part of the town. Document [97] (Title: Vermont Republic) Quebec, about rejoining the British Empire. Much of the symbolism associated with Vermont in this period expressed a desire for political union with the United States. Vermont's coins minted in 1785 and 1786 bore the Latin inscription """" (meaning "the fourteenth star"). The Great Seal of Vermont, designed by Ira Allen, centrally features a 14-branched pine tree. On March 6, 1790, the legislature of New York consented to Vermont statehood provided a group of commissioners representing New York and a similar group representing Vermont could agree on the boundary. Vermont's negotiators insisted on also settling the real-estate disputes rather than Document [98] (Title: Vermont) watershed. Lake Champlain, the sixth-largest body of fresh water in the United States, separates Vermont from New York in the northwest portion of the state. From north to south, Vermont is long. Its greatest width, from east to west, is at the Canada–U.S. border; the narrowest width is at the Massachusetts line. The width averages . The state's geographic center is approximately three miles (5 km) east of Roxbury, in Washington County. There are fifteen U.S. federal border crossings between Vermont and Canada. Several mountains have timberlines with delicate year-round alpine ecosystems, including Mount Mansfield, the highest mountain in the Document [99] (Title: Second Vermont Republic) Second Vermont Republic The Second Vermont Republic (SVR, 2VR) is a secessionist group within the U.S. state of Vermont which seeks to restore the formerly independent status of the Vermont Republic (1777–91). It describes itself as "a nonviolent citizens' network and think tank opposed to the tyranny of Corporate America and the U.S. government, and committed to the peaceful return of Vermont to its status as an independent republic and more broadly the dissolution of the Union." The organization was founded in 2003 by Thomas Naylor (1936–2012), a former Duke University economics professor and co-author of the 1997 book "Downsizing Document [100] (Title: Moderator (town official)) 2008) Before there were selectboards, clerks or treasurers in Vermont, even before there were established towns, there were moderators. When Governor Benning Wentworth chartered the first Vermont town in 1749, he appointed Col. William Williams to be the moderator of Bennington’s first meeting, "which he is to Notify and Govern according to the Laws & Custom of our Said Province." (Colbert 2008) Vermont town meetings usually include two phases. The open discussion and voting by voice vote (with occasional paper ballots) occurs the first day, and is presided over by the moderator. The Australian ballot generally occurs the next day, Document [101] (Title: Coat of arms of Vermont) of the field. The Crest: A buck's head, of the natural color, cut off and placed on a scroll, blue and yellow. The Motto and Badge: On a scroll beneath the shield, the motto: Vermont: Freedom and Unity. The Vermonter's Badge: two pine branches of natural color, crossed between the shield and scroll." The crest and Vermonter's Badge, can also be seen, in modified form, on the Vermont Military Crest. The "Vermonter's Badge" described in the statute was worn as an expression of Vermont identity by citizens during the period of the Vermont Republic, and again during the American Civil Document [102] (Title: The Pavilion (Vermont)) steel and glass wing was added to the building in the 1980s. This wing is to the northwest, directly north of the state library and Vermont Supreme Court. The working office of the governor was moved to this wing, providing the office with a dramatic view of the State House dome to the northwest. A ceremonial office for the governor is provided in the State House, and is used on a near daily basis during legislative sessions. The state of Vermont previously maintained an official residence for Vermont's governors called the Chester Wright House at 159 State Street, a large Document [103] (Title: Thomas Young (American revolutionary)) frame the state constitution. Young also suggested the name of Vermont for the new state north of Massachusetts, which was originally called New Connecticut. The reasoning in his letter to the Vermont Constitutional Convention in 1777 was that most of Vermont was in the Green Mountains, said to have been named by Samuel de Champlain. Young chose to combine "vert" (green) with "mont" (mountain) to honor the Green Mountain Boys. Young named several communities in New York state, including Amenia. Young died in Philadelphia on June 24, 1777, aged 46. In 1772 Young published a deist statement of beliefs in Document [104] (Title: Norwich, Vermont) additional 'h' was dropped shortly after the town was chartered. Originally pronounced "Norritch" (similar to the English pronunciation of the city of Norwich, England), the town name has in more recent times become more commonly pronounced "Nor-wich". In 1819 native son, Alden Partridge, a former Superintendent of the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, founded the private "American Literary, Scientific and Military Academy" in Norwich. He hoped to establish a new "American system" for training cadets that included both humanities and science topics in the curriculum, in addition to military science. In his six years of Norwich Document [105] (Title: Politics of Vermont) as "advisory," meaning that they merely are a warning not to cross over them. A motorist will not be ticketed for that as an offense by itself. Having tried to discourage suburban sprawl, the legislatures of 1998 and 2002 moved to encourage downtowns. In 2008, there were 23 designated downtowns and 78 village centers. The state has an "open meeting" law. This requires special attention when a quorum of an elected government group is meeting anyplace, including socially. Historically, Vermont was considered one of the most reliably Republican states in the country in terms of national elections. From 1856 to Document [106] (Title: Seal of Vermont) the Vermont flag. It is also used on letterheads and on signs marking state buildings, bridges, state's borders, and at Vermont welcome centers. By Vermont statute, the Great Seal of Vermont is the shared domain of the Vermont Secretary of State, the offices of the state governorship, and the legislative and judiciary branches of government. The original metal dies for the first seal of Vermont are stored at the Secretary of State's office at Redstone, a large red brick and sandstone Queen Anne style house at Montpelier. There are various seals of the state government. Most use the coat of Document [107] (Title: Freedom and Unity) first governor, Thomas Chittenden, cited the state motto in his epitaph: "Out of storm and manifold perils rose an enduring state, the home of freedom and unity." There is general agreement that Vermont's motto is about the idea of balancing two seemingly opposite ideals: the personal freedom and independence of the individual citizen, with the common good of the larger community. Writer and Vermont resident Dorothy Canfield Fisher (1879–1958) wrote the following about her adopted state: "the Vermont idea grapples energetically with the basic problem of human conduct – how to reconcile the needs of the group, of which every Document [108] (Title: Vermont) from Vermont. Racing series in Vermont include NASCAR Whelen All-American Series, American Canadian Tour, and Vermont's own Tiger Sportsman Series. State symbols include: Vermont is the birthplace of former U.S. Presidents Chester A. Arthur and Calvin Coolidge. The following were either born in Vermont or resided there for a substantial period during their lives. Vermont Vermont () is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. It borders the U.S. states of Massachusetts to the south, New Hampshire to the east, New York to the west, and the Canadian province of Quebec to the north. Vermont Document [109] (Title: Chittenden County, Vermont) Chittenden County, Vermont Chittenden County () is the most populous county in the U.S. state of Vermont. As of the 2010 census, the population was 156,545. The county's population estimate for 2016 was 161,531. Its shire town (seat) is Vermont's most populous municipality, the city of Burlington. The county has over a quarter of Vermont's population and more than twice the population of Vermont's second most populous county, Rutland. The county also has more than twice the population density of Vermont's second most dense county, Washington. The county is named for Vermont's first governor and one of the framers of Document [110] (Title: U.S. Route 7) Vermont. In Vermont it passes through the towns of Pownal, Bennington, Shaftsbury, Glastenbury, Arlington, Sunderland, Manchester, Dorset, Danby, Mt. Tabor, Wallingford, Clarendon, Rutland, the city of Rutland, the towns of Pittsford, Brandon, Leicester, Salisbury, Middlebury, New Haven, Waltham, Ferrisburg, Charlotte, Shelburne, the cities of South Burlington at which point I-89 begins to parallel it, Burlington, and Winooski, the towns of Colchester, Milton, Georgia, St. Albans, the city of St. Albans, and the towns of Swanton and Highgate before ending at I-89 just south of the customs offices at the Canada–US border. Prior to the U.S. Highway system, the alignment of Document [111] (Title: Vermont Republic) the Continental Congress declined to recognize Vermont, then known as the New Hampshire Grants. Vermont's overtures to join the British Province of Quebec failed. In 1791, Vermont officially joined the United States as the 14th state. Vermont coined a currency called Vermont coppers from a mint operated by Reuben Harmon in East Rupert (1785–1788), and operated a postal system. While the Vermont coppers bore the legend "Vermontis. Res. Publica" (Latin for "Republic of Vermont"), the constitution and other official documents used the term "State of Vermont". It referred to its chief executive as a "governor". The 1777 constitution refers to Document [112] (Title: Seal of Vermont) decorative use, the single exception being a large version carved in hardwood and affixed to the Vermont Pavilion at the Expo 67 World's Fair. That seal was later used as a backdrop behind the podium in the Vermont State House Press Briefing Room, which is now the minority party's caucus room. The large wooden Great Seal of Vermont has been moved to the working offices of the governor of Vermont at The Pavilion. A more naturalistic and colorful armorial representation of the elements of the seal can be seen in the coat of arms of Vermont, which is found on Document [113] (Title: Burlington, Iowa) wife Eliza Jane, to rename the town for $50. Gray chose to name it Burlington in honor of his hometown in Vermont. The Grays' daughter Abigail was born in Burlington that same year, the first American settler child born on Iowa soil. In 1837, Burlington was designated the second territorial capital of the Wisconsin Territory. The Iowa Territory was organized in the following year, and Burlington was named as its first territorial capital. The government used "Old Zion," the first Methodist Church in Iowa (located near what is now Third and Washington streets), to conduct its business. A historical marker Document [114] (Title: Vergennes, Vermont) portions of the pre-existing towns of New Haven, Panton and Ferrisburg, where they intersected at the Otter Creek Falls, were split off to form Vergennes. It is the smallest city (by population) in Vermont. The city is named for Frenchman Charles Gravier, Comte de Vergennes, who greatly aided the rebel colonial effort in the American Revolutionary War. Here, Thomas Macdonough built and armed the fleet that would defeat the British on Lake Champlain during the War of 1812. The Monkton Iron Company (which was at the time the largest iron works in the nation) manufactured the fittings for Macdonough's fleet, Document [115] (Title: John A. McMullen) in an additional 2,300. During a debate before the primary, Tuttle underscored McMullen's newness to Vermont. One question he posed to McMullen was "What's a tedder?" (A machine for drying hay.) Another was "What's rowen?" (The second cutting of hay from the same field in one season.) Tuttle continued with queries like "How many teats a Holstein got?" (Four; McMullen guessed six.) Tuttle then provided McMullen a list of local place names and asked him to pronounce them. McMullen's inexperience with Vermont geography showed, as he mispronounced names including Leicester (Lester is correct), Calais (callous being the correct way), and Document [116] (Title: Windsor, Vermont) Smith and his family from Farmington, Connecticut. In 1777, the signers of the Constitution of the Vermont Republic met at Old Constitution House, a tavern at the time, to declare independence from the British Empire (the Vermont Republic would not become a state until 1791). In 1820, it was the state's largest town, a thriving center for trade and agriculture. In 1835, the first dam was built across Mill Brook to provide water power. Factories made guns, machinery, tinware, furniture and harnesses. The community is named for Windsor, Connecticut. In 1846, Robbins and Lawerence received a government contract to manufacture Document [117] (Title: Rutland County, Vermont) of Stockbridge gained Parker's Gore. On 8 October 1895 Windsor County gained from the county when the town of Weston gained from the town of Mount Tabor. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (1.6%) is water. It is the second-largest county in Vermont by area. The primary stream of the county is Otter Creek, which runs through the county from the south to the north. As of the 2010 census, there were 61,642 people, 25,984 households, and 16,018 families residing in the county. The population density was Document [118] (Title: New England town) Vermont today are actually former villages rather than former towns, and are much smaller than a typical town in terms of land area. The above process has created several instances where there are adjacent towns and cities with the same name. In all cases, the city was originally the "town center" of the town, but later incorporated as a city and became a separate municipality. All three of the northern New England states (Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine) contain some areas that are unincorporated and unorganized, not part of any town, city or plantation. Maine has significantly more such area Document [119] (Title: Vermont Distinguished Service Medal) our state. The edges of this ribbon are bordered in yellow. In the Vermont Coat of Arms, bundles of wheat are shown in yellow. In this ribbon, they represent the protection offered our state by nature’s bounty. The medal is cast in silver, with the Coat of arms of Vermont on the obverse and the Great Seal of Vermont on the reverse. Across the top is inscribed “Vermont National Defense,” uniting the interests of our state with our nation. The year “1777” is inscribed at the bottom, indicating the year of the Battle of Bennington where Vermonters first took arms Document [120] (Title: Montpelier, Vermont) Montpelier, Vermont Montpelier () is the capital city of the U.S. state of Vermont and the seat of Washington County. As the site of Vermont's state government, it is the least populous state capital in the United States. The population was 7,855 at the 2010 Census. However, the daytime population grows to about 21,000, due to the large number of jobs within city limits. The Vermont College of Fine Arts and New England Culinary Institute are located in the municipality. It was named after Montpellier, a city in the south of France. Between 1600 and 1800, European settlers began to Document [121] (Title: Vermont) Vermont. For the first six months of its existence, it was called the Republic of New Connecticut. On June 2, 1777, a second convention of 72 delegates met and adopted the name "Vermont." This was on the advice of a friendly Pennsylvanian, Dr. Thomas Young, friend and mentor of Ethan Allen, who wrote to them on how to achieve admission into the newly independent United States of America as the 14th state. On July 4, they completed the drafting of the Constitution of Vermont at the Windsor Tavern, and adopted it on July 8. This was the first written constitution Document [122] (Title: Johnson, Vermont) Johnson, Vermont Johnson is a town in Lamoille County, Vermont, United States. The population was 3,274 at the 2000 census. Johnson is home of Johnson State College, a part the Vermont State Colleges system. The Vermont Studio Center is located in the village of Johnson, a part of the town. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 45.1 square miles (116.8 km), of which 45.1 square miles (116.8 km) is land and 0.02% is water. According to Esther Munroe Swift's book "Vermont Place-names: Footprints of History" the town of Johnson is named for Document [123] (Title: Flag of Vermont) Vermont Governor's flag, and very similar to the current state flag. Because of confusion between the striped Vermont state flag and the U.S. flag, the design of the Vermont Governor’s flag was adopted as the official state flag on June 1, 1923. Flag of Vermont The flag of Vermont consists of the state's coat of arms and motto. The Vermont General Assembly adopted the current flag on June 1, 1923. Multiple versions of the flag have been included throughout history. Originally, the flag was the same as the flag of the Green Mountain Boys. It was then changed to look Document [124] (Title: Montpelier, Vermont) the lands granted to the Town's inhabitants and proprietors. The confluence of the Winooski, North Branch and Dog Rivers provided a central point for the local population and commerce. By 1805 the town had a population of 1200. In that year the State Legislature sought a permanent home. Montpelier was selected because of its central location and accessibility, and because local residents provided land and money. A humble State House was soon constructed on State Street. In 1825, the Marquis de Lafayette visited Montpelier on a triumphal tour of the United States, 50 years after the Revolutionary War. The town Document [125] (Title: Chittenden County, Vermont) Vermont Army National Guard is based at Camp Johnson in the town of Colchester. The Vermont Air National Guard is based at the Burlington Air National Guard Base on the grounds of the Burlington International Airport in South Burlington. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (13%) is water. It is the third-smallest county in Vermont by area. Originally, Chittenden County contained parts of other counties. It included all of today's Franklin, Grand Isle, and Lamoille counties, and parts of today's Orleans, Washington, and Addison counties. The town Document [126] (Title: Main Street–College Street Historic District) from the area by raiding in the American Revolutionary War. Vermont was admitted to the United States as its 14th state in 1791 (after several decades in legal limbo), and it was in that same year that Burlington was chosen as the site of the state college, now the University of Vermont. The town's early economic activity was focused on the waterfront of Lake Champlain, with the downtown area taking shape around the courthouse square on Main Street near Church. Between the courthouse and the college campus developed into a residential area, partly due to the presence of a ravine Document [127] (Title: Tinmouth, Vermont) of Tinmouth undertook what turned into an "acrimonious" debate about switching from town meeting to the Australian ballot; two separate votes were held, both close, but ending in the decision to make the switch. The first vote was 97–95 in favor of the switch, the second was 112–104. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which is land and , or 0.42%, is water. According to one estimate, 40% of the town's land has been protected from development by conservation easements, which includes those held by the Vermont Land Trust and Document [128] (Title: Government of Vermont) residents. The Executive Branch consists of the Governor of Vermont, and state agencies. The executive branch enacts and enforces the laws of the state. The Governor is the supreme executive. The current Governor is Phil Scott, a Republican. The offices of the Governor are located at The Pavilion in Montpelier, the state capital. The governor is paid a salary of $150,051 annually. Vermonters elect a state governor and lieutenant governor on separate tickets. For example, when Republican Governor Richard Snelling died in office in 1991, the Democratic Lieutenant Governor Howard Dean succeeded him for the remainder of that term. In Document [129] (Title: Brave Little State of Vermont speech) of Vermont," received the most notice, and became a popular moniker for the state, showing up in speeches and toasts by Democrats and Republicans alike. It was echoed by many in the wake of disastrous floods caused by Hurricane Irene in 2011. The last four lines of the speech can be found incised in marble in the Hall of Inscriptions at the Vermont State House. The speech is also inscribed at his birthplace, the Calvin Coolidge Homestead District in Plymouth Notch. Brave Little State of Vermont speech The Brave Little State of Vermont speech is a name given to remarks Document [130] (Title: U.S. Route 2 in Vermont) Route, or state highway) that enters the state of Vermont. The eastern segment of US 2 begins in New York at an intersection with US 11 just one mile (1.6 km) south of the Canadian border in Rouses Point. From there, it crosses Lake Champlain into Grand Isle County, Vermont, traversing the length of the county and crossing Lake Champlain over several bridges until it reaches the mainland in Milton and Chittenden County. From there it travels south to Burlington, where it begins to closely parallel Interstate 89 and the Winooski River all the way to Montpelier and Washington County. Document [131] (Title: Flag of Vermont) well. The motto, "Freedom and Unity", is also used. The motto balances two different ideals, the freedom of the individual citizen, and the welfare of the common good. There is no record today of a design for an official "Vermont Flag" prior to 1804, although Ira Allen's design—common to both the Great Seal of Vermont and the coat of arms of Vermont—dates to 1778. While an official government flag might not have existed prior to 1804, the Vermont militia—known as the Green Mountain Boys—was formed in 1770, and remaining accounts record use of the Flag of the Green Mountain Boys Document [132] (Title: The Song of the Vermonters, 1779) God. Yet we owe no allegiance, we bow to no throne, Our ruler is law and the law is our own; Our leaders themselves are our own fellow-men, Who can handle the sword, or the scythe, or the pen. Our wives are all true, and our daughters are fair, With their blue eyes of smiles and their light flowing hair, All brisk at their wheels till the dark even-fall, Then blithe at the sleigh-ride the husking and ball! We've sheep on the hillsides, we've cows on the plain, And gay-tasselled corn-fields and rank-growing grain; There are deer on the mountains, Document [133] (Title: Governor of Vermont) then elected by the state legislature. The incumbent Vermont Governor is Republican Phil Scott. He was sworn in on January 5, 2017, becoming Vermont's 82nd Governor. The Governor's working offices are located in The Pavilion in the state capital of Montpelier, Vermont. The Governor's ceremonial office, used during the legislative session of the General Assembly, is located in the Vermont State House, also in Montpelier. The Constitution of Vermont details the powers of the Governor: There is a separately-elected Lieutenant Governor of Vermont. The Lieutenant Governor becomes the new Governor, if the incumbent Governor dies, resigns or is removed (via Document [134] (Title: Government of Vermont) basic unit of municipal government. Cities are independent of and equivalent to towns. Villages are included in towns but assume responsibility for some municipal services within their boundaries, usually water, sewage and sometimes local roads. Vermont is the only New England state with incorporated villages. Nearly every square foot of the state is within the borders of an incorporated municipality; only a few hundred people live in the unincorporated gores. In 2010, as a result of a Homeland security grant for Operation Stonegarden, various local city police throughout the state were used to help patrol the Canada–US border area for Document [135] (Title: Seal of Vermont) Seal of Vermont The Great Seal of the State of Vermont is the official seal of the U.S. state of Vermont, used to emboss and authenticate official documents. It was designed by Ira Allen, brother of Ethan Allen and one of the state's founders. The seal, depicts a 14-branched pine tree rising from the forest, with two grain sheaves above. The 14 branches symbolize the Thirteen Colonies and Vermont as the 14th state admitted to the union. A cow on the right, representing Vermont's history of dairy farming, also appears. On the top of the seal are wavy lines, possibly Document [136] (Title: Vermont State House) Calvin Coolidge, George Aiken, Warren Austin, and Dorothy Canfield Fisher among others. Each tablet features fourteen gilded stars, representing Vermont's fourteen counties, the state's fourteen years as an independent republic, and being the fourteenth state to join the federal Union. The four corners of each tablet feature a sheath of grain, a detail found in the Great Seal of Vermont, designed by Ira Allen. The ceremonial office of the Governor of Vermont, used during legislative sessions for meetings and bill-signings, is located in the second-floor west wing of the building. The Executive Chamber has been restored to its 1859 appearance Document [137] (Title: Chittenden County, Vermont) its constitution as an independent republic and later U.S. state, Thomas Chittenden. The county has most of Vermont's fastest growing municipalities. It is one of the three counties that comprise the Burlington metropolitan area, along with the counties of Franklin and Grand Isle to the north and northwest, respectively. The University of Vermont (UVM), Vermont's largest university, is located in the county, as well as its affiliated hospital, the UVM Medical Center (which is Vermont's largest hospital). Vermont's largest private employer (GlobalFoundries) and largest airport (Burlington International Airport) are in the localities of Essex Junction and South Burlington, respectively. The Document [138] (Title: Thetford, Vermont) 1909 when it was called Camp Hanoum. The town was created on August 12, 1761 by way of a royal charter which King George III of England issued to Governor Benning Wentworth of New Hampshire. Wentworth named it for Augustus Henry Fitzroy, 3rd Duke of Grafton, 4th Earl of Arlington and 4th Viscount Thetford, who in 1768 became prime minister. It was first settled in 1764 by John Chamberlin, who lived at East Thetford beside the Connecticut River. He was an agent for one of 62 proprietors (51 from Hebron, Connecticut). In 1910, the Camp Fire Girls were founded locally. Document [139] (Title: Government of Vermont) are no term limits for any office. The Vermont state capital is Montpelier. In 1791, Vermont joined the United States as the fourteenth state. An in-depth evaluation of government in 2008 ranked Vermont high compared to other states. It ranked highest in "small discrete issues and huge global ones." It performed poorly in the issues in-between and planning for the future. The Vermont Constitution guarantees broad rights for its citizens. Adopted in 1793, it contains in its first article ("Declaration of the Rights of the Inhabitants of the State of Vermont") a far-reaching bill of rights, one of the most Question: how do you spell the capital of vermont Answer: Montpelier Long Answer: Montpelier / mɒntˈpiːliər / is the capital city of the U.S. state of Vermont and the seat of Washington County . As the site of Vermont's state government, it is the least - populous state capital in the United States . The population was 7,855 at the 2010 census . However, the daytime population swells to about 21,000, due to the large number of jobs within city limits . The Vermont College of Fine Arts and New England Culinary Institute are located in the municipality . It was named for Montpellier, in southern France. Gold Document ID: 139

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Government of Vermont) illegal immigrants. The money was managed by the Vermont State Police. In most New England states, municipal governments derive all of their power from the state, though in practice the laws regarding their authority are very broadly construed. This is not the case in Vermont. Towns and cities in Vermont are subject to Dillon's Rule, which holds that municipal governments only have the powers that are expressly granted to them by Vermont or federal law, plus any powers that are necessarily implied by the express powers and any powers essential to the municipality's existence. Vermont is one of ten states Document [2] (Title: Vermont) trends for opioid use which has roughly tripled, addicts seeking treatment in Vermont have increased from 650 in 2011 to 7,500 in 2016. Linguists have identified speech patterns found among Vermonters as belonging to Western New England English, a dialect of New England English, which features full pronunciation of all "r" sounds, pronouncing "horse" and "hoarse" the same, and pronouncing vowels in "father" and "bother" the same, none of which are features traditionally shared in neighboring Eastern New England English. Some rural speakers realize the "t" as a glottal stop ("mitten" sounds like "mi'in" and "Vermont" like "Vermon' "). A Document [3] (Title: Freedom and Unity) the flag of Vermont. The motto can be found above the central doors of the Vermont Supreme Court, and above the rostrum in Representatives Hall at the Vermont State House. Tanzania's official motto is the Swahili phrase "Uhuru na Umoja", which translates as "Freedom and Unity". Freedom and Unity "Freedom and Unity" is the official motto of the U.S. state of Vermont. The motto was first adopted in 1788 for use on the Great Seal of the Vermont Republic. Ira Allen designed the Vermont seal and is often credited as its author. Allen's 1798 book "The Natural and Political History Document [4] (Title: Essex County, Vermont) with Quebec was established at 45 degrees north latitude. On November 5, 1792, the legislature divided Chittenden and Orange counties into six separate counties, as follows: Chittenden, Orange, Franklin, Caledonia, Essex, and Orleans. No reason is given for the county being named after the county of Essex in England. In 1999, a group of investors bought from Champion International Paper for $7.5 million, covering parts of fourteen towns in the county. The state of Vermont and the Freeman Foundation purchased easements for $8.5 million to guarantee traditional uses of the land for logging and recreation. In 2008, Plum Creek Timber Document [5] (Title: Windsor, Vermont) official state capital. Commerce prospered due to the village's location on the banks of the Connecticut River where several smaller streams run into it. The economy improved in the mid-19th century when Windsor became the first town in the state to break ground for the railroad with the construction of a rail depot. Windsor Station connected the town to out-of-state markets. It was after the railroad went through that the area was discovered by tourists. Windsor's war memorial, the City Center Veterans Memorial, was created by sculptor Lawrence Nowlan. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a Document [6] (Title: Burlington, Vermont) Burlington, Vermont Burlington is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Vermont and the seat of Chittenden County. It is located south of the Canada–United States border and south of Canada's second most populous city, Montreal. The city's population was 42,452 according to a 2015 U.S. census estimate. It is the least populous municipality in the United States to be the most populous incorporated area in a state. A regional college town, Burlington is home to the University of Vermont (UVM) and Champlain College, a small private college. Vermont's largest hospital, the UVM Medical Center, is located within Document [7] (Title: Western New England English) even dropping the "r" sound everywhere except before vowels, just like in Boston or Maine. A dwindling, generally both rural, older, male segment of the Vermont population, especially in northwestern Vermont, pronounces with a higher starting point as (e.g. in "cows"; ), and an older segment of this same population pronounces (e.g. in "lie") with a lower or more rounded starting point as . These speakers may retain vestigial elements of the trap-bath split, backing and lowering in certain environments, particularly in function words like "that" and "have". A deep retroflex approximant for "r" is a common characteristic among many Document [8] (Title: Vermont Route 14) 2 for through East Montpelier center, VT 14 continues for to an intersection with VT 214, in North Montpelier village. It soon enters the town of Calais, running for nearly through the eastern part of this mostly rural town, including the village of East Calais, plus another through the next town, Woodbury. Within Woodbury, it passes through the small town center, then continues past Greenwood Lake to run for several miles along the narrow river valley at the eastern edge of the Woodbury Mountains. Upon entering the next town, Hardwick, the valley opens up as the road approaches the town Document [9] (Title: Constitution of Vermont) constitutions are written in gender-neutral language. Constitution of Vermont The Constitution of the State of Vermont is the fundamental body of law of the U.S. state of Vermont. It was adopted in 1793 following Vermont's admission to the Union in 1791 and is largely based upon the 1777 Constitution of the Vermont Republic which was ratified at Windsor in the Old Constitution House and amended in 1786. At 8,295 words, it is the shortest U.S. state constitution. From 1777 to 1791, Vermont was an independent country, often referred to in the present day as the Vermont Republic. During that time Document [10] (Title: Montpelier Historic District (Vermont)) and enlarged in 1989 and 2018. Montpelier was chartered in 1781, and was a sleepy rural community when it was named the state capital in 1805, primarily for its geographically central location and access to road and waterways. This inaugurated a development boom, with State Street forming an important axis between the state complex and the town center. The town was named the county seat of what is now Washington County in 1811. Industrial development was enhanced by the arrival of the railroad in 1849, and the town's economy boomed after the American Civil War. It was reincorporated as a Document [11] (Title: Vermont) judicial branches: the Vermont General Assembly, the Governor of Vermont and the Vermont Supreme Court. The governorship and the General Assembly serve two-year terms including the governor and 30 senators. There are no term limits for any office. The state capital is in Montpelier. There are three types of incorporated municipalities in Vermont: towns, cities, and villages. Like most of New England, there is slight provision for autonomous county government. Counties and county seats are merely convenient repositories for various government services such as state courts, with several elected officers such as a state's Attorney and sheriff. All county services Document [12] (Title: Washington County, Vermont) Washington County, Vermont Washington County is a county located in the U.S. state of Vermont. Named after George Washington, its county seat is the municipality of Montpelier, the least populous state capital in the United States, and the most populous municipality is Barre. As of the 2010 census, the population was 59,534, making it the third-most populous county in Vermont, but the third-least populous capital county in the United States after Hughes County, South Dakota and Franklin County, Kentucky. If Carson City, Nevada and Juneau, Alaska was treated as counties, Washington County would be the fifth-least populous capital county. Washington Document [13] (Title: Vermont Republic) on that 1776 document in Philadelphia. During the time of the Vermont Republic, the government issued its own coinage and currency, and operated a postal service. The governor of Vermont, Thomas Chittenden, with consent of his council and the General Assembly, appointed commissioners to the American government seated in Philadelphia. Vermont engaged in diplomatic negotiations with the United States, the Netherlands, and France. After a British regiment and allied Mohawks attacked and terrorized Vermont settlers, in the Royalton Raid, Ethan Allen led a group of Vermont politicians in secret discussions with Frederick Haldimand, the Governor General of the Province of Document [14] (Title: U.S. Route 2 in Vermont) In Montpelier, the main route bypasses the downtown area using Memorial Drive, while a business loop using State Street serves downtown. After leaving Montpelier, the road turns north-eastward, crossing into Caledonia County and passing through Saint Johnsbury. It then passes into rural Essex County, and eventually crosses the Connecticut River from Guildhall, Vermont into Lancaster, New Hampshire. An improved road between the main settlements of Burlington and Montpelier was first established from old footpaths in 1805, when the Winooski Turnpike was chartered by the state of Vermont. The old turnpike road utilized the relatively flat banks of the Winooski River Document [15] (Title: Vermont Seal of Quality) of the Red Clover ("Trifolium pratense") Vermont's state flower. The words "" appear above the state name in the typeface Goudy Old Style. The agency name appears below the state name Vermont in medium gray, set in uppercase Futura Condensed, a sans-serif typeface. Several variants of the Seal of Quality exist: the seal alone, the seal with a green ribbon and the passage , the seal with the passage , the seal with the passage , and the seal with the passage . Vermont Seal of Quality The Seal program has been discontinued. The seal was being abused by being Document [16] (Title: Killington, Vermont) to the state of Vermont, for services received. The votes are largely symbolic, as secession is highly unlikely and would require the agreement of both states' legislatures, as well as that of the U.S. Congress. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which is land and , or 0.47%, is water. The Ottauquechee River has its headwaters in the town. As of the census of 2000, there were 1,095 people, 500 households, and 282 families residing in the town. The population density was 23.5 people per square mile (9.1/km). There were Document [17] (Title: Orleans County, Vermont) Newbury as the shire town. The state granted a town to Ebenezer Crafts, and sixty-three associates, on November 6, 1780. The town name was changed to Craftsbury, in honor of Ebenezer Crafts on October 27, 1790. Crafts was the first settler in the county. On September 3, 1783, as a result of the signing of the Treaty of Paris the Revolutionary War ended with Great Britain recognizing the independence of the United States. Vermont's border with Quebec was established at 45 degrees north latitude. From 1791 to 1793, Timothy Hinman built what is now called the "Hinman Settler Road" linking Document [18] (Title: Vermont State House) distinctive gold leaf dome are easily visible while approaching Montpelier, the smallest city to serve as capital of a U.S. state. The current structure was designed by architect Thomas Silloway (1828–1910) amplifying the design of an earlier structure designed by Ammi B. Young, (1798–1874) later supervising architect of the U.S. Treasury. The first State House built in 1808 by Sylvanus Baldwin was replaced by the current Vermont Supreme Court Building completed in 1918. The prior edifice, known as the "Second State House", was constructed on the same site between 1833 and 1838. Young's structure was of a more reserved Greek Document [19] (Title: Vermont) vote against Franklin D. Roosevelt in all four of his presidential campaigns (the other was Maine). Vermont's history of independent political thought has led to movements for the establishment of the Second Vermont Republic and other plans advocating secession. Vermont is the only state in the United States that requires voters to be sworn in, having established the voter's oath or affirmation in 1777. Republicans dominated local Vermont politics from the party's founding in 1854 until the mid-1970s. Before the 1960s, rural interests dominated the legislature. As a result, cities, particularly the older sections of Burlington and Winooski, were neglected Document [20] (Title: Vermont Republic) the New York grants and the New Hampshire grants, Ethan Allen and his militia of "Green Mountain Boys" suppressed Loyalists. On January 15, 1777, a convention of representatives from towns in the territory declared the region independent, choosing the name the Republic of New Connecticut (although it was sometimes known colloquially as the Republic of the Green Mountains). On June 2 of that year, the name of the fledgling nation was officially changed to "Vermont" (from the French, "les Verts Monts", meaning the Green Mountains) upon the suggestion of Dr. Thomas Young, a member of the Sons of Liberty and Document [21] (Title: Coat of arms of Vermont) Bank . One of these notes is in the special collections of the Vermont History Center in Barre, Vermont. Prior to the discovery of the 1807 banknotes, the earliest representation of the coat of arms of Vermont was found on an engraved 1821 state military commissions. The exact designer is not known, but it is likely that then Secretary of State Robert Temple worked with an engraver in developing the arms. Considerable liberties were taken in early depictions of the coat of arms. The location of the cow and the sheaves (bundles of cereal grains) moved about the foreground, and Document [22] (Title: Montpelier, Vermont) and granite ledges. Towne Hill runs in a ridge (~900 ft/275 m) along the northern edge of the city. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and 0.10% is water. The Winooski River flows west along the south edge of downtown village and is fed by several smaller tributaries that cut through residential districts. Montpelier is subject to periodic flooding in the flat city center, with two major floods occurring 1927 and 1992. On its borders are the towns of Middlesex to the west, Berlin to the south, Document [23] (Title: Government of Vermont) Government of Vermont The government of Vermont is a republican form of government modeled after the Government of the United States. The Constitution of Vermont is the supreme law of the state, followed by the Vermont Statutes. This is roughly analogous to the Federal United States Constitution, United States Code and Code of Federal Regulations respectively. Provision is made for the following frame of government under the Constitution of the State of Vermont: the executive branch, the legislative branch, and the judicial branch. All members of the executive and legislative branch serve two-year terms including the governor and senators. There Document [24] (Title: Northeast Kingdom) to visit in the country and the ninth most desirable place to visit in the world. The largest municipalities in the Northeast Kingdom are the towns of St. Johnsbury (population 7,603), Lyndon (5,981), and Derby (4,621), and the city of Newport (4,589). Although Vermont is known as the Green Mountain State, the Northeast Kingdom lies outside that geological formation and is based on a set of long-ago volcanic islands, compressed during collision with the Taconic orogeny. Views and vistas differ sharply from those of the state's central mountain spine. The presence of kame terraces in the counties are of interest Document [25] (Title: Westminster (town), Vermont) New Hampshire Grants. On January 15, 1777, a group of Vermonters met in the Westminster courthouse to declare the independence of the Republic of New Connecticut (later renamed the Republic of Vermont). According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 46.1 square miles (119.5 km), of which 46.1 square miles (119.3 km) is land and 0.04 square mile (0.1 km) (0.06%) is water. Westminster is crossed by Interstate 91 (Exit 5 serves the town), U.S. Route 5, Vermont Route 121 and Vermont Route 123. The New England Central Railroad has track rights through the Document [26] (Title: Vermont) dwindling segment of the Vermont population, generally both rural and male—especially in northwestern Vermont, pronounces certain vowels in a distinctive manner (e.g. "cows" sounds like "cayows," "fight" like "foight," "calf" like "caaf," "there" like "thair," "hand" like "hay-nd," and "back" like "bah-k"). Eastern New England English—also found in New Hampshire, Maine and eastern Massachusetts—was common in eastern Vermont in the mid-twentieth century and before, but has become rare. There the practice of dropping the "r" sound in words ending in "r" ("farmer" sounds like "farm-uh") and adding an "r" sound to words ending in a vowel ("idea" sounds like "idee-er") Document [27] (Title: The Pavilion (Vermont)) or the legislative session when work is sometimes conducted late into the night. The Pavilion (Vermont) The Pavilion is the principal workplace of the Governor of Vermont, located at 109 State Street in Montpelier, capital of the U.S. state of Vermont. The building is built in the French Second Empire style, and houses the working offices, reception room, press briefing room, and living apartments of Vermont's governor. The term "The Fifth Floor" is sometimes used as a metonym for a governor's administration, or the Vermont governorship, which refers to the location of the governor's offices on the fifth floor of Document [28] (Title: The Pavilion (Vermont)) The Pavilion (Vermont) The Pavilion is the principal workplace of the Governor of Vermont, located at 109 State Street in Montpelier, capital of the U.S. state of Vermont. The building is built in the French Second Empire style, and houses the working offices, reception room, press briefing room, and living apartments of Vermont's governor. The term "The Fifth Floor" is sometimes used as a metonym for a governor's administration, or the Vermont governorship, which refers to the location of the governor's offices on the fifth floor of the Pavilion. The offices of two other elected statewide officials, the Vermont Attorney Document [29] (Title: Northeast Kingdom) Northeast Kingdom The Northeast Kingdom is the northeast corner of the U.S. state of Vermont, comprising Essex, Orleans and Caledonia counties and having a population at the 2010 census of 64,764. In Vermont, the written term "NEK" is often used. The term "Northeast Kingdom" is attributed to George D. Aiken, former Governor of Vermont and a U.S. senator, who first used the term in a 1949 speech. The area is often referred to by Vermonters simply as "The Kingdom." Because of its three-county extent, it includes several "gateway" towns: at the southeastern corner, St. Johnsbury, just a few miles from Document [30] (Title: Addison, Vermont) The highest point is Snake Mountain, which is 1281 ft above Lake Champlain. As of the census of 2000, there were 1,393 people, 494 households, and 402 families residing in the town. The population density was 33.4 people per square mile (12.9/km²). There were 651 housing units at an average density of 15.6 per square mile (6.0/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 98.42% White, 0.14% African American, 0.22% Native American, 0.36% Asian, 0.14% Pacific Islander, and 0.72% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.57% of the population. There were 494 households out Document [31] (Title: History of Vermont) area as a hunting ground and warring with the remaining Abenaki. French explorer Samuel de Champlain claimed the area of what is now Lake Champlain, giving to the mountains the appellation of "les Verts Monts" (the Green Mountains). Since in the French language adjectives normally come after the noun, the usual structure of this name would be "les Monts Verts." However, when an adjective is intended to be emphasized, it may be placed before the noun, which is the likely explanation for the origin of Vermont's name. It has been suggested that a possible alternative source of the name was Document [32] (Title: Vermont Seal of Quality) time no resolution has been found to this program. The Vermont Seal of Quality is a graphic mark indicating highest levels of quality for foods grown and made in the U.S. state of Vermont. The seal is granted by the Vermont Agency of Agriculture Food and Markets and is displayed in the packaging and promotional materials for approved products. The Vermont Seal of Quality takes the form of a horizontal ellipse shape with the word Vermont featured prominentally in green Palatino Italic type. The left stroke of the V of Vermont serves as a stem supporting a leaf and flower Document [33] (Title: Vermont) lowest birthrate in the nation, 42/1000 women. The center of population of Vermont is located in Washington County, in the town of Warren. As of 2014, 51.3% of Vermont's population was born in the state (compared with 58.7% for the United States). The changing demographics between those with multi-generational ties to the state and those who are newcomers, bringing different values with them, has resulted in a degree of tension between the two perspectives. This tension is expressed in the terms, "Woodchuck", being applied to those established in the state, and "Flatlander", applied to the newcomers. Vermont is the least Document [34] (Title: Vermont, Wisconsin) Vermont, Wisconsin Vermont is a town in Dane County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 839 at the 2000 census. The unincorporated communities of Elvers and Vermont are located in the town. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 35.8 square miles (92.6 km²), all of it land. As of the census of 2000, there were 839 people, 298 households, and 241 families residing in the town. The population density was 23.5 people per square mile (9.1/km²). There were 312 housing units at an average density of 8.7 per square mile (3.4/km²). The Document [35] (Title: Vermont Standard) Vermont Standard The Vermont Standard is the oldest continuously-published weekly newspaper in the U.S State of Vermont. It is based in Woodstock, Vermont. The newspaper was founded in 1853 and covers local sports, business and community events serving the town of Woodstock and the surrounding communities of Windsor County. The "Vermont Standard" began as an anti-alcohol publication known as the "Vermont Temperance Standard." It is now owned by Phillip Camp Sr who began working for the "Standard" in 1952 while still in high school. The "Vermont Standard" has a weekly paid circulation of 5,200 copies. The "Vermont Standard" was formed Document [36] (Title: Vermont, Victoria) Institute Hall, which was on the site now occupied by the Scout Hall. Some of the names listed are also included on the Mitcham and Blackburn War Memorials. L. L. Vale Post Office opened on 1 November 1881 and was renamed Vermont in 1889. It was closed between 1895 and 1899. A Vermont East Post Office was open between 1964 and 1993. In the 2016 census the population of Vermont was 10,442, approximately 51.2% female and 48.8% male. The median/average age of the people in Vermont is 40 years of age. 64.1% of people were born in Australia. The most Document [37] (Title: Vermont) state; Killington Peak, the second-highest; Camel's Hump, the state's third-highest; and Mount Abraham, the fifth-highest peak. Areas in Vermont administered by the National Park Service include the Marsh-Billings-Rockefeller National Historical Park (in Woodstock) and the Appalachian National Scenic Trail. Vermont has nine incorporated cities. The most populous city in Vermont is Burlington, and its metropolitan area is also the most populous in the state with an estimate of 214,796 as of 2013. Although these towns are large enough to be considered cities, they are not incorporated as such. The annual mean temperature for the state is . Vermont has a Document [38] (Title: Vermont) area. In 1988 a number of Vermont-based composers including Gwyneth Walker formed the Vermont Composers Consortium, which was recognized by the governor proclaiming 2011 as "The Year of the Composer". Burlington, Vermont's largest city, hosts the annual Vermont International Film Festival in October, that presents 10 days of independent film from the US and around the world. The Brattleboro-based Vermont Theatre Company presents an annual summer Shakespeare festival. Brattleboro also hosts the summertime Strolling of the Heifers parade which celebrates Vermont's dairy culture. The annual Green Mountain Film Festival is held in Montpelier. In the Northeast Kingdom, the Bread and Document [39] (Title: Education in Vermont) average Vermont graduate in the class of 2007 owed $24,329, making the state the fourth worst in the country. During the period of the Vermont Republic several towns on the east side of the Connecticut River were part of Vermont. This included Hanover, home of Dartmouth College. Statehood brought about establishment of the Connecticut River as a natural border. Having lost Dartmouth College, Ira Allen established the University of Vermont (UVM) in 1791 to complement the smaller college at Castleton. By the mid-twentieth century all but one of the state normal schools, and many of the seminaries, had become four-year Document [40] (Title: History of Vermont) New Hampshire Grants a free and independent "district"." On January 15, 1777, representatives of the New Hampshire Grants convened in Westminster and declared their land an independent republic. For the first six months of the republic's existence, the state was called New Connecticut. On June 2, a second convention of 72 delegates met at Westminster, known as the "Westminster Convention". At this meeting, the delegates adopted the name "Vermont" on the suggestion of Dr. Thomas Young of Philadelphia, a supporter of the delegates who wrote a letter advising them on how to achieve statehood. The delegates set the time for Document [41] (Title: Windsor, Vermont) Windsor, Vermont Windsor is a town in Windsor County, Vermont, United States. As the "Birthplace of Vermont", the town is where the Constitution of Vermont was adopted in 1777, thus marking the founding of the Vermont Republic—a sovereign state until 1791 when Vermont joined the United States. Over much of its history, Windsor was home to a variety of manufacturing enterprises. The population was 3,553 at the 2010 census. One of the New Hampshire grants, Windsor was chartered as a town on July 6, 1761, by colonial governor Benning Wentworth. It was first settled in August 1764 by Captain Steele Document [42] (Title: Vermont, Victoria) Vermont, Victoria Vermont is a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, east of Melbourne's Central Business District. Its local government area comprises the cities of Maroondah and Whitehorse. At the , Vermont had a population of 9,902. The meaning of (behind) Vermont is "Green Hill". Vermont is bordered by Mitcham to the north, Nunawading and Forest Hill to the west, Vermont South to the south and Wantirna and Ringwood to the east. The suburb of Vermont is the location of the Vermont Volunteers Roll of Honour for the First World War. The honour board used to hang in the former Mechanics Document [43] (Title: Burlington, Vermont) designed by Burlington Associates (now TruexCollins) in the Brutalist style, while the Roman Catholic Cathedral was built in 1974-77 and was designed by Edward Larrabee Barnes, with the park-like grounds designed by landscape architect Dan Kiley. The Vermont Lake Monsters of the New York – Penn League, a Class A short-season (June to September) minor league baseball team, were formerly called the Vermont Expos. The team changed its name in 2007 after its parent Major League Baseball club, the Montreal Expos of the National League, moved from Montreal to Washington, D.C. and became the Washington Nationals. In 2010, the Lake Document [44] (Title: Vermont State House) which is a more painterly armorial representation of the Great Seal of Vermont (reserved solely for embossing documents), the arms are topped by the head of a buck white-tailed deer and circled by branches of Eastern White Pine ("Pinus strobus"). Pine badges were worn as an expression of Vermont identity by citizens while the state was a republic, and again during the American Civil War by Vermont's military regiments. The other skylight features the rarely seen reverse of the state coat of arms, a female personification of the state referred to as "Vermontannia." The wall stencils in the Cedar Creek Document [45] (Title: Vermont municipality) Vermont municipality A Vermont municipality is a particular type of New England municipality. It is the basic unit of local government. Vermont contains 246 incorporated towns and cities. Nine are cities and 237 are towns. Collectively, these 246 municipalities cover the vast majority of, but not all of, the state's territory. There are some unincorporated areas in the sparsely populated mountainous regions of the state. Most of the unincorporated areas are in Essex County, in the northeastern part of the state. Bennington, Windham and Chittenden counties also contain smaller amounts of unincorporated territory. This territory includes five unincorporated townships and Document [46] (Title: Western New England English) and lax, similar to , and sometimes with no glide as monophthongal . Especially rural speakers pronounce "milk" as . Northwestern Vermont (centered on Burlington) shows no raising of (except before nasal consonants), and therefore stays back in the mouth, leading to a cot–caught merger to [ɑ]; this whole process follows the logic of the Canadian Shift of Standard Canadian English. Since the mid-twentieth century, Vermont speakers have largely avoided stigmatized local features, and now follow the rhotic "r" of the rest of Western New England. However, before this time, the eastern edge of Vermont spoke Eastern New England English, Document [47] (Title: Seal of Vermont) suggesting clouds; on the bottom wavy lines suggest water. It is believed that the two sets of wavy lines might also suggest the Connecticut River and Lake Champlain, today Vermont's east and west borders. The passage "Freedom & Unity"—Vermont's state motto—is centered below the state name. The motto is central to the Vermont ideal of balancing personal freedom with the individual's responsibility to their community. The seal was first used by the government of the independent Vermont Republic as it existed prior to admission to the Union. Intended for use to emboss official documents, the seal is not intended for Document [48] (Title: Blacksmith token) "VTS", which is claimed to be an abbreviated, Latin version for "Vermont". McLachlan refuted this claim, saying that he had "little doubt that this piece was struck and issued in Canada as an imitation of a George III copper". This argument has been picked up again in more recent numismatic studies, with one article affirming that an example graded as Fine reveals the "I" should be read as "T", supporting the "VTS" reading. An off-center strike of this Blacksmith token in the collection of the Bank of Canada Museum where the top portion of the supposed "T" ought to be Document [49] (Title: Lyndon, Vermont) and woodlands. The Passumpsic River, flowing through the center of the town, provided power for grist and saw mills. The charter of the town of Lyndon was signed by Governor Thomas Chittenden in 1780. It seems likely that the name Lyndon was chosen to honor Josias Lyndon (1704–1778), a former governor of Rhode Island and friend of many of the proprietors. Many of these men served with the 2nd Rhode Island Regiment, 1st Division, including Israel Angell. The original proprietors secured the grant as a business venture and had no intention of settling it. Some of the men held high Document [50] (Title: Lake Saint Catherine (Vermont)) are over eighty years of age, do not remember of hearing it called otherwise than Lake Austin or Lake St. Austin." In her book Vermont Place Names, Esther Swift says that in 1771 New York patented a town named St. Catherine, in nostalgic remembrance of St. Catherin's Point on the Isle of Wight, the last land seen by the British emigrants as they left England. She adds that when the Green Mountain Boys ran the Yorkers out, they kept the pleasant-sounding name for the lake. There are other stories and legends but the accepted belief, locally at least, is that Document [51] (Title: Vermont Transit Lines) and then on to Boston. On April 1, 2008 Greyhound Lines ceased use of the Vermont Transit Lines brand fully consolidating VTL routes into its operations timetable. Vermont Transit Routes 62 (Montreal-Burlington-White River Junction-Boston), 67 (White River Junction-Springfield) and 60 (Bangor-Boston) remain in the Greyhound national network. For most of the company's history, Vermont Transit's identity has been closely tied to the state of Vermont. Drivers wore uniforms in Vermont's state colors of green and gold, with a cloisonne tie clasp of the Vermont coat of arms. The fleet of buses were painted in a combination of green, gold and Document [52] (Title: Winooski River) the south side of downtown and the Vermont State House. From Montpelier it flows northwest into Chittenden County through Richmond, passing north of the city of Burlington. It enters the eastern side of Lake Champlain approximately northwest of downtown Burlington. The City of Winooski sits along the river approximately upstream from its mouth, on the northeastern edge of Burlington. The river was historically used for the transportation of timber in the logging heyday of Vermont during the 19th century. The valley of the river downstream from Montpelier is where both U.S. Highway 2 and Interstate 89 run between Montpelier and Document [53] (Title: Coat of arms of Vermont) Coat of arms of Vermont The coat of arms of Vermont is the official armorial bearings of the U.S. state of Vermont. Most of the elements found in the coat of arms originate in the Great Seal of Vermont designed by Ira Allen. Whereas the Great Seal of Vermont is reproduced in a single color and is reserved for embossing and authenticating state documents, the coat of arms is a more naturalistic and colorful representation of many of the same elements. The Coat of arms of Vermont was first used in 1807 on $5 bank notes of The Vermont State Document [54] (Title: USS Vermont (BB-20)) broken up under the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty. Her bell currently resides at the Vermont State Capitol in Montpelier, VT. Notes Citations USS Vermont (BB-20) USS "Vermont" (BB-20), a , was the second ship of the United States Navy named after the 14th state. She was the third member of the class, which included five other ships. The "Connecticut"-class ships were armed with a main battery of four guns and had a top speed of . "Vermont" was laid down in May 1904 at the Fore River shipyard and launched in August 1905. The ship entered service with Document [55] (Title: Vermont municipality) Burlington was not chartered until 1865, as Vermont's second city. For many years prior to the 1860s Vermont had just one city, which was the city of Vergennes, incorporated in 1788. As in most of New England, population is not a determination in what makes a city or a town in Vermont. Rather, cities are formed when a town's residents choose to switch from a town meeting form to a city form. There are a number of towns that have larger populations than nearby cities. In Vermont, there are a number of cities with fewer than 10,000 people, even a Document [56] (Title: U.S. Route 2) Vermont. US 2 traverses the length of Grand Isle County and crossing Lake Champlain over several bridges until it reaches the mainland in Milton and Chittenden County. From there it travels south to Burlington, where it begins to closely parallel Interstate 89 all the way to Montpelier and Washington County. At Montpelier, the road turns north-eastward, crossing into Caledonia County and passing through Saint Johnsbury. It then passes into Essex County, and eventually crosses the Connecticut River from Guildhall, Vermont into Lancaster, New Hampshire. Once into New Hampshire, the road continues southeastward, passing through Jefferson (home to several small amusement Document [57] (Title: History of Vermont) are ours, or this night Molly Stark sleeps a widow!" In a desperate, all-day battle fought in intense summer heat, the army of Yankee farmers defeated the British, killing or capturing 900 men. Burgoyne never recovered from this loss and eventually surrendered at Saratoga on October 17. In 1778, David Redding, convicted of being a traitor to the colonies and a spy for the British, was hanged in Bennington. The first printing press in the state was established in Dresden in 1779. Vermont continued to govern itself as a sovereign entity based in the eastern town of Windsor for 14 Document [58] (Title: Interstate 91) with US 2. Along westbound US 2, the capital of Vermont, Montpelier, is eventually reached from I-91, although I-89 provides Montpelier with immediate Interstate access. I-91 continues northward, now following the Passumpsic River valley. It travels through Vermont's Northeast Kingdom region and the town of Lyndon. Two exits in Lyndon serve the village of Lyndonville and Lyndon State College. After exit 24, I-91 departs Route 5, which it had been closely paralleling since the Massachusetts state line. I-91 follows the valley of Miller Run, and there are no convenient services until Barton at exit 25. The interstate proceeds through Sheffield. Document [59] (Title: USS Vermont (BB-20)) completed hull was launched on 31 August 1905, with the christening performed by Jennie Bell, the daughter of Charles J. Bell, the governor of the ship's namesake state. On 4 March 1907, "Vermont" was commissioned into the US Navy at the Boston Navy Yard, with Captain William P. Potter as her first commanding officer. The ship then embarked on a shakedown cruise from Boston to Hampton Roads, Virginia. She then joined the 1st Division of the Atlantic Fleet for training exercises. "Vermont" left Hampton Roads on 30 August, bound for Provincetown. She stayed there until 5 September before returning to Document [60] (Title: Ira Allen) Frederick Haldimand, the British Governor of the Province of Quebec, about the possibility of reinstating Vermont as a British province. An alternate explanation is that the Allen brothers were not actually interested in returning Vermont to the British but merely used the Haldimand negotiations to both stave off a British invasion of Vermont from Canada and prod the Continental Congress into recognizing Vermont as separate from New York and New Hampshire and admitting it to the United States. Vermont was granted statehood in 1791. Allen designed the Great Seal of Vermont. Over two days at Windsor in 1778, Allen drew Document [61] (Title: Vermont) state to be admitted to the newly established United States in 1791. Vermont is one of only four U.S. states that were previously sovereign states (along with California, Hawaii, and Texas), given that the original 13 states were formerly colonies. During the mid 19th century, Vermont was a strong source of abolitionist sentiment and sent a significant contingent of soldiers to participate in the American Civil War. The geography of the state is marked by the Green Mountains, which run north-south up the middle of the state, separating Lake Champlain and other valley terrain on the west from the Connecticut Document [62] (Title: Montpelier, Vermont) the North Branch of the Winooski River. His family moved in the following winter. Colonel Davis selected the name "Montpelier" after the French city of Montpellier. There was a general enthusiasm for things French as a result of the country's aid to the American colonies during the Revolutionary War. The settlement grew quickly, and by 1791 the population reached 117. The configuration of the early village was strongly influenced by geography. As early as 1799 a bridge was constructed across the Winooski River to Berlin. The Town's Charter was reissued on February 6, 1804 to include a boundary description of Document [63] (Title: Flag of Vermont) Flag of Vermont The flag of Vermont consists of the state's coat of arms and motto. The Vermont General Assembly adopted the current flag on June 1, 1923. Multiple versions of the flag have been included throughout history. Originally, the flag was the same as the flag of the Green Mountain Boys. It was then changed to look similar to the flag of the United States, consisting of red and white stripes, and a blue canton. It was changed to be dissimilar to avoid confusion. Proposals have been brought up to revert the flag back to the Green Mountain Boys' Document [64] (Title: The Song of the Vermonters, 1779) with bribes in their hands, Still seek to divide and parcel our lands; We've coats for our traitors, whoever they are; The warp is of feathers–the filling of tar: Does the 'old Bay State' threaten? Does Congress complain? Swarms Hampshire in arms on our borders again? Bark the war dogs of Britain aloud on the lake– Let 'em come; what they can they are welcome to take. What seek they among us? The pride of our wealth Is comfort, contentment, and labor, and health, And lands which, as Freemen we only have trod, Independent of all, save the mercies of Document [65] (Title: Vermont Republic) Vermont Republic The Vermont Republic is a term used by historians to refer to the government of Vermont that existed from 1777 to 1791. In January 1777, delegates from 28 towns met and declared independence from the jurisdictions and land claims both of the British colony of Quebec and of the American states of New Hampshire and New York. They also abolished adult slavery within their boundaries. Many people in Vermont took part in the American Revolution, although the Continental Congress did not recognize the jurisdiction as independent. Because of vehement objections from New York, which had conflicting property claims, Document [66] (Title: Winooski, Vermont) city dismissed their city manager of 11 months, while he was still an at-will employee. His contract had been scheduled for three years. The mayor of the city is Seth Leonard. Jesse Baker was hired as city manager in 2017, replacing Katherine "Deac" Deccareau. As of the 2010 U.S. Census, there were 7,267 people and 3,252 households residing in the city. The population density was 5,191 people per square mile (1,964.1/km). There were 3,393 housing units at an average density of 2,107.5 per square mile (814.1/km). The racial makeup of the city was 82.5% white (81.5% non-Hispanic white alone), 6.9% Document [67] (Title: Montpelier, Vermont) regulation, and provision for potable drinking water and wastewater. Montpelier has become one of Vermont's most readily accessible cities and towns, as Vermont's founders deliberately placed the capital near the geographic center of the state. The city is located along Interstate 89. East-west U.S. Route 2 and north-south Vermont Route 12 are two other principal routes that intersect in Montpelier. Both I-89 and U.S. 2 provide a direct link to Burlington and the populous Lake Champlain Valley in the northwestern corner of the state. U.S. Route 302 has its western terminus in Montpelier, connecting it with the nearby city of Document [68] (Title: Coat of arms of Vermont) the Vermont border, and at Vermont Welcome Centers. The "blazon" was formalized and described by state statute in 1840 in the following manner: "the coat of arms of the state shall be, and is described as follows: Green, a landscape occupying half of the shield; on the right and left, in the background, high mountains, blue; the sky yellow. From near the base, and reaching nearly to the top of the shield, arises a pine-tree of the natural color, and between three erect sheaves, yellow, placed bendwise on the dexter side, and a red cow standing on the sinister side Document [69] (Title: Governor of Vermont) impeachment) from office. The Lieutenant Governor is also the Lieutenant-General of the "forces of the State." Governor of Vermont The Governor of Vermont is the head of the Government of Vermont, United States. The officeholder is elected in even-numbered years by direct voting for a term of two years. Vermont and bordering New Hampshire are now the only states to hold gubernatorial elections every two years, instead of every four as in the other 48 U.S. states. There is no limit on the number of terms a Vermont Governor can serve. If no candidate receives at least 50 percent plus Document [70] (Title: Dorset, Vermont) be settled." This was the first official step toward Vermont's independence. Thus, the future state of Vermont was underway. The town of Windsor claims to be the birthplace of Vermont, and, indeed, it was there, on 2 July 1777, that the constitution was adopted and the name chosen. But it was in Dorset at Cephas Kent's tavern that the idea of Vermont was born; and, as Zephine Humphrey put it, "The idea is the dynamic reality and the fact its shadow." In 1790, New York finally relinquished her claims and, on 18 February 1791, Congress admitted Vermont as the fourteenth Document [71] (Title: Vermont municipality) towns, and are much smaller than a typical town in terms of land area. The above process has created several instances where there are adjacent towns and cities with the same name. In all cases, the city was originally the “town center” of the town, but later incorporated as a city and became a separate municipality. A typical town was laid out in a square. Each contained 36 sections, squares or . One section was reserved for the support of public schools. This was copied when the Continental Congress laid out Ohio 1785-7. Vermont contains some town-sized unorganized entities, referred Document [72] (Title: Burlington, Vermont) the city limits. The City of Burlington also owns the state of Vermont's largest airport, the Burlington International Airport, in neighboring South Burlington. In 2015, Burlington became the first city in the U.S. to run completely on renewable energy. Two theories have been put forward regarding the origin of Burlington's name. The first is that it was named after Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington, and the second is that the name honors the politically prominent and wealthy Burling family of New York. While no Burling family members are listed as grantees of the town, the family held large tracts Document [73] (Title: Brave Little State of Vermont speech) the state nearly a year ago. Transportation has been restored. The railroads are in a better condition than before. The highways are open to traffic for those who wish to travel by automobile.<br> <br> Vermont is a state I love. I could not look upon the peaks of Ascutney, Killington, Mansfield, and Equinox, without being moved in a way that no other scene could move me. It was here that I first saw the light of day; here I received my bride, here my dead lie pillowed on the loving breast of our everlasting hills.<br> <br> I love Vermont because Document [74] (Title: Coat of arms of Vermont) War by Vermont's military regiments. The motto Freedom and Unity is central to the Vermont ideal of balancing personal freedom with the individual's responsibility to their community. Many government seals of Vermont use the state's coat of arms. Coat of arms of Vermont The coat of arms of Vermont is the official armorial bearings of the U.S. state of Vermont. Most of the elements found in the coat of arms originate in the Great Seal of Vermont designed by Ira Allen. Whereas the Great Seal of Vermont is reproduced in a single color and is reserved for embossing and authenticating Document [75] (Title: Windsor, Vermont) to Paradise Park in the Windsor Town Forest which borders Runnemede Lake Windsor, Vermont Windsor is a town in Windsor County, Vermont, United States. As the "Birthplace of Vermont", the town is where the Constitution of Vermont was adopted in 1777, thus marking the founding of the Vermont Republic—a sovereign state until 1791 when Vermont joined the United States. Over much of its history, Windsor was home to a variety of manufacturing enterprises. The population was 3,553 at the 2010 census. One of the New Hampshire grants, Windsor was chartered as a town on July 6, 1761, by colonial governor Document [76] (Title: Flag of Vermont) flag, but none have succeeded. The flag consists of the state's coat of arms and motto on a field of azure. While the pine needle supporters of the coat of arms are represented throughout New England and symbolizes the small pine branches worn at the battle of Plattsburgh near the end of the War of 1812, the pine tree in the middle of the coat of arms represents the Vermont forests. The cow and three sheaves of wheat represent the dairy and agriculture industries. The deer head on top represents Vermont's wildlife. The Green Mountains are in the background as Document [77] (Title: Vermont) the Secretary of State of Vermont speculated that the archaic French term "Verd Mont" (green mountain) may have inspired Young. Another source points out the predominance of mica-quartz-chlorite schist, a green-hued metamorphosed shale, as a possible reason. The Green Mountains form a north–south spine running most of the length of the state, slightly west of its center. In the southwest portion of the state are located the Taconic Mountains. In the northwest, near Lake Champlain, is the fertile Champlain Valley. In the south of the valley is Lake Bomoseen. Vermont is located in the New England region of the Northeastern Document [78] (Title: Interstate 89) to enter the scenic rolling hills of Vermont, turning almost due northward about from the New Hampshire state line, and continues through the high country of central Vermont. The Interstate passes through the towns of Sharon, Royalton, Bethel, Randolph, Brookfield, and Williamstown before reaching the "twin cities" of Barre and Montpelier in the middle of Vermont. The interstate's highest point was said to be in the town of Brookfield, although the sign that made the declaration was taken down in the late 1990s. Another directional shift, again to the northwest, occurs while passing the interchange for Montpelier. For the next Document [79] (Title: Vermont State House) Vermont State House The Vermont State House, located in Montpelier, is the state capitol of the U.S. state of Vermont. It is the seat of the Vermont General Assembly. The current Greek Revival structure is the third building on the same site to be used as the State House. Designed by Thomas Silloway in 1857 and 1858, it was occupied in 1859. A careful restoration of the Vermont State House began in the early 1980s led by curator David Schütz and the Friends of the Vermont State House, a citizens' advisory committee. The general style of the building is Neoclassical Document [80] (Title: Vermont copper) translates as by authority of Vermont. The reverse of the coin depicts a seated woman, and the inscription an abbreviation of independence and liberty. Sixteen variations of dies on this second set of coins were made. The new design closely resembled the British halfpenny then in circulation in the American colonies. On that coin a bust of George III is encircled by the inscription and the reverse with a seated female embodiment of Britain called "Britannia." A common explanation of the redesign of Vermont's coins, so close to the British half-pence model, has been made to make their circulation and Document [81] (Title: Vermont State House) each February 14 the columns of the portico and lawn are bedecked with red paper hearts by the so-called Valentine Phantom. Additionally, the public lawn and steps of the portico serve as a well-used platform for peaceful demonstrations, press conferences by various official and non-official groups, and for formally welcoming official visitors to the State of Vermont. On June 12, 2013 Google added the Vermont State House to their Street View imagery. Vermont State House The Vermont State House, located in Montpelier, is the state capitol of the U.S. state of Vermont. It is the seat of the Vermont General Document [82] (Title: Northeast Kingdom) second favorite romantic getaway and the third favorite family getaway in New England. In 2015, the region featured half a dozen local radio stations, as well as regional versions of Vermont Public Radio (FM88.5 broadcast from Burke Mountain) and Montpelier's The Point; popular are Magic 97.7 FM broadcast from Lyndonville, VT, and MOO (WMOO) at 92.1FM from Derby Center, Vermont. In all three counties, estimated population dropped between 2010 and 2012 by about 200 people. State population declined slightly as well. As in the rest of New England, there is a strong state government. Town government often uses unpaid volunteers Document [83] (Title: Vermont Military Crest) the Battle of Plattsburg, and through the U.S. Civil War. The crest is based upon the crest found on the coat of arms of Vermont. The design of the Vermont military crest is the source of the nickname for Vermont National Guard officers and enlistees, both male and female, as "Vermont Bucks." Vermont Military Crest The Vermont Military Crest was first used in the coats of arms of units of Vermont state regiments, and later by the Vermont National Guard, as granted by the precursor organizations of what is now the United States Army Institute of Heraldry. The official Institute Document [84] (Title: Vermont) Vermont Vermont () is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. It borders the U.S. states of Massachusetts to the south, New Hampshire to the east, New York to the west, and the Canadian province of Quebec to the north. Vermont is the second-smallest by population and the sixth-smallest by area of the 50 U.S. states. The state capital is Montpelier, the least populous state capital in the United States. The most populous city, Burlington, is the least populous city to be the most populous city in a state. As of 2015, Vermont was the Document [85] (Title: Vermont) state in which to do business. Politically, Vermont transitioned from being a reliably Republican state to one more liberal starting in 1960. It alternates between Republican and Democratic governors, but has sent only Democrats (or independents) to Congress since 2007. Voters have consistently chosen Democrats for president since 1992. The state became the first to recognize unions for same-sex couples through legislative action with the introduction of civil unions in 2000. The origin of the name "Vermont" is uncertain, but likely comes from the French "Les Verts Monts", meaning "the Green Mountains". Thomas Young introduced it in 1777. In 1913, Document [86] (Title: Montpelier Historic District (Vermont)) Montpelier Historic District (Vermont) The Montpelier Historic District encompasses much of the historic commercial and government district of Montpelier, the state capital of Vermont. The city center, focused on the confluence of the Winooski River with its North Branch, has been economically driven by state government since 1805, and had industry powered by the rivers. Its center reflects a diversity of 19th century architecture. In addition to the Vermont State House, the district includes The Pavilion, the commercial downtown area, and residential areas to the east and north. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978, Document [87] (Title: Montpelier Historic District (Vermont)) district is largely characterized by brick buildings built after twof fires swept the area in 1875. Montpelier Historic District (Vermont) The Montpelier Historic District encompasses much of the historic commercial and government district of Montpelier, the state capital of Vermont. The city center, focused on the confluence of the Winooski River with its North Branch, has been economically driven by state government since 1805, and had industry powered by the rivers. Its center reflects a diversity of 19th century architecture. In addition to the Vermont State House, the district includes The Pavilion, the commercial downtown area, and residential areas to Document [88] (Title: Brave Little State of Vermont speech) East side, across and down the West side. We have seen Brattleboro, Bellows Falls, Windsor, White River Junction and Bethel. We have looked toward Montpelier. We have visited Burlington and Middlebury. Returning we have seen Rutland.<br> <br> I have had an opportunity of visiting again the scenes of my childhood. I want to express to you, and through the press to the other cities of Vermont, my sincere appreciation for the general hospitality bestowed upon me and my associates on the occasion of this journey.<br> <br> It is gratifying to note the splendid recovery from the great catastrophe which overtook Document [89] (Title: Vermont Veterans Medal) that service to our nation is also service to the citizens of our state. The edges of this ribbon are bordered in yellow. In the Vermont Coat of Arms, bundles of wheat are shown in yellow. In this ribbon, they represent the protection offered our state by nature’s bounty. The medal is cast in bronze, with the coat of arms of Vermont on the obverse and the Great Seal of Vermont on the reverse. Across the top is inscribed “Vermont National Defense,” uniting the interests of our state with our nation. The year “1777” is inscribed at the bottom, indicating Document [90] (Title: Rutland (city), Vermont) set in 1994. On average, the wettest month is July, and February is the driest. Rutland is the 3rd largest city in Vermont that is not located on, or near, either of the state's two major Interstate highways. It is, however, signed on I-91 at exit 6 northbound in Rockingham and appears on auxiliary signs at exit 10 southbound near White River Junction. The city is also signed on I-89 at exit 13 southbound in South Burlington, exit 3 southbound in Royalton, and exit 1 northbound in Quechee. In addition, the city appears on auxiliary guide signs on the Adirondack Document [91] (Title: Seal of Vermont) arms of Vermont. Seal of Vermont The Great Seal of the State of Vermont is the official seal of the U.S. state of Vermont, used to emboss and authenticate official documents. It was designed by Ira Allen, brother of Ethan Allen and one of the state's founders. The seal, depicts a 14-branched pine tree rising from the forest, with two grain sheaves above. The 14 branches symbolize the Thirteen Colonies and Vermont as the 14th state admitted to the union. A cow on the right, representing Vermont's history of dairy farming, also appears. On the top of the seal are Document [92] (Title: Rutland (city), Vermont) the nearby towns of Fair Haven, Manchester, Middlebury (in a partnership with Addison County Transit Resources), and Proctor. 2 winter tourist geared buses also go to and from Okemo Mountain in Ludlow and Killington Ski Resort; the bus serving Killington is called the Diamond Express. Both of these buses run year round. "The Bus" was free prior to 2007, when the 50 cents fare was added to control the added gas expenses. MVRTD is housed in the downtown Marble Valley Regional Transit Center. Premier Coach's Vermont Translines serves Rutland daily with two intercity bus connections between Burlington, Lebanon, New Hampshire Document [93] (Title: Government of Vermont) by guidelines set by the state statutes and constitution. Towns govern themselves by direct citizen participation via town meeting. Between town meetings, town affairs are managed by elected selectboards. As in most of New England, any town that grows too large to be governed by a town meeting can opt for a city form with a mayor and city council. Towns and cities may also have town managers and mayors responsible for the management of municipal affairs. There are three types of incorporated municipalities in Vermont, towns, cities and villages. As in the other New England states, towns are the Document [94] (Title: Governor of Vermont) Governor of Vermont The Governor of Vermont is the head of the Government of Vermont, United States. The officeholder is elected in even-numbered years by direct voting for a term of two years. Vermont and bordering New Hampshire are now the only states to hold gubernatorial elections every two years, instead of every four as in the other 48 U.S. states. There is no limit on the number of terms a Vermont Governor can serve. If no candidate receives at least 50 percent plus one vote of all votes for Governor cast in the election, the Governor of Vermont is Document [95] (Title: Central Vermont Railway) from Burlington on Lake Champlain east to Montpelier, and then southeast and south to Windsor on the Connecticut River. Initial plans had the main line running through Montpelier. However, due to the difficulty of building through the Williamstown Gulf, a narrow valley south of Barre, Vermont, and to land interests of Charles Paine in Northfield, Vermont, a course to the west was selected, leaving the state capital to be serviced by a short branch line. Construction began on December 15, 1845, and the first section, from White River Junction west to Bethel, opened on June 26, 1848. Subsequent sections opened Document [96] (Title: Ferdinand, Vermont) to the east by Brunswick and Maidstone, and to the south by Granby and East Haven. A small part of the southwestern boundary is with the town of Newark in Caledonia County. Vermont Route 105 crosses the northern part of the town, running between Island Pond to the west and Bloomfield to the east. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which is land and , or 0.43%, is water. The Nulhegan River, a tributary of the Connecticut River, flows from west to east across the northern part of the town. Document [97] (Title: Vermont Republic) Quebec, about rejoining the British Empire. Much of the symbolism associated with Vermont in this period expressed a desire for political union with the United States. Vermont's coins minted in 1785 and 1786 bore the Latin inscription """" (meaning "the fourteenth star"). The Great Seal of Vermont, designed by Ira Allen, centrally features a 14-branched pine tree. On March 6, 1790, the legislature of New York consented to Vermont statehood provided a group of commissioners representing New York and a similar group representing Vermont could agree on the boundary. Vermont's negotiators insisted on also settling the real-estate disputes rather than Document [98] (Title: Vermont) watershed. Lake Champlain, the sixth-largest body of fresh water in the United States, separates Vermont from New York in the northwest portion of the state. From north to south, Vermont is long. Its greatest width, from east to west, is at the Canada–U.S. border; the narrowest width is at the Massachusetts line. The width averages . The state's geographic center is approximately three miles (5 km) east of Roxbury, in Washington County. There are fifteen U.S. federal border crossings between Vermont and Canada. Several mountains have timberlines with delicate year-round alpine ecosystems, including Mount Mansfield, the highest mountain in the Document [99] (Title: Second Vermont Republic) Second Vermont Republic The Second Vermont Republic (SVR, 2VR) is a secessionist group within the U.S. state of Vermont which seeks to restore the formerly independent status of the Vermont Republic (1777–91). It describes itself as "a nonviolent citizens' network and think tank opposed to the tyranny of Corporate America and the U.S. government, and committed to the peaceful return of Vermont to its status as an independent republic and more broadly the dissolution of the Union." The organization was founded in 2003 by Thomas Naylor (1936–2012), a former Duke University economics professor and co-author of the 1997 book "Downsizing Document [100] (Title: Moderator (town official)) 2008) Before there were selectboards, clerks or treasurers in Vermont, even before there were established towns, there were moderators. When Governor Benning Wentworth chartered the first Vermont town in 1749, he appointed Col. William Williams to be the moderator of Bennington’s first meeting, "which he is to Notify and Govern according to the Laws & Custom of our Said Province." (Colbert 2008) Vermont town meetings usually include two phases. The open discussion and voting by voice vote (with occasional paper ballots) occurs the first day, and is presided over by the moderator. The Australian ballot generally occurs the next day, Document [101] (Title: Coat of arms of Vermont) of the field. The Crest: A buck's head, of the natural color, cut off and placed on a scroll, blue and yellow. The Motto and Badge: On a scroll beneath the shield, the motto: Vermont: Freedom and Unity. The Vermonter's Badge: two pine branches of natural color, crossed between the shield and scroll." The crest and Vermonter's Badge, can also be seen, in modified form, on the Vermont Military Crest. The "Vermonter's Badge" described in the statute was worn as an expression of Vermont identity by citizens during the period of the Vermont Republic, and again during the American Civil Document [102] (Title: The Pavilion (Vermont)) steel and glass wing was added to the building in the 1980s. This wing is to the northwest, directly north of the state library and Vermont Supreme Court. The working office of the governor was moved to this wing, providing the office with a dramatic view of the State House dome to the northwest. A ceremonial office for the governor is provided in the State House, and is used on a near daily basis during legislative sessions. The state of Vermont previously maintained an official residence for Vermont's governors called the Chester Wright House at 159 State Street, a large Document [103] (Title: Thomas Young (American revolutionary)) frame the state constitution. Young also suggested the name of Vermont for the new state north of Massachusetts, which was originally called New Connecticut. The reasoning in his letter to the Vermont Constitutional Convention in 1777 was that most of Vermont was in the Green Mountains, said to have been named by Samuel de Champlain. Young chose to combine "vert" (green) with "mont" (mountain) to honor the Green Mountain Boys. Young named several communities in New York state, including Amenia. Young died in Philadelphia on June 24, 1777, aged 46. In 1772 Young published a deist statement of beliefs in Document [104] (Title: Norwich, Vermont) additional 'h' was dropped shortly after the town was chartered. Originally pronounced "Norritch" (similar to the English pronunciation of the city of Norwich, England), the town name has in more recent times become more commonly pronounced "Nor-wich". In 1819 native son, Alden Partridge, a former Superintendent of the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, founded the private "American Literary, Scientific and Military Academy" in Norwich. He hoped to establish a new "American system" for training cadets that included both humanities and science topics in the curriculum, in addition to military science. In his six years of Norwich Document [105] (Title: Politics of Vermont) as "advisory," meaning that they merely are a warning not to cross over them. A motorist will not be ticketed for that as an offense by itself. Having tried to discourage suburban sprawl, the legislatures of 1998 and 2002 moved to encourage downtowns. In 2008, there were 23 designated downtowns and 78 village centers. The state has an "open meeting" law. This requires special attention when a quorum of an elected government group is meeting anyplace, including socially. Historically, Vermont was considered one of the most reliably Republican states in the country in terms of national elections. From 1856 to Document [106] (Title: Seal of Vermont) the Vermont flag. It is also used on letterheads and on signs marking state buildings, bridges, state's borders, and at Vermont welcome centers. By Vermont statute, the Great Seal of Vermont is the shared domain of the Vermont Secretary of State, the offices of the state governorship, and the legislative and judiciary branches of government. The original metal dies for the first seal of Vermont are stored at the Secretary of State's office at Redstone, a large red brick and sandstone Queen Anne style house at Montpelier. There are various seals of the state government. Most use the coat of Document [107] (Title: Freedom and Unity) first governor, Thomas Chittenden, cited the state motto in his epitaph: "Out of storm and manifold perils rose an enduring state, the home of freedom and unity." There is general agreement that Vermont's motto is about the idea of balancing two seemingly opposite ideals: the personal freedom and independence of the individual citizen, with the common good of the larger community. Writer and Vermont resident Dorothy Canfield Fisher (1879–1958) wrote the following about her adopted state: "the Vermont idea grapples energetically with the basic problem of human conduct – how to reconcile the needs of the group, of which every Document [108] (Title: Vermont) from Vermont. Racing series in Vermont include NASCAR Whelen All-American Series, American Canadian Tour, and Vermont's own Tiger Sportsman Series. State symbols include: Vermont is the birthplace of former U.S. Presidents Chester A. Arthur and Calvin Coolidge. The following were either born in Vermont or resided there for a substantial period during their lives. Vermont Vermont () is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. It borders the U.S. states of Massachusetts to the south, New Hampshire to the east, New York to the west, and the Canadian province of Quebec to the north. Vermont Document [109] (Title: Chittenden County, Vermont) Chittenden County, Vermont Chittenden County () is the most populous county in the U.S. state of Vermont. As of the 2010 census, the population was 156,545. The county's population estimate for 2016 was 161,531. Its shire town (seat) is Vermont's most populous municipality, the city of Burlington. The county has over a quarter of Vermont's population and more than twice the population of Vermont's second most populous county, Rutland. The county also has more than twice the population density of Vermont's second most dense county, Washington. The county is named for Vermont's first governor and one of the framers of Document [110] (Title: U.S. Route 7) Vermont. In Vermont it passes through the towns of Pownal, Bennington, Shaftsbury, Glastenbury, Arlington, Sunderland, Manchester, Dorset, Danby, Mt. Tabor, Wallingford, Clarendon, Rutland, the city of Rutland, the towns of Pittsford, Brandon, Leicester, Salisbury, Middlebury, New Haven, Waltham, Ferrisburg, Charlotte, Shelburne, the cities of South Burlington at which point I-89 begins to parallel it, Burlington, and Winooski, the towns of Colchester, Milton, Georgia, St. Albans, the city of St. Albans, and the towns of Swanton and Highgate before ending at I-89 just south of the customs offices at the Canada–US border. Prior to the U.S. Highway system, the alignment of Document [111] (Title: Vermont Republic) the Continental Congress declined to recognize Vermont, then known as the New Hampshire Grants. Vermont's overtures to join the British Province of Quebec failed. In 1791, Vermont officially joined the United States as the 14th state. Vermont coined a currency called Vermont coppers from a mint operated by Reuben Harmon in East Rupert (1785–1788), and operated a postal system. While the Vermont coppers bore the legend "Vermontis. Res. Publica" (Latin for "Republic of Vermont"), the constitution and other official documents used the term "State of Vermont". It referred to its chief executive as a "governor". The 1777 constitution refers to Document [112] (Title: Seal of Vermont) decorative use, the single exception being a large version carved in hardwood and affixed to the Vermont Pavilion at the Expo 67 World's Fair. That seal was later used as a backdrop behind the podium in the Vermont State House Press Briefing Room, which is now the minority party's caucus room. The large wooden Great Seal of Vermont has been moved to the working offices of the governor of Vermont at The Pavilion. A more naturalistic and colorful armorial representation of the elements of the seal can be seen in the coat of arms of Vermont, which is found on Document [113] (Title: Burlington, Iowa) wife Eliza Jane, to rename the town for $50. Gray chose to name it Burlington in honor of his hometown in Vermont. The Grays' daughter Abigail was born in Burlington that same year, the first American settler child born on Iowa soil. In 1837, Burlington was designated the second territorial capital of the Wisconsin Territory. The Iowa Territory was organized in the following year, and Burlington was named as its first territorial capital. The government used "Old Zion," the first Methodist Church in Iowa (located near what is now Third and Washington streets), to conduct its business. A historical marker Document [114] (Title: Vergennes, Vermont) portions of the pre-existing towns of New Haven, Panton and Ferrisburg, where they intersected at the Otter Creek Falls, were split off to form Vergennes. It is the smallest city (by population) in Vermont. The city is named for Frenchman Charles Gravier, Comte de Vergennes, who greatly aided the rebel colonial effort in the American Revolutionary War. Here, Thomas Macdonough built and armed the fleet that would defeat the British on Lake Champlain during the War of 1812. The Monkton Iron Company (which was at the time the largest iron works in the nation) manufactured the fittings for Macdonough's fleet, Document [115] (Title: John A. McMullen) in an additional 2,300. During a debate before the primary, Tuttle underscored McMullen's newness to Vermont. One question he posed to McMullen was "What's a tedder?" (A machine for drying hay.) Another was "What's rowen?" (The second cutting of hay from the same field in one season.) Tuttle continued with queries like "How many teats a Holstein got?" (Four; McMullen guessed six.) Tuttle then provided McMullen a list of local place names and asked him to pronounce them. McMullen's inexperience with Vermont geography showed, as he mispronounced names including Leicester (Lester is correct), Calais (callous being the correct way), and Document [116] (Title: Windsor, Vermont) Smith and his family from Farmington, Connecticut. In 1777, the signers of the Constitution of the Vermont Republic met at Old Constitution House, a tavern at the time, to declare independence from the British Empire (the Vermont Republic would not become a state until 1791). In 1820, it was the state's largest town, a thriving center for trade and agriculture. In 1835, the first dam was built across Mill Brook to provide water power. Factories made guns, machinery, tinware, furniture and harnesses. The community is named for Windsor, Connecticut. In 1846, Robbins and Lawerence received a government contract to manufacture Document [117] (Title: Rutland County, Vermont) of Stockbridge gained Parker's Gore. On 8 October 1895 Windsor County gained from the county when the town of Weston gained from the town of Mount Tabor. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (1.6%) is water. It is the second-largest county in Vermont by area. The primary stream of the county is Otter Creek, which runs through the county from the south to the north. As of the 2010 census, there were 61,642 people, 25,984 households, and 16,018 families residing in the county. The population density was Document [118] (Title: New England town) Vermont today are actually former villages rather than former towns, and are much smaller than a typical town in terms of land area. The above process has created several instances where there are adjacent towns and cities with the same name. In all cases, the city was originally the "town center" of the town, but later incorporated as a city and became a separate municipality. All three of the northern New England states (Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine) contain some areas that are unincorporated and unorganized, not part of any town, city or plantation. Maine has significantly more such area Document [119] (Title: Vermont Distinguished Service Medal) our state. The edges of this ribbon are bordered in yellow. In the Vermont Coat of Arms, bundles of wheat are shown in yellow. In this ribbon, they represent the protection offered our state by nature’s bounty. The medal is cast in silver, with the Coat of arms of Vermont on the obverse and the Great Seal of Vermont on the reverse. Across the top is inscribed “Vermont National Defense,” uniting the interests of our state with our nation. The year “1777” is inscribed at the bottom, indicating the year of the Battle of Bennington where Vermonters first took arms Document [120] (Title: Montpelier, Vermont) Montpelier, Vermont Montpelier () is the capital city of the U.S. state of Vermont and the seat of Washington County. As the site of Vermont's state government, it is the least populous state capital in the United States. The population was 7,855 at the 2010 Census. However, the daytime population grows to about 21,000, due to the large number of jobs within city limits. The Vermont College of Fine Arts and New England Culinary Institute are located in the municipality. It was named after Montpellier, a city in the south of France. Between 1600 and 1800, European settlers began to Document [121] (Title: Vermont) Vermont. For the first six months of its existence, it was called the Republic of New Connecticut. On June 2, 1777, a second convention of 72 delegates met and adopted the name "Vermont." This was on the advice of a friendly Pennsylvanian, Dr. Thomas Young, friend and mentor of Ethan Allen, who wrote to them on how to achieve admission into the newly independent United States of America as the 14th state. On July 4, they completed the drafting of the Constitution of Vermont at the Windsor Tavern, and adopted it on July 8. This was the first written constitution Document [122] (Title: Johnson, Vermont) Johnson, Vermont Johnson is a town in Lamoille County, Vermont, United States. The population was 3,274 at the 2000 census. Johnson is home of Johnson State College, a part the Vermont State Colleges system. The Vermont Studio Center is located in the village of Johnson, a part of the town. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 45.1 square miles (116.8 km), of which 45.1 square miles (116.8 km) is land and 0.02% is water. According to Esther Munroe Swift's book "Vermont Place-names: Footprints of History" the town of Johnson is named for Document [123] (Title: Flag of Vermont) Vermont Governor's flag, and very similar to the current state flag. Because of confusion between the striped Vermont state flag and the U.S. flag, the design of the Vermont Governor’s flag was adopted as the official state flag on June 1, 1923. Flag of Vermont The flag of Vermont consists of the state's coat of arms and motto. The Vermont General Assembly adopted the current flag on June 1, 1923. Multiple versions of the flag have been included throughout history. Originally, the flag was the same as the flag of the Green Mountain Boys. It was then changed to look Document [124] (Title: Montpelier, Vermont) the lands granted to the Town's inhabitants and proprietors. The confluence of the Winooski, North Branch and Dog Rivers provided a central point for the local population and commerce. By 1805 the town had a population of 1200. In that year the State Legislature sought a permanent home. Montpelier was selected because of its central location and accessibility, and because local residents provided land and money. A humble State House was soon constructed on State Street. In 1825, the Marquis de Lafayette visited Montpelier on a triumphal tour of the United States, 50 years after the Revolutionary War. The town Document [125] (Title: Chittenden County, Vermont) Vermont Army National Guard is based at Camp Johnson in the town of Colchester. The Vermont Air National Guard is based at the Burlington Air National Guard Base on the grounds of the Burlington International Airport in South Burlington. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (13%) is water. It is the third-smallest county in Vermont by area. Originally, Chittenden County contained parts of other counties. It included all of today's Franklin, Grand Isle, and Lamoille counties, and parts of today's Orleans, Washington, and Addison counties. The town Document [126] (Title: Main Street–College Street Historic District) from the area by raiding in the American Revolutionary War. Vermont was admitted to the United States as its 14th state in 1791 (after several decades in legal limbo), and it was in that same year that Burlington was chosen as the site of the state college, now the University of Vermont. The town's early economic activity was focused on the waterfront of Lake Champlain, with the downtown area taking shape around the courthouse square on Main Street near Church. Between the courthouse and the college campus developed into a residential area, partly due to the presence of a ravine Document [127] (Title: Tinmouth, Vermont) of Tinmouth undertook what turned into an "acrimonious" debate about switching from town meeting to the Australian ballot; two separate votes were held, both close, but ending in the decision to make the switch. The first vote was 97–95 in favor of the switch, the second was 112–104. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which is land and , or 0.42%, is water. According to one estimate, 40% of the town's land has been protected from development by conservation easements, which includes those held by the Vermont Land Trust and Document [128] (Title: Government of Vermont) residents. The Executive Branch consists of the Governor of Vermont, and state agencies. The executive branch enacts and enforces the laws of the state. The Governor is the supreme executive. The current Governor is Phil Scott, a Republican. The offices of the Governor are located at The Pavilion in Montpelier, the state capital. The governor is paid a salary of $150,051 annually. Vermonters elect a state governor and lieutenant governor on separate tickets. For example, when Republican Governor Richard Snelling died in office in 1991, the Democratic Lieutenant Governor Howard Dean succeeded him for the remainder of that term. In Document [129] (Title: Brave Little State of Vermont speech) of Vermont," received the most notice, and became a popular moniker for the state, showing up in speeches and toasts by Democrats and Republicans alike. It was echoed by many in the wake of disastrous floods caused by Hurricane Irene in 2011. The last four lines of the speech can be found incised in marble in the Hall of Inscriptions at the Vermont State House. The speech is also inscribed at his birthplace, the Calvin Coolidge Homestead District in Plymouth Notch. Brave Little State of Vermont speech The Brave Little State of Vermont speech is a name given to remarks Document [130] (Title: U.S. Route 2 in Vermont) Route, or state highway) that enters the state of Vermont. The eastern segment of US 2 begins in New York at an intersection with US 11 just one mile (1.6 km) south of the Canadian border in Rouses Point. From there, it crosses Lake Champlain into Grand Isle County, Vermont, traversing the length of the county and crossing Lake Champlain over several bridges until it reaches the mainland in Milton and Chittenden County. From there it travels south to Burlington, where it begins to closely parallel Interstate 89 and the Winooski River all the way to Montpelier and Washington County. Document [131] (Title: Flag of Vermont) well. The motto, "Freedom and Unity", is also used. The motto balances two different ideals, the freedom of the individual citizen, and the welfare of the common good. There is no record today of a design for an official "Vermont Flag" prior to 1804, although Ira Allen's design—common to both the Great Seal of Vermont and the coat of arms of Vermont—dates to 1778. While an official government flag might not have existed prior to 1804, the Vermont militia—known as the Green Mountain Boys—was formed in 1770, and remaining accounts record use of the Flag of the Green Mountain Boys Document [132] (Title: The Song of the Vermonters, 1779) God. Yet we owe no allegiance, we bow to no throne, Our ruler is law and the law is our own; Our leaders themselves are our own fellow-men, Who can handle the sword, or the scythe, or the pen. Our wives are all true, and our daughters are fair, With their blue eyes of smiles and their light flowing hair, All brisk at their wheels till the dark even-fall, Then blithe at the sleigh-ride the husking and ball! We've sheep on the hillsides, we've cows on the plain, And gay-tasselled corn-fields and rank-growing grain; There are deer on the mountains, Document [133] (Title: Governor of Vermont) then elected by the state legislature. The incumbent Vermont Governor is Republican Phil Scott. He was sworn in on January 5, 2017, becoming Vermont's 82nd Governor. The Governor's working offices are located in The Pavilion in the state capital of Montpelier, Vermont. The Governor's ceremonial office, used during the legislative session of the General Assembly, is located in the Vermont State House, also in Montpelier. The Constitution of Vermont details the powers of the Governor: There is a separately-elected Lieutenant Governor of Vermont. The Lieutenant Governor becomes the new Governor, if the incumbent Governor dies, resigns or is removed (via Document [134] (Title: Government of Vermont) basic unit of municipal government. Cities are independent of and equivalent to towns. Villages are included in towns but assume responsibility for some municipal services within their boundaries, usually water, sewage and sometimes local roads. Vermont is the only New England state with incorporated villages. Nearly every square foot of the state is within the borders of an incorporated municipality; only a few hundred people live in the unincorporated gores. In 2010, as a result of a Homeland security grant for Operation Stonegarden, various local city police throughout the state were used to help patrol the Canada–US border area for Document [135] (Title: Seal of Vermont) Seal of Vermont The Great Seal of the State of Vermont is the official seal of the U.S. state of Vermont, used to emboss and authenticate official documents. It was designed by Ira Allen, brother of Ethan Allen and one of the state's founders. The seal, depicts a 14-branched pine tree rising from the forest, with two grain sheaves above. The 14 branches symbolize the Thirteen Colonies and Vermont as the 14th state admitted to the union. A cow on the right, representing Vermont's history of dairy farming, also appears. On the top of the seal are wavy lines, possibly Document [136] (Title: Vermont State House) Calvin Coolidge, George Aiken, Warren Austin, and Dorothy Canfield Fisher among others. Each tablet features fourteen gilded stars, representing Vermont's fourteen counties, the state's fourteen years as an independent republic, and being the fourteenth state to join the federal Union. The four corners of each tablet feature a sheath of grain, a detail found in the Great Seal of Vermont, designed by Ira Allen. The ceremonial office of the Governor of Vermont, used during legislative sessions for meetings and bill-signings, is located in the second-floor west wing of the building. The Executive Chamber has been restored to its 1859 appearance Document [137] (Title: Chittenden County, Vermont) its constitution as an independent republic and later U.S. state, Thomas Chittenden. The county has most of Vermont's fastest growing municipalities. It is one of the three counties that comprise the Burlington metropolitan area, along with the counties of Franklin and Grand Isle to the north and northwest, respectively. The University of Vermont (UVM), Vermont's largest university, is located in the county, as well as its affiliated hospital, the UVM Medical Center (which is Vermont's largest hospital). Vermont's largest private employer (GlobalFoundries) and largest airport (Burlington International Airport) are in the localities of Essex Junction and South Burlington, respectively. The Document [138] (Title: Thetford, Vermont) 1909 when it was called Camp Hanoum. The town was created on August 12, 1761 by way of a royal charter which King George III of England issued to Governor Benning Wentworth of New Hampshire. Wentworth named it for Augustus Henry Fitzroy, 3rd Duke of Grafton, 4th Earl of Arlington and 4th Viscount Thetford, who in 1768 became prime minister. It was first settled in 1764 by John Chamberlin, who lived at East Thetford beside the Connecticut River. He was an agent for one of 62 proprietors (51 from Hebron, Connecticut). In 1910, the Camp Fire Girls were founded locally. Document [139] (Title: Government of Vermont) are no term limits for any office. The Vermont state capital is Montpelier. In 1791, Vermont joined the United States as the fourteenth state. An in-depth evaluation of government in 2008 ranked Vermont high compared to other states. It ranked highest in "small discrete issues and huge global ones." It performed poorly in the issues in-between and planning for the future. The Vermont Constitution guarantees broad rights for its citizens. Adopted in 1793, it contains in its first article ("Declaration of the Rights of the Inhabitants of the State of Vermont") a far-reaching bill of rights, one of the most Question: how do you spell the capital of vermont

Answer: Montpelier Long Answer: Montpelier / mɒntˈpiːliər / is the capital city of the U.S. state of Vermont and the seat of Washington County . As the site of Vermont's state government, it is the least - populous state capital in the United States . The population was 7,855 at the 2010 census . However, the daytime population swells to about 21,000, due to the large number of jobs within city limits . The Vermont College of Fine Arts and New England Culinary Institute are located in the municipality . It was named for Montpellier, in southern France. Gold Document ID: 139

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Speaker of the House of Representatives of Malta) Speaker of the House of Representatives of Malta The Speaker of the House of Representatives of Malta () is the presiding officer of the House of Representatives of Malta. The Speaker is responsible for controlling the flow of House business and acts as "referee" during debates. It is the Speaker's duty to ensure that the rules of the House for conducting its business are followed and that all Members of the House have an opportunity to take part in debates. Balancing the right of the majority to conduct business with the right of the minority to be heard is one Document [2] (Title: Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines) Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines The Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines () is the presiding officer and the highest-ranking official of the lower house of Congress, the House of Representatives, as well as the fourth highest and most powerful official of the Government of the Philippines. The Speaker is elected by a majority of all of the Representatives from among themselves. The Speaker is the third and last in line in succession for the presidency, after the President of the Senate of the Philippines, and Vice President of the Philippines. A Speaker Document [3] (Title: Lawrence M. Hall) Lawrence M. Hall Lawrence M. Hall (May 20, 1908 in St. Cloud, Minnesota – February 28, 1973) was a Minnesota Democratic politician and is the longest-serving Speaker of the Minnesota House of Representatives. He was elected to the Minnesota House of Representatives in 1934, and was affiliated with the Democrats, although the legislature was at the time a nonpartisan body. In 1939, he joined with the Conservative Caucus, and was elected to serve as speaker, a position he held for ten years. Hall left the legislature in 1949. He worked as a lobbyist, before joining the Metropolitan Airports Commission in Document [4] (Title: Speaker of the United States House of Representatives) influence of the Speaker. Albert's successor, Democrat Tip O'Neill, was a prominent Speaker because of his public opposition to the policies of President Ronald Reagan. O'Neill is the longest continually serving Speaker, from 1977 through 1987. He challenged Reagan on domestic programs and on defense expenditures. Republicans made O'Neill the target of their election campaigns in 1980 and 1982 but Democrats managed to retain their majorities in both years. The roles of the parties reversed in 1994 when, after spending forty years in the minority, the Republicans regained control of the House with the "Contract with America", an idea spearheaded Document [5] (Title: Speaker of the United States House of Representatives) by Minority Whip Newt Gingrich. Speaker Gingrich would regularly clash with Democratic President Bill Clinton, leading to the United States federal government shutdown of 1995 and 1996, in which Clinton was largely seen to have prevailed. Gingrich's hold on the leadership was weakened significantly by that and several other controversies, and he faced a caucus revolt in 1997. After the Republicans lost House seats in 1998 (although retaining a majority) he did not stand for a third term as Speaker. His successor, Dennis Hastert, had been chosen as a compromise candidate, since the other Republicans in the leadership were more Document [6] (Title: Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives) who had been minority leader for eight years, and elected Frederick Gillett, R-MA, to be Speaker. Mann "had angered many Republicans by objecting to their private bills on the floor;" also he was a protégé of autocratic Speaker Joseph Cannon, R-IL (1903–1911), and many Members "suspected that he would try to re-centralize power in his hands if elected Speaker." More recently, although Robert H. Michel was the Minority Leader in 1994 when the Republicans regained control of the House in the 1994 midterm elections, he had already announced his retirement and had little or no involvement in the campaign, including Document [7] (Title: Speaker of the House of Representatives (Netherlands)) represents the House as a whole, such as in ceremonies and with visits by foreign heads of state. The Speaker is also the chair of the Presidium, which is responsible for determining the budget of the House, setting its agenda and appointing its staff. The Speaker is supported in their duties by Deputy Speakers, ranked by number in order of precedence, which also are Members of the House. In the event that the Speaker is unable to fulfill their duties or the position becomes vacant, the meeting is chaired by the First Deputy Speaker. The Speaker has a seat with Document [8] (Title: Speaker of the United States House of Representatives) House of Representatives, the Speaker holds a variety of powers over the House and is ceremonially the highest-ranking legislative official in the US government. The Speaker may delegate his powers to a member of the House to act as Speaker "pro tempore" and preside over the House in the Speaker's absence; when this has occurred the delegation has always been to a member of the same party. During important debates, the Speaker "pro tempore" is ordinarily a senior member of the majority party who may be chosen for his skill in presiding. At other times, more junior members may be Document [9] (Title: Connecticut House of Representatives) addition to presiding over the body, the Speaker is also its chief leadership position, and controls the flow of legislation and committee assignments. Other House leaders, such as the majority and minority leaders, are elected by their respective party caucuses relative to their party's strength in the chamber. The current Speaker is Joe Aresimowicz of the 30th House District (Berlin). The Majority Leader is Matthew Ritter of the 1st House District (Hartford). The Minority Leader is Republican Themis Klarides of the 114th House District (Woodbridge, Orange, and Derby). Current members of the Connecticut House of Representatives, . Connecticut House of Document [10] (Title: Speaker of the United States House of Representatives) government takes the Speaker's place in the line of succession seriously enough that, for example, following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, Speakers used military jets to fly back and forth to their districts and for other travel until Speaker Boehner discontinued the practice in 2011. The Speaker of the House is one of the officers to whom declarations of presidential inability or ability to resume the Presidency must be addressed under the Twenty-fifth Amendment. To be elected as Speaker, a candidate must receive an absolute majority of all votes cast for individuals, excluding those who abstain. The most Document [11] (Title: Speaker of the United States House of Representatives) Congress assembled to count electoral votes and to certify the results of a presidential election. The Speaker is also responsible for overseeing the officers of the House: the Clerk, the Sergeant-at-Arms, the Chief Administrative Officer, and the Chaplain. The Speaker can dismiss any of these officers. The Speaker appoints the House Historian and the General Counsel and, jointly with the Majority and Minority Leaders, appoints the House Inspector General. The Speaker is second in the presidential line of succession, immediately after the Vice President, under the Presidential Succession Act of 1947. The Speaker is followed in the line of succession Document [12] (Title: Rhode Island House of Representatives) of the full House through the passage of a House Resolution. As well as presiding over the body, the Speaker is also the chief leadership position, and controls the flow of legislation. Other House leaders, such as the majority and minority leaders, are elected by their respective party caucuses relative to their party's strength in the chamber. The current Speaker of the House is Democrat is Nicholas A. Mattiello. He was elected as Speaker of the House by his House colleagues on March 25, 2014. First elected in November 2006 to Represent District 15 in Cranston & he served as Document [13] (Title: Larry Cretul) in Tallahassee while the state House is in session. However, on February 2, just minutes before the Republican caucus was due to oust him, Sansom resigned as House Republican leader, a post which automatically made him Speaker. Cretul was unanimously elected his successor, and was named Speaker at the start of the legislative session on March 3. Representative Cretul was born on January 18, 1948 in Trenton, Michigan. He served in the U.S. Navy from 1967 to 1971, including a tour aboard "USS Forrestal". He moved to Florida in 1971. He attended Lawrence Technological University. He was elected to the Document [14] (Title: Speaker of the United States House of Representatives) powers, including the ability to name committee members and his chairmanship of the Rules Committee. Fifteen years later, Speaker Nicholas Longworth restored much, but not all, of the lost influence of the position. One of the most influential Speakers in history was Democrat Sam Rayburn. Rayburn was the longest-serving Speaker in history, holding office from 1940 to 1947, 1949 to 1953, and 1955 to 1961. He helped shape many bills, working quietly in the background with House committees. He also helped ensure the passage of several domestic measures and foreign assistance programs advocated by Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry Document [15] (Title: House of Representatives of Puerto Rico) became the Speaker, taking office on January 12, 2009. The current Speaker, as of 2017, is Carlos Johnny Méndez. The House of Representatives, along with the Senate of Puerto Rico, are in charge of the legislative power of the Government of Puerto Rico. The House has exclusive power to initiate impeachment proceedings and, with the concurrence of two-thirds of the total number of members of which it is composed, to bring an indictment. The Constitution also establishes that all bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House. The appointment of the Secretary of State shall in addition require the Document [16] (Title: Dennis M. O'Brien) Dennis M. O'Brien Dennis Michael O'Brien (born 1952) is an American Republican Party politician who served as the 137th Speaker of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives from 2007-08. First elected in 1976, he represented the 169th Legislative District in the state House for the most part of four decades. He served as a member of the Philadelphia City Council for one term, from 2012-16. A graduate of Archbishop Ryan High School, he attended La Salle University, where he earned a bachelor's degree in Labor Relations. He has three sons, Dennis Jr., Brendan and Joseph. O'Brien was first elected to the Document [17] (Title: Scott B. Palmer) Scott B. Palmer Scott B. Palmer (born November 22, 1950) is a former United States congressional aide. He was the chief of staff to United States Representative Dennis Hastert (R-Illinois), the former Speaker of the House in the U.S. House of Representatives. Palmer attended Aurora University in Aurora, Illinois, from which he received a B.A. degree in history in 1972 and a Master's degree in management in 1983. From 1972 until 1984, he worked for Aurora University. Palmer was Hastert's Chief of Staff from Hastert's initial election to the U.S. House in 1986 until the former Speaker's retirement in 2007. Document [18] (Title: Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives) the Speaker of the House. Typically, the Speaker does not participate in debate and rarely votes on the floor. In some cases, Majority Leaders have been more influential than the Speaker; notably, Tom DeLay was more prominent than Speaker Dennis Hastert. In addition, Speaker Newt Gingrich delegated to Dick Armey an unprecedented level of authority over scheduling legislation on the House floor. The current Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi serves as floor leader of the opposition party, and is the counterpart to the Majority Leader. Unlike the Majority Leader, the Minority Leader is on the ballot for Speaker of the House Document [19] (Title: Lawrence M. Hall) 1953. He would remain with the body until August 1972, eventually becoming chair of the organization. Lawrence M. Hall Lawrence M. Hall (May 20, 1908 in St. Cloud, Minnesota – February 28, 1973) was a Minnesota Democratic politician and is the longest-serving Speaker of the Minnesota House of Representatives. He was elected to the Minnesota House of Representatives in 1934, and was affiliated with the Democrats, although the legislature was at the time a nonpartisan body. In 1939, he joined with the Conservative Caucus, and was elected to serve as speaker, a position he held for ten years. Hall left Document [20] (Title: Alabama House of Representatives) day, plus expenses other than travel in an amount fixed by joint resolution of the legislature. The Speaker of the House presides over the House of Representatives. The Speaker is elected by the majority party caucus followed by confirmation of the full House through the passage of a House Resolution. In addition to presiding over the body, the Speaker is also the chief leadership position and controls the flow of legislation and committee assignments. Other House leaders, such as the majority and minority leaders, are elected by their respective party caucuses relative to their party's strength in the chamber. Throughout Document [21] (Title: October 2015 Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election) most notably with several high-profile disputes with the Freedom Caucus. On September 25, 2015, Boehner announced his planned resignation as Speaker and from Congress. He scheduled a Republican caucus non-binding vote for Speaker on October 8, and a full floor vote on October 29. Several Republicans expressed interest in becoming Speaker. Kevin McCarthy, the House Majority Leader and second-in-command to the Speaker, was initially viewed as the favorite. However McCarthy unexpectedly dropped out of the race on October 8, and the caucus vote was postponed. Paul Ryan, Chairman of Ways and Means and the 2012 Republican Vice Presidential candidate, had Document [22] (Title: W. Ken Martinez) 1999 and serving to the present. In the June 1, 2010 Democratic primary Martinez was elected by 2,130 votes. He was unopposed in the November 2, 2010 general election for the 69th District, winning with 5,379 votes. Martinez served as House majority leader for eight years up to 2013. Martinez was elected as Speaker of the House in 2012, sworn in by Governor Susana Martínez on 15 January 2013. He served until 2015, when he was In 2014 he was still speaker of the house. He was co-chair of the legislative council, capitol buildings planning commission and jobs council. He Document [23] (Title: October 2015 Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election) the running mate of Mitt Romney in the 2012 presidential election, to run for Speaker, but he declined, saying he is a "policy guy" with a preference to focus on his role as Chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee. Democrat Nancy Pelosi, who served as the Speaker from January 2007 through January 2011, asked her Democratic colleagues for their vote in the election. Steny Hoyer, the House Minority Whip, said that he expected that the "overwhelming majority" of Democrats to vote for Pelosi. He said that if a Republican could not get the votes needed, Democrats could consider Document [24] (Title: Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom)) as Speaker when the House sat at the start of the new parliaments on 18 May 2015 and 13 June 2017. The Speaker presides over the House's debates, determining which members may speak. The Speaker is also responsible for maintaining order during debate, and may punish members who break the rules of the House. Unlike presiding officers of legislatures in many other countries, the Speaker remains strictly non-partisan, and renounces all affiliation with his or her former political party when taking office as well as when leaving the office. The Speaker does not take part in debate or vote (except Document [25] (Title: Nancy Pelosi) 2002 to 2003, and was House Minority Leader from 2003 to 2007. Pelosi is the first woman, the first Californian, and the first Italian-American to lead a major party in Congress. After the Democrats took control of the House in 2007 and increased their majority in 2009, Pelosi was elected Speaker of the House. After the Democrats lost House control in the 2010 elections, Pelosi remained the leader of the Democrats and thus Minority Leader from 2011 to 2019. Democrats won the majority in the 2018 midterms and Pelosi is the Democrats' designee for Speaker in the upcoming election. If Document [26] (Title: Speaker (politics)) by the United States Constitution. The Speaker of the United States House of Representatives presides over the lower house of Congress, the House of Representatives, while the Vice President of the United States formally presides over the upper house, the Senate. In practise, the Vice President does not have a day presence in Congress given their responsibilities in the Executive branch, and in their absence, the role is delegated to the most Senior member of the majority party, the President pro tempore of the United States Senate. In the forty-nine states that have a bicameral legislature, the highest position in Document [27] (Title: Speaker of the United States House of Representatives) later elected President of the United States. Towards the end of the 19th century, the office of Speaker began to develop into a very powerful one. At the time, one of the most important sources of the Speaker's power was his position as Chairman of the Committee on Rules, which, after the reorganization of the committee system in 1880, became one of the most powerful standing committees of the House. Furthermore, several Speakers became leading figures in their political parties; examples include Democrats Samuel J. Randall, John Griffin Carlisle, and Charles F. Crisp, and Republicans James G. Blaine, Thomas Brackett Document [28] (Title: Speaker of the House of Representatives of Nigeria) Speaker of the House of Representatives of Nigeria The Speaker of the House of Representatives is the presiding officer of the Federal House of Representatives of Nigeria. Yakubu Dogara, the current speaker, was elected on June 9, 2015. Sir Frederic Metcalfe of Great Britain became Speaker of the House of Representatives of Nigeria in 1955. He was replaced by the first indigenous speaker, Jaja Wachuku, in 1959. As Speaker of the House, Wachuku received Nigeria's Instrument of Independence, also known as Freedom Charter, on October 1, 1960, from Princess Alexandra of Kent (Alexandra was Elizabeth II's representative at the Nigerian Document [29] (Title: Newt Gingrich) Newt Gingrich Newton Leroy Gingrich (; né McPherson, June 17, 1943) is an American politician who served as the 50th Speaker of the United States House of Representatives from 1995 to 1999. A member of the Republican Party, he was the U.S. Representative for Georgia's 6th congressional district from 1979 until his resignation in 1999. In 2012, Gingrich was a candidate for the presidential nomination of his party. A teacher of history and geography at the University of West Georgia in the 1970s, Gingrich won election to the U.S. House of Representatives in November 1978, the first Republican in the Document [30] (Title: Michael Madigan) on his daughter's campaign. A federal investigation into one of Lisa Madigan's political endorsements ensued after Madigan allegedly contacted a union boss in Chicago shortly before the union endorsed Madigan's daughter for the post, but nothing came of it. Michael Madigan Michael Joseph Madigan (born April 19, 1942) is the speaker of the Illinois House of Representatives. He is the longest-serving leader of any state or federal legislative body in the history of the United States, having held the position for all but two years since 1983. He has served in the Illinois House since 1971, representing the 22nd District Document [31] (Title: 2019 Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election) been elected from House membership. The 435 members of the House of Representatives elect a Speaker by majority rule at the beginning of each session of the United States Congress, who serves until the end of the Congress. Typically, the election is a formality, as the majority party's members vote as a bloc for their party's previously-chosen Speaker-nominee (such as the speaker, majority leader, or minority leader from the previous term). Open elections are uncommon but have occurred. The last Speaker election to require multiple ballots occurred in 1923. The Democratic caucus vote was held on November 28, 2018. The Document [32] (Title: 2014 United States House of Representatives elections in Ohio) Republican Jim Renacci) filed paperwork to run in the 7th district in January 2013, but has put his plans on hold and may run in another district or not at all. Republican John Boehner, the Speaker of the House, has represented since 1991. Though Republican aides believed Boehner would step down as House speaker in 2014, Boehner had insisted that he would run for reelection to the House and as Speaker. Boehner faced primary challenges from two conservatives, computer consultant Eric Gurr and high school teacher and Tea Party member J.D. Winteregg Tom Poetter, a professor at Miami University, ran Document [33] (Title: Marco Rubio) Rubio became speaker after State Representatives Dennis Baxley, Jeff Kottkamp, and Dennis A. Ross dropped out. He was sworn in a year later, in November 2006. He became the first Cuban American to be speaker of the Florida House of Representatives, and would remain speaker until November 2008. When he was chosen as future speaker in 2005, Rubio delivered a speech to the House in which he asked members to look in their desks, where they each found a hardcover book titled "100 Innovative Ideas For Florida’s Future"; but the book was blank because it had not yet been written, Document [34] (Title: Mike Simpson) Party held the majority in the U.S. House of Representatives, Simpson often served as the Speaker Pro Tempore of the House, particularly during debates concerning controversial legislation, due to his command of House procedure. Simpson is known to have broken several sounding boards with the gavel while calling the House to order. This inspired Simpson to have a number of sounding boards produced in Idaho, which he presented to then Speaker of the House Dennis Hastert (R-IL) as a joke. When the Republican Party regained control of the House of Representatives in 2010, Mr. Simpson began once again to serve Document [35] (Title: Prospero Nograles) Prospero Nograles Prospero Castillo Nograles (born October 30, 1947) is a former Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines. He was elected as the Speaker of the House on February 5, 2008, the first ever elected Speaker from Mindanao in a hundred years in Philippine legislative history. Beginning in 1989, Nograles has been elected to five terms as a member of the House of Representatives, representing the 1st District of Davao City. Nograles was born in Davao City, and finished his primary and secondary education at the Ateneo de Davao University. He then studied at the Ateneo de Document [36] (Title: Speaker of the United States House of Representatives) 2018, Ryan announced he would not seek re-election in the 2018 mid-terms, and will also relinquish the office of Speaker when his term ends in 2019. The House of Representatives elects the Speaker of the House on the first day of every new Congress and in the event of the death, resignation or removal from the Chair of an incumbent Speaker. The Clerk of the House of Representatives requests nominations: there are normally two, one from each major party (each party having previously met to decide on its nominee). The Clerk then calls the roll of the Representatives, each Representative Document [37] (Title: October 2015 Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election) October 2015 Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election An election for the Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives took place on October 29, 2015, during the 114th U.S. Congress. The election was necessitated by the announcement of Speaker John Boehner's resignation, set for October 30. Boehner was the first Speaker to resign in the middle of a Congressional term since Jim Wright in 1989. Boehner had been the leader of the House Republican Caucus since 2007, as Minority Leader until 2011 and Speaker thereafter. During his time as Speaker, Boehner managed substantial friction within his caucus, Document [38] (Title: Bob Livingston) in international elections, and he is a Knight of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. Retrieved on June 17, 2010 Bob Livingston Robert Linlithgow Livingston Jr. (born April 30, 1943) is an American politician from Louisiana best known for being chosen as Newt Gingrich's successor as Speaker of the United States House of Representatives. He stepped down as speaker-elect following revelations of his numerous extramarital affairs. A Republican, he served as a U.S. Representative from Louisiana from 1977 to 1999 and as the Chairman of the Appropriations Committee from 1995–1999. During his final years in congress, Livingston was a strong Document [39] (Title: Speaker of the United States House of Representatives) Speaker-designate. It was then revealed, by Livingston himself, who had been publicly critical of President Bill Clinton's perjury during his sexual harassment trial, that he had engaged in an extramarital affair. He opted to resign from the House, despite being urged to stay on by House Democratic leader Gephardt. Subsequently, chief deputy whip Dennis Hastert was selected as Speaker. The Republicans retained their majorities in the 2000, 2002, and 2004 elections. The Democrats won a majority of seats in the 2006 midterm elections. On November 16, 2006, Nancy Pelosi, who was then Minority Leader, was selected as Speaker-designate by House Document [40] (Title: Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines) Macapagal Arroyo from Pampanga. She was elected to the office on July 23, 2018, and is the first woman and 21st person to serve as Speaker. When the Office of the Speaker is vacant (usually at the beginning of a new Congress), the Secretary-General of the House sits as the Speaker until a person is elected. A Speaker is usually elected via majority vote via roll call of the Representatives, after nomination at the start of each new Congress. Usually, despite the current multi-party system used, only two representatives are nominated, with nominations being agreed upon before each Congress during Document [41] (Title: Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives) Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives In New Zealand, the Speaker of the House of Representatives () is the individual who chairs the country's elected legislative body, the New Zealand House of Representatives. The individual who holds the position is elected by members of the House from among their number in the first session after each general election. The current Speaker is Trevor Mallard, who was initially elected on 7 November 2017. The Speaker is one of the highest-ranking offices in New Zealand. The officeholder fulfils several important functions in relation to the operation of the House, which Document [42] (Title: Beth Harwell) Beth Harwell Beth Halteman Harwell (born July 24, 1957, in Norristown, Pennsylvania) is the current Speaker of the Tennessee House of Representatives. She serves as State Representative for Nashville and is a former Chair of the Tennessee Republican Party. First elected to the Tennessee House of Representatives in 1988, Harwell served as a Republican Minority Whip and Commerce Committee Chair before being elected to the Speakership. She is the first woman to serve as Tennessee's Speaker of the House. In 2017 she announced her candidacy for Governor of Tennessee in the 2018 election. In 1978 Harwell received her Bachelor of Document [43] (Title: Tom Lubnau) Tom Lubnau Thomas E. Lubnau, II (born December 12, 1958), is the Republican Speaker of the Wyoming House of Representatives, a position to which he was elected by his colleagues in January 2013. A lawyer from Gillette, Lubnau was first elected to the state House in 2004 from District 31 in Campbell County in northeastern Wyoming. Lubnau served as president of the in 2002 – 2003. Prior to that, he was president-elect (2001–2002), vice-president (2000–2001) and bar commissioner (1997–2000). Prior to his Speakership, Lubnau was the House Speaker Pro Tempore in 2007 and 2008 and the House Majority Leader in Document [44] (Title: Michigan House of Representatives) of the House of Representatives is the presiding officer of the House and the leader of the majority party. The current Speaker is Tom Leonard, a third-term Republican from DeWitt. The Speaker calls the House to order at the hour to which the House last adjourned, preserves order and decorum in the chamber, recognizes Members to speak, and puts all questions. The Speaker is the chief administrator of the House and is technically the employer of all legislative staff. There is also a Speaker "pro tempore" and two associate Speakers "pro tempore" who preside in the absence of the Speaker. Document [45] (Title: October 2015 Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election) with a potential Speaker bid. On October 22, Ryan announced his bid for Speaker. Flores, who chairs the Republican Study Committee, dropped out of the race and endorsed Ryan. Mo Brooks of Alabama, a member of the Freedom Caucus, announced on the floor of the House on October 27 that Ryan had agreed not to advance immigration reform legislation while Barack Obama is President of the United States, or unless it meets the "Hastert Rule," as it has the support of the majority of Republicans. The following officially declared their candidacy: The following publicly expressed interest in becoming candidates: The Document [46] (Title: Glenn Thompson (politician)) 2011 to elect a Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, Thompson's vote was the 218th vote for John Boehner giving Boehner the majority needed to be named Speaker. During the 112th Congress, Thompson became chairman of the House Agriculture Subcommittee on Forestry, Conservation, and Energy. At the start of the 115th Congress, Thompson was named vice-chairman of the House Committee on Agriculture. Thompson voted in December 2017 for H.R. 1, The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. In January 2018, Thompson voted for the Fiscal Year 2018 continuing resolution (CR), a stopgap funding bill to fund the federal government Document [47] (Title: David B. Henderson) David B. Henderson David Bremner Henderson (March 14, 1840 – February 25, 1906), a ten-term Republican Congressman from Dubuque, Iowa, was the Speaker of the United States House of Representatives from 1899 to 1903. He was the first Congressman from west of the Mississippi River, the last Civil War veteran, the second foreign-born person (after Charles Frederick Crisp), and so far the only Iowan to serve as Speaker. Henderson was born in Old Deer, Scotland on March 14, 1840. He emigrated to the United States with his parents, who initially settled in Winnebago County, Illinois, in 1846. His family soon Document [48] (Title: Speaker of the House of Keys) robe was donated by the Speaker of the House of Commons in 1966 to commemorate the centenary of popular elections to the House of Keys. On 27 September 2016, Juan Watterson was elected as Speaker, the youngest person to hold the office since Sir John Senhouse Goldie-Taubman. <nowiki>*</nowiki>Following the election of Noel Cringle as President of Tynwald Speaker of the House of Keys The Speaker of the House of Keys () is the principal officer of the House of Keys, the lower house of the Isle of Man legislature. The Speaker is elected from the membership of the House at Document [49] (Title: Alaska House of Representatives) of the House presides over the House of Representatives. The Speaker is elected by the majority party caucus followed by confirmation of the full House through the passage of a House Resolution. In addition to presiding over the body, the Speaker is also the chief leadership position, and controls the flow of legislation and committee assignments. Other House leaders, such as the majority and minority leaders, are elected by their respective party caucuses relative to their party's strength in the chamber. Past partisan compositions can be found on Political party strength in Alaska. Current committees include: Alaska House of Representatives Document [50] (Title: Speaker of the United States House of Representatives) Speaker Newt Gingrich to resign. However, Gingrich refused since that would have required a new election for Speaker, which could have led to Democrats along with dissenting Republicans voting for Democrat Dick Gephardt (then Minority Leader) as Speaker. After the 1998 midterm elections where the Republicans lost seats, Gingrich did not stand for re-election. The next two figures in the House Republican leadership hierarchy, Majority Leader Richard Armey and Majority Whip Tom DeLay, chose not to run for the office. The chairman of the House Appropriations Committee, Bob Livingston, declared his bid for the speakership, which was unopposed, making him Document [51] (Title: David Clark (Utah politician)) speaker. Clark became Majority Leader in 2007 and Speaker of the House in 2009. However, in December 2010 State Representative Becky Lockhart (R-Provo) defeated Clark by only one vote (30-28). In November 2011, he decided to resign his seat to run for the congress in Utah's 2nd congressional district. The seat is being vacated by incumbent Democrat Jim Matheson, who is running in Utah's newly-drawn 4th congressional district. He officially launched his bid on January 13, 2012. Clark and his wife Nan have four children and live in Santa Clara. He is a member of The Church of Jesus Christ Document [52] (Title: Speaker of the United States House of Representatives) Speaker. As the office has developed historically, however, it has taken on a clearly partisan cast, very different from the speakership of most Westminster-style legislatures, such as the Speaker of the British House of Commons, which is meant to be scrupulously non-partisan. The Speaker in the United States, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives, outranking the Majority Leader. However, despite having the right to vote, the Speaker usually does not participate in debate. The Speaker is responsible for ensuring that the House passes legislation supported by the majority party. In pursuing this Document [53] (Title: October 2015 Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election) vote. The next day, Webster reportedly urged Republicans to vote for Ryan instead of him. On October 29, Ryan was elected Speaker with 236 of the 432 votes cast. Others receiving votes were Pelosi (184), Webster (9), Jim Cooper, John Lewis, and Colin Powell (1 each). Votes were cast by 432 of the 435 House members. Following the election, Raúl Labrador, a Freedom Caucus member from Idaho, said that Ryan will need to "realize the honeymoon is over and start bringing us some conservative policy," and that "the final exam for Paul Ryan will be in January 2017, when there Document [54] (Title: Speaker of the United States House of Representatives) House in the 2010 midterm elections. House Minority Leader John Boehner was elected as Speaker. Historically, there have been several controversial elections to the speakership, such as the contest of 1839. In that case, even though the 26th United States Congress convened on December 2, the House could not begin the speakership election until December 14 because of an election dispute in New Jersey known as the "Broad Seal War". Two rival delegations, one Whig and the other Democrat, had been certified as elected by different branches of the New Jersey government. The problem was compounded by the fact that Document [55] (Title: The Speaker's House) being placed under a conservation easement to ensure that it be permanently preserved as open space. To mark this success, the organization officially changed its name to The Speaker's House. On April 12, 2008, a Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission roadside marker was dedicated on the property to acknowledge the life and legacy of Frederick Muhlenberg. The mission of The Speaker's House is to inspire leadership and civic engagement by bringing to life the home and legacy of Frederick Muhlenberg, first Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives. The position of Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives was established Document [56] (Title: B. Patrick Bauer) Speaker of the House of Representatives of Indiana on November 7, 2006. The Speaker of the House presides over the Indiana House of Representatives and sets the legislative agenda. The Speaker also assigns other members of the House of Representatives to their respective committees. His term expired at the end of the 2010 session of the Indiana General Assembly. Rep. Bauer also served as Speaker of the House of Representatives during the 2003 and 2004 sessions. With the start of the 2011 session representative Bauer became the minority leader of the House of Representatives of Indiana. One of his first Document [57] (Title: Dennis Hastert) Dennis Hastert John Dennis Hastert (; born January 2, 1942) is a convicted child molester and a former American politician who served as the 51st Speaker of the United States House of Representatives from 1999 to 2007, representing from 1987 to 2007. He was the longest-serving Republican Speaker of the House in history, and is currently the highest-ranking holder of a political office in U.S. history to have served a prison sentence. Hastert grew up in rural Illinois. He graduated from Wheaton College in Wheaton, Illinois, with a degree in economics in 1964 and obtained an education degree from Northern Document [58] (Title: Speaker of the Texas House of Representatives) Speaker of the Texas House of Representatives The Speaker of the Texas House of Representatives is the presiding officer of the Texas House of Representatives. The Speaker's main duties are to conduct meetings of the House, appoint committees, and enforce the Rules of the House. The current speaker is Joe Straus, a Republican from San Antonio, who was first elected Speaker on January 13, 2009. The speaker is elected from the legislature of Texas, by a vote of its fellow members. On the first day of each regular session, the members may nominate a fellow member, and a record vote Document [59] (Title: Mike Chenault) little difficulty. He was elected Speaker of the Alaska House for the 26th Alaska State Legislature. He is a member of several committees, including the Rules Committee, the Legislative Council, and is an alternate for the Labor & Commerce Committee. He also sits on Finance subcommittees for Government, Transportation, and the Legislature. In the current 30th Legislature, Chenault is in his ninth term in the House. He served four terms as House Speaker, becoming the longest-serving holder of that office. He currently represents Alaska's 29th House District, which encompasses most of the eastern Kenai Peninsula, stretching from Nikiski to Seward Document [60] (Title: Speaker of the Texas House of Representatives) is held to determine who the speaker will be. The Secretary of State calls the House to order, and presides over the chamber until a speaker is elected. The speaker is the presiding officer of the House of Representatives. The Texas Constitution requires the House of Representatives, each time a new legislature convenes, to choose one of its own members to serve as Speaker. As presiding officer, the Speaker maintains order during floor debate, recognizing legislators who wish to speak and ruling on procedural matters. The constitution also requires the Speaker to sign all bills and joint resolutions passed by Document [61] (Title: Speaker of the United States House of Representatives) goal, the Speaker may use their power to determine when each bill reaches the floor. They also chair the majority party's steering committee in the House. While the Speaker is the functioning head of the House majority party, the same is not true of the President "pro tempore" of the Senate, whose office is primarily ceremonial and honorary. When the Speaker and the President belong to the same party, the Speaker tends to play the role in a more ceremonial light, as seen when Dennis Hastert played a very low-key role during the presidency of fellow Republican George W. Bush. Document [62] (Title: Prospero Nograles) post and no objection was posed to his election. Prospero Nograles Prospero Castillo Nograles (born October 30, 1947) is a former Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines. He was elected as the Speaker of the House on February 5, 2008, the first ever elected Speaker from Mindanao in a hundred years in Philippine legislative history. Beginning in 1989, Nograles has been elected to five terms as a member of the House of Representatives, representing the 1st District of Davao City. Nograles was born in Davao City, and finished his primary and secondary education at the Ateneo de Document [63] (Title: Craig DeRoche) DeRoche was elected speaker of the House. He served as speaker until the Democrats won a political majority in the general election on November 7, 2006. From 2007 until leaving the House of Representatives due to term limitations in 2009, he was the Republican leader. During the 2008 presidential election campaign, DeRoche was co-chairman of former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney's campaign in Michigan. In 2010, DeRoche announced that he would not run for the 18th Senate District seat held by Nancy Cassis, who was prohibited by term limitations from seeking re-election to a third term. After leaving office, he endorsed Document [64] (Title: Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom)) Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom) The Speaker of the House of Commons is the presiding officer of the House of Commons, the United Kingdom's lower chamber of Parliament. The office is currently held by John Bercow, who was initially elected on 22 June 2009, following the resignation of Michael Martin. He was returned as an MP in the 2010 general election and was re-elected as Speaker when the House sat at the start of the new parliament on 18 May 2010. He was again returned as an MP in the 2015 general election and was re-elected, unopposed, Document [65] (Title: Speaker of the House of Representatives (Egypt)) Speaker of the House of Representatives (Egypt) The Speaker of the House of Representatives () presides over the sessions of the House of Representatives of Egypt with functions similar to that of a speaker in other countries. In the Egypt order of precedence, his office is ranked second after the President and in case of the absence of the president he occupies his position for 60 days. Following the 2011 Egyptian revolution and the ouster of ex-president Hosni Mubarak and arrest of ex-speaker of the assembly Ahmad Fathi Sorour, one of the leaders of the NDP, Parliament was temporarily dissolved. Document [66] (Title: Speaker of the House of Representatives (Egypt)) Following the 2011-2012 Egyptian parliamentary elections, speaker Dr. Mohamed Saad El-Katatny was elected by 399 out of 503 of his fellow MPs on the opening session of the new parliament on 23 January 2012, almost a year after the outbreak of the revolution. However, the Supreme Constitutional Court invalidated the elections of the House of Representatives, claiming that Brotherhood members ran as independents and that their elections were not valid, thus ordering the lower house to be dissolved. The speaker of the House of Representatives puts the plan of activities of the assembly and its committees with his two deputies, Document [67] (Title: 2019 Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election) race for the leadership of the House Republicans began well before Ryan's official announcement, as it had been rumored for months. The Republican caucus vote was held on November 14, 2018. 2019 Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election An election for the Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives will take place during the first week in January 2019, during the opening day of the 116th United States Congress, two months after the 2018 elections. The Dean of the United States House of Representatives, in this case, Alaska's Don Young, will administer the oath of office to Document [68] (Title: Speaker of the North Carolina House of Representatives) held the speaker's chair continuously from 1899 until 1994, when Republicans gained a majority and elected Harold J. Brubaker in January 1995. In the 2003–2004 session, a unique power-sharing arrangement was created by Democrats and a handful of Republicans. This resulted in the first election of two speakers simultaneously, Jim Black (Democrat) and Richard T. Morgan (Republican). The two held roughly equal power and took turns presiding over the House. After Democrats won a majority in the 2004 election, this arrangement was ended, but Morgan again supported Black and was named Speaker "Pro Tempore". "Note that some sources refer to Document [69] (Title: Speaker of the United States House of Representatives) the speakership once again began to decline, despite speakership elections becoming increasingly bitter. As the Civil War approached, several sectional factions nominated their own candidates, often making it difficult for any candidate to attain a majority. In 1855 and again in 1859, for example, the contest for Speaker lasted for two months before the House achieved a result. During this time, Speakers tended to have very short tenures. For example, from 1839 to 1863 there were eleven Speakers, only one of whom served for more than one term. To date, James K. Polk is the only Speaker of the House Document [70] (Title: Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives) MP Carty Salmon initially served as speaker for the first federal Australian majority government, the Andrew Fisher Labor government, resulting from the 1910 election. At the 1913 election, Labor's Charles McDonald was offered retention of the Speakership by the incoming one-seat-majority Commonwealth Liberal Party, but declined – later however, after Labor's return to government at the 1914 election, McDonald regained the Speakership until the subsequent election despite the mid-term change to a Nationalist Party government. A Member elected Speaker is entitled, while Speaker, to the title "The Honourable", which, with the approval of the Sovereign, may be retained for life. Document [71] (Title: Greg Hughes) Greg Hughes Gregory H. Hughes is an American politician and a Republican member of the Utah House of Representatives representing District 51 since January 1, 2003. Greg Hughes currently serves as the Speaker of the House for the Utah House of Representatives in the state of Utah. He has announced that he will not be seeking reelection as Speaker of the House or as a representative in 2018. Born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Hughes never knew his father and was brought up by a single mother who sold cemetery plots on commission. She joined the LDS Church and married when Hughes Document [72] (Title: Kurt Daudt) was selected by Republicans to become Speaker of the Minnesota House of Representatives for the session beginning in 2015. Daudt was elected as Speaker of the Minnesota House of Representatives by the full House on January 6, 2015. Daudt is the youngest person to serve as Speaker since the 1930s. He served on the Elections Committee and the Rules and Legislative Administration Committee for the 2013-2015 Session. He previously served on the Commerce and Regulatory Reform, the Higher Education Policy and Finance, and the Redistricting committees, as well as on the Taxes Subcommittee for the Property and Local Tax Division. Document [73] (Title: H. Lee Moffitt) Dianne Davant Moffitt. H. Lee Moffitt H. Lee Moffitt (born November 10, 1941) is an American politician and attorney. He served as Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives from 1982 to 1984. Moffitt was born in Tampa, Florida on November 10, 1941 to Clara and B. B. Moffitt, a ship welder. He attended Henry B. Plant High School in Tampa, graduating in 1959. He later obtained his Bachelor of Arts from the University of South Florida in 1964 and his Juris Doctor from Cumberland School of Law in 1967. Moffitt was elected to the Florida House in 1974, serving Document [74] (Title: Speaker of the United States House of Representatives) early 1950s. Nancy Pelosi is the most recent example of an outgoing Speaker who was elected Minority Leader, after the Democrats lost control of the House in the 2010 elections. The first Speaker was Frederick Muhlenberg: he was elected as a Pro-Administration candidate to the 1st Congress, an Anti-Administration candidate to the 2nd and 3rd Congresses, and a Republican candidate to the 4th Congress, according to the "Biographical Directory of Congress", though Oswald Seidensticker wrote that he was elected as a Federalist for the first four Congresses. The position of Speaker started to gain its partisan role and its power Document [75] (Title: 2019 Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election) 2019 Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election An election for the Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives will take place during the first week in January 2019, during the opening day of the 116th United States Congress, two months after the 2018 elections. The Dean of the United States House of Representatives, in this case, Alaska's Don Young, will administer the oath of office to the new Speaker who, in turn, administers the oath of office en masse to the rest of the members of the United States House of Representatives. Incumbent Republican speaker Paul Ryan Document [76] (Title: Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives) of Representatives. He or she does not take part in debates in the House, does not vote in the House except in the (rare) event of a tied vote, and does not speak in public on party-political issues (except at election time in his or her own constituency). He or she is expected to conduct the business of the House in an impartial manner, and generally does so. There have been several memorable clashes between Speakers and the governments that caused them to be elected: In addition, a notable occurrence in 2011, a Speaker survived being countermanded by the House. Document [77] (Title: Paul Ryan) Paul Ryan Paul Davis Ryan Jr. (born January 29, 1970) is an American politician serving since 2015 as the 54th Speaker of the United States House of Representatives. He was the 2012 vice presidential nominee of the Republican Party, running alongside Mitt Romney. Ryan, a native of Janesville, Wisconsin, graduated from Miami University in 1992. He spent five years working for Republicans in Washington, D.C. and returned to Wisconsin in 1997 to work at his family's construction company. He successfully ran for Congress to represent the following year, replacing an incumbent Republican who ran for Senate. Ryan would represent the Document [78] (Title: Michael Madigan) Michael Madigan Michael Joseph Madigan (born April 19, 1942) is the speaker of the Illinois House of Representatives. He is the longest-serving leader of any state or federal legislative body in the history of the United States, having held the position for all but two years since 1983. He has served in the Illinois House since 1971, representing the 22nd District in southwest Chicago. "Chicago Magazine" named Madigan as the fourth-most-powerful Chicagoan in 2012 and as the second in both 2013 and 2014, earning the nickname "the Velvet Hammer—a.k.a. the Real Governor of Illinois." Rich Miller, editor of the "Capitol Document [79] (Title: The Speaker's House) The Speaker's House The Speaker's House is a museum located in Trappe, in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania that preserves the home of Frederick Muhlenberg, the First and Third Speaker of the United States House of Representatives. The house was built in 1763, bought by Muhlenberg in 1781, and occupied by his family until 1791. The first settlers of Trappe were German immigrants John Jacob Schrack (1679–1742) and his wife Eva Rosina Lang Schrack (1688–1756), who settled there in 1717. The Schracks had seven children: John Joseph, twins Maria Sabina and Anna Maria, Christian, Philip, Elizabeth, and John Jacob Jr. John Jacob Document [80] (Title: Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives) Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives Jim Cope was the presiding officer. While impartial, the Speaker does not usually quit the membership of his or her party – as is traditional Westminster convention. The only two speakers to have not been formally a member of a party were Sir Frederick Holder (who resigned from the Free Trade Party upon taking the role) and Peter Slipper (who resigned from the Liberal Party the day after his election to the chair). On the other hand, the Speaker is not an active political figure like the Speaker of the United States House Document [81] (Title: Ion Farris) of Representatives in 1907, taking over the seat previously held by Henry Holland Buckman. He served until 1909, when Frank E. Butler took over for the 1911 term. He returned to the House in 1913. He served as the Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives twice, in both 1909 and 1913, at a time when the Florida legislature met only once every two years. At the time, he was the youngest person to ever hold the position. In the 1913 bid for the position, he ran with no opposition. As Speaker, he amended the bill that formed Broward County, Document [82] (Title: Tom Foley) Tom Foley Thomas Stephen Foley (March 6, 1929 – October 18, 2013) was an American lawyer and politician who served as the 49th Speaker of the United States House of Representatives from 1989 to 1995. A member of the Democratic Party, Foley represented Washington's fifth district for thirty years He was the first Speaker of the House since 1862 to be defeated in a re-election campaign. Born in Spokane, Washington, Foley attended Gonzaga University and pursued a legal career after graduating from the University of Washington School of Law in Seattle. He joined the staff of Senator Henry M. Jackson Document [83] (Title: Dean of the United States House of Representatives) Dean for the old term's final months before Speaker Sam Rayburn became Dean in the new Congress. In 1994, Texas Democrat Jack Brooks was defeated by Steve Stockman in the year he was expected to succeed Jamie Whitten as Dean. Years as Dean are followed by name, party, state, and start of service in Congress. All the members of the First Congress had equal seniority (as defined for the purpose of this article), but Muhlenberg, as the Speaker, was the first member to be sworn in. Muhlenberg, Hartley and Thatcher were among the 13 members who attended the initial meeting Document [84] (Title: History of the United States (1991–2008)) impeached in the United States House of Representatives, but acquitted at his trial by the U.S. Senate. A public backlash forced Speaker Gingrich to resign after a poor showing in the 1998 midterm elections. In 1999, Republican Dennis Hastert of Illinois became Speaker of the House, a position he would hold until 2007, making him the longest-serving Republican Speaker of the House. Though his 2000 election had been the focus of intense controversy which led eventually to a U.S. Supreme Court ruling in "Bush v. Gore" where the court ruled 5–4 in the former's favor by siding with the State Document [85] (Title: Carl J. Stewart Jr.) he resigned in 2012. Carl J. Stewart Jr. Carl Jerome Stewart Jr. (born October 2, 1936) is an American politician who served as Speaker of the North Carolina House of Representatives for two terms between 1977 and 1980. He broke tradition by seeking a second term as Speaker, and since then, it has been customary for speakers to serve multiple terms. Stewart received undergraduate and law degrees from Duke University where he was a member of the Duke University Debating Team. A resident of Gastonia and an attorney, Stewart served in the North Carolina House of Representatives from 1967 through Document [86] (Title: October 2015 Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election) than a continuing resolution favored by Democrats in the United States Senate. On July 28, 2015, Mark Meadows, a member of the Freedom Caucus from North Carolina, filed a motion to vacate the speakership, only the second time the motion had been filed. The next day, Boehner referred to the motion as "no big deal". However, following continued pressure from the Freedom Caucus, and to avoid the vacation of his speakership, Boehner announced on September 25 that he would resign the Speakership and retire from Congress effective October 30. Sources from his office indicated he chose to resign due to Document [87] (Title: Delaware House of Representatives) Constitution, reflecting the new federal House of Representatives. This change on the part of Delaware initiated a movement that has resulted in a majority of the lower houses of U.S. state legislatures sharing the name of the federal House of Representatives. The Speaker of the House presides over the House of Representatives. The Speaker is elected by the majority party caucus followed by confirmation of the full House through the passage of a House Resolution. The Speaker is the chief leadership position of the body. The other House leaders are elected by their respective party caucuses. The Majority Leader determines Document [88] (Title: Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives) speak. The Speaker is also responsible for maintaining order during debate, and may punish members who break the rules of the House. The office of Speaker is currently held by Tony Smith (Liberal) since 10 August 2015. The Deputy Speaker is Kevin Hogan (National), who was elected Deputy Speaker on 26 March 2018. If the Speaker is absent the Deputy Speaker becomes the Acting Speaker. The Second Deputy Speaker is Rob Mitchell (Labor). The Speaker is elected by the House of Representatives in a secret ballot, with an election held whenever the Office of the Speaker is vacant, as set Document [89] (Title: Speaker-designate) by the majority party's caucus. Speaker-designate A Speaker-designate is a member of the United States House of Representatives or other lower house who has been selected by the caucus of the majority party to be nominated as Speaker of the House, but who has not yet taken office or been elected by the full House of Representatives, as it is still occupied by the previous Speaker. It is similar to terms such as "President-elect." It differs from the term Speaker-presumptive in that a Speaker-presumptive is assumed to be the incoming Speaker, but he or she has not been formally selected Document [90] (Title: Speaker of the House of Representatives of Nigeria) Independence ceremonies). Chaha Biam hails from Ukum Local Government Area of Benue State. He was elected to the House of Representative on the platform of NPN in the 1983 general elections and was elected as the Speaker of House of Representative in the short lived second tenure of Alhaji Shehu Shagari, October 1, 1983 - December 31, 1983. The speaker is chosen in an indirect election conducted within the House of Representatives. The Speaker is third in line for succession to the Nigerian presidency, after the President of the Senate and Vice President. Speaker of the House of Representatives of Document [91] (Title: Dennis Hastert) subcommittee assignments or positions within the Republican Conference). In the aftermath of the 1998 midterm elections, where the GOP lost five House seats and failed to make a net gain of seats in the Senate, House Speaker Newt Gingrich of Georgia stepped down from the speakership and declined to take his seat for an 11th term. In mid-December, Representative Robert L. Livingston of Louisiana—the former chairman of the House Appropriations Committee and the Speaker-designate—stated in a dramatic surprise announcement on the House floor that he would not become Speaker, following widely publicized revelations of his extramarital affairs. Although he reportedly Document [92] (Title: Mike Turzai) 15, 2016, Turzai was chosen by House Republicans to be speaker-designee of the House of Representatives. On January 6, 2017, he was unanimously elected as Speaker of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives for a second term. Because of his role as Speaker, Turzai sits on all committees in an ex-officio capacity. He actively serves on the Committee on Committees and the Committee on Rules. In 2017 Turzai was given a 91% rating by the National Federation of Independent Business (which endorsed him in October 2016) and an 80% rating by the American Conservative Union. In 2016 he was given a Document [93] (Title: Speaker of the United States House of Representatives) (under Theodore Roosevelt) was particularly infamous for his marginalization of the minority Democrats and centralizing of authority to the speakership. In more recent times, Speaker Nancy Pelosi played a role in continuing the push for health care reform during the presidency of fellow Democrat Barack Obama. On the other hand, when the Speaker and the President belong to opposite parties, the public role and influence of the Speaker tend to increase. As the highest-ranking member of the opposition party (and "de facto" Leader of the Opposition), the Speaker is normally the chief public opponent of the President's agenda. In this Document [94] (Title: Speaker of the United States House of Representatives) already the House party leader, and as the minority leader are usually their party's nominee for Speaker), or majority leaders (upon departure of the current Speaker in the majority party), assuming that the party leadership hierarchy is followed. In the past, other candidates have included chairpersons of influential standing committees. Historically, the Democrats have always elevated their minority leader to the speakership upon reclaiming majority control of the House. However, Republicans have not always followed this leadership succession pattern. In 1919, Republicans bypassed James Robert Mann, R-IL, who had been Minority Leader for eight years, and elected a backbencher representative, Document [95] (Title: Pennsylvania House of Representatives) part-time.) The Hall of the House contains important symbols to Pennsylvania history and the work of legislators. The speakership is the oldest elected statewide office in the Commonwealth. Since its first session in 1682—presided over by William Penn—over 130 house members have been elevated to the speaker's chair. The house cannot hold an official session in the absence of the speaker or his designated "speaker pro tempore." Speaker Leroy Irvis was the first African American elected speaker of any state legislature in the United States since Reconstruction. Speaker Dennis O'Brien was the only minority-party Speaker known in Pennsylvania and only Document [96] (Title: Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom)) he returned to wearing the traditional robe in 2016. Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom) The Speaker of the House of Commons is the presiding officer of the House of Commons, the United Kingdom's lower chamber of Parliament. The office is currently held by John Bercow, who was initially elected on 22 June 2009, following the resignation of Michael Martin. He was returned as an MP in the 2010 general election and was re-elected as Speaker when the House sat at the start of the new parliament on 18 May 2010. He was again returned as an MP Document [97] (Title: Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines) Speaker must "be the permanent head of delegation and representative of the House in all international parliamentary gatherings and organizations: Provided, that the Speaker may designate any Member to be the representative of the Speaker. The Speaker shall also determine, upon the recommendation of the Majority Leader, in consultation with the Chairperson of the Committee on Inter-Parliamentary Relations and Diplomacy, who shall constitute the House delegation to any international conference or forum of parliamentarians and legislators and the secretariat support staff to be mobilized for the purpose." In some lists that count only the Speakers of the "House of Representatives", Document [98] (Title: United States House of Representatives) could be elected as Speaker with the support of a fraction of members of the majority party). Under the Presidential Succession Act (1947), the Speaker is second in the line of presidential succession behind the Vice President. The Speaker is the presiding officer of the House but does not preside over every debate. Instead, s/he delegates the responsibility of presiding to other members in most cases. The presiding officer sits in a chair in the front of the House chamber. The powers of the presiding officer are extensive; one important power is that of controlling the order in which members Document [99] (Title: October 2015 Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election) House of Representatives is the presiding officer of the United States House of Representatives, and is second in the United States presidential line of succession, after the Vice President and ahead of the President pro tempore of the United States Senate. Though the Constitution does not require that the Speaker be an elected member of the House of Representatives, every Speaker to date has been elected from House membership. The 435 members of the House of Representatives elect a Speaker by majority rule at the beginning of each session of the United States Congress, who serves until the end of Document [100] (Title: Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives) first Speaker, Frederick Holder (1901) and Peter Slipper (2011), who resigned from their respective parties upon election as Speaker, and sat as independents. A Speaker ceases to hold that office if, for any reason, he or she ceases to be a member of the House. There is no convention in Australia that the Speaker should not be opposed in his or her seat, and three Speakers have been defeated at general elections: Littleton Groom (1929), Walter Nairn (1943) and William Aston (1972). Because the Speaker is always the nominee of the governing party, there is no expectation that a Speaker Document [101] (Title: 2019 Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election) did not run for re-election to the House. The Democratic caucus assuming control of the House in January will have a preponderance of voting influence in selecting the next Speaker. The Speaker of the United States House of Representatives is the presiding officer of the United States House of Representatives, and is second in the United States presidential line of succession, after the Vice President and ahead of the President pro tempore of the United States Senate. Though the Constitution does not require that the Speaker be an elected member of the House of Representatives, every Speaker to date has Document [102] (Title: Speaker of the United States House of Representatives) Frederick H. Gillett, R-MA, to be Speaker. Mann had "angered many Republicans by objecting to their private bills on the floor", and was also a protégé of autocratic Speaker Joseph Gurney Cannon (R-IL18) who had been Speaker from 1903 to 1911, and was still in the House. Many members "suspected that he [Mann] would try to re-centralize power in his hands if elected Speaker". It is expected that members of the House vote for their party's candidate. If they do not, they usually vote for someone else in their party or vote "present". Those who vote for the other party's Document [103] (Title: 2016 Speaker of the House of Representatives (Netherlands) election) 2016 Speaker of the House of Representatives (Netherlands) election The 2016 Speaker of the House of Representatives (Dutch: "Voorzitter van de Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal") election was called to elect the new Speaker of the House of Representatives after incumbent Anouchka van Miltenburg of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) had resigned on 12 December 2015. Van Miltenburg who had been the Speaker since 25 September 2012 resigned after increasing criticism on her performance as Speaker. Khadija Arib of the Labour Party (PvdA) who had been a Member of the House of Representatives from 19 May 1998 until Document [104] (Title: Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives) announcing his resignation, both Majority Leader Dick Armey and Majority Whip Tom DeLay did not contest the Speakership which eventually went to Chief Deputy Whip Dennis Hastert. Traditionally, the Speaker is reckoned as the leader of the majority party in the House, with the Majority Leader as second-in-command. For instance, when the Republicans gained the majority in the House after the 2010 elections, Eric Cantor succeeded Boehner as Majority Leader. Despite this, Cantor and his successor, Kevin McCarthy, have been reckoned as the second-ranking Republicans in the House, since Boehner was still reckoned as the leader of the House Republicans. Document [105] (Title: Michael C. Kerr) Michael C. Kerr Michael Crawford Kerr (March 15, 1827 – August 19, 1876) was a Prosecuting Attorney in the 52nd Judicial District, an American legislator, and the first Democratic Speaker of the United States House of Representatives after the Civil War. He was born at Titusville, Pennsylvania and educated at the Erie Academy. He graduated from the University of Louisville School of Law in 1851. He moved to New Albany, Indiana in 1852 and was a member of the State Legislature from 1856 to 1857. He was elected to Congress in 1864 as a War Democrat, having vigorously opposed the Document [106] (Title: Sam Rayburn) Sam Rayburn Samuel Taliaferro Rayburn (January 6, 1882 – November 16, 1961) was an American politician who served as the 43rd Speaker of the United States House of Representatives. He represented Texas's 4th congressional district as a Democrat from 1913 to 1961. He holds the record for the longest tenure as Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, serving for over 17 years (between three separate stints). Born in Roane County, Tennessee, Rayburn moved with his family to Windom, Texas in 1887. After a period as a school teacher, Rayburn won election to the Texas House of Representatives and Document [107] (Title: October 2015 Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election) is a Speaker election, and we will look at his body of work and determine whether he gets a passing grade or not." October 2015 Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election An election for the Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives took place on October 29, 2015, during the 114th U.S. Congress. The election was necessitated by the announcement of Speaker John Boehner's resignation, set for October 30. Boehner was the first Speaker to resign in the middle of a Congressional term since Jim Wright in 1989. Boehner had been the leader of the House Republican Document [108] (Title: Speaker of the United States House of Representatives) Speaker of the United States House of Representatives The Speaker of the House is the presiding officer of the United States House of Representatives. The office was established in 1789 by Article I, of the United States Constitution. The Speaker is the political and parliamentary leader of the House of Representatives, and is simultaneously the House's presiding officer, "de facto" leader of the body's majority party, and the institution's administrative head. Speakers also perform various other administrative and procedural functions. Given these several roles and responsibilities, the Speaker usually does not personally preside over debates. That duty is instead delegated Document [109] (Title: Dean of the United States House of Representatives) Dean of the United States House of Representatives The Dean of the United States House of Representatives is the longest continuously serving member of the House. The current Dean is Don Young, a Republican Party representative from Alaska who has served since 1973, and is the first Republican Dean in more than eighty years, as well as the first from Alaska. The Dean is a symbolic post whose only customary duty is to swear in a Speaker of the House after he or she is elected. The Dean comes forward on the House Floor to administer the oath to the Document [110] (Title: Sam Rayburn) officer from Henry County, Virginia, and was an honorary president of the Colonel George Waller Chapter of the Sons of the American Revolution. Sam Rayburn Samuel Taliaferro Rayburn (January 6, 1882 – November 16, 1961) was an American politician who served as the 43rd Speaker of the United States House of Representatives. He represented Texas's 4th congressional district as a Democrat from 1913 to 1961. He holds the record for the longest tenure as Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, serving for over 17 years (between three separate stints). Born in Roane County, Tennessee, Rayburn moved with his Document [111] (Title: October 2015 Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election) the increasing discord within the Republican caucus so that he could manage passage of a continuing resolution to fund the government and avoid a government shutdown. On September 28, Kevin McCarthy of California, the House Majority Leader, and Webster announced that they would run for Speaker of the House. McCarthy was considered the presumptive favorite in the race. Jason Chaffetz, a Republican from Utah and the Chairman of the House Oversight and Government Reform Committee, announced his candidacy on October 4, claiming that McCarthy did not have the votes to win the election. Several Republicans urged Paul Ryan of Wisconsin, Document [112] (Title: Brendan Sharkey) Brendan Sharkey J. Brendan Sharkey (Orange, New Jersey, 1962) is the former Speaker of the Connecticut House of Representatives. He was sworn in as Speaker on January 9, 2013. From 2011 until his election as Speaker he served as the Majority Leader. Since 2001 he has represented the 88th Assembly District, consisting of parts of Hamden. Sharkey was born in Orange, New Jersey in 1962 and moved to Connecticut in 1971. He attended Georgetown University in Washington, D.C., graduating in 1984 with a Bachelor of Arts in English/Philosophy. He graduated from the University of Connecticut School of Law in 1989. Document [113] (Title: Speaker of the United States House of Representatives) three members of the Progressive Party and other individual members of other parties voted for their own party. The Republicans had a plurality in the House but James "Champ" Clark remained Speaker of the House because of the support of the Progressive Party members. In 1931, both the Republicans and the Democrats had 217 members with the Minnesota Farmer-Labor Party having one member who served as the deciding vote. The Farmer-Labor Party eventually voted for the Democrats' candidate for Speaker, John Nance Garner, who later became Vice President under Franklin Roosevelt. In 1997, several Republican congressional leaders tried to force Document [114] (Title: October 2015 Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election) On October 12, Flores confirmed that he would run for Speaker, but stated that he would run only if Ryan stayed out of the contest. Ryan held a closed-door meeting with the Republican Caucus on October 20, where he explained that he would run for Speaker if he could be guaranteed an overwhelming majority of the Republican caucus would support him. Specifically, Ryan requested an increased threshold for the political maneuver of vacating the Speakership, stated that he would not lessen the amount of time he spends with his family, and requested an official endorsement from the Freedom Caucus, Republican Document [115] (Title: Joseph W. Martin Jr.) was in the Speaker's chair presiding over the House on March 1, 1954 when four Puerto Rican independence activists opened fire on the House, wounding five Congressmen. Speaker Martin declared the House in recess as he sought cover behind a marble pillar on the rostrum. Martin would be the last Republican to serve as Speaker of the House until the election of Newt Gingrich of Georgia in the aftermath of the Republican Revolution almost forty years later. Martin remained leader of the House Republicans until 1958, when the party experienced heavy losses in that year's elections. In the aftermath, Martin Document [116] (Title: Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines) may be removed from office in a coup, or can be replaced by death or resignation. In some cases, a Speaker may be compelled to resign at the middle of a Congress' session after he has lost support of the majority of congressmen; in that case, an election for a new Speaker is held. Despite being a partisan official, the Speaker (or whoever is presiding) does not vote unless in breaking ties in accordance with the Rules of the House of Representatives. The current House Speaker of the 17th Congress of the Philippines is former President and now Congresswoman Gloria Document [117] (Title: Christopher G. Donovan) Christopher G. Donovan Christopher G. Donovan (born October 22, 1953) is a former American Democratic politician who was elected to be the Speaker of the Connecticut House of Representatives. He was sworn in as Speaker on January 7, 2009, and left his post in 2013, having not sought reelection to the House. He is the first grassroots organizer to become speaker of the Connecticut House. Donovan was a candidate for US Congress in 2012, losing in the primary to Elizabeth Esty. Donovan graduated from Monsignor Bonner High School in Drexel Hill, Pennsylvania, in 1971. He earned his bachelor's degree in Document [118] (Title: Dennis Hastert) as chief deputy whip). Dennis Hastert John Dennis Hastert (; born January 2, 1942) is a convicted child molester and a former American politician who served as the 51st Speaker of the United States House of Representatives from 1999 to 2007, representing from 1987 to 2007. He was the longest-serving Republican Speaker of the House in history, and is currently the highest-ranking holder of a political office in U.S. history to have served a prison sentence. Hastert grew up in rural Illinois. He graduated from Wheaton College in Wheaton, Illinois, with a degree in economics in 1964 and obtained an Document [119] (Title: Speaker of the United States House of Representatives) assigned to preside to give them experience with the rules and procedures of the House. The Speaker may also designate, with approval of the House, a Speaker "pro tempore" for special purposes, such as designating a Representative whose district is near Washington, D.C. to sign enrolled bills during long recesses. Under the Rules of the House, the Speaker, "as soon as practicable after the election of the Speaker and whenever appropriate thereafter", must deliver to the Clerk of the House a confidential list of Members who are designated to act as Speaker in the case of a vacancy or physical Document [120] (Title: October 2015 Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election) witnessed Boehner's difficulties managing a caucus with several prominent factions, and was initially unwilling to run. However, he received support from each of the factions and eventually declared his candidacy. Most Republicans withdrew and endorsed Ryan. In addition to Ryan, Daniel Webster of the Republican Party and House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi of the Democratic Party were also declared candidates. Ryan won the rescheduled caucus vote on October 28, and was elected Speaker of the House the next day, with 236 votes to Pelosi's 184 and Webster's 9. Three votes went to undeclared candidates. The Speaker of the United States Document [121] (Title: Pantaleon Alvarez) attached agencies. He also spearheaded the slogan "OKS na OKS sa DOTC" which means "Organisado, Kalinisan at Seguridad". On Monday, July 25, 2016 the opening of the 17th Congress He was elected as the 24th Speaker of the House of Representatives Speaker of the House of Representatives with 251 votes. Alvarez began to take office as Speaker of the House of Representatives on July 25, 2016 to July 23, 2018. Committed to his political will in serving the Filipino people, he filed measurements and House Bills that will highly benefit the country. Listed below are the House Bills, their status Document [122] (Title: Theodore M. Pomeroy) Theodore M. Pomeroy Theodore Medad Pomeroy (December 31, 1824 – March 23, 1905) was an American businessman and politician from New York who served as the 26th Speaker of the United States House of Representatives from March 3, 1869, to March 4, 1869, the shortest American speakership term in history. He represented New York's 24th congressional district in the United States House of Representatives from 1861 to 1869. He also served as the mayor of Auburn, New York, from 1875 to 1876, and in the New York State Senate from 1878 to 1879. Theodore Medad Pomeroy was born on December Document [123] (Title: Susana Mendoza) of Uganda and Tanzania as a delegate for the American Council of Young Political Leaders. In June 2004, the State Department sent Mendoza to Brazil where she participated in a series of debates in which she represented the National Democratic Party's 2004 presidential platform. In 2011, Mendoza gave a speech to nominate Michael J. Madigan as Speaker of the Illinois House of Representatives. She praised him, saying, "I've had the privilege to serve under his unparalleled leadership for 10 years now, only a quarter of the time Illinois has benefitted from his almost 40 years of stewardship." "Over the last Document [124] (Title: Speaker of the United States House of Representatives) candidate wins such a majority, then the roll call is repeated until a speaker is elected. The last time repeated votes were required was in 1923, when the Speaker was elected on the ninth ballot. The new Speaker is then sworn in by the Dean of the United States House of Representatives, the chamber's longest-serving member. In modern practice, the Speaker is chosen by the majority party from among its senior leaders either when a vacancy in the office arrives or when the majority party changes. Previous Speakers have been minority leaders (when the majority party changes, as they are Document [125] (Title: Speaker of the United States House of Representatives) won a majority in the House. Nancy Pelosi became Speaker when the 110th Congress convened on January 4, 2007, making her the first woman to hold the office. With the election of Barack Obama as President and Democratic gains in both houses of Congress, Pelosi became the first Speaker since Tom Foley to hold the office during single-party Democratic leadership in Washington. During the 111th Congress, Pelosi was the driving force behind several of Obama's major initiatives that proved controversial, and the Republicans campaigned against the Democrats' legislation by staging a "Fire Pelosi" bus tour and regained control of the Document [126] (Title: Tennessee House of Representatives) largely at the mercy of what the governor's staff chose to tell them and in many ways were often something of a "rubber stamp." The Speaker of the House of Representatives is the presiding officer of the House. The Speaker is elected to a two-year term at the beginning of the 1st half of each session of the Tennessee General Assembly. Additionally, the Speaker is second in line for succession to the governorship, after the Speaker of the Senate, in the event of such need. The Speaker appoints members to all committees as well. Even though the Speaker does not Document [127] (Title: Speaker of the United States House of Representatives) Nevertheless, when the Speaker and the President belong to the same party, there are also times that the Speaker plays a much larger role, and the Speaker is tasked, e.g., with pushing through the agenda of the majority party, often at the expense of the minority opposition. This can be seen, most of all, in the speakership of Democratic-Republican Henry Clay, who personally ensured the presidential victory of fellow Democratic-Republican John Quincy Adams. Democrat Sam Rayburn was a key player in the passing of New Deal legislation under the presidency of fellow Democrat Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Republican Joseph Gurney Cannon Document [128] (Title: Louisiana House of Representatives) Representatives. The Speaker is customarily recommended by the governor (although this is not in House rules), then elected by the full House. In addition to presiding over the body, the Speaker is also the chief leadership position, and controls the flow of legislation and committee assignments. The House of Representatives also elects a Speaker pro tempore to preside in the absence of the Speaker. The current Speaker is Republican Chuck Kleckley of the 36th District (Calcasieu), who was elected to that position in 2012 succeeding Jim Tucker. His deputy is the Speaker pro tempore, currently Democrat Walt Leger, III of Document [129] (Title: Washington House of Representatives) the majority party caucus followed by a vote of the full House. As well as presiding over the body, the Speaker is also the chief leadership position, and controls the flow of legislation. In the absence of the Speaker the Speaker Pro Tem assumes the role of Speaker. Other House leaders, such as the majority and minority leaders, are elected by their respective party caucuses relative to their party's strength in the House. The current Speaker of the House is Democrat Frank Chopp (D-Seattle) of the 43rd Legislative District. The Speaker Pro Tempore is Tina Orwall (D-Des Moines) of the Document [130] (Title: Speaker of the United States House of Representatives) recent election for the post of Speaker of the United States House of Representatives took place on January 3, 2017, during the opening day of the 115th United States Congress. The incumbent speaker, Paul Ryan, was re-elected. The next election for the post of speaker is scheduled to take place on January 3, 2019, when the incoming 116th United States Congress convenes. The two official candidates for the office are: Speaker of the United States House of Representatives The Speaker of the House is the presiding officer of the United States House of Representatives. The office was established in 1789 Document [131] (Title: Speaker of the United States House of Representatives) to members of the House from the majority party. Neither does the Speaker regularly participate in floor debates. The Constitution does not require the Speaker to be an elected member of the House of Representatives, although every Speaker thus far has been. The Speaker is second in the United States presidential line of succession, after the Vice President and ahead of the President "pro tempore" of the Senate. The current House Speaker is Congressman Paul Ryan from Wisconsin. He was elected to the office on October 29, 2015, and is the 54th person to serve as Speaker. On April 11, Document [132] (Title: Charles McCall) Charles McCall Charles Adelbert McCall III (born April 19, 1970) is an American politician who currently serves as the Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives. A member of the Republican Party, he represents the 22nd House District, which is located in southeastern Oklahoma. McCall was born on April 19, 1970 to Charles Andrew McCall and Barbara Ann McCall (née Clure), of Atoka, Oklahoma. He graduated from Atoka High School in 1988. He attended the University of Oklahoma, graduating in 1992 with a bachelor's degree in finance and economics. He became a licensed nursing home administrator in 1993 before earning Document [133] (Title: Speaker of the United States House of Representatives) Democrats. When the 110th Congress convened on January 4, 2007, she was elected as the 52nd Speaker by a vote of 233-202, becoming the first woman elected Speaker of the House. Pelosi remained Speaker through the 111th Congress. For the 112th Congress, Republican John Boehner was unanimously designated Speaker-designate by House Republicans and was elected the 53rd Speaker of the House. As a show of dissent, nineteen Democratic representatives voted for Democrats other than Pelosi, who had been chosen as House Minority Leader and the Democrats' candidate for Speaker. The Constitution does not spell out the political role of the Document [134] (Title: Yusuf Sulaimon Lasun) members of the House of Representatives out of the 357 that participated in the in-house election. Yakubu Dogara was elected as the Speaker. Besides his primary role of representing his constituents in the House of Representatives and making laws, Lasun has presided over the affairs of the House when the Speaker, Yakubu Dogara, was unavoidably absent or had to participate on the floor of the House. Lasun led some members of the House to the 15th Commonwealth Speakers and Presiding Officers Conference African Region, in Accra, Ghana, in November, 2015. He was the Deputy Chairperson of the conference. He represented Document [135] (Title: Nancy Pelosi) House of Representatives traditionally does. With her election, Pelosi became the first woman, the first Californian, and the first Italian-American to hold the Speakership. She is also the second Speaker from a state west of the Rocky Mountains. The first was Washington's Tom Foley, the last Democrat to hold the post before Pelosi. During her speech, she discussed the historical importance of being the first female to hold the position of Speaker: She also spoke on Iraq as the major issue facing the 110th Congress, while incorporating some Democratic Party beliefs: As Speaker, Pelosi was still the leader of the Document [136] (Title: John Boehner) John Boehner John Andrew Boehner ( ; born , 1949) is an American politician who served as the 53rd Speaker of the United States House of Representatives from 2011 to 2015. A member of the Republican Party, he was the U.S. Representative for from 1991 to 2015. The district included several rural and suburban areas near Cincinnati and Dayton. Boehner previously served as the House Minority Leader from 2007 until 2011, and House Majority Leader from 2006 until 2007. Boehner resigned from the House of Representatives in October 2015 due to opposition from within the Republican caucus. In September 2016, Document [137] (Title: Speaker of the North Carolina House of Representatives) Speaker of the North Carolina House of Representatives The Speaker of the North Carolina House of Representatives is the presiding officer of one of the houses of the North Carolina General Assembly. The Speaker is elected by the members of the house when they convene for their regular session in January of each odd-numbered year. Perhaps the most important duty of the Speaker is to appoint members and chairs of the various standing committees of the House. The office evolved from the office of Speaker of the lower house of the legislature in the Province of Carolina, called the House Document [138] (Title: Speaker of the United States House of Representatives) House. The Speaker is responsible for maintaining decorum in the House and may order the Sergeant-at-Arms to enforce House rules. The Speaker's powers and duties extend beyond presiding in the chamber. In particular, the Speaker has great influence over the committee process. The Speaker selects nine of the thirteen members of the powerful Committee on Rules, subject to the approval of the entire majority party. The leadership of the minority party chooses the remaining four members. Furthermore, the Speaker appoints all members of select committees and conference committees. Moreover, when a bill is introduced, the Speaker determines which committee will Document [139] (Title: Savali Talavou Ale) had adopted and raised. Both Savali Talavou Ale and Sakala Mautofu Ale were ordained deacons in the Congregational Christian Church in American Samoa (CCCAS). He was first elected to the House of Representatives in 1981. Ale, who has never lost re-election, has been re-elected to the House during each successive general election from the 1980s and 2010s, making him the House's longest serving member, as of 2015. On November 7, 2006, incumbent Speaker Matagi Mailo Ray McMoore lost re-election to the House of Representatives in the general election. Savali, who was Vice Speaker of the House from 2005 to 2007, Document [140] (Title: Brian Gosch) Brian Gosch Brian Gregory Gosch (born May 26, 1971) is an American politician from the state of South Dakota. He was a member of the South Dakota House of Representatives, and served as the Speaker of the House from 2013 to 2015. In November 2014, he was elected as Majority Leader of the South Dakota House of Representatives beginning in the 2015 session. He was replaced as Speaker of the House by Dean Wink. Gosch was born in Aberdeen, South Dakota. He attended high school at Martin Luther Prep School in Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin. He graduated from the University Document [141] (Title: Speaker of the North Carolina House of Representatives) of Burgesses. Since the House was the only elected body in the colony, the Speaker was often seen as the leading voice of the people. In 1776, North Carolina established its first constitution, which created a Senate and a House of Commons, both of which were elected. In 1868, the name of the house was changed to "House of Representatives." For most of the twentieth century, the office's power was limited, because Speakers usually only served for a single legislative session. This changed with Speakers Carl J. Stewart, Jr. (1977–1980), Liston B. Ramsey (1981–1988) and James B. Black (1999–2006). Democrats Document [142] (Title: October 2015 Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election) January 2007 until January 2011. When Republicans reassumed control of the House of Representatives in January 2011, Boehner was elected as Speaker, with the votes of all 241 of his fellow Republicans. In 2014, some House Republicans reached out to Ben Carson about his interest in becoming Speaker should they be able to oust Boehner; Carson declined, citing his impending candidacy for president. Boehner's Republican opponents formed a congressional caucus, called the Freedom Caucus, in January 2015 to focus their opposition. Though Boehner was reelected as Speaker at the beginning of the 114th United States Congress that month, 25 conservative Document [143] (Title: Speaker of the House of Representatives (Netherlands)) Speaker of the House of Representatives (Netherlands) The Speaker of the House of Representatives () is one of the 150 Members of the Dutch House of Representatives and is elected to lead the meetings of the House. They are also chairing the Presidium and the Procedure Committee (""). The office is currently held by Khadija Arib of the Labour Party (PvdA). She was elected on 13 January 2016 in an interim election, after Speaker Anouchka van Miltenburg of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) resigned on 12 December 2015. She was First Deputy and acting Speaker until her Document [144] (Title: Speaker of the House of Representatives of Puerto Rico) Speaker vary from session to session—save being called "Speaker" as the Constitution establishes. The Speaker is typically elected during the House inaugural session. When absent, the Speaker is substituted by the Speaker pro tempore. Its counterpart in the Senate is the President of the Senate. The current Speaker is Carlos Johnny Méndez, representative at-large from the New Progressive Party. The Speaker traces its history back to more than years ago when the Foraker Act formally established the post on April 12, 1900. Several laws eventually superseded said act, and the post was eventually established by the Constitution of Puerto Rico, Document [145] (Title: Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives) Speaker David B. Henderson created the position to establish a party leader on the House floor separate from the Speaker, as the role of Speaker had become more prominent, and the size of the House had grown from 105 at the beginning of the century to 356. Starting with Republican Nicholas Longworth in 1925, and continued through the Democrats' control of the House from 1931 to 1995, save for Republican majorities in 1947–49 and 1953–55, all majority leaders have directly ascended to the Speakership brought upon by the retirement of the incumbent. The only exceptions during this period were Charles Document [146] (Title: 2007 State of the Union Address) and the first time at a State of the Union address. Traditionally, the Speaker of the House and the Vice President (the President of the Senate) are the only individuals on the rostrum with the President. However, in a joint session of Congress on September 20, 2001, following the September 11 attacks nine days earlier, president pro tempore Robert Byrd, a Democrat, took the place of Vice President Cheney, who was at an undisclosed location. As the first female Speaker of the House, Nancy Pelosi is also the first woman in American history to stand on the podium during a Document [147] (Title: Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives) death or resignation of an incumbent Speaker. Five Speakers have been former government ministers: William Watt, Littleton Groom, Archie Cameron, Ian Sinclair and Bronwyn Bishop; one a former Parliamentary Secretary: Stephen Martin; and one both a former minister and a former Leader of the Opposition: Billy Snedden. Two were former state premiers: Holder and Watt. There is no convention in Australia that Speakers should resign from Parliament at the end of their term; two Speakers have become Cabinet ministers after having been Speaker: Norman Makin and Gordon Scholes. Bronwyn Bishop was elected Speaker on 12 November 2013, as the Coalition's Document [148] (Title: Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives) the office of speaker. Two people have held the office on more than one occasion. A full list of speakers is below. † indicates Speaker died in office. Three other chair occupants deputise for the Speaker: Between 1854 and 1992, the Chairman of Committees chaired the House when in Committee of the whole House (i.e., taking a bill's committee stage) and presided in the absence of the Speaker or when the Speaker so requested. These arrangements were based on those of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. Until 1992, the Chairman of Committees was known as the Deputy Document [149] (Title: October 2015 Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election) the Congress. Typically, the election is a formality, as the majority party's members vote as a bloc for their party's previously-chosen Speaker-designate (such as the speaker, majority leader, or minority leader from the previous term). Open elections are uncommon but have occurred. The last Speaker election to require multiple ballots occurred in 1923. John Boehner, a member of the Republican Party from Ohio, served as the Majority Leader of the United States House of Representatives from February 2006 until January 2007. As the Democratic Party assumed control of the House following the 2006 elections, Boehner served as Minority Leader from Document [150] (Title: Speaker of the Texas House of Representatives) the legislature. As a member of the House of Representatives, the Speaker may vote on all questions before the House. The other duties and responsibilities of the Speaker are determined by the members of the house in the House Rules of Procedure, which are adopted by a majority vote of the members at the beginning of each regular session of the legislature. The members give the Speaker the authority to appoint the membership of each standing committee, subject to rules on seniority, and to designate the chair and vice chair for each committee. Under the rules, the Speaker is responsible Document [151] (Title: Georgia House of Representatives) as a Speaker Pro Tempore. The current speaker of the Georgia House of Representatives is David Ralston. The current Speaker Pro Tempore is Jan Jones. The Speaker Pro Tempore becomes Speaker in case of the death, resignation, or permanent disability of the Speaker. The Speaker Pro Tempore serves until a new Speaker is elected. In addition there is a clerk of the House, who is charged with overseeing the flow of legislation through the body. The current clerk is William L. Reilly. Georgia House of Representatives The Georgia House of Representatives is the lower house of the Georgia General Assembly Document [152] (Title: 2016 Speaker of the House of Representatives (Netherlands) election) 30 November 2006 and again since 1 March 2007 beat Ton Elias of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) who has been a Member of the House of Representatives since 18 December 2008. Four members of the House declared their candidacy: 2016 Speaker of the House of Representatives (Netherlands) election The 2016 Speaker of the House of Representatives (Dutch: "Voorzitter van de Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal") election was called to elect the new Speaker of the House of Representatives after incumbent Anouchka van Miltenburg of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) had resigned on 12 December Document [153] (Title: Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives) Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives The Speaker of the House of Representatives is the presiding officer of the House of Representatives, the lower house of the Parliament of Australia. The presiding officer in the upper house is the President of the Senate. The office of Speaker was created by section 35 of the Constitution of Australia. The authors of the Constitution intended that the House of Representatives should as nearly as possible be modelled on the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. The Speaker is the presiding officer of House of Representatives debates, determining which members may Document [154] (Title: Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines) the Speakers of the Batasang Pambansa are excluded; in that case, subtract 2 from every number from Mitra onwards. Currently there are six living former Speakers of the House: "Legend:" A person's name in boldface means that the person is an actively serving Member of the House of Representatives. Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines The Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines () is the presiding officer and the highest-ranking official of the lower house of Congress, the House of Representatives, as well as the fourth highest and most powerful official of the Government Document [155] (Title: Dennis Hastert) him as a colleague in the Illinois delegation and as Speaker." On May 29, 2015, White House Press Secretary Josh Earnest stated in response to a reporter's question that "there is nobody here" at the White House "who derives any pleasure from reading about the former Speaker's legal troubles at this point." On the same day, House Speaker John Boehner, Republican of Ohio, issued a statement saying: "The Denny I served with worked hard on behalf of his constituents and the country. I'm shocked and saddened to learn of these reports." On June 2, 2015, current Federal Housing Finance Agency Document [156] (Title: Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives) Speaker only when presiding over the House. That year, the position of Deputy Speaker was made official, and the role of Chairman of Committees was discontinued. The first Deputy Speaker was appointed on 10 November 1992. Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives In New Zealand, the Speaker of the House of Representatives () is the individual who chairs the country's elected legislative body, the New Zealand House of Representatives. The individual who holds the position is elected by members of the House from among their number in the first session after each general election. The current Speaker is Document [157] (Title: Tennessee House of Representatives) the Senate, the directors of the offices of Legislative Information Services, Legal Services, Legislative Administration, and Legislative Budget Analysis. Additionally, the Speaker is in charge of all facilities, professional and clerical staff, and custodians and security personnel of the House. The current Speaker is Beth Harwell of Nashville. Among Republicans, around 30% of all members hold no degree beyond high school completion, less than 20% hold a Master's or other post baccalaureate degree, and less than 10% have a law degree. Among Democrats, less than 15% of all members hold no degree beyond high school, 33% hold a Master's or Document [158] (Title: Speaker of the United States House of Representatives) Truman. Rayburn's successor, Democrat John W. McCormack (served 1962–1971), was a somewhat less influential speaker, particularly because of dissent from younger members of the Democratic Party. During the mid-1970s, the power of the speakership once again grew under Democrat Carl Albert. The Committee on Rules ceased to be a semi-independent panel, as it had been since 1910. Instead, it once again became an arm of the party leadership. Moreover, in 1975, the Speaker was granted the authority to appoint a majority of the members of the Rules Committee. Meanwhile, the power of committee chairmen was curtailed, further increasing the relative Document [159] (Title: Speaker of the North Carolina House of Representatives) the lower House as the "House of Commons" before the Revolution as well as afterward." Speaker of the North Carolina House of Representatives The Speaker of the North Carolina House of Representatives is the presiding officer of one of the houses of the North Carolina General Assembly. The Speaker is elected by the members of the house when they convene for their regular session in January of each odd-numbered year. Perhaps the most important duty of the Speaker is to appoint members and chairs of the various standing committees of the House. The office evolved from the office of Speaker Question: who is the speaker of the us house of representatives Answer: Congressman Paul Ryan Long Answer: The current House Speaker is Congressman Paul Ryan from Wisconsin . He was elected to the office on October 29, 2015, and is the 54th person to serve as Speaker. Gold Document ID: 131

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Speaker of the House of Representatives of Malta) Speaker of the House of Representatives of Malta The Speaker of the House of Representatives of Malta () is the presiding officer of the House of Representatives of Malta. The Speaker is responsible for controlling the flow of House business and acts as "referee" during debates. It is the Speaker's duty to ensure that the rules of the House for conducting its business are followed and that all Members of the House have an opportunity to take part in debates. Balancing the right of the majority to conduct business with the right of the minority to be heard is one Document [2] (Title: Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines) Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines The Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines () is the presiding officer and the highest-ranking official of the lower house of Congress, the House of Representatives, as well as the fourth highest and most powerful official of the Government of the Philippines. The Speaker is elected by a majority of all of the Representatives from among themselves. The Speaker is the third and last in line in succession for the presidency, after the President of the Senate of the Philippines, and Vice President of the Philippines. A Speaker Document [3] (Title: Lawrence M. Hall) Lawrence M. Hall Lawrence M. Hall (May 20, 1908 in St. Cloud, Minnesota – February 28, 1973) was a Minnesota Democratic politician and is the longest-serving Speaker of the Minnesota House of Representatives. He was elected to the Minnesota House of Representatives in 1934, and was affiliated with the Democrats, although the legislature was at the time a nonpartisan body. In 1939, he joined with the Conservative Caucus, and was elected to serve as speaker, a position he held for ten years. Hall left the legislature in 1949. He worked as a lobbyist, before joining the Metropolitan Airports Commission in Document [4] (Title: Speaker of the United States House of Representatives) influence of the Speaker. Albert's successor, Democrat Tip O'Neill, was a prominent Speaker because of his public opposition to the policies of President Ronald Reagan. O'Neill is the longest continually serving Speaker, from 1977 through 1987. He challenged Reagan on domestic programs and on defense expenditures. Republicans made O'Neill the target of their election campaigns in 1980 and 1982 but Democrats managed to retain their majorities in both years. The roles of the parties reversed in 1994 when, after spending forty years in the minority, the Republicans regained control of the House with the "Contract with America", an idea spearheaded Document [5] (Title: Speaker of the United States House of Representatives) by Minority Whip Newt Gingrich. Speaker Gingrich would regularly clash with Democratic President Bill Clinton, leading to the United States federal government shutdown of 1995 and 1996, in which Clinton was largely seen to have prevailed. Gingrich's hold on the leadership was weakened significantly by that and several other controversies, and he faced a caucus revolt in 1997. After the Republicans lost House seats in 1998 (although retaining a majority) he did not stand for a third term as Speaker. His successor, Dennis Hastert, had been chosen as a compromise candidate, since the other Republicans in the leadership were more Document [6] (Title: Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives) who had been minority leader for eight years, and elected Frederick Gillett, R-MA, to be Speaker. Mann "had angered many Republicans by objecting to their private bills on the floor;" also he was a protégé of autocratic Speaker Joseph Cannon, R-IL (1903–1911), and many Members "suspected that he would try to re-centralize power in his hands if elected Speaker." More recently, although Robert H. Michel was the Minority Leader in 1994 when the Republicans regained control of the House in the 1994 midterm elections, he had already announced his retirement and had little or no involvement in the campaign, including Document [7] (Title: Speaker of the House of Representatives (Netherlands)) represents the House as a whole, such as in ceremonies and with visits by foreign heads of state. The Speaker is also the chair of the Presidium, which is responsible for determining the budget of the House, setting its agenda and appointing its staff. The Speaker is supported in their duties by Deputy Speakers, ranked by number in order of precedence, which also are Members of the House. In the event that the Speaker is unable to fulfill their duties or the position becomes vacant, the meeting is chaired by the First Deputy Speaker. The Speaker has a seat with Document [8] (Title: Speaker of the United States House of Representatives) House of Representatives, the Speaker holds a variety of powers over the House and is ceremonially the highest-ranking legislative official in the US government. The Speaker may delegate his powers to a member of the House to act as Speaker "pro tempore" and preside over the House in the Speaker's absence; when this has occurred the delegation has always been to a member of the same party. During important debates, the Speaker "pro tempore" is ordinarily a senior member of the majority party who may be chosen for his skill in presiding. At other times, more junior members may be Document [9] (Title: Connecticut House of Representatives) addition to presiding over the body, the Speaker is also its chief leadership position, and controls the flow of legislation and committee assignments. Other House leaders, such as the majority and minority leaders, are elected by their respective party caucuses relative to their party's strength in the chamber. The current Speaker is Joe Aresimowicz of the 30th House District (Berlin). The Majority Leader is Matthew Ritter of the 1st House District (Hartford). The Minority Leader is Republican Themis Klarides of the 114th House District (Woodbridge, Orange, and Derby). Current members of the Connecticut House of Representatives, . Connecticut House of Document [10] (Title: Speaker of the United States House of Representatives) government takes the Speaker's place in the line of succession seriously enough that, for example, following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, Speakers used military jets to fly back and forth to their districts and for other travel until Speaker Boehner discontinued the practice in 2011. The Speaker of the House is one of the officers to whom declarations of presidential inability or ability to resume the Presidency must be addressed under the Twenty-fifth Amendment. To be elected as Speaker, a candidate must receive an absolute majority of all votes cast for individuals, excluding those who abstain. The most Document [11] (Title: Speaker of the United States House of Representatives) Congress assembled to count electoral votes and to certify the results of a presidential election. The Speaker is also responsible for overseeing the officers of the House: the Clerk, the Sergeant-at-Arms, the Chief Administrative Officer, and the Chaplain. The Speaker can dismiss any of these officers. The Speaker appoints the House Historian and the General Counsel and, jointly with the Majority and Minority Leaders, appoints the House Inspector General. The Speaker is second in the presidential line of succession, immediately after the Vice President, under the Presidential Succession Act of 1947. The Speaker is followed in the line of succession Document [12] (Title: Rhode Island House of Representatives) of the full House through the passage of a House Resolution. As well as presiding over the body, the Speaker is also the chief leadership position, and controls the flow of legislation. Other House leaders, such as the majority and minority leaders, are elected by their respective party caucuses relative to their party's strength in the chamber. The current Speaker of the House is Democrat is Nicholas A. Mattiello. He was elected as Speaker of the House by his House colleagues on March 25, 2014. First elected in November 2006 to Represent District 15 in Cranston & he served as Document [13] (Title: Larry Cretul) in Tallahassee while the state House is in session. However, on February 2, just minutes before the Republican caucus was due to oust him, Sansom resigned as House Republican leader, a post which automatically made him Speaker. Cretul was unanimously elected his successor, and was named Speaker at the start of the legislative session on March 3. Representative Cretul was born on January 18, 1948 in Trenton, Michigan. He served in the U.S. Navy from 1967 to 1971, including a tour aboard "USS Forrestal". He moved to Florida in 1971. He attended Lawrence Technological University. He was elected to the Document [14] (Title: Speaker of the United States House of Representatives) powers, including the ability to name committee members and his chairmanship of the Rules Committee. Fifteen years later, Speaker Nicholas Longworth restored much, but not all, of the lost influence of the position. One of the most influential Speakers in history was Democrat Sam Rayburn. Rayburn was the longest-serving Speaker in history, holding office from 1940 to 1947, 1949 to 1953, and 1955 to 1961. He helped shape many bills, working quietly in the background with House committees. He also helped ensure the passage of several domestic measures and foreign assistance programs advocated by Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry Document [15] (Title: House of Representatives of Puerto Rico) became the Speaker, taking office on January 12, 2009. The current Speaker, as of 2017, is Carlos Johnny Méndez. The House of Representatives, along with the Senate of Puerto Rico, are in charge of the legislative power of the Government of Puerto Rico. The House has exclusive power to initiate impeachment proceedings and, with the concurrence of two-thirds of the total number of members of which it is composed, to bring an indictment. The Constitution also establishes that all bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House. The appointment of the Secretary of State shall in addition require the Document [16] (Title: Dennis M. O'Brien) Dennis M. O'Brien Dennis Michael O'Brien (born 1952) is an American Republican Party politician who served as the 137th Speaker of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives from 2007-08. First elected in 1976, he represented the 169th Legislative District in the state House for the most part of four decades. He served as a member of the Philadelphia City Council for one term, from 2012-16. A graduate of Archbishop Ryan High School, he attended La Salle University, where he earned a bachelor's degree in Labor Relations. He has three sons, Dennis Jr., Brendan and Joseph. O'Brien was first elected to the Document [17] (Title: Scott B. Palmer) Scott B. Palmer Scott B. Palmer (born November 22, 1950) is a former United States congressional aide. He was the chief of staff to United States Representative Dennis Hastert (R-Illinois), the former Speaker of the House in the U.S. House of Representatives. Palmer attended Aurora University in Aurora, Illinois, from which he received a B.A. degree in history in 1972 and a Master's degree in management in 1983. From 1972 until 1984, he worked for Aurora University. Palmer was Hastert's Chief of Staff from Hastert's initial election to the U.S. House in 1986 until the former Speaker's retirement in 2007. Document [18] (Title: Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives) the Speaker of the House. Typically, the Speaker does not participate in debate and rarely votes on the floor. In some cases, Majority Leaders have been more influential than the Speaker; notably, Tom DeLay was more prominent than Speaker Dennis Hastert. In addition, Speaker Newt Gingrich delegated to Dick Armey an unprecedented level of authority over scheduling legislation on the House floor. The current Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi serves as floor leader of the opposition party, and is the counterpart to the Majority Leader. Unlike the Majority Leader, the Minority Leader is on the ballot for Speaker of the House Document [19] (Title: Lawrence M. Hall) 1953. He would remain with the body until August 1972, eventually becoming chair of the organization. Lawrence M. Hall Lawrence M. Hall (May 20, 1908 in St. Cloud, Minnesota – February 28, 1973) was a Minnesota Democratic politician and is the longest-serving Speaker of the Minnesota House of Representatives. He was elected to the Minnesota House of Representatives in 1934, and was affiliated with the Democrats, although the legislature was at the time a nonpartisan body. In 1939, he joined with the Conservative Caucus, and was elected to serve as speaker, a position he held for ten years. Hall left Document [20] (Title: Alabama House of Representatives) day, plus expenses other than travel in an amount fixed by joint resolution of the legislature. The Speaker of the House presides over the House of Representatives. The Speaker is elected by the majority party caucus followed by confirmation of the full House through the passage of a House Resolution. In addition to presiding over the body, the Speaker is also the chief leadership position and controls the flow of legislation and committee assignments. Other House leaders, such as the majority and minority leaders, are elected by their respective party caucuses relative to their party's strength in the chamber. Throughout Document [21] (Title: October 2015 Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election) most notably with several high-profile disputes with the Freedom Caucus. On September 25, 2015, Boehner announced his planned resignation as Speaker and from Congress. He scheduled a Republican caucus non-binding vote for Speaker on October 8, and a full floor vote on October 29. Several Republicans expressed interest in becoming Speaker. Kevin McCarthy, the House Majority Leader and second-in-command to the Speaker, was initially viewed as the favorite. However McCarthy unexpectedly dropped out of the race on October 8, and the caucus vote was postponed. Paul Ryan, Chairman of Ways and Means and the 2012 Republican Vice Presidential candidate, had Document [22] (Title: W. Ken Martinez) 1999 and serving to the present. In the June 1, 2010 Democratic primary Martinez was elected by 2,130 votes. He was unopposed in the November 2, 2010 general election for the 69th District, winning with 5,379 votes. Martinez served as House majority leader for eight years up to 2013. Martinez was elected as Speaker of the House in 2012, sworn in by Governor Susana Martínez on 15 January 2013. He served until 2015, when he was In 2014 he was still speaker of the house. He was co-chair of the legislative council, capitol buildings planning commission and jobs council. He Document [23] (Title: October 2015 Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election) the running mate of Mitt Romney in the 2012 presidential election, to run for Speaker, but he declined, saying he is a "policy guy" with a preference to focus on his role as Chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee. Democrat Nancy Pelosi, who served as the Speaker from January 2007 through January 2011, asked her Democratic colleagues for their vote in the election. Steny Hoyer, the House Minority Whip, said that he expected that the "overwhelming majority" of Democrats to vote for Pelosi. He said that if a Republican could not get the votes needed, Democrats could consider Document [24] (Title: Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom)) as Speaker when the House sat at the start of the new parliaments on 18 May 2015 and 13 June 2017. The Speaker presides over the House's debates, determining which members may speak. The Speaker is also responsible for maintaining order during debate, and may punish members who break the rules of the House. Unlike presiding officers of legislatures in many other countries, the Speaker remains strictly non-partisan, and renounces all affiliation with his or her former political party when taking office as well as when leaving the office. The Speaker does not take part in debate or vote (except Document [25] (Title: Nancy Pelosi) 2002 to 2003, and was House Minority Leader from 2003 to 2007. Pelosi is the first woman, the first Californian, and the first Italian-American to lead a major party in Congress. After the Democrats took control of the House in 2007 and increased their majority in 2009, Pelosi was elected Speaker of the House. After the Democrats lost House control in the 2010 elections, Pelosi remained the leader of the Democrats and thus Minority Leader from 2011 to 2019. Democrats won the majority in the 2018 midterms and Pelosi is the Democrats' designee for Speaker in the upcoming election. If Document [26] (Title: Speaker (politics)) by the United States Constitution. The Speaker of the United States House of Representatives presides over the lower house of Congress, the House of Representatives, while the Vice President of the United States formally presides over the upper house, the Senate. In practise, the Vice President does not have a day presence in Congress given their responsibilities in the Executive branch, and in their absence, the role is delegated to the most Senior member of the majority party, the President pro tempore of the United States Senate. In the forty-nine states that have a bicameral legislature, the highest position in Document [27] (Title: Speaker of the United States House of Representatives) later elected President of the United States. Towards the end of the 19th century, the office of Speaker began to develop into a very powerful one. At the time, one of the most important sources of the Speaker's power was his position as Chairman of the Committee on Rules, which, after the reorganization of the committee system in 1880, became one of the most powerful standing committees of the House. Furthermore, several Speakers became leading figures in their political parties; examples include Democrats Samuel J. Randall, John Griffin Carlisle, and Charles F. Crisp, and Republicans James G. Blaine, Thomas Brackett Document [28] (Title: Speaker of the House of Representatives of Nigeria) Speaker of the House of Representatives of Nigeria The Speaker of the House of Representatives is the presiding officer of the Federal House of Representatives of Nigeria. Yakubu Dogara, the current speaker, was elected on June 9, 2015. Sir Frederic Metcalfe of Great Britain became Speaker of the House of Representatives of Nigeria in 1955. He was replaced by the first indigenous speaker, Jaja Wachuku, in 1959. As Speaker of the House, Wachuku received Nigeria's Instrument of Independence, also known as Freedom Charter, on October 1, 1960, from Princess Alexandra of Kent (Alexandra was Elizabeth II's representative at the Nigerian Document [29] (Title: Newt Gingrich) Newt Gingrich Newton Leroy Gingrich (; né McPherson, June 17, 1943) is an American politician who served as the 50th Speaker of the United States House of Representatives from 1995 to 1999. A member of the Republican Party, he was the U.S. Representative for Georgia's 6th congressional district from 1979 until his resignation in 1999. In 2012, Gingrich was a candidate for the presidential nomination of his party. A teacher of history and geography at the University of West Georgia in the 1970s, Gingrich won election to the U.S. House of Representatives in November 1978, the first Republican in the Document [30] (Title: Michael Madigan) on his daughter's campaign. A federal investigation into one of Lisa Madigan's political endorsements ensued after Madigan allegedly contacted a union boss in Chicago shortly before the union endorsed Madigan's daughter for the post, but nothing came of it. Michael Madigan Michael Joseph Madigan (born April 19, 1942) is the speaker of the Illinois House of Representatives. He is the longest-serving leader of any state or federal legislative body in the history of the United States, having held the position for all but two years since 1983. He has served in the Illinois House since 1971, representing the 22nd District Document [31] (Title: 2019 Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election) been elected from House membership. The 435 members of the House of Representatives elect a Speaker by majority rule at the beginning of each session of the United States Congress, who serves until the end of the Congress. Typically, the election is a formality, as the majority party's members vote as a bloc for their party's previously-chosen Speaker-nominee (such as the speaker, majority leader, or minority leader from the previous term). Open elections are uncommon but have occurred. The last Speaker election to require multiple ballots occurred in 1923. The Democratic caucus vote was held on November 28, 2018. The Document [32] (Title: 2014 United States House of Representatives elections in Ohio) Republican Jim Renacci) filed paperwork to run in the 7th district in January 2013, but has put his plans on hold and may run in another district or not at all. Republican John Boehner, the Speaker of the House, has represented since 1991. Though Republican aides believed Boehner would step down as House speaker in 2014, Boehner had insisted that he would run for reelection to the House and as Speaker. Boehner faced primary challenges from two conservatives, computer consultant Eric Gurr and high school teacher and Tea Party member J.D. Winteregg Tom Poetter, a professor at Miami University, ran Document [33] (Title: Marco Rubio) Rubio became speaker after State Representatives Dennis Baxley, Jeff Kottkamp, and Dennis A. Ross dropped out. He was sworn in a year later, in November 2006. He became the first Cuban American to be speaker of the Florida House of Representatives, and would remain speaker until November 2008. When he was chosen as future speaker in 2005, Rubio delivered a speech to the House in which he asked members to look in their desks, where they each found a hardcover book titled "100 Innovative Ideas For Florida’s Future"; but the book was blank because it had not yet been written, Document [34] (Title: Mike Simpson) Party held the majority in the U.S. House of Representatives, Simpson often served as the Speaker Pro Tempore of the House, particularly during debates concerning controversial legislation, due to his command of House procedure. Simpson is known to have broken several sounding boards with the gavel while calling the House to order. This inspired Simpson to have a number of sounding boards produced in Idaho, which he presented to then Speaker of the House Dennis Hastert (R-IL) as a joke. When the Republican Party regained control of the House of Representatives in 2010, Mr. Simpson began once again to serve Document [35] (Title: Prospero Nograles) Prospero Nograles Prospero Castillo Nograles (born October 30, 1947) is a former Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines. He was elected as the Speaker of the House on February 5, 2008, the first ever elected Speaker from Mindanao in a hundred years in Philippine legislative history. Beginning in 1989, Nograles has been elected to five terms as a member of the House of Representatives, representing the 1st District of Davao City. Nograles was born in Davao City, and finished his primary and secondary education at the Ateneo de Davao University. He then studied at the Ateneo de Document [36] (Title: Speaker of the United States House of Representatives) 2018, Ryan announced he would not seek re-election in the 2018 mid-terms, and will also relinquish the office of Speaker when his term ends in 2019. The House of Representatives elects the Speaker of the House on the first day of every new Congress and in the event of the death, resignation or removal from the Chair of an incumbent Speaker. The Clerk of the House of Representatives requests nominations: there are normally two, one from each major party (each party having previously met to decide on its nominee). The Clerk then calls the roll of the Representatives, each Representative Document [37] (Title: October 2015 Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election) October 2015 Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election An election for the Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives took place on October 29, 2015, during the 114th U.S. Congress. The election was necessitated by the announcement of Speaker John Boehner's resignation, set for October 30. Boehner was the first Speaker to resign in the middle of a Congressional term since Jim Wright in 1989. Boehner had been the leader of the House Republican Caucus since 2007, as Minority Leader until 2011 and Speaker thereafter. During his time as Speaker, Boehner managed substantial friction within his caucus, Document [38] (Title: Bob Livingston) in international elections, and he is a Knight of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. Retrieved on June 17, 2010 Bob Livingston Robert Linlithgow Livingston Jr. (born April 30, 1943) is an American politician from Louisiana best known for being chosen as Newt Gingrich's successor as Speaker of the United States House of Representatives. He stepped down as speaker-elect following revelations of his numerous extramarital affairs. A Republican, he served as a U.S. Representative from Louisiana from 1977 to 1999 and as the Chairman of the Appropriations Committee from 1995–1999. During his final years in congress, Livingston was a strong Document [39] (Title: Speaker of the United States House of Representatives) Speaker-designate. It was then revealed, by Livingston himself, who had been publicly critical of President Bill Clinton's perjury during his sexual harassment trial, that he had engaged in an extramarital affair. He opted to resign from the House, despite being urged to stay on by House Democratic leader Gephardt. Subsequently, chief deputy whip Dennis Hastert was selected as Speaker. The Republicans retained their majorities in the 2000, 2002, and 2004 elections. The Democrats won a majority of seats in the 2006 midterm elections. On November 16, 2006, Nancy Pelosi, who was then Minority Leader, was selected as Speaker-designate by House Document [40] (Title: Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines) Macapagal Arroyo from Pampanga. She was elected to the office on July 23, 2018, and is the first woman and 21st person to serve as Speaker. When the Office of the Speaker is vacant (usually at the beginning of a new Congress), the Secretary-General of the House sits as the Speaker until a person is elected. A Speaker is usually elected via majority vote via roll call of the Representatives, after nomination at the start of each new Congress. Usually, despite the current multi-party system used, only two representatives are nominated, with nominations being agreed upon before each Congress during Document [41] (Title: Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives) Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives In New Zealand, the Speaker of the House of Representatives () is the individual who chairs the country's elected legislative body, the New Zealand House of Representatives. The individual who holds the position is elected by members of the House from among their number in the first session after each general election. The current Speaker is Trevor Mallard, who was initially elected on 7 November 2017. The Speaker is one of the highest-ranking offices in New Zealand. The officeholder fulfils several important functions in relation to the operation of the House, which Document [42] (Title: Beth Harwell) Beth Harwell Beth Halteman Harwell (born July 24, 1957, in Norristown, Pennsylvania) is the current Speaker of the Tennessee House of Representatives. She serves as State Representative for Nashville and is a former Chair of the Tennessee Republican Party. First elected to the Tennessee House of Representatives in 1988, Harwell served as a Republican Minority Whip and Commerce Committee Chair before being elected to the Speakership. She is the first woman to serve as Tennessee's Speaker of the House. In 2017 she announced her candidacy for Governor of Tennessee in the 2018 election. In 1978 Harwell received her Bachelor of Document [43] (Title: Tom Lubnau) Tom Lubnau Thomas E. Lubnau, II (born December 12, 1958), is the Republican Speaker of the Wyoming House of Representatives, a position to which he was elected by his colleagues in January 2013. A lawyer from Gillette, Lubnau was first elected to the state House in 2004 from District 31 in Campbell County in northeastern Wyoming. Lubnau served as president of the in 2002 – 2003. Prior to that, he was president-elect (2001–2002), vice-president (2000–2001) and bar commissioner (1997–2000). Prior to his Speakership, Lubnau was the House Speaker Pro Tempore in 2007 and 2008 and the House Majority Leader in Document [44] (Title: Michigan House of Representatives) of the House of Representatives is the presiding officer of the House and the leader of the majority party. The current Speaker is Tom Leonard, a third-term Republican from DeWitt. The Speaker calls the House to order at the hour to which the House last adjourned, preserves order and decorum in the chamber, recognizes Members to speak, and puts all questions. The Speaker is the chief administrator of the House and is technically the employer of all legislative staff. There is also a Speaker "pro tempore" and two associate Speakers "pro tempore" who preside in the absence of the Speaker. Document [45] (Title: October 2015 Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election) with a potential Speaker bid. On October 22, Ryan announced his bid for Speaker. Flores, who chairs the Republican Study Committee, dropped out of the race and endorsed Ryan. Mo Brooks of Alabama, a member of the Freedom Caucus, announced on the floor of the House on October 27 that Ryan had agreed not to advance immigration reform legislation while Barack Obama is President of the United States, or unless it meets the "Hastert Rule," as it has the support of the majority of Republicans. The following officially declared their candidacy: The following publicly expressed interest in becoming candidates: The Document [46] (Title: Glenn Thompson (politician)) 2011 to elect a Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, Thompson's vote was the 218th vote for John Boehner giving Boehner the majority needed to be named Speaker. During the 112th Congress, Thompson became chairman of the House Agriculture Subcommittee on Forestry, Conservation, and Energy. At the start of the 115th Congress, Thompson was named vice-chairman of the House Committee on Agriculture. Thompson voted in December 2017 for H.R. 1, The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. In January 2018, Thompson voted for the Fiscal Year 2018 continuing resolution (CR), a stopgap funding bill to fund the federal government Document [47] (Title: David B. Henderson) David B. Henderson David Bremner Henderson (March 14, 1840 – February 25, 1906), a ten-term Republican Congressman from Dubuque, Iowa, was the Speaker of the United States House of Representatives from 1899 to 1903. He was the first Congressman from west of the Mississippi River, the last Civil War veteran, the second foreign-born person (after Charles Frederick Crisp), and so far the only Iowan to serve as Speaker. Henderson was born in Old Deer, Scotland on March 14, 1840. He emigrated to the United States with his parents, who initially settled in Winnebago County, Illinois, in 1846. His family soon Document [48] (Title: Speaker of the House of Keys) robe was donated by the Speaker of the House of Commons in 1966 to commemorate the centenary of popular elections to the House of Keys. On 27 September 2016, Juan Watterson was elected as Speaker, the youngest person to hold the office since Sir John Senhouse Goldie-Taubman. <nowiki>*</nowiki>Following the election of Noel Cringle as President of Tynwald Speaker of the House of Keys The Speaker of the House of Keys () is the principal officer of the House of Keys, the lower house of the Isle of Man legislature. The Speaker is elected from the membership of the House at Document [49] (Title: Alaska House of Representatives) of the House presides over the House of Representatives. The Speaker is elected by the majority party caucus followed by confirmation of the full House through the passage of a House Resolution. In addition to presiding over the body, the Speaker is also the chief leadership position, and controls the flow of legislation and committee assignments. Other House leaders, such as the majority and minority leaders, are elected by their respective party caucuses relative to their party's strength in the chamber. Past partisan compositions can be found on Political party strength in Alaska. Current committees include: Alaska House of Representatives Document [50] (Title: Speaker of the United States House of Representatives) Speaker Newt Gingrich to resign. However, Gingrich refused since that would have required a new election for Speaker, which could have led to Democrats along with dissenting Republicans voting for Democrat Dick Gephardt (then Minority Leader) as Speaker. After the 1998 midterm elections where the Republicans lost seats, Gingrich did not stand for re-election. The next two figures in the House Republican leadership hierarchy, Majority Leader Richard Armey and Majority Whip Tom DeLay, chose not to run for the office. The chairman of the House Appropriations Committee, Bob Livingston, declared his bid for the speakership, which was unopposed, making him Document [51] (Title: David Clark (Utah politician)) speaker. Clark became Majority Leader in 2007 and Speaker of the House in 2009. However, in December 2010 State Representative Becky Lockhart (R-Provo) defeated Clark by only one vote (30-28). In November 2011, he decided to resign his seat to run for the congress in Utah's 2nd congressional district. The seat is being vacated by incumbent Democrat Jim Matheson, who is running in Utah's newly-drawn 4th congressional district. He officially launched his bid on January 13, 2012. Clark and his wife Nan have four children and live in Santa Clara. He is a member of The Church of Jesus Christ Document [52] (Title: Speaker of the United States House of Representatives) Speaker. As the office has developed historically, however, it has taken on a clearly partisan cast, very different from the speakership of most Westminster-style legislatures, such as the Speaker of the British House of Commons, which is meant to be scrupulously non-partisan. The Speaker in the United States, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives, outranking the Majority Leader. However, despite having the right to vote, the Speaker usually does not participate in debate. The Speaker is responsible for ensuring that the House passes legislation supported by the majority party. In pursuing this Document [53] (Title: October 2015 Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election) vote. The next day, Webster reportedly urged Republicans to vote for Ryan instead of him. On October 29, Ryan was elected Speaker with 236 of the 432 votes cast. Others receiving votes were Pelosi (184), Webster (9), Jim Cooper, John Lewis, and Colin Powell (1 each). Votes were cast by 432 of the 435 House members. Following the election, Raúl Labrador, a Freedom Caucus member from Idaho, said that Ryan will need to "realize the honeymoon is over and start bringing us some conservative policy," and that "the final exam for Paul Ryan will be in January 2017, when there Document [54] (Title: Speaker of the United States House of Representatives) House in the 2010 midterm elections. House Minority Leader John Boehner was elected as Speaker. Historically, there have been several controversial elections to the speakership, such as the contest of 1839. In that case, even though the 26th United States Congress convened on December 2, the House could not begin the speakership election until December 14 because of an election dispute in New Jersey known as the "Broad Seal War". Two rival delegations, one Whig and the other Democrat, had been certified as elected by different branches of the New Jersey government. The problem was compounded by the fact that Document [55] (Title: The Speaker's House) being placed under a conservation easement to ensure that it be permanently preserved as open space. To mark this success, the organization officially changed its name to The Speaker's House. On April 12, 2008, a Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission roadside marker was dedicated on the property to acknowledge the life and legacy of Frederick Muhlenberg. The mission of The Speaker's House is to inspire leadership and civic engagement by bringing to life the home and legacy of Frederick Muhlenberg, first Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives. The position of Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives was established Document [56] (Title: B. Patrick Bauer) Speaker of the House of Representatives of Indiana on November 7, 2006. The Speaker of the House presides over the Indiana House of Representatives and sets the legislative agenda. The Speaker also assigns other members of the House of Representatives to their respective committees. His term expired at the end of the 2010 session of the Indiana General Assembly. Rep. Bauer also served as Speaker of the House of Representatives during the 2003 and 2004 sessions. With the start of the 2011 session representative Bauer became the minority leader of the House of Representatives of Indiana. One of his first Document [57] (Title: Dennis Hastert) Dennis Hastert John Dennis Hastert (; born January 2, 1942) is a convicted child molester and a former American politician who served as the 51st Speaker of the United States House of Representatives from 1999 to 2007, representing from 1987 to 2007. He was the longest-serving Republican Speaker of the House in history, and is currently the highest-ranking holder of a political office in U.S. history to have served a prison sentence. Hastert grew up in rural Illinois. He graduated from Wheaton College in Wheaton, Illinois, with a degree in economics in 1964 and obtained an education degree from Northern Document [58] (Title: Speaker of the Texas House of Representatives) Speaker of the Texas House of Representatives The Speaker of the Texas House of Representatives is the presiding officer of the Texas House of Representatives. The Speaker's main duties are to conduct meetings of the House, appoint committees, and enforce the Rules of the House. The current speaker is Joe Straus, a Republican from San Antonio, who was first elected Speaker on January 13, 2009. The speaker is elected from the legislature of Texas, by a vote of its fellow members. On the first day of each regular session, the members may nominate a fellow member, and a record vote Document [59] (Title: Mike Chenault) little difficulty. He was elected Speaker of the Alaska House for the 26th Alaska State Legislature. He is a member of several committees, including the Rules Committee, the Legislative Council, and is an alternate for the Labor & Commerce Committee. He also sits on Finance subcommittees for Government, Transportation, and the Legislature. In the current 30th Legislature, Chenault is in his ninth term in the House. He served four terms as House Speaker, becoming the longest-serving holder of that office. He currently represents Alaska's 29th House District, which encompasses most of the eastern Kenai Peninsula, stretching from Nikiski to Seward Document [60] (Title: Speaker of the Texas House of Representatives) is held to determine who the speaker will be. The Secretary of State calls the House to order, and presides over the chamber until a speaker is elected. The speaker is the presiding officer of the House of Representatives. The Texas Constitution requires the House of Representatives, each time a new legislature convenes, to choose one of its own members to serve as Speaker. As presiding officer, the Speaker maintains order during floor debate, recognizing legislators who wish to speak and ruling on procedural matters. The constitution also requires the Speaker to sign all bills and joint resolutions passed by Document [61] (Title: Speaker of the United States House of Representatives) goal, the Speaker may use their power to determine when each bill reaches the floor. They also chair the majority party's steering committee in the House. While the Speaker is the functioning head of the House majority party, the same is not true of the President "pro tempore" of the Senate, whose office is primarily ceremonial and honorary. When the Speaker and the President belong to the same party, the Speaker tends to play the role in a more ceremonial light, as seen when Dennis Hastert played a very low-key role during the presidency of fellow Republican George W. Bush. Document [62] (Title: Prospero Nograles) post and no objection was posed to his election. Prospero Nograles Prospero Castillo Nograles (born October 30, 1947) is a former Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines. He was elected as the Speaker of the House on February 5, 2008, the first ever elected Speaker from Mindanao in a hundred years in Philippine legislative history. Beginning in 1989, Nograles has been elected to five terms as a member of the House of Representatives, representing the 1st District of Davao City. Nograles was born in Davao City, and finished his primary and secondary education at the Ateneo de Document [63] (Title: Craig DeRoche) DeRoche was elected speaker of the House. He served as speaker until the Democrats won a political majority in the general election on November 7, 2006. From 2007 until leaving the House of Representatives due to term limitations in 2009, he was the Republican leader. During the 2008 presidential election campaign, DeRoche was co-chairman of former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney's campaign in Michigan. In 2010, DeRoche announced that he would not run for the 18th Senate District seat held by Nancy Cassis, who was prohibited by term limitations from seeking re-election to a third term. After leaving office, he endorsed Document [64] (Title: Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom)) Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom) The Speaker of the House of Commons is the presiding officer of the House of Commons, the United Kingdom's lower chamber of Parliament. The office is currently held by John Bercow, who was initially elected on 22 June 2009, following the resignation of Michael Martin. He was returned as an MP in the 2010 general election and was re-elected as Speaker when the House sat at the start of the new parliament on 18 May 2010. He was again returned as an MP in the 2015 general election and was re-elected, unopposed, Document [65] (Title: Speaker of the House of Representatives (Egypt)) Speaker of the House of Representatives (Egypt) The Speaker of the House of Representatives () presides over the sessions of the House of Representatives of Egypt with functions similar to that of a speaker in other countries. In the Egypt order of precedence, his office is ranked second after the President and in case of the absence of the president he occupies his position for 60 days. Following the 2011 Egyptian revolution and the ouster of ex-president Hosni Mubarak and arrest of ex-speaker of the assembly Ahmad Fathi Sorour, one of the leaders of the NDP, Parliament was temporarily dissolved. Document [66] (Title: Speaker of the House of Representatives (Egypt)) Following the 2011-2012 Egyptian parliamentary elections, speaker Dr. Mohamed Saad El-Katatny was elected by 399 out of 503 of his fellow MPs on the opening session of the new parliament on 23 January 2012, almost a year after the outbreak of the revolution. However, the Supreme Constitutional Court invalidated the elections of the House of Representatives, claiming that Brotherhood members ran as independents and that their elections were not valid, thus ordering the lower house to be dissolved. The speaker of the House of Representatives puts the plan of activities of the assembly and its committees with his two deputies, Document [67] (Title: 2019 Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election) race for the leadership of the House Republicans began well before Ryan's official announcement, as it had been rumored for months. The Republican caucus vote was held on November 14, 2018. 2019 Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election An election for the Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives will take place during the first week in January 2019, during the opening day of the 116th United States Congress, two months after the 2018 elections. The Dean of the United States House of Representatives, in this case, Alaska's Don Young, will administer the oath of office to Document [68] (Title: Speaker of the North Carolina House of Representatives) held the speaker's chair continuously from 1899 until 1994, when Republicans gained a majority and elected Harold J. Brubaker in January 1995. In the 2003–2004 session, a unique power-sharing arrangement was created by Democrats and a handful of Republicans. This resulted in the first election of two speakers simultaneously, Jim Black (Democrat) and Richard T. Morgan (Republican). The two held roughly equal power and took turns presiding over the House. After Democrats won a majority in the 2004 election, this arrangement was ended, but Morgan again supported Black and was named Speaker "Pro Tempore". "Note that some sources refer to Document [69] (Title: Speaker of the United States House of Representatives) the speakership once again began to decline, despite speakership elections becoming increasingly bitter. As the Civil War approached, several sectional factions nominated their own candidates, often making it difficult for any candidate to attain a majority. In 1855 and again in 1859, for example, the contest for Speaker lasted for two months before the House achieved a result. During this time, Speakers tended to have very short tenures. For example, from 1839 to 1863 there were eleven Speakers, only one of whom served for more than one term. To date, James K. Polk is the only Speaker of the House Document [70] (Title: Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives) MP Carty Salmon initially served as speaker for the first federal Australian majority government, the Andrew Fisher Labor government, resulting from the 1910 election. At the 1913 election, Labor's Charles McDonald was offered retention of the Speakership by the incoming one-seat-majority Commonwealth Liberal Party, but declined – later however, after Labor's return to government at the 1914 election, McDonald regained the Speakership until the subsequent election despite the mid-term change to a Nationalist Party government. A Member elected Speaker is entitled, while Speaker, to the title "The Honourable", which, with the approval of the Sovereign, may be retained for life. Document [71] (Title: Greg Hughes) Greg Hughes Gregory H. Hughes is an American politician and a Republican member of the Utah House of Representatives representing District 51 since January 1, 2003. Greg Hughes currently serves as the Speaker of the House for the Utah House of Representatives in the state of Utah. He has announced that he will not be seeking reelection as Speaker of the House or as a representative in 2018. Born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Hughes never knew his father and was brought up by a single mother who sold cemetery plots on commission. She joined the LDS Church and married when Hughes Document [72] (Title: Kurt Daudt) was selected by Republicans to become Speaker of the Minnesota House of Representatives for the session beginning in 2015. Daudt was elected as Speaker of the Minnesota House of Representatives by the full House on January 6, 2015. Daudt is the youngest person to serve as Speaker since the 1930s. He served on the Elections Committee and the Rules and Legislative Administration Committee for the 2013-2015 Session. He previously served on the Commerce and Regulatory Reform, the Higher Education Policy and Finance, and the Redistricting committees, as well as on the Taxes Subcommittee for the Property and Local Tax Division. Document [73] (Title: H. Lee Moffitt) Dianne Davant Moffitt. H. Lee Moffitt H. Lee Moffitt (born November 10, 1941) is an American politician and attorney. He served as Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives from 1982 to 1984. Moffitt was born in Tampa, Florida on November 10, 1941 to Clara and B. B. Moffitt, a ship welder. He attended Henry B. Plant High School in Tampa, graduating in 1959. He later obtained his Bachelor of Arts from the University of South Florida in 1964 and his Juris Doctor from Cumberland School of Law in 1967. Moffitt was elected to the Florida House in 1974, serving Document [74] (Title: Speaker of the United States House of Representatives) early 1950s. Nancy Pelosi is the most recent example of an outgoing Speaker who was elected Minority Leader, after the Democrats lost control of the House in the 2010 elections. The first Speaker was Frederick Muhlenberg: he was elected as a Pro-Administration candidate to the 1st Congress, an Anti-Administration candidate to the 2nd and 3rd Congresses, and a Republican candidate to the 4th Congress, according to the "Biographical Directory of Congress", though Oswald Seidensticker wrote that he was elected as a Federalist for the first four Congresses. The position of Speaker started to gain its partisan role and its power Document [75] (Title: 2019 Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election) 2019 Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election An election for the Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives will take place during the first week in January 2019, during the opening day of the 116th United States Congress, two months after the 2018 elections. The Dean of the United States House of Representatives, in this case, Alaska's Don Young, will administer the oath of office to the new Speaker who, in turn, administers the oath of office en masse to the rest of the members of the United States House of Representatives. Incumbent Republican speaker Paul Ryan Document [76] (Title: Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives) of Representatives. He or she does not take part in debates in the House, does not vote in the House except in the (rare) event of a tied vote, and does not speak in public on party-political issues (except at election time in his or her own constituency). He or she is expected to conduct the business of the House in an impartial manner, and generally does so. There have been several memorable clashes between Speakers and the governments that caused them to be elected: In addition, a notable occurrence in 2011, a Speaker survived being countermanded by the House. Document [77] (Title: Paul Ryan) Paul Ryan Paul Davis Ryan Jr. (born January 29, 1970) is an American politician serving since 2015 as the 54th Speaker of the United States House of Representatives. He was the 2012 vice presidential nominee of the Republican Party, running alongside Mitt Romney. Ryan, a native of Janesville, Wisconsin, graduated from Miami University in 1992. He spent five years working for Republicans in Washington, D.C. and returned to Wisconsin in 1997 to work at his family's construction company. He successfully ran for Congress to represent the following year, replacing an incumbent Republican who ran for Senate. Ryan would represent the Document [78] (Title: Michael Madigan) Michael Madigan Michael Joseph Madigan (born April 19, 1942) is the speaker of the Illinois House of Representatives. He is the longest-serving leader of any state or federal legislative body in the history of the United States, having held the position for all but two years since 1983. He has served in the Illinois House since 1971, representing the 22nd District in southwest Chicago. "Chicago Magazine" named Madigan as the fourth-most-powerful Chicagoan in 2012 and as the second in both 2013 and 2014, earning the nickname "the Velvet Hammer—a.k.a. the Real Governor of Illinois." Rich Miller, editor of the "Capitol Document [79] (Title: The Speaker's House) The Speaker's House The Speaker's House is a museum located in Trappe, in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania that preserves the home of Frederick Muhlenberg, the First and Third Speaker of the United States House of Representatives. The house was built in 1763, bought by Muhlenberg in 1781, and occupied by his family until 1791. The first settlers of Trappe were German immigrants John Jacob Schrack (1679–1742) and his wife Eva Rosina Lang Schrack (1688–1756), who settled there in 1717. The Schracks had seven children: John Joseph, twins Maria Sabina and Anna Maria, Christian, Philip, Elizabeth, and John Jacob Jr. John Jacob Document [80] (Title: Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives) Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives Jim Cope was the presiding officer. While impartial, the Speaker does not usually quit the membership of his or her party – as is traditional Westminster convention. The only two speakers to have not been formally a member of a party were Sir Frederick Holder (who resigned from the Free Trade Party upon taking the role) and Peter Slipper (who resigned from the Liberal Party the day after his election to the chair). On the other hand, the Speaker is not an active political figure like the Speaker of the United States House Document [81] (Title: Ion Farris) of Representatives in 1907, taking over the seat previously held by Henry Holland Buckman. He served until 1909, when Frank E. Butler took over for the 1911 term. He returned to the House in 1913. He served as the Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives twice, in both 1909 and 1913, at a time when the Florida legislature met only once every two years. At the time, he was the youngest person to ever hold the position. In the 1913 bid for the position, he ran with no opposition. As Speaker, he amended the bill that formed Broward County, Document [82] (Title: Tom Foley) Tom Foley Thomas Stephen Foley (March 6, 1929 – October 18, 2013) was an American lawyer and politician who served as the 49th Speaker of the United States House of Representatives from 1989 to 1995. A member of the Democratic Party, Foley represented Washington's fifth district for thirty years He was the first Speaker of the House since 1862 to be defeated in a re-election campaign. Born in Spokane, Washington, Foley attended Gonzaga University and pursued a legal career after graduating from the University of Washington School of Law in Seattle. He joined the staff of Senator Henry M. Jackson Document [83] (Title: Dean of the United States House of Representatives) Dean for the old term's final months before Speaker Sam Rayburn became Dean in the new Congress. In 1994, Texas Democrat Jack Brooks was defeated by Steve Stockman in the year he was expected to succeed Jamie Whitten as Dean. Years as Dean are followed by name, party, state, and start of service in Congress. All the members of the First Congress had equal seniority (as defined for the purpose of this article), but Muhlenberg, as the Speaker, was the first member to be sworn in. Muhlenberg, Hartley and Thatcher were among the 13 members who attended the initial meeting Document [84] (Title: History of the United States (1991–2008)) impeached in the United States House of Representatives, but acquitted at his trial by the U.S. Senate. A public backlash forced Speaker Gingrich to resign after a poor showing in the 1998 midterm elections. In 1999, Republican Dennis Hastert of Illinois became Speaker of the House, a position he would hold until 2007, making him the longest-serving Republican Speaker of the House. Though his 2000 election had been the focus of intense controversy which led eventually to a U.S. Supreme Court ruling in "Bush v. Gore" where the court ruled 5–4 in the former's favor by siding with the State Document [85] (Title: Carl J. Stewart Jr.) he resigned in 2012. Carl J. Stewart Jr. Carl Jerome Stewart Jr. (born October 2, 1936) is an American politician who served as Speaker of the North Carolina House of Representatives for two terms between 1977 and 1980. He broke tradition by seeking a second term as Speaker, and since then, it has been customary for speakers to serve multiple terms. Stewart received undergraduate and law degrees from Duke University where he was a member of the Duke University Debating Team. A resident of Gastonia and an attorney, Stewart served in the North Carolina House of Representatives from 1967 through Document [86] (Title: October 2015 Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election) than a continuing resolution favored by Democrats in the United States Senate. On July 28, 2015, Mark Meadows, a member of the Freedom Caucus from North Carolina, filed a motion to vacate the speakership, only the second time the motion had been filed. The next day, Boehner referred to the motion as "no big deal". However, following continued pressure from the Freedom Caucus, and to avoid the vacation of his speakership, Boehner announced on September 25 that he would resign the Speakership and retire from Congress effective October 30. Sources from his office indicated he chose to resign due to Document [87] (Title: Delaware House of Representatives) Constitution, reflecting the new federal House of Representatives. This change on the part of Delaware initiated a movement that has resulted in a majority of the lower houses of U.S. state legislatures sharing the name of the federal House of Representatives. The Speaker of the House presides over the House of Representatives. The Speaker is elected by the majority party caucus followed by confirmation of the full House through the passage of a House Resolution. The Speaker is the chief leadership position of the body. The other House leaders are elected by their respective party caucuses. The Majority Leader determines Document [88] (Title: Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives) speak. The Speaker is also responsible for maintaining order during debate, and may punish members who break the rules of the House. The office of Speaker is currently held by Tony Smith (Liberal) since 10 August 2015. The Deputy Speaker is Kevin Hogan (National), who was elected Deputy Speaker on 26 March 2018. If the Speaker is absent the Deputy Speaker becomes the Acting Speaker. The Second Deputy Speaker is Rob Mitchell (Labor). The Speaker is elected by the House of Representatives in a secret ballot, with an election held whenever the Office of the Speaker is vacant, as set Document [89] (Title: Speaker-designate) by the majority party's caucus. Speaker-designate A Speaker-designate is a member of the United States House of Representatives or other lower house who has been selected by the caucus of the majority party to be nominated as Speaker of the House, but who has not yet taken office or been elected by the full House of Representatives, as it is still occupied by the previous Speaker. It is similar to terms such as "President-elect." It differs from the term Speaker-presumptive in that a Speaker-presumptive is assumed to be the incoming Speaker, but he or she has not been formally selected Document [90] (Title: Speaker of the House of Representatives of Nigeria) Independence ceremonies). Chaha Biam hails from Ukum Local Government Area of Benue State. He was elected to the House of Representative on the platform of NPN in the 1983 general elections and was elected as the Speaker of House of Representative in the short lived second tenure of Alhaji Shehu Shagari, October 1, 1983 - December 31, 1983. The speaker is chosen in an indirect election conducted within the House of Representatives. The Speaker is third in line for succession to the Nigerian presidency, after the President of the Senate and Vice President. Speaker of the House of Representatives of Document [91] (Title: Dennis Hastert) subcommittee assignments or positions within the Republican Conference). In the aftermath of the 1998 midterm elections, where the GOP lost five House seats and failed to make a net gain of seats in the Senate, House Speaker Newt Gingrich of Georgia stepped down from the speakership and declined to take his seat for an 11th term. In mid-December, Representative Robert L. Livingston of Louisiana—the former chairman of the House Appropriations Committee and the Speaker-designate—stated in a dramatic surprise announcement on the House floor that he would not become Speaker, following widely publicized revelations of his extramarital affairs. Although he reportedly Document [92] (Title: Mike Turzai) 15, 2016, Turzai was chosen by House Republicans to be speaker-designee of the House of Representatives. On January 6, 2017, he was unanimously elected as Speaker of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives for a second term. Because of his role as Speaker, Turzai sits on all committees in an ex-officio capacity. He actively serves on the Committee on Committees and the Committee on Rules. In 2017 Turzai was given a 91% rating by the National Federation of Independent Business (which endorsed him in October 2016) and an 80% rating by the American Conservative Union. In 2016 he was given a Document [93] (Title: Speaker of the United States House of Representatives) (under Theodore Roosevelt) was particularly infamous for his marginalization of the minority Democrats and centralizing of authority to the speakership. In more recent times, Speaker Nancy Pelosi played a role in continuing the push for health care reform during the presidency of fellow Democrat Barack Obama. On the other hand, when the Speaker and the President belong to opposite parties, the public role and influence of the Speaker tend to increase. As the highest-ranking member of the opposition party (and "de facto" Leader of the Opposition), the Speaker is normally the chief public opponent of the President's agenda. In this Document [94] (Title: Speaker of the United States House of Representatives) already the House party leader, and as the minority leader are usually their party's nominee for Speaker), or majority leaders (upon departure of the current Speaker in the majority party), assuming that the party leadership hierarchy is followed. In the past, other candidates have included chairpersons of influential standing committees. Historically, the Democrats have always elevated their minority leader to the speakership upon reclaiming majority control of the House. However, Republicans have not always followed this leadership succession pattern. In 1919, Republicans bypassed James Robert Mann, R-IL, who had been Minority Leader for eight years, and elected a backbencher representative, Document [95] (Title: Pennsylvania House of Representatives) part-time.) The Hall of the House contains important symbols to Pennsylvania history and the work of legislators. The speakership is the oldest elected statewide office in the Commonwealth. Since its first session in 1682—presided over by William Penn—over 130 house members have been elevated to the speaker's chair. The house cannot hold an official session in the absence of the speaker or his designated "speaker pro tempore." Speaker Leroy Irvis was the first African American elected speaker of any state legislature in the United States since Reconstruction. Speaker Dennis O'Brien was the only minority-party Speaker known in Pennsylvania and only Document [96] (Title: Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom)) he returned to wearing the traditional robe in 2016. Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom) The Speaker of the House of Commons is the presiding officer of the House of Commons, the United Kingdom's lower chamber of Parliament. The office is currently held by John Bercow, who was initially elected on 22 June 2009, following the resignation of Michael Martin. He was returned as an MP in the 2010 general election and was re-elected as Speaker when the House sat at the start of the new parliament on 18 May 2010. He was again returned as an MP Document [97] (Title: Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines) Speaker must "be the permanent head of delegation and representative of the House in all international parliamentary gatherings and organizations: Provided, that the Speaker may designate any Member to be the representative of the Speaker. The Speaker shall also determine, upon the recommendation of the Majority Leader, in consultation with the Chairperson of the Committee on Inter-Parliamentary Relations and Diplomacy, who shall constitute the House delegation to any international conference or forum of parliamentarians and legislators and the secretariat support staff to be mobilized for the purpose." In some lists that count only the Speakers of the "House of Representatives", Document [98] (Title: United States House of Representatives) could be elected as Speaker with the support of a fraction of members of the majority party). Under the Presidential Succession Act (1947), the Speaker is second in the line of presidential succession behind the Vice President. The Speaker is the presiding officer of the House but does not preside over every debate. Instead, s/he delegates the responsibility of presiding to other members in most cases. The presiding officer sits in a chair in the front of the House chamber. The powers of the presiding officer are extensive; one important power is that of controlling the order in which members Document [99] (Title: October 2015 Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election) House of Representatives is the presiding officer of the United States House of Representatives, and is second in the United States presidential line of succession, after the Vice President and ahead of the President pro tempore of the United States Senate. Though the Constitution does not require that the Speaker be an elected member of the House of Representatives, every Speaker to date has been elected from House membership. The 435 members of the House of Representatives elect a Speaker by majority rule at the beginning of each session of the United States Congress, who serves until the end of Document [100] (Title: Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives) first Speaker, Frederick Holder (1901) and Peter Slipper (2011), who resigned from their respective parties upon election as Speaker, and sat as independents. A Speaker ceases to hold that office if, for any reason, he or she ceases to be a member of the House. There is no convention in Australia that the Speaker should not be opposed in his or her seat, and three Speakers have been defeated at general elections: Littleton Groom (1929), Walter Nairn (1943) and William Aston (1972). Because the Speaker is always the nominee of the governing party, there is no expectation that a Speaker Document [101] (Title: 2019 Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election) did not run for re-election to the House. The Democratic caucus assuming control of the House in January will have a preponderance of voting influence in selecting the next Speaker. The Speaker of the United States House of Representatives is the presiding officer of the United States House of Representatives, and is second in the United States presidential line of succession, after the Vice President and ahead of the President pro tempore of the United States Senate. Though the Constitution does not require that the Speaker be an elected member of the House of Representatives, every Speaker to date has Document [102] (Title: Speaker of the United States House of Representatives) Frederick H. Gillett, R-MA, to be Speaker. Mann had "angered many Republicans by objecting to their private bills on the floor", and was also a protégé of autocratic Speaker Joseph Gurney Cannon (R-IL18) who had been Speaker from 1903 to 1911, and was still in the House. Many members "suspected that he [Mann] would try to re-centralize power in his hands if elected Speaker". It is expected that members of the House vote for their party's candidate. If they do not, they usually vote for someone else in their party or vote "present". Those who vote for the other party's Document [103] (Title: 2016 Speaker of the House of Representatives (Netherlands) election) 2016 Speaker of the House of Representatives (Netherlands) election The 2016 Speaker of the House of Representatives (Dutch: "Voorzitter van de Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal") election was called to elect the new Speaker of the House of Representatives after incumbent Anouchka van Miltenburg of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) had resigned on 12 December 2015. Van Miltenburg who had been the Speaker since 25 September 2012 resigned after increasing criticism on her performance as Speaker. Khadija Arib of the Labour Party (PvdA) who had been a Member of the House of Representatives from 19 May 1998 until Document [104] (Title: Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives) announcing his resignation, both Majority Leader Dick Armey and Majority Whip Tom DeLay did not contest the Speakership which eventually went to Chief Deputy Whip Dennis Hastert. Traditionally, the Speaker is reckoned as the leader of the majority party in the House, with the Majority Leader as second-in-command. For instance, when the Republicans gained the majority in the House after the 2010 elections, Eric Cantor succeeded Boehner as Majority Leader. Despite this, Cantor and his successor, Kevin McCarthy, have been reckoned as the second-ranking Republicans in the House, since Boehner was still reckoned as the leader of the House Republicans. Document [105] (Title: Michael C. Kerr) Michael C. Kerr Michael Crawford Kerr (March 15, 1827 – August 19, 1876) was a Prosecuting Attorney in the 52nd Judicial District, an American legislator, and the first Democratic Speaker of the United States House of Representatives after the Civil War. He was born at Titusville, Pennsylvania and educated at the Erie Academy. He graduated from the University of Louisville School of Law in 1851. He moved to New Albany, Indiana in 1852 and was a member of the State Legislature from 1856 to 1857. He was elected to Congress in 1864 as a War Democrat, having vigorously opposed the Document [106] (Title: Sam Rayburn) Sam Rayburn Samuel Taliaferro Rayburn (January 6, 1882 – November 16, 1961) was an American politician who served as the 43rd Speaker of the United States House of Representatives. He represented Texas's 4th congressional district as a Democrat from 1913 to 1961. He holds the record for the longest tenure as Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, serving for over 17 years (between three separate stints). Born in Roane County, Tennessee, Rayburn moved with his family to Windom, Texas in 1887. After a period as a school teacher, Rayburn won election to the Texas House of Representatives and Document [107] (Title: October 2015 Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election) is a Speaker election, and we will look at his body of work and determine whether he gets a passing grade or not." October 2015 Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election An election for the Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives took place on October 29, 2015, during the 114th U.S. Congress. The election was necessitated by the announcement of Speaker John Boehner's resignation, set for October 30. Boehner was the first Speaker to resign in the middle of a Congressional term since Jim Wright in 1989. Boehner had been the leader of the House Republican Document [108] (Title: Speaker of the United States House of Representatives) Speaker of the United States House of Representatives The Speaker of the House is the presiding officer of the United States House of Representatives. The office was established in 1789 by Article I, of the United States Constitution. The Speaker is the political and parliamentary leader of the House of Representatives, and is simultaneously the House's presiding officer, "de facto" leader of the body's majority party, and the institution's administrative head. Speakers also perform various other administrative and procedural functions. Given these several roles and responsibilities, the Speaker usually does not personally preside over debates. That duty is instead delegated Document [109] (Title: Dean of the United States House of Representatives) Dean of the United States House of Representatives The Dean of the United States House of Representatives is the longest continuously serving member of the House. The current Dean is Don Young, a Republican Party representative from Alaska who has served since 1973, and is the first Republican Dean in more than eighty years, as well as the first from Alaska. The Dean is a symbolic post whose only customary duty is to swear in a Speaker of the House after he or she is elected. The Dean comes forward on the House Floor to administer the oath to the Document [110] (Title: Sam Rayburn) officer from Henry County, Virginia, and was an honorary president of the Colonel George Waller Chapter of the Sons of the American Revolution. Sam Rayburn Samuel Taliaferro Rayburn (January 6, 1882 – November 16, 1961) was an American politician who served as the 43rd Speaker of the United States House of Representatives. He represented Texas's 4th congressional district as a Democrat from 1913 to 1961. He holds the record for the longest tenure as Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, serving for over 17 years (between three separate stints). Born in Roane County, Tennessee, Rayburn moved with his Document [111] (Title: October 2015 Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election) the increasing discord within the Republican caucus so that he could manage passage of a continuing resolution to fund the government and avoid a government shutdown. On September 28, Kevin McCarthy of California, the House Majority Leader, and Webster announced that they would run for Speaker of the House. McCarthy was considered the presumptive favorite in the race. Jason Chaffetz, a Republican from Utah and the Chairman of the House Oversight and Government Reform Committee, announced his candidacy on October 4, claiming that McCarthy did not have the votes to win the election. Several Republicans urged Paul Ryan of Wisconsin, Document [112] (Title: Brendan Sharkey) Brendan Sharkey J. Brendan Sharkey (Orange, New Jersey, 1962) is the former Speaker of the Connecticut House of Representatives. He was sworn in as Speaker on January 9, 2013. From 2011 until his election as Speaker he served as the Majority Leader. Since 2001 he has represented the 88th Assembly District, consisting of parts of Hamden. Sharkey was born in Orange, New Jersey in 1962 and moved to Connecticut in 1971. He attended Georgetown University in Washington, D.C., graduating in 1984 with a Bachelor of Arts in English/Philosophy. He graduated from the University of Connecticut School of Law in 1989. Document [113] (Title: Speaker of the United States House of Representatives) three members of the Progressive Party and other individual members of other parties voted for their own party. The Republicans had a plurality in the House but James "Champ" Clark remained Speaker of the House because of the support of the Progressive Party members. In 1931, both the Republicans and the Democrats had 217 members with the Minnesota Farmer-Labor Party having one member who served as the deciding vote. The Farmer-Labor Party eventually voted for the Democrats' candidate for Speaker, John Nance Garner, who later became Vice President under Franklin Roosevelt. In 1997, several Republican congressional leaders tried to force Document [114] (Title: October 2015 Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election) On October 12, Flores confirmed that he would run for Speaker, but stated that he would run only if Ryan stayed out of the contest. Ryan held a closed-door meeting with the Republican Caucus on October 20, where he explained that he would run for Speaker if he could be guaranteed an overwhelming majority of the Republican caucus would support him. Specifically, Ryan requested an increased threshold for the political maneuver of vacating the Speakership, stated that he would not lessen the amount of time he spends with his family, and requested an official endorsement from the Freedom Caucus, Republican Document [115] (Title: Joseph W. Martin Jr.) was in the Speaker's chair presiding over the House on March 1, 1954 when four Puerto Rican independence activists opened fire on the House, wounding five Congressmen. Speaker Martin declared the House in recess as he sought cover behind a marble pillar on the rostrum. Martin would be the last Republican to serve as Speaker of the House until the election of Newt Gingrich of Georgia in the aftermath of the Republican Revolution almost forty years later. Martin remained leader of the House Republicans until 1958, when the party experienced heavy losses in that year's elections. In the aftermath, Martin Document [116] (Title: Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines) may be removed from office in a coup, or can be replaced by death or resignation. In some cases, a Speaker may be compelled to resign at the middle of a Congress' session after he has lost support of the majority of congressmen; in that case, an election for a new Speaker is held. Despite being a partisan official, the Speaker (or whoever is presiding) does not vote unless in breaking ties in accordance with the Rules of the House of Representatives. The current House Speaker of the 17th Congress of the Philippines is former President and now Congresswoman Gloria Document [117] (Title: Christopher G. Donovan) Christopher G. Donovan Christopher G. Donovan (born October 22, 1953) is a former American Democratic politician who was elected to be the Speaker of the Connecticut House of Representatives. He was sworn in as Speaker on January 7, 2009, and left his post in 2013, having not sought reelection to the House. He is the first grassroots organizer to become speaker of the Connecticut House. Donovan was a candidate for US Congress in 2012, losing in the primary to Elizabeth Esty. Donovan graduated from Monsignor Bonner High School in Drexel Hill, Pennsylvania, in 1971. He earned his bachelor's degree in Document [118] (Title: Dennis Hastert) as chief deputy whip). Dennis Hastert John Dennis Hastert (; born January 2, 1942) is a convicted child molester and a former American politician who served as the 51st Speaker of the United States House of Representatives from 1999 to 2007, representing from 1987 to 2007. He was the longest-serving Republican Speaker of the House in history, and is currently the highest-ranking holder of a political office in U.S. history to have served a prison sentence. Hastert grew up in rural Illinois. He graduated from Wheaton College in Wheaton, Illinois, with a degree in economics in 1964 and obtained an Document [119] (Title: Speaker of the United States House of Representatives) assigned to preside to give them experience with the rules and procedures of the House. The Speaker may also designate, with approval of the House, a Speaker "pro tempore" for special purposes, such as designating a Representative whose district is near Washington, D.C. to sign enrolled bills during long recesses. Under the Rules of the House, the Speaker, "as soon as practicable after the election of the Speaker and whenever appropriate thereafter", must deliver to the Clerk of the House a confidential list of Members who are designated to act as Speaker in the case of a vacancy or physical Document [120] (Title: October 2015 Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election) witnessed Boehner's difficulties managing a caucus with several prominent factions, and was initially unwilling to run. However, he received support from each of the factions and eventually declared his candidacy. Most Republicans withdrew and endorsed Ryan. In addition to Ryan, Daniel Webster of the Republican Party and House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi of the Democratic Party were also declared candidates. Ryan won the rescheduled caucus vote on October 28, and was elected Speaker of the House the next day, with 236 votes to Pelosi's 184 and Webster's 9. Three votes went to undeclared candidates. The Speaker of the United States Document [121] (Title: Pantaleon Alvarez) attached agencies. He also spearheaded the slogan "OKS na OKS sa DOTC" which means "Organisado, Kalinisan at Seguridad". On Monday, July 25, 2016 the opening of the 17th Congress He was elected as the 24th Speaker of the House of Representatives Speaker of the House of Representatives with 251 votes. Alvarez began to take office as Speaker of the House of Representatives on July 25, 2016 to July 23, 2018. Committed to his political will in serving the Filipino people, he filed measurements and House Bills that will highly benefit the country. Listed below are the House Bills, their status Document [122] (Title: Theodore M. Pomeroy) Theodore M. Pomeroy Theodore Medad Pomeroy (December 31, 1824 – March 23, 1905) was an American businessman and politician from New York who served as the 26th Speaker of the United States House of Representatives from March 3, 1869, to March 4, 1869, the shortest American speakership term in history. He represented New York's 24th congressional district in the United States House of Representatives from 1861 to 1869. He also served as the mayor of Auburn, New York, from 1875 to 1876, and in the New York State Senate from 1878 to 1879. Theodore Medad Pomeroy was born on December Document [123] (Title: Susana Mendoza) of Uganda and Tanzania as a delegate for the American Council of Young Political Leaders. In June 2004, the State Department sent Mendoza to Brazil where she participated in a series of debates in which she represented the National Democratic Party's 2004 presidential platform. In 2011, Mendoza gave a speech to nominate Michael J. Madigan as Speaker of the Illinois House of Representatives. She praised him, saying, "I've had the privilege to serve under his unparalleled leadership for 10 years now, only a quarter of the time Illinois has benefitted from his almost 40 years of stewardship." "Over the last Document [124] (Title: Speaker of the United States House of Representatives) candidate wins such a majority, then the roll call is repeated until a speaker is elected. The last time repeated votes were required was in 1923, when the Speaker was elected on the ninth ballot. The new Speaker is then sworn in by the Dean of the United States House of Representatives, the chamber's longest-serving member. In modern practice, the Speaker is chosen by the majority party from among its senior leaders either when a vacancy in the office arrives or when the majority party changes. Previous Speakers have been minority leaders (when the majority party changes, as they are Document [125] (Title: Speaker of the United States House of Representatives) won a majority in the House. Nancy Pelosi became Speaker when the 110th Congress convened on January 4, 2007, making her the first woman to hold the office. With the election of Barack Obama as President and Democratic gains in both houses of Congress, Pelosi became the first Speaker since Tom Foley to hold the office during single-party Democratic leadership in Washington. During the 111th Congress, Pelosi was the driving force behind several of Obama's major initiatives that proved controversial, and the Republicans campaigned against the Democrats' legislation by staging a "Fire Pelosi" bus tour and regained control of the Document [126] (Title: Tennessee House of Representatives) largely at the mercy of what the governor's staff chose to tell them and in many ways were often something of a "rubber stamp." The Speaker of the House of Representatives is the presiding officer of the House. The Speaker is elected to a two-year term at the beginning of the 1st half of each session of the Tennessee General Assembly. Additionally, the Speaker is second in line for succession to the governorship, after the Speaker of the Senate, in the event of such need. The Speaker appoints members to all committees as well. Even though the Speaker does not Document [127] (Title: Speaker of the United States House of Representatives) Nevertheless, when the Speaker and the President belong to the same party, there are also times that the Speaker plays a much larger role, and the Speaker is tasked, e.g., with pushing through the agenda of the majority party, often at the expense of the minority opposition. This can be seen, most of all, in the speakership of Democratic-Republican Henry Clay, who personally ensured the presidential victory of fellow Democratic-Republican John Quincy Adams. Democrat Sam Rayburn was a key player in the passing of New Deal legislation under the presidency of fellow Democrat Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Republican Joseph Gurney Cannon Document [128] (Title: Louisiana House of Representatives) Representatives. The Speaker is customarily recommended by the governor (although this is not in House rules), then elected by the full House. In addition to presiding over the body, the Speaker is also the chief leadership position, and controls the flow of legislation and committee assignments. The House of Representatives also elects a Speaker pro tempore to preside in the absence of the Speaker. The current Speaker is Republican Chuck Kleckley of the 36th District (Calcasieu), who was elected to that position in 2012 succeeding Jim Tucker. His deputy is the Speaker pro tempore, currently Democrat Walt Leger, III of Document [129] (Title: Washington House of Representatives) the majority party caucus followed by a vote of the full House. As well as presiding over the body, the Speaker is also the chief leadership position, and controls the flow of legislation. In the absence of the Speaker the Speaker Pro Tem assumes the role of Speaker. Other House leaders, such as the majority and minority leaders, are elected by their respective party caucuses relative to their party's strength in the House. The current Speaker of the House is Democrat Frank Chopp (D-Seattle) of the 43rd Legislative District. The Speaker Pro Tempore is Tina Orwall (D-Des Moines) of the Document [130] (Title: Speaker of the United States House of Representatives) recent election for the post of Speaker of the United States House of Representatives took place on January 3, 2017, during the opening day of the 115th United States Congress. The incumbent speaker, Paul Ryan, was re-elected. The next election for the post of speaker is scheduled to take place on January 3, 2019, when the incoming 116th United States Congress convenes. The two official candidates for the office are: Speaker of the United States House of Representatives The Speaker of the House is the presiding officer of the United States House of Representatives. The office was established in 1789 Document [131] (Title: Speaker of the United States House of Representatives) to members of the House from the majority party. Neither does the Speaker regularly participate in floor debates. The Constitution does not require the Speaker to be an elected member of the House of Representatives, although every Speaker thus far has been. The Speaker is second in the United States presidential line of succession, after the Vice President and ahead of the President "pro tempore" of the Senate. The current House Speaker is Congressman Paul Ryan from Wisconsin. He was elected to the office on October 29, 2015, and is the 54th person to serve as Speaker. On April 11, Document [132] (Title: Charles McCall) Charles McCall Charles Adelbert McCall III (born April 19, 1970) is an American politician who currently serves as the Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives. A member of the Republican Party, he represents the 22nd House District, which is located in southeastern Oklahoma. McCall was born on April 19, 1970 to Charles Andrew McCall and Barbara Ann McCall (née Clure), of Atoka, Oklahoma. He graduated from Atoka High School in 1988. He attended the University of Oklahoma, graduating in 1992 with a bachelor's degree in finance and economics. He became a licensed nursing home administrator in 1993 before earning Document [133] (Title: Speaker of the United States House of Representatives) Democrats. When the 110th Congress convened on January 4, 2007, she was elected as the 52nd Speaker by a vote of 233-202, becoming the first woman elected Speaker of the House. Pelosi remained Speaker through the 111th Congress. For the 112th Congress, Republican John Boehner was unanimously designated Speaker-designate by House Republicans and was elected the 53rd Speaker of the House. As a show of dissent, nineteen Democratic representatives voted for Democrats other than Pelosi, who had been chosen as House Minority Leader and the Democrats' candidate for Speaker. The Constitution does not spell out the political role of the Document [134] (Title: Yusuf Sulaimon Lasun) members of the House of Representatives out of the 357 that participated in the in-house election. Yakubu Dogara was elected as the Speaker. Besides his primary role of representing his constituents in the House of Representatives and making laws, Lasun has presided over the affairs of the House when the Speaker, Yakubu Dogara, was unavoidably absent or had to participate on the floor of the House. Lasun led some members of the House to the 15th Commonwealth Speakers and Presiding Officers Conference African Region, in Accra, Ghana, in November, 2015. He was the Deputy Chairperson of the conference. He represented Document [135] (Title: Nancy Pelosi) House of Representatives traditionally does. With her election, Pelosi became the first woman, the first Californian, and the first Italian-American to hold the Speakership. She is also the second Speaker from a state west of the Rocky Mountains. The first was Washington's Tom Foley, the last Democrat to hold the post before Pelosi. During her speech, she discussed the historical importance of being the first female to hold the position of Speaker: She also spoke on Iraq as the major issue facing the 110th Congress, while incorporating some Democratic Party beliefs: As Speaker, Pelosi was still the leader of the Document [136] (Title: John Boehner) John Boehner John Andrew Boehner ( ; born , 1949) is an American politician who served as the 53rd Speaker of the United States House of Representatives from 2011 to 2015. A member of the Republican Party, he was the U.S. Representative for from 1991 to 2015. The district included several rural and suburban areas near Cincinnati and Dayton. Boehner previously served as the House Minority Leader from 2007 until 2011, and House Majority Leader from 2006 until 2007. Boehner resigned from the House of Representatives in October 2015 due to opposition from within the Republican caucus. In September 2016, Document [137] (Title: Speaker of the North Carolina House of Representatives) Speaker of the North Carolina House of Representatives The Speaker of the North Carolina House of Representatives is the presiding officer of one of the houses of the North Carolina General Assembly. The Speaker is elected by the members of the house when they convene for their regular session in January of each odd-numbered year. Perhaps the most important duty of the Speaker is to appoint members and chairs of the various standing committees of the House. The office evolved from the office of Speaker of the lower house of the legislature in the Province of Carolina, called the House Document [138] (Title: Speaker of the United States House of Representatives) House. The Speaker is responsible for maintaining decorum in the House and may order the Sergeant-at-Arms to enforce House rules. The Speaker's powers and duties extend beyond presiding in the chamber. In particular, the Speaker has great influence over the committee process. The Speaker selects nine of the thirteen members of the powerful Committee on Rules, subject to the approval of the entire majority party. The leadership of the minority party chooses the remaining four members. Furthermore, the Speaker appoints all members of select committees and conference committees. Moreover, when a bill is introduced, the Speaker determines which committee will Document [139] (Title: Savali Talavou Ale) had adopted and raised. Both Savali Talavou Ale and Sakala Mautofu Ale were ordained deacons in the Congregational Christian Church in American Samoa (CCCAS). He was first elected to the House of Representatives in 1981. Ale, who has never lost re-election, has been re-elected to the House during each successive general election from the 1980s and 2010s, making him the House's longest serving member, as of 2015. On November 7, 2006, incumbent Speaker Matagi Mailo Ray McMoore lost re-election to the House of Representatives in the general election. Savali, who was Vice Speaker of the House from 2005 to 2007, Document [140] (Title: Brian Gosch) Brian Gosch Brian Gregory Gosch (born May 26, 1971) is an American politician from the state of South Dakota. He was a member of the South Dakota House of Representatives, and served as the Speaker of the House from 2013 to 2015. In November 2014, he was elected as Majority Leader of the South Dakota House of Representatives beginning in the 2015 session. He was replaced as Speaker of the House by Dean Wink. Gosch was born in Aberdeen, South Dakota. He attended high school at Martin Luther Prep School in Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin. He graduated from the University Document [141] (Title: Speaker of the North Carolina House of Representatives) of Burgesses. Since the House was the only elected body in the colony, the Speaker was often seen as the leading voice of the people. In 1776, North Carolina established its first constitution, which created a Senate and a House of Commons, both of which were elected. In 1868, the name of the house was changed to "House of Representatives." For most of the twentieth century, the office's power was limited, because Speakers usually only served for a single legislative session. This changed with Speakers Carl J. Stewart, Jr. (1977–1980), Liston B. Ramsey (1981–1988) and James B. Black (1999–2006). Democrats Document [142] (Title: October 2015 Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election) January 2007 until January 2011. When Republicans reassumed control of the House of Representatives in January 2011, Boehner was elected as Speaker, with the votes of all 241 of his fellow Republicans. In 2014, some House Republicans reached out to Ben Carson about his interest in becoming Speaker should they be able to oust Boehner; Carson declined, citing his impending candidacy for president. Boehner's Republican opponents formed a congressional caucus, called the Freedom Caucus, in January 2015 to focus their opposition. Though Boehner was reelected as Speaker at the beginning of the 114th United States Congress that month, 25 conservative Document [143] (Title: Speaker of the House of Representatives (Netherlands)) Speaker of the House of Representatives (Netherlands) The Speaker of the House of Representatives () is one of the 150 Members of the Dutch House of Representatives and is elected to lead the meetings of the House. They are also chairing the Presidium and the Procedure Committee (""). The office is currently held by Khadija Arib of the Labour Party (PvdA). She was elected on 13 January 2016 in an interim election, after Speaker Anouchka van Miltenburg of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) resigned on 12 December 2015. She was First Deputy and acting Speaker until her Document [144] (Title: Speaker of the House of Representatives of Puerto Rico) Speaker vary from session to session—save being called "Speaker" as the Constitution establishes. The Speaker is typically elected during the House inaugural session. When absent, the Speaker is substituted by the Speaker pro tempore. Its counterpart in the Senate is the President of the Senate. The current Speaker is Carlos Johnny Méndez, representative at-large from the New Progressive Party. The Speaker traces its history back to more than years ago when the Foraker Act formally established the post on April 12, 1900. Several laws eventually superseded said act, and the post was eventually established by the Constitution of Puerto Rico, Document [145] (Title: Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives) Speaker David B. Henderson created the position to establish a party leader on the House floor separate from the Speaker, as the role of Speaker had become more prominent, and the size of the House had grown from 105 at the beginning of the century to 356. Starting with Republican Nicholas Longworth in 1925, and continued through the Democrats' control of the House from 1931 to 1995, save for Republican majorities in 1947–49 and 1953–55, all majority leaders have directly ascended to the Speakership brought upon by the retirement of the incumbent. The only exceptions during this period were Charles Document [146] (Title: 2007 State of the Union Address) and the first time at a State of the Union address. Traditionally, the Speaker of the House and the Vice President (the President of the Senate) are the only individuals on the rostrum with the President. However, in a joint session of Congress on September 20, 2001, following the September 11 attacks nine days earlier, president pro tempore Robert Byrd, a Democrat, took the place of Vice President Cheney, who was at an undisclosed location. As the first female Speaker of the House, Nancy Pelosi is also the first woman in American history to stand on the podium during a Document [147] (Title: Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives) death or resignation of an incumbent Speaker. Five Speakers have been former government ministers: William Watt, Littleton Groom, Archie Cameron, Ian Sinclair and Bronwyn Bishop; one a former Parliamentary Secretary: Stephen Martin; and one both a former minister and a former Leader of the Opposition: Billy Snedden. Two were former state premiers: Holder and Watt. There is no convention in Australia that Speakers should resign from Parliament at the end of their term; two Speakers have become Cabinet ministers after having been Speaker: Norman Makin and Gordon Scholes. Bronwyn Bishop was elected Speaker on 12 November 2013, as the Coalition's Document [148] (Title: Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives) the office of speaker. Two people have held the office on more than one occasion. A full list of speakers is below. † indicates Speaker died in office. Three other chair occupants deputise for the Speaker: Between 1854 and 1992, the Chairman of Committees chaired the House when in Committee of the whole House (i.e., taking a bill's committee stage) and presided in the absence of the Speaker or when the Speaker so requested. These arrangements were based on those of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. Until 1992, the Chairman of Committees was known as the Deputy Document [149] (Title: October 2015 Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election) the Congress. Typically, the election is a formality, as the majority party's members vote as a bloc for their party's previously-chosen Speaker-designate (such as the speaker, majority leader, or minority leader from the previous term). Open elections are uncommon but have occurred. The last Speaker election to require multiple ballots occurred in 1923. John Boehner, a member of the Republican Party from Ohio, served as the Majority Leader of the United States House of Representatives from February 2006 until January 2007. As the Democratic Party assumed control of the House following the 2006 elections, Boehner served as Minority Leader from Document [150] (Title: Speaker of the Texas House of Representatives) the legislature. As a member of the House of Representatives, the Speaker may vote on all questions before the House. The other duties and responsibilities of the Speaker are determined by the members of the house in the House Rules of Procedure, which are adopted by a majority vote of the members at the beginning of each regular session of the legislature. The members give the Speaker the authority to appoint the membership of each standing committee, subject to rules on seniority, and to designate the chair and vice chair for each committee. Under the rules, the Speaker is responsible Document [151] (Title: Georgia House of Representatives) as a Speaker Pro Tempore. The current speaker of the Georgia House of Representatives is David Ralston. The current Speaker Pro Tempore is Jan Jones. The Speaker Pro Tempore becomes Speaker in case of the death, resignation, or permanent disability of the Speaker. The Speaker Pro Tempore serves until a new Speaker is elected. In addition there is a clerk of the House, who is charged with overseeing the flow of legislation through the body. The current clerk is William L. Reilly. Georgia House of Representatives The Georgia House of Representatives is the lower house of the Georgia General Assembly Document [152] (Title: 2016 Speaker of the House of Representatives (Netherlands) election) 30 November 2006 and again since 1 March 2007 beat Ton Elias of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) who has been a Member of the House of Representatives since 18 December 2008. Four members of the House declared their candidacy: 2016 Speaker of the House of Representatives (Netherlands) election The 2016 Speaker of the House of Representatives (Dutch: "Voorzitter van de Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal") election was called to elect the new Speaker of the House of Representatives after incumbent Anouchka van Miltenburg of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) had resigned on 12 December Document [153] (Title: Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives) Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives The Speaker of the House of Representatives is the presiding officer of the House of Representatives, the lower house of the Parliament of Australia. The presiding officer in the upper house is the President of the Senate. The office of Speaker was created by section 35 of the Constitution of Australia. The authors of the Constitution intended that the House of Representatives should as nearly as possible be modelled on the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. The Speaker is the presiding officer of House of Representatives debates, determining which members may Document [154] (Title: Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines) the Speakers of the Batasang Pambansa are excluded; in that case, subtract 2 from every number from Mitra onwards. Currently there are six living former Speakers of the House: "Legend:" A person's name in boldface means that the person is an actively serving Member of the House of Representatives. Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines The Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines () is the presiding officer and the highest-ranking official of the lower house of Congress, the House of Representatives, as well as the fourth highest and most powerful official of the Government Document [155] (Title: Dennis Hastert) him as a colleague in the Illinois delegation and as Speaker." On May 29, 2015, White House Press Secretary Josh Earnest stated in response to a reporter's question that "there is nobody here" at the White House "who derives any pleasure from reading about the former Speaker's legal troubles at this point." On the same day, House Speaker John Boehner, Republican of Ohio, issued a statement saying: "The Denny I served with worked hard on behalf of his constituents and the country. I'm shocked and saddened to learn of these reports." On June 2, 2015, current Federal Housing Finance Agency Document [156] (Title: Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives) Speaker only when presiding over the House. That year, the position of Deputy Speaker was made official, and the role of Chairman of Committees was discontinued. The first Deputy Speaker was appointed on 10 November 1992. Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives In New Zealand, the Speaker of the House of Representatives () is the individual who chairs the country's elected legislative body, the New Zealand House of Representatives. The individual who holds the position is elected by members of the House from among their number in the first session after each general election. The current Speaker is Document [157] (Title: Tennessee House of Representatives) the Senate, the directors of the offices of Legislative Information Services, Legal Services, Legislative Administration, and Legislative Budget Analysis. Additionally, the Speaker is in charge of all facilities, professional and clerical staff, and custodians and security personnel of the House. The current Speaker is Beth Harwell of Nashville. Among Republicans, around 30% of all members hold no degree beyond high school completion, less than 20% hold a Master's or other post baccalaureate degree, and less than 10% have a law degree. Among Democrats, less than 15% of all members hold no degree beyond high school, 33% hold a Master's or Document [158] (Title: Speaker of the United States House of Representatives) Truman. Rayburn's successor, Democrat John W. McCormack (served 1962–1971), was a somewhat less influential speaker, particularly because of dissent from younger members of the Democratic Party. During the mid-1970s, the power of the speakership once again grew under Democrat Carl Albert. The Committee on Rules ceased to be a semi-independent panel, as it had been since 1910. Instead, it once again became an arm of the party leadership. Moreover, in 1975, the Speaker was granted the authority to appoint a majority of the members of the Rules Committee. Meanwhile, the power of committee chairmen was curtailed, further increasing the relative Document [159] (Title: Speaker of the North Carolina House of Representatives) the lower House as the "House of Commons" before the Revolution as well as afterward." Speaker of the North Carolina House of Representatives The Speaker of the North Carolina House of Representatives is the presiding officer of one of the houses of the North Carolina General Assembly. The Speaker is elected by the members of the house when they convene for their regular session in January of each odd-numbered year. Perhaps the most important duty of the Speaker is to appoint members and chairs of the various standing committees of the House. The office evolved from the office of Speaker Question: who is the speaker of the us house of representatives

Answer: Congressman Paul Ryan Long Answer: The current House Speaker is Congressman Paul Ryan from Wisconsin . He was elected to the office on October 29, 2015, and is the 54th person to serve as Speaker. Gold Document ID: 131

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Beautiful Losers) him in his will. Book two consists of a letter composed by F., intended to be read five years after his death by the narrator of book one. As such, chronologically it takes place before book one. F. escapes the asylum he is in and makes for the treehouse he will leave for the narrator of the first book. F. is cared for in an insane asylum by nurse Mary Voolnd, of the A———— as was Edith. The letter is written in the occupational therapy room of the hospital. Book three opens with a figure in a treehouse, with burnt Document [2] (Title: Stonehearst Asylum) Stonehearst Asylum Stonehearst Asylum, previously known as Eliza Graves, is an American Gothic film directed by Brad Anderson and written by Joseph Gangemi. It is loosely based on the short story "The System of Doctor Tarr and Professor Fether" by Edgar Allan Poe. The film, starring Kate Beckinsale, Jim Sturgess, Michael Caine, Ben Kingsley, and David Thewlis, was released on October 24, 2014. In 1899, an Oxford University professor demonstrates a case of female hysteria, Eliza Graves, before his class. Though she protests that she is sane, the professor points out that all mental patients claim to be sane, much Document [3] (Title: The Septimus Wave) and Mortimer discuss their adventure while qu'Olrik, which is not free income of his experience, finds himself interned in Bedlam Hospice with Blanks staff team. All repeat the same word as the diver: 'Asylum.' The Septimus Wave The Septimus Wave is the twenty-second Blake and Mortimer book in the series. The story was written by Jean Dufaux. The book was drawn by Antoine Aubin & Etienne Schréder and was released in 2013. This is a sequel to The Yellow "M", and deals with Olrik's past with Septimus. In London, several months after the outcome of the case of the yellow Document [4] (Title: The Hostile Hospital) on V.F.D, Jacques Snicket and the Baudelaires. Near the end, the Baudelaires reflect on their actions, and begin to fear that they'll reach the low moral level of Olaf. The book was adapted into the seventh and eighth episodes of the second season of the television series adaptation produced by Netflix. The Hostile Hospital The Hostile Hospital is the eighth novel in the children's book series "A Series of Unfortunate Events" by Lemony Snicket, the pseudonym of Daniel Handler. It takes place shortly after "The Vile Village" and is followed by a sequel, "The Carnivorous Carnival". After escaping the Village Document [5] (Title: Visser (novel)) asylum. Allison escaped, but soon returned for the children in disguise. Edriss killed her. The children were left in the hospital, and eventually adopted. She then killed Lore David Altman, the host she used to create the Sharing, infested Eva, and eventually left Earth to become Visser One. Garoff says that she has given enough information, and the Council retired to consider their verdict. After a while they returned, minus two Council members who did not agree with the verdict, and say that Visser One and Visser Three have both been sentenced to death by Kandrona starvation. However, the sentences Document [6] (Title: Pharmakon (novel)) “Book II” begins approximately seven years after the conclusion of the first part. Will Friedrich has moved his family away from the New England area to Rutgers University in New Jersey in an attempt to start over away from the Casper incident. Casper was sentenced to a lengthy term in the Connecticut State Hospital for the criminally insane. The rest of the story is told from Zach’s perspective. At one point, young Zach is left home under the care of his irresponsible older sister, and, while setting up a lemonade stand, Casper arrives and takes Zach to a remote lake Document [7] (Title: New Port South) thinking that it is a prison. He tests this theory and examines the boundaries of authority and his friendships. A few years before, a student, John Stanton (Michael Shannon) was committed to an insane asylum, reasons unknown to most everybody except the principal. One day he escapes, releasing everyone else from the asylums around. Maddox sees this defiance which is the start of his anarchy. Maddox wants to "help him" and understand him more so they start a correspondence and Stanton tells him what to do and how to do them. This is includes the erasing of student grades, posting Document [8] (Title: Victor Heck) Priest in the film. Victor Heck Victor Heck (born David Nordhaus, July 20, 1967 in St. Louis, Missouri) is an American editor and horror fiction author whose novels and short stories are published under his pen name. He is the former owner/operator of DarkTales Publications. In 1999, Heck’s "The Asylum Volume 1: The Psycho Ward" was nominated for the British Fantasy Award for Best Anthology. Nordhaus's DarkTales published books such as J. Michael Straczynski's "Tribulations" (), Mort Castle's "Moon on the Water" (), Yvonne Navarro's "DeadTimes" (), and Robert Weinberg's "Dial Your Dreams and Other Nightmares" (). In 2007 Nordhaus Document [9] (Title: Red 2 (film)) maximum security asylum for the criminally insane in London. Victoria (alerted by Marvin) unexpectedly confronts the trio, but helps to fake their deaths and then gain access to the asylum, in which Victoria feigns insanity, while Frank and Sarah pose as the facility staff, having tied up and gagged the real staff with duct tape. Frank and Victoria meet Bailey, who is hyperactive and cannot rationally respond to their questions thanks to mind-fogging drugs the asylum had been giving him, so they take him to one of Marvin's safehouses. After the drugs begin to wear off, Bailey remembers the bomb Document [10] (Title: The Quickening Maze) treated and Alfred, himself, has to overcome depression after the death of his close friend Arthur Hallam. The book narrates Clare's life, the asylum's effects on both poets and bases its storyline on the popular speculation of whether Clare and Tennyson had ever met. Dr Matthew Allen runs an asylum called High Beach Private Asylum for mental patients of his. John Clare, a peasant poet from Northamptonshire who is not so famous then, is admitted in the asylum for his lunatic behaviours, memory lapses and delusions. Dr Allen treats his patients differently from other mental institutes given them much freedom; Document [11] (Title: The Refuge Collection) The Refuge Collection The Refuge Collection is a collection of inter-related stories published online from 2015–2016 and in print. The first book, 'The Refuge Collection, Heaven to Some...' (2016) contained the first 18 tales and a poem, and was printed in full colour as both hardback and softcover editions. The second book, 'The Refuge Collection... Hell to Others!' contains the next 18 tales from Refuge and brings the series to a conclusion, it seems. All these tales are set in a shared-universe environment in the fictional (dystopian) town of Refuge, as conceived in 2015 by British-Australian writer . Although published Document [12] (Title: A Princess of Mars) Carter of Mars," "Princess of Mars," and "Barsoom," among others, despite the "Dastar" decision of the United States Supreme Court, which invalidates trademark on public domain works. The Asylum released a feature-length direct-to-DVD film based on the novel, titled "Princess of Mars", on December 29, 2009. A full-length feature film of the novel had been attempted and aborted many times. Its working title was originally "A Princess of Mars", but it was renamed "John Carter of Mars" and then simply "John Carter" during pre-production. It was originally due in 2006, with Jon Favreau ("Zathura", "Iron Man", "Cowboys & Aliens") as Document [13] (Title: Human Traces) things plastered all over the walls), the act of finishing it felt like a bereavement. Human Traces Human Traces is a 2005 novel by Sebastian Faulks, best known as the British author of "Birdsong" and "Charlotte Gray". The novel took Faulks five years to write. It tells of two friends who set up a pioneering asylum in 19th-century Austria, in tandem with the evolution of psychiatry and the start of the First World War. Tracing the intertwined lives of Doctors Thomas Midwinter, who is English, and Jacques Rebière, from Brittany, France, "Human Traces" explores the development of psychiatry and psychoanalysis Document [14] (Title: Arkham Asylum: A Serious House on Serious Earth) laughing at the idea. In the apocrypha of the 15th anniversary edition, Morrison asks these people, "Who's laughing now, @$$hole?" Morrison would also add that the people "who don't read comics regularly seemed to really enjoy the book." Commissioner Gordon informs Batman that the patients of Arkham Asylum have taken over the facility, threatening to murder the staff unless Batman agrees to meet with them. Among the hostages are Dr. Charles Cavendish, Arkham's administrator, and Dr. Ruth Adams, a therapist. The patients are led by the Joker, who threatens to blind a young girl to spur Batman to come to Document [15] (Title: Asylum (Darvill-Evans novel)) calling himself 'The Doctor'. The missing friar turns up dead. Alfric teams up with the two newcomers to solve the mystery. Their efforts lead them to Roger Bacon, a famous scholar who has ties to Nyssa's technographical life. Asylum (Darvill-Evans novel) Asylum is a BBC Books original novel written by Peter Darvill-Evans and based on the long-running British science fiction television series "Doctor Who". It features the Fourth Doctor and Nyssa (resulting in a slight temporal paradox as the Nyssa featured here comes from a time some time after she stopped travelling with the Fifth Doctor). Alfric, the proctor of Document [16] (Title: The Harrowing (novel)) the Thanksgiving holiday. But after playing around with a Ouija board they realize that there is a presence lurking in the house with them. The Harrowing (novel) The Harrowing is a horror novel by Alexandra Sokoloff. It was first published in 2006 by St. Martin's Press, and is the author's debut book, following a screenwriting career. According to Sokoloff's website, she was inspired to write the novel because of her experiences teaching to troubled teenagers in the Los Angeles County prison system. The Harrowing was nominated for the Bram Stoker Award for Best First Novel. The story follows a group Document [17] (Title: West Ryder Pauper Lunatic Asylum) West Ryder Pauper Lunatic Asylum West Ryder Pauper Lunatic Asylum is the third studio album by British indie rock band Kasabian, which was released on 5 June 2009. It is also the first album by the band to not feature Christopher Karloff, the band's lead guitarist and songwriter, following his departure during the writing stages of Kasabian's second album, "Empire" (2006). The rhythm guitarist Sergio Pizzorno took over as the main force behind the band's song writing and also forced as lead guitarist to replace Karloff's duties. The album was nominated for the 2009 Mercury Prize. In October 2009, it Document [18] (Title: The Quickening Maze) following year in 2011 it won the European Union Prize for Literature. The Quickening Maze The Quickening Maze is a 2009 historical fictional novel by British poet and author Adam Foulds and published by Jonathan Cape. The book received the Encore Award (2009), European Union Prize for Literature (2011) and was shortlisted for Man Booker Prize (2009) and Walter Scott Prize (2010). The book is based on the historical backdrop of a mental asylum run by Matthew Allen at High Beach in late 1830s and 1840s which had English poet John Clare admitted therein. Alfred, Lord Tennyson, another notable poet Document [19] (Title: Exeter (film)) 2012. Shooting took place on location in Rhode Island. Nispel said that the location was photographed as they found it. Nispel said that he wanted to write the film as if the teens who watch horror films experienced one. On December 10, 2014, Dread Central reported that the title had been changed to "Exeter". It was released as "The Asylum" in the UK on May 4, 2015. DirecTV Cinema premiered it in the US on July 2, 2015. Gareth Jones of Dread Central rated it 3/5 stars and wrote, ""The Asylum" is a peculiar experience; a definite oddity that seems Document [20] (Title: Alex Beam) his journalistic work, Beam is the author of two novels set in Russia, "Fellow Travelers" (1987) and "The Americans Are Coming!" (1991), both published by St. Martin's Press. He has also published three works of non-fiction. "Gracefully Insane: Life and Death Inside America's Premier Mental Hospital", which explored the history of McLean Hospital, was published in January 2002. His second non-fiction book, about the Great Books movement, "A Great Idea at the Time: The Rise, Fall and Curious Afterlife of the Great Books", was published in 2008. Both were named Notable Books in the annual list compiled by "The New Document [21] (Title: Asylum (2014 film)) Asylum (2014 film) Asylum is a 2014 American horror comedy film directed by Todor Chapkanov. The movie was released to DVD in Japan on April 4, 2014 and was released in the United States on June 2, 2015. "Asylum" is part of After Dark's "After Dark Originals" series and stars Stephen Rea as a man who must stop his brother from releasing the forces of darkness upon the world. The film follows a riot squad that enters an insane asylum to try to deal with a hostage situation involving some of the inmates. The group is quickly overwhelmed by the Document [22] (Title: The Quickening Maze) The Quickening Maze The Quickening Maze is a 2009 historical fictional novel by British poet and author Adam Foulds and published by Jonathan Cape. The book received the Encore Award (2009), European Union Prize for Literature (2011) and was shortlisted for Man Booker Prize (2009) and Walter Scott Prize (2010). The book is based on the historical backdrop of a mental asylum run by Matthew Allen at High Beach in late 1830s and 1840s which had English poet John Clare admitted therein. Alfred, Lord Tennyson, another notable poet of the era, moves to High Beach to get his brother Septimus Document [23] (Title: Patrick McGrath (novelist)) He also taught craft courses for a number of years in the MFA program at Hunter College, New York, and since 2007, has taught an MFA program at the New School in New York. His archive was acquired by the University of Stirling, Scotland. His fiction is principally characterised by the first person unreliable narrator, and recurring subject matter in his work includes mental illness, repressed homosexuality and adulterous relationships. His novel "Martha Peake" won the Premio Flaiano Prize in Italy and "Asylum" was shortlisted for the 1996 Guardian Fiction Prize. He is also currently on the writing faculties of Document [24] (Title: A Secret Institution) A Secret Institution A Secret Institution, a 19th-century woman's lunatic asylum narrative, is the autobiography of Clarissa Caldwell Lathrop. Published in 1890 after she had regained her freedom, it details Lathrop's institutionalization at Utica Lunatic Asylum for voicing suspicions that someone was trying to poison her. Written novelistically, book reviews of the time suggested that it was poorly written and fell short of its object, while 21st-century reviewers praise the exposing of 19th-century mental institutions, which confined outspoken women. "A Secret Institution" (New York: Bryant Publishing Co.) has the external appearance of a novel, but was intended as a statement Document [25] (Title: Asylum (1996 TV series)) Pegg and Jessica Stevenson, who would go on to make cult sitcom "Spaced" and "Shaun of the Dead". Many of the characters names were the same as those of the actors who portrayed them. David Devant & His Spirit Wife were the "house band" for the series, performing segments in every episode, from their first album, "Work, Lovelife, Miscellaneous". The lead-in track "Ginger" served as the programme's title music. The series has yet to be released on DVD. Asylum (1996 TV series) Asylum is a British comedy series which was shown on Paramount Comedy Channel in 1996. Set in a Document [26] (Title: Asylum (2005 film)) help him, but Charlie is already dead. Stella is anguished over this and following this trauma, her husband and Dr. Cleave decide that she needs to be institutionalised. She is taken to the same asylum where she met Edgar. Unknown to Stella, Edgar is still held there. With the help of constant medication and care, Stella gets 'better', though she never fully recovers. She accepts Dr. Cleave's offer of a stable relationship, much to his delight, after he informs her that Max wants a divorce. At the annual ball, where male and female patients are permitted to socialise, Stella is Document [27] (Title: A Madness So Discreet) spoken since she entered the asylum, but her voice comes back with a vengeance one night when she feels threatened by one of the doctors. After being thrown in the cellar to waste away, Grace meets Dr. Thornhollow, a lobotomy specialist. Grace wants him to help her find oblivion, but Dr. Thornhollow realizes Grace possesses exceptional observation skills takers her with him to Ohio. There, they visit crime scenes and hunt murderers together, all while Grace pretends to be insane. In a new asylum, Grace makes friends with some of the other patients and has a chance at a new Document [28] (Title: The Warden) up into a thoroughly odious character, and is well aware of his odiousness, but he still prefers him to John Bold, and the book contains a scarcely veiled attack on Charles Dickens, whose reforming zeal he found it hard to sympathise with." The Warden The Warden, published in 1855, is the first book in Anthony Trollope's Chronicles of Barsetshire series of six novels. It was his fourth novel. "The Warden" concerns Mr Septimus Harding, the meek, elderly warden of Hiram's Hospital and precentor of Barchester Cathedral, in the fictional county of Barsetshire. Hiram's Hospital is an almshouse supported by a Document [29] (Title: Cursed Earth Asylum) The book features the return of another psychic called Hope, who first appeared in 1991 in the Judge Anderson story "Engram" (in "2000 AD" # 712–717 and 758–763). Cursed Earth Asylum Cursed Earth Asylum is an original novel written by David Bishop and based on the long-running British science fiction comic strip "Judge Dredd". It is Bishop's second "Judge Dredd" novel. At the time of publication (1994) Bishop was editor of the "Judge Dredd Megazine". A dangerous psychic called Soon is being held prisoner in a lunatic asylum in the Cursed Earth on account of his staggeringly vast powers. When Document [30] (Title: Asylum (McGrath novel)) a school trip with her son she fails to help him as he drowns in a swamp. She is found guilty of infanticide and institutionalised at the asylum where Max used to work. The asylum is now run by Peter Cleave, who wants to help her cure from her Medea complex their friendship to evolve into a marriage. She seems to agree, but Peter doesn't take into account that her love for Edgar - also in the hospital in solitary - still reigns. Stella commits suicide using the pills she didn't swallow as she can't be somebody else's lover. Peter Document [31] (Title: Asylum (series)) in the series three stars each, writing of the second book that "Genre fans will have a good time with zombie novelist Madeleine Roux's fast-paced, spooky narrative." Asylum (series) Asylum is a New York Times bestselling young adult horror novel series by Madeleine Roux. The series is composed of four novels, "Asylum, “Sanctum," , "Catacomb", and ‘’ Escape from Aslyum’’ and three novellas, The Scarlets, ‘’The Bone Artists", and "The Warden." The books feature written story accompanied by photographs that the series' characters uncover during the course of the story. The series follows sixteen-year-old Dan Crawford, who was chosen to Document [32] (Title: Into Asylum) Into Asylum "Into Asylum" is the twenty-first episode of the third season of the NBC science fiction drama series "Heroes" and fifty-fifth episode overall. The episode aired on March 30, 2009. Nathan Petrelli and Claire Bennet have flown to Pátzcuaro, Mexico, where Nathan checks them into a motel for the night, planning to hide from the government agents until he can come up with a plan. At a local cantina, Nathan attempts to win some money by playing a drinking game with some patrons, but ends up passing out. Claire offers to take over, and due to her regenerative abilities, Document [33] (Title: First Johnson County Asylum) First Johnson County Asylum The First Johnson County Asylum is a historic building located on the far west side of Iowa City, Iowa, United States. The first facility Johnson County built to care for paupers and the mentally ill was a four-room cabin in 1855. Two wings were added to the original building six years later. All that remains of this structure is this wing that housed the mentally ill. The single-story wood frame structure with a gable roof was used by the county for this purpose until 1886 when a new facility was completed. It was initially thought that Document [34] (Title: Arkham Asylum: A Serious House on Serious Earth) Amadeus Arkham, and the supernatural and psychological mystery that has been haunting the area. Upon its release, the graphic novel garnered commercial and critical acclaim, and is considered by many to be one of the greatest Batman stories of all time, and one of the best works of Grant Morrison's career. The graphic novel would later become the definitive story of Arkham Asylum, a critical part of the Batman mythos. The critically acclaimed, similarly-titled video game "", the first game in the "" series, was partially influenced by the graphic novel. The graphic novel was writer Grant Morrison's first work Document [35] (Title: Original Vampires (The Vampire Diaries)) leaving. Once inside the asylum, Freya returned to her slumber, remaining as such for a hundred years. As her slumber came to an end, Freya discovered that her sister, Rebekah, had been imprisoned in the asylum when her spirit was placed in a witch body by a vengeful Kol. Pretending to be another inmate, she finally met her sister properly, admiring her bravery when she stood up to the Kindred witches who ran the asylum. Later, when Rebekah planned to draw on Freya (not knowing she was her sister) to break the spell on the asylum, the Kindred tried to Document [36] (Title: The Asylum Choir) The Asylum Choir The Asylum Choir was an American rock duo active in the late 1960s. It was composed of keyboardist Leon Russell and guitarist Marc Benno. Essentially a studio musician gathering, the Asylum Choir was formed around 1967 and the group's debut album was issued in 1968. A second album was recorded in 1969, but the album did not see release until late 1971 because of contract disputes. The duo had long since disbanded, but the second record sold well due to Russell's successful solo career, peaking at #70 on the "Billboard" 200 in 1972. Benno also became a Document [37] (Title: Space Demons) works when a strong beam of hate is directed at someone. Later on, the four get trapped inside the game and gradually work out the only way to escape and thus win the game is if they conquer their hate. Space Demons Space Demons is a book by Australian author Gillian Rubinstein. First released in 1985, the young adult science fiction novel is the first of the 'Space Demons' trilogy. The book was awarded the CBCA Book of the Year for Older Readers in 1987. The book is often studied in Australian high schools as a text, and was used Document [38] (Title: Runaway 3: A Twist of Fate) of his story: Gabbo, who was in the asylum, tells Brian of his flight plan to let him escape, but Kurgan feels everything and he will instead flee. Brian does not win for her, and with the help of other patients, doctors, including Dr. Palmer and other people in the asylum, succeeds in solving a part of the plan. The chapter ends when Brian arrives in the central venture of the asylum, and finds them dead without heads and Brian mistakenly throws his head into an oven. The next day, Gina and Gabbo go to a house nestled in the Document [39] (Title: Fingersmith (novel)) and Sue escort an oblivious Maud to the asylum in a closed carriage. However, the doctors apprehend Sue on arrival, and from the cold reactions of Gentleman and the seemingly innocent Maud, Sue guesses that it is she who has been conned: ""That bitch knew everything. She had been in on it from the start."" In the second part of the novel, Maud takes over the narrative. She describes her early life being raised by the nurses in the mental asylum where her mother died, and the sudden appearance of her uncle, who arrives when she is eleven to take Document [40] (Title: Arkham Asylum) Great White Shark' by himself. The demonic threat is nullified after the sacrifice of several patients, thanks to the joint effort of Etrigan the Demon and White tricking the demons into sending themselves back to the Underworld. "Black Orchid", written by Neil Gaiman and illustrated by Dave McKean, also featured Arkham Asylum. The award-winning graphic novel introduced an updated version of the crimefighter Black Orchid, who dies, is reborn and starts a quest to find her identity. During this she encounters Batman, who directs her to Arkham Asylum, where she meets the Mad Hatter, Poison Ivy, Two-Face and the Joker. Document [41] (Title: Arkham Asylum) replacing Jeremiah Arkham with a more nondescript administrator, Dr. Bartholemew who is portrayed as naïve rather than sinister. "Arkham Asylum: Living Hell" was written by Dan Slott, penciled by Ryan Sook with inks by Sook, Wade Von Grawbadger and Jim Royal. The series was edited by Valerie D'Orazio. Eric Powell created the painted cover art which appeared on both the original series and graphic novel compilation. This six-issue miniseries and the subsequent trade paperback provided an intricate and multi-layered look at Arkham Asylum from several points of view: director Dr. Jeremiah Arkham; psychiatrist Dr. Anne Carver; the guards, chiefly one Document [42] (Title: The Town of Light) becomes known that Renee was admitted due to promiscuity, depression, and a volatile relationship with her mother. Renee found comfort in her doll Charlotte. Renee walks the corridors of the derelict asylum which triggers flashbacks of both her inpatient stay and circumstances prior. It is implied that Renee was a victim of sexual abuse within the asylum perpetrated by a male nurse or doctor. Renee discovers Amara, another patient and a romance ensues. When the nurses discovered this relationship they were separated. Renee finds her old medical files which imply that Amara did not exist and that they are figments Document [43] (Title: The First (comics)) the first 40% of the series. CrossGen announced the release of three additional books that were ultimately never published. The First (comics) The First is a comic book series published by CrossGen featuring the First, very powerful, nearly immortal beings each based on a certain emotion. Due to CrossGen's bankruptcy in 2004, the plot of The First, both in their own self-titled comic and CrossGen's other titles, was cut short. The role of the First in the Negation War, a storyline in which the Sigil-Bearers and First were meant to defend the universe against invaders from another universe, is therefore Document [44] (Title: Adam Foulds) his novel "The Quickening Maze" (Cape) might allow me to tacitly advise him to stick to verse. Some hope: this story of the Victorian lunatic asylum where the poet John Clare and Tennyson's brother Septimus were incarcerated is the real thing. It's not a "poetic novel" either, but a novelistic novel, rich in its understanding and representation of the mad, the sane, and that large overlapping category in between'. On 7 January 2010, he was published on the Guardian Website's "Over by Over" (OBO) coverage of day five of the Third Test of the South Africa v England series at Document [45] (Title: Arkham Asylum: A Serious House on Serious Earth) Arkham Asylum: A Serious House on Serious Earth Arkham Asylum: A Serious House on Serious Earth (often shortened to Batman: Arkham Asylum) is a "Batman" graphic novel written by Grant Morrison and illustrated by Dave McKean. It was originally published in the United States in both hardcover and softcover editions by DC Comics in 1989. The subtitle is taken from Philip Larkin's poem "Church Going". The graphic novel was the first Batman story to be written by Morrison before becoming a regular writer in future Batman titles. Inspired by previous works like "The Dark Knight Returns", Morrison conceived the story Document [46] (Title: Arkham Asylum: A Serious House on Serious Earth) saying that ""Arkham Asylum" is unlike any other Batman book you've ever read [and] one of the finest superhero books to ever grace a bookshelf." Goldstein also ranked "Arkham Asylum" #4 on a list of the 25 greatest Batman graphic novels, behind "", "", and "". "Rolling Stone" praised the book as being one of Grant Morrison's best works, calling it "[his] first big commercial hit – and his first shot writing Batman, a character he would spend a great deal of time with over the course of his career – was this ground-breaking graphic novel featuring the grim, twisted Document [47] (Title: Generation M (comics)) asylum in southern New York. Sally attends an AA meeting, but does not feel like she should be there. She returns to her apartment and has a run-in with her ex-husband about Minnie’s death and her drinking problem. The next day, she visits the asylum and witnesses how formerly powerful inmates are bullied by the still powered mutants. Sally departs, only to have the body of a dead mutant girl thrown at her car by the Ghoul. The Ghoul continues to harass Sally by sending her pictures of his victims. She then receives a visit from Barnell Bohusk, having lost Document [48] (Title: Nadine McInnis) seven books, "Two Hemispheres" (Brick Books, Fall 2007) is a book length poetic exploration of illness and health partially inspired by the first medical photographs of women patients of the Surrey County Lunatic Asylum in 1850. Ten photos are included. The book has been shortlisted for two national awards: the 2008 Pat Lowther Award and the 2008 ReLit Award, as well as the regional Archibald Lampman Award for the city of Ottawa. McInnis' work has appeared in a variety of journals, including "The Malahat Review", "The New Quarterly", "Event", and "Room of One's Own". McInnis has published widely in magazines Document [49] (Title: Nightmare Inn) of the series are set at the same location, the New Arcadia Inn, formerly known as the Arcadia Inn. The resort is luxurious and located in a forest in the northeastern part of the United States. It has a gruesome history of murder and violence from beyond the grave. All the primary characters are teenagers, which is a common format of the young adult novels. Though each book is a stand-alone story, they are all inter-connected by two recurring characters, a young girl named Sarah (who plays an important part in the first novel and is portrayed as a secondary Document [50] (Title: Asylum (2015 TV series)) [sic] is not a BBC member of staff and is not representing the BBC. Therefore we will not be commenting on Twitter posts made by third parties.' The series has yet to be released on DVD. Written by Thom Phipps and Peter Bowden Asylum (2015 TV series) Asylum is a British comedy series which is shown on BBC Four from 9 to 23 February 2015. The satirical comedy series revolves around a whistleblower and an internet pirate find themselves trapped together under the threat of extradition in the London embassy of a fictional Latin American country. The show was inspired Document [51] (Title: The Amityville Asylum) The Amityville Asylum The Amityville Asylum is a 2013 direct-to-video horror film. It was written, produced and directed by Andrew Jones and stars Sophia Del Pizzo, Sarah Louise Madison and Eileen Daly. It was released on June 3, 2013 and released to DVD on October 2, 2013. The film was released in Germany in 2013 on Blu-ray and DVD by Paragon as The Nesting 2: Amityville Asylum. It is the eleventh film based on the Amityville horror. Lisa Templeton begins a new job as a cleaner at High Hopes Hospital, a mental institution in Amityville, Long Island. Initially delighted to Document [52] (Title: Arkham Asylum) Arkham is viewed as a desperate place where patients dwell in terror, much in the same fashion as in "A Serious House on Serious Earth", which was also illustrated by McKean. "Arkham Reborn" is a three-part miniseries written by David Hine and illustrated by Jeremy Haun. It tells the story of the rebuilding of the Asylum after having been destroyed by Black Mask during the events of "Battle for the Cowl". In "Batman" #697, it is revealed that Dr. Jeremiah Arkham is the new Black Mask. More is revealed about Dr. Jeremiah Arkham in "Detective Comics" #864 and #865. "The Document [53] (Title: Cursed Earth Asylum) Cursed Earth Asylum Cursed Earth Asylum is an original novel written by David Bishop and based on the long-running British science fiction comic strip "Judge Dredd". It is Bishop's second "Judge Dredd" novel. At the time of publication (1994) Bishop was editor of the "Judge Dredd Megazine". A dangerous psychic called Soon is being held prisoner in a lunatic asylum in the Cursed Earth on account of his staggeringly vast powers. When Soon escapes and threatens Mega-City One, Judge Dredd and a party of cadets are sent to stop him, only for Dredd to be framed for murdering the cadets. Document [54] (Title: Stonehearst Asylum) of Victorian medicine." Stonehearst Asylum Stonehearst Asylum, previously known as Eliza Graves, is an American Gothic film directed by Brad Anderson and written by Joseph Gangemi. It is loosely based on the short story "The System of Doctor Tarr and Professor Fether" by Edgar Allan Poe. The film, starring Kate Beckinsale, Jim Sturgess, Michael Caine, Ben Kingsley, and David Thewlis, was released on October 24, 2014. In 1899, an Oxford University professor demonstrates a case of female hysteria, Eliza Graves, before his class. Though she protests that she is sane, the professor points out that all mental patients claim to Document [55] (Title: Asylum (Disturbed album)) a loved one as both an asylum driving the person insane, as well as a place of comfort. The first song on the album, titled "Remnants", is an instrumental which originally was meant to be combined with the song "Asylum" to make a 7:30 long track, but instead it was split into two parts for setting the mood of the album, and for possible appearances on the radio. "Serpentine" is a song intended to be "ethereal and frightening", about a succubus demon woman who "utilizes her sexuality to prey on the weaknesses of men." In the same interview, Draiman pointed Document [56] (Title: Victor Heck) Victor Heck Victor Heck (born David Nordhaus, July 20, 1967 in St. Louis, Missouri) is an American editor and horror fiction author whose novels and short stories are published under his pen name. He is the former owner/operator of DarkTales Publications. In 1999, Heck’s "The Asylum Volume 1: The Psycho Ward" was nominated for the British Fantasy Award for Best Anthology. Nordhaus's DarkTales published books such as J. Michael Straczynski's "Tribulations" (), Mort Castle's "Moon on the Water" (), Yvonne Navarro's "DeadTimes" (), and Robert Weinberg's "Dial Your Dreams and Other Nightmares" (). In 2007 Nordhaus began to shift gears Document [57] (Title: Asylum (1972 horror film)) which Alfred Hitchcock directed as a film. It is a horror anthology film, one of several produced by Amicus during the 1960s and 1970s. Others were "Dr. Terror's House of Horrors", "Torture Garden", "Tales from the Crypt", "The House That Dripped Blood", "The Vault of Horror", and "From Beyond the Grave". Shot in April 1972, the film was edited and set for release 15 weeks after the final day of shooting, premièring in July 1972 in the UK. The film had its North American début on 17 November 1972. Dr Martin arrives at a secluded asylum "for the incurably insane" Document [58] (Title: Amadeus Arkham) is incarcerated in the Asylum himself after trying to kill his stockbroker in 1929; he scratches the words of a binding spell into the walls and floor of his cell with his fingernails and constantly belts out "The Star-Spangled Banner" in a loud voice until the day he dies. Decades later Dr. Cavendish, another doctor in the asylum, believes he is a reincarnation of Amadeus and frees the inmates. Towards the end of the story, he takes another doctor, Dr. Adams, hostage, dresses himself in the dress of Amadeus' mother and relates Arkham's history to Batman before attempting to strangle Document [59] (Title: Jeremiah Arkham) claims she also wants the asylum. Jeremiah works out with Batman's help that Alyce is behind it all and she is committed. When he goes to talk to his special patients for some mental release he is confronted by a scary Jester figure (reminiscent of Joker). It is at this point he loses it. He is found by Batman and locked up with the other inmates in Arkham and Alyce is freed and made director of the asylum. In the end it turns out that his special patients were all a delusion and he also suffers with no recollection of Document [60] (Title: Mad Shadows (novel)) asylum by Louise, who becomes fed up with his incompetence, however he escapes shortly afterwards. As their lives quickly become disillusioned, Isabelle-Marie ends up setting fire to the farm. Louise, who has slowly been cracking under the loss of her beautiful child, and the control – and eventual death - of her husband is lost in the fire. Isabelle-Marie commits suicide as she pushes her child off the train tracks that once brought her home, as Patrice drowns himself when he sees his hideous face in the reflection of a lake. In 1977, the novel was adapted into a ballet Document [61] (Title: Douglas Clegg) which snakes take their revenge on St. Patrick and the people of Dublin. Clegg wrote his first novella-length work, called "Asylum", at age 17. Clegg graduated from Washington and Lee University, with a degree in English Literature. Clegg finished writing his first novel, "Goat Dance", in 1987. Pocket Books published it in 1989, and "Goat Dance" was nominated for Outstanding First Novel by the Horror Writers Association. Pocket also published his second, third, and fourth novels, "Breeder" (1990), "Neverland" (1991) and "Dark of the Eye" (1994). Clegg's next novel, "The Children's Hour" (1995), was published by Dell, but the imprint Document [62] (Title: Arkham Asylum: A Serious House on Serious Earth) Amadeus inscribed his name into the floor. Arkham Asylum: A Serious House on Serious Earth Arkham Asylum: A Serious House on Serious Earth (often shortened to Batman: Arkham Asylum) is a "Batman" graphic novel written by Grant Morrison and illustrated by Dave McKean. It was originally published in the United States in both hardcover and softcover editions by DC Comics in 1989. The subtitle is taken from Philip Larkin's poem "Church Going". The graphic novel was the first Batman story to be written by Morrison before becoming a regular writer in future Batman titles. Inspired by previous works like "The Document [63] (Title: Asylum (Kiss album)) musicians Singles – "Billboard" (North America) Single – UK Singles Chart (United Kingdom) Asylum (Kiss album) Asylum is the thirteenth studio album by the heavy metal band Kiss. It is the first with lead guitarist Bruce Kulick as an official band member. He had replaced guitarist Mark St. John on some songs on "Animalize" (1984) during his absence due to reactive arthritis. Subsequently, Kulick filled St. John's spot during most segments of the "Animalize" tour. The lineup of Paul Stanley, Gene Simmons, Eric Carr, and Kulick would last until Carr's death in November 1991, while Kulick would stay with the Document [64] (Title: Moriz Scheyer) work published, but ultimately despaired of finding anyone interested in what had happened 'only' to Jews. Until the posthumous discovery and publication of the autobiographical work Asylum, Moriz Scheyer's main literary output consisted of travel writing, book and theatre reviews (in particular for the Josefstädter Theatre) and, especially, essays in the distinctively European genre of the "feuilleton" - pieces inspired by a particular event, e.g. a book publication or exhibition, but going beyond mere review in their personal reflection or historical analysis. His first three published books are travel writings; the remaining three published in his lifetime are collections of Document [65] (Title: Asylum (1972 horror film)) door to the inmates's solitary confinement cells, where he interviews each in turn. This story is loosely based on Bloch's short story "A Home Away from Home," first published in "Alfred Hitchcock's Mystery Magazine" and adapted for television on "The Alfred Hitchcock Hour". Bonnie recounts the plot to murder Ruth, the wealthy wife of her lover Walter. Ruth is a possessive heiress who studies voodoo. This results in horrific repercussions after Ruth's dead body has been dismembered and wrapped in individual parcels. Bruno recounts how poverty and impending eviction forced him to accept the unusual request of a Mr Smith Document [66] (Title: Asylum (Kiss album)) Asylum (Kiss album) Asylum is the thirteenth studio album by the heavy metal band Kiss. It is the first with lead guitarist Bruce Kulick as an official band member. He had replaced guitarist Mark St. John on some songs on "Animalize" (1984) during his absence due to reactive arthritis. Subsequently, Kulick filled St. John's spot during most segments of the "Animalize" tour. The lineup of Paul Stanley, Gene Simmons, Eric Carr, and Kulick would last until Carr's death in November 1991, while Kulick would stay with the band until the reunion of the original lineup in 1996. On the album Document [67] (Title: American Horror Story: Asylum) Teresa. In April 2012, Lizzie Brocheré was cast to play Grace, a character described originally as "a fierce, ferocious, extremely sexual, and dangerous wild-child sexpot" to rival Jessica Lange's character, but the role was later heavily revamped. In May 2012, James Cromwell signed on to co-star as Dr. Arthur Arden, a man who works in the asylum, and who is revealed to have been a Nazi. Chloë Sevigny played the role of Shelley, a nymphomaniac whose husband has her placed in the asylum. In June 2012, actor Joseph Fiennes joined the main cast as Monsignor Timothy Howard, a possible love Document [68] (Title: Fingersmith (novel)) that Gentleman double-crossed her. When she screams to the asylum doctors that she is not Mrs Rivers but her maid Susan, they ignore her, as Gentleman (helped by Maud) has convinced them that this is precisely her delusion, and that she is really Maud Lilly Rivers, his troubled wife. Sue is treated appallingly by the nurses in the asylum, being subjected to beatings and taunts on a regular basis. Such is her maltreatment and loneliness that, after a time, she begins to fear that she truly has gone mad. She is sustained by the belief that Mrs Sucksby will find Document [69] (Title: Asylum (McGrath novel)) Max is fired from the asylum due to the affair, so they move to the Welsh countryside where Max can work for another mental hospital. She now has to gain the trust of her son and Max, but she doesn't make much of an effort as she is still in love with Edgar despite his disturbing behaviour. As the family gets more depressed Stella has simple sex with her neighbour to pass the time waiting for her lover to find her. Her hope for reunion with Edgar is strengthened when he is arrested by the police near their house. During Document [70] (Title: The Hostile Hospital) The Hostile Hospital The Hostile Hospital is the eighth novel in the children's book series "A Series of Unfortunate Events" by Lemony Snicket, the pseudonym of Daniel Handler. It takes place shortly after "The Vile Village" and is followed by a sequel, "The Carnivorous Carnival". After escaping the Village of Fowl Devotees, Violet, Klaus and Sunny Baudelaire arrive at a store to send a telegram to Mr. Poe, explaining their situation and pleading for help. The store's generous owner explains that a van of 'Volunteers Fighting Diseases' arrives once everyday for a gas refill. The van arrives, and the Baudelaires, Document [71] (Title: Aliens: Nightmare Asylum) Aliens: Nightmare Asylum Aliens: Nightmare Asylum is the title of a sci-fi novel by Steve Perry, set in the fictional Alien movie universe. It is a sequel to "". The book was published by Bantam Books on April 1, 1993. Its plot, involving an insane military attempt to train aliens, is virtually identical to the 1985 film Day of the Dead. Wilks, Billie, and Bueller are the last survivors of a devastating assault on the aliens' home planet. They are again refugees when they return to the solar system, fleeing Earth's Alien infestation in a military transport that hurtles them Document [72] (Title: The Underground (novel)) Rachel tosses him in as well. They begin to escape with the others, but as they are escaping the Visser begins morphing, so Marco shoots open the barrels of oatmeal. Rachel uses the Dracon beam to collapse the tunnel on them, and they dig to the surface as moles. The book ends as Rachel's mom reports that George Edelman escaped from the asylum with the help of a psychic grizzly bear. This book wound up being the basis for the episode "The Escape" in the "Animorphs" TV series. like the other episodes surrounding it, there are quite a number of Document [73] (Title: Umbrella (novel)) her own story. Busner brings her back to consciousness using a new drug (L-Dopa, which was used for the same purpose by Oliver Sacks in the 1970s). In the final element of the story, in 2010 the asylum is no longer in existence and the recently retired Busner travels across north London trying to find the truth about his experience with his patient. The novel is written in a flowing fashion without chapters and very few paragraph breaks between scenes. It intercuts between different time periods and is composed of interlaced narratives. In some senses its structuring can be likened Document [74] (Title: Asylum (2015 TV series)) Asylum (2015 TV series) Asylum is a British comedy series which is shown on BBC Four from 9 to 23 February 2015. The satirical comedy series revolves around a whistleblower and an internet pirate find themselves trapped together under the threat of extradition in the London embassy of a fictional Latin American country. The show was inspired by Julian Assange’s two-year stay in the Ecuadorian embassy and the controversial entrepreneur Kim Dotcom. The show was initially conceived by fonejacker star, Kayvan Novak and Tom Thostrup, before being written by Thom Phipps and Peter Bowden. One of the writers of the Document [75] (Title: In the Mouth of Madness) it a meaningless hallucination. Trent wakes the following day to find the asylum abandoned. He departs as a radio announces that the world has been overrun with monstrous creatures, including mutating humans, and that outbreaks of suicide and mass murder are commonplace. Trent goes to see the "In the Mouth of Madness" film and discovers that he is the main character. As he watches his previous actions play out on screen, including a scene where he insisted to Linda "This is reality!", Trent begins laughing hysterically before breaking down crying; finally realizing he was a character in the book all Document [76] (Title: A Madness So Discreet) life without the ties to her family and their demons, but will ultimately have to confront those demons to survive. A Madness So Discreet A Madness So Discreet () is a book by Mindy McGinnis and published by Katherine Tegen Books ("a subsidiary of HarperCollins") on 6 October 2016 which later won the Edgar Award for Best Young Adult in 2016. Grace Mae is not insane. She does, however, reside in the Wayburne Lunatic Asylum of Boston with a neighbor who screams because of the spiders in her veins, and a vindictive orderly. Thrown into the asylum by her father, Document [77] (Title: Human Traces) Human Traces Human Traces is a 2005 novel by Sebastian Faulks, best known as the British author of "Birdsong" and "Charlotte Gray". The novel took Faulks five years to write. It tells of two friends who set up a pioneering asylum in 19th-century Austria, in tandem with the evolution of psychiatry and the start of the First World War. Tracing the intertwined lives of Doctors Thomas Midwinter, who is English, and Jacques Rebière, from Brittany, France, "Human Traces" explores the development of psychiatry and psychoanalysis in the late 19th century, by way of excursions into first alienism then metaphysics, human Document [78] (Title: Legion (Blatty novel)) theme to them, such as a child crucified and a priest being headless. Kinderman's investigations lead him to a mental asylum where there are a number of suspects, including a psychiatrist and one of his own patients. There, Kinderman begins to find links between the victims and events in the previous novel, the exorcism of the twelve-year-old girl, Regan. Kinderman entertains philosophical thoughts of his own, such as trying to work out how the concept of evil (specifically relating to the murders) fits in with God's plans for humanity. Kinderman frequently alludes to his favorite novel, "The Brothers Karamazov", especially Document [79] (Title: Asylum (Torchwood)) Asylum (Torchwood) "Asylum" is an original BBC Radio 4 audio play written by Anita Sullivan and is a spin-off from the British science fiction television series Torchwood, itself a spin-off from Doctor Who. This episode aired on 1 July 2009 on BBC Radio 4. It stars John Barrowman as Captain Jack Harkness, Eve Myles as Gwen Cooper, Gareth David-Lloyd as Ianto Jones, Tom Price as PC Andy Davidson, and Erin Richards as Freda. Andy Davidson comes across a girl in a river as he patrols. As he helps her, the girl screams at him before running off, leaving Andy confused. Document [80] (Title: Arkham Asylum) (although he and Catwoman manage to escape). In "Batman: Crimson Mist", the third part of the trilogy that began with "", the now-vampiric Batman, corrupted by his thirst for blood, breaks into the asylum and murders all the homicidal patients-including Amygdala, Victor Zsasz and the Mad Hatter-drinking their blood and chopping off their heads to prevent them coming back as vampires (it is unclear if he did this while reveling in his new power or to try and provoke his old allies into destroying what he had become). As an integral part of the Batman franchise, Arkham Asylum has been Document [81] (Title: The Asylum) mix. Also unlike "Transformers", it has cheap special effects and a subplot involving lesbians." The 2008 release "Death Racers" featured the hip hop group Insane Clown Posse and wrestler Scott "Raven" Levy in major roles. In 2009 the Asylum released its first 3D picture, "Sex Pot". The Asylum The Asylum is an American independent film company and distributor that focuses on producing low-budget, direct-to-video films. The company has produced titles that capitalize on productions by major studios, often using film titles and scripts very similar to those of current blockbusters in order to lure customers. These titles have been dubbed Document [82] (Title: Aliens: Earth Hive) a group of military survivors approach them, demanding that they hand over their ship. The encounter turns violent: Blake is killed and Parks panics and abandons the group. Wilks, Billie, and Mitch manage to stow away on a container ship headed for an unknown destination. They escape from Earth, with no idea of their final destination. This cliffhanger ending leads into the next book in the trilogy, Nightmare Asylum. The book is a novelization of the first series of the "Aliens" spin-off comic book (called "Book One" in the original trade paperback) written by Mark Verheiden which was released in Document [83] (Title: Asylum (2008 film)) if you "combine the "House on Haunted Hill" remake and "A Nightmare on Elm Street" – minus all the good parts – and you will get "Asylum"." "Dread Central" also panned the film, noting that the movie "seems like it was aimed more toward the young adult demographic than the horror fan" and that anyone other than a "fourteen-year-old girl" would likely find it "horribly average". Asylum (2008 film) Asylum is a 2008 American horror film that was directed by David R. Ellis. The movie was initially planned for a theatrical release but was instead released straight to DVD on Document [84] (Title: Sanitarium (video game)) Morgan, head of the asylum. He remembers the death of his younger sister Sarah years ago and the real reason behind his institutionalization. The game uses a bird's-eye view perspective and a non-tiled 2D navigational system. Each world and setting carries a distinct atmosphere that presents either the real world, the imaginary world, or a mix of both of the main protagonist. In many cases, it is unclear to the player if the world the character is currently in is real or a product of Max's own imagination. This indistinction underlines much of the horror portrayed in the game. The Document [85] (Title: The Underground (novel)) changes: The Underground (novel) The Underground is the 17th book in the Animorphs series, written by K.A. Applegate. It is narrated by Rachel. The Animorphs save a man named George Edelman from jumping out of a building. They later hear that he has been committed to an asylum for talking about aliens living in his head. They bust in to talk to him, and he reveals that some Yeerks have discovered a way to survive without the Kandrona: eating Instant Maple and Ginger Oatmeal. However, the oatmeal is extremely addictive to the Yeerk, who goes insane and never leaves the Document [86] (Title: The Quickening Maze) the national debt and Margaret keeps believing that God is speaking to her. Charles Seymour is from an aristocratic family and he is wrongly placed in the asylum by his family to avoid his marriage with his lover who the family deems unsuitable for him. Various incidences of sexual violence between fellow inmates are noted in the asylum. Allen's teenage daughter, Hannah, craves for attention and starts fancying Tennyson. When she gets nothing out of it, she falls for Seymour. Tennyson is also brooding over the death of his friend Arthur Hallam and is shown working on a memorial to Document [87] (Title: Arkham Asylum) events of "Batman: The Last Arkham" (see below). It is also seriously damaged at the beginning of the "" storyline, when Bane uses stolen munitions to blow up the facility and release all the patients. After these events, the asylum is relocated to a large mansion known as "Mercey Mansion". At the beginning of the "No Man's Land" storyline, the asylum is closed down and all its patients discharged. In this instance, a timer was used to open the doors two minutes before the city is sealed. This is orchestrated by the administrator himself, Dr. Jeremiah Arkham, the nephew of Document [88] (Title: The Asylum for Wayward Victorian Girls) 2016. Emilie: Main character of the book's Hospital Entries. Chloe: Fellow inmate of Emilie who is sent to electric therapy at 4 o'clock in the morning. Emilie never saw her again. Kara: Recovering drug addict. Violet: Fellow inmate who has been the victim of abuse. Dr. Sharpe: Doctor at the mental ward who shows an interest in Emilie. J___: Unnamed friend from Emilie's notebook who throws out her "tools." S___: Unnamed boyfriend from Emilie's notebook. Emily: Heroine of The Asylum... in the Victorian era. She has red hair. Her nickname is "Valentine," for the heart-shaped scar on her cheek. Dr. Document [89] (Title: Asylum (1996 TV series)) Asylum (1996 TV series) Asylum is a British comedy series which was shown on Paramount Comedy Channel in 1996. Set in a mental asylum, it ran for one series of six episodes. Unlike traditional sitcoms or comedy television shows, it was to some extent an opportunity for stand-up routines by various comedians, mixed with an overall story involving much black humour. It is significant for involving a large number of British comedians, many of whom have gone on to work on some of the most successful comedy programmes of the 2000s. It marked the first collaboration of Edgar Wright, Simon Document [90] (Title: The Book of Renfield) The Book of Renfield The Book of Renfield: A Gospel of Dracula is a 2005 novel written by Tim Lucas and the first of the "mash-up" horror-themed novels that rose to commercial prominence later in the decade. It is an unofficial prequel to Bram Stoker's Dracula. Like the original novel, "Renfield" is an epistolary novel written in series of written documents. It focuses mainly on Renfield, mostly remembered for his minor role in "Dracula" as a lunatic that ate flies, rodents and other animals, and Dr. John Seward, the administrator of an insane asylum who is trying to understand Renfield's Document [91] (Title: Asylum (McGrath novel)) Asylum (McGrath novel) Asylum is a 1996 gothic fiction novel by British author Patrick McGrath. The novel is the chronicle of a story about self-obsession narrated by the point of view of a psychiatrist. It was adapted into a 2005 film directed by David Mackenzie. A beautiful woman, Stella Raphael, lives an unimaginative family life: she runs the household and takes care of her son Charlie while her husband Max works as a deputy superintendent at a maximum security psychiatric hospital. This all changes when she becomes romantically involved with Edgar Stark, an artistic talented patient who restores the old Document [92] (Title: Arkham Asylum: A Serious House on Serious Earth) throwing him out the window, sustaining a severe wound from the spear in the process. Batman finally reaches a secret room high in the towers of the asylum. Inside, he discovers Cavendish dressed in a bridal gown and threatening Adams with a razor. It is revealed that he orchestrated the riots. When questioned by Batman, Cavendish has him read a passage from the diary of the asylum's founder, Amadeus Arkham. In flashbacks, it is revealed that Arkham's mentally ill mother, Elizabeth, suffered delusions of being tormented by a supernatural entity. After believing to have seen the creature himself (a bat), Document [93] (Title: American Horror Story: Asylum) a completely different time period." He later said, "Everyone looks so different, people who were enemies last year are allies this year. The sets are amazing. It's 1964, so everything looks very different." Murphy had also told "TV Guide" that there would not be any ghosts in the second season, "I think "the story" is horrifying," he said. "The story is a period piece in a mental institution based largely on truth and truth is always scarier than fiction." In August 2012, Murphy announced the season's new name by stating, "We picked 'Asylum' because it not only describes the setting Document [94] (Title: Asylum (1972 horror film)) Films. Asylum (1972 horror film) Asylum (also known as House of Crazies in subsequent US releases) is a 1972 British horror film made by Amicus Productions. The film was directed by Roy Ward Baker, produced by Milton Subotsky, and scripted by Robert Bloch (who adapted four of his own short stories for the screenplay). Baker had considerable experience as a director of horror films as he had tackled "Quatermass and The Pit", and "Scars of Dracula". Robert Bloch, who wrote the script for "Asylum" based on a series of his own short stories, was also the author of the novel Document [95] (Title: Arkham Asylum: A Serious House on Serious Earth) as ungovernable as the character himself. The graphic novel was published in October 1989 in the wake of Tim Burton's film "Batman". Upon its release, the graphic novel became a commercial success and catapulted Morrison and McKean's name in the comic book industry. Editor Karen Berger revealed that it has sold "close to a half million copies" by 2004, making it the best-selling original graphic novel in American superhero comics. According to the Grant Morrison website, the series has already sold over 600,000 copies worldwide. Hilary Goldstein of IGN Comics praised the story and its "claustrophobic" portrayal of the asylum, Document [96] (Title: Arkham Asylum) House on Serious Earth" is a graphic novel written by Grant Morrison and painted by Dave McKean. It was published by DC in 1989. It made reference to the treatment of several of the patients, such as the attempt to wean Two-Face away from dependence on his coin for decision making, first with a die and then a deck of cards. It once again portrays the asylum as having been taken over by its patients. "A Serious House on Serious Earth" has been critically acclaimed, having been called "one of the finest superhero books to ever grace a bookshelf." IGN Document [97] (Title: Lunatic (novel)) Lunatic (novel) Lunatic is the fifth book in the Lost Books series, written by Ted Dekker, and the first book in the series written with Kaci Hill. It is set at the beginning of "White", from Dekker's Circle Trilogy. It, along with the sixth book, "Elyon", was released on June 2, 2009. "Lunatic" picks up where "Chaos" left off. Johnis, Silvie, and Darsal have returned from the other earth, having claimed all of the lost books of history only to lose them again. More importantly, the world that they have returned to has changed completely. Their home is overrun by Document [98] (Title: Eastern Standard Tribe) in his attack on Fede when he discovers his betrayal. The asylum plot takes place after his attack on Fede, and culminates in his escape from the asylum and founding of a new company to market health care products using his inside knowledge of psychiatric institutions. "Kirkus Reviews" described this novel in their review as "A near-future yarn that would have worked better as a piece of speculative nonfiction." Regina Schroeder in reviewing for "Booklist" said that "Doctorow’s fast, bizarre follow-up to "Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom" is a reaction to the impact of instant global communication in Document [99] (Title: The Book of Renfield) Abbey, feasting on a rat, whose only form of identification is a handkerchief that reads "R. M. Renfield". He is taken in to Seward's asylum, where his sessions with the doctor reveal fragments of his tragic past and how he came to be Count Dracula's pawn. The Book of Renfield The Book of Renfield: A Gospel of Dracula is a 2005 novel written by Tim Lucas and the first of the "mash-up" horror-themed novels that rose to commercial prominence later in the decade. It is an unofficial prequel to Bram Stoker's Dracula. Like the original novel, "Renfield" is an epistolary Document [100] (Title: Arkham Asylum) Arkham Asylum The Elizabeth Arkham Asylum for the Criminally Insane, typically called Arkham Asylum or simply Arkham (), is a fictional psychiatric hospital appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics, commonly in stories featuring the superhero Batman. Arkham Asylum first appeared in "Batman" #258 (Oct. 1974), written by Dennis O'Neil with art by Irv Novick. Arkham Asylum serves as a psychiatric hospital for the Gotham City area, housing patients who are criminally insane. Arkham's high-profile patients are often from Batman's rogues gallery, such as the Joker, Two-Face, Poison Ivy, the Riddler, the Penguin, Harley Quinn, Clayface, Bane, the Document [101] (Title: Manasaare) a line that Shankrappa had delivered to Manu when the latter first arrived at the asylum - "Those in this world that come to an asylum, are those who can be cured. The ones who cannot be cured at all, remain outside. There's a chance that you'll be cured of madness, which is something that others outside don't have. Wheover comes here is only temporarily mad, but the ones on the outside are permanently so." The movie has shades of "One flew over the Cuckoo's Nest", the conundrum illustrated in "Catch-22" and also shows the 'institutionalisation' depicted in "The Shawshank Document [102] (Title: Rhyme Asylum) of "State of Lunacy". Their second album "Solitary Confinement" was released in April 2010 featuring Crooked I, Ill Bill and frequent collaborator Reain. For the first time, Rhyme Asylum recruited outside producers. Later in 2010, the group released "" on 12" vinyl. The EP contains eight songs from "Solitary Confinement" and was launched at a Dilated Peoples & Rhyme Asylum show in Hamburg, Germany. Rhyme Asylum have performed across the UK and Europe. Rhyme Asylum Rhyme Asylum is a London hip hop group formed in 2002 by MCs Possessed, Psiklone and Skirmish. Leatherface and Plazma (who did not return for Document [103] (Title: Asylum (2005 film)) The website's critical consensus reads: "This catastrophic adaption of Patrick McGrath's novel gets sillier and more implausible as it goes along." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average of 51 out of 100, based on 29 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Asylum (2005 film) Asylum is a 2005 Anglo-Irish drama film directed by David Mackenzie and made by Mace Neufeld Productions, Samson Films, Seven Arts Productions, Zephyr Films Ltd and released by Paramount Classics. It is based on the novel "Asylum" by Patrick McGrath and was adapted for the screen by Patrick Marber and Chrysanthy Balis. It stars Document [104] (Title: Seekers (novel series)) the journey the four bears make through all six books in the series is referred to as "the clawed path." At the very last moment, the title was changed so that it would look similar to the "Warriors" series. Holmes was initially unhappy with the change, but has since said that she has come to like it and the way it looks on the books. The first novel of the series, "The Quest Begins", was first featured on the HarperCollin's FirstLook Program in November 2007. Readers who signed up for the program had a chance to read an early edition Document [105] (Title: Asylum (upcoming video game)) Asylum (upcoming video game) Asylum is an upcoming horror video game developed by Senscape, an independent video game developer located in Buenos Aires, Argentina. The game is being authored by Agustín Cordes, who previously designed the game "Scratches" for the now defunct developer Nucleosys. Taking place in a fictional insane asylum called the Hanwell Mental Institute, players will be able to fully explore the institute, which is partially based on elements of real asylums. The game will have "twisty storytelling" and "horrifying revelations", and an atmosphere-focused style of horror, much like Scratches. The game was officially announced on July 9, Document [106] (Title: Asylum (2008 film)) Asylum (2008 film) Asylum is a 2008 American horror film that was directed by David R. Ellis. The movie was initially planned for a theatrical release but was instead released straight to DVD on July 15, 2008. "Asylum" stars Sarah Roemer as a young college student who must fight to survive the spirit of a mad doctor that is haunting her dorm. A college student discovers her dorm was once a notorious asylum. According to Winthrop's campus newspaper, The Johnsonian, a group of college freshmen with troubled pasts and nightmares are at Richard Miller University for orientation a couple of Document [107] (Title: Asylum (1981 video game)) Asylum (1981 video game) Asylum is an adventure game created by William F. Denman Jr. and released in 1981 by Med Systems (later known as Screenplay) of Chapel Hill, North Carolina for the TRS-80 computer. It combines a text adventure with simple line graphics to create a first-person perspective 3D game. Med Systems had earlier released games like Rat's Revenge, Deathmaze 5000, and Labyrinth with the same kind of graphics; these games were among the earliest commercial examples of 3D games. A sequel named Asylum II was released in 1982. The sequel was later enhanced with bitmapped graphics, color, and Document [108] (Title: Jim Sturgess) three films. The first was "Stonehearst Asylum", co-starring Kate Beckinsale and directed by Brad Anderson, in the summer. Loosely based on the short story "The System of Doctor Tarr and Professor Fether" by Edgar Allan Poe, Sturgess stars as a medical school graduate who visits an asylum for the insane. The film was released in October 2014. "London Fields", based on the novel by Martin Amis, was next, filmed in London and co-starring Amber Heard and Billy Bob Thornton. The picture is the first feature film directed by Mathew Cullen. After that, "Kidnapping Freddy Heineken" was filmed in Belgium and Document [109] (Title: Doctor Who (series 7)) arcs. According to Dan Martin of "The Guardian", Moffat stated that the goal of the series was "compressed storytelling"; Martin remarked that "Asylum of the Daleks" told more than some of the four-parters in the classic series. In keeping with the blockbuster theme, the title sequence for the first part of the series (up to and including "The Snowmen") features a different look to the titles and logo in the title sequence to reflect the concept of the episode. The Time Vortex in the title sequence has also been tinted blue and green. The interior of the TARDIS is redesigned Document [110] (Title: Asylum (upcoming video game)) 2010 after a previous viral marketing campaign that involved a series of online videos posted on YouTube alleged to be posted by an escaped inmate called Leonard Huntings. A fake website for the Hanwell Mental Institute was also created. The first official screenshots were posted on August 12, 2011. On January 29, 2013, Agustín Cordes opened a Kickstarter campaign to raise , which would be used to accelerate the game's development. On February 28, 2013, it successfully raised , thus securing additional fundings to port the game to iPad and Android. Asylum (upcoming video game) Asylum is an upcoming horror Document [111] (Title: Arkham Asylum: A Serious House on Serious Earth) on Batman, making it the earliest installment in the Morrison's Batman saga. Morrison would later note in the annotated script of how the graphic novel was to be the start of his own undertaking of the Batman comics. Line 55 of Philip Larkin's poem "Church Going" was used as a subtitle. In his original script printed in both the 15th Anniversary (2005) and 25th Anniversary (2014) editions, Morrison remarks on several details behind the genesis of the work: An additional reference to the work as a "response" to trends of the time is made in a later note: "The repressed, Document [112] (Title: The Underground (novel)) The Underground (novel) The Underground is the 17th book in the Animorphs series, written by K.A. Applegate. It is narrated by Rachel. The Animorphs save a man named George Edelman from jumping out of a building. They later hear that he has been committed to an asylum for talking about aliens living in his head. They bust in to talk to him, and he reveals that some Yeerks have discovered a way to survive without the Kandrona: eating Instant Maple and Ginger Oatmeal. However, the oatmeal is extremely addictive to the Yeerk, who goes insane and never leaves the host Document [113] (Title: Asylum (series)) Asylum (series) Asylum is a New York Times bestselling young adult horror novel series by Madeleine Roux. The series is composed of four novels, "Asylum, “Sanctum," , "Catacomb", and ‘’ Escape from Aslyum’’ and three novellas, The Scarlets, ‘’The Bone Artists", and "The Warden." The books feature written story accompanied by photographs that the series' characters uncover during the course of the story. The series follows sixteen-year-old Dan Crawford, who was chosen to attend a prestigious college preparatory summer program in New Hampshire. Once there he befriends two other teens, Abby and Jordan, with whom he explores an old psychiatric Document [114] (Title: The Asylum) The Asylum The Asylum is an American independent film company and distributor that focuses on producing low-budget, direct-to-video films. The company has produced titles that capitalize on productions by major studios, often using film titles and scripts very similar to those of current blockbusters in order to lure customers. These titles have been dubbed "mockbusters" by the press. Its titles are distributed by Echo Bridge Home Entertainment, GT Media, and as of 2015, Cinedigm. They are perhaps best known for creating the "Sharknado" films. As of 2009/2010, The Asylum have never had any losses from their film productions. The Asylum Document [115] (Title: The Asylum Seeker) The Asylum Seeker The Asylum Seeker () is a novel by Dutch author Arnon Grunberg. Published in 2003, the novel won the AKO Literatuurprijs and Ferdinand Bordewijk Prijs in 2004, and has been reprinted more than fourteen times. The jury rapport for the AKO Literatuurprijs praised the novel for being shocking, amusing, and touching all at once, and for its undoing of the bourgeois underpinnings of our society. Christian Beck, a translator of technical manuals, has concluded that life consists of nothing but self-deception and illusions, and decides to devote his time to unmasking all illusions, false hopes, and high Document [116] (Title: Asylum (series)) hospital that has been re-purposed into a student dormitory. However what they find ends up drawing them into old and disturbing events. Dan is a new attendee to the New Hampshire College Prep (NHCP) summer program, where he befriends two other attendees, Abby and Jordan. Abby and Dan kindle a romance, which threatens their friendship with Jordan. This becomes the least of his problems, as the trio ends up getting drawn into the past mysteries of their dorm, the Brookline Dorm, which used to serve as a psychiatric hospital. Exploring the dorm's grounds and history brings evidence that one of Document [117] (Title: Blackthorn Asylum) Blackthorn Asylum Blackthorn Asylum is the eleventh album by dark ambient duo Nox Arcana. The musical theme is described as being "set in an abandoned sanitarium for the criminally insane where the doctors conducted horrible experiments on the inmates." Nox Arcana once again pays homage to H.P. Lovecraft as they did with their second album "Necronomicon", stating "We set "Blackthorn Asylum" in the 1930s and revisit the dark domain of H.P. Lovecraft. The plot builds upon Lovecraft’s short story "From Beyond" and adds some creepy new twists." And, as with almost every other album this band has released, this album Document [118] (Title: The Madman's Tale) Newtown, Connecticut. Due to lead actor Jonathan Rhys Meyers personal issues, production was stopped before filming began. The Madman's Tale The Madman's Tale is a novel written by John Katzenbach. It was published and released in 2004. Francis Petrel, recently released from an asylum faces his own inner demons as he recounts his memories of a murderer in the asylum during his time there. The story tells itself in two parallel parts: one of the stories is during his time in the asylum, all a memory slowly bringing itself back to life; the other story takes place after he is Document [119] (Title: Ghost Asylum) Ghost Asylum Ghost Asylum is an American paranormal television series that aired from September 7, 2014, to June 5, 2016, in the United States on Destination America. The series features a group of professional ghost hunters that try to "trap ghosts" in the country's most haunted abandoned asylums, sanitariums, and mental hospitals. The show was renewed for a second season of 15 episodes, which premiered on April 5, 2015, and aired in two halves with the second half airing in late-2015. A third season aired in 2016. The series follows the paranormal team known as the "Tennessee Wraith Chasers"; the Document [120] (Title: Asylum (Darvill-Evans novel)) Asylum (Darvill-Evans novel) Asylum is a BBC Books original novel written by Peter Darvill-Evans and based on the long-running British science fiction television series "Doctor Who". It features the Fourth Doctor and Nyssa (resulting in a slight temporal paradox as the Nyssa featured here comes from a time some time after she stopped travelling with the Fifth Doctor). Alfric, the proctor of the Franciscan friary would be otherwise enjoying his life in the town of Oxford in 1278. However, one of his friars is missing and the town is being disrupted by a noblewoman and her traveling companion, a man Document [121] (Title: Blackthorn Asylum) conceals a puzzle, along with a storyline that expounds upon Lovecraft's story. Blackthorn Asylum Blackthorn Asylum is the eleventh album by dark ambient duo Nox Arcana. The musical theme is described as being "set in an abandoned sanitarium for the criminally insane where the doctors conducted horrible experiments on the inmates." Nox Arcana once again pays homage to H.P. Lovecraft as they did with their second album "Necronomicon", stating "We set "Blackthorn Asylum" in the 1930s and revisit the dark domain of H.P. Lovecraft. The plot builds upon Lovecraft’s short story "From Beyond" and adds some creepy new twists." And, Document [122] (Title: Gömda) United States, on grounds of domestic violence. The story received a lot of attention in Sweden, and was even discussed in the Swedish Parliament. "The man with the black eyes" is the antagonist also in "Asyl Den Sanna Fortsättningen på Gömda" ("Asylum Granted - A True Story"), the second book in the series, published 9 years later. The book tells the story of how the abuser forced the woman and her new family to flee abroad. They left Sweden for South America and then spent five years in the United States, attempting to establish asylum. "Maria Eriksson" submitted her application Document [123] (Title: Asylum of the Damned) Asylum of the Damned Asylum of the Damned, Columbia Tristar (2004), also known as Hellborn, CDA Entertainment, is a 2003 horror film written by Matt McCombs, directed by Philip J Jones and starring Matt Stasi and Bruce Payne. A young psychology student is recruited by St. Andrews Mental Hospital and given the chance to care for mentally ill patients. His enthusiasm for his new job soon changes into concern when some of the patients die mysteriously and the behaviour of his colleagues becomes odd. He soon realises that a Devil has taken over the minds of the patients and that Document [124] (Title: Asylum (2014 film)) is his own brother. Edward Joe Scargill as Phillips The film's script was written by horror writer and director Chris Mancini, who pitched "Asylum" to After Dark. Mancini intended to serve as the movie's director, only for After Dark to instead assign Chapkanov as the movie's director and move the film's production to Bulgaria. Mancini's script was heavily re-written and altered from its original state and according to some review websites such as DVD Verdict and HorrorNews.net, After Dark enlisted Mancini to insert comedy into the film in an effort to salvage the production due to them seeing Chapkanov's finished Document [125] (Title: Asylum (1981 video game)) improved descriptions, and released simply as Asylum in 1985 for the Commodore 64. There were also editions for the Atari 8-bit family of home computers and the IBM Personal Computer coded by Warren Zunino. The story takes place in a labyrinthine asylum. One rather confusing feature of that labyrinth is that some sections of it seem to exist in several places at once. So an item dropped in a certain place will also show up in another place of the labyrinth, in a corridor of the same shape (but different orientation), and vice versa. Debuting in February 1981, the game Document [126] (Title: Asylum (2008 film)) fictional school. Filming took place over a five-and-a-half-week period and had a budget of $10 million. Plans for a theatrical release for "Asylum" were dropped indefinitely by Hyde Park in favor of a straight to DVD release. Ellis later stated that the reason for this was that although foreign rights to "Asylum" were sold, box office reception for horror films were not performing up to the number that Hyde Park wanted for the movie and they canceled plans for its theatrical debut. Critical reception for "Asylum" has been predominantly negative. "Shock Till You Drop" heavily criticized the film, remarking that Document [127] (Title: Spike: Asylum) Spike: Asylum Spike: Asylum is a five-issue comic book limited series based on "Angel" television series. It was released from September 2006 through January 2007. The five issues were collected together in a single trade paperback in May 2007. Ruby Monahan has gone missing and her family recruits Spike to track her down. It seems Ruby (a half-demon) has been checked into "Mosaic Wellness Center", a rehab facility designed to cure the demonic. Evidence shows Ruby is instead being tortured severely inside Mosaic so Spike agrees to infiltrate. Whatever is going on, many of the clients do want to murder Document [128] (Title: Asylum (McGrath novel)) Victorian conservatory. Edgar is committed for the violent murder of his wife but this does not influence Stella's feelings. Then Edgar escapes from the institution wearing Max's clothes and takes a hiding in a shabby building in London which he uses as an atelier. Stella's love for him grows stronger and while in London for "shopping" she manages to get back in contact with Edgar via his artist friend Nick. Her visits become more and more frequent and it starts to become suspicious so she decides to leave her family permanently. The asylum wants to keep this potentially scandalous situation Document [129] (Title: O alienista) for educational material). Published a year after Machado's first major novel, "Memórias Póstumas de Brás Cubas", "The Psychiatrist" follows the scientific efforts of Dr. Simon Bacamarte ("Simão Bacamarte" in the original – "bacarmarte" being Portuguese for "blunderbuss", an old scattershot gun). Bacamarte, a Brazil-born Portuguese (when Brazil was a colony), is a prominent physician whose sincere obsession for discovering a universal method to cure pathological disorders drives inhabitants of the small Brazilian town of Itaguaí to fear, conspiracy, and revolutionary attempts. In a short space of time, Bacamarte's newly opened asylum, popularly named "the Green House" ("Casa Verde"), passes to Document [130] (Title: Asylum (1972 horror film)) Asylum (1972 horror film) Asylum (also known as House of Crazies in subsequent US releases) is a 1972 British horror film made by Amicus Productions. The film was directed by Roy Ward Baker, produced by Milton Subotsky, and scripted by Robert Bloch (who adapted four of his own short stories for the screenplay). Baker had considerable experience as a director of horror films as he had tackled "Quatermass and The Pit", and "Scars of Dracula". Robert Bloch, who wrote the script for "Asylum" based on a series of his own short stories, was also the author of the novel "Psycho", Document [131] (Title: Lunatic (novel)) their enemies and the healing water of Elyon no longer heals. Much as the first four books of the series make a set, "Lunatic" and "Elyon" are a whole story of their own. One difference is that in the first four books, each had an individual story that would be followed through to completion before leaving the main story to be continued. "Lunatic" and "Elyon" are one story, completely incomplete without each other. Lunatic (novel) Lunatic is the fifth book in the Lost Books series, written by Ted Dekker, and the first book in the series written with Kaci Hill. Document [132] (Title: Gömda) in the series. "Buried Alive" tells the story of "Mia" and "the man with the black eyes", an immigrant from Lebanon, that soon turns into an abusive relationship. They have a child together and they break up, but the abuse continues and is intensified when "Mia" remarries. The welfare state is not able to protect the family, and they are forced into hiding. A second book in the Maria Eriksson series, "Asylum Granted", was published in 2004. It describes how the woman is forced to flee abroad with her family. Finally, in February 2003, she is granted asylum in the Document [133] (Title: Asylum (McGrath novel)) out of the papers but informs the police. At first Stella enjoys the underground art life but Edgar starts to become violent and jealous as he sculpts a rather morbid bust of her head. He thinks she wants to go back to Max and fears being poisoned by her. So Stella, realizing the danger, finds shelter at Nick's place but she has to flee again as Edgar tries to locate her. As she feels her love again, she returns to Edgar's atelier where she gets arrested by the police who have lost track of Edgar.<br> Stella reunites with her family. Document [134] (Title: American Horror Story) the warped desires of The Countess after checking into the haunted Hotel Cortez, conceived from the beginning as a torture chamber for its customers." In 2017, the show returned as haunted attractions to both parks, with Universal Orlando having an attraction based on "Asylum", "Coven", and "Roanoke", and Universal Studios Hollywood basing their attraction solely on "Roanoke". The series premiered on October 5, 2011, and is broadcast on the cable television channel FX in the United States. In November 2011, it premiered internationally on the respective countries' Fox Networks Group. The first season premiered on October 5, 2011, and concluded Document [135] (Title: Supermind (novel)) Supermind (novel) Supermind is a science fiction novel by A. E. van Vogt first published in complete form in 1977 by publisher DAW Books. It is a fix-up of "Asylum," a short story first published in "Astounding Science Fiction in May 1942. As with many van Vogt works, the novel uses a psychological element, in this case Intelligence Quotient or IQ. The novel shows various characters whose social roles are based upon their IQ. The galactic civilization has set up an outpost on the planet Earth manned by a scientist and his daughter whose IQ are much higher than humans; Document [136] (Title: Isaac Mitchell) Isaac Mitchell Isaac Mitchell (1759-1812) was an American author and journalist, best known today as the author of the Gothic novel "The Asylum, or Alonzo and Melissa". "The Asylum" was a popular work of Gothic fiction, and has been called "the single most popular Gothic novel in early America." It was first serialized in the "Political Barometer", Mitchell's Poughkeepsie, New York newspaper, in 1804, and then expanded published in book form in 1811. It was then almost completely plagiarized in an edition attributed to Daniel Jackson, Jr., under whose name many copies were sold in the 19th century. Mitchell died Document [137] (Title: Johan Theorin) and was made into a Swedish feature film in 2013. His second novel, "The Darkest Room", (in Swedish "Nattfåk") was voted the Best Swedish Crime Novel of 2008, won the Glass Key award in 2009 and was also awarded the 2010 CWA International Dagger. "The Quarry", was published by Transworld Publishers in 2011. Concluding with "The Voices Beyond" in 2015, the books form a loose quartet of novels set on the island of Öland. A stand-alone suspense novel, "The Asylum", was published in 2013. He now resides on Öland and in Stockholm. Johan Theorin Johan Theorin is a journalist and Document [138] (Title: American Horror Story: Asylum) with events in the past and present. Returning cast members from the previous season of the series include: Zachary Quinto, Sarah Paulson, Evan Peters, Lily Rabe, Jessica Lange, Dylan McDermott, and Frances Conroy, along with new cast members Joseph Fiennes, Lizzie Brocheré, and James Cromwell. Like its predecessor, "Asylum" was well received by television critics, though they noted numerous plot holes and inconsistencies. The performances of Lange, Cromwell, Quinto, Paulson, and Rabe were particularly praised. The season garnered seventeen Primetime Emmy Award nominations, more than any other show, including Outstanding Miniseries or Movie and four acting nominations for Lange, Paulson, Document [139] (Title: Shatter Me) a small scrap of a notebook to convey her feelings as she has no one to talk to. Soon, she gets a cellmate who goes by the name of Adam Kent. He reminds Juliette of someone, but she convinces herself that it is not possible that Adam is that person. She shows Adam the ways of the asylum, such as not to eat the scalding food immediately, and when the asylum's occupants are allowed to shower. One day, the Reestablishment, a government that has the world within its grasp, comes for Juliette. It is revealed that Adam is a soldier Document [140] (Title: Moriz Scheyer) feuilletons, previously published in the NWT. His autobiographical 'survivor's account', Asylum, was discovered by his descendants many years after his death, and published in 2016. Scheyer's early books "Europeans and Exotics", "Tralosmontes" and "Cry from the Tropical Night" are inspired by his travels, especially in the near East and in South America. Largely factual (although "Tralosmontes" seems more in the style of a novella), they consist of vivid depictions or vignettes, and are preoccupied with the 'exotic', in terms of both place and character. Examples are Saadi ibn Tarbush, a young Egyptian boy who acts as Scheyer’s guide in Cairo, Document [141] (Title: Paranormalcy) a video interview with the author. Multiple Websites presented contests for signed or advance copies of the first novel. Additionally, numerous copies were released for early review by Book It Forward Tours. Book signings were also scheduled for White. According to a "Publishers Weekly" report, the opening novel received "strong interest" at the 2010 Bologna Children's Book Fair. In addition, interest in producing a film adaptation arose prior to the novel series' release. "Paranormalcy" debuted at #7 on the "New York Times" Best Seller list in the category of children's chapter books. The first novel has received positive feedback from Document [142] (Title: Minus One) asylum boasted that no-one had ever escaped, that is until the disappearance of a patient called Hinton. Thorough searches are conducted and staff questioned but no trace of him can be found. Dr. Mellinger, the director of the asylum leads the investigation and it transpires that nobody can remember much about him at all. Dr Mellinger realises that the patients are not being treated as individuals and decides that from then on the regime of Green Hill will change to take more interest in the individual. Still the disappearance of Hinton remains unexplained; Dr. Mellinger looks at Hinton's file and Document [143] (Title: Asylum (Torchwood)) alone. Asylum (Torchwood) "Asylum" is an original BBC Radio 4 audio play written by Anita Sullivan and is a spin-off from the British science fiction television series Torchwood, itself a spin-off from Doctor Who. This episode aired on 1 July 2009 on BBC Radio 4. It stars John Barrowman as Captain Jack Harkness, Eve Myles as Gwen Cooper, Gareth David-Lloyd as Ianto Jones, Tom Price as PC Andy Davidson, and Erin Richards as Freda. Andy Davidson comes across a girl in a river as he patrols. As he helps her, the girl screams at him before running off, leaving Andy Document [144] (Title: John Saul's Blackstone Chronicles) doesn't sit well with Malcolm Metcalf, Oliver's father and last superintendent of the Asylum, who died some forty years before. All of the activity involved in transforming the Asylum has awakened its residents. For reasons not yet known to Oliver or the player, his father's spirit has taken his son, Joshua, and hidden him somewhere in the Asylum, apparently to coerce Oliver there. Exploring the mansion, Oliver encounters several spirits of patients who are bound to the asylum by their possessions, including a teenage girl with hysterical pregnancy, a schizophrenic who believes she's English royalty, and a depressed woman who Document [145] (Title: The Asylum Seeker) later agrees to the marriage. The asylum seeker also gratifies Bird sexually, and a strange ménage à trois is the result. Dutch critics have responded in various ways, calling the novel shocking, depressing, and disconcerting, but also witty and touching. It is one of the most controversial books in recent Dutch literary history, and Erica van Boven has argued that the work compares to that of Jean-Paul Sartre, Albert Camus, Franz Kafka, and W.F. Hermans. In Belgium, the novel was well-received, and within a few years was available in the series "Pearls of literature in Dutch," a collection of "the Document [146] (Title: Asylum (1972 horror film)) to be interviewed for a job by the wheelchair-bound, authoritarian Lionel Rutherford. Rutherford explains that he owes his current incapacitation to an attack by an inmate. Rutherford reveals his unorthodox plan to determine Martin's suitability for the post of chief doctor. One of the asylum's current inmates is Dr B. Starr, the former head of the asylum, who underwent a complete mental breakdown. Martin is to interview the inmates of the asylum to deduce which one is Dr Starr. If his choice is correct, Rutherford will "consider" him for the post. The attendant Max Reynolds admits Martin through the security Document [147] (Title: Anna Kavan) of what would be multiple hospitalizations and asylum incarcerations throughout Kavan's life for both depression and her lifelong heroin addiction. "Asylum Piece" (1940), a collection of short stories which explored the inner mindscape of the psychological explorer, was her first book under the name Anna Kavan, heroine of her previous novels "Let Me Alone" (1930) and "A Stranger Still" (1935). All subsequent works would feature a radically altered writing style. From that moment, the brunette Ferguson disappeared and the crystal-blond Kavan set about a career as an avant-garde writer using her legal name in the United States. An inveterate traveller, Document [148] (Title: Madness Ends) breaks into the boarded-up asylum, listening to an audiobook called "Tales from Briarcliff", written and read by Lana. He imagines her telling him she could not wait to give him up and that he should never have been born. As she relates via audio that Oliver Thredson (Zachary Quinto) was an "unspeakable monster", Johnny imagines Thredson telling him that he loved him and that Lana kept them apart. Then, Leo (Adam Levine) and Teresa (Jenna Dewan-Tatum) enter the asylum as seen in "Welcome to Briarcliff". They end up at the cell where Johnny waits inside. He puts on the Bloody Document [149] (Title: Martin Horváth) Viennese dessert with a controversial name. (A charity, SOS Mitmensch, began a campaign to change the name in 2012.) It was published by German publisher dtv in 2012 and is Horváth’s debut novel. The novel centers around Ali, a 15-year-old asylum seeker living on the juvenile floor of an asylum home in Vienna, Austria. Ali speaks every language he encounters in the home, observes more events than are humanly possible, and delivers commentary upon all he hears and sees. Ali introduces the reader to a host of residents on the juvenile floor and the stories of how they arrived. Throughout Document [150] (Title: Asylum Days) has researched the entire life of Laurie and written a screenplay with her biography. Nathan decides to please his younger brother and asks Laurie to read the script. She refuses and he kills her manager and friend and abducts her. Nathan locks Laurie in the trunk of his car, and calls his brother to go to Saint Claire orphanage to shoot the movie. Once in the destroyed spot, secrets from the past are disclosed. Asylum Days Asylum Days is a 2001 thriller film directed by Thomas Elliott. After losing her parents in the age of five in a car accident, Document [151] (Title: The Asylum for Wayward Victorian Girls) The Asylum for Wayward Victorian Girls The Asylum for Wayward Victorian Girls is an autobiographical/psychological thriller novel by Emilie Autumn. It was published in 2009 as a companion to her 2009–2010 North American, European, and Australian tour, the Asylum Tour. The fully illustrated book chronicles Autumn's experiences in a mental ward and a young girl (Emily with a "y") in Victorian England who is admitted into an insane asylum. The second edition was published in 2010 but is now out of print, pending replacement with an updated print edition. An audio book version, narrated by the author, was released in Document [152] (Title: Asylum (2008 film)) weeks prior to the beginning of classes. They stumble into an old restricted area and awaken the spirit of a mad doctor, who then proceeds to torture and torment the students in the same way he tortured the patients in 1939 at Burke Asylum. During the film, first String is killed, then Maya, followed by Tommy, school's caretaker Mackey, and Ivy. All are killed by the Doctor. In the end The Doctor chases Madison and Holt through a tunnel, an abandoned factory, and the woods until Madison kills him by stabbing him in the head, causing him to lose all Document [153] (Title: Noon Wine) an escaped mental patient who must be returned to the asylum. Many years earlier, Helton killed his only brother with a pitchfork after he lost one of Helton's harmonicas and refused to replace it. Thompson is stunned by this news and unwilling to give up Helton to Hatch, whom he instinctively feels is an evil man. Thompson has a vision of Hatch driving a knife blade into Helton's stomach. The farmer rushes to Helton's defense, striking Hatch with an axe blade and killing him. Ellie comes on the scene only in time to see Hatch lying on the ground and Document [154] (Title: The Asylum Seeker) best twenty novels in Dutch of all time." Reviewing that edition, Dirk Leyman of "De Morgen" praises Grunberg's new direction (earlier, he had gained recognition as an absurdist) and the precision with which he captures both the protagonist and the reader. Only two years after the novel's publication, a stage adaptation was produced in Ghent, the first production by Nationaal Theater Gent's new director, Johan Simons, and a production praised in "de Volkskrant". The protagonist was played by Wim Opbrouck, one of Belgium's most notable stage actors. The Asylum Seeker The Asylum Seeker () is a novel by Dutch author Document [155] (Title: The Asylum for Wayward Victorian Girls) sister. She states she is a pirate and is always telling stories of her adventures. She wears a three-cornered paper pirate hat and has others call her "Captain." Veronica: Highly nymphomanic inmate who is convinced that she is leaving the next day, every day. Flea: Fellow inmate. Sachiko: Friend of Emily at the Music Conservatoire. The Asylum for Wayward Victorian Girls The Asylum for Wayward Victorian Girls is an autobiographical/psychological thriller novel by Emilie Autumn. It was published in 2009 as a companion to her 2009–2010 North American, European, and Australian tour, the Asylum Tour. The fully illustrated book chronicles Document [156] (Title: Max Cassidy) Central America. His body was never found but Max’s mother, Helen, was convicted of Alexander’s murder and is serving a twenty-year prison sentence. Convinced that his father is still alive, Max is determined to track him down – and get his mother out of prison. The first book in the series, "Escape from Shadow Island", was published in the United Kingdom in July, 2009, by Random House Children’s Books. The book was short-listed for five children’s book awards and was the winner of the Salford Children’s Book Award 2010. It has also been published in the United States by Walden Document [157] (Title: The Asylum Choir) successful solo artist later in the decade. The Asylum Choir The Asylum Choir was an American rock duo active in the late 1960s. It was composed of keyboardist Leon Russell and guitarist Marc Benno. Essentially a studio musician gathering, the Asylum Choir was formed around 1967 and the group's debut album was issued in 1968. A second album was recorded in 1969, but the album did not see release until late 1971 because of contract disputes. The duo had long since disbanded, but the second record sold well due to Russell's successful solo career, peaking at #70 on the "Billboard" Document [158] (Title: The Madman's Tale) The Madman's Tale The Madman's Tale is a novel written by John Katzenbach. It was published and released in 2004. Francis Petrel, recently released from an asylum faces his own inner demons as he recounts his memories of a murderer in the asylum during his time there. The story tells itself in two parallel parts: one of the stories is during his time in the asylum, all a memory slowly bringing itself back to life; the other story takes place after he is released, and he feels compelled to author a book on the events surrounding that murder. He has Document [159] (Title: Andy Davidson (Torchwood)) "Asylum" in which Andy takes a personal interest in Freda, an Asylum seeker from the future. Andy has a central role in the 2012 audiobook "Fallout", read by Tom Price and set after the conclusion of "Miracle Day", where he must investigate alien technology in the absence of Gwen and Torchwood. A reviewer for the "Ely Standard" notes that the character's role has "gradually expanded to the point whereby he can comfortably hold his own as lead character". Andy subsequently plays a large role in the audiobook "Mr Invincible", also narrated by Price, where he joins forces with Captain Jack Document [160] (Title: Arkham Asylum: A Serious House on Serious Earth) walkovers." Morrison himself admitted that the amount of symbolism made him "[ending] up being accused of doing the most pretentious Batman book ever. In October 2005, a 15th Anniversary edition was released. The new reprint contained Morrison and Karen Berger's annotated script that breaks down and explains much of the symbolic references in the series, as well as principal art and step-by-step samples of the story. In the film "Batman Begins" (2005), Jonathan Crane's entrance to the Arkham Asylum's cellar with Rachel Dawes mirrors the Joker's own entrance with Batman in the novel. Heath Ledger's interpretation of The Joker in Document [161] (Title: The System of Doctor Tarr and Professor Fether) The System of Doctor Tarr and Professor Fether "The System of Doctor Tarr and Professor Fether" is a dark comedy short story by the American author Edgar Allan Poe. First published in "Graham's Magazine" in November 1845, the story centers upon a naïve and unnamed narrator's visit to a mental asylum in the southern province of France. The story follows an unnamed narrator who visits a mental institution in southern France (more accurately, a ""Maison de Santé"") known for a revolutionary new method of treating mental illnesses called the "system of soothing". A companion with whom he is travelling knows Document [162] (Title: Stonehearst Asylum) as all criminals claim to be innocent. The professor advises his students to believe nothing they hear and only half of what they see. Later, a young man arrives at Stonehearst Asylum, where he desires to take up residency. A group of armed men led by Mickey Finn allow him entry. Finn escorts him to the office of the superintendent, Dr. Silas Lamb, where the young doctor introduces himself as Dr. Edward Newgate from Oxford. Although Lamb was not expecting him, he welcomes the help of an Oxford-educated doctor. Newgate is surprised by Lamb's unorthodox methods. Lamb says that he Document [163] (Title: American Horror Story: Asylum) to his previous one, Quinto said, "He's much more grounded and in control." At the PaleyFest 2012, Evan Peters, Sarah Paulson, and Lily Rabe were confirmed to return as main cast members for the second season. Paulson portrayed Lana Winters, a lesbian reporter whose girlfriend is coerced by Sister Jude into having her committed to the asylum, Rabe portrayed Sister Mary Eunice, an innocent and loyal second-in-charge to Sister Jude, and Peters portrayed Kit Walker, a man who's accused of murdering his wife, Alma (Britne Oldford), but he claims she was abducted by aliens. Murphy had stated that Peters, "who Document [164] (Title: Maria: or, The Wrongs of Woman) asylum, but he has also taken their child away from her. She manages to befriend one of her attendants in the asylum, an impoverished, lower-class woman named Jemima, who, after realizing that Maria is not mad, agrees to bring her a few books. Some of these have notes scribbled in them by Henry Darnford, another inmate, and Maria falls in love with him via his marginalia. The two begin to communicate and eventually meet. Darnford reveals that he has had a debauched life; waking up in the asylum after a night of heavy drinking, he has been unable to convince Document [165] (Title: Morire di classe) e Gianni Berengo Gardin" (Dying because of your class: The condition of asylums photographed by Carla Cerati and Gianni Berengo Gardin) was published by Einaudi in May 1969. Largely edited by Franco Basaglia and the staff of the book's publisher, Einaudi, the book has a lilac cover and a design that owes much to advertising practice of the time: Here, the images and photos themselves took centre stage. This was a design object, a political and sociological photobook, a book to be looked at (or looked away from) as much as read. As well as attempting to revolutionize mental health Document [166] (Title: Asylums (book)) the way trades- and craftsmen of the late 19th century repaired clocks and other mechanical objects: in the confines of a shop or store, contents and routine of which remained a mystery to the customer. "Asylums" brought Goffman immediate recognition when it was published in 1961, and by the 1970s had become required reading in some introductory sociology courses, according to socialist author Peter Sedgwick, who considered the book a "powerful and compelling study" and the recognition it brought to Goffman "thoroughly deserved". Asylums (book) Asylums: Essays on the Condition of the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates Document [167] (Title: American Horror Story: Asylum) American Horror Story: Asylum American Horror Story: Asylum is the second season of the American FX horror television series "American Horror Story," created by Brad Falchuk and Ryan Murphy. It originally aired from October 17, 2012 to January 23, 2013. The premise of the second season marked a departure from that of the series's , featuring all new characters and a new location, thus marking "American Horror Story" as an anthology series at the time. The season begins in 1964 at the fictional mental institution, Briarcliff Manor, following the stories of the staff and inmates who occupy it, and intercuts Document [168] (Title: Asylum (series)) Abby's relatives attended the hospital and that one of Dan's relatives may have been the hospital's warden. Things grow more tense after a boy is killed at the university and Dan discovers that there was once a serial killer named "The Sculptor" that attended the hospital. The book's events culminate with Dan discovering that the ghost of The Sculptor is inhabiting his roommate Felix, forcing Dan to successfully fend off the killer's spirit. At the book's end Abby manages to meet her aunt, Dan travels back home, and Jordan tells his friends that his parents may throw him out of Document [169] (Title: Asylum (series)) their way to visit Jordan's uncle in New Orleans, the friends realize they're being followed and photographed. Dan begins to receive messages from someone who died last Halloween and the strange occurrences only escalate once they reach New Orleans. Dan realizes that the disturbing events that have happened to him might not be coincidence, but fate. His past might be connected to a group called the Bone Artists, who are disturbingly interested in past killers. Dan just hopes he can make it out of this road trip alive with his life. Common Sense Media gave the first and second books Document [170] (Title: Batman: The Last Arkham) Learning of Batman's incarceration through private talk with Jeremiah, Zsasz guesses Batman's insanity is obviously a ploy and begins to plant seeds of hatred towards Batman in Jeremiah's mind. This explodes when Jeremiah forces Batman to fight Amygdala and other inmates from the asylum, including the Joker, Mad Hatter, and Egghead. Whilst this continues, Zsasz escapes through the tunnels which he had purchased and kills the builder and another inmate in order to cover his tracks. Batman defeats all the inmates and begins to wonder about Jeremiah Arkham's sanity, as Amadaeus Arkham was in fact the asylum's first inmate. Batman Document [171] (Title: The Land That Time Forgot (novel)) on the second book of the Caspak series. All three films were distributed in the United States by American International Pictures. A second film adaptation of the same name, produced by the American studio The Asylum was released in 2009. It featured people from the present interacting with World War II troops on a mysterious, prehistoric island much like the one Burroughs created. This element appeared to be influenced by the DC Comics series "The War that Time Forgot", which began in the 1960s. In July 2016, publisher American Mythology Productions released a comic book sequel by writer Mike Wolfer Document [172] (Title: American Horror Story: Asylum) – an insane asylum run by Jessica Lange's character which was formerly a tuberculosis ward – but also signifies a place of haven for the unloved and the unwanted," he said. "This year's theme is about sanity and tackling real life horrors." Previous consulting producer Tim Minear was promoted to executive producer and continued writing for the series, beginning with the season premiere. He also scripted the season finale. In March 2012, Murphy revealed that the second season had been conceptualized around Jessica Lange, saying, "This will really be the Jessica Lange show so I'm very excited about it. We Document [173] (Title: Asylum (2005 film)) the bored and unfulfilled wife of Max (Hugh Bonneville), a psychiatrist working at a remote mental asylum. Stella starts a passionate affair with Edgar (Marton Csokas), one of the patients. Edgar is particularly dangerous, having gruesomely murdered his wife in a jealous rage. Not deterred by Edgar's violent past, Stella is beguiled by Edgar's passion and the affair intensifies. Although Max suspects nothing, Dr. Peter Cleave (Sir Ian McKellan) correctly guesses that the two are seeing each other. Cleave, who is fixated on Stella himself, attempts to get Edgar to admit to the affair – to no avail. Edgar, who Document [174] (Title: Asylum (1981 video game)) sold 5,000 copies by June 1982, appearing on "Computer Gaming World"s list of top sellers. "BYTE" stated that "Not only is ["Asylum"] a devious game, it is a very good buy for the money". "PC Magazine" stated that the game's use of graphics "is one of the features that makes it more exciting than "Adventure"". While criticizing its copy protection, the reviewer liked the time limit and stated that her daughter found the game "cool". Asylum (1981 video game) Asylum is an adventure game created by William F. Denman Jr. and released in 1981 by Med Systems (later known as Document [175] (Title: Asylum (magazine)) Asylum (magazine) Asylum is a quarterly not-for-profit publication described by its creators as a "forum for debate about mental health and psychiatry". It is based in the UK, and was first published in 1986. It was established by Alec Jenner, professor of psychiatry, Phil Virden, executive editor for the first six years, Lin Bigwood, among others. Terence McLaughlin was the magazine's executive editor from 2000 to 2007. Inspired by the Democratic Psychiatry movement in Italy, the first issue contained a long interview with R. D. Laing:"‘Psychiatric Democracy in Italy, The Politics of Mental Health’". It is currently published by PCCS Document [176] (Title: Cold Asylum) Cold Asylum Cold Asylum is the twentieth book in the series of "Deathlands". It was written by Laurence James under the house name James Axler. Ryan Cawdor, his son Dean, Krysty Wroth, J.B. Dix, Dr. Theophilus Tanner, Mildred Wyeth, and Michael Brother begin a MAT-TRANS jump in a decaying redoubt, only for the jump to go awry part-way through. When they awake they each find themselves alone in a distinctly separate redoubt, with the exception of Dean and Krysty who were in close contact when the jump occurred. Individually they explore the outer control rooms of their respective redoubts, only Document [177] (Title: Asylum (magazine)) books and is run by an editorial collective of unpaid volunteers. The magazine contains articles, cartoons, news and comments and a creative writing section, covering controversial issues around psychiatry. Anyone can submit content to the magazine, but the Editorial Collective claims to "particularly focus on content that would not be found in the mainstream press". The magazine was re-launched in 2010, after a short break. The Magazine runs conferences, public meetings and other events. There is a London group formed in 2012. Asylum (magazine) Asylum is a quarterly not-for-profit publication described by its creators as a "forum for debate about Document [178] (Title: Asylum (series)) the house for being gay. Dan and his friends have decided to return to the prep school in order to investigate the past summer's mysteries further, especially as someone is sending them creepy old pictures and GPS coordinates to abandoned houses near the Brookline Dorm. Dan is determined to explore these coordinates in order to end the torment once and for all. They discover that the carnival from the photos is hosted on campus and that's just where the horror begins. Dan and his friends, Abby and Jordan, decided to take a road trip the summer after senior year. On Document [179] (Title: Ward No. 6) attempt to escape from the ward, a futile attempt, but for the first time, doctor and patient were on the same level. Literary critic William Lyon Phelps reacted positively to the story, writing: In Ward No. 6, which no one should read late at night, Chekhov has given us a picture of an insane asylum, which, if the conditions there depicted are true to life, would indicate that some parts of Russia have not advanced one step since Gogol wrote Revizor... The fear of death, which to an intensely intellectual people like the Russians, is an obsession of terror, and Document [180] (Title: Light Asylum) Light Asylum Light Asylum is a Brooklyn-based electronic music duo consisting of Shannon Funchess and Bruno Coviello. The band released their first EP 'In Tension' in 2010. The four track EP was re-released in 2011 through a notable indie label Mexican Summer. The self-titled début album has been released in May 2012. It has received generally positive reviews from Pitchfork, FACT, Mixmag, NME, XLR8R and The Quietus. In 2003 Bruno Coviello wrote an electroclash/dance-pop song for Party Monster soundtrack under Mannequin alias. Earlier Shannon Funchess had provided vocals for such acts as TV on the Radio, !!! and Telepathe. More Document [181] (Title: Asylum (2005 film)) Asylum (2005 film) Asylum is a 2005 Anglo-Irish drama film directed by David Mackenzie and made by Mace Neufeld Productions, Samson Films, Seven Arts Productions, Zephyr Films Ltd and released by Paramount Classics. It is based on the novel "Asylum" by Patrick McGrath and was adapted for the screen by Patrick Marber and Chrysanthy Balis. It stars Natasha Richardson, Marton Csokas, Ian McKellen and Hugh Bonneville with a cast also including Sean Harris, Joss Ackland, Wanda Ventham, Maria Aitken and Judy Parfitt. "Asylum" is set in Britain in the early 1950s. It tells the story of Stella Raphael (Natasha Richardson), Document [182] (Title: A Madness So Discreet) A Madness So Discreet A Madness So Discreet () is a book by Mindy McGinnis and published by Katherine Tegen Books ("a subsidiary of HarperCollins") on 6 October 2016 which later won the Edgar Award for Best Young Adult in 2016. Grace Mae is not insane. She does, however, reside in the Wayburne Lunatic Asylum of Boston with a neighbor who screams because of the spiders in her veins, and a vindictive orderly. Thrown into the asylum by her father, the same man who raped her causing an illegitimate pregnancy, she hides her sharp mind with her silence. Grace hasn't Document [183] (Title: Asylum (McGrath novel)) keeps the head sculpture in black bronze of Stella that Edgar made in his desk's drawer. Asylum (McGrath novel) Asylum is a 1996 gothic fiction novel by British author Patrick McGrath. The novel is the chronicle of a story about self-obsession narrated by the point of view of a psychiatrist. It was adapted into a 2005 film directed by David Mackenzie. A beautiful woman, Stella Raphael, lives an unimaginative family life: she runs the household and takes care of her son Charlie while her husband Max works as a deputy superintendent at a maximum security psychiatric hospital. This all changes Document [184] (Title: Beautiful Creatures (2013 film)) reply she gave the first time he asked) and presents the book to him as a "getting out of Gatlin present". As Link drives to visit his mother at the insane asylum, after being freed from Sarafine's possession, before leaving to NYU, Ethan reads a passage in the book that he had earlier associated with Lena, while Lena is revealed in the caster library to be a half light/dark caster, as one of her eyes turns a different color, shown the same way her cousin and mother had them. As Link and Ethan drive past the town line, Ethan glimpses Document [185] (Title: Amber Asylum) Amber Asylum Amber Asylum is a highly variable San Francisco-based music group that serves as a platform for composer, singer, and multi-instrumentalist Kris Force. The current lineup of Amber Asylum includes, in addition to Kris Force, Fern Lee Alberts (Deathgrave), Sarah Rosalena Brady and Becky Hawk (Laudanum). Other members and performers have included Steve Von Till (Neurosis), Annabel Lee, Martha Burns, long-time collaborator Jackie Perez Gratz (Grayceon/Giant Squid/Asunder), Erica Stoltz (Lost Goat, Sanhedrin), Wendy Farina, Lorraine Rath (The Gault/Worm Ouroboros), Sarah Schaffer (The Gault/Weakling), John Cobbet (Hammers of Misfortune/Ludicra, Vhol), Eric Wood (Man Is The Bastard, Bastard Noise), Leila Abdul-Rauf Document [186] (Title: Arkham Asylum: A Serious House on Serious Earth) into being." He also described the asylum as being a "looking glass" that shows the subject their own twisted psyche. Morrison used hypostasis to push the story forward, saying that the psychoanalytic theory and Jungian archetypes was an influence. Dave McKean drew most of the principal art, as well as the cover art of the graphic novel. In illustrating the story, McKean blends paintings, drawings, photography, and mixed-media collage to come up with striking page designs, and dense symbols. He has said that he was "trying to make the book despite the subject, rather than because of it. At the Document [187] (Title: Asylums (book)) Asylums (book) Asylums: Essays on the Condition of the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates is a 1961 collection of four essays by the sociologist Erving Goffman. Based on his participant observation field work (he was employed as a physical therapist's assistant under a grant from the National Institute of Mental Health at a mental institution in Washington, D.C.), Goffman details his theory of the "total institution" (principally in the example he gives, as the title of the book indicates, mental institutions) and the process by which it takes efforts to maintain predictable and regular behavior on the Document [188] (Title: Hard Cash (novel)) correspondence between the author and various asylum managers, who felt themselves aggrieved, but failed, according to Reade, to shake the facts and arguments put forward in this book. The novel was adapted to film three times in the silent film era. The first was in 1910 by Independent Moving Pictures Co. In 1913, a 2-reel American silent film was directed by Charles M. Seay for Edison Manufacturing Company, with a cast that included Charles Stanton Ogle, May Abbey, Gertrude McCoy, and Bigelow Cooper. In 1921, a British silent-film was released, directed by Edwin J. Collins and starring Dick Webb, Alma Document [189] (Title: The Asylum) was founded by director David Michael Latt and former Village Roadshow executives David Rimawi and Sherri Strain in 1997. The company focused on producing straight-to-video low-budget films, usually in the horror genre, but were unable to find a market due to competition from major studios, such as Lions Gate Entertainment. In 2005, the company produced a low-budget adaptation of H. G. Wells' "The War of the Worlds", which was released in the same year as Steven Spielberg's adaptation of the same material. Blockbuster Inc. ordered 100,000 copies of The Asylum's adaptation, a significantly larger order than any of the company's Document [190] (Title: Colin Spencer) and "How the Greeks Kidnapped Mrs Nixon" (republished in paperback under the title "Cock-Up"); the sexual realist drama "Panic", a compassionate examination of the mentality of a child murderer; the experimental "Asylum", merging the myths of Oedipus and the Old Testament Fall of Man into a narrative written in a style akin to poetic prose; and his first novel, set mostly in Vienna, "An Absurd Affair", which he feels can be sensibly ignored. That first novel was followed in 1963 by "Anarchists in Love" the first book of his four-volume novel sequence "GENERATION" which the author describes as the main Document [191] (Title: Arkham Asylum) Man Who Laughs" is a one-shot prestige format comic book written by Ed Brubaker and illustrated by Doug Mahnke and Patrick Zircher, released in February 2005. The comic reveals some of the asylum's dark history. As a reporter reports on the asylum's renovation, the Joker poisons her and the crew, stealing the news van to broadcast whenever he wants. He later releases criminally insane patients at Williams Medical Center, who, in a short number of weeks, would have been transferred to Arkham Asylum. In the end, Joker is defeated and he himself is locked behind bars, in a straitjacket at Document [192] (Title: Maisie Dobbs (novel)) asylum there. With the help of Billy Beale, a caretaker at her office and veteran of the Great War himself, she is able to infiltrate The Retreat. As Maisie uncovers the mystery of The Retreat she is also confronted with her own ghosts from the war after ten years of holding the memories at bay. In an interview with Jacqueline Winspear, Andi Schechter of "Library Journal" points out that "World War I is a major theme" in the book. Winspear notes that Maisie is "very much a woman of her time" and her interest in the lives of women in Document [193] (Title: Aliens: Nightmare Asylum) through unknown space and an unknown destination. They are unaware that the remote colony and military outpost they will approach is at the mercy of a general named Spears with an agenda all his own. Now Billie, Wilks, and Bueller face a new nightmare, and it is nothing they could ever have imagined: a gift of madness from an alien world, an unbalanced mind and the experiences of a mysterious pilot named Lieutenant Ellen Ripley. Aliens: Nightmare Asylum Aliens: Nightmare Asylum is the title of a sci-fi novel by Steve Perry, set in the fictional Alien movie universe. It is Document [194] (Title: Phil Henderson (writer)) Many of these illustrations were published in his book "Extreme Curves" in 2004. In 2006, Phil Henderson, as P. Lewis, won the American Book Award for his second published novel, "Nate". The novel took five years to write and went through eight different drafts. It was finished in 1998, yet rejected so relentlessly that Henderson published it under his own imprint, eight years later. He has recently completed a novel about Berlin, Germany entitled "Berlin Asylum." Henderson has been based in Berlin since 2002. Since moving to Berlin he has appeared at various venues both in Berlin and the United Document [195] (Title: Cold Asylum) private art gallery features works from many famous artists. Named artists include Alan Burgess, Georgia O'Keeffe, Pablo Picasso, Andrew Wyeth, and Andy Warhol. Cold Asylum Cold Asylum is the twentieth book in the series of "Deathlands". It was written by Laurence James under the house name James Axler. Ryan Cawdor, his son Dean, Krysty Wroth, J.B. Dix, Dr. Theophilus Tanner, Mildred Wyeth, and Michael Brother begin a MAT-TRANS jump in a decaying redoubt, only for the jump to go awry part-way through. When they awake they each find themselves alone in a distinctly separate redoubt, with the exception of Dean Document [196] (Title: Judith (novel)) and humiliated at Judith's refusal of his proposal of marriage, has also come to London seeking revenge. Together with his henchmen, he seizes Judith in the street and brings her to a lunatic asylum. There she is incarcerated for months in appalling conditions, naked and shackled in a cold cell. Massingham pays the asylum keeper to hold Judith until he feels she has learned her lesson. Eventually she is released onto the streets of London, her sanity barely intact and with nowhere to go. She is 'adopted' by a street urchin who takes her back to his filthy hovel. Each Document [197] (Title: Arkham Asylum: A Serious House on Serious Earth) to be his own different approach to the character, using heavy symbolical references and the deconstruction of many iconic Batman villains. The story follows the vigilante Batman, who is called upon to quell a maddening riot taking place in the infamous Arkham Asylum, a psychiatric hospital housing the most dangerous supervillains in Gotham City. Inside, Batman confronts many of his enduring rogues gallery, such as the Joker, Two-Face, and Killer Croc, many of them having changed since he last saw them. As Batman ventures deeper, he discovers the origin of how the asylum was established, the history of its builder Document [198] (Title: Arkham Asylum: A Serious House on Serious Earth) asylum" (the outside world) then he always has a place in Arkham. As Batman disappears into the night, Two-Face stands looking at the coin and it is revealed that it actually landed scratched side up, implying he decided to ignore the coin. He then turns to the stack of tarot cards and recites a passage from "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland": "Who cares for you? You're nothing but a pack of cards." The story is influenced by many previous deconstructions of the superhero genre. Morrison himself wanted the novel to be his own re-imagining of Batman. Morrison includes themes such as Document [199] (Title: Rhyme Asylum) Rhyme Asylum Rhyme Asylum is a London hip hop group formed in 2002 by MCs Possessed, Psiklone and Skirmish. Leatherface and Plazma (who did not return for the second album) joined in 2004. The group are known for their vivid imagery, complex wordplay and multi syllabic rhymes. Despite remaining unsigned, they have developed a growing cult following. Their recognition originates from the Deal Real open mic sessions between 2004 and 2005. Their debut album "State of Lunacy" was released in June 2008 and featured US rappers Copywrite and Diabolic. Both Plazma and Leatherface left the group shortly after the release Document [200] (Title: Plenty series) the Garden", part of the collection "The Plenty Principle", features the Zodiac twins from the first novel while "The Well Wishers" (found in the same collection) serves as a prologue to the main series, as Jute attempts to collect a number of artworks from Umbriel. Plenty series The Plenty series is a space opera series by British writer Colin Greenland, consisting of three novels and two short stories. At the time of the first book in Greenland's future history ("Take Back Plenty"), many of the sentient species in the Milky Way (including humans) are client races of advanced aliens known Question: what is the first book in the asylum series Answer: Asylum Long Answer: Asylum is a New York Times bestselling young adult horror novel series by Madeleine Roux . The series is composed of three novels, Asylum, Sanctum, and Catacomb, and four novellas, Escape From Asylum, The Scarlets, The Bone Artists, and The Warden. Gold Document ID: 199

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Beautiful Losers) him in his will. Book two consists of a letter composed by F., intended to be read five years after his death by the narrator of book one. As such, chronologically it takes place before book one. F. escapes the asylum he is in and makes for the treehouse he will leave for the narrator of the first book. F. is cared for in an insane asylum by nurse Mary Voolnd, of the A———— as was Edith. The letter is written in the occupational therapy room of the hospital. Book three opens with a figure in a treehouse, with burnt Document [2] (Title: Stonehearst Asylum) Stonehearst Asylum Stonehearst Asylum, previously known as Eliza Graves, is an American Gothic film directed by Brad Anderson and written by Joseph Gangemi. It is loosely based on the short story "The System of Doctor Tarr and Professor Fether" by Edgar Allan Poe. The film, starring Kate Beckinsale, Jim Sturgess, Michael Caine, Ben Kingsley, and David Thewlis, was released on October 24, 2014. In 1899, an Oxford University professor demonstrates a case of female hysteria, Eliza Graves, before his class. Though she protests that she is sane, the professor points out that all mental patients claim to be sane, much Document [3] (Title: The Septimus Wave) and Mortimer discuss their adventure while qu'Olrik, which is not free income of his experience, finds himself interned in Bedlam Hospice with Blanks staff team. All repeat the same word as the diver: 'Asylum.' The Septimus Wave The Septimus Wave is the twenty-second Blake and Mortimer book in the series. The story was written by Jean Dufaux. The book was drawn by Antoine Aubin & Etienne Schréder and was released in 2013. This is a sequel to The Yellow "M", and deals with Olrik's past with Septimus. In London, several months after the outcome of the case of the yellow Document [4] (Title: The Hostile Hospital) on V.F.D, Jacques Snicket and the Baudelaires. Near the end, the Baudelaires reflect on their actions, and begin to fear that they'll reach the low moral level of Olaf. The book was adapted into the seventh and eighth episodes of the second season of the television series adaptation produced by Netflix. The Hostile Hospital The Hostile Hospital is the eighth novel in the children's book series "A Series of Unfortunate Events" by Lemony Snicket, the pseudonym of Daniel Handler. It takes place shortly after "The Vile Village" and is followed by a sequel, "The Carnivorous Carnival". After escaping the Village Document [5] (Title: Visser (novel)) asylum. Allison escaped, but soon returned for the children in disguise. Edriss killed her. The children were left in the hospital, and eventually adopted. She then killed Lore David Altman, the host she used to create the Sharing, infested Eva, and eventually left Earth to become Visser One. Garoff says that she has given enough information, and the Council retired to consider their verdict. After a while they returned, minus two Council members who did not agree with the verdict, and say that Visser One and Visser Three have both been sentenced to death by Kandrona starvation. However, the sentences Document [6] (Title: Pharmakon (novel)) “Book II” begins approximately seven years after the conclusion of the first part. Will Friedrich has moved his family away from the New England area to Rutgers University in New Jersey in an attempt to start over away from the Casper incident. Casper was sentenced to a lengthy term in the Connecticut State Hospital for the criminally insane. The rest of the story is told from Zach’s perspective. At one point, young Zach is left home under the care of his irresponsible older sister, and, while setting up a lemonade stand, Casper arrives and takes Zach to a remote lake Document [7] (Title: New Port South) thinking that it is a prison. He tests this theory and examines the boundaries of authority and his friendships. A few years before, a student, John Stanton (Michael Shannon) was committed to an insane asylum, reasons unknown to most everybody except the principal. One day he escapes, releasing everyone else from the asylums around. Maddox sees this defiance which is the start of his anarchy. Maddox wants to "help him" and understand him more so they start a correspondence and Stanton tells him what to do and how to do them. This is includes the erasing of student grades, posting Document [8] (Title: Victor Heck) Priest in the film. Victor Heck Victor Heck (born David Nordhaus, July 20, 1967 in St. Louis, Missouri) is an American editor and horror fiction author whose novels and short stories are published under his pen name. He is the former owner/operator of DarkTales Publications. In 1999, Heck’s "The Asylum Volume 1: The Psycho Ward" was nominated for the British Fantasy Award for Best Anthology. Nordhaus's DarkTales published books such as J. Michael Straczynski's "Tribulations" (), Mort Castle's "Moon on the Water" (), Yvonne Navarro's "DeadTimes" (), and Robert Weinberg's "Dial Your Dreams and Other Nightmares" (). In 2007 Nordhaus Document [9] (Title: Red 2 (film)) maximum security asylum for the criminally insane in London. Victoria (alerted by Marvin) unexpectedly confronts the trio, but helps to fake their deaths and then gain access to the asylum, in which Victoria feigns insanity, while Frank and Sarah pose as the facility staff, having tied up and gagged the real staff with duct tape. Frank and Victoria meet Bailey, who is hyperactive and cannot rationally respond to their questions thanks to mind-fogging drugs the asylum had been giving him, so they take him to one of Marvin's safehouses. After the drugs begin to wear off, Bailey remembers the bomb Document [10] (Title: The Quickening Maze) treated and Alfred, himself, has to overcome depression after the death of his close friend Arthur Hallam. The book narrates Clare's life, the asylum's effects on both poets and bases its storyline on the popular speculation of whether Clare and Tennyson had ever met. Dr Matthew Allen runs an asylum called High Beach Private Asylum for mental patients of his. John Clare, a peasant poet from Northamptonshire who is not so famous then, is admitted in the asylum for his lunatic behaviours, memory lapses and delusions. Dr Allen treats his patients differently from other mental institutes given them much freedom; Document [11] (Title: The Refuge Collection) The Refuge Collection The Refuge Collection is a collection of inter-related stories published online from 2015–2016 and in print. The first book, 'The Refuge Collection, Heaven to Some...' (2016) contained the first 18 tales and a poem, and was printed in full colour as both hardback and softcover editions. The second book, 'The Refuge Collection... Hell to Others!' contains the next 18 tales from Refuge and brings the series to a conclusion, it seems. All these tales are set in a shared-universe environment in the fictional (dystopian) town of Refuge, as conceived in 2015 by British-Australian writer . Although published Document [12] (Title: A Princess of Mars) Carter of Mars," "Princess of Mars," and "Barsoom," among others, despite the "Dastar" decision of the United States Supreme Court, which invalidates trademark on public domain works. The Asylum released a feature-length direct-to-DVD film based on the novel, titled "Princess of Mars", on December 29, 2009. A full-length feature film of the novel had been attempted and aborted many times. Its working title was originally "A Princess of Mars", but it was renamed "John Carter of Mars" and then simply "John Carter" during pre-production. It was originally due in 2006, with Jon Favreau ("Zathura", "Iron Man", "Cowboys & Aliens") as Document [13] (Title: Human Traces) things plastered all over the walls), the act of finishing it felt like a bereavement. Human Traces Human Traces is a 2005 novel by Sebastian Faulks, best known as the British author of "Birdsong" and "Charlotte Gray". The novel took Faulks five years to write. It tells of two friends who set up a pioneering asylum in 19th-century Austria, in tandem with the evolution of psychiatry and the start of the First World War. Tracing the intertwined lives of Doctors Thomas Midwinter, who is English, and Jacques Rebière, from Brittany, France, "Human Traces" explores the development of psychiatry and psychoanalysis Document [14] (Title: Arkham Asylum: A Serious House on Serious Earth) laughing at the idea. In the apocrypha of the 15th anniversary edition, Morrison asks these people, "Who's laughing now, @$$hole?" Morrison would also add that the people "who don't read comics regularly seemed to really enjoy the book." Commissioner Gordon informs Batman that the patients of Arkham Asylum have taken over the facility, threatening to murder the staff unless Batman agrees to meet with them. Among the hostages are Dr. Charles Cavendish, Arkham's administrator, and Dr. Ruth Adams, a therapist. The patients are led by the Joker, who threatens to blind a young girl to spur Batman to come to Document [15] (Title: Asylum (Darvill-Evans novel)) calling himself 'The Doctor'. The missing friar turns up dead. Alfric teams up with the two newcomers to solve the mystery. Their efforts lead them to Roger Bacon, a famous scholar who has ties to Nyssa's technographical life. Asylum (Darvill-Evans novel) Asylum is a BBC Books original novel written by Peter Darvill-Evans and based on the long-running British science fiction television series "Doctor Who". It features the Fourth Doctor and Nyssa (resulting in a slight temporal paradox as the Nyssa featured here comes from a time some time after she stopped travelling with the Fifth Doctor). Alfric, the proctor of Document [16] (Title: The Harrowing (novel)) the Thanksgiving holiday. But after playing around with a Ouija board they realize that there is a presence lurking in the house with them. The Harrowing (novel) The Harrowing is a horror novel by Alexandra Sokoloff. It was first published in 2006 by St. Martin's Press, and is the author's debut book, following a screenwriting career. According to Sokoloff's website, she was inspired to write the novel because of her experiences teaching to troubled teenagers in the Los Angeles County prison system. The Harrowing was nominated for the Bram Stoker Award for Best First Novel. The story follows a group Document [17] (Title: West Ryder Pauper Lunatic Asylum) West Ryder Pauper Lunatic Asylum West Ryder Pauper Lunatic Asylum is the third studio album by British indie rock band Kasabian, which was released on 5 June 2009. It is also the first album by the band to not feature Christopher Karloff, the band's lead guitarist and songwriter, following his departure during the writing stages of Kasabian's second album, "Empire" (2006). The rhythm guitarist Sergio Pizzorno took over as the main force behind the band's song writing and also forced as lead guitarist to replace Karloff's duties. The album was nominated for the 2009 Mercury Prize. In October 2009, it Document [18] (Title: The Quickening Maze) following year in 2011 it won the European Union Prize for Literature. The Quickening Maze The Quickening Maze is a 2009 historical fictional novel by British poet and author Adam Foulds and published by Jonathan Cape. The book received the Encore Award (2009), European Union Prize for Literature (2011) and was shortlisted for Man Booker Prize (2009) and Walter Scott Prize (2010). The book is based on the historical backdrop of a mental asylum run by Matthew Allen at High Beach in late 1830s and 1840s which had English poet John Clare admitted therein. Alfred, Lord Tennyson, another notable poet Document [19] (Title: Exeter (film)) 2012. Shooting took place on location in Rhode Island. Nispel said that the location was photographed as they found it. Nispel said that he wanted to write the film as if the teens who watch horror films experienced one. On December 10, 2014, Dread Central reported that the title had been changed to "Exeter". It was released as "The Asylum" in the UK on May 4, 2015. DirecTV Cinema premiered it in the US on July 2, 2015. Gareth Jones of Dread Central rated it 3/5 stars and wrote, ""The Asylum" is a peculiar experience; a definite oddity that seems Document [20] (Title: Alex Beam) his journalistic work, Beam is the author of two novels set in Russia, "Fellow Travelers" (1987) and "The Americans Are Coming!" (1991), both published by St. Martin's Press. He has also published three works of non-fiction. "Gracefully Insane: Life and Death Inside America's Premier Mental Hospital", which explored the history of McLean Hospital, was published in January 2002. His second non-fiction book, about the Great Books movement, "A Great Idea at the Time: The Rise, Fall and Curious Afterlife of the Great Books", was published in 2008. Both were named Notable Books in the annual list compiled by "The New Document [21] (Title: Asylum (2014 film)) Asylum (2014 film) Asylum is a 2014 American horror comedy film directed by Todor Chapkanov. The movie was released to DVD in Japan on April 4, 2014 and was released in the United States on June 2, 2015. "Asylum" is part of After Dark's "After Dark Originals" series and stars Stephen Rea as a man who must stop his brother from releasing the forces of darkness upon the world. The film follows a riot squad that enters an insane asylum to try to deal with a hostage situation involving some of the inmates. The group is quickly overwhelmed by the Document [22] (Title: The Quickening Maze) The Quickening Maze The Quickening Maze is a 2009 historical fictional novel by British poet and author Adam Foulds and published by Jonathan Cape. The book received the Encore Award (2009), European Union Prize for Literature (2011) and was shortlisted for Man Booker Prize (2009) and Walter Scott Prize (2010). The book is based on the historical backdrop of a mental asylum run by Matthew Allen at High Beach in late 1830s and 1840s which had English poet John Clare admitted therein. Alfred, Lord Tennyson, another notable poet of the era, moves to High Beach to get his brother Septimus Document [23] (Title: Patrick McGrath (novelist)) He also taught craft courses for a number of years in the MFA program at Hunter College, New York, and since 2007, has taught an MFA program at the New School in New York. His archive was acquired by the University of Stirling, Scotland. His fiction is principally characterised by the first person unreliable narrator, and recurring subject matter in his work includes mental illness, repressed homosexuality and adulterous relationships. His novel "Martha Peake" won the Premio Flaiano Prize in Italy and "Asylum" was shortlisted for the 1996 Guardian Fiction Prize. He is also currently on the writing faculties of Document [24] (Title: A Secret Institution) A Secret Institution A Secret Institution, a 19th-century woman's lunatic asylum narrative, is the autobiography of Clarissa Caldwell Lathrop. Published in 1890 after she had regained her freedom, it details Lathrop's institutionalization at Utica Lunatic Asylum for voicing suspicions that someone was trying to poison her. Written novelistically, book reviews of the time suggested that it was poorly written and fell short of its object, while 21st-century reviewers praise the exposing of 19th-century mental institutions, which confined outspoken women. "A Secret Institution" (New York: Bryant Publishing Co.) has the external appearance of a novel, but was intended as a statement Document [25] (Title: Asylum (1996 TV series)) Pegg and Jessica Stevenson, who would go on to make cult sitcom "Spaced" and "Shaun of the Dead". Many of the characters names were the same as those of the actors who portrayed them. David Devant & His Spirit Wife were the "house band" for the series, performing segments in every episode, from their first album, "Work, Lovelife, Miscellaneous". The lead-in track "Ginger" served as the programme's title music. The series has yet to be released on DVD. Asylum (1996 TV series) Asylum is a British comedy series which was shown on Paramount Comedy Channel in 1996. Set in a Document [26] (Title: Asylum (2005 film)) help him, but Charlie is already dead. Stella is anguished over this and following this trauma, her husband and Dr. Cleave decide that she needs to be institutionalised. She is taken to the same asylum where she met Edgar. Unknown to Stella, Edgar is still held there. With the help of constant medication and care, Stella gets 'better', though she never fully recovers. She accepts Dr. Cleave's offer of a stable relationship, much to his delight, after he informs her that Max wants a divorce. At the annual ball, where male and female patients are permitted to socialise, Stella is Document [27] (Title: A Madness So Discreet) spoken since she entered the asylum, but her voice comes back with a vengeance one night when she feels threatened by one of the doctors. After being thrown in the cellar to waste away, Grace meets Dr. Thornhollow, a lobotomy specialist. Grace wants him to help her find oblivion, but Dr. Thornhollow realizes Grace possesses exceptional observation skills takers her with him to Ohio. There, they visit crime scenes and hunt murderers together, all while Grace pretends to be insane. In a new asylum, Grace makes friends with some of the other patients and has a chance at a new Document [28] (Title: The Warden) up into a thoroughly odious character, and is well aware of his odiousness, but he still prefers him to John Bold, and the book contains a scarcely veiled attack on Charles Dickens, whose reforming zeal he found it hard to sympathise with." The Warden The Warden, published in 1855, is the first book in Anthony Trollope's Chronicles of Barsetshire series of six novels. It was his fourth novel. "The Warden" concerns Mr Septimus Harding, the meek, elderly warden of Hiram's Hospital and precentor of Barchester Cathedral, in the fictional county of Barsetshire. Hiram's Hospital is an almshouse supported by a Document [29] (Title: Cursed Earth Asylum) The book features the return of another psychic called Hope, who first appeared in 1991 in the Judge Anderson story "Engram" (in "2000 AD" # 712–717 and 758–763). Cursed Earth Asylum Cursed Earth Asylum is an original novel written by David Bishop and based on the long-running British science fiction comic strip "Judge Dredd". It is Bishop's second "Judge Dredd" novel. At the time of publication (1994) Bishop was editor of the "Judge Dredd Megazine". A dangerous psychic called Soon is being held prisoner in a lunatic asylum in the Cursed Earth on account of his staggeringly vast powers. When Document [30] (Title: Asylum (McGrath novel)) a school trip with her son she fails to help him as he drowns in a swamp. She is found guilty of infanticide and institutionalised at the asylum where Max used to work. The asylum is now run by Peter Cleave, who wants to help her cure from her Medea complex their friendship to evolve into a marriage. She seems to agree, but Peter doesn't take into account that her love for Edgar - also in the hospital in solitary - still reigns. Stella commits suicide using the pills she didn't swallow as she can't be somebody else's lover. Peter Document [31] (Title: Asylum (series)) in the series three stars each, writing of the second book that "Genre fans will have a good time with zombie novelist Madeleine Roux's fast-paced, spooky narrative." Asylum (series) Asylum is a New York Times bestselling young adult horror novel series by Madeleine Roux. The series is composed of four novels, "Asylum, “Sanctum," , "Catacomb", and ‘’ Escape from Aslyum’’ and three novellas, The Scarlets, ‘’The Bone Artists", and "The Warden." The books feature written story accompanied by photographs that the series' characters uncover during the course of the story. The series follows sixteen-year-old Dan Crawford, who was chosen to Document [32] (Title: Into Asylum) Into Asylum "Into Asylum" is the twenty-first episode of the third season of the NBC science fiction drama series "Heroes" and fifty-fifth episode overall. The episode aired on March 30, 2009. Nathan Petrelli and Claire Bennet have flown to Pátzcuaro, Mexico, where Nathan checks them into a motel for the night, planning to hide from the government agents until he can come up with a plan. At a local cantina, Nathan attempts to win some money by playing a drinking game with some patrons, but ends up passing out. Claire offers to take over, and due to her regenerative abilities, Document [33] (Title: First Johnson County Asylum) First Johnson County Asylum The First Johnson County Asylum is a historic building located on the far west side of Iowa City, Iowa, United States. The first facility Johnson County built to care for paupers and the mentally ill was a four-room cabin in 1855. Two wings were added to the original building six years later. All that remains of this structure is this wing that housed the mentally ill. The single-story wood frame structure with a gable roof was used by the county for this purpose until 1886 when a new facility was completed. It was initially thought that Document [34] (Title: Arkham Asylum: A Serious House on Serious Earth) Amadeus Arkham, and the supernatural and psychological mystery that has been haunting the area. Upon its release, the graphic novel garnered commercial and critical acclaim, and is considered by many to be one of the greatest Batman stories of all time, and one of the best works of Grant Morrison's career. The graphic novel would later become the definitive story of Arkham Asylum, a critical part of the Batman mythos. The critically acclaimed, similarly-titled video game "", the first game in the "" series, was partially influenced by the graphic novel. The graphic novel was writer Grant Morrison's first work Document [35] (Title: Original Vampires (The Vampire Diaries)) leaving. Once inside the asylum, Freya returned to her slumber, remaining as such for a hundred years. As her slumber came to an end, Freya discovered that her sister, Rebekah, had been imprisoned in the asylum when her spirit was placed in a witch body by a vengeful Kol. Pretending to be another inmate, she finally met her sister properly, admiring her bravery when she stood up to the Kindred witches who ran the asylum. Later, when Rebekah planned to draw on Freya (not knowing she was her sister) to break the spell on the asylum, the Kindred tried to Document [36] (Title: The Asylum Choir) The Asylum Choir The Asylum Choir was an American rock duo active in the late 1960s. It was composed of keyboardist Leon Russell and guitarist Marc Benno. Essentially a studio musician gathering, the Asylum Choir was formed around 1967 and the group's debut album was issued in 1968. A second album was recorded in 1969, but the album did not see release until late 1971 because of contract disputes. The duo had long since disbanded, but the second record sold well due to Russell's successful solo career, peaking at #70 on the "Billboard" 200 in 1972. Benno also became a Document [37] (Title: Space Demons) works when a strong beam of hate is directed at someone. Later on, the four get trapped inside the game and gradually work out the only way to escape and thus win the game is if they conquer their hate. Space Demons Space Demons is a book by Australian author Gillian Rubinstein. First released in 1985, the young adult science fiction novel is the first of the 'Space Demons' trilogy. The book was awarded the CBCA Book of the Year for Older Readers in 1987. The book is often studied in Australian high schools as a text, and was used Document [38] (Title: Runaway 3: A Twist of Fate) of his story: Gabbo, who was in the asylum, tells Brian of his flight plan to let him escape, but Kurgan feels everything and he will instead flee. Brian does not win for her, and with the help of other patients, doctors, including Dr. Palmer and other people in the asylum, succeeds in solving a part of the plan. The chapter ends when Brian arrives in the central venture of the asylum, and finds them dead without heads and Brian mistakenly throws his head into an oven. The next day, Gina and Gabbo go to a house nestled in the Document [39] (Title: Fingersmith (novel)) and Sue escort an oblivious Maud to the asylum in a closed carriage. However, the doctors apprehend Sue on arrival, and from the cold reactions of Gentleman and the seemingly innocent Maud, Sue guesses that it is she who has been conned: ""That bitch knew everything. She had been in on it from the start."" In the second part of the novel, Maud takes over the narrative. She describes her early life being raised by the nurses in the mental asylum where her mother died, and the sudden appearance of her uncle, who arrives when she is eleven to take Document [40] (Title: Arkham Asylum) Great White Shark' by himself. The demonic threat is nullified after the sacrifice of several patients, thanks to the joint effort of Etrigan the Demon and White tricking the demons into sending themselves back to the Underworld. "Black Orchid", written by Neil Gaiman and illustrated by Dave McKean, also featured Arkham Asylum. The award-winning graphic novel introduced an updated version of the crimefighter Black Orchid, who dies, is reborn and starts a quest to find her identity. During this she encounters Batman, who directs her to Arkham Asylum, where she meets the Mad Hatter, Poison Ivy, Two-Face and the Joker. Document [41] (Title: Arkham Asylum) replacing Jeremiah Arkham with a more nondescript administrator, Dr. Bartholemew who is portrayed as naïve rather than sinister. "Arkham Asylum: Living Hell" was written by Dan Slott, penciled by Ryan Sook with inks by Sook, Wade Von Grawbadger and Jim Royal. The series was edited by Valerie D'Orazio. Eric Powell created the painted cover art which appeared on both the original series and graphic novel compilation. This six-issue miniseries and the subsequent trade paperback provided an intricate and multi-layered look at Arkham Asylum from several points of view: director Dr. Jeremiah Arkham; psychiatrist Dr. Anne Carver; the guards, chiefly one Document [42] (Title: The Town of Light) becomes known that Renee was admitted due to promiscuity, depression, and a volatile relationship with her mother. Renee found comfort in her doll Charlotte. Renee walks the corridors of the derelict asylum which triggers flashbacks of both her inpatient stay and circumstances prior. It is implied that Renee was a victim of sexual abuse within the asylum perpetrated by a male nurse or doctor. Renee discovers Amara, another patient and a romance ensues. When the nurses discovered this relationship they were separated. Renee finds her old medical files which imply that Amara did not exist and that they are figments Document [43] (Title: The First (comics)) the first 40% of the series. CrossGen announced the release of three additional books that were ultimately never published. The First (comics) The First is a comic book series published by CrossGen featuring the First, very powerful, nearly immortal beings each based on a certain emotion. Due to CrossGen's bankruptcy in 2004, the plot of The First, both in their own self-titled comic and CrossGen's other titles, was cut short. The role of the First in the Negation War, a storyline in which the Sigil-Bearers and First were meant to defend the universe against invaders from another universe, is therefore Document [44] (Title: Adam Foulds) his novel "The Quickening Maze" (Cape) might allow me to tacitly advise him to stick to verse. Some hope: this story of the Victorian lunatic asylum where the poet John Clare and Tennyson's brother Septimus were incarcerated is the real thing. It's not a "poetic novel" either, but a novelistic novel, rich in its understanding and representation of the mad, the sane, and that large overlapping category in between'. On 7 January 2010, he was published on the Guardian Website's "Over by Over" (OBO) coverage of day five of the Third Test of the South Africa v England series at Document [45] (Title: Arkham Asylum: A Serious House on Serious Earth) Arkham Asylum: A Serious House on Serious Earth Arkham Asylum: A Serious House on Serious Earth (often shortened to Batman: Arkham Asylum) is a "Batman" graphic novel written by Grant Morrison and illustrated by Dave McKean. It was originally published in the United States in both hardcover and softcover editions by DC Comics in 1989. The subtitle is taken from Philip Larkin's poem "Church Going". The graphic novel was the first Batman story to be written by Morrison before becoming a regular writer in future Batman titles. Inspired by previous works like "The Dark Knight Returns", Morrison conceived the story Document [46] (Title: Arkham Asylum: A Serious House on Serious Earth) saying that ""Arkham Asylum" is unlike any other Batman book you've ever read [and] one of the finest superhero books to ever grace a bookshelf." Goldstein also ranked "Arkham Asylum" #4 on a list of the 25 greatest Batman graphic novels, behind "", "", and "". "Rolling Stone" praised the book as being one of Grant Morrison's best works, calling it "[his] first big commercial hit – and his first shot writing Batman, a character he would spend a great deal of time with over the course of his career – was this ground-breaking graphic novel featuring the grim, twisted Document [47] (Title: Generation M (comics)) asylum in southern New York. Sally attends an AA meeting, but does not feel like she should be there. She returns to her apartment and has a run-in with her ex-husband about Minnie’s death and her drinking problem. The next day, she visits the asylum and witnesses how formerly powerful inmates are bullied by the still powered mutants. Sally departs, only to have the body of a dead mutant girl thrown at her car by the Ghoul. The Ghoul continues to harass Sally by sending her pictures of his victims. She then receives a visit from Barnell Bohusk, having lost Document [48] (Title: Nadine McInnis) seven books, "Two Hemispheres" (Brick Books, Fall 2007) is a book length poetic exploration of illness and health partially inspired by the first medical photographs of women patients of the Surrey County Lunatic Asylum in 1850. Ten photos are included. The book has been shortlisted for two national awards: the 2008 Pat Lowther Award and the 2008 ReLit Award, as well as the regional Archibald Lampman Award for the city of Ottawa. McInnis' work has appeared in a variety of journals, including "The Malahat Review", "The New Quarterly", "Event", and "Room of One's Own". McInnis has published widely in magazines Document [49] (Title: Nightmare Inn) of the series are set at the same location, the New Arcadia Inn, formerly known as the Arcadia Inn. The resort is luxurious and located in a forest in the northeastern part of the United States. It has a gruesome history of murder and violence from beyond the grave. All the primary characters are teenagers, which is a common format of the young adult novels. Though each book is a stand-alone story, they are all inter-connected by two recurring characters, a young girl named Sarah (who plays an important part in the first novel and is portrayed as a secondary Document [50] (Title: Asylum (2015 TV series)) [sic] is not a BBC member of staff and is not representing the BBC. Therefore we will not be commenting on Twitter posts made by third parties.' The series has yet to be released on DVD. Written by Thom Phipps and Peter Bowden Asylum (2015 TV series) Asylum is a British comedy series which is shown on BBC Four from 9 to 23 February 2015. The satirical comedy series revolves around a whistleblower and an internet pirate find themselves trapped together under the threat of extradition in the London embassy of a fictional Latin American country. The show was inspired Document [51] (Title: The Amityville Asylum) The Amityville Asylum The Amityville Asylum is a 2013 direct-to-video horror film. It was written, produced and directed by Andrew Jones and stars Sophia Del Pizzo, Sarah Louise Madison and Eileen Daly. It was released on June 3, 2013 and released to DVD on October 2, 2013. The film was released in Germany in 2013 on Blu-ray and DVD by Paragon as The Nesting 2: Amityville Asylum. It is the eleventh film based on the Amityville horror. Lisa Templeton begins a new job as a cleaner at High Hopes Hospital, a mental institution in Amityville, Long Island. Initially delighted to Document [52] (Title: Arkham Asylum) Arkham is viewed as a desperate place where patients dwell in terror, much in the same fashion as in "A Serious House on Serious Earth", which was also illustrated by McKean. "Arkham Reborn" is a three-part miniseries written by David Hine and illustrated by Jeremy Haun. It tells the story of the rebuilding of the Asylum after having been destroyed by Black Mask during the events of "Battle for the Cowl". In "Batman" #697, it is revealed that Dr. Jeremiah Arkham is the new Black Mask. More is revealed about Dr. Jeremiah Arkham in "Detective Comics" #864 and #865. "The Document [53] (Title: Cursed Earth Asylum) Cursed Earth Asylum Cursed Earth Asylum is an original novel written by David Bishop and based on the long-running British science fiction comic strip "Judge Dredd". It is Bishop's second "Judge Dredd" novel. At the time of publication (1994) Bishop was editor of the "Judge Dredd Megazine". A dangerous psychic called Soon is being held prisoner in a lunatic asylum in the Cursed Earth on account of his staggeringly vast powers. When Soon escapes and threatens Mega-City One, Judge Dredd and a party of cadets are sent to stop him, only for Dredd to be framed for murdering the cadets. Document [54] (Title: Stonehearst Asylum) of Victorian medicine." Stonehearst Asylum Stonehearst Asylum, previously known as Eliza Graves, is an American Gothic film directed by Brad Anderson and written by Joseph Gangemi. It is loosely based on the short story "The System of Doctor Tarr and Professor Fether" by Edgar Allan Poe. The film, starring Kate Beckinsale, Jim Sturgess, Michael Caine, Ben Kingsley, and David Thewlis, was released on October 24, 2014. In 1899, an Oxford University professor demonstrates a case of female hysteria, Eliza Graves, before his class. Though she protests that she is sane, the professor points out that all mental patients claim to Document [55] (Title: Asylum (Disturbed album)) a loved one as both an asylum driving the person insane, as well as a place of comfort. The first song on the album, titled "Remnants", is an instrumental which originally was meant to be combined with the song "Asylum" to make a 7:30 long track, but instead it was split into two parts for setting the mood of the album, and for possible appearances on the radio. "Serpentine" is a song intended to be "ethereal and frightening", about a succubus demon woman who "utilizes her sexuality to prey on the weaknesses of men." In the same interview, Draiman pointed Document [56] (Title: Victor Heck) Victor Heck Victor Heck (born David Nordhaus, July 20, 1967 in St. Louis, Missouri) is an American editor and horror fiction author whose novels and short stories are published under his pen name. He is the former owner/operator of DarkTales Publications. In 1999, Heck’s "The Asylum Volume 1: The Psycho Ward" was nominated for the British Fantasy Award for Best Anthology. Nordhaus's DarkTales published books such as J. Michael Straczynski's "Tribulations" (), Mort Castle's "Moon on the Water" (), Yvonne Navarro's "DeadTimes" (), and Robert Weinberg's "Dial Your Dreams and Other Nightmares" (). In 2007 Nordhaus began to shift gears Document [57] (Title: Asylum (1972 horror film)) which Alfred Hitchcock directed as a film. It is a horror anthology film, one of several produced by Amicus during the 1960s and 1970s. Others were "Dr. Terror's House of Horrors", "Torture Garden", "Tales from the Crypt", "The House That Dripped Blood", "The Vault of Horror", and "From Beyond the Grave". Shot in April 1972, the film was edited and set for release 15 weeks after the final day of shooting, premièring in July 1972 in the UK. The film had its North American début on 17 November 1972. Dr Martin arrives at a secluded asylum "for the incurably insane" Document [58] (Title: Amadeus Arkham) is incarcerated in the Asylum himself after trying to kill his stockbroker in 1929; he scratches the words of a binding spell into the walls and floor of his cell with his fingernails and constantly belts out "The Star-Spangled Banner" in a loud voice until the day he dies. Decades later Dr. Cavendish, another doctor in the asylum, believes he is a reincarnation of Amadeus and frees the inmates. Towards the end of the story, he takes another doctor, Dr. Adams, hostage, dresses himself in the dress of Amadeus' mother and relates Arkham's history to Batman before attempting to strangle Document [59] (Title: Jeremiah Arkham) claims she also wants the asylum. Jeremiah works out with Batman's help that Alyce is behind it all and she is committed. When he goes to talk to his special patients for some mental release he is confronted by a scary Jester figure (reminiscent of Joker). It is at this point he loses it. He is found by Batman and locked up with the other inmates in Arkham and Alyce is freed and made director of the asylum. In the end it turns out that his special patients were all a delusion and he also suffers with no recollection of Document [60] (Title: Mad Shadows (novel)) asylum by Louise, who becomes fed up with his incompetence, however he escapes shortly afterwards. As their lives quickly become disillusioned, Isabelle-Marie ends up setting fire to the farm. Louise, who has slowly been cracking under the loss of her beautiful child, and the control – and eventual death - of her husband is lost in the fire. Isabelle-Marie commits suicide as she pushes her child off the train tracks that once brought her home, as Patrice drowns himself when he sees his hideous face in the reflection of a lake. In 1977, the novel was adapted into a ballet Document [61] (Title: Douglas Clegg) which snakes take their revenge on St. Patrick and the people of Dublin. Clegg wrote his first novella-length work, called "Asylum", at age 17. Clegg graduated from Washington and Lee University, with a degree in English Literature. Clegg finished writing his first novel, "Goat Dance", in 1987. Pocket Books published it in 1989, and "Goat Dance" was nominated for Outstanding First Novel by the Horror Writers Association. Pocket also published his second, third, and fourth novels, "Breeder" (1990), "Neverland" (1991) and "Dark of the Eye" (1994). Clegg's next novel, "The Children's Hour" (1995), was published by Dell, but the imprint Document [62] (Title: Arkham Asylum: A Serious House on Serious Earth) Amadeus inscribed his name into the floor. Arkham Asylum: A Serious House on Serious Earth Arkham Asylum: A Serious House on Serious Earth (often shortened to Batman: Arkham Asylum) is a "Batman" graphic novel written by Grant Morrison and illustrated by Dave McKean. It was originally published in the United States in both hardcover and softcover editions by DC Comics in 1989. The subtitle is taken from Philip Larkin's poem "Church Going". The graphic novel was the first Batman story to be written by Morrison before becoming a regular writer in future Batman titles. Inspired by previous works like "The Document [63] (Title: Asylum (Kiss album)) musicians Singles – "Billboard" (North America) Single – UK Singles Chart (United Kingdom) Asylum (Kiss album) Asylum is the thirteenth studio album by the heavy metal band Kiss. It is the first with lead guitarist Bruce Kulick as an official band member. He had replaced guitarist Mark St. John on some songs on "Animalize" (1984) during his absence due to reactive arthritis. Subsequently, Kulick filled St. John's spot during most segments of the "Animalize" tour. The lineup of Paul Stanley, Gene Simmons, Eric Carr, and Kulick would last until Carr's death in November 1991, while Kulick would stay with the Document [64] (Title: Moriz Scheyer) work published, but ultimately despaired of finding anyone interested in what had happened 'only' to Jews. Until the posthumous discovery and publication of the autobiographical work Asylum, Moriz Scheyer's main literary output consisted of travel writing, book and theatre reviews (in particular for the Josefstädter Theatre) and, especially, essays in the distinctively European genre of the "feuilleton" - pieces inspired by a particular event, e.g. a book publication or exhibition, but going beyond mere review in their personal reflection or historical analysis. His first three published books are travel writings; the remaining three published in his lifetime are collections of Document [65] (Title: Asylum (1972 horror film)) door to the inmates's solitary confinement cells, where he interviews each in turn. This story is loosely based on Bloch's short story "A Home Away from Home," first published in "Alfred Hitchcock's Mystery Magazine" and adapted for television on "The Alfred Hitchcock Hour". Bonnie recounts the plot to murder Ruth, the wealthy wife of her lover Walter. Ruth is a possessive heiress who studies voodoo. This results in horrific repercussions after Ruth's dead body has been dismembered and wrapped in individual parcels. Bruno recounts how poverty and impending eviction forced him to accept the unusual request of a Mr Smith Document [66] (Title: Asylum (Kiss album)) Asylum (Kiss album) Asylum is the thirteenth studio album by the heavy metal band Kiss. It is the first with lead guitarist Bruce Kulick as an official band member. He had replaced guitarist Mark St. John on some songs on "Animalize" (1984) during his absence due to reactive arthritis. Subsequently, Kulick filled St. John's spot during most segments of the "Animalize" tour. The lineup of Paul Stanley, Gene Simmons, Eric Carr, and Kulick would last until Carr's death in November 1991, while Kulick would stay with the band until the reunion of the original lineup in 1996. On the album Document [67] (Title: American Horror Story: Asylum) Teresa. In April 2012, Lizzie Brocheré was cast to play Grace, a character described originally as "a fierce, ferocious, extremely sexual, and dangerous wild-child sexpot" to rival Jessica Lange's character, but the role was later heavily revamped. In May 2012, James Cromwell signed on to co-star as Dr. Arthur Arden, a man who works in the asylum, and who is revealed to have been a Nazi. Chloë Sevigny played the role of Shelley, a nymphomaniac whose husband has her placed in the asylum. In June 2012, actor Joseph Fiennes joined the main cast as Monsignor Timothy Howard, a possible love Document [68] (Title: Fingersmith (novel)) that Gentleman double-crossed her. When she screams to the asylum doctors that she is not Mrs Rivers but her maid Susan, they ignore her, as Gentleman (helped by Maud) has convinced them that this is precisely her delusion, and that she is really Maud Lilly Rivers, his troubled wife. Sue is treated appallingly by the nurses in the asylum, being subjected to beatings and taunts on a regular basis. Such is her maltreatment and loneliness that, after a time, she begins to fear that she truly has gone mad. She is sustained by the belief that Mrs Sucksby will find Document [69] (Title: Asylum (McGrath novel)) Max is fired from the asylum due to the affair, so they move to the Welsh countryside where Max can work for another mental hospital. She now has to gain the trust of her son and Max, but she doesn't make much of an effort as she is still in love with Edgar despite his disturbing behaviour. As the family gets more depressed Stella has simple sex with her neighbour to pass the time waiting for her lover to find her. Her hope for reunion with Edgar is strengthened when he is arrested by the police near their house. During Document [70] (Title: The Hostile Hospital) The Hostile Hospital The Hostile Hospital is the eighth novel in the children's book series "A Series of Unfortunate Events" by Lemony Snicket, the pseudonym of Daniel Handler. It takes place shortly after "The Vile Village" and is followed by a sequel, "The Carnivorous Carnival". After escaping the Village of Fowl Devotees, Violet, Klaus and Sunny Baudelaire arrive at a store to send a telegram to Mr. Poe, explaining their situation and pleading for help. The store's generous owner explains that a van of 'Volunteers Fighting Diseases' arrives once everyday for a gas refill. The van arrives, and the Baudelaires, Document [71] (Title: Aliens: Nightmare Asylum) Aliens: Nightmare Asylum Aliens: Nightmare Asylum is the title of a sci-fi novel by Steve Perry, set in the fictional Alien movie universe. It is a sequel to "". The book was published by Bantam Books on April 1, 1993. Its plot, involving an insane military attempt to train aliens, is virtually identical to the 1985 film Day of the Dead. Wilks, Billie, and Bueller are the last survivors of a devastating assault on the aliens' home planet. They are again refugees when they return to the solar system, fleeing Earth's Alien infestation in a military transport that hurtles them Document [72] (Title: The Underground (novel)) Rachel tosses him in as well. They begin to escape with the others, but as they are escaping the Visser begins morphing, so Marco shoots open the barrels of oatmeal. Rachel uses the Dracon beam to collapse the tunnel on them, and they dig to the surface as moles. The book ends as Rachel's mom reports that George Edelman escaped from the asylum with the help of a psychic grizzly bear. This book wound up being the basis for the episode "The Escape" in the "Animorphs" TV series. like the other episodes surrounding it, there are quite a number of Document [73] (Title: Umbrella (novel)) her own story. Busner brings her back to consciousness using a new drug (L-Dopa, which was used for the same purpose by Oliver Sacks in the 1970s). In the final element of the story, in 2010 the asylum is no longer in existence and the recently retired Busner travels across north London trying to find the truth about his experience with his patient. The novel is written in a flowing fashion without chapters and very few paragraph breaks between scenes. It intercuts between different time periods and is composed of interlaced narratives. In some senses its structuring can be likened Document [74] (Title: Asylum (2015 TV series)) Asylum (2015 TV series) Asylum is a British comedy series which is shown on BBC Four from 9 to 23 February 2015. The satirical comedy series revolves around a whistleblower and an internet pirate find themselves trapped together under the threat of extradition in the London embassy of a fictional Latin American country. The show was inspired by Julian Assange’s two-year stay in the Ecuadorian embassy and the controversial entrepreneur Kim Dotcom. The show was initially conceived by fonejacker star, Kayvan Novak and Tom Thostrup, before being written by Thom Phipps and Peter Bowden. One of the writers of the Document [75] (Title: In the Mouth of Madness) it a meaningless hallucination. Trent wakes the following day to find the asylum abandoned. He departs as a radio announces that the world has been overrun with monstrous creatures, including mutating humans, and that outbreaks of suicide and mass murder are commonplace. Trent goes to see the "In the Mouth of Madness" film and discovers that he is the main character. As he watches his previous actions play out on screen, including a scene where he insisted to Linda "This is reality!", Trent begins laughing hysterically before breaking down crying; finally realizing he was a character in the book all Document [76] (Title: A Madness So Discreet) life without the ties to her family and their demons, but will ultimately have to confront those demons to survive. A Madness So Discreet A Madness So Discreet () is a book by Mindy McGinnis and published by Katherine Tegen Books ("a subsidiary of HarperCollins") on 6 October 2016 which later won the Edgar Award for Best Young Adult in 2016. Grace Mae is not insane. She does, however, reside in the Wayburne Lunatic Asylum of Boston with a neighbor who screams because of the spiders in her veins, and a vindictive orderly. Thrown into the asylum by her father, Document [77] (Title: Human Traces) Human Traces Human Traces is a 2005 novel by Sebastian Faulks, best known as the British author of "Birdsong" and "Charlotte Gray". The novel took Faulks five years to write. It tells of two friends who set up a pioneering asylum in 19th-century Austria, in tandem with the evolution of psychiatry and the start of the First World War. Tracing the intertwined lives of Doctors Thomas Midwinter, who is English, and Jacques Rebière, from Brittany, France, "Human Traces" explores the development of psychiatry and psychoanalysis in the late 19th century, by way of excursions into first alienism then metaphysics, human Document [78] (Title: Legion (Blatty novel)) theme to them, such as a child crucified and a priest being headless. Kinderman's investigations lead him to a mental asylum where there are a number of suspects, including a psychiatrist and one of his own patients. There, Kinderman begins to find links between the victims and events in the previous novel, the exorcism of the twelve-year-old girl, Regan. Kinderman entertains philosophical thoughts of his own, such as trying to work out how the concept of evil (specifically relating to the murders) fits in with God's plans for humanity. Kinderman frequently alludes to his favorite novel, "The Brothers Karamazov", especially Document [79] (Title: Asylum (Torchwood)) Asylum (Torchwood) "Asylum" is an original BBC Radio 4 audio play written by Anita Sullivan and is a spin-off from the British science fiction television series Torchwood, itself a spin-off from Doctor Who. This episode aired on 1 July 2009 on BBC Radio 4. It stars John Barrowman as Captain Jack Harkness, Eve Myles as Gwen Cooper, Gareth David-Lloyd as Ianto Jones, Tom Price as PC Andy Davidson, and Erin Richards as Freda. Andy Davidson comes across a girl in a river as he patrols. As he helps her, the girl screams at him before running off, leaving Andy confused. Document [80] (Title: Arkham Asylum) (although he and Catwoman manage to escape). In "Batman: Crimson Mist", the third part of the trilogy that began with "", the now-vampiric Batman, corrupted by his thirst for blood, breaks into the asylum and murders all the homicidal patients-including Amygdala, Victor Zsasz and the Mad Hatter-drinking their blood and chopping off their heads to prevent them coming back as vampires (it is unclear if he did this while reveling in his new power or to try and provoke his old allies into destroying what he had become). As an integral part of the Batman franchise, Arkham Asylum has been Document [81] (Title: The Asylum) mix. Also unlike "Transformers", it has cheap special effects and a subplot involving lesbians." The 2008 release "Death Racers" featured the hip hop group Insane Clown Posse and wrestler Scott "Raven" Levy in major roles. In 2009 the Asylum released its first 3D picture, "Sex Pot". The Asylum The Asylum is an American independent film company and distributor that focuses on producing low-budget, direct-to-video films. The company has produced titles that capitalize on productions by major studios, often using film titles and scripts very similar to those of current blockbusters in order to lure customers. These titles have been dubbed Document [82] (Title: Aliens: Earth Hive) a group of military survivors approach them, demanding that they hand over their ship. The encounter turns violent: Blake is killed and Parks panics and abandons the group. Wilks, Billie, and Mitch manage to stow away on a container ship headed for an unknown destination. They escape from Earth, with no idea of their final destination. This cliffhanger ending leads into the next book in the trilogy, Nightmare Asylum. The book is a novelization of the first series of the "Aliens" spin-off comic book (called "Book One" in the original trade paperback) written by Mark Verheiden which was released in Document [83] (Title: Asylum (2008 film)) if you "combine the "House on Haunted Hill" remake and "A Nightmare on Elm Street" – minus all the good parts – and you will get "Asylum"." "Dread Central" also panned the film, noting that the movie "seems like it was aimed more toward the young adult demographic than the horror fan" and that anyone other than a "fourteen-year-old girl" would likely find it "horribly average". Asylum (2008 film) Asylum is a 2008 American horror film that was directed by David R. Ellis. The movie was initially planned for a theatrical release but was instead released straight to DVD on Document [84] (Title: Sanitarium (video game)) Morgan, head of the asylum. He remembers the death of his younger sister Sarah years ago and the real reason behind his institutionalization. The game uses a bird's-eye view perspective and a non-tiled 2D navigational system. Each world and setting carries a distinct atmosphere that presents either the real world, the imaginary world, or a mix of both of the main protagonist. In many cases, it is unclear to the player if the world the character is currently in is real or a product of Max's own imagination. This indistinction underlines much of the horror portrayed in the game. The Document [85] (Title: The Underground (novel)) changes: The Underground (novel) The Underground is the 17th book in the Animorphs series, written by K.A. Applegate. It is narrated by Rachel. The Animorphs save a man named George Edelman from jumping out of a building. They later hear that he has been committed to an asylum for talking about aliens living in his head. They bust in to talk to him, and he reveals that some Yeerks have discovered a way to survive without the Kandrona: eating Instant Maple and Ginger Oatmeal. However, the oatmeal is extremely addictive to the Yeerk, who goes insane and never leaves the Document [86] (Title: The Quickening Maze) the national debt and Margaret keeps believing that God is speaking to her. Charles Seymour is from an aristocratic family and he is wrongly placed in the asylum by his family to avoid his marriage with his lover who the family deems unsuitable for him. Various incidences of sexual violence between fellow inmates are noted in the asylum. Allen's teenage daughter, Hannah, craves for attention and starts fancying Tennyson. When she gets nothing out of it, she falls for Seymour. Tennyson is also brooding over the death of his friend Arthur Hallam and is shown working on a memorial to Document [87] (Title: Arkham Asylum) events of "Batman: The Last Arkham" (see below). It is also seriously damaged at the beginning of the "" storyline, when Bane uses stolen munitions to blow up the facility and release all the patients. After these events, the asylum is relocated to a large mansion known as "Mercey Mansion". At the beginning of the "No Man's Land" storyline, the asylum is closed down and all its patients discharged. In this instance, a timer was used to open the doors two minutes before the city is sealed. This is orchestrated by the administrator himself, Dr. Jeremiah Arkham, the nephew of Document [88] (Title: The Asylum for Wayward Victorian Girls) 2016. Emilie: Main character of the book's Hospital Entries. Chloe: Fellow inmate of Emilie who is sent to electric therapy at 4 o'clock in the morning. Emilie never saw her again. Kara: Recovering drug addict. Violet: Fellow inmate who has been the victim of abuse. Dr. Sharpe: Doctor at the mental ward who shows an interest in Emilie. J___: Unnamed friend from Emilie's notebook who throws out her "tools." S___: Unnamed boyfriend from Emilie's notebook. Emily: Heroine of The Asylum... in the Victorian era. She has red hair. Her nickname is "Valentine," for the heart-shaped scar on her cheek. Dr. Document [89] (Title: Asylum (1996 TV series)) Asylum (1996 TV series) Asylum is a British comedy series which was shown on Paramount Comedy Channel in 1996. Set in a mental asylum, it ran for one series of six episodes. Unlike traditional sitcoms or comedy television shows, it was to some extent an opportunity for stand-up routines by various comedians, mixed with an overall story involving much black humour. It is significant for involving a large number of British comedians, many of whom have gone on to work on some of the most successful comedy programmes of the 2000s. It marked the first collaboration of Edgar Wright, Simon Document [90] (Title: The Book of Renfield) The Book of Renfield The Book of Renfield: A Gospel of Dracula is a 2005 novel written by Tim Lucas and the first of the "mash-up" horror-themed novels that rose to commercial prominence later in the decade. It is an unofficial prequel to Bram Stoker's Dracula. Like the original novel, "Renfield" is an epistolary novel written in series of written documents. It focuses mainly on Renfield, mostly remembered for his minor role in "Dracula" as a lunatic that ate flies, rodents and other animals, and Dr. John Seward, the administrator of an insane asylum who is trying to understand Renfield's Document [91] (Title: Asylum (McGrath novel)) Asylum (McGrath novel) Asylum is a 1996 gothic fiction novel by British author Patrick McGrath. The novel is the chronicle of a story about self-obsession narrated by the point of view of a psychiatrist. It was adapted into a 2005 film directed by David Mackenzie. A beautiful woman, Stella Raphael, lives an unimaginative family life: she runs the household and takes care of her son Charlie while her husband Max works as a deputy superintendent at a maximum security psychiatric hospital. This all changes when she becomes romantically involved with Edgar Stark, an artistic talented patient who restores the old Document [92] (Title: Arkham Asylum: A Serious House on Serious Earth) throwing him out the window, sustaining a severe wound from the spear in the process. Batman finally reaches a secret room high in the towers of the asylum. Inside, he discovers Cavendish dressed in a bridal gown and threatening Adams with a razor. It is revealed that he orchestrated the riots. When questioned by Batman, Cavendish has him read a passage from the diary of the asylum's founder, Amadeus Arkham. In flashbacks, it is revealed that Arkham's mentally ill mother, Elizabeth, suffered delusions of being tormented by a supernatural entity. After believing to have seen the creature himself (a bat), Document [93] (Title: American Horror Story: Asylum) a completely different time period." He later said, "Everyone looks so different, people who were enemies last year are allies this year. The sets are amazing. It's 1964, so everything looks very different." Murphy had also told "TV Guide" that there would not be any ghosts in the second season, "I think "the story" is horrifying," he said. "The story is a period piece in a mental institution based largely on truth and truth is always scarier than fiction." In August 2012, Murphy announced the season's new name by stating, "We picked 'Asylum' because it not only describes the setting Document [94] (Title: Asylum (1972 horror film)) Films. Asylum (1972 horror film) Asylum (also known as House of Crazies in subsequent US releases) is a 1972 British horror film made by Amicus Productions. The film was directed by Roy Ward Baker, produced by Milton Subotsky, and scripted by Robert Bloch (who adapted four of his own short stories for the screenplay). Baker had considerable experience as a director of horror films as he had tackled "Quatermass and The Pit", and "Scars of Dracula". Robert Bloch, who wrote the script for "Asylum" based on a series of his own short stories, was also the author of the novel Document [95] (Title: Arkham Asylum: A Serious House on Serious Earth) as ungovernable as the character himself. The graphic novel was published in October 1989 in the wake of Tim Burton's film "Batman". Upon its release, the graphic novel became a commercial success and catapulted Morrison and McKean's name in the comic book industry. Editor Karen Berger revealed that it has sold "close to a half million copies" by 2004, making it the best-selling original graphic novel in American superhero comics. According to the Grant Morrison website, the series has already sold over 600,000 copies worldwide. Hilary Goldstein of IGN Comics praised the story and its "claustrophobic" portrayal of the asylum, Document [96] (Title: Arkham Asylum) House on Serious Earth" is a graphic novel written by Grant Morrison and painted by Dave McKean. It was published by DC in 1989. It made reference to the treatment of several of the patients, such as the attempt to wean Two-Face away from dependence on his coin for decision making, first with a die and then a deck of cards. It once again portrays the asylum as having been taken over by its patients. "A Serious House on Serious Earth" has been critically acclaimed, having been called "one of the finest superhero books to ever grace a bookshelf." IGN Document [97] (Title: Lunatic (novel)) Lunatic (novel) Lunatic is the fifth book in the Lost Books series, written by Ted Dekker, and the first book in the series written with Kaci Hill. It is set at the beginning of "White", from Dekker's Circle Trilogy. It, along with the sixth book, "Elyon", was released on June 2, 2009. "Lunatic" picks up where "Chaos" left off. Johnis, Silvie, and Darsal have returned from the other earth, having claimed all of the lost books of history only to lose them again. More importantly, the world that they have returned to has changed completely. Their home is overrun by Document [98] (Title: Eastern Standard Tribe) in his attack on Fede when he discovers his betrayal. The asylum plot takes place after his attack on Fede, and culminates in his escape from the asylum and founding of a new company to market health care products using his inside knowledge of psychiatric institutions. "Kirkus Reviews" described this novel in their review as "A near-future yarn that would have worked better as a piece of speculative nonfiction." Regina Schroeder in reviewing for "Booklist" said that "Doctorow’s fast, bizarre follow-up to "Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom" is a reaction to the impact of instant global communication in Document [99] (Title: The Book of Renfield) Abbey, feasting on a rat, whose only form of identification is a handkerchief that reads "R. M. Renfield". He is taken in to Seward's asylum, where his sessions with the doctor reveal fragments of his tragic past and how he came to be Count Dracula's pawn. The Book of Renfield The Book of Renfield: A Gospel of Dracula is a 2005 novel written by Tim Lucas and the first of the "mash-up" horror-themed novels that rose to commercial prominence later in the decade. It is an unofficial prequel to Bram Stoker's Dracula. Like the original novel, "Renfield" is an epistolary Document [100] (Title: Arkham Asylum) Arkham Asylum The Elizabeth Arkham Asylum for the Criminally Insane, typically called Arkham Asylum or simply Arkham (), is a fictional psychiatric hospital appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics, commonly in stories featuring the superhero Batman. Arkham Asylum first appeared in "Batman" #258 (Oct. 1974), written by Dennis O'Neil with art by Irv Novick. Arkham Asylum serves as a psychiatric hospital for the Gotham City area, housing patients who are criminally insane. Arkham's high-profile patients are often from Batman's rogues gallery, such as the Joker, Two-Face, Poison Ivy, the Riddler, the Penguin, Harley Quinn, Clayface, Bane, the Document [101] (Title: Manasaare) a line that Shankrappa had delivered to Manu when the latter first arrived at the asylum - "Those in this world that come to an asylum, are those who can be cured. The ones who cannot be cured at all, remain outside. There's a chance that you'll be cured of madness, which is something that others outside don't have. Wheover comes here is only temporarily mad, but the ones on the outside are permanently so." The movie has shades of "One flew over the Cuckoo's Nest", the conundrum illustrated in "Catch-22" and also shows the 'institutionalisation' depicted in "The Shawshank Document [102] (Title: Rhyme Asylum) of "State of Lunacy". Their second album "Solitary Confinement" was released in April 2010 featuring Crooked I, Ill Bill and frequent collaborator Reain. For the first time, Rhyme Asylum recruited outside producers. Later in 2010, the group released "" on 12" vinyl. The EP contains eight songs from "Solitary Confinement" and was launched at a Dilated Peoples & Rhyme Asylum show in Hamburg, Germany. Rhyme Asylum have performed across the UK and Europe. Rhyme Asylum Rhyme Asylum is a London hip hop group formed in 2002 by MCs Possessed, Psiklone and Skirmish. Leatherface and Plazma (who did not return for Document [103] (Title: Asylum (2005 film)) The website's critical consensus reads: "This catastrophic adaption of Patrick McGrath's novel gets sillier and more implausible as it goes along." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average of 51 out of 100, based on 29 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Asylum (2005 film) Asylum is a 2005 Anglo-Irish drama film directed by David Mackenzie and made by Mace Neufeld Productions, Samson Films, Seven Arts Productions, Zephyr Films Ltd and released by Paramount Classics. It is based on the novel "Asylum" by Patrick McGrath and was adapted for the screen by Patrick Marber and Chrysanthy Balis. It stars Document [104] (Title: Seekers (novel series)) the journey the four bears make through all six books in the series is referred to as "the clawed path." At the very last moment, the title was changed so that it would look similar to the "Warriors" series. Holmes was initially unhappy with the change, but has since said that she has come to like it and the way it looks on the books. The first novel of the series, "The Quest Begins", was first featured on the HarperCollin's FirstLook Program in November 2007. Readers who signed up for the program had a chance to read an early edition Document [105] (Title: Asylum (upcoming video game)) Asylum (upcoming video game) Asylum is an upcoming horror video game developed by Senscape, an independent video game developer located in Buenos Aires, Argentina. The game is being authored by Agustín Cordes, who previously designed the game "Scratches" for the now defunct developer Nucleosys. Taking place in a fictional insane asylum called the Hanwell Mental Institute, players will be able to fully explore the institute, which is partially based on elements of real asylums. The game will have "twisty storytelling" and "horrifying revelations", and an atmosphere-focused style of horror, much like Scratches. The game was officially announced on July 9, Document [106] (Title: Asylum (2008 film)) Asylum (2008 film) Asylum is a 2008 American horror film that was directed by David R. Ellis. The movie was initially planned for a theatrical release but was instead released straight to DVD on July 15, 2008. "Asylum" stars Sarah Roemer as a young college student who must fight to survive the spirit of a mad doctor that is haunting her dorm. A college student discovers her dorm was once a notorious asylum. According to Winthrop's campus newspaper, The Johnsonian, a group of college freshmen with troubled pasts and nightmares are at Richard Miller University for orientation a couple of Document [107] (Title: Asylum (1981 video game)) Asylum (1981 video game) Asylum is an adventure game created by William F. Denman Jr. and released in 1981 by Med Systems (later known as Screenplay) of Chapel Hill, North Carolina for the TRS-80 computer. It combines a text adventure with simple line graphics to create a first-person perspective 3D game. Med Systems had earlier released games like Rat's Revenge, Deathmaze 5000, and Labyrinth with the same kind of graphics; these games were among the earliest commercial examples of 3D games. A sequel named Asylum II was released in 1982. The sequel was later enhanced with bitmapped graphics, color, and Document [108] (Title: Jim Sturgess) three films. The first was "Stonehearst Asylum", co-starring Kate Beckinsale and directed by Brad Anderson, in the summer. Loosely based on the short story "The System of Doctor Tarr and Professor Fether" by Edgar Allan Poe, Sturgess stars as a medical school graduate who visits an asylum for the insane. The film was released in October 2014. "London Fields", based on the novel by Martin Amis, was next, filmed in London and co-starring Amber Heard and Billy Bob Thornton. The picture is the first feature film directed by Mathew Cullen. After that, "Kidnapping Freddy Heineken" was filmed in Belgium and Document [109] (Title: Doctor Who (series 7)) arcs. According to Dan Martin of "The Guardian", Moffat stated that the goal of the series was "compressed storytelling"; Martin remarked that "Asylum of the Daleks" told more than some of the four-parters in the classic series. In keeping with the blockbuster theme, the title sequence for the first part of the series (up to and including "The Snowmen") features a different look to the titles and logo in the title sequence to reflect the concept of the episode. The Time Vortex in the title sequence has also been tinted blue and green. The interior of the TARDIS is redesigned Document [110] (Title: Asylum (upcoming video game)) 2010 after a previous viral marketing campaign that involved a series of online videos posted on YouTube alleged to be posted by an escaped inmate called Leonard Huntings. A fake website for the Hanwell Mental Institute was also created. The first official screenshots were posted on August 12, 2011. On January 29, 2013, Agustín Cordes opened a Kickstarter campaign to raise , which would be used to accelerate the game's development. On February 28, 2013, it successfully raised , thus securing additional fundings to port the game to iPad and Android. Asylum (upcoming video game) Asylum is an upcoming horror Document [111] (Title: Arkham Asylum: A Serious House on Serious Earth) on Batman, making it the earliest installment in the Morrison's Batman saga. Morrison would later note in the annotated script of how the graphic novel was to be the start of his own undertaking of the Batman comics. Line 55 of Philip Larkin's poem "Church Going" was used as a subtitle. In his original script printed in both the 15th Anniversary (2005) and 25th Anniversary (2014) editions, Morrison remarks on several details behind the genesis of the work: An additional reference to the work as a "response" to trends of the time is made in a later note: "The repressed, Document [112] (Title: The Underground (novel)) The Underground (novel) The Underground is the 17th book in the Animorphs series, written by K.A. Applegate. It is narrated by Rachel. The Animorphs save a man named George Edelman from jumping out of a building. They later hear that he has been committed to an asylum for talking about aliens living in his head. They bust in to talk to him, and he reveals that some Yeerks have discovered a way to survive without the Kandrona: eating Instant Maple and Ginger Oatmeal. However, the oatmeal is extremely addictive to the Yeerk, who goes insane and never leaves the host Document [113] (Title: Asylum (series)) Asylum (series) Asylum is a New York Times bestselling young adult horror novel series by Madeleine Roux. The series is composed of four novels, "Asylum, “Sanctum," , "Catacomb", and ‘’ Escape from Aslyum’’ and three novellas, The Scarlets, ‘’The Bone Artists", and "The Warden." The books feature written story accompanied by photographs that the series' characters uncover during the course of the story. The series follows sixteen-year-old Dan Crawford, who was chosen to attend a prestigious college preparatory summer program in New Hampshire. Once there he befriends two other teens, Abby and Jordan, with whom he explores an old psychiatric Document [114] (Title: The Asylum) The Asylum The Asylum is an American independent film company and distributor that focuses on producing low-budget, direct-to-video films. The company has produced titles that capitalize on productions by major studios, often using film titles and scripts very similar to those of current blockbusters in order to lure customers. These titles have been dubbed "mockbusters" by the press. Its titles are distributed by Echo Bridge Home Entertainment, GT Media, and as of 2015, Cinedigm. They are perhaps best known for creating the "Sharknado" films. As of 2009/2010, The Asylum have never had any losses from their film productions. The Asylum Document [115] (Title: The Asylum Seeker) The Asylum Seeker The Asylum Seeker () is a novel by Dutch author Arnon Grunberg. Published in 2003, the novel won the AKO Literatuurprijs and Ferdinand Bordewijk Prijs in 2004, and has been reprinted more than fourteen times. The jury rapport for the AKO Literatuurprijs praised the novel for being shocking, amusing, and touching all at once, and for its undoing of the bourgeois underpinnings of our society. Christian Beck, a translator of technical manuals, has concluded that life consists of nothing but self-deception and illusions, and decides to devote his time to unmasking all illusions, false hopes, and high Document [116] (Title: Asylum (series)) hospital that has been re-purposed into a student dormitory. However what they find ends up drawing them into old and disturbing events. Dan is a new attendee to the New Hampshire College Prep (NHCP) summer program, where he befriends two other attendees, Abby and Jordan. Abby and Dan kindle a romance, which threatens their friendship with Jordan. This becomes the least of his problems, as the trio ends up getting drawn into the past mysteries of their dorm, the Brookline Dorm, which used to serve as a psychiatric hospital. Exploring the dorm's grounds and history brings evidence that one of Document [117] (Title: Blackthorn Asylum) Blackthorn Asylum Blackthorn Asylum is the eleventh album by dark ambient duo Nox Arcana. The musical theme is described as being "set in an abandoned sanitarium for the criminally insane where the doctors conducted horrible experiments on the inmates." Nox Arcana once again pays homage to H.P. Lovecraft as they did with their second album "Necronomicon", stating "We set "Blackthorn Asylum" in the 1930s and revisit the dark domain of H.P. Lovecraft. The plot builds upon Lovecraft’s short story "From Beyond" and adds some creepy new twists." And, as with almost every other album this band has released, this album Document [118] (Title: The Madman's Tale) Newtown, Connecticut. Due to lead actor Jonathan Rhys Meyers personal issues, production was stopped before filming began. The Madman's Tale The Madman's Tale is a novel written by John Katzenbach. It was published and released in 2004. Francis Petrel, recently released from an asylum faces his own inner demons as he recounts his memories of a murderer in the asylum during his time there. The story tells itself in two parallel parts: one of the stories is during his time in the asylum, all a memory slowly bringing itself back to life; the other story takes place after he is Document [119] (Title: Ghost Asylum) Ghost Asylum Ghost Asylum is an American paranormal television series that aired from September 7, 2014, to June 5, 2016, in the United States on Destination America. The series features a group of professional ghost hunters that try to "trap ghosts" in the country's most haunted abandoned asylums, sanitariums, and mental hospitals. The show was renewed for a second season of 15 episodes, which premiered on April 5, 2015, and aired in two halves with the second half airing in late-2015. A third season aired in 2016. The series follows the paranormal team known as the "Tennessee Wraith Chasers"; the Document [120] (Title: Asylum (Darvill-Evans novel)) Asylum (Darvill-Evans novel) Asylum is a BBC Books original novel written by Peter Darvill-Evans and based on the long-running British science fiction television series "Doctor Who". It features the Fourth Doctor and Nyssa (resulting in a slight temporal paradox as the Nyssa featured here comes from a time some time after she stopped travelling with the Fifth Doctor). Alfric, the proctor of the Franciscan friary would be otherwise enjoying his life in the town of Oxford in 1278. However, one of his friars is missing and the town is being disrupted by a noblewoman and her traveling companion, a man Document [121] (Title: Blackthorn Asylum) conceals a puzzle, along with a storyline that expounds upon Lovecraft's story. Blackthorn Asylum Blackthorn Asylum is the eleventh album by dark ambient duo Nox Arcana. The musical theme is described as being "set in an abandoned sanitarium for the criminally insane where the doctors conducted horrible experiments on the inmates." Nox Arcana once again pays homage to H.P. Lovecraft as they did with their second album "Necronomicon", stating "We set "Blackthorn Asylum" in the 1930s and revisit the dark domain of H.P. Lovecraft. The plot builds upon Lovecraft’s short story "From Beyond" and adds some creepy new twists." And, Document [122] (Title: Gömda) United States, on grounds of domestic violence. The story received a lot of attention in Sweden, and was even discussed in the Swedish Parliament. "The man with the black eyes" is the antagonist also in "Asyl Den Sanna Fortsättningen på Gömda" ("Asylum Granted - A True Story"), the second book in the series, published 9 years later. The book tells the story of how the abuser forced the woman and her new family to flee abroad. They left Sweden for South America and then spent five years in the United States, attempting to establish asylum. "Maria Eriksson" submitted her application Document [123] (Title: Asylum of the Damned) Asylum of the Damned Asylum of the Damned, Columbia Tristar (2004), also known as Hellborn, CDA Entertainment, is a 2003 horror film written by Matt McCombs, directed by Philip J Jones and starring Matt Stasi and Bruce Payne. A young psychology student is recruited by St. Andrews Mental Hospital and given the chance to care for mentally ill patients. His enthusiasm for his new job soon changes into concern when some of the patients die mysteriously and the behaviour of his colleagues becomes odd. He soon realises that a Devil has taken over the minds of the patients and that Document [124] (Title: Asylum (2014 film)) is his own brother. Edward Joe Scargill as Phillips The film's script was written by horror writer and director Chris Mancini, who pitched "Asylum" to After Dark. Mancini intended to serve as the movie's director, only for After Dark to instead assign Chapkanov as the movie's director and move the film's production to Bulgaria. Mancini's script was heavily re-written and altered from its original state and according to some review websites such as DVD Verdict and HorrorNews.net, After Dark enlisted Mancini to insert comedy into the film in an effort to salvage the production due to them seeing Chapkanov's finished Document [125] (Title: Asylum (1981 video game)) improved descriptions, and released simply as Asylum in 1985 for the Commodore 64. There were also editions for the Atari 8-bit family of home computers and the IBM Personal Computer coded by Warren Zunino. The story takes place in a labyrinthine asylum. One rather confusing feature of that labyrinth is that some sections of it seem to exist in several places at once. So an item dropped in a certain place will also show up in another place of the labyrinth, in a corridor of the same shape (but different orientation), and vice versa. Debuting in February 1981, the game Document [126] (Title: Asylum (2008 film)) fictional school. Filming took place over a five-and-a-half-week period and had a budget of $10 million. Plans for a theatrical release for "Asylum" were dropped indefinitely by Hyde Park in favor of a straight to DVD release. Ellis later stated that the reason for this was that although foreign rights to "Asylum" were sold, box office reception for horror films were not performing up to the number that Hyde Park wanted for the movie and they canceled plans for its theatrical debut. Critical reception for "Asylum" has been predominantly negative. "Shock Till You Drop" heavily criticized the film, remarking that Document [127] (Title: Spike: Asylum) Spike: Asylum Spike: Asylum is a five-issue comic book limited series based on "Angel" television series. It was released from September 2006 through January 2007. The five issues were collected together in a single trade paperback in May 2007. Ruby Monahan has gone missing and her family recruits Spike to track her down. It seems Ruby (a half-demon) has been checked into "Mosaic Wellness Center", a rehab facility designed to cure the demonic. Evidence shows Ruby is instead being tortured severely inside Mosaic so Spike agrees to infiltrate. Whatever is going on, many of the clients do want to murder Document [128] (Title: Asylum (McGrath novel)) Victorian conservatory. Edgar is committed for the violent murder of his wife but this does not influence Stella's feelings. Then Edgar escapes from the institution wearing Max's clothes and takes a hiding in a shabby building in London which he uses as an atelier. Stella's love for him grows stronger and while in London for "shopping" she manages to get back in contact with Edgar via his artist friend Nick. Her visits become more and more frequent and it starts to become suspicious so she decides to leave her family permanently. The asylum wants to keep this potentially scandalous situation Document [129] (Title: O alienista) for educational material). Published a year after Machado's first major novel, "Memórias Póstumas de Brás Cubas", "The Psychiatrist" follows the scientific efforts of Dr. Simon Bacamarte ("Simão Bacamarte" in the original – "bacarmarte" being Portuguese for "blunderbuss", an old scattershot gun). Bacamarte, a Brazil-born Portuguese (when Brazil was a colony), is a prominent physician whose sincere obsession for discovering a universal method to cure pathological disorders drives inhabitants of the small Brazilian town of Itaguaí to fear, conspiracy, and revolutionary attempts. In a short space of time, Bacamarte's newly opened asylum, popularly named "the Green House" ("Casa Verde"), passes to Document [130] (Title: Asylum (1972 horror film)) Asylum (1972 horror film) Asylum (also known as House of Crazies in subsequent US releases) is a 1972 British horror film made by Amicus Productions. The film was directed by Roy Ward Baker, produced by Milton Subotsky, and scripted by Robert Bloch (who adapted four of his own short stories for the screenplay). Baker had considerable experience as a director of horror films as he had tackled "Quatermass and The Pit", and "Scars of Dracula". Robert Bloch, who wrote the script for "Asylum" based on a series of his own short stories, was also the author of the novel "Psycho", Document [131] (Title: Lunatic (novel)) their enemies and the healing water of Elyon no longer heals. Much as the first four books of the series make a set, "Lunatic" and "Elyon" are a whole story of their own. One difference is that in the first four books, each had an individual story that would be followed through to completion before leaving the main story to be continued. "Lunatic" and "Elyon" are one story, completely incomplete without each other. Lunatic (novel) Lunatic is the fifth book in the Lost Books series, written by Ted Dekker, and the first book in the series written with Kaci Hill. Document [132] (Title: Gömda) in the series. "Buried Alive" tells the story of "Mia" and "the man with the black eyes", an immigrant from Lebanon, that soon turns into an abusive relationship. They have a child together and they break up, but the abuse continues and is intensified when "Mia" remarries. The welfare state is not able to protect the family, and they are forced into hiding. A second book in the Maria Eriksson series, "Asylum Granted", was published in 2004. It describes how the woman is forced to flee abroad with her family. Finally, in February 2003, she is granted asylum in the Document [133] (Title: Asylum (McGrath novel)) out of the papers but informs the police. At first Stella enjoys the underground art life but Edgar starts to become violent and jealous as he sculpts a rather morbid bust of her head. He thinks she wants to go back to Max and fears being poisoned by her. So Stella, realizing the danger, finds shelter at Nick's place but she has to flee again as Edgar tries to locate her. As she feels her love again, she returns to Edgar's atelier where she gets arrested by the police who have lost track of Edgar.<br> Stella reunites with her family. Document [134] (Title: American Horror Story) the warped desires of The Countess after checking into the haunted Hotel Cortez, conceived from the beginning as a torture chamber for its customers." In 2017, the show returned as haunted attractions to both parks, with Universal Orlando having an attraction based on "Asylum", "Coven", and "Roanoke", and Universal Studios Hollywood basing their attraction solely on "Roanoke". The series premiered on October 5, 2011, and is broadcast on the cable television channel FX in the United States. In November 2011, it premiered internationally on the respective countries' Fox Networks Group. The first season premiered on October 5, 2011, and concluded Document [135] (Title: Supermind (novel)) Supermind (novel) Supermind is a science fiction novel by A. E. van Vogt first published in complete form in 1977 by publisher DAW Books. It is a fix-up of "Asylum," a short story first published in "Astounding Science Fiction in May 1942. As with many van Vogt works, the novel uses a psychological element, in this case Intelligence Quotient or IQ. The novel shows various characters whose social roles are based upon their IQ. The galactic civilization has set up an outpost on the planet Earth manned by a scientist and his daughter whose IQ are much higher than humans; Document [136] (Title: Isaac Mitchell) Isaac Mitchell Isaac Mitchell (1759-1812) was an American author and journalist, best known today as the author of the Gothic novel "The Asylum, or Alonzo and Melissa". "The Asylum" was a popular work of Gothic fiction, and has been called "the single most popular Gothic novel in early America." It was first serialized in the "Political Barometer", Mitchell's Poughkeepsie, New York newspaper, in 1804, and then expanded published in book form in 1811. It was then almost completely plagiarized in an edition attributed to Daniel Jackson, Jr., under whose name many copies were sold in the 19th century. Mitchell died Document [137] (Title: Johan Theorin) and was made into a Swedish feature film in 2013. His second novel, "The Darkest Room", (in Swedish "Nattfåk") was voted the Best Swedish Crime Novel of 2008, won the Glass Key award in 2009 and was also awarded the 2010 CWA International Dagger. "The Quarry", was published by Transworld Publishers in 2011. Concluding with "The Voices Beyond" in 2015, the books form a loose quartet of novels set on the island of Öland. A stand-alone suspense novel, "The Asylum", was published in 2013. He now resides on Öland and in Stockholm. Johan Theorin Johan Theorin is a journalist and Document [138] (Title: American Horror Story: Asylum) with events in the past and present. Returning cast members from the previous season of the series include: Zachary Quinto, Sarah Paulson, Evan Peters, Lily Rabe, Jessica Lange, Dylan McDermott, and Frances Conroy, along with new cast members Joseph Fiennes, Lizzie Brocheré, and James Cromwell. Like its predecessor, "Asylum" was well received by television critics, though they noted numerous plot holes and inconsistencies. The performances of Lange, Cromwell, Quinto, Paulson, and Rabe were particularly praised. The season garnered seventeen Primetime Emmy Award nominations, more than any other show, including Outstanding Miniseries or Movie and four acting nominations for Lange, Paulson, Document [139] (Title: Shatter Me) a small scrap of a notebook to convey her feelings as she has no one to talk to. Soon, she gets a cellmate who goes by the name of Adam Kent. He reminds Juliette of someone, but she convinces herself that it is not possible that Adam is that person. She shows Adam the ways of the asylum, such as not to eat the scalding food immediately, and when the asylum's occupants are allowed to shower. One day, the Reestablishment, a government that has the world within its grasp, comes for Juliette. It is revealed that Adam is a soldier Document [140] (Title: Moriz Scheyer) feuilletons, previously published in the NWT. His autobiographical 'survivor's account', Asylum, was discovered by his descendants many years after his death, and published in 2016. Scheyer's early books "Europeans and Exotics", "Tralosmontes" and "Cry from the Tropical Night" are inspired by his travels, especially in the near East and in South America. Largely factual (although "Tralosmontes" seems more in the style of a novella), they consist of vivid depictions or vignettes, and are preoccupied with the 'exotic', in terms of both place and character. Examples are Saadi ibn Tarbush, a young Egyptian boy who acts as Scheyer’s guide in Cairo, Document [141] (Title: Paranormalcy) a video interview with the author. Multiple Websites presented contests for signed or advance copies of the first novel. Additionally, numerous copies were released for early review by Book It Forward Tours. Book signings were also scheduled for White. According to a "Publishers Weekly" report, the opening novel received "strong interest" at the 2010 Bologna Children's Book Fair. In addition, interest in producing a film adaptation arose prior to the novel series' release. "Paranormalcy" debuted at #7 on the "New York Times" Best Seller list in the category of children's chapter books. The first novel has received positive feedback from Document [142] (Title: Minus One) asylum boasted that no-one had ever escaped, that is until the disappearance of a patient called Hinton. Thorough searches are conducted and staff questioned but no trace of him can be found. Dr. Mellinger, the director of the asylum leads the investigation and it transpires that nobody can remember much about him at all. Dr Mellinger realises that the patients are not being treated as individuals and decides that from then on the regime of Green Hill will change to take more interest in the individual. Still the disappearance of Hinton remains unexplained; Dr. Mellinger looks at Hinton's file and Document [143] (Title: Asylum (Torchwood)) alone. Asylum (Torchwood) "Asylum" is an original BBC Radio 4 audio play written by Anita Sullivan and is a spin-off from the British science fiction television series Torchwood, itself a spin-off from Doctor Who. This episode aired on 1 July 2009 on BBC Radio 4. It stars John Barrowman as Captain Jack Harkness, Eve Myles as Gwen Cooper, Gareth David-Lloyd as Ianto Jones, Tom Price as PC Andy Davidson, and Erin Richards as Freda. Andy Davidson comes across a girl in a river as he patrols. As he helps her, the girl screams at him before running off, leaving Andy Document [144] (Title: John Saul's Blackstone Chronicles) doesn't sit well with Malcolm Metcalf, Oliver's father and last superintendent of the Asylum, who died some forty years before. All of the activity involved in transforming the Asylum has awakened its residents. For reasons not yet known to Oliver or the player, his father's spirit has taken his son, Joshua, and hidden him somewhere in the Asylum, apparently to coerce Oliver there. Exploring the mansion, Oliver encounters several spirits of patients who are bound to the asylum by their possessions, including a teenage girl with hysterical pregnancy, a schizophrenic who believes she's English royalty, and a depressed woman who Document [145] (Title: The Asylum Seeker) later agrees to the marriage. The asylum seeker also gratifies Bird sexually, and a strange ménage à trois is the result. Dutch critics have responded in various ways, calling the novel shocking, depressing, and disconcerting, but also witty and touching. It is one of the most controversial books in recent Dutch literary history, and Erica van Boven has argued that the work compares to that of Jean-Paul Sartre, Albert Camus, Franz Kafka, and W.F. Hermans. In Belgium, the novel was well-received, and within a few years was available in the series "Pearls of literature in Dutch," a collection of "the Document [146] (Title: Asylum (1972 horror film)) to be interviewed for a job by the wheelchair-bound, authoritarian Lionel Rutherford. Rutherford explains that he owes his current incapacitation to an attack by an inmate. Rutherford reveals his unorthodox plan to determine Martin's suitability for the post of chief doctor. One of the asylum's current inmates is Dr B. Starr, the former head of the asylum, who underwent a complete mental breakdown. Martin is to interview the inmates of the asylum to deduce which one is Dr Starr. If his choice is correct, Rutherford will "consider" him for the post. The attendant Max Reynolds admits Martin through the security Document [147] (Title: Anna Kavan) of what would be multiple hospitalizations and asylum incarcerations throughout Kavan's life for both depression and her lifelong heroin addiction. "Asylum Piece" (1940), a collection of short stories which explored the inner mindscape of the psychological explorer, was her first book under the name Anna Kavan, heroine of her previous novels "Let Me Alone" (1930) and "A Stranger Still" (1935). All subsequent works would feature a radically altered writing style. From that moment, the brunette Ferguson disappeared and the crystal-blond Kavan set about a career as an avant-garde writer using her legal name in the United States. An inveterate traveller, Document [148] (Title: Madness Ends) breaks into the boarded-up asylum, listening to an audiobook called "Tales from Briarcliff", written and read by Lana. He imagines her telling him she could not wait to give him up and that he should never have been born. As she relates via audio that Oliver Thredson (Zachary Quinto) was an "unspeakable monster", Johnny imagines Thredson telling him that he loved him and that Lana kept them apart. Then, Leo (Adam Levine) and Teresa (Jenna Dewan-Tatum) enter the asylum as seen in "Welcome to Briarcliff". They end up at the cell where Johnny waits inside. He puts on the Bloody Document [149] (Title: Martin Horváth) Viennese dessert with a controversial name. (A charity, SOS Mitmensch, began a campaign to change the name in 2012.) It was published by German publisher dtv in 2012 and is Horváth’s debut novel. The novel centers around Ali, a 15-year-old asylum seeker living on the juvenile floor of an asylum home in Vienna, Austria. Ali speaks every language he encounters in the home, observes more events than are humanly possible, and delivers commentary upon all he hears and sees. Ali introduces the reader to a host of residents on the juvenile floor and the stories of how they arrived. Throughout Document [150] (Title: Asylum Days) has researched the entire life of Laurie and written a screenplay with her biography. Nathan decides to please his younger brother and asks Laurie to read the script. She refuses and he kills her manager and friend and abducts her. Nathan locks Laurie in the trunk of his car, and calls his brother to go to Saint Claire orphanage to shoot the movie. Once in the destroyed spot, secrets from the past are disclosed. Asylum Days Asylum Days is a 2001 thriller film directed by Thomas Elliott. After losing her parents in the age of five in a car accident, Document [151] (Title: The Asylum for Wayward Victorian Girls) The Asylum for Wayward Victorian Girls The Asylum for Wayward Victorian Girls is an autobiographical/psychological thriller novel by Emilie Autumn. It was published in 2009 as a companion to her 2009–2010 North American, European, and Australian tour, the Asylum Tour. The fully illustrated book chronicles Autumn's experiences in a mental ward and a young girl (Emily with a "y") in Victorian England who is admitted into an insane asylum. The second edition was published in 2010 but is now out of print, pending replacement with an updated print edition. An audio book version, narrated by the author, was released in Document [152] (Title: Asylum (2008 film)) weeks prior to the beginning of classes. They stumble into an old restricted area and awaken the spirit of a mad doctor, who then proceeds to torture and torment the students in the same way he tortured the patients in 1939 at Burke Asylum. During the film, first String is killed, then Maya, followed by Tommy, school's caretaker Mackey, and Ivy. All are killed by the Doctor. In the end The Doctor chases Madison and Holt through a tunnel, an abandoned factory, and the woods until Madison kills him by stabbing him in the head, causing him to lose all Document [153] (Title: Noon Wine) an escaped mental patient who must be returned to the asylum. Many years earlier, Helton killed his only brother with a pitchfork after he lost one of Helton's harmonicas and refused to replace it. Thompson is stunned by this news and unwilling to give up Helton to Hatch, whom he instinctively feels is an evil man. Thompson has a vision of Hatch driving a knife blade into Helton's stomach. The farmer rushes to Helton's defense, striking Hatch with an axe blade and killing him. Ellie comes on the scene only in time to see Hatch lying on the ground and Document [154] (Title: The Asylum Seeker) best twenty novels in Dutch of all time." Reviewing that edition, Dirk Leyman of "De Morgen" praises Grunberg's new direction (earlier, he had gained recognition as an absurdist) and the precision with which he captures both the protagonist and the reader. Only two years after the novel's publication, a stage adaptation was produced in Ghent, the first production by Nationaal Theater Gent's new director, Johan Simons, and a production praised in "de Volkskrant". The protagonist was played by Wim Opbrouck, one of Belgium's most notable stage actors. The Asylum Seeker The Asylum Seeker () is a novel by Dutch author Document [155] (Title: The Asylum for Wayward Victorian Girls) sister. She states she is a pirate and is always telling stories of her adventures. She wears a three-cornered paper pirate hat and has others call her "Captain." Veronica: Highly nymphomanic inmate who is convinced that she is leaving the next day, every day. Flea: Fellow inmate. Sachiko: Friend of Emily at the Music Conservatoire. The Asylum for Wayward Victorian Girls The Asylum for Wayward Victorian Girls is an autobiographical/psychological thriller novel by Emilie Autumn. It was published in 2009 as a companion to her 2009–2010 North American, European, and Australian tour, the Asylum Tour. The fully illustrated book chronicles Document [156] (Title: Max Cassidy) Central America. His body was never found but Max’s mother, Helen, was convicted of Alexander’s murder and is serving a twenty-year prison sentence. Convinced that his father is still alive, Max is determined to track him down – and get his mother out of prison. The first book in the series, "Escape from Shadow Island", was published in the United Kingdom in July, 2009, by Random House Children’s Books. The book was short-listed for five children’s book awards and was the winner of the Salford Children’s Book Award 2010. It has also been published in the United States by Walden Document [157] (Title: The Asylum Choir) successful solo artist later in the decade. The Asylum Choir The Asylum Choir was an American rock duo active in the late 1960s. It was composed of keyboardist Leon Russell and guitarist Marc Benno. Essentially a studio musician gathering, the Asylum Choir was formed around 1967 and the group's debut album was issued in 1968. A second album was recorded in 1969, but the album did not see release until late 1971 because of contract disputes. The duo had long since disbanded, but the second record sold well due to Russell's successful solo career, peaking at #70 on the "Billboard" Document [158] (Title: The Madman's Tale) The Madman's Tale The Madman's Tale is a novel written by John Katzenbach. It was published and released in 2004. Francis Petrel, recently released from an asylum faces his own inner demons as he recounts his memories of a murderer in the asylum during his time there. The story tells itself in two parallel parts: one of the stories is during his time in the asylum, all a memory slowly bringing itself back to life; the other story takes place after he is released, and he feels compelled to author a book on the events surrounding that murder. He has Document [159] (Title: Andy Davidson (Torchwood)) "Asylum" in which Andy takes a personal interest in Freda, an Asylum seeker from the future. Andy has a central role in the 2012 audiobook "Fallout", read by Tom Price and set after the conclusion of "Miracle Day", where he must investigate alien technology in the absence of Gwen and Torchwood. A reviewer for the "Ely Standard" notes that the character's role has "gradually expanded to the point whereby he can comfortably hold his own as lead character". Andy subsequently plays a large role in the audiobook "Mr Invincible", also narrated by Price, where he joins forces with Captain Jack Document [160] (Title: Arkham Asylum: A Serious House on Serious Earth) walkovers." Morrison himself admitted that the amount of symbolism made him "[ending] up being accused of doing the most pretentious Batman book ever. In October 2005, a 15th Anniversary edition was released. The new reprint contained Morrison and Karen Berger's annotated script that breaks down and explains much of the symbolic references in the series, as well as principal art and step-by-step samples of the story. In the film "Batman Begins" (2005), Jonathan Crane's entrance to the Arkham Asylum's cellar with Rachel Dawes mirrors the Joker's own entrance with Batman in the novel. Heath Ledger's interpretation of The Joker in Document [161] (Title: The System of Doctor Tarr and Professor Fether) The System of Doctor Tarr and Professor Fether "The System of Doctor Tarr and Professor Fether" is a dark comedy short story by the American author Edgar Allan Poe. First published in "Graham's Magazine" in November 1845, the story centers upon a naïve and unnamed narrator's visit to a mental asylum in the southern province of France. The story follows an unnamed narrator who visits a mental institution in southern France (more accurately, a ""Maison de Santé"") known for a revolutionary new method of treating mental illnesses called the "system of soothing". A companion with whom he is travelling knows Document [162] (Title: Stonehearst Asylum) as all criminals claim to be innocent. The professor advises his students to believe nothing they hear and only half of what they see. Later, a young man arrives at Stonehearst Asylum, where he desires to take up residency. A group of armed men led by Mickey Finn allow him entry. Finn escorts him to the office of the superintendent, Dr. Silas Lamb, where the young doctor introduces himself as Dr. Edward Newgate from Oxford. Although Lamb was not expecting him, he welcomes the help of an Oxford-educated doctor. Newgate is surprised by Lamb's unorthodox methods. Lamb says that he Document [163] (Title: American Horror Story: Asylum) to his previous one, Quinto said, "He's much more grounded and in control." At the PaleyFest 2012, Evan Peters, Sarah Paulson, and Lily Rabe were confirmed to return as main cast members for the second season. Paulson portrayed Lana Winters, a lesbian reporter whose girlfriend is coerced by Sister Jude into having her committed to the asylum, Rabe portrayed Sister Mary Eunice, an innocent and loyal second-in-charge to Sister Jude, and Peters portrayed Kit Walker, a man who's accused of murdering his wife, Alma (Britne Oldford), but he claims she was abducted by aliens. Murphy had stated that Peters, "who Document [164] (Title: Maria: or, The Wrongs of Woman) asylum, but he has also taken their child away from her. She manages to befriend one of her attendants in the asylum, an impoverished, lower-class woman named Jemima, who, after realizing that Maria is not mad, agrees to bring her a few books. Some of these have notes scribbled in them by Henry Darnford, another inmate, and Maria falls in love with him via his marginalia. The two begin to communicate and eventually meet. Darnford reveals that he has had a debauched life; waking up in the asylum after a night of heavy drinking, he has been unable to convince Document [165] (Title: Morire di classe) e Gianni Berengo Gardin" (Dying because of your class: The condition of asylums photographed by Carla Cerati and Gianni Berengo Gardin) was published by Einaudi in May 1969. Largely edited by Franco Basaglia and the staff of the book's publisher, Einaudi, the book has a lilac cover and a design that owes much to advertising practice of the time: Here, the images and photos themselves took centre stage. This was a design object, a political and sociological photobook, a book to be looked at (or looked away from) as much as read. As well as attempting to revolutionize mental health Document [166] (Title: Asylums (book)) the way trades- and craftsmen of the late 19th century repaired clocks and other mechanical objects: in the confines of a shop or store, contents and routine of which remained a mystery to the customer. "Asylums" brought Goffman immediate recognition when it was published in 1961, and by the 1970s had become required reading in some introductory sociology courses, according to socialist author Peter Sedgwick, who considered the book a "powerful and compelling study" and the recognition it brought to Goffman "thoroughly deserved". Asylums (book) Asylums: Essays on the Condition of the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates Document [167] (Title: American Horror Story: Asylum) American Horror Story: Asylum American Horror Story: Asylum is the second season of the American FX horror television series "American Horror Story," created by Brad Falchuk and Ryan Murphy. It originally aired from October 17, 2012 to January 23, 2013. The premise of the second season marked a departure from that of the series's , featuring all new characters and a new location, thus marking "American Horror Story" as an anthology series at the time. The season begins in 1964 at the fictional mental institution, Briarcliff Manor, following the stories of the staff and inmates who occupy it, and intercuts Document [168] (Title: Asylum (series)) Abby's relatives attended the hospital and that one of Dan's relatives may have been the hospital's warden. Things grow more tense after a boy is killed at the university and Dan discovers that there was once a serial killer named "The Sculptor" that attended the hospital. The book's events culminate with Dan discovering that the ghost of The Sculptor is inhabiting his roommate Felix, forcing Dan to successfully fend off the killer's spirit. At the book's end Abby manages to meet her aunt, Dan travels back home, and Jordan tells his friends that his parents may throw him out of Document [169] (Title: Asylum (series)) their way to visit Jordan's uncle in New Orleans, the friends realize they're being followed and photographed. Dan begins to receive messages from someone who died last Halloween and the strange occurrences only escalate once they reach New Orleans. Dan realizes that the disturbing events that have happened to him might not be coincidence, but fate. His past might be connected to a group called the Bone Artists, who are disturbingly interested in past killers. Dan just hopes he can make it out of this road trip alive with his life. Common Sense Media gave the first and second books Document [170] (Title: Batman: The Last Arkham) Learning of Batman's incarceration through private talk with Jeremiah, Zsasz guesses Batman's insanity is obviously a ploy and begins to plant seeds of hatred towards Batman in Jeremiah's mind. This explodes when Jeremiah forces Batman to fight Amygdala and other inmates from the asylum, including the Joker, Mad Hatter, and Egghead. Whilst this continues, Zsasz escapes through the tunnels which he had purchased and kills the builder and another inmate in order to cover his tracks. Batman defeats all the inmates and begins to wonder about Jeremiah Arkham's sanity, as Amadaeus Arkham was in fact the asylum's first inmate. Batman Document [171] (Title: The Land That Time Forgot (novel)) on the second book of the Caspak series. All three films were distributed in the United States by American International Pictures. A second film adaptation of the same name, produced by the American studio The Asylum was released in 2009. It featured people from the present interacting with World War II troops on a mysterious, prehistoric island much like the one Burroughs created. This element appeared to be influenced by the DC Comics series "The War that Time Forgot", which began in the 1960s. In July 2016, publisher American Mythology Productions released a comic book sequel by writer Mike Wolfer Document [172] (Title: American Horror Story: Asylum) – an insane asylum run by Jessica Lange's character which was formerly a tuberculosis ward – but also signifies a place of haven for the unloved and the unwanted," he said. "This year's theme is about sanity and tackling real life horrors." Previous consulting producer Tim Minear was promoted to executive producer and continued writing for the series, beginning with the season premiere. He also scripted the season finale. In March 2012, Murphy revealed that the second season had been conceptualized around Jessica Lange, saying, "This will really be the Jessica Lange show so I'm very excited about it. We Document [173] (Title: Asylum (2005 film)) the bored and unfulfilled wife of Max (Hugh Bonneville), a psychiatrist working at a remote mental asylum. Stella starts a passionate affair with Edgar (Marton Csokas), one of the patients. Edgar is particularly dangerous, having gruesomely murdered his wife in a jealous rage. Not deterred by Edgar's violent past, Stella is beguiled by Edgar's passion and the affair intensifies. Although Max suspects nothing, Dr. Peter Cleave (Sir Ian McKellan) correctly guesses that the two are seeing each other. Cleave, who is fixated on Stella himself, attempts to get Edgar to admit to the affair – to no avail. Edgar, who Document [174] (Title: Asylum (1981 video game)) sold 5,000 copies by June 1982, appearing on "Computer Gaming World"s list of top sellers. "BYTE" stated that "Not only is ["Asylum"] a devious game, it is a very good buy for the money". "PC Magazine" stated that the game's use of graphics "is one of the features that makes it more exciting than "Adventure"". While criticizing its copy protection, the reviewer liked the time limit and stated that her daughter found the game "cool". Asylum (1981 video game) Asylum is an adventure game created by William F. Denman Jr. and released in 1981 by Med Systems (later known as Document [175] (Title: Asylum (magazine)) Asylum (magazine) Asylum is a quarterly not-for-profit publication described by its creators as a "forum for debate about mental health and psychiatry". It is based in the UK, and was first published in 1986. It was established by Alec Jenner, professor of psychiatry, Phil Virden, executive editor for the first six years, Lin Bigwood, among others. Terence McLaughlin was the magazine's executive editor from 2000 to 2007. Inspired by the Democratic Psychiatry movement in Italy, the first issue contained a long interview with R. D. Laing:"‘Psychiatric Democracy in Italy, The Politics of Mental Health’". It is currently published by PCCS Document [176] (Title: Cold Asylum) Cold Asylum Cold Asylum is the twentieth book in the series of "Deathlands". It was written by Laurence James under the house name James Axler. Ryan Cawdor, his son Dean, Krysty Wroth, J.B. Dix, Dr. Theophilus Tanner, Mildred Wyeth, and Michael Brother begin a MAT-TRANS jump in a decaying redoubt, only for the jump to go awry part-way through. When they awake they each find themselves alone in a distinctly separate redoubt, with the exception of Dean and Krysty who were in close contact when the jump occurred. Individually they explore the outer control rooms of their respective redoubts, only Document [177] (Title: Asylum (magazine)) books and is run by an editorial collective of unpaid volunteers. The magazine contains articles, cartoons, news and comments and a creative writing section, covering controversial issues around psychiatry. Anyone can submit content to the magazine, but the Editorial Collective claims to "particularly focus on content that would not be found in the mainstream press". The magazine was re-launched in 2010, after a short break. The Magazine runs conferences, public meetings and other events. There is a London group formed in 2012. Asylum (magazine) Asylum is a quarterly not-for-profit publication described by its creators as a "forum for debate about Document [178] (Title: Asylum (series)) the house for being gay. Dan and his friends have decided to return to the prep school in order to investigate the past summer's mysteries further, especially as someone is sending them creepy old pictures and GPS coordinates to abandoned houses near the Brookline Dorm. Dan is determined to explore these coordinates in order to end the torment once and for all. They discover that the carnival from the photos is hosted on campus and that's just where the horror begins. Dan and his friends, Abby and Jordan, decided to take a road trip the summer after senior year. On Document [179] (Title: Ward No. 6) attempt to escape from the ward, a futile attempt, but for the first time, doctor and patient were on the same level. Literary critic William Lyon Phelps reacted positively to the story, writing: In Ward No. 6, which no one should read late at night, Chekhov has given us a picture of an insane asylum, which, if the conditions there depicted are true to life, would indicate that some parts of Russia have not advanced one step since Gogol wrote Revizor... The fear of death, which to an intensely intellectual people like the Russians, is an obsession of terror, and Document [180] (Title: Light Asylum) Light Asylum Light Asylum is a Brooklyn-based electronic music duo consisting of Shannon Funchess and Bruno Coviello. The band released their first EP 'In Tension' in 2010. The four track EP was re-released in 2011 through a notable indie label Mexican Summer. The self-titled début album has been released in May 2012. It has received generally positive reviews from Pitchfork, FACT, Mixmag, NME, XLR8R and The Quietus. In 2003 Bruno Coviello wrote an electroclash/dance-pop song for Party Monster soundtrack under Mannequin alias. Earlier Shannon Funchess had provided vocals for such acts as TV on the Radio, !!! and Telepathe. More Document [181] (Title: Asylum (2005 film)) Asylum (2005 film) Asylum is a 2005 Anglo-Irish drama film directed by David Mackenzie and made by Mace Neufeld Productions, Samson Films, Seven Arts Productions, Zephyr Films Ltd and released by Paramount Classics. It is based on the novel "Asylum" by Patrick McGrath and was adapted for the screen by Patrick Marber and Chrysanthy Balis. It stars Natasha Richardson, Marton Csokas, Ian McKellen and Hugh Bonneville with a cast also including Sean Harris, Joss Ackland, Wanda Ventham, Maria Aitken and Judy Parfitt. "Asylum" is set in Britain in the early 1950s. It tells the story of Stella Raphael (Natasha Richardson), Document [182] (Title: A Madness So Discreet) A Madness So Discreet A Madness So Discreet () is a book by Mindy McGinnis and published by Katherine Tegen Books ("a subsidiary of HarperCollins") on 6 October 2016 which later won the Edgar Award for Best Young Adult in 2016. Grace Mae is not insane. She does, however, reside in the Wayburne Lunatic Asylum of Boston with a neighbor who screams because of the spiders in her veins, and a vindictive orderly. Thrown into the asylum by her father, the same man who raped her causing an illegitimate pregnancy, she hides her sharp mind with her silence. Grace hasn't Document [183] (Title: Asylum (McGrath novel)) keeps the head sculpture in black bronze of Stella that Edgar made in his desk's drawer. Asylum (McGrath novel) Asylum is a 1996 gothic fiction novel by British author Patrick McGrath. The novel is the chronicle of a story about self-obsession narrated by the point of view of a psychiatrist. It was adapted into a 2005 film directed by David Mackenzie. A beautiful woman, Stella Raphael, lives an unimaginative family life: she runs the household and takes care of her son Charlie while her husband Max works as a deputy superintendent at a maximum security psychiatric hospital. This all changes Document [184] (Title: Beautiful Creatures (2013 film)) reply she gave the first time he asked) and presents the book to him as a "getting out of Gatlin present". As Link drives to visit his mother at the insane asylum, after being freed from Sarafine's possession, before leaving to NYU, Ethan reads a passage in the book that he had earlier associated with Lena, while Lena is revealed in the caster library to be a half light/dark caster, as one of her eyes turns a different color, shown the same way her cousin and mother had them. As Link and Ethan drive past the town line, Ethan glimpses Document [185] (Title: Amber Asylum) Amber Asylum Amber Asylum is a highly variable San Francisco-based music group that serves as a platform for composer, singer, and multi-instrumentalist Kris Force. The current lineup of Amber Asylum includes, in addition to Kris Force, Fern Lee Alberts (Deathgrave), Sarah Rosalena Brady and Becky Hawk (Laudanum). Other members and performers have included Steve Von Till (Neurosis), Annabel Lee, Martha Burns, long-time collaborator Jackie Perez Gratz (Grayceon/Giant Squid/Asunder), Erica Stoltz (Lost Goat, Sanhedrin), Wendy Farina, Lorraine Rath (The Gault/Worm Ouroboros), Sarah Schaffer (The Gault/Weakling), John Cobbet (Hammers of Misfortune/Ludicra, Vhol), Eric Wood (Man Is The Bastard, Bastard Noise), Leila Abdul-Rauf Document [186] (Title: Arkham Asylum: A Serious House on Serious Earth) into being." He also described the asylum as being a "looking glass" that shows the subject their own twisted psyche. Morrison used hypostasis to push the story forward, saying that the psychoanalytic theory and Jungian archetypes was an influence. Dave McKean drew most of the principal art, as well as the cover art of the graphic novel. In illustrating the story, McKean blends paintings, drawings, photography, and mixed-media collage to come up with striking page designs, and dense symbols. He has said that he was "trying to make the book despite the subject, rather than because of it. At the Document [187] (Title: Asylums (book)) Asylums (book) Asylums: Essays on the Condition of the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates is a 1961 collection of four essays by the sociologist Erving Goffman. Based on his participant observation field work (he was employed as a physical therapist's assistant under a grant from the National Institute of Mental Health at a mental institution in Washington, D.C.), Goffman details his theory of the "total institution" (principally in the example he gives, as the title of the book indicates, mental institutions) and the process by which it takes efforts to maintain predictable and regular behavior on the Document [188] (Title: Hard Cash (novel)) correspondence between the author and various asylum managers, who felt themselves aggrieved, but failed, according to Reade, to shake the facts and arguments put forward in this book. The novel was adapted to film three times in the silent film era. The first was in 1910 by Independent Moving Pictures Co. In 1913, a 2-reel American silent film was directed by Charles M. Seay for Edison Manufacturing Company, with a cast that included Charles Stanton Ogle, May Abbey, Gertrude McCoy, and Bigelow Cooper. In 1921, a British silent-film was released, directed by Edwin J. Collins and starring Dick Webb, Alma Document [189] (Title: The Asylum) was founded by director David Michael Latt and former Village Roadshow executives David Rimawi and Sherri Strain in 1997. The company focused on producing straight-to-video low-budget films, usually in the horror genre, but were unable to find a market due to competition from major studios, such as Lions Gate Entertainment. In 2005, the company produced a low-budget adaptation of H. G. Wells' "The War of the Worlds", which was released in the same year as Steven Spielberg's adaptation of the same material. Blockbuster Inc. ordered 100,000 copies of The Asylum's adaptation, a significantly larger order than any of the company's Document [190] (Title: Colin Spencer) and "How the Greeks Kidnapped Mrs Nixon" (republished in paperback under the title "Cock-Up"); the sexual realist drama "Panic", a compassionate examination of the mentality of a child murderer; the experimental "Asylum", merging the myths of Oedipus and the Old Testament Fall of Man into a narrative written in a style akin to poetic prose; and his first novel, set mostly in Vienna, "An Absurd Affair", which he feels can be sensibly ignored. That first novel was followed in 1963 by "Anarchists in Love" the first book of his four-volume novel sequence "GENERATION" which the author describes as the main Document [191] (Title: Arkham Asylum) Man Who Laughs" is a one-shot prestige format comic book written by Ed Brubaker and illustrated by Doug Mahnke and Patrick Zircher, released in February 2005. The comic reveals some of the asylum's dark history. As a reporter reports on the asylum's renovation, the Joker poisons her and the crew, stealing the news van to broadcast whenever he wants. He later releases criminally insane patients at Williams Medical Center, who, in a short number of weeks, would have been transferred to Arkham Asylum. In the end, Joker is defeated and he himself is locked behind bars, in a straitjacket at Document [192] (Title: Maisie Dobbs (novel)) asylum there. With the help of Billy Beale, a caretaker at her office and veteran of the Great War himself, she is able to infiltrate The Retreat. As Maisie uncovers the mystery of The Retreat she is also confronted with her own ghosts from the war after ten years of holding the memories at bay. In an interview with Jacqueline Winspear, Andi Schechter of "Library Journal" points out that "World War I is a major theme" in the book. Winspear notes that Maisie is "very much a woman of her time" and her interest in the lives of women in Document [193] (Title: Aliens: Nightmare Asylum) through unknown space and an unknown destination. They are unaware that the remote colony and military outpost they will approach is at the mercy of a general named Spears with an agenda all his own. Now Billie, Wilks, and Bueller face a new nightmare, and it is nothing they could ever have imagined: a gift of madness from an alien world, an unbalanced mind and the experiences of a mysterious pilot named Lieutenant Ellen Ripley. Aliens: Nightmare Asylum Aliens: Nightmare Asylum is the title of a sci-fi novel by Steve Perry, set in the fictional Alien movie universe. It is Document [194] (Title: Phil Henderson (writer)) Many of these illustrations were published in his book "Extreme Curves" in 2004. In 2006, Phil Henderson, as P. Lewis, won the American Book Award for his second published novel, "Nate". The novel took five years to write and went through eight different drafts. It was finished in 1998, yet rejected so relentlessly that Henderson published it under his own imprint, eight years later. He has recently completed a novel about Berlin, Germany entitled "Berlin Asylum." Henderson has been based in Berlin since 2002. Since moving to Berlin he has appeared at various venues both in Berlin and the United Document [195] (Title: Cold Asylum) private art gallery features works from many famous artists. Named artists include Alan Burgess, Georgia O'Keeffe, Pablo Picasso, Andrew Wyeth, and Andy Warhol. Cold Asylum Cold Asylum is the twentieth book in the series of "Deathlands". It was written by Laurence James under the house name James Axler. Ryan Cawdor, his son Dean, Krysty Wroth, J.B. Dix, Dr. Theophilus Tanner, Mildred Wyeth, and Michael Brother begin a MAT-TRANS jump in a decaying redoubt, only for the jump to go awry part-way through. When they awake they each find themselves alone in a distinctly separate redoubt, with the exception of Dean Document [196] (Title: Judith (novel)) and humiliated at Judith's refusal of his proposal of marriage, has also come to London seeking revenge. Together with his henchmen, he seizes Judith in the street and brings her to a lunatic asylum. There she is incarcerated for months in appalling conditions, naked and shackled in a cold cell. Massingham pays the asylum keeper to hold Judith until he feels she has learned her lesson. Eventually she is released onto the streets of London, her sanity barely intact and with nowhere to go. She is 'adopted' by a street urchin who takes her back to his filthy hovel. Each Document [197] (Title: Arkham Asylum: A Serious House on Serious Earth) to be his own different approach to the character, using heavy symbolical references and the deconstruction of many iconic Batman villains. The story follows the vigilante Batman, who is called upon to quell a maddening riot taking place in the infamous Arkham Asylum, a psychiatric hospital housing the most dangerous supervillains in Gotham City. Inside, Batman confronts many of his enduring rogues gallery, such as the Joker, Two-Face, and Killer Croc, many of them having changed since he last saw them. As Batman ventures deeper, he discovers the origin of how the asylum was established, the history of its builder Document [198] (Title: Arkham Asylum: A Serious House on Serious Earth) asylum" (the outside world) then he always has a place in Arkham. As Batman disappears into the night, Two-Face stands looking at the coin and it is revealed that it actually landed scratched side up, implying he decided to ignore the coin. He then turns to the stack of tarot cards and recites a passage from "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland": "Who cares for you? You're nothing but a pack of cards." The story is influenced by many previous deconstructions of the superhero genre. Morrison himself wanted the novel to be his own re-imagining of Batman. Morrison includes themes such as Document [199] (Title: Rhyme Asylum) Rhyme Asylum Rhyme Asylum is a London hip hop group formed in 2002 by MCs Possessed, Psiklone and Skirmish. Leatherface and Plazma (who did not return for the second album) joined in 2004. The group are known for their vivid imagery, complex wordplay and multi syllabic rhymes. Despite remaining unsigned, they have developed a growing cult following. Their recognition originates from the Deal Real open mic sessions between 2004 and 2005. Their debut album "State of Lunacy" was released in June 2008 and featured US rappers Copywrite and Diabolic. Both Plazma and Leatherface left the group shortly after the release Document [200] (Title: Plenty series) the Garden", part of the collection "The Plenty Principle", features the Zodiac twins from the first novel while "The Well Wishers" (found in the same collection) serves as a prologue to the main series, as Jute attempts to collect a number of artworks from Umbriel. Plenty series The Plenty series is a space opera series by British writer Colin Greenland, consisting of three novels and two short stories. At the time of the first book in Greenland's future history ("Take Back Plenty"), many of the sentient species in the Milky Way (including humans) are client races of advanced aliens known Question: what is the first book in the asylum series

Answer: Asylum Long Answer: Asylum is a New York Times bestselling young adult horror novel series by Madeleine Roux . The series is composed of three novels, Asylum, Sanctum, and Catacomb, and four novellas, Escape From Asylum, The Scarlets, The Bone Artists, and The Warden. Gold Document ID: 199

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Alkaline anion exchange membrane fuel cell) CO. The equilibrium concentration of CO/HCO is less than 0.07% and there is no precipitation on the electrodes in the absence of cations (K, Na). The absence of cations is, however, difficult to achieve, as most membranes are conditioned to functional hydroxide or bicarbonate forms out of their initial, chemically stable halogen form, and may significantly impact fuel cell performance by both competitively adsorbing to active sites and exerting Helmholtz-layer effects. In comparison, against alkaline fuel cell, alkali anion exchange membrane fuel cells also protect the electrode from solid carbonate precipitation, which can cause fuel (oxygen/hydrogen) transport problem during start-up. Document [2] (Title: Enzymatic biofuel cell) hydrogenase isolated from R. metallidurans and a graphite cathode modified with fungal laccase. The electrodes were placed in a single chamber with a mixture of 3% H gas in air and there was no membrane due to the tolerance of the hydrogenase to oxygen. The fuel cell produced a voltage of 950mV and generated 5.2 uW/cm of electricity. Although this system was very functional, it was still not at optimum output due to the low accessible H levels, the lower catalytic activity of the oxygen tolerant hydrogenases and the lower density of catalysts on the flat electrodes. This system was Document [3] (Title: Hydrogen anion) thus becomes . The hydrogen anion is an important species in the photosphere of the Sun. It absorbs energies in the range 0.75–4.0 eV, which ranges from the infrared into the visible spectrum (, ). It also occurs in the Earth's ionosphere (), and can be produced in particle accelerators. Its existence was first proven theoretically by Hans Bethe in 1929 (). H is unusual because, in its free form, it has no bound excited states, as was finally proven in 1977 (). It has been studied experimentally using particle accelerators (). In chemistry, the hydride anion is hydrogen that Document [4] (Title: Hydrogen ion cluster) a ring of five hydrogen atoms around a proton. Negative hydrogen clusters have not been found to exist. is theoretically unstable, but in theory is bound at 0.003 eV. in the free gas state decays by giving off H atoms and molecules. Different energies of decay occur with levels averaging at 0.038 eV and peaking at 0.14 eV. Hydrogen molecular ion clusters can be formed through different kinds of ionizing radiation. High energy electrons capable of ionizing the material can perform this task. When hydrogen dissolved in liquid helium is irradiated with electrons their energy must be sufficient to ionize Document [5] (Title: Exoelectrogen) respiration. However, the final electron acceptor of an exoelectrogen is found extracellularly and can be a strong oxidizing agent in aqueous solution or a solid conductor/electron acceptor. Two commonly observed acceptors are iron compounds (specifically Fe(III) oxides) and manganese compounds (specifically Mn(III/IV) oxides). As oxygen is a strong oxidizer, cells are able to do this strictly in the absence of oxygen. Utilization of exoelectrogens is currently being researched in the development of microbial fuel cells (MFCs), which hold the potential to convert organic material like activated sludge from waste water treatment into ethanol, hydrogen gas, and electric current. While the Document [6] (Title: Glycolysis) involved in glycolysis. The burning sensation in muscles during hard exercise can be attributed to the release of hydrogen ions during the shift to glucose fermentation from glucose oxidation to carbon dioxide and water, when aerobic metabolism can no longer keep pace with the energy demands of the muscles. These hydrogen ions form a part of lactic acid. The body falls back on this less efficient but faster method of producing ATP under low oxygen conditions. This is thought to have been the primary means of energy production in earlier organisms before oxygen reached high concentrations in the atmosphere between Document [7] (Title: Neutrophil) formation of a phagosome into which reactive oxygen species and hydrolytic enzymes are secreted. The consumption of oxygen during the generation of reactive oxygen species has been termed the "respiratory burst", although unrelated to respiration or energy production. The respiratory burst involves the activation of the enzyme NADPH oxidase, which produces large quantities of superoxide, a reactive oxygen species. Superoxide decays spontaneously or is broken down via enzymes known as superoxide dismutases (Cu/ZnSOD and MnSOD), to hydrogen peroxide, which is then converted to hypochlorous acid (HClO), by the green heme enzyme myeloperoxidase. It is thought that the bactericidal properties of Document [8] (Title: Hydrogen anion) Hydrogen anion The hydrogen anion, H, is a negative ion of hydrogen, that is, a hydrogen atom that has captured an extra electron. The hydrogen anion is an important constituent of the atmosphere of stars, such as the Sun. In chemistry, this ion is called hydride. The ion has two electrons bound by the electromagnetic force to a nucleus containing one proton. The binding energy of H equals the binding energy of an extra electron to a hydrogen atom, called electron affinity of hydrogen. It is measured to be or (see Electron affinity (data page)). The total ground state energy Document [9] (Title: Proton pump) (potential energy) that can be used to drive a multitude of biological processes such as ATP synthesis, nutrient uptake and action potential formation. In cell respiration, the proton pump uses energy to transport protons from the matrix of the mitochondrion to the inter-membrane space. It is an active pump that generates a proton concentration gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane because there are more protons outside the matrix than inside. The difference in pH and electric charge (ignoring differences in buffer capacity) creates an electrochemical potential difference that works similar to that of a battery or energy storing unit for Document [10] (Title: Exoelectrogen) Exoelectrogen An exoelectrogen normally refers to a microorganism that has the ability to transfer electrons extracellularly. While exoelectrogen is the predominant name, other terms have been used: electrochemically active bacteria, anode respiring bacteria, and electricigens. Electrons exocytosed in this fashion are produced following ATP production using an electron transport chain (ETC) during oxidative phosphorylation. Conventional cellular respiration requires a final electron acceptor to receive these electrons. Cells that use molecular oxygen (O) as their final electron acceptor are described as using aerobic respiration, while cells that use other soluble compounds as their final electron acceptor are described as using anaerobic Document [11] (Title: Vanabins) orthovanadate ions (V(V)), with the use of NADPH as a reducing agent. Vanabins also transport the reduced vanadium species into the vacuoles of vanadocytes (vanadium-containing blood cells). The vacuoles are kept at a very acidic pH of 1.9, made possible by pumping hydrogen ions into the vacuoles by use of energy intensive H-ATPase. All the use of NADPH and ATP to collect and maintain the vanadium is extremely energy intensive, unusual for oxygen transporting proteins. Other oxygen transporting proteins have a very low dissociation constant with their metal prosthetic group and bind these groups tightly. Vanabins on the other hand Document [12] (Title: Cellular waste product) along the same pathway as aerobic respiration, but once glucose is converted to pyruvate proceeds down one of two pathways and produces only two molecules of ATP from each molecule of glucose. In the homolactic pathway, it produces lactic acid as waste. In the heterolactic pathway, it produces lactic acid as well as ethanol and carbon dioxide. Lactic acid fermentation is relatively inefficient. The waste products lactic acid and ethanol have not been fully oxidized and still contain energy, but it requires the addition of oxygen to extract this energy. Generally, lactic acid fermentation occurs only when aerobic cells are Document [13] (Title: Iron–sulfur world hypothesis) with the last universal common ancestor (LUCA). According to the iron–sulfur world theory it covers a coevolution of cellular organization (cellularization), the genetic machinery and enzymatization of the metabolism. Cellularization occurs in several stages. It begins with the formation of primitive lipids (e.g. fatty acids or isoprenoid acids) in the surface metabolism. These lipids accumulate on or in the mineral base. This lipophilizes the outer or inner surfaces of the mineral base, which promotes condensation reactions over hydrolytic reactions by lowering the activity of water and protons. In the next stage lipid membranes are formed. While still anchored to the Document [14] (Title: Anaerobic respiration) molecule. Therefore, generally speaking, anaerobic respiration is less efficient than aerobic. There are two important microbial methane formation pathways, through carbonate reduction (respiration), and acetate fermentation. Cellular respiration (both aerobic and anaerobic) utilizes highly reduced chemical compounds such as NADH and FADH2 (for example produced during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle) to establish an electrochemical gradient (often a proton gradient) across a membrane, resulting in an electrical potential or ion concentration difference across the membrane. The reduced chemical compounds are oxidized by a series of respiratory integral membrane proteins with sequentially increasing reduction potentials with the final electron acceptor Document [15] (Title: Hydrogen ion) Hydrogen ion A hydrogen ion is created when a hydrogen atom loses or gains an electron. A positively charged hydrogen ion (or proton) can readily combine with other particles and therefore is only seen isolated when it is in a gaseous state or a nearly particle-free space. Due to its extremely high charge density of approximately 2×10 times that of a sodium ion, the bare hydrogen ion cannot exist freely in solution as it readily hydrates, i.e., bonds quickly. The hydrogen ion is recommended by IUPAC as a general term for all ions of hydrogen and its isotopes. Depending on Document [16] (Title: Carbonic anhydrase) to carbon dioxide, suited for exhalation. A zinc prosthetic group in the enzyme is coordinated in three positions by histidine side-chains. The fourth coordination position is occupied by water. A fourth histidine is close to the water ligand, facilitating formation of Zn-OH center, which binds CO to give a zinc bicarbonate. The construct is an example of general acid – general base catalysis (see the article "Acid catalysis"). The active site also features a pocket suited for carbon dioxide, bringing it close to the hydroxide group. Carbonic anhydrase was initially found in the red blood cells of cows. At least Document [17] (Title: Reactive oxygen species) enough time for the molecule to travel into the nucleus of the cell, subsequently reacting with macromolecules such as DNA. ROS are produced intracellularly through multiple mechanisms and depending on the cell and tissue types, the major sources being the "professional" producers of ROS: NADPH oxidase (NOX) complexes (7 distinct isoforms) in cell membranes, mitochondria, peroxisomes, and endoplasmic reticulum. Mitochondria convert energy for the cell into a usable form, adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The process in which ATP is produced, called oxidative phosphorylation, involves the transport of protons (hydrogen ions) across the inner mitochondrial membrane by means of the electron transport Document [18] (Title: Hydrogen production) to about 93 °C and starts the reaction; sodium silicate, hydrogen and steam are produced. Biological hydrogen can be produced in an algae bioreactor. In the late 1990s it was discovered that if the algae are deprived of sulfur it will switch from the production of oxygen, i.e. normal photosynthesis, to the production of hydrogen. It seems that the production is now economically feasible by surpassing the 7–10 percent energy efficiency (the conversion of sunlight into hydrogen) barrier. with a hydrogen production rate of 10-12 ml per liter culture per hour. The conversion of solar energy to hydrogen by means Document [19] (Title: Cellular respiration) glycogen. During recovery, when oxygen becomes available, NAD+ attaches to hydrogen from lactate to form ATP. In yeast, the waste products are ethanol and carbon dioxide. This type of fermentation is known as alcoholic or ethanol fermentation. The ATP generated in this process is made by substrate-level phosphorylation, which does not require oxygen. Fermentation is less efficient at using the energy from glucose: only 2 ATP are produced per glucose, compared to the 38 ATP per glucose nominally produced by aerobic respiration. This is because the waste products of fermentation still contain chemical potential energy that can be released by Document [20] (Title: Cellular waste product) fatigue. It also creates a gradient which induces water to flow out of cells and increases blood pressure. Research suggests that lactic acid may also play a role in lowering levels of potassium in the blood. It can also be converted back to pyruvate or converted back to glucose in the liver and fully metabolized by aerobic respiration. Cellular waste product Cellular waste products are formed as a by-product of cellular respiration, a series of processes and reactions that generate energy for the cell, in the form of ATP. Two examples of cellular respiration creating cellular waste products are aerobic Document [21] (Title: Hydrogen) reducing equivalents produced during pyruvate fermentation to water. The natural cycle of hydrogen production and consumption by organisms is called the hydrogen cycle. Water splitting, in which water is decomposed into its component protons, electrons, and oxygen, occurs in the light reactions in all photosynthetic organisms. Some such organisms, including the alga "Chlamydomonas reinhardtii" and cyanobacteria, have evolved a second step in the dark reactions in which protons and electrons are reduced to form H gas by specialized hydrogenases in the chloroplast. Efforts have been undertaken to genetically modify cyanobacterial hydrogenases to efficiently synthesize H gas even in the presence Document [22] (Title: Homeostasis) partial pressure of carbon dioxide and therefore the plasma pH. The converse happens when a high plasma pH stimulates the kidneys to secrete hydrogen ions into the blood and to excrete bicarbonate into the urine. The hydrogen ions combine with the excess bicarbonate ions in the plasma, once again forming an excess of carbonic acid which can be exhaled, as carbon dioxide, in the lungs, keeping the plasma bicarbonate ion concentration, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide and, therefore, the plasma pH, constant. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) allows for regulation of the distribution of substances between cells of the brain, and Document [23] (Title: Hydrogen storage) also candidates of hydrogen storage materials, as they can subject to energetically favored reaction to form covalently bonded dimers with loss of a hydrogen molecule. Carbohydrates (polymeric CHO) releases H in a bioreformer mediated by the enzyme cocktail—cell-free synthetic pathway biotransformation. Carbohydrate provides high hydrogen storage densities as a liquid with mild pressurization and cryogenic constraints: It can also be stored as a solid powder. Carbohydrate is the most abundant renewable bioresource in the world. In May 2007 biochemical engineers from the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University and biologists and chemists from the Oak Ridge National Laboratory announced a Document [24] (Title: Cellular respiration) ADP and a phosphate group. Biology textbooks often state that 38 ATP molecules can be made per oxidised glucose molecule during cellular respiration (2 from glycolysis, 2 from the Krebs cycle, and about 34 from the electron transport system). However, this maximum yield is never quite reached because of losses due to leaky membranes as well as the cost of moving pyruvate and ADP into the mitochondrial matrix, and current estimates range around 29 to 30 ATP per glucose. Aerobic metabolism is up to 15 times more efficient than anaerobic metabolism (which yields 2 molecules ATP per 1 molecule glucose). Document [25] (Title: Hydrogen isotope biogeochemistry) the 1-deoxyD-xylulose-5-phosphate/2-methylerythroyl-4-phosphate pathway. The acetogenic pathway is responsible for the production of "n"-alkyl lipids like leaf waxes, and is associated with a smaller δD depletion relative to source water than the other two lipid biosynthesis pathways. While leaf water is the main source of hydrogen in leaf biomolecules, relatively depleted hydrogen from acetate or NADPH is often added during biosynthesis, and contributes to the hydrogen composition of the final molecule. Secondary hydrogen exchange reactions, meaning hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions outside of the primary biosynthetic pathway, also contribute substantially to the variability of lipid hydrogen isotope composition It is important to Document [26] (Title: Iron–sulfur cluster) or 4Fe-4S centers. They occur in all branches of life. The Rieske proteins contain Fe-S clusters that coordinate as a 2Fe-2S structure and can be found in the membrane bound cytochrome bc1 complex III in the mitochondria of animals and bacteria (eukaryotic cells). They are also a part of the proteins of the chloroplast such as the cytochrome bf complex in photosynthetic organisms. These photosynthetic organisms include plants, cyanobacteria, and green algae (prokaryotic cells). Both are part of the electron transport chain of their respective organisms which is a crucial step in the energy harvesting for many organisms. In some Document [27] (Title: Regenerative fuel cell) electrolysis process in SORFC due to high temperature. The electrolyte can be O conducting and/or proton(H) conducting. The state of the art for O conducting yttria stabilized zirconia(YSZ) based SORFC using Ni–YSZ as the hydrogen electrode and LSM (or LSM–YSZ) as the oxygen electrode has been actively studied. Dönitz and Erdle reported on the operation of YSZ electrolyte cells with current densities of 0.3 A cm and 100% Faraday efficiency at only 1.07 V. The recent study by researchers from Sweden shows that ceria-based composite electrolytes, where both proton and oxide ion conductions exist, produce high current output for fuel Document [28] (Title: Dark cell) alpha and beta isoforms, transporting potassium into the cell in exchange for sodium while consuming ATP. The infoldings also create large surface area over which ion exchange can take place and the plethora of mitochondria enclosed provides the needed energy source of ATP for active transport. The basolateral membrane also contains a Na/K/Cl-co-transporter, (NKCC1) which transports all three ions into the cell. The transport of sodium into the cell enhances the effect of the Na+/K+-ATPase pump by stimulating the outward transport of Na+, and therefore, the inward transport of K+. Na-K-Cl cotransporter is the therapeutic target of action for loop Document [29] (Title: Standard hydrogen electrode) dipped in an acidic solution and pure hydrogen gas is bubbled through it. The concentration of both the reduced form and oxidised form is maintained at unity. That implies that the pressure of hydrogen gas is 1 bar (100 kPa) and the activity of hydrogen ions in the solution is unity. The activity of hydrogen ions is their effective concentration, which is equal to the formal concentration times the activity coefficient. These unit-less activity coefficients are close to 1.00 for very dilute water solutions, but usually lower for more concentrated solutions. The Nernst equation should be written as: where: During Document [30] (Title: Hydrogenase) metal is coordinated by carbon monoxide (CO) and cyanide (CN) ligands. The [NiFe] hydrogenases are heterodimeric proteins consisting of small (S) and large (L) subunits. The small subunit contains three iron-sulfur clusters while the large subunit contains the active site, a nickel-iron centre which is connected to the solvent by a molecular tunnel. In some [NiFe] hydrogenases, one of the Ni-bound cysteine residues is replaced by selenocysteine. On the basis of sequence similarity, however, the [NiFe] and [NiFeSe] hydrogenases should be considered a single superfamily. To date, periplasmic, cytoplasmic, and cytoplasmic membrane-bound hydrogenases have been found. The [NiFe] hydrogenases, when Document [31] (Title: Hydrogen ion) connection with acids, "hydrogen ions" typically refers to hydrons. "Hydrogen atom (center) contains a single proton and a single electron. Removal of the electron gives a cation (left), whereas addition of an electron gives an anion (right). The hydrogen anion, with its loosely held two-electron cloud, has a larger radius than the neutral atom, which in turn is much larger than the bare proton of the cation. Hydrogen forms the only cation that has no electrons, but even cations that (unlike hydrogen) still retain one or more electrons are still smaller than the neutral atoms or molecules from which they Document [32] (Title: Chemiosmosis) one of the major eukaryotic supergroups. Chemiosmotic phosphorylation is the third pathway that produces ATP from inorganic phosphate and an ADP molecule. This process is part of oxidative phosphorylation. Chemiosmosis Chemiosmosis is the movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane, down their electrochemical gradient. An example of this would be the generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by the movement of hydrogen ions (H) across a membrane during cellular respiration or photosynthesis. Hydrogen ions, or protons, will diffuse from an area of high proton concentration to an area of lower proton concentration, and an electrochemical concentration gradient of protons across a Document [33] (Title: Alternative energy) the presence of oxygen, also known as an anaerobic environment, regular cellular respiration cannot take place and a process known as fermentation takes over. A major by-product of this process is hydrogen gas. If this could be implemented on a large scale, then sunlight, nutrients and water could create hydrogen gas to be used as a dense source of energy. Large-scale production has proven difficult. Not until 1999, was it even possible to induce these anaerobic conditions by sulfur deprivation. Since the fermentation process is an evolutionary back up, turned on during stress, the cells would die after a few Document [34] (Title: Photosynthesis) of carbon dioxide to carbohydrate, cellular respiration is the oxidation of carbohydrate or other nutrients to carbon dioxide. Nutrients used in cellular respiration include carbohydrates, amino acids and fatty acids. These nutrients are oxidized to produce carbon dioxide and water, and to release chemical energy to drive the organism's metabolism. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are distinct processes, as they take place through different sequences of chemical reactions and in different cellular compartments. The general equation for photosynthesis as first proposed by Cornelis van Niel is therefore: Since water is used as the electron donor in oxygenic photosynthesis, the equation for Document [35] (Title: PH) and focuses solely on [H], in principle making it a simpler representation of hydrogen ion concentration. Only [H] can be determined, therefore [H] must be estimated using the [SO] and the stability constant of HSO, : However, it is difficult to estimate K in seawater, limiting the utility of the otherwise more straightforward free scale. Another scale, known as the 'seawater scale', often denoted 'pH', takes account of a further protonation relationship between hydrogen ions and fluoride ions, H + F ⇌ HF. Resulting in the following expression for [H]: However, the advantage of considering this additional complexity is dependent Document [36] (Title: Active transport) is then used to power the active transport of a second ion or molecule against its gradient. In bacteria and small yeast cells, a commonly cotransported ion is hydrogen. Hydrogen pumps are also used to create an electrochemical gradient to carry out processes within cells such as in the electron transport chain, an important function of cellular respiration that happens in the mitochondrion of the cell. In August 1960, in Prague, Robert K. Crane presented for the first time his discovery of the sodium-glucose cotransport as the mechanism for intestinal glucose absorption. Crane's discovery of cotransport was the first ever Document [37] (Title: Active transport) and thus movement of these ions is driven by hydrogen pumps, or proton pumps Primary active transport, also called direct active transport, directly uses metabolic energy to transport molecules across a membrane. Substances that are transported across the cell membrane by primary active transport include metal ions, such as Na, K, Mg, and Ca. These charged particles require ion pumps or ion channels to cross membranes and distribute through the body. Most of the enzymes that perform this type of transport are transmembrane ATPases. A primary ATPase universal to all animal life is the sodium-potassium pump, which helps to maintain Document [38] (Title: Hydrogen ion) the charge of the ion, two different classes can be distinguished: positively charged ions and negatively charged ions. A hydrogen atom is made up of a nucleus with charge +1, and a single electron. Therefore, the only positively charged ion possible has charge +1. It is noted H. Depending on the isotope in question, the hydrogen cation has different names: In addition, the ions produced by the reaction of these cations with water as well as their hydrates are called hydrogen ions: Zundel cations and Eigen cations play an important role in proton diffusion according to the Grotthuss mechanism. In Document [39] (Title: Iron–nickel clusters) of H which is performed by hydrogenase enzymes. These enzymes are able to create a charge gradient across the cell membrane which serves as an energy store. In aerobic environments, the oxidation and reduction of oxygen is the primary energy source. However, many bacteria are capable of living in environments where O supply is limited and use H as their primary energy source . The hydrogense enzymes which provide energy to the bacteria are centered around either a Fe–Fe or Fe–Ni active site. H metabolism is not used by humans or other complex life forms, but proteins in the mitochondria Document [40] (Title: Histamine) uptake of carbon dioxide and water from the blood, which is then converted to carbonic acid by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase. Inside the cytoplasm of the parietal cell, the carbonic acid readily dissociates into hydrogen and bicarbonate ions. The bicarbonate ions diffuse back through the basilar membrane and into the bloodstream, while the hydrogen ions are pumped into the lumen of the stomach via a K/H ATPase pump. Histamine release is halted when the pH of the stomach starts to decrease. Antagonist molecules, like ranitidine, block the H receptor and prevent histamine from binding, causing decreased hydrogen ion secretion. While Document [41] (Title: Hydrogen ion cluster) Hydrogen ion cluster A hydrogen molecular ion cluster or hydrogen cluster ion is a positively charged cluster of hydrogen molecules. The hydrogen molecular ion () and trihydrogen ion () are well defined molecular species. However hydrogen also forms singly charged clusters () with "n" up to 120. Hydrogen ion clusters can be formed in liquid helium or with lesser cluster size in pure hydrogen. is far more common than higher even numbered clusters. is stable in solid hydrogen. The positive charge is balanced by a solvated electron. It is formed when ionizing radiation impinges on solid hydrogen, and so is Document [42] (Title: Carbohydrate catabolism) of electrons, is used to reduce NAD+ and FAD to NADH and FADH, respectively. NADH and FADH contain the stored energy harnessed from the initial glucose molecule and is used in the electron transport chain where the bulk of the ATP is produced. The last process in aerobic respiration is oxidative phosphorylation, also known as the electron transport chain. Here NADH and FADH, which contain the energy in the form of electrons, deliver their electrons to the inner membranes of the mitochondrion to power the production of ATP. Oxidative phosphorylation contributes the majority of the ATP produced, compared to glycolysis Document [43] (Title: Hydrogen) of the planet Jupiter. The ion is relatively stable in the environment of outer space due to the low temperature and density. is one of the most abundant ions in the Universe, and it plays a notable role in the chemistry of the interstellar medium. Neutral triatomic hydrogen H can exist only in an excited form and is unstable. By contrast, the positive hydrogen molecular ion () is a rare molecule in the universe. is produced in chemistry and biology laboratories, often as a by-product of other reactions; in industry for the hydrogenation of unsaturated substrates; and in nature as Document [44] (Title: Biohydrogen) Hydrogen is usually derived from fossil fuels by steam reforming of natural gas - sometimes referred to as steam methane reforming (SMR) - is the most common method of producing bulk hydrogen at about 95% of the world production. Biohydrogen Biohydrogen is H that is produced biologically. Interest is high in this technology because H is a clean fuel and can be readily produced from certain kinds of biomass. Many challenges characterize this technology, including those intrinsic to H, such as storage and transportation of a noncondensible gas. Hydrogen producing organisms are poisoned by O. Yields of H are often Document [45] (Title: Cellular waste product) Cellular waste product Cellular waste products are formed as a by-product of cellular respiration, a series of processes and reactions that generate energy for the cell, in the form of ATP. Two examples of cellular respiration creating cellular waste products are aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration. Each pathway generates different waste products. When in the presence of oxygen, cells use aerobic respiration to obtain energy from glucose molecules. Simplified Theoretical Reaction: CHO + 6O → 6CO + 6HO + ~ 30ATP Cells undergoing aerobic respiration produce 6 molecules of carbon dioxide, 6 molecules of water, and up to 30 molecules Document [46] (Title: Cellular respiration) Acetyl CoA + 2 Carbon Dioxide + 2 Hydrogen" 3. Krebs Cycle: --- "2 Acetyl CoA + 3 O2 → 6 Hydrogen + 4 Carbon Dioxide + 2 ATPs" 4. Electron Transport System: --- "12 Hydrogen + 3 O2 → 6 Water + 32 ATPs" Overall Reaction: --- "Glucose + 6 O2 → 6 Carbon Dioxide + 6 Water + 36 ATPs" Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway that takes place in the cytosol of cells in all living organisms. This pathway can function with or without the presence of oxygen. In humans, aerobic conditions produce pyruvate and anaerobic conditions produce Document [47] (Title: Biochemistry) electron transport system transferring the electrons ultimately to oxygen and conserving the released energy in the form of a proton gradient over a membrane (inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotes). Thus, oxygen is reduced to water and the original electron acceptors NAD and quinone are regenerated. This is why humans breathe in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide. The energy released from transferring the electrons from high-energy states in NADH and quinol is conserved first as proton gradient and converted to ATP via ATP synthase. This generates an additional "28" molecules of ATP (24 from the 8 NADH + 4 from Document [48] (Title: Microbial enhanced oil recovery) respiration as metabolic strategy for survival. The electron transport takes place along and across the cellular membrane (prokaryotes lack of mitochondria). Electrons are transferred from an electron donor (molecule to be oxidised anaerobically) to an electron acceptor (NO, SO, MnO, etc.). The net Eh between a given electron donor and acceptor; hydrogen ions and other species in place will determine which reaction will first take place. For instance, nitrification is hierarchically more favoured than sulphate reduction. This allows for enhanced oil recovery by disfavouring biologically produced HS, which derives from reduced SO. In this process, the effects of nitrate reduction Document [49] (Title: Acute inhalation injury) exposure and on the specific agent Chlorine, phosgene, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and ammonia are among the most important irritant gases. Hydrogen sulfide is also a potent cellular toxin, blocking the cytochrome system and inhibiting cellular respiration. More water-soluble gases (e.g. chlorine, ammonia, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen chloride) dissolve in the upper airway and immediately cause mucous membrane irritation, which may alert people to the need to escape the exposure. Permanent damage to the upper respiratory tract, distal airways, and lung parenchyma occurs only if escape from the gas source is impeded. Less soluble gases (e.g. Document [50] (Title: Chemiosmosis) chemiosmotic hypothesis in 1961. The theory suggests essentially that most adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis in respiring cells comes from the electrochemical gradient across the inner membranes of mitochondria by using the energy of NADH and FADH formed from the breaking down of energy-rich molecules such as glucose. Molecules such as glucose are metabolized to produce acetyl CoA as an energy-rich intermediate. The oxidation of acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) in the mitochondrial matrix is coupled to the reduction of a carrier molecule such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). The carriers pass electrons to the electron transport Document [51] (Title: Hydrogen fuel) so light, it rises in the atmosphere and is therefore rarely found in its pure form, H. In a flame of pure hydrogen gas, burning in air, the hydrogen (H) reacts with oxygen (O) to form water (HO) and releases energy. If carried out in atmospheric air instead of pure oxygen, as is usually the case, hydrogen combustion may yield small amounts of nitrogen oxides, along with the water vapor. The energy released enables hydrogen to act as a fuel. In an electrochemical cell, that energy can be used with relatively high efficiency. If it is used simply for heat, Document [52] (Title: DNA-binding protein from starved cells) intersubunit ferroxidase center. The dinuclear ferroxidase centers are located at the interfaces between subunits related by 2-fold symmetry axes. Fe(II) is sequestered and stored in the form of Fe(III) oxyhydroxide mineral, which can be released after reduction. In the mineral iron core up to 500 Fe(III) can be deposited. One hydrogen peroxide oxidizes two Fe ions, which prevents hydroxyl radical production by the Fenton reaction (reaction I): 2 Fe + HO + 2 H = 2 Fe + 2 HO Dps also protects the cell from UV and gamma ray irradiation, iron and copper toxicity, thermal stress and acid and Document [53] (Title: Hydrogen storage) activity of the nanoparticles. Furthermore, this system exhibits faster transport of protons across the cell which makes HFCs with nanoparticle composite membranes a promising alternative. Another application of nanomaterials in water splitting has been introduced by a research group at Manchester Metropolitan University in the UK using screen-printed electrodes consisting of a graphene-like material . Similar systems have been developed using photoelectrochemical techniques. Hydrogen storage Methods of hydrogen storage for subsequent use span many approaches including high pressures, cryogenics, and chemical compounds that reversibly release H upon heating. Underground hydrogen storage is useful to provide grid energy storage for intermittent Document [54] (Title: Cellular respiration) However some anaerobic organisms, such as methanogens are able to continue with anaerobic respiration, yielding more ATP by using other inorganic molecules (not oxygen) as final electron acceptors in the electron transport chain. They share the initial pathway of glycolysis but aerobic metabolism continues with the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. The post-glycolytic reactions take place in the mitochondria in eukaryotic cells, and in the cytoplasm in prokaryotic cells. 1. Glycolysis: --- "2 ATPs + Glucose → 2 Pyruvic Acid + 4 Hydrogen + 4 ATPs" 2. Formation of Acetyl CoA: --- "2 Pyruvic Acid + 2 CoA → 2 Document [55] (Title: Gastric acid) reaction between carbon dioxide and water to form carbonic acid. This acid immediately dissociates into hydrogen and bicarbonate ions. The hydrogen ions leave the cell through H/K ATPase antiporter pumps. At the same time, sodium ions are actively reabsorbed. This means that the majority of secreted K and Na ions return to the cytoplasm. In the canaliculus, secreted hydrogen and chloride ions mix and are secreted into the lumen of the oxyntic gland. The highest concentration that gastric acid reaches in the stomach is 160 mM in the canaliculi. This is about 3 million times that of arterial blood, but Document [56] (Title: Cellular respiration) efficiency of the whole process and the likely maximum is closer to 28–30 ATP molecules. In practice the efficiency may be even lower because the inner membrane of the mitochondria is slightly leaky to protons. Other factors may also dissipate the proton gradient creating an apparently leaky mitochondria. An uncoupling protein known as thermogenin is expressed in some cell types and is a channel that can transport protons. When this protein is active in the inner membrane it short circuits the coupling between the electron transport chain and ATP synthesis. The potential energy from the proton gradient is not used Document [57] (Title: Chlorine production) and the hydrogen formed at the cathode. This technology was also developed at the end of the nineteenth century. There are several variants of this process: the Le Sueur cell (1893), the Hargreaves-Bird cell (1901), the Gibbs cell (1908), and the Townsend cell (1904). The cells vary in construction and placement of the diaphragm, with some having the diaphragm in direct contact with the cathode. The salt solution is continuously fed to the anode compartment and flows through the diaphragm to the cathode compartment, where the caustic alkali is produced and the brine is partially depleted. As a result, diaphragm Document [58] (Title: Hydrogen isotope biogeochemistry) site of lipid biosynthesis. No fractionation is associated with water uptake by roots, a process usually driven by capillary tension, with the one exception of xerophytes that burn ATP to pump water in extremely arid environments (with a roughly 10‰ depletion). However, leaf water can be substantially enriched relative to soil water due to transpiration, an evaporative process which is influenced by temperature, humidity, and the composition of surrounding water vapor. The leaf water hydrogen isotope composition can be described with a modified Craig-Gordon model, where ΔD is the steady state enrichment of leaf water, ε is the temperature-dependent equilibrium Document [59] (Title: Hammett acidity function) with electron-withdrawing groups for the bases. Hammett also pointed out the equivalent form where "a" is the activity, and the γ are thermodynamic activity coefficients. In dilute aqueous solution (pH 0-14) the predominant acid species is HO and the activity coefficients are close to unity, so H is approximately equal to the pH. However beyond this pH range, the effective hydrogen-ion activity changes much more rapidly than the concentration. This is often due to changes in the nature of the acid species; for example in concentrated sulfuric acid, the predominant acid species ("H+") is not HO but rather HSO which Document [60] (Title: Abiogenesis) an abiogenic hatchery for life. Their microscopic compartments "provide a natural means of concentrating organic molecules," composed of iron-sulfur minerals such as mackinawite, endowed these mineral cells with the catalytic properties envisaged by Wächtershäuser. This movement of ions across the membrane depends on a combination of two factors: These two gradients taken together can be expressed as an electrochemical gradient, providing energy for abiogenic synthesis. The proton motive force can be described as the measure of the potential energy stored as a combination of proton and voltage gradients across a membrane (differences in proton concentration and electrical potential). Jack W. Document [61] (Title: Membraneless Fuel Cells) pressure containers or cryogenic liquid containers which is a significant disadvantage to liquid transport. The majority of fuel cell technologies currently employed are either PEM or SOFC cells. However, the electrolyte is often costly and not always completely effective. Although hydrogen technology has significantly evolved, other fossil fuel based cells (such as DMFC's) are still plagued by the shortcomings of proton exchange membranes. For example, fuel crossover means that low concentrations need to be used which limits the available power of the cell. In solid oxide fuel cells, high temperatures are needed which require energy and can also lead to Document [62] (Title: Hydrogen isotope biogeochemistry) difficult to calibrate the biological constraints on ε. Finally, preservation of biomolecules in the geologic record does not faithfully represent whole ecosystems, and there is always the threat of hydrogen exchange, particularly if the sediments are subjected to high temperatures. The hydrogen isotope composition of leaf waxes can be summarized as the δD of rain water, with three main fractionation steps- evaporation from soil water, transpiration from leaf water, and lipid biosynthesis, which can be combined and measured as the net fractionation, or ε. With the application of ever-improving measurement techniques for single molecules, and correlation with other independent proxies Document [63] (Title: Red blood cell) (the remaining oxygen is carried dissolved in the blood plasma). The red blood cells of an average adult human male store collectively about 2.5 grams of iron, representing about 65% of the total iron contained in the body. Red blood cells in mammals "anucleate" when mature, meaning that they lack a cell nucleus. In comparison, the red blood cells of other vertebrates have nuclei; the only known exceptions are salamanders of the genus "Batrachoseps" and fish of the genus "Maurolicus". The elimination of the nucleus in vertebrate red blood cells has been offered as an explanation for the subsequent accumulation Document [64] (Title: Hydrogen isotope biogeochemistry) pattern of water, non-polar molecules like oils and lipids, have gaseous counterparts enriched with deuterium relative to the liquid. This is thought to be associated with the polarity from hydrogen bonding in water that does not interfere in long-chain hydrocarbons. Due to physical and chemical fractionation processes, the variations in the isotopic compositions of elements are reported, and the standard atomic weights of hydrogen isotopes have been published by the Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances of the IUPAC. The ratios of stable H isotopes are reported relative to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) reference water. In the Document [65] (Title: Hydrogenase) Hydrogenase A hydrogenase is an enzyme that catalyses the reversible oxidation of molecular hydrogen (H), as shown below: Hydrogen uptake () is coupled to the reduction of electron acceptors such as oxygen, nitrate, sulfate, carbon dioxide (), and fumarate. On the other hand, proton reduction () is coupled to the oxidation of electron donors such as ferredoxin (FNR), and serves to dispose excess electrons in cells (essential in pyruvate fermentation). Both low-molecular weight compounds and proteins such as FNRs, cytochrome "c", and cytochrome "c" can act as physiological electron donors or acceptors for hydrogenases. It has been estimated that 99% Document [66] (Title: Cellular respiration) mitochondrion and finally oxidized to the carbon dioxide (CO), but reduced to ethanol or lactic acid in the cytoplasm. Without oxygen, pyruvate (pyruvic acid) is not metabolized by cellular respiration but undergoes a process of fermentation. The pyruvate is not transported into the mitochondrion, but remains in the cytoplasm, where it is converted to waste products that may be removed from the cell. This serves the purpose of oxidizing the electron carriers so that they can perform glycolysis again and removing the excess pyruvate. Fermentation oxidizes NADH to NAD+ so it can be re-used in glycolysis. In the absence of Document [67] (Title: Ammonia) renal tubules, combine with a hydrogen ion, and thus allow for further acid excretion. Ammonium ions are a toxic waste product of metabolism in animals. In fish and aquatic invertebrates, it is excreted directly into the water. In mammals, sharks, and amphibians, it is converted in the urea cycle to urea, because it is less toxic and can be stored more efficiently. In birds, reptiles, and terrestrial snails, metabolic ammonium is converted into uric acid, which is solid, and can therefore be excreted with minimal water loss. Ammonia has been detected in the atmospheres of the gas giant planets, including Document [68] (Title: Gran plot) advent of modern computers and enabling software packages, especially spreadsheet programs with built-in least-squares functionality. The Gran plot is based on the Nernst equation which can be written as where "E" is a measured electrode potential, "E" is a standard electrode potential, "s" is the slope, ideally equal to RT/nF, and {H} is the activity of the hydrogen ion. The expression rearranges to depending on whether the electrode is calibrated in millivolts or pH. For convenience the concentration, [H], is used in place of activity. In a titration of strong acid with strong alkali, the analytical concentration of the hydrogen Document [69] (Title: Anaerobic respiration) in homofermentative lactic acid bacteria, NADH formed during the oxidation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is oxidized back to NAD+ by the reduction of pyruvate to lactic acid at a later stage in the pathway. In yeast, acetaldehyde is reduced to ethanol to regenerate NAD+. The two processes thus generate ATP in very different ways, and the terms should not be treated as synonyms. Anaerobic respiration is a critical component of the global nitrogen, iron, sulfur, and carbon cycles through the reduction of the oxyanions of nitrogen, sulfur, and carbon to more-reduced compounds. The biogeochemical cycling of these compounds, which depends upon anaerobic Document [70] (Title: Cellular respiration) third phosphate group is added to form ATP (adenosine triphosphate), by substrate-level phosphorylation, NADH and FADH The negative ΔG indicates that the reaction can occur spontaneously. The potential of NADH and FADH is converted to more ATP through an electron transport chain with oxygen as the "terminal electron acceptor". Most of the ATP produced by aerobic cellular respiration is made by oxidative phosphorylation. This works by the energy released in the consumption of pyruvate being used to create a chemiosmotic potential by pumping protons across a membrane. This potential is then used to drive ATP synthase and produce ATP from Document [71] (Title: Electrodialysis) + ½ O (g) + 2e or 2 Cl → Cl (g) + 2e Small amounts of hydrogen gas are generated at the cathode and small amounts of either oxygen or chlorine gas (depending on composition of the E stream and end ion exchange membrane arrangement) at the anode. These gases are typically subsequently dissipated as the E stream effluent from each electrode compartment is combined to maintain a neutral pH and discharged or re-circulated to a separate E tank. However, some (e.g.,) have proposed collection of hydrogen gas for use in energy production. Current efficiency is a measure of Document [72] (Title: Water) with CO (absorbed from air or water) to form glucose and release oxygen. All living cells use such fuels and oxidize the hydrogen and carbon to capture the sun's energy and reform water and CO in the process (cellular respiration). Water is also central to acid-base neutrality and enzyme function. An acid, a hydrogen ion (H, that is, a proton) donor, can be neutralized by a base, a proton acceptor such as a hydroxide ion (OH) to form water. Water is considered to be neutral, with a pH (the negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration) of 7. Acids have Document [73] (Title: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) limited, although in the mitochondrion the concentration of NAD is similar to that in the cytosol. This NAD is carried into the mitochondrion by a specific membrane transport protein, since the coenzyme cannot diffuse across membranes. The balance between the oxidized and reduced forms of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is called the NAD/NADH ratio. This ratio is an important component of what is called the "redox state" of a cell, a measurement that reflects both the metabolic activities and the health of cells. The effects of the NAD/NADH ratio are complex, controlling the activity of several key enzymes, including glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate Document [74] (Title: Hydrogenase) nickel nor iron-sulfur clusters but an iron-containing cofactor that was recently characterized by X-ray diffraction. Unlike the other two types, [Fe]-only hydrogenases are found only in some hydrogenotrophic methanogenic archaea. They also feature a fundamentally different enzymatic mechanism in terms of redox partners and how electrons are delivered to the active site. In [NiFe] and [FeFe] hydrogenases, electrons travel through a series of metallorganic clusters that comprise a long distance; the active site structures remain unchanged during the whole process. In [Fe]-only hydrogenases, however, electrons are directly delivered to the active site via a short distance. Methenyl-H4MPT, a cofactor, directly Document [75] (Title: Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate) H gradient; whether this occurs via a single (unknown) CHX or via exchangers in series (e.g. Na/H exchanger coupled to a Na/Ca exchanger) is unproven. Acidic vesicles in some cell types may well take a leaf out of the yeasts'/plants' book and host two uptake pathways, but whether this is a widespread template is unclear. In the absence of selective Ca uptake inhibitors (often because we do not even know the protein/route), it is common to "indirectly" inhibit Ca uptake by collapsing the thermodynamic drive (the H gradient). The H gradient can be eliminated either with H ionophores (protonophores) such Document [76] (Title: Proton-exchange membrane fuel cell) the (111) facets of the randomly shaped nanoparticles bonded more strongly to sulfate ions than the (100) facets, reducing the number of catalytic sites open to oxygen molecules. The nanocubes they synthesized, in contrast, had almost exclusively (100) facets, which are known to interact with sulfate more weakly. As a result, a greater fraction of the surface area of those particles was available for the reduction of oxygen, boosting the catalyst’s oxygen reduction activity. In addition, researchers have been investigating ways of reducing the CO content of hydrogen fuel before it enters a fuel cell as a possible way to Document [77] (Title: Cellular respiration) ATP. In eukaryotes, oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondrial cristae. It comprises the electron transport chain that establishes a proton gradient (chemiosmotic potential) across the boundary of inner membrane by oxidizing the NADH produced from the Krebs cycle. ATP is synthesized by the ATP synthase enzyme when the chemiosmotic gradient is used to drive the phosphorylation of ADP. The electrons are finally transferred to exogenous oxygen and, with the addition of two protons, water is formed. The table below describes the reactions involved when one glucose molecule is fully oxidized into carbon dioxide. It is assumed that all the reduced Document [78] (Title: Active transport) instead it relies upon the electrochemical potential difference created by pumping ions in/out of the cell. Permitting one ion or molecule to move down an electrochemical gradient, but possibly against the concentration gradient where it is more concentrated to that where it is less concentrated increases entropy and can serve as a source of energy for metabolism (e.g. in ATP synthase). The energy derived from the pumping of protons across a cell membrane is frequently used as the energy source in secondary active transport. In humans, sodium (Na) is a commonly co-transported ion across the plasma membrane, whose electrochemical gradient Document [79] (Title: Acid–base homeostasis) lungs and arterial blood. The sensor for the plasma HCO concentration is not known for certain. It is very probable that the renal tubular cells of the distal convoluted tubules are themselves sensitive to the pH of the plasma. The metabolism of these cells produces CO, which is rapidly converted to H and HCO through the action of carbonic anhydrase. When the extracellular fluids tend towards acidity, the renal tubular cells secrete the H ions into the tubular fluid from where they exit the body via the urine. The HCO ions are simultaneously secreted into the blood plasma, thus raising Document [80] (Title: Loop of Henle) the non-lumen side of the cell. This gives the lumen of the fluid in the loop a positive charge in comparison and creates a Na concentration gradient, which both push more Na into the cell via the Na-H antiporter. The hydrogen ion for the antiporter comes from the enzyme carbonic anhydrase, which takes water and carbon dioxide and forms bicarbonate and hydrogen ion. The hydrogen ion is exchanged for the Na in the tubular fluid of the loop of Henle. Loop of Henle In the kidney, the loop of Henle () (or Henle's loop, Henle loop, nephron loop or its Document [81] (Title: Proton-exchange membrane fuel cell) the hydrogen protons and electrons together with the oxygen molecule and the formation of one water molecule. The potentials in each case are given with respect to the standard hydrogen electrode. To function, the membrane must conduct hydrogen ions (protons) but not electrons as this would in effect "short circuit" the fuel cell. The membrane must also not allow either gas to pass to the other side of the cell, a problem known as gas crossover. Finally, the membrane must be resistant to the reducing environment at the cathode as well as the harsh oxidative environment at the anode. Splitting Document [82] (Title: Exoelectrogen) phylogenetically diverse, thus some chelating agents may reduce iron outside the cell acting as electron shuttles, while others may deliver iron to the cell for membrane bound reduction. Exoelectrogen An exoelectrogen normally refers to a microorganism that has the ability to transfer electrons extracellularly. While exoelectrogen is the predominant name, other terms have been used: electrochemically active bacteria, anode respiring bacteria, and electricigens. Electrons exocytosed in this fashion are produced following ATP production using an electron transport chain (ETC) during oxidative phosphorylation. Conventional cellular respiration requires a final electron acceptor to receive these electrons. Cells that use molecular oxygen (O) Document [83] (Title: Enzymatic biofuel cell) hydrogenase must be immobilized on the electrode in such a way that it can exchange electrons directly with the electrode to facilitate the transfer of electrons. This proves to be a challenge in that the active site of hydrogenase is buried in the center of the enzyme where the FeS clusters are used as an electron relay to exchange electrons with its natural redox partner. Possible solutions for greater efficiency of electron delivery include the immobilization of hydrogenase with the most exposed FeS cluster close enough to the electrode or the use of a redox mediator to carry out the Document [84] (Title: Cellular respiration) to make ATP but generates heat. This is particularly important in brown fat thermogenesis of newborn and hibernating mammals. According to some of newer sources the ATP yield during aerobic respiration is not 36–38, but only about 30–32 ATP molecules / 1 molecule of glucose , because: So finally we have, per molecule of glucose Altogether this gives 4 + 3 (or 5) + 20 + 3 = 30 (or 32) ATP per molecule of glucose The total ATP yield in ethanol or lactic acid fermentation is only 2 molecules coming from glycolysis, because pyruvate is not transferred to the Document [85] (Title: Hydrogen isotope biogeochemistry) value of bulk plant is around -160‰ where δD values for cellulose and lignin are -110‰ and -70‰ respectively. The hydrogen isotopic composition in animal tissues are difficult to estimate due to complexities in the diet intake and the isotopic composition of surrounding water sources. When fish species were investigated, average hydrogen isotopic composition of proteins was in a large range of –128 ‰ ~ +203 ‰. In the bulk tissue of organisms, all lipids were found to be D-depleted, and the values of δD for lipids tend to be lower than that for proteins. The average δD for Chironomid Document [86] (Title: Cellular respiration) pace themselves, such as sprinting. Cellular respiration is the process by which biological fuels are oxidised in the presence of an inorganic electron acceptor (such as oxygen) to produce large amounts of energy, to drive the bulk production of ATP. Anaerobic respiration is used by some microorganisms in which neither oxygen (aerobic respiration) nor pyruvate derivatives (fermentation) is the final electron acceptor. Rather, an inorganic acceptor such as sulfate or nitrate is used. Such organisms are typically found in unusual places such as underwater caves or near hydrothermal vents at the bottom of the ocean. Cellular respiration Cellular respiration is Document [87] (Title: Hydrogen economy) light. For example, photo-fermentation with "Rhodobacter sphaeroides" SH2C can be employed to convert small molecular fatty acids into hydrogen. Electrohydrogenesis is used in microbial fuel cells where hydrogen is produced from organic matter (e.g. from sewage, or solid matter) while 0.2 - 0.8 V is applied. Biological hydrogen can be produced in an algae bioreactor. In the late 1990s it was discovered that if the algae is deprived of sulfur it will switch from the production of oxygen, i.e. normal photosynthesis, to the production of hydrogen. Biological hydrogen can be produced in bioreactors that use feedstocks other than algae, the Document [88] (Title: Electrochemical gradient) animal cell has a transmembrane electrical potential of -50 mV to -70 mV inside the cell relative to the outside. Electrochemical gradients also play a role in establishing proton gradients in oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria. The final step of cellular respiration is the electron transport chain. Four complexes embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion make up the electron transport chain. However, only complexes I, III, and IV pump protons from the matrix to the intermembrane space (IMS). In total, there are ten protons translocated from the matrix to the IMS which generates an electrochemical potential of more than Document [89] (Title: Cupriavidus necator) the membrane bound hydrogenase and soluble hydrogenase. The membrane-bound hydrogenase (MBH) is linked to the respiratory chain through a specific cytochrome b-related protein in "C. necator". Hydrogen gas is oxidized at the [Ni-Fe] active site in the large subunit and the electrons are shuttled through the [Fe-S] clusters in the small subunit to the cytochrome b-like protein. The MBH is located on the outer cytoplasmic membrane. It recovers energy for the cell by funneling electrons into the respiratory chain and by increasing the proton gradient. The MBH in "C. necator" is not inhibited by CO and is tolerant to oxygen. Document [90] (Title: Respiratory complex I) nearby cysteine residue results in a conformational change upon reduction in the nearby helicases, leading to small but important changes in the overall protein conformation. Further electron paramagnetic resonance studies of the electron transfer have demonstrated that most of the energy that is released during the subsequent CoQ reduction is on the final ubiquinol formation step from semiquinone, providing evidence for the "single stroke" H translocation mechanism (i.e. all four protons move across the membrane at the same time). Alternative theories suggest a "two stroke mechanism" where each reduction step (semiquinone and ubiquinol) results in a stroke of two protons Document [91] (Title: Biohydrogen) Photosystem II produces in direct conversion of sunlight 80% of the electrons that end up in the hydrogen gas. Light-harvesting complex photosystem II light-harvesting protein LHCBM9 promotes efficient light energy dissipation. The Fe-Fe-hydrogenases need an anaerobic environment as they are inactivated by oxygen. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is used to examine metabolic pathways. The chlorophyll (Chl) antenna size in green algae is minimized, or truncated, to maximize photobiological solar conversion efficiency and H production. The truncated Chl antenna size minimizes absorption and wasteful dissipation of sunlight by individual cells, resulting in better light utilization efficiency and greater photosynthetic productivity by Document [92] (Title: Solar fuel) conditions; for example, "Chlamydomonas reinhardtii" produces hydrogen anaerobically under sulfur deprivation, that is, when cells are moved from one growth medium to another that does not contain sulfur, and are grown without access to atmospheric oxygen. Another approach was to abolish activity of the hydrogen-oxidizing (uptake) hydrogenase enzyme in the diazotrophic cyanobacterium "Nostoc punctiforme", so that it would not consume hydrogen that is naturally produced by the nitrogenase enzyme in nitrogen-fixing conditions. This "N. punctiforme" mutant could then produce hydrogen when illuminated with visible light. Carbon dioxide (CO) can be reduced to carbon monoxide (CO) and other more reduced compounds, Document [93] (Title: Halobacterium) for the cell by using sunlight to pump protons out of the cell. The resulting proton gradient across the cell membrane is used to drive the synthesis of the energy carrier ATP. Thus, when these protons flow back in, they are used in the synthesis of ATP (this proton flow can be emulated with a decrease in pH outside the cell, causing a flow of H ions). The bacteriorhodopsin protein is chemically very similar to the light-detecting pigment rhodopsin, found in the vertebrate retina. The "Halobacterium" NRC-1 genome is 2,571,010 bp compiled into three circular replicons. More specifically, it is Document [94] (Title: Hydrogen isotope biogeochemistry) and fish protein was estimated to be in the range of -128‰ to +203‰. Most hydrogens in heterotrophic tissues come from water not from diet sources, but the proportion coming from water varies. In general, Hydrogen from water is transferred to NADPH and then taken up to the tissues. An apparent trophic effect (compounding effect) can be observed for δD in heterotrophs, so significant D-enrichments result from the intake of surrounding water the in aquatic food webs. The δD of proteins in animal tissues are in cases affected more by diet sources than by surrounding water. Although different δD values Document [95] (Title: Mitochondrion) suggested that they contain proteins and lipids. Benjamin F. Kingsbury, in 1912, first related them with cell respiration, but almost exclusively based on morphological observations. In 1913, particles from extracts of guinea-pig liver were linked to respiration by Otto Heinrich Warburg, which he called "grana". Warburg and Heinrich Otto Wieland, who had also postulated a similar particle mechanism, disagreed on the chemical nature of the respiration. It was not until 1925, when David Keilin discovered cytochromes, that the respiratory chain was described. In 1939, experiments using minced muscle cells demonstrated that cellular respiration using one oxygen atom can form two Document [96] (Title: Hydrogen isotope biogeochemistry) - chemoautotrophs produce extremely depleted lipids, with the fractionation ranging from roughly -200 to -400‰. This has been observed both in laboratory-grown cultures fed a known quantity of deuterated water and in the environment. Proteins, however, do not follow as significant a trend, with both heterotrophs and autotrophs capable of generating large and variable fractionations. In part, kinetic fractionation of the lighter isotope during formation of reducing equivalents NADH and NADPH result in lipids and proteins that are isotopically lighter. Salinity appears to play a role in the degree of deuterium fractionation as well; more saline waters affect growth rate, Document [97] (Title: Microbial metabolism) Protons are transported across the membrane by the initial NADH reductase, quinones, and nitrous oxide reductase to produce the electrochemical gradient critical for respiration. Some organisms (e.g. "E. coli") only produce nitrate reductase and therefore can accomplish only the first reduction leading to the accumulation of nitrite. Others (e.g. "Paracoccus denitrificans" or "Pseudomonas stutzeri") reduce nitrate completely. Complete denitrification is an environmentally significant process because some intermediates of denitrification (nitric oxide and nitrous oxide) are important greenhouse gases that react with sunlight and ozone to produce nitric acid, a component of acid rain. Denitrification is also important in biological wastewater Document [98] (Title: Cellular respiration) Cellular respiration Cellular respiration is a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products. The reactions involved in respiration are catabolic reactions, which break large molecules into smaller ones, releasing energy in the process, as weak so-called "high-energy" bonds are replaced by stronger bonds in the products. Respiration is one of the key ways a cell releases chemical energy to fuel cellular activity. Cellular respiration is considered an exothermic redox reaction which releases heat. The overall reaction occurs in Document [99] (Title: Hydrogen isotope biogeochemistry) on the east side of the Sierra Nevada in California from mid-Miocene to late Pliocene, suggesting a decrease in elevation during this period. Another study found δD values around -140‰ in muscovite in the North America Cordillera during the early Eocene, which would suggest an elevation 1000m higher than today at the time. In addition to hydrous minerals, hydrogen isotopes in biomarkers such as leaf waxes have also been developed for paleoaltimetry studies. The δD lapse rate in leaf waxes (-21‰/km) falls in the range of meteoric water observations. As an example study, leaf wax δD data have been used Document [100] (Title: Cellular waste product) of ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which is directly used to produce energy, from each molecule of glucose in the presence of surplus oxygen. In aerobic respiration, oxygen serves as the recipient of electrons from the electron transport chain. Aerobic respiration is thus very efficient because oxygen is a strong oxidant. Aerobic respiration proceeds in a series of steps, which also increases efficiency - since glucose is broken down gradually and ATP is produced as needed, less energy is wasted as heat. This strategy results in the waste products HO and CO being formed in different amounts at different phases of respiration. Document [101] (Title: Mitochondrion) adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules, and, in 1941, the concept of the phosphate bonds of ATP being a form of energy in cellular metabolism was developed by Fritz Albert Lipmann. In the following years, the mechanism behind cellular respiration was further elaborated, although its link to the mitochondria was not known. The introduction of tissue fractionation by Albert Claude allowed mitochondria to be isolated from other cell fractions and biochemical analysis to be conducted on them alone. In 1946, he concluded that cytochrome oxidase and other enzymes responsible for the respiratory chain were isolated to the mitochondria. Eugene Kennedy and Albert Document [102] (Title: Bicarbonate buffer system) (for example, HCO) and its conjugate base (for example, HCO) so that any excess acid or base introduced to the system is neutralized. Failure of this system to function properly results in acid-base imbalance, such as acidemia (pH<7.35) and alkalemia (pH>7.45) in the blood. In tissue, cellular respiration produces carbon dioxide as a waste product; as one of the primary roles of the cardiovascular system, most of this CO is rapidly removed from the tissues by its hydration to bicarbonate ion. The bicarbonate ion present in the blood plasma is transported to the lungs, where it is dehydrated back into Document [103] (Title: Cytosol) a few take place in membranes or in the periplasmic space. In eukaryotes, while many metabolic pathways still occur in the cytosol, others take place within organelles. The cytosol is a complex mixture of substances dissolved in water. Although water forms the large majority of the cytosol, its structure and properties within cells is not well understood. The concentrations of ions such as sodium and potassium are different in the cytosol than in the extracellular fluid; these differences in ion levels are important in processes such as osmoregulation, cell signaling, and the generation of action potentials in excitable cells such Document [104] (Title: Nickel–hydrogen battery) negative electrode, including the catalyst and gas diffusion elements, of a fuel cell. During discharge, hydrogen contained in the pressure vessel is oxidized into water while the nickel oxyhydroxide electrode is reduced to nickel hydroxide. Water is consumed at the nickel electrode and produced at the hydrogen electrode, so the concentration of the potassium hydroxide electrolyte does not change. As the battery discharges, the hydrogen pressure drops, providing a reliable state of charge indicator. In one communication satellite battery, the pressure at full charge was over 500 pounds/square inch (3.4 MPa), dropping to only about 15 PSI (0.1 MPa) at Document [105] (Title: Symporter) to modulate the chemiosmotic potential inside the cell. Initially H+ is pumped into the area outside the root by H+ ATPase. This change in both the pH and electrochemical potential gradient between the inside of the cell and the outside produces a proton motive force, as the protons will want to naturally flow back into the area of low concentration and with a voltage closer to zero from their current situation of being in an area of high concentration of positively charged protons. The reasons for this are twofold. For one, substances in nature have a tendency to move from Document [106] (Title: Glycolysis) variety of compounds as the terminal electron acceptors in cellular respiration: nitrogenous compounds, such as nitrates and nitrites; sulfur compounds, such as sulfates, sulfites, sulfur dioxide, and elemental sulfur; carbon dioxide; iron compounds; manganese compounds; cobalt compounds; and uranium compounds. In aerobic organisms, a complex mechanism has been developed to use the oxygen in air as the final electron acceptor. The pyruvate produced by glycolysis is an important intermediary in the conversion of carbohydrates into fatty acids and cholesterol. This occurs via the conversion of pyruvate into acetyl-CoA in the mitochondrion. However, this acetyl CoA needs to be transported into Document [107] (Title: Fumarate reductase (quinol)) anaerobic respiration to grow. This reaction is opposite to the reaction that is catalyzed by the related complex II of the respiratory chain (succinate dehydrogenase (SQR)). To date, a number of QFR enzymes have been crystalized and the specifics of enzyme structure varies between organisms; however, the overall structure remains similar across different species. Fumarate reductase complexes include four subunits. Subunit A contains the site of fumarate reduction and a covalently bound flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) prosthetic group. It is closely bound to subunit B, which contains three iron-sulfur centers, all placed near to each other and the nearby substrates. Document [108] (Title: Hydrogenosome) with little or no oxygen, but hydrogenosomes "are" able to produce ATP from most of the same fuels "without" using oxygen. In addition to ordinary carbon dioxide, the distinctive waste product of hydrogenosomes is hydrogen: The hydrogen they produce gives the organelles their name. Hydrogenosomes are considered to be of scientific interest because comparing them with mitochondria may cast light on how all eukaryotic cells evolved. Hosting mitochondria appears to be a basal or near-basal trait among eukaryotes, the study of hydrogenosomes may shed light on how all multi-celled life developed. For example: Which came first: mitochondria, or hydrogenosomes, or Document [109] (Title: Chloroplast) an electron transport chain. The molecules between the photosystems harness the electrons' energy to pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space, creating a concentration gradient, with more hydrogen ions (up to a thousand times as many) inside the thylakoid system than in the stroma. The hydrogen ions in the thylakoid space then diffuse back down their concentration gradient, flowing back out into the stroma through ATP synthase. ATP synthase uses the energy from the flowing hydrogen ions to phosphorylate adenosine diphosphate into adenosine triphosphate, or ATP. Because chloroplast ATP synthase projects out into the stroma, the ATP is synthesized there, Document [110] (Title: P/O ratio) moving hydrogen must not only power rotation of ATP synthase, but may also be used in the transport of products and precursors. Given the net charge differences between ATP and ADP, the enzyme ATP–ADP translocase uses the equivalent of one hydrogen ion when moving ATP (outward) and ADP (inward) across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Within aerobic respiration, the P/O ratio continues to be debated; however, current figures place it at 2.5 ATP per. O reduced to water, though some claim the ratio is 3 This figure arises from accepting that 10 H are transported out of the matrix per 2 Document [111] (Title: Hypochlorous acid) remove AMP from the cytosol, depresses metabolic function. One protein involved in loss of ability to regenerate ATP has been found to be ATP synthetase. Much of this research on respiration reconfirms the observation that relevant bacteriocidal reactions take place at the cell membrane. Recently it has been proposed that bacterial inactivation by HOCl is the result of inhibition of DNA replication. When bacteria are exposed to HOCl, there is a precipitous decline in DNA synthesis that precedes inhibition of protein synthesis, and closely parallels loss of viability. During bacterial genome replication, the origin of replication (oriC in "E. coli") Document [112] (Title: Nanocomposite hydrogels) and improvement in electrical conductance. The presence of silver ions either stop the respiratory enzyme from transferring electrons to oxygen molecules during respiration or prevent proteins from reacting with thiol groups (-SH) on bacteria membrane, both result in the death of bacteria and microorganism without damaging mammal cells. The size of these silver nanoparticles need to be small enough to pass through the cell membrane and thus further research is required to manufacture them into appropriate sizes. Some concerns relating to hydrogels infused with nanoparticles are the chances of either bursting, or of incomplete release of drugs. Although hydrogels infused Document [113] (Title: Human iron metabolism) energy as ATP from a multi-step process known as cellular respiration, more specifically from oxidative phosphorylation at the mitochondrial cristae. Iron is present in the iron-sulfur clusters and heme groups of the electron transport chain proteins that generate a proton gradient that allows ATP synthase to synthesize ATP (chemiosmosis). Heme groups are part of hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells that serves to transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissues. Heme groups are also present in myoglobin to store and diffuse oxygen in muscle cells. The human body needs iron for oxygen transport. Oxygen (O) is required Document [114] (Title: Glycolysis) (At lower exercise intensities it can sustain muscle activity in diving animals, such as seals, whales and other aquatic vertebrates, for very much longer periods of time.) Under these conditions NAD is replenished by NADH donating its electrons to pyruvate to form lactate. This produces 2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule, or about 5% of glucose's energy potential (38 ATP molecules in bacteria). But the speed at which ATP is produced in this manner is about 100 times that of oxidative phosphorylation. The pH in the cytoplasm quickly drops when hydrogen ions accumulate in the muscle, eventually inhibiting the enzymes Document [115] (Title: Hydrogen) as dark matter and dark energy.) This element is found in great abundance in stars and gas giant planets. Molecular clouds of H are associated with star formation. Hydrogen plays a vital role in powering stars through the proton-proton reaction and the CNO cycle of nuclear fusion. Throughout the universe, hydrogen is mostly found in the atomic and plasma states, with properties quite different from those of molecular hydrogen. As a plasma, hydrogen's electron and proton are not bound together, resulting in very high electrical conductivity and high emissivity (producing the light from the Sun and other stars). The charged Document [116] (Title: Cellular respiration) oxygen, fermentation prevents the buildup of NADH in the cytoplasm and provides NAD+ for glycolysis. This waste product varies depending on the organism. In skeletal muscles, the waste product is lactic acid. This type of fermentation is called lactic acid fermentation. In strenuous exercise, when energy demands exceed energy supply, the respiratory chain cannot process all of the hydrogen atoms joined by NADH. During anaerobic glycolysis, NAD+ regenerates when pairs of hydrogen combine with pyruvate to form lactate. Lactate formation is catalyzed by lactate dehydrogenase in a reversible reaction. Lactate can also be used as an indirect precursor for liver Document [117] (Title: Hydrogen clathrate) Hydrogen clathrate A hydrogen clathrate is a clathrate containing hydrogen in a water lattice. This substance is interesting due to its possible use to store hydrogen in a hydrogen economy. Another unusual characteristic is that multiple hydrogen molecules can occur at each cage site in the ice, one of only a very few guest molecule that forms clathrates with this property. The maximum ratio of hydrogen to water is 6 H to 17 HO. It can be formed at 250K in a diamond anvil at a pressure of 300MPa (3000 Bars). It takes about 30 minutes to form, so this Document [118] (Title: Hydrogen ion cluster) formed in radioactive solid tritium. In natural hydrogen treated with radiation, the positive charge transfers to HD molecules, in preference to , with the ultimate most stable arrangement being HD(HD)HD. can migrate through solid hydrogen by linking a hydrogen molecule at one end and losing it at the other: + → + . This migration stops once an HD molecule is added resulting in a lower energy level. HD or is added in preference over . Clampitt and Gowland found clusters with an odd number of hydrogen atoms and later showed that was relatively stable. formed the core of this Document [119] (Title: Lactic acidosis) phosphorylation. This second step requires oxygen. The net result is ATP, the energy carrier used by the cell for metabolic activities and to perform work, such as muscle contraction. When the energy in ATP is used during cell work via ATP hydrolysis, hydrogen ions, (positively charged protons) are released. The mitochondria normally incorporate these free hydrogen nuclei back into ATP, thus preventing buildup of unbound hydrogen cations, and maintaining neutral pH. If oxygen supply is inadequate (hypoxia), the mitochondria are unable to continue creating ATP at a rate sufficient to meet the cell's energy needs. In this situation, glycolysis is Document [120] (Title: Boring Billion) in terms of the advantage gained by the host cell due to the greater energy production available through aerobic respiration (32 net ATP vs. 2 net for glycolysis). However, this hypothesis has several limitations. No known organism exports ATP to its environment, making it unlikely that a bacterium would begin doing so to its host. In addition, some eukaryotes possess mitochondria-derived organelles called hydrogenosomes which perform a type of anaerobic respiration, suggesting an adaptation to an anoxic environment. An alternative explanation known as the Hydrogen Hypothesis suggests that the unique conditions of the Canfield Ocean may have exerted a positive Document [121] (Title: Hydrogen isotope biogeochemistry) of α-pinene has found large variations in D/H ratios among its sites. Particularly ex-C2 position has a strong depletion (~-750‰), which was in disagreement with accepted biosynthetic mechanism (mevalonate mechanism) at that time, and lead to new development in pathways. More recently, Ina Ehlers published their work on the D6/D6 ratios of glucose molecules. The stereochemical diteterium distribution was found to correlate to photorespiration/photosynthesis ratios. Photorespiration/photosynthesis ratios are driven by CO2 fertilization, thus this might lead to new proxies in reconstructing paleo-CO2 concentration. Work has also been done for long-chain fatty acids and found that even-numbered sites, which are thought Document [122] (Title: Cellular waste product) lacking oxygen. However, some aerobic mammalian cells will preferentially use lactic acid fermentation over aerobic respiration. This phenomenon is called the Warburg effect and is found primarily in cancer cells. Muscles cells under great exertion will also use lactic acid fermentation to supplement aerobic respiration. Lactic acid fermentation is somewhat faster, although less efficient, than aerobic respiration, so in activities like sprinting it can help quickly provide needed energy to muscles. Cellular respiration takes place in the cristae of the mitochondria within cells. Depending on the pathways followed, the products are dealt with in different ways. CO is excreted from Document [123] (Title: Cellular waste product) as well as by cells called anaerobes that selectively perform anaerobic respiration even in the presence of oxygen. In anaerobic respiration, weak oxidants like sulfate and nitrate serve as oxidants in the place of oxygen. Generally, in anaerobic respiration sugars are broken down into carbon dioxide and other waste products that are dictated by the oxidant the cell uses. Whereas in aerobic respiration the oxidant is always oxygen, in anaerobic respiration it varies. Each oxidant produces a different waste product, such as nitrite, succinate, sulfide, methane, and acetate. Anaerobic respiration is correspondingly less efficient than aerobic respiration. In the absence Document [124] (Title: Iron–nickel clusters) of mammalian life appear to have evolved from hydrogenase enzymes, indicating that hydrogenase is a crucial step in the evolutionary development of metabolism. The active site of Fe–Ni containing hydrogenase enzymes often is composed of one or more bridging sulfur ligands, carbonyl, cyanide and terminal sulfur ligands. The non-bridging sulfur ligands are often cystine amino acid residues that attach the active site to the protein backbone. Metal–metal bonds between the Fe and Ni have not been observed. Several oxidation states of the Fe–Ni core have been observed in a variety of enzymes, though not all appear to be catalytically relevant. Document [125] (Title: Cellular respiration) a series of biochemical steps, most of which are redox reactions themselves. Although cellular respiration is technically a combustion reaction, it clearly does not resemble one when it occurs in a living cell because of the slow release of energy from the series of reactions. Nutrients that are commonly used by animal and plant cells in respiration include sugar, amino acids and fatty acids, and the most common oxidizing agent (electron acceptor) is molecular oxygen (O). The chemical energy stored in ATP (its third phosphate group is weakly bonded to the rest of the molecule and is cheaply broken allowing Document [126] (Title: Nickel–hydrogen battery) full discharge. If the cell is over-charged, the oxygen produced at the nickel electrode reacts with the hydrogen present in the cell and forms water; as a consequence the cells can withstand overcharging as long as the heat generated can be dissipated. The cells have the disadvantage of relatively high self-discharge rate, i.e. chemical reduction of Ni(III) into Ni(II) in the cathode: NiOOH + 0.5 H2 = Ni(OH)2. which is proportional to the pressure of hydrogen in the cell; in some designs, 50% of the capacity can be lost after only a few days' storage. Self-discharge is less at lower Document [127] (Title: Hydrogen isotope biogeochemistry) compounds where the hydrogen is largely bound to carbon, and therefore not exchangeable on experimental timescales. By this criteria, lipids are a much better subject for hydrogen isotope studies than sugars or amino acids. The net fractionation between source water and lipids is denoted as ε, and can be represented as formula_16 where "w" refers to the water, and "l" refers to the lipids. While the δD of source water is the biggest influence on the δD of lipids, discrepancies between fractionation factor values obtained from the slope and from the intercept of the regression suggest that the relationship is Document [128] (Title: Hydrogen isotope biogeochemistry) more complex than a two-pool fractionation. In other words, there are multiple fractionation steps that must be taken into account in understanding the isotopic composition of lipids. The carbon-bonded hydrogen isotopic composition of cellulose, as inherited from leaf water, has the potential of preserving the original meteoric water signal. This was first demonstrated in the 1970s. In a systematic survey across North America, tree cellulose δD was found to have a temperature sensitivity of 5.8‰/°C, similar to precipitation δD sensitivity of 5.6‰/°C. This spatial correlation may be complicated by local effects of soil evaporation and leaf transpiration, and the spatial Document [129] (Title: Cellular respiration) coenzymes are oxidized by the electron transport chain and used for oxidative phosphorylation. Although there is a theoretical yield of 38 ATP molecules per glucose during cellular respiration, such conditions are generally not realized because of losses such as the cost of moving pyruvate (from glycolysis), phosphate, and ADP (substrates for ATP synthesis) into the mitochondria. All are actively transported using carriers that utilize the stored energy in the proton electrochemical gradient. The outcome of these transport processes using the proton electrochemical gradient is that more than 3 H are needed to make 1 ATP. Obviously this reduces the theoretical Document [130] (Title: Abiogenesis) the ionic composition conducive to the origin of cells could not have existed in what we today call marine settings but is compatible with emissions of vapour-dominated zones of what we today call inland geothermal systems. Under the oxygen depleted, CO-dominated primordial atmosphere, the chemistry of water condensates and exhalations near geothermal fields would resemble the internal milieu of modern cells. Therefore, the precellular stages of evolution may have taken place in shallow "Darwin ponds" lined with porous silicate minerals mixed with metal sulfides and enriched in K, Zn, and phosphorus compounds. The deep sea vent, or alkaline hydrothermal vent, Document [131] (Title: Hydrogenosome) some common ancestor? Hydrogenosome A hydrogenosome is a membrane-enclosed organelle of some anaerobic ciliates, trichomonads, fungi, and animals. The hydrogenosomes of trichomonads (the most studied of the hydrogenosome-containing microorganisms) produce molecular hydrogen, acetate, carbon dioxide and ATP by the combined actions of pyruvate:ferredoxin oxido-reductase, hydrogenase, acetate:succinate CoA transferase and succinate thiokinase. Superoxide dismutase, malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating), ferredoxin, adenylate kinase and NADH:ferredoxin oxido-reductase are also localized in the hydrogenosome. It is nearly universally accepted that hydrogenosomes evolved from mitochondria. In 2010, scientists reported their discovery of the first known anaerobic metazoans with hydrogenosome-like organelles. Hydrogenosomes were isolated, purified, biochemically characterized and Document [132] (Title: Microbial electrolysis cell) up to 3.12 mH/md with an input voltage of 0.8 volts. The efficiency of hydrogen production depends on which organic substances are used. Lactic and acetic acid achieve 82% efficiency, while the values for unpretreated cellulose or glucose are close to 63%. The efficiency of normal water electrolysis is 60 to 70 percent. As MEC’s convert unusable biomass into usable hydrogen, they can produce 144% more usable energy than they consume as electrical energy. Depending on the organisms present at the cathode, MECs can also produce methane by a related mechanism. CalculationsOverall hydrogen recovery was calculated as "RH" = "C""R". Document [133] (Title: Boring Billion) selective pressure on mitochondria for reasons unrelated to aerobic respiration. According to the Hydrogen Hypothesis, the original endosymbiotic event was between a hydrogen-producing bacterium and a hydrogen-consuming archaeon. This symbiosis would have been advantageous in the anoxic conditions in the deeper reaches of the oceans at that time and would explain the widespread phylogenetic distribution of anaerobic respiration genes among eukaryotes. One other hypothesis is that a sulfur-metabolizing archaea and the ancestor of mitochondria lived in proximity, each feeding on the other's waste products and deriving energy through the recycling of sulfur. When environmental conditions became harsh for one partner, Document [134] (Title: Dioxygen in biological reactions) a waste product, is released from the cell and into the blood, where it combines with bicarbonate and hemoglobin for transport to the lungs. Blood circulates back to the lungs and the process repeats. Molecular oxygen, O, is essential for cellular respiration in all aerobic organisms. Oxygen is used as an electron acceptor in mitochondria to generate chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during oxidative phosphorylation. The reaction for the aerobic respiration is essentially the reverse of photosynthesis, except that now there is a large release of chemical energy that is stored in ATP molecules (up to Document [135] (Title: Trihydrogen cation) hydrogen increased, the amount of increased linearly and the amount of decreased linearly. In addition, there was little H at any pressure. This data suggested the proton exchange formation pathway discussed below. In 1961, Martin "et al." first suggested that may be present in interstellar space given the large amount of hydrogen in interstellar space and its reaction pathway was exothermic (~1.5 eV). This led to the suggestion of Watson and Herbst & Klemperer in 1973 that is responsible for the formation of many observed molecular ions. It was not until 1980 that the first spectrum of was discovered by Document [136] (Title: Cellular waste product) of oxygen, not all of the carbon-carbon bonds in glucose can be broken to release energy. A great deal of extractable energy is left in the waste products. Anaerobic respiration generally occurs in prokaryotes in environments that do not contain oxygen. Fermentation is another process by which cells can extract energy from glucose. It is not a form of cellular respiration, but it does generate ATP, break down glucose, and produce waste products. Fermentation, like aerobic respiration, begins by breaking glucose into two pyruvate molecules. From here, it proceeds using endogenous organic electron receptors, whereas cellular respiration uses exogenous receptors, Document [137] (Title: Hydrogen potassium ATPase) strong association with pre-senile dementia. Hydrogen potassium ATPase Gastric hydrogen potassium ATPase, also known as H/K ATPase, is an enzyme which functions to acidify the stomach. The gastric hydrogen potassium ATPase or H/K ATPase is the proton pump of the stomach. It exchanges potassium from the intestinal lumen with cytoplasmic hydronium and is the enzyme primarily responsible for the acidification of the stomach contents and the activation of the digestive enzyme pepsin (see gastric acid). The H/K ATPase is found in parietal cells, which are highly specialized epithelial cells located in the inner cell lining of the stomach called the Document [138] (Title: Hydrogen isotope biogeochemistry) Craig–Gordon model, it can be understood that leaf water in the growth chamber gasses is significantly D-enriched due to transpiration. The relative global abundance of D in plants is in the following order: phenylpropanoids > carbohydrates > bulk material > hydrolysable lipids > steroids. In plants, δD values of carbohydrates, which typically range around -70‰ to -140‰, are good indicators of the photosynthetic metabolism. Photosynthetically produced Hydrogens which are bound to carbon backbones are around 100-170‰ more D-depleted than the water found in plant tissues. The heterotrophic processing of carbohydrates involves isomerization of triose phosphates and interconversion between fructose-6-phosphate and Document [139] (Title: Electron transport chain) aerobic respiration is molecular oxygen although a variety of acceptors other than oxygen such as sulfate exist in anaerobic respiration. Electron transport chains are used for extracting energy via redox reactions from sunlight in photosynthesis or, such as in the case of the oxidation of sugars, cellular respiration. In eukaryotes, an important electron transport chain is found in the inner mitochondrial membrane where it serves as the site of oxidative phosphorylation through the action of ATP synthase. It is also found in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast in photosynthetic eukaryotes. In bacteria, the electron transport chain is located in Document [140] (Title: Hydrogen sulfide) body, although the nervous system is most affected. The toxicity of is comparable with that of carbon monoxide. It binds with iron in the mitochondrial cytochrome enzymes, thus preventing cellular respiration. Since hydrogen sulfide occurs naturally in the body, the environment, and the gut, enzymes exist to detoxify it. At some threshold level, believed to average around 300–350 ppm, the oxidative enzymes become overwhelmed. Many personal safety gas detectors, such as those used by utility, sewage and petrochemical workers, are set to alarm at as low as 5 to 10 ppm and to go into high alarm at 15 ppm. Document [141] (Title: Redox) of NADH to NAD). Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are complementary, but photosynthesis is not the reverse of the redox reaction in cell respiration: Biological energy is frequently stored and released by means of redox reactions. Photosynthesis involves the reduction of carbon dioxide into sugars and the oxidation of water into molecular oxygen. The reverse reaction, respiration, oxidizes sugars to produce carbon dioxide and water. As intermediate steps, the reduced carbon compounds are used to reduce nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) to NADH, which then contributes to the creation of a proton gradient, which drives the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and Document [142] (Title: Hydrogen iodide) (or fumes) of hydroiodic acid. It is exceptionally soluble in water, giving hydroiodic acid. One liter of water will dissolve 425 liters of HI, the most concentrated solution having only four water molecules per molecule of HI. Hydroiodic acid is not pure hydrogen iodide, but a mixture containing it. Commercial "concentrated" hydroiodic acid usually contains 48–57% HI by mass. The solution forms an azeotrope boiling at 127 °C with 57% HI, 43% water. The high acidity is caused by the dispersal of the ionic charge over the anion. The iodide ion is much larger than the other common halides, which Document [143] (Title: Hydrogen isotope biogeochemistry) and δD; marine microbial methane that is more depleted in C and freshwater microbial methane that is more depleted in D. Hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis produces less D-depleted methane relative to acetoclastic methanogenesis. The location where the organism lives and substrate concentration also affect isotopic composition: rumen methanogenesis, which occurs in a more closed system and with higher partial pressures of hydrogen, exhibits a greater fractionation (-300 to -400‰) than wetland methanogenesis (-250 to -170‰). Recent advances in analytical chemistry have enabled high-precision measurements of multiply substituted isotopologues (or 'clumped isotopologues') like CHD. This emerge as a novel tool for studying methane Document [144] (Title: Cellular respiration) oxidized to acetyl-CoA and CO by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC). The PDC contains multiple copies of three enzymes and is located in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells and in the cytosol of prokaryotes. In the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, one molecule of NADH and one molecule of CO is formed. This is also called the "Krebs cycle" or the "tricarboxylic acid cycle". When oxygen is present, acetyl-CoA is produced from the pyruvate molecules created from glycolysis. Once acetyl-CoA is formed, aerobic or anaerobic respiration can occur. When oxygen is present, the mitochondria will undergo aerobic respiration which leads Document [145] (Title: Cellular waste product) the cell via diffusion into the blood stream, where it is transported in three ways: HO also diffuses out of the cell into the blood stream, from where it is excreted in the form of perspiration, water vapor in breath, or urine from the kidneys. Water, along with some dissolved solutes, are removed from blood circulation in the nephrons of the kidney and eventually excreted as urine. The products of fermentation can be processed different ways, depending on the cellular conditions. Lactic acid tends to accumulate in the muscles, which causes pain of the muscle and joint as well as Document [146] (Title: Proton-exchange membrane fuel cell) byproduct becomes steam and water management becomes less critical in cell design. A proton exchange membrane fuel cell transforms the chemical energy liberated during the electrochemical reaction of hydrogen and oxygen to electrical energy, as opposed to the direct combustion of hydrogen and oxygen gases to produce thermal energy. A stream of hydrogen is delivered to the anode side of the MEA. At the anode side it is catalytically split into protons and electrons. This oxidation half-cell reaction or hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) is represented by:<br> At the anode: The newly formed protons permeate through the polymer electrolyte membrane to Document [147] (Title: Hydrogen potassium ATPase) an extensive secretory membrane system and the H/K ATPase is the major protein constituent of these membranes. A small amount of H/K ATPase is also found in the renal medulla. The H/K ATPase is a heterodimeric protein, the product of 2 genes. The gene "ATP4A" encodes the H/K ATPase α subunit, and is an ~1000-amino acid protein that contains the catalytic sites of the enzyme and forms the pore through the cell membrane that allows the transport of ions. Hydronium ions bind to two active sites present in the α subunit. The α subunit also has a phosphorylation site (Asp). Document [148] (Title: Biohydrogen) iron hydrogenase. The biological hydrogen production with algae is a method of photobiological water splitting which is done in a closed photobioreactor based on the production of hydrogen as a solar fuel by algae. Algae produce hydrogen under certain conditions. In 2000 it was discovered that if "C. reinhardtii" algae are deprived of sulfur they will switch from the production of oxygen, as in normal photosynthesis, to the production of hydrogen. Photosynthesis in cyanobacteria and green algae splits water into hydrogen ions and electrons. The electrons are transported over ferredoxins. Fe-Fe-hydrogenases (enzymes) combine them into hydrogen gas. In "Chlamydomonas reinhardtii" Document [149] (Title: Metabolism) calcium, sodium, chlorine, potassium, hydrogen, phosphorus, oxygen and sulfur. Organic compounds (proteins, lipids and carbohydrates) contain the majority of the carbon and nitrogen; most of the oxygen and hydrogen is present as water. The abundant inorganic elements act as ionic electrolytes. The most important ions are sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, phosphate and the organic ion bicarbonate. The maintenance of precise ion gradients across cell membranes maintains osmotic pressure and pH. Ions are also critical for nerve and muscle function, as action potentials in these tissues are produced by the exchange of electrolytes between the extracellular fluid and the cell's Document [150] (Title: Virtual breakdown mechanism) into alkaline). Due to the Le Chatelier's principle, for water self-ionization, <chem>H3O+ + OH- <=> 2H2O </chem> the OH ions accumulation can impede water further self-ionization, reducing the hydrogen evolution rate and eventually preventing water electrolysis. In this case, water electrolysis becomes very slow or even self-stopped, showing a large equivalent resistance between the two electrodes. That is why in macrosystem pure water cannot be electrolyzed efficiently. The fundamental reason is the "lack of rapid ions transport inside bulk solution". In nanogap cells, high electric field can distribute uniformly in the entire gap (see section "Electric field distribution"). Different from Document [151] (Title: Hydrogen isotope biogeochemistry) y = 0.869x -74.651. The degree of D/H fractionation in most algal lipids increases with increasing temperature and decreases with increasing salinity. The growth rates have different impacts on the D/H fractionation depending on the species types. The δD values of lipids from phytoplankton is largely affected by δD of water, and there seems to be a linear correlation between those two values. The δD of most other biosynthetic products found in phytoplankton or cyanobacteria are more negative than that of the surrounding water. The δD values of fatty acids in methanotrophs living in seawater lie between -50 and -170‰, Document [152] (Title: Band 3) They generate hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions from carbon dioxide and water – a reaction catalysed by carbonic anhydrase. The hydrogen ions are pumped into the collecting duct tubule by vacuolar H ATPase, the apical proton pump, which thus excretes acid into the urine. kAE1 exchanges bicarbonate for chloride on the basolateral surface, essentially returning bicarbonate to the blood. Here it performs two functions: It is ubiquitous throughout the vertebrates. In mammals, it is present in two specific sites: The erythrocyte and kidney forms are different isoforms of the same protein. The erythrocyte isoform of AE1, known as eAE1, is Document [153] (Title: Hydrogen isotope biogeochemistry) fractionation between liquid water and vapor, ε is the kinetic isotope effect from diffusion between leaf internal air space and the atmosphere, ΔD is the leaf/air disequilibrium, "e" is atmospheric vapor pressure, and "e" is internal leaf vapor pressure. The Péclet effect, which describes the opposing forces of advection and diffusion can be added to the model as where E is the transpiration rate, L is the length scale of transport, C is the concentration of water, and D is the diffusion coefficient. While the role of rain water δD as the fundamental control on the final δD of lipids Document [154] (Title: Mitochondrion) Lehninger discovered in 1948 that mitochondria are the site of oxidative phosphorylation in eukaryotes. Over time, the fractionation method was further developed, improving the quality of the mitochondria isolated, and other elements of cell respiration were determined to occur in the mitochondria. The first high-resolution electron micrographs appeared in 1952, replacing the Janus Green stains as the preferred way of visualising the mitochondria. This led to a more detailed analysis of the structure of the mitochondria, including confirmation that they were surrounded by a membrane. It also showed a second membrane inside the mitochondria that folded up in ridges dividing Document [155] (Title: Regenerative fuel cell) fuel cells. A hydrogen fueled proton exchange membrane fuel cell, for example, uses hydrogen gas (H) and oxygen (O) to produce electricity and water (HO); a regenerative hydrogen fuel cell uses electricity and water to produce hydrogen and oxygen. When the fuel cell is operated in regenerative mode, the anode for the electricity production mode(fuel cell mode) becomes the cathode in the hydrogen generation mode (reverse fuel cell mode), and vice versa. When an external voltage is applied, water at the cathode side will undergo electrolysis to form hydrogen and oxide ions; oxide ions will be transported through the electrolyte Document [156] (Title: Electron transport chain) ions to reduce molecular oxygen to water. Four membrane-bound complexes have been identified in mitochondria. Each is an extremely complex transmembrane structure that is embedded in the inner membrane. Three of them are proton pumps. The structures are electrically connected by lipid-soluble electron carriers and water-soluble electron carriers. The overall electron transport chain: In "Complex I" (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase, NADH-CoQ reductase, or NADH dehydrogenase; ), two electrons are removed from NADH and ultimately transferred to a lipid-soluble carrier, ubiquinone (UQ). The reduced product, ubiquinol (UQH), freely diffuses within the membrane, and Complex I translocates four protons (H) across the membrane, thus Document [157] (Title: Metalloprotein) to the chlorophyll in the chloroplast. In the process chlorophyll is oxidized. Later in the photosynthetic cycle, chlorophyll is reduced back again. This reduction ultimately draws electrons from water, yielding molecular oxygen as a final oxidation product. Hydrogenases are subclassified into three different types based on the active site metal content: iron–iron hydrogenase, nickel–iron hydrogenase, and iron hydrogenase. All hydrogenases catalyze reversible H uptake, but while the [FeFe] and [NiFe] hydrogenases are true redox catalysts, driving H oxidation and H reduction the [Fe] hydrogenases catalyze the reversible heterolytic cleavage of H. Since discovery of ribozymes by Thomas Cech and Sidney Document [158] (Title: Electrochemical hydrogen compressor) to form hydrogen, which is fed to the hydrogen compressor to be oxidized at the anode of each cell to form protons and electrons. This type of compressor has no moving parts and is compact. With electrochemical compression of hydrogen a pressure of 14500 psi (1000 bar) is achieved, this world record was set by HyET from the Netherlands in 2011. Water vapor partial pressure, current density, operating temperature and hydrogen back diffusion due to the pressure gradient have an effect on the maximum output pressure. Electrochemical hydrogen compressors have been proposed for use in hydrogen refueling stations to pressurize Document [159] (Title: Cellular respiration) to the Krebs cycle. However, if oxygen is not present, fermentation of the pyruvate molecule will occur. In the presence of oxygen, when acetyl-CoA is produced, the molecule then enters the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) inside the mitochondrial matrix, and is oxidized to CO while at the same time reducing NAD to NADH. NADH can be used by the electron transport chain to create further ATP as part of oxidative phosphorylation. To fully oxidize the equivalent of one glucose molecule, two acetyl-CoA must be metabolized by the Krebs cycle. Two waste products, HO and CO, are created during this Document [160] (Title: Metabolism) a membrane. Pumping protons out of the mitochondria creates a proton concentration difference across the membrane and generates an electrochemical gradient. This force drives protons back into the mitochondrion through the base of an enzyme called ATP synthase. The flow of protons makes the stalk subunit rotate, causing the active site of the synthase domain to change shape and phosphorylate adenosine diphosphate – turning it into ATP. Chemolithotrophy is a type of metabolism found in prokaryotes where energy is obtained from the oxidation of inorganic compounds. These organisms can use hydrogen, reduced sulfur compounds (such as sulfide, hydrogen sulfide and Document [161] (Title: Hydrogen) particles are highly influenced by magnetic and electric fields. For example, in the solar wind they interact with the Earth's magnetosphere giving rise to Birkeland currents and the aurora. Hydrogen is found in the neutral atomic state in the interstellar medium. The large amount of neutral hydrogen found in the damped Lyman-alpha systems is thought to dominate the cosmological baryonic density of the Universe up to redshift "z"=4. Under ordinary conditions on Earth, elemental hydrogen exists as the diatomic gas, H. However, hydrogen gas is very rare in the Earth's atmosphere (1 ppm by volume) because of its light weight, Document [162] (Title: Hydrogen cycle) in the microbial environment is very low. Maintaining a low hydrogen concentration is important because the anaerobic fermentative process becomes increasingly thermodynamically unfavorable as the partial pressure of hydrogen increases. A key difference compared to other biogeochemical cycles is that because of its low molecular weight hydrogen can leave Earth's atmosphere. It has been suggested that this occurred on a grand scale in the past and that this is why today the Earth is mostly irreversibly oxidised. H is a trace, secondary greenhouse gas that interferes with the removal of methane. H interacts with hydroxyl radicals (•OH), reducing them to Document [163] (Title: Chemiosmosis) from the cytoplasm. This "costs" one "extra" proton import per ATP, hence the actual efficiency is only 65% (= 2.4/3.67). The complete breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen is called cellular respiration. The last steps of this process occur in mitochondria. The reduced molecules NADH and FADH are generated by the Krebs cycle, glycolysis, and pyruvate processing. These molecules pass electrons to an electron transport chain, which uses the energy released to create a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. ATP synthase then uses the energy stored in this gradient to make ATP. This process is called Document [164] (Title: Mixed acid fermentation) the enzyme fumarate reductase. fumarate + NADH + H → succinate + NAD This reduction is an anaerobic respiration reaction in "E. coli", as it uses electrons associated with NADH dehydrogenase and the electron transport chain. ATP is generated by using an electrochemical gradient and ATP synthase. This is the only case in the mixed acid fermentation pathway where ATP is not produced via substrate-level phosphorylation. Vitamin K, also known as menaquinone, is very important for electron transport to fumarate in "E. coli". Formate can be converted to hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide in "E. coli". This reaction requires the Document [165] (Title: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) the redox state of living cells, through fluorescence microscopy. In rat liver, the total amount of NAD and NADH is approximately 1 μmole per gram of wet weight, about 10 times the concentration of NADP and NADPH in the same cells. The actual concentration of NAD in cell cytosol is harder to measure, with recent estimates in animal cells ranging around 0.3 mM, and approximately 1.0 to 2.0 mM in yeast. However, more than 80% of NADH fluorescence in mitochondria is from bound form, so the concentration in solution is much lower. Data for other compartments in the cell are Document [166] (Title: Hydrogen) is employed to saturate broken ("dangling") bonds of amorphous silicon and amorphous carbon that helps stabilizing material properties. It is also a potential electron donor in various oxide materials, including ZnO, SnO, CdO, MgO, ZrO, HfO, LaO, YO, TiO, SrTiO, LaAlO, SiO, AlO, ZrSiO, HfSiO, and SrZrO. H is a product of some types of anaerobic metabolism and is produced by several microorganisms, usually via reactions catalyzed by iron- or nickel-containing enzymes called hydrogenases. These enzymes catalyze the reversible redox reaction between H and its component two protons and two electrons. Creation of hydrogen gas occurs in the transfer of Document [167] (Title: Hydrogenobacter thermophilus) Dorner method, respectively, and both were found to be negative. The novel fatty acid composition was freed though a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate containing solution. The composition was found to be C18:0, C 20:1, 2 carbons longer than any composition seen before. The optimum growth conditions are: temperature between 70 and 75 °C, freshwater, pH around 7.2. The habitat is soil that contains hot, fresh water (70-75 °C) from springs of the Izu Peninsula, Japan. "Hydrogenobacter thermophilus" is an obligate chemolithoautotroph. "H. thermophilus" undergoes aerobic respiration or anaerobic respiration via denitrification. The electron donor is the molecular form of hydrogen, Document [168] (Title: Water splitting) electrolytic system, the reaction takes place in one step, it therefore can be more efficient. Nuclear radiation routinely breaks water bonds, in the Mponeng gold mine, South Africa, researchers found in a naturally high radiation zone, a community dominated by a new phylotype of "Desulfotomaculum", feeding on primarily radiolytically produced H. Spent nuclear fuel/"nuclear waste" is also being looked at as a potential source of hydrogen. In thermolysis, water molecules split into their atomic components hydrogen and oxygen. For example, at 2200 °C about three percent of all HO are dissociated into various combinations of hydrogen and oxygen atoms, mostly Document [169] (Title: Osteoclast) bone matrix proteins, such as osteopontin. The osteoclast releases hydrogen ions through the action of carbonic anhydrase (HO + CO → HCO + H) through the "ruffled border" into the resorptive cavity, acidifying and aiding dissolution of the mineralized bone matrix into Ca, HPO, HCO, water and other substances. Dysfunction of the carbonic anhydrase has been documented to cause some forms of osteopetrosis. Hydrogen ions are pumped against a high concentration gradient by proton pumps, specifically a unique vacuolar-ATPase. This enzyme has been targeted in the prevention of osteoporosis. In addition, several hydrolytic enzymes, such as members of the cathepsin Document [170] (Title: Cellular waste product) CO is formed in Pyruvate decarboxylation, HO is formed in oxidative phosphorylation, and both are formed in the citric acid cycle. The simple nature of the final products also indicates the efficiency of this method of respiration. All of the energy stored in the carbon-carbon bonds of glucose is released, leaving CO and HO. Although there is energy stored in the bonds of these molecules, this energy is not easily accessible by the cell. All usable energy is efficiently extracted. Anaerobic respiration is done by aerobic organisms when there is not sufficient oxygen in a cell to undergo aerobic respiration Document [171] (Title: Frankia alni) most abundant free amino acid in the cell cytoplasm. A by-product of the process is gaseous hydrogen, one molecule of which is produced for every molecule of nitrogen reduced to ammonia, but the bacterium also contains the enzyme hydrogenase, which serves to prevent some of this energy being wasted. In the process, ATP is recovered and oxygen molecules serve as the final electron acceptor in the reaction, leading to the lowering of ambient oxygen levels. This is to the benefit of the nitrogenases, which only function anaerobically. As a result of their mutually beneficial relationship with "Frankia", alder trees improve Document [172] (Title: Hydrogen ion) are derived." Hydrogen anions are formed when additional electrons are acquired: Hydrogen ions drive ATP synthase in photosynthesis. This happens when hydrogen ions get pushed across the membrane creating a high concentration inside the thylakoid membrane and a low concentration in the cytoplasm. However, because of osmosis, the H will force itself out of the membrane through ATP synthase. Using their kinetic energy to escape, the protons will spin the ATP synthase which in turn will create ATP. This happens in cellular respiration as well though the concentrated membrane will instead be the inner membrane of the mitochondria. Hydrogen ions Document [173] (Title: Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Energy Association) to transfer between the anode and the cathode. As the hydrogen and oxygen combine, water is formed and drains from the cell. The fuel cell will continue to generate electricity as long as it is supplied with hydrogen and oxygen. There are multiple different kinds of fuel cells, including alkaline fuel cells, molten carbonate fuel cells, phosphoric acid fuel cells, proton exchange membrane fuel cells, and solid oxide fuel cells. Hydrogen is an alternative fuel and is locked up in large quantities in water and other organic matter. Extracting hydrogen efficiently from these compounds can be difficult. Today, hydrogen in Document [174] (Title: Hydrogenosome) Hydrogenosome A hydrogenosome is a membrane-enclosed organelle of some anaerobic ciliates, trichomonads, fungi, and animals. The hydrogenosomes of trichomonads (the most studied of the hydrogenosome-containing microorganisms) produce molecular hydrogen, acetate, carbon dioxide and ATP by the combined actions of pyruvate:ferredoxin oxido-reductase, hydrogenase, acetate:succinate CoA transferase and succinate thiokinase. Superoxide dismutase, malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating), ferredoxin, adenylate kinase and NADH:ferredoxin oxido-reductase are also localized in the hydrogenosome. It is nearly universally accepted that hydrogenosomes evolved from mitochondria. In 2010, scientists reported their discovery of the first known anaerobic metazoans with hydrogenosome-like organelles. Hydrogenosomes were isolated, purified, biochemically characterized and named in the Document [175] (Title: Maintenance respiration) Maintenance respiration Maintenance respiration (or maintenance energy) refers to metabolism occurring in an organism that is needed to maintain that organism in a healthy, living state. Maintenance respiration in plants refers to the amount of cellular respiration, measured by the carbon dioxide (CO) released or oxygen (O) consumed, during the generation of usable energy (mainly ATP, NADPH, and NADH) and metabolic intermediates used for (i) resynthesis of compounds that undergo renewal (turnover) in the normal process of metabolism (examples are enzymatic proteins, ribonucleic acids, and membrane lipids); (ii) maintenance of chemical gradients of ions and metabolites across cellular membranes that Document [176] (Title: Proton-exchange membrane) to higher overall system efficiencies. However, these gains have yet to be realized, as the gold-standard perfluorinated sulfonic acid (PFSA) membranes lose function rapidly at 100 °C and above if hydration drops below ~100%, and begin to creep in this temperature range, resulting in localized thinning and overall lower system lifetimes. As a result, new anhydrous proton conductors, such as protic organic ionic plastic crystals (POIPCs) and protic ionic liquids, are actively studied for the development of suitable PEMs. The fuel for the PEMFC is hydrogen, and the charge carrier is the hydrogen ion (proton). At the anode, the hydrogen Document [177] (Title: Fructose) using the hydrogen breath test. These studies indicate that fructose is not completely absorbed in the small intestine. When fructose is not absorbed in the small intestine, it is transported into the large intestine, where it is fermented by the colonic flora. Hydrogen is produced during the fermentation process and dissolves into the blood of the portal vein. This hydrogen is transported to the lungs, where it is exchanged across the lungs and is measurable by the hydrogen breath test. The colonic flora also produces carbon dioxide, short-chain fatty acids, organic acids, and trace gases in the presence of unabsorbed Document [178] (Title: Crista) proposed were: NADH is oxidized into NAD, H ions, and electrons by an enzyme. FADH is also oxidized into H ions, electrons, and FAD. As those electrons travel farther through the electron transport chain in the inner membrane, energy is gradually released and used to pump the hydrogen ions from the splitting of NADH and FADH into the space between the inner membrane and the outer membrane (called the intermembrane space), creating an electrochemical gradient. This electrochemical gradient creates potential energy (see "") across the inner mitochondrial membrane known as the proton-motive force. As a result, chemiosmosis occurs, and the Document [179] (Title: Adenosine triphosphate) cytoplasm. Fermentation is the metabolism of organic compounds in the absence of air. It involves substrate-level phosphorylation in the absence of a respiratory electron transport chain. The equation for the oxidation of glucose to lactic acid is: Anaerobic respiration is respiration in the absence of . Prokaryotes can utilize a variety of electron acceptors. These include nitrate, sulfate, and carbon dioxide. ATP can also be synthesized through several so-called "replenishment" reactions catalyzed by the enzyme families of nucleoside diphosphate kinases (NDKs), which use other nucleoside triphosphates as a high-energy phosphate donor, and the family. In plants, ATP is synthesized in Document [180] (Title: Respiratory complex I) used to produce ATP. "Escherichia coli" complex I (NADH dehydrogenase) is capable of proton translocation in the same direction to the established Δψ, showing that in the tested conditions, the coupling ion is H. Na transport in the opposite direction was observed, and although Na was not necessary for the catalytic or proton transport activities, its presence increased the latter. H was translocated by the "Paracoccus denitrificans" complex I, but in this case, H transport was not influenced by Na, and Na transport was not observed. Possibly, the "E. coli" complex I has two energy coupling sites (one Na independent Document [181] (Title: Hydrogen isotope biogeochemistry) their leaves as an adaptation to minimize water loss. These waxes are largely straight-chain "n"-alkyl lipids. They are insoluble, non-volatile, chemically inert, and resistant to degradation, making them easily preserved in the sedimentary record, and therefore good targets as biomarkers. The main water source for terrestrial plants is soil water, which largely resembles the hydrogen isotope composition of rain water, but varies between environments and with enrichment by precipitation, depletion by evaporation, and exchange with atmospheric water vapor. There can be a significant offset between the δD value of source water and the δD value of leaf water at the Document [182] (Title: Resting potential) the membrane potential. Most pumps use metabolic energy (ATP) to function. For most animal cells potassium ions (K) are the most important for the resting potential. Due to the active transport of potassium ions, the concentration of potassium is higher inside cells than outside. Most cells have potassium-selective ion channel proteins that remain open all the time. There will be net movement of positively charged potassium ions through these potassium channels with a resulting accumulation of excess negative charge inside of the cell. The outward movement of positively charged potassium ions is due to random molecular motion (diffusion) and continues Document [183] (Title: Proton-exchange membrane fuel cell) pure hydrogen gas is becoming economical to mass-produce by electrolysis. However, at the moment hydrogen gas is produced by steam reforming light hydrocarbons, a process which produces a mixture of gases that also contains CO (1–3%), CO (19–25%), and N (25%). Even tens of parts per million of CO can poison a pure platinum catalyst, so increasing platinum’s resistance to CO is an active area of research. For example, one study reported that cube-shaped platinum nanoparticles with (100) facets displayed a fourfold increase in oxygen reduction activity compared to randomly faceted platinum nanoparticles of similar size. The authors concluded that Document [184] (Title: Hydrogenosome) of a plant or animal is organised very differently from a bacterial cell. Amongst other things, animal and plant cells (which are special cases of what is known as ‘eukaryotic’ cells) contain mitochondria. Mitochondria are like power stations for cells: They supply ATP molecules used throughout the cell as a power source by ‘burning’ carbohydrates and other fuels. They produce carbon dioxide and water as waste. To produce ATP, mitochondria require abundant supplies of oxygen. Some single-celled eukaryotes live in places where oxygen is scarce or non-existent and use hydrogenosomes instead of mitochondria to produce ATP. Mitochondria do not function Document [185] (Title: Homeostasis) (becoming more acidic) the renal tubular cells excrete hydrogen ions into the tubular fluid to leave the body via urine. Bicarbonate ions are simultaneously secreted into the blood that decreases the carbonic acid, and consequently raises the plasma pH. The converse happens when the plasma pH rises above normal: bicarbonate ions are excreted into the urine, and hydrogen ions released into the plasma. When hydrogen ions are excreted into the urine, and bicarbonate into the blood, the latter combines with the excess hydrogen ions in the plasma that stimulated the kidneys to perform this operation. The resulting reaction in the Document [186] (Title: Hydrogen ion) concentration, measured as pH, is also responsible for the acidic or basic nature of a compound. Water molecules split to form H and hydroxide anions. This process is referred to as the self-ionization of water. Hydrogen ion A hydrogen ion is created when a hydrogen atom loses or gains an electron. A positively charged hydrogen ion (or proton) can readily combine with other particles and therefore is only seen isolated when it is in a gaseous state or a nearly particle-free space. Due to its extremely high charge density of approximately 2×10 times that of a sodium ion, the bare Document [187] (Title: Oxygen) production of the water molecule) is released into the atmosphere. Oxygen is used in mitochondria to generate ATP during oxidative phosphorylation. The reaction for aerobic respiration is essentially the reverse of photosynthesis and is simplified as: In vertebrates, diffuses through membranes in the lungs and into red blood cells. Hemoglobin binds , changing color from bluish red to bright red ( is released from another part of hemoglobin through the Bohr effect). Other animals use hemocyanin (molluscs and some arthropods) or hemerythrin (spiders and lobsters). A liter of blood can dissolve 200 cm of . Until the discovery of anaerobic Document [188] (Title: Solid oxide electrolyser cell) is fed into the porous cathode. When a voltage is applied, the steam moves to the cathode-electrolyte interface and is reduced to form pure H and oxygen ions. The hydrogen gas then diffuses back up through the cathode and is collected at its surface as hydrogen fuel, while the oxygen ions are conducted through the dense electrolyte. The electrolyte must be dense enough that the steam and hydrogen gas cannot diffuse through and lead to the recombination of the H and O. At the electrolyte-anode interface, the oxygen ions are oxidized to form pure oxygen gas, which is collected at Document [189] (Title: Chemiosmosis) Chemiosmosis Chemiosmosis is the movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane, down their electrochemical gradient. An example of this would be the generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by the movement of hydrogen ions (H) across a membrane during cellular respiration or photosynthesis. Hydrogen ions, or protons, will diffuse from an area of high proton concentration to an area of lower proton concentration, and an electrochemical concentration gradient of protons across a membrane can be harnessed to make ATP. This process is related to osmosis, the diffusion of water across a membrane, which is why it is called "chemiosmosis". ATP synthase Document [190] (Title: Cupriavidus necator) first hydrogenase is a regulatory hydrogenase (RH) that signals to the cell hydrogen is present. The RH is a protein containing large and small [Ni-Fe] hydrogenase subunits attached to a histidine protein kinase subunit. The hydrogen gas is oxidized at the [Ni-Fe] center in the large subunit and in turn reduces the [Fe-S] clusters in the small subunit. It is unknown whether the electrons are transferred from the [Fe-S] clusters to the protein kinase domain. The histidine protein kinase activates a response regulator. The response regulator is active in the dephosphorylated form. The dephosphorylated response regulator promotes the transcription of Document [191] (Title: Escherichia coli) ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present, but is capable of switching to fermentation or anaerobic respiration if oxygen is absent) and nonsporulating bacterium. Cells are typically rod-shaped, and are about 2.0 μm long and 0.25–1.0 μm in diameter, with a cell volume of 0.6–0.7 μm. "E. coli" stains Gram-negative because its cell wall is composed of a thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane. During the staining process, "E. coli" picks up the color of the counterstain safranin and stains pink. The outer membrane surrounding the cell wall provides a barrier to certain antibiotics such that "E. coli" Question: where are hydrogen ions concentrated in cellular respiration Answer: inner membrane of the mitochondria Long Answer: Hydrogen ions drive ATP synthase in photosynthesis . This happens when hydrogen ions get pushed across the membrane creating a high concentration inside the thylakoid membrane and a low concentration in the cytoplasm . However, because of osmosis, the H will force itself out of the membrane through ATP synthase . Using their kinetic energy to escape, the protons will spin the ATP synthase which in turn will create ATP . This happens in cellular respiration as well though the concentrated membrane will instead be the inner membrane of the mitochondria. Gold Document ID: 172

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Alkaline anion exchange membrane fuel cell) CO. The equilibrium concentration of CO/HCO is less than 0.07% and there is no precipitation on the electrodes in the absence of cations (K, Na). The absence of cations is, however, difficult to achieve, as most membranes are conditioned to functional hydroxide or bicarbonate forms out of their initial, chemically stable halogen form, and may significantly impact fuel cell performance by both competitively adsorbing to active sites and exerting Helmholtz-layer effects. In comparison, against alkaline fuel cell, alkali anion exchange membrane fuel cells also protect the electrode from solid carbonate precipitation, which can cause fuel (oxygen/hydrogen) transport problem during start-up. Document [2] (Title: Enzymatic biofuel cell) hydrogenase isolated from R. metallidurans and a graphite cathode modified with fungal laccase. The electrodes were placed in a single chamber with a mixture of 3% H gas in air and there was no membrane due to the tolerance of the hydrogenase to oxygen. The fuel cell produced a voltage of 950mV and generated 5.2 uW/cm of electricity. Although this system was very functional, it was still not at optimum output due to the low accessible H levels, the lower catalytic activity of the oxygen tolerant hydrogenases and the lower density of catalysts on the flat electrodes. This system was Document [3] (Title: Hydrogen anion) thus becomes . The hydrogen anion is an important species in the photosphere of the Sun. It absorbs energies in the range 0.75–4.0 eV, which ranges from the infrared into the visible spectrum (, ). It also occurs in the Earth's ionosphere (), and can be produced in particle accelerators. Its existence was first proven theoretically by Hans Bethe in 1929 (). H is unusual because, in its free form, it has no bound excited states, as was finally proven in 1977 (). It has been studied experimentally using particle accelerators (). In chemistry, the hydride anion is hydrogen that Document [4] (Title: Hydrogen ion cluster) a ring of five hydrogen atoms around a proton. Negative hydrogen clusters have not been found to exist. is theoretically unstable, but in theory is bound at 0.003 eV. in the free gas state decays by giving off H atoms and molecules. Different energies of decay occur with levels averaging at 0.038 eV and peaking at 0.14 eV. Hydrogen molecular ion clusters can be formed through different kinds of ionizing radiation. High energy electrons capable of ionizing the material can perform this task. When hydrogen dissolved in liquid helium is irradiated with electrons their energy must be sufficient to ionize Document [5] (Title: Exoelectrogen) respiration. However, the final electron acceptor of an exoelectrogen is found extracellularly and can be a strong oxidizing agent in aqueous solution or a solid conductor/electron acceptor. Two commonly observed acceptors are iron compounds (specifically Fe(III) oxides) and manganese compounds (specifically Mn(III/IV) oxides). As oxygen is a strong oxidizer, cells are able to do this strictly in the absence of oxygen. Utilization of exoelectrogens is currently being researched in the development of microbial fuel cells (MFCs), which hold the potential to convert organic material like activated sludge from waste water treatment into ethanol, hydrogen gas, and electric current. While the Document [6] (Title: Glycolysis) involved in glycolysis. The burning sensation in muscles during hard exercise can be attributed to the release of hydrogen ions during the shift to glucose fermentation from glucose oxidation to carbon dioxide and water, when aerobic metabolism can no longer keep pace with the energy demands of the muscles. These hydrogen ions form a part of lactic acid. The body falls back on this less efficient but faster method of producing ATP under low oxygen conditions. This is thought to have been the primary means of energy production in earlier organisms before oxygen reached high concentrations in the atmosphere between Document [7] (Title: Neutrophil) formation of a phagosome into which reactive oxygen species and hydrolytic enzymes are secreted. The consumption of oxygen during the generation of reactive oxygen species has been termed the "respiratory burst", although unrelated to respiration or energy production. The respiratory burst involves the activation of the enzyme NADPH oxidase, which produces large quantities of superoxide, a reactive oxygen species. Superoxide decays spontaneously or is broken down via enzymes known as superoxide dismutases (Cu/ZnSOD and MnSOD), to hydrogen peroxide, which is then converted to hypochlorous acid (HClO), by the green heme enzyme myeloperoxidase. It is thought that the bactericidal properties of Document [8] (Title: Hydrogen anion) Hydrogen anion The hydrogen anion, H, is a negative ion of hydrogen, that is, a hydrogen atom that has captured an extra electron. The hydrogen anion is an important constituent of the atmosphere of stars, such as the Sun. In chemistry, this ion is called hydride. The ion has two electrons bound by the electromagnetic force to a nucleus containing one proton. The binding energy of H equals the binding energy of an extra electron to a hydrogen atom, called electron affinity of hydrogen. It is measured to be or (see Electron affinity (data page)). The total ground state energy Document [9] (Title: Proton pump) (potential energy) that can be used to drive a multitude of biological processes such as ATP synthesis, nutrient uptake and action potential formation. In cell respiration, the proton pump uses energy to transport protons from the matrix of the mitochondrion to the inter-membrane space. It is an active pump that generates a proton concentration gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane because there are more protons outside the matrix than inside. The difference in pH and electric charge (ignoring differences in buffer capacity) creates an electrochemical potential difference that works similar to that of a battery or energy storing unit for Document [10] (Title: Exoelectrogen) Exoelectrogen An exoelectrogen normally refers to a microorganism that has the ability to transfer electrons extracellularly. While exoelectrogen is the predominant name, other terms have been used: electrochemically active bacteria, anode respiring bacteria, and electricigens. Electrons exocytosed in this fashion are produced following ATP production using an electron transport chain (ETC) during oxidative phosphorylation. Conventional cellular respiration requires a final electron acceptor to receive these electrons. Cells that use molecular oxygen (O) as their final electron acceptor are described as using aerobic respiration, while cells that use other soluble compounds as their final electron acceptor are described as using anaerobic Document [11] (Title: Vanabins) orthovanadate ions (V(V)), with the use of NADPH as a reducing agent. Vanabins also transport the reduced vanadium species into the vacuoles of vanadocytes (vanadium-containing blood cells). The vacuoles are kept at a very acidic pH of 1.9, made possible by pumping hydrogen ions into the vacuoles by use of energy intensive H-ATPase. All the use of NADPH and ATP to collect and maintain the vanadium is extremely energy intensive, unusual for oxygen transporting proteins. Other oxygen transporting proteins have a very low dissociation constant with their metal prosthetic group and bind these groups tightly. Vanabins on the other hand Document [12] (Title: Cellular waste product) along the same pathway as aerobic respiration, but once glucose is converted to pyruvate proceeds down one of two pathways and produces only two molecules of ATP from each molecule of glucose. In the homolactic pathway, it produces lactic acid as waste. In the heterolactic pathway, it produces lactic acid as well as ethanol and carbon dioxide. Lactic acid fermentation is relatively inefficient. The waste products lactic acid and ethanol have not been fully oxidized and still contain energy, but it requires the addition of oxygen to extract this energy. Generally, lactic acid fermentation occurs only when aerobic cells are Document [13] (Title: Iron–sulfur world hypothesis) with the last universal common ancestor (LUCA). According to the iron–sulfur world theory it covers a coevolution of cellular organization (cellularization), the genetic machinery and enzymatization of the metabolism. Cellularization occurs in several stages. It begins with the formation of primitive lipids (e.g. fatty acids or isoprenoid acids) in the surface metabolism. These lipids accumulate on or in the mineral base. This lipophilizes the outer or inner surfaces of the mineral base, which promotes condensation reactions over hydrolytic reactions by lowering the activity of water and protons. In the next stage lipid membranes are formed. While still anchored to the Document [14] (Title: Anaerobic respiration) molecule. Therefore, generally speaking, anaerobic respiration is less efficient than aerobic. There are two important microbial methane formation pathways, through carbonate reduction (respiration), and acetate fermentation. Cellular respiration (both aerobic and anaerobic) utilizes highly reduced chemical compounds such as NADH and FADH2 (for example produced during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle) to establish an electrochemical gradient (often a proton gradient) across a membrane, resulting in an electrical potential or ion concentration difference across the membrane. The reduced chemical compounds are oxidized by a series of respiratory integral membrane proteins with sequentially increasing reduction potentials with the final electron acceptor Document [15] (Title: Hydrogen ion) Hydrogen ion A hydrogen ion is created when a hydrogen atom loses or gains an electron. A positively charged hydrogen ion (or proton) can readily combine with other particles and therefore is only seen isolated when it is in a gaseous state or a nearly particle-free space. Due to its extremely high charge density of approximately 2×10 times that of a sodium ion, the bare hydrogen ion cannot exist freely in solution as it readily hydrates, i.e., bonds quickly. The hydrogen ion is recommended by IUPAC as a general term for all ions of hydrogen and its isotopes. Depending on Document [16] (Title: Carbonic anhydrase) to carbon dioxide, suited for exhalation. A zinc prosthetic group in the enzyme is coordinated in three positions by histidine side-chains. The fourth coordination position is occupied by water. A fourth histidine is close to the water ligand, facilitating formation of Zn-OH center, which binds CO to give a zinc bicarbonate. The construct is an example of general acid – general base catalysis (see the article "Acid catalysis"). The active site also features a pocket suited for carbon dioxide, bringing it close to the hydroxide group. Carbonic anhydrase was initially found in the red blood cells of cows. At least Document [17] (Title: Reactive oxygen species) enough time for the molecule to travel into the nucleus of the cell, subsequently reacting with macromolecules such as DNA. ROS are produced intracellularly through multiple mechanisms and depending on the cell and tissue types, the major sources being the "professional" producers of ROS: NADPH oxidase (NOX) complexes (7 distinct isoforms) in cell membranes, mitochondria, peroxisomes, and endoplasmic reticulum. Mitochondria convert energy for the cell into a usable form, adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The process in which ATP is produced, called oxidative phosphorylation, involves the transport of protons (hydrogen ions) across the inner mitochondrial membrane by means of the electron transport Document [18] (Title: Hydrogen production) to about 93 °C and starts the reaction; sodium silicate, hydrogen and steam are produced. Biological hydrogen can be produced in an algae bioreactor. In the late 1990s it was discovered that if the algae are deprived of sulfur it will switch from the production of oxygen, i.e. normal photosynthesis, to the production of hydrogen. It seems that the production is now economically feasible by surpassing the 7–10 percent energy efficiency (the conversion of sunlight into hydrogen) barrier. with a hydrogen production rate of 10-12 ml per liter culture per hour. The conversion of solar energy to hydrogen by means Document [19] (Title: Cellular respiration) glycogen. During recovery, when oxygen becomes available, NAD+ attaches to hydrogen from lactate to form ATP. In yeast, the waste products are ethanol and carbon dioxide. This type of fermentation is known as alcoholic or ethanol fermentation. The ATP generated in this process is made by substrate-level phosphorylation, which does not require oxygen. Fermentation is less efficient at using the energy from glucose: only 2 ATP are produced per glucose, compared to the 38 ATP per glucose nominally produced by aerobic respiration. This is because the waste products of fermentation still contain chemical potential energy that can be released by Document [20] (Title: Cellular waste product) fatigue. It also creates a gradient which induces water to flow out of cells and increases blood pressure. Research suggests that lactic acid may also play a role in lowering levels of potassium in the blood. It can also be converted back to pyruvate or converted back to glucose in the liver and fully metabolized by aerobic respiration. Cellular waste product Cellular waste products are formed as a by-product of cellular respiration, a series of processes and reactions that generate energy for the cell, in the form of ATP. Two examples of cellular respiration creating cellular waste products are aerobic Document [21] (Title: Hydrogen) reducing equivalents produced during pyruvate fermentation to water. The natural cycle of hydrogen production and consumption by organisms is called the hydrogen cycle. Water splitting, in which water is decomposed into its component protons, electrons, and oxygen, occurs in the light reactions in all photosynthetic organisms. Some such organisms, including the alga "Chlamydomonas reinhardtii" and cyanobacteria, have evolved a second step in the dark reactions in which protons and electrons are reduced to form H gas by specialized hydrogenases in the chloroplast. Efforts have been undertaken to genetically modify cyanobacterial hydrogenases to efficiently synthesize H gas even in the presence Document [22] (Title: Homeostasis) partial pressure of carbon dioxide and therefore the plasma pH. The converse happens when a high plasma pH stimulates the kidneys to secrete hydrogen ions into the blood and to excrete bicarbonate into the urine. The hydrogen ions combine with the excess bicarbonate ions in the plasma, once again forming an excess of carbonic acid which can be exhaled, as carbon dioxide, in the lungs, keeping the plasma bicarbonate ion concentration, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide and, therefore, the plasma pH, constant. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) allows for regulation of the distribution of substances between cells of the brain, and Document [23] (Title: Hydrogen storage) also candidates of hydrogen storage materials, as they can subject to energetically favored reaction to form covalently bonded dimers with loss of a hydrogen molecule. Carbohydrates (polymeric CHO) releases H in a bioreformer mediated by the enzyme cocktail—cell-free synthetic pathway biotransformation. Carbohydrate provides high hydrogen storage densities as a liquid with mild pressurization and cryogenic constraints: It can also be stored as a solid powder. Carbohydrate is the most abundant renewable bioresource in the world. In May 2007 biochemical engineers from the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University and biologists and chemists from the Oak Ridge National Laboratory announced a Document [24] (Title: Cellular respiration) ADP and a phosphate group. Biology textbooks often state that 38 ATP molecules can be made per oxidised glucose molecule during cellular respiration (2 from glycolysis, 2 from the Krebs cycle, and about 34 from the electron transport system). However, this maximum yield is never quite reached because of losses due to leaky membranes as well as the cost of moving pyruvate and ADP into the mitochondrial matrix, and current estimates range around 29 to 30 ATP per glucose. Aerobic metabolism is up to 15 times more efficient than anaerobic metabolism (which yields 2 molecules ATP per 1 molecule glucose). Document [25] (Title: Hydrogen isotope biogeochemistry) the 1-deoxyD-xylulose-5-phosphate/2-methylerythroyl-4-phosphate pathway. The acetogenic pathway is responsible for the production of "n"-alkyl lipids like leaf waxes, and is associated with a smaller δD depletion relative to source water than the other two lipid biosynthesis pathways. While leaf water is the main source of hydrogen in leaf biomolecules, relatively depleted hydrogen from acetate or NADPH is often added during biosynthesis, and contributes to the hydrogen composition of the final molecule. Secondary hydrogen exchange reactions, meaning hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions outside of the primary biosynthetic pathway, also contribute substantially to the variability of lipid hydrogen isotope composition It is important to Document [26] (Title: Iron–sulfur cluster) or 4Fe-4S centers. They occur in all branches of life. The Rieske proteins contain Fe-S clusters that coordinate as a 2Fe-2S structure and can be found in the membrane bound cytochrome bc1 complex III in the mitochondria of animals and bacteria (eukaryotic cells). They are also a part of the proteins of the chloroplast such as the cytochrome bf complex in photosynthetic organisms. These photosynthetic organisms include plants, cyanobacteria, and green algae (prokaryotic cells). Both are part of the electron transport chain of their respective organisms which is a crucial step in the energy harvesting for many organisms. In some Document [27] (Title: Regenerative fuel cell) electrolysis process in SORFC due to high temperature. The electrolyte can be O conducting and/or proton(H) conducting. The state of the art for O conducting yttria stabilized zirconia(YSZ) based SORFC using Ni–YSZ as the hydrogen electrode and LSM (or LSM–YSZ) as the oxygen electrode has been actively studied. Dönitz and Erdle reported on the operation of YSZ electrolyte cells with current densities of 0.3 A cm and 100% Faraday efficiency at only 1.07 V. The recent study by researchers from Sweden shows that ceria-based composite electrolytes, where both proton and oxide ion conductions exist, produce high current output for fuel Document [28] (Title: Dark cell) alpha and beta isoforms, transporting potassium into the cell in exchange for sodium while consuming ATP. The infoldings also create large surface area over which ion exchange can take place and the plethora of mitochondria enclosed provides the needed energy source of ATP for active transport. The basolateral membrane also contains a Na/K/Cl-co-transporter, (NKCC1) which transports all three ions into the cell. The transport of sodium into the cell enhances the effect of the Na+/K+-ATPase pump by stimulating the outward transport of Na+, and therefore, the inward transport of K+. Na-K-Cl cotransporter is the therapeutic target of action for loop Document [29] (Title: Standard hydrogen electrode) dipped in an acidic solution and pure hydrogen gas is bubbled through it. The concentration of both the reduced form and oxidised form is maintained at unity. That implies that the pressure of hydrogen gas is 1 bar (100 kPa) and the activity of hydrogen ions in the solution is unity. The activity of hydrogen ions is their effective concentration, which is equal to the formal concentration times the activity coefficient. These unit-less activity coefficients are close to 1.00 for very dilute water solutions, but usually lower for more concentrated solutions. The Nernst equation should be written as: where: During Document [30] (Title: Hydrogenase) metal is coordinated by carbon monoxide (CO) and cyanide (CN) ligands. The [NiFe] hydrogenases are heterodimeric proteins consisting of small (S) and large (L) subunits. The small subunit contains three iron-sulfur clusters while the large subunit contains the active site, a nickel-iron centre which is connected to the solvent by a molecular tunnel. In some [NiFe] hydrogenases, one of the Ni-bound cysteine residues is replaced by selenocysteine. On the basis of sequence similarity, however, the [NiFe] and [NiFeSe] hydrogenases should be considered a single superfamily. To date, periplasmic, cytoplasmic, and cytoplasmic membrane-bound hydrogenases have been found. The [NiFe] hydrogenases, when Document [31] (Title: Hydrogen ion) connection with acids, "hydrogen ions" typically refers to hydrons. "Hydrogen atom (center) contains a single proton and a single electron. Removal of the electron gives a cation (left), whereas addition of an electron gives an anion (right). The hydrogen anion, with its loosely held two-electron cloud, has a larger radius than the neutral atom, which in turn is much larger than the bare proton of the cation. Hydrogen forms the only cation that has no electrons, but even cations that (unlike hydrogen) still retain one or more electrons are still smaller than the neutral atoms or molecules from which they Document [32] (Title: Chemiosmosis) one of the major eukaryotic supergroups. Chemiosmotic phosphorylation is the third pathway that produces ATP from inorganic phosphate and an ADP molecule. This process is part of oxidative phosphorylation. Chemiosmosis Chemiosmosis is the movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane, down their electrochemical gradient. An example of this would be the generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by the movement of hydrogen ions (H) across a membrane during cellular respiration or photosynthesis. Hydrogen ions, or protons, will diffuse from an area of high proton concentration to an area of lower proton concentration, and an electrochemical concentration gradient of protons across a Document [33] (Title: Alternative energy) the presence of oxygen, also known as an anaerobic environment, regular cellular respiration cannot take place and a process known as fermentation takes over. A major by-product of this process is hydrogen gas. If this could be implemented on a large scale, then sunlight, nutrients and water could create hydrogen gas to be used as a dense source of energy. Large-scale production has proven difficult. Not until 1999, was it even possible to induce these anaerobic conditions by sulfur deprivation. Since the fermentation process is an evolutionary back up, turned on during stress, the cells would die after a few Document [34] (Title: Photosynthesis) of carbon dioxide to carbohydrate, cellular respiration is the oxidation of carbohydrate or other nutrients to carbon dioxide. Nutrients used in cellular respiration include carbohydrates, amino acids and fatty acids. These nutrients are oxidized to produce carbon dioxide and water, and to release chemical energy to drive the organism's metabolism. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are distinct processes, as they take place through different sequences of chemical reactions and in different cellular compartments. The general equation for photosynthesis as first proposed by Cornelis van Niel is therefore: Since water is used as the electron donor in oxygenic photosynthesis, the equation for Document [35] (Title: PH) and focuses solely on [H], in principle making it a simpler representation of hydrogen ion concentration. Only [H] can be determined, therefore [H] must be estimated using the [SO] and the stability constant of HSO, : However, it is difficult to estimate K in seawater, limiting the utility of the otherwise more straightforward free scale. Another scale, known as the 'seawater scale', often denoted 'pH', takes account of a further protonation relationship between hydrogen ions and fluoride ions, H + F ⇌ HF. Resulting in the following expression for [H]: However, the advantage of considering this additional complexity is dependent Document [36] (Title: Active transport) is then used to power the active transport of a second ion or molecule against its gradient. In bacteria and small yeast cells, a commonly cotransported ion is hydrogen. Hydrogen pumps are also used to create an electrochemical gradient to carry out processes within cells such as in the electron transport chain, an important function of cellular respiration that happens in the mitochondrion of the cell. In August 1960, in Prague, Robert K. Crane presented for the first time his discovery of the sodium-glucose cotransport as the mechanism for intestinal glucose absorption. Crane's discovery of cotransport was the first ever Document [37] (Title: Active transport) and thus movement of these ions is driven by hydrogen pumps, or proton pumps Primary active transport, also called direct active transport, directly uses metabolic energy to transport molecules across a membrane. Substances that are transported across the cell membrane by primary active transport include metal ions, such as Na, K, Mg, and Ca. These charged particles require ion pumps or ion channels to cross membranes and distribute through the body. Most of the enzymes that perform this type of transport are transmembrane ATPases. A primary ATPase universal to all animal life is the sodium-potassium pump, which helps to maintain Document [38] (Title: Hydrogen ion) the charge of the ion, two different classes can be distinguished: positively charged ions and negatively charged ions. A hydrogen atom is made up of a nucleus with charge +1, and a single electron. Therefore, the only positively charged ion possible has charge +1. It is noted H. Depending on the isotope in question, the hydrogen cation has different names: In addition, the ions produced by the reaction of these cations with water as well as their hydrates are called hydrogen ions: Zundel cations and Eigen cations play an important role in proton diffusion according to the Grotthuss mechanism. In Document [39] (Title: Iron–nickel clusters) of H which is performed by hydrogenase enzymes. These enzymes are able to create a charge gradient across the cell membrane which serves as an energy store. In aerobic environments, the oxidation and reduction of oxygen is the primary energy source. However, many bacteria are capable of living in environments where O supply is limited and use H as their primary energy source . The hydrogense enzymes which provide energy to the bacteria are centered around either a Fe–Fe or Fe–Ni active site. H metabolism is not used by humans or other complex life forms, but proteins in the mitochondria Document [40] (Title: Histamine) uptake of carbon dioxide and water from the blood, which is then converted to carbonic acid by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase. Inside the cytoplasm of the parietal cell, the carbonic acid readily dissociates into hydrogen and bicarbonate ions. The bicarbonate ions diffuse back through the basilar membrane and into the bloodstream, while the hydrogen ions are pumped into the lumen of the stomach via a K/H ATPase pump. Histamine release is halted when the pH of the stomach starts to decrease. Antagonist molecules, like ranitidine, block the H receptor and prevent histamine from binding, causing decreased hydrogen ion secretion. While Document [41] (Title: Hydrogen ion cluster) Hydrogen ion cluster A hydrogen molecular ion cluster or hydrogen cluster ion is a positively charged cluster of hydrogen molecules. The hydrogen molecular ion () and trihydrogen ion () are well defined molecular species. However hydrogen also forms singly charged clusters () with "n" up to 120. Hydrogen ion clusters can be formed in liquid helium or with lesser cluster size in pure hydrogen. is far more common than higher even numbered clusters. is stable in solid hydrogen. The positive charge is balanced by a solvated electron. It is formed when ionizing radiation impinges on solid hydrogen, and so is Document [42] (Title: Carbohydrate catabolism) of electrons, is used to reduce NAD+ and FAD to NADH and FADH, respectively. NADH and FADH contain the stored energy harnessed from the initial glucose molecule and is used in the electron transport chain where the bulk of the ATP is produced. The last process in aerobic respiration is oxidative phosphorylation, also known as the electron transport chain. Here NADH and FADH, which contain the energy in the form of electrons, deliver their electrons to the inner membranes of the mitochondrion to power the production of ATP. Oxidative phosphorylation contributes the majority of the ATP produced, compared to glycolysis Document [43] (Title: Hydrogen) of the planet Jupiter. The ion is relatively stable in the environment of outer space due to the low temperature and density. is one of the most abundant ions in the Universe, and it plays a notable role in the chemistry of the interstellar medium. Neutral triatomic hydrogen H can exist only in an excited form and is unstable. By contrast, the positive hydrogen molecular ion () is a rare molecule in the universe. is produced in chemistry and biology laboratories, often as a by-product of other reactions; in industry for the hydrogenation of unsaturated substrates; and in nature as Document [44] (Title: Biohydrogen) Hydrogen is usually derived from fossil fuels by steam reforming of natural gas - sometimes referred to as steam methane reforming (SMR) - is the most common method of producing bulk hydrogen at about 95% of the world production. Biohydrogen Biohydrogen is H that is produced biologically. Interest is high in this technology because H is a clean fuel and can be readily produced from certain kinds of biomass. Many challenges characterize this technology, including those intrinsic to H, such as storage and transportation of a noncondensible gas. Hydrogen producing organisms are poisoned by O. Yields of H are often Document [45] (Title: Cellular waste product) Cellular waste product Cellular waste products are formed as a by-product of cellular respiration, a series of processes and reactions that generate energy for the cell, in the form of ATP. Two examples of cellular respiration creating cellular waste products are aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration. Each pathway generates different waste products. When in the presence of oxygen, cells use aerobic respiration to obtain energy from glucose molecules. Simplified Theoretical Reaction: CHO + 6O → 6CO + 6HO + ~ 30ATP Cells undergoing aerobic respiration produce 6 molecules of carbon dioxide, 6 molecules of water, and up to 30 molecules Document [46] (Title: Cellular respiration) Acetyl CoA + 2 Carbon Dioxide + 2 Hydrogen" 3. Krebs Cycle: --- "2 Acetyl CoA + 3 O2 → 6 Hydrogen + 4 Carbon Dioxide + 2 ATPs" 4. Electron Transport System: --- "12 Hydrogen + 3 O2 → 6 Water + 32 ATPs" Overall Reaction: --- "Glucose + 6 O2 → 6 Carbon Dioxide + 6 Water + 36 ATPs" Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway that takes place in the cytosol of cells in all living organisms. This pathway can function with or without the presence of oxygen. In humans, aerobic conditions produce pyruvate and anaerobic conditions produce Document [47] (Title: Biochemistry) electron transport system transferring the electrons ultimately to oxygen and conserving the released energy in the form of a proton gradient over a membrane (inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotes). Thus, oxygen is reduced to water and the original electron acceptors NAD and quinone are regenerated. This is why humans breathe in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide. The energy released from transferring the electrons from high-energy states in NADH and quinol is conserved first as proton gradient and converted to ATP via ATP synthase. This generates an additional "28" molecules of ATP (24 from the 8 NADH + 4 from Document [48] (Title: Microbial enhanced oil recovery) respiration as metabolic strategy for survival. The electron transport takes place along and across the cellular membrane (prokaryotes lack of mitochondria). Electrons are transferred from an electron donor (molecule to be oxidised anaerobically) to an electron acceptor (NO, SO, MnO, etc.). The net Eh between a given electron donor and acceptor; hydrogen ions and other species in place will determine which reaction will first take place. For instance, nitrification is hierarchically more favoured than sulphate reduction. This allows for enhanced oil recovery by disfavouring biologically produced HS, which derives from reduced SO. In this process, the effects of nitrate reduction Document [49] (Title: Acute inhalation injury) exposure and on the specific agent Chlorine, phosgene, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and ammonia are among the most important irritant gases. Hydrogen sulfide is also a potent cellular toxin, blocking the cytochrome system and inhibiting cellular respiration. More water-soluble gases (e.g. chlorine, ammonia, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen chloride) dissolve in the upper airway and immediately cause mucous membrane irritation, which may alert people to the need to escape the exposure. Permanent damage to the upper respiratory tract, distal airways, and lung parenchyma occurs only if escape from the gas source is impeded. Less soluble gases (e.g. Document [50] (Title: Chemiosmosis) chemiosmotic hypothesis in 1961. The theory suggests essentially that most adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis in respiring cells comes from the electrochemical gradient across the inner membranes of mitochondria by using the energy of NADH and FADH formed from the breaking down of energy-rich molecules such as glucose. Molecules such as glucose are metabolized to produce acetyl CoA as an energy-rich intermediate. The oxidation of acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) in the mitochondrial matrix is coupled to the reduction of a carrier molecule such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). The carriers pass electrons to the electron transport Document [51] (Title: Hydrogen fuel) so light, it rises in the atmosphere and is therefore rarely found in its pure form, H. In a flame of pure hydrogen gas, burning in air, the hydrogen (H) reacts with oxygen (O) to form water (HO) and releases energy. If carried out in atmospheric air instead of pure oxygen, as is usually the case, hydrogen combustion may yield small amounts of nitrogen oxides, along with the water vapor. The energy released enables hydrogen to act as a fuel. In an electrochemical cell, that energy can be used with relatively high efficiency. If it is used simply for heat, Document [52] (Title: DNA-binding protein from starved cells) intersubunit ferroxidase center. The dinuclear ferroxidase centers are located at the interfaces between subunits related by 2-fold symmetry axes. Fe(II) is sequestered and stored in the form of Fe(III) oxyhydroxide mineral, which can be released after reduction. In the mineral iron core up to 500 Fe(III) can be deposited. One hydrogen peroxide oxidizes two Fe ions, which prevents hydroxyl radical production by the Fenton reaction (reaction I): 2 Fe + HO + 2 H = 2 Fe + 2 HO Dps also protects the cell from UV and gamma ray irradiation, iron and copper toxicity, thermal stress and acid and Document [53] (Title: Hydrogen storage) activity of the nanoparticles. Furthermore, this system exhibits faster transport of protons across the cell which makes HFCs with nanoparticle composite membranes a promising alternative. Another application of nanomaterials in water splitting has been introduced by a research group at Manchester Metropolitan University in the UK using screen-printed electrodes consisting of a graphene-like material . Similar systems have been developed using photoelectrochemical techniques. Hydrogen storage Methods of hydrogen storage for subsequent use span many approaches including high pressures, cryogenics, and chemical compounds that reversibly release H upon heating. Underground hydrogen storage is useful to provide grid energy storage for intermittent Document [54] (Title: Cellular respiration) However some anaerobic organisms, such as methanogens are able to continue with anaerobic respiration, yielding more ATP by using other inorganic molecules (not oxygen) as final electron acceptors in the electron transport chain. They share the initial pathway of glycolysis but aerobic metabolism continues with the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. The post-glycolytic reactions take place in the mitochondria in eukaryotic cells, and in the cytoplasm in prokaryotic cells. 1. Glycolysis: --- "2 ATPs + Glucose → 2 Pyruvic Acid + 4 Hydrogen + 4 ATPs" 2. Formation of Acetyl CoA: --- "2 Pyruvic Acid + 2 CoA → 2 Document [55] (Title: Gastric acid) reaction between carbon dioxide and water to form carbonic acid. This acid immediately dissociates into hydrogen and bicarbonate ions. The hydrogen ions leave the cell through H/K ATPase antiporter pumps. At the same time, sodium ions are actively reabsorbed. This means that the majority of secreted K and Na ions return to the cytoplasm. In the canaliculus, secreted hydrogen and chloride ions mix and are secreted into the lumen of the oxyntic gland. The highest concentration that gastric acid reaches in the stomach is 160 mM in the canaliculi. This is about 3 million times that of arterial blood, but Document [56] (Title: Cellular respiration) efficiency of the whole process and the likely maximum is closer to 28–30 ATP molecules. In practice the efficiency may be even lower because the inner membrane of the mitochondria is slightly leaky to protons. Other factors may also dissipate the proton gradient creating an apparently leaky mitochondria. An uncoupling protein known as thermogenin is expressed in some cell types and is a channel that can transport protons. When this protein is active in the inner membrane it short circuits the coupling between the electron transport chain and ATP synthesis. The potential energy from the proton gradient is not used Document [57] (Title: Chlorine production) and the hydrogen formed at the cathode. This technology was also developed at the end of the nineteenth century. There are several variants of this process: the Le Sueur cell (1893), the Hargreaves-Bird cell (1901), the Gibbs cell (1908), and the Townsend cell (1904). The cells vary in construction and placement of the diaphragm, with some having the diaphragm in direct contact with the cathode. The salt solution is continuously fed to the anode compartment and flows through the diaphragm to the cathode compartment, where the caustic alkali is produced and the brine is partially depleted. As a result, diaphragm Document [58] (Title: Hydrogen isotope biogeochemistry) site of lipid biosynthesis. No fractionation is associated with water uptake by roots, a process usually driven by capillary tension, with the one exception of xerophytes that burn ATP to pump water in extremely arid environments (with a roughly 10‰ depletion). However, leaf water can be substantially enriched relative to soil water due to transpiration, an evaporative process which is influenced by temperature, humidity, and the composition of surrounding water vapor. The leaf water hydrogen isotope composition can be described with a modified Craig-Gordon model, where ΔD is the steady state enrichment of leaf water, ε is the temperature-dependent equilibrium Document [59] (Title: Hammett acidity function) with electron-withdrawing groups for the bases. Hammett also pointed out the equivalent form where "a" is the activity, and the γ are thermodynamic activity coefficients. In dilute aqueous solution (pH 0-14) the predominant acid species is HO and the activity coefficients are close to unity, so H is approximately equal to the pH. However beyond this pH range, the effective hydrogen-ion activity changes much more rapidly than the concentration. This is often due to changes in the nature of the acid species; for example in concentrated sulfuric acid, the predominant acid species ("H+") is not HO but rather HSO which Document [60] (Title: Abiogenesis) an abiogenic hatchery for life. Their microscopic compartments "provide a natural means of concentrating organic molecules," composed of iron-sulfur minerals such as mackinawite, endowed these mineral cells with the catalytic properties envisaged by Wächtershäuser. This movement of ions across the membrane depends on a combination of two factors: These two gradients taken together can be expressed as an electrochemical gradient, providing energy for abiogenic synthesis. The proton motive force can be described as the measure of the potential energy stored as a combination of proton and voltage gradients across a membrane (differences in proton concentration and electrical potential). Jack W. Document [61] (Title: Membraneless Fuel Cells) pressure containers or cryogenic liquid containers which is a significant disadvantage to liquid transport. The majority of fuel cell technologies currently employed are either PEM or SOFC cells. However, the electrolyte is often costly and not always completely effective. Although hydrogen technology has significantly evolved, other fossil fuel based cells (such as DMFC's) are still plagued by the shortcomings of proton exchange membranes. For example, fuel crossover means that low concentrations need to be used which limits the available power of the cell. In solid oxide fuel cells, high temperatures are needed which require energy and can also lead to Document [62] (Title: Hydrogen isotope biogeochemistry) difficult to calibrate the biological constraints on ε. Finally, preservation of biomolecules in the geologic record does not faithfully represent whole ecosystems, and there is always the threat of hydrogen exchange, particularly if the sediments are subjected to high temperatures. The hydrogen isotope composition of leaf waxes can be summarized as the δD of rain water, with three main fractionation steps- evaporation from soil water, transpiration from leaf water, and lipid biosynthesis, which can be combined and measured as the net fractionation, or ε. With the application of ever-improving measurement techniques for single molecules, and correlation with other independent proxies Document [63] (Title: Red blood cell) (the remaining oxygen is carried dissolved in the blood plasma). The red blood cells of an average adult human male store collectively about 2.5 grams of iron, representing about 65% of the total iron contained in the body. Red blood cells in mammals "anucleate" when mature, meaning that they lack a cell nucleus. In comparison, the red blood cells of other vertebrates have nuclei; the only known exceptions are salamanders of the genus "Batrachoseps" and fish of the genus "Maurolicus". The elimination of the nucleus in vertebrate red blood cells has been offered as an explanation for the subsequent accumulation Document [64] (Title: Hydrogen isotope biogeochemistry) pattern of water, non-polar molecules like oils and lipids, have gaseous counterparts enriched with deuterium relative to the liquid. This is thought to be associated with the polarity from hydrogen bonding in water that does not interfere in long-chain hydrocarbons. Due to physical and chemical fractionation processes, the variations in the isotopic compositions of elements are reported, and the standard atomic weights of hydrogen isotopes have been published by the Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances of the IUPAC. The ratios of stable H isotopes are reported relative to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) reference water. In the Document [65] (Title: Hydrogenase) Hydrogenase A hydrogenase is an enzyme that catalyses the reversible oxidation of molecular hydrogen (H), as shown below: Hydrogen uptake () is coupled to the reduction of electron acceptors such as oxygen, nitrate, sulfate, carbon dioxide (), and fumarate. On the other hand, proton reduction () is coupled to the oxidation of electron donors such as ferredoxin (FNR), and serves to dispose excess electrons in cells (essential in pyruvate fermentation). Both low-molecular weight compounds and proteins such as FNRs, cytochrome "c", and cytochrome "c" can act as physiological electron donors or acceptors for hydrogenases. It has been estimated that 99% Document [66] (Title: Cellular respiration) mitochondrion and finally oxidized to the carbon dioxide (CO), but reduced to ethanol or lactic acid in the cytoplasm. Without oxygen, pyruvate (pyruvic acid) is not metabolized by cellular respiration but undergoes a process of fermentation. The pyruvate is not transported into the mitochondrion, but remains in the cytoplasm, where it is converted to waste products that may be removed from the cell. This serves the purpose of oxidizing the electron carriers so that they can perform glycolysis again and removing the excess pyruvate. Fermentation oxidizes NADH to NAD+ so it can be re-used in glycolysis. In the absence of Document [67] (Title: Ammonia) renal tubules, combine with a hydrogen ion, and thus allow for further acid excretion. Ammonium ions are a toxic waste product of metabolism in animals. In fish and aquatic invertebrates, it is excreted directly into the water. In mammals, sharks, and amphibians, it is converted in the urea cycle to urea, because it is less toxic and can be stored more efficiently. In birds, reptiles, and terrestrial snails, metabolic ammonium is converted into uric acid, which is solid, and can therefore be excreted with minimal water loss. Ammonia has been detected in the atmospheres of the gas giant planets, including Document [68] (Title: Gran plot) advent of modern computers and enabling software packages, especially spreadsheet programs with built-in least-squares functionality. The Gran plot is based on the Nernst equation which can be written as where "E" is a measured electrode potential, "E" is a standard electrode potential, "s" is the slope, ideally equal to RT/nF, and {H} is the activity of the hydrogen ion. The expression rearranges to depending on whether the electrode is calibrated in millivolts or pH. For convenience the concentration, [H], is used in place of activity. In a titration of strong acid with strong alkali, the analytical concentration of the hydrogen Document [69] (Title: Anaerobic respiration) in homofermentative lactic acid bacteria, NADH formed during the oxidation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is oxidized back to NAD+ by the reduction of pyruvate to lactic acid at a later stage in the pathway. In yeast, acetaldehyde is reduced to ethanol to regenerate NAD+. The two processes thus generate ATP in very different ways, and the terms should not be treated as synonyms. Anaerobic respiration is a critical component of the global nitrogen, iron, sulfur, and carbon cycles through the reduction of the oxyanions of nitrogen, sulfur, and carbon to more-reduced compounds. The biogeochemical cycling of these compounds, which depends upon anaerobic Document [70] (Title: Cellular respiration) third phosphate group is added to form ATP (adenosine triphosphate), by substrate-level phosphorylation, NADH and FADH The negative ΔG indicates that the reaction can occur spontaneously. The potential of NADH and FADH is converted to more ATP through an electron transport chain with oxygen as the "terminal electron acceptor". Most of the ATP produced by aerobic cellular respiration is made by oxidative phosphorylation. This works by the energy released in the consumption of pyruvate being used to create a chemiosmotic potential by pumping protons across a membrane. This potential is then used to drive ATP synthase and produce ATP from Document [71] (Title: Electrodialysis) + ½ O (g) + 2e or 2 Cl → Cl (g) + 2e Small amounts of hydrogen gas are generated at the cathode and small amounts of either oxygen or chlorine gas (depending on composition of the E stream and end ion exchange membrane arrangement) at the anode. These gases are typically subsequently dissipated as the E stream effluent from each electrode compartment is combined to maintain a neutral pH and discharged or re-circulated to a separate E tank. However, some (e.g.,) have proposed collection of hydrogen gas for use in energy production. Current efficiency is a measure of Document [72] (Title: Water) with CO (absorbed from air or water) to form glucose and release oxygen. All living cells use such fuels and oxidize the hydrogen and carbon to capture the sun's energy and reform water and CO in the process (cellular respiration). Water is also central to acid-base neutrality and enzyme function. An acid, a hydrogen ion (H, that is, a proton) donor, can be neutralized by a base, a proton acceptor such as a hydroxide ion (OH) to form water. Water is considered to be neutral, with a pH (the negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration) of 7. Acids have Document [73] (Title: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) limited, although in the mitochondrion the concentration of NAD is similar to that in the cytosol. This NAD is carried into the mitochondrion by a specific membrane transport protein, since the coenzyme cannot diffuse across membranes. The balance between the oxidized and reduced forms of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is called the NAD/NADH ratio. This ratio is an important component of what is called the "redox state" of a cell, a measurement that reflects both the metabolic activities and the health of cells. The effects of the NAD/NADH ratio are complex, controlling the activity of several key enzymes, including glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate Document [74] (Title: Hydrogenase) nickel nor iron-sulfur clusters but an iron-containing cofactor that was recently characterized by X-ray diffraction. Unlike the other two types, [Fe]-only hydrogenases are found only in some hydrogenotrophic methanogenic archaea. They also feature a fundamentally different enzymatic mechanism in terms of redox partners and how electrons are delivered to the active site. In [NiFe] and [FeFe] hydrogenases, electrons travel through a series of metallorganic clusters that comprise a long distance; the active site structures remain unchanged during the whole process. In [Fe]-only hydrogenases, however, electrons are directly delivered to the active site via a short distance. Methenyl-H4MPT, a cofactor, directly Document [75] (Title: Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate) H gradient; whether this occurs via a single (unknown) CHX or via exchangers in series (e.g. Na/H exchanger coupled to a Na/Ca exchanger) is unproven. Acidic vesicles in some cell types may well take a leaf out of the yeasts'/plants' book and host two uptake pathways, but whether this is a widespread template is unclear. In the absence of selective Ca uptake inhibitors (often because we do not even know the protein/route), it is common to "indirectly" inhibit Ca uptake by collapsing the thermodynamic drive (the H gradient). The H gradient can be eliminated either with H ionophores (protonophores) such Document [76] (Title: Proton-exchange membrane fuel cell) the (111) facets of the randomly shaped nanoparticles bonded more strongly to sulfate ions than the (100) facets, reducing the number of catalytic sites open to oxygen molecules. The nanocubes they synthesized, in contrast, had almost exclusively (100) facets, which are known to interact with sulfate more weakly. As a result, a greater fraction of the surface area of those particles was available for the reduction of oxygen, boosting the catalyst’s oxygen reduction activity. In addition, researchers have been investigating ways of reducing the CO content of hydrogen fuel before it enters a fuel cell as a possible way to Document [77] (Title: Cellular respiration) ATP. In eukaryotes, oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondrial cristae. It comprises the electron transport chain that establishes a proton gradient (chemiosmotic potential) across the boundary of inner membrane by oxidizing the NADH produced from the Krebs cycle. ATP is synthesized by the ATP synthase enzyme when the chemiosmotic gradient is used to drive the phosphorylation of ADP. The electrons are finally transferred to exogenous oxygen and, with the addition of two protons, water is formed. The table below describes the reactions involved when one glucose molecule is fully oxidized into carbon dioxide. It is assumed that all the reduced Document [78] (Title: Active transport) instead it relies upon the electrochemical potential difference created by pumping ions in/out of the cell. Permitting one ion or molecule to move down an electrochemical gradient, but possibly against the concentration gradient where it is more concentrated to that where it is less concentrated increases entropy and can serve as a source of energy for metabolism (e.g. in ATP synthase). The energy derived from the pumping of protons across a cell membrane is frequently used as the energy source in secondary active transport. In humans, sodium (Na) is a commonly co-transported ion across the plasma membrane, whose electrochemical gradient Document [79] (Title: Acid–base homeostasis) lungs and arterial blood. The sensor for the plasma HCO concentration is not known for certain. It is very probable that the renal tubular cells of the distal convoluted tubules are themselves sensitive to the pH of the plasma. The metabolism of these cells produces CO, which is rapidly converted to H and HCO through the action of carbonic anhydrase. When the extracellular fluids tend towards acidity, the renal tubular cells secrete the H ions into the tubular fluid from where they exit the body via the urine. The HCO ions are simultaneously secreted into the blood plasma, thus raising Document [80] (Title: Loop of Henle) the non-lumen side of the cell. This gives the lumen of the fluid in the loop a positive charge in comparison and creates a Na concentration gradient, which both push more Na into the cell via the Na-H antiporter. The hydrogen ion for the antiporter comes from the enzyme carbonic anhydrase, which takes water and carbon dioxide and forms bicarbonate and hydrogen ion. The hydrogen ion is exchanged for the Na in the tubular fluid of the loop of Henle. Loop of Henle In the kidney, the loop of Henle () (or Henle's loop, Henle loop, nephron loop or its Document [81] (Title: Proton-exchange membrane fuel cell) the hydrogen protons and electrons together with the oxygen molecule and the formation of one water molecule. The potentials in each case are given with respect to the standard hydrogen electrode. To function, the membrane must conduct hydrogen ions (protons) but not electrons as this would in effect "short circuit" the fuel cell. The membrane must also not allow either gas to pass to the other side of the cell, a problem known as gas crossover. Finally, the membrane must be resistant to the reducing environment at the cathode as well as the harsh oxidative environment at the anode. Splitting Document [82] (Title: Exoelectrogen) phylogenetically diverse, thus some chelating agents may reduce iron outside the cell acting as electron shuttles, while others may deliver iron to the cell for membrane bound reduction. Exoelectrogen An exoelectrogen normally refers to a microorganism that has the ability to transfer electrons extracellularly. While exoelectrogen is the predominant name, other terms have been used: electrochemically active bacteria, anode respiring bacteria, and electricigens. Electrons exocytosed in this fashion are produced following ATP production using an electron transport chain (ETC) during oxidative phosphorylation. Conventional cellular respiration requires a final electron acceptor to receive these electrons. Cells that use molecular oxygen (O) Document [83] (Title: Enzymatic biofuel cell) hydrogenase must be immobilized on the electrode in such a way that it can exchange electrons directly with the electrode to facilitate the transfer of electrons. This proves to be a challenge in that the active site of hydrogenase is buried in the center of the enzyme where the FeS clusters are used as an electron relay to exchange electrons with its natural redox partner. Possible solutions for greater efficiency of electron delivery include the immobilization of hydrogenase with the most exposed FeS cluster close enough to the electrode or the use of a redox mediator to carry out the Document [84] (Title: Cellular respiration) to make ATP but generates heat. This is particularly important in brown fat thermogenesis of newborn and hibernating mammals. According to some of newer sources the ATP yield during aerobic respiration is not 36–38, but only about 30–32 ATP molecules / 1 molecule of glucose , because: So finally we have, per molecule of glucose Altogether this gives 4 + 3 (or 5) + 20 + 3 = 30 (or 32) ATP per molecule of glucose The total ATP yield in ethanol or lactic acid fermentation is only 2 molecules coming from glycolysis, because pyruvate is not transferred to the Document [85] (Title: Hydrogen isotope biogeochemistry) value of bulk plant is around -160‰ where δD values for cellulose and lignin are -110‰ and -70‰ respectively. The hydrogen isotopic composition in animal tissues are difficult to estimate due to complexities in the diet intake and the isotopic composition of surrounding water sources. When fish species were investigated, average hydrogen isotopic composition of proteins was in a large range of –128 ‰ ~ +203 ‰. In the bulk tissue of organisms, all lipids were found to be D-depleted, and the values of δD for lipids tend to be lower than that for proteins. The average δD for Chironomid Document [86] (Title: Cellular respiration) pace themselves, such as sprinting. Cellular respiration is the process by which biological fuels are oxidised in the presence of an inorganic electron acceptor (such as oxygen) to produce large amounts of energy, to drive the bulk production of ATP. Anaerobic respiration is used by some microorganisms in which neither oxygen (aerobic respiration) nor pyruvate derivatives (fermentation) is the final electron acceptor. Rather, an inorganic acceptor such as sulfate or nitrate is used. Such organisms are typically found in unusual places such as underwater caves or near hydrothermal vents at the bottom of the ocean. Cellular respiration Cellular respiration is Document [87] (Title: Hydrogen economy) light. For example, photo-fermentation with "Rhodobacter sphaeroides" SH2C can be employed to convert small molecular fatty acids into hydrogen. Electrohydrogenesis is used in microbial fuel cells where hydrogen is produced from organic matter (e.g. from sewage, or solid matter) while 0.2 - 0.8 V is applied. Biological hydrogen can be produced in an algae bioreactor. In the late 1990s it was discovered that if the algae is deprived of sulfur it will switch from the production of oxygen, i.e. normal photosynthesis, to the production of hydrogen. Biological hydrogen can be produced in bioreactors that use feedstocks other than algae, the Document [88] (Title: Electrochemical gradient) animal cell has a transmembrane electrical potential of -50 mV to -70 mV inside the cell relative to the outside. Electrochemical gradients also play a role in establishing proton gradients in oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria. The final step of cellular respiration is the electron transport chain. Four complexes embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion make up the electron transport chain. However, only complexes I, III, and IV pump protons from the matrix to the intermembrane space (IMS). In total, there are ten protons translocated from the matrix to the IMS which generates an electrochemical potential of more than Document [89] (Title: Cupriavidus necator) the membrane bound hydrogenase and soluble hydrogenase. The membrane-bound hydrogenase (MBH) is linked to the respiratory chain through a specific cytochrome b-related protein in "C. necator". Hydrogen gas is oxidized at the [Ni-Fe] active site in the large subunit and the electrons are shuttled through the [Fe-S] clusters in the small subunit to the cytochrome b-like protein. The MBH is located on the outer cytoplasmic membrane. It recovers energy for the cell by funneling electrons into the respiratory chain and by increasing the proton gradient. The MBH in "C. necator" is not inhibited by CO and is tolerant to oxygen. Document [90] (Title: Respiratory complex I) nearby cysteine residue results in a conformational change upon reduction in the nearby helicases, leading to small but important changes in the overall protein conformation. Further electron paramagnetic resonance studies of the electron transfer have demonstrated that most of the energy that is released during the subsequent CoQ reduction is on the final ubiquinol formation step from semiquinone, providing evidence for the "single stroke" H translocation mechanism (i.e. all four protons move across the membrane at the same time). Alternative theories suggest a "two stroke mechanism" where each reduction step (semiquinone and ubiquinol) results in a stroke of two protons Document [91] (Title: Biohydrogen) Photosystem II produces in direct conversion of sunlight 80% of the electrons that end up in the hydrogen gas. Light-harvesting complex photosystem II light-harvesting protein LHCBM9 promotes efficient light energy dissipation. The Fe-Fe-hydrogenases need an anaerobic environment as they are inactivated by oxygen. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is used to examine metabolic pathways. The chlorophyll (Chl) antenna size in green algae is minimized, or truncated, to maximize photobiological solar conversion efficiency and H production. The truncated Chl antenna size minimizes absorption and wasteful dissipation of sunlight by individual cells, resulting in better light utilization efficiency and greater photosynthetic productivity by Document [92] (Title: Solar fuel) conditions; for example, "Chlamydomonas reinhardtii" produces hydrogen anaerobically under sulfur deprivation, that is, when cells are moved from one growth medium to another that does not contain sulfur, and are grown without access to atmospheric oxygen. Another approach was to abolish activity of the hydrogen-oxidizing (uptake) hydrogenase enzyme in the diazotrophic cyanobacterium "Nostoc punctiforme", so that it would not consume hydrogen that is naturally produced by the nitrogenase enzyme in nitrogen-fixing conditions. This "N. punctiforme" mutant could then produce hydrogen when illuminated with visible light. Carbon dioxide (CO) can be reduced to carbon monoxide (CO) and other more reduced compounds, Document [93] (Title: Halobacterium) for the cell by using sunlight to pump protons out of the cell. The resulting proton gradient across the cell membrane is used to drive the synthesis of the energy carrier ATP. Thus, when these protons flow back in, they are used in the synthesis of ATP (this proton flow can be emulated with a decrease in pH outside the cell, causing a flow of H ions). The bacteriorhodopsin protein is chemically very similar to the light-detecting pigment rhodopsin, found in the vertebrate retina. The "Halobacterium" NRC-1 genome is 2,571,010 bp compiled into three circular replicons. More specifically, it is Document [94] (Title: Hydrogen isotope biogeochemistry) and fish protein was estimated to be in the range of -128‰ to +203‰. Most hydrogens in heterotrophic tissues come from water not from diet sources, but the proportion coming from water varies. In general, Hydrogen from water is transferred to NADPH and then taken up to the tissues. An apparent trophic effect (compounding effect) can be observed for δD in heterotrophs, so significant D-enrichments result from the intake of surrounding water the in aquatic food webs. The δD of proteins in animal tissues are in cases affected more by diet sources than by surrounding water. Although different δD values Document [95] (Title: Mitochondrion) suggested that they contain proteins and lipids. Benjamin F. Kingsbury, in 1912, first related them with cell respiration, but almost exclusively based on morphological observations. In 1913, particles from extracts of guinea-pig liver were linked to respiration by Otto Heinrich Warburg, which he called "grana". Warburg and Heinrich Otto Wieland, who had also postulated a similar particle mechanism, disagreed on the chemical nature of the respiration. It was not until 1925, when David Keilin discovered cytochromes, that the respiratory chain was described. In 1939, experiments using minced muscle cells demonstrated that cellular respiration using one oxygen atom can form two Document [96] (Title: Hydrogen isotope biogeochemistry) - chemoautotrophs produce extremely depleted lipids, with the fractionation ranging from roughly -200 to -400‰. This has been observed both in laboratory-grown cultures fed a known quantity of deuterated water and in the environment. Proteins, however, do not follow as significant a trend, with both heterotrophs and autotrophs capable of generating large and variable fractionations. In part, kinetic fractionation of the lighter isotope during formation of reducing equivalents NADH and NADPH result in lipids and proteins that are isotopically lighter. Salinity appears to play a role in the degree of deuterium fractionation as well; more saline waters affect growth rate, Document [97] (Title: Microbial metabolism) Protons are transported across the membrane by the initial NADH reductase, quinones, and nitrous oxide reductase to produce the electrochemical gradient critical for respiration. Some organisms (e.g. "E. coli") only produce nitrate reductase and therefore can accomplish only the first reduction leading to the accumulation of nitrite. Others (e.g. "Paracoccus denitrificans" or "Pseudomonas stutzeri") reduce nitrate completely. Complete denitrification is an environmentally significant process because some intermediates of denitrification (nitric oxide and nitrous oxide) are important greenhouse gases that react with sunlight and ozone to produce nitric acid, a component of acid rain. Denitrification is also important in biological wastewater Document [98] (Title: Cellular respiration) Cellular respiration Cellular respiration is a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products. The reactions involved in respiration are catabolic reactions, which break large molecules into smaller ones, releasing energy in the process, as weak so-called "high-energy" bonds are replaced by stronger bonds in the products. Respiration is one of the key ways a cell releases chemical energy to fuel cellular activity. Cellular respiration is considered an exothermic redox reaction which releases heat. The overall reaction occurs in Document [99] (Title: Hydrogen isotope biogeochemistry) on the east side of the Sierra Nevada in California from mid-Miocene to late Pliocene, suggesting a decrease in elevation during this period. Another study found δD values around -140‰ in muscovite in the North America Cordillera during the early Eocene, which would suggest an elevation 1000m higher than today at the time. In addition to hydrous minerals, hydrogen isotopes in biomarkers such as leaf waxes have also been developed for paleoaltimetry studies. The δD lapse rate in leaf waxes (-21‰/km) falls in the range of meteoric water observations. As an example study, leaf wax δD data have been used Document [100] (Title: Cellular waste product) of ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which is directly used to produce energy, from each molecule of glucose in the presence of surplus oxygen. In aerobic respiration, oxygen serves as the recipient of electrons from the electron transport chain. Aerobic respiration is thus very efficient because oxygen is a strong oxidant. Aerobic respiration proceeds in a series of steps, which also increases efficiency - since glucose is broken down gradually and ATP is produced as needed, less energy is wasted as heat. This strategy results in the waste products HO and CO being formed in different amounts at different phases of respiration. Document [101] (Title: Mitochondrion) adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules, and, in 1941, the concept of the phosphate bonds of ATP being a form of energy in cellular metabolism was developed by Fritz Albert Lipmann. In the following years, the mechanism behind cellular respiration was further elaborated, although its link to the mitochondria was not known. The introduction of tissue fractionation by Albert Claude allowed mitochondria to be isolated from other cell fractions and biochemical analysis to be conducted on them alone. In 1946, he concluded that cytochrome oxidase and other enzymes responsible for the respiratory chain were isolated to the mitochondria. Eugene Kennedy and Albert Document [102] (Title: Bicarbonate buffer system) (for example, HCO) and its conjugate base (for example, HCO) so that any excess acid or base introduced to the system is neutralized. Failure of this system to function properly results in acid-base imbalance, such as acidemia (pH<7.35) and alkalemia (pH>7.45) in the blood. In tissue, cellular respiration produces carbon dioxide as a waste product; as one of the primary roles of the cardiovascular system, most of this CO is rapidly removed from the tissues by its hydration to bicarbonate ion. The bicarbonate ion present in the blood plasma is transported to the lungs, where it is dehydrated back into Document [103] (Title: Cytosol) a few take place in membranes or in the periplasmic space. In eukaryotes, while many metabolic pathways still occur in the cytosol, others take place within organelles. The cytosol is a complex mixture of substances dissolved in water. Although water forms the large majority of the cytosol, its structure and properties within cells is not well understood. The concentrations of ions such as sodium and potassium are different in the cytosol than in the extracellular fluid; these differences in ion levels are important in processes such as osmoregulation, cell signaling, and the generation of action potentials in excitable cells such Document [104] (Title: Nickel–hydrogen battery) negative electrode, including the catalyst and gas diffusion elements, of a fuel cell. During discharge, hydrogen contained in the pressure vessel is oxidized into water while the nickel oxyhydroxide electrode is reduced to nickel hydroxide. Water is consumed at the nickel electrode and produced at the hydrogen electrode, so the concentration of the potassium hydroxide electrolyte does not change. As the battery discharges, the hydrogen pressure drops, providing a reliable state of charge indicator. In one communication satellite battery, the pressure at full charge was over 500 pounds/square inch (3.4 MPa), dropping to only about 15 PSI (0.1 MPa) at Document [105] (Title: Symporter) to modulate the chemiosmotic potential inside the cell. Initially H+ is pumped into the area outside the root by H+ ATPase. This change in both the pH and electrochemical potential gradient between the inside of the cell and the outside produces a proton motive force, as the protons will want to naturally flow back into the area of low concentration and with a voltage closer to zero from their current situation of being in an area of high concentration of positively charged protons. The reasons for this are twofold. For one, substances in nature have a tendency to move from Document [106] (Title: Glycolysis) variety of compounds as the terminal electron acceptors in cellular respiration: nitrogenous compounds, such as nitrates and nitrites; sulfur compounds, such as sulfates, sulfites, sulfur dioxide, and elemental sulfur; carbon dioxide; iron compounds; manganese compounds; cobalt compounds; and uranium compounds. In aerobic organisms, a complex mechanism has been developed to use the oxygen in air as the final electron acceptor. The pyruvate produced by glycolysis is an important intermediary in the conversion of carbohydrates into fatty acids and cholesterol. This occurs via the conversion of pyruvate into acetyl-CoA in the mitochondrion. However, this acetyl CoA needs to be transported into Document [107] (Title: Fumarate reductase (quinol)) anaerobic respiration to grow. This reaction is opposite to the reaction that is catalyzed by the related complex II of the respiratory chain (succinate dehydrogenase (SQR)). To date, a number of QFR enzymes have been crystalized and the specifics of enzyme structure varies between organisms; however, the overall structure remains similar across different species. Fumarate reductase complexes include four subunits. Subunit A contains the site of fumarate reduction and a covalently bound flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) prosthetic group. It is closely bound to subunit B, which contains three iron-sulfur centers, all placed near to each other and the nearby substrates. Document [108] (Title: Hydrogenosome) with little or no oxygen, but hydrogenosomes "are" able to produce ATP from most of the same fuels "without" using oxygen. In addition to ordinary carbon dioxide, the distinctive waste product of hydrogenosomes is hydrogen: The hydrogen they produce gives the organelles their name. Hydrogenosomes are considered to be of scientific interest because comparing them with mitochondria may cast light on how all eukaryotic cells evolved. Hosting mitochondria appears to be a basal or near-basal trait among eukaryotes, the study of hydrogenosomes may shed light on how all multi-celled life developed. For example: Which came first: mitochondria, or hydrogenosomes, or Document [109] (Title: Chloroplast) an electron transport chain. The molecules between the photosystems harness the electrons' energy to pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space, creating a concentration gradient, with more hydrogen ions (up to a thousand times as many) inside the thylakoid system than in the stroma. The hydrogen ions in the thylakoid space then diffuse back down their concentration gradient, flowing back out into the stroma through ATP synthase. ATP synthase uses the energy from the flowing hydrogen ions to phosphorylate adenosine diphosphate into adenosine triphosphate, or ATP. Because chloroplast ATP synthase projects out into the stroma, the ATP is synthesized there, Document [110] (Title: P/O ratio) moving hydrogen must not only power rotation of ATP synthase, but may also be used in the transport of products and precursors. Given the net charge differences between ATP and ADP, the enzyme ATP–ADP translocase uses the equivalent of one hydrogen ion when moving ATP (outward) and ADP (inward) across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Within aerobic respiration, the P/O ratio continues to be debated; however, current figures place it at 2.5 ATP per. O reduced to water, though some claim the ratio is 3 This figure arises from accepting that 10 H are transported out of the matrix per 2 Document [111] (Title: Hypochlorous acid) remove AMP from the cytosol, depresses metabolic function. One protein involved in loss of ability to regenerate ATP has been found to be ATP synthetase. Much of this research on respiration reconfirms the observation that relevant bacteriocidal reactions take place at the cell membrane. Recently it has been proposed that bacterial inactivation by HOCl is the result of inhibition of DNA replication. When bacteria are exposed to HOCl, there is a precipitous decline in DNA synthesis that precedes inhibition of protein synthesis, and closely parallels loss of viability. During bacterial genome replication, the origin of replication (oriC in "E. coli") Document [112] (Title: Nanocomposite hydrogels) and improvement in electrical conductance. The presence of silver ions either stop the respiratory enzyme from transferring electrons to oxygen molecules during respiration or prevent proteins from reacting with thiol groups (-SH) on bacteria membrane, both result in the death of bacteria and microorganism without damaging mammal cells. The size of these silver nanoparticles need to be small enough to pass through the cell membrane and thus further research is required to manufacture them into appropriate sizes. Some concerns relating to hydrogels infused with nanoparticles are the chances of either bursting, or of incomplete release of drugs. Although hydrogels infused Document [113] (Title: Human iron metabolism) energy as ATP from a multi-step process known as cellular respiration, more specifically from oxidative phosphorylation at the mitochondrial cristae. Iron is present in the iron-sulfur clusters and heme groups of the electron transport chain proteins that generate a proton gradient that allows ATP synthase to synthesize ATP (chemiosmosis). Heme groups are part of hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells that serves to transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissues. Heme groups are also present in myoglobin to store and diffuse oxygen in muscle cells. The human body needs iron for oxygen transport. Oxygen (O) is required Document [114] (Title: Glycolysis) (At lower exercise intensities it can sustain muscle activity in diving animals, such as seals, whales and other aquatic vertebrates, for very much longer periods of time.) Under these conditions NAD is replenished by NADH donating its electrons to pyruvate to form lactate. This produces 2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule, or about 5% of glucose's energy potential (38 ATP molecules in bacteria). But the speed at which ATP is produced in this manner is about 100 times that of oxidative phosphorylation. The pH in the cytoplasm quickly drops when hydrogen ions accumulate in the muscle, eventually inhibiting the enzymes Document [115] (Title: Hydrogen) as dark matter and dark energy.) This element is found in great abundance in stars and gas giant planets. Molecular clouds of H are associated with star formation. Hydrogen plays a vital role in powering stars through the proton-proton reaction and the CNO cycle of nuclear fusion. Throughout the universe, hydrogen is mostly found in the atomic and plasma states, with properties quite different from those of molecular hydrogen. As a plasma, hydrogen's electron and proton are not bound together, resulting in very high electrical conductivity and high emissivity (producing the light from the Sun and other stars). The charged Document [116] (Title: Cellular respiration) oxygen, fermentation prevents the buildup of NADH in the cytoplasm and provides NAD+ for glycolysis. This waste product varies depending on the organism. In skeletal muscles, the waste product is lactic acid. This type of fermentation is called lactic acid fermentation. In strenuous exercise, when energy demands exceed energy supply, the respiratory chain cannot process all of the hydrogen atoms joined by NADH. During anaerobic glycolysis, NAD+ regenerates when pairs of hydrogen combine with pyruvate to form lactate. Lactate formation is catalyzed by lactate dehydrogenase in a reversible reaction. Lactate can also be used as an indirect precursor for liver Document [117] (Title: Hydrogen clathrate) Hydrogen clathrate A hydrogen clathrate is a clathrate containing hydrogen in a water lattice. This substance is interesting due to its possible use to store hydrogen in a hydrogen economy. Another unusual characteristic is that multiple hydrogen molecules can occur at each cage site in the ice, one of only a very few guest molecule that forms clathrates with this property. The maximum ratio of hydrogen to water is 6 H to 17 HO. It can be formed at 250K in a diamond anvil at a pressure of 300MPa (3000 Bars). It takes about 30 minutes to form, so this Document [118] (Title: Hydrogen ion cluster) formed in radioactive solid tritium. In natural hydrogen treated with radiation, the positive charge transfers to HD molecules, in preference to , with the ultimate most stable arrangement being HD(HD)HD. can migrate through solid hydrogen by linking a hydrogen molecule at one end and losing it at the other: + → + . This migration stops once an HD molecule is added resulting in a lower energy level. HD or is added in preference over . Clampitt and Gowland found clusters with an odd number of hydrogen atoms and later showed that was relatively stable. formed the core of this Document [119] (Title: Lactic acidosis) phosphorylation. This second step requires oxygen. The net result is ATP, the energy carrier used by the cell for metabolic activities and to perform work, such as muscle contraction. When the energy in ATP is used during cell work via ATP hydrolysis, hydrogen ions, (positively charged protons) are released. The mitochondria normally incorporate these free hydrogen nuclei back into ATP, thus preventing buildup of unbound hydrogen cations, and maintaining neutral pH. If oxygen supply is inadequate (hypoxia), the mitochondria are unable to continue creating ATP at a rate sufficient to meet the cell's energy needs. In this situation, glycolysis is Document [120] (Title: Boring Billion) in terms of the advantage gained by the host cell due to the greater energy production available through aerobic respiration (32 net ATP vs. 2 net for glycolysis). However, this hypothesis has several limitations. No known organism exports ATP to its environment, making it unlikely that a bacterium would begin doing so to its host. In addition, some eukaryotes possess mitochondria-derived organelles called hydrogenosomes which perform a type of anaerobic respiration, suggesting an adaptation to an anoxic environment. An alternative explanation known as the Hydrogen Hypothesis suggests that the unique conditions of the Canfield Ocean may have exerted a positive Document [121] (Title: Hydrogen isotope biogeochemistry) of α-pinene has found large variations in D/H ratios among its sites. Particularly ex-C2 position has a strong depletion (~-750‰), which was in disagreement with accepted biosynthetic mechanism (mevalonate mechanism) at that time, and lead to new development in pathways. More recently, Ina Ehlers published their work on the D6/D6 ratios of glucose molecules. The stereochemical diteterium distribution was found to correlate to photorespiration/photosynthesis ratios. Photorespiration/photosynthesis ratios are driven by CO2 fertilization, thus this might lead to new proxies in reconstructing paleo-CO2 concentration. Work has also been done for long-chain fatty acids and found that even-numbered sites, which are thought Document [122] (Title: Cellular waste product) lacking oxygen. However, some aerobic mammalian cells will preferentially use lactic acid fermentation over aerobic respiration. This phenomenon is called the Warburg effect and is found primarily in cancer cells. Muscles cells under great exertion will also use lactic acid fermentation to supplement aerobic respiration. Lactic acid fermentation is somewhat faster, although less efficient, than aerobic respiration, so in activities like sprinting it can help quickly provide needed energy to muscles. Cellular respiration takes place in the cristae of the mitochondria within cells. Depending on the pathways followed, the products are dealt with in different ways. CO is excreted from Document [123] (Title: Cellular waste product) as well as by cells called anaerobes that selectively perform anaerobic respiration even in the presence of oxygen. In anaerobic respiration, weak oxidants like sulfate and nitrate serve as oxidants in the place of oxygen. Generally, in anaerobic respiration sugars are broken down into carbon dioxide and other waste products that are dictated by the oxidant the cell uses. Whereas in aerobic respiration the oxidant is always oxygen, in anaerobic respiration it varies. Each oxidant produces a different waste product, such as nitrite, succinate, sulfide, methane, and acetate. Anaerobic respiration is correspondingly less efficient than aerobic respiration. In the absence Document [124] (Title: Iron–nickel clusters) of mammalian life appear to have evolved from hydrogenase enzymes, indicating that hydrogenase is a crucial step in the evolutionary development of metabolism. The active site of Fe–Ni containing hydrogenase enzymes often is composed of one or more bridging sulfur ligands, carbonyl, cyanide and terminal sulfur ligands. The non-bridging sulfur ligands are often cystine amino acid residues that attach the active site to the protein backbone. Metal–metal bonds between the Fe and Ni have not been observed. Several oxidation states of the Fe–Ni core have been observed in a variety of enzymes, though not all appear to be catalytically relevant. Document [125] (Title: Cellular respiration) a series of biochemical steps, most of which are redox reactions themselves. Although cellular respiration is technically a combustion reaction, it clearly does not resemble one when it occurs in a living cell because of the slow release of energy from the series of reactions. Nutrients that are commonly used by animal and plant cells in respiration include sugar, amino acids and fatty acids, and the most common oxidizing agent (electron acceptor) is molecular oxygen (O). The chemical energy stored in ATP (its third phosphate group is weakly bonded to the rest of the molecule and is cheaply broken allowing Document [126] (Title: Nickel–hydrogen battery) full discharge. If the cell is over-charged, the oxygen produced at the nickel electrode reacts with the hydrogen present in the cell and forms water; as a consequence the cells can withstand overcharging as long as the heat generated can be dissipated. The cells have the disadvantage of relatively high self-discharge rate, i.e. chemical reduction of Ni(III) into Ni(II) in the cathode: NiOOH + 0.5 H2 = Ni(OH)2. which is proportional to the pressure of hydrogen in the cell; in some designs, 50% of the capacity can be lost after only a few days' storage. Self-discharge is less at lower Document [127] (Title: Hydrogen isotope biogeochemistry) compounds where the hydrogen is largely bound to carbon, and therefore not exchangeable on experimental timescales. By this criteria, lipids are a much better subject for hydrogen isotope studies than sugars or amino acids. The net fractionation between source water and lipids is denoted as ε, and can be represented as formula_16 where "w" refers to the water, and "l" refers to the lipids. While the δD of source water is the biggest influence on the δD of lipids, discrepancies between fractionation factor values obtained from the slope and from the intercept of the regression suggest that the relationship is Document [128] (Title: Hydrogen isotope biogeochemistry) more complex than a two-pool fractionation. In other words, there are multiple fractionation steps that must be taken into account in understanding the isotopic composition of lipids. The carbon-bonded hydrogen isotopic composition of cellulose, as inherited from leaf water, has the potential of preserving the original meteoric water signal. This was first demonstrated in the 1970s. In a systematic survey across North America, tree cellulose δD was found to have a temperature sensitivity of 5.8‰/°C, similar to precipitation δD sensitivity of 5.6‰/°C. This spatial correlation may be complicated by local effects of soil evaporation and leaf transpiration, and the spatial Document [129] (Title: Cellular respiration) coenzymes are oxidized by the electron transport chain and used for oxidative phosphorylation. Although there is a theoretical yield of 38 ATP molecules per glucose during cellular respiration, such conditions are generally not realized because of losses such as the cost of moving pyruvate (from glycolysis), phosphate, and ADP (substrates for ATP synthesis) into the mitochondria. All are actively transported using carriers that utilize the stored energy in the proton electrochemical gradient. The outcome of these transport processes using the proton electrochemical gradient is that more than 3 H are needed to make 1 ATP. Obviously this reduces the theoretical Document [130] (Title: Abiogenesis) the ionic composition conducive to the origin of cells could not have existed in what we today call marine settings but is compatible with emissions of vapour-dominated zones of what we today call inland geothermal systems. Under the oxygen depleted, CO-dominated primordial atmosphere, the chemistry of water condensates and exhalations near geothermal fields would resemble the internal milieu of modern cells. Therefore, the precellular stages of evolution may have taken place in shallow "Darwin ponds" lined with porous silicate minerals mixed with metal sulfides and enriched in K, Zn, and phosphorus compounds. The deep sea vent, or alkaline hydrothermal vent, Document [131] (Title: Hydrogenosome) some common ancestor? Hydrogenosome A hydrogenosome is a membrane-enclosed organelle of some anaerobic ciliates, trichomonads, fungi, and animals. The hydrogenosomes of trichomonads (the most studied of the hydrogenosome-containing microorganisms) produce molecular hydrogen, acetate, carbon dioxide and ATP by the combined actions of pyruvate:ferredoxin oxido-reductase, hydrogenase, acetate:succinate CoA transferase and succinate thiokinase. Superoxide dismutase, malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating), ferredoxin, adenylate kinase and NADH:ferredoxin oxido-reductase are also localized in the hydrogenosome. It is nearly universally accepted that hydrogenosomes evolved from mitochondria. In 2010, scientists reported their discovery of the first known anaerobic metazoans with hydrogenosome-like organelles. Hydrogenosomes were isolated, purified, biochemically characterized and Document [132] (Title: Microbial electrolysis cell) up to 3.12 mH/md with an input voltage of 0.8 volts. The efficiency of hydrogen production depends on which organic substances are used. Lactic and acetic acid achieve 82% efficiency, while the values for unpretreated cellulose or glucose are close to 63%. The efficiency of normal water electrolysis is 60 to 70 percent. As MEC’s convert unusable biomass into usable hydrogen, they can produce 144% more usable energy than they consume as electrical energy. Depending on the organisms present at the cathode, MECs can also produce methane by a related mechanism. CalculationsOverall hydrogen recovery was calculated as "RH" = "C""R". Document [133] (Title: Boring Billion) selective pressure on mitochondria for reasons unrelated to aerobic respiration. According to the Hydrogen Hypothesis, the original endosymbiotic event was between a hydrogen-producing bacterium and a hydrogen-consuming archaeon. This symbiosis would have been advantageous in the anoxic conditions in the deeper reaches of the oceans at that time and would explain the widespread phylogenetic distribution of anaerobic respiration genes among eukaryotes. One other hypothesis is that a sulfur-metabolizing archaea and the ancestor of mitochondria lived in proximity, each feeding on the other's waste products and deriving energy through the recycling of sulfur. When environmental conditions became harsh for one partner, Document [134] (Title: Dioxygen in biological reactions) a waste product, is released from the cell and into the blood, where it combines with bicarbonate and hemoglobin for transport to the lungs. Blood circulates back to the lungs and the process repeats. Molecular oxygen, O, is essential for cellular respiration in all aerobic organisms. Oxygen is used as an electron acceptor in mitochondria to generate chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during oxidative phosphorylation. The reaction for the aerobic respiration is essentially the reverse of photosynthesis, except that now there is a large release of chemical energy that is stored in ATP molecules (up to Document [135] (Title: Trihydrogen cation) hydrogen increased, the amount of increased linearly and the amount of decreased linearly. In addition, there was little H at any pressure. This data suggested the proton exchange formation pathway discussed below. In 1961, Martin "et al." first suggested that may be present in interstellar space given the large amount of hydrogen in interstellar space and its reaction pathway was exothermic (~1.5 eV). This led to the suggestion of Watson and Herbst & Klemperer in 1973 that is responsible for the formation of many observed molecular ions. It was not until 1980 that the first spectrum of was discovered by Document [136] (Title: Cellular waste product) of oxygen, not all of the carbon-carbon bonds in glucose can be broken to release energy. A great deal of extractable energy is left in the waste products. Anaerobic respiration generally occurs in prokaryotes in environments that do not contain oxygen. Fermentation is another process by which cells can extract energy from glucose. It is not a form of cellular respiration, but it does generate ATP, break down glucose, and produce waste products. Fermentation, like aerobic respiration, begins by breaking glucose into two pyruvate molecules. From here, it proceeds using endogenous organic electron receptors, whereas cellular respiration uses exogenous receptors, Document [137] (Title: Hydrogen potassium ATPase) strong association with pre-senile dementia. Hydrogen potassium ATPase Gastric hydrogen potassium ATPase, also known as H/K ATPase, is an enzyme which functions to acidify the stomach. The gastric hydrogen potassium ATPase or H/K ATPase is the proton pump of the stomach. It exchanges potassium from the intestinal lumen with cytoplasmic hydronium and is the enzyme primarily responsible for the acidification of the stomach contents and the activation of the digestive enzyme pepsin (see gastric acid). The H/K ATPase is found in parietal cells, which are highly specialized epithelial cells located in the inner cell lining of the stomach called the Document [138] (Title: Hydrogen isotope biogeochemistry) Craig–Gordon model, it can be understood that leaf water in the growth chamber gasses is significantly D-enriched due to transpiration. The relative global abundance of D in plants is in the following order: phenylpropanoids > carbohydrates > bulk material > hydrolysable lipids > steroids. In plants, δD values of carbohydrates, which typically range around -70‰ to -140‰, are good indicators of the photosynthetic metabolism. Photosynthetically produced Hydrogens which are bound to carbon backbones are around 100-170‰ more D-depleted than the water found in plant tissues. The heterotrophic processing of carbohydrates involves isomerization of triose phosphates and interconversion between fructose-6-phosphate and Document [139] (Title: Electron transport chain) aerobic respiration is molecular oxygen although a variety of acceptors other than oxygen such as sulfate exist in anaerobic respiration. Electron transport chains are used for extracting energy via redox reactions from sunlight in photosynthesis or, such as in the case of the oxidation of sugars, cellular respiration. In eukaryotes, an important electron transport chain is found in the inner mitochondrial membrane where it serves as the site of oxidative phosphorylation through the action of ATP synthase. It is also found in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast in photosynthetic eukaryotes. In bacteria, the electron transport chain is located in Document [140] (Title: Hydrogen sulfide) body, although the nervous system is most affected. The toxicity of is comparable with that of carbon monoxide. It binds with iron in the mitochondrial cytochrome enzymes, thus preventing cellular respiration. Since hydrogen sulfide occurs naturally in the body, the environment, and the gut, enzymes exist to detoxify it. At some threshold level, believed to average around 300–350 ppm, the oxidative enzymes become overwhelmed. Many personal safety gas detectors, such as those used by utility, sewage and petrochemical workers, are set to alarm at as low as 5 to 10 ppm and to go into high alarm at 15 ppm. Document [141] (Title: Redox) of NADH to NAD). Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are complementary, but photosynthesis is not the reverse of the redox reaction in cell respiration: Biological energy is frequently stored and released by means of redox reactions. Photosynthesis involves the reduction of carbon dioxide into sugars and the oxidation of water into molecular oxygen. The reverse reaction, respiration, oxidizes sugars to produce carbon dioxide and water. As intermediate steps, the reduced carbon compounds are used to reduce nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) to NADH, which then contributes to the creation of a proton gradient, which drives the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and Document [142] (Title: Hydrogen iodide) (or fumes) of hydroiodic acid. It is exceptionally soluble in water, giving hydroiodic acid. One liter of water will dissolve 425 liters of HI, the most concentrated solution having only four water molecules per molecule of HI. Hydroiodic acid is not pure hydrogen iodide, but a mixture containing it. Commercial "concentrated" hydroiodic acid usually contains 48–57% HI by mass. The solution forms an azeotrope boiling at 127 °C with 57% HI, 43% water. The high acidity is caused by the dispersal of the ionic charge over the anion. The iodide ion is much larger than the other common halides, which Document [143] (Title: Hydrogen isotope biogeochemistry) and δD; marine microbial methane that is more depleted in C and freshwater microbial methane that is more depleted in D. Hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis produces less D-depleted methane relative to acetoclastic methanogenesis. The location where the organism lives and substrate concentration also affect isotopic composition: rumen methanogenesis, which occurs in a more closed system and with higher partial pressures of hydrogen, exhibits a greater fractionation (-300 to -400‰) than wetland methanogenesis (-250 to -170‰). Recent advances in analytical chemistry have enabled high-precision measurements of multiply substituted isotopologues (or 'clumped isotopologues') like CHD. This emerge as a novel tool for studying methane Document [144] (Title: Cellular respiration) oxidized to acetyl-CoA and CO by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC). The PDC contains multiple copies of three enzymes and is located in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells and in the cytosol of prokaryotes. In the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, one molecule of NADH and one molecule of CO is formed. This is also called the "Krebs cycle" or the "tricarboxylic acid cycle". When oxygen is present, acetyl-CoA is produced from the pyruvate molecules created from glycolysis. Once acetyl-CoA is formed, aerobic or anaerobic respiration can occur. When oxygen is present, the mitochondria will undergo aerobic respiration which leads Document [145] (Title: Cellular waste product) the cell via diffusion into the blood stream, where it is transported in three ways: HO also diffuses out of the cell into the blood stream, from where it is excreted in the form of perspiration, water vapor in breath, or urine from the kidneys. Water, along with some dissolved solutes, are removed from blood circulation in the nephrons of the kidney and eventually excreted as urine. The products of fermentation can be processed different ways, depending on the cellular conditions. Lactic acid tends to accumulate in the muscles, which causes pain of the muscle and joint as well as Document [146] (Title: Proton-exchange membrane fuel cell) byproduct becomes steam and water management becomes less critical in cell design. A proton exchange membrane fuel cell transforms the chemical energy liberated during the electrochemical reaction of hydrogen and oxygen to electrical energy, as opposed to the direct combustion of hydrogen and oxygen gases to produce thermal energy. A stream of hydrogen is delivered to the anode side of the MEA. At the anode side it is catalytically split into protons and electrons. This oxidation half-cell reaction or hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) is represented by:<br> At the anode: The newly formed protons permeate through the polymer electrolyte membrane to Document [147] (Title: Hydrogen potassium ATPase) an extensive secretory membrane system and the H/K ATPase is the major protein constituent of these membranes. A small amount of H/K ATPase is also found in the renal medulla. The H/K ATPase is a heterodimeric protein, the product of 2 genes. The gene "ATP4A" encodes the H/K ATPase α subunit, and is an ~1000-amino acid protein that contains the catalytic sites of the enzyme and forms the pore through the cell membrane that allows the transport of ions. Hydronium ions bind to two active sites present in the α subunit. The α subunit also has a phosphorylation site (Asp). Document [148] (Title: Biohydrogen) iron hydrogenase. The biological hydrogen production with algae is a method of photobiological water splitting which is done in a closed photobioreactor based on the production of hydrogen as a solar fuel by algae. Algae produce hydrogen under certain conditions. In 2000 it was discovered that if "C. reinhardtii" algae are deprived of sulfur they will switch from the production of oxygen, as in normal photosynthesis, to the production of hydrogen. Photosynthesis in cyanobacteria and green algae splits water into hydrogen ions and electrons. The electrons are transported over ferredoxins. Fe-Fe-hydrogenases (enzymes) combine them into hydrogen gas. In "Chlamydomonas reinhardtii" Document [149] (Title: Metabolism) calcium, sodium, chlorine, potassium, hydrogen, phosphorus, oxygen and sulfur. Organic compounds (proteins, lipids and carbohydrates) contain the majority of the carbon and nitrogen; most of the oxygen and hydrogen is present as water. The abundant inorganic elements act as ionic electrolytes. The most important ions are sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, phosphate and the organic ion bicarbonate. The maintenance of precise ion gradients across cell membranes maintains osmotic pressure and pH. Ions are also critical for nerve and muscle function, as action potentials in these tissues are produced by the exchange of electrolytes between the extracellular fluid and the cell's Document [150] (Title: Virtual breakdown mechanism) into alkaline). Due to the Le Chatelier's principle, for water self-ionization, <chem>H3O+ + OH- <=> 2H2O </chem> the OH ions accumulation can impede water further self-ionization, reducing the hydrogen evolution rate and eventually preventing water electrolysis. In this case, water electrolysis becomes very slow or even self-stopped, showing a large equivalent resistance between the two electrodes. That is why in macrosystem pure water cannot be electrolyzed efficiently. The fundamental reason is the "lack of rapid ions transport inside bulk solution". In nanogap cells, high electric field can distribute uniformly in the entire gap (see section "Electric field distribution"). Different from Document [151] (Title: Hydrogen isotope biogeochemistry) y = 0.869x -74.651. The degree of D/H fractionation in most algal lipids increases with increasing temperature and decreases with increasing salinity. The growth rates have different impacts on the D/H fractionation depending on the species types. The δD values of lipids from phytoplankton is largely affected by δD of water, and there seems to be a linear correlation between those two values. The δD of most other biosynthetic products found in phytoplankton or cyanobacteria are more negative than that of the surrounding water. The δD values of fatty acids in methanotrophs living in seawater lie between -50 and -170‰, Document [152] (Title: Band 3) They generate hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions from carbon dioxide and water – a reaction catalysed by carbonic anhydrase. The hydrogen ions are pumped into the collecting duct tubule by vacuolar H ATPase, the apical proton pump, which thus excretes acid into the urine. kAE1 exchanges bicarbonate for chloride on the basolateral surface, essentially returning bicarbonate to the blood. Here it performs two functions: It is ubiquitous throughout the vertebrates. In mammals, it is present in two specific sites: The erythrocyte and kidney forms are different isoforms of the same protein. The erythrocyte isoform of AE1, known as eAE1, is Document [153] (Title: Hydrogen isotope biogeochemistry) fractionation between liquid water and vapor, ε is the kinetic isotope effect from diffusion between leaf internal air space and the atmosphere, ΔD is the leaf/air disequilibrium, "e" is atmospheric vapor pressure, and "e" is internal leaf vapor pressure. The Péclet effect, which describes the opposing forces of advection and diffusion can be added to the model as where E is the transpiration rate, L is the length scale of transport, C is the concentration of water, and D is the diffusion coefficient. While the role of rain water δD as the fundamental control on the final δD of lipids Document [154] (Title: Mitochondrion) Lehninger discovered in 1948 that mitochondria are the site of oxidative phosphorylation in eukaryotes. Over time, the fractionation method was further developed, improving the quality of the mitochondria isolated, and other elements of cell respiration were determined to occur in the mitochondria. The first high-resolution electron micrographs appeared in 1952, replacing the Janus Green stains as the preferred way of visualising the mitochondria. This led to a more detailed analysis of the structure of the mitochondria, including confirmation that they were surrounded by a membrane. It also showed a second membrane inside the mitochondria that folded up in ridges dividing Document [155] (Title: Regenerative fuel cell) fuel cells. A hydrogen fueled proton exchange membrane fuel cell, for example, uses hydrogen gas (H) and oxygen (O) to produce electricity and water (HO); a regenerative hydrogen fuel cell uses electricity and water to produce hydrogen and oxygen. When the fuel cell is operated in regenerative mode, the anode for the electricity production mode(fuel cell mode) becomes the cathode in the hydrogen generation mode (reverse fuel cell mode), and vice versa. When an external voltage is applied, water at the cathode side will undergo electrolysis to form hydrogen and oxide ions; oxide ions will be transported through the electrolyte Document [156] (Title: Electron transport chain) ions to reduce molecular oxygen to water. Four membrane-bound complexes have been identified in mitochondria. Each is an extremely complex transmembrane structure that is embedded in the inner membrane. Three of them are proton pumps. The structures are electrically connected by lipid-soluble electron carriers and water-soluble electron carriers. The overall electron transport chain: In "Complex I" (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase, NADH-CoQ reductase, or NADH dehydrogenase; ), two electrons are removed from NADH and ultimately transferred to a lipid-soluble carrier, ubiquinone (UQ). The reduced product, ubiquinol (UQH), freely diffuses within the membrane, and Complex I translocates four protons (H) across the membrane, thus Document [157] (Title: Metalloprotein) to the chlorophyll in the chloroplast. In the process chlorophyll is oxidized. Later in the photosynthetic cycle, chlorophyll is reduced back again. This reduction ultimately draws electrons from water, yielding molecular oxygen as a final oxidation product. Hydrogenases are subclassified into three different types based on the active site metal content: iron–iron hydrogenase, nickel–iron hydrogenase, and iron hydrogenase. All hydrogenases catalyze reversible H uptake, but while the [FeFe] and [NiFe] hydrogenases are true redox catalysts, driving H oxidation and H reduction the [Fe] hydrogenases catalyze the reversible heterolytic cleavage of H. Since discovery of ribozymes by Thomas Cech and Sidney Document [158] (Title: Electrochemical hydrogen compressor) to form hydrogen, which is fed to the hydrogen compressor to be oxidized at the anode of each cell to form protons and electrons. This type of compressor has no moving parts and is compact. With electrochemical compression of hydrogen a pressure of 14500 psi (1000 bar) is achieved, this world record was set by HyET from the Netherlands in 2011. Water vapor partial pressure, current density, operating temperature and hydrogen back diffusion due to the pressure gradient have an effect on the maximum output pressure. Electrochemical hydrogen compressors have been proposed for use in hydrogen refueling stations to pressurize Document [159] (Title: Cellular respiration) to the Krebs cycle. However, if oxygen is not present, fermentation of the pyruvate molecule will occur. In the presence of oxygen, when acetyl-CoA is produced, the molecule then enters the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) inside the mitochondrial matrix, and is oxidized to CO while at the same time reducing NAD to NADH. NADH can be used by the electron transport chain to create further ATP as part of oxidative phosphorylation. To fully oxidize the equivalent of one glucose molecule, two acetyl-CoA must be metabolized by the Krebs cycle. Two waste products, HO and CO, are created during this Document [160] (Title: Metabolism) a membrane. Pumping protons out of the mitochondria creates a proton concentration difference across the membrane and generates an electrochemical gradient. This force drives protons back into the mitochondrion through the base of an enzyme called ATP synthase. The flow of protons makes the stalk subunit rotate, causing the active site of the synthase domain to change shape and phosphorylate adenosine diphosphate – turning it into ATP. Chemolithotrophy is a type of metabolism found in prokaryotes where energy is obtained from the oxidation of inorganic compounds. These organisms can use hydrogen, reduced sulfur compounds (such as sulfide, hydrogen sulfide and Document [161] (Title: Hydrogen) particles are highly influenced by magnetic and electric fields. For example, in the solar wind they interact with the Earth's magnetosphere giving rise to Birkeland currents and the aurora. Hydrogen is found in the neutral atomic state in the interstellar medium. The large amount of neutral hydrogen found in the damped Lyman-alpha systems is thought to dominate the cosmological baryonic density of the Universe up to redshift "z"=4. Under ordinary conditions on Earth, elemental hydrogen exists as the diatomic gas, H. However, hydrogen gas is very rare in the Earth's atmosphere (1 ppm by volume) because of its light weight, Document [162] (Title: Hydrogen cycle) in the microbial environment is very low. Maintaining a low hydrogen concentration is important because the anaerobic fermentative process becomes increasingly thermodynamically unfavorable as the partial pressure of hydrogen increases. A key difference compared to other biogeochemical cycles is that because of its low molecular weight hydrogen can leave Earth's atmosphere. It has been suggested that this occurred on a grand scale in the past and that this is why today the Earth is mostly irreversibly oxidised. H is a trace, secondary greenhouse gas that interferes with the removal of methane. H interacts with hydroxyl radicals (•OH), reducing them to Document [163] (Title: Chemiosmosis) from the cytoplasm. This "costs" one "extra" proton import per ATP, hence the actual efficiency is only 65% (= 2.4/3.67). The complete breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen is called cellular respiration. The last steps of this process occur in mitochondria. The reduced molecules NADH and FADH are generated by the Krebs cycle, glycolysis, and pyruvate processing. These molecules pass electrons to an electron transport chain, which uses the energy released to create a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. ATP synthase then uses the energy stored in this gradient to make ATP. This process is called Document [164] (Title: Mixed acid fermentation) the enzyme fumarate reductase. fumarate + NADH + H → succinate + NAD This reduction is an anaerobic respiration reaction in "E. coli", as it uses electrons associated with NADH dehydrogenase and the electron transport chain. ATP is generated by using an electrochemical gradient and ATP synthase. This is the only case in the mixed acid fermentation pathway where ATP is not produced via substrate-level phosphorylation. Vitamin K, also known as menaquinone, is very important for electron transport to fumarate in "E. coli". Formate can be converted to hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide in "E. coli". This reaction requires the Document [165] (Title: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) the redox state of living cells, through fluorescence microscopy. In rat liver, the total amount of NAD and NADH is approximately 1 μmole per gram of wet weight, about 10 times the concentration of NADP and NADPH in the same cells. The actual concentration of NAD in cell cytosol is harder to measure, with recent estimates in animal cells ranging around 0.3 mM, and approximately 1.0 to 2.0 mM in yeast. However, more than 80% of NADH fluorescence in mitochondria is from bound form, so the concentration in solution is much lower. Data for other compartments in the cell are Document [166] (Title: Hydrogen) is employed to saturate broken ("dangling") bonds of amorphous silicon and amorphous carbon that helps stabilizing material properties. It is also a potential electron donor in various oxide materials, including ZnO, SnO, CdO, MgO, ZrO, HfO, LaO, YO, TiO, SrTiO, LaAlO, SiO, AlO, ZrSiO, HfSiO, and SrZrO. H is a product of some types of anaerobic metabolism and is produced by several microorganisms, usually via reactions catalyzed by iron- or nickel-containing enzymes called hydrogenases. These enzymes catalyze the reversible redox reaction between H and its component two protons and two electrons. Creation of hydrogen gas occurs in the transfer of Document [167] (Title: Hydrogenobacter thermophilus) Dorner method, respectively, and both were found to be negative. The novel fatty acid composition was freed though a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate containing solution. The composition was found to be C18:0, C 20:1, 2 carbons longer than any composition seen before. The optimum growth conditions are: temperature between 70 and 75 °C, freshwater, pH around 7.2. The habitat is soil that contains hot, fresh water (70-75 °C) from springs of the Izu Peninsula, Japan. "Hydrogenobacter thermophilus" is an obligate chemolithoautotroph. "H. thermophilus" undergoes aerobic respiration or anaerobic respiration via denitrification. The electron donor is the molecular form of hydrogen, Document [168] (Title: Water splitting) electrolytic system, the reaction takes place in one step, it therefore can be more efficient. Nuclear radiation routinely breaks water bonds, in the Mponeng gold mine, South Africa, researchers found in a naturally high radiation zone, a community dominated by a new phylotype of "Desulfotomaculum", feeding on primarily radiolytically produced H. Spent nuclear fuel/"nuclear waste" is also being looked at as a potential source of hydrogen. In thermolysis, water molecules split into their atomic components hydrogen and oxygen. For example, at 2200 °C about three percent of all HO are dissociated into various combinations of hydrogen and oxygen atoms, mostly Document [169] (Title: Osteoclast) bone matrix proteins, such as osteopontin. The osteoclast releases hydrogen ions through the action of carbonic anhydrase (HO + CO → HCO + H) through the "ruffled border" into the resorptive cavity, acidifying and aiding dissolution of the mineralized bone matrix into Ca, HPO, HCO, water and other substances. Dysfunction of the carbonic anhydrase has been documented to cause some forms of osteopetrosis. Hydrogen ions are pumped against a high concentration gradient by proton pumps, specifically a unique vacuolar-ATPase. This enzyme has been targeted in the prevention of osteoporosis. In addition, several hydrolytic enzymes, such as members of the cathepsin Document [170] (Title: Cellular waste product) CO is formed in Pyruvate decarboxylation, HO is formed in oxidative phosphorylation, and both are formed in the citric acid cycle. The simple nature of the final products also indicates the efficiency of this method of respiration. All of the energy stored in the carbon-carbon bonds of glucose is released, leaving CO and HO. Although there is energy stored in the bonds of these molecules, this energy is not easily accessible by the cell. All usable energy is efficiently extracted. Anaerobic respiration is done by aerobic organisms when there is not sufficient oxygen in a cell to undergo aerobic respiration Document [171] (Title: Frankia alni) most abundant free amino acid in the cell cytoplasm. A by-product of the process is gaseous hydrogen, one molecule of which is produced for every molecule of nitrogen reduced to ammonia, but the bacterium also contains the enzyme hydrogenase, which serves to prevent some of this energy being wasted. In the process, ATP is recovered and oxygen molecules serve as the final electron acceptor in the reaction, leading to the lowering of ambient oxygen levels. This is to the benefit of the nitrogenases, which only function anaerobically. As a result of their mutually beneficial relationship with "Frankia", alder trees improve Document [172] (Title: Hydrogen ion) are derived." Hydrogen anions are formed when additional electrons are acquired: Hydrogen ions drive ATP synthase in photosynthesis. This happens when hydrogen ions get pushed across the membrane creating a high concentration inside the thylakoid membrane and a low concentration in the cytoplasm. However, because of osmosis, the H will force itself out of the membrane through ATP synthase. Using their kinetic energy to escape, the protons will spin the ATP synthase which in turn will create ATP. This happens in cellular respiration as well though the concentrated membrane will instead be the inner membrane of the mitochondria. Hydrogen ions Document [173] (Title: Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Energy Association) to transfer between the anode and the cathode. As the hydrogen and oxygen combine, water is formed and drains from the cell. The fuel cell will continue to generate electricity as long as it is supplied with hydrogen and oxygen. There are multiple different kinds of fuel cells, including alkaline fuel cells, molten carbonate fuel cells, phosphoric acid fuel cells, proton exchange membrane fuel cells, and solid oxide fuel cells. Hydrogen is an alternative fuel and is locked up in large quantities in water and other organic matter. Extracting hydrogen efficiently from these compounds can be difficult. Today, hydrogen in Document [174] (Title: Hydrogenosome) Hydrogenosome A hydrogenosome is a membrane-enclosed organelle of some anaerobic ciliates, trichomonads, fungi, and animals. The hydrogenosomes of trichomonads (the most studied of the hydrogenosome-containing microorganisms) produce molecular hydrogen, acetate, carbon dioxide and ATP by the combined actions of pyruvate:ferredoxin oxido-reductase, hydrogenase, acetate:succinate CoA transferase and succinate thiokinase. Superoxide dismutase, malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating), ferredoxin, adenylate kinase and NADH:ferredoxin oxido-reductase are also localized in the hydrogenosome. It is nearly universally accepted that hydrogenosomes evolved from mitochondria. In 2010, scientists reported their discovery of the first known anaerobic metazoans with hydrogenosome-like organelles. Hydrogenosomes were isolated, purified, biochemically characterized and named in the Document [175] (Title: Maintenance respiration) Maintenance respiration Maintenance respiration (or maintenance energy) refers to metabolism occurring in an organism that is needed to maintain that organism in a healthy, living state. Maintenance respiration in plants refers to the amount of cellular respiration, measured by the carbon dioxide (CO) released or oxygen (O) consumed, during the generation of usable energy (mainly ATP, NADPH, and NADH) and metabolic intermediates used for (i) resynthesis of compounds that undergo renewal (turnover) in the normal process of metabolism (examples are enzymatic proteins, ribonucleic acids, and membrane lipids); (ii) maintenance of chemical gradients of ions and metabolites across cellular membranes that Document [176] (Title: Proton-exchange membrane) to higher overall system efficiencies. However, these gains have yet to be realized, as the gold-standard perfluorinated sulfonic acid (PFSA) membranes lose function rapidly at 100 °C and above if hydration drops below ~100%, and begin to creep in this temperature range, resulting in localized thinning and overall lower system lifetimes. As a result, new anhydrous proton conductors, such as protic organic ionic plastic crystals (POIPCs) and protic ionic liquids, are actively studied for the development of suitable PEMs. The fuel for the PEMFC is hydrogen, and the charge carrier is the hydrogen ion (proton). At the anode, the hydrogen Document [177] (Title: Fructose) using the hydrogen breath test. These studies indicate that fructose is not completely absorbed in the small intestine. When fructose is not absorbed in the small intestine, it is transported into the large intestine, where it is fermented by the colonic flora. Hydrogen is produced during the fermentation process and dissolves into the blood of the portal vein. This hydrogen is transported to the lungs, where it is exchanged across the lungs and is measurable by the hydrogen breath test. The colonic flora also produces carbon dioxide, short-chain fatty acids, organic acids, and trace gases in the presence of unabsorbed Document [178] (Title: Crista) proposed were: NADH is oxidized into NAD, H ions, and electrons by an enzyme. FADH is also oxidized into H ions, electrons, and FAD. As those electrons travel farther through the electron transport chain in the inner membrane, energy is gradually released and used to pump the hydrogen ions from the splitting of NADH and FADH into the space between the inner membrane and the outer membrane (called the intermembrane space), creating an electrochemical gradient. This electrochemical gradient creates potential energy (see "") across the inner mitochondrial membrane known as the proton-motive force. As a result, chemiosmosis occurs, and the Document [179] (Title: Adenosine triphosphate) cytoplasm. Fermentation is the metabolism of organic compounds in the absence of air. It involves substrate-level phosphorylation in the absence of a respiratory electron transport chain. The equation for the oxidation of glucose to lactic acid is: Anaerobic respiration is respiration in the absence of . Prokaryotes can utilize a variety of electron acceptors. These include nitrate, sulfate, and carbon dioxide. ATP can also be synthesized through several so-called "replenishment" reactions catalyzed by the enzyme families of nucleoside diphosphate kinases (NDKs), which use other nucleoside triphosphates as a high-energy phosphate donor, and the family. In plants, ATP is synthesized in Document [180] (Title: Respiratory complex I) used to produce ATP. "Escherichia coli" complex I (NADH dehydrogenase) is capable of proton translocation in the same direction to the established Δψ, showing that in the tested conditions, the coupling ion is H. Na transport in the opposite direction was observed, and although Na was not necessary for the catalytic or proton transport activities, its presence increased the latter. H was translocated by the "Paracoccus denitrificans" complex I, but in this case, H transport was not influenced by Na, and Na transport was not observed. Possibly, the "E. coli" complex I has two energy coupling sites (one Na independent Document [181] (Title: Hydrogen isotope biogeochemistry) their leaves as an adaptation to minimize water loss. These waxes are largely straight-chain "n"-alkyl lipids. They are insoluble, non-volatile, chemically inert, and resistant to degradation, making them easily preserved in the sedimentary record, and therefore good targets as biomarkers. The main water source for terrestrial plants is soil water, which largely resembles the hydrogen isotope composition of rain water, but varies between environments and with enrichment by precipitation, depletion by evaporation, and exchange with atmospheric water vapor. There can be a significant offset between the δD value of source water and the δD value of leaf water at the Document [182] (Title: Resting potential) the membrane potential. Most pumps use metabolic energy (ATP) to function. For most animal cells potassium ions (K) are the most important for the resting potential. Due to the active transport of potassium ions, the concentration of potassium is higher inside cells than outside. Most cells have potassium-selective ion channel proteins that remain open all the time. There will be net movement of positively charged potassium ions through these potassium channels with a resulting accumulation of excess negative charge inside of the cell. The outward movement of positively charged potassium ions is due to random molecular motion (diffusion) and continues Document [183] (Title: Proton-exchange membrane fuel cell) pure hydrogen gas is becoming economical to mass-produce by electrolysis. However, at the moment hydrogen gas is produced by steam reforming light hydrocarbons, a process which produces a mixture of gases that also contains CO (1–3%), CO (19–25%), and N (25%). Even tens of parts per million of CO can poison a pure platinum catalyst, so increasing platinum’s resistance to CO is an active area of research. For example, one study reported that cube-shaped platinum nanoparticles with (100) facets displayed a fourfold increase in oxygen reduction activity compared to randomly faceted platinum nanoparticles of similar size. The authors concluded that Document [184] (Title: Hydrogenosome) of a plant or animal is organised very differently from a bacterial cell. Amongst other things, animal and plant cells (which are special cases of what is known as ‘eukaryotic’ cells) contain mitochondria. Mitochondria are like power stations for cells: They supply ATP molecules used throughout the cell as a power source by ‘burning’ carbohydrates and other fuels. They produce carbon dioxide and water as waste. To produce ATP, mitochondria require abundant supplies of oxygen. Some single-celled eukaryotes live in places where oxygen is scarce or non-existent and use hydrogenosomes instead of mitochondria to produce ATP. Mitochondria do not function Document [185] (Title: Homeostasis) (becoming more acidic) the renal tubular cells excrete hydrogen ions into the tubular fluid to leave the body via urine. Bicarbonate ions are simultaneously secreted into the blood that decreases the carbonic acid, and consequently raises the plasma pH. The converse happens when the plasma pH rises above normal: bicarbonate ions are excreted into the urine, and hydrogen ions released into the plasma. When hydrogen ions are excreted into the urine, and bicarbonate into the blood, the latter combines with the excess hydrogen ions in the plasma that stimulated the kidneys to perform this operation. The resulting reaction in the Document [186] (Title: Hydrogen ion) concentration, measured as pH, is also responsible for the acidic or basic nature of a compound. Water molecules split to form H and hydroxide anions. This process is referred to as the self-ionization of water. Hydrogen ion A hydrogen ion is created when a hydrogen atom loses or gains an electron. A positively charged hydrogen ion (or proton) can readily combine with other particles and therefore is only seen isolated when it is in a gaseous state or a nearly particle-free space. Due to its extremely high charge density of approximately 2×10 times that of a sodium ion, the bare Document [187] (Title: Oxygen) production of the water molecule) is released into the atmosphere. Oxygen is used in mitochondria to generate ATP during oxidative phosphorylation. The reaction for aerobic respiration is essentially the reverse of photosynthesis and is simplified as: In vertebrates, diffuses through membranes in the lungs and into red blood cells. Hemoglobin binds , changing color from bluish red to bright red ( is released from another part of hemoglobin through the Bohr effect). Other animals use hemocyanin (molluscs and some arthropods) or hemerythrin (spiders and lobsters). A liter of blood can dissolve 200 cm of . Until the discovery of anaerobic Document [188] (Title: Solid oxide electrolyser cell) is fed into the porous cathode. When a voltage is applied, the steam moves to the cathode-electrolyte interface and is reduced to form pure H and oxygen ions. The hydrogen gas then diffuses back up through the cathode and is collected at its surface as hydrogen fuel, while the oxygen ions are conducted through the dense electrolyte. The electrolyte must be dense enough that the steam and hydrogen gas cannot diffuse through and lead to the recombination of the H and O. At the electrolyte-anode interface, the oxygen ions are oxidized to form pure oxygen gas, which is collected at Document [189] (Title: Chemiosmosis) Chemiosmosis Chemiosmosis is the movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane, down their electrochemical gradient. An example of this would be the generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by the movement of hydrogen ions (H) across a membrane during cellular respiration or photosynthesis. Hydrogen ions, or protons, will diffuse from an area of high proton concentration to an area of lower proton concentration, and an electrochemical concentration gradient of protons across a membrane can be harnessed to make ATP. This process is related to osmosis, the diffusion of water across a membrane, which is why it is called "chemiosmosis". ATP synthase Document [190] (Title: Cupriavidus necator) first hydrogenase is a regulatory hydrogenase (RH) that signals to the cell hydrogen is present. The RH is a protein containing large and small [Ni-Fe] hydrogenase subunits attached to a histidine protein kinase subunit. The hydrogen gas is oxidized at the [Ni-Fe] center in the large subunit and in turn reduces the [Fe-S] clusters in the small subunit. It is unknown whether the electrons are transferred from the [Fe-S] clusters to the protein kinase domain. The histidine protein kinase activates a response regulator. The response regulator is active in the dephosphorylated form. The dephosphorylated response regulator promotes the transcription of Document [191] (Title: Escherichia coli) ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present, but is capable of switching to fermentation or anaerobic respiration if oxygen is absent) and nonsporulating bacterium. Cells are typically rod-shaped, and are about 2.0 μm long and 0.25–1.0 μm in diameter, with a cell volume of 0.6–0.7 μm. "E. coli" stains Gram-negative because its cell wall is composed of a thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane. During the staining process, "E. coli" picks up the color of the counterstain safranin and stains pink. The outer membrane surrounding the cell wall provides a barrier to certain antibiotics such that "E. coli" Question: where are hydrogen ions concentrated in cellular respiration

Answer: inner membrane of the mitochondria Long Answer: Hydrogen ions drive ATP synthase in photosynthesis . This happens when hydrogen ions get pushed across the membrane creating a high concentration inside the thylakoid membrane and a low concentration in the cytoplasm . However, because of osmosis, the H will force itself out of the membrane through ATP synthase . Using their kinetic energy to escape, the protons will spin the ATP synthase which in turn will create ATP . This happens in cellular respiration as well though the concentrated membrane will instead be the inner membrane of the mitochondria. Gold Document ID: 172

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: 2017 Jacksonville Jaguars season) host to the Baltimore Ravens at Wembley Stadium in London, England, as part of their commitment to the London Games. The game will occur during Week 3 (Sunday, September 24), and will be televised in the United States. The kickoff was announced in conjunction with the release of the regular season schedule. The remainder of the Jaguars' 2017 schedule was finalized and announced on April 20. Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text. NFL London Games 2017 Jacksonville Jaguars season The 2017 season was the Jacksonville Jaguars' 23rd season in the National Football League and the first under new head Document [2] (Title: 2019 NFL Draft) 23, 2018, the league announced Nashville as the host city of the 2019 NFL Draft. 2019 NFL Draft The 2019 NFL Draft will be the 84th annual meeting of National Football League (NFL) franchises to select newly eligible players. The draft will be held on April 25–27 in Nashville, Tennessee. The first round will be held on April 25, followed by the second and third round on April 26 and will conclude with rounds 4–7 on Saturday April 27. The host city for the 2019 (as well as the 2020) draft was chosen from among finalists Denver, Kansas City, Las Document [3] (Title: 2016 NFL season) on Monday night. There were games played on Thursday, including the National Football League Kickoff game in prime time on September 8 and games on Thanksgiving Day. The regular season concluded with a full slate of 16 games on Sunday, January 1, 2017, all of which were intra-divisional matchups, as it has been since . Under the NFL's current scheduling formula, each team played each of the other three teams in its own division twice. In addition, a team played against all four teams in one other division from each conference. The final two games on a team's schedule were Document [4] (Title: The NFL Today) Gonzalez and Bart Scott. On February 5, 2014, the NFL announced that a deal with CBS to broadcast Thursday night games during the first eight weeks of the NFL season games beginning the following season in simulcast with NFL Network, with the remainder airing on NFL Network exclusively. With the addition of the package, CBS announced an additional "NFL Today" broadcast for the games, to be broadcast from the site of each week's game; with Brown and Cowher to be featured on both the Thursday and Sunday broadcasts, Deion Sanders returning to the program as an analyst for the Thursday Document [5] (Title: NFL International Series) including one game with an earlier 9:30 am ET start, which allowed for an afternoon game, rather than an evening game, in London. This timeslot proved to be successful as all London games in 2015 and 2016 were also scheduled at 9:30 am ET. Three games were again scheduled in 2015 – including the series' first division game between the New York Jets and the Miami Dolphins. On July 8, 2015, the NFL and Tottenham Hotspur F.C. announced they had reached a 10-year deal to host at least two London Games a year at the new Tottenham Hotspur Stadium from Document [6] (Title: 2018 NFL season) for 2018 will be as follows: The entire season schedule was released on April 19, 2018. Highlights of the 2018 season include: When the entire season schedule was released on April 19, 2018, the league announced flexible scheduling for Saturday games in weeks 15 and 16. The final times of these games were announced on October 24, 2018: Clinched playoff berth. The 2018 playoffs will begin on the weekend of January 5–6, 2019, with the Wild Card Playoff round. The four winners of these playoff games will visit the top two seeds in each conference in the Divisional round games Document [7] (Title: 2006 NFL season) 2006 season (the "Opening Kickoff") as well as for the Thanksgiving Day, conference championships, Super Bowl XLI and Pro Bowl games. Through week 11 of the season, all NFL games had been sold out, and for the 24th time, all blackout restrictions had been lifted. The streak was ended by the Jacksonville at Buffalo game in Week 12. This was the first season that NBC held the rights to televise "Sunday Night Football", becoming the beneficiaries by negotiating the new flexible-scheduling system (it also marked the network's return to carrying NFL games since the end of the 1997 season). ESPN Document [8] (Title: 2017 NFL season) with the Wild Card playoff round. The four winners of these playoff games visited the top two seeded teams in each conference in the Divisional round games played on the weekend of January 13–14, 2018. The winners of those games advanced the Conference championship games was held on January 21, 2018. The two Conference champions advanced to Super Bowl LII was held on February 4, 2018 at U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis. The 2018 Pro Bowl was held at Camping World Stadium in Orlando on January 28, 2018. During a September 22, 2017 speech, the President of the United States, Document [9] (Title: 2017 NFL season) not set to play which finished the previous season in the same rank in their division (e.g. the team which finished first in its division the previous season would play each other team in its conference that also finished first in its respective division). The preset division pairings for 2017 will be as follows. Highlights of the 2017 schedule included: The entire schedule was released on April 20, 2017. The following games were moved or canceled because of severe weather, by way of flexible scheduling, or for other reasons: The 2017 playoffs began on the weekend of January 6–7, 2018 Document [10] (Title: 2015 NFL season) 16 games on Sunday, January 3, all of which were intra-divisional matchups, as it has been since , with the Minnesota Vikings beating the Green Bay Packers on "NBC Sunday Night Football" Under the NFL's scheduling formula, each team plays each of the other three teams in their own division twice (one home and one away). In addition, a team plays against all four teams in one other division within the conference, on a 3-year rotation; and one division from the opposite conference, on a 4-year rotation. Two games on a team's schedule are against the two teams in the Document [11] (Title: 2019 NFL season) the team's first scheduled preseason game. The Pro Football Hall of Fame Game, with teams to be announced, is tentatively scheduled for August 1, 2019 and will be televised nationally by NBC. The game will be held at Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium in Canton, Ohio, the same city where the league was founded 99 years prior. On October 18, 2018, the NFL announced that it would commemorate its 100th season throughout 2019, beginning at Super Bowl LIII. An NFL 100 emblem will be featured in promotions across all NFL properties during the season, worn on jerseys as a Document [12] (Title: NBC Sunday Night Football) King that the league chose to flex the Steelers-Bengals game because CBS has not had a game flexed in the Week 17 slot since 2009; the aforementioned Falcons-Panthers matchup was later flexed to CBS as part of the new television contract that allows intraconference matchups to be flexed between CBS and Fox. The 2015 schedule was released on April 21, 2015. The defending Super Bowl champions the New England Patriots faced the Pittsburgh Steelers during the NFL Kickoff Game on Thursday, September 10, 2015. Other notable games included the Seattle Seahawks versus the Green Bay Packers (Week 2) and the Document [13] (Title: 2018 Chicago Bears season) released on August 4 and his roster spot taken by fellow O-lineman Kaleb Johnson, a former Chiefs player; Johnson's slot would also be replaced a week later by Chiefs running back Knile Davis. On February 13, the NFL announced that the Bears will play the Baltimore Ravens in the Pro Football Hall of Fame Game on Thursday, August 2, at the Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium in Canton, Ohio. The remaining preseason games were revealed on April 11. The Hall of Fame Game began on a poor note when Chase Daniel's pass was intercepted by Chuck Clark, though DeAndre Document [14] (Title: 2016 NFL season) Jaguars); and quarterbacks Brock Osweiler (Broncos to Texans) and Robert Griffin III (Redskins to Browns). The 2016 NFL Draft was held between April 28 − April 30, 2016 in Chicago. By way of a trade with the Tennessee Titans, the Los Angeles Rams held the first overall pick and selected QB Jared Goff. The 2016 regular season featured 256 games which were played out over a seventeen-week schedule beginning on Thursday, September 8, 2016. Each of the league's 32 teams played a 16-game schedule, with one bye week for each team scheduled between weeks 4–13. The slate also featured games Document [15] (Title: Continental Indoor Football League) the competitive advantages of each game as possible. Failure to provide the appropriate number of dates to the league office will have a significant outcome on the type of schedule a team receives. The league would like to release the schedule by October 1 of each year. The league had been using a scheduling formula to pre-determine which teams plays whom during a given season. Under the formula since 2010, each of the six teams' respective 10-game schedule consists for the following: This format has been tweeked due to a travel team being in the year since 2009. The current Document [16] (Title: 2018 Dallas Cowboys season) 2018 Dallas Cowboys season The 2018 season is the Dallas Cowboys' 59th and current in the National Football League (NFL), their 30th under the ownership of Jerry Jones, their 10th playing their home games at AT&T Stadium, and their eighth full season under head coach Jason Garrett. AT&T Stadium is also the first stadium venue to host the annual draft. For the first time since 2009, wide receiver Dez Bryant was not on the opening day roster, as he was released on April 13, 2018 and signed with the New Orleans Saints on November 7, 2018. For the first time Document [17] (Title: Pardon the Interruption) gave a humorous insight into how he felt about his upcoming travel schedule, sarcastically commenting about how there weren't any East Coast games on the schedule. He also took the time to apologize to fans in Jacksonville, Florida, whose city Kornheiser described in his "Washington Post" column as having only Waffle Houses, since there was a Monday Night game in Jacksonville on September 18, the second week of the NFL season. Kornheiser said on the show that if at all possible, he would like to avoid traveling to the city of Seattle again since each time he went there, the Document [18] (Title: United Football League (2009–2012)) the traditional Sunday afternoon time setting for professional football, but starting its season in August, a full month before the start of the NFL regular season. However, financial difficulties forced the league to return to its schedule from previous years. In 2012 it was announced that games would begin in September and that the schedule would be played over eight weeks. When this announcement was made, it had been anticipated that the league would have expanded beyond four active members. Games were to be played on Wednesday and Friday nights with six weeks of regular season action and two weeks Document [19] (Title: 2018 Jacksonville Jaguars season) release of the regular season schedule. Notes NFL London Games 2018 Jacksonville Jaguars season The 2018 season is the Jacksonville Jaguars' 24th in the National Football League and their second under head coach Doug Marrone. This is their first season in new uniforms, which were revealed in April 2018. The Jaguars had hopes of matching or improving on their 10–6 campaign from a year ago, but despite a 3–1 start, the Jags fell into a 7 game losing streak and failed to improve on their 10–6 record after a Week 10 loss to the Colts. After they lost to the Document [20] (Title: 2017 NFL season) League Kickoff game in prime time on September 7 and games on Thanksgiving Day. The regular season concluded with a full slate of 16 games on Sunday, December 31, all of which were the intra–division matchups, as it has been since . Under the NFL's current scheduling formula, each team plays the other three teams in its own division twice. In addition a team plays against all four teams in one other division from each conference. The final two games on a team's schedule are against the two teams in the team's own conference in the divisions the team was Document [21] (Title: 2018 Buffalo Bills season) to an internal investigation regarding inappropriate relationships with female employees; neither the Bills, Sabres nor Brandon mentioned such in their statements. Draft trades The Bills' preseason opponents and schedule was announced on April 11, 2018. For the first time since at least 2005, the Detroit Lions, who the Bills will play in Week 15, are not included on the preseason schedule. The Bills' 2018 schedule was announced on April 19, 2018. Notes Played in heavy rain, the lopsided game saw a dominant performance from Ravens QB Joe Flacco, who completed 25 of 34 passes for 236 yards and three touchdowns Document [22] (Title: 2017 NFL season) season at the NFL Spring League meeting on May 23, 2017: The ban on teams contacting potential coaching candidates until that candidate's team has been eliminated from the playoffs was tabled. The following players were named First Team All-Pro by the Associated Press: The following were named the top performers during the 2017 season: The Atlanta Falcons played their first season at Mercedes-Benz Stadium, after playing in the Georgia Dome for the previous 25 seasons. On January 12, 2017, the San Diego Chargers exercised their option to relocate to Los Angeles as the Los Angeles Chargers. They will be joining Document [23] (Title: NBC Sunday Night Football) Football" is the beneficiary of the league's new flexible-scheduling system. Since the NFL now considers "Sunday Night Football" to be its featured game of the week, for the final seven weeks of the season (seven of the final eight weeks during the 2006, 2011, 2016 and 2017 seasons because of Christmas weekend), the NFL has the flexibility in selecting games that are more intriguing and typically have playoff implications to air on Sunday night. In its first four seasons of Sunday night coverage, NBC took one week off in late October or early November, so as not to conflict with Document [24] (Title: NFL preseason) it can be on the second weekend. Previous seasons have seen the American Bowl game held the last weekend of July. The first full schedule of exhibition games is held the following weekend. Most games are held on Thursday, Friday, or Saturday nights, with one nationally televised game each night of the week: NFL Network airs a Thursday game, CBS and Fox a Friday and Saturday night game each, NBC with Sunday night games, and ESPN a Monday night game. Unlike the regular season, CBS's and Fox's national exhibition game opponents are selected regardless of conference. Four full weekends of Document [25] (Title: 2019 NFL season) 2019 season include: The 2019 Playoffs are tentatively scheduled to begin on the weekend of January 4–5, 2020 with the Wild Card Playoff round. The four winners of these games will visit the top two seeds in each conference in the Divisional round games, tentatively scheduled for January 11–12. The winners of those games will advance to the Conference championships tentatively scheduled for January 19. The 2020 Pro Bowl will be held at a site to be announced, tentatively scheduled for January 26 and will be broadcast on ESPN. Super Bowl LIV, tentatively scheduled for February 2, will be played Document [26] (Title: 2018 Tennessee Titans season) International Series. The game will occur during Week 7 (October 21), and will be televised by CBS in the United States. The exact date, along with the network and kickoff time, were announced in conjunction with the release of the regular season schedule. Notes Due to two weather delays, the game lasted for 7 hours and 10 minutes, the longest game since the AFL–NFL merger in 1970. NFL London Games 2018 Tennessee Titans season The 2018 season is the Tennessee Titans' 49th in the National Football League and their 59th overall. It also marks the franchise's 22nd season in the Document [27] (Title: 2018 NFL season) Football League Players Association filed a grievance with the league over the policy on July 11. The following people associated with the NFL (or AFL) have died in 2018. Training camps for the 2018 season were held in late July through August. Teams started training camp no earlier than 15 days before the team's first scheduled preseason game. The Pro Football Hall of Fame Game, in which the Baltimore Ravens defeated the Chicago Bears 17–16, was played on August 2; and was televised nationally by NBC. The Ravens, who made their first Hall of Fame Game appearance, were represented in Document [28] (Title: 2013 NFL season) the league's 32 teams played a 16-game schedule which included one bye week for each team between weeks four and twelve. The slate featured seventeen games on Monday night including a doubleheader in the season's opening week. There were also seventeen games played on Thursday, including the National Football League Kickoff game in prime time on September 4 and three games on Thanksgiving Day. The regular season wrapped up with a full slate of 16 games on Sunday, December 29, all of which were intra-divisional matchups. Under the NFL's scheduling formula, each team played each of the other three teams Document [29] (Title: 2017 NFL season) such as the red zone. In over-the-top rights, Amazon Video acquired non-exclusive streaming rights to the 10 broadcast television "Thursday Night Football" games for $50 million. These streams are exclusive to paid Amazon Prime subscribers, in contrast to Twitter, which held the rights to the same package in 2016 and had made those streams free to most of the world. Verizon Communications acquired international streaming rights to an NFL London Game between the Baltimore Ravens and Jacksonville Jaguars, in a similar arrangement to the 2015 game that was streamed by Yahoo!—which was acquired by Verizon in 2017. The game was Document [30] (Title: 2017–18 NFL playoffs) 2017–18 NFL playoffs The 2017–18 NFL playoffs began on January 6, 2018, after the 2017 season, and concluded with Super Bowl LII on Sunday, February 4, 2018, when the Philadelphia Eagles defeated the New England Patriots at U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis, Minnesota. These playoffs were notable for several teams snapping long playoff droughts, as the Buffalo Bills, Los Angeles Rams, Jacksonville Jaguars, and Tennessee Titans each qualified for the playoffs for the first time since 1999, 2004, 2007, and 2008, respectively. The playoffs were also notable for the Patriots reaching a seventh consecutive AFC Championship Game, extending their own Document [31] (Title: 2018 Tennessee Volunteers football team) Trey Smith – OL Tennessee announced its 2018 football schedule on September 19, 2017. The 2018 schedule consists of 7 home games, 4 away, and 1 neutral site game in the regular season. The Volunteers will host SEC foes Florida, Alabama, Kentucky, and Missouri, and will travel to Georgia, Auburn, South Carolina, and Vanderbilt. The Volunteers will host three of its four non–conference games which are against ETSU from the Southern Conference, UTEP and Charlotte, both of whom compete in the Conference USA. They will travel to Charlotte, North Carolina, for the Belk Kickoff against West Virginia from the Big Document [32] (Title: NFL regular season) the MLB team in their city made the playoffs. On some occasions, the NFL game could be moved to Saturday or Monday. The NFL would often schedule October division games so that teams would be able to swap home game dates if it appeared that the MLB playoff schedule would make a stadium unavailable to the NFL. Perhaps the most extreme case was in 1973, when the New York Jets played at Shea Stadium and were forced to play their first six games on the road due to the Mets playing in the World Series. As more MLB teams started Document [33] (Title: 2012 NFL season) in the 2012 Pro Bowl. The following games were rescheduled by the NFL using flexible scheduling to promote what the NFL deems to be its best games, typically because of their playoff implications: On December 14, 2011, the NFL announced that the Thanksgiving night game will move from the NFL Network to NBC effective the 2012 season. All of the other aforementioned Thursday night games will be televised on the NFL Network. Also on that day, the league extended their contracts with their TV broadcasters through 2022, although many of the new provisions (such as expanding flexible scheduling to allow Document [34] (Title: 2018 NFL season) be joined by fellow Fox colleagues Terry Bradshaw and Howie Long. In previous seasons, Buck did not call any NFL games during late October, working Major League Baseball playoff games instead. For 2018, Fox coordinated its schedule with MLB so that none of its scheduled broadcasts would land on a Thursday (Fox carries the NLCS and the World Series), so Buck will continue to broadcast both sports, crisscrossing the country in seven cities over a 22-day period. In addition, NBC will introduce a new studio team for "Football Night in America". Mike Tirico, who was the on-site host and secondary Document [35] (Title: National Football League on television) both teams share Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park beginning with the 2020 season, one team will either have to play in the 1:00 p.m. ET time slot or in prime-time, while the other team plays at home, forcing the NFL to schedule both teams for multiple prime-time games, regardless of the teams' records from the previous season. (With the Raiders moving to Las Vegas by this time, the extra night games they and the 49ers received as a result of sharing San Francisco Bay will likely go to the Rams and Chargers. However, stadium plans could affect a Raiders Document [36] (Title: 2010 NFL season) off in the first-ever game at New Meadowlands Stadium on ESPN. The preseason game in the Bills Toronto Series featured the host Bills defeating the Indianapolis Colts in Toronto on Thursday, August 19 by a score of 34–21. Exact dates and times for most games were announced in April, shortly after the regular season games were announced. The NFL Kickoff Game, the first game of the season, took place on Thursday, September 9, 2010, starting at 8:35 pm EDT, with the Super Bowl XLIV champion New Orleans Saints hosting the Minnesota Vikings, in a rematch of the 2009 NFC Championship Document [37] (Title: NFL regular season) the NFL has indicated that the opening game will normally be hosted by the defending Super Bowl champions as the official start of their title defense. Under this scheduling system, the earliest the regular season could begin is September 4, as it was in the and seasons, due to September 1 falling on a Monday, while the latest possible is September 10, as it was in the and seasons, due to September 1 falling on a Tuesday. Currently, the thirteen different opponents each team faces over the 16-game regular season schedule are set using a pre-determined formula: Under this formula, Document [38] (Title: 2018 NFL season) the 2018 Hall of Fame class by former linebacker Ray Lewis, while the Bears were represented by former linebacker Brian Urlacher. The 2018 regular season's 256 games were played over a 17-week schedule that began on September 6. Each of the league's 32 teams played a 16-game schedule, with one bye week for each team. The slate also featured games on Monday Nights. There were games played on Thursdays, including the National Football League Kickoff game in prime time on September 6 and games on Thanksgiving Day. The regular season concluded with a full slate of 16 games on December Document [39] (Title: 2018 Jacksonville Jaguars season) and were officially eliminated from postseason contention. Draft trades The Jaguars' preseason opponents and schedule were announced on April 11. Exact dates and times were finalized on April 19, when the regular season schedule was announced. On January 11, 2018, the NFL announced that the Jaguars will play host to the Philadelphia Eagles at Wembley Stadium in London, England, as part of their commitment to the London Games. The game will occur during Week 8 (October 28), and will be televised in the United States. The exact date, along with network and kickoff time, were announced in conjunction with the Document [40] (Title: NBC Sunday Night Football results) defeating the Washington Redskins in the NFL Kickoff game. On Sunday, September 7, the Indianapolis Colts hosted the Chicago Bears in the first game at Lucas Oil Stadium. 2008 marked the third consecutive year that both the Colts and Giants would be featured in the "NBC Sunday Night Football" opening week games. As a result, the Manning brothers were used in commercial advertisements. The 2008 schedule, released April 15, continued the current practice of a scheduled game possibly being moved in favor of a more compelling one during Weeks 11 through 16 (November 16 through December 21), but left the Document [41] (Title: 2018 Los Angeles Chargers season) the Kansas City Chiefs, the Chargers clinched their first playoff berth since 2013 when they were based in San Diego. They are seeking their first AFC West title since 2009. Draft trades The Chargers' preseason opponents and schedule were released on April 11. On January 11, the NFL announced that the Chargers will play host to the Tennessee Titans in one of the London Games at Wembley Stadium in London, England. It will be the Chargers' second appearance in the International Series; the other being 2008. The game will occur during Week 7 (October 21), and will be televised in Document [42] (Title: 2018 Green Bay Packers season) 1991. After missing the playoffs, the Packers made several coaching changes during its offseason, in addition to selecting Brian Gutekunst as the team's new GM. Notable coaching changes included: The league year and free agency started on March 14, 2018. The roster was cut to 53 on September 1, 2018. Draft trades The preseason schedule was announced on April 11, 2018. The regular season schedule was announced on April 19, 2018. Notes This was the Packers first win from a 17 point deficit or more entering the 4th quarter in franchise history. This was the first home loss to the Document [43] (Title: 2018 Seattle Seahawks season) on October 15, 2018, at the age of 65. Draft trades On January 11, 2018, the NFL announced that the Seahawks will play the Oakland Raiders in a London Game in London, England, with the Raiders serving as the home team. The game site, originally slated for Tottenham Hotspur Stadium, was later moved to Wembley Stadium. The game, which will be the Seahawks' first appearance in the International Series, will occur during Week 6 on October 14. The network time was announced in conjunction with the release of the regular season schedule. The remainder of the Seahawks' 2018 schedule, with Document [44] (Title: NFL preseason) schedules the matchups for all of the exhibition games. Since 2002, individual teams have been allowed to negotiate their own deals to play each other during the preseason - the league allows individual teams to provide input into desired matchups and determines the matchups for any games that were not individually negotiated, but the league sets all game dates and times. The exhibition season schedule is released in the spring, shortly before the regular season schedule is announced. The NFL has set a loose precedent of determining exhibition matchups: The teams that play in the Pro Football Hall of Fame Document [45] (Title: One-game playoff) season) combined with the NFL's short schedule make it possible that the last week of the regular season will include a winner-take-all game between two teams, which will have the effect and feel of a playoff. Typically, such games will be scheduled for prime time under the NFL's flexible scheduling policy (provided their result does not carry potential playoff implications for other teams, as NFL current scheduling rules dictate that Week 17 games with mutual playoff implications always start at the same time). For example, the New York Giants and Dallas Cowboys entered the final week of the 2011 NFL Document [46] (Title: 2019 NFL season) ABC, replacing Fox's broadcast television simulcast of NFL Network in 2018. ABC's coverage will cater towards a mainstream audience and be hosted by the panel of ESPN's "College GameDay", while ESPN and NFL Network will continue to carry more conventional coverage of the draft. 2019 NFL season The 2019 NFL season will be the 100th season of the National Football League. (NFL) The season will tentatively begin on September 5, 2019 in the home team of the Super Bowl LIII champion. The season will conclude with Super Bowl LIV, the league's championship game, tentatively scheduled for February 2, 2020 at Document [47] (Title: Pro Football Hall of Fame Game) p.m.—an hour and 20 minutes before kickoff—that the game was going to be canceled. However, fans in the stadium only learned of the pending cancellation via social media. No official announcement was made until just before the scheduled 8 p.m. kickoff. On December 28, 2016, the NFL announced that the 2017 edition of the game would be played on a Thursday (August 3). This scheduling change made the Hall of Fame Game the first event of the Hall of Fame Weekend. The 2018 game was also played on a Thursday (August 2). Come 2019, the game will be played on Document [48] (Title: NBC Sunday Night Football) schedule was released on April 23, it placed a Sunday night game (Green Bay Packers at New Orleans Saints) against a World Series game for the fifth straight year. Starting with this season, NBC was permitted to begin flexing games as soon as Week 5, with the restriction that no more than two games may be flexed between Weeks 5 and 10. The final Sunday night of the season – December 28, 2014 – likewise was a flex game; the slot was left vacant when the schedule was released, as been the practice of the past six seasons. The game's Document [49] (Title: Hard Knocks (TV series)) announced the Los Angeles Rams would be the team featured for the 2016 season premiering on August 9, 2016. Some of the issues covered in the 2016 Rams season include: On April 19, 2017, it was announced the Tampa Bay Buccaneers would be the team featured for the 2017 season premiering on August 8, 2017. On May 17, 2018, it was announced the Cleveland Browns would be the team featured for the 2018 season premiering on August 7, 2018. Some of the issues covered in the 2018 Browns season include: In 2004, NFL Films produced a training camp documentary series, Document [50] (Title: NBC Sunday Night Football results) for these games, with Cris Collinsworth still doing the color commentary. The AFC Divisional Playoff game between the Pittsburgh Steelers and the Kansas City Chiefs was originally scheduled to kickoff at 1:05 ET, but due to stormy weather in the Kansas City area, the NFL moved the kickoff time to 8:20 ET. ! Day !! Date !! Visiting Team !! Final Score !! Host Team !! Stadium <nowiki>*</nowiki>Patriots–Jets game was flexed out for the Chiefs–Broncos game.<BR> <nowiki>**</nowiki>Steelers–Bengals game was flexed out for the Buccaneers–Cowboys game. 2017 marked the 12th season of NBC Sunday Night Football. Due to Christmas Eve falling Document [51] (Title: 2017 Arizona Cardinals season) Francisco 49ers. The game will occur during Week 7 on Sunday, October 22, and will be televised in the United States. The network and date were announced in conjunction with the release of the regular season schedule. The remainder of the Cardinals' 2017 schedule, with exact dates and times, was announced on April 20. Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text. The Cardinals would lose star running back David Johnson to a wrist injury during the game. Afterwards, it was revealed that his dislocated his wrist, an injury that sent him to injured reserve on September 12 and would eventually Document [52] (Title: Alliance of American Football) their cities. Regional drafts will be held with protection for local college players that are eligible. On July 30, 2018, the Alliance announced the league had signed 100 players. In August 2018, the league held the Alliance Scouting Combine at three locations and four dates: August 4, 2018 in Los Angeles, California; August 18 in Houston, Texas and August 25–26 in Atlanta, Georgia. By August 24, 2018, 205 players were signed. These dates provided an opportunity for players cut at the NFL roster deadline, and each player signed a three-year contract worth $250,000, with performance-based and fan interaction incentives allowing Document [53] (Title: Thursday Night Football) games are broadcast on radio via Westwood One, which syndicates the broadcasts to its partner radio stations around the United States. In 2016, the NFL also began to sub-license digital streaming rights to the broadcast TV portion of the package to third-parties, beginning with Twitter in 2016, and Amazon Prime Video in 2017, which Amazon and the NFL renewed their contract through 2019, with Twitch set to air some games in 2018. The NFL Network's coverage was not the first time that NFL games were covered on Thursday or Saturday. Prior to the new contract, ESPN carried a handful of Document [54] (Title: NFL regular season) hold games on those days until those seasons generally end in mid-December. From through , the NFL schedule consisted of fourteen regular season games played over fourteen weeks, except in . Opening weekend typically was the weekend after Labor Day, or rarely two weekends after Labor Day. Teams played six or seven exhibition games. In 1966 (and 1960), the NFL had an odd number of franchises, so one team was idle each week. In , the league changed the schedule to include sixteen regular season games and four exhibition games. From 1978 through , the sixteen games were played over Document [55] (Title: 2018 NFL season) 30, all of which were intra-division matchups, as it had been since . Under the NFL's current scheduling formula, each team plays the other three teams in its own division twice. In addition, a team plays against all four teams in one other division from each conference. The final two games on a team's schedule are against the two remaining teams in the same conference that finished in the same position in their respective divisions (e.g., the team that finished fourth in its division will play all three other teams in the conference that also finished fourth). The division pairings Document [56] (Title: NBC Sunday Night Football) Harrison called the game in place of Michaels and Collinsworth. Flexible scheduling rules go into effect Week 5-16 (Inclusive) They will revert to the afternoon if a more competitive game arises. The final Sunday night game of the season – Sunday December 30 – Likewise is a flex game who's slot was left blank when the schedule came out. The games teams (and by extension, its location) will be announced after most week 16 games. It will be announced at a later date. On October 9th, NBC and the league announced that the previously scheduled Rams-49ers matchup was moved to Document [57] (Title: NFL Matchup) ET on Saturday, then re-aired on Sundays at 4:00AM ET and 6:30AM ET on ESPN. For the 2018 season, it is shown on ESPN2 on Saturdays at 1:00AM, and still re-aired on ESPN at 4:00AM and 6:30AM on Sundays. Additional special airtimes take place during the playoffs and for other specially scheduled NFL games. Unlike "Sunday NFL Countdown", "NFL Primetime", "Monday Night Countdown", "NFL Insiders", and "NFL Live", "NFL Matchup" gives fans an in-depth look at the NFL by breaking down the strategy and tactics—the "X's and O's", after the symbols commonly used by coaches to diagram plays—of every pro Document [58] (Title: NFL regular season) NFL regular season The National Football League (NFL) regular season begins on the weekend following the first Monday of September (i.e, the weekend following the Labor Day holiday) and ends in December or early January. It consists of 256 games, where each team (32 total) plays 16 games during a 17-week period. Since 2012, the NFL schedule generally has games in one of five time slots during the week. The first game of the week is played on Thursday night, kicking off at 8:20 PM (ET). The majority of games are played on Sunday, most kicking off at 1:00 PM Document [59] (Title: NBC Sunday Night Football) on December 28 with a game between the Denver Broncos and San Diego Chargers with major playoff implications, as the winner of that game would win the AFC West and earn a home game in the playoffs while the loser would be eliminated. The 2009 schedule, released on April 14, continued the 2007 and 2008 practice of scheduling a game every Sunday night during the season (except during the World Series) but declaring the games in Weeks 11 through 16 (November 22 through December 27) subject to change, should a more compelling matchup arise. The pattern of the 2007 and Document [60] (Title: NFL regular season) for each team, resulting in an 18-week regular season. In 2001, the September 11th attacks resulted in the league postponing its week 2 games, leading to another 18-week season. Since the season, the league has scheduled a nationally televised regular season kickoff game on the Thursday night after Labor Day, prior to the first Sunday of NFL games to kick off the season. The first one, featuring the San Francisco 49ers and the New York Giants, was held on September 5, 2002 largely to celebrate New York City's resilience in the wake of the September 11, 2001 attacks. Since 2004, Document [61] (Title: 2015 NFL season) have planned to place the broadcast behind a paywall, which the league resisted. The NFL entered into a social media partnership with Snapchat to present live stories with behind-the-scenes and fan perspectives from selected games. 2015 NFL season The 2015 NFL season was the 96th season in the history of the National Football League (NFL), and the 50th of the Super Bowl era. The season began on Thursday, September 10, 2015, with the annual kickoff game featuring the defending Super Bowl XLIX champion New England Patriots hosting the Pittsburgh Steelers. The season concluded with Super Bowl 50, the league's championship Document [62] (Title: 2018 Los Angeles Rams season) of his starting defense off the field for the entire preseason. Other than a few defensive series against Houston, no starters saw any action during the exhibition schedule. The Rams' schedule was announced on April 19. Notes The final game of Week 1 featured a highly anticipated showdown between head coaches Sean McVay and Jon Gruden, who had given McVay his first job as an NFL coach when both were at Tampa Bay. In front of a sellout crowd in Oakland that enthusiastically greeted Gruden in his return to coaching after a 10-year absence, the Raiders took an early lead Document [63] (Title: 2011 NFL season) moving the Super Bowl back a week, would have allowed the NFL to play a 14-game schedule beginning in mid-October while still having the Super Bowl in mid-February. In a scheduling quirk, the NFC North's Chicago Bears played all four of their interconference games in consecutive weeks: San Diego in Week 11, Oakland in Week 12, Kansas City in Week 13 and Denver in Week 14. This season's International Series game featured the Chicago Bears and the Tampa Bay Buccaneers at Wembley Stadium in London on October 23, with the Buccaneers serving as the home team. The Bears won 24–18. Document [64] (Title: NFL GameDay) NFL GameDay NFL GameDay is an American television program that features highlights of the National Football League games for the day. It airs on the NFL Network, having debuted on September 10, 2006. The program starts at either 11:30 p.m. Eastern time or the moment that "NBC Sunday Night Football" concludes, whichever is later. When NBC does not carry a game, it begins at 8 p.m. ET, or after "NFL RedZone" goes off the air, which happened twice in 2006, on October 22 and December 24, and also on December 31, 2017. Rich Eisen was the initial anchor, and former Document [65] (Title: 2010 NFL season) Kansas City. For teams scheduled to play the NFC West, those traveling to San Francisco will also go to Arizona, while those scheduled to play in Seattle would then go to St. Louis. For the 2010 season, the intraconference and interconference matchups are: Intraconference Interconference The entire 2010 regular-season schedule was unveiled at 7:00 pm EDT on Tuesday, April 20. Additionally, schedule release shows aired on both the NFL Network and as a SportsCenter special on ESPN2. The league's 75th annual selection meeting, more commonly known as the NFL Draft, took place at Radio City Music Hall in New York Document [66] (Title: NFL International Series) its opening season in 2018. Additionally, on October 7, 2015, the league announced that a resolution had been passed to schedule international games at additional locations to London until 2025. Subsequently, on October 22, 2015 it was confirmed that at least two games per season would remain at Wembley through at least 2020 and that the Jacksonville Jaguars will continue to play a home game there annually throughout the agreement. Another stadium deal was confirmed on November 3, 2015, when the league announced they had reached an agreement with England's Rugby Football Union to host regular season games at Twickenham Document [67] (Title: 2018 NFL season) the weekend of January 12–13. The winners of those games will advance to the Conference Championship games on January 20. (In the event that both Los Angeles teams advance to their respective conference championships with both as the home team, one of the two games will be postponed to the evening of January 21.) The 2019 Pro Bowl will be held at Camping World Stadium in Orlando, Florida on January 27 and will be broadcast on ESPN and ABC. Super Bowl LIII will be held on February 3 at Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta, on CBS. Note:" Scenarios involving ties are Document [68] (Title: 2018 Arizona Cardinals season) from playoff contention for the third consecutive season. One highlight of the Cardinals' 2018 season was their first ever victory against the Green Bay Packers at Lambeau Field. Draft trades The Cardinals' preseason opponents and schedule was announced on April 11, 2018. The Cardinals' 2018 schedule was announced on April 19. Notes Rosen's first start was a loss as the Seahawks kicked a game-winning field goal. The Cardinals started 0–4 for the first time since 1986 when they were in St. Louis. Coupled with wins by the Raiders and Texans, the Cardinals became the only winless team in the NFL. Document [69] (Title: 2007 NFL season) scheduling. Also, the network that carries the "doubleheader" week game (either CBS or Fox) will be able to switch one game per week into the 4:15 PM (US ET) time slot, except in the final week, when NBC will select one game for the 8:15 PM slot, and both CBS and Fox will have doubleheader games on December 30. The first flex game was the New England Patriots visiting the Buffalo Bills on November 18. The next flexing came when it was announced that the December 23 Washington Redskins–Minnesota Vikings game was moved to 8:15 PM on NBC, replacing the Document [70] (Title: National Football League on television) this is expected until the season plays out and playoff implications impact the schedule for the final week. Theoretically, a non-sellout blackout could allow alternative games to be shown, but the Giants and Jets have continuously sold out since 1975 and 1977, respectively, making this scenario unlikely. The often complicated television package is a significant factor in why the schedule for a particular season takes several weeks to develop. Although in close proximity, the Washington Redskins and Baltimore Ravens are served by separate media markets, and so they can play at the same time. If both teams play at the Document [71] (Title: National Football League on television) or 4 p.m. Eastern Time. In addition, there are usually single nationally televised games each on Thursday night, Sunday night, and Monday night. These primetime games are broadcast across the country over one national over-the-air broadcast or cable network, where there are no regional restrictions, nor any other competing NFL contest. All playoff games, the Super Bowl, and the Pro Bowl are nationally televised on either Saturday or Sunday in January/early February, and either in the afternoon or in primetime. Scheduling during the NFL preseason is more lenient in that most games usually start based on the local time. Thus, Document [72] (Title: 2018 NFL Draft) 2018 NFL Draft The 2018 NFL Draft was the 83rd annual meeting of National Football League (NFL) franchises to select newly eligible players for the 2018 NFL season. The draft was held on April 26–28 at AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas, and was the first draft to take place in an NFL stadium and the first to be held in Texas, which won out in a fourteen city bid. In order to be eligible to enter the draft, players must be at least three years removed from high school. The deadline for underclassmen to declare for the draft was January Document [73] (Title: NFL Network Thursday Night Football results (2006–present)) NFL Network-only games. The NFL also sold the digital rights to the package separately to Twitter. Due to scheduling conflicts, NBC Sports had Mike Tirico team up with Cris Collinsworth for the Giants-Eagles game. Tirico, Doug Flutie, and Tony Dungy also called Dolphins-Jets and Ravens-Steelers. 2017 marked the second and final year of the NFL's Thursday Night Football contract with CBS and NBC, as Fox would take over next season. Also, Amazon replaced Twitter as the digital rights holder. Also, along with the change in digital viewing, it was announced that there would be 11 games simulcast between CBS, NBC, Document [74] (Title: NFL regular season) and all week 3 matchups could be moved into each team's respective bye week. The league also had a contingency plan to postpone Super Bowl XLVI one week, which (assuming a full playoff schedule) would allow a 13-game schedule with five division games for each team to be played beginning as late as October 16. Several games have been postponed or relocated because of natural disasters. In 1989, Candlestick Park was damaged by the Loma Prieta earthquake. The San Francisco 49ers would play their game on October 22, 1989 against the New England Patriots at Stanford Stadium in Palo Alto. Document [75] (Title: NFL regular season) on a 16-year rotating schedule that would guarantee that each team would get to play twice over that span: once as the home team and once as the away team. This was abandoned when the St. Louis Rams, who are co-owned with Arsenal, a prominent soccer team in London, signed a three-year agreement to be the home team in the International Series games in London. This plan has since been re-established after the Rams announced that they would not be returning to England in 2013; the Rams would return to London as host team in 2016. Since, the NFL has Document [76] (Title: 2016 NFL season) 2016 NFL season The 2016 NFL season was the 97th season in the history of the National Football League (NFL). The season began on September 8, 2016, with the defending Super Bowl 50 champion Denver Broncos defeating the Carolina Panthers 21–20 in the NFL Kickoff Game. The season concluded with Super Bowl LI, the league's championship game on February 5, 2017, at NRG Stadium in Houston with the New England Patriots defeating the Atlanta Falcons 34–28 in overtime. For the first time since the Houston Oilers relocated to Tennessee in , an NFL team relocated to another state, as the Document [77] (Title: National Football League Christmas games) with a special Sunday afternoon edition of "Thursday Night Football" exclusive to NFL Network. Under current TV contracts, the only other time two games would be played on Christmas would be when it falls on a Monday (NBC's game is moved from Sunday during that weekend which is not included in flexible scheduling, while ESPN would air its regular Monday night game as well), as it did in 2006 and 2017. Christmas next arrives on a Monday in 2023; the TV rights will be determined in the next contract. In the event that Christmas falls on a Thursday, as it Document [78] (Title: NFL International Series) could be implemented because of concerns about playing on Labor Day or over the 2010 Winter Olympics, the league's rigid scheduling formula, and the league's collective bargaining agreement (CBA). League officials were pondering moving a second existing game abroad for the 2010 season, but eventually abandoned it due to the ongoing CBA negotiations. The league eventually abandoned its attempt to expand the NFL season via CBA negotiations, and the new CBA enacted in 2011 has kept the NFL schedule at 16 games as of 2017. Games in the United Kingdom are broadcast by the BBC and Sky Sports either live Document [79] (Title: NFL Kickoff Game) want to be a distraction. 2016: The Denver Broncos hosted the 2016 Kickoff Game at Sports Authority Field at Mile High against the Carolina Panthers on September 8, in a Super Bowl 50 rematch. (As the Republican and Democratic conventions were both scheduled for July 2016, there was no scheduling conflict with them as there was in 2008 and 2012, nor were there conflicts with any other sports team in Denver that night.) The Broncos debuted Trevor Siemian as their new starting quarterback after both quarterbacks who started games in 2015 left the team; Peyton Manning (who played the entirety Document [80] (Title: NFL Network Thursday Night Football results (2006–present)) contracts). Also, the start times were pushed back by five minutes, to 8:20 p.m. Eastern time (except for the December 25 game, starting at 7:30 PM EST/6:30 CST). Starting with this season, the NFL expanded to a full season "Thursday Night Football" schedule. But there were some changes with the biggest being that every team was guaranteed a primetime appearance. In addition to the Season opener, the primetime Thanksgiving game also aired on NBC. Starting with the 2014 season, the NFL and CBS signed a deal that would put part of the Thursday Night Football package on national primetime. CBS, Document [81] (Title: 2017 NFL season) where the Patriots won 24–21 to win their third title. For the second consecutive year, a team relocated to the Los Angeles metropolitan area, as the former San Diego Chargers announced their intent to do so in January 2017. The 2017 NFL League year began on March 9 at 4:00 p.m. ET. On March 7, clubs were allowed to contact and enter into contract negotiations with the agents of players who became unrestricted free agents upon the expiration of their contracts two days later. On March 9, clubs exercised options for 2017 on players who have option clauses in their Document [82] (Title: National Football League) the NFL season. Currently, the thirteen opponents each team faces over the 16-game regular season schedule are set using a pre-determined formula: The league runs a seventeen-week, 256-game regular season. Since 2001, the season has begun the week after Labor Day (first Monday in September) and concluded the week after Christmas. The opening game of the season is normally a home game on a Thursday for the league's defending champion. Most NFL games are played on Sundays, with a Monday night game typically held at least once a week and Thursday night games occurring on most weeks as well. NFL Document [83] (Title: 2019 NFL season) 2019 NFL season The 2019 NFL season will be the 100th season of the National Football League. (NFL) The season will tentatively begin on September 5, 2019 in the home team of the Super Bowl LIII champion. The season will conclude with Super Bowl LIV, the league's championship game, tentatively scheduled for February 2, 2020 at Hard Rock Stadium in Miami, Florida. The 2019 NFL Draft will be held from April 25–27 in Nashville, Tennessee. Training Camps for the 2019 season will be held in late July through August. Teams will start training camp no earlier than 15 days before Document [84] (Title: NFL Network Thursday Night Football results (2006–present)) with an NFL Network simulcast, would air eight games (mostly the first half), while the NFL Network would air the other eight games (mostly the second half) exclusively. The deal was for one year with the option of a second year in 2015, which the NFL chose to exercise. For the 2016 and 2017 seasons, a new Thursday Night Football deal took effect. Thursday Night Football was now an 18-game schedule with CBS broadcasting 5 games, NBC broadcasting 5 games, and the NFL Network simulcasting the whole season with 8 games exclusively. CBS Sports and NBC Sports each produced 4 Document [85] (Title: Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park) On December 23, 2016, the FAA approved the large cranes to build the stadium. On May 18, 2017, developers announced that record rainfall in the area had postponed the stadium's completion and opening from 2019 to until the 2020 NFL season. On August 8, 2017, the LA Stadium Premiere Center in Playa Vista, California opened as a place for suite buyers and season ticket holders to preview the stadium. The center contains a massive replica model of the stadium, giving potential buyers a preview of what they can expect when the stadium opens. The NFL announced that NFL Media will Document [86] (Title: Notre Dame Fighting Irish football) with home games against Navy), two home and home series (one home game and one away game), one one-time opponent home game, and the traveling "Shamrock Series" home game. The 2019 schedule was officially released on March 2, 2017. The 2020 schedule was officially released on December 7,2017. The neutral site game at Lambeau Field has been designated the Shamrock Series game. An additional 1 non-ACC home game will be scheduled – TBA. The neutral site game at Soldier Field has been designated the Shamrock Series game, although television rights are owned and operated by the Big Ten Network. TBA: Document [87] (Title: Major League Football) continued to push forward in an attempt to start games in April 2016, but the league was unable to come up with the needed financials in order to operate a full season. On March 31, the league announced that the first season would be postponed and 2016 would be considered a "developmental" year. However, by June 2016, the league would miss at least four months of rent payments on its headquarters in Lakewood Ranch, Florida, and were served eviction papers were served for non-payment of rent beginning in March 2016. In early 2017, the league registered websites for some of Document [88] (Title: Canceled NFL games) or to a different date in the schedule. The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake damaged Candlestick Park, forcing the San Francisco 49ers to play their next home game on October 22 against the New England Patriots at Stanford University’s Stanford Stadium. In 1992, Hurricane Andrew forced the September 6 opening-day game between the New England Patriots and the Miami Dolphins at Joe Robbie Stadium to be rescheduled to October 18, when both teams originally had a bye week. In the wake of the October 25, 2003 Cedar Fire, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger declared a state of emergency and activated the National Document [89] (Title: 2011 NFL season) the New Orleans Saints in the kickoff game; the last regular season games were held on Sunday, January 1, 2012. The playoffs started on Saturday, January 7, 2012, and ended with Super Bowl XLVI, the league's championship game, on February 5, 2012 at Lucas Oil Stadium in Indianapolis. Under the NFL's scheduling formula, intraconference and interconference matchups were: Intraconference Interconference When the league was arranging the schedule in spring 2011, it added some cushion in case the labor dispute lasted into September and the planned start of the regular season. For example, every contest in Week 3 had teams which Document [90] (Title: 2018 Dallas Cowboys season) 8-6 on the season. 2018 Dallas Cowboys season The 2018 season is the Dallas Cowboys' 59th and current in the National Football League (NFL), their 30th under the ownership of Jerry Jones, their 10th playing their home games at AT&T Stadium, and their eighth full season under head coach Jason Garrett. AT&T Stadium is also the first stadium venue to host the annual draft. For the first time since 2009, wide receiver Dez Bryant was not on the opening day roster, as he was released on April 13, 2018 and signed with the New Orleans Saints on November 7, 2018. Document [91] (Title: 2017 NFL season) streamed by Yahoo and other Verizon-owned platforms, including AOL, go90, and Complex. NFL Network remains a partner with Twitter for online content, including its new streaming news program "NFL Blitz Live". The NFL also reached a deal with Facebook in September 2017 to offer video highlights following games, and streaming programs on the service's new Watch platform. This was the final season of the NFL's exclusive mobile streaming contract with Verizon Wireless; the league intended to no longer have a single exclusive partner going forward, citing changes to viewing habits. On December 11, 2017, the NFL announced that it had Document [92] (Title: 2018 NFL season) that it will be placing its existing lead broadcast team of Joe Buck and Troy Aikman on the package, reducing the number of games the duo will call on Sundays (Buck and Aikman will only call the nationally televised "America's Game of the Week" telecasts on Sundays). A version of "Fox NFL Sunday" will serve as the lead-in to "Thursday Night Football", without Curt Menefee or Jimmy Johnson; the show will instead be hosted by panelist Michael Strahan from New York City, displacing Rich Eisen, the studio host for Thursday night pregame since the package's inception in 2006. Strahan will Document [93] (Title: 2010 NFL season) Game. The Saints won 14–9. Like in previous years, the opening week's prime-time games were expected to be announced at the NFL's annual owners meetings in late March, but that wasn't the case this year, with the schedule announced on April 20. On March 15, 2010, the NFL announced that both the New York Giants and New York Jets will play at home during the opening weekend to open New Meadowlands Stadium. The Giants played on Sunday with a 1 pm EDT kickoff against the Carolina Panthers and the Jets opened ESPN's Monday Night Football schedule against the Baltimore Ravens Document [94] (Title: Fox Sports (United States)) compensation for the rescheduling of the 2022 tournament to late-November/mid-December (which will compete with the regular seasons of several major North American sports leagues, including the NFL). On July 24, 2017, the Big Ten Conference announced that it had reached six-year deals with Fox Sports and ESPN to hold rights to its football games beginning in the 2017 season, with Fox's package expanding on its involvement in BTN. As part of the contract, Fox's contract to run BTN was extended through 2032. On January 31, 2018, the NFL announced a five-year agreement for the broadcasting rights for Thursday Night Football Document [95] (Title: 2018 NFL season) with screens or less in size (such as smartphones), in order to account for changes in viewing habits, but still includes enhanced access to highlights and other digital content for Verizon-owned properties. In addition, Verizon announced that it would no longer make these streams exclusive to Verizon Wireless subscribers, and would leverage its portfolio of media brands (such as Yahoo!, which it acquired in 2017) to distribute them to a larger audience. All of the NFL's current television partners have added mobile streaming rights (which were previously reserved to Verizon) to their existing contracts for the 2018 season. Under the Document [96] (Title: 2009 NFL season) at Radio City Music Hall in New York City on April 25 and 26, 2009. The 2009 season began on September 10, 2009. Under the current scheduling system, this is the latest date the NFL can start its season as the season typically starts the weekend after Labor Day, which falls on its latest possible date in 2009. For the 2009 season, the intraconference and interconference matchups were: Intraconference Interconference The 2009 schedule was released on April 14, 2009 and featured the following highlights: The Pro Football Hall of Fame Game was on August 9, 2009 at 8:00 pm EDT Document [97] (Title: 2018 NFL season) 5 to 15 minutes earlier to facilitate local newscasts and "SportsCenter" to start earlier and cause less disruption to late night television schedules in the Eastern and Central time zones. Thursday and Sunday Night games now kick off at 8:20 p.m. ET, while Monday Night games now kick off at 8:15 p.m. ET. After two years of decline, television viewership for the NFL slightly rebounded in 2018, with ratings up 3% as a whole through the first ten weeks of the season, despite a major decline (16%) in other programming on the same networks. 2018 NFL season The 2018 NFL Document [98] (Title: 2017 NFL season) hosted Arizona Cardinals (represented by former quarterback and 2017 Hall of Famer Kurt Warner). It was televised nationally on NBC. The 64-game preseason schedule ended on August 31; a 65th game, that of the 2017 Texas Governor's Cup, was canceled due to the aftermath of Hurricane Harvey. The 2017 regular season's 256 games which were played over a 17-week schedule which began on September 7. Each of the league's 32 teams plays a 16-game schedule, with one bye week for each team. The slate also features games on Monday nights. There are games played on Thursday, including the National Football Document [99] (Title: 2018 Miami Dolphins season) have improved on their 6–10 record from last season following a memorable Week 14 win against division rival and defending back-to-back AFC champion New England Patriots, denying them their clinching of the AFC East that week, and are competing for a playoff spot. Draft trades The Dolphins' 2018 schedule was finalized and announced on April 19. Notes Due to two weather delays, the game lasted for 7 hours and 10 minutes, the longest game since the AFL–NFL merger in 1970. Coincidentally, wide receiver Danny Amendola met with former teammates Malcolm Butler and Dion Lewis. The three played for the New Document [100] (Title: 2018–19 NFL playoffs) 2018–19 NFL playoffs The 2018–19 NFL playoffs will begin on January 5, 2019, after the 2018 season, and conclude with Super Bowl LIII on Sunday, February 3, 2019 at Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta, Georgia. Source: All playoff games will be broadcast nationally on network television. ABC and ESPN will simulcast 1 NFC Wild Card game, while CBS And NBC will broadcast two AFC playoff games and CBS having the rest of the AFC Playoffs. Coverage of the NFC Playoffs wil be seen on Fox with the Network having coverage of the other NFC Playoff Games. CBS has exclusive coverage of Document [101] (Title: NFL Kickoff Game) NFL Kickoff Game The National Football League Kickoff game, along with related festivities, marks the official start of the National Football League (NFL) regular season. A single game is held, preceded by a concert and other ceremonies. This first game of the season is usually scheduled for the Thursday following Labor Day and since 2004, it was hosted by the defending Super Bowl champions. However, in 2012, the game was moved to Wednesday to prevent conflicts with the acceptance speech of the Democratic National Convention. The remainder of the league plays their opening weekend games the following Sunday and Monday. Document [102] (Title: National Football League on television) to scheduling games on Saturdays after the end of the college football season, with the scheduling policy changing many times. From 1970 to 2005, both of the Sunday afternoon broadcast networks (CBS and NBC from 1970–1993, Fox and NBC from 1994–1997, and Fox and CBS from 1998–2005) were given at least two Saturday afternoon national broadcasts in December, with ESPN also airing one Saturday game in primetime from 1998 to 2005. In 2006, the schedule was cut to three Saturday games, which aired in primetime and were televised on the NFL Network in December. In 2008, this was changed to Document [103] (Title: Alliance of American Football) for players to earn more. In July 2018, Starter, through G-III Sports, which manufactured NFL jerseys in the 1980s and 1990s, was named the official on-field apparel and game-day uniform supplier for the AAF, marking a return for the brand to professional football. On September 20, the league announced four eastern inaugural franchises' names and logos. The western four teams were revealed five days later. On October 16, 2018, the Alliance announced its schedule (indicating the day and location, but not the time, of each game) which has two games each on Saturday and on Sunday most weekends. Quarterback skill Document [104] (Title: NFL regular season) at home. In , the Super Bowl XLVII champion Baltimore Ravens were forced to open on the road due to this fact, as their MLB counterparts, the Baltimore Orioles, were scheduled at home on the same day as the Week 1 NFL Kickoff game and declined to either reschedule or relocate their game. (MLB typically releases the schedule for an upcoming season prior to the end of the previous season, forcing the NFL to accommodate the scheduling needs of teams who share parking lots or stadiums with MLB teams, while MLS typically releases their season schedule well ahead of the Document [105] (Title: Canceled NFL games) violation of the NFL's collective bargaining agreement with the National Football League Players Association which requires a visiting team to arrive in the host city no later than 24 hours prior to kickoff. Hurricane Ike forced several changes to the 2008 schedule. The Houston Texans’ Week 2 home game against the Baltimore Ravens was first postponed to Monday, September 15, before Ike made landfall; damage to Reliant Stadium forced a further postponement, to Week 10, on Sunday, November 9, giving the Texans and the Ravens their bye weeks in Week 2. Furthermore, to accommodate this move, the Texans’ home game Document [106] (Title: NBC Sunday Night Football) the Philadelphia Eagles beat the New England Patriots in a rematch of Super Bowl XXXIX. The 2018 NFL season schedule was released in April. NBC's first telecast of the season was on September 6, 2018 featured the Super Bowl Champion Philadelphia Eagles defeating the Atlanta Falcons. For the ninth season in a row, the NFL placed a game against a World Series game, with the New Orleans Saints against the Minnesota Vikings, going up against the fifth (and final) game of the Fall Classic, between the Los Angeles Dodgers against the Boston Red Sox. This will also be the first Document [107] (Title: 2013 NFL season) regular season schedule was released on April 18, 2013. The 2013 regular season began on Thursday, September 5, with the NFL Kickoff Game in which the Denver Broncos hosted the Baltimore Ravens. The game was a rematch of a double-overtime playoff game of the previous season. The game was broadcast on NBC. The Ravens, as the reigning Super Bowl champions, would normally have hosted the kickoff game, however, a scheduling conflict with their Major League Baseball counterparts, the Baltimore Orioles, forced the Ravens to start the season on the road (the Ravens' and Orioles' respective stadiums — M&T Bank Stadium Document [108] (Title: History of the National Football League on television) infamous 1982 "strike" games. The NFLPA called for a players' strike three weeks into that season which reduced it to nine games. In October, two "all-star" exhibition games were held with generic NFC and AFC teams in Los Angeles and Washington, D.C. and aired on TBS. Ratings and attendance at both games was minimal. In 1994, the league signed an exclusivity agreement with the direct broadcast satellite (DBS) service DirecTV to launch NFL Sunday Ticket, a satellite television subscription service that offers every regular season NFL game. When contracts were signed in December 1993, CBS (which had been home to Document [109] (Title: 2018 Philadelphia Eagles season) MVP Nick Foles had an awful preseason struggling in games versus the Patriots and Browns. Many injuries occurred while some from the previous season affected the starting offense's play. Many questioned how they would fare out after a lousy preseason showing. On January 11, the NFL announced that the Eagles will play the Jacksonville Jaguars in one of the London Games at Wembley Stadium in London, England, with the Jaguars serving as the home team. It will be the Eagles' first appearance in the International Series. The game will occur during Week 8 (October 28), and will be televised in Document [110] (Title: NFL regular season) end of the MLB World Series. NFL teams have also shared stadiums with NCAA college football teams and bowl games, either temporarily or permanently, but the Sports Broadcasting Act of 1961 prohibits the NFL from scheduling games on the same days as college football games. The 1982 and 1987 seasons were both shortened by labor disputes. The 1982 strike lasted 57 days. Weeks 3 through 10 were canceled, but an additional week was added to make a 9-game schedule. The 1982 playoff matchups were determined by conference standings only. The 1987 strike and subsequent lockout lasted 24 days but only Document [111] (Title: 2018 NFL season) 2018 NFL season The 2018 NFL season is the 99th season of the National Football League (NFL). The season began on September 6, 2018, with the NFL Kickoff Game with the defending Super Bowl LII champion Philadelphia Eagles defeating the Atlanta Falcons 18–12. The season will conclude with Super Bowl LIII, the league's championship game, on February 3, 2019, at Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta, Georgia. The 2018 NFL League year and trading period began on March 14. On March 9, clubs were allowed to exercise options for 2018 on players who have option clauses in their contracts, submit qualifying offers Document [112] (Title: Sports broadcasting contracts in the United States) season Sunday afternoon games through 2021. Yahoo! will televise one NFL London game on streaming devices. The game will also be simulcast on broadcast networks in the local markets of the teams playing in the game. Westwood One has exclusive national radio rights through the 2017 season. Sports USA has national radio rights to regular season Sunday afternoon doubleheaders sublicensed from Dial Global. Compass Media Networks has national radio rights to regular season Sunday afternoon games for 10 teams sublicensed from Dial Global. Each NFL team has local television stations with rights to preseason games and radio stations with rights Document [113] (Title: National Football League Christmas games) Two games were played each Christmas Day from 2004 to 2006 and then from 2016 to 2017. In recent years, the NFL has scheduled games on Christmas Day only if it falls on a Saturday, Sunday, or Monday. The NFL scheduled one Friday Christmas game, in 2009, a very rare occasion for an NFL game to be played on a Friday (because Christmas falls outside the window set in the Sports Broadcasting Act of 1961 that prohibits pro football telecasts on those days for most of the regular season, it is one of the few times of the year when Document [114] (Title: 2018 Philadelphia Eagles season) the United States. The exact date, along with network and kickoff time, were announced in conjunction with the release of the regular season schedule. Notes NFL Kickoff Game The Eagles kicked off the 2018 season hosting Matt Ryan and the Atlanta Falcons in a rematch of last year's Divisional Round. The Falcons struggles in the red zone continued as they were stopped on fourth and goal on their first drive. The Eagles however had struggles of their own being held scoreless until midway through the second when Jake Elliott kicked a 26-yard field goal to tie the game. The Falcons Document [115] (Title: NFL regular season) kick off later at 4:25pm; this is to avoid conflicts with 1:00pm games that have run late. The schedule allows for 4 other regular time slots, in which these games are broadcast nationally across the country: Since the 2006 season, the NFL has used a "flexible scheduling" system for the last seven weeks of the regular season when there is a Sunday night game. In 2014, that was expanded to include weeks 5 – 17. Flex scheduling ensures quality matchups on Sunday nights and it allows for surprise teams to play in primetime. In its early years after , the Document [116] (Title: 2018 NFL season) has been issued in regard to a contract extension with that network, and it is unknown when the current arrangement was signed or when it will end. Additionally, Westwood One removed Sunday afternoon games from their package, instead focusing on the primetime matchups as well as the postseason. SportsUSA, Compass and ESPN Radio, which also has broadcast select Sunday afternoon NFL games, will continue to do so. Meanwhile, Entravision extended the Sunday night rights for 3 years, through 2021, and gained two Super Bowls, the entire AFC Playoff package, the Thursday Night Opener, and a Thanksgiving Day game as part Document [117] (Title: National Football League on television) NFL television contract allow either traditional Thanksgiving game to prime time (and NBC) and schedule an AFC game in either window to accommodate CBS, while Fox would get the other traditional game with Dallas or Detroit; to date, this has never happened. A separate contract also liberated CBS from its usual conference affiliation on Thursdays; thus, the 2014 and 2015 contests were all NFC contests, with the AFC completely shut out of the holiday. In recent years, the NFL has generally scheduled games on Christmas only if it falls on a day normally used for games (Saturday, Sunday, Monday). If Document [118] (Title: 2017 NFL season) on April 27–29 in Philadelphia. The Cleveland Browns selected Myles Garrett with the first overall pick. Training camps for the 2017 season were held in late July through August. Teams started training camp no earlier than 15 days before the team's first scheduled preseason game. Prior to the start of the regular season, each team played four preseason exhibition games, beginning on August 10. The preseason began on the evening of August 3 with the 2017 Pro Football Hall of Fame Game, that featured the Dallas Cowboys (represented in the 2017 Hall of Fame Class by owner Jerry Jones) who Document [119] (Title: 2006 NFL season) slot, and possibly one or more 1 p.m. slotted games to the 4 p.m. slots. During the last week of the season, the league could re-schedule games as late as six days before the contests so that all of the television networks will be able to broadcast a game that has playoff implications. Starting September 18, fans were able to download highlights of their teams' games through Apple's iTunes Store. Each video costs US$1.99 each but fans have the chance of buying a "Follow Your Team season ticket" which brings every game of that team to the fan for $24.99. Document [120] (Title: National Football League on television) will air nationally, however. Under the NFL's anti-siphoning rules for cable games, these stations usually will air simulcasts of ESPN and/or NFL Network games in their local markets if the local team is playing. The NFL regular season usually begins in September, and ends in December or early January. Each team plays 16 games during a 17-week period. Traditionally, the majority of each week's games are played on Sunday afternoon. The Sunday afternoon games are televised regionally, where the particular game available on local television will depend on where the viewer is located, and begin at either approximately 1 p.m. Document [121] (Title: Canceled NFL games) rescheduled those games. On July 22, 2011, the NFL announced that that year’s Pro Football Hall of Fame Game originally set for August 7 of that year between Chicago and St. Louis had been canceled, for an ongoing lockout that had been in place since March of that year. The league approved a new collective bargaining agreement on July 21, but at the same time announced the cancellation of the game, citing the fact that the players would not have enough time in training camp to prepare before the game. The NFL also had contingency plans to cancel and/or postpone Document [122] (Title: 2018 Baltimore Ravens season) schedule were announced on April 11, 2018. The Ravens' 2018 schedule was announced on April 19. Notes 2018 Baltimore Ravens season The 2018 season is the Baltimore Ravens' 23rd season in the National Football League and their 11th under head coach John Harbaugh. On October 14, 2018, the Ravens set a franchise record, sacking Titans quarterback Marcus Mariota 11 times in a 21–0 Week 6 win against the Tennessee Titans. Draft trades On February 13, the NFL announced that the Ravens will play the Chicago Bears in the Pro Football Hall of Fame Game on Thursday, August 2, at the Document [123] (Title: 2012 NFL season) 2012 at New York City's Radio City Music Hall. With the first pick, the Indianapolis Colts selected quarterback Andrew Luck from Stanford. The league announced on June 28 that all late Sunday doubleheader games will be moved ten minutes later from 4:15 p.m. ET to 4:25 p.m. Late games broadcast on the single game network will still remain at 4:05 p.m. The league cited 44 early games from the 2009 to 2011 seasons in which part of the audience had to be switched immediately to the kickoff of their home team's doubleheader game, and thus miss the end of the Document [124] (Title: NFL regular season) playing against the NFC West and AFC West, after several east-coast teams (such as the New England Patriots and New York Jets in ) all had to make four cross-country trips to play games in San Diego, San Francisco, Oakland, and Seattle in one season. Although this scheduling formula determines each of the thirty-two teams' respective opponents, the league usually does not release the final regular schedule with specific dates and times until the spring; the NFL needs several months to coordinate the entire season schedule to align with various secondary objectives, such as accommodating various scheduling conflicts and maximizing Document [125] (Title: NFL preseason) San Francisco 49ers played the Baltimore Ravens in 2014, and the Los Angeles Rams played the Baltimore Ravens in 2018, both in Baltimore. The Arizona Cardinals, who are on the pacific time zone during August, have played the New England Patriots in 2006, the Pittsburgh Steelers in 2006 and 2009, the Washington Redskins in 2010, and Atlanta Falcons in 2017. The College All-Star Game, usually the first game of the preseason, was played annually in Chicago from 1934 to 1976, and featured the NFL (from 1966, World champion) against an all-rookie team of college all-stars. During the earlier years of Document [126] (Title: 2018 NFL season) and the primetime Thanksgiving game. ESPN will continue to air "Monday Night Football" and the Pro Bowl. CBS will broadcast Super Bowl LIII. On January 31, the NFL announced that Fox had acquired the broadcast television rights to the "Thursday Night Football" package under a five-year deal (aligned with the remainder of the NFL's current broadcast contracts). Fox will air 11 games, along with the 2018 NFL Draft (the first time the event has aired on over-the-air television), in simulcast with NFL Network, with the remaining games in the package airing exclusively on NFL Network to satisfy its carriage contracts Document [127] (Title: National Football League on television) to Christmas night (see below). Thus, Sunday Night game flexible scheduling can not occur in week 16; NBC is then given flexible scheduling in week 10 instead. However, the other two types of flexible scheduling changes—moving a game from early to late, or changing networks—is still possible during such weeks. The NFL went around the flexible scheduling procedure prohibition in the 2016 NFL season where Christmas falls on a Sunday by scheduling two Sunday games at 4:30 and 8:30 PM ET, respectively. During the last week of the season, the league could reschedule games as late as six days before Document [128] (Title: 2007 NFL season) more favorable contest, up to 12 days before the game's start. In addition to an extra week of flexible scheduling (because of the conflict with scheduling Christmas Eve the previous season, which NBC did not do (instead opting to air a game on Christmas Day)), the NFL slightly changed its flex-schedule procedure. In 2006, the league did not reveal its predetermined Sunday night game; the reason given by the league was to avoid embarrassing the teams switched out for a more compelling game. In 2007, the league announced all predetermined matchups, with a footnote on the games subject to flex Document [129] (Title: NFL International Series) date and opponents were not announced at that time, but were later confirmed as the Los Angeles Rams playing as designated home team against the Kansas City Chiefs. This game was subsequently moved back to Los Angeles due to poor field conditions at Estadio Azteca. In October 2018, the league confirmed four London Games would take place in 2019. Wembley Stadium would host two and Tottenham Hotspur Stadium would host the remaining two. The Jacksonville Jaguars would return to Wembley Stadium for the seventh consecutive year in line with their annual commitment. Two of the 32 teams have not played Document [130] (Title: 2019 NFL Draft) 2019 NFL Draft The 2019 NFL Draft will be the 84th annual meeting of National Football League (NFL) franchises to select newly eligible players. The draft will be held on April 25–27 in Nashville, Tennessee. The first round will be held on April 25, followed by the second and third round on April 26 and will conclude with rounds 4–7 on Saturday April 27. The host city for the 2019 (as well as the 2020) draft was chosen from among finalists Denver, Kansas City, Las Vegas, Nashville, and Cleveland/Canton in May 2018 at the NFL Spring League Meeting. On May Document [131] (Title: 2016 NFL season) against the two teams in the team's own conference in the two divisions the team was not set to play which finished the previous season in the same rank in their division (e.g. the team which finished first in its division the previous season played each other team in its conference that also finished first in its respective division). The pre-set division pairings for 2016 were: The complete 2016 schedule was released on April 14, 2016. Highlights of the 2016 schedule included: The 2016 playoffs began on the weekend of January 7–8, 2017 with the Wild Card playoff round. The Document [132] (Title: 2018 Seattle Seahawks season) exact dates and times, was announced on April 19. Notes NFL London Games This would become the first time since 2013 that the Seahawks would lose to the 49ers, snapping a nine-game regular season winning streak. 2018 Seattle Seahawks season The 2018 season is the Seattle Seahawks' 43rd in the National Football League and their ninth under head coach Pete Carroll. The Seahawks are trying to improve on their 9–7 record from the 2017 season. They also played in London for the first time in franchise history, defeating the Oakland Raiders 27–3 in Week 6. This is the first season Document [133] (Title: NBC Sunday Night Football) determine a champion). Major League Baseball moved the start of the series to a Tuesday instead of Wednesday so it could avoid competing with the NFL on Thursday and Monday nights in addition to Sunday night. In 2015, the NFL once again scheduled the Packers to play on "Sunday Night Football", this time against the Broncos at Sports Authority Field on November 1. Both the Packers and the Broncos entered the game undefeated at 6-0. However, the game wound up being scheduled opposite the fifth (and final) game of the 2015 World Series between the Royals and the NY Mets Document [134] (Title: 2008 NFL season) NFL's scheduling formula, the intraconference and interconference matchups for 2008 were: The annual NFL Kickoff Game to start the season took place on September 4 and featured the Super Bowl XLII champion New York Giants winning over their division rivals, the Washington Redskins, at Giants Stadium by a score of 16–7. The game's kickoff was ninety minutes earlier than previous years, at 7 p.m. EDT, because of a time conflict with the 2008 Republican National Convention. Other featured games during the opening week included the NBC Sunday Night Football game between the Chicago Bears and the Indianapolis Colts (the first Document [135] (Title: 2016 Chicago Bears season) tackle Nick Becton was released and former Pittsburgh Steelers tackle Mike Adams was signed. Bears Training Camp was held at Olivet Nazarene University in Bourbonnais from July 27–August 9. The team hosted the Family Fest at Soldier Field on August 6, while participating in joint practices with the New England Patriots at Gillette Stadium from August 15–17. The Bears' preseason opponents and schedule was announced on April 7. The schedule featured three games against 2015 playoff teams; the first game was against the defending Super Bowl champion Denver Broncos, followed by the AFC East winner New England Patriots, the Kansas Document [136] (Title: 2018 Philadelphia Eagles season) 2018 Philadelphia Eagles season The National Football League 2018 Philadelphia Eagles season is the team's 86th season and their third under head coach Doug Pederson. The Eagles entered the season as the defending champions of Super Bowl LII, and opened the season with the NFL Kickoff Game on September 6, beating the Atlanta Falcons 18–12. A vast majority of their Super Bowl-winning squad from the 2017 season was retained, although some notable losses included tight end Trey Burton (who contributed to the Philly Special in the Super Bowl), defensive end Vinny Curry, and cornerback Patrick Robinson. Franchise quarterback Carson Wentz, Document [137] (Title: NFL regular season) four teams from a single division in the AFC once, all four teams from a single division in the NFC once, and two additional intraconference games based on the standings from the previous season. Since 1990, the majority of NFL regular-season games are played on Sundays at 1 pm, or around 4:00 to 4:25pm ET (see below), with the late afternoon (ET) games usually reserved either for matches hosted in the Pacific Time Zone or Mountain Time Zone, or for one or more marquee contests. The current NFL television contract awards the American broadcast of these games to Fox or Document [138] (Title: 2018 CFL season) CFL announced that it would introduce a new football for the 2018 season. The new ball, produced by Wilson Sporting Goods, matches the specifications of the ball used in the National Football League and uses the "slightly harder" Horween leather used in that league, but with the CFL's laces and its characteristic white striping. Following the success of the week-long league and prospect showcase in March 2017, the league announced on September 9, 2017 that Mark's CFL Week would return and would be hosted by Winnipeg. The event took place from Thursday March 22 to Sunday March 25, 2018, and Document [139] (Title: 2001 NFL season) slot, without stripping any teams of a primetime appearance. This way of “flexible scheduling” would not be utilized at all in 2007, and since 2008, it is only utilized in the final week. The games that eventually made up Week 17 marked the latest regular season games to be played during what is traditionally defined as the "NFL season" (under the current format, the regular season cannot end later than January 3 in any given year). Another scheduling change took place in October, when the Dallas Cowboys at Oakland Raiders game was moved from October 21 to 7 to accommodate Document [140] (Title: 2014 NFL season) the Buffalo Bills' official radio flagship (WGR) confirmed that the Bills Toronto Series would not take place in 2014 and that the future of the series, which was otherwise scheduled to run through the 2017 season, was not yet certain. The series was formally terminated on December 3, 2014. The NFL introduced two major changes to the flexible scheduling procedure. First, the league will be able to "cross-flex" games between CBS and Fox, enabling CBS to televise NFC away games (for the first time since 1993), and Fox to broadcast AFC away games (for the first time since 2011, and Document [141] (Title: 2017 NFL season) 2017 NFL season The 2017 NFL season was the 98th season in the history of the National Football League (NFL). The season began on September 7, 2017, with the Kansas City Chiefs defeating the defending Super Bowl LI champion New England Patriots 42–27 in the NFL Kickoff Game. The season concluded with Super Bowl LII, where the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Philadelphia Eagles faced the American Football Conference (AFC) champion New England Patriots. The Philadelphia Eagles defeated the New England Patriots 41–33 to win their first title in franchise history. It was also a rematch of Super Bowl XXXIX, Document [142] (Title: NFL regular season) by the NFL Network (with, starting in 2018, ten of those Thursday games also being simulcast by Fox). The Sunday night game is broadcast by NBC, while the Monday night game is broadcast by ESPN. The NFL uses a strict scheduling algorithm to determine which teams play each other from year to year, based on the current division alignments and the final division standings from the previous season. The current formula has been in place since 2002, the last year that the NFL expanded its membership. Generally, each team plays the other three teams in its own division twice, all Document [143] (Title: 2006 NFL season) while at the same time allowing NBC to rake in more money off of the higher ratings from surprise, playoff-potential teams that more fans would enjoy watching. Under the flexible-scheduling system, all Sunday games in the affected weeks tentatively had the start times of 1 p.m. ET/10 a.m. PT, except those played in the Pacific or Mountain time zones, which will have a tentative start time of 4 p.m. ET/1 p.m. PT (or 4:15 p.m. ET/1:15 p.m. PT if it is a doubleheader weekend). On the Tuesday 12 days before the games, the league moved one game to the primetime Document [144] (Title: 2018 NFL season) terms of the agreement, Verizon must give the majority of the advertising revenue to the broadcast partners. On April 26, 2018, the NFL announced that it had reached a two-year extension of its agreement with Amazon for shared digital rights to the "Thursday Night Football" games simulcast with Fox, with a 15% increase in rights fees. To fulfill a request that the streams be available freely, the games will also be made available on Twitch, an Amazon-owned streaming service that was originally designed for video game streaming. Both of the NFL's national radio contracts, Westwood One for English language and Document [145] (Title: National Football League Christmas games) Sunday, the Divisional Playoff Games were held around the holiday, with an AFC doubleheader on Saturday, December 24, and an NFC doubleheader on Monday, December 26. This was done so that one team did not have a two-day rest advantage over the other for the Conference Championship games (the NFL only allowed one-day rest advantages). This scheduling resulted in most of the country missing the majority of the 1st quarter of the Pittsburgh-at-Denver game telecast (beginning at 4:00 PM EST), since the early AFC game that Saturday (Oakland-at-Baltimore, beginning at 12:30 PM EST) went into double overtime; with an ordinary Document [146] (Title: 2012 NFL season) first game. The 4:15 p.m. late doubleheader kickoff time dates back to the 1998 season when the NFL moved it from 4:05 p.m. for the same reason. As per the NFL's scheduling formula, the intraconference and interconference matchups were: Intraconference Interconference Highlights of the 2012 schedule include: The Pro Football Hall of Fame Game was played August 5 and featured a match-up between the Arizona Cardinals and the New Orleans Saints. New Orleans last appeared in the game in 2007; former Saints offensive tackle Willie Roaf was inducted as part of the Hall of Fame ceremonies. The Cardinals played there Document [147] (Title: NFL preseason) games. Due to their exhibition nature, suspended or canceled preseason games are normally not made up. In 2004, Hurricane Charley postponed a Tampa Bay game against Cincinnati from Saturday until Monday. In 2001, a preseason game between Philadelphia and Baltimore was canceled due to turf problems at Veterans Stadium. Similar turf concerns prompted the league to cancel the 2016 Hall of Fame Game at the last minute. The 2017 Cowboys-Texans preseason game, originally scheduled for Houston, was at first switched to Arlington due to the flooding spawned by Hurricane Harvey in southeast Texas. The day prior to the scheduled game, Document [148] (Title: NBC Sunday Night Football) scheduling a Sunday night game during every week of the season, and declaring the games in Weeks 11 through 16 (November 21 through December 26) as "flex games", meaning they reverted to Sunday afternoon if a more attractive matchup arose. The Week 16 game, between the Minnesota Vikings and Philadelphia Eagles, originally scheduled for December 26, was moved to December 28 due to a major blizzard that affected most of the Eastern United States. The NFL postponed the game after Philadelphia Mayor Michael Nutter declared a snow emergency for the city. It was the 23rd NFL game to be played Document [149] (Title: 2002 NFL season) the September 11 attacks, since the San Diego Chargers had their bye week during the week following 9/11 and the league nearly outright canceled that week’s slate of games. The league also introduced a new eight-year scheduling rotation designed so that all teams will play each other at least twice during those eight years, and play in every other team’s stadium at least once. Under scheduling formulas in use from 1978 to 2001, two teams in different divisions might never play each other for over fifteen seasons. Under the new scheduling formula, only two of a team’s games each season Document [150] (Title: 2018 NFL season) were hired. Four officials were promoted to the referee position. Down judge Hugo Cruz was fired for performance-related issues culminating with a missed false start during a Week 6 game between the Los Angeles Chargers and Cleveland Browns. It was the first time in the Super Bowl era that an official was dismissed in-season. The following playing rule changes have been approved by the Competition Committee for the 2018 season: The following bylaws and resolutions were passed: The following changes to the kickoff rules were approved at the NFL Spring Owners' Meeting on May 23, 2018: In response to the Document [151] (Title: 2019 NFL season) broadcast contracts with ESPN, CBS, Fox and NBC. This includes "cross-flexing" (switching) Sunday afternoon games between CBS and Fox before or during the season (regardless of the conference of the visiting team). NBC will continue to air "Sunday Night Football", the annual Kickoff Game, and the primetime Thanksgiving game. ESPN will continue to air "Monday Night Football" and the Pro Bowl. Fox will continue to air "Thursday Night Football" alongside with NFL Network. Fox will also broadcast Super Bowl LIV. In November 2018, ESPN announced that it would air coverage for all three days of the 2019 NFL Draft on Document [152] (Title: 2010 NFL season) NFL scheduled a Christmas game between the Cowboys and the Arizona Cardinals in Glendale, Arizona on December 25 on NFL Network. The Cowboys came back from a 21–3 deficit behind third-string quarterback Stephen McGee to take a 26–24 lead late in the fourth quarter, but kicker David Buehler missed an extra point, allowing the Cardinals to win the game 27–26 on a last-second Jay Feely field goal. The entire Week 17 schedule, played on January 2, 2011, consisted solely of divisional contests, in an attempt to increase competition after several cases over the last few seasons of playoff-bound teams resting Document [153] (Title: 2017 NFL season) the 2017-18 playoffs. As the new contract is non-exclusive, the NFL's television partners may negotiate to add the mobile streaming rights that were reserved to Verizon under the previous contract; NBC was the first to do so. Two new international digital rights deals led to user criticism over their quality of service. In Canada, NFL Sunday Ticket shifted from distribution through television providers to the over-the-top provider DAZN, while in Europe, Deltatre took over European distribution of NFL Game Pass and launched new mobile apps. Both services faced criticism over their streaming quality, while Delatre's app faced criticism for having Document [154] (Title: 2018 NFL season) Entravision for Spanish language, expired after the 2017 season. Westwood One's parent company Cumulus Media filed for bankruptcy in November 2017 and began terminating national broadcast contracts and sports agreements in January 2018, putting any contract extensions on hold. The company emerged from bankruptcy on June 4, 2018. With the release of the 2018 schedule, NFL.com listed ESPN Deportes Radio (which had shared NFL rights with Entravision in 2017 and had carried Super Bowl LII) as the league's national Spanish-language broadcaster. The national English-language broadcaster was still identified as Westwood One, which Westwood One has also confirmed; no press release Document [155] (Title: Thursday Night Football) package due to its short-term nature, and that Fox was attempting to outbid CBS. On February 1, 2016, the NFL announced that "Thursday Night Football" would be shared between CBS, NBC, and NFL Network for the 2016 and 2017 seasons. CBS and NBC would each air five games (resulting in a schedule of 10 games on broadcast TV in comparison to 8 under the previous deal), followed by an additional eight games exclusively on NFL Network to satisfy NFL Network's retransmission consent contracts with cable providers; the eight NFL Network-exclusive games included six Thursday contests, a Sunday morning International Series Document [156] (Title: 2014 NFL season) night including a doubleheader in the season's opening week. There were seventeen games played on Thursday, including the National Football League Kickoff game in prime time on September 4 and three games on Thanksgiving Day. The schedule also included two games played on Saturday, December 20, in the season's sixteenth week. The regular season concluded with a full slate of 16 games on Sunday, December 28, all of which, as it was since , were intra-divisional matchups. Under the NFL's current scheduling formula, each team plays each of the other three teams in their own division twice. In addition, a Document [157] (Title: 2019 NFL season) a throwback jersey. The 2019 regular season's 256 games will be played over a 17-week schedule that is expected to begin on September 5, 2019. Each of the league's 32 teams will play a 16 game schedule, with one bye week. There will be games on Monday nights and on Thursdays, Including the National Football League Kickoff game and games on Thanksgiving Day. The regular season will conclude with a full slate of 16 games, tentatively scheduled for December 29, all of which are expected to be intra-division matchups, as it had been since . Under the NFL's current scheduling Document [158] (Title: Canceled NFL games) 15-game schedule. Also unlike 1982, there was no change to the playoff format that season. An August 19, 1995 preseason game between the San Diego Chargers and the Houston Oilers was the first game in NFL history to be canceled before kickoff after an NFL official determined that the Astrodome’s artificial turf endangered the players. An August 13, 2001 preseason game between the Ravens and the Eagles was canceled because of an unplayable playing surface at Veterans Stadium. This was scheduled to be the first football game played at the stadium after a new artificial surface, NexTurf, was installed. Because Document [159] (Title: National Football League) and away opponents are known by the end of the previous year's regular season, the exact dates and times for NFL games are not determined until much later because the league has to account for, among other things, the Major League Baseball postseason and local events that could pose a scheduling conflict with NFL games. During the 2010 season, over 500,000 potential schedules were created by computers, 5,000 of which were considered "playable schedules" and were reviewed by the NFL's scheduling team. After arriving at what they felt was the best schedule out of the group, nearly 50 more potential Document [160] (Title: 2018 Los Angeles Chargers season) the United States. The Chargers' regular season schedule was released on April 19. Notes NFL London Games 2018 Los Angeles Chargers season The 2018 season is the Los Angeles Chargers' 49th as a member of the National Football League, their 59th overall, their 3rd in the Greater Los Angeles Area and their second under head coach Anthony Lynn. Despite a slow 1–2 start, the Chargers improved on their 9–7 record from last year with a Week 14 win over the Cincinnati Bengals. They also recorded a 10-win season for the first time since 2009 when they were in San Diego, Document [161] (Title: NFL GameDay) is also syndicated to several Fox affiliates as part of the network’s "Thursday Night Football" contract. NFL GameDay NFL GameDay is an American television program that features highlights of the National Football League games for the day. It airs on the NFL Network, having debuted on September 10, 2006. The program starts at either 11:30 p.m. Eastern time or the moment that "NBC Sunday Night Football" concludes, whichever is later. When NBC does not carry a game, it begins at 8 p.m. ET, or after "NFL RedZone" goes off the air, which happened twice in 2006, on October 22 and Document [162] (Title: 2018 Arena Football League season) revenues, but did not rule out returning in the future. In February 2018, the 2018 season schedule was finalized with only the returning Baltimore, Philadelphia, and Washington teams and the expansion Albany team, but no Newark team, matching the size of the league in the original "demonstration season" in 1987. The 2018 season consisted of a 13-week schedule during which each team played 12 games and had one bye week. With only four participating members for the season, the schedule for each team decreased by two games, continuing the trend of shortened seasons since the 2015 season. All teams played Document [163] (Title: NFL regular season) one week of the schedule was lost. Weeks 4 through 6 were played with replacement players. The rest of the season was played as originally scheduled, for a total of 15 games per team. In the event that the 2011 NFL season had been disrupted because of a then-ongoing labor dispute, the NFL had arranged its schedule to facilitate easier cancellations and postponements. In addition to an emergency scenario of an eight-game schedule beginning in late November, the NFL also arranged its full-length schedule such that weeks 2 and 4 had no division games, week 17 had all division games, Document [164] (Title: NBC Sunday Night Football results) night package, NBC aired no game in Week 17 to ensure that teams whose games would affect each other's playoff standings would be played at the same time. The Falcons-Rams NFC Wildcard game kicked off at 8:15 pm ET, while the NFC Divisional Playoff in Philadelphia kicked off at 4:35 pm ET. ! Day !! Date !! Visiting Team !! Final Score !! Host Team !! Stadium Starting in 2018, the NFL moved the start time of Sunday Night Football back, from 8:30 p.m. ET to 8:20 p.m. ET. The Bengals-Chiefs game flexed into Sunday Night on October 21 became Document [165] (Title: 2018–19 NFL playoffs) the AFC Championship Game. Fox has exclusive coverage of the NFC Championship Game. CBS will have exclusive coverage of Super Bowl LIII. 2018–19 NFL playoffs The 2018–19 NFL playoffs will begin on January 5, 2019, after the 2018 season, and conclude with Super Bowl LIII on Sunday, February 3, 2019 at Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta, Georgia. Source: All playoff games will be broadcast nationally on network television. ABC and ESPN will simulcast 1 NFC Wild Card game, while CBS And NBC will broadcast two AFC playoff games and CBS having the rest of the AFC Playoffs. Coverage of the NFC Document [166] (Title: National Football League) since 1948: in 2010, when a Sunday game was rescheduled to Tuesday due to a blizzard, and in 2012, when the Kickoff game was moved from Thursday to Wednesday to avoid conflict with the Democratic National Convention. NFL regular season matchups are determined according to a scheduling formula. Within a division, all four teams play fourteen out of their sixteen games against common opponents – two games (home and away) are played against the other three teams in the division, while one game is held against all the members of a division from the NFC and a division from the Document [167] (Title: 2018 CFL season) team play 17 games over the first 17 weeks and have their byes in weeks 18 and 20. Ottawa also had to play three games in 11 days as did the Toronto Argonauts, due to the five-game week in week 5. On December 14, 2017, the CFL released the 2018 season schedule, which was almost two months earlier than in years past. The season opening game was hosted on June 14 by the Winnipeg Blue Bombers, the first time they have hosted that game since the 2014 season. The Grey Cup rematch, hosted by the Argonauts, took place in week Document [168] (Title: National Football League on television) 2006, 2012, and 2017 (the final weekend of the 2005, 2011, and 2016 regular seasons), with scheduling likely for 2023. Between 1970 and 1977, and again since 2003, there has been no Monday night game during the last week of the season. From 1978 until 2002, a season-ending Monday night game was scheduled. The 2003 revision permits the NFL to have all eight teams involved in the Wild Card playoffs to have equal time in preparation, instead of the possibility of one or two teams having a shorter preparation for their playoff game if they were picked to play on Document [169] (Title: NFL Kickoff Game) season, however, was not revived. Instead, after an impromptu experiment in 2005, a Monday night doubleheader was scheduled for the same weekend as the kickoff game.) 2008: The league and NBC agreed to move up the opening kickoff of the kickoff game, to 7:00 p.m., in order for coverage of the Republican National Convention to not compete with the game. That game featured the Redskins and Giants. The game was also be the first to be carried by Internet television in the United States, as were all "Sunday Night Football" games in the 2008 season. 2010: The Saints, winners of Question: when do they release the nfl schedule 2018 Answer: April 19, 2018 Long Answer: The entire season schedule was released on April 19, 2018 . Highlights of the 2018 season include: Gold Document ID: 42

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: 2017 Jacksonville Jaguars season) host to the Baltimore Ravens at Wembley Stadium in London, England, as part of their commitment to the London Games. The game will occur during Week 3 (Sunday, September 24), and will be televised in the United States. The kickoff was announced in conjunction with the release of the regular season schedule. The remainder of the Jaguars' 2017 schedule was finalized and announced on April 20. Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text. NFL London Games 2017 Jacksonville Jaguars season The 2017 season was the Jacksonville Jaguars' 23rd season in the National Football League and the first under new head Document [2] (Title: 2019 NFL Draft) 23, 2018, the league announced Nashville as the host city of the 2019 NFL Draft. 2019 NFL Draft The 2019 NFL Draft will be the 84th annual meeting of National Football League (NFL) franchises to select newly eligible players. The draft will be held on April 25–27 in Nashville, Tennessee. The first round will be held on April 25, followed by the second and third round on April 26 and will conclude with rounds 4–7 on Saturday April 27. The host city for the 2019 (as well as the 2020) draft was chosen from among finalists Denver, Kansas City, Las Document [3] (Title: 2016 NFL season) on Monday night. There were games played on Thursday, including the National Football League Kickoff game in prime time on September 8 and games on Thanksgiving Day. The regular season concluded with a full slate of 16 games on Sunday, January 1, 2017, all of which were intra-divisional matchups, as it has been since . Under the NFL's current scheduling formula, each team played each of the other three teams in its own division twice. In addition, a team played against all four teams in one other division from each conference. The final two games on a team's schedule were Document [4] (Title: The NFL Today) Gonzalez and Bart Scott. On February 5, 2014, the NFL announced that a deal with CBS to broadcast Thursday night games during the first eight weeks of the NFL season games beginning the following season in simulcast with NFL Network, with the remainder airing on NFL Network exclusively. With the addition of the package, CBS announced an additional "NFL Today" broadcast for the games, to be broadcast from the site of each week's game; with Brown and Cowher to be featured on both the Thursday and Sunday broadcasts, Deion Sanders returning to the program as an analyst for the Thursday Document [5] (Title: NFL International Series) including one game with an earlier 9:30 am ET start, which allowed for an afternoon game, rather than an evening game, in London. This timeslot proved to be successful as all London games in 2015 and 2016 were also scheduled at 9:30 am ET. Three games were again scheduled in 2015 – including the series' first division game between the New York Jets and the Miami Dolphins. On July 8, 2015, the NFL and Tottenham Hotspur F.C. announced they had reached a 10-year deal to host at least two London Games a year at the new Tottenham Hotspur Stadium from Document [6] (Title: 2018 NFL season) for 2018 will be as follows: The entire season schedule was released on April 19, 2018. Highlights of the 2018 season include: When the entire season schedule was released on April 19, 2018, the league announced flexible scheduling for Saturday games in weeks 15 and 16. The final times of these games were announced on October 24, 2018: Clinched playoff berth. The 2018 playoffs will begin on the weekend of January 5–6, 2019, with the Wild Card Playoff round. The four winners of these playoff games will visit the top two seeds in each conference in the Divisional round games Document [7] (Title: 2006 NFL season) 2006 season (the "Opening Kickoff") as well as for the Thanksgiving Day, conference championships, Super Bowl XLI and Pro Bowl games. Through week 11 of the season, all NFL games had been sold out, and for the 24th time, all blackout restrictions had been lifted. The streak was ended by the Jacksonville at Buffalo game in Week 12. This was the first season that NBC held the rights to televise "Sunday Night Football", becoming the beneficiaries by negotiating the new flexible-scheduling system (it also marked the network's return to carrying NFL games since the end of the 1997 season). ESPN Document [8] (Title: 2017 NFL season) with the Wild Card playoff round. The four winners of these playoff games visited the top two seeded teams in each conference in the Divisional round games played on the weekend of January 13–14, 2018. The winners of those games advanced the Conference championship games was held on January 21, 2018. The two Conference champions advanced to Super Bowl LII was held on February 4, 2018 at U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis. The 2018 Pro Bowl was held at Camping World Stadium in Orlando on January 28, 2018. During a September 22, 2017 speech, the President of the United States, Document [9] (Title: 2017 NFL season) not set to play which finished the previous season in the same rank in their division (e.g. the team which finished first in its division the previous season would play each other team in its conference that also finished first in its respective division). The preset division pairings for 2017 will be as follows. Highlights of the 2017 schedule included: The entire schedule was released on April 20, 2017. The following games were moved or canceled because of severe weather, by way of flexible scheduling, or for other reasons: The 2017 playoffs began on the weekend of January 6–7, 2018 Document [10] (Title: 2015 NFL season) 16 games on Sunday, January 3, all of which were intra-divisional matchups, as it has been since , with the Minnesota Vikings beating the Green Bay Packers on "NBC Sunday Night Football" Under the NFL's scheduling formula, each team plays each of the other three teams in their own division twice (one home and one away). In addition, a team plays against all four teams in one other division within the conference, on a 3-year rotation; and one division from the opposite conference, on a 4-year rotation. Two games on a team's schedule are against the two teams in the Document [11] (Title: 2019 NFL season) the team's first scheduled preseason game. The Pro Football Hall of Fame Game, with teams to be announced, is tentatively scheduled for August 1, 2019 and will be televised nationally by NBC. The game will be held at Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium in Canton, Ohio, the same city where the league was founded 99 years prior. On October 18, 2018, the NFL announced that it would commemorate its 100th season throughout 2019, beginning at Super Bowl LIII. An NFL 100 emblem will be featured in promotions across all NFL properties during the season, worn on jerseys as a Document [12] (Title: NBC Sunday Night Football) King that the league chose to flex the Steelers-Bengals game because CBS has not had a game flexed in the Week 17 slot since 2009; the aforementioned Falcons-Panthers matchup was later flexed to CBS as part of the new television contract that allows intraconference matchups to be flexed between CBS and Fox. The 2015 schedule was released on April 21, 2015. The defending Super Bowl champions the New England Patriots faced the Pittsburgh Steelers during the NFL Kickoff Game on Thursday, September 10, 2015. Other notable games included the Seattle Seahawks versus the Green Bay Packers (Week 2) and the Document [13] (Title: 2018 Chicago Bears season) released on August 4 and his roster spot taken by fellow O-lineman Kaleb Johnson, a former Chiefs player; Johnson's slot would also be replaced a week later by Chiefs running back Knile Davis. On February 13, the NFL announced that the Bears will play the Baltimore Ravens in the Pro Football Hall of Fame Game on Thursday, August 2, at the Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium in Canton, Ohio. The remaining preseason games were revealed on April 11. The Hall of Fame Game began on a poor note when Chase Daniel's pass was intercepted by Chuck Clark, though DeAndre Document [14] (Title: 2016 NFL season) Jaguars); and quarterbacks Brock Osweiler (Broncos to Texans) and Robert Griffin III (Redskins to Browns). The 2016 NFL Draft was held between April 28 − April 30, 2016 in Chicago. By way of a trade with the Tennessee Titans, the Los Angeles Rams held the first overall pick and selected QB Jared Goff. The 2016 regular season featured 256 games which were played out over a seventeen-week schedule beginning on Thursday, September 8, 2016. Each of the league's 32 teams played a 16-game schedule, with one bye week for each team scheduled between weeks 4–13. The slate also featured games Document [15] (Title: Continental Indoor Football League) the competitive advantages of each game as possible. Failure to provide the appropriate number of dates to the league office will have a significant outcome on the type of schedule a team receives. The league would like to release the schedule by October 1 of each year. The league had been using a scheduling formula to pre-determine which teams plays whom during a given season. Under the formula since 2010, each of the six teams' respective 10-game schedule consists for the following: This format has been tweeked due to a travel team being in the year since 2009. The current Document [16] (Title: 2018 Dallas Cowboys season) 2018 Dallas Cowboys season The 2018 season is the Dallas Cowboys' 59th and current in the National Football League (NFL), their 30th under the ownership of Jerry Jones, their 10th playing their home games at AT&T Stadium, and their eighth full season under head coach Jason Garrett. AT&T Stadium is also the first stadium venue to host the annual draft. For the first time since 2009, wide receiver Dez Bryant was not on the opening day roster, as he was released on April 13, 2018 and signed with the New Orleans Saints on November 7, 2018. For the first time Document [17] (Title: Pardon the Interruption) gave a humorous insight into how he felt about his upcoming travel schedule, sarcastically commenting about how there weren't any East Coast games on the schedule. He also took the time to apologize to fans in Jacksonville, Florida, whose city Kornheiser described in his "Washington Post" column as having only Waffle Houses, since there was a Monday Night game in Jacksonville on September 18, the second week of the NFL season. Kornheiser said on the show that if at all possible, he would like to avoid traveling to the city of Seattle again since each time he went there, the Document [18] (Title: United Football League (2009–2012)) the traditional Sunday afternoon time setting for professional football, but starting its season in August, a full month before the start of the NFL regular season. However, financial difficulties forced the league to return to its schedule from previous years. In 2012 it was announced that games would begin in September and that the schedule would be played over eight weeks. When this announcement was made, it had been anticipated that the league would have expanded beyond four active members. Games were to be played on Wednesday and Friday nights with six weeks of regular season action and two weeks Document [19] (Title: 2018 Jacksonville Jaguars season) release of the regular season schedule. Notes NFL London Games 2018 Jacksonville Jaguars season The 2018 season is the Jacksonville Jaguars' 24th in the National Football League and their second under head coach Doug Marrone. This is their first season in new uniforms, which were revealed in April 2018. The Jaguars had hopes of matching or improving on their 10–6 campaign from a year ago, but despite a 3–1 start, the Jags fell into a 7 game losing streak and failed to improve on their 10–6 record after a Week 10 loss to the Colts. After they lost to the Document [20] (Title: 2017 NFL season) League Kickoff game in prime time on September 7 and games on Thanksgiving Day. The regular season concluded with a full slate of 16 games on Sunday, December 31, all of which were the intra–division matchups, as it has been since . Under the NFL's current scheduling formula, each team plays the other three teams in its own division twice. In addition a team plays against all four teams in one other division from each conference. The final two games on a team's schedule are against the two teams in the team's own conference in the divisions the team was Document [21] (Title: 2018 Buffalo Bills season) to an internal investigation regarding inappropriate relationships with female employees; neither the Bills, Sabres nor Brandon mentioned such in their statements. Draft trades The Bills' preseason opponents and schedule was announced on April 11, 2018. For the first time since at least 2005, the Detroit Lions, who the Bills will play in Week 15, are not included on the preseason schedule. The Bills' 2018 schedule was announced on April 19, 2018. Notes Played in heavy rain, the lopsided game saw a dominant performance from Ravens QB Joe Flacco, who completed 25 of 34 passes for 236 yards and three touchdowns Document [22] (Title: 2017 NFL season) season at the NFL Spring League meeting on May 23, 2017: The ban on teams contacting potential coaching candidates until that candidate's team has been eliminated from the playoffs was tabled. The following players were named First Team All-Pro by the Associated Press: The following were named the top performers during the 2017 season: The Atlanta Falcons played their first season at Mercedes-Benz Stadium, after playing in the Georgia Dome for the previous 25 seasons. On January 12, 2017, the San Diego Chargers exercised their option to relocate to Los Angeles as the Los Angeles Chargers. They will be joining Document [23] (Title: NBC Sunday Night Football) Football" is the beneficiary of the league's new flexible-scheduling system. Since the NFL now considers "Sunday Night Football" to be its featured game of the week, for the final seven weeks of the season (seven of the final eight weeks during the 2006, 2011, 2016 and 2017 seasons because of Christmas weekend), the NFL has the flexibility in selecting games that are more intriguing and typically have playoff implications to air on Sunday night. In its first four seasons of Sunday night coverage, NBC took one week off in late October or early November, so as not to conflict with Document [24] (Title: NFL preseason) it can be on the second weekend. Previous seasons have seen the American Bowl game held the last weekend of July. The first full schedule of exhibition games is held the following weekend. Most games are held on Thursday, Friday, or Saturday nights, with one nationally televised game each night of the week: NFL Network airs a Thursday game, CBS and Fox a Friday and Saturday night game each, NBC with Sunday night games, and ESPN a Monday night game. Unlike the regular season, CBS's and Fox's national exhibition game opponents are selected regardless of conference. Four full weekends of Document [25] (Title: 2019 NFL season) 2019 season include: The 2019 Playoffs are tentatively scheduled to begin on the weekend of January 4–5, 2020 with the Wild Card Playoff round. The four winners of these games will visit the top two seeds in each conference in the Divisional round games, tentatively scheduled for January 11–12. The winners of those games will advance to the Conference championships tentatively scheduled for January 19. The 2020 Pro Bowl will be held at a site to be announced, tentatively scheduled for January 26 and will be broadcast on ESPN. Super Bowl LIV, tentatively scheduled for February 2, will be played Document [26] (Title: 2018 Tennessee Titans season) International Series. The game will occur during Week 7 (October 21), and will be televised by CBS in the United States. The exact date, along with the network and kickoff time, were announced in conjunction with the release of the regular season schedule. Notes Due to two weather delays, the game lasted for 7 hours and 10 minutes, the longest game since the AFL–NFL merger in 1970. NFL London Games 2018 Tennessee Titans season The 2018 season is the Tennessee Titans' 49th in the National Football League and their 59th overall. It also marks the franchise's 22nd season in the Document [27] (Title: 2018 NFL season) Football League Players Association filed a grievance with the league over the policy on July 11. The following people associated with the NFL (or AFL) have died in 2018. Training camps for the 2018 season were held in late July through August. Teams started training camp no earlier than 15 days before the team's first scheduled preseason game. The Pro Football Hall of Fame Game, in which the Baltimore Ravens defeated the Chicago Bears 17–16, was played on August 2; and was televised nationally by NBC. The Ravens, who made their first Hall of Fame Game appearance, were represented in Document [28] (Title: 2013 NFL season) the league's 32 teams played a 16-game schedule which included one bye week for each team between weeks four and twelve. The slate featured seventeen games on Monday night including a doubleheader in the season's opening week. There were also seventeen games played on Thursday, including the National Football League Kickoff game in prime time on September 4 and three games on Thanksgiving Day. The regular season wrapped up with a full slate of 16 games on Sunday, December 29, all of which were intra-divisional matchups. Under the NFL's scheduling formula, each team played each of the other three teams Document [29] (Title: 2017 NFL season) such as the red zone. In over-the-top rights, Amazon Video acquired non-exclusive streaming rights to the 10 broadcast television "Thursday Night Football" games for $50 million. These streams are exclusive to paid Amazon Prime subscribers, in contrast to Twitter, which held the rights to the same package in 2016 and had made those streams free to most of the world. Verizon Communications acquired international streaming rights to an NFL London Game between the Baltimore Ravens and Jacksonville Jaguars, in a similar arrangement to the 2015 game that was streamed by Yahoo!—which was acquired by Verizon in 2017. The game was Document [30] (Title: 2017–18 NFL playoffs) 2017–18 NFL playoffs The 2017–18 NFL playoffs began on January 6, 2018, after the 2017 season, and concluded with Super Bowl LII on Sunday, February 4, 2018, when the Philadelphia Eagles defeated the New England Patriots at U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis, Minnesota. These playoffs were notable for several teams snapping long playoff droughts, as the Buffalo Bills, Los Angeles Rams, Jacksonville Jaguars, and Tennessee Titans each qualified for the playoffs for the first time since 1999, 2004, 2007, and 2008, respectively. The playoffs were also notable for the Patriots reaching a seventh consecutive AFC Championship Game, extending their own Document [31] (Title: 2018 Tennessee Volunteers football team) Trey Smith – OL Tennessee announced its 2018 football schedule on September 19, 2017. The 2018 schedule consists of 7 home games, 4 away, and 1 neutral site game in the regular season. The Volunteers will host SEC foes Florida, Alabama, Kentucky, and Missouri, and will travel to Georgia, Auburn, South Carolina, and Vanderbilt. The Volunteers will host three of its four non–conference games which are against ETSU from the Southern Conference, UTEP and Charlotte, both of whom compete in the Conference USA. They will travel to Charlotte, North Carolina, for the Belk Kickoff against West Virginia from the Big Document [32] (Title: NFL regular season) the MLB team in their city made the playoffs. On some occasions, the NFL game could be moved to Saturday or Monday. The NFL would often schedule October division games so that teams would be able to swap home game dates if it appeared that the MLB playoff schedule would make a stadium unavailable to the NFL. Perhaps the most extreme case was in 1973, when the New York Jets played at Shea Stadium and were forced to play their first six games on the road due to the Mets playing in the World Series. As more MLB teams started Document [33] (Title: 2012 NFL season) in the 2012 Pro Bowl. The following games were rescheduled by the NFL using flexible scheduling to promote what the NFL deems to be its best games, typically because of their playoff implications: On December 14, 2011, the NFL announced that the Thanksgiving night game will move from the NFL Network to NBC effective the 2012 season. All of the other aforementioned Thursday night games will be televised on the NFL Network. Also on that day, the league extended their contracts with their TV broadcasters through 2022, although many of the new provisions (such as expanding flexible scheduling to allow Document [34] (Title: 2018 NFL season) be joined by fellow Fox colleagues Terry Bradshaw and Howie Long. In previous seasons, Buck did not call any NFL games during late October, working Major League Baseball playoff games instead. For 2018, Fox coordinated its schedule with MLB so that none of its scheduled broadcasts would land on a Thursday (Fox carries the NLCS and the World Series), so Buck will continue to broadcast both sports, crisscrossing the country in seven cities over a 22-day period. In addition, NBC will introduce a new studio team for "Football Night in America". Mike Tirico, who was the on-site host and secondary Document [35] (Title: National Football League on television) both teams share Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park beginning with the 2020 season, one team will either have to play in the 1:00 p.m. ET time slot or in prime-time, while the other team plays at home, forcing the NFL to schedule both teams for multiple prime-time games, regardless of the teams' records from the previous season. (With the Raiders moving to Las Vegas by this time, the extra night games they and the 49ers received as a result of sharing San Francisco Bay will likely go to the Rams and Chargers. However, stadium plans could affect a Raiders Document [36] (Title: 2010 NFL season) off in the first-ever game at New Meadowlands Stadium on ESPN. The preseason game in the Bills Toronto Series featured the host Bills defeating the Indianapolis Colts in Toronto on Thursday, August 19 by a score of 34–21. Exact dates and times for most games were announced in April, shortly after the regular season games were announced. The NFL Kickoff Game, the first game of the season, took place on Thursday, September 9, 2010, starting at 8:35 pm EDT, with the Super Bowl XLIV champion New Orleans Saints hosting the Minnesota Vikings, in a rematch of the 2009 NFC Championship Document [37] (Title: NFL regular season) the NFL has indicated that the opening game will normally be hosted by the defending Super Bowl champions as the official start of their title defense. Under this scheduling system, the earliest the regular season could begin is September 4, as it was in the and seasons, due to September 1 falling on a Monday, while the latest possible is September 10, as it was in the and seasons, due to September 1 falling on a Tuesday. Currently, the thirteen different opponents each team faces over the 16-game regular season schedule are set using a pre-determined formula: Under this formula, Document [38] (Title: 2018 NFL season) the 2018 Hall of Fame class by former linebacker Ray Lewis, while the Bears were represented by former linebacker Brian Urlacher. The 2018 regular season's 256 games were played over a 17-week schedule that began on September 6. Each of the league's 32 teams played a 16-game schedule, with one bye week for each team. The slate also featured games on Monday Nights. There were games played on Thursdays, including the National Football League Kickoff game in prime time on September 6 and games on Thanksgiving Day. The regular season concluded with a full slate of 16 games on December Document [39] (Title: 2018 Jacksonville Jaguars season) and were officially eliminated from postseason contention. Draft trades The Jaguars' preseason opponents and schedule were announced on April 11. Exact dates and times were finalized on April 19, when the regular season schedule was announced. On January 11, 2018, the NFL announced that the Jaguars will play host to the Philadelphia Eagles at Wembley Stadium in London, England, as part of their commitment to the London Games. The game will occur during Week 8 (October 28), and will be televised in the United States. The exact date, along with network and kickoff time, were announced in conjunction with the Document [40] (Title: NBC Sunday Night Football results) defeating the Washington Redskins in the NFL Kickoff game. On Sunday, September 7, the Indianapolis Colts hosted the Chicago Bears in the first game at Lucas Oil Stadium. 2008 marked the third consecutive year that both the Colts and Giants would be featured in the "NBC Sunday Night Football" opening week games. As a result, the Manning brothers were used in commercial advertisements. The 2008 schedule, released April 15, continued the current practice of a scheduled game possibly being moved in favor of a more compelling one during Weeks 11 through 16 (November 16 through December 21), but left the Document [41] (Title: 2018 Los Angeles Chargers season) the Kansas City Chiefs, the Chargers clinched their first playoff berth since 2013 when they were based in San Diego. They are seeking their first AFC West title since 2009. Draft trades The Chargers' preseason opponents and schedule were released on April 11. On January 11, the NFL announced that the Chargers will play host to the Tennessee Titans in one of the London Games at Wembley Stadium in London, England. It will be the Chargers' second appearance in the International Series; the other being 2008. The game will occur during Week 7 (October 21), and will be televised in Document [42] (Title: 2018 Green Bay Packers season) 1991. After missing the playoffs, the Packers made several coaching changes during its offseason, in addition to selecting Brian Gutekunst as the team's new GM. Notable coaching changes included: The league year and free agency started on March 14, 2018. The roster was cut to 53 on September 1, 2018. Draft trades The preseason schedule was announced on April 11, 2018. The regular season schedule was announced on April 19, 2018. Notes This was the Packers first win from a 17 point deficit or more entering the 4th quarter in franchise history. This was the first home loss to the Document [43] (Title: 2018 Seattle Seahawks season) on October 15, 2018, at the age of 65. Draft trades On January 11, 2018, the NFL announced that the Seahawks will play the Oakland Raiders in a London Game in London, England, with the Raiders serving as the home team. The game site, originally slated for Tottenham Hotspur Stadium, was later moved to Wembley Stadium. The game, which will be the Seahawks' first appearance in the International Series, will occur during Week 6 on October 14. The network time was announced in conjunction with the release of the regular season schedule. The remainder of the Seahawks' 2018 schedule, with Document [44] (Title: NFL preseason) schedules the matchups for all of the exhibition games. Since 2002, individual teams have been allowed to negotiate their own deals to play each other during the preseason - the league allows individual teams to provide input into desired matchups and determines the matchups for any games that were not individually negotiated, but the league sets all game dates and times. The exhibition season schedule is released in the spring, shortly before the regular season schedule is announced. The NFL has set a loose precedent of determining exhibition matchups: The teams that play in the Pro Football Hall of Fame Document [45] (Title: One-game playoff) season) combined with the NFL's short schedule make it possible that the last week of the regular season will include a winner-take-all game between two teams, which will have the effect and feel of a playoff. Typically, such games will be scheduled for prime time under the NFL's flexible scheduling policy (provided their result does not carry potential playoff implications for other teams, as NFL current scheduling rules dictate that Week 17 games with mutual playoff implications always start at the same time). For example, the New York Giants and Dallas Cowboys entered the final week of the 2011 NFL Document [46] (Title: 2019 NFL season) ABC, replacing Fox's broadcast television simulcast of NFL Network in 2018. ABC's coverage will cater towards a mainstream audience and be hosted by the panel of ESPN's "College GameDay", while ESPN and NFL Network will continue to carry more conventional coverage of the draft. 2019 NFL season The 2019 NFL season will be the 100th season of the National Football League. (NFL) The season will tentatively begin on September 5, 2019 in the home team of the Super Bowl LIII champion. The season will conclude with Super Bowl LIV, the league's championship game, tentatively scheduled for February 2, 2020 at Document [47] (Title: Pro Football Hall of Fame Game) p.m.—an hour and 20 minutes before kickoff—that the game was going to be canceled. However, fans in the stadium only learned of the pending cancellation via social media. No official announcement was made until just before the scheduled 8 p.m. kickoff. On December 28, 2016, the NFL announced that the 2017 edition of the game would be played on a Thursday (August 3). This scheduling change made the Hall of Fame Game the first event of the Hall of Fame Weekend. The 2018 game was also played on a Thursday (August 2). Come 2019, the game will be played on Document [48] (Title: NBC Sunday Night Football) schedule was released on April 23, it placed a Sunday night game (Green Bay Packers at New Orleans Saints) against a World Series game for the fifth straight year. Starting with this season, NBC was permitted to begin flexing games as soon as Week 5, with the restriction that no more than two games may be flexed between Weeks 5 and 10. The final Sunday night of the season – December 28, 2014 – likewise was a flex game; the slot was left vacant when the schedule was released, as been the practice of the past six seasons. The game's Document [49] (Title: Hard Knocks (TV series)) announced the Los Angeles Rams would be the team featured for the 2016 season premiering on August 9, 2016. Some of the issues covered in the 2016 Rams season include: On April 19, 2017, it was announced the Tampa Bay Buccaneers would be the team featured for the 2017 season premiering on August 8, 2017. On May 17, 2018, it was announced the Cleveland Browns would be the team featured for the 2018 season premiering on August 7, 2018. Some of the issues covered in the 2018 Browns season include: In 2004, NFL Films produced a training camp documentary series, Document [50] (Title: NBC Sunday Night Football results) for these games, with Cris Collinsworth still doing the color commentary. The AFC Divisional Playoff game between the Pittsburgh Steelers and the Kansas City Chiefs was originally scheduled to kickoff at 1:05 ET, but due to stormy weather in the Kansas City area, the NFL moved the kickoff time to 8:20 ET. ! Day !! Date !! Visiting Team !! Final Score !! Host Team !! Stadium <nowiki>*</nowiki>Patriots–Jets game was flexed out for the Chiefs–Broncos game.<BR> <nowiki>**</nowiki>Steelers–Bengals game was flexed out for the Buccaneers–Cowboys game. 2017 marked the 12th season of NBC Sunday Night Football. Due to Christmas Eve falling Document [51] (Title: 2017 Arizona Cardinals season) Francisco 49ers. The game will occur during Week 7 on Sunday, October 22, and will be televised in the United States. The network and date were announced in conjunction with the release of the regular season schedule. The remainder of the Cardinals' 2017 schedule, with exact dates and times, was announced on April 20. Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text. The Cardinals would lose star running back David Johnson to a wrist injury during the game. Afterwards, it was revealed that his dislocated his wrist, an injury that sent him to injured reserve on September 12 and would eventually Document [52] (Title: Alliance of American Football) their cities. Regional drafts will be held with protection for local college players that are eligible. On July 30, 2018, the Alliance announced the league had signed 100 players. In August 2018, the league held the Alliance Scouting Combine at three locations and four dates: August 4, 2018 in Los Angeles, California; August 18 in Houston, Texas and August 25–26 in Atlanta, Georgia. By August 24, 2018, 205 players were signed. These dates provided an opportunity for players cut at the NFL roster deadline, and each player signed a three-year contract worth $250,000, with performance-based and fan interaction incentives allowing Document [53] (Title: Thursday Night Football) games are broadcast on radio via Westwood One, which syndicates the broadcasts to its partner radio stations around the United States. In 2016, the NFL also began to sub-license digital streaming rights to the broadcast TV portion of the package to third-parties, beginning with Twitter in 2016, and Amazon Prime Video in 2017, which Amazon and the NFL renewed their contract through 2019, with Twitch set to air some games in 2018. The NFL Network's coverage was not the first time that NFL games were covered on Thursday or Saturday. Prior to the new contract, ESPN carried a handful of Document [54] (Title: NFL regular season) hold games on those days until those seasons generally end in mid-December. From through , the NFL schedule consisted of fourteen regular season games played over fourteen weeks, except in . Opening weekend typically was the weekend after Labor Day, or rarely two weekends after Labor Day. Teams played six or seven exhibition games. In 1966 (and 1960), the NFL had an odd number of franchises, so one team was idle each week. In , the league changed the schedule to include sixteen regular season games and four exhibition games. From 1978 through , the sixteen games were played over Document [55] (Title: 2018 NFL season) 30, all of which were intra-division matchups, as it had been since . Under the NFL's current scheduling formula, each team plays the other three teams in its own division twice. In addition, a team plays against all four teams in one other division from each conference. The final two games on a team's schedule are against the two remaining teams in the same conference that finished in the same position in their respective divisions (e.g., the team that finished fourth in its division will play all three other teams in the conference that also finished fourth). The division pairings Document [56] (Title: NBC Sunday Night Football) Harrison called the game in place of Michaels and Collinsworth. Flexible scheduling rules go into effect Week 5-16 (Inclusive) They will revert to the afternoon if a more competitive game arises. The final Sunday night game of the season – Sunday December 30 – Likewise is a flex game who's slot was left blank when the schedule came out. The games teams (and by extension, its location) will be announced after most week 16 games. It will be announced at a later date. On October 9th, NBC and the league announced that the previously scheduled Rams-49ers matchup was moved to Document [57] (Title: NFL Matchup) ET on Saturday, then re-aired on Sundays at 4:00AM ET and 6:30AM ET on ESPN. For the 2018 season, it is shown on ESPN2 on Saturdays at 1:00AM, and still re-aired on ESPN at 4:00AM and 6:30AM on Sundays. Additional special airtimes take place during the playoffs and for other specially scheduled NFL games. Unlike "Sunday NFL Countdown", "NFL Primetime", "Monday Night Countdown", "NFL Insiders", and "NFL Live", "NFL Matchup" gives fans an in-depth look at the NFL by breaking down the strategy and tactics—the "X's and O's", after the symbols commonly used by coaches to diagram plays—of every pro Document [58] (Title: NFL regular season) NFL regular season The National Football League (NFL) regular season begins on the weekend following the first Monday of September (i.e, the weekend following the Labor Day holiday) and ends in December or early January. It consists of 256 games, where each team (32 total) plays 16 games during a 17-week period. Since 2012, the NFL schedule generally has games in one of five time slots during the week. The first game of the week is played on Thursday night, kicking off at 8:20 PM (ET). The majority of games are played on Sunday, most kicking off at 1:00 PM Document [59] (Title: NBC Sunday Night Football) on December 28 with a game between the Denver Broncos and San Diego Chargers with major playoff implications, as the winner of that game would win the AFC West and earn a home game in the playoffs while the loser would be eliminated. The 2009 schedule, released on April 14, continued the 2007 and 2008 practice of scheduling a game every Sunday night during the season (except during the World Series) but declaring the games in Weeks 11 through 16 (November 22 through December 27) subject to change, should a more compelling matchup arise. The pattern of the 2007 and Document [60] (Title: NFL regular season) for each team, resulting in an 18-week regular season. In 2001, the September 11th attacks resulted in the league postponing its week 2 games, leading to another 18-week season. Since the season, the league has scheduled a nationally televised regular season kickoff game on the Thursday night after Labor Day, prior to the first Sunday of NFL games to kick off the season. The first one, featuring the San Francisco 49ers and the New York Giants, was held on September 5, 2002 largely to celebrate New York City's resilience in the wake of the September 11, 2001 attacks. Since 2004, Document [61] (Title: 2015 NFL season) have planned to place the broadcast behind a paywall, which the league resisted. The NFL entered into a social media partnership with Snapchat to present live stories with behind-the-scenes and fan perspectives from selected games. 2015 NFL season The 2015 NFL season was the 96th season in the history of the National Football League (NFL), and the 50th of the Super Bowl era. The season began on Thursday, September 10, 2015, with the annual kickoff game featuring the defending Super Bowl XLIX champion New England Patriots hosting the Pittsburgh Steelers. The season concluded with Super Bowl 50, the league's championship Document [62] (Title: 2018 Los Angeles Rams season) of his starting defense off the field for the entire preseason. Other than a few defensive series against Houston, no starters saw any action during the exhibition schedule. The Rams' schedule was announced on April 19. Notes The final game of Week 1 featured a highly anticipated showdown between head coaches Sean McVay and Jon Gruden, who had given McVay his first job as an NFL coach when both were at Tampa Bay. In front of a sellout crowd in Oakland that enthusiastically greeted Gruden in his return to coaching after a 10-year absence, the Raiders took an early lead Document [63] (Title: 2011 NFL season) moving the Super Bowl back a week, would have allowed the NFL to play a 14-game schedule beginning in mid-October while still having the Super Bowl in mid-February. In a scheduling quirk, the NFC North's Chicago Bears played all four of their interconference games in consecutive weeks: San Diego in Week 11, Oakland in Week 12, Kansas City in Week 13 and Denver in Week 14. This season's International Series game featured the Chicago Bears and the Tampa Bay Buccaneers at Wembley Stadium in London on October 23, with the Buccaneers serving as the home team. The Bears won 24–18. Document [64] (Title: NFL GameDay) NFL GameDay NFL GameDay is an American television program that features highlights of the National Football League games for the day. It airs on the NFL Network, having debuted on September 10, 2006. The program starts at either 11:30 p.m. Eastern time or the moment that "NBC Sunday Night Football" concludes, whichever is later. When NBC does not carry a game, it begins at 8 p.m. ET, or after "NFL RedZone" goes off the air, which happened twice in 2006, on October 22 and December 24, and also on December 31, 2017. Rich Eisen was the initial anchor, and former Document [65] (Title: 2010 NFL season) Kansas City. For teams scheduled to play the NFC West, those traveling to San Francisco will also go to Arizona, while those scheduled to play in Seattle would then go to St. Louis. For the 2010 season, the intraconference and interconference matchups are: Intraconference Interconference The entire 2010 regular-season schedule was unveiled at 7:00 pm EDT on Tuesday, April 20. Additionally, schedule release shows aired on both the NFL Network and as a SportsCenter special on ESPN2. The league's 75th annual selection meeting, more commonly known as the NFL Draft, took place at Radio City Music Hall in New York Document [66] (Title: NFL International Series) its opening season in 2018. Additionally, on October 7, 2015, the league announced that a resolution had been passed to schedule international games at additional locations to London until 2025. Subsequently, on October 22, 2015 it was confirmed that at least two games per season would remain at Wembley through at least 2020 and that the Jacksonville Jaguars will continue to play a home game there annually throughout the agreement. Another stadium deal was confirmed on November 3, 2015, when the league announced they had reached an agreement with England's Rugby Football Union to host regular season games at Twickenham Document [67] (Title: 2018 NFL season) the weekend of January 12–13. The winners of those games will advance to the Conference Championship games on January 20. (In the event that both Los Angeles teams advance to their respective conference championships with both as the home team, one of the two games will be postponed to the evening of January 21.) The 2019 Pro Bowl will be held at Camping World Stadium in Orlando, Florida on January 27 and will be broadcast on ESPN and ABC. Super Bowl LIII will be held on February 3 at Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta, on CBS. Note:" Scenarios involving ties are Document [68] (Title: 2018 Arizona Cardinals season) from playoff contention for the third consecutive season. One highlight of the Cardinals' 2018 season was their first ever victory against the Green Bay Packers at Lambeau Field. Draft trades The Cardinals' preseason opponents and schedule was announced on April 11, 2018. The Cardinals' 2018 schedule was announced on April 19. Notes Rosen's first start was a loss as the Seahawks kicked a game-winning field goal. The Cardinals started 0–4 for the first time since 1986 when they were in St. Louis. Coupled with wins by the Raiders and Texans, the Cardinals became the only winless team in the NFL. Document [69] (Title: 2007 NFL season) scheduling. Also, the network that carries the "doubleheader" week game (either CBS or Fox) will be able to switch one game per week into the 4:15 PM (US ET) time slot, except in the final week, when NBC will select one game for the 8:15 PM slot, and both CBS and Fox will have doubleheader games on December 30. The first flex game was the New England Patriots visiting the Buffalo Bills on November 18. The next flexing came when it was announced that the December 23 Washington Redskins–Minnesota Vikings game was moved to 8:15 PM on NBC, replacing the Document [70] (Title: National Football League on television) this is expected until the season plays out and playoff implications impact the schedule for the final week. Theoretically, a non-sellout blackout could allow alternative games to be shown, but the Giants and Jets have continuously sold out since 1975 and 1977, respectively, making this scenario unlikely. The often complicated television package is a significant factor in why the schedule for a particular season takes several weeks to develop. Although in close proximity, the Washington Redskins and Baltimore Ravens are served by separate media markets, and so they can play at the same time. If both teams play at the Document [71] (Title: National Football League on television) or 4 p.m. Eastern Time. In addition, there are usually single nationally televised games each on Thursday night, Sunday night, and Monday night. These primetime games are broadcast across the country over one national over-the-air broadcast or cable network, where there are no regional restrictions, nor any other competing NFL contest. All playoff games, the Super Bowl, and the Pro Bowl are nationally televised on either Saturday or Sunday in January/early February, and either in the afternoon or in primetime. Scheduling during the NFL preseason is more lenient in that most games usually start based on the local time. Thus, Document [72] (Title: 2018 NFL Draft) 2018 NFL Draft The 2018 NFL Draft was the 83rd annual meeting of National Football League (NFL) franchises to select newly eligible players for the 2018 NFL season. The draft was held on April 26–28 at AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas, and was the first draft to take place in an NFL stadium and the first to be held in Texas, which won out in a fourteen city bid. In order to be eligible to enter the draft, players must be at least three years removed from high school. The deadline for underclassmen to declare for the draft was January Document [73] (Title: NFL Network Thursday Night Football results (2006–present)) NFL Network-only games. The NFL also sold the digital rights to the package separately to Twitter. Due to scheduling conflicts, NBC Sports had Mike Tirico team up with Cris Collinsworth for the Giants-Eagles game. Tirico, Doug Flutie, and Tony Dungy also called Dolphins-Jets and Ravens-Steelers. 2017 marked the second and final year of the NFL's Thursday Night Football contract with CBS and NBC, as Fox would take over next season. Also, Amazon replaced Twitter as the digital rights holder. Also, along with the change in digital viewing, it was announced that there would be 11 games simulcast between CBS, NBC, Document [74] (Title: NFL regular season) and all week 3 matchups could be moved into each team's respective bye week. The league also had a contingency plan to postpone Super Bowl XLVI one week, which (assuming a full playoff schedule) would allow a 13-game schedule with five division games for each team to be played beginning as late as October 16. Several games have been postponed or relocated because of natural disasters. In 1989, Candlestick Park was damaged by the Loma Prieta earthquake. The San Francisco 49ers would play their game on October 22, 1989 against the New England Patriots at Stanford Stadium in Palo Alto. Document [75] (Title: NFL regular season) on a 16-year rotating schedule that would guarantee that each team would get to play twice over that span: once as the home team and once as the away team. This was abandoned when the St. Louis Rams, who are co-owned with Arsenal, a prominent soccer team in London, signed a three-year agreement to be the home team in the International Series games in London. This plan has since been re-established after the Rams announced that they would not be returning to England in 2013; the Rams would return to London as host team in 2016. Since, the NFL has Document [76] (Title: 2016 NFL season) 2016 NFL season The 2016 NFL season was the 97th season in the history of the National Football League (NFL). The season began on September 8, 2016, with the defending Super Bowl 50 champion Denver Broncos defeating the Carolina Panthers 21–20 in the NFL Kickoff Game. The season concluded with Super Bowl LI, the league's championship game on February 5, 2017, at NRG Stadium in Houston with the New England Patriots defeating the Atlanta Falcons 34–28 in overtime. For the first time since the Houston Oilers relocated to Tennessee in , an NFL team relocated to another state, as the Document [77] (Title: National Football League Christmas games) with a special Sunday afternoon edition of "Thursday Night Football" exclusive to NFL Network. Under current TV contracts, the only other time two games would be played on Christmas would be when it falls on a Monday (NBC's game is moved from Sunday during that weekend which is not included in flexible scheduling, while ESPN would air its regular Monday night game as well), as it did in 2006 and 2017. Christmas next arrives on a Monday in 2023; the TV rights will be determined in the next contract. In the event that Christmas falls on a Thursday, as it Document [78] (Title: NFL International Series) could be implemented because of concerns about playing on Labor Day or over the 2010 Winter Olympics, the league's rigid scheduling formula, and the league's collective bargaining agreement (CBA). League officials were pondering moving a second existing game abroad for the 2010 season, but eventually abandoned it due to the ongoing CBA negotiations. The league eventually abandoned its attempt to expand the NFL season via CBA negotiations, and the new CBA enacted in 2011 has kept the NFL schedule at 16 games as of 2017. Games in the United Kingdom are broadcast by the BBC and Sky Sports either live Document [79] (Title: NFL Kickoff Game) want to be a distraction. 2016: The Denver Broncos hosted the 2016 Kickoff Game at Sports Authority Field at Mile High against the Carolina Panthers on September 8, in a Super Bowl 50 rematch. (As the Republican and Democratic conventions were both scheduled for July 2016, there was no scheduling conflict with them as there was in 2008 and 2012, nor were there conflicts with any other sports team in Denver that night.) The Broncos debuted Trevor Siemian as their new starting quarterback after both quarterbacks who started games in 2015 left the team; Peyton Manning (who played the entirety Document [80] (Title: NFL Network Thursday Night Football results (2006–present)) contracts). Also, the start times were pushed back by five minutes, to 8:20 p.m. Eastern time (except for the December 25 game, starting at 7:30 PM EST/6:30 CST). Starting with this season, the NFL expanded to a full season "Thursday Night Football" schedule. But there were some changes with the biggest being that every team was guaranteed a primetime appearance. In addition to the Season opener, the primetime Thanksgiving game also aired on NBC. Starting with the 2014 season, the NFL and CBS signed a deal that would put part of the Thursday Night Football package on national primetime. CBS, Document [81] (Title: 2017 NFL season) where the Patriots won 24–21 to win their third title. For the second consecutive year, a team relocated to the Los Angeles metropolitan area, as the former San Diego Chargers announced their intent to do so in January 2017. The 2017 NFL League year began on March 9 at 4:00 p.m. ET. On March 7, clubs were allowed to contact and enter into contract negotiations with the agents of players who became unrestricted free agents upon the expiration of their contracts two days later. On March 9, clubs exercised options for 2017 on players who have option clauses in their Document [82] (Title: National Football League) the NFL season. Currently, the thirteen opponents each team faces over the 16-game regular season schedule are set using a pre-determined formula: The league runs a seventeen-week, 256-game regular season. Since 2001, the season has begun the week after Labor Day (first Monday in September) and concluded the week after Christmas. The opening game of the season is normally a home game on a Thursday for the league's defending champion. Most NFL games are played on Sundays, with a Monday night game typically held at least once a week and Thursday night games occurring on most weeks as well. NFL Document [83] (Title: 2019 NFL season) 2019 NFL season The 2019 NFL season will be the 100th season of the National Football League. (NFL) The season will tentatively begin on September 5, 2019 in the home team of the Super Bowl LIII champion. The season will conclude with Super Bowl LIV, the league's championship game, tentatively scheduled for February 2, 2020 at Hard Rock Stadium in Miami, Florida. The 2019 NFL Draft will be held from April 25–27 in Nashville, Tennessee. Training Camps for the 2019 season will be held in late July through August. Teams will start training camp no earlier than 15 days before Document [84] (Title: NFL Network Thursday Night Football results (2006–present)) with an NFL Network simulcast, would air eight games (mostly the first half), while the NFL Network would air the other eight games (mostly the second half) exclusively. The deal was for one year with the option of a second year in 2015, which the NFL chose to exercise. For the 2016 and 2017 seasons, a new Thursday Night Football deal took effect. Thursday Night Football was now an 18-game schedule with CBS broadcasting 5 games, NBC broadcasting 5 games, and the NFL Network simulcasting the whole season with 8 games exclusively. CBS Sports and NBC Sports each produced 4 Document [85] (Title: Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park) On December 23, 2016, the FAA approved the large cranes to build the stadium. On May 18, 2017, developers announced that record rainfall in the area had postponed the stadium's completion and opening from 2019 to until the 2020 NFL season. On August 8, 2017, the LA Stadium Premiere Center in Playa Vista, California opened as a place for suite buyers and season ticket holders to preview the stadium. The center contains a massive replica model of the stadium, giving potential buyers a preview of what they can expect when the stadium opens. The NFL announced that NFL Media will Document [86] (Title: Notre Dame Fighting Irish football) with home games against Navy), two home and home series (one home game and one away game), one one-time opponent home game, and the traveling "Shamrock Series" home game. The 2019 schedule was officially released on March 2, 2017. The 2020 schedule was officially released on December 7,2017. The neutral site game at Lambeau Field has been designated the Shamrock Series game. An additional 1 non-ACC home game will be scheduled – TBA. The neutral site game at Soldier Field has been designated the Shamrock Series game, although television rights are owned and operated by the Big Ten Network. TBA: Document [87] (Title: Major League Football) continued to push forward in an attempt to start games in April 2016, but the league was unable to come up with the needed financials in order to operate a full season. On March 31, the league announced that the first season would be postponed and 2016 would be considered a "developmental" year. However, by June 2016, the league would miss at least four months of rent payments on its headquarters in Lakewood Ranch, Florida, and were served eviction papers were served for non-payment of rent beginning in March 2016. In early 2017, the league registered websites for some of Document [88] (Title: Canceled NFL games) or to a different date in the schedule. The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake damaged Candlestick Park, forcing the San Francisco 49ers to play their next home game on October 22 against the New England Patriots at Stanford University’s Stanford Stadium. In 1992, Hurricane Andrew forced the September 6 opening-day game between the New England Patriots and the Miami Dolphins at Joe Robbie Stadium to be rescheduled to October 18, when both teams originally had a bye week. In the wake of the October 25, 2003 Cedar Fire, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger declared a state of emergency and activated the National Document [89] (Title: 2011 NFL season) the New Orleans Saints in the kickoff game; the last regular season games were held on Sunday, January 1, 2012. The playoffs started on Saturday, January 7, 2012, and ended with Super Bowl XLVI, the league's championship game, on February 5, 2012 at Lucas Oil Stadium in Indianapolis. Under the NFL's scheduling formula, intraconference and interconference matchups were: Intraconference Interconference When the league was arranging the schedule in spring 2011, it added some cushion in case the labor dispute lasted into September and the planned start of the regular season. For example, every contest in Week 3 had teams which Document [90] (Title: 2018 Dallas Cowboys season) 8-6 on the season. 2018 Dallas Cowboys season The 2018 season is the Dallas Cowboys' 59th and current in the National Football League (NFL), their 30th under the ownership of Jerry Jones, their 10th playing their home games at AT&T Stadium, and their eighth full season under head coach Jason Garrett. AT&T Stadium is also the first stadium venue to host the annual draft. For the first time since 2009, wide receiver Dez Bryant was not on the opening day roster, as he was released on April 13, 2018 and signed with the New Orleans Saints on November 7, 2018. Document [91] (Title: 2017 NFL season) streamed by Yahoo and other Verizon-owned platforms, including AOL, go90, and Complex. NFL Network remains a partner with Twitter for online content, including its new streaming news program "NFL Blitz Live". The NFL also reached a deal with Facebook in September 2017 to offer video highlights following games, and streaming programs on the service's new Watch platform. This was the final season of the NFL's exclusive mobile streaming contract with Verizon Wireless; the league intended to no longer have a single exclusive partner going forward, citing changes to viewing habits. On December 11, 2017, the NFL announced that it had Document [92] (Title: 2018 NFL season) that it will be placing its existing lead broadcast team of Joe Buck and Troy Aikman on the package, reducing the number of games the duo will call on Sundays (Buck and Aikman will only call the nationally televised "America's Game of the Week" telecasts on Sundays). A version of "Fox NFL Sunday" will serve as the lead-in to "Thursday Night Football", without Curt Menefee or Jimmy Johnson; the show will instead be hosted by panelist Michael Strahan from New York City, displacing Rich Eisen, the studio host for Thursday night pregame since the package's inception in 2006. Strahan will Document [93] (Title: 2010 NFL season) Game. The Saints won 14–9. Like in previous years, the opening week's prime-time games were expected to be announced at the NFL's annual owners meetings in late March, but that wasn't the case this year, with the schedule announced on April 20. On March 15, 2010, the NFL announced that both the New York Giants and New York Jets will play at home during the opening weekend to open New Meadowlands Stadium. The Giants played on Sunday with a 1 pm EDT kickoff against the Carolina Panthers and the Jets opened ESPN's Monday Night Football schedule against the Baltimore Ravens Document [94] (Title: Fox Sports (United States)) compensation for the rescheduling of the 2022 tournament to late-November/mid-December (which will compete with the regular seasons of several major North American sports leagues, including the NFL). On July 24, 2017, the Big Ten Conference announced that it had reached six-year deals with Fox Sports and ESPN to hold rights to its football games beginning in the 2017 season, with Fox's package expanding on its involvement in BTN. As part of the contract, Fox's contract to run BTN was extended through 2032. On January 31, 2018, the NFL announced a five-year agreement for the broadcasting rights for Thursday Night Football Document [95] (Title: 2018 NFL season) with screens or less in size (such as smartphones), in order to account for changes in viewing habits, but still includes enhanced access to highlights and other digital content for Verizon-owned properties. In addition, Verizon announced that it would no longer make these streams exclusive to Verizon Wireless subscribers, and would leverage its portfolio of media brands (such as Yahoo!, which it acquired in 2017) to distribute them to a larger audience. All of the NFL's current television partners have added mobile streaming rights (which were previously reserved to Verizon) to their existing contracts for the 2018 season. Under the Document [96] (Title: 2009 NFL season) at Radio City Music Hall in New York City on April 25 and 26, 2009. The 2009 season began on September 10, 2009. Under the current scheduling system, this is the latest date the NFL can start its season as the season typically starts the weekend after Labor Day, which falls on its latest possible date in 2009. For the 2009 season, the intraconference and interconference matchups were: Intraconference Interconference The 2009 schedule was released on April 14, 2009 and featured the following highlights: The Pro Football Hall of Fame Game was on August 9, 2009 at 8:00 pm EDT Document [97] (Title: 2018 NFL season) 5 to 15 minutes earlier to facilitate local newscasts and "SportsCenter" to start earlier and cause less disruption to late night television schedules in the Eastern and Central time zones. Thursday and Sunday Night games now kick off at 8:20 p.m. ET, while Monday Night games now kick off at 8:15 p.m. ET. After two years of decline, television viewership for the NFL slightly rebounded in 2018, with ratings up 3% as a whole through the first ten weeks of the season, despite a major decline (16%) in other programming on the same networks. 2018 NFL season The 2018 NFL Document [98] (Title: 2017 NFL season) hosted Arizona Cardinals (represented by former quarterback and 2017 Hall of Famer Kurt Warner). It was televised nationally on NBC. The 64-game preseason schedule ended on August 31; a 65th game, that of the 2017 Texas Governor's Cup, was canceled due to the aftermath of Hurricane Harvey. The 2017 regular season's 256 games which were played over a 17-week schedule which began on September 7. Each of the league's 32 teams plays a 16-game schedule, with one bye week for each team. The slate also features games on Monday nights. There are games played on Thursday, including the National Football Document [99] (Title: 2018 Miami Dolphins season) have improved on their 6–10 record from last season following a memorable Week 14 win against division rival and defending back-to-back AFC champion New England Patriots, denying them their clinching of the AFC East that week, and are competing for a playoff spot. Draft trades The Dolphins' 2018 schedule was finalized and announced on April 19. Notes Due to two weather delays, the game lasted for 7 hours and 10 minutes, the longest game since the AFL–NFL merger in 1970. Coincidentally, wide receiver Danny Amendola met with former teammates Malcolm Butler and Dion Lewis. The three played for the New Document [100] (Title: 2018–19 NFL playoffs) 2018–19 NFL playoffs The 2018–19 NFL playoffs will begin on January 5, 2019, after the 2018 season, and conclude with Super Bowl LIII on Sunday, February 3, 2019 at Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta, Georgia. Source: All playoff games will be broadcast nationally on network television. ABC and ESPN will simulcast 1 NFC Wild Card game, while CBS And NBC will broadcast two AFC playoff games and CBS having the rest of the AFC Playoffs. Coverage of the NFC Playoffs wil be seen on Fox with the Network having coverage of the other NFC Playoff Games. CBS has exclusive coverage of Document [101] (Title: NFL Kickoff Game) NFL Kickoff Game The National Football League Kickoff game, along with related festivities, marks the official start of the National Football League (NFL) regular season. A single game is held, preceded by a concert and other ceremonies. This first game of the season is usually scheduled for the Thursday following Labor Day and since 2004, it was hosted by the defending Super Bowl champions. However, in 2012, the game was moved to Wednesday to prevent conflicts with the acceptance speech of the Democratic National Convention. The remainder of the league plays their opening weekend games the following Sunday and Monday. Document [102] (Title: National Football League on television) to scheduling games on Saturdays after the end of the college football season, with the scheduling policy changing many times. From 1970 to 2005, both of the Sunday afternoon broadcast networks (CBS and NBC from 1970–1993, Fox and NBC from 1994–1997, and Fox and CBS from 1998–2005) were given at least two Saturday afternoon national broadcasts in December, with ESPN also airing one Saturday game in primetime from 1998 to 2005. In 2006, the schedule was cut to three Saturday games, which aired in primetime and were televised on the NFL Network in December. In 2008, this was changed to Document [103] (Title: Alliance of American Football) for players to earn more. In July 2018, Starter, through G-III Sports, which manufactured NFL jerseys in the 1980s and 1990s, was named the official on-field apparel and game-day uniform supplier for the AAF, marking a return for the brand to professional football. On September 20, the league announced four eastern inaugural franchises' names and logos. The western four teams were revealed five days later. On October 16, 2018, the Alliance announced its schedule (indicating the day and location, but not the time, of each game) which has two games each on Saturday and on Sunday most weekends. Quarterback skill Document [104] (Title: NFL regular season) at home. In , the Super Bowl XLVII champion Baltimore Ravens were forced to open on the road due to this fact, as their MLB counterparts, the Baltimore Orioles, were scheduled at home on the same day as the Week 1 NFL Kickoff game and declined to either reschedule or relocate their game. (MLB typically releases the schedule for an upcoming season prior to the end of the previous season, forcing the NFL to accommodate the scheduling needs of teams who share parking lots or stadiums with MLB teams, while MLS typically releases their season schedule well ahead of the Document [105] (Title: Canceled NFL games) violation of the NFL's collective bargaining agreement with the National Football League Players Association which requires a visiting team to arrive in the host city no later than 24 hours prior to kickoff. Hurricane Ike forced several changes to the 2008 schedule. The Houston Texans’ Week 2 home game against the Baltimore Ravens was first postponed to Monday, September 15, before Ike made landfall; damage to Reliant Stadium forced a further postponement, to Week 10, on Sunday, November 9, giving the Texans and the Ravens their bye weeks in Week 2. Furthermore, to accommodate this move, the Texans’ home game Document [106] (Title: NBC Sunday Night Football) the Philadelphia Eagles beat the New England Patriots in a rematch of Super Bowl XXXIX. The 2018 NFL season schedule was released in April. NBC's first telecast of the season was on September 6, 2018 featured the Super Bowl Champion Philadelphia Eagles defeating the Atlanta Falcons. For the ninth season in a row, the NFL placed a game against a World Series game, with the New Orleans Saints against the Minnesota Vikings, going up against the fifth (and final) game of the Fall Classic, between the Los Angeles Dodgers against the Boston Red Sox. This will also be the first Document [107] (Title: 2013 NFL season) regular season schedule was released on April 18, 2013. The 2013 regular season began on Thursday, September 5, with the NFL Kickoff Game in which the Denver Broncos hosted the Baltimore Ravens. The game was a rematch of a double-overtime playoff game of the previous season. The game was broadcast on NBC. The Ravens, as the reigning Super Bowl champions, would normally have hosted the kickoff game, however, a scheduling conflict with their Major League Baseball counterparts, the Baltimore Orioles, forced the Ravens to start the season on the road (the Ravens' and Orioles' respective stadiums — M&T Bank Stadium Document [108] (Title: History of the National Football League on television) infamous 1982 "strike" games. The NFLPA called for a players' strike three weeks into that season which reduced it to nine games. In October, two "all-star" exhibition games were held with generic NFC and AFC teams in Los Angeles and Washington, D.C. and aired on TBS. Ratings and attendance at both games was minimal. In 1994, the league signed an exclusivity agreement with the direct broadcast satellite (DBS) service DirecTV to launch NFL Sunday Ticket, a satellite television subscription service that offers every regular season NFL game. When contracts were signed in December 1993, CBS (which had been home to Document [109] (Title: 2018 Philadelphia Eagles season) MVP Nick Foles had an awful preseason struggling in games versus the Patriots and Browns. Many injuries occurred while some from the previous season affected the starting offense's play. Many questioned how they would fare out after a lousy preseason showing. On January 11, the NFL announced that the Eagles will play the Jacksonville Jaguars in one of the London Games at Wembley Stadium in London, England, with the Jaguars serving as the home team. It will be the Eagles' first appearance in the International Series. The game will occur during Week 8 (October 28), and will be televised in Document [110] (Title: NFL regular season) end of the MLB World Series. NFL teams have also shared stadiums with NCAA college football teams and bowl games, either temporarily or permanently, but the Sports Broadcasting Act of 1961 prohibits the NFL from scheduling games on the same days as college football games. The 1982 and 1987 seasons were both shortened by labor disputes. The 1982 strike lasted 57 days. Weeks 3 through 10 were canceled, but an additional week was added to make a 9-game schedule. The 1982 playoff matchups were determined by conference standings only. The 1987 strike and subsequent lockout lasted 24 days but only Document [111] (Title: 2018 NFL season) 2018 NFL season The 2018 NFL season is the 99th season of the National Football League (NFL). The season began on September 6, 2018, with the NFL Kickoff Game with the defending Super Bowl LII champion Philadelphia Eagles defeating the Atlanta Falcons 18–12. The season will conclude with Super Bowl LIII, the league's championship game, on February 3, 2019, at Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta, Georgia. The 2018 NFL League year and trading period began on March 14. On March 9, clubs were allowed to exercise options for 2018 on players who have option clauses in their contracts, submit qualifying offers Document [112] (Title: Sports broadcasting contracts in the United States) season Sunday afternoon games through 2021. Yahoo! will televise one NFL London game on streaming devices. The game will also be simulcast on broadcast networks in the local markets of the teams playing in the game. Westwood One has exclusive national radio rights through the 2017 season. Sports USA has national radio rights to regular season Sunday afternoon doubleheaders sublicensed from Dial Global. Compass Media Networks has national radio rights to regular season Sunday afternoon games for 10 teams sublicensed from Dial Global. Each NFL team has local television stations with rights to preseason games and radio stations with rights Document [113] (Title: National Football League Christmas games) Two games were played each Christmas Day from 2004 to 2006 and then from 2016 to 2017. In recent years, the NFL has scheduled games on Christmas Day only if it falls on a Saturday, Sunday, or Monday. The NFL scheduled one Friday Christmas game, in 2009, a very rare occasion for an NFL game to be played on a Friday (because Christmas falls outside the window set in the Sports Broadcasting Act of 1961 that prohibits pro football telecasts on those days for most of the regular season, it is one of the few times of the year when Document [114] (Title: 2018 Philadelphia Eagles season) the United States. The exact date, along with network and kickoff time, were announced in conjunction with the release of the regular season schedule. Notes NFL Kickoff Game The Eagles kicked off the 2018 season hosting Matt Ryan and the Atlanta Falcons in a rematch of last year's Divisional Round. The Falcons struggles in the red zone continued as they were stopped on fourth and goal on their first drive. The Eagles however had struggles of their own being held scoreless until midway through the second when Jake Elliott kicked a 26-yard field goal to tie the game. The Falcons Document [115] (Title: NFL regular season) kick off later at 4:25pm; this is to avoid conflicts with 1:00pm games that have run late. The schedule allows for 4 other regular time slots, in which these games are broadcast nationally across the country: Since the 2006 season, the NFL has used a "flexible scheduling" system for the last seven weeks of the regular season when there is a Sunday night game. In 2014, that was expanded to include weeks 5 – 17. Flex scheduling ensures quality matchups on Sunday nights and it allows for surprise teams to play in primetime. In its early years after , the Document [116] (Title: 2018 NFL season) has been issued in regard to a contract extension with that network, and it is unknown when the current arrangement was signed or when it will end. Additionally, Westwood One removed Sunday afternoon games from their package, instead focusing on the primetime matchups as well as the postseason. SportsUSA, Compass and ESPN Radio, which also has broadcast select Sunday afternoon NFL games, will continue to do so. Meanwhile, Entravision extended the Sunday night rights for 3 years, through 2021, and gained two Super Bowls, the entire AFC Playoff package, the Thursday Night Opener, and a Thanksgiving Day game as part Document [117] (Title: National Football League on television) NFL television contract allow either traditional Thanksgiving game to prime time (and NBC) and schedule an AFC game in either window to accommodate CBS, while Fox would get the other traditional game with Dallas or Detroit; to date, this has never happened. A separate contract also liberated CBS from its usual conference affiliation on Thursdays; thus, the 2014 and 2015 contests were all NFC contests, with the AFC completely shut out of the holiday. In recent years, the NFL has generally scheduled games on Christmas only if it falls on a day normally used for games (Saturday, Sunday, Monday). If Document [118] (Title: 2017 NFL season) on April 27–29 in Philadelphia. The Cleveland Browns selected Myles Garrett with the first overall pick. Training camps for the 2017 season were held in late July through August. Teams started training camp no earlier than 15 days before the team's first scheduled preseason game. Prior to the start of the regular season, each team played four preseason exhibition games, beginning on August 10. The preseason began on the evening of August 3 with the 2017 Pro Football Hall of Fame Game, that featured the Dallas Cowboys (represented in the 2017 Hall of Fame Class by owner Jerry Jones) who Document [119] (Title: 2006 NFL season) slot, and possibly one or more 1 p.m. slotted games to the 4 p.m. slots. During the last week of the season, the league could re-schedule games as late as six days before the contests so that all of the television networks will be able to broadcast a game that has playoff implications. Starting September 18, fans were able to download highlights of their teams' games through Apple's iTunes Store. Each video costs US$1.99 each but fans have the chance of buying a "Follow Your Team season ticket" which brings every game of that team to the fan for $24.99. Document [120] (Title: National Football League on television) will air nationally, however. Under the NFL's anti-siphoning rules for cable games, these stations usually will air simulcasts of ESPN and/or NFL Network games in their local markets if the local team is playing. The NFL regular season usually begins in September, and ends in December or early January. Each team plays 16 games during a 17-week period. Traditionally, the majority of each week's games are played on Sunday afternoon. The Sunday afternoon games are televised regionally, where the particular game available on local television will depend on where the viewer is located, and begin at either approximately 1 p.m. Document [121] (Title: Canceled NFL games) rescheduled those games. On July 22, 2011, the NFL announced that that year’s Pro Football Hall of Fame Game originally set for August 7 of that year between Chicago and St. Louis had been canceled, for an ongoing lockout that had been in place since March of that year. The league approved a new collective bargaining agreement on July 21, but at the same time announced the cancellation of the game, citing the fact that the players would not have enough time in training camp to prepare before the game. The NFL also had contingency plans to cancel and/or postpone Document [122] (Title: 2018 Baltimore Ravens season) schedule were announced on April 11, 2018. The Ravens' 2018 schedule was announced on April 19. Notes 2018 Baltimore Ravens season The 2018 season is the Baltimore Ravens' 23rd season in the National Football League and their 11th under head coach John Harbaugh. On October 14, 2018, the Ravens set a franchise record, sacking Titans quarterback Marcus Mariota 11 times in a 21–0 Week 6 win against the Tennessee Titans. Draft trades On February 13, the NFL announced that the Ravens will play the Chicago Bears in the Pro Football Hall of Fame Game on Thursday, August 2, at the Document [123] (Title: 2012 NFL season) 2012 at New York City's Radio City Music Hall. With the first pick, the Indianapolis Colts selected quarterback Andrew Luck from Stanford. The league announced on June 28 that all late Sunday doubleheader games will be moved ten minutes later from 4:15 p.m. ET to 4:25 p.m. Late games broadcast on the single game network will still remain at 4:05 p.m. The league cited 44 early games from the 2009 to 2011 seasons in which part of the audience had to be switched immediately to the kickoff of their home team's doubleheader game, and thus miss the end of the Document [124] (Title: NFL regular season) playing against the NFC West and AFC West, after several east-coast teams (such as the New England Patriots and New York Jets in ) all had to make four cross-country trips to play games in San Diego, San Francisco, Oakland, and Seattle in one season. Although this scheduling formula determines each of the thirty-two teams' respective opponents, the league usually does not release the final regular schedule with specific dates and times until the spring; the NFL needs several months to coordinate the entire season schedule to align with various secondary objectives, such as accommodating various scheduling conflicts and maximizing Document [125] (Title: NFL preseason) San Francisco 49ers played the Baltimore Ravens in 2014, and the Los Angeles Rams played the Baltimore Ravens in 2018, both in Baltimore. The Arizona Cardinals, who are on the pacific time zone during August, have played the New England Patriots in 2006, the Pittsburgh Steelers in 2006 and 2009, the Washington Redskins in 2010, and Atlanta Falcons in 2017. The College All-Star Game, usually the first game of the preseason, was played annually in Chicago from 1934 to 1976, and featured the NFL (from 1966, World champion) against an all-rookie team of college all-stars. During the earlier years of Document [126] (Title: 2018 NFL season) and the primetime Thanksgiving game. ESPN will continue to air "Monday Night Football" and the Pro Bowl. CBS will broadcast Super Bowl LIII. On January 31, the NFL announced that Fox had acquired the broadcast television rights to the "Thursday Night Football" package under a five-year deal (aligned with the remainder of the NFL's current broadcast contracts). Fox will air 11 games, along with the 2018 NFL Draft (the first time the event has aired on over-the-air television), in simulcast with NFL Network, with the remaining games in the package airing exclusively on NFL Network to satisfy its carriage contracts Document [127] (Title: National Football League on television) to Christmas night (see below). Thus, Sunday Night game flexible scheduling can not occur in week 16; NBC is then given flexible scheduling in week 10 instead. However, the other two types of flexible scheduling changes—moving a game from early to late, or changing networks—is still possible during such weeks. The NFL went around the flexible scheduling procedure prohibition in the 2016 NFL season where Christmas falls on a Sunday by scheduling two Sunday games at 4:30 and 8:30 PM ET, respectively. During the last week of the season, the league could reschedule games as late as six days before Document [128] (Title: 2007 NFL season) more favorable contest, up to 12 days before the game's start. In addition to an extra week of flexible scheduling (because of the conflict with scheduling Christmas Eve the previous season, which NBC did not do (instead opting to air a game on Christmas Day)), the NFL slightly changed its flex-schedule procedure. In 2006, the league did not reveal its predetermined Sunday night game; the reason given by the league was to avoid embarrassing the teams switched out for a more compelling game. In 2007, the league announced all predetermined matchups, with a footnote on the games subject to flex Document [129] (Title: NFL International Series) date and opponents were not announced at that time, but were later confirmed as the Los Angeles Rams playing as designated home team against the Kansas City Chiefs. This game was subsequently moved back to Los Angeles due to poor field conditions at Estadio Azteca. In October 2018, the league confirmed four London Games would take place in 2019. Wembley Stadium would host two and Tottenham Hotspur Stadium would host the remaining two. The Jacksonville Jaguars would return to Wembley Stadium for the seventh consecutive year in line with their annual commitment. Two of the 32 teams have not played Document [130] (Title: 2019 NFL Draft) 2019 NFL Draft The 2019 NFL Draft will be the 84th annual meeting of National Football League (NFL) franchises to select newly eligible players. The draft will be held on April 25–27 in Nashville, Tennessee. The first round will be held on April 25, followed by the second and third round on April 26 and will conclude with rounds 4–7 on Saturday April 27. The host city for the 2019 (as well as the 2020) draft was chosen from among finalists Denver, Kansas City, Las Vegas, Nashville, and Cleveland/Canton in May 2018 at the NFL Spring League Meeting. On May Document [131] (Title: 2016 NFL season) against the two teams in the team's own conference in the two divisions the team was not set to play which finished the previous season in the same rank in their division (e.g. the team which finished first in its division the previous season played each other team in its conference that also finished first in its respective division). The pre-set division pairings for 2016 were: The complete 2016 schedule was released on April 14, 2016. Highlights of the 2016 schedule included: The 2016 playoffs began on the weekend of January 7–8, 2017 with the Wild Card playoff round. The Document [132] (Title: 2018 Seattle Seahawks season) exact dates and times, was announced on April 19. Notes NFL London Games This would become the first time since 2013 that the Seahawks would lose to the 49ers, snapping a nine-game regular season winning streak. 2018 Seattle Seahawks season The 2018 season is the Seattle Seahawks' 43rd in the National Football League and their ninth under head coach Pete Carroll. The Seahawks are trying to improve on their 9–7 record from the 2017 season. They also played in London for the first time in franchise history, defeating the Oakland Raiders 27–3 in Week 6. This is the first season Document [133] (Title: NBC Sunday Night Football) determine a champion). Major League Baseball moved the start of the series to a Tuesday instead of Wednesday so it could avoid competing with the NFL on Thursday and Monday nights in addition to Sunday night. In 2015, the NFL once again scheduled the Packers to play on "Sunday Night Football", this time against the Broncos at Sports Authority Field on November 1. Both the Packers and the Broncos entered the game undefeated at 6-0. However, the game wound up being scheduled opposite the fifth (and final) game of the 2015 World Series between the Royals and the NY Mets Document [134] (Title: 2008 NFL season) NFL's scheduling formula, the intraconference and interconference matchups for 2008 were: The annual NFL Kickoff Game to start the season took place on September 4 and featured the Super Bowl XLII champion New York Giants winning over their division rivals, the Washington Redskins, at Giants Stadium by a score of 16–7. The game's kickoff was ninety minutes earlier than previous years, at 7 p.m. EDT, because of a time conflict with the 2008 Republican National Convention. Other featured games during the opening week included the NBC Sunday Night Football game between the Chicago Bears and the Indianapolis Colts (the first Document [135] (Title: 2016 Chicago Bears season) tackle Nick Becton was released and former Pittsburgh Steelers tackle Mike Adams was signed. Bears Training Camp was held at Olivet Nazarene University in Bourbonnais from July 27–August 9. The team hosted the Family Fest at Soldier Field on August 6, while participating in joint practices with the New England Patriots at Gillette Stadium from August 15–17. The Bears' preseason opponents and schedule was announced on April 7. The schedule featured three games against 2015 playoff teams; the first game was against the defending Super Bowl champion Denver Broncos, followed by the AFC East winner New England Patriots, the Kansas Document [136] (Title: 2018 Philadelphia Eagles season) 2018 Philadelphia Eagles season The National Football League 2018 Philadelphia Eagles season is the team's 86th season and their third under head coach Doug Pederson. The Eagles entered the season as the defending champions of Super Bowl LII, and opened the season with the NFL Kickoff Game on September 6, beating the Atlanta Falcons 18–12. A vast majority of their Super Bowl-winning squad from the 2017 season was retained, although some notable losses included tight end Trey Burton (who contributed to the Philly Special in the Super Bowl), defensive end Vinny Curry, and cornerback Patrick Robinson. Franchise quarterback Carson Wentz, Document [137] (Title: NFL regular season) four teams from a single division in the AFC once, all four teams from a single division in the NFC once, and two additional intraconference games based on the standings from the previous season. Since 1990, the majority of NFL regular-season games are played on Sundays at 1 pm, or around 4:00 to 4:25pm ET (see below), with the late afternoon (ET) games usually reserved either for matches hosted in the Pacific Time Zone or Mountain Time Zone, or for one or more marquee contests. The current NFL television contract awards the American broadcast of these games to Fox or Document [138] (Title: 2018 CFL season) CFL announced that it would introduce a new football for the 2018 season. The new ball, produced by Wilson Sporting Goods, matches the specifications of the ball used in the National Football League and uses the "slightly harder" Horween leather used in that league, but with the CFL's laces and its characteristic white striping. Following the success of the week-long league and prospect showcase in March 2017, the league announced on September 9, 2017 that Mark's CFL Week would return and would be hosted by Winnipeg. The event took place from Thursday March 22 to Sunday March 25, 2018, and Document [139] (Title: 2001 NFL season) slot, without stripping any teams of a primetime appearance. This way of “flexible scheduling” would not be utilized at all in 2007, and since 2008, it is only utilized in the final week. The games that eventually made up Week 17 marked the latest regular season games to be played during what is traditionally defined as the "NFL season" (under the current format, the regular season cannot end later than January 3 in any given year). Another scheduling change took place in October, when the Dallas Cowboys at Oakland Raiders game was moved from October 21 to 7 to accommodate Document [140] (Title: 2014 NFL season) the Buffalo Bills' official radio flagship (WGR) confirmed that the Bills Toronto Series would not take place in 2014 and that the future of the series, which was otherwise scheduled to run through the 2017 season, was not yet certain. The series was formally terminated on December 3, 2014. The NFL introduced two major changes to the flexible scheduling procedure. First, the league will be able to "cross-flex" games between CBS and Fox, enabling CBS to televise NFC away games (for the first time since 1993), and Fox to broadcast AFC away games (for the first time since 2011, and Document [141] (Title: 2017 NFL season) 2017 NFL season The 2017 NFL season was the 98th season in the history of the National Football League (NFL). The season began on September 7, 2017, with the Kansas City Chiefs defeating the defending Super Bowl LI champion New England Patriots 42–27 in the NFL Kickoff Game. The season concluded with Super Bowl LII, where the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Philadelphia Eagles faced the American Football Conference (AFC) champion New England Patriots. The Philadelphia Eagles defeated the New England Patriots 41–33 to win their first title in franchise history. It was also a rematch of Super Bowl XXXIX, Document [142] (Title: NFL regular season) by the NFL Network (with, starting in 2018, ten of those Thursday games also being simulcast by Fox). The Sunday night game is broadcast by NBC, while the Monday night game is broadcast by ESPN. The NFL uses a strict scheduling algorithm to determine which teams play each other from year to year, based on the current division alignments and the final division standings from the previous season. The current formula has been in place since 2002, the last year that the NFL expanded its membership. Generally, each team plays the other three teams in its own division twice, all Document [143] (Title: 2006 NFL season) while at the same time allowing NBC to rake in more money off of the higher ratings from surprise, playoff-potential teams that more fans would enjoy watching. Under the flexible-scheduling system, all Sunday games in the affected weeks tentatively had the start times of 1 p.m. ET/10 a.m. PT, except those played in the Pacific or Mountain time zones, which will have a tentative start time of 4 p.m. ET/1 p.m. PT (or 4:15 p.m. ET/1:15 p.m. PT if it is a doubleheader weekend). On the Tuesday 12 days before the games, the league moved one game to the primetime Document [144] (Title: 2018 NFL season) terms of the agreement, Verizon must give the majority of the advertising revenue to the broadcast partners. On April 26, 2018, the NFL announced that it had reached a two-year extension of its agreement with Amazon for shared digital rights to the "Thursday Night Football" games simulcast with Fox, with a 15% increase in rights fees. To fulfill a request that the streams be available freely, the games will also be made available on Twitch, an Amazon-owned streaming service that was originally designed for video game streaming. Both of the NFL's national radio contracts, Westwood One for English language and Document [145] (Title: National Football League Christmas games) Sunday, the Divisional Playoff Games were held around the holiday, with an AFC doubleheader on Saturday, December 24, and an NFC doubleheader on Monday, December 26. This was done so that one team did not have a two-day rest advantage over the other for the Conference Championship games (the NFL only allowed one-day rest advantages). This scheduling resulted in most of the country missing the majority of the 1st quarter of the Pittsburgh-at-Denver game telecast (beginning at 4:00 PM EST), since the early AFC game that Saturday (Oakland-at-Baltimore, beginning at 12:30 PM EST) went into double overtime; with an ordinary Document [146] (Title: 2012 NFL season) first game. The 4:15 p.m. late doubleheader kickoff time dates back to the 1998 season when the NFL moved it from 4:05 p.m. for the same reason. As per the NFL's scheduling formula, the intraconference and interconference matchups were: Intraconference Interconference Highlights of the 2012 schedule include: The Pro Football Hall of Fame Game was played August 5 and featured a match-up between the Arizona Cardinals and the New Orleans Saints. New Orleans last appeared in the game in 2007; former Saints offensive tackle Willie Roaf was inducted as part of the Hall of Fame ceremonies. The Cardinals played there Document [147] (Title: NFL preseason) games. Due to their exhibition nature, suspended or canceled preseason games are normally not made up. In 2004, Hurricane Charley postponed a Tampa Bay game against Cincinnati from Saturday until Monday. In 2001, a preseason game between Philadelphia and Baltimore was canceled due to turf problems at Veterans Stadium. Similar turf concerns prompted the league to cancel the 2016 Hall of Fame Game at the last minute. The 2017 Cowboys-Texans preseason game, originally scheduled for Houston, was at first switched to Arlington due to the flooding spawned by Hurricane Harvey in southeast Texas. The day prior to the scheduled game, Document [148] (Title: NBC Sunday Night Football) scheduling a Sunday night game during every week of the season, and declaring the games in Weeks 11 through 16 (November 21 through December 26) as "flex games", meaning they reverted to Sunday afternoon if a more attractive matchup arose. The Week 16 game, between the Minnesota Vikings and Philadelphia Eagles, originally scheduled for December 26, was moved to December 28 due to a major blizzard that affected most of the Eastern United States. The NFL postponed the game after Philadelphia Mayor Michael Nutter declared a snow emergency for the city. It was the 23rd NFL game to be played Document [149] (Title: 2002 NFL season) the September 11 attacks, since the San Diego Chargers had their bye week during the week following 9/11 and the league nearly outright canceled that week’s slate of games. The league also introduced a new eight-year scheduling rotation designed so that all teams will play each other at least twice during those eight years, and play in every other team’s stadium at least once. Under scheduling formulas in use from 1978 to 2001, two teams in different divisions might never play each other for over fifteen seasons. Under the new scheduling formula, only two of a team’s games each season Document [150] (Title: 2018 NFL season) were hired. Four officials were promoted to the referee position. Down judge Hugo Cruz was fired for performance-related issues culminating with a missed false start during a Week 6 game between the Los Angeles Chargers and Cleveland Browns. It was the first time in the Super Bowl era that an official was dismissed in-season. The following playing rule changes have been approved by the Competition Committee for the 2018 season: The following bylaws and resolutions were passed: The following changes to the kickoff rules were approved at the NFL Spring Owners' Meeting on May 23, 2018: In response to the Document [151] (Title: 2019 NFL season) broadcast contracts with ESPN, CBS, Fox and NBC. This includes "cross-flexing" (switching) Sunday afternoon games between CBS and Fox before or during the season (regardless of the conference of the visiting team). NBC will continue to air "Sunday Night Football", the annual Kickoff Game, and the primetime Thanksgiving game. ESPN will continue to air "Monday Night Football" and the Pro Bowl. Fox will continue to air "Thursday Night Football" alongside with NFL Network. Fox will also broadcast Super Bowl LIV. In November 2018, ESPN announced that it would air coverage for all three days of the 2019 NFL Draft on Document [152] (Title: 2010 NFL season) NFL scheduled a Christmas game between the Cowboys and the Arizona Cardinals in Glendale, Arizona on December 25 on NFL Network. The Cowboys came back from a 21–3 deficit behind third-string quarterback Stephen McGee to take a 26–24 lead late in the fourth quarter, but kicker David Buehler missed an extra point, allowing the Cardinals to win the game 27–26 on a last-second Jay Feely field goal. The entire Week 17 schedule, played on January 2, 2011, consisted solely of divisional contests, in an attempt to increase competition after several cases over the last few seasons of playoff-bound teams resting Document [153] (Title: 2017 NFL season) the 2017-18 playoffs. As the new contract is non-exclusive, the NFL's television partners may negotiate to add the mobile streaming rights that were reserved to Verizon under the previous contract; NBC was the first to do so. Two new international digital rights deals led to user criticism over their quality of service. In Canada, NFL Sunday Ticket shifted from distribution through television providers to the over-the-top provider DAZN, while in Europe, Deltatre took over European distribution of NFL Game Pass and launched new mobile apps. Both services faced criticism over their streaming quality, while Delatre's app faced criticism for having Document [154] (Title: 2018 NFL season) Entravision for Spanish language, expired after the 2017 season. Westwood One's parent company Cumulus Media filed for bankruptcy in November 2017 and began terminating national broadcast contracts and sports agreements in January 2018, putting any contract extensions on hold. The company emerged from bankruptcy on June 4, 2018. With the release of the 2018 schedule, NFL.com listed ESPN Deportes Radio (which had shared NFL rights with Entravision in 2017 and had carried Super Bowl LII) as the league's national Spanish-language broadcaster. The national English-language broadcaster was still identified as Westwood One, which Westwood One has also confirmed; no press release Document [155] (Title: Thursday Night Football) package due to its short-term nature, and that Fox was attempting to outbid CBS. On February 1, 2016, the NFL announced that "Thursday Night Football" would be shared between CBS, NBC, and NFL Network for the 2016 and 2017 seasons. CBS and NBC would each air five games (resulting in a schedule of 10 games on broadcast TV in comparison to 8 under the previous deal), followed by an additional eight games exclusively on NFL Network to satisfy NFL Network's retransmission consent contracts with cable providers; the eight NFL Network-exclusive games included six Thursday contests, a Sunday morning International Series Document [156] (Title: 2014 NFL season) night including a doubleheader in the season's opening week. There were seventeen games played on Thursday, including the National Football League Kickoff game in prime time on September 4 and three games on Thanksgiving Day. The schedule also included two games played on Saturday, December 20, in the season's sixteenth week. The regular season concluded with a full slate of 16 games on Sunday, December 28, all of which, as it was since , were intra-divisional matchups. Under the NFL's current scheduling formula, each team plays each of the other three teams in their own division twice. In addition, a Document [157] (Title: 2019 NFL season) a throwback jersey. The 2019 regular season's 256 games will be played over a 17-week schedule that is expected to begin on September 5, 2019. Each of the league's 32 teams will play a 16 game schedule, with one bye week. There will be games on Monday nights and on Thursdays, Including the National Football League Kickoff game and games on Thanksgiving Day. The regular season will conclude with a full slate of 16 games, tentatively scheduled for December 29, all of which are expected to be intra-division matchups, as it had been since . Under the NFL's current scheduling Document [158] (Title: Canceled NFL games) 15-game schedule. Also unlike 1982, there was no change to the playoff format that season. An August 19, 1995 preseason game between the San Diego Chargers and the Houston Oilers was the first game in NFL history to be canceled before kickoff after an NFL official determined that the Astrodome’s artificial turf endangered the players. An August 13, 2001 preseason game between the Ravens and the Eagles was canceled because of an unplayable playing surface at Veterans Stadium. This was scheduled to be the first football game played at the stadium after a new artificial surface, NexTurf, was installed. Because Document [159] (Title: National Football League) and away opponents are known by the end of the previous year's regular season, the exact dates and times for NFL games are not determined until much later because the league has to account for, among other things, the Major League Baseball postseason and local events that could pose a scheduling conflict with NFL games. During the 2010 season, over 500,000 potential schedules were created by computers, 5,000 of which were considered "playable schedules" and were reviewed by the NFL's scheduling team. After arriving at what they felt was the best schedule out of the group, nearly 50 more potential Document [160] (Title: 2018 Los Angeles Chargers season) the United States. The Chargers' regular season schedule was released on April 19. Notes NFL London Games 2018 Los Angeles Chargers season The 2018 season is the Los Angeles Chargers' 49th as a member of the National Football League, their 59th overall, their 3rd in the Greater Los Angeles Area and their second under head coach Anthony Lynn. Despite a slow 1–2 start, the Chargers improved on their 9–7 record from last year with a Week 14 win over the Cincinnati Bengals. They also recorded a 10-win season for the first time since 2009 when they were in San Diego, Document [161] (Title: NFL GameDay) is also syndicated to several Fox affiliates as part of the network’s "Thursday Night Football" contract. NFL GameDay NFL GameDay is an American television program that features highlights of the National Football League games for the day. It airs on the NFL Network, having debuted on September 10, 2006. The program starts at either 11:30 p.m. Eastern time or the moment that "NBC Sunday Night Football" concludes, whichever is later. When NBC does not carry a game, it begins at 8 p.m. ET, or after "NFL RedZone" goes off the air, which happened twice in 2006, on October 22 and Document [162] (Title: 2018 Arena Football League season) revenues, but did not rule out returning in the future. In February 2018, the 2018 season schedule was finalized with only the returning Baltimore, Philadelphia, and Washington teams and the expansion Albany team, but no Newark team, matching the size of the league in the original "demonstration season" in 1987. The 2018 season consisted of a 13-week schedule during which each team played 12 games and had one bye week. With only four participating members for the season, the schedule for each team decreased by two games, continuing the trend of shortened seasons since the 2015 season. All teams played Document [163] (Title: NFL regular season) one week of the schedule was lost. Weeks 4 through 6 were played with replacement players. The rest of the season was played as originally scheduled, for a total of 15 games per team. In the event that the 2011 NFL season had been disrupted because of a then-ongoing labor dispute, the NFL had arranged its schedule to facilitate easier cancellations and postponements. In addition to an emergency scenario of an eight-game schedule beginning in late November, the NFL also arranged its full-length schedule such that weeks 2 and 4 had no division games, week 17 had all division games, Document [164] (Title: NBC Sunday Night Football results) night package, NBC aired no game in Week 17 to ensure that teams whose games would affect each other's playoff standings would be played at the same time. The Falcons-Rams NFC Wildcard game kicked off at 8:15 pm ET, while the NFC Divisional Playoff in Philadelphia kicked off at 4:35 pm ET. ! Day !! Date !! Visiting Team !! Final Score !! Host Team !! Stadium Starting in 2018, the NFL moved the start time of Sunday Night Football back, from 8:30 p.m. ET to 8:20 p.m. ET. The Bengals-Chiefs game flexed into Sunday Night on October 21 became Document [165] (Title: 2018–19 NFL playoffs) the AFC Championship Game. Fox has exclusive coverage of the NFC Championship Game. CBS will have exclusive coverage of Super Bowl LIII. 2018–19 NFL playoffs The 2018–19 NFL playoffs will begin on January 5, 2019, after the 2018 season, and conclude with Super Bowl LIII on Sunday, February 3, 2019 at Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta, Georgia. Source: All playoff games will be broadcast nationally on network television. ABC and ESPN will simulcast 1 NFC Wild Card game, while CBS And NBC will broadcast two AFC playoff games and CBS having the rest of the AFC Playoffs. Coverage of the NFC Document [166] (Title: National Football League) since 1948: in 2010, when a Sunday game was rescheduled to Tuesday due to a blizzard, and in 2012, when the Kickoff game was moved from Thursday to Wednesday to avoid conflict with the Democratic National Convention. NFL regular season matchups are determined according to a scheduling formula. Within a division, all four teams play fourteen out of their sixteen games against common opponents – two games (home and away) are played against the other three teams in the division, while one game is held against all the members of a division from the NFC and a division from the Document [167] (Title: 2018 CFL season) team play 17 games over the first 17 weeks and have their byes in weeks 18 and 20. Ottawa also had to play three games in 11 days as did the Toronto Argonauts, due to the five-game week in week 5. On December 14, 2017, the CFL released the 2018 season schedule, which was almost two months earlier than in years past. The season opening game was hosted on June 14 by the Winnipeg Blue Bombers, the first time they have hosted that game since the 2014 season. The Grey Cup rematch, hosted by the Argonauts, took place in week Document [168] (Title: National Football League on television) 2006, 2012, and 2017 (the final weekend of the 2005, 2011, and 2016 regular seasons), with scheduling likely for 2023. Between 1970 and 1977, and again since 2003, there has been no Monday night game during the last week of the season. From 1978 until 2002, a season-ending Monday night game was scheduled. The 2003 revision permits the NFL to have all eight teams involved in the Wild Card playoffs to have equal time in preparation, instead of the possibility of one or two teams having a shorter preparation for their playoff game if they were picked to play on Document [169] (Title: NFL Kickoff Game) season, however, was not revived. Instead, after an impromptu experiment in 2005, a Monday night doubleheader was scheduled for the same weekend as the kickoff game.) 2008: The league and NBC agreed to move up the opening kickoff of the kickoff game, to 7:00 p.m., in order for coverage of the Republican National Convention to not compete with the game. That game featured the Redskins and Giants. The game was also be the first to be carried by Internet television in the United States, as were all "Sunday Night Football" games in the 2008 season. 2010: The Saints, winners of Question: when do they release the nfl schedule 2018

Answer: April 19, 2018 Long Answer: The entire season schedule was released on April 19, 2018 . Highlights of the 2018 season include: Gold Document ID: 42

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Venom (Marvel Comics character)) is forced to abandon his "black costume", which the Symbiote had been mimicking, after Venom confronts Parker's wife Mary Jane. Venom escapes from the supervillain prison, The Vault, to torment Spider-Man and his family. The Symbiote is finally rendered comatose after being subdued by Styx's plague virus, and Eddie Brock is subsequently placed in Ryker's Island Prison. When the Symbiote recovers and returns to free Brock, it leaves a spawn to bond with Brock's psychotic serial-killer cellmate Cletus Kasady, who becomes Carnage. Meanwhile, Venom and Spider-Man fight on a deserted island, and Spider-Man strands Venom there after faking his own Document [2] (Title: Venom (2018 film)) side from the "Spider-Man" comics, though Fleischer ultimately described the film as having "no heroes". One of Venom's lines in the film, "Eyes, lungs, pancreas ... so many snacks, so little time," was lifted unaltered from "The Amazing Spider-Man" #374 (February 1993). Fleischer stated that they were planning a "huge world" with many characters while developing the film, including other symbiotes such as the villain Riot. Fleischer wanted "Venom" to stand out compared to other comic book-based films, and felt tonally that it would not remind viewers of the lighter MCU or the somber DC Extended Universe. It was important Document [3] (Title: Venom (soundtrack)) Venom (soundtrack) The soundtrack for the 2018 American superhero film "Venom", based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name and produced by Columbia Pictures, consists of an original score composed by Ludwig Göransson and a series of songs featured in the film. This includes an original single "Venom – Music from the Motion Picture", performed by Eminem. Göransson was hired after previously working with director Ruben Fleischer, and after his successful work in the superhero genre for Marvel's "Black Panther" (2018). Eminem released his single as part of his surprise album "Kamikaze" on August 31, 2018, and then Document [4] (Title: Eddie Brock) after Gary Ross left the project. In March 2016, Sony hired Dante Harper to write the script with Arad and Matt Tolmach producing. At the time, the film was not planned to have any connection to the Marvel Cinematic Universe version of Spider-Man. A year later, following the success of Spider-Man in "" (2016) and the expected success of "", Sony announced "Venom" would be released on October 5, 2018. Scott Rosenberg and Jeff Pinker were hired to write the script. In May 2017, Tom Hardy signed on to play Eddie Brock and Ruben Fleischer was set to direct. Amy Document [5] (Title: Steven Brand) Steven Brand Steven Brand is a Scottish actor. He made his American screen debut in Universal's "The Scorpion King" as Memnon, evil warlord and nemesis of Mathayus, played by The Rock. Following the success of his debut movie in the US, Brand’s work has included the HBO series "The Mind of the Married Man", Stephen King's "The Diary of Ellen Rimbauer", "", "Human Target" and more recently starring in the movies "Treasure Raiders" with David Carradine, "Say It in Russian" with Faye Dunaway, and "XII". He is also known as the voice of Alexander Anderson from the anime series "Hellsing" Document [6] (Title: Venom (2018 film)) they made their initial pitch for the film, and took the approach of trying to stay faithful to the spirit of the comics even if certain elements had to be changed such as having Brock cross a moral line in his journalism which the character does in his comic book origin story. Fleischer noted that "Lethal Protector" aided in this goal since it, as the first solo Venom comic book series, had "broke [the character] free from Spider-Man." It also gave the writers a "solid foundation" to explore the more heroic side of Venom, rather than his more traditional villainous Document [7] (Title: Venom (2018 film)) Matt Smith, Pedro Pascal, and Matthias Schoenaerts all having been considered for the same role. In September, Michelle Williams entered talks to join the film as a district attorney and Brock's love interest. By October, Jenny Slate, Reid Scott, and Scott Haze were in negotiations to join as well, with Slate up for a role as a scientist. Kelly Marcel was writing the latest draft of the film's script. The final budget that Sony allocated for the film's production was $100 million, though Chinese production company Tencent Pictures ultimately covered a third of these costs for the studio. In June Document [8] (Title: Venom (2018 film)) be featured throughout the film, and believed that the film's lack of shared universe connections, and distinct tone, could help Sony prove it has "a handle on these characters after all". A tie-in comic book, serving as both a prequel and a teaser for the film and simply titled "Venom", was released digitally by Marvel Comics on September 14, with a physical version available to those who purchased tickets for the film from AMC Theatres. Written by Sean Ryan and illustrated by Szymon Kudranski, the comic establishes the film's backstory for the symbiote. SKAN provided the cover art for the Document [9] (Title: Venom (1981 film)) Venom (1981 film) Venom is a 1981 British horror film directed by Piers Haggard, written by Robert Carrington, based on Alan Scholefield's novel of the same name, and starring Klaus Kinski, Oliver Reed, Nicol Williamson, and Sarah Miles. An international criminal named Jacmel (Kinski) enlists Ruth Hopkins' maid Louise (George) and chauffeur Dave (Reed) in a scheme to kidnap her asthmatic ten-year-old son Philip (Holcomb) for ransom. As the plot begins to unfold, Philip has just brought home a snake from a local importer, unaware that his new pet has been accidentally switched with a deadly black mamba destined for Document [10] (Title: Venom (Marvel Comics character)) by the film's director Ruben Fleischer to be taking inspiration from the works of David Cronenberg and John Carpenter. The supporting cast also consists of Riz Ahmed, Michelle Williams and Jenny Slate. "Variety" reported that Kelly Marcel would write the script with Pinkner and Rosenberg. Filming officially began on October 23, 2017. "Venom" was released in the United States on October 5, 2018 with a PG-13 rating. Venom is a playable character and boss character in a number of video games across several platforms. Venom (Marvel Comics character) Venom is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Document [11] (Title: Venom (2018 film)) was nominated in the Best Visual Effects or Animated Performance at the Los Angeles Online Film Critics Society Awards for his portrayal of Venom. When Sony first revived plans for "Venom" in March 2016, the studio planned for the film to launch its own franchise. In July 2017, Panitch indicated that future "Venom" films could crossover with the "Spider-Man" films. Harrelson revealed in May 2018 that he was expected to have a larger role in a "Venom" sequel, describing this move as a roll of the dice since he was unable to read a script for the sequel before signing Document [12] (Title: Venom (2018 film)) also worked with Marcel to rewrite some of his dialogue for both Brock and Venom throughout the filming process. Additional filming took place in San Francisco from January 16 to 26, 2018. Locations included Russian Hill, North Beach, Chinatown, and the Financial District. Hardy wrapped filming on January 27. Ahmed and Scott were confirmed to appear in the film in February 2018, and Will Beall was revealed to have done additional writing on the script. In the following months, Sope Aluko and Scott Deckert were revealed to be cast in the film, Haze and Harrelson were also confirmed to appear, Document [13] (Title: Keith Szarabajka) He also voiced a minor character in "Condemned 2: Bloodshot" named Inferi. He is the Archangel Azrael in "Darksiders: Wrath of War" and played a very small role in "Dragon Age: Origins" as a nameless dwarf collecting nugs, a voiceset for male dwarf characters, and several minor characters. He plays the Reaper Harbinger, the main villain of the video game "Mass Effect 2", as well as a few minor characters. In 2008, he voiced Venom in "". In 2010, he voiced the Autobot Ironhide in "" as well as its 2012 sequel "", and Mr. Freeze in "Young Justice". He Document [14] (Title: Venom (2018 film)) views than the first and noted that general positive responses were up 46 percent. The majority of positive responses were directed towards the appearance and design of Venom. Fleischer, Hardy, and Ahmed promoted the film at the 2018 San Diego Comic-Con, where the audience was given Venom masks and chanted "We are Venom". New footage from the film was debuted at the panel, including the reveal of the villainous symbiote Riot. A third trailer was subsequently released online. It was criticized by Scott Mendelson (also of "Forbes"), who said the film was looking comparable to "Catwoman" (2004)—"the shining example of Document [15] (Title: Venom (2018 film)) as ' rather than ', as many commentators believed it should be pronounced. This led to widespread criticism and a 35,700 percent increase in searches for "symbiote pronunciation," according to dictionary Merriam-Webster, which noted both pronunciations are technically considered acceptable. Slate uses the expected "" pronunciation in the final film, which commentators assumed was achieved through reshoots or overdubbing, but Fleischer explained that the pronunciation had been corrected on set and the marketing team had simply used a take for the trailer from before the correction was made. Hannah Shaw-Williams of "Screen Rant" noted that the trailer reused music from Document [16] (Title: Ruben Fleischer) in September 2011, and the cast included Ryan Gosling, Sean Penn, Emma Stone, Josh Brolin, Giovanni Ribisi, Anthony Mackie, Michael Peña, and Holt McCallany. Fleischer next directed "Venom", a film about the Marvel Comics character Eddie Brock. It stars Tom Hardy in the title role, and was released on October 5, 2018. In May 2017, it was announced that Fleischer will direct the sequel to his 2009 film "Zombieland". Ruben Fleischer Ruben Samuel Fleischer (born October 31, 1974) is an American film director, film producer, television producer, music video director, and commercial director who lives in Los Angeles. He is Document [17] (Title: Venom (2018 film)) featuring the Marvel Comics character Venom, which was to be produced by New Line Cinema. Dolph Lundgren was in talks to star in the film, which would feature the character Carnage as the main antagonist. The project ultimately did not move forward, and the rights to the character moved to Sony Pictures along with those for the character Spider-Man, of whom Venom is an antagonist in the comics. Eddie Brock, the alter-ego of Venom, would appear in Sony's "Spider-Man 3" (2007), with Topher Grace in the role. Grace was intended to only briefly appear as Brock, but became a major Document [18] (Title: Venom (Marvel Comics character)) Kurtzman stated that they had been considering different incarnations of the character, including Eddie Brock, Anne Weying, and Flash Thompson. The movie, among the other spin-offs were cancelled prior to the studios' contract agreement with Marvel Studios. In March 2016, following the introduction of Spider-Man to the Marvel Cinematic Universe, it was announced that Sony was moving forward with a standalone film by hiring Dante Harper to write the script, and Arad, Matt Tolmach and Amy Pascal producing. The film was initially reported to have no connection to the Marvel Cinematic Universe, nor have any relation to Spider-Man, and that Document [19] (Title: Venom (2018 film)) Venom (2018 film) Venom is a 2018 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name, produced by Columbia Pictures in association with Marvel and Tencent Pictures. Distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing, it is the first film in Sony's Marvel Universe, adjunct to the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). Directed by Ruben Fleischer from a screenplay by Scott Rosenberg, Jeff Pinkner, and Kelly Marcel, it stars Tom Hardy as Eddie Brock / Venom, alongside Michelle Williams, Riz Ahmed, Scott Haze, and Reid Scott. In "Venom", journalist Brock gains superpowers after being bound to an alien symbiote whose Document [20] (Title: Venom (2018 film)) average rating of 4.4/10. The website's critical consensus reads, ""Venom"s first standalone movie turns out to be like the comics character in all the wrong ways—chaotic, noisy, and in desperate need of a stronger attachment to Spider-Man." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 35 out of 100, based on 46 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Reviewing the film for "Variety", Owen Gleiberman called it "a textbook case of a comic-book film that's unexciting in its ho-hum competence, and even its visual-effects bravura". He criticized Hardy's performance as acting like "a stumblebum Method goof", and felt the Document [21] (Title: Venom (2018 film)) on to the first film. That July, Fleischer and Hardy both expressed interest in a crossover with Spider-Man, and indicated that Sony was interested in the idea as well; in August, the studio confirmed that it planned to crossover Spider-Man and Venom by saying they "are already in the same universe—so without giving too much away, we are looking forward to the two of them eventually facing off in the future". The same month, Hardy revealed he is signed on for two more "Venom" films. By November, box office analysts believed that "Venom" had been successful enough to guarantee that Document [22] (Title: Venom (2018 film)) City. Matthew Libatique served as director of photography, while Oliver Scholl served as production designer after also doing so for "Spider-Man: Homecoming". Williams was confirmed to have joined the film in November, with Sony organizing her filming schedule to ensure her availability for concurrent, unexpected reshoots on "All the Money in the World" (2017). By December, Woody Harrelson was in talks to appear in the film, and Williams was revealed to be portraying Anne Weying. Hardy recorded his lines for the symbiote at the beginning of each day, and these were played back to him through an earpiece on set Document [23] (Title: Venom (soundtrack)) song, "Venom" by American rapper Eminem, is featured in the film, but was not included on the soundtrack album. All music composed by Ludwig Göransson. Venom (soundtrack) The soundtrack for the 2018 American superhero film "Venom", based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name and produced by Columbia Pictures, consists of an original score composed by Ludwig Göransson and a series of songs featured in the film. This includes an original single "Venom – Music from the Motion Picture", performed by Eminem. Göransson was hired after previously working with director Ruben Fleischer, and after his successful work in Document [24] (Title: Venom (2018 film)) species plans to invade Earth. Sony began developing a Venom film after the character made his cinematic debut in "Spider-Man 3" (2007). After various iterations never materialized, work on a new version began in March 2016, with the intention of starting a new shared universe featuring the Marvel characters that Sony possessed film rights to; Sony also intended for the film to share the world of the MCU's "" (2017), but ultimately distanced "Venom" from the Spider-Man character. In March 2017, Rosenberg and Pinkner were set to write, with Fleischer and Hardy added that May. Principal photography began that October Document [25] (Title: Quiet (Metal Gear)) base due to a mutation, Quiet disappears into Afghanistan, realizing that she could never guarantee the safety of Diamond Dogs. Believing that she has betrayed them, Venom Snake follows to investigate. Snake helps her fight off a Soviet regiment, but she is forced to speak English to save him when he is bitten by a venomous snake. Quiet disappears to avoid causing another epidemic; walking alone in the desert, her fate is unknown. Quiet was modeled after, motion captured and voiced by Dutch model Stefanie Joosten. She received a phone call from her agency to audition as a motion capture Document [26] (Title: Ultimate Spider-Man (TV series)) Rouleau), the creators of the animated series "Ben 10" and "Generator Rex", serve as supervising producers on the show. Twenty-six episodes were ordered for the first season. According to Paul Dini, the series features a "redefined" Peter Parker, and a combination of frequent guest stars loosely based on Bendis' comics, and original material, such as the origins of some heroes and villains. Actor J. K. Simmons reprises his role as J. Jonah Jameson from Sam Raimi's live-action "Spider-Man" film trilogy for the series. Notable voice actors include Adrian Pasdar as Iron Man (returning to the role after previously having voiced Document [27] (Title: Venom (2018 film)) attackers. It later introduces itself to Brock as Venom, and explains that the comet is searching for planets where the symbiotes can possess and devour the inhabitants. Venom offers to spare Brock if he helps the symbiotes achieve their goal, and Brock comes to enjoy the superhuman attributes that the symbiote imbues him with. Brock breaks into his old workplace to turn in evidence of Drake's crimes, but is surrounded by SWAT officers and is forced to transform to escape. Weying witnesses this transformation and takes Brock back to Lewis's office, where they explain that the symbiote is slowly rotting Document [28] (Title: Venom (Marvel Comics character)) it would be set in its own continuity. A year later, Sony announced that "Venom" would be released on October 5, 2018 with Scott Rosenberg and Jeff Pinkner signed on as screenwriters. It was reported to be Rated R and be the first in a series of Spider-Man character-related spin-off films called "Sony's Marvel Universe". In May 2017, Tom Hardy was announced to be cast as Eddie Brock / Venom, with Ruben Fleischer attached to direct. Carlton Drake / Riot appeared as the film's primary antagonist, as did Anne Weying, Brock's ex-wife from the comics. The film has been described Document [29] (Title: Venom (Marvel Comics character)) seeks an alliance with Flint Marko / Sandman to kill Spider-Man, but is thwarted in his plans and killed by one of the New Goblin's pumpkin bombs. In July 2007, Sony executive Avi Arad revealed a spin-off of Sam Raimi's "Spider-Man" trilogy focused on the Venom Symbiote was in the planning stages, with Jacob Aaron Estes commissioned to write a script, tentatively entitled ""Venom"". In September 2008, Rhett Reese and Paul Wernick signed on to write the film after Estes' script was rejected, while Gary Ross would direct. "Variety" reported that Venom would become an anti-hero in the film, and Document [30] (Title: Spider-Man in film) On April 26, 2012, an updated version of the film with a different plot, featuring Spider-Man in a diminished capacity, was opened at Madame Tussauds New York. The film features Tom Kenny as the voice of Peter Parker / Spider-Man. At Comic-Con 2013, Dan Buckley, president of Marvel Worldwide, Inc announced the development of a crossover television film of the animated series "Phineas and Ferb", that would feature characters from Marvel Entertainment. The film aired between August 16–25, 2013 on Disney Channel and Disney XD, featuring Drake Bell reprising his role from "Ultimate Spider-Man" and "Avengers Assemble" as Peter Parker Document [31] (Title: Venom (2018 film)) and Ahmed was revealed to be playing Carlton Drake. Harrelson, who previously worked with Fleischer on "Zombieland" (2009), signed on to the film for a small role—he described himself as being "in a little fraction of this movie"—knowing that he would have a bigger part in a potential sequel. The role was revealed to be that of Cletus Kasady, the alter-ego of Carnage. The film underwent reshoots in Los Angeles in June 2018, which were reportedly overseen by Hardy. "Venom" was one of the first films to take advantage of the new post-production facilities at Sony Pictures' Stage 6 building Document [32] (Title: Venom (Marvel Comics character)) picture was originally planned for a titular film written by David S. Goyer and produced by New Line Cinema, in which Venom would have been portrayed as an antihero and Carnage as the antagonist. By 2007, the film rights to Venom had reverted to Sony Pictures. Eddie Brock / Venom appears as the primary antagonist in the 2007 feature film "Spider-Man 3", played by Topher Grace. In the film, the Symbiote, after being rejected by Peter Parker, joins with Brock after the rival freelance photographer is exposed by Parker to have used a fake photograph, which ruins him publicly. Venom Document [33] (Title: Venom (2018 film)) the comics, but the increase in popularity was undoubtedly due to the film's portrayal of the characters which she said made Venom's dialogue more "casual ... compared to how he speaks in comics, which kind of makes it more approachable and easier to turn the symbiote into something cute". Brennan added that dialogue such as "I am Venom and you are mine" was deemed to be particularly romantic by these fans, as was the idea that Venom be seen not as a parasite but as someone who "chose Eddie Brock and has a connection to Eddie Brock". According to Fandometrics, Document [34] (Title: Venom (2005 film)) Venom (2005 film) Venom (also known as The Reaper) is a 2005 American horror film starring Agnes Bruckner, Jonathan Jackson, Laura Ramsey, Meagan Good, D. J. Cotrona and Method Man. The story opens with a Creole woman digging up a small briefcase from the ground in the pouring rain. She then proceeds to get in her car and drives down the Louisiana road. Meanwhile, at a local burger joint, high school senior, Eden (Agnes Bruckner), is working with her best friends, Rachel (Laura Ramsey) and CeCe (Meagan Good) while the rest of her friends hang around the place. Ricky (Pawel Document [35] (Title: Venom (2018 film)) Me" (1984). He also thought that Williams and Slate were wasted in their respective roles in the film, and that Fleischer's direction was "competent and unmemorable". Writing for "Salon", Matthew Rozsa said that he actually liked the film, and may have loved it if not for the "sloppy and formulaic script". He felt the depiction of Venom was more worthy to be seen in a film than the version in "Spider-Man 3", and praised Hardy's performance as "wicked fun". Rozsa was especially positive that the film did not take itself too seriously and did not attempt to set-up an entire Document [36] (Title: Venom (2018 film)) a sequel would be made. A month later, Pinkner confirmed that "Venom 2" was "happening", but said he was not involved in writing the sequel. Venom (2018 film) Venom is a 2018 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name, produced by Columbia Pictures in association with Marvel and Tencent Pictures. Distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing, it is the first film in Sony's Marvel Universe, adjunct to the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). Directed by Ruben Fleischer from a screenplay by Scott Rosenberg, Jeff Pinkner, and Kelly Marcel, it stars Tom Hardy as Eddie Brock / Document [37] (Title: Tom Hardy) television drama series "Taboo". It was created by Hardy, Steven Knight, and Hardy's father, Edward "Chips" Hardy. "Taboo" was aired in the United States by FX. In 2018, Hardy starred in the film "Venom", as the title comic book sometime hero, Eddie Brock/ Venom. Based on the Marvel source material, the film was released on 5 October, and is meant to be the start of "Sony's Universe Of Marvel Characters" (along with "Silver and Black"). It is connected to the Marvel Cinematic Universe as an "adjunct" film. In 2019, Hardy will star in Josh Trank's Al Capone biopic "Fonzo." Hardy Document [38] (Title: Michelle Williams (actress)) the superhero film "Venom", co-starring Tom Hardy as the titular antihero. Influenced by the Me Too movement, she provided off-screen inputs regarding her character's wardrobe and dialogue, but the critic Peter Bradshaw felt that it was "an outrageously boring and submissive role". "Venom" earned over $850 million worldwide, making it the highest-grossing film in which Williams has appeared. Williams will next feature alongside Julianne Moore in "After the Wedding", a remake of Susanne Bier's Danish film of the same name, and will star opposite Sam Rockwell in "Fosse/Verdon", an FX miniseries based on the relationship between Bob Fosse and Gwen Document [39] (Title: Venom (2018 film)) the character was looking since he does not have pupils. The character's long tongue is also adapted from the comics, with another complex rig required so the tongue could be specifically animated, and then retract to allow the character to talk without having to speak around it, which Franklin said was "too comical". When he does speak, Venom often talks through clenched teeth which was inspired by actors Jack Palance and Clint Eastwood. Since Venom's origin is not tied to Spider-Man in the film, it did not make sense for the filmmakers to add a version of Spider-Man's symbol to Document [40] (Title: Venom (2018 film)) in Atlanta, before moving to New York City and San Francisco. The film was primarily inspired by the comic miniseries "" (1993) and story arc "Planet of the Symbiotes" (1995). "Venom" was released in the United States on October 5, 2018, to generally negative reviews from critics for its script and inconsistent tone. However, some praised Hardy's performance and the chemistry between Brock and Venom, and the film went on to be an unexpected box office success, becoming the fifth highest-grossing film of 2018 with over $854 million worldwide and setting several box office records for the month of October. Document [41] (Title: Venom (Marvel Comics character)) featured, with Anne Weying, who in the comics became the Bride of Venom, being mentioned in another article; these articles coming from the fictional Marvel universe's "The Daily Bugle". In March 2012, Josh Trank was in talks to direct a new "Venom" film as a part of "The Amazing Spider-Man" film series. In December 2013, Sony officially announced two spin-offs of "The Amazing Spider-Man" film series, involving a "Venom" film, now known as "Venom: Carnage", and "Sinister Six", respectively, with the first to be written by Alex Kurtzman, Roberto Orci and Ed Solomon, with Kurtzman directing it. In September 2014, Document [42] (Title: Symbiote (comics)) films including a "Venom" film, but those plans were abandoned following the studio agreement reached with Marvel Studios. Following the success of reintroducing Spider-Man in film with "" (2016) and the expected reception of "" (2017), Sony Pictures stated that they were moving forward with "Venom", written by Scott Rosenberg and Jeff Pinkner, and directed by Ruben Fleischer, released on October 5, 2018, with Tom Hardy portraying Eddie Brock / Venom. While initial reports stated that the film would be separate from the MCU, instead set within its own continuity entitled Sony's Marvel Universe, with no connections to the Spider-Man Document [43] (Title: Venom (2018 film)) at that point. In July, Columbia Pictures president Sanford Panitch explained that Sony was not interested in producing "conventional comic-book movies" and was looking to give each film in their MU a distinct style. "Venom" was considered "a spin on a horror film", inspired by the works of John Carpenter and David Cronenberg, but with "more pop and fun". Fleischer said he has "always been drawn to the more antihero superheroes. There's a dark element to [Venom] and a wit that has always appealed to me." He said the film would explore Venom's origins and the "Jekyll and Hyde" relationship Document [44] (Title: Venom (2018 film)) in Culver City, California, with two new theaters equipped for sound design using Dolby Atmos technology, two new stages for sound mixing with Avid Technology's Pro Tools workstations, and a theater set-up for remote visual effects and color grading review. Maryann Brandon and Alan Baumgarten served as editors for the film. Fleischer's focus during the editing process was to "cultivate" the relationship between Brock and Venom, which he felt was the core of the film. The opening of the film went through several iterations, but Fleischer always wanted it to "start with a bang" which led to a spaceship crash Document [45] (Title: Venom (2018 film)) the film. Anderson also said that Hardy was "usually excellent (but not this time)", and called the action sequences "generic". At the "Toronto Star", Peter Howell gave "Venom" two-out-of-four stars and said that Hardy's performance prevented it from being "an unwatchable disaster", but he still thought the film was a mess with an inconsistent tone, "bog-level computer effects and washed-out colours resembling those of a 1998 sci-fi movie on a VHS tape that's been left out in the sun". Jake Coyle for the "Associated Press" found the film to be "kind of a hoot" despite it being "an incoherent mess Document [46] (Title: Spider-Man: The Venom Saga) him into Venom. This is a direct adaptation of the comics storyline. John Semper took the idea of Eddie Brock following Spider-Man on a train in part 3 from Alfred Hitchcock's "Strangers on a Train" like Robert Walker did in that movie. Promethium is an actual element. "Venom Returns" and "Carnage" are the eleventh and twelfth episodes from the third season of the "Spider-Man" animated series, also marking the thirty-eighth and thirty-ninth episodes. The symbiote returns to Earth and travels to Ravencroft to reunite with Eddie Brock, who then escapes as Venom. He is ordered by Dormammu, to whom the Document [47] (Title: Venom (2018 film)) acknowledged this, explaining that the intention had been to "heighten anticipation" for the film. In August, Fleischer revealed the trailer did not showcase Venom because the visual effects for the character were incomplete at the time. Rothman presented new footage of the film at CinemaCon 2018, and acknowledged that it revealed the film's version of Venom by saying, "See, we didn't forget to put Venom in the movie!" Di Placido was more positive of this trailer, praising the appearance of and visuals for Venom, but being concerned about the dialogue. During the trailer, actress Jenny Slate pronounces the word symbiote Document [48] (Title: Venom (2018 film)) and Adam Wingard. In May, Sony announced that Tom Hardy would star as Eddie Brock / Venom in "Venom", to be directed by Ruben Fleischer and officially begin "Sony's Marvel Universe". "Venom" is not considered a spin-off of any other film. Fleischer was chosen after a long search by Sony, while the casting of Hardy, a "huge fan" of Venom, happened very quickly after he was no longer attached to director J. C. Chandor's "Triple Frontier" in April and Sony "saw an opportunity to court an in-demand talent." Riz Ahmed was in talks to join the film in August, with Document [49] (Title: Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain) motion capture work for the game, taking a role over voice actor David Hayter. Kojima's reason for replacing Hayter was to "have a more subdued performance expressed through subtle facial movements and tone of voice rather than words", and that he "needed someone who could genuinely convey both the facial and vocal qualities of a man in his late 40s". Hollywood producer and director Avi Arad suggested to Kojima that Sutherland could fulfill his requirements. Akio Ōtsuka was unaffected by this casting change and continued to voice Snake in the Japanese version. On March 4, 2015, Kojima revealed that Snake Document [50] (Title: Venom (2005 film)) Szajda) is aimlessly flirting with Patty (Davetta Sherwood) and Tammy (Bijou Phillips) by giving them alcohol. Eric (Jonathan Jackson) and Sean (D. J. Cotrona) talk about important matters until Ray Sawyer (Rick Cramer) pulls up in his tow truck. Everyone stares and whisper rumors about him while Ray picks his order up. Ray is Sean's biological father. After he leaves, Rachel says how much he scares her, while Tammy flashes Ray while he eats in his truck. After work, Eden begins to bike home alone, but Eric catches up to her to talk to her about going to college in Document [51] (Title: Venom (2018 film)) villain as both Brock and Venom because producer Avi Arad felt the series had relied too much on director Sam Raimi's personal favorite Spider-Man villains, and not characters that modern fans were actually interested in. Raimi had been hesitant to explore the character due to his "lack of humanity". Arad revealed plans for a spin-off film focused on Venom in July 2007. Sony was actively developing "Venom" alongside direct sequels to "Spider-Man 3" by July 2008, hoping the character could "add longevity" to the franchise in a similar fashion to Wolverine in 20th Century Fox's "X-Men" films. Jacob Estes had Document [52] (Title: Venom (2018 film)) pitched an original story idea for the film to Sony, which Reese described as a "realistic, grounded, a little more dark take on the character". The pair then worked on an outline with Sony and Marvel, who "had specific rules about the villain and the backstory and stuff like that". They had completed a draft by April 2009, which included a role written specifically for Stan Lee, and featured a sequence where the Venom symbiote jumps "from body to body [through a city], and each person that it inhabits ends up becoming really violent and striking someone else and then Document [53] (Title: Spider-Man: Shattered Dimensions) Carnage from "" and "". Jennifer Hale reprises her role as Silver Sable from "Ultimate Spider-Man" and "Spider-Man: Friend or Foe" while also voicing Noir Calypso. John Kassir (Deadpool's voice in "", "" and "Marvel: Ultimate Alliance 2") voices Scorpion and a couple of Deadpool's fanboys. Tara Strong (Christina in "Spider-Man: The New Animated Series") voices Doctor Octopus 2099. James Arnold Taylor (who voiced Spider-Man in "Spider-Man: Friend or Foe" and "", Mysterio in "Spider-Man 2", and Electro in "Ultimate Spider-Man") voices different miscellaneous thugs and henchmen throughout the game. Other cast members include David Kaye as Mysterio, Dimitri Diatchenko Document [54] (Title: Venom (2018 film)) shared universe on its own, positively comparing it to the sort of superhero film that would have been made before the release of the MCU's "Iron Man". "Time"s Stephanie Zacharek described the film as "neither the most super-awesome Marvel movie nor the worst", criticizing the action and small roles of Williams and Slate, but praising the design of the symbiotes as "kind of neat to look at" and Hardy's performance as "fun to watch". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale, while those at PostTrak gave it an 80% Document [55] (Title: The Amazing Spider-Man 2) the Rhino and rampages through the streets. Peter, inspired by Gwen's graduation speech, resumes his role as Spider-Man, and confronts him. Felicity Jones portrays Felicia, Norman's assistant at Oscorp, and later Harry's. While Jones was only credited as Felicia in the final film, her surname was revealed as "Hardy" in a marketing video for the film releasing on digital HD formats, in reference to Black Cat's alter ego Felicia Hardy. Marton Csokas portrays Ashley Kafka, the head of Ravencroft Institute, and Chris Cooper portrays Norman Osborn, the founder of Oscorp and Harry Osborn's father. B. J. Novak appears as Alistair Document [56] (Title: Symbiote (comics)) character, in June 2017, Amy Pascal revealed in an interview that the film would have connections to "" and the rest of the Marvel Cinematic Universe as an "adjunct" film, with Tom Holland possibly reprising his role as Spider-Man in "Venom" as well as future spin-off films. In the international teaser trailer, the Venom symbiote was seen in a glass capsule, before Venom himself is revealed at the end of the first trailer. Riot appeared as the film's main antagonist, played by Riz Ahmed. In the context of the storyline, Venom, Riot and two other unnamed symbiotes labeled as "Blue" Document [57] (Title: Anti-Venom (symbiote)) event, overusing his healing powers can cause Anti-Venom's powers to weaken. The Anti-Venom symbiote's animated debut is seen on "Ultimate Spider-Man vs the Sinister Six", voiced by Matt Lanter. This version is created by Doctor Octopus and Michael Morbius from a sample of the Venom symbiote, and Harry Osborn is its host. In its self-titled episode "Anti-Venom", this symbiote is created as a candidate for Doc Ock's Sinister Six. Anti-Venom nearly kills Agent Venom only to be stopped by an ion inhibitor used by Spider-Man and Iron Patriot which leaves Anti-Venom unconscious, and its host in a coma. Anti-Venom returns Document [58] (Title: The Amazing Spider-Man 2) "". Marvel reportedly was unhappy with some of the terms of the proposed arrangement, including the film rights staying with Sony, and both talks allegedly ceased. However, in early 2015, a deal between the studios that allows Spider-Man to be in the Marvel Cinematic Universe was reached. By March 2016, Sony was moving forward with the standalone Venom film with Dante Harper writing the script, Avi Arad and Matt Tolmach producing and Tom Hardy as the titular character; it will not be related to the "Spider-Man" film franchise or the MCU's Spider-Man. In February 2015, Sony and Marvel Studios announced Document [59] (Title: Venom Snake) Big Boss but the official credits makes no distinction between either character, with the role simply billed as "Snake". The casting was announced by Konami on June 6, 2013, during the annual Konami Pre-E3 show. Kojima's reason for selecting Sutherland rather than Snake's usual voice actor was to "have a more subdued performance expressed through subtle facial movements and tone of voice rather than words", and that he "needed someone who could genuinely convey both the facial and vocal qualities of a man in his late 40s". Hollywood producer and director Avi Arad suggested to Kojima that Sutherland could fulfill Document [60] (Title: Venom (2018 film)) that Brock has with the symbiote. The film is primarily based on the "" miniseries (1993) and the "Planet of the Symbiotes" story arc (1995), borrowing the San Francisco setting of the former. Spider-Man ultimately could not be included in the film because of Sony's deal loaning the character to Marvel Studios, challenging the writers to "make a movie with a character that's defined by Spider-Man without Spider-Man." For this reason, they looked to the Ultimate Marvel version of Venom—whose origin is not tied to Spider-Man—for inspiration. Pinkner and Rosenberg were told that Spider-Man could not be in "Venom" before Document [61] (Title: Hank Azaria) a couple of years, but I didn't really love it. I was spoiled by "The Simpsons"." He voiced Venom/Eddie Brock in "Spider-Man: The Animated Series" between 1994 and 1996. In the animated feature "Anastasia" (1997), he voiced Bartok the bat and reprised the role in the direct-to-video prequel "Bartok the Magnificent" (1999). For his performance in "Anastasia", Azaria won the Annie Award for Outstanding Individual Achievement for Voice Acting by a Male Performer in an Animated Feature Production. He also voiced Eric in the American dub of the series "Stressed Eric", Harold Zoid in the 2001 "Futurama" episode "That's Lobstertainment!", Document [62] (Title: Eddie Brock) by Topher Grace in "Spider-Man 3" and by Tom Hardy in the 2018 film "Venom". This incarnation of Venom was rated 33rd on Empire's 50 Greatest Comic Book Characters, and was the 22nd Greatest Villain on IGN's 100 Greatest Comic Villains of All Time. Comics journalist and historian Mike Conroy writes of the character: "What started out as a replacement costume for Spider-Man turned into one of the Marvel web-slinger's greatest nightmares." Writer David Michelinie and artist Todd McFarlane are generally credited with the character's creation, based on a number of plot ideas and concepts from various other creators. The Document [63] (Title: Spider-Man: Shattered Dimensions) "Spider-Man" and Marvel Comics media. John DiMaggio reprises his role as Hammerhead from "The Spectacular Spider-Man". Steven Blum (the voice of several characters in "The Spectacular Spider-Man" as well as Wolverine in various media outlets) voices Hobgoblin 2099, Noir Vulture, Vulture 2099, and Silvermane 2099. Jim Cummings (Shocker's voice in "Spider-Man: The Animated Series") voices Kraven the Hunter, Noir Goblin, Noir Boomerang and Tinkerer. Thomas F. Wilson (Sergeant Stan Carter's voice on "The Spectacular Spider-Man") voices both versions of Electro. Nolan North reprises his role as Deadpool from "Hulk Vs". Fred Tatasciore reprises his role as the vocal effects of Document [64] (Title: Spider-Man (2000 video game)) Jr. reprises his role as Doctor Octopus from the 1994 "Spider-Man" TV series. The main song is a rock and roll remix of the 1960s "Spider-Man" cartoon. Stan Lee narrates key parts of the story. Daran Norris voices Venom, Eddie Brock, Mysterio, Scorpion, Punisher, Human Torch, and Captain America, while Dee Bradley Baker voices Carnage, J. Jonah Jameson, The Lizard, Daredevil and Rhino. The game's soundtrack was composed by Tommy Tallarico. It features a variation of musical loops mostly influenced by popular genres of the time, such as industrial rock and nu metal. The Nintendo 64 version includes a sound Document [65] (Title: Venom (2018 film)) written a script for the film, but the studio chose to seek out new writers for a different approach from that draft. Sony was also not yet convinced that Grace could serve as the lead actor in the film. That September, Sony hired Paul Wernick and Rhett Reese to write a new script, while industry insiders suggested that Grace should return for the spin-off "because the likeable actor could be a sympathetic evildoer", in response to Venom co-creator Todd McFarlane suggesting that a "Venom" film could not do well with a villain as the central character. Wernick and Reese had Document [66] (Title: Venom (2018 film)) of tones, acting styles and visual effects". He was particularly positive of the film's differences from other Marvel films, and of how Hardy pushed it to be more comedic seemingly against Fleischer's intentions. On Hardy's performance, Coyle was not sure whether it "adds up to anything in "Venom". But it's something to behold. Train wrecks like these aren't supposed to be this entertaining." David Edelstein at "Vulture" said Hardy was the only reason to watch the film, and felt having Brock and Venom share a body was "a good gimmick" that was executed better by Steve Martin in "All of Document [67] (Title: Venom (2018 film)) a mid-credits scene he is invited to interview incarcerated serial killer Cletus Kasady, who promises "carnage" when he escapes. Additionally, Jenny Slate portrays Life Foundation scientist Dora Skirth, Melora Walters portrays Maria, a homeless woman, and Chris O'Hara appears as astronaut John Jameson. Sope Aluko, Scott Deckert, Marcella Bragio, Michelle Lee, Mac Brandt, Christian Convery, Sam Medina, and Ron Cephas Jones also appear. Woody Harrelson appears in the film's mid-credits scene as Cletus Kasady, while Stan Lee makes a cameo appearance as a dog-walker who talks to Brock. By 1997, David S. Goyer had written a script for a film Document [68] (Title: Venom (2018 film)) during scenes where Brock and the symbiote talk to each other. Hardy had previously used this process when he played twins in "Legend" (2015). Fleischer allowed Hardy to improvise on set, and take the scenes where he felt they needed to go. For instance, Hardy noticed that a restaurant set for one scene had a lobster tank in it and decided that his character would get into the tank in the scene; the production design team had to work overnight to reinforce the tank and fill it with fake lobsters so Hardy could get in it the next day. Hardy Document [69] (Title: Eddie Brock) Adi Shankar and director and writer Joe Lynch, starring Ryan Kwanten as Brock. The film is described as "a darkly comic combination of 1980s era Spider-Man comics and the cult Belgian mockumentary "Man Bites Dog"". The character appears in several alternate universe titles in which the character's history, circumstances and behavior may vary slightly or extensively from the mainstream setting. Eddie Brock / Venom appears in "Spider-Man 3" (2007) played by Topher Grace. Brock is a freelance photographer who is fired from his job when Peter Parker exposes his use of a fake photograph of Spider-Man. Brock encounters the symbiote Document [70] (Title: Venom (2018 film)) for him to honor the violence of Venom from the comics, where "he bites people's heads off and eats brains. It would be weird to make a movie with Venom if he wasn't doing that." Sony executives were reluctant to push this element so far that the film would earn an R-rating, which they believed would cause problems for potential crossovers with the family-friendly Spider-Man, as well as other MCU characters, in future films. "Venom" was ultimately rated PG-13, with the violence toned down. Principal photography began on October 23, 2017, with filming taking place in Atlanta and New York Document [71] (Title: Venom (2018 film)) as a digital single on September 23. For the Sony Pictures panel at Comic Con Experience 2017, Fleischer and Hardy appeared in a video from the film's set to promote it. A teaser for the film was released in February 2018, which Dani Di Placido of "Forbes" called "comically underwhelming." He felt this was a major misstep by Sony given the teaser was meant to win over uninterested Spider-Man fans, particularly after the character's portrayal in "Spider-Man 3". The fact that the teaser did not include the title character was a common criticism by commentators. Sony chairman Tom Rothman later Document [72] (Title: Matt Lanter) Roommate". Starring with Minka Kelly and Leighton Meester, filming took place in 2009. The film originally was scheduled for an October 2010 release but was pushed forward to September 17, 2010. However, Screen Gems pushed it to February 4, 2011. He has worked on two films "Liars All" and "A Chance of Rain". He also voices Harry Osborn, Flash Thompson and Venom in the TV series "Ultimate Spider-Man", which premiered on April 1, 2012. He has also signed on to voice the role of Sled in "Secret of the Wings", which will be released in October 2012. On March 5, Document [73] (Title: Venom (Marvel Comics character)) Marvel Entertainment would produce the film. The potential film was ultimately cancelled. The Venom Symbiote has a cameo appearance at the end of the 2014 feature film "The Amazing Spider-Man 2" in the Oscorp building, in a scene which features Gustav Fiers / The Gentleman walking past many of Oscorp's technology and experiments, including Vulture's wings and the mechanical arms of Doctor Octopus. In the viral marketing campaign for "The Amazing Spider-Man 2" an article by Eddie Brock (one of the most notable hosts of Venom) detailing the capture of Cletus Cassidy (who later went on to become Carnage) was Document [74] (Title: Venom (2018 film)) accurately captured Hardy's movements so the tentacles could be integrated with his performance. A detailed digital double of Hardy was also used for the integration. Other partial Venom forms include the "freak-out" form for when he is being vibrated out of Brock, for which a "ghostly" effect was created by adding an animated version of the character on top of Hardy's performance with a vibration effect; and the "wraith" Venom, where Venom's head emerges from Brock's body to talk to him—this form was closer to the raw symbiote than the final Venom design, with added tendrils and veins to an Document [75] (Title: Spider-Man in film) / Spider-Man, alongside Danny Trejo as the Venom Symbiote. In April 2015, Sony announced that Phil Lord and Christopher Miller were writing and producing a Spider-Man animated comedy in development at Sony Pictures Animation. As revealed by the e-mail leak one year before, the duo had been previously courted by Sony to take over the studio's animation division. Originally scheduled to be released on December 21, 2018, Sony announced on April 26, 2017 the film will be released a week earlier on December 14, 2018. Sony Pictures Animation president Kristine Belson unveiled the film's logo, with the working title "Animated Question: who plays the voice of venom in the movie Answer: Tom Hardy Long Answer: Tom Hardy as Eddie Brock / Venom: An investigative journalist and the host of an alien symbiote that gives him "incredible powers". Director Ruben Fleischer took inspiration for the character's portrayal from a quote in the comics: "You're Eddie Brock . I'm the symbiote . Together we are Venom ." Hardy also did performance capture for the role. Gold Document ID: 62

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Venom (Marvel Comics character)) is forced to abandon his "black costume", which the Symbiote had been mimicking, after Venom confronts Parker's wife Mary Jane. Venom escapes from the supervillain prison, The Vault, to torment Spider-Man and his family. The Symbiote is finally rendered comatose after being subdued by Styx's plague virus, and Eddie Brock is subsequently placed in Ryker's Island Prison. When the Symbiote recovers and returns to free Brock, it leaves a spawn to bond with Brock's psychotic serial-killer cellmate Cletus Kasady, who becomes Carnage. Meanwhile, Venom and Spider-Man fight on a deserted island, and Spider-Man strands Venom there after faking his own Document [2] (Title: Venom (2018 film)) side from the "Spider-Man" comics, though Fleischer ultimately described the film as having "no heroes". One of Venom's lines in the film, "Eyes, lungs, pancreas ... so many snacks, so little time," was lifted unaltered from "The Amazing Spider-Man" #374 (February 1993). Fleischer stated that they were planning a "huge world" with many characters while developing the film, including other symbiotes such as the villain Riot. Fleischer wanted "Venom" to stand out compared to other comic book-based films, and felt tonally that it would not remind viewers of the lighter MCU or the somber DC Extended Universe. It was important Document [3] (Title: Venom (soundtrack)) Venom (soundtrack) The soundtrack for the 2018 American superhero film "Venom", based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name and produced by Columbia Pictures, consists of an original score composed by Ludwig Göransson and a series of songs featured in the film. This includes an original single "Venom – Music from the Motion Picture", performed by Eminem. Göransson was hired after previously working with director Ruben Fleischer, and after his successful work in the superhero genre for Marvel's "Black Panther" (2018). Eminem released his single as part of his surprise album "Kamikaze" on August 31, 2018, and then Document [4] (Title: Eddie Brock) after Gary Ross left the project. In March 2016, Sony hired Dante Harper to write the script with Arad and Matt Tolmach producing. At the time, the film was not planned to have any connection to the Marvel Cinematic Universe version of Spider-Man. A year later, following the success of Spider-Man in "" (2016) and the expected success of "", Sony announced "Venom" would be released on October 5, 2018. Scott Rosenberg and Jeff Pinker were hired to write the script. In May 2017, Tom Hardy signed on to play Eddie Brock and Ruben Fleischer was set to direct. Amy Document [5] (Title: Steven Brand) Steven Brand Steven Brand is a Scottish actor. He made his American screen debut in Universal's "The Scorpion King" as Memnon, evil warlord and nemesis of Mathayus, played by The Rock. Following the success of his debut movie in the US, Brand’s work has included the HBO series "The Mind of the Married Man", Stephen King's "The Diary of Ellen Rimbauer", "", "Human Target" and more recently starring in the movies "Treasure Raiders" with David Carradine, "Say It in Russian" with Faye Dunaway, and "XII". He is also known as the voice of Alexander Anderson from the anime series "Hellsing" Document [6] (Title: Venom (2018 film)) they made their initial pitch for the film, and took the approach of trying to stay faithful to the spirit of the comics even if certain elements had to be changed such as having Brock cross a moral line in his journalism which the character does in his comic book origin story. Fleischer noted that "Lethal Protector" aided in this goal since it, as the first solo Venom comic book series, had "broke [the character] free from Spider-Man." It also gave the writers a "solid foundation" to explore the more heroic side of Venom, rather than his more traditional villainous Document [7] (Title: Venom (2018 film)) Matt Smith, Pedro Pascal, and Matthias Schoenaerts all having been considered for the same role. In September, Michelle Williams entered talks to join the film as a district attorney and Brock's love interest. By October, Jenny Slate, Reid Scott, and Scott Haze were in negotiations to join as well, with Slate up for a role as a scientist. Kelly Marcel was writing the latest draft of the film's script. The final budget that Sony allocated for the film's production was $100 million, though Chinese production company Tencent Pictures ultimately covered a third of these costs for the studio. In June Document [8] (Title: Venom (2018 film)) be featured throughout the film, and believed that the film's lack of shared universe connections, and distinct tone, could help Sony prove it has "a handle on these characters after all". A tie-in comic book, serving as both a prequel and a teaser for the film and simply titled "Venom", was released digitally by Marvel Comics on September 14, with a physical version available to those who purchased tickets for the film from AMC Theatres. Written by Sean Ryan and illustrated by Szymon Kudranski, the comic establishes the film's backstory for the symbiote. SKAN provided the cover art for the Document [9] (Title: Venom (1981 film)) Venom (1981 film) Venom is a 1981 British horror film directed by Piers Haggard, written by Robert Carrington, based on Alan Scholefield's novel of the same name, and starring Klaus Kinski, Oliver Reed, Nicol Williamson, and Sarah Miles. An international criminal named Jacmel (Kinski) enlists Ruth Hopkins' maid Louise (George) and chauffeur Dave (Reed) in a scheme to kidnap her asthmatic ten-year-old son Philip (Holcomb) for ransom. As the plot begins to unfold, Philip has just brought home a snake from a local importer, unaware that his new pet has been accidentally switched with a deadly black mamba destined for Document [10] (Title: Venom (Marvel Comics character)) by the film's director Ruben Fleischer to be taking inspiration from the works of David Cronenberg and John Carpenter. The supporting cast also consists of Riz Ahmed, Michelle Williams and Jenny Slate. "Variety" reported that Kelly Marcel would write the script with Pinkner and Rosenberg. Filming officially began on October 23, 2017. "Venom" was released in the United States on October 5, 2018 with a PG-13 rating. Venom is a playable character and boss character in a number of video games across several platforms. Venom (Marvel Comics character) Venom is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Document [11] (Title: Venom (2018 film)) was nominated in the Best Visual Effects or Animated Performance at the Los Angeles Online Film Critics Society Awards for his portrayal of Venom. When Sony first revived plans for "Venom" in March 2016, the studio planned for the film to launch its own franchise. In July 2017, Panitch indicated that future "Venom" films could crossover with the "Spider-Man" films. Harrelson revealed in May 2018 that he was expected to have a larger role in a "Venom" sequel, describing this move as a roll of the dice since he was unable to read a script for the sequel before signing Document [12] (Title: Venom (2018 film)) also worked with Marcel to rewrite some of his dialogue for both Brock and Venom throughout the filming process. Additional filming took place in San Francisco from January 16 to 26, 2018. Locations included Russian Hill, North Beach, Chinatown, and the Financial District. Hardy wrapped filming on January 27. Ahmed and Scott were confirmed to appear in the film in February 2018, and Will Beall was revealed to have done additional writing on the script. In the following months, Sope Aluko and Scott Deckert were revealed to be cast in the film, Haze and Harrelson were also confirmed to appear, Document [13] (Title: Keith Szarabajka) He also voiced a minor character in "Condemned 2: Bloodshot" named Inferi. He is the Archangel Azrael in "Darksiders: Wrath of War" and played a very small role in "Dragon Age: Origins" as a nameless dwarf collecting nugs, a voiceset for male dwarf characters, and several minor characters. He plays the Reaper Harbinger, the main villain of the video game "Mass Effect 2", as well as a few minor characters. In 2008, he voiced Venom in "". In 2010, he voiced the Autobot Ironhide in "" as well as its 2012 sequel "", and Mr. Freeze in "Young Justice". He Document [14] (Title: Venom (2018 film)) views than the first and noted that general positive responses were up 46 percent. The majority of positive responses were directed towards the appearance and design of Venom. Fleischer, Hardy, and Ahmed promoted the film at the 2018 San Diego Comic-Con, where the audience was given Venom masks and chanted "We are Venom". New footage from the film was debuted at the panel, including the reveal of the villainous symbiote Riot. A third trailer was subsequently released online. It was criticized by Scott Mendelson (also of "Forbes"), who said the film was looking comparable to "Catwoman" (2004)—"the shining example of Document [15] (Title: Venom (2018 film)) as ' rather than ', as many commentators believed it should be pronounced. This led to widespread criticism and a 35,700 percent increase in searches for "symbiote pronunciation," according to dictionary Merriam-Webster, which noted both pronunciations are technically considered acceptable. Slate uses the expected "" pronunciation in the final film, which commentators assumed was achieved through reshoots or overdubbing, but Fleischer explained that the pronunciation had been corrected on set and the marketing team had simply used a take for the trailer from before the correction was made. Hannah Shaw-Williams of "Screen Rant" noted that the trailer reused music from Document [16] (Title: Ruben Fleischer) in September 2011, and the cast included Ryan Gosling, Sean Penn, Emma Stone, Josh Brolin, Giovanni Ribisi, Anthony Mackie, Michael Peña, and Holt McCallany. Fleischer next directed "Venom", a film about the Marvel Comics character Eddie Brock. It stars Tom Hardy in the title role, and was released on October 5, 2018. In May 2017, it was announced that Fleischer will direct the sequel to his 2009 film "Zombieland". Ruben Fleischer Ruben Samuel Fleischer (born October 31, 1974) is an American film director, film producer, television producer, music video director, and commercial director who lives in Los Angeles. He is Document [17] (Title: Venom (2018 film)) featuring the Marvel Comics character Venom, which was to be produced by New Line Cinema. Dolph Lundgren was in talks to star in the film, which would feature the character Carnage as the main antagonist. The project ultimately did not move forward, and the rights to the character moved to Sony Pictures along with those for the character Spider-Man, of whom Venom is an antagonist in the comics. Eddie Brock, the alter-ego of Venom, would appear in Sony's "Spider-Man 3" (2007), with Topher Grace in the role. Grace was intended to only briefly appear as Brock, but became a major Document [18] (Title: Venom (Marvel Comics character)) Kurtzman stated that they had been considering different incarnations of the character, including Eddie Brock, Anne Weying, and Flash Thompson. The movie, among the other spin-offs were cancelled prior to the studios' contract agreement with Marvel Studios. In March 2016, following the introduction of Spider-Man to the Marvel Cinematic Universe, it was announced that Sony was moving forward with a standalone film by hiring Dante Harper to write the script, and Arad, Matt Tolmach and Amy Pascal producing. The film was initially reported to have no connection to the Marvel Cinematic Universe, nor have any relation to Spider-Man, and that Document [19] (Title: Venom (2018 film)) Venom (2018 film) Venom is a 2018 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name, produced by Columbia Pictures in association with Marvel and Tencent Pictures. Distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing, it is the first film in Sony's Marvel Universe, adjunct to the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). Directed by Ruben Fleischer from a screenplay by Scott Rosenberg, Jeff Pinkner, and Kelly Marcel, it stars Tom Hardy as Eddie Brock / Venom, alongside Michelle Williams, Riz Ahmed, Scott Haze, and Reid Scott. In "Venom", journalist Brock gains superpowers after being bound to an alien symbiote whose Document [20] (Title: Venom (2018 film)) average rating of 4.4/10. The website's critical consensus reads, ""Venom"s first standalone movie turns out to be like the comics character in all the wrong ways—chaotic, noisy, and in desperate need of a stronger attachment to Spider-Man." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 35 out of 100, based on 46 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Reviewing the film for "Variety", Owen Gleiberman called it "a textbook case of a comic-book film that's unexciting in its ho-hum competence, and even its visual-effects bravura". He criticized Hardy's performance as acting like "a stumblebum Method goof", and felt the Document [21] (Title: Venom (2018 film)) on to the first film. That July, Fleischer and Hardy both expressed interest in a crossover with Spider-Man, and indicated that Sony was interested in the idea as well; in August, the studio confirmed that it planned to crossover Spider-Man and Venom by saying they "are already in the same universe—so without giving too much away, we are looking forward to the two of them eventually facing off in the future". The same month, Hardy revealed he is signed on for two more "Venom" films. By November, box office analysts believed that "Venom" had been successful enough to guarantee that Document [22] (Title: Venom (2018 film)) City. Matthew Libatique served as director of photography, while Oliver Scholl served as production designer after also doing so for "Spider-Man: Homecoming". Williams was confirmed to have joined the film in November, with Sony organizing her filming schedule to ensure her availability for concurrent, unexpected reshoots on "All the Money in the World" (2017). By December, Woody Harrelson was in talks to appear in the film, and Williams was revealed to be portraying Anne Weying. Hardy recorded his lines for the symbiote at the beginning of each day, and these were played back to him through an earpiece on set Document [23] (Title: Venom (soundtrack)) song, "Venom" by American rapper Eminem, is featured in the film, but was not included on the soundtrack album. All music composed by Ludwig Göransson. Venom (soundtrack) The soundtrack for the 2018 American superhero film "Venom", based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name and produced by Columbia Pictures, consists of an original score composed by Ludwig Göransson and a series of songs featured in the film. This includes an original single "Venom – Music from the Motion Picture", performed by Eminem. Göransson was hired after previously working with director Ruben Fleischer, and after his successful work in Document [24] (Title: Venom (2018 film)) species plans to invade Earth. Sony began developing a Venom film after the character made his cinematic debut in "Spider-Man 3" (2007). After various iterations never materialized, work on a new version began in March 2016, with the intention of starting a new shared universe featuring the Marvel characters that Sony possessed film rights to; Sony also intended for the film to share the world of the MCU's "" (2017), but ultimately distanced "Venom" from the Spider-Man character. In March 2017, Rosenberg and Pinkner were set to write, with Fleischer and Hardy added that May. Principal photography began that October Document [25] (Title: Quiet (Metal Gear)) base due to a mutation, Quiet disappears into Afghanistan, realizing that she could never guarantee the safety of Diamond Dogs. Believing that she has betrayed them, Venom Snake follows to investigate. Snake helps her fight off a Soviet regiment, but she is forced to speak English to save him when he is bitten by a venomous snake. Quiet disappears to avoid causing another epidemic; walking alone in the desert, her fate is unknown. Quiet was modeled after, motion captured and voiced by Dutch model Stefanie Joosten. She received a phone call from her agency to audition as a motion capture Document [26] (Title: Ultimate Spider-Man (TV series)) Rouleau), the creators of the animated series "Ben 10" and "Generator Rex", serve as supervising producers on the show. Twenty-six episodes were ordered for the first season. According to Paul Dini, the series features a "redefined" Peter Parker, and a combination of frequent guest stars loosely based on Bendis' comics, and original material, such as the origins of some heroes and villains. Actor J. K. Simmons reprises his role as J. Jonah Jameson from Sam Raimi's live-action "Spider-Man" film trilogy for the series. Notable voice actors include Adrian Pasdar as Iron Man (returning to the role after previously having voiced Document [27] (Title: Venom (2018 film)) attackers. It later introduces itself to Brock as Venom, and explains that the comet is searching for planets where the symbiotes can possess and devour the inhabitants. Venom offers to spare Brock if he helps the symbiotes achieve their goal, and Brock comes to enjoy the superhuman attributes that the symbiote imbues him with. Brock breaks into his old workplace to turn in evidence of Drake's crimes, but is surrounded by SWAT officers and is forced to transform to escape. Weying witnesses this transformation and takes Brock back to Lewis's office, where they explain that the symbiote is slowly rotting Document [28] (Title: Venom (Marvel Comics character)) it would be set in its own continuity. A year later, Sony announced that "Venom" would be released on October 5, 2018 with Scott Rosenberg and Jeff Pinkner signed on as screenwriters. It was reported to be Rated R and be the first in a series of Spider-Man character-related spin-off films called "Sony's Marvel Universe". In May 2017, Tom Hardy was announced to be cast as Eddie Brock / Venom, with Ruben Fleischer attached to direct. Carlton Drake / Riot appeared as the film's primary antagonist, as did Anne Weying, Brock's ex-wife from the comics. The film has been described Document [29] (Title: Venom (Marvel Comics character)) seeks an alliance with Flint Marko / Sandman to kill Spider-Man, but is thwarted in his plans and killed by one of the New Goblin's pumpkin bombs. In July 2007, Sony executive Avi Arad revealed a spin-off of Sam Raimi's "Spider-Man" trilogy focused on the Venom Symbiote was in the planning stages, with Jacob Aaron Estes commissioned to write a script, tentatively entitled ""Venom"". In September 2008, Rhett Reese and Paul Wernick signed on to write the film after Estes' script was rejected, while Gary Ross would direct. "Variety" reported that Venom would become an anti-hero in the film, and Document [30] (Title: Spider-Man in film) On April 26, 2012, an updated version of the film with a different plot, featuring Spider-Man in a diminished capacity, was opened at Madame Tussauds New York. The film features Tom Kenny as the voice of Peter Parker / Spider-Man. At Comic-Con 2013, Dan Buckley, president of Marvel Worldwide, Inc announced the development of a crossover television film of the animated series "Phineas and Ferb", that would feature characters from Marvel Entertainment. The film aired between August 16–25, 2013 on Disney Channel and Disney XD, featuring Drake Bell reprising his role from "Ultimate Spider-Man" and "Avengers Assemble" as Peter Parker Document [31] (Title: Venom (2018 film)) and Ahmed was revealed to be playing Carlton Drake. Harrelson, who previously worked with Fleischer on "Zombieland" (2009), signed on to the film for a small role—he described himself as being "in a little fraction of this movie"—knowing that he would have a bigger part in a potential sequel. The role was revealed to be that of Cletus Kasady, the alter-ego of Carnage. The film underwent reshoots in Los Angeles in June 2018, which were reportedly overseen by Hardy. "Venom" was one of the first films to take advantage of the new post-production facilities at Sony Pictures' Stage 6 building Document [32] (Title: Venom (Marvel Comics character)) picture was originally planned for a titular film written by David S. Goyer and produced by New Line Cinema, in which Venom would have been portrayed as an antihero and Carnage as the antagonist. By 2007, the film rights to Venom had reverted to Sony Pictures. Eddie Brock / Venom appears as the primary antagonist in the 2007 feature film "Spider-Man 3", played by Topher Grace. In the film, the Symbiote, after being rejected by Peter Parker, joins with Brock after the rival freelance photographer is exposed by Parker to have used a fake photograph, which ruins him publicly. Venom Document [33] (Title: Venom (2018 film)) the comics, but the increase in popularity was undoubtedly due to the film's portrayal of the characters which she said made Venom's dialogue more "casual ... compared to how he speaks in comics, which kind of makes it more approachable and easier to turn the symbiote into something cute". Brennan added that dialogue such as "I am Venom and you are mine" was deemed to be particularly romantic by these fans, as was the idea that Venom be seen not as a parasite but as someone who "chose Eddie Brock and has a connection to Eddie Brock". According to Fandometrics, Document [34] (Title: Venom (2005 film)) Venom (2005 film) Venom (also known as The Reaper) is a 2005 American horror film starring Agnes Bruckner, Jonathan Jackson, Laura Ramsey, Meagan Good, D. J. Cotrona and Method Man. The story opens with a Creole woman digging up a small briefcase from the ground in the pouring rain. She then proceeds to get in her car and drives down the Louisiana road. Meanwhile, at a local burger joint, high school senior, Eden (Agnes Bruckner), is working with her best friends, Rachel (Laura Ramsey) and CeCe (Meagan Good) while the rest of her friends hang around the place. Ricky (Pawel Document [35] (Title: Venom (2018 film)) Me" (1984). He also thought that Williams and Slate were wasted in their respective roles in the film, and that Fleischer's direction was "competent and unmemorable". Writing for "Salon", Matthew Rozsa said that he actually liked the film, and may have loved it if not for the "sloppy and formulaic script". He felt the depiction of Venom was more worthy to be seen in a film than the version in "Spider-Man 3", and praised Hardy's performance as "wicked fun". Rozsa was especially positive that the film did not take itself too seriously and did not attempt to set-up an entire Document [36] (Title: Venom (2018 film)) a sequel would be made. A month later, Pinkner confirmed that "Venom 2" was "happening", but said he was not involved in writing the sequel. Venom (2018 film) Venom is a 2018 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name, produced by Columbia Pictures in association with Marvel and Tencent Pictures. Distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing, it is the first film in Sony's Marvel Universe, adjunct to the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). Directed by Ruben Fleischer from a screenplay by Scott Rosenberg, Jeff Pinkner, and Kelly Marcel, it stars Tom Hardy as Eddie Brock / Document [37] (Title: Tom Hardy) television drama series "Taboo". It was created by Hardy, Steven Knight, and Hardy's father, Edward "Chips" Hardy. "Taboo" was aired in the United States by FX. In 2018, Hardy starred in the film "Venom", as the title comic book sometime hero, Eddie Brock/ Venom. Based on the Marvel source material, the film was released on 5 October, and is meant to be the start of "Sony's Universe Of Marvel Characters" (along with "Silver and Black"). It is connected to the Marvel Cinematic Universe as an "adjunct" film. In 2019, Hardy will star in Josh Trank's Al Capone biopic "Fonzo." Hardy Document [38] (Title: Michelle Williams (actress)) the superhero film "Venom", co-starring Tom Hardy as the titular antihero. Influenced by the Me Too movement, she provided off-screen inputs regarding her character's wardrobe and dialogue, but the critic Peter Bradshaw felt that it was "an outrageously boring and submissive role". "Venom" earned over $850 million worldwide, making it the highest-grossing film in which Williams has appeared. Williams will next feature alongside Julianne Moore in "After the Wedding", a remake of Susanne Bier's Danish film of the same name, and will star opposite Sam Rockwell in "Fosse/Verdon", an FX miniseries based on the relationship between Bob Fosse and Gwen Document [39] (Title: Venom (2018 film)) the character was looking since he does not have pupils. The character's long tongue is also adapted from the comics, with another complex rig required so the tongue could be specifically animated, and then retract to allow the character to talk without having to speak around it, which Franklin said was "too comical". When he does speak, Venom often talks through clenched teeth which was inspired by actors Jack Palance and Clint Eastwood. Since Venom's origin is not tied to Spider-Man in the film, it did not make sense for the filmmakers to add a version of Spider-Man's symbol to Document [40] (Title: Venom (2018 film)) in Atlanta, before moving to New York City and San Francisco. The film was primarily inspired by the comic miniseries "" (1993) and story arc "Planet of the Symbiotes" (1995). "Venom" was released in the United States on October 5, 2018, to generally negative reviews from critics for its script and inconsistent tone. However, some praised Hardy's performance and the chemistry between Brock and Venom, and the film went on to be an unexpected box office success, becoming the fifth highest-grossing film of 2018 with over $854 million worldwide and setting several box office records for the month of October. Document [41] (Title: Venom (Marvel Comics character)) featured, with Anne Weying, who in the comics became the Bride of Venom, being mentioned in another article; these articles coming from the fictional Marvel universe's "The Daily Bugle". In March 2012, Josh Trank was in talks to direct a new "Venom" film as a part of "The Amazing Spider-Man" film series. In December 2013, Sony officially announced two spin-offs of "The Amazing Spider-Man" film series, involving a "Venom" film, now known as "Venom: Carnage", and "Sinister Six", respectively, with the first to be written by Alex Kurtzman, Roberto Orci and Ed Solomon, with Kurtzman directing it. In September 2014, Document [42] (Title: Symbiote (comics)) films including a "Venom" film, but those plans were abandoned following the studio agreement reached with Marvel Studios. Following the success of reintroducing Spider-Man in film with "" (2016) and the expected reception of "" (2017), Sony Pictures stated that they were moving forward with "Venom", written by Scott Rosenberg and Jeff Pinkner, and directed by Ruben Fleischer, released on October 5, 2018, with Tom Hardy portraying Eddie Brock / Venom. While initial reports stated that the film would be separate from the MCU, instead set within its own continuity entitled Sony's Marvel Universe, with no connections to the Spider-Man Document [43] (Title: Venom (2018 film)) at that point. In July, Columbia Pictures president Sanford Panitch explained that Sony was not interested in producing "conventional comic-book movies" and was looking to give each film in their MU a distinct style. "Venom" was considered "a spin on a horror film", inspired by the works of John Carpenter and David Cronenberg, but with "more pop and fun". Fleischer said he has "always been drawn to the more antihero superheroes. There's a dark element to [Venom] and a wit that has always appealed to me." He said the film would explore Venom's origins and the "Jekyll and Hyde" relationship Document [44] (Title: Venom (2018 film)) in Culver City, California, with two new theaters equipped for sound design using Dolby Atmos technology, two new stages for sound mixing with Avid Technology's Pro Tools workstations, and a theater set-up for remote visual effects and color grading review. Maryann Brandon and Alan Baumgarten served as editors for the film. Fleischer's focus during the editing process was to "cultivate" the relationship between Brock and Venom, which he felt was the core of the film. The opening of the film went through several iterations, but Fleischer always wanted it to "start with a bang" which led to a spaceship crash Document [45] (Title: Venom (2018 film)) the film. Anderson also said that Hardy was "usually excellent (but not this time)", and called the action sequences "generic". At the "Toronto Star", Peter Howell gave "Venom" two-out-of-four stars and said that Hardy's performance prevented it from being "an unwatchable disaster", but he still thought the film was a mess with an inconsistent tone, "bog-level computer effects and washed-out colours resembling those of a 1998 sci-fi movie on a VHS tape that's been left out in the sun". Jake Coyle for the "Associated Press" found the film to be "kind of a hoot" despite it being "an incoherent mess Document [46] (Title: Spider-Man: The Venom Saga) him into Venom. This is a direct adaptation of the comics storyline. John Semper took the idea of Eddie Brock following Spider-Man on a train in part 3 from Alfred Hitchcock's "Strangers on a Train" like Robert Walker did in that movie. Promethium is an actual element. "Venom Returns" and "Carnage" are the eleventh and twelfth episodes from the third season of the "Spider-Man" animated series, also marking the thirty-eighth and thirty-ninth episodes. The symbiote returns to Earth and travels to Ravencroft to reunite with Eddie Brock, who then escapes as Venom. He is ordered by Dormammu, to whom the Document [47] (Title: Venom (2018 film)) acknowledged this, explaining that the intention had been to "heighten anticipation" for the film. In August, Fleischer revealed the trailer did not showcase Venom because the visual effects for the character were incomplete at the time. Rothman presented new footage of the film at CinemaCon 2018, and acknowledged that it revealed the film's version of Venom by saying, "See, we didn't forget to put Venom in the movie!" Di Placido was more positive of this trailer, praising the appearance of and visuals for Venom, but being concerned about the dialogue. During the trailer, actress Jenny Slate pronounces the word symbiote Document [48] (Title: Venom (2018 film)) and Adam Wingard. In May, Sony announced that Tom Hardy would star as Eddie Brock / Venom in "Venom", to be directed by Ruben Fleischer and officially begin "Sony's Marvel Universe". "Venom" is not considered a spin-off of any other film. Fleischer was chosen after a long search by Sony, while the casting of Hardy, a "huge fan" of Venom, happened very quickly after he was no longer attached to director J. C. Chandor's "Triple Frontier" in April and Sony "saw an opportunity to court an in-demand talent." Riz Ahmed was in talks to join the film in August, with Document [49] (Title: Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain) motion capture work for the game, taking a role over voice actor David Hayter. Kojima's reason for replacing Hayter was to "have a more subdued performance expressed through subtle facial movements and tone of voice rather than words", and that he "needed someone who could genuinely convey both the facial and vocal qualities of a man in his late 40s". Hollywood producer and director Avi Arad suggested to Kojima that Sutherland could fulfill his requirements. Akio Ōtsuka was unaffected by this casting change and continued to voice Snake in the Japanese version. On March 4, 2015, Kojima revealed that Snake Document [50] (Title: Venom (2005 film)) Szajda) is aimlessly flirting with Patty (Davetta Sherwood) and Tammy (Bijou Phillips) by giving them alcohol. Eric (Jonathan Jackson) and Sean (D. J. Cotrona) talk about important matters until Ray Sawyer (Rick Cramer) pulls up in his tow truck. Everyone stares and whisper rumors about him while Ray picks his order up. Ray is Sean's biological father. After he leaves, Rachel says how much he scares her, while Tammy flashes Ray while he eats in his truck. After work, Eden begins to bike home alone, but Eric catches up to her to talk to her about going to college in Document [51] (Title: Venom (2018 film)) villain as both Brock and Venom because producer Avi Arad felt the series had relied too much on director Sam Raimi's personal favorite Spider-Man villains, and not characters that modern fans were actually interested in. Raimi had been hesitant to explore the character due to his "lack of humanity". Arad revealed plans for a spin-off film focused on Venom in July 2007. Sony was actively developing "Venom" alongside direct sequels to "Spider-Man 3" by July 2008, hoping the character could "add longevity" to the franchise in a similar fashion to Wolverine in 20th Century Fox's "X-Men" films. Jacob Estes had Document [52] (Title: Venom (2018 film)) pitched an original story idea for the film to Sony, which Reese described as a "realistic, grounded, a little more dark take on the character". The pair then worked on an outline with Sony and Marvel, who "had specific rules about the villain and the backstory and stuff like that". They had completed a draft by April 2009, which included a role written specifically for Stan Lee, and featured a sequence where the Venom symbiote jumps "from body to body [through a city], and each person that it inhabits ends up becoming really violent and striking someone else and then Document [53] (Title: Spider-Man: Shattered Dimensions) Carnage from "" and "". Jennifer Hale reprises her role as Silver Sable from "Ultimate Spider-Man" and "Spider-Man: Friend or Foe" while also voicing Noir Calypso. John Kassir (Deadpool's voice in "", "" and "Marvel: Ultimate Alliance 2") voices Scorpion and a couple of Deadpool's fanboys. Tara Strong (Christina in "Spider-Man: The New Animated Series") voices Doctor Octopus 2099. James Arnold Taylor (who voiced Spider-Man in "Spider-Man: Friend or Foe" and "", Mysterio in "Spider-Man 2", and Electro in "Ultimate Spider-Man") voices different miscellaneous thugs and henchmen throughout the game. Other cast members include David Kaye as Mysterio, Dimitri Diatchenko Document [54] (Title: Venom (2018 film)) shared universe on its own, positively comparing it to the sort of superhero film that would have been made before the release of the MCU's "Iron Man". "Time"s Stephanie Zacharek described the film as "neither the most super-awesome Marvel movie nor the worst", criticizing the action and small roles of Williams and Slate, but praising the design of the symbiotes as "kind of neat to look at" and Hardy's performance as "fun to watch". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale, while those at PostTrak gave it an 80% Document [55] (Title: The Amazing Spider-Man 2) the Rhino and rampages through the streets. Peter, inspired by Gwen's graduation speech, resumes his role as Spider-Man, and confronts him. Felicity Jones portrays Felicia, Norman's assistant at Oscorp, and later Harry's. While Jones was only credited as Felicia in the final film, her surname was revealed as "Hardy" in a marketing video for the film releasing on digital HD formats, in reference to Black Cat's alter ego Felicia Hardy. Marton Csokas portrays Ashley Kafka, the head of Ravencroft Institute, and Chris Cooper portrays Norman Osborn, the founder of Oscorp and Harry Osborn's father. B. J. Novak appears as Alistair Document [56] (Title: Symbiote (comics)) character, in June 2017, Amy Pascal revealed in an interview that the film would have connections to "" and the rest of the Marvel Cinematic Universe as an "adjunct" film, with Tom Holland possibly reprising his role as Spider-Man in "Venom" as well as future spin-off films. In the international teaser trailer, the Venom symbiote was seen in a glass capsule, before Venom himself is revealed at the end of the first trailer. Riot appeared as the film's main antagonist, played by Riz Ahmed. In the context of the storyline, Venom, Riot and two other unnamed symbiotes labeled as "Blue" Document [57] (Title: Anti-Venom (symbiote)) event, overusing his healing powers can cause Anti-Venom's powers to weaken. The Anti-Venom symbiote's animated debut is seen on "Ultimate Spider-Man vs the Sinister Six", voiced by Matt Lanter. This version is created by Doctor Octopus and Michael Morbius from a sample of the Venom symbiote, and Harry Osborn is its host. In its self-titled episode "Anti-Venom", this symbiote is created as a candidate for Doc Ock's Sinister Six. Anti-Venom nearly kills Agent Venom only to be stopped by an ion inhibitor used by Spider-Man and Iron Patriot which leaves Anti-Venom unconscious, and its host in a coma. Anti-Venom returns Document [58] (Title: The Amazing Spider-Man 2) "". Marvel reportedly was unhappy with some of the terms of the proposed arrangement, including the film rights staying with Sony, and both talks allegedly ceased. However, in early 2015, a deal between the studios that allows Spider-Man to be in the Marvel Cinematic Universe was reached. By March 2016, Sony was moving forward with the standalone Venom film with Dante Harper writing the script, Avi Arad and Matt Tolmach producing and Tom Hardy as the titular character; it will not be related to the "Spider-Man" film franchise or the MCU's Spider-Man. In February 2015, Sony and Marvel Studios announced Document [59] (Title: Venom Snake) Big Boss but the official credits makes no distinction between either character, with the role simply billed as "Snake". The casting was announced by Konami on June 6, 2013, during the annual Konami Pre-E3 show. Kojima's reason for selecting Sutherland rather than Snake's usual voice actor was to "have a more subdued performance expressed through subtle facial movements and tone of voice rather than words", and that he "needed someone who could genuinely convey both the facial and vocal qualities of a man in his late 40s". Hollywood producer and director Avi Arad suggested to Kojima that Sutherland could fulfill Document [60] (Title: Venom (2018 film)) that Brock has with the symbiote. The film is primarily based on the "" miniseries (1993) and the "Planet of the Symbiotes" story arc (1995), borrowing the San Francisco setting of the former. Spider-Man ultimately could not be included in the film because of Sony's deal loaning the character to Marvel Studios, challenging the writers to "make a movie with a character that's defined by Spider-Man without Spider-Man." For this reason, they looked to the Ultimate Marvel version of Venom—whose origin is not tied to Spider-Man—for inspiration. Pinkner and Rosenberg were told that Spider-Man could not be in "Venom" before Document [61] (Title: Hank Azaria) a couple of years, but I didn't really love it. I was spoiled by "The Simpsons"." He voiced Venom/Eddie Brock in "Spider-Man: The Animated Series" between 1994 and 1996. In the animated feature "Anastasia" (1997), he voiced Bartok the bat and reprised the role in the direct-to-video prequel "Bartok the Magnificent" (1999). For his performance in "Anastasia", Azaria won the Annie Award for Outstanding Individual Achievement for Voice Acting by a Male Performer in an Animated Feature Production. He also voiced Eric in the American dub of the series "Stressed Eric", Harold Zoid in the 2001 "Futurama" episode "That's Lobstertainment!", Document [62] (Title: Eddie Brock) by Topher Grace in "Spider-Man 3" and by Tom Hardy in the 2018 film "Venom". This incarnation of Venom was rated 33rd on Empire's 50 Greatest Comic Book Characters, and was the 22nd Greatest Villain on IGN's 100 Greatest Comic Villains of All Time. Comics journalist and historian Mike Conroy writes of the character: "What started out as a replacement costume for Spider-Man turned into one of the Marvel web-slinger's greatest nightmares." Writer David Michelinie and artist Todd McFarlane are generally credited with the character's creation, based on a number of plot ideas and concepts from various other creators. The Document [63] (Title: Spider-Man: Shattered Dimensions) "Spider-Man" and Marvel Comics media. John DiMaggio reprises his role as Hammerhead from "The Spectacular Spider-Man". Steven Blum (the voice of several characters in "The Spectacular Spider-Man" as well as Wolverine in various media outlets) voices Hobgoblin 2099, Noir Vulture, Vulture 2099, and Silvermane 2099. Jim Cummings (Shocker's voice in "Spider-Man: The Animated Series") voices Kraven the Hunter, Noir Goblin, Noir Boomerang and Tinkerer. Thomas F. Wilson (Sergeant Stan Carter's voice on "The Spectacular Spider-Man") voices both versions of Electro. Nolan North reprises his role as Deadpool from "Hulk Vs". Fred Tatasciore reprises his role as the vocal effects of Document [64] (Title: Spider-Man (2000 video game)) Jr. reprises his role as Doctor Octopus from the 1994 "Spider-Man" TV series. The main song is a rock and roll remix of the 1960s "Spider-Man" cartoon. Stan Lee narrates key parts of the story. Daran Norris voices Venom, Eddie Brock, Mysterio, Scorpion, Punisher, Human Torch, and Captain America, while Dee Bradley Baker voices Carnage, J. Jonah Jameson, The Lizard, Daredevil and Rhino. The game's soundtrack was composed by Tommy Tallarico. It features a variation of musical loops mostly influenced by popular genres of the time, such as industrial rock and nu metal. The Nintendo 64 version includes a sound Document [65] (Title: Venom (2018 film)) written a script for the film, but the studio chose to seek out new writers for a different approach from that draft. Sony was also not yet convinced that Grace could serve as the lead actor in the film. That September, Sony hired Paul Wernick and Rhett Reese to write a new script, while industry insiders suggested that Grace should return for the spin-off "because the likeable actor could be a sympathetic evildoer", in response to Venom co-creator Todd McFarlane suggesting that a "Venom" film could not do well with a villain as the central character. Wernick and Reese had Document [66] (Title: Venom (2018 film)) of tones, acting styles and visual effects". He was particularly positive of the film's differences from other Marvel films, and of how Hardy pushed it to be more comedic seemingly against Fleischer's intentions. On Hardy's performance, Coyle was not sure whether it "adds up to anything in "Venom". But it's something to behold. Train wrecks like these aren't supposed to be this entertaining." David Edelstein at "Vulture" said Hardy was the only reason to watch the film, and felt having Brock and Venom share a body was "a good gimmick" that was executed better by Steve Martin in "All of Document [67] (Title: Venom (2018 film)) a mid-credits scene he is invited to interview incarcerated serial killer Cletus Kasady, who promises "carnage" when he escapes. Additionally, Jenny Slate portrays Life Foundation scientist Dora Skirth, Melora Walters portrays Maria, a homeless woman, and Chris O'Hara appears as astronaut John Jameson. Sope Aluko, Scott Deckert, Marcella Bragio, Michelle Lee, Mac Brandt, Christian Convery, Sam Medina, and Ron Cephas Jones also appear. Woody Harrelson appears in the film's mid-credits scene as Cletus Kasady, while Stan Lee makes a cameo appearance as a dog-walker who talks to Brock. By 1997, David S. Goyer had written a script for a film Document [68] (Title: Venom (2018 film)) during scenes where Brock and the symbiote talk to each other. Hardy had previously used this process when he played twins in "Legend" (2015). Fleischer allowed Hardy to improvise on set, and take the scenes where he felt they needed to go. For instance, Hardy noticed that a restaurant set for one scene had a lobster tank in it and decided that his character would get into the tank in the scene; the production design team had to work overnight to reinforce the tank and fill it with fake lobsters so Hardy could get in it the next day. Hardy Document [69] (Title: Eddie Brock) Adi Shankar and director and writer Joe Lynch, starring Ryan Kwanten as Brock. The film is described as "a darkly comic combination of 1980s era Spider-Man comics and the cult Belgian mockumentary "Man Bites Dog"". The character appears in several alternate universe titles in which the character's history, circumstances and behavior may vary slightly or extensively from the mainstream setting. Eddie Brock / Venom appears in "Spider-Man 3" (2007) played by Topher Grace. Brock is a freelance photographer who is fired from his job when Peter Parker exposes his use of a fake photograph of Spider-Man. Brock encounters the symbiote Document [70] (Title: Venom (2018 film)) for him to honor the violence of Venom from the comics, where "he bites people's heads off and eats brains. It would be weird to make a movie with Venom if he wasn't doing that." Sony executives were reluctant to push this element so far that the film would earn an R-rating, which they believed would cause problems for potential crossovers with the family-friendly Spider-Man, as well as other MCU characters, in future films. "Venom" was ultimately rated PG-13, with the violence toned down. Principal photography began on October 23, 2017, with filming taking place in Atlanta and New York Document [71] (Title: Venom (2018 film)) as a digital single on September 23. For the Sony Pictures panel at Comic Con Experience 2017, Fleischer and Hardy appeared in a video from the film's set to promote it. A teaser for the film was released in February 2018, which Dani Di Placido of "Forbes" called "comically underwhelming." He felt this was a major misstep by Sony given the teaser was meant to win over uninterested Spider-Man fans, particularly after the character's portrayal in "Spider-Man 3". The fact that the teaser did not include the title character was a common criticism by commentators. Sony chairman Tom Rothman later Document [72] (Title: Matt Lanter) Roommate". Starring with Minka Kelly and Leighton Meester, filming took place in 2009. The film originally was scheduled for an October 2010 release but was pushed forward to September 17, 2010. However, Screen Gems pushed it to February 4, 2011. He has worked on two films "Liars All" and "A Chance of Rain". He also voices Harry Osborn, Flash Thompson and Venom in the TV series "Ultimate Spider-Man", which premiered on April 1, 2012. He has also signed on to voice the role of Sled in "Secret of the Wings", which will be released in October 2012. On March 5, Document [73] (Title: Venom (Marvel Comics character)) Marvel Entertainment would produce the film. The potential film was ultimately cancelled. The Venom Symbiote has a cameo appearance at the end of the 2014 feature film "The Amazing Spider-Man 2" in the Oscorp building, in a scene which features Gustav Fiers / The Gentleman walking past many of Oscorp's technology and experiments, including Vulture's wings and the mechanical arms of Doctor Octopus. In the viral marketing campaign for "The Amazing Spider-Man 2" an article by Eddie Brock (one of the most notable hosts of Venom) detailing the capture of Cletus Cassidy (who later went on to become Carnage) was Document [74] (Title: Venom (2018 film)) accurately captured Hardy's movements so the tentacles could be integrated with his performance. A detailed digital double of Hardy was also used for the integration. Other partial Venom forms include the "freak-out" form for when he is being vibrated out of Brock, for which a "ghostly" effect was created by adding an animated version of the character on top of Hardy's performance with a vibration effect; and the "wraith" Venom, where Venom's head emerges from Brock's body to talk to him—this form was closer to the raw symbiote than the final Venom design, with added tendrils and veins to an Document [75] (Title: Spider-Man in film) / Spider-Man, alongside Danny Trejo as the Venom Symbiote. In April 2015, Sony announced that Phil Lord and Christopher Miller were writing and producing a Spider-Man animated comedy in development at Sony Pictures Animation. As revealed by the e-mail leak one year before, the duo had been previously courted by Sony to take over the studio's animation division. Originally scheduled to be released on December 21, 2018, Sony announced on April 26, 2017 the film will be released a week earlier on December 14, 2018. Sony Pictures Animation president Kristine Belson unveiled the film's logo, with the working title "Animated Question: who plays the voice of venom in the movie

Answer: Tom Hardy Long Answer: Tom Hardy as Eddie Brock / Venom: An investigative journalist and the host of an alien symbiote that gives him "incredible powers". Director Ruben Fleischer took inspiration for the character's portrayal from a quote in the comics: "You're Eddie Brock . I'm the symbiote . Together we are Venom ." Hardy also did performance capture for the role. Gold Document ID: 62

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: 2018 Winter Olympics closing ceremony) in Seoul. First, the Greek flag was raised while its anthem played. The Olympic flag was then lowered and passed, by the mayor of Pyeongchang County, Shim Jae-kook, to IOC President, Thomas Bach, who then handed it over to the mayor of Beijing, Chen Jining. This was then followed by the raising of the flag of China, and the playing of its anthem. The flag will be raised again in Tokyo, Japan, for the opening ceremony of the 2020 Summer Olympics on 24 July 2020. Beijing, the host city of the 2022 Winter Olympic Games, presented a special performance "See Document [2] (Title: 2020 Summer Olympics) total of 2,042 entries were received. Three shortlisted entries were unveiled at the Kakezuka Elementary School on 7 December 2017. A poll was then conducted between 11 December 2017 and 22 February 2018 to choose the winning entry, with each participating elementary school class allocated one vote. The results were announced on 28 February 2018. The winning entry was candidate pair A, created by Ryo Taniguchi, which received 109,041 votes, followed by Kana Yano's pair B with 61,423 votes and Sanae Akimoto's pair C with 35,291 votes. Miraitowa is a figure with blue checkered patterns inspired by the Games' official Document [3] (Title: 2020 Summer Olympics) Madrid and Istanbul were tied for second place. A run-off vote between these two cities was held to determine which would be eliminated. In the final vote, a head-to-head contest between Tokyo and Istanbul, Tokyo was selected by 60 votes to 36, as it got at least 49 votes needed for a majority. The Tokyo metropolitan government set aside a fund of 400 billion Japanese yen (over 3.67 billion USD) to cover the cost of hosting the Games. The Japanese government is considering increasing slot capacity at both Haneda Airport and Narita International Airport by easing airspace restrictions. A new Document [4] (Title: Canada at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Canada at the 2020 Summer Olympics Canada is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Since the nation's debut in 1900, Canadian athletes have appeared in every edition of the Summer Olympic Games, with the exception of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow because of the United States-led boycott. Canadian sailors qualified one boat in each of the following classes through the 2018 Sailing World Championships, the class-associated Worlds, the 2019 Pan American Games, and the continental regattas. Canadian shooters achieved quota places for the following events by virtue of Document [5] (Title: 2022 Winter Olympics) following the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea, and the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan. These Games will also be the fourth Winter Olympics to be held in East Asia, after Sapporo (1972), Nagano (1998) and Pyeongchang (2018). Beijing will become the first city ever to host both Summer and Winter Olympic Games. There are plans to utilize many of the same indoor venues that were used in 2008, as well as using the Beijing National Stadium for the opening and closing ceremonies. The bidding calendar was announced by the IOC in October 2012, with the application deadline Document [6] (Title: 2021 World Games) 2021 World Games The 2021 World Games will be the eleventh World Games, a major international multi-sport event, meant for sports, or disciplines or events within a sport, that were not contested in the Olympic Games. It is scheduled to be held from July 15 to 25, 2021 in Birmingham, Alabama, United States. It was chosen by the International World Games Association on January 22, 2015. Birmingham's bid was presented by David Benck, Edgar Welden, and Lil Scotty Meyers. The cities that bid for the 2021 games were: The final decision was announced on January 22, 2015, in Lausanne, awarding Document [7] (Title: Summer Olympic Games) and once each in Sweden (1912), Belgium (1920), Netherlands (1928), Finland (1952), Italy (1960), Japan (1964), Mexico (1968), Canada (1976), Soviet Union (1980), South Korea (1988), Spain (1992), China (2008) and Brazil (2016). The IOC has selected Tokyo, Japan, to host the Summer Olympics for a second time in 2020. The 2024 Summer Olympics will be held in Paris, France, for a third time, exactly one hundred years after the city's last Summer Olympics in 1924. The IOC has also selected Los Angeles, California, to host its third Summer Games in 2028. To date, only five countries have participated in Document [8] (Title: Greece at the 2020 Summer Olympics) following events by virtue of their best finishes at the 2018 ISSF World Championships, the 2019 ISSF World Cup series, European Championships or Games, and European Qualifying Tournament, as long as they obtained a minimum qualifying score (MQS) by 30 April 2020. Greece at the 2020 Summer Olympics Greece is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Greek athletes have competed in every Summer Olympic Games of the modern era, alongside Australia, Great Britain, and Switzerland. As the progenitor nation of the Olympic Games and in keeping with tradition, Greece Document [9] (Title: Rome bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) the Tiber River Park, which will include 40 hectares of green space along the Tiber. The Fiera di Roma would have hosted badminton, cycling, gymnastics, judo, wrestling, handball, boxing, fencing, weightlifting, taekwondo, and table tennis. The Tor Vergata, located in the outskirts, would have consisted of two newly constructed venues which will host volleyball, gymnastics, trampoline, and basketball finals. Other venues included the Lunghezza for shooting and the Pratoni del Vivaro for mountain biking. Preliminary football rounds will be held in other cities as well. Rome bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics Rome 2020 (Italian: Roma 2020) was a proposed Document [10] (Title: Sports in Tokyo) 1964 Summer Olympics, which was the first time the Olympic Games were held in Asia. On September 7, 2013, Tokyo was elected as the host city of the 2020 Summer Olympics. Tokyo will be the first Asian city to host the Olympics twice. Sports in Tokyo Tokyo is a major center for sports in Japan. Its professional sports teams compete in baseball, football (soccer), sumo and basketball. It hosted the 1964 Summer Olympics and will the Olympics once again in 2020. Two professional baseball clubs make their home in Tokyo. They are the Yakult Swallows (at Meiji-Jingu Stadium) and Yomiuri Document [11] (Title: 128th IOC Session) its national flag. The IOC code for South Sudan Olympic Team is SSD. 128th IOC Session The 128th IOC Session took place from July 30 – August 3, 2015, in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia at the Kuala Lumpur Convention Centre. The host city for the 2022 Winter Olympics and the 2020 Winter Youth Olympics were elected during the 128th IOC Session on July 31, 2015. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and Lima, Peru placed bids to host the 128th IOC Session. Kuala Lumpur bid to host the 125th IOC Session which took place in 2013, but they lost out to Buenos Aires. Lima's Document [12] (Title: South Korea at the 2020 Summer Olympics) the 2018 Sailing World Championships, the class-associated Worlds, the 2018 Asian Games, and the continental regattas. South Korean shooters achieved quota places for the following events by virtue of their best finishes at the 2018 ISSF World Championships, the 2019 ISSF World Cup series, and Asian Championships, as long as they obtained a minimum qualifying score (MQS) by 30 April 2020. South Korea at the 2020 Summer Olympics South Korea is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Since the nation's official debut in 1948, South Korean athletes have appeared Document [13] (Title: 2020 Summer Olympics) 2020 Summer Olympics The 2020 Summer Olympics, officially known as the and commonly known as Tokyo 2020, is a forthcoming international multi-sport event that is scheduled to take place from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Tokyo was selected as the host city during the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires on 7 September 2013. These Games will mark the return of the Summer Olympics to Tokyo for the first time since 1964, and the fourth Olympics overall to be held in Japan, following the 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo and the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano. They will be Document [14] (Title: Yōichi Masuzoe) submitted his resignation effective 21 June to assembly president Shigeo Kawai on the morning of 15 June 2016. Another reason Masuzoe gave for seeking to delay his resignation was the pending Olympic Games in Rio, Brazil, which he was scheduled to attend as the representative of Tokyo, the host of the 2020 Summer Olympics. If the election of his replacement is held in July 2016, then the subsequent election will happen in July 2020, in the middle of the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games. In a 1996 "Shokun" article cited by former SDP leader Mizuho Fukushima, Masuzoe argued that nuclear power Document [15] (Title: Madrid bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) IOC Session in Buenos Aires, Argentina Madrid was eliminated from the election following a tie with Istanbul. Madrid was eliminated in the tie-breaking vote. Tokyo was ultimately elected as the host city. Madrid's bid was considered to be hurt by Spain's weak economy as well as the Operación Puerto doping case. Following Madrid's failure to secure the 2020 Olympics, it was confirmed that Madrid would not be bidding for the 2024 Summer Olympics. Barcelona had expressed interest in bidding for the 2022 Winter Olympics, but did not bid, instead expressing an interest to submit a bid for the 2026 Winter Document [16] (Title: Bids for the 2020 Summer Olympics) Evaluation Commission communicates the results of its inspections in a report sent to the IOC members up to one month before the electing IOC Session. The IOC Session in which a host city is elected takes place in a country that did not submit an application to stage the Olympics. The election is made by the assembled active IOC members (excluding honorary and honor members), each possessing one vote. Members from countries that have a city taking part in the election cannot vote while the city is in the running. The voting is conducted in a succession of rounds until Document [17] (Title: Bids for the 2016 Summer Olympics) meeting in Athens, Greece. The remaining Applicant cities—Baku, Doha and Prague—were eliminated. The four Candidate cities were selected according to a detailed study of the Applicant Files received by the IOC Working Group on January 14, 2008. The four cities submitted the Candidature Files to the IOC on February 11, 2009. They were analyzed by the IOC Evaluation Commission, which made site inspections in Chicago (April 4–7, 2009), Tokyo (April 16–19, 2009), Rio de Janeiro (April 27–May 2, 2009) and Madrid (May 5–8, 2009). Under the leadership of Nawal El Moutawakel, the Evaluation Commission released its report on September 2, Document [18] (Title: Boxing at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Boxing at the 2020 Summer Olympics The boxing tournaments at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo will take place from 25 July to 9 August 2020 at the Kokugikan Arena. On March 23, 2013, the Amateur International Boxing Association instituted significant changes to the format. The World Series of Boxing, AIBA's pro team league which started in 2010, already enabled team members to retain 2012 Olympic eligibility. The newer AIBA Pro Boxing Tournament, consisting of pros who sign 5 year contracts with AIBA and compete on pro cards leading up to the tournament, also provides a pathway for new pros Document [19] (Title: Canada at the 2020 Summer Olympics) their best finishes at the 2018 ISSF World Championships, the 2019 ISSF World Cup series, 2019 Pan American Games, and Championships of the Americas, as long as they obtained a minimum qualifying score (MQS) by 30 April 2020. Canada at the 2020 Summer Olympics Canada is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Since the nation's debut in 1900, Canadian athletes have appeared in every edition of the Summer Olympic Games, with the exception of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow because of the United States-led boycott. Canadian sailors qualified Document [20] (Title: New Zealand at the 2020 Summer Olympics) OFC Women's Nations Cup in New Caledonia. New Zealand sailors qualified one boat in each of the following classes through the 2018 Sailing World Championships, the class-associated Worlds, and the continental regattas. New Zealand at the 2020 Summer Olympics New Zealand is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. It will be the nation's twenty-fourth appearance as an independent nation at the Summer Olympics, having made its debut at the 1920 Games and competed at every Games since. New Zealand equestrians qualified a full squad in the team eventing competition Document [21] (Title: 2020 Summer Olympics) 80,000. However, Japanese Prime Minister Shinzō Abe announced in July 2015 that plans to build the New National Stadium would be scrapped and rebid on amid public discontent over the stadium's building costs. In Autumn 2015 a new design by Kengo Kuma was approved as winning project of new stadium design competition which decreased the capacity to between 60,000–80,000 depending by event Twenty-eight of the thirty-three competition venues in Tokyo are within of the Olympic Village. Eleven new venues are to be constructed. In September 2016, a review panel stated that the cost of hosting the Olympics and Paralympics could Document [22] (Title: International Surfing Association) the 2020 Summer Olympics. On August 3, 2016, during the 129th IOC Session at the Rio de Janeiro 2016 Olympic Games, the IOC unanimously voted to include five new sports, among them surfing, to the sports program of the Tokyo 2020 Games. Surfing was included in the Tokyo 2020 Games on a one-off basis, and the ISA now has shifted their focused towards securing surfing's inclusion in the next editions of the Olympics, including Paris 2024 and LA 2028. On March 16th, 2018, the International Surfing Association (ISA) welcomed the release by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) of the approved Document [23] (Title: 125th IOC Session) which took place prior to the 2010 Winter Olympics. The members of the IOC elected the host city of the 2020 Olympic Games on 7 September 2013. The candidates were Tokyo, Istanbul, and Madrid. Before the vote the contest was considered to be close between the three cities. Tokyo was awarded the 2020 Summer Olympics. The results of the exhaustive ballot were as follows: Following Madrid's elimination, the three Spanish IOC members were able to vote in the final round of voting. The announcement was met with jubilation from the Tokyo delegation and across Japan. Japanese Prime Minister Shinzō Abe, Document [24] (Title: United States at the 2020 Summer Olympics) United States at the 2020 Summer Olympics The United States, represented by the United States Olympic Committee (USOC), is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. U.S. athletes have appeared in every Summer Olympics edition of the modern era, with the exception of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, which they boycotted. The U.S. women's basketball team qualified for the Olympics by winning the gold medal and securing an outright berth at the 2018 FIBA Women's World Cup in Spain. U.S. equestrians qualified a full squad each in the team Document [25] (Title: 2022 Winter Olympics) set for 14 November 2013. The IOC Executive Board reviewed the bids from all applicant cities on 7 July 2014, and selected three cities, Oslo (Norway), Almaty (Kazakhstan) and Beijing (China) as the final candidates. Several cities withdrew their applications during the bidding process, citing the high costs or the lack of local support for hosting the Games. Oslo, which had been considered the clear frontrunner, withdrew after the Norwegian parliament rejected the application for funding of the games. Public reception to the application for funding had been highly negative due to cost concerns after the cost overruns of the Document [26] (Title: Gymnastics at the 2020 Summer Olympics) planned as a temporary venue, in 2016 the Tokyo 2020 authorities confirmed the Olympic Gymnastic Centre would become a permanent venue, functioning as a convention centre after the Games. Prior to its refurbishment, the venue is also expected to host the Boccia event at the 2020 Summer Paralympics. The qualification pathway for the 2020 Summer Olympics was significantly overhauled and modified from 2016. The men's and women's team events in artistic gymnastics were reduced from five members per team to four, while further allocations were available for up to two specialists. In a further move to link a number of Document [27] (Title: Madrid bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) the 1924 Summer Olympics but lost to Paris. They later made a bid for the 1936 Games but lost to Berlin. Seville bid for the 2004 Summer Olympics as well as the 2008 Games but they lost to Athens and Beijing respectively. Jaca made four bids for the Winter Olympics. They first bid for the 1998 Olympics but lost to Nagano. They then bid for the Winter Olympics in 2002, 2010 and 2014 but failed to become a candidate for those three games. Those Winter Games were awarded to Salt Lake City, Vancouver and Sochi respectively. For the 2020 Olympics, Document [28] (Title: 2020 Summer Olympics) States, the 2020 Summer Olympics will be broadcast by NBCUniversal properties, as part of a US$4.38 billion agreement that began at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi. In Europe, this will be the first Summer Olympics under the IOC's exclusive pan-European rights deal with Eurosport, which began at the 2018 Winter Olympics and run through 2024. The rights for the 2020 Games cover almost all of Europe, excluding France due to an existing rights deal that will expire following these Games in favour of Eurosport, and Russia due to a pre-existing deal with a marketer through 2024. Eurosport will sub-license Document [29] (Title: Sailing at the 2020 Summer Olympics) of the ten classes. Sailing at the 2020 Summer Olympics Sailing competitions at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo are scheduled to take place from 27 July to 6 August at the Enoshima Yacht Harbor. The RS:X, Laser, Laser Radial, Finn, 470, 49er, 49erFX, and Nacra17 are all returning for 2020; there are no significant changes to the Olympic programme from 2016. The number of sailors competing has been reduced from 380 to 350, with an equal distribution between men and women. The qualification period will commence at the 2018 Sailing World Championships in Aarhus, Denmark. There, 101 places, about Document [30] (Title: International Olympic Committee) of its core Olympic sports for the Summer Olympic programme for the 2020 Olympics. This decision was poorly received by the sporting and wrestling community. Wrestling was still part of the programme at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro. This decision was later overturned, and wrestling will be a part of the 2020 Olympic Games in Tokyo. As planned, the alpine ski run and luge racing area of the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics will be built in the core area of Beijing Songshan National Reserves. A great number of valuable species such as Lonicera oblata and Cypripedium shanxiense Document [31] (Title: Argentina at the 2020 Summer Olympics) continental regattas. Argentina at the 2020 Summer Olympics Argentina is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Since the nation's official debut in 1900, Argentine athletes have competed in every edition of the Summer Olympic Games, except the sparsely attended 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis, the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, and the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow because of the United States-led boycott. Argentine sailors qualified one boat in each of the following classes through the 2018 Sailing World Championships, the class-associated Worlds, the 2019 Pan American Games, Document [32] (Title: Invictus Games) games were held in September 2017 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The 2018 games were held in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia and attended by both Prince Harry and his wife, the former Meghan Markle, Duchess of Sussex. The 2020 games are scheduled to be held in The Hague, Netherlands. The Games were launched on 6 March 2014 by Prince Harry at London's Copper Box arena, used as a venue during the 2012 Olympics. Having seen a British team competing at the US Warrior Games held in Colorado in 2013, the Prince wished to bring the concept of a similar international Document [33] (Title: Tokyo bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) Olympic Stadium in Tokyo would receive a $1 billion upgrade and full-scale reconstruction for the 2019 Rugby World Cup as well as the 2020 Olympics. As a result, a design competition for the new stadium was launched. In November 2012 the Japan Sport Council announced that out of 46 finalists, Zaha Hadid Architects was awarded the design for the new stadium. Plans include dismantling the original stadium, and expanding the capacity from 50,000 to a modern Olympic capacity of about 80,000. The possibility of renovating the National Olympic Stadium had been previously discussed. Following a renovation, the venue would host Document [34] (Title: Cycling at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Cycling at the 2020 Summer Olympics The cycling competitions of the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo will feature 22 events. Cycling competitions had been contested in every Summer Olympics programme since the first modern Olympiad in 1896 alongside athletics, artistic gymnastics, fencing and swimming. Since the 1896 contests which featured five track events and an 87 km road race from Athens to Marathon and back, Olympic cycling had gradually evolved to include women's competitions, mountain bike and BMX to arrive at the current 22 events. The 2020 competitions include four more events than 2016. BMX Freestyle events have been added Document [35] (Title: 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup) the host of the 2020 Summer Olympics (and the top 2 teams from each of the Americas and Europe; and the top team from each of Africa, Asia and Oceania) in this competition will qualify for the men's basketball event in the 2020 Olympic Games in Tokyo. The whole bidding process started in April 2014. Bids from numerous nations were submitted. On 16 March 2015, it was confirmed that the World Cup will be staged in Asia, with China and Philippines as the final countries to be the basis for the selection of the host. On 7 August 2015, it Document [36] (Title: 2022 Summer Youth Olympics) 4th Summer Youth Olympic Games, to be postponed from 2022 to 2023. Subsequently the IOC have reverted to a 2022 date, and announced in February 2018 that they would be recommending that the event be held in Africa. The 132nd IOC Session confirmed the change of date back to 2022. The host was announced at the 133rd IOC Session in Buenos Aires, Argentina during the 2018 edition. The IOC voted to select the host city of the 2022 Summer Youth Olympics on 8 October 2018 at the 133rd IOC Session in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Senegal prosposes to organize the 2022 Document [37] (Title: Istanbul bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) are forbidden under IOC rules. Following Inose's statement, Tokyo 2020 made a statement saying that they "have the utmost respect for all candidate cities and have always taken pride in bidding in a spirit based on the Olympic values of excellence, respect and friendship.” Inose apologized for his comments a few days later and stated that he was "fully committed" to respecting IOC rules. In June 2013, Istanbul mayor Kadir Topbaş gave an interview expressing concern that the police's actions following an anti-government protest would jeopardize Istanbul's bid to host the 2020 Summer Olympics, saying "As Istanbul's mayor going through Document [38] (Title: 2020 Summer Olympics) 5G-ready baseband networks in Japan in time for the Olympics. It was confirmed in February 2012 that the Olympic Stadium in Tokyo would be demolished and reconstructed, and receive a £1 billion upgrade for the 2019 Rugby World Cup as well as the 2020 Olympics. As a result, a design competition for the new stadium was launched. In November 2012, the Japan Sport Council announced that out of 46 finalists, Zaha Hadid Architects was awarded the design for the new stadium. Plans included dismantling the original stadium, and expanding the capacity from 50,000 to a modern Olympic capacity of about Document [39] (Title: Doha bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) bid logo, slogan and website on February 10, 2012. Their bid slogan was "Inspiring Change", to highlight the changes taking place in the Middle East over the previous year. In April 2012, Doha's Olympic bid received a boost when the city was awarded the 2014 FINA World Swimming Championships. Later that month Doha was also awarded the 2012 World Squash Championships. Doha failed to become a Candidate City when the IOC selected Istanbul, Tokyo, and Madrid as candidate cities on May 23, 2012. Doha has vowed to bid again for the 2024 Summer Olympics. Tokyo was ultimately elected as the Document [40] (Title: Bids for the 2020 Summer Olympics) (London 2012). Out of the six bidders, Tokyo had previously hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1964. The other four bidders have made bids in the past. It is the first time in 20 years that no city in the Americas bid to host the Summer Olympic Games. Rio de Janeiro was awarded the 2016 Summer Olympics. Baku and Doha bid for the 2016 Games but failed to become candidate cities, while Tokyo and Madrid also bid for the 2016 Games and became candidate cities. The IOC voted to select the host city of the 2020 Summer Olympics on 7 Document [41] (Title: 128th IOC Session) 128th IOC Session The 128th IOC Session took place from July 30 – August 3, 2015, in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia at the Kuala Lumpur Convention Centre. The host city for the 2022 Winter Olympics and the 2020 Winter Youth Olympics were elected during the 128th IOC Session on July 31, 2015. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and Lima, Peru placed bids to host the 128th IOC Session. Kuala Lumpur bid to host the 125th IOC Session which took place in 2013, but they lost out to Buenos Aires. Lima's bid to host the IOC Session was ruled out by the evaluation report Document [42] (Title: Rome bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) bid committee estimated a 20 percent rise in incoming tourists, with 3 million spectators expected. The games were projected to reach a global audience of 4 billion. Rome's bid relied mostly on existing venues, much of which were used when Rome hosted the 1960 Summer Olympics. The bid consists of two poles: the Olympic Park in the north and the Fiera di Roma in the south west. The Olympic village will be located near downtown. The Olympic Park would have consisted of the Foro Italico which would have consisted of the centerpiece Stadio Olimpico, a newly built 10,500-seat tennis stadium, Document [43] (Title: Sport climbing at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Sport climbing at the 2020 Summer Olympics Sport climbing at the 2020 Summer Olympics is an event to be held in the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan. The proposed format will consist of three disciplines: lead climbing, speed climbing and bouldering. Two events will be held, one for men and one for women. There are 40 quota spots available for sport climbing. Each NOC can obtain a maximum of 2 spots in each event (total 4 maximum across the 2 events). Each event will have 20 competitors qualify: 18 from qualification, 1 from the host (Japan), and 1 from Document [44] (Title: 2020 Summer Olympics) coverage to free-to-air networks in each territory and other Discovery Inc.-owned channels. In the United Kingdom, these will be the last Games whose rights are primarily owned by the BBC, although as a condition of a sub-licensing agreement that will carry into the 2022 and 2024 Games, Eurosport holds exclusive pay television rights. 2020 Summer Olympics The 2020 Summer Olympics, officially known as the and commonly known as Tokyo 2020, is a forthcoming international multi-sport event that is scheduled to take place from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Tokyo was selected as the host city during the 125th IOC Document [45] (Title: Norway at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Norway at the 2020 Summer Olympics Norway is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Since the nation's debut in 1900, Norwegian athletes have appeared in every edition of the Summer Olympic Games, except for two occasions: the sparsely attended 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis and the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, because of its partial support of the United States-led boycott. Norwegian sailors qualified one boat in each of the following classes through the 2018 Sailing World Championships, the class-associated Worlds, and the continental regattas. Norwegian shooters achieved Document [46] (Title: France at the 2020 Summer Olympics) France at the 2020 Summer Olympics France is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. French athletes have appeared in every Summer Olympic Games of the modern era, alongside Australia, Great Britain, and Greece. As Paris will host the 2024 Summer Olympics, a French segment is expected to be performed at the closing ceremony. The French delegation include 15 athletes competing in 3 sport. French equestrians qualified a full squad in the team eventing competition by virtue of a top-six finish at the 2018 FEI World Equestrian Games in Tryon, Document [47] (Title: Rome bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) on February 22, 2011. The bid had been initially a €31 Million budget. The bid's Chairman Mario Pescante stated that he hopes that Rome's bid can serve as "a blueprint for a return to fiscal responsibility and real sustainability in the Olympic bidding process". On October 3, 2011, Rome 2020 announced that they hired marketing firm Helios Partners as a consultant for their bid. They have assisted in the successful bids of several Olympic host cities. Two months after Rome withdrew their bid Helios Partners was signed as a consultant to Baku's 2020 bid. On October 11, 2011 the bid Document [48] (Title: Fencing at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Fencing at the 2020 Summer Olympics The fencing competitions at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo will feature 12 events, the first time that both team and individual events have been held in all three weapons for both men and women. There are 200 quota spots for fencing at the 2016 Summer Olympics. Qualification is primarily based on the FIE Official Ranking as of April 4, 2020, with further individual places available at 4 zonal qualifying tournaments. For the team events, 8 teams qualify in each event. Each team must be composed of 3 fencers. The top 4 ranked teams Document [49] (Title: 2020 United States Olympic Trials (track and field)) 2018, it was announced that Eugene, Oregon had been selected to host the competition. Organized by USA Track and Field, the ten-day competition is scheduled for June 19-28 and will serve as the national championships in track and field for the United States. The results of the event determined qualification for the American Olympic team at the 2020 Summer Olympics, to be held in Tokyo. Provided they had achieved the Olympic standard, the top three athletes will gain a place on the Olympic team. In the event that a leading athlete does not hold the standard, or an athlete withdraws, Document [50] (Title: 2021 World Games) the 2021 World Games to Birmingham. In addition to New Studium being completed in 2021, Barber Motorsports Park will also be a prime venue for the Games. Sports (and federations) at the 2021 World Games: The disciplines that will be included from each sport will be published later in 2018. 2021 World Games The 2021 World Games will be the eleventh World Games, a major international multi-sport event, meant for sports, or disciplines or events within a sport, that were not contested in the Olympic Games. It is scheduled to be held from July 15 to 25, 2021 in Birmingham, Document [51] (Title: Argentina at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Argentina at the 2020 Summer Olympics Argentina is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Since the nation's official debut in 1900, Argentine athletes have competed in every edition of the Summer Olympic Games, except the sparsely attended 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis, the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, and the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow because of the United States-led boycott. Argentine sailors qualified one boat in each of the following classes through the 2018 Sailing World Championships, the class-associated Worlds, the 2019 Pan American Games, and the Document [52] (Title: Baku bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) multiple countries. It has been stated that Baku would bid again for the 2024 Summer Olympics. Baku hosted the 2015 European Games which were the first European Games to be held. Tokyo was ultimately elected as the host city of the 2020 Summer Olympics at the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires, Argentina. The city hosted many sporting events, including the Rhythmic Gymnastics European Championships in 2007 and 2009, the 2005 World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships, 2007 FILA Wrestling World Championships and 2010 European Wrestling Championships, the 2011 World Amateur Boxing Championships, 2009 Women's Challenge Cup and the European Taekwondo Championships Document [53] (Title: 2024 Summer Olympics) be unveiled in Late 2021. 2024 Summer Olympics The 2024 Summer Olympics (), officially known as the Games of the XXXIII Olympiad, (French: Jeux de la XXXIIIe Olympiade) and commonly known as Paris 2024, is a forthcoming international multi-sport event that is scheduled to take place from 26 July to 11 August 2024 in Paris, France. Having previously hosted the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics, Paris will become the second city to host the Olympic Games three times, along with London (1908, 1948, and 2012). The 2024 Games also mark the centennial of the 1924 Games. This will be the Document [54] (Title: 2020 Summer Olympics) only, bringing the total number of sports at the 2020 Olympics to 33. Per the historical precedent of swimming at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing and figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, swimming finals will be held in the morning to allow live primetime broadcasts in the Americas (due to the substantial fees NBC has paid for rights to the Olympics, the IOC has allowed NBC to have influence on event scheduling to maximize U.S. television ratings when possible). Japanese broadcasters were said to have criticized the decision, as swimming is one of the most popular Document [55] (Title: Japan at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Japan at the 2020 Summer Olympics Japan will be the host nation of the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Since the nation's official debut in 1912, Japanese athletes had appeared at every Summer Olympic Games in the modern era, except for two editions; they were not invited to the 1948 Summer Olympics in London because of the nation's role in World War II, and were also part of the United States-led boycott, when Moscow hosted the 1980 Summer Olympics. Japan men's basketball team automatically qualified for the Olympics as the host nation. Japan Document [56] (Title: 1996 Summer Olympics) that the Olympic Games should return to Australia. If Melbourne was awarded the games, 1996 would mark the 40th anniversary of the 1956 Summer Olympics, which were held in the same city. This would be Toronto's fourth failed attempt since 1960 (tried in 1960, 1964, and 1976, but defeated by Rome, Tokyo and Montreal). The Athens bid stemmed from the fact that 1996 marked 100 years since the first Summer Games in Athens in 1896, though Athens would eventually host the 2004 Summer Olympics. The initial push for 1996 coming to Atlanta originated from Billy Payne and then Atlanta mayor Document [57] (Title: International Olympic Committee) temporary basis, and although real improvements were realized (particularly in air quality), most of these improvements had disappeared one year following the Games. Although these improvements were short lived, IOC's inclusion of environmental policies in evaluating and selecting host cities demonstrates a corporate responsibility that may be built upon in years to come. Detailed frameworks for environmental sustainability have been released for the 2018 Winter Olympics, and 2020 Summer Olympics in PyeongChang, South Korea, and Tokyo, Japan, respectively. The IOC has four major approaches to addressing environmental health concerns during the construction and competitions of the Olympic Games. First, the Document [58] (Title: 2020 Summer Olympics) and the surrounding artificial islands. Twelve venues for 16 sports will be situated farther than from the Olympic Village. The medals for the 2020 Summer Olympics and Paralympics will be constructed using recycled metals; the organizing committee began an electronics recycling program to obtain the materials. The opening ceremony tickets will range from 12,000 to 300,000 yen, with a maximum price of 130,000 yen for the finals of athletics. The average price of all the Olympic tickets is 7,700 yen. 50% of the tickets will be sold for 8,000 yen or less. A symbolic ticket price of 2,020 yen will Document [59] (Title: 2024 Summer Olympics) Olympiads took place at the 131st IOC Session in Lima, Peru, on 13 September 2017. Paris, Hamburg, Budapest, Rome, and Los Angeles were the five candidate cities. However, the process was hit by withdrawals, with political uncertainty and cost cited as deterring bidding cities. Hamburg withdrew its bid on 29 November 2015 after holding a referendum. Rome withdrew its bid on 21 September 2016 citing fiscal difficulties. On 22 February 2017, Budapest withdrew its bid after a petition against the bid collected more signatures than necessary for a referendum. Following these withdrawals, the IOC Executive Board met in Lausanne, Switzerland Document [60] (Title: 128th IOC Session) which resulted in Kuala Lumpur becoming the host city. The host city of the 2022 Winter Olympics was elected during the 128th IOC Session. Bids for the games were due to the IOC in 2013. In 2014, the IOC decided that Almaty and Beijing (as Oslo withdrew its bid), would become candidate cities, a year before the host city was elected. The host city of the 2020 Winter Youth Olympics was also chosen during the same IOC session. The two candidate cities, Lausanne, Switzerland, and Brașov, Romania, were shortlisted in early December. Participants of session have considered the sports to Document [61] (Title: Greece at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Greece at the 2020 Summer Olympics Greece is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Greek athletes have competed in every Summer Olympic Games of the modern era, alongside Australia, Great Britain, and Switzerland. As the progenitor nation of the Olympic Games and in keeping with tradition, Greece enters first at the New National Stadium during the opening ceremony. Greek sailors qualified one boat in each of the following classes through the 2018 Sailing World Championships, the class-associated Worlds, and the continental regattas. Greek shooters achieved quota places for the Document [62] (Title: Winter Olympic Games) to host the 2022 Winter Olympics, and the host of the 2026 Winter Olympics will be selected on June 23rd, 2019. , no city in the southern hemisphere has applied to host the cold-weather-dependent Winter Olympics, which are held in February at the height of the southern hemisphere summer. To date, twelve countries have participated in every Winter Olympic Games – Austria, Canada, Finland, France, Great Britain, Hungary, Italy, Norway, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland and the United States. Six of those countries have earned medals at every Winter Olympic Games – Austria, Canada, Finland, Norway, Sweden and the United States. The Document [63] (Title: Italy at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Italy at the 2020 Summer Olympics Italy is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Italian athletes have appeared in every Summer Olympics edition of the modern era, with the exception of the sparsely attended 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis. Italy qualified a squad of rhythmic gymnasts for the group all-around by virtue of a top-three finish at the 2018 World Championships in Sofia, Bulgaria. Italian sailors qualified one boat in each of the following classes at the 2018 Sailing World Championships, bringing the maximum quota of 15 sailors, Document [64] (Title: Bids for the 2016 Summer Olympics) 2009; one month prior to the election. With the presence of the heads of state from all four Candidate cities, the 121st IOC Session took place in Copenhagen, Denmark, on October 2, 2009. Chicago began the presentations at Bella Center; followed by Tokyo, Rio de Janeiro and Madrid; which were attended by several celebrities such as the King of Spain, Oprah Winfrey and Pelé. Before the vote, the IOC Evaluation Commission presented its report to the Session. Chicago fell in the first round, followed by Tokyo, after the eligible IOC members have been asked to vote, in a three-round exhaustive Document [65] (Title: Gymnastics at the 2020 Summer Olympics) FIG competitions to the Olympic Games, qualification places will now be available based on an aggregate of scores achieved over the Artistic Gymnastics World Cup series, and the various continental artistic gymnastics championships. Japan, as the host country, receives a guaranteed spot, in case it were not to earn one by the regular qualifying methods. As in 2016, a gala will be held in gymnastics on 5 August 2020, following the completion of competition in the artistic disciplines. The exhibition event features artistic performances by gymnasts who participate in Tokyo. Gymnastics at the 2020 Summer Olympics Gymnastics at the 2020 Document [66] (Title: Tokyo bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) the opening and closing ceremonies as well as track and field events. Renovating the stadium would reduce costs of organizing the games in the event that Tokyo wins their bid. In their 2016 bid, Tokyo proposed building a new Olympic Stadium on the Tokyo Bay waterfront near the Olympic Village, which would have cost $1.3 billion. Tokyo bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics Tokyo was selected by the Japanese Olympic Committee on July 16, 2011 as Japan's bidding city for the 2020 Games. The city is moving forward with its bid following the March 2011 earthquake and tsunami which affected Document [67] (Title: Rowing at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Rowing at the 2020 Summer Olympics The rowing competitions at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo will be held between 24 and 31 July at Central Breakwater in Tokyo Bay. Fourteen medal events will be contested by 526 athletes (263 men and women each). There are seven events each for men and women. Events included categories for open weight and restricted weight (lightweight) athletes, and two styles of rowing: sweep, where competitors each use a single oar, and sculling, where they used two. Sculling events include men's and women's singles, doubles, lightweight doubles, and quads. Sweep events include men's and Document [68] (Title: 2020 Summer Paralympics) 2020 Summer Paralympics The are an upcoming major international multi-sport event for athletes with disabilities governed by the International Paralympic Committee. Scheduled as the 16th Summer Paralympic Games, it is planned to be held in Tokyo, Japan from 25 August to 6 September 2020. This will mark the second time Tokyo has hosted the Paralympics, as they were first hosted there in 1964 alongside the 1964 Summer Olympics. These Games will see the introduction of badminton and taekwondo to the Paralympic programme, with the removal of sailing and 7-a-side football. As part of a formal agreement between the International Paralympic Document [69] (Title: South Korea at the 2020 Summer Olympics) South Korea at the 2020 Summer Olympics South Korea is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Since the nation's official debut in 1948, South Korean athletes have appeared in every edition of the Summer Olympic Games, with the exception of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow because of the United States-led boycott. One South Korean archer qualified for the men's individual recurve, by virtue of a top national finish at the 2018 Asian Games in Jakarta. South Korean sailors qualified one boat in each of the following classes through Document [70] (Title: 2020 Summer Paralympics) Committee and the International Olympic Committee first established in 2001, the winner of the bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics must also host the 2020 Summer Paralympics. After the second round of voting, which followed a tie-breaker, the 2020 Summer Olympics and Paralympics were awarded to Tokyo at the 125th IOC Session, Ahead of the 2016 Summer Paralympics closing ceremony, Governor of Tokyo Yuriko Koike advocated for the city to improve its accessibility as a legacy project for the Games. She cited narrow roadways with no sidewalks, and buildings constructed with narrow doorways and low ceilings, as challenges that needed Document [71] (Title: Italy at the 2020 Summer Olympics) in ten boats. Italian shooters achieved quota places for the following events by virtue of their best finishes at the 2018 ISSF World Championships, the 2019 ISSF World Cup series, European Championships or Games, and European Qualifying Tournament, as long as they obtained a minimum qualifying score (MQS) by 30 April 2020. Italy at the 2020 Summer Olympics Italy is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Italian athletes have appeared in every Summer Olympics edition of the modern era, with the exception of the sparsely attended 1904 Summer Olympics Document [72] (Title: 2024 Summer Olympics) as to whether video games will be featured in the 2024 Olympics will be made in 2020. During the Lima Session, the IOC approved the Rio 2016 sports program for Paris 2024. New sports will be chosen during the 134th IOC Session in 2019 in Lausanne, Switzerland, subject to final approval by the IOC Executive Board in December 2020. The 2024 Summer Olympic programme is scheduled to feature 28 sports encompassing 319 events, though this is likely to change depending on success of the five additional sports added to the Tokyo Olympics. This means there could be up to 33 Document [73] (Title: Istanbul bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) June 21 to July 13, 2013. The host city of the 2020 Summer Olympics was elected at the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires, Argentina on September 7, 2013. Tokyo competed against Madrid and Istanbul in the election and finished second with Tokyo ultimately being elected as the host city. Istanbul's bid was considered to have been damaged by the 2013 protests in Turkey, doping scandals as well as the 2011 Turkish football corruption scandal. Following Istanbul's failure to secure the 2020 Olympics, Turkey launched a bid to host the semi-finals and final of UEFA Euro 2020 at Istanbul's Atatürk Document [74] (Title: Cycling at the 2020 Summer Olympics) climbs are not included. The women's will head after the 15 km descent directly to the Fuji Speedway's circuit, were they will ride 1.5 lap. 17 km before the finish, the women's will cross the finish line with 1 lap to go. Cycling at the 2020 Summer Olympics The cycling competitions of the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo will feature 22 events. Cycling competitions had been contested in every Summer Olympics programme since the first modern Olympiad in 1896 alongside athletics, artistic gymnastics, fencing and swimming. Since the 1896 contests which featured five track events and an 87 km road Document [75] (Title: 2020 Summer Olympics) baseball and softball (which were removed from the summer programme after 2008). Tokyo, Istanbul, and Madrid were the three candidate cities. The applicant cities of Baku (Azerbaijan) and Doha (Qatar) were not promoted to candidate status. A bid from Rome was withdrawn. The IOC voted to select the host city of the 2020 Summer Olympics on 7 September 2013 at the 125th IOC Session at the Buenos Aires Hilton in Buenos Aires, Argentina. (Who later hosted to 2018 Summer Youth Games.) An exhaustive ballot system was used. No city won over 50% of the votes in the first round, and Document [76] (Title: Football at the 2020 Summer Olympics) (a procedure already successfully employed by Team GB in field hockey and rugby sevens). Scotland also qualified for the World Cup but, under the agreement whereby the highest ranked home nation is nominated to compete for the purposes of Olympic qualification, their performance will not be taken into account. Football at the 2020 Summer Olympics The association football tournament at the 2020 Summer Olympics will be held from 22 July to 8 August 2020 in Japan. In addition to the Olympic host city of Tokyo, matches will also be played in Ibaraki, Saitama, Sapporo, Sendai, and Yokohama. Associations affiliated with Document [77] (Title: Association of Summer Olympic International Federations) Olympic Movement. Olympic Agenda 2020 gives host cities the option of suggesting new sports and events for inclusion in their edition of the Games. Karate, skateboarding, sports climbing, surfing and baseball/softball will be added to the Olympic Programme in Tokyo 2020. ASOIF has amended its statutes to enable IFs “governing sports included within the events programme for a specific edition of the Summer Olympic Games” to become “Associate Members”. ASOIF is administered by an executive body, the Council, which consists of seven individual members, most of which are presidents of Summer Olympic International Federations. The ASOIF General Secretariat is located Document [78] (Title: Athletics at the 2020 Summer Olympics) will be selected through the results of a world competition (here, the 2019 World Championships in Athletics) and eight more selected through rankings. Athletics at the 2020 Summer Olympics Athletics at the 2020 Summer Olympics will be held during the last ten days of the Games, from 31 July – 9 August 2020, at the Olympic Stadium. The sport of athletics in the 2020 Summer Olympics is to be split into three distinct sets of events: track and field events, road running events, and racewalking events. A total of 48 events will be held, one more than in 2016, with Document [79] (Title: Surfing at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Surfing at the 2020 Summer Olympics Surfing at the Summer Olympics will make its debut in the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan. After several attempts at inclusion in the Olympics, the International Surfing Association has been successful in getting surfing included in the 2020 Games. With the decision to have surfing at the 2020 Summer Olympics, officials announced that surfing would take place in the ocean, and not in a wave pool such as those from the Kelly Slater Wave Company as had been speculated. The contest site for the 2020 Games was decided to be Shidashita Beach, or Document [80] (Title: 2020 Summer Olympics) manages the IAAF's commercial rights, and has business relationships with Japanese firm Dentsu. Black Tidings has also been connected to a doping scandal involving the Russian athletics team. Japanese Olympic Committee and Tokyo 2020 board member Tsunekazu Takeda stated that the payments were for consulting services, but refused to discuss the matter further because it was confidential. Toshiaki Endo called on Takeda to publicly discuss the matter. Massata denied that he had received any money from Tokyo's organizing committee. The IOC established a team to investigate these matters, and will closely follow the French investigation. The initial design for the Document [81] (Title: Germany at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Germany at the 2020 Summer Olympics Germany is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. It will be the nation's eighth consecutive appearance at the Summer Olympics after its reunification in 1990. German equestrians qualified a full squad each in the team dressage, eventing, and jumping competitions by virtue of a top-six finish at the 2018 FEI World Equestrian Games in Tryon, North Carolina, United States. German sailors qualified one boat in each of the following classes through the 2018 Sailing World Championships, the class-associated Worlds, and the continental regattas. Document [82] (Title: Hasan Arat) announcement of the 2020 Host City was made on 7 September 2013 at the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires following presentations by each candidate city, and Istanbul lost to Tokyo in the final round of voting by the International Olympic Committee, following the earlier elimination of Madrid. Arat led Istanbul's final presentation to the International Olympic Committee members where he was joined by Turkish Prime Minister, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. Following Istanbul's presentation, Arat said, "The Bid has united the people of Turkey, especially our young people, behind a common vision for our country’s future. Whatever happens with the vote, Document [83] (Title: Brazil at the 2020 Summer Olympics) class-associated Worlds, the 2019 Pan American Games, and the continental regattas. Brazil at the 2020 Summer Olympics Brazil is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. It will be the nation's twenty-third appearance at the Summer Olympics, having competed in all editions of the modern era from 1920 onwards, except the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam. Brazil women's football team qualified for the Olympics by winning the gold medal and securing a lone outright berth at the 2018 Copa América Femenina in Chile. Brazilian sailors qualified one boat in each Document [84] (Title: Brazil at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Brazil at the 2020 Summer Olympics Brazil is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. It will be the nation's twenty-third appearance at the Summer Olympics, having competed in all editions of the modern era from 1920 onwards, except the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam. Brazil women's football team qualified for the Olympics by winning the gold medal and securing a lone outright berth at the 2018 Copa América Femenina in Chile. Brazilian sailors qualified one boat in each of the following classes through the 2018 Sailing World Championships, the Document [85] (Title: 2020 Summer Olympics) be for families, groups resident in Japan and in conjunction with a school programme. Tickets will be sold through 40,000 shops in Japan and by mail order to Japanese addresses through the Internet. International guests will need to visit Japan during the sales period or arrange for tickets through a third party, such as a travel agent. The official programme for the 2020 Summer Olympics was approved by the IOC executive board on 9 June 2017. The president of the IOC, Thomas Bach, stated that the goal for the Tokyo Games was to make them more "youthful" and "urban", and Document [86] (Title: Skateboarding at the 2020 Summer Olympics) will be held: Skateboarding in the 2020 Olympics will be taking place in the Aomi Urban Venue, in Tokyo. Skateboarding at the 2020 Summer Olympics Skateboarding at the 2020 Summer Olympics is an event to be held in the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan. It is one of five sports added specifically for 2020, with no guarantee it will return to the programme in later years. There are 80 quota spots available for skateboarding. Each NOC can obtain a maximum of 3 spots in each event (total 12 maximum across the 4 events). Each event will have 20 competitors Document [87] (Title: Tokyo bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) IOC Evaluation Commission Report on the Candidate Cities for the 2020 Summer Olympics was released on June 25. Tokyo 2020 gave a presentation of their bid to the IOC at an Extraordinary session in Lausanne in July 2013. In August 2013, Naoki Inose stated that the 2011 nuclear accident at the Fukushima nuclear power plant would not pose a threat to Tokyo's ability to host the Olympic Games. Inose stated that "the water in Tokyo is safe, and we have released this data on our website" and that "The radiation levels are no different than in London or Paris." A Document [88] (Title: Bids for the 2020 Winter Youth Olympics) and 1980 Winter Olympics. Lake Placid was interested in bidding for the 2016 Winter Youth Olympics but opted to bid for 2020 instead. Lake Placid hosted the sixth IOC Athlete Career Program Forum on 8–11 November 2012. Bids for the 2020 Winter Youth Olympics Bids were due by 28 November 2013, the candidates cities were selected on 5 December 2014 and Lausanne was elected host city on 31 July 2015. Two cities have submitted their application to the International Olympic Committee by the 28 November 2013 deadline. Lausanne confirmed their bid for the 2020 Winter Youth Olympics on 12 July Document [89] (Title: Bids for the 2016 Summer Olympics) be awarded the 2016 Olympics, four of them bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics. Baku, Doha, Madrid and Tokyo were official Applicant Cities, with Madrid and Tokyo advancing to become Candidate Cities and with Tokyo eventually being selected. The Olympic bidding process begins with the submission of a city's application to the International Olympic Committee (IOC) by its National Olympic Committee (NOC) and ends with the election of the host city by the members of the IOC during an ordinary session. The process is governed by the Olympic Charter, as stated in Chapter 5, Rule 34. Since 1999, the process Document [90] (Title: Gymnastics at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Gymnastics at the 2020 Summer Olympics Gymnastics at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo will be held in three categories: artistic gymnastics, rhythmic gymnastics and trampolining. All gymnastics events will be staged at the Olympic Gymnastic Centre, Tokyo Bay between 25 July and 5 August 2020. The programme for 2020 remains unchanged from 2016, despite an application from the FIG for the admission of a new parkour based event. The application had proved contentious with specialist parkour or freerunning organisations lobbying for the sport not to be included, and to be recognized as an entirely separate sport from gymnastics. Originally Document [91] (Title: Olympic Games) of Russia's political and economic turmoil. Furthermore, at least four cities withdrew their bids for the 2022 Winter Olympics, citing the high costs or the lack of local support, resulting in only a two-city race between Almaty, Kazakhstan and Beijing, China. Thus in July 2016, "The Guardian" stated that the biggest threat to the future of the Olympics is that very few cities want to host them. Bidding for the 2024 Summer Olympics also became a two-city race between Paris and Los Angeles, so the IOC took the unusual step of simultaneously awarding both the 2024 Games to Paris and Document [92] (Title: 2024 Summer Olympics) sports, and any new sports which are added to the Olympic programme. The number of events in each discipline is noted in parentheses. Most of the Olympic events will be held in and around Paris, including the suburbs of Saint-Denis, Le Bourget, Nanterre, Versailles, and Vaires-sur-Marne which is just outside the city environs. The sailing and surfing events will be held in the remote coastal resorts of Marseille and Biarritz respectively. Football will be hosted in various cities around France. The emblem of the 2024 Games will be unveiled on January 1, 2019. The mascot(s) for the 2024 Games will Document [93] (Title: Tokyo bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) at the 2000 Summer Olympics will serve as head of online and social media for the bid. In April 2012, Tokyo 2020 appointed Tokuaki Suzuki, as the bid's communications director. Suzuki previously served as Competitions Director of the Asian Football Confederation. On May 23, 2012, the IOC selected Tokyo as a Candidate City for the 2020 Summer Olympics. In June 2012 a study was conducted that found that hosting the 2020 Olympic Games in Tokyo could create over 150,000 jobs. In July 2012, the bid launched their "Discover Tomorrow" slogan. In November, a survey revealed that 67% of Tokyo's population Document [94] (Title: Badminton at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Badminton at the 2020 Summer Olympics The badminton tournaments at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo will take place in July and August 2020. A total of 172 athletes will compete in five events: men's singles, men's doubles, women's singles, women's doubles, and mixed doubles. The Olympic qualification period will take place between April 29, 2019 and April 26, 2020, and the Badminton World Federation rankings list, scheduled to publish on April 30, 2020, will be used to allocate spots. Nations can enter a maximum of two players each in the men's and women's singles, if both were ranked in Document [95] (Title: National Stadium (Tokyo)) Station on the Toei Oedo Line; and from Gaienmae Station on the Tokyo Metro Ginza Line. National Stadium (Tokyo) Demolition was completed in May 2015, and the site will be redeveloped with a new larger-capacity National Olympic Stadium. The new stadium is set to be the main venue for the 2020 Summer Olympics and Paralympics. The original plans for the new stadium were scrapped in July 2015 by Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, who announced a rebid after a public outcry because of increased building costs. As a result, the new design will not be ready for the 2019 Rugby Document [96] (Title: Tokyo bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) Tokyo bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics Tokyo was selected by the Japanese Olympic Committee on July 16, 2011 as Japan's bidding city for the 2020 Games. The city is moving forward with its bid following the March 2011 earthquake and tsunami which affected much of eastern Japan. Prior to Tokyo's selection by the Japanese Olympic Committee, Hiroshima expressed interest in hosting but withdrew their plans to bid. On September 7, 2011, the Japanese Olympic Committee announced that Tokyo Governor Shintaro Ishihara will be Chairman of the Tokyo 2020 bid committee. The bid committee held their first meeting shortly after. Document [97] (Title: Chile at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Chile at the 2020 Summer Olympics Chile is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Since the nation's debut in 1896, Chilean athletes have appeared in every Summer Olympic Games of the modern era, except for two different occasions. Chile did not attend the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles at the period of the worldwide Great Depression and was also part of the US-led boycott, when Moscow hosted the 1980 Summer Olympics. Chilean shooters achieved quota places for the following events by virtue of their best finishes at the Document [98] (Title: Shooting at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Shooting at the 2020 Summer Olympics Shooting competitions at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo are scheduled to take place from 25 July to 2 August at the Asaka Shooting Range. Unlike in 2016, the number of shooters competing across fifteen different events at these Games has been reduced from 390 to 360, with an equal distribution between men and women. Furthermore, several significant changes were instituted in the Olympic shooting program, including the substitution of three male-only events (rifle prone, free pistol, and double trap), with the mixed team competitions. On 9 June 2017, the International Shooting Sport Federation Document [99] (Title: Bids for the 2020 Summer Olympics) 34. Since 1999, the process has consisted of two phases. During the first phase, which begins immediately after the bid submission deadline, the "applicant cities" are required to answer a questionnaire covering themes of importance to a successful Games organization. This information allows the IOC to analyze the cities' hosting capacities and the strengths and weaknesses of their plans. Following a detailed study of the submitted questionnaires and ensuing reports, the IOC Executive Board selects the cities that are qualified to proceed to the next phase. The second phase is the true candidature stage: the accepted applicant cities (from now Document [100] (Title: Bids for Olympic Games) awarded to Tokyo on 7 September 2013, the 2022 Winter Olympics were awarded to Beijing on 31 July 2015, the 2024 Summer Olympics were awarded to Paris and the 2028 Summer Olympics were awarded to Los Angeles on 13 September 2017. In June 2001, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) signed an agreement that would ensure that the staging of the Paralympic Games is automatically included in the bid for the Olympic Games. The agreement came into effect at the 2008 Paralympic Summer Games in Beijing, and the 2010 Paralympic Winter Games in Vancouver. However, Document [101] (Title: Triathlon at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Triathlon at the 2020 Summer Olympics The triathlon competitions at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo will feature fifty-five athletes competing in each of the men's and women's events. It will also add the new mixed team relay event. The Olympic triathlon contains three components; a swim, cycle, and a run. The competitions took the form of a single event between all competitors with no heats. The new mixed team event features teams of four (two men and two women). Each athlete performs a triathlon of swim, cycle, and a run in a relay format. The qualification period spaned from Document [102] (Title: Triathlon at the 2020 Summer Olympics) and ignoring the first two from each NOC that qualified via mixed teams. One additional spot for each continent will go to the highest-ranked competitor from an NOC that has not yet earned a qualifying spot. The host, Japan, is guaranteed two spots per gender. The final two spots per gender are awarded through Tripartite Commission invitations. Triathlon at the 2020 Summer Olympics The triathlon competitions at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo will feature fifty-five athletes competing in each of the men's and women's events. It will also add the new mixed team relay event. The Olympic triathlon contains Document [103] (Title: Istanbul bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) is located on two continents. In April 2013 Tokyo 2020 Chairman Naoki Inose created controversy when he made a comment that was seen as a criticism of Istanbul and their bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics. Inose was quoted saying, “Well, compare the two countries where they have yet to build infrastructure, very sophisticated facilities. So from time to time, like Brazil, I think it’s good to have a venue for the first time. But Islamic countries, the only thing they share in common is Allah and they are fighting with each other and they have classes.” Criticizing rival bids Document [104] (Title: Tokyo bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) supported Tokyo's Olympic bid. Also in November 2012, the new design for the redeveloped National Olympic Stadium was revealed. The venue will be used for the 2019 Rugby World Cup. Tokyo 2020 submitted their candidature file to the IOC on January 7, 2013. A poll in January 2013 found that 73% of Tokyo residents were in favor of the bid. Another poll found that 78% of Japan supported bringing the games to Tokyo. This result showed an increase in support compared to earlier polls. A poll carried out by "Yomiuri Shimbun" found that 83% of the country supported the bid. Document [105] (Title: Istanbul bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) among one or two host nations. This decision therefore eliminated the potential conflict Turkey would have had due to that fact they had bids to host the Olympics and the UEFA Championship in the same year. In December 2012, Istanbul hosted the 2012 FINA Short Course World Championships at the Sinan Erdem Dome. Istanbul 2020 submitted their candidature file to the IOC on January 7, 2013. The IOC Evaluation Commission visited Istanbul from March 24 to March 27, 2013. . On March 25 Istanbul 2020 revealed the bid's slogan, "Bridge Together". The slogan represents how Istanbul is a city that Document [106] (Title: Surfing at the 2020 Summer Olympics) included. Quota places will be allocated to the athletes at the following events: There is a maximum of 2 men and 2 women per NOC. Surfing at the 2020 Summer Olympics Surfing at the Summer Olympics will make its debut in the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan. After several attempts at inclusion in the Olympics, the International Surfing Association has been successful in getting surfing included in the 2020 Games. With the decision to have surfing at the 2020 Summer Olympics, officials announced that surfing would take place in the ocean, and not in a wave pool such as Document [107] (Title: 2020 Summer Olympics) to increase the number of female participants. The games will feature 339 events in 33 different sports, encompassing 50 disciplines. Alongside the five new sports that will be introduced in Tokyo, there will be fifteen new events within existing sports, including 3-on-3 basketball, freestyle BMX and Madison cycling, and new mixed events in several sports. In the list below, the number of events in each discipline is noted in parentheses. As part of a goal to control costs and ensure that the Olympics remain "relevant to sports fans of all generations", the IOC assessed the 26 sports contested at the Document [108] (Title: 2022 Winter Olympics) city of the 2022 Winter Olympics after beating Almaty by four votes on 31 July 2015 at the 128th IOC Session in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. In urban area of Beijing, five ice events will be held at the Olympic Green, the Capital Indoor Stadium and the Beijing Wukesong Sports Center, which were some of the main venues of the 2008 Summer Olympics. The Big Air snowboarding and freestyle skiing events will be held in a new area of urban development in Shijingshan District, a district in urban area of Beijing. Competitions for luge, bobsleigh and alpine skiing will be held Document [109] (Title: Football at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Football at the 2020 Summer Olympics The association football tournament at the 2020 Summer Olympics will be held from 22 July to 8 August 2020 in Japan. In addition to the Olympic host city of Tokyo, matches will also be played in Ibaraki, Saitama, Sapporo, Sendai, and Yokohama. Associations affiliated with FIFA may send teams to participate in the tournament. Men's teams are restricted to under-23 players (born on or after 1 January 1997) with a maximum of three overage players allowed, while there are no age restrictions on women's teams. Brazil are the men's defending champions, while Germany are Document [110] (Title: 2016 Summer Olympics) each 14 January 2008. Four candidate cities were chosen for the shortlist on 4 June 2008: Chicago, Madrid, Rio de Janeiro and Tokyo, which hosted the 1964 Summer Olympics and will host again in 2020. The IOC did not promote Doha to the candidature phase, despite scoring higher than selected candidate city Rio de Janeiro, because of their intent of hosting the Olympics in October, outside of the IOC's sporting calendar. Prague and Baku also failed to make the cut. Nawal El Moutawakel of Morocco headed the 10-member Evaluation Commission, having also chaired the evaluation commission for the 2012 Summer Document [111] (Title: Sailing at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Sailing at the 2020 Summer Olympics Sailing competitions at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo are scheduled to take place from 27 July to 6 August at the Enoshima Yacht Harbor. The RS:X, Laser, Laser Radial, Finn, 470, 49er, 49erFX, and Nacra17 are all returning for 2020; there are no significant changes to the Olympic programme from 2016. The number of sailors competing has been reduced from 380 to 350, with an equal distribution between men and women. The qualification period will commence at the 2018 Sailing World Championships in Aarhus, Denmark. There, 101 places, about forty percent of the Document [112] (Title: 1964 Summer Olympics) bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics, which were awarded to Rio de Janeiro. Tokyo will host the 2020 Summer Olympics and 2020 Summer Paralympics games. Tokyo will be the first Asian city to host the games twice. North Korea withdrew its athletes from the 1964 Summer Olympics just before the Games were due to start, as the IOC were refusing to accept any athletes who had participated in the Games of the New Emerging Forces (GANEFO) held in Jakarta, Indonesia, in 1963. China and Indonesia also chose not to attend the Tokyo Games due to GANEFO issues. 1964 Summer Olympics Document [113] (Title: 2020 Summer Olympics) Olympic events in the country. The official emblems for the 2020 Olympics and Paralympics were unveiled on 25 April 2016; designed by Asao Tokolo, who won a nationwide design contest, it takes the form of a ring in an indigo-coloured checkerboard pattern. The design is meant to "express a refined elegance and sophistication that exemplifies Japan". The designs replaced a previous emblem which had been scrapped due to allegations that it plagiarized the logo of a Belgian theatre. The Tokyo 2020 Organising Committee began accepting submissions for the official mascots of the Games from 1 to 14 August 2017. A Document [114] (Title: Tokyo bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) for the first time. But Islamic countries, the only thing they share in common is Allah and they are fighting with each other and they have classes.” Criticizing rival bids are forbidden under IOC rules. Following Inose's statement, Tokyo 2020 made a statement saying that they "have the utmost respect for all candidate cities and have always taken pride in bidding in a spirit based on the Olympic values of excellence, respect and friendship.” Inose apologized for his comments a few days later and stated that he was "fully committed" to respecting IOC rules. At the Association of National Olympic Document [115] (Title: Modern pentathlon at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Modern pentathlon at the 2020 Summer Olympics The modern pentathlon at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo will take place from 6 to 8 August 2020 at Musashino Forest Sports Plaza and Ajinomoto Stadium. Thirty-six athletes will compete each in the men's and women's events. Modern pentathlon contained five events; pistol shooting, épée fencing, freestyle swimming, show jumping, and a cross-country run. Thirty-six athletes per gender must qualify for the Games, with only a maximum of two each per NOC. Qualification methods are similarly applied to both men's and women's events. Host nation Japan has been guaranteed one quota place Document [116] (Title: Rome bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) outlet "Around the Rings", Pescante also acknowledged competition from other potential bid cities, particularly emphasizing Tokyo's bid. In a September 2011 interview, IOC President Jacques Rogge defended Rome and Madrid's ability to host the games in spite of the current eurozone debt crisis. He said that both cities already have a lot of venues in place and not much would need to be built. He continued by saying that at the very most some venues would need upgrades and that both cities had the needed infrastructure to host the games. Rome's bid was given full backing by the Italian government Document [117] (Title: Bids for the 2020 Summer Olympics) of the host city selection process was approved by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) executive board as follows: Six cities were put forward by their respective National Olympic Committees (NOCs) to apply to host the Games initially, but Rome withdrew its bid shortly before the applicant files were due. The bidding cities come from two continents, Europe and Asia (Istanbul is considered to be located on the border between Asia and Europe). In 2020 it will be twelve years since an Asian city hosted the Summer Olympics (Beijing 2008) and eight years since a European city hosted the Summer Olympics Document [118] (Title: 2021 World Aquatics Championships) 2021 World Aquatics Championships The 2021 World Aquatics Championships — 19th FINA World Aquatics Championships will be held in Fukuoka, Japan in 2021. It will be the second time Fukuoka hosts this meet, 20 years after the 2001 World Aquatics Championships. The year before the championships, the 2020 Summer Olympics will also be held in Japan, hosted by Tokyo. The competitions originally were to be held in Budapest, Hungary, in the summer of 2021. This was announced on July 19, 2013, on the biennial General Congress of FINA in Barcelona, the host-city of the 2013 World Aquatics Championships. Also Gwangju, Document [119] (Title: Doha bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) IOC asked Doha to take steps to ensure the health of athletes should Doha be selected,and the IOC was to publish a list of events which must take place in the morning or late afternoon due to the heat that the city experiences. The IOC gave assurances that these changes would not negatively affect the organization of the games or the international broadcasts of the games. The IOC also requested a plan be drawn up to protect the health of the public in attendance and the staff who would help out at the games. IOC President Jacques Rogge said that Document [120] (Title: 2020 Summer Olympics opening ceremony) of Japan and Tokyo to the world; including feedback from experts and opinions of the Japanese public. The final version was released in December 2017. The Basic Policy consists of three sections: Naomi Kawase will direct the Official film of the Olympic Games of Tokyo 2020. The New National Stadium will serve as the main stadium for the opening ceremony. Demolition of old National Stadium was completed in May 2015, then the construction of new stadium began at the same site on 11 December 2016. The stadium will be handed over to the IOC on 30 November 2019 for necessary Document [121] (Title: Tokyo bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) letter of assurance over the issue was later sent to the IOC members. Prior to the host city election, Brazilian footballer Zico endorsed Tokyo's bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics. Tokyo was elected as the host city at the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Tokyo recently bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics but lost to Rio de Janeiro. Tokyo's first Olympic bid was for the 1940 Summer Olympics. Tokyo won the bid but the games were cancelled due to World War II. They later bid for the 1960 Summer Olympics and lost to Rome. Tokyo made a successful Document [122] (Title: Modern pentathlon at the 2020 Summer Olympics) eligible to compete, a non-selected quota has been redistributed. Modern pentathlon at the 2020 Summer Olympics The modern pentathlon at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo will take place from 6 to 8 August 2020 at Musashino Forest Sports Plaza and Ajinomoto Stadium. Thirty-six athletes will compete each in the men's and women's events. Modern pentathlon contained five events; pistol shooting, épée fencing, freestyle swimming, show jumping, and a cross-country run. Thirty-six athletes per gender must qualify for the Games, with only a maximum of two each per NOC. Qualification methods are similarly applied to both men's and women's events. Document [123] (Title: Cycling at the 2020 Summer Olympics) for both men and women. In addition, the Madison events (for both men and women) that had been dropped after 2008 in favour of Omnium events returned to the programme. Track cycling was planned for a temporary venue in Ariake. To save $100 million in construction costs, it was announced after months of negotiations that the venue for track cycling became the existing velodrome in Izu. The UCI resisted the move trackcycling 120 km outside Tokyo to Izu. The UCI feared it would detract from Olympic experience for both athletes and fans. Eventually the international cycling union agreed to change. Document [124] (Title: Switzerland at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Switzerland at the 2020 Summer Olympics Switzerland is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Swiss athletes have appeared in every edition of the Summer Olympic Games in the modern era, except for a partial boycott of the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne as a protest to the Soviet invasion of Hungary. Swiss equestrians qualified a full squad in the jumping competition by virtue of a top-six finish at the 2018 FEI World Equestrian Games in Tryon, North Carolina, United States. Swiss sailors qualified one boat in each of the Document [125] (Title: China at the 2020 Summer Olympics) China at the 2020 Summer Olympics The People's Republic of China is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. It will be the nation's eleventh appearance at the Summer Olympics, since its debut in 1952. One Chinese archer qualified for the women's individual recurve, by virtue of a top national finish at the 2018 Asian Games in Jakarta. China fielded a full squad of four gymnasts each in both the men's and women's artistic gymnastics events by virtue of a top three finish in the team all-around at the 2018 Document [126] (Title: Tokyo bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) Tokyo's previous bid for the 2016 Games had lower public support with one poll indicating that 56% of residents supported the 2016 bid. The IOC Evaluation Commission visited Tokyo from March 4 to March 7, 2013. In April 2013, the Tokyo 2020 Chairman, Governor Naoki Inose, created controversy when he made a comment that was seen as a criticism of Istanbul and their bid for the 2020 Olympics. Inose said, “Well, compare the two countries where they have yet to build infrastructure, very sophisticated facilities. So from time to time, like Brazil, I think it’s good to have a venue Document [127] (Title: 2020 Summer Olympics) the second of three consecutive Olympic Games to be held in East Asia, following the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea, and preceding the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing, China. These Games will see the introduction of additional disciplines within several of the Summer Olympics sports, including 3x3 basketball, freestyle BMX and Madison cycling, as well as further mixed events. Under new IOC policies that allow sports to be added to the Games' programme to augment the permanent "core" Olympic events, these Games will see karate, sport climbing, surfing and skateboarding make their Olympic debuts, and the return of Document [128] (Title: Surfing at the 2020 Summer Olympics) “Shida,” located about 40 miles outside of Tokyo in Chiba. In order to ensure quality surf, the contest will feature a waiting period of 16 days. Once the event runs, it will take two days to finish competition. The 2020 Summer Olympics will use a four-man heat structure, Four athletes will compete at any given time. The best two of each heat will continue to the next round. Each heat will run for 20 to 25 minutes, with their top two scores being used. Only one rider may ride a wave at any given time. Using common surfing etiquette rule Document [129] (Title: Cape Town) candidate cities shortlisted by the IOC to launch official candidatures to host the 2004 Summer Olympics. Although the Games ultimately went to Athens, Cape Town came in third place. There has been some speculation that Cape Town was seeking the South African Olympic Committee's nomination to be South Africa's bid city for the 2020 Summer Olympic Games. That however was quashed when the International Olympic Committee awarded the 2020 Games to Tokyo. The city of Cape Town has vast experience in hosting major national and international sports events. The Cape Town Cycle Tour is the world's largest individually timed cycle Document [130] (Title: 125th IOC Session) 125th IOC Session The 125th IOC Session took place at the Buenos Aires Hilton in Buenos Aires, Argentina, from 7 September to 10 September 2013. The International Olympic Committee elected Tokyo as the host city of the 2020 Summer Olympic Games on 7 September. Wrestling was restored to the Olympic program for 2020 and 2024, and Thomas Bach was elected to an eight-year term as IOC President. The IOC received two bids from cities to host the 125th Session: Buenos Aires and Kuala Lumpur made bids. The Argentine capital Buenos Aires was elected at the 122nd IOC Session in Vancouver Document [131] (Title: Tokyo bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) and House of Councillors passed a resolution giving Tokyo's bid their full support and cooperation. This decisions also states that hosting the games will be beneficial to Japan and will be a positive step forward following the recent earthquake and tsunami that Japan experienced earlier in 2011. The Cabinet followed by giving the bid its support. The bid has full backing of the government. In January 2012 polls suggested that nearly 66% of the country supports the bid. Tokyo 2020 appointed Yuko Arakida as its Sports Director in February 2012. Ayano Egami who won a silver medal in synchronized swimming Document [132] (Title: Cycling at the 2020 Summer Olympics) (and no guaranteed places in road time trial or any track events). Most qualification is done through UCI ranking lists, with some spots allocated through world championship events or continental qualification events. The courses for the men's and women's road race were revealed in August 2018. The races will start in Musashinonomori Park in Chofu, western Tokyo with the finish at the Fuji Speedway circuit in the Shizuoka prefecture. The men's road race will be 234 kilometres with a total elevation of 4865. The women's race will cover 137 km with a total elevation of 2692 metres. The first part Document [133] (Title: Rome bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) Rome bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics Rome 2020 (Italian: Roma 2020) was a proposed bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics by the city of Rome and the Italian National Olympic Committee. Rome previously hosted the 1960 Summer Olympics. The bid was withdrawn due to the lack of support from the Italian government. The Italian National Olympic Committee (CONI) announced the selection of Rome as Italy's candidate on May 19, 2010. Rome beat out Venice to be selected as CONI's bidding city for 2020. CONI did not select Venice because it was deemed unable to fulfill requirements set by the Document [134] (Title: Tokyo bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) bid for the 1964 Summer Olympics and Tokyo became the first Asian city to host the Olympic Games. Tokyo's successful 2020 bid is the city's fifth bid for the games, making it the fourth city to host the Summer Olympics two times. Paris, Los Angeles and Athens have hosted the games twice, with London hosting for a third time in 2012. With Tokyo's selection as host of the 2020 games, it marks the fourth Olympic Game to be held in Japan. Osaka bid to host the 2008 Olympics but lost to Beijing. Nagoya bid for the 1988 Summer Olympics and Document [135] (Title: China at the 2020 Summer Olympics) at the 2018 Asian Games in Jakarta. China at the 2020 Summer Olympics The People's Republic of China is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. It will be the nation's eleventh appearance at the Summer Olympics, since its debut in 1952. One Chinese archer qualified for the women's individual recurve, by virtue of a top national finish at the 2018 Asian Games in Jakarta. China fielded a full squad of four gymnasts each in both the men's and women's artistic gymnastics events by virtue of a top three finish Document [136] (Title: New Zealand at the 2020 Summer Olympics) New Zealand at the 2020 Summer Olympics New Zealand is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. It will be the nation's twenty-fourth appearance as an independent nation at the Summer Olympics, having made its debut at the 1920 Games and competed at every Games since. New Zealand equestrians qualified a full squad in the team eventing competition by virtue of a top-six finish at the 2018 FEI World Equestrian Games in Tryon, North Carolina, United States. New Zealand women's football team qualified for the Olympics by winning the 2018 Document [137] (Title: Archery at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Archery at the 2020 Summer Olympics The archery events at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo will begin on 24 July 2020. Five events will take place. There are 128 qualifying places available for archery at the 2020 Summer Olympics: 64 for men and 64 for women. The qualification standards were released by World Archery in March 2018. Each National Olympic Committee (NOC) is permitted to enter a maximum of six competitors, three per gender. NOCs that qualify teams for a particular gender are able to send a three-member team to the team event and also have each member compete Document [138] (Title: 2028 Summer Olympics) 2028 Summer Olympics The 2028 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXXIV Olympiad, and commonly known as LA 2028, is a forthcoming international multi-sport event that is scheduled to take place from July 21 to August 6, 2028, in Los Angeles, California, United States. The process of bidding for the host city was originally scheduled to begin in 2019, with the winning bid due to be announced in 2021. However, following the withdrawal of a number of cities from the bidding process for both the 2022 Winter Olympics and the 2024 Summer Olympics, the International Olympic Committee Document [139] (Title: Istanbul bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) Olympic Stadium. Turkey has yet to host an Olympic Games. Istanbul has made four previous bids for the Summer Games. The city was a candidate for the 2000 Games which were awarded to Sydney. It bid again for 2004, which were held in Athens, but failed to become a candidate city. It became a candidate for 2008 but lost to Beijing. The Turkish city's most recent bid was for the 2012 Games but it failed to become a candidate. London was awarded the 2012 Games. Istanbul lost to Tokyo for 2020. Tokyo was awarded the 2020 Games. Istanbul hosted the Document [140] (Title: Tokyo bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) Committees Extraordinary General Assembly in June 2013, Tokyo 2020 stressed the compactness of their bid. 85% of the competition venues would within 8 km of the Olympic Village. Two anonymous sources within the IOC stated that Tokyo is the favorite to win their Olympic bid over Istanbul and Madrid provided no major mistakes are made before the IOC vote. The safe and secure nature of Tokyo is seen as a major factor giving the Tokyo bid an advantage. Istanbul has been seeing large anti-government protests while Madrid's bid is said to be being effected by Spain's economic crisis. The 2020 Document [141] (Title: Baseball at the Summer Olympics) new IOC policies that shift the Games to an "event-based" programme rather than sport-based, the host organizing committee can now also propose the addition of sports to the programme alongside the permanent "core" events. A second bid for baseball-softball to be included as an event in 2020 was shortlisted by the Tokyo Organizing Committee on 22 June 2015. On 3 August 2016 during the 129th IOC Session in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, the IOC approved the Tokyo Organizing Committee's final shortlist of five sports, which included baseball, to be included in the programme during the 2020 Summer Olympics. The host Document [142] (Title: Bids for the 2020 Winter Youth Olympics) Bids for the 2020 Winter Youth Olympics Bids were due by 28 November 2013, the candidates cities were selected on 5 December 2014 and Lausanne was elected host city on 31 July 2015. Two cities have submitted their application to the International Olympic Committee by the 28 November 2013 deadline. Lausanne confirmed their bid for the 2020 Winter Youth Olympics on 12 July 2013. Lausanne is where the International Olympic Committee is headquartered and is considered to be the Olympic capital. On 12 December 2013, Lausanne was signed Youth Olympic Game Candidature Procedure. Brașov has officially submitted their bid for Document [143] (Title: Golf at the 2020 Summer Olympics) IGF has guaranteed that at least one golfer from the host nation and each geographical region (Africa, the Americas, Asia, Europe, and Oceania) will qualify. The IGF posts weekly lists of qualifiers based on current rankings for men and women. Golf at the 2020 Summer Olympics Golf at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan will feature two events, one each for men and women. Qualification will be based on world ranking as of 22 June 2020 (men) and 29 June 2020 (women), with a total of 60 players qualifying in each of the men's and women's events. The top Document [144] (Title: Summer Olympic Games) federal government; the country's economic crisis; health and safety concerns surrounding the Zika virus and significant pollution in the Guanabara Bay; and a state-sponsored doping scandal involving Russia, which affected the participation of its athletes in the Games. Tokyo, Japan will host the 2020 Summer Olympics, making it the first Asian city to host the Olympic Games twice. Forty-two sports, spanning 55 disciplines, have been part of the Olympic program at one point or another. Twenty-eight sports have comprised the schedule for three of the recent games, 2000, 2004, and 2008 Summer Olympics. Due to the removal of baseball and Document [145] (Title: Korean Sport & Olympic Committee) and renamed as Korean Sport & Olympic Committee since late November 2016 but the emblem of the Committee and the name in Korean are remaining the same as previous. On November 2, 2018, officials from both North and South Korea announced that their countries would participate at the 2020 Summer Olympics, held in Tokyo, Japan, as a unified team. The officials from both Koreas also announced that the letters they would send to the IOC regarding their bids for hosting the 2032 Summer Olympics would also consist of co-host bids so that the Olympic activities would take place in both Document [146] (Title: Bids for the 2020 Summer Olympics) Bids for the 2020 Summer Olympics There were a total of six bids which were initially submitted for the 2020 Summer Olympics. Tokyo was ultimately elected as the host city at the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires, Argentina, on 7 September 2013. The Olympic bidding process begins with the submission of a city's application to the International Olympic Committee (IOC) by its National Olympic Committee (NOC) and ends with the election of the host city by the members of the IOC during an ordinary session. The process is governed by the Olympic Charter, as stated in Chapter 5, Rule Document [147] (Title: Association of Summer Olympic International Federations) of the Olympic movement while maintaining 'the authority, independence and autonomy of the member International Federations.' The members of ASOIF meet once a year in a General Assembly. The General Assembly usually precedes the joint meeting between the Executive Board of the International Olympic Committee and the International Federations where a multitude of topics are discussed in the common interests of the Olympic Movement. In 2015, the Organising Committee for the Olympic Games Tokyo 2020 had proposed five new sports in response to the new flexibility provided by Olympic Agenda 2020, the IOC’s strategic roadmap for the future of the Document [148] (Title: Tokyo bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) Towards the end of November 2011 the Tokyo 2020 Council was established. It is an advisory board comprises 64 members including Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda who is the top advisor on the council. Tokyo 2020 revealed their bid logo on November 30, 2011. Tokyo's 2020 bid will have a budget of $75 Million, which is half the amount of their previous 2016 bid, which had a $150 Million budget. The President of the Japanese Olympic Committee, Tsunekazu Takeda stated in April 2012 that hosting the games could generate $2 Billion for Tokyo. In early December 2011, Japan's House of Representatives Document [149] (Title: 2024 Summer Olympics) in France (including summer and winter Games). Bidding to host these Games began in 2015 with five candidate cities in contention, but Hamburg, Rome, and Budapest withdrew, leaving Paris and Los Angeles as the two candidates remaining. A proposal to elect the 2024 and 2028 Olympic host cities at the same time was approved by an Extraordinary IOC Session on 11 July 2017 in Lausanne. On 31 July 2017, the IOC made a deal with Los Angeles to host the 2028 Summer Olympics, making Paris the host of the 2024 Summer Olympics. The formal announcement of the hosts for both Document [150] (Title: Swimming at the 2020 Summer Olympics) teams, composed of: The men's and women's 10 km races featured 25 swimmers: Japan, as the host country, receives guaranteed quota place in case it would not qualify any qualification places. Swimmers who participated in the heats only and received medals. Swimmers who participated in the heats only and received medals. Swimmers who participated in the heats only and received medals. Swimming at the 2020 Summer Olympics The swimming competitions at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo will feature a record 37 events, up from 34 in 2016. The added events are the 800 metre freestyle for men, the 1500 Document [151] (Title: Summer Olympic Games) the 2020 Summer Olympics, when it will become the first city outside the Western world to have hosted the Summer Olympics more than once, having already hosted the Games in 1964. The other countries that have hosted the Summer Olympics are Belgium, Brazil, China, Canada, Finland, Italy, Mexico, Netherlands, South Korea, Spain, Soviet Union, and Sweden; each of these countries has hosted the Summer Games on just one occasion. Asia has hosted the Summer Olympics three times, in Tokyo, Japan (1964), Seoul, South Korea (1988), and Beijing, China (2008); Asia will host the Games for a fourth time in 2020 Document [152] (Title: Baku bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) Baku bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics Baku 2020 () was a bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics by the city of Baku and the National Olympic Committee of Azerbaijan. Bids were also placed by Doha, Istanbul, Madrid, Rome (which later cancelled its bid) and the chosen host city of Tokyo. It was announced on September 1, 2011 that Baku submitted a bid to host the 2024 Olympics. Baku bid to host the 2016 Summer Olympics but failed to become a candidate. Those games ultimately were awarded to Rio de Janeiro. Baku's 2020 bid was their second bid. On September Document [153] (Title: 2019 European Games) 2019 European Games 2019 European Games (, "Jeŭrapiejskija hulni 2019"; , "Jevropejskije igry 2019") also known as the second European Games will be held in Minsk, Belarus from 21 June to 30 June 2019. The games will feature 200 events in 15 sports (23 disciplines). The organisers expect around 4,000 athletes from 50 countries. Ten of the sports will offer qualification opportunities for the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan. Five of the sports will define champions of Europe. The opening ceremony at the Dinamo Stadium will be held on 21 June and the closing ceremony on 30 June. The Document [154] (Title: Istanbul bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) stated that these events would strengthen the bid. "Turkey Daily Press" reported that an anonymous IOC member from Europe stated that the protests which have seen police brutality against peaceful protesters was a "big blow" to Istanbul's bid. The 2020 IOC Evaluation Commission Report on the Candidate Cities for the 2020 Summer Olympics was released on June 25. Istanbul 2020 gave a presentation of their bid to the IOC at an Extraordinary session in Lausanne in July 2013. Mersin hosted the 2013 Mediterranean Games from June 20 to June 30, 2013. Turkey hosted the 2013 FIFA U-20 World Cup from Document [155] (Title: 128th IOC Session) be added to the Tokyo 2020 program. A new shortlist of eight sports were unveiled on June 22, 2015. These sports include baseball/softball, bowling, karate, roller sports, sport climbing, squash, surfing, and wushu. The federations of the eight sports made their presentations in Tokyo on August 7–8, 2015. In September 2015, organisers will recommend one or more of the sports to the International Olympic Committee for inclusion in 2020 Olympic program, with the final decision in August 2016. The IOC approved South Sudan's inclusion as a full member of the Committee, allowed the country to participate in Rio 2016 under Document [156] (Title: United States at the 2020 Summer Olympics) best finishes at the 2018 ISSF World Championships, the 2019 ISSF World Cup series, 2019 Pan American Games, and Championships of the Americas, as long as they obtained a minimum qualifying score (MQS) by 30 April 2020. U.S. women's softball team qualified for the Olympics by winning the gold medal and securing a lone outright berth at the 2018 Women's Softball World Championship in Chiba, Japan. United States at the 2020 Summer Olympics The United States, represented by the United States Olympic Committee (USOC), is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 Document [157] (Title: Madrid bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) will be between $30.2 million and $35.3 million. In December 2011, Madrid's new mayor, Ana Botella confirmed her support for the bid. In January 2012, the bid received the support of the Spanish Committee of Representatives of Persons with Disabilities. Madrid 2020 revealed their logo and website on January 30, 2012. A survey carried out between December 2011 and January 2012 found that 84% of Spanish citizens supported the Madrid bid to host the Olympic Games in 2020. 90% of those surveyed believe that hosting the games will be positive because it will help to employ people. 75% of Madrid Document [158] (Title: Turkey at the 2020 Summer Olympics) continental regattas. Turkey at the 2020 Summer Olympics Turkey is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Since the nation's official debut in 1908, Turkish athletes have appeared in every edition of the Summer Olympic Games, except the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles at the period of worldwide Great Depression, and the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow because of the United States-led boycott. Turkish sailors qualified one boat in each of the following classes through the 2018 Sailing World Championships, the class-associated Worlds, Document [159] (Title: Turkey at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Turkey at the 2020 Summer Olympics Turkey is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Since the nation's official debut in 1908, Turkish athletes have appeared in every edition of the Summer Olympic Games, except the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles at the period of worldwide Great Depression, and the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow because of the United States-led boycott. Turkish sailors qualified one boat in each of the following classes through the 2018 Sailing World Championships, the class-associated Worlds, and the Document [160] (Title: Sport climbing at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Tripartite Commission invitations. Sport climbing at the 2020 Summer Olympics Sport climbing at the 2020 Summer Olympics is an event to be held in the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan. The proposed format will consist of three disciplines: lead climbing, speed climbing and bouldering. Two events will be held, one for men and one for women. There are 40 quota spots available for sport climbing. Each NOC can obtain a maximum of 2 spots in each event (total 4 maximum across the 2 events). Each event will have 20 competitors qualify: 18 from qualification, 1 from the host (Japan), Document [161] (Title: Swimming at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Swimming at the 2020 Summer Olympics The swimming competitions at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo will feature a record 37 events, up from 34 in 2016. The added events are the 800 metre freestyle for men, the 1500 metre freestyle for women and a 4×100 mixed medley relay. Swimming in 2020 will feature a total of 37 events (18 each for men and women and 1 mixed event), including two 10 km open-water marathons. This is slight increase from the 34 events contested in the previous Olympic Games. The following events will be contested (all pool events are long Document [162] (Title: 2020 Summer Olympics opening ceremony) games and ceremony preparations. Capacity during the Olympic Games will be 60,102 taking into account press and executive seating areas. 2020 Summer Olympics opening ceremony The opening ceremony of the 2020 Summer Olympics is scheduled to take place on the evening of Friday 24 July 2020 in the Olympic Stadium, Tokyo. As mandated by the Olympic Charter, the proceedings combined the formal ceremonial opening of this international sporting event (including welcoming speeches, hoisting of the flags and the parade of athletes) with an artistic spectacle to showcase the host nation's culture and history. Ticket prices for the Opening Ceremony will Document [163] (Title: Shinzō Abe) Tokyo's bid to host the 2020 Summer Olympic and Paralympic games, giving a speech in English at the IOC session in Buenos Aires, in which he extolled the role of sport in Japan and sought to reassure the committee that any ongoing issues with the Fukushima plant were under control. After the bid was successful, Abe sought to portray the games as symbolic of his Abenomics economic revitalization programme, saying "I want to make the Olympics a trigger for sweeping away 15 years of deflation and economic decline". In 2014 he said that he hoped a "robot olympics" would be Document [164] (Title: Doha bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) host city of the 2020 Summer Olympics at the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Doha's bid consisted of five "Sports Zones". 91% of the needed venues were either already built or planned and had been budgeted for. This was part of the "Qatar National Vision 2030". The Opening and Closing ceremonies would have taken place at the Lusail Iconic Stadium which is to be used for the 2022 FIFA World Cup. The Khalifa Stadium would host the Athletics competitions and its capacity would have been upgraded to 60,000 seats. Doha bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics Doha 2020 Document [165] (Title: Madrid bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) the Spanish economy, which is expected to start recovering by the last quarter of 2013, and was predicted to grow over the following five years. The 2020 IOC Evaluation Commission Report on the Candidate Cities for the 2020 Summer Olympics was released on June 25. Madrid 2020 gave a presentation of their bid to the IOC at an Extraordinary session in Lausanne in July 2013. In July 2013, the bid launched their "Illuminate the Future" slogan. Prior to the host city election, FC Barcelona's Lionel Messi pledged his support for Madrid's bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics. At the 125th Document [166] (Title: Aftermath of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami) April 2011, Japanese Olympic officials stated they were undecided whether to run but said hosting international sports events was important to helping the country rebuild. In July 2011, Tokyo put forth its bid to host the 2020 Summer Olympic Games. Following the deadline for bidding, the IOC confirmed that Tokyo was one of the six cities that had entered a bid. The bid has received the full support of the government. On 23 May 2012, the IOC selected Tokyo as one of the three candidate cities for the 2020 Olympics. On 7 September 2013, Tokyo was voted to host the Document [167] (Title: Poland at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Poland at the 2020 Summer Olympics Poland is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Since the nation's official debut in 1924, Polish athletes have appeared in every edition of the Summer Olympic Games, with the exception of the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, because of the country's support of the Soviet boycott. Polish sailors qualified one boat in each of the following classes through the 2018 Sailing World Championships, the class-associated Worlds, and the continental regattas. Polish shooters achieved quota places for the following events by virtue of Document [168] (Title: Rome bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) awarded to Salt Lake City. Turin successfully bid to host the 2006 Winter Olympics. The year 2020 coincides with the sesquicentennial (150th) anniversary of the declaration of Rome as the capital of united Italy. Among the main goals highlighted in the bid's vision was environmental sustainability through efficient use of energy and the optimization of existing facilities. Hosting the games would have facilitated urban renewal in the Tiber River Park ("Parco Fluviale del Tevere"), the construction of Tor Vergata Sports City ("Città dello Sport di Tor Vergata"), and the upgrade of transport infrastructure in the city, including the airport. The Document [169] (Title: Athletics at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Athletics at the 2020 Summer Olympics Athletics at the 2020 Summer Olympics will be held during the last ten days of the Games, from 31 July – 9 August 2020, at the Olympic Stadium. The sport of athletics in the 2020 Summer Olympics is to be split into three distinct sets of events: track and field events, road running events, and racewalking events. A total of 48 events will be held, one more than in 2016, with the addition of a mixed relay event. In the tables below, M stands for "morning" and A for "afternoon". The 2020 athletics qualifying Document [170] (Title: 2020 Winter Youth Olympics) 2020 Winter Youth Olympics The 2020 Winter Youth Olympic Games (; ; ; ), officially known as the III Winter Youth Olympic Games, and commonly known as Lausanne 2020 will be the third edition of the Winter Youth Olympics; a major international multi-sport event and cultural festival for teenagers to be held in Lausanne, Switzerland, the home of the International Olympic Committee between 9 and 22 January 2020. Bids were due by 28 November 2013, the candidates cites were selected on 5 December 2014 and Lausanne was elected host city on 31 July 2015. The Youth Olympic Games will feature Document [171] (Title: Bids for the 2020 Summer Olympics) September 2013 at the 125th IOC Session at the Buenos Aires Hilton in Buenos Aires, Argentina. An exhaustive ballot system was used. No city won over 50% of the votes in the first round, and Madrid and Istanbul were tied for second place. A run-off vote between these two cities was held to determine which would be eliminated. In the final vote, a head-to-head contest between Tokyo and Istanbul, Tokyo was selected by 60 votes to 36 votes. The candidate cities for the 2020 Olympics are, in order of drawing lots: It was announced at the 1 September 2011 deadline Document [172] (Title: Archery at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Round set system as the individual event. The competition format for the new mixed team event has not been released. All times are Japan Standard Time (). Archers from 56 nations participated at the 2016 Summer Olympics, with a similar number expected in 2020. Qualification tournaments include the 2019 World Archery Championships, various continental events, and a final qualification tournament. Archery at the 2020 Summer Olympics The archery events at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo will begin on 24 July 2020. Five events will take place. There are 128 qualifying places available for archery at the 2020 Summer Olympics: Document [173] (Title: 2020 Summer Olympics opening ceremony) 2020 Summer Olympics opening ceremony The opening ceremony of the 2020 Summer Olympics is scheduled to take place on the evening of Friday 24 July 2020 in the Olympic Stadium, Tokyo. As mandated by the Olympic Charter, the proceedings combined the formal ceremonial opening of this international sporting event (including welcoming speeches, hoisting of the flags and the parade of athletes) with an artistic spectacle to showcase the host nation's culture and history. Ticket prices for the Opening Ceremony will range between ¥12,000 and ¥300,000. The Organising Committee prepared a so-called “Basic Policy”, that includes aspects to highlight the appeal Document [174] (Title: Australia at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Australia at the 2020 Summer Olympics Australia is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Australia is one of only five countries to have sent athletes to every Summer Olympics of the modern era, alongside Great Britain, France, Greece, and Switzerland. Australian equestrians qualified a full squad in the team dressage competition by receiving a spare berth freed up by host nation Japan, as the top-ranked nation from Southeast Asia and Oceania, not yet qualified, at the 2018 FEI World Equestrian Games in Tryon, North Carolina, United States. Additionally, the Document [175] (Title: Diving at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Diving at the 2020 Summer Olympics The diving competitions at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo will feature eight events. It will be one of four aquatic sports at the Games, along with swimming, water polo, and synchronised swimming. The events will be men's and women's versions each of: 3m springboard, synchronised 3m springboard, 10m platform, and synchronised 10m platform. The diving competitions feature up to 136 athletes. All divers had to be at least 14 years old on or by 31 December 2020. A nation can have no more than 16 divers qualify (up to eight males and eight Document [176] (Title: 2028 Summer Olympics) The NBC Universal Studio Lot is planned to be the site of the International Broadcast Centre for the Games. 2028 Summer Olympics The 2028 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXXIV Olympiad, and commonly known as LA 2028, is a forthcoming international multi-sport event that is scheduled to take place from July 21 to August 6, 2028, in Los Angeles, California, United States. The process of bidding for the host city was originally scheduled to begin in 2019, with the winning bid due to be announced in 2021. However, following the withdrawal of a number of cities Document [177] (Title: Golf at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Golf at the 2020 Summer Olympics Golf at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan will feature two events, one each for men and women. Qualification will be based on world ranking as of 22 June 2020 (men) and 29 June 2020 (women), with a total of 60 players qualifying in each of the men's and women's events. The top 15 players of each gender will qualify, with a limit of four golfers per country that can qualify this way. The remaining spots will go to the highest-ranked players from countries that do not already have two golfers qualified. The Document [178] (Title: Rome bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) the bid, citing uncertain costs and unknown financial benefit. The announcement came a day before the deadline for applicant cities to submit the application files. Since the bid was abandoned, there has been talk about Rome potentially bidding for the 2024 Summer Olympics. Tokyo was ultimately elected as the host city of the 2020 Summer Olympics at the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Rome first bid for the 1908 Summer Olympics and was ultimately awarded the games. However the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 1906 forced Italy to return the hosting rights to the IOC. The IOC transferred Document [179] (Title: 2022 Winter Olympics) 2022 Winter Olympics The 2022 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XXIV Olympic Winter Games (; ), and commonly known as Beijing 2022, is an international winter multi-sport event that is scheduled to take place from 4 to 20 February 2022, in Beijing and towns in the neighbouring Hebei province, People's Republic of China. Beijing was elected as the host city in July 2015 at the 128th IOC Session in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. These Games will be the first Winter Olympics ever to be held in China, and the last of three consecutive Olympics to be held in East Asia, Document [180] (Title: Chile at the 2020 Summer Olympics) 2018 ISSF World Championships, the 2019 ISSF World Cup series, the 2019 Pan American Games, and Championships of the Americas, as long as they obtained a minimum qualifying score (MQS) by 30 April 2020. Chile at the 2020 Summer Olympics Chile is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Since the nation's debut in 1896, Chilean athletes have appeared in every Summer Olympic Games of the modern era, except for two different occasions. Chile did not attend the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles at the period of the worldwide Document [181] (Title: 2020 Summer Olympics) quadruple from the original estimate, and therefore proposed a major overhaul to the current plan to reduce costs, including moving venues outside Tokyo. In October 2018, the Board of Audit issued a report stating that the total cost of the venues could exceed US$25 billion. Seven venues for nine sports will be located within the central business area of Tokyo, northwest of the Olympic Village. Several of these venues were also used for the 1964 Summer Olympics. 13 venues for 15 sports will be located in the vicinity of Tokyo Bay, southeast of the Olympic Village, predominantly on Ariake, Odaiba Document [182] (Title: Great Britain at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Great Britain at the 2020 Summer Olympics Great Britain, represented by the British Olympic Association (BOA), is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. British athletes have appeared in every Summer Olympic Games of the modern era, alongside Australia, France, Greece, and Switzerland, though Great Britain is the only country to have won at least one gold medal at all of them. British equestrians qualified a full squad in the team dressage and team eventing competitions by virtue of a top-six finish at the 2018 FEI World Equestrian Games in Document [183] (Title: 2028 Summer Olympics) four winter editions being Lake Placid 1932, Squaw Valley 1960, Lake Placid 1980, and Salt Lake City 2002). On September 16, 2015, the International Olympic Committee announced five candidate cities for the 2024 Games: Budapest, Hamburg, Los Angeles, Paris, and Rome. The candidature process was announced at the same time. Budapest, Hamburg, and Rome eventually withdrew their bids, leaving only Los Angeles and Paris. A similar situation had already occurred during the bidding for the 2022 Winter Olympics when Krakow, Lviv, Oslo and Stockholm withdrew, resulting in a two-way race between Beijing, China and Almaty, Kazakhstan, where Beijing was ultimately Document [184] (Title: 2018 California International Marathon) the 2020 Summer Olympics Trials take place Feb. 29, 2020 in Atlanta, Georgia where 2020 United States Olympic Trials (track and field) will host a marathon specific championship. 53 men ran faster than the US Olympic Team Trials standard for the marathon (2:19:00). The Tokyo 2020 Summer Olympics United States at the 2020 Summer Olympics Trials take place Feb. 29, 2020 in Atlanta, Georgia where 2020 United States Olympic Trials (track and field) will host a marathon specific championship. 2018 California International Marathon The 2018 California International Marathon was the 35th edition of the California International Marathon. The marathon took Document [185] (Title: Japan at the 2020 Summer Olympics) the host nation. Japan women's volleyball team automatically qualified for the Olympics as the host nation. Japan men's water polo team automatically qualified for the Olympics as the host nation. Japan women's water polo team automatically qualified for the Olympics as the host nation. Japan at the 2020 Summer Olympics Japan will be the host nation of the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Since the nation's official debut in 1912, Japanese athletes had appeared at every Summer Olympic Games in the modern era, except for two editions; they were not invited to the Document [186] (Title: Germany at the 2020 Summer Olympics) German shooters achieved quota places for the following events by virtue of their best finishes at the 2018 ISSF World Championships, the 2019 ISSF World Cup series, European Championships or Games, and European Qualifying Tournament, as long as they obtained a minimum qualifying score (MQS) by 30 April 2020. Germany at the 2020 Summer Olympics Germany is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. It will be the nation's eighth consecutive appearance at the Summer Olympics after its reunification in 1990. German equestrians qualified a full squad each in the Document [187] (Title: Poland at the 2020 Summer Olympics) their best finishes at the 2018 ISSF World Championships, the 2019 ISSF World Cup series, European Championships or Games, and European Qualifying Tournament, as long as they obtained a minimum qualifying score (MQS) by 20 April 2020. Poland at the 2020 Summer Olympics Poland is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Since the nation's official debut in 1924, Polish athletes have appeared in every edition of the Summer Olympic Games, with the exception of the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, because of the country's support of the Soviet Document [188] (Title: Skateboarding at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Skateboarding at the 2020 Summer Olympics Skateboarding at the 2020 Summer Olympics is an event to be held in the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan. It is one of five sports added specifically for 2020, with no guarantee it will return to the programme in later years. There are 80 quota spots available for skateboarding. Each NOC can obtain a maximum of 3 spots in each event (total 12 maximum across the 4 events). Each event will have 20 competitors qualify: 3 from the World Championships, 16 from world rankings, and 1 from the host, Japan. Four medal events Document [189] (Title: Olympic emblem) on the emblem relates to. The emblem features the line connecting the words "Lausanne 2020". The first version Tokyo 2020 Summer Olympics emblem was unveiled on July 24, 2015. The emblem was based on letter "T" for "Tokyo", "Tomorrow" and "Tram". And it was created by Japanese award-winning designer Kenjiro Sano. However, A week after unveiling the emblem, the idea was plagiarized from Théâtre de Liège in Belgium by Olivier Debie. On September 2, 2015 the emblem was withdrawn and brought back the bid emblem. But on April 25, 2016, The new emblem was unveiled named "Harmonized Chequered Emblem" and Document [190] (Title: Norway at the 2020 Summer Olympics) quota places for the following events by virtue of their best finishes at the 2018 ISSF World Championships, the 2019 ISSF World Cup series, European Championships or Games, and European Qualifying Tournament, as long as they obtained a minimum qualifying score (MQS) by 30 April 2020. Norway at the 2020 Summer Olympics Norway is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Since the nation's debut in 1900, Norwegian athletes have appeared in every edition of the Summer Olympic Games, except for two occasions: the sparsely attended 1904 Summer Olympics in Document [191] (Title: 2026 Winter Olympics) 2026 Winter Olympics The 2026 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XXV Olympic Winter Games, is an international multi-sport event to be organised in a city designated by the International Olympic Committee (IOC). The host city was originally supposed to be selected at the 134th IOC Session on 11 September 2019 in Milan, Italy. However, after Italy submitted a bid for the games that included Milan, IOC rules required that the election be moved. Therefore, the election will be held in Lausanne, Switzerland, home of the IOC headquarters, on 23 June 2019. The IOC Executive Board met in Lausanne to Document [192] (Title: Bids for the 2020 Summer Olympics) Rome was nominated by the Italian National Olympic Committee on 19 May 2010. Italy's capital city was chosen over Venice as the country's bid for the 2020 Games. Rome previously hosted the Summer Olympics in 1960 and was chosen to host the 1908 Summer Olympics, but was relocated to London due to the 1906 eruption of Mount Vesuvius. It bid to host the 2004 Games but lost to Athens in the final round of voting. Rome hosted the 2009 World Aquatics Championships as well as the 1990 FIFA World Cup Final. Italy previously hosted the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin Question: where will the olympics take place in 2020 Answer: Tokyo Long Answer: The 2020 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXXII Olympiad (Japanese: 第 三 十 二 回 オリンピック 競技 大会, Hepburn: Dai Sanjūni - kai Orinpikku Kyōgi Taikai) and commonly known as Tokyo 2020, is a forthcoming international multi-sport event that is scheduled to take place from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Gold Document ID: 190

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: 2018 Winter Olympics closing ceremony) in Seoul. First, the Greek flag was raised while its anthem played. The Olympic flag was then lowered and passed, by the mayor of Pyeongchang County, Shim Jae-kook, to IOC President, Thomas Bach, who then handed it over to the mayor of Beijing, Chen Jining. This was then followed by the raising of the flag of China, and the playing of its anthem. The flag will be raised again in Tokyo, Japan, for the opening ceremony of the 2020 Summer Olympics on 24 July 2020. Beijing, the host city of the 2022 Winter Olympic Games, presented a special performance "See Document [2] (Title: 2020 Summer Olympics) total of 2,042 entries were received. Three shortlisted entries were unveiled at the Kakezuka Elementary School on 7 December 2017. A poll was then conducted between 11 December 2017 and 22 February 2018 to choose the winning entry, with each participating elementary school class allocated one vote. The results were announced on 28 February 2018. The winning entry was candidate pair A, created by Ryo Taniguchi, which received 109,041 votes, followed by Kana Yano's pair B with 61,423 votes and Sanae Akimoto's pair C with 35,291 votes. Miraitowa is a figure with blue checkered patterns inspired by the Games' official Document [3] (Title: 2020 Summer Olympics) Madrid and Istanbul were tied for second place. A run-off vote between these two cities was held to determine which would be eliminated. In the final vote, a head-to-head contest between Tokyo and Istanbul, Tokyo was selected by 60 votes to 36, as it got at least 49 votes needed for a majority. The Tokyo metropolitan government set aside a fund of 400 billion Japanese yen (over 3.67 billion USD) to cover the cost of hosting the Games. The Japanese government is considering increasing slot capacity at both Haneda Airport and Narita International Airport by easing airspace restrictions. A new Document [4] (Title: Canada at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Canada at the 2020 Summer Olympics Canada is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Since the nation's debut in 1900, Canadian athletes have appeared in every edition of the Summer Olympic Games, with the exception of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow because of the United States-led boycott. Canadian sailors qualified one boat in each of the following classes through the 2018 Sailing World Championships, the class-associated Worlds, the 2019 Pan American Games, and the continental regattas. Canadian shooters achieved quota places for the following events by virtue of Document [5] (Title: 2022 Winter Olympics) following the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea, and the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan. These Games will also be the fourth Winter Olympics to be held in East Asia, after Sapporo (1972), Nagano (1998) and Pyeongchang (2018). Beijing will become the first city ever to host both Summer and Winter Olympic Games. There are plans to utilize many of the same indoor venues that were used in 2008, as well as using the Beijing National Stadium for the opening and closing ceremonies. The bidding calendar was announced by the IOC in October 2012, with the application deadline Document [6] (Title: 2021 World Games) 2021 World Games The 2021 World Games will be the eleventh World Games, a major international multi-sport event, meant for sports, or disciplines or events within a sport, that were not contested in the Olympic Games. It is scheduled to be held from July 15 to 25, 2021 in Birmingham, Alabama, United States. It was chosen by the International World Games Association on January 22, 2015. Birmingham's bid was presented by David Benck, Edgar Welden, and Lil Scotty Meyers. The cities that bid for the 2021 games were: The final decision was announced on January 22, 2015, in Lausanne, awarding Document [7] (Title: Summer Olympic Games) and once each in Sweden (1912), Belgium (1920), Netherlands (1928), Finland (1952), Italy (1960), Japan (1964), Mexico (1968), Canada (1976), Soviet Union (1980), South Korea (1988), Spain (1992), China (2008) and Brazil (2016). The IOC has selected Tokyo, Japan, to host the Summer Olympics for a second time in 2020. The 2024 Summer Olympics will be held in Paris, France, for a third time, exactly one hundred years after the city's last Summer Olympics in 1924. The IOC has also selected Los Angeles, California, to host its third Summer Games in 2028. To date, only five countries have participated in Document [8] (Title: Greece at the 2020 Summer Olympics) following events by virtue of their best finishes at the 2018 ISSF World Championships, the 2019 ISSF World Cup series, European Championships or Games, and European Qualifying Tournament, as long as they obtained a minimum qualifying score (MQS) by 30 April 2020. Greece at the 2020 Summer Olympics Greece is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Greek athletes have competed in every Summer Olympic Games of the modern era, alongside Australia, Great Britain, and Switzerland. As the progenitor nation of the Olympic Games and in keeping with tradition, Greece Document [9] (Title: Rome bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) the Tiber River Park, which will include 40 hectares of green space along the Tiber. The Fiera di Roma would have hosted badminton, cycling, gymnastics, judo, wrestling, handball, boxing, fencing, weightlifting, taekwondo, and table tennis. The Tor Vergata, located in the outskirts, would have consisted of two newly constructed venues which will host volleyball, gymnastics, trampoline, and basketball finals. Other venues included the Lunghezza for shooting and the Pratoni del Vivaro for mountain biking. Preliminary football rounds will be held in other cities as well. Rome bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics Rome 2020 (Italian: Roma 2020) was a proposed Document [10] (Title: Sports in Tokyo) 1964 Summer Olympics, which was the first time the Olympic Games were held in Asia. On September 7, 2013, Tokyo was elected as the host city of the 2020 Summer Olympics. Tokyo will be the first Asian city to host the Olympics twice. Sports in Tokyo Tokyo is a major center for sports in Japan. Its professional sports teams compete in baseball, football (soccer), sumo and basketball. It hosted the 1964 Summer Olympics and will the Olympics once again in 2020. Two professional baseball clubs make their home in Tokyo. They are the Yakult Swallows (at Meiji-Jingu Stadium) and Yomiuri Document [11] (Title: 128th IOC Session) its national flag. The IOC code for South Sudan Olympic Team is SSD. 128th IOC Session The 128th IOC Session took place from July 30 – August 3, 2015, in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia at the Kuala Lumpur Convention Centre. The host city for the 2022 Winter Olympics and the 2020 Winter Youth Olympics were elected during the 128th IOC Session on July 31, 2015. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and Lima, Peru placed bids to host the 128th IOC Session. Kuala Lumpur bid to host the 125th IOC Session which took place in 2013, but they lost out to Buenos Aires. Lima's Document [12] (Title: South Korea at the 2020 Summer Olympics) the 2018 Sailing World Championships, the class-associated Worlds, the 2018 Asian Games, and the continental regattas. South Korean shooters achieved quota places for the following events by virtue of their best finishes at the 2018 ISSF World Championships, the 2019 ISSF World Cup series, and Asian Championships, as long as they obtained a minimum qualifying score (MQS) by 30 April 2020. South Korea at the 2020 Summer Olympics South Korea is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Since the nation's official debut in 1948, South Korean athletes have appeared Document [13] (Title: 2020 Summer Olympics) 2020 Summer Olympics The 2020 Summer Olympics, officially known as the and commonly known as Tokyo 2020, is a forthcoming international multi-sport event that is scheduled to take place from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Tokyo was selected as the host city during the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires on 7 September 2013. These Games will mark the return of the Summer Olympics to Tokyo for the first time since 1964, and the fourth Olympics overall to be held in Japan, following the 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo and the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano. They will be Document [14] (Title: Yōichi Masuzoe) submitted his resignation effective 21 June to assembly president Shigeo Kawai on the morning of 15 June 2016. Another reason Masuzoe gave for seeking to delay his resignation was the pending Olympic Games in Rio, Brazil, which he was scheduled to attend as the representative of Tokyo, the host of the 2020 Summer Olympics. If the election of his replacement is held in July 2016, then the subsequent election will happen in July 2020, in the middle of the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games. In a 1996 "Shokun" article cited by former SDP leader Mizuho Fukushima, Masuzoe argued that nuclear power Document [15] (Title: Madrid bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) IOC Session in Buenos Aires, Argentina Madrid was eliminated from the election following a tie with Istanbul. Madrid was eliminated in the tie-breaking vote. Tokyo was ultimately elected as the host city. Madrid's bid was considered to be hurt by Spain's weak economy as well as the Operación Puerto doping case. Following Madrid's failure to secure the 2020 Olympics, it was confirmed that Madrid would not be bidding for the 2024 Summer Olympics. Barcelona had expressed interest in bidding for the 2022 Winter Olympics, but did not bid, instead expressing an interest to submit a bid for the 2026 Winter Document [16] (Title: Bids for the 2020 Summer Olympics) Evaluation Commission communicates the results of its inspections in a report sent to the IOC members up to one month before the electing IOC Session. The IOC Session in which a host city is elected takes place in a country that did not submit an application to stage the Olympics. The election is made by the assembled active IOC members (excluding honorary and honor members), each possessing one vote. Members from countries that have a city taking part in the election cannot vote while the city is in the running. The voting is conducted in a succession of rounds until Document [17] (Title: Bids for the 2016 Summer Olympics) meeting in Athens, Greece. The remaining Applicant cities—Baku, Doha and Prague—were eliminated. The four Candidate cities were selected according to a detailed study of the Applicant Files received by the IOC Working Group on January 14, 2008. The four cities submitted the Candidature Files to the IOC on February 11, 2009. They were analyzed by the IOC Evaluation Commission, which made site inspections in Chicago (April 4–7, 2009), Tokyo (April 16–19, 2009), Rio de Janeiro (April 27–May 2, 2009) and Madrid (May 5–8, 2009). Under the leadership of Nawal El Moutawakel, the Evaluation Commission released its report on September 2, Document [18] (Title: Boxing at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Boxing at the 2020 Summer Olympics The boxing tournaments at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo will take place from 25 July to 9 August 2020 at the Kokugikan Arena. On March 23, 2013, the Amateur International Boxing Association instituted significant changes to the format. The World Series of Boxing, AIBA's pro team league which started in 2010, already enabled team members to retain 2012 Olympic eligibility. The newer AIBA Pro Boxing Tournament, consisting of pros who sign 5 year contracts with AIBA and compete on pro cards leading up to the tournament, also provides a pathway for new pros Document [19] (Title: Canada at the 2020 Summer Olympics) their best finishes at the 2018 ISSF World Championships, the 2019 ISSF World Cup series, 2019 Pan American Games, and Championships of the Americas, as long as they obtained a minimum qualifying score (MQS) by 30 April 2020. Canada at the 2020 Summer Olympics Canada is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Since the nation's debut in 1900, Canadian athletes have appeared in every edition of the Summer Olympic Games, with the exception of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow because of the United States-led boycott. Canadian sailors qualified Document [20] (Title: New Zealand at the 2020 Summer Olympics) OFC Women's Nations Cup in New Caledonia. New Zealand sailors qualified one boat in each of the following classes through the 2018 Sailing World Championships, the class-associated Worlds, and the continental regattas. New Zealand at the 2020 Summer Olympics New Zealand is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. It will be the nation's twenty-fourth appearance as an independent nation at the Summer Olympics, having made its debut at the 1920 Games and competed at every Games since. New Zealand equestrians qualified a full squad in the team eventing competition Document [21] (Title: 2020 Summer Olympics) 80,000. However, Japanese Prime Minister Shinzō Abe announced in July 2015 that plans to build the New National Stadium would be scrapped and rebid on amid public discontent over the stadium's building costs. In Autumn 2015 a new design by Kengo Kuma was approved as winning project of new stadium design competition which decreased the capacity to between 60,000–80,000 depending by event Twenty-eight of the thirty-three competition venues in Tokyo are within of the Olympic Village. Eleven new venues are to be constructed. In September 2016, a review panel stated that the cost of hosting the Olympics and Paralympics could Document [22] (Title: International Surfing Association) the 2020 Summer Olympics. On August 3, 2016, during the 129th IOC Session at the Rio de Janeiro 2016 Olympic Games, the IOC unanimously voted to include five new sports, among them surfing, to the sports program of the Tokyo 2020 Games. Surfing was included in the Tokyo 2020 Games on a one-off basis, and the ISA now has shifted their focused towards securing surfing's inclusion in the next editions of the Olympics, including Paris 2024 and LA 2028. On March 16th, 2018, the International Surfing Association (ISA) welcomed the release by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) of the approved Document [23] (Title: 125th IOC Session) which took place prior to the 2010 Winter Olympics. The members of the IOC elected the host city of the 2020 Olympic Games on 7 September 2013. The candidates were Tokyo, Istanbul, and Madrid. Before the vote the contest was considered to be close between the three cities. Tokyo was awarded the 2020 Summer Olympics. The results of the exhaustive ballot were as follows: Following Madrid's elimination, the three Spanish IOC members were able to vote in the final round of voting. The announcement was met with jubilation from the Tokyo delegation and across Japan. Japanese Prime Minister Shinzō Abe, Document [24] (Title: United States at the 2020 Summer Olympics) United States at the 2020 Summer Olympics The United States, represented by the United States Olympic Committee (USOC), is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. U.S. athletes have appeared in every Summer Olympics edition of the modern era, with the exception of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, which they boycotted. The U.S. women's basketball team qualified for the Olympics by winning the gold medal and securing an outright berth at the 2018 FIBA Women's World Cup in Spain. U.S. equestrians qualified a full squad each in the team Document [25] (Title: 2022 Winter Olympics) set for 14 November 2013. The IOC Executive Board reviewed the bids from all applicant cities on 7 July 2014, and selected three cities, Oslo (Norway), Almaty (Kazakhstan) and Beijing (China) as the final candidates. Several cities withdrew their applications during the bidding process, citing the high costs or the lack of local support for hosting the Games. Oslo, which had been considered the clear frontrunner, withdrew after the Norwegian parliament rejected the application for funding of the games. Public reception to the application for funding had been highly negative due to cost concerns after the cost overruns of the Document [26] (Title: Gymnastics at the 2020 Summer Olympics) planned as a temporary venue, in 2016 the Tokyo 2020 authorities confirmed the Olympic Gymnastic Centre would become a permanent venue, functioning as a convention centre after the Games. Prior to its refurbishment, the venue is also expected to host the Boccia event at the 2020 Summer Paralympics. The qualification pathway for the 2020 Summer Olympics was significantly overhauled and modified from 2016. The men's and women's team events in artistic gymnastics were reduced from five members per team to four, while further allocations were available for up to two specialists. In a further move to link a number of Document [27] (Title: Madrid bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) the 1924 Summer Olympics but lost to Paris. They later made a bid for the 1936 Games but lost to Berlin. Seville bid for the 2004 Summer Olympics as well as the 2008 Games but they lost to Athens and Beijing respectively. Jaca made four bids for the Winter Olympics. They first bid for the 1998 Olympics but lost to Nagano. They then bid for the Winter Olympics in 2002, 2010 and 2014 but failed to become a candidate for those three games. Those Winter Games were awarded to Salt Lake City, Vancouver and Sochi respectively. For the 2020 Olympics, Document [28] (Title: 2020 Summer Olympics) States, the 2020 Summer Olympics will be broadcast by NBCUniversal properties, as part of a US$4.38 billion agreement that began at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi. In Europe, this will be the first Summer Olympics under the IOC's exclusive pan-European rights deal with Eurosport, which began at the 2018 Winter Olympics and run through 2024. The rights for the 2020 Games cover almost all of Europe, excluding France due to an existing rights deal that will expire following these Games in favour of Eurosport, and Russia due to a pre-existing deal with a marketer through 2024. Eurosport will sub-license Document [29] (Title: Sailing at the 2020 Summer Olympics) of the ten classes. Sailing at the 2020 Summer Olympics Sailing competitions at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo are scheduled to take place from 27 July to 6 August at the Enoshima Yacht Harbor. The RS:X, Laser, Laser Radial, Finn, 470, 49er, 49erFX, and Nacra17 are all returning for 2020; there are no significant changes to the Olympic programme from 2016. The number of sailors competing has been reduced from 380 to 350, with an equal distribution between men and women. The qualification period will commence at the 2018 Sailing World Championships in Aarhus, Denmark. There, 101 places, about Document [30] (Title: International Olympic Committee) of its core Olympic sports for the Summer Olympic programme for the 2020 Olympics. This decision was poorly received by the sporting and wrestling community. Wrestling was still part of the programme at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro. This decision was later overturned, and wrestling will be a part of the 2020 Olympic Games in Tokyo. As planned, the alpine ski run and luge racing area of the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics will be built in the core area of Beijing Songshan National Reserves. A great number of valuable species such as Lonicera oblata and Cypripedium shanxiense Document [31] (Title: Argentina at the 2020 Summer Olympics) continental regattas. Argentina at the 2020 Summer Olympics Argentina is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Since the nation's official debut in 1900, Argentine athletes have competed in every edition of the Summer Olympic Games, except the sparsely attended 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis, the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, and the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow because of the United States-led boycott. Argentine sailors qualified one boat in each of the following classes through the 2018 Sailing World Championships, the class-associated Worlds, the 2019 Pan American Games, Document [32] (Title: Invictus Games) games were held in September 2017 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The 2018 games were held in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia and attended by both Prince Harry and his wife, the former Meghan Markle, Duchess of Sussex. The 2020 games are scheduled to be held in The Hague, Netherlands. The Games were launched on 6 March 2014 by Prince Harry at London's Copper Box arena, used as a venue during the 2012 Olympics. Having seen a British team competing at the US Warrior Games held in Colorado in 2013, the Prince wished to bring the concept of a similar international Document [33] (Title: Tokyo bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) Olympic Stadium in Tokyo would receive a $1 billion upgrade and full-scale reconstruction for the 2019 Rugby World Cup as well as the 2020 Olympics. As a result, a design competition for the new stadium was launched. In November 2012 the Japan Sport Council announced that out of 46 finalists, Zaha Hadid Architects was awarded the design for the new stadium. Plans include dismantling the original stadium, and expanding the capacity from 50,000 to a modern Olympic capacity of about 80,000. The possibility of renovating the National Olympic Stadium had been previously discussed. Following a renovation, the venue would host Document [34] (Title: Cycling at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Cycling at the 2020 Summer Olympics The cycling competitions of the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo will feature 22 events. Cycling competitions had been contested in every Summer Olympics programme since the first modern Olympiad in 1896 alongside athletics, artistic gymnastics, fencing and swimming. Since the 1896 contests which featured five track events and an 87 km road race from Athens to Marathon and back, Olympic cycling had gradually evolved to include women's competitions, mountain bike and BMX to arrive at the current 22 events. The 2020 competitions include four more events than 2016. BMX Freestyle events have been added Document [35] (Title: 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup) the host of the 2020 Summer Olympics (and the top 2 teams from each of the Americas and Europe; and the top team from each of Africa, Asia and Oceania) in this competition will qualify for the men's basketball event in the 2020 Olympic Games in Tokyo. The whole bidding process started in April 2014. Bids from numerous nations were submitted. On 16 March 2015, it was confirmed that the World Cup will be staged in Asia, with China and Philippines as the final countries to be the basis for the selection of the host. On 7 August 2015, it Document [36] (Title: 2022 Summer Youth Olympics) 4th Summer Youth Olympic Games, to be postponed from 2022 to 2023. Subsequently the IOC have reverted to a 2022 date, and announced in February 2018 that they would be recommending that the event be held in Africa. The 132nd IOC Session confirmed the change of date back to 2022. The host was announced at the 133rd IOC Session in Buenos Aires, Argentina during the 2018 edition. The IOC voted to select the host city of the 2022 Summer Youth Olympics on 8 October 2018 at the 133rd IOC Session in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Senegal prosposes to organize the 2022 Document [37] (Title: Istanbul bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) are forbidden under IOC rules. Following Inose's statement, Tokyo 2020 made a statement saying that they "have the utmost respect for all candidate cities and have always taken pride in bidding in a spirit based on the Olympic values of excellence, respect and friendship.” Inose apologized for his comments a few days later and stated that he was "fully committed" to respecting IOC rules. In June 2013, Istanbul mayor Kadir Topbaş gave an interview expressing concern that the police's actions following an anti-government protest would jeopardize Istanbul's bid to host the 2020 Summer Olympics, saying "As Istanbul's mayor going through Document [38] (Title: 2020 Summer Olympics) 5G-ready baseband networks in Japan in time for the Olympics. It was confirmed in February 2012 that the Olympic Stadium in Tokyo would be demolished and reconstructed, and receive a £1 billion upgrade for the 2019 Rugby World Cup as well as the 2020 Olympics. As a result, a design competition for the new stadium was launched. In November 2012, the Japan Sport Council announced that out of 46 finalists, Zaha Hadid Architects was awarded the design for the new stadium. Plans included dismantling the original stadium, and expanding the capacity from 50,000 to a modern Olympic capacity of about Document [39] (Title: Doha bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) bid logo, slogan and website on February 10, 2012. Their bid slogan was "Inspiring Change", to highlight the changes taking place in the Middle East over the previous year. In April 2012, Doha's Olympic bid received a boost when the city was awarded the 2014 FINA World Swimming Championships. Later that month Doha was also awarded the 2012 World Squash Championships. Doha failed to become a Candidate City when the IOC selected Istanbul, Tokyo, and Madrid as candidate cities on May 23, 2012. Doha has vowed to bid again for the 2024 Summer Olympics. Tokyo was ultimately elected as the Document [40] (Title: Bids for the 2020 Summer Olympics) (London 2012). Out of the six bidders, Tokyo had previously hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1964. The other four bidders have made bids in the past. It is the first time in 20 years that no city in the Americas bid to host the Summer Olympic Games. Rio de Janeiro was awarded the 2016 Summer Olympics. Baku and Doha bid for the 2016 Games but failed to become candidate cities, while Tokyo and Madrid also bid for the 2016 Games and became candidate cities. The IOC voted to select the host city of the 2020 Summer Olympics on 7 Document [41] (Title: 128th IOC Session) 128th IOC Session The 128th IOC Session took place from July 30 – August 3, 2015, in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia at the Kuala Lumpur Convention Centre. The host city for the 2022 Winter Olympics and the 2020 Winter Youth Olympics were elected during the 128th IOC Session on July 31, 2015. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and Lima, Peru placed bids to host the 128th IOC Session. Kuala Lumpur bid to host the 125th IOC Session which took place in 2013, but they lost out to Buenos Aires. Lima's bid to host the IOC Session was ruled out by the evaluation report Document [42] (Title: Rome bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) bid committee estimated a 20 percent rise in incoming tourists, with 3 million spectators expected. The games were projected to reach a global audience of 4 billion. Rome's bid relied mostly on existing venues, much of which were used when Rome hosted the 1960 Summer Olympics. The bid consists of two poles: the Olympic Park in the north and the Fiera di Roma in the south west. The Olympic village will be located near downtown. The Olympic Park would have consisted of the Foro Italico which would have consisted of the centerpiece Stadio Olimpico, a newly built 10,500-seat tennis stadium, Document [43] (Title: Sport climbing at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Sport climbing at the 2020 Summer Olympics Sport climbing at the 2020 Summer Olympics is an event to be held in the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan. The proposed format will consist of three disciplines: lead climbing, speed climbing and bouldering. Two events will be held, one for men and one for women. There are 40 quota spots available for sport climbing. Each NOC can obtain a maximum of 2 spots in each event (total 4 maximum across the 2 events). Each event will have 20 competitors qualify: 18 from qualification, 1 from the host (Japan), and 1 from Document [44] (Title: 2020 Summer Olympics) coverage to free-to-air networks in each territory and other Discovery Inc.-owned channels. In the United Kingdom, these will be the last Games whose rights are primarily owned by the BBC, although as a condition of a sub-licensing agreement that will carry into the 2022 and 2024 Games, Eurosport holds exclusive pay television rights. 2020 Summer Olympics The 2020 Summer Olympics, officially known as the and commonly known as Tokyo 2020, is a forthcoming international multi-sport event that is scheduled to take place from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Tokyo was selected as the host city during the 125th IOC Document [45] (Title: Norway at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Norway at the 2020 Summer Olympics Norway is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Since the nation's debut in 1900, Norwegian athletes have appeared in every edition of the Summer Olympic Games, except for two occasions: the sparsely attended 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis and the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, because of its partial support of the United States-led boycott. Norwegian sailors qualified one boat in each of the following classes through the 2018 Sailing World Championships, the class-associated Worlds, and the continental regattas. Norwegian shooters achieved Document [46] (Title: France at the 2020 Summer Olympics) France at the 2020 Summer Olympics France is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. French athletes have appeared in every Summer Olympic Games of the modern era, alongside Australia, Great Britain, and Greece. As Paris will host the 2024 Summer Olympics, a French segment is expected to be performed at the closing ceremony. The French delegation include 15 athletes competing in 3 sport. French equestrians qualified a full squad in the team eventing competition by virtue of a top-six finish at the 2018 FEI World Equestrian Games in Tryon, Document [47] (Title: Rome bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) on February 22, 2011. The bid had been initially a €31 Million budget. The bid's Chairman Mario Pescante stated that he hopes that Rome's bid can serve as "a blueprint for a return to fiscal responsibility and real sustainability in the Olympic bidding process". On October 3, 2011, Rome 2020 announced that they hired marketing firm Helios Partners as a consultant for their bid. They have assisted in the successful bids of several Olympic host cities. Two months after Rome withdrew their bid Helios Partners was signed as a consultant to Baku's 2020 bid. On October 11, 2011 the bid Document [48] (Title: Fencing at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Fencing at the 2020 Summer Olympics The fencing competitions at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo will feature 12 events, the first time that both team and individual events have been held in all three weapons for both men and women. There are 200 quota spots for fencing at the 2016 Summer Olympics. Qualification is primarily based on the FIE Official Ranking as of April 4, 2020, with further individual places available at 4 zonal qualifying tournaments. For the team events, 8 teams qualify in each event. Each team must be composed of 3 fencers. The top 4 ranked teams Document [49] (Title: 2020 United States Olympic Trials (track and field)) 2018, it was announced that Eugene, Oregon had been selected to host the competition. Organized by USA Track and Field, the ten-day competition is scheduled for June 19-28 and will serve as the national championships in track and field for the United States. The results of the event determined qualification for the American Olympic team at the 2020 Summer Olympics, to be held in Tokyo. Provided they had achieved the Olympic standard, the top three athletes will gain a place on the Olympic team. In the event that a leading athlete does not hold the standard, or an athlete withdraws, Document [50] (Title: 2021 World Games) the 2021 World Games to Birmingham. In addition to New Studium being completed in 2021, Barber Motorsports Park will also be a prime venue for the Games. Sports (and federations) at the 2021 World Games: The disciplines that will be included from each sport will be published later in 2018. 2021 World Games The 2021 World Games will be the eleventh World Games, a major international multi-sport event, meant for sports, or disciplines or events within a sport, that were not contested in the Olympic Games. It is scheduled to be held from July 15 to 25, 2021 in Birmingham, Document [51] (Title: Argentina at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Argentina at the 2020 Summer Olympics Argentina is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Since the nation's official debut in 1900, Argentine athletes have competed in every edition of the Summer Olympic Games, except the sparsely attended 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis, the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, and the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow because of the United States-led boycott. Argentine sailors qualified one boat in each of the following classes through the 2018 Sailing World Championships, the class-associated Worlds, the 2019 Pan American Games, and the Document [52] (Title: Baku bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) multiple countries. It has been stated that Baku would bid again for the 2024 Summer Olympics. Baku hosted the 2015 European Games which were the first European Games to be held. Tokyo was ultimately elected as the host city of the 2020 Summer Olympics at the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires, Argentina. The city hosted many sporting events, including the Rhythmic Gymnastics European Championships in 2007 and 2009, the 2005 World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships, 2007 FILA Wrestling World Championships and 2010 European Wrestling Championships, the 2011 World Amateur Boxing Championships, 2009 Women's Challenge Cup and the European Taekwondo Championships Document [53] (Title: 2024 Summer Olympics) be unveiled in Late 2021. 2024 Summer Olympics The 2024 Summer Olympics (), officially known as the Games of the XXXIII Olympiad, (French: Jeux de la XXXIIIe Olympiade) and commonly known as Paris 2024, is a forthcoming international multi-sport event that is scheduled to take place from 26 July to 11 August 2024 in Paris, France. Having previously hosted the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics, Paris will become the second city to host the Olympic Games three times, along with London (1908, 1948, and 2012). The 2024 Games also mark the centennial of the 1924 Games. This will be the Document [54] (Title: 2020 Summer Olympics) only, bringing the total number of sports at the 2020 Olympics to 33. Per the historical precedent of swimming at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing and figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, swimming finals will be held in the morning to allow live primetime broadcasts in the Americas (due to the substantial fees NBC has paid for rights to the Olympics, the IOC has allowed NBC to have influence on event scheduling to maximize U.S. television ratings when possible). Japanese broadcasters were said to have criticized the decision, as swimming is one of the most popular Document [55] (Title: Japan at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Japan at the 2020 Summer Olympics Japan will be the host nation of the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Since the nation's official debut in 1912, Japanese athletes had appeared at every Summer Olympic Games in the modern era, except for two editions; they were not invited to the 1948 Summer Olympics in London because of the nation's role in World War II, and were also part of the United States-led boycott, when Moscow hosted the 1980 Summer Olympics. Japan men's basketball team automatically qualified for the Olympics as the host nation. Japan Document [56] (Title: 1996 Summer Olympics) that the Olympic Games should return to Australia. If Melbourne was awarded the games, 1996 would mark the 40th anniversary of the 1956 Summer Olympics, which were held in the same city. This would be Toronto's fourth failed attempt since 1960 (tried in 1960, 1964, and 1976, but defeated by Rome, Tokyo and Montreal). The Athens bid stemmed from the fact that 1996 marked 100 years since the first Summer Games in Athens in 1896, though Athens would eventually host the 2004 Summer Olympics. The initial push for 1996 coming to Atlanta originated from Billy Payne and then Atlanta mayor Document [57] (Title: International Olympic Committee) temporary basis, and although real improvements were realized (particularly in air quality), most of these improvements had disappeared one year following the Games. Although these improvements were short lived, IOC's inclusion of environmental policies in evaluating and selecting host cities demonstrates a corporate responsibility that may be built upon in years to come. Detailed frameworks for environmental sustainability have been released for the 2018 Winter Olympics, and 2020 Summer Olympics in PyeongChang, South Korea, and Tokyo, Japan, respectively. The IOC has four major approaches to addressing environmental health concerns during the construction and competitions of the Olympic Games. First, the Document [58] (Title: 2020 Summer Olympics) and the surrounding artificial islands. Twelve venues for 16 sports will be situated farther than from the Olympic Village. The medals for the 2020 Summer Olympics and Paralympics will be constructed using recycled metals; the organizing committee began an electronics recycling program to obtain the materials. The opening ceremony tickets will range from 12,000 to 300,000 yen, with a maximum price of 130,000 yen for the finals of athletics. The average price of all the Olympic tickets is 7,700 yen. 50% of the tickets will be sold for 8,000 yen or less. A symbolic ticket price of 2,020 yen will Document [59] (Title: 2024 Summer Olympics) Olympiads took place at the 131st IOC Session in Lima, Peru, on 13 September 2017. Paris, Hamburg, Budapest, Rome, and Los Angeles were the five candidate cities. However, the process was hit by withdrawals, with political uncertainty and cost cited as deterring bidding cities. Hamburg withdrew its bid on 29 November 2015 after holding a referendum. Rome withdrew its bid on 21 September 2016 citing fiscal difficulties. On 22 February 2017, Budapest withdrew its bid after a petition against the bid collected more signatures than necessary for a referendum. Following these withdrawals, the IOC Executive Board met in Lausanne, Switzerland Document [60] (Title: 128th IOC Session) which resulted in Kuala Lumpur becoming the host city. The host city of the 2022 Winter Olympics was elected during the 128th IOC Session. Bids for the games were due to the IOC in 2013. In 2014, the IOC decided that Almaty and Beijing (as Oslo withdrew its bid), would become candidate cities, a year before the host city was elected. The host city of the 2020 Winter Youth Olympics was also chosen during the same IOC session. The two candidate cities, Lausanne, Switzerland, and Brașov, Romania, were shortlisted in early December. Participants of session have considered the sports to Document [61] (Title: Greece at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Greece at the 2020 Summer Olympics Greece is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Greek athletes have competed in every Summer Olympic Games of the modern era, alongside Australia, Great Britain, and Switzerland. As the progenitor nation of the Olympic Games and in keeping with tradition, Greece enters first at the New National Stadium during the opening ceremony. Greek sailors qualified one boat in each of the following classes through the 2018 Sailing World Championships, the class-associated Worlds, and the continental regattas. Greek shooters achieved quota places for the Document [62] (Title: Winter Olympic Games) to host the 2022 Winter Olympics, and the host of the 2026 Winter Olympics will be selected on June 23rd, 2019. , no city in the southern hemisphere has applied to host the cold-weather-dependent Winter Olympics, which are held in February at the height of the southern hemisphere summer. To date, twelve countries have participated in every Winter Olympic Games – Austria, Canada, Finland, France, Great Britain, Hungary, Italy, Norway, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland and the United States. Six of those countries have earned medals at every Winter Olympic Games – Austria, Canada, Finland, Norway, Sweden and the United States. The Document [63] (Title: Italy at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Italy at the 2020 Summer Olympics Italy is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Italian athletes have appeared in every Summer Olympics edition of the modern era, with the exception of the sparsely attended 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis. Italy qualified a squad of rhythmic gymnasts for the group all-around by virtue of a top-three finish at the 2018 World Championships in Sofia, Bulgaria. Italian sailors qualified one boat in each of the following classes at the 2018 Sailing World Championships, bringing the maximum quota of 15 sailors, Document [64] (Title: Bids for the 2016 Summer Olympics) 2009; one month prior to the election. With the presence of the heads of state from all four Candidate cities, the 121st IOC Session took place in Copenhagen, Denmark, on October 2, 2009. Chicago began the presentations at Bella Center; followed by Tokyo, Rio de Janeiro and Madrid; which were attended by several celebrities such as the King of Spain, Oprah Winfrey and Pelé. Before the vote, the IOC Evaluation Commission presented its report to the Session. Chicago fell in the first round, followed by Tokyo, after the eligible IOC members have been asked to vote, in a three-round exhaustive Document [65] (Title: Gymnastics at the 2020 Summer Olympics) FIG competitions to the Olympic Games, qualification places will now be available based on an aggregate of scores achieved over the Artistic Gymnastics World Cup series, and the various continental artistic gymnastics championships. Japan, as the host country, receives a guaranteed spot, in case it were not to earn one by the regular qualifying methods. As in 2016, a gala will be held in gymnastics on 5 August 2020, following the completion of competition in the artistic disciplines. The exhibition event features artistic performances by gymnasts who participate in Tokyo. Gymnastics at the 2020 Summer Olympics Gymnastics at the 2020 Document [66] (Title: Tokyo bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) the opening and closing ceremonies as well as track and field events. Renovating the stadium would reduce costs of organizing the games in the event that Tokyo wins their bid. In their 2016 bid, Tokyo proposed building a new Olympic Stadium on the Tokyo Bay waterfront near the Olympic Village, which would have cost $1.3 billion. Tokyo bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics Tokyo was selected by the Japanese Olympic Committee on July 16, 2011 as Japan's bidding city for the 2020 Games. The city is moving forward with its bid following the March 2011 earthquake and tsunami which affected Document [67] (Title: Rowing at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Rowing at the 2020 Summer Olympics The rowing competitions at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo will be held between 24 and 31 July at Central Breakwater in Tokyo Bay. Fourteen medal events will be contested by 526 athletes (263 men and women each). There are seven events each for men and women. Events included categories for open weight and restricted weight (lightweight) athletes, and two styles of rowing: sweep, where competitors each use a single oar, and sculling, where they used two. Sculling events include men's and women's singles, doubles, lightweight doubles, and quads. Sweep events include men's and Document [68] (Title: 2020 Summer Paralympics) 2020 Summer Paralympics The are an upcoming major international multi-sport event for athletes with disabilities governed by the International Paralympic Committee. Scheduled as the 16th Summer Paralympic Games, it is planned to be held in Tokyo, Japan from 25 August to 6 September 2020. This will mark the second time Tokyo has hosted the Paralympics, as they were first hosted there in 1964 alongside the 1964 Summer Olympics. These Games will see the introduction of badminton and taekwondo to the Paralympic programme, with the removal of sailing and 7-a-side football. As part of a formal agreement between the International Paralympic Document [69] (Title: South Korea at the 2020 Summer Olympics) South Korea at the 2020 Summer Olympics South Korea is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Since the nation's official debut in 1948, South Korean athletes have appeared in every edition of the Summer Olympic Games, with the exception of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow because of the United States-led boycott. One South Korean archer qualified for the men's individual recurve, by virtue of a top national finish at the 2018 Asian Games in Jakarta. South Korean sailors qualified one boat in each of the following classes through Document [70] (Title: 2020 Summer Paralympics) Committee and the International Olympic Committee first established in 2001, the winner of the bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics must also host the 2020 Summer Paralympics. After the second round of voting, which followed a tie-breaker, the 2020 Summer Olympics and Paralympics were awarded to Tokyo at the 125th IOC Session, Ahead of the 2016 Summer Paralympics closing ceremony, Governor of Tokyo Yuriko Koike advocated for the city to improve its accessibility as a legacy project for the Games. She cited narrow roadways with no sidewalks, and buildings constructed with narrow doorways and low ceilings, as challenges that needed Document [71] (Title: Italy at the 2020 Summer Olympics) in ten boats. Italian shooters achieved quota places for the following events by virtue of their best finishes at the 2018 ISSF World Championships, the 2019 ISSF World Cup series, European Championships or Games, and European Qualifying Tournament, as long as they obtained a minimum qualifying score (MQS) by 30 April 2020. Italy at the 2020 Summer Olympics Italy is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Italian athletes have appeared in every Summer Olympics edition of the modern era, with the exception of the sparsely attended 1904 Summer Olympics Document [72] (Title: 2024 Summer Olympics) as to whether video games will be featured in the 2024 Olympics will be made in 2020. During the Lima Session, the IOC approved the Rio 2016 sports program for Paris 2024. New sports will be chosen during the 134th IOC Session in 2019 in Lausanne, Switzerland, subject to final approval by the IOC Executive Board in December 2020. The 2024 Summer Olympic programme is scheduled to feature 28 sports encompassing 319 events, though this is likely to change depending on success of the five additional sports added to the Tokyo Olympics. This means there could be up to 33 Document [73] (Title: Istanbul bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) June 21 to July 13, 2013. The host city of the 2020 Summer Olympics was elected at the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires, Argentina on September 7, 2013. Tokyo competed against Madrid and Istanbul in the election and finished second with Tokyo ultimately being elected as the host city. Istanbul's bid was considered to have been damaged by the 2013 protests in Turkey, doping scandals as well as the 2011 Turkish football corruption scandal. Following Istanbul's failure to secure the 2020 Olympics, Turkey launched a bid to host the semi-finals and final of UEFA Euro 2020 at Istanbul's Atatürk Document [74] (Title: Cycling at the 2020 Summer Olympics) climbs are not included. The women's will head after the 15 km descent directly to the Fuji Speedway's circuit, were they will ride 1.5 lap. 17 km before the finish, the women's will cross the finish line with 1 lap to go. Cycling at the 2020 Summer Olympics The cycling competitions of the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo will feature 22 events. Cycling competitions had been contested in every Summer Olympics programme since the first modern Olympiad in 1896 alongside athletics, artistic gymnastics, fencing and swimming. Since the 1896 contests which featured five track events and an 87 km road Document [75] (Title: 2020 Summer Olympics) baseball and softball (which were removed from the summer programme after 2008). Tokyo, Istanbul, and Madrid were the three candidate cities. The applicant cities of Baku (Azerbaijan) and Doha (Qatar) were not promoted to candidate status. A bid from Rome was withdrawn. The IOC voted to select the host city of the 2020 Summer Olympics on 7 September 2013 at the 125th IOC Session at the Buenos Aires Hilton in Buenos Aires, Argentina. (Who later hosted to 2018 Summer Youth Games.) An exhaustive ballot system was used. No city won over 50% of the votes in the first round, and Document [76] (Title: Football at the 2020 Summer Olympics) (a procedure already successfully employed by Team GB in field hockey and rugby sevens). Scotland also qualified for the World Cup but, under the agreement whereby the highest ranked home nation is nominated to compete for the purposes of Olympic qualification, their performance will not be taken into account. Football at the 2020 Summer Olympics The association football tournament at the 2020 Summer Olympics will be held from 22 July to 8 August 2020 in Japan. In addition to the Olympic host city of Tokyo, matches will also be played in Ibaraki, Saitama, Sapporo, Sendai, and Yokohama. Associations affiliated with Document [77] (Title: Association of Summer Olympic International Federations) Olympic Movement. Olympic Agenda 2020 gives host cities the option of suggesting new sports and events for inclusion in their edition of the Games. Karate, skateboarding, sports climbing, surfing and baseball/softball will be added to the Olympic Programme in Tokyo 2020. ASOIF has amended its statutes to enable IFs “governing sports included within the events programme for a specific edition of the Summer Olympic Games” to become “Associate Members”. ASOIF is administered by an executive body, the Council, which consists of seven individual members, most of which are presidents of Summer Olympic International Federations. The ASOIF General Secretariat is located Document [78] (Title: Athletics at the 2020 Summer Olympics) will be selected through the results of a world competition (here, the 2019 World Championships in Athletics) and eight more selected through rankings. Athletics at the 2020 Summer Olympics Athletics at the 2020 Summer Olympics will be held during the last ten days of the Games, from 31 July – 9 August 2020, at the Olympic Stadium. The sport of athletics in the 2020 Summer Olympics is to be split into three distinct sets of events: track and field events, road running events, and racewalking events. A total of 48 events will be held, one more than in 2016, with Document [79] (Title: Surfing at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Surfing at the 2020 Summer Olympics Surfing at the Summer Olympics will make its debut in the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan. After several attempts at inclusion in the Olympics, the International Surfing Association has been successful in getting surfing included in the 2020 Games. With the decision to have surfing at the 2020 Summer Olympics, officials announced that surfing would take place in the ocean, and not in a wave pool such as those from the Kelly Slater Wave Company as had been speculated. The contest site for the 2020 Games was decided to be Shidashita Beach, or Document [80] (Title: 2020 Summer Olympics) manages the IAAF's commercial rights, and has business relationships with Japanese firm Dentsu. Black Tidings has also been connected to a doping scandal involving the Russian athletics team. Japanese Olympic Committee and Tokyo 2020 board member Tsunekazu Takeda stated that the payments were for consulting services, but refused to discuss the matter further because it was confidential. Toshiaki Endo called on Takeda to publicly discuss the matter. Massata denied that he had received any money from Tokyo's organizing committee. The IOC established a team to investigate these matters, and will closely follow the French investigation. The initial design for the Document [81] (Title: Germany at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Germany at the 2020 Summer Olympics Germany is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. It will be the nation's eighth consecutive appearance at the Summer Olympics after its reunification in 1990. German equestrians qualified a full squad each in the team dressage, eventing, and jumping competitions by virtue of a top-six finish at the 2018 FEI World Equestrian Games in Tryon, North Carolina, United States. German sailors qualified one boat in each of the following classes through the 2018 Sailing World Championships, the class-associated Worlds, and the continental regattas. Document [82] (Title: Hasan Arat) announcement of the 2020 Host City was made on 7 September 2013 at the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires following presentations by each candidate city, and Istanbul lost to Tokyo in the final round of voting by the International Olympic Committee, following the earlier elimination of Madrid. Arat led Istanbul's final presentation to the International Olympic Committee members where he was joined by Turkish Prime Minister, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. Following Istanbul's presentation, Arat said, "The Bid has united the people of Turkey, especially our young people, behind a common vision for our country’s future. Whatever happens with the vote, Document [83] (Title: Brazil at the 2020 Summer Olympics) class-associated Worlds, the 2019 Pan American Games, and the continental regattas. Brazil at the 2020 Summer Olympics Brazil is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. It will be the nation's twenty-third appearance at the Summer Olympics, having competed in all editions of the modern era from 1920 onwards, except the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam. Brazil women's football team qualified for the Olympics by winning the gold medal and securing a lone outright berth at the 2018 Copa América Femenina in Chile. Brazilian sailors qualified one boat in each Document [84] (Title: Brazil at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Brazil at the 2020 Summer Olympics Brazil is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. It will be the nation's twenty-third appearance at the Summer Olympics, having competed in all editions of the modern era from 1920 onwards, except the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam. Brazil women's football team qualified for the Olympics by winning the gold medal and securing a lone outright berth at the 2018 Copa América Femenina in Chile. Brazilian sailors qualified one boat in each of the following classes through the 2018 Sailing World Championships, the Document [85] (Title: 2020 Summer Olympics) be for families, groups resident in Japan and in conjunction with a school programme. Tickets will be sold through 40,000 shops in Japan and by mail order to Japanese addresses through the Internet. International guests will need to visit Japan during the sales period or arrange for tickets through a third party, such as a travel agent. The official programme for the 2020 Summer Olympics was approved by the IOC executive board on 9 June 2017. The president of the IOC, Thomas Bach, stated that the goal for the Tokyo Games was to make them more "youthful" and "urban", and Document [86] (Title: Skateboarding at the 2020 Summer Olympics) will be held: Skateboarding in the 2020 Olympics will be taking place in the Aomi Urban Venue, in Tokyo. Skateboarding at the 2020 Summer Olympics Skateboarding at the 2020 Summer Olympics is an event to be held in the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan. It is one of five sports added specifically for 2020, with no guarantee it will return to the programme in later years. There are 80 quota spots available for skateboarding. Each NOC can obtain a maximum of 3 spots in each event (total 12 maximum across the 4 events). Each event will have 20 competitors Document [87] (Title: Tokyo bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) IOC Evaluation Commission Report on the Candidate Cities for the 2020 Summer Olympics was released on June 25. Tokyo 2020 gave a presentation of their bid to the IOC at an Extraordinary session in Lausanne in July 2013. In August 2013, Naoki Inose stated that the 2011 nuclear accident at the Fukushima nuclear power plant would not pose a threat to Tokyo's ability to host the Olympic Games. Inose stated that "the water in Tokyo is safe, and we have released this data on our website" and that "The radiation levels are no different than in London or Paris." A Document [88] (Title: Bids for the 2020 Winter Youth Olympics) and 1980 Winter Olympics. Lake Placid was interested in bidding for the 2016 Winter Youth Olympics but opted to bid for 2020 instead. Lake Placid hosted the sixth IOC Athlete Career Program Forum on 8–11 November 2012. Bids for the 2020 Winter Youth Olympics Bids were due by 28 November 2013, the candidates cities were selected on 5 December 2014 and Lausanne was elected host city on 31 July 2015. Two cities have submitted their application to the International Olympic Committee by the 28 November 2013 deadline. Lausanne confirmed their bid for the 2020 Winter Youth Olympics on 12 July Document [89] (Title: Bids for the 2016 Summer Olympics) be awarded the 2016 Olympics, four of them bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics. Baku, Doha, Madrid and Tokyo were official Applicant Cities, with Madrid and Tokyo advancing to become Candidate Cities and with Tokyo eventually being selected. The Olympic bidding process begins with the submission of a city's application to the International Olympic Committee (IOC) by its National Olympic Committee (NOC) and ends with the election of the host city by the members of the IOC during an ordinary session. The process is governed by the Olympic Charter, as stated in Chapter 5, Rule 34. Since 1999, the process Document [90] (Title: Gymnastics at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Gymnastics at the 2020 Summer Olympics Gymnastics at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo will be held in three categories: artistic gymnastics, rhythmic gymnastics and trampolining. All gymnastics events will be staged at the Olympic Gymnastic Centre, Tokyo Bay between 25 July and 5 August 2020. The programme for 2020 remains unchanged from 2016, despite an application from the FIG for the admission of a new parkour based event. The application had proved contentious with specialist parkour or freerunning organisations lobbying for the sport not to be included, and to be recognized as an entirely separate sport from gymnastics. Originally Document [91] (Title: Olympic Games) of Russia's political and economic turmoil. Furthermore, at least four cities withdrew their bids for the 2022 Winter Olympics, citing the high costs or the lack of local support, resulting in only a two-city race between Almaty, Kazakhstan and Beijing, China. Thus in July 2016, "The Guardian" stated that the biggest threat to the future of the Olympics is that very few cities want to host them. Bidding for the 2024 Summer Olympics also became a two-city race between Paris and Los Angeles, so the IOC took the unusual step of simultaneously awarding both the 2024 Games to Paris and Document [92] (Title: 2024 Summer Olympics) sports, and any new sports which are added to the Olympic programme. The number of events in each discipline is noted in parentheses. Most of the Olympic events will be held in and around Paris, including the suburbs of Saint-Denis, Le Bourget, Nanterre, Versailles, and Vaires-sur-Marne which is just outside the city environs. The sailing and surfing events will be held in the remote coastal resorts of Marseille and Biarritz respectively. Football will be hosted in various cities around France. The emblem of the 2024 Games will be unveiled on January 1, 2019. The mascot(s) for the 2024 Games will Document [93] (Title: Tokyo bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) at the 2000 Summer Olympics will serve as head of online and social media for the bid. In April 2012, Tokyo 2020 appointed Tokuaki Suzuki, as the bid's communications director. Suzuki previously served as Competitions Director of the Asian Football Confederation. On May 23, 2012, the IOC selected Tokyo as a Candidate City for the 2020 Summer Olympics. In June 2012 a study was conducted that found that hosting the 2020 Olympic Games in Tokyo could create over 150,000 jobs. In July 2012, the bid launched their "Discover Tomorrow" slogan. In November, a survey revealed that 67% of Tokyo's population Document [94] (Title: Badminton at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Badminton at the 2020 Summer Olympics The badminton tournaments at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo will take place in July and August 2020. A total of 172 athletes will compete in five events: men's singles, men's doubles, women's singles, women's doubles, and mixed doubles. The Olympic qualification period will take place between April 29, 2019 and April 26, 2020, and the Badminton World Federation rankings list, scheduled to publish on April 30, 2020, will be used to allocate spots. Nations can enter a maximum of two players each in the men's and women's singles, if both were ranked in Document [95] (Title: National Stadium (Tokyo)) Station on the Toei Oedo Line; and from Gaienmae Station on the Tokyo Metro Ginza Line. National Stadium (Tokyo) Demolition was completed in May 2015, and the site will be redeveloped with a new larger-capacity National Olympic Stadium. The new stadium is set to be the main venue for the 2020 Summer Olympics and Paralympics. The original plans for the new stadium were scrapped in July 2015 by Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, who announced a rebid after a public outcry because of increased building costs. As a result, the new design will not be ready for the 2019 Rugby Document [96] (Title: Tokyo bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) Tokyo bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics Tokyo was selected by the Japanese Olympic Committee on July 16, 2011 as Japan's bidding city for the 2020 Games. The city is moving forward with its bid following the March 2011 earthquake and tsunami which affected much of eastern Japan. Prior to Tokyo's selection by the Japanese Olympic Committee, Hiroshima expressed interest in hosting but withdrew their plans to bid. On September 7, 2011, the Japanese Olympic Committee announced that Tokyo Governor Shintaro Ishihara will be Chairman of the Tokyo 2020 bid committee. The bid committee held their first meeting shortly after. Document [97] (Title: Chile at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Chile at the 2020 Summer Olympics Chile is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Since the nation's debut in 1896, Chilean athletes have appeared in every Summer Olympic Games of the modern era, except for two different occasions. Chile did not attend the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles at the period of the worldwide Great Depression and was also part of the US-led boycott, when Moscow hosted the 1980 Summer Olympics. Chilean shooters achieved quota places for the following events by virtue of their best finishes at the Document [98] (Title: Shooting at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Shooting at the 2020 Summer Olympics Shooting competitions at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo are scheduled to take place from 25 July to 2 August at the Asaka Shooting Range. Unlike in 2016, the number of shooters competing across fifteen different events at these Games has been reduced from 390 to 360, with an equal distribution between men and women. Furthermore, several significant changes were instituted in the Olympic shooting program, including the substitution of three male-only events (rifle prone, free pistol, and double trap), with the mixed team competitions. On 9 June 2017, the International Shooting Sport Federation Document [99] (Title: Bids for the 2020 Summer Olympics) 34. Since 1999, the process has consisted of two phases. During the first phase, which begins immediately after the bid submission deadline, the "applicant cities" are required to answer a questionnaire covering themes of importance to a successful Games organization. This information allows the IOC to analyze the cities' hosting capacities and the strengths and weaknesses of their plans. Following a detailed study of the submitted questionnaires and ensuing reports, the IOC Executive Board selects the cities that are qualified to proceed to the next phase. The second phase is the true candidature stage: the accepted applicant cities (from now Document [100] (Title: Bids for Olympic Games) awarded to Tokyo on 7 September 2013, the 2022 Winter Olympics were awarded to Beijing on 31 July 2015, the 2024 Summer Olympics were awarded to Paris and the 2028 Summer Olympics were awarded to Los Angeles on 13 September 2017. In June 2001, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) signed an agreement that would ensure that the staging of the Paralympic Games is automatically included in the bid for the Olympic Games. The agreement came into effect at the 2008 Paralympic Summer Games in Beijing, and the 2010 Paralympic Winter Games in Vancouver. However, Document [101] (Title: Triathlon at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Triathlon at the 2020 Summer Olympics The triathlon competitions at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo will feature fifty-five athletes competing in each of the men's and women's events. It will also add the new mixed team relay event. The Olympic triathlon contains three components; a swim, cycle, and a run. The competitions took the form of a single event between all competitors with no heats. The new mixed team event features teams of four (two men and two women). Each athlete performs a triathlon of swim, cycle, and a run in a relay format. The qualification period spaned from Document [102] (Title: Triathlon at the 2020 Summer Olympics) and ignoring the first two from each NOC that qualified via mixed teams. One additional spot for each continent will go to the highest-ranked competitor from an NOC that has not yet earned a qualifying spot. The host, Japan, is guaranteed two spots per gender. The final two spots per gender are awarded through Tripartite Commission invitations. Triathlon at the 2020 Summer Olympics The triathlon competitions at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo will feature fifty-five athletes competing in each of the men's and women's events. It will also add the new mixed team relay event. The Olympic triathlon contains Document [103] (Title: Istanbul bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) is located on two continents. In April 2013 Tokyo 2020 Chairman Naoki Inose created controversy when he made a comment that was seen as a criticism of Istanbul and their bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics. Inose was quoted saying, “Well, compare the two countries where they have yet to build infrastructure, very sophisticated facilities. So from time to time, like Brazil, I think it’s good to have a venue for the first time. But Islamic countries, the only thing they share in common is Allah and they are fighting with each other and they have classes.” Criticizing rival bids Document [104] (Title: Tokyo bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) supported Tokyo's Olympic bid. Also in November 2012, the new design for the redeveloped National Olympic Stadium was revealed. The venue will be used for the 2019 Rugby World Cup. Tokyo 2020 submitted their candidature file to the IOC on January 7, 2013. A poll in January 2013 found that 73% of Tokyo residents were in favor of the bid. Another poll found that 78% of Japan supported bringing the games to Tokyo. This result showed an increase in support compared to earlier polls. A poll carried out by "Yomiuri Shimbun" found that 83% of the country supported the bid. Document [105] (Title: Istanbul bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) among one or two host nations. This decision therefore eliminated the potential conflict Turkey would have had due to that fact they had bids to host the Olympics and the UEFA Championship in the same year. In December 2012, Istanbul hosted the 2012 FINA Short Course World Championships at the Sinan Erdem Dome. Istanbul 2020 submitted their candidature file to the IOC on January 7, 2013. The IOC Evaluation Commission visited Istanbul from March 24 to March 27, 2013. . On March 25 Istanbul 2020 revealed the bid's slogan, "Bridge Together". The slogan represents how Istanbul is a city that Document [106] (Title: Surfing at the 2020 Summer Olympics) included. Quota places will be allocated to the athletes at the following events: There is a maximum of 2 men and 2 women per NOC. Surfing at the 2020 Summer Olympics Surfing at the Summer Olympics will make its debut in the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan. After several attempts at inclusion in the Olympics, the International Surfing Association has been successful in getting surfing included in the 2020 Games. With the decision to have surfing at the 2020 Summer Olympics, officials announced that surfing would take place in the ocean, and not in a wave pool such as Document [107] (Title: 2020 Summer Olympics) to increase the number of female participants. The games will feature 339 events in 33 different sports, encompassing 50 disciplines. Alongside the five new sports that will be introduced in Tokyo, there will be fifteen new events within existing sports, including 3-on-3 basketball, freestyle BMX and Madison cycling, and new mixed events in several sports. In the list below, the number of events in each discipline is noted in parentheses. As part of a goal to control costs and ensure that the Olympics remain "relevant to sports fans of all generations", the IOC assessed the 26 sports contested at the Document [108] (Title: 2022 Winter Olympics) city of the 2022 Winter Olympics after beating Almaty by four votes on 31 July 2015 at the 128th IOC Session in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. In urban area of Beijing, five ice events will be held at the Olympic Green, the Capital Indoor Stadium and the Beijing Wukesong Sports Center, which were some of the main venues of the 2008 Summer Olympics. The Big Air snowboarding and freestyle skiing events will be held in a new area of urban development in Shijingshan District, a district in urban area of Beijing. Competitions for luge, bobsleigh and alpine skiing will be held Document [109] (Title: Football at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Football at the 2020 Summer Olympics The association football tournament at the 2020 Summer Olympics will be held from 22 July to 8 August 2020 in Japan. In addition to the Olympic host city of Tokyo, matches will also be played in Ibaraki, Saitama, Sapporo, Sendai, and Yokohama. Associations affiliated with FIFA may send teams to participate in the tournament. Men's teams are restricted to under-23 players (born on or after 1 January 1997) with a maximum of three overage players allowed, while there are no age restrictions on women's teams. Brazil are the men's defending champions, while Germany are Document [110] (Title: 2016 Summer Olympics) each 14 January 2008. Four candidate cities were chosen for the shortlist on 4 June 2008: Chicago, Madrid, Rio de Janeiro and Tokyo, which hosted the 1964 Summer Olympics and will host again in 2020. The IOC did not promote Doha to the candidature phase, despite scoring higher than selected candidate city Rio de Janeiro, because of their intent of hosting the Olympics in October, outside of the IOC's sporting calendar. Prague and Baku also failed to make the cut. Nawal El Moutawakel of Morocco headed the 10-member Evaluation Commission, having also chaired the evaluation commission for the 2012 Summer Document [111] (Title: Sailing at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Sailing at the 2020 Summer Olympics Sailing competitions at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo are scheduled to take place from 27 July to 6 August at the Enoshima Yacht Harbor. The RS:X, Laser, Laser Radial, Finn, 470, 49er, 49erFX, and Nacra17 are all returning for 2020; there are no significant changes to the Olympic programme from 2016. The number of sailors competing has been reduced from 380 to 350, with an equal distribution between men and women. The qualification period will commence at the 2018 Sailing World Championships in Aarhus, Denmark. There, 101 places, about forty percent of the Document [112] (Title: 1964 Summer Olympics) bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics, which were awarded to Rio de Janeiro. Tokyo will host the 2020 Summer Olympics and 2020 Summer Paralympics games. Tokyo will be the first Asian city to host the games twice. North Korea withdrew its athletes from the 1964 Summer Olympics just before the Games were due to start, as the IOC were refusing to accept any athletes who had participated in the Games of the New Emerging Forces (GANEFO) held in Jakarta, Indonesia, in 1963. China and Indonesia also chose not to attend the Tokyo Games due to GANEFO issues. 1964 Summer Olympics Document [113] (Title: 2020 Summer Olympics) Olympic events in the country. The official emblems for the 2020 Olympics and Paralympics were unveiled on 25 April 2016; designed by Asao Tokolo, who won a nationwide design contest, it takes the form of a ring in an indigo-coloured checkerboard pattern. The design is meant to "express a refined elegance and sophistication that exemplifies Japan". The designs replaced a previous emblem which had been scrapped due to allegations that it plagiarized the logo of a Belgian theatre. The Tokyo 2020 Organising Committee began accepting submissions for the official mascots of the Games from 1 to 14 August 2017. A Document [114] (Title: Tokyo bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) for the first time. But Islamic countries, the only thing they share in common is Allah and they are fighting with each other and they have classes.” Criticizing rival bids are forbidden under IOC rules. Following Inose's statement, Tokyo 2020 made a statement saying that they "have the utmost respect for all candidate cities and have always taken pride in bidding in a spirit based on the Olympic values of excellence, respect and friendship.” Inose apologized for his comments a few days later and stated that he was "fully committed" to respecting IOC rules. At the Association of National Olympic Document [115] (Title: Modern pentathlon at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Modern pentathlon at the 2020 Summer Olympics The modern pentathlon at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo will take place from 6 to 8 August 2020 at Musashino Forest Sports Plaza and Ajinomoto Stadium. Thirty-six athletes will compete each in the men's and women's events. Modern pentathlon contained five events; pistol shooting, épée fencing, freestyle swimming, show jumping, and a cross-country run. Thirty-six athletes per gender must qualify for the Games, with only a maximum of two each per NOC. Qualification methods are similarly applied to both men's and women's events. Host nation Japan has been guaranteed one quota place Document [116] (Title: Rome bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) outlet "Around the Rings", Pescante also acknowledged competition from other potential bid cities, particularly emphasizing Tokyo's bid. In a September 2011 interview, IOC President Jacques Rogge defended Rome and Madrid's ability to host the games in spite of the current eurozone debt crisis. He said that both cities already have a lot of venues in place and not much would need to be built. He continued by saying that at the very most some venues would need upgrades and that both cities had the needed infrastructure to host the games. Rome's bid was given full backing by the Italian government Document [117] (Title: Bids for the 2020 Summer Olympics) of the host city selection process was approved by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) executive board as follows: Six cities were put forward by their respective National Olympic Committees (NOCs) to apply to host the Games initially, but Rome withdrew its bid shortly before the applicant files were due. The bidding cities come from two continents, Europe and Asia (Istanbul is considered to be located on the border between Asia and Europe). In 2020 it will be twelve years since an Asian city hosted the Summer Olympics (Beijing 2008) and eight years since a European city hosted the Summer Olympics Document [118] (Title: 2021 World Aquatics Championships) 2021 World Aquatics Championships The 2021 World Aquatics Championships — 19th FINA World Aquatics Championships will be held in Fukuoka, Japan in 2021. It will be the second time Fukuoka hosts this meet, 20 years after the 2001 World Aquatics Championships. The year before the championships, the 2020 Summer Olympics will also be held in Japan, hosted by Tokyo. The competitions originally were to be held in Budapest, Hungary, in the summer of 2021. This was announced on July 19, 2013, on the biennial General Congress of FINA in Barcelona, the host-city of the 2013 World Aquatics Championships. Also Gwangju, Document [119] (Title: Doha bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) IOC asked Doha to take steps to ensure the health of athletes should Doha be selected,and the IOC was to publish a list of events which must take place in the morning or late afternoon due to the heat that the city experiences. The IOC gave assurances that these changes would not negatively affect the organization of the games or the international broadcasts of the games. The IOC also requested a plan be drawn up to protect the health of the public in attendance and the staff who would help out at the games. IOC President Jacques Rogge said that Document [120] (Title: 2020 Summer Olympics opening ceremony) of Japan and Tokyo to the world; including feedback from experts and opinions of the Japanese public. The final version was released in December 2017. The Basic Policy consists of three sections: Naomi Kawase will direct the Official film of the Olympic Games of Tokyo 2020. The New National Stadium will serve as the main stadium for the opening ceremony. Demolition of old National Stadium was completed in May 2015, then the construction of new stadium began at the same site on 11 December 2016. The stadium will be handed over to the IOC on 30 November 2019 for necessary Document [121] (Title: Tokyo bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) letter of assurance over the issue was later sent to the IOC members. Prior to the host city election, Brazilian footballer Zico endorsed Tokyo's bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics. Tokyo was elected as the host city at the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Tokyo recently bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics but lost to Rio de Janeiro. Tokyo's first Olympic bid was for the 1940 Summer Olympics. Tokyo won the bid but the games were cancelled due to World War II. They later bid for the 1960 Summer Olympics and lost to Rome. Tokyo made a successful Document [122] (Title: Modern pentathlon at the 2020 Summer Olympics) eligible to compete, a non-selected quota has been redistributed. Modern pentathlon at the 2020 Summer Olympics The modern pentathlon at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo will take place from 6 to 8 August 2020 at Musashino Forest Sports Plaza and Ajinomoto Stadium. Thirty-six athletes will compete each in the men's and women's events. Modern pentathlon contained five events; pistol shooting, épée fencing, freestyle swimming, show jumping, and a cross-country run. Thirty-six athletes per gender must qualify for the Games, with only a maximum of two each per NOC. Qualification methods are similarly applied to both men's and women's events. Document [123] (Title: Cycling at the 2020 Summer Olympics) for both men and women. In addition, the Madison events (for both men and women) that had been dropped after 2008 in favour of Omnium events returned to the programme. Track cycling was planned for a temporary venue in Ariake. To save $100 million in construction costs, it was announced after months of negotiations that the venue for track cycling became the existing velodrome in Izu. The UCI resisted the move trackcycling 120 km outside Tokyo to Izu. The UCI feared it would detract from Olympic experience for both athletes and fans. Eventually the international cycling union agreed to change. Document [124] (Title: Switzerland at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Switzerland at the 2020 Summer Olympics Switzerland is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Swiss athletes have appeared in every edition of the Summer Olympic Games in the modern era, except for a partial boycott of the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne as a protest to the Soviet invasion of Hungary. Swiss equestrians qualified a full squad in the jumping competition by virtue of a top-six finish at the 2018 FEI World Equestrian Games in Tryon, North Carolina, United States. Swiss sailors qualified one boat in each of the Document [125] (Title: China at the 2020 Summer Olympics) China at the 2020 Summer Olympics The People's Republic of China is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. It will be the nation's eleventh appearance at the Summer Olympics, since its debut in 1952. One Chinese archer qualified for the women's individual recurve, by virtue of a top national finish at the 2018 Asian Games in Jakarta. China fielded a full squad of four gymnasts each in both the men's and women's artistic gymnastics events by virtue of a top three finish in the team all-around at the 2018 Document [126] (Title: Tokyo bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) Tokyo's previous bid for the 2016 Games had lower public support with one poll indicating that 56% of residents supported the 2016 bid. The IOC Evaluation Commission visited Tokyo from March 4 to March 7, 2013. In April 2013, the Tokyo 2020 Chairman, Governor Naoki Inose, created controversy when he made a comment that was seen as a criticism of Istanbul and their bid for the 2020 Olympics. Inose said, “Well, compare the two countries where they have yet to build infrastructure, very sophisticated facilities. So from time to time, like Brazil, I think it’s good to have a venue Document [127] (Title: 2020 Summer Olympics) the second of three consecutive Olympic Games to be held in East Asia, following the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea, and preceding the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing, China. These Games will see the introduction of additional disciplines within several of the Summer Olympics sports, including 3x3 basketball, freestyle BMX and Madison cycling, as well as further mixed events. Under new IOC policies that allow sports to be added to the Games' programme to augment the permanent "core" Olympic events, these Games will see karate, sport climbing, surfing and skateboarding make their Olympic debuts, and the return of Document [128] (Title: Surfing at the 2020 Summer Olympics) “Shida,” located about 40 miles outside of Tokyo in Chiba. In order to ensure quality surf, the contest will feature a waiting period of 16 days. Once the event runs, it will take two days to finish competition. The 2020 Summer Olympics will use a four-man heat structure, Four athletes will compete at any given time. The best two of each heat will continue to the next round. Each heat will run for 20 to 25 minutes, with their top two scores being used. Only one rider may ride a wave at any given time. Using common surfing etiquette rule Document [129] (Title: Cape Town) candidate cities shortlisted by the IOC to launch official candidatures to host the 2004 Summer Olympics. Although the Games ultimately went to Athens, Cape Town came in third place. There has been some speculation that Cape Town was seeking the South African Olympic Committee's nomination to be South Africa's bid city for the 2020 Summer Olympic Games. That however was quashed when the International Olympic Committee awarded the 2020 Games to Tokyo. The city of Cape Town has vast experience in hosting major national and international sports events. The Cape Town Cycle Tour is the world's largest individually timed cycle Document [130] (Title: 125th IOC Session) 125th IOC Session The 125th IOC Session took place at the Buenos Aires Hilton in Buenos Aires, Argentina, from 7 September to 10 September 2013. The International Olympic Committee elected Tokyo as the host city of the 2020 Summer Olympic Games on 7 September. Wrestling was restored to the Olympic program for 2020 and 2024, and Thomas Bach was elected to an eight-year term as IOC President. The IOC received two bids from cities to host the 125th Session: Buenos Aires and Kuala Lumpur made bids. The Argentine capital Buenos Aires was elected at the 122nd IOC Session in Vancouver Document [131] (Title: Tokyo bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) and House of Councillors passed a resolution giving Tokyo's bid their full support and cooperation. This decisions also states that hosting the games will be beneficial to Japan and will be a positive step forward following the recent earthquake and tsunami that Japan experienced earlier in 2011. The Cabinet followed by giving the bid its support. The bid has full backing of the government. In January 2012 polls suggested that nearly 66% of the country supports the bid. Tokyo 2020 appointed Yuko Arakida as its Sports Director in February 2012. Ayano Egami who won a silver medal in synchronized swimming Document [132] (Title: Cycling at the 2020 Summer Olympics) (and no guaranteed places in road time trial or any track events). Most qualification is done through UCI ranking lists, with some spots allocated through world championship events or continental qualification events. The courses for the men's and women's road race were revealed in August 2018. The races will start in Musashinonomori Park in Chofu, western Tokyo with the finish at the Fuji Speedway circuit in the Shizuoka prefecture. The men's road race will be 234 kilometres with a total elevation of 4865. The women's race will cover 137 km with a total elevation of 2692 metres. The first part Document [133] (Title: Rome bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) Rome bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics Rome 2020 (Italian: Roma 2020) was a proposed bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics by the city of Rome and the Italian National Olympic Committee. Rome previously hosted the 1960 Summer Olympics. The bid was withdrawn due to the lack of support from the Italian government. The Italian National Olympic Committee (CONI) announced the selection of Rome as Italy's candidate on May 19, 2010. Rome beat out Venice to be selected as CONI's bidding city for 2020. CONI did not select Venice because it was deemed unable to fulfill requirements set by the Document [134] (Title: Tokyo bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) bid for the 1964 Summer Olympics and Tokyo became the first Asian city to host the Olympic Games. Tokyo's successful 2020 bid is the city's fifth bid for the games, making it the fourth city to host the Summer Olympics two times. Paris, Los Angeles and Athens have hosted the games twice, with London hosting for a third time in 2012. With Tokyo's selection as host of the 2020 games, it marks the fourth Olympic Game to be held in Japan. Osaka bid to host the 2008 Olympics but lost to Beijing. Nagoya bid for the 1988 Summer Olympics and Document [135] (Title: China at the 2020 Summer Olympics) at the 2018 Asian Games in Jakarta. China at the 2020 Summer Olympics The People's Republic of China is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. It will be the nation's eleventh appearance at the Summer Olympics, since its debut in 1952. One Chinese archer qualified for the women's individual recurve, by virtue of a top national finish at the 2018 Asian Games in Jakarta. China fielded a full squad of four gymnasts each in both the men's and women's artistic gymnastics events by virtue of a top three finish Document [136] (Title: New Zealand at the 2020 Summer Olympics) New Zealand at the 2020 Summer Olympics New Zealand is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. It will be the nation's twenty-fourth appearance as an independent nation at the Summer Olympics, having made its debut at the 1920 Games and competed at every Games since. New Zealand equestrians qualified a full squad in the team eventing competition by virtue of a top-six finish at the 2018 FEI World Equestrian Games in Tryon, North Carolina, United States. New Zealand women's football team qualified for the Olympics by winning the 2018 Document [137] (Title: Archery at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Archery at the 2020 Summer Olympics The archery events at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo will begin on 24 July 2020. Five events will take place. There are 128 qualifying places available for archery at the 2020 Summer Olympics: 64 for men and 64 for women. The qualification standards were released by World Archery in March 2018. Each National Olympic Committee (NOC) is permitted to enter a maximum of six competitors, three per gender. NOCs that qualify teams for a particular gender are able to send a three-member team to the team event and also have each member compete Document [138] (Title: 2028 Summer Olympics) 2028 Summer Olympics The 2028 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXXIV Olympiad, and commonly known as LA 2028, is a forthcoming international multi-sport event that is scheduled to take place from July 21 to August 6, 2028, in Los Angeles, California, United States. The process of bidding for the host city was originally scheduled to begin in 2019, with the winning bid due to be announced in 2021. However, following the withdrawal of a number of cities from the bidding process for both the 2022 Winter Olympics and the 2024 Summer Olympics, the International Olympic Committee Document [139] (Title: Istanbul bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) Olympic Stadium. Turkey has yet to host an Olympic Games. Istanbul has made four previous bids for the Summer Games. The city was a candidate for the 2000 Games which were awarded to Sydney. It bid again for 2004, which were held in Athens, but failed to become a candidate city. It became a candidate for 2008 but lost to Beijing. The Turkish city's most recent bid was for the 2012 Games but it failed to become a candidate. London was awarded the 2012 Games. Istanbul lost to Tokyo for 2020. Tokyo was awarded the 2020 Games. Istanbul hosted the Document [140] (Title: Tokyo bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) Committees Extraordinary General Assembly in June 2013, Tokyo 2020 stressed the compactness of their bid. 85% of the competition venues would within 8 km of the Olympic Village. Two anonymous sources within the IOC stated that Tokyo is the favorite to win their Olympic bid over Istanbul and Madrid provided no major mistakes are made before the IOC vote. The safe and secure nature of Tokyo is seen as a major factor giving the Tokyo bid an advantage. Istanbul has been seeing large anti-government protests while Madrid's bid is said to be being effected by Spain's economic crisis. The 2020 Document [141] (Title: Baseball at the Summer Olympics) new IOC policies that shift the Games to an "event-based" programme rather than sport-based, the host organizing committee can now also propose the addition of sports to the programme alongside the permanent "core" events. A second bid for baseball-softball to be included as an event in 2020 was shortlisted by the Tokyo Organizing Committee on 22 June 2015. On 3 August 2016 during the 129th IOC Session in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, the IOC approved the Tokyo Organizing Committee's final shortlist of five sports, which included baseball, to be included in the programme during the 2020 Summer Olympics. The host Document [142] (Title: Bids for the 2020 Winter Youth Olympics) Bids for the 2020 Winter Youth Olympics Bids were due by 28 November 2013, the candidates cities were selected on 5 December 2014 and Lausanne was elected host city on 31 July 2015. Two cities have submitted their application to the International Olympic Committee by the 28 November 2013 deadline. Lausanne confirmed their bid for the 2020 Winter Youth Olympics on 12 July 2013. Lausanne is where the International Olympic Committee is headquartered and is considered to be the Olympic capital. On 12 December 2013, Lausanne was signed Youth Olympic Game Candidature Procedure. Brașov has officially submitted their bid for Document [143] (Title: Golf at the 2020 Summer Olympics) IGF has guaranteed that at least one golfer from the host nation and each geographical region (Africa, the Americas, Asia, Europe, and Oceania) will qualify. The IGF posts weekly lists of qualifiers based on current rankings for men and women. Golf at the 2020 Summer Olympics Golf at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan will feature two events, one each for men and women. Qualification will be based on world ranking as of 22 June 2020 (men) and 29 June 2020 (women), with a total of 60 players qualifying in each of the men's and women's events. The top Document [144] (Title: Summer Olympic Games) federal government; the country's economic crisis; health and safety concerns surrounding the Zika virus and significant pollution in the Guanabara Bay; and a state-sponsored doping scandal involving Russia, which affected the participation of its athletes in the Games. Tokyo, Japan will host the 2020 Summer Olympics, making it the first Asian city to host the Olympic Games twice. Forty-two sports, spanning 55 disciplines, have been part of the Olympic program at one point or another. Twenty-eight sports have comprised the schedule for three of the recent games, 2000, 2004, and 2008 Summer Olympics. Due to the removal of baseball and Document [145] (Title: Korean Sport & Olympic Committee) and renamed as Korean Sport & Olympic Committee since late November 2016 but the emblem of the Committee and the name in Korean are remaining the same as previous. On November 2, 2018, officials from both North and South Korea announced that their countries would participate at the 2020 Summer Olympics, held in Tokyo, Japan, as a unified team. The officials from both Koreas also announced that the letters they would send to the IOC regarding their bids for hosting the 2032 Summer Olympics would also consist of co-host bids so that the Olympic activities would take place in both Document [146] (Title: Bids for the 2020 Summer Olympics) Bids for the 2020 Summer Olympics There were a total of six bids which were initially submitted for the 2020 Summer Olympics. Tokyo was ultimately elected as the host city at the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires, Argentina, on 7 September 2013. The Olympic bidding process begins with the submission of a city's application to the International Olympic Committee (IOC) by its National Olympic Committee (NOC) and ends with the election of the host city by the members of the IOC during an ordinary session. The process is governed by the Olympic Charter, as stated in Chapter 5, Rule Document [147] (Title: Association of Summer Olympic International Federations) of the Olympic movement while maintaining 'the authority, independence and autonomy of the member International Federations.' The members of ASOIF meet once a year in a General Assembly. The General Assembly usually precedes the joint meeting between the Executive Board of the International Olympic Committee and the International Federations where a multitude of topics are discussed in the common interests of the Olympic Movement. In 2015, the Organising Committee for the Olympic Games Tokyo 2020 had proposed five new sports in response to the new flexibility provided by Olympic Agenda 2020, the IOC’s strategic roadmap for the future of the Document [148] (Title: Tokyo bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) Towards the end of November 2011 the Tokyo 2020 Council was established. It is an advisory board comprises 64 members including Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda who is the top advisor on the council. Tokyo 2020 revealed their bid logo on November 30, 2011. Tokyo's 2020 bid will have a budget of $75 Million, which is half the amount of their previous 2016 bid, which had a $150 Million budget. The President of the Japanese Olympic Committee, Tsunekazu Takeda stated in April 2012 that hosting the games could generate $2 Billion for Tokyo. In early December 2011, Japan's House of Representatives Document [149] (Title: 2024 Summer Olympics) in France (including summer and winter Games). Bidding to host these Games began in 2015 with five candidate cities in contention, but Hamburg, Rome, and Budapest withdrew, leaving Paris and Los Angeles as the two candidates remaining. A proposal to elect the 2024 and 2028 Olympic host cities at the same time was approved by an Extraordinary IOC Session on 11 July 2017 in Lausanne. On 31 July 2017, the IOC made a deal with Los Angeles to host the 2028 Summer Olympics, making Paris the host of the 2024 Summer Olympics. The formal announcement of the hosts for both Document [150] (Title: Swimming at the 2020 Summer Olympics) teams, composed of: The men's and women's 10 km races featured 25 swimmers: Japan, as the host country, receives guaranteed quota place in case it would not qualify any qualification places. Swimmers who participated in the heats only and received medals. Swimmers who participated in the heats only and received medals. Swimmers who participated in the heats only and received medals. Swimming at the 2020 Summer Olympics The swimming competitions at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo will feature a record 37 events, up from 34 in 2016. The added events are the 800 metre freestyle for men, the 1500 Document [151] (Title: Summer Olympic Games) the 2020 Summer Olympics, when it will become the first city outside the Western world to have hosted the Summer Olympics more than once, having already hosted the Games in 1964. The other countries that have hosted the Summer Olympics are Belgium, Brazil, China, Canada, Finland, Italy, Mexico, Netherlands, South Korea, Spain, Soviet Union, and Sweden; each of these countries has hosted the Summer Games on just one occasion. Asia has hosted the Summer Olympics three times, in Tokyo, Japan (1964), Seoul, South Korea (1988), and Beijing, China (2008); Asia will host the Games for a fourth time in 2020 Document [152] (Title: Baku bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) Baku bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics Baku 2020 () was a bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics by the city of Baku and the National Olympic Committee of Azerbaijan. Bids were also placed by Doha, Istanbul, Madrid, Rome (which later cancelled its bid) and the chosen host city of Tokyo. It was announced on September 1, 2011 that Baku submitted a bid to host the 2024 Olympics. Baku bid to host the 2016 Summer Olympics but failed to become a candidate. Those games ultimately were awarded to Rio de Janeiro. Baku's 2020 bid was their second bid. On September Document [153] (Title: 2019 European Games) 2019 European Games 2019 European Games (, "Jeŭrapiejskija hulni 2019"; , "Jevropejskije igry 2019") also known as the second European Games will be held in Minsk, Belarus from 21 June to 30 June 2019. The games will feature 200 events in 15 sports (23 disciplines). The organisers expect around 4,000 athletes from 50 countries. Ten of the sports will offer qualification opportunities for the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan. Five of the sports will define champions of Europe. The opening ceremony at the Dinamo Stadium will be held on 21 June and the closing ceremony on 30 June. The Document [154] (Title: Istanbul bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) stated that these events would strengthen the bid. "Turkey Daily Press" reported that an anonymous IOC member from Europe stated that the protests which have seen police brutality against peaceful protesters was a "big blow" to Istanbul's bid. The 2020 IOC Evaluation Commission Report on the Candidate Cities for the 2020 Summer Olympics was released on June 25. Istanbul 2020 gave a presentation of their bid to the IOC at an Extraordinary session in Lausanne in July 2013. Mersin hosted the 2013 Mediterranean Games from June 20 to June 30, 2013. Turkey hosted the 2013 FIFA U-20 World Cup from Document [155] (Title: 128th IOC Session) be added to the Tokyo 2020 program. A new shortlist of eight sports were unveiled on June 22, 2015. These sports include baseball/softball, bowling, karate, roller sports, sport climbing, squash, surfing, and wushu. The federations of the eight sports made their presentations in Tokyo on August 7–8, 2015. In September 2015, organisers will recommend one or more of the sports to the International Olympic Committee for inclusion in 2020 Olympic program, with the final decision in August 2016. The IOC approved South Sudan's inclusion as a full member of the Committee, allowed the country to participate in Rio 2016 under Document [156] (Title: United States at the 2020 Summer Olympics) best finishes at the 2018 ISSF World Championships, the 2019 ISSF World Cup series, 2019 Pan American Games, and Championships of the Americas, as long as they obtained a minimum qualifying score (MQS) by 30 April 2020. U.S. women's softball team qualified for the Olympics by winning the gold medal and securing a lone outright berth at the 2018 Women's Softball World Championship in Chiba, Japan. United States at the 2020 Summer Olympics The United States, represented by the United States Olympic Committee (USOC), is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 Document [157] (Title: Madrid bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) will be between $30.2 million and $35.3 million. In December 2011, Madrid's new mayor, Ana Botella confirmed her support for the bid. In January 2012, the bid received the support of the Spanish Committee of Representatives of Persons with Disabilities. Madrid 2020 revealed their logo and website on January 30, 2012. A survey carried out between December 2011 and January 2012 found that 84% of Spanish citizens supported the Madrid bid to host the Olympic Games in 2020. 90% of those surveyed believe that hosting the games will be positive because it will help to employ people. 75% of Madrid Document [158] (Title: Turkey at the 2020 Summer Olympics) continental regattas. Turkey at the 2020 Summer Olympics Turkey is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Since the nation's official debut in 1908, Turkish athletes have appeared in every edition of the Summer Olympic Games, except the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles at the period of worldwide Great Depression, and the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow because of the United States-led boycott. Turkish sailors qualified one boat in each of the following classes through the 2018 Sailing World Championships, the class-associated Worlds, Document [159] (Title: Turkey at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Turkey at the 2020 Summer Olympics Turkey is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Since the nation's official debut in 1908, Turkish athletes have appeared in every edition of the Summer Olympic Games, except the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles at the period of worldwide Great Depression, and the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow because of the United States-led boycott. Turkish sailors qualified one boat in each of the following classes through the 2018 Sailing World Championships, the class-associated Worlds, and the Document [160] (Title: Sport climbing at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Tripartite Commission invitations. Sport climbing at the 2020 Summer Olympics Sport climbing at the 2020 Summer Olympics is an event to be held in the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan. The proposed format will consist of three disciplines: lead climbing, speed climbing and bouldering. Two events will be held, one for men and one for women. There are 40 quota spots available for sport climbing. Each NOC can obtain a maximum of 2 spots in each event (total 4 maximum across the 2 events). Each event will have 20 competitors qualify: 18 from qualification, 1 from the host (Japan), Document [161] (Title: Swimming at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Swimming at the 2020 Summer Olympics The swimming competitions at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo will feature a record 37 events, up from 34 in 2016. The added events are the 800 metre freestyle for men, the 1500 metre freestyle for women and a 4×100 mixed medley relay. Swimming in 2020 will feature a total of 37 events (18 each for men and women and 1 mixed event), including two 10 km open-water marathons. This is slight increase from the 34 events contested in the previous Olympic Games. The following events will be contested (all pool events are long Document [162] (Title: 2020 Summer Olympics opening ceremony) games and ceremony preparations. Capacity during the Olympic Games will be 60,102 taking into account press and executive seating areas. 2020 Summer Olympics opening ceremony The opening ceremony of the 2020 Summer Olympics is scheduled to take place on the evening of Friday 24 July 2020 in the Olympic Stadium, Tokyo. As mandated by the Olympic Charter, the proceedings combined the formal ceremonial opening of this international sporting event (including welcoming speeches, hoisting of the flags and the parade of athletes) with an artistic spectacle to showcase the host nation's culture and history. Ticket prices for the Opening Ceremony will Document [163] (Title: Shinzō Abe) Tokyo's bid to host the 2020 Summer Olympic and Paralympic games, giving a speech in English at the IOC session in Buenos Aires, in which he extolled the role of sport in Japan and sought to reassure the committee that any ongoing issues with the Fukushima plant were under control. After the bid was successful, Abe sought to portray the games as symbolic of his Abenomics economic revitalization programme, saying "I want to make the Olympics a trigger for sweeping away 15 years of deflation and economic decline". In 2014 he said that he hoped a "robot olympics" would be Document [164] (Title: Doha bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) host city of the 2020 Summer Olympics at the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Doha's bid consisted of five "Sports Zones". 91% of the needed venues were either already built or planned and had been budgeted for. This was part of the "Qatar National Vision 2030". The Opening and Closing ceremonies would have taken place at the Lusail Iconic Stadium which is to be used for the 2022 FIFA World Cup. The Khalifa Stadium would host the Athletics competitions and its capacity would have been upgraded to 60,000 seats. Doha bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics Doha 2020 Document [165] (Title: Madrid bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) the Spanish economy, which is expected to start recovering by the last quarter of 2013, and was predicted to grow over the following five years. The 2020 IOC Evaluation Commission Report on the Candidate Cities for the 2020 Summer Olympics was released on June 25. Madrid 2020 gave a presentation of their bid to the IOC at an Extraordinary session in Lausanne in July 2013. In July 2013, the bid launched their "Illuminate the Future" slogan. Prior to the host city election, FC Barcelona's Lionel Messi pledged his support for Madrid's bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics. At the 125th Document [166] (Title: Aftermath of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami) April 2011, Japanese Olympic officials stated they were undecided whether to run but said hosting international sports events was important to helping the country rebuild. In July 2011, Tokyo put forth its bid to host the 2020 Summer Olympic Games. Following the deadline for bidding, the IOC confirmed that Tokyo was one of the six cities that had entered a bid. The bid has received the full support of the government. On 23 May 2012, the IOC selected Tokyo as one of the three candidate cities for the 2020 Olympics. On 7 September 2013, Tokyo was voted to host the Document [167] (Title: Poland at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Poland at the 2020 Summer Olympics Poland is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Since the nation's official debut in 1924, Polish athletes have appeared in every edition of the Summer Olympic Games, with the exception of the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, because of the country's support of the Soviet boycott. Polish sailors qualified one boat in each of the following classes through the 2018 Sailing World Championships, the class-associated Worlds, and the continental regattas. Polish shooters achieved quota places for the following events by virtue of Document [168] (Title: Rome bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) awarded to Salt Lake City. Turin successfully bid to host the 2006 Winter Olympics. The year 2020 coincides with the sesquicentennial (150th) anniversary of the declaration of Rome as the capital of united Italy. Among the main goals highlighted in the bid's vision was environmental sustainability through efficient use of energy and the optimization of existing facilities. Hosting the games would have facilitated urban renewal in the Tiber River Park ("Parco Fluviale del Tevere"), the construction of Tor Vergata Sports City ("Città dello Sport di Tor Vergata"), and the upgrade of transport infrastructure in the city, including the airport. The Document [169] (Title: Athletics at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Athletics at the 2020 Summer Olympics Athletics at the 2020 Summer Olympics will be held during the last ten days of the Games, from 31 July – 9 August 2020, at the Olympic Stadium. The sport of athletics in the 2020 Summer Olympics is to be split into three distinct sets of events: track and field events, road running events, and racewalking events. A total of 48 events will be held, one more than in 2016, with the addition of a mixed relay event. In the tables below, M stands for "morning" and A for "afternoon". The 2020 athletics qualifying Document [170] (Title: 2020 Winter Youth Olympics) 2020 Winter Youth Olympics The 2020 Winter Youth Olympic Games (; ; ; ), officially known as the III Winter Youth Olympic Games, and commonly known as Lausanne 2020 will be the third edition of the Winter Youth Olympics; a major international multi-sport event and cultural festival for teenagers to be held in Lausanne, Switzerland, the home of the International Olympic Committee between 9 and 22 January 2020. Bids were due by 28 November 2013, the candidates cites were selected on 5 December 2014 and Lausanne was elected host city on 31 July 2015. The Youth Olympic Games will feature Document [171] (Title: Bids for the 2020 Summer Olympics) September 2013 at the 125th IOC Session at the Buenos Aires Hilton in Buenos Aires, Argentina. An exhaustive ballot system was used. No city won over 50% of the votes in the first round, and Madrid and Istanbul were tied for second place. A run-off vote between these two cities was held to determine which would be eliminated. In the final vote, a head-to-head contest between Tokyo and Istanbul, Tokyo was selected by 60 votes to 36 votes. The candidate cities for the 2020 Olympics are, in order of drawing lots: It was announced at the 1 September 2011 deadline Document [172] (Title: Archery at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Round set system as the individual event. The competition format for the new mixed team event has not been released. All times are Japan Standard Time (). Archers from 56 nations participated at the 2016 Summer Olympics, with a similar number expected in 2020. Qualification tournaments include the 2019 World Archery Championships, various continental events, and a final qualification tournament. Archery at the 2020 Summer Olympics The archery events at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo will begin on 24 July 2020. Five events will take place. There are 128 qualifying places available for archery at the 2020 Summer Olympics: Document [173] (Title: 2020 Summer Olympics opening ceremony) 2020 Summer Olympics opening ceremony The opening ceremony of the 2020 Summer Olympics is scheduled to take place on the evening of Friday 24 July 2020 in the Olympic Stadium, Tokyo. As mandated by the Olympic Charter, the proceedings combined the formal ceremonial opening of this international sporting event (including welcoming speeches, hoisting of the flags and the parade of athletes) with an artistic spectacle to showcase the host nation's culture and history. Ticket prices for the Opening Ceremony will range between ¥12,000 and ¥300,000. The Organising Committee prepared a so-called “Basic Policy”, that includes aspects to highlight the appeal Document [174] (Title: Australia at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Australia at the 2020 Summer Olympics Australia is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Australia is one of only five countries to have sent athletes to every Summer Olympics of the modern era, alongside Great Britain, France, Greece, and Switzerland. Australian equestrians qualified a full squad in the team dressage competition by receiving a spare berth freed up by host nation Japan, as the top-ranked nation from Southeast Asia and Oceania, not yet qualified, at the 2018 FEI World Equestrian Games in Tryon, North Carolina, United States. Additionally, the Document [175] (Title: Diving at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Diving at the 2020 Summer Olympics The diving competitions at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo will feature eight events. It will be one of four aquatic sports at the Games, along with swimming, water polo, and synchronised swimming. The events will be men's and women's versions each of: 3m springboard, synchronised 3m springboard, 10m platform, and synchronised 10m platform. The diving competitions feature up to 136 athletes. All divers had to be at least 14 years old on or by 31 December 2020. A nation can have no more than 16 divers qualify (up to eight males and eight Document [176] (Title: 2028 Summer Olympics) The NBC Universal Studio Lot is planned to be the site of the International Broadcast Centre for the Games. 2028 Summer Olympics The 2028 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXXIV Olympiad, and commonly known as LA 2028, is a forthcoming international multi-sport event that is scheduled to take place from July 21 to August 6, 2028, in Los Angeles, California, United States. The process of bidding for the host city was originally scheduled to begin in 2019, with the winning bid due to be announced in 2021. However, following the withdrawal of a number of cities Document [177] (Title: Golf at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Golf at the 2020 Summer Olympics Golf at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan will feature two events, one each for men and women. Qualification will be based on world ranking as of 22 June 2020 (men) and 29 June 2020 (women), with a total of 60 players qualifying in each of the men's and women's events. The top 15 players of each gender will qualify, with a limit of four golfers per country that can qualify this way. The remaining spots will go to the highest-ranked players from countries that do not already have two golfers qualified. The Document [178] (Title: Rome bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics) the bid, citing uncertain costs and unknown financial benefit. The announcement came a day before the deadline for applicant cities to submit the application files. Since the bid was abandoned, there has been talk about Rome potentially bidding for the 2024 Summer Olympics. Tokyo was ultimately elected as the host city of the 2020 Summer Olympics at the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Rome first bid for the 1908 Summer Olympics and was ultimately awarded the games. However the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 1906 forced Italy to return the hosting rights to the IOC. The IOC transferred Document [179] (Title: 2022 Winter Olympics) 2022 Winter Olympics The 2022 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XXIV Olympic Winter Games (; ), and commonly known as Beijing 2022, is an international winter multi-sport event that is scheduled to take place from 4 to 20 February 2022, in Beijing and towns in the neighbouring Hebei province, People's Republic of China. Beijing was elected as the host city in July 2015 at the 128th IOC Session in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. These Games will be the first Winter Olympics ever to be held in China, and the last of three consecutive Olympics to be held in East Asia, Document [180] (Title: Chile at the 2020 Summer Olympics) 2018 ISSF World Championships, the 2019 ISSF World Cup series, the 2019 Pan American Games, and Championships of the Americas, as long as they obtained a minimum qualifying score (MQS) by 30 April 2020. Chile at the 2020 Summer Olympics Chile is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Since the nation's debut in 1896, Chilean athletes have appeared in every Summer Olympic Games of the modern era, except for two different occasions. Chile did not attend the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles at the period of the worldwide Document [181] (Title: 2020 Summer Olympics) quadruple from the original estimate, and therefore proposed a major overhaul to the current plan to reduce costs, including moving venues outside Tokyo. In October 2018, the Board of Audit issued a report stating that the total cost of the venues could exceed US$25 billion. Seven venues for nine sports will be located within the central business area of Tokyo, northwest of the Olympic Village. Several of these venues were also used for the 1964 Summer Olympics. 13 venues for 15 sports will be located in the vicinity of Tokyo Bay, southeast of the Olympic Village, predominantly on Ariake, Odaiba Document [182] (Title: Great Britain at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Great Britain at the 2020 Summer Olympics Great Britain, represented by the British Olympic Association (BOA), is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. British athletes have appeared in every Summer Olympic Games of the modern era, alongside Australia, France, Greece, and Switzerland, though Great Britain is the only country to have won at least one gold medal at all of them. British equestrians qualified a full squad in the team dressage and team eventing competitions by virtue of a top-six finish at the 2018 FEI World Equestrian Games in Document [183] (Title: 2028 Summer Olympics) four winter editions being Lake Placid 1932, Squaw Valley 1960, Lake Placid 1980, and Salt Lake City 2002). On September 16, 2015, the International Olympic Committee announced five candidate cities for the 2024 Games: Budapest, Hamburg, Los Angeles, Paris, and Rome. The candidature process was announced at the same time. Budapest, Hamburg, and Rome eventually withdrew their bids, leaving only Los Angeles and Paris. A similar situation had already occurred during the bidding for the 2022 Winter Olympics when Krakow, Lviv, Oslo and Stockholm withdrew, resulting in a two-way race between Beijing, China and Almaty, Kazakhstan, where Beijing was ultimately Document [184] (Title: 2018 California International Marathon) the 2020 Summer Olympics Trials take place Feb. 29, 2020 in Atlanta, Georgia where 2020 United States Olympic Trials (track and field) will host a marathon specific championship. 53 men ran faster than the US Olympic Team Trials standard for the marathon (2:19:00). The Tokyo 2020 Summer Olympics United States at the 2020 Summer Olympics Trials take place Feb. 29, 2020 in Atlanta, Georgia where 2020 United States Olympic Trials (track and field) will host a marathon specific championship. 2018 California International Marathon The 2018 California International Marathon was the 35th edition of the California International Marathon. The marathon took Document [185] (Title: Japan at the 2020 Summer Olympics) the host nation. Japan women's volleyball team automatically qualified for the Olympics as the host nation. Japan men's water polo team automatically qualified for the Olympics as the host nation. Japan women's water polo team automatically qualified for the Olympics as the host nation. Japan at the 2020 Summer Olympics Japan will be the host nation of the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Since the nation's official debut in 1912, Japanese athletes had appeared at every Summer Olympic Games in the modern era, except for two editions; they were not invited to the Document [186] (Title: Germany at the 2020 Summer Olympics) German shooters achieved quota places for the following events by virtue of their best finishes at the 2018 ISSF World Championships, the 2019 ISSF World Cup series, European Championships or Games, and European Qualifying Tournament, as long as they obtained a minimum qualifying score (MQS) by 30 April 2020. Germany at the 2020 Summer Olympics Germany is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. It will be the nation's eighth consecutive appearance at the Summer Olympics after its reunification in 1990. German equestrians qualified a full squad each in the Document [187] (Title: Poland at the 2020 Summer Olympics) their best finishes at the 2018 ISSF World Championships, the 2019 ISSF World Cup series, European Championships or Games, and European Qualifying Tournament, as long as they obtained a minimum qualifying score (MQS) by 20 April 2020. Poland at the 2020 Summer Olympics Poland is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Since the nation's official debut in 1924, Polish athletes have appeared in every edition of the Summer Olympic Games, with the exception of the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, because of the country's support of the Soviet Document [188] (Title: Skateboarding at the 2020 Summer Olympics) Skateboarding at the 2020 Summer Olympics Skateboarding at the 2020 Summer Olympics is an event to be held in the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan. It is one of five sports added specifically for 2020, with no guarantee it will return to the programme in later years. There are 80 quota spots available for skateboarding. Each NOC can obtain a maximum of 3 spots in each event (total 12 maximum across the 4 events). Each event will have 20 competitors qualify: 3 from the World Championships, 16 from world rankings, and 1 from the host, Japan. Four medal events Document [189] (Title: Olympic emblem) on the emblem relates to. The emblem features the line connecting the words "Lausanne 2020". The first version Tokyo 2020 Summer Olympics emblem was unveiled on July 24, 2015. The emblem was based on letter "T" for "Tokyo", "Tomorrow" and "Tram". And it was created by Japanese award-winning designer Kenjiro Sano. However, A week after unveiling the emblem, the idea was plagiarized from Théâtre de Liège in Belgium by Olivier Debie. On September 2, 2015 the emblem was withdrawn and brought back the bid emblem. But on April 25, 2016, The new emblem was unveiled named "Harmonized Chequered Emblem" and Document [190] (Title: Norway at the 2020 Summer Olympics) quota places for the following events by virtue of their best finishes at the 2018 ISSF World Championships, the 2019 ISSF World Cup series, European Championships or Games, and European Qualifying Tournament, as long as they obtained a minimum qualifying score (MQS) by 30 April 2020. Norway at the 2020 Summer Olympics Norway is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Since the nation's debut in 1900, Norwegian athletes have appeared in every edition of the Summer Olympic Games, except for two occasions: the sparsely attended 1904 Summer Olympics in Document [191] (Title: 2026 Winter Olympics) 2026 Winter Olympics The 2026 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XXV Olympic Winter Games, is an international multi-sport event to be organised in a city designated by the International Olympic Committee (IOC). The host city was originally supposed to be selected at the 134th IOC Session on 11 September 2019 in Milan, Italy. However, after Italy submitted a bid for the games that included Milan, IOC rules required that the election be moved. Therefore, the election will be held in Lausanne, Switzerland, home of the IOC headquarters, on 23 June 2019. The IOC Executive Board met in Lausanne to Document [192] (Title: Bids for the 2020 Summer Olympics) Rome was nominated by the Italian National Olympic Committee on 19 May 2010. Italy's capital city was chosen over Venice as the country's bid for the 2020 Games. Rome previously hosted the Summer Olympics in 1960 and was chosen to host the 1908 Summer Olympics, but was relocated to London due to the 1906 eruption of Mount Vesuvius. It bid to host the 2004 Games but lost to Athens in the final round of voting. Rome hosted the 2009 World Aquatics Championships as well as the 1990 FIFA World Cup Final. Italy previously hosted the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin Question: where will the olympics take place in 2020

Answer: Tokyo Long Answer: The 2020 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXXII Olympiad (Japanese: 第 三 十 二 回 オリンピック 競技 大会, Hepburn: Dai Sanjūni - kai Orinpikku Kyōgi Taikai) and commonly known as Tokyo 2020, is a forthcoming international multi-sport event that is scheduled to take place from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Gold Document ID: 190

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Charlemagne) the Short and Bertrada of Laon, born before their canonical marriage. He became king in 768 following his father's death, initially as co-ruler with his brother Carloman I. Carloman's sudden death in December 771 under unexplained circumstances left Charlemagne as the sole ruler of the Frankish Kingdom. He continued his father's policy towards the papacy and became its protector, removing the Lombards from power in northern Italy and leading an incursion into Muslim Spain. He campaigned against the Saxons to his east, Christianizing them upon penalty of death and leading to events such as the Massacre of Verden. He reached Document [2] (Title: Germanic peoples) produced Charles Martel, and Charlemagne. The coronation of Charlemagne as emperor by Pope Leo III in Rome on Christmas Day, CE 800 represented a shift in the power structure from the south to the north. Frankish power ultimately laid the foundations for the modern nations of Germany and France. For historians, Charlemagne's appearance in the historical chronicle of Europe also marks a transition where the voice of the north appears in its own vernacular thanks to the spread of Christianity, after which the northerners began writing in Latin, Germanic, and Celtic; whereas before, the Germanic people were only known through Document [3] (Title: Franks) Charlemagne as Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III in 800 AD, he and his successors were recognised as legitimate successors to the emperors of the Western Roman Empire. As such, the Carolingian Empire gradually came to be seen in the West as a continuation of the ancient Roman Empire. This empire would give rise to several successor states, including France, the Holy Roman Empire and Burgundy, though the "Frankish" identity remained most closely identified with France. After the death of Charlemagne, his only adult surviving son became Emperor and King Louis the Pious. Following Louis the Pious's death however, Document [4] (Title: Holy Roman Empire) of northern Gaul and the middle Rhine river valley region. By the middle of the 8th century, however, the Merovingians had been reduced to figureheads, and the Carolingians, led by Charles Martel, had become the "de facto" rulers. In 751, Martel's son Pepin became King of the Franks, and later gained the sanction of the Pope. The Carolingians would maintain a close alliance with the Papacy. In 768 Pepin's son Charlemagne became King of the Franks and began an extensive expansion of the realm. He eventually incorporated the territories of present-day France, Germany, northern Italy, and beyond, linking the Frankish Document [5] (Title: Louis the German) Louis the German Louis (also Ludwig or Lewis) "the German" (c. 806-876), also known as Louis II, was the first king of East Francia. Grandson of emperor Charlemagne and the third son of emperor of Francia, Louis the Pious and his first wife, Ermengarde of Hesbaye, he received the appellation "Germanicus" shortly after his death in recognition of Magna Germania of the Roman Empire, reflecting the Carolingian's imperial perspective. His early years were partly spent at the court of his grandfather, Charlemagne, whose special affection he is said to have won. When the emperor Louis the Pious divided his dominions Document [6] (Title: France) Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III and thus establishing in earnest the French Government's longtime historical association with the Catholic Church, Charlemagne tried to revive the Western Roman Empire and its cultural grandeur. Charlemagne's son, Louis I (Emperor 814–840), kept the empire united; however, this Carolingian Empire would not survive his death. In 843, under the Treaty of Verdun, the empire was divided between Louis' three sons, with East Francia going to Louis the German, Middle Francia to Lothair I, and West Francia to Charles the Bald. West Francia approximated the area occupied by, and was the precursor to, Document [7] (Title: Charlemagne) the height of his power in 800 when he was crowned "Emperor of the Romans" by Pope Leo III on Christmas Day at Rome's Old St. Peter's Basilica. Charlemagne has been called the "Father of Europe" ("Pater Europae"), as he united most of Western Europe for the first time since the classical era of the Roman Empire and united parts of Europe that had never been under Frankish rule. His rule spurred the Carolingian Renaissance, a period of energetic cultural and intellectual activity within the Western Church. All Holy Roman Emperors considered their kingdoms to be descendants of Charlemagne's empire, Document [8] (Title: Italy in the Middle Ages) the Franks invaded the Kingdom of Italy and finally annexed the Lombards; as a reward the Frankish king Charlemagne received papal support. Later, on December 25, 800, Charlemagne was also crowned emperor of the Holy Roman Empire by the pope, triggering controversy and disputes over the Roman name. A war between the two empires soon followed; in 812 the Byzantines agreed to recognize the existence of two Roman Empires in return for an assurance that the remaining Byzantine possessions in Italy would be uncontested. Throughout this period, some coastal regions, and all of southern Italy, remained under Byzantine or Lombard Document [9] (Title: Early Middle Ages) kingdom (now commonly called the Carolingian Empire). His reign also saw a cultural rebirth, commonly called the Carolingian Renaissance. Though the exact reasons are unclear, Charlemagne was crowned "Roman Emperor" by Pope Leo III on Christmas Day, 800. Upon Charlemagne's death, his empire had united much of modern-day France, western Germany and northern Italy. The years after his death illustrated how Germanic his empire remained. Rather than an orderly succession, his empire was divided in accordance with Frankish inheritance custom, which resulted in instability that plagued his empire until the last king of a united empire, Charles the Fat, died Document [10] (Title: History of the Catholic Church in Germany) were occupied by Catholic archbishops: the Arch-chancellor of Burgundy (archbishop of Trier), the Arch-chancellor of Italy (archbishop of Cologne), and the Arch-chancellor of Germany (archbishop of Mainz). Charlemagne, crowned Roman Emperor in 800 AD, is sometimes considered as a forerunner of the Holy Roman Empire. Most historians today reject this view, arguing that the Holy Roman Empire had different antecedents and a different constitution, and the Holy Roman Emperor had a different status and role than Charlemagne and his successors. After the collapse of Charlemagne's empire, the Imperial crown was initially disputed among the Carolingian rulers of Western Francia (France) Document [11] (Title: Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor) Hevelli stronghold of Brandenburg, Gero was able to attack and defeat the divided Slavic tribes. Otto and his successors extended their control into Eastern Europe through military colonization and the establishment of churches. Upon the death of Emperor Charles the Fat in 888, the empire of Charlemagne was divided into several territories: East Francia, West Francia, the kingdoms of Lower and Upper Burgundy, and the Kingdom of Italy, with each of the realms being ruled by its own king. Though the pope in Rome continued to invest the kings of Italy as "emperors" to rule Charlemagne's empire, these "Italian emperors" Document [12] (Title: Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor) The use of this papal name was not without cause: it recalled the first pope of this name, who had allegedly created the "Christian Empire" together with Emperor Constantine the Great. This was part of Otto III's campaign to further link himself with both the Roman Empire and the Church. Like his grandfather before him, Otto III strongly aspired to be the successor of Charlemagne. In 1000, he visited Charlemagne's tomb in Aachen, removing relics from it and transporting them to Rome. Otto III also carried back parts of the body of Bishop Adalbert of Prague, which he placed in Document [13] (Title: Western Roman Empire) form of the Holy Roman Empire in 962. The Holy Roman Emperors would uphold the notion that they had inherited the supreme power and prestige of the Roman Emperors of old until the downfall of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806. Charlemagne, and the subsequent Holy Roman Emperors, were not, and did not claim to be, rulers of a restored Western Roman Empire. Pope Leo III and contemporary historians were fully aware of that the notion of a separate Western court had been abolished over three centuries prior and considered the Roman Empire to be "one and indivisible". The ruler Document [14] (Title: History of Germany) overwhelmed the Saxons and Avars, forcibly converted the people to Christianity, and annexed their lands to the Carolingian Empire. After the death of Frankish king Pepin the Short in 768, his oldest son "Charlemagne" ("Charles the Great") consolidated his power over and expanded the Kingdom. In 773-74, Charlemagne ended 200 years of Royal Lombard rule with the Siege of Pavia, and installed himself as King of the Lombards and loyal Frankish nobles replaced the old Lombard elite following a rebellion in 776. The next 30 years of his reign were spent ruthlessly strengthening his power in Francia and conquering the Document [15] (Title: Field of Lies) received the territory of Aquitaine in his father’s kingdom. He participated in a rebellion with his brothers against their father. He was the third son of Louis the Pious. He received the territory of Germania also known as East Francia. He also received the title King of Bavaria from his grandfather Charlemagne upon his death. Louis the Pious youngest son born to his second wife. He received title of Holy Roman Emperor in 875 CE. Pope Gregory IV became Bishop of Rome in 827 CE and had previously held the title of Cardinal Priest of Basilica of St Mark. His Document [16] (Title: Name of France) first king of "Francia Occidentalis" (Charles the Bald) to the current president of the French Republic (Emmanuel Macron). Notably, in German, France is still called "Frankreich", which literally means ""Reich" (empire) of the Franks". In order to distinguish it from the Frankish Empire of Charlemagne, France is called "Frankreich", while the Frankish Empire is called "Frankenreich". The name of the Franks itself is said to come from the Proto-Germanic word *"frankon" which means "javelin, lance". Another proposed etymology is that Frank means "the free men", based on the fact that the word "frank" meant "free" in the ancient Germanic languages. Document [17] (Title: Arab–Byzantine wars) Thus it has been argued that Charlemagne was an indirect product of Muhammad: The Holy Roman Empire of Charlemagne's successors would later come to the aid of the Byzantines under Louis II and during the Crusades, but relations between the two empires would be strained; based on the "Salerno Chronicle", we know the Emperor Basil had sent an angry letter to his western counterpart, reprimanding him for usurping the title of emperor. He argued that the Frankish rulers were simple "reges", and that each nation has its own title for the ruler, whereas the imperial title suited only the ruler Document [18] (Title: History of France) Papacy, Charlemagne was crowned Emperor of the Romans, or Roman Emperor in the West, by Pope Leo III in 800. Charlemagne's son Louis the Pious (emperor 814–840) kept the empire united; however, this Carolingian Empire would not survive Louis I's death. Two of his sons – Charles the Bald and Louis the German – swore allegiance to each other against their brother – Lothair I – in the Oaths of Strasbourg, and the empire was divided among Louis's three sons (Treaty of Verdun, 843). After a last brief reunification (884–887), the imperial title ceased to be held in the western Document [19] (Title: Germany) eastern part of Germany were inhabited by Western Slavic tribes of Sorbs, Veleti and the Obotritic confederation. In 800, the Frankish king Charlemagne was crowned emperor and founded the Carolingian Empire, which was later divided in 843 among his heirs. Following the break up of the Frankish Realm, for 900 years, the history of Germany was intertwined with the history of the Holy Roman Empire, which subsequently emerged from the eastern portion of Charlemagne's original empire. The territory initially known as East Francia stretched from the Rhine in the west to the Elbe River in the east and from the Document [20] (Title: Third Rome) throne of Naples, but Louis and his descendants (including the Holy Roman Emperor from the House of Habsburg-Lorraine and the Austrian emperors through Francis I) never used the title. The Carolingian Empire has been claimed to have deliberately sought to revive the Roman Empire in the West. According to early German nationalism, the Carolingian Empire transformed into the Holy Roman Empire as a continuation of the Western Roman Empire. In 800, the title of Emperor of the Romans was granted to Charlemagne by Pope Leo III. The word "holy" (often retroactively applied to all emperors since Charlemagne) was added under Document [21] (Title: History of the Catholic Church in Germany) in 774 he confirmed the gift of his father to the Roman res publica, nevertheless he saw to it that Rome remained connected with the Frankish State; in return it had a claim to Frankish protection. He also interfered in dogmatic questions. Charlemagne looked upon the revived Roman Empire from the ancient point of view inasmuch as he greatly desired recognition by the Eastern Empire. He regarded his possession of the empire as resulting solely from his own power, consequently he himself crowned his son Louis. Yet on the other hand he looked upon his empire only as a Christian Document [22] (Title: History of Western civilization) Gaul (modern day France), northern Spain, Saxony, and northern and central Italy. In 800, Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne Holy Roman Emperor. Under his rule, his subjects in non-Christian lands like Germany converted to Christianity. After his reign, the empire he created broke apart into the kingdom of France (from Francia meaning "land of the Franks"), Holy Roman Empire and the kingdom in between (containing modern day Switzerland, northern-Italy, Eastern France and the low-countries). Starting in the late 8th century, the Vikings began seaborne attacks on the towns and villages of Europe. Eventually, they turned from raiding to conquest, and Document [23] (Title: European balance of power) migrations and "barbarian" conquests followed. Greece continued to be ruled by the Byzantine (eastern roman) Empire while the Iberian peninsula fell under Arab control. Among the barbarian kingdoms, that of Charlemagne managed to unite most of France, Germany (then including today's Switzerland and Austria), the Low Countries and Italy under one rule: he was subsequently crowned Holy Roman Emperor the day of Christmas in 800 by Pope Leo III. The Germanic Emperor and the Roman Pontiff came to be known as the universal powers of Europe, but then entered in conflict during the investiture controversy and the clash between their Document [24] (Title: History of the papacy) Germanic tribes was a reflection of the reality of political power in the west. This coronation launched the concept of the new Holy Roman Empire which would play an important role throughout the Middle Ages. The Holy Roman Empire became formally established only in the next century. But the concept is implicit in the title adopted by Charlemagne in 800: 'Charles, most serene Augustus, crowned by God, great and pacific emperor, governing the Roman empire.' Charlemagne's successor, "Louis the Pious", intervened in the papal election by supporting the claim of Pope Eugene II; the popes henceforth were required to swear Document [25] (Title: Carolingian Empire) ("Christian empire"). Though Charles Martel chose not to take the title king (as his son Pepin III would, or emperor, as his grandson Charlemagne) he was absolute ruler of virtually all of today's continental Western Europe north of the Pyrenees. Only the remaining Saxon realms, which he partly conquered, Lombardy, and the Marca Hispanica south of the Pyrenees were significant additions to the Frankish realms after his death. Martel was also the founder of all the feudal systems and merit system that marked the Carolingian Empire, and Europe in general during the Middle Ages, though his son and grandson would Document [26] (Title: Name of the Franks) the habit to refer to "Francia Occidentalis" as "Francia" only, from which the word France is derived. The French state has been in continuous existence since 843 (except for a brief interruption in 885-887), with an unbroken line of heads of states since the first king of "Francia Occidentalis" (Charles the Bald) to the current president of the French Republic. Noticeably, in German, France is still called "Frankreich", which literally means ""Reich" (empire) of the Franks". In order to distinguish it from the Frankish Empire of Charlemagne, France is called "Frankreich", while the Frankish Empire is called "Frankenreich". In most Document [27] (Title: Name of France) France is still known as "Γαλλία" (Gallia). Under the reign of the Franks' Kings Clovis I, Charles Martel, Pepin the Short, and Charlemagne, the country was known as Kingdom of Franks or Francia. At the Treaty of Verdun in 843, the Frankish Empire was divided in three parts : West Francia ("Francia Occidentalis"), Middle Francia and East Francia ("Francia Orientalis"). The rulers of "Francia Orientalis", who soon claimed the imperial title and wanted to reunify the Frankish Empire, dropped the name "Francia Orientalis" and called their realm the Holy Roman Empire (see History of Germany). The kings of "Francia Occidentalis" Document [28] (Title: Charles Martel) Saxons, whom his grandson Charlemagne would fully subdue, and Moors, whom he halted on a path of continental domination. Though he never cared about titles, his son Pippin (Fr.: Pepin) did, and finally asked the Pope "who should be King, he who has the title, or he who has the power?" The Pope, highly dependent on Frankish armies for his independence from Lombard and Byzantine power (the Byzantine Emperor still considered himself to be the only legitimate "Roman Emperor", and thus, ruler of all of the provinces of the ancient empire, whether recognized or not), declared for "him who had Document [29] (Title: Holy Roman Emperor) monarchs crowned from Charlemagne until the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire (800–1806). Several rulers were crowned King of the Romans (King of Germany) but not emperor, although they styled themselves thus, among whom were: Conrad I of Germany and Henry the Fowler in the 10th century, and Conrad IV, Rudolf I, Adolf and Albert I during the "interregnum" of the late 13th century. Traditional historiography assumes a continuity between the Carolingian Empire and the Holy Roman Empire, while a modern convention takes the coronation of Otto I in 962 as the starting point of the Holy Roman Empire (although Document [30] (Title: History of Europe) flowering of literature and philosophy in Latin. In Iberia, King Chindasuinth created the Visigothic Code. In the Eastern part the dominant state wes the remaining Eastern Roman Empire. In the feudal system, new princes and kings arose, the most powerful of which was arguably the Frankish ruler Charlemagne. In 800, Charlemagne, reinforced by his massive territorial conquests, was crowned Emperor of the Romans (Imperator Romanorum) by Pope Leo III, effectively solidifying his power in western Europe. Charlemagne's reign marked the beginning of a new Germanic Roman Empire in the west, the Holy Roman Empire. Outside his borders, new forces were Document [31] (Title: History of France) by Pepin the Short (son of Charles Martel) established the Carolingian dynasty as the Kings of the Franks. Carolingian power reached its fullest extent under Pepin's son, Charlemagne. In 771, Charlemagne reunited the Frankish domains after a further period of division, subsequently conquering the Lombards under Desiderius in what is now northern Italy (774), incorporating Bavaria (788) into his realm, defeating the Avars of the Danubian plain (796), advancing the frontier with Islamic Spain as far south as Barcelona (801), and subjugating Lower Saxony after a prolonged campaign (804). In recognition of his successes and his political support for the Document [32] (Title: Charlemagne) Charlemagne Charlemagne () or Charles the Great (, ; 2 April 742 – 28 January 814), numbered Charles I, was King of the Franks from 768, King of the Lombards from 774, and Holy Roman Emperor from 800. He united much of western and central Europe during the Early Middle Ages. He was the first recognised emperor to rule from western Europe since the fall of the Western Roman Empire three centuries earlier. The expanded Frankish state that Charlemagne founded is called the Carolingian Empire. He was later canonized by Antipope Paschal III. Charlemagne was the eldest son of Pepin Document [33] (Title: Carolingian Empire) the later emperors, see Holy Roman Emperor. Carolingian Empire The Carolingian Empire (800–888) was a large empire in western and central Europe during the early Middle Ages. It was ruled by the Carolingian dynasty, which had ruled as kings of the Franks since 751 and as kings of the Lombards of Italy from 774. In 800, the Frankish king Charlemagne was crowned emperor in Rome by Pope Leo III in an effort to revive the Roman Empire in the west during a vacancy in the throne of the eastern Roman Empire. After a civil war (840–43) following the death of Document [34] (Title: Role of Christianity in civilization) revolutionizing social history. Charlemagne ("Charles the Great" in English) became king of the Franks in 768. He conquered the Low Countries, Saxony, and northern and central Italy, and in 800, Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne Holy Roman Emperor. Sometimes called the "Father of Europe," Charlemagne instituted political and judicial reform and led what is sometimes referred to as the Early or Christian Renaissance. The historian Geoffrey Blainey, likened the Catholic Church in its activities during the Middle Ages to an early version of a welfare state: "It conducted hospitals for the old and orphanages for the young; hospices for the Document [35] (Title: Holy Roman Empire) kingdom with Papal lands. In 797, the Eastern Roman Emperor Constantine VI was removed from the throne by his mother Irene who declared herself Empress. As the Church regarded a male Roman Emperor as the head of Christendom, Pope Leo III sought a new candidate for the dignity. Charlemagne's good service to the Church in his defense of Papal possessions against the Lombards made him the ideal candidate. On Christmas Day of 800, Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne emperor, restoring the title in the West for the first time in over three centuries. In 802, Irene was overthrown by Nikephoros Document [36] (Title: Roman emperor) the king of the Franks, Charlemagne (Charles the Great), as Roman emperor by the Pope on Christmas Day, 800. This coronation had its roots in the decline of influence of the Pope in the affairs of the Byzantine Empire at the same time the Byzantine Empire declined in influence over politics in the West. The Pope saw no advantage to be derived from working with the Byzantine Empire, but as George Ostrogorsky points out, "an alliance with the famous conqueror of the Lombards, on the other hand ... promised much". The immediate response of the Eastern Roman emperor was not Document [37] (Title: Wilfred the Hairy) who could defend the land from the fearsome Vikings and their vicious raids on the Channel and Atlantic coasts. At the Assembly of Ponthion (884), the Franks chose the Holy Roman Emperor Charles the Fat, who was already king of Germany and Italy. Charles, son of Louis the German, therefore became the first person since the death of Louis the Pious to reign over the entire realm of Charlemagne, his illustrious great-grandfather. He would also be the last. Incapable of much, Charles was lethargic and probably suffered from epilepsy. In November 885, he raised a grand army to fight off Document [38] (Title: Carolingian dynasty) a Carolingian Pepin the Short was crowned King of the Franks. The Carolingian dynasty reached its peak in 800 with the crowning of Charlemagne as the first Emperor of Romans in the West in over three centuries. His death in 814 began an extended period of fragmentation of the Carolingian empire and decline that would eventually lead to the evolution of the Kingdom of France and the Holy Roman Empire. The Carolingian dynasty takes its name from "Carolus", the Latinised name of Charles Martel, "de facto" ruler of Francia from 718 until his death. The name "Carolingian" (Medieval Latin "karolingi", Document [39] (Title: Holy Roman Empire) I and henceforth there were two Roman Emperors. After Charlemagne died in 814, the imperial crown passed to his son, Louis the Pious. Upon Louis' death in 840, it passed to his son Lothair, who had been his co-ruler. By this point the territory of Charlemagne had been divided into several territories, and over the course of the later ninth century the title of Emperor was disputed by the Carolingian rulers of Western Francia and Eastern Francia, with first the western king (Charles the Bald) and then the eastern (Charles the Fat), who briefly reunited the Empire, attaining the prize. Document [40] (Title: Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire) of Charlemagne as the first Holy Roman Emperor as a successor of the Roman Emperors. According to Pirenne, the real break in Roman history occurred in the 7th and 8th centuries as a result of Arab expansion. Islamic conquest of the area of today's south-eastern Turkey, Syria, Palestine, North Africa, Spain and Portugal ruptured economic ties to western Europe, cutting the region off from trade and turning it into a stagnant backwater, with wealth flowing out in the form of raw resources and nothing coming back. This began a steady decline and impoverishment so that by the time of Charlemagne Document [41] (Title: Siege of Trsat) 802–815 between the Franks and Byzantines led to a stalemate. The Dalmatian Croatia consequently peacefully accepted a limited Frankish overlordship. Charlemagne, King of the Franks from 768 until his death in 814, expanded the Frankish kingdom into an empire that incorporated much of western and central Europe. He brought the Frankish state face to face with the Slavs to the northeast and the Avars and Slavs to the southeast of the Frankish empire. The Croats lived in Pannonian Croatia and Dalmatian Croatia (Littoral Croatia) to the southeast of the Frankish Empire. Dalmatian Croatia was ruled by Duke Višeslav, one of Document [42] (Title: Holy Roman Empire) fall of the earlier ancient Western Roman Empire in 476. The title continued in the Carolingian family until 888 and from 896 to 899, after which it was contested by the rulers of Italy in a series of civil wars until the death of the last Italian claimant, Berengar I, in 924. The title was revived again in 962 when Otto I was crowned emperor, fashioning himself as the successor of Charlemagne and beginning a continuous existence of the empire for over eight centuries. Some historians refer to the coronation of Charlemagne as the origin of the empire, while others Document [43] (Title: Francia) Holy Roman Empire ("translatio imperii"). From the 10th century, East Francia became also known as "regnum Teutonicum" ("Teutonic kingdom" or "Kingdom of Germany"), a term that became prevalent in Salian times. The title of Holy Roman Emperor was used from that time, beginning with Conrad II. The different Frankish tribes, such as the Salii, Ripuarii, and Chamavi, had different legal traditions, which were only lately codified, largely under Charlemagne. The "Leges Salica", "Ribuaria", and "Chamavorum" were Carolingian creations, their basis in earlier Frankish reality being difficult for scholars to discern at the present distance. Under Charlemagne codifications were also made Document [44] (Title: Battle of Brenta) in its place remained three kingdoms (West Francia, East Francia, Kingdom of Italy), led by kings of Carolingian bloodline, which disputed the supremacy among them. Arnulf of Carinthia, the son of the East Francian king Carloman, who became German king in 887, wanted to recreate the Carolingian Empire, thus in 894, as result of his Italian campaign, became King of Italy, and in 896 he was even crowned as Holy Roman Emperor at Rome by the pope. To his goals in Italy he was helped by Berengar of Friuli, the grandson of Charlemagne, who after 898 started to see himself Question: what was the name of the frankish king who formed the holy roman empire Answer: Charlemagne Long Answer: In 768 Pepin's son Charlemagne became King of the Franks and began an extensive expansion of the realm . He eventually incorporated the territories of present - day France, Germany, northern Italy, and beyond, linking the Frankish kingdom with Papal lands . On Christmas Day of 800, Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne emperor, restoring the title in the West for the first time in over three centuries. Gold Document ID: 44

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Charlemagne) the Short and Bertrada of Laon, born before their canonical marriage. He became king in 768 following his father's death, initially as co-ruler with his brother Carloman I. Carloman's sudden death in December 771 under unexplained circumstances left Charlemagne as the sole ruler of the Frankish Kingdom. He continued his father's policy towards the papacy and became its protector, removing the Lombards from power in northern Italy and leading an incursion into Muslim Spain. He campaigned against the Saxons to his east, Christianizing them upon penalty of death and leading to events such as the Massacre of Verden. He reached Document [2] (Title: Germanic peoples) produced Charles Martel, and Charlemagne. The coronation of Charlemagne as emperor by Pope Leo III in Rome on Christmas Day, CE 800 represented a shift in the power structure from the south to the north. Frankish power ultimately laid the foundations for the modern nations of Germany and France. For historians, Charlemagne's appearance in the historical chronicle of Europe also marks a transition where the voice of the north appears in its own vernacular thanks to the spread of Christianity, after which the northerners began writing in Latin, Germanic, and Celtic; whereas before, the Germanic people were only known through Document [3] (Title: Franks) Charlemagne as Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III in 800 AD, he and his successors were recognised as legitimate successors to the emperors of the Western Roman Empire. As such, the Carolingian Empire gradually came to be seen in the West as a continuation of the ancient Roman Empire. This empire would give rise to several successor states, including France, the Holy Roman Empire and Burgundy, though the "Frankish" identity remained most closely identified with France. After the death of Charlemagne, his only adult surviving son became Emperor and King Louis the Pious. Following Louis the Pious's death however, Document [4] (Title: Holy Roman Empire) of northern Gaul and the middle Rhine river valley region. By the middle of the 8th century, however, the Merovingians had been reduced to figureheads, and the Carolingians, led by Charles Martel, had become the "de facto" rulers. In 751, Martel's son Pepin became King of the Franks, and later gained the sanction of the Pope. The Carolingians would maintain a close alliance with the Papacy. In 768 Pepin's son Charlemagne became King of the Franks and began an extensive expansion of the realm. He eventually incorporated the territories of present-day France, Germany, northern Italy, and beyond, linking the Frankish Document [5] (Title: Louis the German) Louis the German Louis (also Ludwig or Lewis) "the German" (c. 806-876), also known as Louis II, was the first king of East Francia. Grandson of emperor Charlemagne and the third son of emperor of Francia, Louis the Pious and his first wife, Ermengarde of Hesbaye, he received the appellation "Germanicus" shortly after his death in recognition of Magna Germania of the Roman Empire, reflecting the Carolingian's imperial perspective. His early years were partly spent at the court of his grandfather, Charlemagne, whose special affection he is said to have won. When the emperor Louis the Pious divided his dominions Document [6] (Title: France) Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III and thus establishing in earnest the French Government's longtime historical association with the Catholic Church, Charlemagne tried to revive the Western Roman Empire and its cultural grandeur. Charlemagne's son, Louis I (Emperor 814–840), kept the empire united; however, this Carolingian Empire would not survive his death. In 843, under the Treaty of Verdun, the empire was divided between Louis' three sons, with East Francia going to Louis the German, Middle Francia to Lothair I, and West Francia to Charles the Bald. West Francia approximated the area occupied by, and was the precursor to, Document [7] (Title: Charlemagne) the height of his power in 800 when he was crowned "Emperor of the Romans" by Pope Leo III on Christmas Day at Rome's Old St. Peter's Basilica. Charlemagne has been called the "Father of Europe" ("Pater Europae"), as he united most of Western Europe for the first time since the classical era of the Roman Empire and united parts of Europe that had never been under Frankish rule. His rule spurred the Carolingian Renaissance, a period of energetic cultural and intellectual activity within the Western Church. All Holy Roman Emperors considered their kingdoms to be descendants of Charlemagne's empire, Document [8] (Title: Italy in the Middle Ages) the Franks invaded the Kingdom of Italy and finally annexed the Lombards; as a reward the Frankish king Charlemagne received papal support. Later, on December 25, 800, Charlemagne was also crowned emperor of the Holy Roman Empire by the pope, triggering controversy and disputes over the Roman name. A war between the two empires soon followed; in 812 the Byzantines agreed to recognize the existence of two Roman Empires in return for an assurance that the remaining Byzantine possessions in Italy would be uncontested. Throughout this period, some coastal regions, and all of southern Italy, remained under Byzantine or Lombard Document [9] (Title: Early Middle Ages) kingdom (now commonly called the Carolingian Empire). His reign also saw a cultural rebirth, commonly called the Carolingian Renaissance. Though the exact reasons are unclear, Charlemagne was crowned "Roman Emperor" by Pope Leo III on Christmas Day, 800. Upon Charlemagne's death, his empire had united much of modern-day France, western Germany and northern Italy. The years after his death illustrated how Germanic his empire remained. Rather than an orderly succession, his empire was divided in accordance with Frankish inheritance custom, which resulted in instability that plagued his empire until the last king of a united empire, Charles the Fat, died Document [10] (Title: History of the Catholic Church in Germany) were occupied by Catholic archbishops: the Arch-chancellor of Burgundy (archbishop of Trier), the Arch-chancellor of Italy (archbishop of Cologne), and the Arch-chancellor of Germany (archbishop of Mainz). Charlemagne, crowned Roman Emperor in 800 AD, is sometimes considered as a forerunner of the Holy Roman Empire. Most historians today reject this view, arguing that the Holy Roman Empire had different antecedents and a different constitution, and the Holy Roman Emperor had a different status and role than Charlemagne and his successors. After the collapse of Charlemagne's empire, the Imperial crown was initially disputed among the Carolingian rulers of Western Francia (France) Document [11] (Title: Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor) Hevelli stronghold of Brandenburg, Gero was able to attack and defeat the divided Slavic tribes. Otto and his successors extended their control into Eastern Europe through military colonization and the establishment of churches. Upon the death of Emperor Charles the Fat in 888, the empire of Charlemagne was divided into several territories: East Francia, West Francia, the kingdoms of Lower and Upper Burgundy, and the Kingdom of Italy, with each of the realms being ruled by its own king. Though the pope in Rome continued to invest the kings of Italy as "emperors" to rule Charlemagne's empire, these "Italian emperors" Document [12] (Title: Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor) The use of this papal name was not without cause: it recalled the first pope of this name, who had allegedly created the "Christian Empire" together with Emperor Constantine the Great. This was part of Otto III's campaign to further link himself with both the Roman Empire and the Church. Like his grandfather before him, Otto III strongly aspired to be the successor of Charlemagne. In 1000, he visited Charlemagne's tomb in Aachen, removing relics from it and transporting them to Rome. Otto III also carried back parts of the body of Bishop Adalbert of Prague, which he placed in Document [13] (Title: Western Roman Empire) form of the Holy Roman Empire in 962. The Holy Roman Emperors would uphold the notion that they had inherited the supreme power and prestige of the Roman Emperors of old until the downfall of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806. Charlemagne, and the subsequent Holy Roman Emperors, were not, and did not claim to be, rulers of a restored Western Roman Empire. Pope Leo III and contemporary historians were fully aware of that the notion of a separate Western court had been abolished over three centuries prior and considered the Roman Empire to be "one and indivisible". The ruler Document [14] (Title: History of Germany) overwhelmed the Saxons and Avars, forcibly converted the people to Christianity, and annexed their lands to the Carolingian Empire. After the death of Frankish king Pepin the Short in 768, his oldest son "Charlemagne" ("Charles the Great") consolidated his power over and expanded the Kingdom. In 773-74, Charlemagne ended 200 years of Royal Lombard rule with the Siege of Pavia, and installed himself as King of the Lombards and loyal Frankish nobles replaced the old Lombard elite following a rebellion in 776. The next 30 years of his reign were spent ruthlessly strengthening his power in Francia and conquering the Document [15] (Title: Field of Lies) received the territory of Aquitaine in his father’s kingdom. He participated in a rebellion with his brothers against their father. He was the third son of Louis the Pious. He received the territory of Germania also known as East Francia. He also received the title King of Bavaria from his grandfather Charlemagne upon his death. Louis the Pious youngest son born to his second wife. He received title of Holy Roman Emperor in 875 CE. Pope Gregory IV became Bishop of Rome in 827 CE and had previously held the title of Cardinal Priest of Basilica of St Mark. His Document [16] (Title: Name of France) first king of "Francia Occidentalis" (Charles the Bald) to the current president of the French Republic (Emmanuel Macron). Notably, in German, France is still called "Frankreich", which literally means ""Reich" (empire) of the Franks". In order to distinguish it from the Frankish Empire of Charlemagne, France is called "Frankreich", while the Frankish Empire is called "Frankenreich". The name of the Franks itself is said to come from the Proto-Germanic word *"frankon" which means "javelin, lance". Another proposed etymology is that Frank means "the free men", based on the fact that the word "frank" meant "free" in the ancient Germanic languages. Document [17] (Title: Arab–Byzantine wars) Thus it has been argued that Charlemagne was an indirect product of Muhammad: The Holy Roman Empire of Charlemagne's successors would later come to the aid of the Byzantines under Louis II and during the Crusades, but relations between the two empires would be strained; based on the "Salerno Chronicle", we know the Emperor Basil had sent an angry letter to his western counterpart, reprimanding him for usurping the title of emperor. He argued that the Frankish rulers were simple "reges", and that each nation has its own title for the ruler, whereas the imperial title suited only the ruler Document [18] (Title: History of France) Papacy, Charlemagne was crowned Emperor of the Romans, or Roman Emperor in the West, by Pope Leo III in 800. Charlemagne's son Louis the Pious (emperor 814–840) kept the empire united; however, this Carolingian Empire would not survive Louis I's death. Two of his sons – Charles the Bald and Louis the German – swore allegiance to each other against their brother – Lothair I – in the Oaths of Strasbourg, and the empire was divided among Louis's three sons (Treaty of Verdun, 843). After a last brief reunification (884–887), the imperial title ceased to be held in the western Document [19] (Title: Germany) eastern part of Germany were inhabited by Western Slavic tribes of Sorbs, Veleti and the Obotritic confederation. In 800, the Frankish king Charlemagne was crowned emperor and founded the Carolingian Empire, which was later divided in 843 among his heirs. Following the break up of the Frankish Realm, for 900 years, the history of Germany was intertwined with the history of the Holy Roman Empire, which subsequently emerged from the eastern portion of Charlemagne's original empire. The territory initially known as East Francia stretched from the Rhine in the west to the Elbe River in the east and from the Document [20] (Title: Third Rome) throne of Naples, but Louis and his descendants (including the Holy Roman Emperor from the House of Habsburg-Lorraine and the Austrian emperors through Francis I) never used the title. The Carolingian Empire has been claimed to have deliberately sought to revive the Roman Empire in the West. According to early German nationalism, the Carolingian Empire transformed into the Holy Roman Empire as a continuation of the Western Roman Empire. In 800, the title of Emperor of the Romans was granted to Charlemagne by Pope Leo III. The word "holy" (often retroactively applied to all emperors since Charlemagne) was added under Document [21] (Title: History of the Catholic Church in Germany) in 774 he confirmed the gift of his father to the Roman res publica, nevertheless he saw to it that Rome remained connected with the Frankish State; in return it had a claim to Frankish protection. He also interfered in dogmatic questions. Charlemagne looked upon the revived Roman Empire from the ancient point of view inasmuch as he greatly desired recognition by the Eastern Empire. He regarded his possession of the empire as resulting solely from his own power, consequently he himself crowned his son Louis. Yet on the other hand he looked upon his empire only as a Christian Document [22] (Title: History of Western civilization) Gaul (modern day France), northern Spain, Saxony, and northern and central Italy. In 800, Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne Holy Roman Emperor. Under his rule, his subjects in non-Christian lands like Germany converted to Christianity. After his reign, the empire he created broke apart into the kingdom of France (from Francia meaning "land of the Franks"), Holy Roman Empire and the kingdom in between (containing modern day Switzerland, northern-Italy, Eastern France and the low-countries). Starting in the late 8th century, the Vikings began seaborne attacks on the towns and villages of Europe. Eventually, they turned from raiding to conquest, and Document [23] (Title: European balance of power) migrations and "barbarian" conquests followed. Greece continued to be ruled by the Byzantine (eastern roman) Empire while the Iberian peninsula fell under Arab control. Among the barbarian kingdoms, that of Charlemagne managed to unite most of France, Germany (then including today's Switzerland and Austria), the Low Countries and Italy under one rule: he was subsequently crowned Holy Roman Emperor the day of Christmas in 800 by Pope Leo III. The Germanic Emperor and the Roman Pontiff came to be known as the universal powers of Europe, but then entered in conflict during the investiture controversy and the clash between their Document [24] (Title: History of the papacy) Germanic tribes was a reflection of the reality of political power in the west. This coronation launched the concept of the new Holy Roman Empire which would play an important role throughout the Middle Ages. The Holy Roman Empire became formally established only in the next century. But the concept is implicit in the title adopted by Charlemagne in 800: 'Charles, most serene Augustus, crowned by God, great and pacific emperor, governing the Roman empire.' Charlemagne's successor, "Louis the Pious", intervened in the papal election by supporting the claim of Pope Eugene II; the popes henceforth were required to swear Document [25] (Title: Carolingian Empire) ("Christian empire"). Though Charles Martel chose not to take the title king (as his son Pepin III would, or emperor, as his grandson Charlemagne) he was absolute ruler of virtually all of today's continental Western Europe north of the Pyrenees. Only the remaining Saxon realms, which he partly conquered, Lombardy, and the Marca Hispanica south of the Pyrenees were significant additions to the Frankish realms after his death. Martel was also the founder of all the feudal systems and merit system that marked the Carolingian Empire, and Europe in general during the Middle Ages, though his son and grandson would Document [26] (Title: Name of the Franks) the habit to refer to "Francia Occidentalis" as "Francia" only, from which the word France is derived. The French state has been in continuous existence since 843 (except for a brief interruption in 885-887), with an unbroken line of heads of states since the first king of "Francia Occidentalis" (Charles the Bald) to the current president of the French Republic. Noticeably, in German, France is still called "Frankreich", which literally means ""Reich" (empire) of the Franks". In order to distinguish it from the Frankish Empire of Charlemagne, France is called "Frankreich", while the Frankish Empire is called "Frankenreich". In most Document [27] (Title: Name of France) France is still known as "Γαλλία" (Gallia). Under the reign of the Franks' Kings Clovis I, Charles Martel, Pepin the Short, and Charlemagne, the country was known as Kingdom of Franks or Francia. At the Treaty of Verdun in 843, the Frankish Empire was divided in three parts : West Francia ("Francia Occidentalis"), Middle Francia and East Francia ("Francia Orientalis"). The rulers of "Francia Orientalis", who soon claimed the imperial title and wanted to reunify the Frankish Empire, dropped the name "Francia Orientalis" and called their realm the Holy Roman Empire (see History of Germany). The kings of "Francia Occidentalis" Document [28] (Title: Charles Martel) Saxons, whom his grandson Charlemagne would fully subdue, and Moors, whom he halted on a path of continental domination. Though he never cared about titles, his son Pippin (Fr.: Pepin) did, and finally asked the Pope "who should be King, he who has the title, or he who has the power?" The Pope, highly dependent on Frankish armies for his independence from Lombard and Byzantine power (the Byzantine Emperor still considered himself to be the only legitimate "Roman Emperor", and thus, ruler of all of the provinces of the ancient empire, whether recognized or not), declared for "him who had Document [29] (Title: Holy Roman Emperor) monarchs crowned from Charlemagne until the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire (800–1806). Several rulers were crowned King of the Romans (King of Germany) but not emperor, although they styled themselves thus, among whom were: Conrad I of Germany and Henry the Fowler in the 10th century, and Conrad IV, Rudolf I, Adolf and Albert I during the "interregnum" of the late 13th century. Traditional historiography assumes a continuity between the Carolingian Empire and the Holy Roman Empire, while a modern convention takes the coronation of Otto I in 962 as the starting point of the Holy Roman Empire (although Document [30] (Title: History of Europe) flowering of literature and philosophy in Latin. In Iberia, King Chindasuinth created the Visigothic Code. In the Eastern part the dominant state wes the remaining Eastern Roman Empire. In the feudal system, new princes and kings arose, the most powerful of which was arguably the Frankish ruler Charlemagne. In 800, Charlemagne, reinforced by his massive territorial conquests, was crowned Emperor of the Romans (Imperator Romanorum) by Pope Leo III, effectively solidifying his power in western Europe. Charlemagne's reign marked the beginning of a new Germanic Roman Empire in the west, the Holy Roman Empire. Outside his borders, new forces were Document [31] (Title: History of France) by Pepin the Short (son of Charles Martel) established the Carolingian dynasty as the Kings of the Franks. Carolingian power reached its fullest extent under Pepin's son, Charlemagne. In 771, Charlemagne reunited the Frankish domains after a further period of division, subsequently conquering the Lombards under Desiderius in what is now northern Italy (774), incorporating Bavaria (788) into his realm, defeating the Avars of the Danubian plain (796), advancing the frontier with Islamic Spain as far south as Barcelona (801), and subjugating Lower Saxony after a prolonged campaign (804). In recognition of his successes and his political support for the Document [32] (Title: Charlemagne) Charlemagne Charlemagne () or Charles the Great (, ; 2 April 742 – 28 January 814), numbered Charles I, was King of the Franks from 768, King of the Lombards from 774, and Holy Roman Emperor from 800. He united much of western and central Europe during the Early Middle Ages. He was the first recognised emperor to rule from western Europe since the fall of the Western Roman Empire three centuries earlier. The expanded Frankish state that Charlemagne founded is called the Carolingian Empire. He was later canonized by Antipope Paschal III. Charlemagne was the eldest son of Pepin Document [33] (Title: Carolingian Empire) the later emperors, see Holy Roman Emperor. Carolingian Empire The Carolingian Empire (800–888) was a large empire in western and central Europe during the early Middle Ages. It was ruled by the Carolingian dynasty, which had ruled as kings of the Franks since 751 and as kings of the Lombards of Italy from 774. In 800, the Frankish king Charlemagne was crowned emperor in Rome by Pope Leo III in an effort to revive the Roman Empire in the west during a vacancy in the throne of the eastern Roman Empire. After a civil war (840–43) following the death of Document [34] (Title: Role of Christianity in civilization) revolutionizing social history. Charlemagne ("Charles the Great" in English) became king of the Franks in 768. He conquered the Low Countries, Saxony, and northern and central Italy, and in 800, Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne Holy Roman Emperor. Sometimes called the "Father of Europe," Charlemagne instituted political and judicial reform and led what is sometimes referred to as the Early or Christian Renaissance. The historian Geoffrey Blainey, likened the Catholic Church in its activities during the Middle Ages to an early version of a welfare state: "It conducted hospitals for the old and orphanages for the young; hospices for the Document [35] (Title: Holy Roman Empire) kingdom with Papal lands. In 797, the Eastern Roman Emperor Constantine VI was removed from the throne by his mother Irene who declared herself Empress. As the Church regarded a male Roman Emperor as the head of Christendom, Pope Leo III sought a new candidate for the dignity. Charlemagne's good service to the Church in his defense of Papal possessions against the Lombards made him the ideal candidate. On Christmas Day of 800, Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne emperor, restoring the title in the West for the first time in over three centuries. In 802, Irene was overthrown by Nikephoros Document [36] (Title: Roman emperor) the king of the Franks, Charlemagne (Charles the Great), as Roman emperor by the Pope on Christmas Day, 800. This coronation had its roots in the decline of influence of the Pope in the affairs of the Byzantine Empire at the same time the Byzantine Empire declined in influence over politics in the West. The Pope saw no advantage to be derived from working with the Byzantine Empire, but as George Ostrogorsky points out, "an alliance with the famous conqueror of the Lombards, on the other hand ... promised much". The immediate response of the Eastern Roman emperor was not Document [37] (Title: Wilfred the Hairy) who could defend the land from the fearsome Vikings and their vicious raids on the Channel and Atlantic coasts. At the Assembly of Ponthion (884), the Franks chose the Holy Roman Emperor Charles the Fat, who was already king of Germany and Italy. Charles, son of Louis the German, therefore became the first person since the death of Louis the Pious to reign over the entire realm of Charlemagne, his illustrious great-grandfather. He would also be the last. Incapable of much, Charles was lethargic and probably suffered from epilepsy. In November 885, he raised a grand army to fight off Document [38] (Title: Carolingian dynasty) a Carolingian Pepin the Short was crowned King of the Franks. The Carolingian dynasty reached its peak in 800 with the crowning of Charlemagne as the first Emperor of Romans in the West in over three centuries. His death in 814 began an extended period of fragmentation of the Carolingian empire and decline that would eventually lead to the evolution of the Kingdom of France and the Holy Roman Empire. The Carolingian dynasty takes its name from "Carolus", the Latinised name of Charles Martel, "de facto" ruler of Francia from 718 until his death. The name "Carolingian" (Medieval Latin "karolingi", Document [39] (Title: Holy Roman Empire) I and henceforth there were two Roman Emperors. After Charlemagne died in 814, the imperial crown passed to his son, Louis the Pious. Upon Louis' death in 840, it passed to his son Lothair, who had been his co-ruler. By this point the territory of Charlemagne had been divided into several territories, and over the course of the later ninth century the title of Emperor was disputed by the Carolingian rulers of Western Francia and Eastern Francia, with first the western king (Charles the Bald) and then the eastern (Charles the Fat), who briefly reunited the Empire, attaining the prize. Document [40] (Title: Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire) of Charlemagne as the first Holy Roman Emperor as a successor of the Roman Emperors. According to Pirenne, the real break in Roman history occurred in the 7th and 8th centuries as a result of Arab expansion. Islamic conquest of the area of today's south-eastern Turkey, Syria, Palestine, North Africa, Spain and Portugal ruptured economic ties to western Europe, cutting the region off from trade and turning it into a stagnant backwater, with wealth flowing out in the form of raw resources and nothing coming back. This began a steady decline and impoverishment so that by the time of Charlemagne Document [41] (Title: Siege of Trsat) 802–815 between the Franks and Byzantines led to a stalemate. The Dalmatian Croatia consequently peacefully accepted a limited Frankish overlordship. Charlemagne, King of the Franks from 768 until his death in 814, expanded the Frankish kingdom into an empire that incorporated much of western and central Europe. He brought the Frankish state face to face with the Slavs to the northeast and the Avars and Slavs to the southeast of the Frankish empire. The Croats lived in Pannonian Croatia and Dalmatian Croatia (Littoral Croatia) to the southeast of the Frankish Empire. Dalmatian Croatia was ruled by Duke Višeslav, one of Document [42] (Title: Holy Roman Empire) fall of the earlier ancient Western Roman Empire in 476. The title continued in the Carolingian family until 888 and from 896 to 899, after which it was contested by the rulers of Italy in a series of civil wars until the death of the last Italian claimant, Berengar I, in 924. The title was revived again in 962 when Otto I was crowned emperor, fashioning himself as the successor of Charlemagne and beginning a continuous existence of the empire for over eight centuries. Some historians refer to the coronation of Charlemagne as the origin of the empire, while others Document [43] (Title: Francia) Holy Roman Empire ("translatio imperii"). From the 10th century, East Francia became also known as "regnum Teutonicum" ("Teutonic kingdom" or "Kingdom of Germany"), a term that became prevalent in Salian times. The title of Holy Roman Emperor was used from that time, beginning with Conrad II. The different Frankish tribes, such as the Salii, Ripuarii, and Chamavi, had different legal traditions, which were only lately codified, largely under Charlemagne. The "Leges Salica", "Ribuaria", and "Chamavorum" were Carolingian creations, their basis in earlier Frankish reality being difficult for scholars to discern at the present distance. Under Charlemagne codifications were also made Document [44] (Title: Battle of Brenta) in its place remained three kingdoms (West Francia, East Francia, Kingdom of Italy), led by kings of Carolingian bloodline, which disputed the supremacy among them. Arnulf of Carinthia, the son of the East Francian king Carloman, who became German king in 887, wanted to recreate the Carolingian Empire, thus in 894, as result of his Italian campaign, became King of Italy, and in 896 he was even crowned as Holy Roman Emperor at Rome by the pope. To his goals in Italy he was helped by Berengar of Friuli, the grandson of Charlemagne, who after 898 started to see himself Question: what was the name of the frankish king who formed the holy roman empire

Answer: Charlemagne Long Answer: In 768 Pepin's son Charlemagne became King of the Franks and began an extensive expansion of the realm . He eventually incorporated the territories of present - day France, Germany, northern Italy, and beyond, linking the Frankish kingdom with Papal lands . On Christmas Day of 800, Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne emperor, restoring the title in the West for the first time in over three centuries. Gold Document ID: 44

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Iron Horse (sculpture)) in honor of the sculpture. The university uses the farm for agricultural research. In February 2017, a study created in the farm was released, which consisted of the use of drones to analyze the genetic data found in crop yields. The early history of the sculpture was depicted in the 1962 National Educational Television film, "Pegasus Without Wings" as well as the 1980 William VanDerKloot documentary, "Iron Horse". Iron Horse (sculpture) Iron Horse (also known as Pegasus Without Wings) is an iron sculpture created by Abbott Pattison. Although the sculpture was not well-received at first, it currently faces many visits Document [2] (Title: Tulpar) name. The wings were not necessarily for flight but to emphasize their speed. This is the case for the Tulpar. These horses shared their lives with their masters. Tulpar Tulpar (, , , , , ) is a winged or swift horse in Turkic mythology (for example, Kazakh and Tatar mythology), corresponding to Pegasus. Tulpar is also in state emblems of Kazakhstan, Mongolia and Bashkortostan Tulpar came to be was due to the nature of the people in Central Asia: focused around a hunting life. The people hunted with horses, with the company of a bird of prey. These two Document [3] (Title: Haizum) of a whip and the voice of the rider saying: 'Go ahead Haizum.' He looked at the disbelievers who had fell on the ground on his back. The man came to Allah's Messenger (sallallahu alaihe wa-sallam) and related the incident, upon which Allah's Messenger (sallallahu alaihe wa-sallam) said: "You have told the truth. This was the help from the third Heaven." Haizum In Islamic tradition, Haizum () is the horse of the archangel Gabriel. It is a white, flaming, spiritual horse that has wings like that of a pegasus and can fly swiftly from one cosmic plane to another in Document [4] (Title: Winged unicorn) Winged unicorn A winged unicorn (or flying unicorn) is a fictional horse with wings like Pegasus and the horn of a unicorn. This creature has no specific name, but in some literature and media, it has been referred to as an alicorn, a Latin word for the horn of a unicorn, especially in alchemical texts, or as a pegacorn, a portmanteau of pegasus and unicorn. Winged unicorns have been depicted in art. Ancient Achaemenid Assyrian seals depict winged unicorns and winged bulls as representing evil, but winged unicorns can also represent light. Irish poet W. B. Yeats wrote of imagining Document [5] (Title: Winged unicorn) a winged beast that he associated with ecstatic destruction. The beast took the form of a winged unicorn in his 1907 play "The Unicorn from the Stars" and later that of the rough beast slouching towards Bethlehem in his poem "The Second Coming". Winged unicorn A winged unicorn (or flying unicorn) is a fictional horse with wings like Pegasus and the horn of a unicorn. This creature has no specific name, but in some literature and media, it has been referred to as an alicorn, a Latin word for the horn of a unicorn, especially in alchemical texts, or as Document [6] (Title: Poll (livestock)) horse when the horse is on the bit. The horse is always relaxed over the poll, giving it a relaxed look when going about its job. When, for example, the third vertebra (C3) is the highest point on the neck, rather than the poll, it is a clear sign of incorrect work. Poll (livestock) The poll is a name of the part of an animal's head, alternatively referencing a point immediately behind or right between the ears. This area of the anatomy is of particular significance for the horse. Specifically, the "poll" refers to the occipital protrusion at the back Document [7] (Title: A Horse of Air) A Horse of Air A Horse of Air (1970) is a Miles Franklin Award-winning novel by Australian author Dal Stivens. The horse of the title is said to make reference to the Australian Aboriginal term for the night parrot. When horses where first introduced to the Australian mainland, their galloping motion was said to resemble the flight of the now critically endangered low-flying parrot. Stivens was himself a keen ornithologist who favoured finches over parrots. However, the phrase is taken from a 17th-century 'mad song' called Tom o'Bedlam.<Hickman L (1971) I get obsessed. The Australian Women's Weekly 21 July 1971, Document [8] (Title: Horn (anatomy)) a curved or spiral shape, often with ridges or fluting. In many species only males have horns. Horns start to grow soon after birth, and continue to grow throughout the life of the animal (except in pronghorns, which shed the outer layer annually, but retain the bony core). Partial or deformed horns in livestock are called "scurs". Similar growths on other parts of the body are not usually called horns, but spurs, claws or hoofs depending on the part of the body on which they occur. The term "horn" is also popularly applied to other hard and pointed features attached Document [9] (Title: Wings of Eagles (horse)) his Epsom Derby win, Wings of Eagles became his dam's first stakes winner. As a yearling, Wings of Eagles was sold for 220,000 euros to MV Magnier at the Arqana August Yearling Sale. The colt was sent into training with Aidan O'Brien at Ballydoyle. Like many Coolmore horses, the official details of his ownership have changed from race to race: he has sometimes been listed as being the property of Derrick Smith, while on other occasions he has been described as being owned by a partnership of Derrick Smith, Michael Tabor and Susan Magnier. Wings of Eagles began his racing Document [10] (Title: White horse (mythology)) man, and as a bull). The divinity takes this form during the last 10 days of every month of the Zoroastrian calendar, and also in a cosmogonical battle for control of rain. In this latter tale ("Yasht" 8.21–29), which appears in the Avesta's hymns dedicated to Tishtrya, the divinity is opposed by Apaosha, the demon of drought, which appears as a black stallion. White horses are also said to draw divine chariots, such as that of Aredvi Sura Anahita, who is the Avesta's divinity of the waters. Representing various forms of water, her four horses are named "wind", "rain", "clouds" Document [11] (Title: White horse (mythology)) and other storytelling. For example, the heroic prince or white knight of fairy tales often rides a white horse. Unicorns are (generally white) horse-like creatures with a single horn. And the English nursery rhyme "Ride a cock horse to Banbury Cross" refers to a lady on a white horse who may be associated with the Celtic goddess Rhiannon. A "white palfrey" appears in the fairy tale "Virgilius the Sorcerer" by Andrew Lang. It appears in "The Violet Fairy Book" and attributes more than usual magical powers to the ancient Roman poet Virgil (see also Virgil#Mysticism and hidden meanings). The British Document [12] (Title: Horse in Chinese mythology) a fabled type of winged horse with composite attributes, such as dragonesque features; and, sometimes the Tianma was linked to certain astral or stellar phenomena, or constellations. The horses could also be real, now somewhat ordinary domestic or semi-domestic horses, but in the medieval period of history somewhat extraordinary (and legendary) for their stature and prowess. Sometimes the "heavenly horses" were linked with the "blood-sweating"—probably due to an endemic parasite, "Parafilaria multipapillosa", a parasitic nematode of horses (Schafer, 295 note 19). These horses of Central Asia were legendary for their size and prowess. Historically, the flying, blood-sweating, dragon-boned, celestial horses Document [13] (Title: Nisean horse) on their forehead often referred to as "horns". This could have been due to prominent temple bones or cartilage on their forehead.The Greeks exported many horses to the Iberian peninsula, where the Nisean greatly influenced the ancestors of today's Iberian horse breeds, such as the Carthusian, Lusitano, Andalusian, Barb (horse), and Spanish Mustang. The Nisean horse was first mentioned in great detail by A.T. Olmstead, in his "History of the Persian Empire". Pure white Niseans were the horses of kings and, in myth, gods. Cyrus the Great was so distraught, when one of his stallions was drowned while crossing a Document [14] (Title: October Horse) the "suffimen". The tail itself, however, was a magico-religious symbol of fertility or power. The practice of attaching a horse's tail to a helmet may originate in a desire to appropriate the animal's power in battle; in the "Iliad", Hector's horse-crested helmet is a terrifying sight. In the iconography of the Mithraic mysteries, the tail of the sacrificial bull is often grasped, as is the horse's tail in depictions of the Thracian Rider god, as if to possess its power. A pinax from Corinth depicts a dwarf holding his phallus with both hands while standing on the tail of a Document [15] (Title: Trevor Denman) is "they would need to sprout "wings" to catch ______ ..." when a horse is leading by an insurmountable margin in the stretch. A similar phrase used in the same context is "he's [or she's] out here moving like a winner..." "______ looks like he jumped in at the quarter pole..." is used when a horse comes from far back and is running so fast as to give the impression that he has only just started to run. Finally, another well known Denman phrase is, "_________ is coming like an express train!" This phrase is used when a horse is Document [16] (Title: Mizar and Alcor) not known to the ancient Greeks, there is an old story that it was the Lost Pleiad Electra, which had wandered here from her companions and became Alopex, the Fox. A Latin title was Eques Stellula, the Little Starry Horseman; Eques, the Cavalier, is from the 17th-century German astronomer Bayer. Mizar and Alcor together are sometimes called the "Horse and Rider" (and popularly, in England, Jack on the Middle Horse), with Mizar being the horse. The Persian astronomer Al Biruni (973–1048 A.D.) mentioned its importance in the family life of the Arabs on the 18th day of the Syrian month Document [17] (Title: Wind Horse) Lion in the lower corners. In this context, the wind horse is typically shown without wings, but carries the Three Jewels, or the wish fulfilling jewel. Its appearance is supposed to bring peace, wealth, and harmony. The ritual invocation of the wind horse usually happens in the morning and during the growing moon. The flags themselves are commonly known as windhorse. They flutter in the wind, and carry the prayers to heaven like the horse flying in the wind. The garuda and the dragon have their origin in Indian (both Buddhist and Hindu) and Chinese mythology, respectively. However, regarding the Document [18] (Title: Winged-Horses of Tarquinia) pediments. In spite of the stylistic influence of the classic Greek art, this set can not be identified with the only winged horse of Greek mythology, Pegasus, or with the horses that threw the car of Apollo. Therefore, it is a work of a purely decorative character, adapted to the Etruscan world. The image of winged horses has become the symbol and emblem of contemporary region of Tarquinia. The relief is permanently exposed to the Tarquinia National Museum.It is part of an archaeological complex that began to work in the mid-twentieth century. Winged-Horses of Tarquinia The high-relief of the "Tarquinia Document [19] (Title: Wings (horse)) Wings (horse) Wings (1822–1842) was a British Thoroughbred racehorse that was the winner of 1825 Epsom Oaks. Her son Caravan won the Ascot Gold Cup in 1839 and her daughter Fiammetta won the French 2,000 Guineas. Wings was bred by General Thomas Grosvenor and was foaled in 1822 at his stud. In April during the first start of her career, Wings finished second to Mr Batson's colt Hogarth in a sweepstakes race at Newmarket. In May, she won a Gold Cup against Picton and was sold to Chifney for 250 sovereigns. Mr Stonehewer's stud was sold on 2 July 1832 Document [20] (Title: Haizum) Haizum In Islamic tradition, Haizum () is the horse of the archangel Gabriel. It is a white, flaming, spiritual horse that has wings like that of a pegasus and can fly swiftly from one cosmic plane to another in a second. Haizum was God's gift to Gabriel for pleasing Him. A legend based on sura Ta-Ha, 96 relates that dust from Haizum’s hoofprints was thrown the golden calf’s mouth. It is mentioned in Sahih Muslim that Abd Allah ibn Abbas said: "While on that day a Muslim from the Ansar was chasing a disbeliever, he heard over him the swashing Document [21] (Title: Etymologiae) the large intestine or colon ("colum"). Book XII covers animals, including small animals, snakes, worms, fish, birds and other beasts that fly. Isidore's treatment is as usual full of conjectural etymology, so a horse is called "equus" because when in a team of four horses they are balanced ("aequare"). The spider ("aranea") is so called from the air ("aer") that feeds it. The electric ray ("torpedo") is called that because it numbs ("torpescere", like "torpid") anyone who touches it. Book XIII describes the physical world, atoms, classical elements, the sky, clouds, thunder and lightning, rainbows, winds, and waters including the Document [22] (Title: Hippobosca equina) Hippobosca equina Hippobosca equina, also known as the forest fly or New Forest fly, is a biting fly from the family Hippoboscidae. They are blood-feeding ectoparasites of primarily horses and other large mammals including cattle. It is a permanently fully winged fly, not shedding its wings on finding its host, as in some other Hippoboscidae. With its wings retained, it may thus fly away from its host to deposit its larvae. They are good fliers. Wing length . Generally pale reddish brown with yellow spots on the indistinctly segmented abdomen. They have one pair of sub-triangular wings and the wing Document [23] (Title: The Winged Horse) is found when he spots a stallion with wings inside a shop. Although the horse is very frail at first, Oswald is able to get the stallion into shape on time before finally flying. Up in the skies, the saluki is still on the carpet with the teddy bear. Surprisingly, Oswald and the stallion catch up from behind. The saluki then conjures a rifle, and manages to fire a few shots. When the teddy bear intervenes several times, the saluki, who is no longer interested in her, kicks the bruin off the carpet. Oswald and the stallion dive to catch Document [24] (Title: In the Wings (horse)) In the Wings (horse) In The Wings (1986–2004) was a Thoroughbred racehorse who raced from a base in France. He was bred and raced by Sheikh Mohammed, and trained in France by André Fabre, On June 17, 1988 at Chantilly Racecourse, In The Wings made a winning debut in the 1988 Prix de Vineuil under jockey Cash Asmussen. Rider and horse next won August's Prix du Haras de la Huderie at Deauville-La Touques Racecourse. The colt did not race again until September 1989 but the then three-year-old picked up where he left off, winning the Prix du Prince d'Orange at Document [25] (Title: Red Horn) ever call me, “Without Horns”, because I have caused myself to be without any,” he said. That is why they call them "herok’a", meaning “ones without horns”. In this variant, Red Horn is first named “One Horn” ("Hejąkiga"), then “Without Horns” ("Herok’aga"), a name which elsewhere is given to his son. This is merely a reflection of the cross-generational identity of Red Horn and his sons. In one story the son of Red Horn is called by one of Red Horn’s old lovers by the name “Red Horn”; and in another story, the father of Red Horn is Wears Man-Faces Document [26] (Title: Polymelia) the dipygus condition. Many mythological creatures like dragons, winged horses, and griffins have six limbs: four legs and two wings. The dragon's science is discussed in "Dragons: A Fantasy Made Real". In Greek Mythology, the Hekatonkheires were said to each have one hundred hands. The Gegenees were a race of giants with six arms. Sleipnir, Odin's horse in Norse mythology, has eight normal horse legs, and is usually depicted with limbs twinned at the shoulder or hip. Several Hindu deities are depicted with multiple arms and sometimes also multiple legs. Polymelia Polymelia (from Greek πολυ- "many", μέλεα "limbs"), also known Document [27] (Title: Feathering (horse)) Feathering (horse) Feathering is the long hair on the lower legs of some breeds of horses and ponies. On some horses, especially draft breeds, the hair can almost cover the hooves. While nearly all horses will grow longer hair on the lower legs and back of the fetlocks at times, particularly in the winter, "feather" refers to the particularly long, luxuriant growth that is characteristic of certain breeds. Feathering is not to be confused with fetlocks, which are small amounts of hair only at the back of the leg, right above the hoof. Feathering can usually be seen completely surrounding Document [28] (Title: A Man Called Horse (film)) horses taken in battle as bride-price and undergoes painful initiation rites, taking the native name "Shunkawakan" (or "Horse") as his Sioux name. When one of the warriors takes a vow never to retreat in battle, Morgan's changing perspective is shown, as he turns angrily on the uncomprehending Batise, telling him, "Five years you've lived here, and you've learned nothing about these people – all his death is to you is a means of escape." After successfully helping to fend off an attack by the enemy tribe, he becomes a respected member of the tribe and ultimately their leader. For the Document [29] (Title: The Horse with the Flying Tail) The Horse with the Flying Tail The Horse with the Flying Tail is a 1960 American documentary film by Walt Disney Productions, that won the Best Documentary award at the 33rd Academy Awards. The movie is about the palomino horse, Nautical, who won the team gold medal at the 1959 Pan American Games. It was released theatrically on a double bill with "Swiss Family Robinson", and was later broadcast on "Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color" in 1964. The movie portrays this horse as having been a nondescript stock horse, however, he was sired by an American Quarter Horse named Document [30] (Title: Hobby horse) horse's "death and resurrection" (he crouches down and then rises up when a hunting horn is blown). The name of this creature from Cornwall translates as "grey head". It was a "hooden" or "mast" type of horse, either carved from wood or made from a horse's skull, like the Welsh "Mari Lwyd", and accompanied the Christmas Guisers. Its body was a horse's hide or horse cloth. Sometimes it was led or ridden by Old Penglaze, a man with a blackened face who carried a staff. The animal has been revived in Penzance in recent years as Penglaz the Penzance 'Obby Document [31] (Title: In the Wings (horse)) Suffering from laminitis, at age eighteen In The Wings was humanely euthanized in 2004. In the Wings (horse) In The Wings (1986–2004) was a Thoroughbred racehorse who raced from a base in France. He was bred and raced by Sheikh Mohammed, and trained in France by André Fabre, On June 17, 1988 at Chantilly Racecourse, In The Wings made a winning debut in the 1988 Prix de Vineuil under jockey Cash Asmussen. Rider and horse next won August's Prix du Haras de la Huderie at Deauville-La Touques Racecourse. The colt did not race again until September 1989 but the then Document [32] (Title: History of the horse in the Indian subcontinent) was known by the name of Uchchaihshravas. The legend continues that Indra, one of the gods of the Hindus, took away the mythical horse to his celestial abode, the svarga (heaven). Subsequently, Indra severed the wings of the horse and presented the same to the mankind. The wings were severed to ensure the horse remains on the earth (prithvi) and does not fly back to Indra’s suvarga. According to Aurobindo (Secret of the Veda, pp. 44), Asva may not always denote the horse. Aurobindo argued the words asva and asvavati symbolize energy. Asva or ratha was also interpreted to be Document [33] (Title: Horse-fly) antennae. Both head and thorax are clad in short hairs, but no bristles are on the body. The membranous forewings are clear, uniformly shaded grey or brown, or patterned in some species; they have a basal lobe (or calypter) that covers the modified knob-like hindwings or halteres. The tips of the legs have two lobes on the sides (pulvilli) and a central lobe or empodium in addition to two claws that enable them to grip surfaces. Species recognition is based on details of head structures (antennae, frons, and maxillae), the wing venation and the body patterning; minute variations of surface Document [34] (Title: Unicorn) the feet of the elephant, and the tail of the boar, while the rest of the body is like that of the horse; it makes a deep lowing noise, and has a single black horn, which projects from the middle of its forehead, two cubits [] in length." In "On the Nature of Animals" ("Περὶ Ζῴων Ἰδιότητος", "De natura animalium"), Aelian, quoting Ctesias, adds that India produces also a one-horned horse (iii. 41; iv. 52), and says (xvi. 20) that the "monoceros" () was sometimes called "cartazonos" (), which may be a form of the Arabic "karkadann", meaning "rhinoceros". Cosmas Document [35] (Title: Wings of Desire (horse)) early on [last year] that made me think 'goodness'. He's still learning. I confess this horse never did a piece of half speed [work] until the middle of March. His two favourite activities are eating and sleeping". Following Wings of Desire's victory his odds for the Derby were cut to 4/1 even though he would have to be supplemented into the race at a cost of £75,000. On 4 June Wings of Desire was one of sixteen colts to the Epsom Derby and was made the 6/1 second favourite behind US Army Ranger. After being restrained at the rear of Document [36] (Title: Wings of Eagles (horse)) Wings of Eagles (horse) Wings of Eagles (foaled 17 March 2014) is a French-bred, Irish-trained Thoroughbred racehorse. He is best known for his victory in the 2017 Epsom Derby at odds of 40-1, having never previously won a stakes race. He sustained a career-ending injury when finishing third in the Irish Derby on his only subsequent appearance. Wings of Eagles is a dark-coated bay colt with a large white star bred in France by Aliette and Gilles Forien. He is from the second crop of the Irish-bred stallion Pour Moi, who won the 2011 Epsom Derby as well as the Document [37] (Title: Táltos) it would ask the hero to feed it hot cinders, whereupon its transform into a steed with golden coat, golden saddles and five or six legs. In this form it could fly with the protagonist on its back; its speed is mandatorily described as "faster than a bird", "faster than wind", and finally "faster than thought". According to some experts, the "táltos" horse is a symbol of the drum of the "táltos". They heated it over fire (see hot cinders) to make it suitable to play and used the drum to meditate (fly away). Táltos The táltos (; also "tátos") Document [38] (Title: Red Horn) on His Ears, another form of Red Horn himself. The "he", "horn", in the names "He-jąki-ga" ("One Horn"), "He-rok'a-ga" ("Without Horns"), and "He-šuc-ka" ("Red Horn"), can be understood in these sagittary terms. In the myth known as "The Brown Squirrel", the hero of the story terrorizes a bad spirit by constantly pointing a red cedar horn at him. The horn is usually called "the red protruding horn" ("he-pųjoge-šujera"). However, once it is simply called "he-pųjogera", "the protruding horn". At the very end of the myth the bad spirit is turned into a brown squirrel and told, "Humans you tried to Document [39] (Title: Alyosha Popovich) to carve Tugarin's heart with, but does not immediately act on it, or allow his squire to do so. The next day Alyosha is challenged by Tugarin to a battle in an open field, but Tugarin is using his wings to fly in the air. Usually this is regarded as Tugarin assuming the guise of a winged dragon. But there is a case where the bylina says the wings were not growing out of Tugarin, and Alyosha spots paper wings attached to the horse. In either case, Alyosha prays to the Mother of God and Savior for rain to come Document [40] (Title: Wings of Desire (horse)) fifth in the Group 2 Princess of Wales's Stakes at Newmarket, behind Hawkbill. Wings Of Desire was sold to a South African partnership, Heversham Park Farm (Adv. Nigel Riley) & ThoroughBlood (Pty) Ltd (Fred Brons) and was cleared from quarantine in Johannesburg on Valentine's Day, 14 February 2018. He will take up stud duties at Heversham Park Farm near Johannesburg. Wings of Desire (horse) Wings of Desire (foaled 20 February 2013) is a British Thoroughbred racehorse. Unraced as a juvenile he made a considerable impact in the spring of 2016 by winning the Dante Stakes on his third appearance. He Document [41] (Title: Wings (horse)) only 46 guineas, but he could see well enough with one eye to withstand training and run, but not place, in the 1840 Derby. Foals produced in the United Kingdom include: Foals produced in France include: Wings (horse) Wings (1822–1842) was a British Thoroughbred racehorse that was the winner of 1825 Epsom Oaks. Her son Caravan won the Ascot Gold Cup in 1839 and her daughter Fiammetta won the French 2,000 Guineas. Wings was bred by General Thomas Grosvenor and was foaled in 1822 at his stud. In April during the first start of her career, Wings finished second to Document [42] (Title: Red Horn) associated with this name, Red Horn turns himself into an arrow to win a race. After winning the race Red Horn creates heads on his earlobes and makes his hair into a long red braid called a "he", "horn", in Hocąk. Thus he becomes known as "Red-horn" ("he-šucka") and as "He who Wears (Human) Faces on His Ears" ("įco-horúšika"). In one episode an orphan girl who always wears a white beaverskin wrap is pressured by her grandmother to court Red Horn. Despite the girl's adamant refusal, the grandmother insists. She eventually relents and goes off to find Red Horn, who Document [43] (Title: The Horse with the Flying Tail) the help of the United States Equestrian Team coach, Bertalan de Nemethy, and together the two men trained the horse to be the Olympic level open jumper he became. At that time he became known as Nautical and was ridden regularly by members of the U. S. Equestrian Team in international competitions. The Horse with the Flying Tail The Horse with the Flying Tail is a 1960 American documentary film by Walt Disney Productions, that won the Best Documentary award at the 33rd Academy Awards. The movie is about the palomino horse, Nautical, who won the team gold medal at Document [44] (Title: The Winged Horse) bodies. The rabbit and the bruin then continue the exploration, riding on their new conjoined creatures. The Winged Horse The Winged Horse, also known by its reissue title of The Wing Horse, is a theatrical short cartoon by Walter Lantz Productions, featuring Oswald the Lucky Rabbit. It is the 59th Oswald short produced by Lantz's studio, and the 112th to feature the character. Oswald is riding on an elephant, exploring a city in the Middle East. Joining him is a female teddy bear dancing inside a booth which is also on the elephant. Suddenly, the teddy bear's booth snags onto Document [45] (Title: Horse in Chinese mythology) an odd or even number of toes, the classification, in this regard, may remain moot, from a modern biological perspective. Nevertheless, and contextually, the Chinese characters used in sources strongly suggest that the "Chinese unicorn" was in no way considered to be a "horse". Shanhaijing (117) also mentioned "Bo"-horse (), a chimera horse with ox tail, single horn, white body, and its sound like person calling. The creature is lived at Honest-head Mountain. Guo Pu in his "jiangfu" said that "Bo"-horse able to walk on water. Another similar creature also mentioned in Shanhaijing (80) to live in Mount Winding-Centre as Document [46] (Title: Feathering (horse)) the trait. The Horse Conformation Handbook by Heather Smith Feathering (horse) Feathering is the long hair on the lower legs of some breeds of horses and ponies. On some horses, especially draft breeds, the hair can almost cover the hooves. While nearly all horses will grow longer hair on the lower legs and back of the fetlocks at times, particularly in the winter, "feather" refers to the particularly long, luxuriant growth that is characteristic of certain breeds. Feathering is not to be confused with fetlocks, which are small amounts of hair only at the back of the leg, right above Document [47] (Title: The Winged Horse) The Winged Horse The Winged Horse, also known by its reissue title of The Wing Horse, is a theatrical short cartoon by Walter Lantz Productions, featuring Oswald the Lucky Rabbit. It is the 59th Oswald short produced by Lantz's studio, and the 112th to feature the character. Oswald is riding on an elephant, exploring a city in the Middle East. Joining him is a female teddy bear dancing inside a booth which is also on the elephant. Suddenly, the teddy bear's booth snags onto a hook of an overhead bar. In no time, a saluki, who wears a turban and Document [48] (Title: Wings of Eagles (horse)) get a bit further". On 1 July Wings of Eagles started 2/1 favourite ahead of Cracksamn and Waldgeist for the Irish Derby at the Curragh. Ridden by Ryan Moore he was restrained in the early stages before staying on in the straight and finished third, beaten a neck and a short head by Capri and Cracksman. After the race it was discovered that the colt had sustained a serious leg injury described as a "fracture of his left front sesamoid". He was immediately retired from racing. Wings of Eagles (horse) Wings of Eagles (foaled 17 March 2014) is a French-bred, Document [49] (Title: Darick Robertson) Sax, who awakes from a heart attack to a conversation with a perpetually upbeat "Unipixisus" (as named by Robertson's son), who calls himself "Happy The Horse" and takes the shape of a little blue flying donkey with a Unicorn horn. The creature is a little girl's imaginary friend and she is in danger. Only Nick Sax can save her as only Nick can see or hear Happy. It's an unusual buddy story and caught the attention of The RZA and Producer Reginald Hudlin who have expressed their desire to adapt the comic into a film. Harry Knowles' "Ain't It Cool Document [50] (Title: Arabian horse) horse from the south wind and exclaimed, "I create thee, Oh Arabian. To thy forelock, I bind Victory in battle. On thy back, I set a rich spoil and a Treasure in thy loins. I establish thee as one of the Glories of the Earth... I give thee flight without wings." Other versions of the story claim Allah said to the South Wind: "I want to make a creature out of you. Condense." Then from the material condensed from the wind, he made a "kamayt"-colored animal (a bay or burnt chestnut) and said: "I call you Horse; I make you Document [51] (Title: Horse) they require regular daily exercise for their physical health and mental well-being. When turned outside, they require well-maintained, sturdy fences to be safely contained. Regular grooming is also helpful to help the horse maintain good health of the hair coat and underlying skin. Horse The horse ("Equus ferus caballus") is one of two extant subspecies of "Equus ferus". It is an odd-toed ungulate mammal belonging to the taxonomic family Equidae. The horse has evolved over the past 45 to 55 million years from a small multi-toed creature, "Eohippus", into the large, single-toed animal of today. Humans began domesticating horses around Document [52] (Title: Tail (horse)) also known as "false" or "fake tails," "switches" or "tail wigs," are false hairpieces which are braided or tied into the existing tail to make it longer or fuller. This is sometimes seen when a horse has a naturally short and skimpy tail in a discipline where long tails are desired. False tails are also traditional for some breeds shown in saddle seat disciplines with "set tails," when the dock has been shaped by a tail set, which, by raising the dock, also shortens the skirt of the tail, and a false tail makes the tail look a more natural Document [53] (Title: Charge (heraldry)) the Middle Ages generally distinguished only between pointers, hounds and whippets, when any distinction was made. The unicorn resembles a horse with a single horn, but its hooves are usually cloven like those of a deer. The griffin combines the head (but with ears), chest, wings and forelegs of the eagle with the hindquarters and legs of a lion. The "male griffin" lacks wings and his body is scattered with spikes. The bird most frequently found in armory is, by far, the eagle. Eagles in heraldry are predominantly presented with one or two heads, though triple-headed eagles are not unknown, Document [54] (Title: Hippalectryon) Hippalectryon A hippalectryon or hippalektryon (), is a type of fantastic hybrid creature of Ancient Greek folklore, half-horse (front) and half-rooster (hind), including the tail, wings and hind legs. Its colour varies between yellow and reddish. No myths related to it are currently known. The oldest representation currently known dates back to the 9th century BCE, and the motif grows most common in the 6th century, notably in vase painting and sometimes as statues, often shown with a rider. It is also featured on some pieces of currency. A few literary works of the 5th century mention the beast, most Document [55] (Title: Wings (horse)) and Wings was bought by Mr. Greatrex for 125 guineas. By 1834, Wings was sold to the King and relocated to the Hampton Court stud. On 25 October, the entire Hampton Court Stud was liquidated at Tattersall's. The Classic winners Wings (600 guineas), Young Mouse (360 guineas) and Fleur-de-lis (550 guineas) were bought by Auguste Lupin and exported to his stud farm in Saint-Cloud, France. Wings produced six colts, one filly and one foal of unrecorded sex in England. Wings died in 1842 at Lupin's stud after aborting her Lottery colt. Wing's best racers were her 1834 colt Caravan and Document [56] (Title: Magical creatures in Harry Potter) down, and Credence does listen to Porpentina as she once tried to protect him from his mother's abuse. But a group of aurors led by President of the Magical Congress of the United States of America, Seraphina Picquery, attack Credence, seemingly killing him. However, a small sliver of the obscurus gets away. Thestrals are an elusive, carnivorous species of winged horse, visible only to those who have witnessed and embraced a death, and described as having "blank, white, shining eyes," a "dragonish face," "long, black manes," "great leathery wings," and the "skeletal body of a great, black, winged horse"; also Document [57] (Title: Ashva) culture (c. 1500 - 500 BC). The legend states that the first horse emerged from the depth of the ocean during the churning of the oceans. It was a horse with white color and had two wings. It was known by the name of Uchchaihshravas. The legend continues that Indra, king of the devas, took away the mythical horse to his celestial abode, the svarga (heaven). Subsequently, Indra severed the wings of the horse and presented the same to the mankind. The wings were severed to ensure that the horse would remain on the earth (prithvi) and not fly back Document [58] (Title: Wings of Desire (horse)) Wings of Desire (horse) Wings of Desire (foaled 20 February 2013) is a British Thoroughbred racehorse. Unraced as a juvenile he made a considerable impact in the spring of 2016 by winning the Dante Stakes on his third appearance. He finished fourth when second favourite for the 2016 Epsom Derby, Gr.2. This was followed by a 2nd in the Gr.1 King George VI & Queen Elizabeth Stakes Wings of Desire is a chestnut colt bred in England by his owner Carole, Lady Bamford. His sire Pivotal was a top class sprinter who won the King's Stand Stakes and the Nunthorpe Document [59] (Title: A Horse of Air) careful pilot of my proper woe.- Byron A Horse of Air A Horse of Air (1970) is a Miles Franklin Award-winning novel by Australian author Dal Stivens. The horse of the title is said to make reference to the Australian Aboriginal term for the night parrot. When horses where first introduced to the Australian mainland, their galloping motion was said to resemble the flight of the now critically endangered low-flying parrot. Stivens was himself a keen ornithologist who favoured finches over parrots. However, the phrase is taken from a 17th-century 'mad song' called Tom o'Bedlam.<Hickman L (1971) I get obsessed. Document [60] (Title: Horse culture in Mongolia) such remains may be hung from a tree. Horses are believed to have spirits that can help or hurt their owner after death. When a deceased horse's spirit is content, the owner's herd will flourish; if not, then the herd will fail. According to shamanic tradition, a person's soul is called a wind horse ("хийморь, Khiimori"). The wind horse is depicted on the official Mongolian coat of arms, which features a winged horse. Among the shamanistic tngri, the 99 highest divinities of Tengerism, there is an equestrian deity called Kisaγa Tngri who protects souls (and also riches). Another divinity, Ataγa Question: what is a horse called when it has wings and a horn Answer: A winged unicorn Long Answer: A winged unicorn (or flying unicorn) is a fictional horse with wings like Pegasus and the horn of a unicorn . This creature has no specific name, but in some literature and media, it has been referred to as an alicorn, a Latin word for the horn of a unicorn, especially in alchemical texts, or as a pegacorn, a portmanteau of a pegasus and unicorn. Gold Document ID: 5

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Iron Horse (sculpture)) in honor of the sculpture. The university uses the farm for agricultural research. In February 2017, a study created in the farm was released, which consisted of the use of drones to analyze the genetic data found in crop yields. The early history of the sculpture was depicted in the 1962 National Educational Television film, "Pegasus Without Wings" as well as the 1980 William VanDerKloot documentary, "Iron Horse". Iron Horse (sculpture) Iron Horse (also known as Pegasus Without Wings) is an iron sculpture created by Abbott Pattison. Although the sculpture was not well-received at first, it currently faces many visits Document [2] (Title: Tulpar) name. The wings were not necessarily for flight but to emphasize their speed. This is the case for the Tulpar. These horses shared their lives with their masters. Tulpar Tulpar (, , , , , ) is a winged or swift horse in Turkic mythology (for example, Kazakh and Tatar mythology), corresponding to Pegasus. Tulpar is also in state emblems of Kazakhstan, Mongolia and Bashkortostan Tulpar came to be was due to the nature of the people in Central Asia: focused around a hunting life. The people hunted with horses, with the company of a bird of prey. These two Document [3] (Title: Haizum) of a whip and the voice of the rider saying: 'Go ahead Haizum.' He looked at the disbelievers who had fell on the ground on his back. The man came to Allah's Messenger (sallallahu alaihe wa-sallam) and related the incident, upon which Allah's Messenger (sallallahu alaihe wa-sallam) said: "You have told the truth. This was the help from the third Heaven." Haizum In Islamic tradition, Haizum () is the horse of the archangel Gabriel. It is a white, flaming, spiritual horse that has wings like that of a pegasus and can fly swiftly from one cosmic plane to another in Document [4] (Title: Winged unicorn) Winged unicorn A winged unicorn (or flying unicorn) is a fictional horse with wings like Pegasus and the horn of a unicorn. This creature has no specific name, but in some literature and media, it has been referred to as an alicorn, a Latin word for the horn of a unicorn, especially in alchemical texts, or as a pegacorn, a portmanteau of pegasus and unicorn. Winged unicorns have been depicted in art. Ancient Achaemenid Assyrian seals depict winged unicorns and winged bulls as representing evil, but winged unicorns can also represent light. Irish poet W. B. Yeats wrote of imagining Document [5] (Title: Winged unicorn) a winged beast that he associated with ecstatic destruction. The beast took the form of a winged unicorn in his 1907 play "The Unicorn from the Stars" and later that of the rough beast slouching towards Bethlehem in his poem "The Second Coming". Winged unicorn A winged unicorn (or flying unicorn) is a fictional horse with wings like Pegasus and the horn of a unicorn. This creature has no specific name, but in some literature and media, it has been referred to as an alicorn, a Latin word for the horn of a unicorn, especially in alchemical texts, or as Document [6] (Title: Poll (livestock)) horse when the horse is on the bit. The horse is always relaxed over the poll, giving it a relaxed look when going about its job. When, for example, the third vertebra (C3) is the highest point on the neck, rather than the poll, it is a clear sign of incorrect work. Poll (livestock) The poll is a name of the part of an animal's head, alternatively referencing a point immediately behind or right between the ears. This area of the anatomy is of particular significance for the horse. Specifically, the "poll" refers to the occipital protrusion at the back Document [7] (Title: A Horse of Air) A Horse of Air A Horse of Air (1970) is a Miles Franklin Award-winning novel by Australian author Dal Stivens. The horse of the title is said to make reference to the Australian Aboriginal term for the night parrot. When horses where first introduced to the Australian mainland, their galloping motion was said to resemble the flight of the now critically endangered low-flying parrot. Stivens was himself a keen ornithologist who favoured finches over parrots. However, the phrase is taken from a 17th-century 'mad song' called Tom o'Bedlam.<Hickman L (1971) I get obsessed. The Australian Women's Weekly 21 July 1971, Document [8] (Title: Horn (anatomy)) a curved or spiral shape, often with ridges or fluting. In many species only males have horns. Horns start to grow soon after birth, and continue to grow throughout the life of the animal (except in pronghorns, which shed the outer layer annually, but retain the bony core). Partial or deformed horns in livestock are called "scurs". Similar growths on other parts of the body are not usually called horns, but spurs, claws or hoofs depending on the part of the body on which they occur. The term "horn" is also popularly applied to other hard and pointed features attached Document [9] (Title: Wings of Eagles (horse)) his Epsom Derby win, Wings of Eagles became his dam's first stakes winner. As a yearling, Wings of Eagles was sold for 220,000 euros to MV Magnier at the Arqana August Yearling Sale. The colt was sent into training with Aidan O'Brien at Ballydoyle. Like many Coolmore horses, the official details of his ownership have changed from race to race: he has sometimes been listed as being the property of Derrick Smith, while on other occasions he has been described as being owned by a partnership of Derrick Smith, Michael Tabor and Susan Magnier. Wings of Eagles began his racing Document [10] (Title: White horse (mythology)) man, and as a bull). The divinity takes this form during the last 10 days of every month of the Zoroastrian calendar, and also in a cosmogonical battle for control of rain. In this latter tale ("Yasht" 8.21–29), which appears in the Avesta's hymns dedicated to Tishtrya, the divinity is opposed by Apaosha, the demon of drought, which appears as a black stallion. White horses are also said to draw divine chariots, such as that of Aredvi Sura Anahita, who is the Avesta's divinity of the waters. Representing various forms of water, her four horses are named "wind", "rain", "clouds" Document [11] (Title: White horse (mythology)) and other storytelling. For example, the heroic prince or white knight of fairy tales often rides a white horse. Unicorns are (generally white) horse-like creatures with a single horn. And the English nursery rhyme "Ride a cock horse to Banbury Cross" refers to a lady on a white horse who may be associated with the Celtic goddess Rhiannon. A "white palfrey" appears in the fairy tale "Virgilius the Sorcerer" by Andrew Lang. It appears in "The Violet Fairy Book" and attributes more than usual magical powers to the ancient Roman poet Virgil (see also Virgil#Mysticism and hidden meanings). The British Document [12] (Title: Horse in Chinese mythology) a fabled type of winged horse with composite attributes, such as dragonesque features; and, sometimes the Tianma was linked to certain astral or stellar phenomena, or constellations. The horses could also be real, now somewhat ordinary domestic or semi-domestic horses, but in the medieval period of history somewhat extraordinary (and legendary) for their stature and prowess. Sometimes the "heavenly horses" were linked with the "blood-sweating"—probably due to an endemic parasite, "Parafilaria multipapillosa", a parasitic nematode of horses (Schafer, 295 note 19). These horses of Central Asia were legendary for their size and prowess. Historically, the flying, blood-sweating, dragon-boned, celestial horses Document [13] (Title: Nisean horse) on their forehead often referred to as "horns". This could have been due to prominent temple bones or cartilage on their forehead.The Greeks exported many horses to the Iberian peninsula, where the Nisean greatly influenced the ancestors of today's Iberian horse breeds, such as the Carthusian, Lusitano, Andalusian, Barb (horse), and Spanish Mustang. The Nisean horse was first mentioned in great detail by A.T. Olmstead, in his "History of the Persian Empire". Pure white Niseans were the horses of kings and, in myth, gods. Cyrus the Great was so distraught, when one of his stallions was drowned while crossing a Document [14] (Title: October Horse) the "suffimen". The tail itself, however, was a magico-religious symbol of fertility or power. The practice of attaching a horse's tail to a helmet may originate in a desire to appropriate the animal's power in battle; in the "Iliad", Hector's horse-crested helmet is a terrifying sight. In the iconography of the Mithraic mysteries, the tail of the sacrificial bull is often grasped, as is the horse's tail in depictions of the Thracian Rider god, as if to possess its power. A pinax from Corinth depicts a dwarf holding his phallus with both hands while standing on the tail of a Document [15] (Title: Trevor Denman) is "they would need to sprout "wings" to catch ______ ..." when a horse is leading by an insurmountable margin in the stretch. A similar phrase used in the same context is "he's [or she's] out here moving like a winner..." "______ looks like he jumped in at the quarter pole..." is used when a horse comes from far back and is running so fast as to give the impression that he has only just started to run. Finally, another well known Denman phrase is, "_________ is coming like an express train!" This phrase is used when a horse is Document [16] (Title: Mizar and Alcor) not known to the ancient Greeks, there is an old story that it was the Lost Pleiad Electra, which had wandered here from her companions and became Alopex, the Fox. A Latin title was Eques Stellula, the Little Starry Horseman; Eques, the Cavalier, is from the 17th-century German astronomer Bayer. Mizar and Alcor together are sometimes called the "Horse and Rider" (and popularly, in England, Jack on the Middle Horse), with Mizar being the horse. The Persian astronomer Al Biruni (973–1048 A.D.) mentioned its importance in the family life of the Arabs on the 18th day of the Syrian month Document [17] (Title: Wind Horse) Lion in the lower corners. In this context, the wind horse is typically shown without wings, but carries the Three Jewels, or the wish fulfilling jewel. Its appearance is supposed to bring peace, wealth, and harmony. The ritual invocation of the wind horse usually happens in the morning and during the growing moon. The flags themselves are commonly known as windhorse. They flutter in the wind, and carry the prayers to heaven like the horse flying in the wind. The garuda and the dragon have their origin in Indian (both Buddhist and Hindu) and Chinese mythology, respectively. However, regarding the Document [18] (Title: Winged-Horses of Tarquinia) pediments. In spite of the stylistic influence of the classic Greek art, this set can not be identified with the only winged horse of Greek mythology, Pegasus, or with the horses that threw the car of Apollo. Therefore, it is a work of a purely decorative character, adapted to the Etruscan world. The image of winged horses has become the symbol and emblem of contemporary region of Tarquinia. The relief is permanently exposed to the Tarquinia National Museum.It is part of an archaeological complex that began to work in the mid-twentieth century. Winged-Horses of Tarquinia The high-relief of the "Tarquinia Document [19] (Title: Wings (horse)) Wings (horse) Wings (1822–1842) was a British Thoroughbred racehorse that was the winner of 1825 Epsom Oaks. Her son Caravan won the Ascot Gold Cup in 1839 and her daughter Fiammetta won the French 2,000 Guineas. Wings was bred by General Thomas Grosvenor and was foaled in 1822 at his stud. In April during the first start of her career, Wings finished second to Mr Batson's colt Hogarth in a sweepstakes race at Newmarket. In May, she won a Gold Cup against Picton and was sold to Chifney for 250 sovereigns. Mr Stonehewer's stud was sold on 2 July 1832 Document [20] (Title: Haizum) Haizum In Islamic tradition, Haizum () is the horse of the archangel Gabriel. It is a white, flaming, spiritual horse that has wings like that of a pegasus and can fly swiftly from one cosmic plane to another in a second. Haizum was God's gift to Gabriel for pleasing Him. A legend based on sura Ta-Ha, 96 relates that dust from Haizum’s hoofprints was thrown the golden calf’s mouth. It is mentioned in Sahih Muslim that Abd Allah ibn Abbas said: "While on that day a Muslim from the Ansar was chasing a disbeliever, he heard over him the swashing Document [21] (Title: Etymologiae) the large intestine or colon ("colum"). Book XII covers animals, including small animals, snakes, worms, fish, birds and other beasts that fly. Isidore's treatment is as usual full of conjectural etymology, so a horse is called "equus" because when in a team of four horses they are balanced ("aequare"). The spider ("aranea") is so called from the air ("aer") that feeds it. The electric ray ("torpedo") is called that because it numbs ("torpescere", like "torpid") anyone who touches it. Book XIII describes the physical world, atoms, classical elements, the sky, clouds, thunder and lightning, rainbows, winds, and waters including the Document [22] (Title: Hippobosca equina) Hippobosca equina Hippobosca equina, also known as the forest fly or New Forest fly, is a biting fly from the family Hippoboscidae. They are blood-feeding ectoparasites of primarily horses and other large mammals including cattle. It is a permanently fully winged fly, not shedding its wings on finding its host, as in some other Hippoboscidae. With its wings retained, it may thus fly away from its host to deposit its larvae. They are good fliers. Wing length . Generally pale reddish brown with yellow spots on the indistinctly segmented abdomen. They have one pair of sub-triangular wings and the wing Document [23] (Title: The Winged Horse) is found when he spots a stallion with wings inside a shop. Although the horse is very frail at first, Oswald is able to get the stallion into shape on time before finally flying. Up in the skies, the saluki is still on the carpet with the teddy bear. Surprisingly, Oswald and the stallion catch up from behind. The saluki then conjures a rifle, and manages to fire a few shots. When the teddy bear intervenes several times, the saluki, who is no longer interested in her, kicks the bruin off the carpet. Oswald and the stallion dive to catch Document [24] (Title: In the Wings (horse)) In the Wings (horse) In The Wings (1986–2004) was a Thoroughbred racehorse who raced from a base in France. He was bred and raced by Sheikh Mohammed, and trained in France by André Fabre, On June 17, 1988 at Chantilly Racecourse, In The Wings made a winning debut in the 1988 Prix de Vineuil under jockey Cash Asmussen. Rider and horse next won August's Prix du Haras de la Huderie at Deauville-La Touques Racecourse. The colt did not race again until September 1989 but the then three-year-old picked up where he left off, winning the Prix du Prince d'Orange at Document [25] (Title: Red Horn) ever call me, “Without Horns”, because I have caused myself to be without any,” he said. That is why they call them "herok’a", meaning “ones without horns”. In this variant, Red Horn is first named “One Horn” ("Hejąkiga"), then “Without Horns” ("Herok’aga"), a name which elsewhere is given to his son. This is merely a reflection of the cross-generational identity of Red Horn and his sons. In one story the son of Red Horn is called by one of Red Horn’s old lovers by the name “Red Horn”; and in another story, the father of Red Horn is Wears Man-Faces Document [26] (Title: Polymelia) the dipygus condition. Many mythological creatures like dragons, winged horses, and griffins have six limbs: four legs and two wings. The dragon's science is discussed in "Dragons: A Fantasy Made Real". In Greek Mythology, the Hekatonkheires were said to each have one hundred hands. The Gegenees were a race of giants with six arms. Sleipnir, Odin's horse in Norse mythology, has eight normal horse legs, and is usually depicted with limbs twinned at the shoulder or hip. Several Hindu deities are depicted with multiple arms and sometimes also multiple legs. Polymelia Polymelia (from Greek πολυ- "many", μέλεα "limbs"), also known Document [27] (Title: Feathering (horse)) Feathering (horse) Feathering is the long hair on the lower legs of some breeds of horses and ponies. On some horses, especially draft breeds, the hair can almost cover the hooves. While nearly all horses will grow longer hair on the lower legs and back of the fetlocks at times, particularly in the winter, "feather" refers to the particularly long, luxuriant growth that is characteristic of certain breeds. Feathering is not to be confused with fetlocks, which are small amounts of hair only at the back of the leg, right above the hoof. Feathering can usually be seen completely surrounding Document [28] (Title: A Man Called Horse (film)) horses taken in battle as bride-price and undergoes painful initiation rites, taking the native name "Shunkawakan" (or "Horse") as his Sioux name. When one of the warriors takes a vow never to retreat in battle, Morgan's changing perspective is shown, as he turns angrily on the uncomprehending Batise, telling him, "Five years you've lived here, and you've learned nothing about these people – all his death is to you is a means of escape." After successfully helping to fend off an attack by the enemy tribe, he becomes a respected member of the tribe and ultimately their leader. For the Document [29] (Title: The Horse with the Flying Tail) The Horse with the Flying Tail The Horse with the Flying Tail is a 1960 American documentary film by Walt Disney Productions, that won the Best Documentary award at the 33rd Academy Awards. The movie is about the palomino horse, Nautical, who won the team gold medal at the 1959 Pan American Games. It was released theatrically on a double bill with "Swiss Family Robinson", and was later broadcast on "Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color" in 1964. The movie portrays this horse as having been a nondescript stock horse, however, he was sired by an American Quarter Horse named Document [30] (Title: Hobby horse) horse's "death and resurrection" (he crouches down and then rises up when a hunting horn is blown). The name of this creature from Cornwall translates as "grey head". It was a "hooden" or "mast" type of horse, either carved from wood or made from a horse's skull, like the Welsh "Mari Lwyd", and accompanied the Christmas Guisers. Its body was a horse's hide or horse cloth. Sometimes it was led or ridden by Old Penglaze, a man with a blackened face who carried a staff. The animal has been revived in Penzance in recent years as Penglaz the Penzance 'Obby Document [31] (Title: In the Wings (horse)) Suffering from laminitis, at age eighteen In The Wings was humanely euthanized in 2004. In the Wings (horse) In The Wings (1986–2004) was a Thoroughbred racehorse who raced from a base in France. He was bred and raced by Sheikh Mohammed, and trained in France by André Fabre, On June 17, 1988 at Chantilly Racecourse, In The Wings made a winning debut in the 1988 Prix de Vineuil under jockey Cash Asmussen. Rider and horse next won August's Prix du Haras de la Huderie at Deauville-La Touques Racecourse. The colt did not race again until September 1989 but the then Document [32] (Title: History of the horse in the Indian subcontinent) was known by the name of Uchchaihshravas. The legend continues that Indra, one of the gods of the Hindus, took away the mythical horse to his celestial abode, the svarga (heaven). Subsequently, Indra severed the wings of the horse and presented the same to the mankind. The wings were severed to ensure the horse remains on the earth (prithvi) and does not fly back to Indra’s suvarga. According to Aurobindo (Secret of the Veda, pp. 44), Asva may not always denote the horse. Aurobindo argued the words asva and asvavati symbolize energy. Asva or ratha was also interpreted to be Document [33] (Title: Horse-fly) antennae. Both head and thorax are clad in short hairs, but no bristles are on the body. The membranous forewings are clear, uniformly shaded grey or brown, or patterned in some species; they have a basal lobe (or calypter) that covers the modified knob-like hindwings or halteres. The tips of the legs have two lobes on the sides (pulvilli) and a central lobe or empodium in addition to two claws that enable them to grip surfaces. Species recognition is based on details of head structures (antennae, frons, and maxillae), the wing venation and the body patterning; minute variations of surface Document [34] (Title: Unicorn) the feet of the elephant, and the tail of the boar, while the rest of the body is like that of the horse; it makes a deep lowing noise, and has a single black horn, which projects from the middle of its forehead, two cubits [] in length." In "On the Nature of Animals" ("Περὶ Ζῴων Ἰδιότητος", "De natura animalium"), Aelian, quoting Ctesias, adds that India produces also a one-horned horse (iii. 41; iv. 52), and says (xvi. 20) that the "monoceros" () was sometimes called "cartazonos" (), which may be a form of the Arabic "karkadann", meaning "rhinoceros". Cosmas Document [35] (Title: Wings of Desire (horse)) early on [last year] that made me think 'goodness'. He's still learning. I confess this horse never did a piece of half speed [work] until the middle of March. His two favourite activities are eating and sleeping". Following Wings of Desire's victory his odds for the Derby were cut to 4/1 even though he would have to be supplemented into the race at a cost of £75,000. On 4 June Wings of Desire was one of sixteen colts to the Epsom Derby and was made the 6/1 second favourite behind US Army Ranger. After being restrained at the rear of Document [36] (Title: Wings of Eagles (horse)) Wings of Eagles (horse) Wings of Eagles (foaled 17 March 2014) is a French-bred, Irish-trained Thoroughbred racehorse. He is best known for his victory in the 2017 Epsom Derby at odds of 40-1, having never previously won a stakes race. He sustained a career-ending injury when finishing third in the Irish Derby on his only subsequent appearance. Wings of Eagles is a dark-coated bay colt with a large white star bred in France by Aliette and Gilles Forien. He is from the second crop of the Irish-bred stallion Pour Moi, who won the 2011 Epsom Derby as well as the Document [37] (Title: Táltos) it would ask the hero to feed it hot cinders, whereupon its transform into a steed with golden coat, golden saddles and five or six legs. In this form it could fly with the protagonist on its back; its speed is mandatorily described as "faster than a bird", "faster than wind", and finally "faster than thought". According to some experts, the "táltos" horse is a symbol of the drum of the "táltos". They heated it over fire (see hot cinders) to make it suitable to play and used the drum to meditate (fly away). Táltos The táltos (; also "tátos") Document [38] (Title: Red Horn) on His Ears, another form of Red Horn himself. The "he", "horn", in the names "He-jąki-ga" ("One Horn"), "He-rok'a-ga" ("Without Horns"), and "He-šuc-ka" ("Red Horn"), can be understood in these sagittary terms. In the myth known as "The Brown Squirrel", the hero of the story terrorizes a bad spirit by constantly pointing a red cedar horn at him. The horn is usually called "the red protruding horn" ("he-pųjoge-šujera"). However, once it is simply called "he-pųjogera", "the protruding horn". At the very end of the myth the bad spirit is turned into a brown squirrel and told, "Humans you tried to Document [39] (Title: Alyosha Popovich) to carve Tugarin's heart with, but does not immediately act on it, or allow his squire to do so. The next day Alyosha is challenged by Tugarin to a battle in an open field, but Tugarin is using his wings to fly in the air. Usually this is regarded as Tugarin assuming the guise of a winged dragon. But there is a case where the bylina says the wings were not growing out of Tugarin, and Alyosha spots paper wings attached to the horse. In either case, Alyosha prays to the Mother of God and Savior for rain to come Document [40] (Title: Wings of Desire (horse)) fifth in the Group 2 Princess of Wales's Stakes at Newmarket, behind Hawkbill. Wings Of Desire was sold to a South African partnership, Heversham Park Farm (Adv. Nigel Riley) & ThoroughBlood (Pty) Ltd (Fred Brons) and was cleared from quarantine in Johannesburg on Valentine's Day, 14 February 2018. He will take up stud duties at Heversham Park Farm near Johannesburg. Wings of Desire (horse) Wings of Desire (foaled 20 February 2013) is a British Thoroughbred racehorse. Unraced as a juvenile he made a considerable impact in the spring of 2016 by winning the Dante Stakes on his third appearance. He Document [41] (Title: Wings (horse)) only 46 guineas, but he could see well enough with one eye to withstand training and run, but not place, in the 1840 Derby. Foals produced in the United Kingdom include: Foals produced in France include: Wings (horse) Wings (1822–1842) was a British Thoroughbred racehorse that was the winner of 1825 Epsom Oaks. Her son Caravan won the Ascot Gold Cup in 1839 and her daughter Fiammetta won the French 2,000 Guineas. Wings was bred by General Thomas Grosvenor and was foaled in 1822 at his stud. In April during the first start of her career, Wings finished second to Document [42] (Title: Red Horn) associated with this name, Red Horn turns himself into an arrow to win a race. After winning the race Red Horn creates heads on his earlobes and makes his hair into a long red braid called a "he", "horn", in Hocąk. Thus he becomes known as "Red-horn" ("he-šucka") and as "He who Wears (Human) Faces on His Ears" ("įco-horúšika"). In one episode an orphan girl who always wears a white beaverskin wrap is pressured by her grandmother to court Red Horn. Despite the girl's adamant refusal, the grandmother insists. She eventually relents and goes off to find Red Horn, who Document [43] (Title: The Horse with the Flying Tail) the help of the United States Equestrian Team coach, Bertalan de Nemethy, and together the two men trained the horse to be the Olympic level open jumper he became. At that time he became known as Nautical and was ridden regularly by members of the U. S. Equestrian Team in international competitions. The Horse with the Flying Tail The Horse with the Flying Tail is a 1960 American documentary film by Walt Disney Productions, that won the Best Documentary award at the 33rd Academy Awards. The movie is about the palomino horse, Nautical, who won the team gold medal at Document [44] (Title: The Winged Horse) bodies. The rabbit and the bruin then continue the exploration, riding on their new conjoined creatures. The Winged Horse The Winged Horse, also known by its reissue title of The Wing Horse, is a theatrical short cartoon by Walter Lantz Productions, featuring Oswald the Lucky Rabbit. It is the 59th Oswald short produced by Lantz's studio, and the 112th to feature the character. Oswald is riding on an elephant, exploring a city in the Middle East. Joining him is a female teddy bear dancing inside a booth which is also on the elephant. Suddenly, the teddy bear's booth snags onto Document [45] (Title: Horse in Chinese mythology) an odd or even number of toes, the classification, in this regard, may remain moot, from a modern biological perspective. Nevertheless, and contextually, the Chinese characters used in sources strongly suggest that the "Chinese unicorn" was in no way considered to be a "horse". Shanhaijing (117) also mentioned "Bo"-horse (), a chimera horse with ox tail, single horn, white body, and its sound like person calling. The creature is lived at Honest-head Mountain. Guo Pu in his "jiangfu" said that "Bo"-horse able to walk on water. Another similar creature also mentioned in Shanhaijing (80) to live in Mount Winding-Centre as Document [46] (Title: Feathering (horse)) the trait. The Horse Conformation Handbook by Heather Smith Feathering (horse) Feathering is the long hair on the lower legs of some breeds of horses and ponies. On some horses, especially draft breeds, the hair can almost cover the hooves. While nearly all horses will grow longer hair on the lower legs and back of the fetlocks at times, particularly in the winter, "feather" refers to the particularly long, luxuriant growth that is characteristic of certain breeds. Feathering is not to be confused with fetlocks, which are small amounts of hair only at the back of the leg, right above Document [47] (Title: The Winged Horse) The Winged Horse The Winged Horse, also known by its reissue title of The Wing Horse, is a theatrical short cartoon by Walter Lantz Productions, featuring Oswald the Lucky Rabbit. It is the 59th Oswald short produced by Lantz's studio, and the 112th to feature the character. Oswald is riding on an elephant, exploring a city in the Middle East. Joining him is a female teddy bear dancing inside a booth which is also on the elephant. Suddenly, the teddy bear's booth snags onto a hook of an overhead bar. In no time, a saluki, who wears a turban and Document [48] (Title: Wings of Eagles (horse)) get a bit further". On 1 July Wings of Eagles started 2/1 favourite ahead of Cracksamn and Waldgeist for the Irish Derby at the Curragh. Ridden by Ryan Moore he was restrained in the early stages before staying on in the straight and finished third, beaten a neck and a short head by Capri and Cracksman. After the race it was discovered that the colt had sustained a serious leg injury described as a "fracture of his left front sesamoid". He was immediately retired from racing. Wings of Eagles (horse) Wings of Eagles (foaled 17 March 2014) is a French-bred, Document [49] (Title: Darick Robertson) Sax, who awakes from a heart attack to a conversation with a perpetually upbeat "Unipixisus" (as named by Robertson's son), who calls himself "Happy The Horse" and takes the shape of a little blue flying donkey with a Unicorn horn. The creature is a little girl's imaginary friend and she is in danger. Only Nick Sax can save her as only Nick can see or hear Happy. It's an unusual buddy story and caught the attention of The RZA and Producer Reginald Hudlin who have expressed their desire to adapt the comic into a film. Harry Knowles' "Ain't It Cool Document [50] (Title: Arabian horse) horse from the south wind and exclaimed, "I create thee, Oh Arabian. To thy forelock, I bind Victory in battle. On thy back, I set a rich spoil and a Treasure in thy loins. I establish thee as one of the Glories of the Earth... I give thee flight without wings." Other versions of the story claim Allah said to the South Wind: "I want to make a creature out of you. Condense." Then from the material condensed from the wind, he made a "kamayt"-colored animal (a bay or burnt chestnut) and said: "I call you Horse; I make you Document [51] (Title: Horse) they require regular daily exercise for their physical health and mental well-being. When turned outside, they require well-maintained, sturdy fences to be safely contained. Regular grooming is also helpful to help the horse maintain good health of the hair coat and underlying skin. Horse The horse ("Equus ferus caballus") is one of two extant subspecies of "Equus ferus". It is an odd-toed ungulate mammal belonging to the taxonomic family Equidae. The horse has evolved over the past 45 to 55 million years from a small multi-toed creature, "Eohippus", into the large, single-toed animal of today. Humans began domesticating horses around Document [52] (Title: Tail (horse)) also known as "false" or "fake tails," "switches" or "tail wigs," are false hairpieces which are braided or tied into the existing tail to make it longer or fuller. This is sometimes seen when a horse has a naturally short and skimpy tail in a discipline where long tails are desired. False tails are also traditional for some breeds shown in saddle seat disciplines with "set tails," when the dock has been shaped by a tail set, which, by raising the dock, also shortens the skirt of the tail, and a false tail makes the tail look a more natural Document [53] (Title: Charge (heraldry)) the Middle Ages generally distinguished only between pointers, hounds and whippets, when any distinction was made. The unicorn resembles a horse with a single horn, but its hooves are usually cloven like those of a deer. The griffin combines the head (but with ears), chest, wings and forelegs of the eagle with the hindquarters and legs of a lion. The "male griffin" lacks wings and his body is scattered with spikes. The bird most frequently found in armory is, by far, the eagle. Eagles in heraldry are predominantly presented with one or two heads, though triple-headed eagles are not unknown, Document [54] (Title: Hippalectryon) Hippalectryon A hippalectryon or hippalektryon (), is a type of fantastic hybrid creature of Ancient Greek folklore, half-horse (front) and half-rooster (hind), including the tail, wings and hind legs. Its colour varies between yellow and reddish. No myths related to it are currently known. The oldest representation currently known dates back to the 9th century BCE, and the motif grows most common in the 6th century, notably in vase painting and sometimes as statues, often shown with a rider. It is also featured on some pieces of currency. A few literary works of the 5th century mention the beast, most Document [55] (Title: Wings (horse)) and Wings was bought by Mr. Greatrex for 125 guineas. By 1834, Wings was sold to the King and relocated to the Hampton Court stud. On 25 October, the entire Hampton Court Stud was liquidated at Tattersall's. The Classic winners Wings (600 guineas), Young Mouse (360 guineas) and Fleur-de-lis (550 guineas) were bought by Auguste Lupin and exported to his stud farm in Saint-Cloud, France. Wings produced six colts, one filly and one foal of unrecorded sex in England. Wings died in 1842 at Lupin's stud after aborting her Lottery colt. Wing's best racers were her 1834 colt Caravan and Document [56] (Title: Magical creatures in Harry Potter) down, and Credence does listen to Porpentina as she once tried to protect him from his mother's abuse. But a group of aurors led by President of the Magical Congress of the United States of America, Seraphina Picquery, attack Credence, seemingly killing him. However, a small sliver of the obscurus gets away. Thestrals are an elusive, carnivorous species of winged horse, visible only to those who have witnessed and embraced a death, and described as having "blank, white, shining eyes," a "dragonish face," "long, black manes," "great leathery wings," and the "skeletal body of a great, black, winged horse"; also Document [57] (Title: Ashva) culture (c. 1500 - 500 BC). The legend states that the first horse emerged from the depth of the ocean during the churning of the oceans. It was a horse with white color and had two wings. It was known by the name of Uchchaihshravas. The legend continues that Indra, king of the devas, took away the mythical horse to his celestial abode, the svarga (heaven). Subsequently, Indra severed the wings of the horse and presented the same to the mankind. The wings were severed to ensure that the horse would remain on the earth (prithvi) and not fly back Document [58] (Title: Wings of Desire (horse)) Wings of Desire (horse) Wings of Desire (foaled 20 February 2013) is a British Thoroughbred racehorse. Unraced as a juvenile he made a considerable impact in the spring of 2016 by winning the Dante Stakes on his third appearance. He finished fourth when second favourite for the 2016 Epsom Derby, Gr.2. This was followed by a 2nd in the Gr.1 King George VI & Queen Elizabeth Stakes Wings of Desire is a chestnut colt bred in England by his owner Carole, Lady Bamford. His sire Pivotal was a top class sprinter who won the King's Stand Stakes and the Nunthorpe Document [59] (Title: A Horse of Air) careful pilot of my proper woe.- Byron A Horse of Air A Horse of Air (1970) is a Miles Franklin Award-winning novel by Australian author Dal Stivens. The horse of the title is said to make reference to the Australian Aboriginal term for the night parrot. When horses where first introduced to the Australian mainland, their galloping motion was said to resemble the flight of the now critically endangered low-flying parrot. Stivens was himself a keen ornithologist who favoured finches over parrots. However, the phrase is taken from a 17th-century 'mad song' called Tom o'Bedlam.<Hickman L (1971) I get obsessed. Document [60] (Title: Horse culture in Mongolia) such remains may be hung from a tree. Horses are believed to have spirits that can help or hurt their owner after death. When a deceased horse's spirit is content, the owner's herd will flourish; if not, then the herd will fail. According to shamanic tradition, a person's soul is called a wind horse ("хийморь, Khiimori"). The wind horse is depicted on the official Mongolian coat of arms, which features a winged horse. Among the shamanistic tngri, the 99 highest divinities of Tengerism, there is an equestrian deity called Kisaγa Tngri who protects souls (and also riches). Another divinity, Ataγa Question: what is a horse called when it has wings and a horn

Answer: A winged unicorn Long Answer: A winged unicorn (or flying unicorn) is a fictional horse with wings like Pegasus and the horn of a unicorn . This creature has no specific name, but in some literature and media, it has been referred to as an alicorn, a Latin word for the horn of a unicorn, especially in alchemical texts, or as a pegacorn, a portmanteau of a pegasus and unicorn. Gold Document ID: 5

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Isle of Wight Constabulary) Isle of Wight Constabulary The Isle of Wight Constabulary was a local police force on the Isle of Wight The first separate police force on the island was set up in 1837 with the formation of the Newport Borough Police. The rest of the island was policed by the Hampshire Constabulary with the exception, from 1869, of Ryde, which had a borough force of its own, from 1869-1922. In 1890 the island was granted administrative county status under the Local Government Act 1888. The Newport force area was enlarged and the force renamed to become the Isle of Wight Constabulary. Document [2] (Title: Flag of the Isle of Wight) modern times prior to 2007 was the three anchor and castle design used by the council. Those who still fly the green and white colours now often refer to them as 'The rebel green' In 2007 an 'Isle of Wight Flag Committee' was founded to create a flag for the Isle of Wight. It ran a public competition, in association with the County Press newspaper, to design the flag, which received over 350 entries. Four designs were shortlisted and put to the public in a vote. The winning design was by John Graney, and was registered by the Flag Institute Document [3] (Title: History of Hampshire) of many of the immigrants into Ellis Island. It is recorded in the 'Commonwealth Instrument of Government, 1653, which was adopted by Oliver Cromwell when he assumed the office of 'Lord Protector' in 1654. The Isle of Wight has been for some purposes in the past treated traditionally part of Hampshire, but has been administered separately from Hampshire for over a century, obtaining a county council of its own in 1890. The Isle of Wight became a full ceremonial county in 1974. The island is excluded from the hundreds given above – it was traditionally divided into East Medina and Document [4] (Title: Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties of England) did incur significant local opposition. Most of the radical changes were withdrawn. One aspect the government stood firm on was the mergers of small counties. Campaigns for the continuation of Rutland and Herefordshire were unsuccessful, although due to its special geographic circumstances, the Isle of Wight was permitted to retain a separate county council, as opposed to being reunified with its historic county of Hampshire. The Local Government Act was passed in 1972, and defined the English counties and metropolitan districts, but not the non-metropolitan districts. These were set by a Boundary Commission that had already begun work. The metropolitan Document [5] (Title: Isle of Wight (UK Parliament constituency)) the unitary authority, Isle of Wight Council: a diamond-shaped island with rounded oblique corners, measuring by , the Needles and similar small uninhabitable rocks of very small square surface area. The island is linked by ferry crossings from four points (five points if counting West Cowes and East Cowes separately) to three points in Hampshire: Lymington, Southampton and Portsmouth. Its electorate of 110,924 () is, by more than 30,000 electors, the largest in the UK, more than 50% above the English average: 71,537, and five times the size of the smallest seat: Na h-Eileanan an Iar, formerly known as the Document [6] (Title: History of the Isle of Wight) present-day administrative link with Hampshire is the police service, the Hampshire Constabulary, which is joint between Hampshire and the Isle of Wight. From the closing decades of the 20th century onwards, there has been considerable debate on the Island over whether or not a bridge or tunnel should connect the island with mainland England. The Isle of Wight Party campaigned from a positive position, although extensive public debate on the subject revealed a strong body of opinion amongst islanders against such a proposal. In 2002 the Isle of Wight Council debated the issue and made a policy statement against the Document [7] (Title: Isle of Wight County Museum) Advertised as the world’s oldest Smithfield ham, Gwaltney fashioned a brass collar for the ham and took it to shows and expos to exhibit the preservative powers of his smoking method. The ham was featured in Ripley's Believe It or Not! in 1929, 1932 and 2003. The museum hosts an annual birthday party for the ham each July, and the museum’s Ham Cam keeps tabs on the ham throughout the day. Historical Notes on Isle of Wight County, Virginia. Helen Haverty King, 1993. The History of Isle of Wight County in 40 Objects. Isle of Wight County Museum, 2016. Erickson, Document [8] (Title: Isle of Wight County Museum) Mark St. John (November 12, 2016.) "Isle of Wight Museum: 40th birthday, 40 items for exhibit." The Daily Press. Isle of Wight County Museum The Isle of Wight County Museum is located in Smithfield, Virginia. The Isle of Wight County Museum was founded in 1976. Nearly two years before the 1976 United States Bicentennial commemoration, a number of heritage-minded Isle of Wight County citizens believed that the county needed a place where its history could be preserved. As a result of their efforts, the Isle of Wight County Board of Supervisors appointed a multi-talented group of county residents to a Document [9] (Title: 2013 Isle of Wight Council election) Information centres and public toilets.' With neither the Conservatives or the Island Independents gaining a majority outright, control of the authority was initially in doubt, but on 8 May the Island Independents announced the five non-aligned independents would be joining their group. Leading into the 2005 council election, the Liberal Democrats and its predecessors had been in power on the island since 1981, albeit since 2001 in coalition with a group of independents. However, public opposition to a school closure program by the council led to the rout of the Liberal Democrats, and the election of the Conservatives to take Document [10] (Title: Politics of the Isle of Wight) ruling group on the council between 2013 and January 2017, when the resignation of the council leader Jonathan Bacon led to a Conservative minority administration led by Dave Stewart. The council had previously been Conservative controlled between 2005 and 2013. The local council elections were held on 4 May 2017. The local council elections were held on 2 May 2013. The local council elections were held on 4 June 2009, the same date as the European Parliament elections. Following a review by the Boundary Commission for England the number of councillors was reduced from 48 to 40, consisting of 38 Document [11] (Title: Southampton County, Virginia) called counties. In 1637 Warrosquyoake Shire was renamed Isle of Wight County. In 1749, the portion of Isle of Wight County west of the Blackwater River was organized as Southampton County. Later, part of Nansemond County, which is now the Independent City of Suffolk, was added to Southampton County. This area was cultivated for tobacco and later for mixed crops, dependent on the labor of African slaves after a relatively short period when many white indentured servants came to the colony. In August 1831, an enslaved preacher named Nat Turner led a slave rebellion of Black slaves in Southampton County Document [12] (Title: Parliamentary representation by historic counties) major way from those of the historic counties. However, as the historic counties remain the focus of local patriotism it is worth continuing the lists until the present day. The historic county of Hampshire (formerly Southamptonshire) is divided between its mainland and Isle of Wight parts. The only overlap is for the two member county constituency before 1832, which is included in the mainland entry. Otherwise the article allocates all constituencies to the historic county they are wholly or predominantly located in. Borough constituencies which were located in counties of themselves, county boroughs or unitary authorities have been allocated to Document [13] (Title: History of the Isle of Wight) 21 July 1545. English ships engaged the French navy; two days earlier, the "Mary Rose" had sunk, apparently without damage. Sir Richard Worsley, Captain of the Island, commanded the local militia who resisted the attack, after French troops landed on the southern coast intending to use the island as a base against the mainland. However, the local militia defeated the French troops at the Battle of Bonchurch (although one account claims the French were successful at Bonchurch but defeated at Bembridge). In 1587 two Catholic missionaries Anderton and Marsden, originally from Lancashire but trained in France, returned to England in Document [14] (Title: Politics of the Isle of Wight) in 1377, that destroyed much of the town as well as other Island settlements, sealed its permanent decline. By the middle of the sixteenth century, it was a small settlement long eclipsed by the more easily defended town of Newport. Elizabeth I breathed some life into the town by awarding two parliamentary seats but this ultimately made it one of the most notorious of the Rotten Boroughs. By the time of the Great Reform Act that abolished the seats, it had just fourteen houses and twenty-three voters. The Act also disenfranchised the boroughs of Newport and Yarmouth and replaced the Document [15] (Title: Isle of Wight Rifles) Isle of Wight Rifles The 8th Battalion, The Hampshire Regiment, Princess Beatrice's Isle of Wight Rifles, known informally as the "Isle of Wight Rifles" was formed to defend the Isle of Wight after a 19th-century invasion scare. The unit served as infantry during World War I, and as coastal defence artillery during World War II. Postwar it converted to the air defence role. The Isle of Wight had long been fortified against invasion, due to its strategic position. It had also had numerous troops billeted in the Napoleonic Wars. In 1859, Artillery and infantry Rifle Volunteer Corps were raised in Document [16] (Title: Isle of Wight County Press) Isle of Wight County Press The Isle of Wight County Press is a local, compact newspaper published every Friday on the Isle of Wight. It has an audited circulation of 23,006 copies, compared to a local population of 140,500. The paper has seen a drop in circulation of 13,657 between December 2009 and December 2017 (37.25%). The paper had been owned locally from its foundation until July 2017, when it was taken over by Newsquest Media Group. The "Isle of Wight County Press" website was launched in 1999 and features headline articles updated on a daily basis. These will often Document [17] (Title: Isle of Wight County Museum) Isle of Wight County Museum The Isle of Wight County Museum is located in Smithfield, Virginia. The Isle of Wight County Museum was founded in 1976. Nearly two years before the 1976 United States Bicentennial commemoration, a number of heritage-minded Isle of Wight County citizens believed that the county needed a place where its history could be preserved. As a result of their efforts, the Isle of Wight County Board of Supervisors appointed a multi-talented group of county residents to a commission whose task was to collect, catalog and display artifacts for a new museum. Smithfield’s historic 18th-century Gaming House, Document [18] (Title: Isle of Wight Railway) removed in 1928. In the first years of the twentieth century, railway companies sought for cheaper means of carrying passengers on lightly used lines. One solution was the railmotor, a combined small steam engine and passenger coach. The Isle of Wight Central Railway introduced such a vehicle on 4 October 1906 and it operated into Ryde. The inability to convey additional coaches or goods vehicles was a limitation, and the IoWCR discontinued the use of the vehicle in 1910. From December 1908, a group calling itself the "Electric Railways Syndicate" pressed the supposed advantages of electrification of the Island's railways. Document [19] (Title: Lyman Wight) roles, Wight became the preeminent leader of the Latter Day Saints in the county. In the summer of 1838, the troubles of the Mormon War began with events on the Gallatin Election Day Battle. In response, Wight armed over 150 men at this time to defend the Latter Day Saints in Daviess County. Wight was accused, along with Joseph Smith, of organizing an army and threatening and harassing various old settlers of the county. Smith and Wight agreed to be tried in order to ease the tensions in the area. On September 7, 1838, they were presented before Judge Austin Document [20] (Title: Education reforms on the Isle of Wight) Middle School. So far, two headteachers from both Medina High School and Cowes High School have announced they will be stepping down before the start of the new term in September, stating the education reforms as an influence to their decision. Education reforms on the Isle of Wight Education reforms on the Isle of Wight is part of a process to change the Isle of Wight's education from a three-tier system to a two-tier system. The debate as to how this should occur was first started in 2004, lasting until 2008. Three options were put forward at the start of Document [21] (Title: Isle of Wight County Museum) the museum. In 1990, the Folk Building, a former dry goods store also built in 1913 and located adjacent to the museum, was purchased for the museum’s expansion. In 2006, the museum was placed under the newly formed Isle of Wight County Historic Resources Division as a part of Isle of Wight County’s Parks and Recreation Department. Shortly thereafter, the division became part of the Smithfield and Isle of Wight County Tourism Department. The museum’s growth continued through October 2006 when a nor’easter left the basement flooded with three feet of standing water. Despite the devastating impact of the flood Document [22] (Title: Isle of Wight) the most populated constituencies in the United Kingdom (more than 50% above the English average). However, in 2011 the Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Act was to have changed this, as part of the Sixth Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, but this was deferred to no earlier than October 2018 by the Electoral Registration and Administration Act 2013. Thus the single constituency remained for the 2015 and 2017 general elections. However, two separate East and West constituencies are proposed for the island under the 2018 review now under way. The Isle of Wight is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan county. Since Document [23] (Title: Isle of Wight (UK Parliament constituency)) In 1654 a whole island constituency existed for the First Protectorate Parliament but the island reverted to the three constituencies. Otherwise, the island was part-represented by the two MPs for Hampshire. The Reform Act abolished Newtown and Yarmouth parliamentary boroughs, and resurrected a county constituency for the whole island. The county electorate included freeholders, qualified by property, in the remaining parliamentary borough. The separate and overlapping Newport representation was abolished in 1885. The constituency has traditionally been a battleground between the Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats and their predecessors. The seat was held by a Liberal from 1974 until 1987, Document [24] (Title: County council) Act 1992 established a new Local Government Commission whose remit was to conduct a review of the structure of local administration, and the introduction of unitary authorities where appropriate. Accordingly, the number of county councils was reduced: Avon, Berkshire, Cleveland, Hereford and Worcester and Humberside were abolished, while Worcestershire County Council was re-established. The reforms somewhat blurred the distinction between county and district council. The Isle of Wight county council became a unitary authority, renamed the "Isle of Wight Council". Conversely, two unitary district councils added the word "county" to their titles to become "Rutland County Council District Council" and Document [25] (Title: Isle of Wight Railway) Ryde Pier Company with a view to joint construction of a railway to the pier, but the talks broke down and in 1864 the idea was dropped. The Sandown Bay branch, also authorised in 1860, was abandoned. The company name was changed to the "Isle of Wight Railway" by Act of Parliament of 28 July 1863. The name was considered to be more in keeping with the status of the company, as the Bill had proposed a branch to Newport, there to join with the Cowes and Newport Railway. However negotiations with that company over the arrangements proved impossible, so Document [26] (Title: Robert Savin) 1629, and of 1629–1630, convening March 24, 1630 but only one member from "Warrosqueake" County in the assembly of 1631–1632. In 1620, a movement began to change the name of "Warresqueak County" to "Isle of Wight County" but this was not done until 1637. Robert Savin Robert Savin was a member of the Virginia House of Burgesses, the elected lower house of the colonial Virginia General Assembly, from "Warrosquoyacke County," later Isle of Wight County, in the assemblies of 1629 and 1629–1630. The area represented by Savin originally was known as Lawne's Plantation. The colonists also had named the area Document [27] (Title: Isle of Wight Council) Isle of Wight Council The Isle of Wight Council is a unitary authority covering the Isle of Wight near the South coast of England. It is currently made up of 40 seats. Since the 2017 election, the Conservatives have held a majority of 25 and appointed Cllr Dave Stewart as leader of the council. The council was formed on 1 April 1995, replacing the Isle of Wight County Council and Medina and South Wight Borough Councils. Prior to 1998, the Liberals and then Liberal Democrats had dominated the Council. Between 1998 and 2005, it was under no overall control, ruled Document [28] (Title: Parliamentary representation from Isle of Wight) of Wight became an administrative county. In 1974 it became a new non-metropolitan county and in 1995 a ceremonial county and unitary authority (with unchanged boundaries). The first part of this article covers the constituencies wholly within the area of the Isle of Wight. The second part refers to the constituency of Hampshire, which included some territory from the Isle of Wight 1290–1654 and 1659–1832. The summaries section only refers to the constituencies included in the first section of the constituency list. Article names are followed by (UK Parliament constituency). The constituencies which existed in 1707 were those previously represented Document [29] (Title: Scouting in South East England) in 104 troops in 22 Local Associations. The Grand Rally at Southampton Common on 2 October 1912, attended by Baden-Powell, was recorded on film now available in the Hampshire Archives. County Commissioners: The Isle of Wight is served by a single Scout County, divided into two districts: Kent Scout County is a Scout County of the Scout Association in the United Kingdom, covering the county of Kent. It is divided into the following Scout Districts: Kent Scout county has over 23,000 members with an active Water Activities and Land Activities team. The Land Activities includes the Invicta Mountaineering Club. Every Document [30] (Title: Isle of Wight Central Railway) its presumed competitors. The dominance of the Portsmouth – Ryde ferry route had not yet been established, and in any case Cowes was assumed to be the port of entry for goods and minerals. The Isle of Wight (Newport Junction) Act was given the Royal Assent on 31 July 1868, to build a line from Newport to the Sandown station of the Isle of Wight Railway. The competing proposals were rejected; those who favoured a line from Newport to Ryde were disappointed, and continued the struggle. The operation of the Isle of Wight Railway enhanced the importance of Ryde as Document [31] (Title: Isle of Wight) Ships likely were important to the local economy. During the Dark Ages the island was settled by Jutes as the pagan kingdom of Wihtwara under King Arwald. In 685 it was invaded by Caedwalla, who tried to replace the inhabitants with his own followers. In 686 Arwald was defeated and the island became the last part of English lands to be converted to Christianity, added to Wessex and then becoming part of England under King Alfred the Great, included within the shire of Hampshire. It suffered especially from Viking raids, and was often used as a winter base by Viking Document [32] (Title: Isle of Wight Constabulary) The new force took over the area of the island that the Hampshire Constabulary had been responsible for (all of the island except Ryde and Newport). Many of the Hampshire officers transferred to the new force, the rest returned to the main land. Ryde Borough Police amalgamated with the Isle of Wight Constabulary in 1922, mainly due to the Police Act of 1919. As a result of the Act officers were entitled to better pay and pensions and the borough could not afford this on their own. In 1943 the Isle of Wight Constabulary was amalgamated with Hampshire Constabulary as Document [33] (Title: Isle of Wight) In January 2009, the first general flag for the county was accepted by the Flag Institute. Island residents are sometimes referred to as "Vectensians", "Vectians" or, if born on the island, "caulkheads". One theory is that this last comes from the once prevalent local industry of caulking or sealing wooden boats; the term became attached to islanders either because they were so employed, or as a derisory term for perceived unintelligent labourers from elsewhere. The term "overner" is used for island residents originating from the mainland (an abbreviated form of "overlander", which is an archaic term for "outsider" still found Document [34] (Title: Education on the Isle of Wight) the rest of the country. It was finally announced in the Isle of Wight County Press on 23 May 2008 which schools would be closed. The first of these reforms took place in September 2008, from the start of the new academic year. Archbishop King and Trinity Middle schools merged creating Christ the King College, with the old ABK site taking years 7 and 8, and the Trinity site taking years 5 and 6. Kitbridge Middle School also merged with Downside Middle school, creating two separate campuses. In September 2009, Christ the King College took another step towards becoming a Document [35] (Title: Isle of Wight Constabulary) Roy Spicer. Isle of Wight Constabulary The Isle of Wight Constabulary was a local police force on the Isle of Wight The first separate police force on the island was set up in 1837 with the formation of the Newport Borough Police. The rest of the island was policed by the Hampshire Constabulary with the exception, from 1869, of Ryde, which had a borough force of its own, from 1869-1922. In 1890 the island was granted administrative county status under the Local Government Act 1888. The Newport force area was enlarged and the force renamed to become the Isle of Document [36] (Title: Education on the Isle of Wight) Hall in Newport on Saturday 26 January at 10:00am lasting an hour until 11:00am, led by Isle of Wight Radio DJ Alex Dyke as a result of the Council's plans for education reforms. Between 1,000 and 1,250 took part in the protest, including parents, teachers and students. The Island MP Andrew Turner, with two other councillors also attended the protest, disagreeing with the plans. More protests later occurred at Sandown, Shanklin and Ryde, with another at Newport. On 19 March 2008, a two-tier system was voted for by Isle of Wight councillors, bringing the island's school system into line with Document [37] (Title: Isle of Wight) Navy and its Portsmouth base, the island was fortified at Yarmouth, Cowes, East Cowes, and Sandown. The French invasion on 21 July 1545 (famous for the sinking of the Mary Rose on the 19th) was repulsed by local militia. During the English Civil War, King Charles fled to the Isle of Wight, believing he would receive sympathy from the governor Robert Hammond, but Hammond imprisoned the king in Carisbrooke Castle. During the Seven Years' War, the island was used as a staging post for British troops departing on expeditions against the French coast, such as the Raid on Rochefort. During Document [38] (Title: Isle of Wight) Isle of Wight The Isle of Wight (; also referred to informally as The Island or abbreviated to IoW) is a county and the largest and second-most populous island in England. It is in the English Channel, between 2 and 5 miles off the coast of Hampshire, separated by the Solent. The island has resorts that have been holiday destinations since Victorian times, and is known for its mild climate, coastal scenery, and verdant landscape of fields, downland and chines. The island has been home to the poets Swinburne and Tennyson and to Queen Victoria, who built her much-loved summer Document [39] (Title: Isle of Wight Central Railway) Isle of Wight Central Railway The Isle of Wight Central Railway (IoWCR) was a railway company on the Isle of Wight, United Kingdom. It was formed in 1887 by the merging of three earlier railways, the Cowes and Newport Railway (opened 1862), the Ryde and Newport Railway (opened 1875) and the Isle of Wight (Newport Junction) Railway, (opened in stages 1875 and 1879). Its network ran from near Ryde to Cowes and from Sandown to Newport. It also worked the Freshwater, Yarmouth and Newport Railway until 1913 and in that year it purchased the "Newport, Godshill and Ventnor Railway". The Document [40] (Title: 2005 Isle of Wight Council election) 2005 Isle of Wight Council election The 2005 Isle of Wight Council elections were held on the Isle of Wight, England, on 5 May 2005. The result led to a landslide Conservative victory gaining 22 councillors, leading the Isle of Wight to Conservative control from no overall control previously. The party standings following the election: The outcome of the election led to a significant change in composition of the Isle of Wight Council. Prior to the election, the Liberal Democrats were the largest group overall but still didn't hold a majority, leading to a coalition known as 'Island First' with Document [41] (Title: Isle of Wight Central Railway) Section) Railway resubmitted their scheme too. The Cowes and Newport Bill failed standing orders, and although there was some opposition to it, the IoW(ES)R was authorised on 23 July 1860. In 1863 it changed its name to "The Isle of Wight Railway"; it opened between St Johns Road station in Ryde and Shanklin on 23 August 1864 and on to Ventnor on 10 September 1866. This had a significant effect in shifting the route for trade access to the island: in February 1868 the Cowes and Newport Railway directors reported that their company’s earnings were static following the opening of Document [42] (Title: Isle of Wight Railway) The RNR asked the IoWR to work their line and that belonging to the Cowes & Newport Railway, but the IoWR shareholders voted the proposal down. The RNR was worked by locomotives loaned by Henry Martin, the contractor working the CNR; six months later a Joint Committee of the two companies took over the operation of their railways. The Isle of Wight (Newport Junction) Railway constructed a line between Sandown, on the IoWR, and Newport. The company experienced difficulties in finalising the access to Newport, and the line opened between Sandown and Shide on 1 February 1875, later extending to Document [43] (Title: Ensign Washer) the same vicinity. Although the area was known as Lawne's Plantation and its representatives were listed as representatives from the plantation, the colonists also had named the area "Warresqueak County" after the Native American tribe who lived there. Washer and Christopher Lawne represented Lawne's Plantation in the first assembly of the Virginia House of Burgesses in 1619. In 1620, a movement began to change the name of "Warresqueak County" to "Isle of Wight County" but this was not done until 1637. The Daughters of the American Revolution state that Ensign Washer had a daughter named Margaret (Polly). Little if anything Document [44] (Title: History of the Isle of Wight) In 1006 the Chronicle records: ""when it drew near to winter, the army travelled home, and after Martinmas the raiding-army came to its secure base on the Isle of Wight and there provided themselves everywhere whatever they needed"", and then records raids that they made from there into southern England. In 1013 Sweyn began a more concerted invasion, and Ethelred was forced to flee to the island: ""And then at midwinter the King turned from the fleet to the Isle of Wight, and was there for the season; and after the season turned across the sea to Richard [of Normandy], Document [45] (Title: History of the Isle of Wight) them in their ships". The Viking practice of sub-dividing the kingdom amongst powerful Earls had survived their departure, and Wessex came under the control of Earl Godwin, and then his son Harold Godwinson, the future King Harold. During the war of succession in 1066, the island was used as a base by various contenders. Firstly "came Earl Tostig from beyond the sea into Wight, and with as great a fleet as he could get, and there was given both money and provisions; and then went from there, and did harm everywhere along the sea-cost he could get to" and later Document [46] (Title: Railways on the Isle of Wight) line was extended a further half mile to reach Pan Lane. However, the final half-mile from there to Newport station did not open until 1879. Four years of poor connections in Newport meant not enough passengers or freight had been attracted to the line, and the company passed into receivership in 1880. At this point, it was bought by the Cowes & Newport/Ryde & Newport company, who were legally renamed as the Isle of Wight Central Railway. In 1877 the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway and London and South Western Railway were granted an Act of Parliament to extend Document [47] (Title: Politics of the Isle of Wight) Politics of the Isle of Wight As a geographical entity distinct from the mainland, the Isle of Wight has always fought to have this identity recognised. The Isle of Wight is currently a ceremonial and Non-metropolitan county and as it has no district councils (only the county council) it is effectively a unitary county. The island is also the highest populated Westminster constituency in the country. Historically, the island was part of the historic county of Hampshire, previously called Southamptonshire. The island's most ancient borough was Newtown on the large natural harbour on the island's north-western coast. A French raid Document [48] (Title: Mark Woodnutt) the suggestion that the council buy out the shareholders in the development companies. Apart from the Bembridge controversy, Woodnutt put his defeat down to his piloting through parliament of the Isle of Wight County Council Act 1971. The Act required organisers of any event at which more than 5,000 people were expected to attend to apply to the county council at least four months in advance for permission. Woodnutt had introduced the legislation to prevent a recurrence of the Isle of Wight Festivals of 1969 and 1970, which had attracted hundreds of thousands of visitors. Woodnutt conceded that he had Document [49] (Title: Politics of the Isle of Wight) the high turnout and popular Conservative vote in the parliamentary election was likely to be a local sign of dissatisfaction with the incumbent, largely Liberal Democrat Council, as well as reflecting on the national issues. The Labour Party continued to buck the national trend and increased the Labour vote to the highest for over 30 years, whilst the UKIP, did not manage to make the breakthrough expected by some, and only slightly increased their vote share. After the 2017 local council elections, the Conservatives gained a majority of seats on the Isle of Wight Council. The Island Independents were the Document [50] (Title: Isle of Wight Festival 1970) favourite retirement destination of the British well-heeled, and a haven of the yachting set, and many of the traditional residents deplored the huge influx of "hippies" and "freaks". This led to the introduction of sections to the "Isle of Wight County Council Act 1971" designed to control any further large overnight gatherings. Renting a few acres of suitable farmland to hold a music festival had in earlier years been a simple commercial matter between the promoters and one of the local farmers, but by 1970 this had become subject to approval decisions from several local council committees who were heavily Document [51] (Title: Newport (Isle of Wight) (UK Parliament constituency)) of the other Isle of Wight boroughs (Newtown and Yarmouth) seems to have been at the urging of the new Governor of the island, Sir George Carey, a relative of the Queen. In token of thanks, the borough granted him for life the right to nominate one of the two MPs – which seems to have been the reward he expected and the motive for his petition to the Queen in the first place. Between 1807 and 1811 its two seats were held by two future Prime Ministers: Arthur Wellesley, later to become the Duke of Wellington (who also found Document [52] (Title: History of the Isle of Wight) status is a perennial source of friction. It was planned to merge the county back into Hampshire as a district in the 1974 local government reform, but a last minute change led to it retaining its county council. However, since there was no provision made in the Local Government Act 1972 for unitary authorities, the Island had to retain a two-tier structure, with a county council and two boroughs, Medina and South Wight. The borough councils were merged with the county council on 1 April 1995, to form a single unitary authority, the Isle of Wight Council. The only significant Document [53] (Title: Isle of Wight Council) 2017, Conservative members assumed control of the administration, with Cllr Dave Stewart appointed as leader. A new ruling executive was formed, made up of five Conservatives, one UKIP member and three non-aligned members. The Coat of arms of the Isle of Wight was first granted to the County Council in 1938. On its abolition in 1995, they transferred to the new Isle of Wight Council. The shield shows an image of Carisbrooke Castle, which was the historic seat of many island governors. At the bottom is the island's motto "All this beauty is of God". Isle of Wight Council The Document [54] (Title: Railways on the Isle of Wight) thought to have used mechanical traction. The line is now abandoned. The first conventional railway line to open on the island was that from Cowes to Newport. The Cowes & Newport Railway Company began construction of the line in 1859 after an enabling Act of Parliament was passed earlier that year. The line opened to passengers in June 1862. Shortly after this, the Isle of Wight Railway (IWR) company built its initial line from Ryde to Shanklin, opening in 1864. Also in 1864, horse-drawn trams began running along Ryde Pier, connecting ferry services to the town. The IWR opened an Document [55] (Title: Isle of Wight) 1759, with a planned French invasion imminent, a large force of soldiers was stationed there. The French called off their invasion following the Battle of Quiberon Bay. In the 1860s, what remains in real terms the most expensive ever government spending project saw fortifications built on the island and in the Solent, as well as elsewhere along the south coast, including the Palmerston Forts, The Needles Batteries and Fort Victoria, because of fears about possible French invasion. The future Queen Victoria spent childhood holidays on the island and became fond of it. When queen she made Osborne House her winter Document [56] (Title: Local Government Act 1972) merged back into Hampshire as a district) was the only local campaign to succeed, and also the only county council in England to violate the 250,000 limit for education authorities. The government bowed to local demand for the island to retain its status in October 1972, moving an amendment in the Lords to remove it from Hampshire. Lord Sanford noting that "nowhere else is faced with problems of communication with its neighbours which are in any way comparable." Protests from Rutland and Herefordshire failed, although Rutland was able to secure its treatment as a single district despite not even managing Document [57] (Title: Local Government Act 1888) The Cinque Ports, together with "the two ancient towns and their members" (which for some purposes, such as lieutenancy, were considered a distinct county), were to become part of the county where they were situated. Section 49 allowed for the creation by provisional order of a council for the "Scilly Islands" to be established as a unitary authority outside the administrative county of Cornwall. This was duly formed in 1890 as the Isles of Scilly Rural District. † From 1 April 1890 the Isle of Wight was separated from the County of Hampshire to form an administrative county. †† From Document [58] (Title: Isle of Wight County, Virginia) Isle of Wight County, Virginia Isle of Wight County is a county located in the Hampton Roads region of the U.S. state of Virginia. It was named after the Isle of Wight, in the English Channel, from where many of its early colonists had come. As of the 2010 census, the population was 35,270. Its county seat is Isle of Wight. Isle of Wight County is located in the Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC Metropolitan Statistical Area. Its northeastern boundary is on the coast of Hampton Roads waterway. Isle of Wight County features two incorporated towns, Smithfield and Windsor. The first Document [59] (Title: History of the Isle of Wight) to his kinsman William FitzOsbern, who became Lord of the Isle of Wight. Carisbrooke Priory and the fort of Carisbrooke Castle were founded (probably the site had previously been fortified, originally by Romans and subsequently by Jutes or Saxons; there are remains of a late Saxon wall or "burgh" as defence against Viking raiders). Thereafter allegiance on the island was sworn to FitzOsbern as 'Lord' rather than the king, a role subsequently granted to the de Redvers family by Henry I after his succession in 1100. For nearly 200 years the island was a semi-independent feudal fiefdom, with the de Document [60] (Title: History of the Isle of Wight) fifth centuries AD, Roman troops and officials had withdrawn from Britain. In Bede's ecclesiastical history, "Vecta" [sic], along with parts of Hampshire and most of Kent, was settled by Jutes. According to the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle", Cerdic and his son Cynric conquered the island in 530. The "Chronicle" states that after Cerdic died in 534, the island was given to his nephews Stuf and Wihtgar. However, it is uncertain whether "Wihtgar", who is believed to have died in 544, was a real person or came from a misunderstood place name. The "Men of Wight" were known as "Wihtwara". Carisbrooke was known Document [61] (Title: Local Government Commission for England (1992)) "early wins" in Cleveland, Humberside and Avon. The first recommendation, published in 1993, was the quite uncontroversial one to make Isle of Wight a unitary authority. The island had been split between South Wight and Medina boroughs, with an Isle of Wight County Council, since 1974. Three more final reports, for Cleveland, Derbyshire and Durham, were published in November 1993. In both Derbyshire and Durham, unitary authorities would be created covering the large urban areas, but the rest of the county would remain two-tier in structure. A new Secretary of State, John Selwyn Gummer, had taken over in May, and Document [62] (Title: Isle of Wight Railway) of the middle years of the 1840s encouraged the promotion of railway schemes, and in May 1845 public support was sought for an "Isle of Wight Railway", which was proposed to build from West Cowes and Ryde to Newport and Ventnor. Capital of £300,000 was said to be necessary, but notwithstanding local support, the landowners to be affected were hostile and the scheme failed to gain approval. Nevertheless, and in October of the same year a "Direct Ryde and Ventnor Railway" was proposed; requiring only £120,000 in capital it would follow much easier ground and claimed that landowners would not Document [63] (Title: Old Isle of Wight Courthouse) in the late 1990s with the help of Colonial Williamsburg consultants and craftsmen, in which the interior was modified to more accurately recreate the appearance of a typical Virginia courthouse of the period. The building is one of four remaining examples of arcaded colonial courthouses. In 2013, ownership passed from Preservation Virginia to the non-profit Historic Smithfield. A semi-independent committee within Historic Smithfield known as 1750 Isle of Wight Courthouse raises money for the continued maintenance and restoration of the building and makes it available to the public, free of charge, year-round. Old Isle of Wight Courthouse The Old Isle Document [64] (Title: Newport, Isle of Wight) town had been incorporated as a borough in 1608. The town's position as an area of trade accessible to the sea meant it rapidly took over from nearby Carisbrooke as the main central settlement, eventually absorbing the latter as a suburb. The borough ceased to exist in 1974 when it was incorporated into the larger Borough of Medina, which was itself superseded in 1995 by a single unitary authority covering the whole of the Isle of Wight. The Drill hall in Newport opened as the headquarters of the Isle of Wight Rifle Volunteers in 1860. Newport since the 1960s has Document [65] (Title: Politics of the Isle of Wight) of Wight, to what could be described as the opposite extreme of merging the county back into Hampshire. The pro-independence lobby had a formal voice in the early 1970s with the Vectis National Party. Their main claim was that the sale of the island to the crown in 1293 was unconstitutional (see History of the Isle of Wight). However, this movement now has little serious support. Since the 1990s the debate has largely taken the form of a campaign to have the Isle of Wight recognized as a distinct region by organizations such as the EU, due to its relative Document [66] (Title: Isle of Wight (UK Parliament constituency)) Western Isles. The five (effected rather than abortive) national Boundary Commission Periodic Reports which have taken place since 1955 consulted locally on splitting the island into two seats (and included occasionally proposals for a seat crossing the Solent onto the mainland) but met an overall distaste by the independent commissioners and most consultees and consultation respondents who were not apathetic which accounted for the bulk. The consensus of varying panels of Boundary Commissioners, party-interested and neutral commentators was at the time of these five consultations, that the island would be best represented by one MP. The Commissioners did make mention Document [67] (Title: Island Line, Isle of Wight) Common, Lake Hill and Littlestairs. The line from to was opened on 23 August 1864, having been built by the Isle of Wight Railway. In 1866 the line was extended through to . The line was originally built as single track throughout, with passing loops provided at Brading, Sandown and Shanklin stations. In 1880 the London and South Western Railway (LSWR) and London, Brighton and South Coast Railway (LBSCR) opened a jointly-owned line north from Ryde St John's Road. Under the direction of LBSCR Chief Engineer Frederick Banister, the building of the extension included a new tunnel and a third Document [68] (Title: Isle of Wight) represented on the island by the Governor of the Isle of Wight until 1995. The island has played an important part in the defence of the ports of Southampton and Portsmouth, and been near the front-line of conflicts through the ages, including the Spanish Armada and the Battle of Britain. Rural for most of its history, its Victorian fashionability and the growing affordability of holidays led to significant urban development during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Historically part of Hampshire, the island became a separate administrative county in 1890. It continued to share the Lord Lieutenant of Hampshire Document [69] (Title: Isle of Wight County Press) appear on the website before featuring in the next issue, allowing readers to be updated daily instead of each week. The website also features videos and photo galleries that would not normally be available in a standard issue. During June 2009 the website passed 1 million views for the first time, attracting a record figure of 1,001,705 coupled with another record of 71,068 unique visitors. The increase in visitor numbers was said to have been boosted by interest in the Isle of Wight Council election results and Isle of Wight Festival coverage. The "Isle of Wight County Press" passed its Document [70] (Title: Isle of Wight County, Virginia) of the Powhatan Confederacy, who had three towns in the area of modern Smithfield. English colonists drove the Warraskoyak from their villages in 1622 and 1627, as part of their reprisals for the Great Massacre of 1622, in which the Native Americans had decimated English settlements, hoping to drive them out of their territory. The first English plantations along the south shore within present-day Isle of Wight were established by Puritan colonists, beginning with that of Christopher Lawne in May 1618. Several members of the Puritan Bennett family also settled there, including Richard Bennett. He led the Puritans to neighboring Document [71] (Title: Isle of Wight (UK Parliament constituency)) a Conservative until 1997, a Liberal Democrat until 2001, and a Conservative since then. At the 2015 election, the incumbent Conservative scored one of his party's largest reductions in vote in that year's election similarly to the Liberal Democrat who finished in fifth place. In the 2017 general election, Nick Belfitt, the Liberal Democrat candidate, became the youngest ever candidate to stand for the seat at the age of 23. General Election 1939/40 Another general election was required to take place before the end of 1940. The political parties had been making preparations for an election to take place from Document [72] (Title: Isle of Wight Central Railway) working conditions for staff all attacked the financial situation of the line. Under the terms of the Railways Act 1921 the main line railways of Great Britain were "grouped" into four large companies; the Isle of Wight lines were absorbed into the new Southern Railway from 1 January 1923. The ordinary shareholders of the IoWCR got £3 for each £100 share. (The absorption of the FY&NR was delayed until 1 August 1923 due to negotiations over the financial terms; during the period from 1 January, when the FY&NR refused the offered settlement, the company's trains were again barred from the Document [73] (Title: 2013 Isle of Wight Council election) independents made up the next largest contingent on the council, winning 10 seats, whilst the Liberal Democrats failed to make headway. As the 2013 campaign started, education remained a top issue. Though the three-tier system had been abolished in favour of two tiers, three of the island's six secondary schools were judged 'inadequate' by Ofsted. Simon Perry, editor of "OnTheWight", remarked to the BBC that education was the single biggest priority for voters. In addition, the council agreed to transfer some of its education powers to Hampshire County Council, despite not being under its jurisdiction; and problems over education were Document [74] (Title: Politics of the Isle of Wight) Hampshire is the police service, which is joint between Hampshire and the Isle of Wight. The Isle of Wight forms a single constituency of the House of Commons, with an electorate of 110,697 (as of 2017). This is by far the largest electorate in the country. The 2018 proposals from the Boundary Commission for England will split the constituency into two. The constituency was traditionally a battleground between the Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats. Between 1974 and 1987, the seat was a Liberal seat, then becoming Conservative until 1997 when the Liberal Democrats won on a reduced Conservative vote. The Document [75] (Title: Isle of Wight County Press) the paper decreased. Isle of Wight County Press The Isle of Wight County Press is a local, compact newspaper published every Friday on the Isle of Wight. It has an audited circulation of 23,006 copies, compared to a local population of 140,500. The paper has seen a drop in circulation of 13,657 between December 2009 and December 2017 (37.25%). The paper had been owned locally from its foundation until July 2017, when it was taken over by Newsquest Media Group. The "Isle of Wight County Press" website was launched in 1999 and features headline articles updated on a daily basis. Document [76] (Title: History of the Isle of Wight) evolving over the years into a Captaincy and eventually a Governorship). It is sometimes said there was a brief interruption in 1444 when Henry Beauchamp was crowned King of the Isle of Wight, with King Henry VI placing the crown on his head; the regal title supposedly expired when he died heirless in 1446. But there little evidence to support this story. Henry VIII developed the Royal Navy and its permanent base at Portsmouth, and ordered fortifications to be built at Yarmouth, Cowes, East Cowes and Sandown, sometimes using stone from the dissolved monasteries. The French invaded the island on Document [77] (Title: 2009 Isle of Wight Council election) 2009 Isle of Wight Council election The 2009 Isle of Wight Council elections were held on Thursday 4 June 2009. After a review by the Local Government Boundary Commission for England, the number of seats on the council was reduced from 48 single-member wards, to a 40-member council, consisting of 38 single member wards, and one double-member ward. The result of the election was 'no change', with the Conservatives retaining an overall majority by winning twenty-four of the forty seats available. Of the sixteen remaining seats, ten went to independents, five to the Liberal Democrats and just one to the Document [78] (Title: Isle of Wight Rifles) the mainland, soldiers comprised 1 in 4 of the local population. By this time Queen Victoria had moved to the Isle of Wight at Osborne House. The separate RVCs were brought under the umbrella of the 1st Administrative Battalion of Isle of Wight Rifle Volunteers, formed on 5 July 1860 with headquarters at Newport, under Colonel Dunsmore formerly of the 42nd Highlanders. In 1880 the Administrative Battalion was consolidated as the 1st Isle of Wight Rifle Volunteers, organised as follows: In September 1885 the unit became the 5th (Isle of Wight 'Princess Beatrice's) Volunteer Battalion of the Hampshire Regiment, Princess Document [79] (Title: Stephen Ross, Baron Ross of Newport) and a few friends, covering the island by Land Rover. He did the same in 1970, by which time he had become a county councillor. Ross was Leader of Isle of Wight County Council 1973-74 and 1981-83. He was elected as Member of Parliament for the Isle of Wight at the February 1974 general election; this was the one surprising Liberal win at this election, outside areas where the Liberals had been traditionally strong. He was re-elected in October 1974, 1979 and 1983 until his retirement from the House of Commons in 1987. In the Commons he was successively party Document [80] (Title: Flag of the Isle of Wight) Flag of the Isle of Wight The Flag of the Isle of Wight was adopted and registered in January 2009. It shows a diamond shape (the island) hovering over ocean waves. The indentation of the top corner of the diamond represents the River Medina, which is the largest river on the island. There is anecdotal evidence that the Isle of Wight county colours have been used as a flag. These consisting of two thinner green vertical stripes surrounding a central thick white stripe, and these flags are still available from various sources. Other than this the only established flag of Document [81] (Title: John George (Virginia colonist)) County, Virginia but is now Prince George County, Virginia bordering Hopewell, Virginia. The George family moved to Isle of Wight County, Virginia in about 1642. When the George family moved to Isle of Wight County, they lived near Cypress Swamp and Creek and Castle Creek, near the present town of Smithfield, Virginia. Other records show that John George added 350 acres to his property on April 17, 1667. In 1647 and in 1652, John George was listed as a representative of Isle of Wight County in the Virginia House of Burgesses, the lower house of the colonial Virginia legislature. Since Document [82] (Title: Isle of Wight County Museum) located at 124 Main Street, was the first home for the collection. The museum opened on November 21, 1976, and for the first three years, dedicated volunteers kept the museum open on Sunday afternoons and at other times by appointment. The museum quickly outgrew its first home as gifts and loans expanded the collection. In 1979, the museum moved into its second historic building, the Bank of Smithfield, built in 1913 and located at 103 Main Street. That same year, the museum commission became a committee under the Isle of Wight County Public Recreational Facilities Authority, which assumed oversight of Document [83] (Title: Isle of Wight) residence and final home Osborne House at East Cowes. It has a maritime and industrial tradition including boat-building, sail-making, the manufacture of flying boats, the hovercraft, and Britain's space rockets. The island hosts annual music festivals including the Isle of Wight Festival, which in 1970 was the largest rock music event ever held. It has well-conserved wildlife and some of the richest cliffs and quarries for dinosaur fossils in Europe. The isle was owned by a Norman family until 1293 and was earlier a kingdom in its own right. In common with the Crown dependencies The British Crown was then Document [84] (Title: History of the Isle of Wight) the last Ice Age, about 8–9000 years ago, as sea levels rose, and the land of southern Britain sunk due to the post-glacial rebound of the north that had been under the ice. This flooded the former river valley of the Solent to the north, and the future English Channel to the south, and cut Wight off from the island of Britain. Once open to the sea, tidal scouring widened the Solent. The first inhabitants are assumed to have been hunter-gatherers migrating by land during the Paleolithic (Old Stone Age) period, as the ice age began to recede and the Document [85] (Title: Corf county campsite) acquired by the Isle of Wight Scouts in 1937 and has been developed since. The centre of the camp and main buildings have been moved since the original placements and further development is planned. The 23 acres of the site have 30 campsites. There is a playing field which in one corner is a play area for Beavers and Cubs. The permanent buildings on the site include 3 toilet blocks, showers (included in one of the set of blocks), an undercover activity area which has ping-pong tables, shop and a Pack Holiday Centre. This consists of dormitories, mess hall and Document [86] (Title: 2013 Isle of Wight Council election) further amplified for the Conservatives when the chief executive of the council, Steve Benyon, departed controversially after the Ofsted inspections. Beyond this local issue was the impact of national politics: the Conservatives were into their third year of governing the United Kingdom in coalition with the Liberal Democrats, implementing unpopular austerity measures and fending off challenges from Labour on the left and UKIP on the right. Cuts to local government forced the council to implement their own cost-saving measures, which included closing public toilets and tourist information centres. The Conservatives campaigned on working with the private sector to improve the Document [87] (Title: Newport (Isle of Wight) (UK Parliament constituency)) represent. Before the Great Reform Act of 1832, the right to vote was vested in the Mayor and Corporation (consisting of 11 aldermen and 12 burgesses). For much of the previous century the borough was "managed" for the government by the Holmes family, meaning that ministers could generally secure the election of their favoured candidates, but often only at the expense of considerable "gratuities" to the voters – in 1754, this apparently amounted to a payment of £600 for each candidate. The borough consisted of the parish of Newport and of Castle Hold in the parish of St Nicholas, thereby Document [88] (Title: Hugh Norman-Walker) of Wight County Structure Plan Panel to consult the people of the Isle of Wight on the possible change of the county structure. Before the panel was formed, the Isle of Wight had been planned to be merged with Hampshire under the Local Government Act 1972, but the plan came to a halt when it met with much opposition from local residents. The panel led by Norman-Walker did not achieve any special breakthrough and it was in 1995 that the Isle of Wight finally became a unitary authority. Norman-Walker died in his home in Farley on 28 August 1985, aged Document [89] (Title: Wihtwara) After the Norman Conquest the Isle of Wight was given to the de Redvers family in 1101 who were known as "Lords of the Isle of Wight". However the last of them was Izabel de Forz (also known as Isabella de Fortibus; 1237–1293), who was known informally as the "Queen of the Isle of Wight". Forz was visited shortly before her death by King Edward Longshanks (known later as Edward I), who said later that she had sold the Isle of Wight to him for 6,000 marks. The village of Queens Bower is said to be named after her. In Document [90] (Title: Isle of Wight Central Railway) every trip. The guarantee to the NG&StLR remained a difficulty, and could hardly be negotiated away. The solution arrived at was the purchase of that company by the IoWCR. The Isle of Wight Central Railway (Godshill Transfer) Act of 4 July 1913 authorised the change, and it became effective on 1 October 1913. Godshill ordinary shareholders got 5d in the pound; their railway had cost more than £250,000 to construct. The Freshwater, Yarmouth and Newport Railway had long been worked by the IoWCR. In 1910 the agreement needed to be renewed, and the IoWCR noted that major modernisation work was Document [91] (Title: Isle of Wight Railway) grouping in 1923. There were 221 goods vehicles lasting to grouping in 1923. The Cowes and Newport Railway had been the first line to be opened on the Isle of Wight, in 1862. A connection to Ryde was made by the Ryde and Newport Railway, which met the IoWR at Smallbrook, two miles south of Ryde. The IoWR constructed a second track alongside its own from Smallbrook to Ryde and the R&NR used that track and the IoWR Ryde station, paying a rental for the purpose. The R&NR opened to traffic from a station near Newport on 20 December 1875. Document [92] (Title: Isle of Wight) the King College started as two "middle schools," Trinity Middle School and Archbishop King Catholic Middle School, but has now been converted into a dual-faith secondary school and sixth form. Since September 2011 five new secondary schools, with an age range of 11 to 18 years, replaced the island's high schools (as a part of the previous three-tier system). Notable residents have included: The Isle of Wight has given names to many parts of former colonies, most notably Isle of Wight County in Virginia founded by settlers from the island in the 17th century. Its county seat is a town Document [93] (Title: Parliamentary representation from Isle of Wight) Parliamentary representation from Isle of Wight The Isle of Wight, an island off the south coast of England, was part of the historic county of Hampshire (originally Southamptonshire), and was linked with it for parliamentary purposes until 1832, when it became a county constituency in its own right as it had also been during the Protectorate (1654–1659). Hampshire (including the Isle of Wight), located in the 21st century region of South East England, was represented in Parliament from the 13th century. This article provides a list of constituencies constituting the Parliamentary representation from Isle of Wight. In 1890 the Isle Document [94] (Title: History of the Isle of Wight) are retained in the county archaeological centre. From about 685-686 the island can be considered part of Wessex, and after the West Saxon kings ruled all England, then part of England. The Anglo Saxon Chronicle tells how "Wiht-land" suffered from Viking raids: ""And then another time they lay in the Isle of Wight, and meanwhile ate out of Hampshire and of Sussex"". Alfred the Great's navy defeated the Danes in 871 after they had "ravaged Devon and the Isle of Wight". Around 900 the kingdom was divided into shires, and the island became part of the shire of Hampshire. During Document [95] (Title: Newport County, Rhode Island) the Providence-Warwick, RI-MA Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is in turn constitutes a portion of the greater Boston-Worcester-Providence, MA-RI-NH-CT Combined Statistical Area. Newport County was constituted on June 22, 1703, as one of the two original counties of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. As originally established, Newport County consisted of four towns: Portsmouth, Newport, Jamestown, and New Shoreham. In 1746-47, two towns, Little Compton and Tiverton, were acquired from Massachusetts. In 1856, the town of Fall River was split off from Tiverton but was ceded to Massachusetts six years later in 1862 as part of the settlement of Document [96] (Title: History of the Isle of Wight) inhabitants of southern Britain at this time may indeed have been Germanic, rather than Celtic, which could re-open the possibility of the island's name having Germanic roots. The Romans occupied southern Britain, including the Isle of Wight, for nearly four hundred years. The Romans built no towns on the island, but it became an agricultural centre, and at least seven Roman villas are known. The Roman villas at Newport and Brading have been excavated and are open to the public. When fully developed around 300 AD, Brading was probably the largest on the Island, being a courtyard villa with impressive Document [97] (Title: Isle of Wight (UK Parliament constituency)) Isle of Wight (UK Parliament constituency) Isle of Wight () is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2017 by Bob Seely of the Conservative Party. Created by the Great Reform Act for the 1832 general election it covers the whole of the Isle of Wight. It has the largest electorate of a constituency, since 1983. The Isle of Wight since 1832 makes up the geographic content of one seat of the House of Commons. It covers the same land as the ceremonial county of the Isle of Wight and the area administered by Document [98] (Title: Godfrey Baring) of the Isle of Wight Liberal Union aged 23, was made a Justice of the Peace a year later and was High Sheriff of Hampshire in 1897 at the age of 26. In 1898 he became chairman of the Isle of Wight County Council, a position he held for the rest of his life. A keen yachtsman, he was elected to the Royal Yacht Squadron in 1892. He frequently entertained royalty during Cowes Week at his residence, Nubia House. At the 1906 general election he was elected as Member of Parliament for the Isle of Wight, but lost the seat Document [99] (Title: Isle of Wight County, Virginia) a National Historic Landmark in recognition of its significance. Many landmark and contributing structures on the National Register are located in Smithfield including the Wentworth-Grinnan House. In 1732 a considerable portion of the northwestern part of the original shire was added to Brunswick County, and in 1748 the entire county of Southampton was carved out of it. During the American Civil War, Company F of the 61st Virginia Infantry Regiment of the Confederate Army was called the "Isle of Wight Avengers." According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and Document [100] (Title: Isle of Wight Academy) Isle of Wight Academy Isle of Wight Academy (IWA) is a private non-profit day school located in Isle of Wight County, Virginia. The school has students from pre-kindergarten to 12th grade and is non-sectarian and coeducational. The Isle of Wight Academy started in the space previously occupied by the Isle of Wight Elementary School, as a segregation academy. It was open for one year until, in the fall of 1968, a fire completely destroyed the school building, leaving only the original gymnasium (which remains the only building standing on the campus from the original school structure). With funding from the Document [101] (Title: Local Government Boundary Commission (1945–1949)) and Worcestershire. Although the Isle of Wight was below the population limit it was to be preserved because it was "an island and cannot conveniently be united with the mainland."" The large counties needing division were Cheshire, Lancashire, Staffordshire and the West Riding of Yorkshire. The proposed two-tier counties were as follows: The county boroughs proposed by the Commission were to be responsible for most local government in their area, only looking to the county councils for large area services. They were a mixture of existing county boroughs and larger non-county boroughs. †large enough to be a one-tier county, but Document [102] (Title: Medina, Isle of Wight) was abolished on 1 April 1995, when a single Isle of Wight Council replaced the Island's county council and two district councils. Medina, Isle of Wight Medina was a non-metropolitan district with the status of a borough on the Isle of Wight in England from 1974 to 1995. The district was formed by the Local Government Act 1972, and was a merger of the municipal boroughs of Newport and Ryde along with the urban district of Cowes. It was one of two districts on the Island formed in 1974 - the other was South Wight. "Medina" was an older name Document [103] (Title: Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties of England) changed the administrative map of England. The changes were carried out in several waves. On 1 April 1995, the Isle of Wight became a single unitary authority. It had previously had a two-tier structure with an Isle of Wight County Council, Medina Borough Council and South Wight Borough Council. Also on this day, two small areas were ceded from Surrey and Buckinghamshire to Berkshire, giving it a border with Greater London. On 1 April 1996, the unpopular counties of Avon, Humberside and Cleveland were abolished and their former area divided into unitary districts. Also at this time, the city of Document [104] (Title: George Fawdon) Wight County. George Fawdon, William Underwood and James Taylor, were appointed overseers of the will of Captain John Upton. In 1646 and in 1653, George Fawdon represented Isle of Wight County in the Virginia House of Burgesses. George Fawdon is listed as a justice of the local court in the Isle of Wight County Records for 1646 with eight others including John George. Since no names are listed between 1646 and 1666, George Fawdon may have served on the court during some or all of the years from 1646 until his death in 1654/1655. Fawdon was also listed as County Document [105] (Title: Isle of Wight) until 1974, when it was made its own ceremonial county. Apart from a shared police force, there is now no administrative link with Hampshire, although a combined local authority with Portsmouth and Southampton was considered, this is now unlikely to proceed. Until 1995 the island had a governor. The quickest public transport link to the mainland is the hovercraft from Ryde to Southsea; three vehicle ferry and two catamaran services cross the Solent to Southampton, Lymington and Portsmouth. During the last Ice Age, sea levels were lower and the Solent was part of a river flowing south east from current Document [106] (Title: South Wight) district councils. South Wight South Wight was a non-metropolitan district with the status of a borough on the Isle of Wight in England from 1974 to 1995. The district was formed by the Local Government Act 1972, and was a merger of Sandown-Shanklin and Ventnor urban districts and Isle of Wight Rural District. It was one of two districts on the island formed in 1974 - the other was Medina. Following a review by the Local Government Commission for England, the borough was abolished on 1 April 1995, when a single Isle of Wight Council replaced the island's county council Document [107] (Title: History of the Isle of Wight) a key manufacturer of the Flying-boats and the world's first hovercraft. The tradition of maritime industry continues on the Island today. The famous Regency architect John Nash lived on the island, and designed Newport's Guidhall, completed in 1816. It now houses the island's history museum. In the 1860s, what remains in real terms the most expensive ever government spending project saw fortifications built on the island and in the Solent, as well as elsewhere along the south coast, including the Palmerston Forts, The Needles Batteries and Fort Victoria, because of fears about the strength of the French and their possible Document [108] (Title: Isle of Wight Festival) Isle of Wight Festival The Isle of Wight Festival is a British music festival which takes place annually on the Isle of Wight in Newport, England. It was originally a counterculture event held from 1968 to 1970. The 1970 event was by far the largest and most famous of these early festivals and the unexpectedly high attendance levels led, in 1971, to Parliament adding a section to the Isle of Wight County Council Act 1971 preventing overnight open-air gatherings of more than 5,000 people on the island without a special licence from the council. The event was revived in 2002. Document [109] (Title: Isle of Wight Railway) taken into the SR on the following day. Finally a settlement was agreed in which shareholders would receive Southern Railway dividends at the same rate as they received from the IoWR in 1921. The Directors were voted £3,600 out of IoWR funds as compensation for loss of office. The Isle of Wight increased in popularity for holidaymakers and the Portsmouth to Ryde ferry route, owned by the Southern Railway, was the main route to the island. The traffic was highly seasonal; in 1929 two million people used the ferry annually. There were 26 trains per day on the line on Document [110] (Title: History of the Isle of Wight) fled to the Isle of Wight. But its Governor Colonel Robert Hammond had already declared for Parliament, and so he imprisoned Charles in Carisbrooke Castle. The king made several failed attempts to escape, one time famously getting stuck in a castle window. He also had letters smuggled out, most of which were intercepted, which he signed 'J' to disguise his identity (donkeys operating the castle's water-well have subsequently been given names beginning with 'J'). In September 1648 he discussed the Treaty of Newport with the Presbyterian faction of Parliament, which would have granted him a constitutional monarchy. However, he had Document [111] (Title: History of the Isle of Wight) of the town as well as other Island settlements, sealed its permanent decline. By the middle of the 16th century it was a small settlement long eclipsed by the more easily defended town of Newport. Elizabeth I breathed some life into the town by awarding two parliamentary seats but this ultimately made it one of the most notorious of the Rotten Boroughs. By the time of the Great Reform Act that abolished the seats, it had just fourteen houses and twenty-three voters. The Act also disenfranchised the borough of Yarmouth and replaced the four lost seats with the first MP Document [112] (Title: Politics of the Isle of Wight) stood for the Isle of Wight constituency in the 2015 United Kingdom general election which was held on 7 May 2015. Eleven candidates stood for the Isle of Wight constituency in the 2010 United Kingdom general election which was held on 6 May 2010. Five candidates contested the Isle of Wight constituency in the United Kingdom general election, 2005 held on the 5th May 2005. The election was expected to be a close race between the Liberal Democrats and Conservatives, but the high Conservative vote even surprised the successful candidate. The simultaneous local elections resulted in a Conservative landslide, and Document [113] (Title: Andrew Turner (politician)) 77,000 with plans for part of the island to be represented by a mainland MP, something which has not happened since 1832. Two exceptions to the boundary changes had been made to Scottish islands but it was felt that as the Isle of Wight was geographically closer to the mainland, such an exception would not be necessary. The One Wight campaign, led by Turner launched with a petition on 23 July 2010 and within the first week over 1,500 people had signed, which had increased to 5,000 by the middle of August. The target of 10,000 signatures was reached over Document [114] (Title: Railways on the Isle of Wight) extension of its main line to reach Ventnor in 1866. In 1871, the Ryde tramway was extended to meet the railway line at Ryde St John's Road. The Ryde & Newport Railway opened in December 1875, with operations controlled by the Cowes & Newport company. In 1875, the Isle of Wight (Newport Junction) Railway opened the main part of its 10-mile Sandown to Newport line, planned in 1868. It would have opened sooner, but failed official inspections. In February 1875, the line was opened between Shide, a suburb of Newport, and the IWR station at Sandown. Eight months later the Document [115] (Title: Hampshire) World War 2. Aldershot remains one of the British Army's main permanent camps. Farnborough is a major centre for the aviation industry. Although the Isle of Wight has at times been part of Hampshire, it has been administratively independent for over a century, obtaining a county council of its own in 1890. The Isle of Wight became a full ceremonial county in 1974. Apart from a shared police force, no formal administrative links now exist between the Isle of Wight and Hampshire, though many organisations still combine Hampshire and the Isle of Wight. In the 20th century, local government reorganisation Document [116] (Title: Isle of Wight) raiders when they were unable to reach Normandy. Later, both Earl Tostig and his brother Harold Godwinson (who became King Harold II) held manors on the island. The Norman Conquest of 1066 created the position of Lord of the Isle of Wight; the island was given by William the Conqueror to his kinsman William FitzOsbern. Carisbrooke Priory and the fort of Carisbrooke Castle were then founded. Allegiance was sworn to FitzOsbern rather than the king; the Lordship was subsequently granted to the de Redvers family by Henry I, after his succession in 1100. For nearly 200 years the island was Document [117] (Title: Isle of Wight County, Virginia) of families and 8.30% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.80% of those under age 18 and 11.90% of those age 65 or over. House of Delegates: Senate: U.S. House of Representatives: Blackwater Regional Library is the regional library system that provides services to the citizens of Isle of Wight. Isle of Wight County, Virginia Isle of Wight County is a county located in the Hampton Roads region of the U.S. state of Virginia. It was named after the Isle of Wight, in the English Channel, from where many of its early colonists had come. As of Document [118] (Title: Isle of Wight Central Railway) the port of entry to the island, and it soon became more important than Cowes, particularly for passengers. 300,000 people travelled between Newport and Ryde annually, and the road coaches were not convenient. The necessity of connecting Newport revived the idea of a railway between them, and on 25 July 1872 the "Ryde and Newport Railway" was authorised by Parliament. The share capital was £65,000. The Isle of Wight Railway agreed to the R&NR using its line to get access to Ryde, and to its station there, in exchange for running powers for the IoWR between Ryde and Newport. The Document [119] (Title: Politics of the Isle of Wight) is a part of the South East England region for the purposes of European Parliamentary elections. The results of the 2014 European Parliament election on the Isle of Wight were as follows. "The following results are exclusively for the Isle of Wight; results are collated regionally prior to MEPs being assigned under the closed list proportional representation system." Turnout on the Isle of Wight was 35,600 out of an electorate of 111,879 (31.82%) The results of the 2009 European election on the Isle of Wight were as follows. "The following results are exclusively for the Isle of Wight; results are Document [120] (Title: Isle of Wight Railway) continues to the present day. In the first years of the nineteenth century, the Isle of Wight was established as a successful agricultural base, and there was some fishing. Cowes, on the River Medina, was the principal port, and Newport was the main industrial town. Ryde was an established town, but Shanklin had a population of 355 (in 1851) and Sandown was only a village. The idea of visiting the Isle of Wight for reasons now described as tourism began to take hold, but these activities were limited by the poor internal transport facilities on the island. The easy money Document [121] (Title: Old Isle of Wight Courthouse) found in many English churches of the period and echoing the Colonial Capitol in Williamsburg. An adjacent clerk's office was constructed in 1799, although it was only in use for its intended purpose for a year, before the new courthouse at Isle of Wight was constructed. The old Smithfield courthouse was later modified into a family residence. To do so, the arcade was blocked and the roof converted to a gable. The courthouse and clerk's office were acquired by Preservation Virginia in 1938 and an extensive restoration project was completed in 1959. A second restoration of the courthouse was undertaken Document [122] (Title: Politics of the Isle of Wight) county back into Hampshire as a district in the 1974 local government reform, but a last minute change led to it retaining its county council. However, since there was no provision made in the Local Government Act 1972 for unitary authorities, the Island had to retain a two-tier structure, with a county council and two boroughs, Medina and South Wight. The borough councils were merged with the county council on 1 April 1995 to form a single unitary authority, the Isle of Wight Council, as recommended by the Local Government Commission for England. The only significant present-day administrative link with Document [123] (Title: National Register of Historic Places listings in Isle of Wight County, Virginia) Historic Landmark. Another property was once listed, but has since been removed. National Register of Historic Places listings in Isle of Wight County, Virginia This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Isle of Wight County, Virginia. This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Isle of Wight County, Virginia, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a Google map. There are 19 properties and Document [124] (Title: Percy Stone) County History of Hampshire", a scholarly study of the county's ecclesiastical, topographical, architectural and social history, which was published in 1912. William Page, the series editor, acknowledged Stone's contribution specifically, thanking him for his "advice and assistance in all matters connected with the history of the Isle of Wight, a subject he has made so particularly his own". Stone also wrote a book about the village churches of the island. Much of Stone's work on the Isle of Wight was done at Church of England churches. He restored the ancient churches at Bonchurch (Old St Boniface Church), in 1923 and Document [125] (Title: Local Government Boundary Commission for England (1972)) were to become part of an enlarged Lincolnshire, while those to the north would become part of a new county of East Yorkshire. The commission also agreed that the two districts in the Isle of Wight should be abolished, with the county council becoming a unitary authority. However, this was beyond their powers and would require primary legislation. The LGBCE was abolished in 1992 by the Local Government Act 1992. The 1992 legislation allowed for a greater reform of local government than the 1972 act, with the ability to carry out structural reviews and replace the two-tier system with unitary Document [126] (Title: Isle of Wight Central Railway) The operation of the Isle of Wight Railway enhanced the importance of Ryde as the port of entry to the island, which soon became more important than Cowes. The necessity of connecting Newport revived the idea of a railway between them, and on 25 July 1872 the "Ryde and Newport Railway" was authorised by Parliament. The share capital was £65,000. A contract for the construction was awarded to Barnett and Gale on 1 October 1872. Instead of building its own line into Ryde, it arranged with the Isle of Wight Railway to join it at Smallbrook, a little over a Document [127] (Title: Newport, Isle of Wight) had also represented the borough in the 1790s. However, Lamb remained MP for Newport for only two weeks before also being elected for Bletchingley, which he preferred to represent. Newport's representation in Parliament was cut to one seat in 1867, and it was abolished altogether as a separate constituency in 1885. It now forms part of the Isle of Wight constituency. Newport has been under a variety of administrations. In birth order: Newport, Isle of Wight Newport is a civil parish and the county town of the Isle of Wight, an island off the south coast of England. The civil Document [128] (Title: History of the Isle of Wight) estimates 600,000. The festival was revived in 2002 in a different format, and is now an annual event. The first Governor to hold the crown representative title used now of Lord-Lieutenant was Lord Mountbatten of Burma until his murder in 1979. Lord Mottistone was the last Lord Lieutenant to also hold the title Governor (from 1992 to 1995). Since 1995 there has been no Governor appointed and Mr Christopher Bland has been the Lord Lieutenant. The island's most ancient borough was Newtown on the large natural harbour on the island's north-western coast. A French raid in 1377, which destroyed much Document [129] (Title: Education reforms on the Isle of Wight) the main towns of Newport, Ryde, Shanklin and Sandown. A final decision was made in May, announcing which schools would be closed. The decision was made based on all three options put forward, instead of going down one definite path. The reforms were first implemented in September 2008, with everything aimed at completion by September 2010. In 2004, the Isle of Wight Council undertook a consultative process aimed at changing local education structure, to a two tier school system which would bring the island in line with the rest of the country. The move was opposed by a lobby known Document [130] (Title: Isle of Wight Constabulary) a war time measure. At that time there were 79 police officers in the Isle of Wight Constabulary. With the Police Act 1946 in 1948 the Isle of Wight Constabulary was absorbed into the Hampshire Constabulary to become the Hampshire Joint Police Force, so once again policing of the island was by Hampshire even though the Isle of Wight remained an independent county. Retired army Captain Harry George Adams-Connor was Chief Constable from 1899 until 1935. Captain Adams-Connor served in an Irish Regiment called the Connaught Rangers. The Chief Constable at the time of amalgamation with Hampshire in 1943 was Document [131] (Title: South Wight) South Wight South Wight was a non-metropolitan district with the status of a borough on the Isle of Wight in England from 1974 to 1995. The district was formed by the Local Government Act 1972, and was a merger of Sandown-Shanklin and Ventnor urban districts and Isle of Wight Rural District. It was one of two districts on the island formed in 1974 - the other was Medina. Following a review by the Local Government Commission for England, the borough was abolished on 1 April 1995, when a single Isle of Wight Council replaced the island's county council and two Document [132] (Title: Isle of Wight Observer) paper until 1865. After this, until 1893, Hannah Butler is listed in Mitchell's Press Directory as the Proprietress. The paper continued publication until 1922, when it was incorporated into the Isle of Wight Times. Isle of Wight Observer The Isle of Wight Observer was a regional British Newspaper based in Ryde. It had a main run of 1852 to 1922 publishing 3,327 editions. It was first founded by Ebenezer Hartnall in December 1845 until in 27 June 1846, after thirty issues had been published he ceased publication for reasons speculated as likely to have been a combination of low sales, Document [133] (Title: Parliamentary representation from Isle of Wight) in the Parliament of England. Key to abbreviations:- Parliamentary representation from Isle of Wight The Isle of Wight, an island off the south coast of England, was part of the historic county of Hampshire (originally Southamptonshire), and was linked with it for parliamentary purposes until 1832, when it became a county constituency in its own right as it had also been during the Protectorate (1654–1659). Hampshire (including the Isle of Wight), located in the 21st century region of South East England, was represented in Parliament from the 13th century. This article provides a list of constituencies constituting the Parliamentary representation Document [134] (Title: Isle of Wight) team leagues , and a rugby union club. The Isle of Wight is the 39th official county in English cricket, and the Isle of Wight Cricket Board organises a league of local clubs. Ventnor Cricket Club competes in the Southern Premier League, and has won the Second Division several times. Newclose County Cricket Ground near Newport opened officially in 2009 but with its first match held on 6 September 2008. The island has produced some notable cricketers, such as Danny Briggs, who plays county cricket for Sussex. The Isle of Wight competes in the biennial Island Games, which it hosted Document [135] (Title: Warrosquyoake Shire) Warrosquyoake Shire Warrosquoake Shire (with numerous variant spellings, including Warrascoyack, Warrascocke and "Warwick Squeak") was officially formed in 1634 in the Virginia colony, but had already been known as "Warascoyack County" before this. It was renamed Isle of Wight County in 1637. Shortly after the establishment of Jamestown in 1607, English settlers explored and began settling areas adjacent to Hampton Roads. The shoreline region of Warrascoyack was then occupied by the Warraskoyak tribe of the Powhatan Confederacy, under their "weroance", Tackinekintaco. The main Warraskoyak village was located in present-day Smithfield, Virginia, while a satellite village called Mokete was at Pagan Document [136] (Title: Politics of the Isle of Wight) six lost seats with the first MP for the whole Isle of Wight. Often thought of as part of Hampshire, the Isle of Wight was briefly included in that county when the first county councils were created in 1888. However, a "Home Rule" campaign led to a separate county council being established for the Isle of Wight in 1890, and it has remained separate ever since. Like inhabitants of many islands, Islanders are fiercely jealous of their real (or perceived) independence, and confusion over the Island's separate status is a perennial source of friction. It was planned to merge the Document [137] (Title: History of the Isle of Wight) for the whole Isle of Wight; Newport also retained its two MPs, though these were reduced to one in 1868 and eventually abolished completely in 1885. Often thought of as part of Hampshire, the Isle of Wight was briefly included in that county when the first county councils were created in 1888. However, a "Home Rule" campaign led to a separate county council being established for the Isle of Wight in 1890, and it has remained separate ever since. Like inhabitants of many islands, Islanders are fiercely jealous of their real (or perceived) independence, and confusion over the Island's separate Document [138] (Title: Volunteer Force) the counties to which the corps were to belong: for the purposes of the Act the Isle of Wight, the Tower Hamlets and the Cinque Ports were separate counties, with the Governor of the Isle of Wight, the Constable of the Tower of London and the Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports commissioning officers in place of the lord-lieutenant. The Isle of Man was also to dealt with as if it were a county of England, with the Lieutenant-Governor performing the same role as a county lord-lieutenant. In 1872, under the provisions of the Regulation of the Forces Act 1871, Document [139] (Title: Isle of Wight County, Virginia) hall for the School Board. The chambers are sometimes used as a court for civil trials if the new courthouse is fully in use. The new courthouse opened in 2010; it is across the street from the sheriff's office and county offices complex. During the 17th century, shortly after establishment of the settlement at Jamestown in 1607, English settlers explored and began settling the areas adjacent to the large Hampton Roads waterway. Captain John Smith in 1608 crossed the James River and obtained fourteen bushels of corn from the Native American inhabitants, the Warrosquyoack or Warraskoyak. They were a tribe Document [140] (Title: Isle of Wight Central Railway) Wootton and Havenstreet, operating steam trains as a heritage railway. In 1991 the line was extended to Smallbrook on the Ryde – Shanklin line, where a new interchange station was built, enabling passengers to interchange with Island Line trains. Isle of Wight Central Railway The Isle of Wight Central Railway (IoWCR) was a railway company on the Isle of Wight, United Kingdom. It was formed in 1887 by the merging of three earlier railways, the Cowes and Newport Railway (opened 1862), the Ryde and Newport Railway (opened 1875) and the Isle of Wight (Newport Junction) Railway, (opened in stages 1875 Document [141] (Title: Politics of the Isle of Wight) seat reverted to the Conservatives in 2001, and has remained Conservative since, with the Liberal Democrats falling to fifth place in 2015, when UKIP came second. The Labour Party came second in 2017, with the Liberal Democrats and UKIP both losing their deposits. The sitting MP Andrew Turner stepped down at the 2017 United Kingdom general election held on the 8th June after a controversy regarding remarks he made about homosexuality. He was replaced as the Conservative candidate by Bob Seely, an Isle of Wight councillor and former soldier who went on to be elected as the MP. Six candidates Document [142] (Title: 2013 Isle of Wight Council election) administration. On 8 May, the Island Independents announced that the five other independents had joined their group. The next election to the council was held in May 2017 and led to the Conservatives regaining control of the council. 2013 Isle of Wight Council election The 2013 Isle of Wight Council election was held on 2 May 2013 to elect all 40 members for a four-year term to the Isle of Wight Council, a unitary authority which governs the Isle of Wight. Going into the election, the Conservative Party was looking to gain a third term in power after first being Document [143] (Title: Isle of Wight County, Virginia) (13.0%) is water. The county is bounded by the James River on the north and the Blackwater River to the south. The land is generally low-lying, with many swamps and pocosins. As of the census of 2010, there were 35,270 people, 11,319 households, and 8,670 families residing in the county. The population density was 94 people per square mile (36/km²). There were 12,066 housing units at an average density of 38 per square mile (15/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 71.8% White, 24.7% Black or African American, 0.4% Native American, 0.8% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 0.5% from other Document [144] (Title: Isle of Wight County, Virginia) with 25.40% under the age of 18, 6.60% from 18 to 24, 29.60% from 25 to 44, 26.20% from 45 to 64, and 12.20% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females there were 95.70 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.70 males. The median income for a household in the county was $45,387, and the median income for a family was $52,597. Males had a median income of $37,853 versus $22,990 for females. The per capita income for the county was $20,235. About 6.60% Document [145] (Title: Coat of arms of the Isle of Wight) shoreline to further represent the island status. The motto reads "All this beauty is of God". The arms were granted to the County Council. Under the terms of the grant by the College of Arms, they can not be used by other organisations associated with the Isle of Wight, even with the council's permission. Coat of arms of the Isle of Wight The coat of arms of the Isle of Wight was granted to the former Isle of Wight County Council in 1938. The arms were transferred to the new unitary Isle of Wight Council when the county council along Document [146] (Title: Lord of the Isle of Wight) privileges as feudal overlord of the Isle of Wight. In 1293, lying on her death bed, the countess sold the island to Edward I for 6,000 marks. The Lordship thereafter became a royal appointment. The last Lord of the Isle of Wight was Edward Woodville, Lord Scales (d. 1488). Lord of the Isle of Wight The Lord of the Isle of Wight is a title that began when William the Conqueror granted the Isle of Wight to William Fitz Osbern. It was a hereditary title. The last Lord of the Island of Wight was actually not a lord but a Document [147] (Title: Lord of the Isle of Wight) Lord of the Isle of Wight The Lord of the Isle of Wight is a title that began when William the Conqueror granted the Isle of Wight to William Fitz Osbern. It was a hereditary title. The last Lord of the Island of Wight was actually not a lord but a lady. Countess Isabella de Fortibus acquired the lordship when her brother died in 1262. The countess had been widowed in 1261 and became the wealthiest female in the British Islands who was not a member of a royal family. Isabella dwelt in Carisbrooke Castle. She exercised her rights and Document [148] (Title: Politics of the Isle of Wight) residents attitudes towards wind turbines were two to one against, with 612 in favour and 1,328 against Cheverton Down proposals. Politics of the Isle of Wight As a geographical entity distinct from the mainland, the Isle of Wight has always fought to have this identity recognised. The Isle of Wight is currently a ceremonial and Non-metropolitan county and as it has no district councils (only the county council) it is effectively a unitary county. The island is also the highest populated Westminster constituency in the country. Historically, the island was part of the historic county of Hampshire, previously called Southamptonshire. Document [149] (Title: History of the Isle of Wight) as the "Fort of the Men of Wight" ("Wihtwarasburgh"), or alternatively the fort may have been named after Wihtgar. It is believed that the island became a Jutish kingdom ruled by King Stuf and his successors, until 661 when it was invaded by Wulfhere of Mercia and forcibly converted to Christianity. When he returned to Mercia the island reverted to paganism. Arwald was its last Jutish King and the last pagan king in Anglo-Saxon England until the Vikings. Bede describes the invasion of the island in 686 (noting that Bede was writing fifty years later, and some of his dates Document [150] (Title: National Register of Historic Places listings in Isle of Wight County, Virginia) National Register of Historic Places listings in Isle of Wight County, Virginia This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Isle of Wight County, Virginia. This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Isle of Wight County, Virginia, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a Google map. There are 19 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county, including 1 National Document [151] (Title: Railways on the Isle of Wight) railway link to the mainland was authorised by Parliament in 1903. The South West and Isle of Wight Junction Railway was a joint project between the London & South Western Railway and the FYN. The excavation of a two and a half-mile long tunnel was approved in 1903, 1904 and 1909. However, the tunnel project was abandoned due the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. As mentioned above, the IWCR and FYN had an agreement whereby the IWCR would provide the train service along the FYN line. However, in 1913 this agreement deteriorated to the point that the Document [152] (Title: 2013 Isle of Wight Council election) 2013 Isle of Wight Council election The 2013 Isle of Wight Council election was held on 2 May 2013 to elect all 40 members for a four-year term to the Isle of Wight Council, a unitary authority which governs the Isle of Wight. Going into the election, the Conservative Party was looking to gain a third term in power after first being elected to overall control in 2005, but in one of the shock results of the wider local elections being held in the country, the Conservatives lost overall control of the council, having been reduced to 15 seats, 6 Document [153] (Title: Old Isle of Wight Courthouse) Old Isle of Wight Courthouse The Old Isle of Wight Courthouse was built in 1750-51 and was used as the main courthouse for Isle of Wight County, Virginia until a new courthouse was built at Isle of Wight, Virginia in 1800. It is located in the Historic District in the town of Smithfield. During its 50 years of use as the county courthouse, it was considered the center of life in Isle of Wight and in the town of Smithfield, which was incorporated in 1752. It was constructed by William Rand, and featured a distinctive semi-circular apse and conical roof Document [154] (Title: St John Hutchinson) candidate; In 1916 he stood down from the County Council. He was Liberal candidate for the Isle of Wight division at the 1929 General Election. This was a Unionist/Liberal marginal seat that the Unionists had won at the previous election in 1924 and the Liberals had last won in 1923. Although the Liberals were experiencing a mini-revival nationally, he could not translate that into a win on the Isle of Wight; Hutchinson was a member of the Executive Committee of the Contemporary Art Society. Shortly before his death he was appointed a Trustee of the Tate Gallery. Although Hutchinson was Document [155] (Title: Flag of the Isle of Wight) on 9 January 2009. Although the island does not meet the Flag Institute's preferred criterion of being a historic county, the flag has nevertheless been described as a "county flag" to reflect the island's distinct identity. In April 2009 the new flag was officially launched and replaced the older design flown from County Hall. Before this competition, the Council flag was the only popularly known flag for the island. It is taken from the Isle of Wight Arms granted in 1938 and features a representation of Carisbrooke Castle, which was the historic seat of the Governors. The blue surrounding field Document [156] (Title: Edward Horsey) had been appointed a Justice of the Peace for Hampshire and Wight in 1569, which post he held until he died. He was a Member of Parliament in 1571 for Southampton (of which he had been made a burgess the year before) and then in 1572 for the county of Hampshire. On 22 May 1572 he was named on committees concerning firearms and 8 March one on Justices of the Forest. As Captain of the Isle of Wight he was appointed to committees dealing with ports and wines. He was appointed Keeper of Carisbroke park and Steward of Crworn Lands Document [157] (Title: Isle of Wight Railway) Newport on 1 June 1879. In 1880 the line was purchased by the Cowes and Newport company. The idea that the Island railways should be worked as one entity by a Joint Committee of the LSWR and LBSCR was gaining support. In December 1875 Herapath's Railway Journal reported a story that the mainland companies had offered to work the Isle of Wight railways for 50 per cent of gross receipts and claimed that such a course would be profitable to all concerned. Maycock and Silbury say, "They reckoned without the IoWR shareholders who knew their company already cost less than Document [158] (Title: Politics of the Isle of Wight) single member constituencies and 1 double member constituency. The local council elections were held on 5 May 2005, the same date as the general election of that year. A local referendum on the issue of a directly-elected mayor of the Isle of Wight was held at the same time as the local elections - this failed to pass, with 37,097 against to 28,786 for. "Prior to 1995, these results are for Isle of Wight County Council." The Isle of Wight voted 62% to leave the European Union in the 2016 EU referendum, compared with 52% nationally. The Isle of Wight Document [159] (Title: Isle of Wight County Press) the largest local newspaper publishers in the United Kingdom, running other operations locally including the Southern Daily Echo based in Southampton. The offer was met with criticism locally with fears a takeover from a mainland firm could cause the paper to lose its connection to the island. A counter offer made as part of a community bid, however it was ultimately unsuccessful and with the paper being sold to Newsquest in July 2017. In January 2018 the paper ceased being printed in Newbury, instead moving to Newquest's own printing press in Southampton. At the same time the physical size of Document [160] (Title: History of the Isle of Wight) are considered approximate) by Caedwalla, a Wessex King. He writes: "After Caedwalla had obtained possession of the kingdom of the Gewissae, he took also the Isle of Wight, which till then was entirely given over to idolatry, and by merciless slaughter, endeavoured to destroy all the inhabitants thereof, and to place in their stead people from his own province; binding himself by a vow, though it is said that he was not yet regenerated in Christ, to give the fourth part of the land and of the spoil to the Lord, if he took the Island. He fulfilled this vow Document [161] (Title: Isle of Wight) (meaning "caterpillar"), "gurt" meaning "large", "nammit" (a mid-morning snack) and "gallybagger" ("scarecrow", and now the name of a local cheese). There remains occasional confusion between the Isle of Wight as a county and its former position within Hampshire. The island was regarded and administered as a part of Hampshire until 1890, when its distinct identity was recognised with the formation of Isle of Wight County Council (see also "Politics of the Isle of Wight"). However, it remained a part of Hampshire until the local government reforms of 1974 when it became a full ceremonial county with its own Lord Lieutenant. Document [162] (Title: Warrosquyoake Shire) later fled with them to Maryland. He returned during the Cromwellian period to serve as Governor of Virginia. Land that was originally portions of the Warrosquoake Shire and Isle of Wight County later formed many other counties to the immediate southwest, in the region now defined as Southside Virginia. Isle of Wight County, Southampton County, Greensville County and Brunswick County were all created within the limits of what had been Warrosquoake Shire. Warrosquyoake Shire Warrosquoake Shire (with numerous variant spellings, including Warrascoyack, Warrascocke and "Warwick Squeak") was officially formed in 1634 in the Virginia colony, but had already been known Document [163] (Title: Transport on the Isle of Wight) was relocated nearby and redeveloped, with the previous site built over with shops. During the summer, Southern Vectis also operates some open-topped buses as tourist routes: The Downs Breezer and The Needles Breezer. Wightbus first started in the 1970s as the Isle of Wight County Council's 'County Bus', and branded 'Wightbus' in 1997. They operate a smaller network of services that are not viable for a commercial operator, but that attract government subsidy. They took around 1000 island students to and from school, until Southern Vectis took over all school services from September 2010. Cowes has currently the only park-and-ride Document [164] (Title: Local Government Act 1888) 1890 the Scilly Isles were separated from the County of Cornwall for administrative purposes ‡ Newport became a county borough in 1891 A number of urban sanitary districts lay in more than one county. In each case, county boundaries were altered so that each town lay entirely within the administrative county that contained the largest part of the district's population in the 1881 census. Local Government Act 1888 The Local Government Act 1888 (51 & 52 Vict. c.41) was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which established county councils and county borough councils in England and Wales. Document [165] (Title: Isle of Wight) the abolition of its two borough councils and restructuring of the county council as Isle of Wight Council in 1995, it has been a unitary authority. Elections in the constituency have traditionally been a battle between the Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats. Andrew Turner of the Conservative Party gained the seat from Peter Brand of the Lib Dems at the 2001 general election. Since 2009, Turner was embroiled in controversy over his expenses, health, and relationships with colleagues, with local Conservatives having tried but failed to remove him in the runup to the 2015 general election. He stood down prior Document [166] (Title: Newport (Isle of Wight) (UK Parliament constituency)) excluding that part of the town which extended over the boundary into Carisbrooke parish; this gave the borough a population of 4,398 in 1831. The 1832 reforms extended the borough to take in the rest of the town, raising the population to 6,700, though the electorate was still only 421. Newport's representation was reduced from two members to one by the second Reform Act for the 1868 general election, and abolished altogether in 1885, leaving the town represented as part of the Isle of Wight county constituency. Biggs resigned, causing a by-election. "Seat reduced to one member" Martin's death caused Document [167] (Title: Isle of Wight County Press) 3 million online viewers in January 2013. The first compact issue was released on 3 October 2008. Prior to this the paper had always been published in a broadsheet format. The change was made in a response to surveys carried out by the paper in November 2007 claiming 87 percent of islanders in favour of a compact format. Following the first release of the first compact issue, many islanders found the smaller size unsuitable for use on some jobs such as bee keeping. In June 2017, a takeover offer was received by the paper by Newsquest Media Group, one of Document [168] (Title: Isle of Wight Walking Festival) in 1991 to around 12,000 now. As the event grew it became clear the event had to be managed by a larger group, so a committee was formed from within the hospice. Other companies have later come on to support the event such as Red Funnel and Southern Vectis who now provide free travel for walkers. In 2008 a new 'Flat Walk the Wight' was introduced running along the island's cycle network, aimed at those unable to manage the steep hills the traditional walk involves such as those in wheelchairs or with small children. The walk starts from Sandown High Document [169] (Title: Hampshire Constabulary) constable and two superintendents: one was based in Winchester, and the second based on the Isle of Wight (then part of Hampshire). The first separate police force on the island was formed in 1837 when the Newport Borough Police was established. A separate Isle of Wight Constabulary was not formed until 1890 when the island was the granted administrative county status. During the 19th century, Hampshire County Constabulary absorbed various borough forces including Basingstoke Borough Police (1836–1889), Romsey Borough Police (1836–1865), Lymington Borough Police (1836–1852) and Andover Borough Police (1836–1846). The Isle of Wight Constabulary likewise absorbed the borough forces Document [170] (Title: Isle of Wight County, Virginia) courthouse for the county was built in Smithfield in 1750. The original courthouse and its associated tavern (The Smithfield Inn) are still standing. As the county population developed, leaders thought they needed a county seat near the center of the area. They built a new courthouse near the center of the county in 1800. The 1800 brick courthouse and its associated tavern (Boykin's Tavern) are still standing, as are the 1822 clerk's offices nearby. Some additions have been made. The 1800 courthouse is used daily, serving as the government chambers for the Board of Supervisors, as well as the meeting Document [171] (Title: Isle of Wight County, Virginia) Nansemond in 1635, and later was appointed as governor of the Virginia Colony. By 1634, the entire Colony consisted of eight shires or counties with a total population of approximately 5,000 inhabitants. Warrosquyoake Shire was renamed in 1637 as Isle of Wight County, after the island off the south coast of England. The original name had come derived from the Native Americans of the area; it went through transliteration and Anglicisation, eventually becoming known as "Warwicke Squeake". St. Luke's Church , built in the 17th century, is Virginia's oldest church building. In the late 20th century, it was designated as Document [172] (Title: Isle of Wight) The oldest records that give a name for the Isle of Wight are from the Roman Empire: it was then called "Vectis" or "Vecta" in Latin, "Iktis" or "Ouiktis" in Greek. From the Anglo-Saxon period Latin "Vecta", Old English "Wiht" and Old Welsh forms "Gueid" and "Guith" are recorded. In Domesday Book it is "Wit"; the modern Welsh name is "Ynys Wyth" ("ynys" = island). These are all variant forms of the same name, possibly Celtic in origin. It may mean "place of the division", because the island divides the two arms of the Solent. The Isle of Wight is Document [173] (Title: Isle of Wight Council) by a coalition of LibDems and Independents. Elections held in June 2005 led to significant change as the Conservatives took over from the Liberal Democrats as the largest group, winning seats primarily from the Lib Dems and Independents who had previously worked together. In the 2009 elections the Conservatives managed to retain their majority by securing 24 of the revised 40 seats; however this was the only Conservative council in the UK that lost seats. In 2013, the Island Independents gained 20 seats, one short of a majority, with the Conservatives only winning 15. As of January 2015, the Island Document [174] (Title: Isle of Wight Foxhounds) Isle of Wight Foxhounds Up until 1845 the Isle of Wight was hunted by the Crockford Harriers. The pack, which had been kennelled at Marvel, near Newport, was sold in 1845 to become the Prince of Wales' Harriers. This opened the door for the beginning of the Isle of Wight Foxhounds, which were originally established by a group of gentleman including Mr Ben Cotton and Henry Nunn. The hounds remained kenneled at Marvel. In 1864 the pack moved to Appuldurcombe, Wroxall and to Afton House, Freshwater for three years from 1877. From 1920 to 1927 they were kennelled at Wootton, Document [175] (Title: Liberty Jail) Smith proclaimed that the land around Wight's ferry was the area to which Adam was banished after leaving the Garden of Eden, and that it would be a gathering spot prior to the Millennium. Within three months, the population of Daviess County exploded to 1,500. Non-Mormon settlers in Daviess County, fearing that they would lose control of the county, attempted to prevent Mormons from voting during the Gallatin Election Day Battle on August 6, 1838. This was the first skirmish in what became known as the 1838 Mormon War, in which men would be killed and property destroyed by both Document [176] (Title: Isle of Wight County Museum) and educational programming to both in-person visitors and social media followers. The museum’s exhibits include prehistoric fossils, colonial and pre-colonial artifacts, a turn-of-the-century country store, displays interpreting the Smithfield ham industry and the museum’s most notable artifact: the world’s oldest, edible cured ham. P.D. Gwaltney Jr.’s famous pet ham currently resides at the Isle of Wight County Museum. In 1902, a cured ham was overlooked, and for 20 years, the ham hung from a rafter in one of Gwaltney’s packing houses. By 1924, the pet ham was kept in an iron safe which was opened daily for guests to view. Document [177] (Title: Warrosquyoake Shire) colony. By 1634, by order of the King of England, Charles I, eight shires of Virginia were formed with a total population of 4,914 settlers. Warrosquoake Shire included 522 persons at this time. It and Accomac Shire were the only shires given Native American names for the friendly tribes nearby. It was renamed Isle of Wight County in 1637, after the Isle of Wight, an island in the English channel. The river bearing this name was renamed Pagan River. During the three years when it was officially Warrosquoake Shire, Richard Bennett led the small Puritan community to neighboring Nansemond, and Document [178] (Title: Culture of the Isle of Wight) first creative flowering occurred during the reign of Queen Victoria, under whose patronage the island became a fashionable destination for the gentry. Alfred, Lord Tennyson was made Baron Tennyson, of Aldworth in the County of Sussex and of Freshwater on the Isle of Wight by Queen Victoria in 1884. The poet Algernon Charles Swinburne grew up at Bonchurch, and said in a letter that he had climbed Culver Cliff at 17. He is buried at Bonchurch. The author Maxwell Gray (Mary Gleed Tuttiett) was born in Newport, and a number of her novels, including the best-known, "The Silence of Dean Document [179] (Title: History of the Isle of Wight) Redvers family ruling from Carisbrooke. The final private owner was the Norman Countess Isabella de Fortibus, who inherited it aged 25 after her brother died suddenly. She ruled for thirty years, during which time all of her children died. On her deathbed in 1293 she was persuaded to sell the island to Edward I, and so it came under control of the English crown. Newtown was laid out by a Bishop of Winchester and his ecclesiastical estate at Swainston, and granted Borough status in 1256. It did not prosper, partly because it was in competition with the existing ports of Document [180] (Title: Isle of Wight) named Isle of Wight. Other notable examples include: The Isle of Wight was: Isle of Wight The Isle of Wight (; also referred to informally as The Island or abbreviated to IoW) is a county and the largest and second-most populous island in England. It is in the English Channel, between 2 and 5 miles off the coast of Hampshire, separated by the Solent. The island has resorts that have been holiday destinations since Victorian times, and is known for its mild climate, coastal scenery, and verdant landscape of fields, downland and chines. The island has been home to the Document [181] (Title: Local Government Boundary Commission for England (1972)) during the 1970s and 1980s. Although it had the power, the LGBCE never created or abolished any county, district or London borough. The only major proposals made were in relation to the county of Humberside and the two districts on the Isle of Wight. In March 1990 the commission finished a review of Humberside. It was recognised that the county was very unpopular, but the LGBCE recommended its retention as there was no agreement on what should replace it. By November 1990 the commission had changed its mind, and recommended that Humberside be abolished. The districts south of the Humber Document [182] (Title: George Fawdon) of George Fawdon's presence in the Virginia colony is from a court in James City, Virginia on February 8, 1627 (/1628) which ordered "that George Fawdon, Thomas Sawyer & Wassell Weblin shall have leave to goe & live at Warosquoyacke." Warrosquoyacke was one of the several spellings of the area that became Isle of Wight County, Virginia in 1637. Warwicksqueake is another. On September 29, 1629, Justinian Cooper and wife deeded land there to Wassall Weblin and George Fawdon. Weblin and Fawdon assigned the land to Robert Sabine on February 25, 1630. Because of later grants of land abutting Fawdon's Document [183] (Title: Isle of Wight County Museum) on the museum and its collection, staff, professionals from other Hampton Roads museums, volunteers, concerned citizens and the business community worked tirelessly to re-open the museum in 2008. On June 30, 2014, Isle of Wight County Historic Resources Division was dissolved, and the museum staff members became employees of the Town of Smithfield. Isle of Wight County currently retains ownership of the museum’s collection and the building itself. Today, the museum continues to grow. Staffed with a full-time director, part-time curator and several part-time docents, it is open seven days a week and offers special events, research opportunities, public outreach Document [184] (Title: Isle of Wight Railway) Isle of Wight Railway The Isle of Wight Railway was a railway company on the Isle of Wight, United Kingdom; it operated 14 miles of railway line between Ryde and Ventnor. It opened the first section of line from Ryde to Sandown in 1864, later extending to Ventnor in 1866. The Ryde station was at St Johns Road, some distance from the pier where the majority of travellers arrived. A tramway operated on the pier itself, and a street-running tramway later operated from the Pier to St Johns Road. It was not until 1880 that two mainland railways companies jointly Document [185] (Title: 2017 Isle of Wight Council election) 2017 Isle of Wight Council election The 2017 Isle of Wight Council election took place on 4 May 2017 as part of the 2017 local elections in the United Kingdom. All 40 Councillors were elected from 39 electoral divisions, which each returned either one or two Councillors by first-past-the-post voting for a four-year term of office. The result of the election saw the Isle of Wight Conservatives re-take majority control of the Isle of Wight Council after electing 25 Councillors. The Island Independents, who after the previous election had formed the ruling group dropped to eight. Elsewhere, the Liberal Democrats Document [186] (Title: Isle of Wight Observer) Isle of Wight Observer The Isle of Wight Observer was a regional British Newspaper based in Ryde. It had a main run of 1852 to 1922 publishing 3,327 editions. It was first founded by Ebenezer Hartnall in December 1845 until in 27 June 1846, after thirty issues had been published he ceased publication for reasons speculated as likely to have been a combination of low sales, stamp duty and the tax on advertisements. George Butler, an apprentice of Hartnall then re-established the newspaper in 1900 when it then ran continually for between 70 years. George Butler continued to publish the Document [187] (Title: Coat of arms of the Isle of Wight) Coat of arms of the Isle of Wight The coat of arms of the Isle of Wight was granted to the former Isle of Wight County Council in 1938. The arms were transferred to the new unitary Isle of Wight Council when the county council along with Medina and South Wight district councils were abolished in 1995. The shield contains an image of Carisbrooke Castle, the historical seat of many former governors of the island, and three gold anchors. The azure (blue) field and anchors are representative of Wight's island status and maritime history. The shield is also the basis Document [188] (Title: Medina, Isle of Wight) Medina, Isle of Wight Medina was a non-metropolitan district with the status of a borough on the Isle of Wight in England from 1974 to 1995. The district was formed by the Local Government Act 1972, and was a merger of the municipal boroughs of Newport and Ryde along with the urban district of Cowes. It was one of two districts on the Island formed in 1974 - the other was South Wight. "Medina" was an older name for Newport which has been preserved in the River Medina. Following a review by the Local Government Commission for England, the borough Document [189] (Title: History of the Isle of Wight) his brother Harold Godwinson "...went into Wight, and lay there all the summer and the autumn; and a land army was kept everywhere by the sea, although in the end it was to no avail". Both men had manors on the island - Harold at Kern and Tostig at Nunwell. After the Battle of Hastings in 1066, the Isle of Wight and the rest of England entered the Norman era. The island has never since been successfully invaded by a foreign army. In the Domesday book of 1086 the Island's name is "Wit". William the Conqueror gave its manorial rights Document [190] (Title: Isle of Wight) a semi-independent feudal fiefdom, with the de Redvers family ruling from Carisbrooke. The final private owner was the Countess Isabella de Fortibus, who, on her deathbed in 1293, was persuaded to sell it to Edward I. Thereafter the island was under control of the English Crown and its Lordship a royal appointment. The island continued to be attacked from the continent: it was raided in 1374 by the fleet of Castile, and in 1377 by French raiders who burned several towns, including Newtown, and laid siege to Carisbrooke Castle before they were defeated. Under Henry VIII, who developed the Royal Document [191] (Title: Isle of Wight (UK Parliament constituency)) 1939 and by the end of this year, the following candidates had been selected; Another General Election was required to take place before the end of 1915. The political parties had been making preparations for an election to take place and by the July 1914, the following candidates had been selected; Isle of Wight (UK Parliament constituency) Isle of Wight () is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2017 by Bob Seely of the Conservative Party. Created by the Great Reform Act for the 1832 general election it covers the whole of the Question: when did the isle of wight become a county Answer: 1890 Long Answer: The Isle was owned by a Norman family until 1293 and was earlier a kingdom in its own right . The island has played an important part in the defence of the ports of Southampton and Portsmouth, and been near the front - line of conflicts through the ages, including the Spanish Armada and the Battle of Britain . Rural for most of its history, its Victorian fashionability and the growing affordability of holidays led to significant urban development during the late 19th and early 20th centuries . Historically part of Hampshire, the island became a separate administrative county in 1890 . It continued to share the Lord Lieutenant of Hampshire until 1974, when it was made its own ceremonial county . Apart from a shared police force, there is now no administrative link with Hampshire, although a combined local authority with Portsmouth and Southampton was considered, this is now unlikely to proceed . Until 1995 the island had a governor. Gold Document ID: 169

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Isle of Wight Constabulary) Isle of Wight Constabulary The Isle of Wight Constabulary was a local police force on the Isle of Wight The first separate police force on the island was set up in 1837 with the formation of the Newport Borough Police. The rest of the island was policed by the Hampshire Constabulary with the exception, from 1869, of Ryde, which had a borough force of its own, from 1869-1922. In 1890 the island was granted administrative county status under the Local Government Act 1888. The Newport force area was enlarged and the force renamed to become the Isle of Wight Constabulary. Document [2] (Title: Flag of the Isle of Wight) modern times prior to 2007 was the three anchor and castle design used by the council. Those who still fly the green and white colours now often refer to them as 'The rebel green' In 2007 an 'Isle of Wight Flag Committee' was founded to create a flag for the Isle of Wight. It ran a public competition, in association with the County Press newspaper, to design the flag, which received over 350 entries. Four designs were shortlisted and put to the public in a vote. The winning design was by John Graney, and was registered by the Flag Institute Document [3] (Title: History of Hampshire) of many of the immigrants into Ellis Island. It is recorded in the 'Commonwealth Instrument of Government, 1653, which was adopted by Oliver Cromwell when he assumed the office of 'Lord Protector' in 1654. The Isle of Wight has been for some purposes in the past treated traditionally part of Hampshire, but has been administered separately from Hampshire for over a century, obtaining a county council of its own in 1890. The Isle of Wight became a full ceremonial county in 1974. The island is excluded from the hundreds given above – it was traditionally divided into East Medina and Document [4] (Title: Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties of England) did incur significant local opposition. Most of the radical changes were withdrawn. One aspect the government stood firm on was the mergers of small counties. Campaigns for the continuation of Rutland and Herefordshire were unsuccessful, although due to its special geographic circumstances, the Isle of Wight was permitted to retain a separate county council, as opposed to being reunified with its historic county of Hampshire. The Local Government Act was passed in 1972, and defined the English counties and metropolitan districts, but not the non-metropolitan districts. These were set by a Boundary Commission that had already begun work. The metropolitan Document [5] (Title: Isle of Wight (UK Parliament constituency)) the unitary authority, Isle of Wight Council: a diamond-shaped island with rounded oblique corners, measuring by , the Needles and similar small uninhabitable rocks of very small square surface area. The island is linked by ferry crossings from four points (five points if counting West Cowes and East Cowes separately) to three points in Hampshire: Lymington, Southampton and Portsmouth. Its electorate of 110,924 () is, by more than 30,000 electors, the largest in the UK, more than 50% above the English average: 71,537, and five times the size of the smallest seat: Na h-Eileanan an Iar, formerly known as the Document [6] (Title: History of the Isle of Wight) present-day administrative link with Hampshire is the police service, the Hampshire Constabulary, which is joint between Hampshire and the Isle of Wight. From the closing decades of the 20th century onwards, there has been considerable debate on the Island over whether or not a bridge or tunnel should connect the island with mainland England. The Isle of Wight Party campaigned from a positive position, although extensive public debate on the subject revealed a strong body of opinion amongst islanders against such a proposal. In 2002 the Isle of Wight Council debated the issue and made a policy statement against the Document [7] (Title: Isle of Wight County Museum) Advertised as the world’s oldest Smithfield ham, Gwaltney fashioned a brass collar for the ham and took it to shows and expos to exhibit the preservative powers of his smoking method. The ham was featured in Ripley's Believe It or Not! in 1929, 1932 and 2003. The museum hosts an annual birthday party for the ham each July, and the museum’s Ham Cam keeps tabs on the ham throughout the day. Historical Notes on Isle of Wight County, Virginia. Helen Haverty King, 1993. The History of Isle of Wight County in 40 Objects. Isle of Wight County Museum, 2016. Erickson, Document [8] (Title: Isle of Wight County Museum) Mark St. John (November 12, 2016.) "Isle of Wight Museum: 40th birthday, 40 items for exhibit." The Daily Press. Isle of Wight County Museum The Isle of Wight County Museum is located in Smithfield, Virginia. The Isle of Wight County Museum was founded in 1976. Nearly two years before the 1976 United States Bicentennial commemoration, a number of heritage-minded Isle of Wight County citizens believed that the county needed a place where its history could be preserved. As a result of their efforts, the Isle of Wight County Board of Supervisors appointed a multi-talented group of county residents to a Document [9] (Title: 2013 Isle of Wight Council election) Information centres and public toilets.' With neither the Conservatives or the Island Independents gaining a majority outright, control of the authority was initially in doubt, but on 8 May the Island Independents announced the five non-aligned independents would be joining their group. Leading into the 2005 council election, the Liberal Democrats and its predecessors had been in power on the island since 1981, albeit since 2001 in coalition with a group of independents. However, public opposition to a school closure program by the council led to the rout of the Liberal Democrats, and the election of the Conservatives to take Document [10] (Title: Politics of the Isle of Wight) ruling group on the council between 2013 and January 2017, when the resignation of the council leader Jonathan Bacon led to a Conservative minority administration led by Dave Stewart. The council had previously been Conservative controlled between 2005 and 2013. The local council elections were held on 4 May 2017. The local council elections were held on 2 May 2013. The local council elections were held on 4 June 2009, the same date as the European Parliament elections. Following a review by the Boundary Commission for England the number of councillors was reduced from 48 to 40, consisting of 38 Document [11] (Title: Southampton County, Virginia) called counties. In 1637 Warrosquyoake Shire was renamed Isle of Wight County. In 1749, the portion of Isle of Wight County west of the Blackwater River was organized as Southampton County. Later, part of Nansemond County, which is now the Independent City of Suffolk, was added to Southampton County. This area was cultivated for tobacco and later for mixed crops, dependent on the labor of African slaves after a relatively short period when many white indentured servants came to the colony. In August 1831, an enslaved preacher named Nat Turner led a slave rebellion of Black slaves in Southampton County Document [12] (Title: Parliamentary representation by historic counties) major way from those of the historic counties. However, as the historic counties remain the focus of local patriotism it is worth continuing the lists until the present day. The historic county of Hampshire (formerly Southamptonshire) is divided between its mainland and Isle of Wight parts. The only overlap is for the two member county constituency before 1832, which is included in the mainland entry. Otherwise the article allocates all constituencies to the historic county they are wholly or predominantly located in. Borough constituencies which were located in counties of themselves, county boroughs or unitary authorities have been allocated to Document [13] (Title: History of the Isle of Wight) 21 July 1545. English ships engaged the French navy; two days earlier, the "Mary Rose" had sunk, apparently without damage. Sir Richard Worsley, Captain of the Island, commanded the local militia who resisted the attack, after French troops landed on the southern coast intending to use the island as a base against the mainland. However, the local militia defeated the French troops at the Battle of Bonchurch (although one account claims the French were successful at Bonchurch but defeated at Bembridge). In 1587 two Catholic missionaries Anderton and Marsden, originally from Lancashire but trained in France, returned to England in Document [14] (Title: Politics of the Isle of Wight) in 1377, that destroyed much of the town as well as other Island settlements, sealed its permanent decline. By the middle of the sixteenth century, it was a small settlement long eclipsed by the more easily defended town of Newport. Elizabeth I breathed some life into the town by awarding two parliamentary seats but this ultimately made it one of the most notorious of the Rotten Boroughs. By the time of the Great Reform Act that abolished the seats, it had just fourteen houses and twenty-three voters. The Act also disenfranchised the boroughs of Newport and Yarmouth and replaced the Document [15] (Title: Isle of Wight Rifles) Isle of Wight Rifles The 8th Battalion, The Hampshire Regiment, Princess Beatrice's Isle of Wight Rifles, known informally as the "Isle of Wight Rifles" was formed to defend the Isle of Wight after a 19th-century invasion scare. The unit served as infantry during World War I, and as coastal defence artillery during World War II. Postwar it converted to the air defence role. The Isle of Wight had long been fortified against invasion, due to its strategic position. It had also had numerous troops billeted in the Napoleonic Wars. In 1859, Artillery and infantry Rifle Volunteer Corps were raised in Document [16] (Title: Isle of Wight County Press) Isle of Wight County Press The Isle of Wight County Press is a local, compact newspaper published every Friday on the Isle of Wight. It has an audited circulation of 23,006 copies, compared to a local population of 140,500. The paper has seen a drop in circulation of 13,657 between December 2009 and December 2017 (37.25%). The paper had been owned locally from its foundation until July 2017, when it was taken over by Newsquest Media Group. The "Isle of Wight County Press" website was launched in 1999 and features headline articles updated on a daily basis. These will often Document [17] (Title: Isle of Wight County Museum) Isle of Wight County Museum The Isle of Wight County Museum is located in Smithfield, Virginia. The Isle of Wight County Museum was founded in 1976. Nearly two years before the 1976 United States Bicentennial commemoration, a number of heritage-minded Isle of Wight County citizens believed that the county needed a place where its history could be preserved. As a result of their efforts, the Isle of Wight County Board of Supervisors appointed a multi-talented group of county residents to a commission whose task was to collect, catalog and display artifacts for a new museum. Smithfield’s historic 18th-century Gaming House, Document [18] (Title: Isle of Wight Railway) removed in 1928. In the first years of the twentieth century, railway companies sought for cheaper means of carrying passengers on lightly used lines. One solution was the railmotor, a combined small steam engine and passenger coach. The Isle of Wight Central Railway introduced such a vehicle on 4 October 1906 and it operated into Ryde. The inability to convey additional coaches or goods vehicles was a limitation, and the IoWCR discontinued the use of the vehicle in 1910. From December 1908, a group calling itself the "Electric Railways Syndicate" pressed the supposed advantages of electrification of the Island's railways. Document [19] (Title: Lyman Wight) roles, Wight became the preeminent leader of the Latter Day Saints in the county. In the summer of 1838, the troubles of the Mormon War began with events on the Gallatin Election Day Battle. In response, Wight armed over 150 men at this time to defend the Latter Day Saints in Daviess County. Wight was accused, along with Joseph Smith, of organizing an army and threatening and harassing various old settlers of the county. Smith and Wight agreed to be tried in order to ease the tensions in the area. On September 7, 1838, they were presented before Judge Austin Document [20] (Title: Education reforms on the Isle of Wight) Middle School. So far, two headteachers from both Medina High School and Cowes High School have announced they will be stepping down before the start of the new term in September, stating the education reforms as an influence to their decision. Education reforms on the Isle of Wight Education reforms on the Isle of Wight is part of a process to change the Isle of Wight's education from a three-tier system to a two-tier system. The debate as to how this should occur was first started in 2004, lasting until 2008. Three options were put forward at the start of Document [21] (Title: Isle of Wight County Museum) the museum. In 1990, the Folk Building, a former dry goods store also built in 1913 and located adjacent to the museum, was purchased for the museum’s expansion. In 2006, the museum was placed under the newly formed Isle of Wight County Historic Resources Division as a part of Isle of Wight County’s Parks and Recreation Department. Shortly thereafter, the division became part of the Smithfield and Isle of Wight County Tourism Department. The museum’s growth continued through October 2006 when a nor’easter left the basement flooded with three feet of standing water. Despite the devastating impact of the flood Document [22] (Title: Isle of Wight) the most populated constituencies in the United Kingdom (more than 50% above the English average). However, in 2011 the Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Act was to have changed this, as part of the Sixth Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, but this was deferred to no earlier than October 2018 by the Electoral Registration and Administration Act 2013. Thus the single constituency remained for the 2015 and 2017 general elections. However, two separate East and West constituencies are proposed for the island under the 2018 review now under way. The Isle of Wight is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan county. Since Document [23] (Title: Isle of Wight (UK Parliament constituency)) In 1654 a whole island constituency existed for the First Protectorate Parliament but the island reverted to the three constituencies. Otherwise, the island was part-represented by the two MPs for Hampshire. The Reform Act abolished Newtown and Yarmouth parliamentary boroughs, and resurrected a county constituency for the whole island. The county electorate included freeholders, qualified by property, in the remaining parliamentary borough. The separate and overlapping Newport representation was abolished in 1885. The constituency has traditionally been a battleground between the Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats and their predecessors. The seat was held by a Liberal from 1974 until 1987, Document [24] (Title: County council) Act 1992 established a new Local Government Commission whose remit was to conduct a review of the structure of local administration, and the introduction of unitary authorities where appropriate. Accordingly, the number of county councils was reduced: Avon, Berkshire, Cleveland, Hereford and Worcester and Humberside were abolished, while Worcestershire County Council was re-established. The reforms somewhat blurred the distinction between county and district council. The Isle of Wight county council became a unitary authority, renamed the "Isle of Wight Council". Conversely, two unitary district councils added the word "county" to their titles to become "Rutland County Council District Council" and Document [25] (Title: Isle of Wight Railway) Ryde Pier Company with a view to joint construction of a railway to the pier, but the talks broke down and in 1864 the idea was dropped. The Sandown Bay branch, also authorised in 1860, was abandoned. The company name was changed to the "Isle of Wight Railway" by Act of Parliament of 28 July 1863. The name was considered to be more in keeping with the status of the company, as the Bill had proposed a branch to Newport, there to join with the Cowes and Newport Railway. However negotiations with that company over the arrangements proved impossible, so Document [26] (Title: Robert Savin) 1629, and of 1629–1630, convening March 24, 1630 but only one member from "Warrosqueake" County in the assembly of 1631–1632. In 1620, a movement began to change the name of "Warresqueak County" to "Isle of Wight County" but this was not done until 1637. Robert Savin Robert Savin was a member of the Virginia House of Burgesses, the elected lower house of the colonial Virginia General Assembly, from "Warrosquoyacke County," later Isle of Wight County, in the assemblies of 1629 and 1629–1630. The area represented by Savin originally was known as Lawne's Plantation. The colonists also had named the area Document [27] (Title: Isle of Wight Council) Isle of Wight Council The Isle of Wight Council is a unitary authority covering the Isle of Wight near the South coast of England. It is currently made up of 40 seats. Since the 2017 election, the Conservatives have held a majority of 25 and appointed Cllr Dave Stewart as leader of the council. The council was formed on 1 April 1995, replacing the Isle of Wight County Council and Medina and South Wight Borough Councils. Prior to 1998, the Liberals and then Liberal Democrats had dominated the Council. Between 1998 and 2005, it was under no overall control, ruled Document [28] (Title: Parliamentary representation from Isle of Wight) of Wight became an administrative county. In 1974 it became a new non-metropolitan county and in 1995 a ceremonial county and unitary authority (with unchanged boundaries). The first part of this article covers the constituencies wholly within the area of the Isle of Wight. The second part refers to the constituency of Hampshire, which included some territory from the Isle of Wight 1290–1654 and 1659–1832. The summaries section only refers to the constituencies included in the first section of the constituency list. Article names are followed by (UK Parliament constituency). The constituencies which existed in 1707 were those previously represented Document [29] (Title: Scouting in South East England) in 104 troops in 22 Local Associations. The Grand Rally at Southampton Common on 2 October 1912, attended by Baden-Powell, was recorded on film now available in the Hampshire Archives. County Commissioners: The Isle of Wight is served by a single Scout County, divided into two districts: Kent Scout County is a Scout County of the Scout Association in the United Kingdom, covering the county of Kent. It is divided into the following Scout Districts: Kent Scout county has over 23,000 members with an active Water Activities and Land Activities team. The Land Activities includes the Invicta Mountaineering Club. Every Document [30] (Title: Isle of Wight Central Railway) its presumed competitors. The dominance of the Portsmouth – Ryde ferry route had not yet been established, and in any case Cowes was assumed to be the port of entry for goods and minerals. The Isle of Wight (Newport Junction) Act was given the Royal Assent on 31 July 1868, to build a line from Newport to the Sandown station of the Isle of Wight Railway. The competing proposals were rejected; those who favoured a line from Newport to Ryde were disappointed, and continued the struggle. The operation of the Isle of Wight Railway enhanced the importance of Ryde as Document [31] (Title: Isle of Wight) Ships likely were important to the local economy. During the Dark Ages the island was settled by Jutes as the pagan kingdom of Wihtwara under King Arwald. In 685 it was invaded by Caedwalla, who tried to replace the inhabitants with his own followers. In 686 Arwald was defeated and the island became the last part of English lands to be converted to Christianity, added to Wessex and then becoming part of England under King Alfred the Great, included within the shire of Hampshire. It suffered especially from Viking raids, and was often used as a winter base by Viking Document [32] (Title: Isle of Wight Constabulary) The new force took over the area of the island that the Hampshire Constabulary had been responsible for (all of the island except Ryde and Newport). Many of the Hampshire officers transferred to the new force, the rest returned to the main land. Ryde Borough Police amalgamated with the Isle of Wight Constabulary in 1922, mainly due to the Police Act of 1919. As a result of the Act officers were entitled to better pay and pensions and the borough could not afford this on their own. In 1943 the Isle of Wight Constabulary was amalgamated with Hampshire Constabulary as Document [33] (Title: Isle of Wight) In January 2009, the first general flag for the county was accepted by the Flag Institute. Island residents are sometimes referred to as "Vectensians", "Vectians" or, if born on the island, "caulkheads". One theory is that this last comes from the once prevalent local industry of caulking or sealing wooden boats; the term became attached to islanders either because they were so employed, or as a derisory term for perceived unintelligent labourers from elsewhere. The term "overner" is used for island residents originating from the mainland (an abbreviated form of "overlander", which is an archaic term for "outsider" still found Document [34] (Title: Education on the Isle of Wight) the rest of the country. It was finally announced in the Isle of Wight County Press on 23 May 2008 which schools would be closed. The first of these reforms took place in September 2008, from the start of the new academic year. Archbishop King and Trinity Middle schools merged creating Christ the King College, with the old ABK site taking years 7 and 8, and the Trinity site taking years 5 and 6. Kitbridge Middle School also merged with Downside Middle school, creating two separate campuses. In September 2009, Christ the King College took another step towards becoming a Document [35] (Title: Isle of Wight Constabulary) Roy Spicer. Isle of Wight Constabulary The Isle of Wight Constabulary was a local police force on the Isle of Wight The first separate police force on the island was set up in 1837 with the formation of the Newport Borough Police. The rest of the island was policed by the Hampshire Constabulary with the exception, from 1869, of Ryde, which had a borough force of its own, from 1869-1922. In 1890 the island was granted administrative county status under the Local Government Act 1888. The Newport force area was enlarged and the force renamed to become the Isle of Document [36] (Title: Education on the Isle of Wight) Hall in Newport on Saturday 26 January at 10:00am lasting an hour until 11:00am, led by Isle of Wight Radio DJ Alex Dyke as a result of the Council's plans for education reforms. Between 1,000 and 1,250 took part in the protest, including parents, teachers and students. The Island MP Andrew Turner, with two other councillors also attended the protest, disagreeing with the plans. More protests later occurred at Sandown, Shanklin and Ryde, with another at Newport. On 19 March 2008, a two-tier system was voted for by Isle of Wight councillors, bringing the island's school system into line with Document [37] (Title: Isle of Wight) Navy and its Portsmouth base, the island was fortified at Yarmouth, Cowes, East Cowes, and Sandown. The French invasion on 21 July 1545 (famous for the sinking of the Mary Rose on the 19th) was repulsed by local militia. During the English Civil War, King Charles fled to the Isle of Wight, believing he would receive sympathy from the governor Robert Hammond, but Hammond imprisoned the king in Carisbrooke Castle. During the Seven Years' War, the island was used as a staging post for British troops departing on expeditions against the French coast, such as the Raid on Rochefort. During Document [38] (Title: Isle of Wight) Isle of Wight The Isle of Wight (; also referred to informally as The Island or abbreviated to IoW) is a county and the largest and second-most populous island in England. It is in the English Channel, between 2 and 5 miles off the coast of Hampshire, separated by the Solent. The island has resorts that have been holiday destinations since Victorian times, and is known for its mild climate, coastal scenery, and verdant landscape of fields, downland and chines. The island has been home to the poets Swinburne and Tennyson and to Queen Victoria, who built her much-loved summer Document [39] (Title: Isle of Wight Central Railway) Isle of Wight Central Railway The Isle of Wight Central Railway (IoWCR) was a railway company on the Isle of Wight, United Kingdom. It was formed in 1887 by the merging of three earlier railways, the Cowes and Newport Railway (opened 1862), the Ryde and Newport Railway (opened 1875) and the Isle of Wight (Newport Junction) Railway, (opened in stages 1875 and 1879). Its network ran from near Ryde to Cowes and from Sandown to Newport. It also worked the Freshwater, Yarmouth and Newport Railway until 1913 and in that year it purchased the "Newport, Godshill and Ventnor Railway". The Document [40] (Title: 2005 Isle of Wight Council election) 2005 Isle of Wight Council election The 2005 Isle of Wight Council elections were held on the Isle of Wight, England, on 5 May 2005. The result led to a landslide Conservative victory gaining 22 councillors, leading the Isle of Wight to Conservative control from no overall control previously. The party standings following the election: The outcome of the election led to a significant change in composition of the Isle of Wight Council. Prior to the election, the Liberal Democrats were the largest group overall but still didn't hold a majority, leading to a coalition known as 'Island First' with Document [41] (Title: Isle of Wight Central Railway) Section) Railway resubmitted their scheme too. The Cowes and Newport Bill failed standing orders, and although there was some opposition to it, the IoW(ES)R was authorised on 23 July 1860. In 1863 it changed its name to "The Isle of Wight Railway"; it opened between St Johns Road station in Ryde and Shanklin on 23 August 1864 and on to Ventnor on 10 September 1866. This had a significant effect in shifting the route for trade access to the island: in February 1868 the Cowes and Newport Railway directors reported that their company’s earnings were static following the opening of Document [42] (Title: Isle of Wight Railway) The RNR asked the IoWR to work their line and that belonging to the Cowes & Newport Railway, but the IoWR shareholders voted the proposal down. The RNR was worked by locomotives loaned by Henry Martin, the contractor working the CNR; six months later a Joint Committee of the two companies took over the operation of their railways. The Isle of Wight (Newport Junction) Railway constructed a line between Sandown, on the IoWR, and Newport. The company experienced difficulties in finalising the access to Newport, and the line opened between Sandown and Shide on 1 February 1875, later extending to Document [43] (Title: Ensign Washer) the same vicinity. Although the area was known as Lawne's Plantation and its representatives were listed as representatives from the plantation, the colonists also had named the area "Warresqueak County" after the Native American tribe who lived there. Washer and Christopher Lawne represented Lawne's Plantation in the first assembly of the Virginia House of Burgesses in 1619. In 1620, a movement began to change the name of "Warresqueak County" to "Isle of Wight County" but this was not done until 1637. The Daughters of the American Revolution state that Ensign Washer had a daughter named Margaret (Polly). Little if anything Document [44] (Title: History of the Isle of Wight) In 1006 the Chronicle records: ""when it drew near to winter, the army travelled home, and after Martinmas the raiding-army came to its secure base on the Isle of Wight and there provided themselves everywhere whatever they needed"", and then records raids that they made from there into southern England. In 1013 Sweyn began a more concerted invasion, and Ethelred was forced to flee to the island: ""And then at midwinter the King turned from the fleet to the Isle of Wight, and was there for the season; and after the season turned across the sea to Richard [of Normandy], Document [45] (Title: History of the Isle of Wight) them in their ships". The Viking practice of sub-dividing the kingdom amongst powerful Earls had survived their departure, and Wessex came under the control of Earl Godwin, and then his son Harold Godwinson, the future King Harold. During the war of succession in 1066, the island was used as a base by various contenders. Firstly "came Earl Tostig from beyond the sea into Wight, and with as great a fleet as he could get, and there was given both money and provisions; and then went from there, and did harm everywhere along the sea-cost he could get to" and later Document [46] (Title: Railways on the Isle of Wight) line was extended a further half mile to reach Pan Lane. However, the final half-mile from there to Newport station did not open until 1879. Four years of poor connections in Newport meant not enough passengers or freight had been attracted to the line, and the company passed into receivership in 1880. At this point, it was bought by the Cowes & Newport/Ryde & Newport company, who were legally renamed as the Isle of Wight Central Railway. In 1877 the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway and London and South Western Railway were granted an Act of Parliament to extend Document [47] (Title: Politics of the Isle of Wight) Politics of the Isle of Wight As a geographical entity distinct from the mainland, the Isle of Wight has always fought to have this identity recognised. The Isle of Wight is currently a ceremonial and Non-metropolitan county and as it has no district councils (only the county council) it is effectively a unitary county. The island is also the highest populated Westminster constituency in the country. Historically, the island was part of the historic county of Hampshire, previously called Southamptonshire. The island's most ancient borough was Newtown on the large natural harbour on the island's north-western coast. A French raid Document [48] (Title: Mark Woodnutt) the suggestion that the council buy out the shareholders in the development companies. Apart from the Bembridge controversy, Woodnutt put his defeat down to his piloting through parliament of the Isle of Wight County Council Act 1971. The Act required organisers of any event at which more than 5,000 people were expected to attend to apply to the county council at least four months in advance for permission. Woodnutt had introduced the legislation to prevent a recurrence of the Isle of Wight Festivals of 1969 and 1970, which had attracted hundreds of thousands of visitors. Woodnutt conceded that he had Document [49] (Title: Politics of the Isle of Wight) the high turnout and popular Conservative vote in the parliamentary election was likely to be a local sign of dissatisfaction with the incumbent, largely Liberal Democrat Council, as well as reflecting on the national issues. The Labour Party continued to buck the national trend and increased the Labour vote to the highest for over 30 years, whilst the UKIP, did not manage to make the breakthrough expected by some, and only slightly increased their vote share. After the 2017 local council elections, the Conservatives gained a majority of seats on the Isle of Wight Council. The Island Independents were the Document [50] (Title: Isle of Wight Festival 1970) favourite retirement destination of the British well-heeled, and a haven of the yachting set, and many of the traditional residents deplored the huge influx of "hippies" and "freaks". This led to the introduction of sections to the "Isle of Wight County Council Act 1971" designed to control any further large overnight gatherings. Renting a few acres of suitable farmland to hold a music festival had in earlier years been a simple commercial matter between the promoters and one of the local farmers, but by 1970 this had become subject to approval decisions from several local council committees who were heavily Document [51] (Title: Newport (Isle of Wight) (UK Parliament constituency)) of the other Isle of Wight boroughs (Newtown and Yarmouth) seems to have been at the urging of the new Governor of the island, Sir George Carey, a relative of the Queen. In token of thanks, the borough granted him for life the right to nominate one of the two MPs – which seems to have been the reward he expected and the motive for his petition to the Queen in the first place. Between 1807 and 1811 its two seats were held by two future Prime Ministers: Arthur Wellesley, later to become the Duke of Wellington (who also found Document [52] (Title: History of the Isle of Wight) status is a perennial source of friction. It was planned to merge the county back into Hampshire as a district in the 1974 local government reform, but a last minute change led to it retaining its county council. However, since there was no provision made in the Local Government Act 1972 for unitary authorities, the Island had to retain a two-tier structure, with a county council and two boroughs, Medina and South Wight. The borough councils were merged with the county council on 1 April 1995, to form a single unitary authority, the Isle of Wight Council. The only significant Document [53] (Title: Isle of Wight Council) 2017, Conservative members assumed control of the administration, with Cllr Dave Stewart appointed as leader. A new ruling executive was formed, made up of five Conservatives, one UKIP member and three non-aligned members. The Coat of arms of the Isle of Wight was first granted to the County Council in 1938. On its abolition in 1995, they transferred to the new Isle of Wight Council. The shield shows an image of Carisbrooke Castle, which was the historic seat of many island governors. At the bottom is the island's motto "All this beauty is of God". Isle of Wight Council The Document [54] (Title: Railways on the Isle of Wight) thought to have used mechanical traction. The line is now abandoned. The first conventional railway line to open on the island was that from Cowes to Newport. The Cowes & Newport Railway Company began construction of the line in 1859 after an enabling Act of Parliament was passed earlier that year. The line opened to passengers in June 1862. Shortly after this, the Isle of Wight Railway (IWR) company built its initial line from Ryde to Shanklin, opening in 1864. Also in 1864, horse-drawn trams began running along Ryde Pier, connecting ferry services to the town. The IWR opened an Document [55] (Title: Isle of Wight) 1759, with a planned French invasion imminent, a large force of soldiers was stationed there. The French called off their invasion following the Battle of Quiberon Bay. In the 1860s, what remains in real terms the most expensive ever government spending project saw fortifications built on the island and in the Solent, as well as elsewhere along the south coast, including the Palmerston Forts, The Needles Batteries and Fort Victoria, because of fears about possible French invasion. The future Queen Victoria spent childhood holidays on the island and became fond of it. When queen she made Osborne House her winter Document [56] (Title: Local Government Act 1972) merged back into Hampshire as a district) was the only local campaign to succeed, and also the only county council in England to violate the 250,000 limit for education authorities. The government bowed to local demand for the island to retain its status in October 1972, moving an amendment in the Lords to remove it from Hampshire. Lord Sanford noting that "nowhere else is faced with problems of communication with its neighbours which are in any way comparable." Protests from Rutland and Herefordshire failed, although Rutland was able to secure its treatment as a single district despite not even managing Document [57] (Title: Local Government Act 1888) The Cinque Ports, together with "the two ancient towns and their members" (which for some purposes, such as lieutenancy, were considered a distinct county), were to become part of the county where they were situated. Section 49 allowed for the creation by provisional order of a council for the "Scilly Islands" to be established as a unitary authority outside the administrative county of Cornwall. This was duly formed in 1890 as the Isles of Scilly Rural District. † From 1 April 1890 the Isle of Wight was separated from the County of Hampshire to form an administrative county. †† From Document [58] (Title: Isle of Wight County, Virginia) Isle of Wight County, Virginia Isle of Wight County is a county located in the Hampton Roads region of the U.S. state of Virginia. It was named after the Isle of Wight, in the English Channel, from where many of its early colonists had come. As of the 2010 census, the population was 35,270. Its county seat is Isle of Wight. Isle of Wight County is located in the Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC Metropolitan Statistical Area. Its northeastern boundary is on the coast of Hampton Roads waterway. Isle of Wight County features two incorporated towns, Smithfield and Windsor. The first Document [59] (Title: History of the Isle of Wight) to his kinsman William FitzOsbern, who became Lord of the Isle of Wight. Carisbrooke Priory and the fort of Carisbrooke Castle were founded (probably the site had previously been fortified, originally by Romans and subsequently by Jutes or Saxons; there are remains of a late Saxon wall or "burgh" as defence against Viking raiders). Thereafter allegiance on the island was sworn to FitzOsbern as 'Lord' rather than the king, a role subsequently granted to the de Redvers family by Henry I after his succession in 1100. For nearly 200 years the island was a semi-independent feudal fiefdom, with the de Document [60] (Title: History of the Isle of Wight) fifth centuries AD, Roman troops and officials had withdrawn from Britain. In Bede's ecclesiastical history, "Vecta" [sic], along with parts of Hampshire and most of Kent, was settled by Jutes. According to the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle", Cerdic and his son Cynric conquered the island in 530. The "Chronicle" states that after Cerdic died in 534, the island was given to his nephews Stuf and Wihtgar. However, it is uncertain whether "Wihtgar", who is believed to have died in 544, was a real person or came from a misunderstood place name. The "Men of Wight" were known as "Wihtwara". Carisbrooke was known Document [61] (Title: Local Government Commission for England (1992)) "early wins" in Cleveland, Humberside and Avon. The first recommendation, published in 1993, was the quite uncontroversial one to make Isle of Wight a unitary authority. The island had been split between South Wight and Medina boroughs, with an Isle of Wight County Council, since 1974. Three more final reports, for Cleveland, Derbyshire and Durham, were published in November 1993. In both Derbyshire and Durham, unitary authorities would be created covering the large urban areas, but the rest of the county would remain two-tier in structure. A new Secretary of State, John Selwyn Gummer, had taken over in May, and Document [62] (Title: Isle of Wight Railway) of the middle years of the 1840s encouraged the promotion of railway schemes, and in May 1845 public support was sought for an "Isle of Wight Railway", which was proposed to build from West Cowes and Ryde to Newport and Ventnor. Capital of £300,000 was said to be necessary, but notwithstanding local support, the landowners to be affected were hostile and the scheme failed to gain approval. Nevertheless, and in October of the same year a "Direct Ryde and Ventnor Railway" was proposed; requiring only £120,000 in capital it would follow much easier ground and claimed that landowners would not Document [63] (Title: Old Isle of Wight Courthouse) in the late 1990s with the help of Colonial Williamsburg consultants and craftsmen, in which the interior was modified to more accurately recreate the appearance of a typical Virginia courthouse of the period. The building is one of four remaining examples of arcaded colonial courthouses. In 2013, ownership passed from Preservation Virginia to the non-profit Historic Smithfield. A semi-independent committee within Historic Smithfield known as 1750 Isle of Wight Courthouse raises money for the continued maintenance and restoration of the building and makes it available to the public, free of charge, year-round. Old Isle of Wight Courthouse The Old Isle Document [64] (Title: Newport, Isle of Wight) town had been incorporated as a borough in 1608. The town's position as an area of trade accessible to the sea meant it rapidly took over from nearby Carisbrooke as the main central settlement, eventually absorbing the latter as a suburb. The borough ceased to exist in 1974 when it was incorporated into the larger Borough of Medina, which was itself superseded in 1995 by a single unitary authority covering the whole of the Isle of Wight. The Drill hall in Newport opened as the headquarters of the Isle of Wight Rifle Volunteers in 1860. Newport since the 1960s has Document [65] (Title: Politics of the Isle of Wight) of Wight, to what could be described as the opposite extreme of merging the county back into Hampshire. The pro-independence lobby had a formal voice in the early 1970s with the Vectis National Party. Their main claim was that the sale of the island to the crown in 1293 was unconstitutional (see History of the Isle of Wight). However, this movement now has little serious support. Since the 1990s the debate has largely taken the form of a campaign to have the Isle of Wight recognized as a distinct region by organizations such as the EU, due to its relative Document [66] (Title: Isle of Wight (UK Parliament constituency)) Western Isles. The five (effected rather than abortive) national Boundary Commission Periodic Reports which have taken place since 1955 consulted locally on splitting the island into two seats (and included occasionally proposals for a seat crossing the Solent onto the mainland) but met an overall distaste by the independent commissioners and most consultees and consultation respondents who were not apathetic which accounted for the bulk. The consensus of varying panels of Boundary Commissioners, party-interested and neutral commentators was at the time of these five consultations, that the island would be best represented by one MP. The Commissioners did make mention Document [67] (Title: Island Line, Isle of Wight) Common, Lake Hill and Littlestairs. The line from to was opened on 23 August 1864, having been built by the Isle of Wight Railway. In 1866 the line was extended through to . The line was originally built as single track throughout, with passing loops provided at Brading, Sandown and Shanklin stations. In 1880 the London and South Western Railway (LSWR) and London, Brighton and South Coast Railway (LBSCR) opened a jointly-owned line north from Ryde St John's Road. Under the direction of LBSCR Chief Engineer Frederick Banister, the building of the extension included a new tunnel and a third Document [68] (Title: Isle of Wight) represented on the island by the Governor of the Isle of Wight until 1995. The island has played an important part in the defence of the ports of Southampton and Portsmouth, and been near the front-line of conflicts through the ages, including the Spanish Armada and the Battle of Britain. Rural for most of its history, its Victorian fashionability and the growing affordability of holidays led to significant urban development during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Historically part of Hampshire, the island became a separate administrative county in 1890. It continued to share the Lord Lieutenant of Hampshire Document [69] (Title: Isle of Wight County Press) appear on the website before featuring in the next issue, allowing readers to be updated daily instead of each week. The website also features videos and photo galleries that would not normally be available in a standard issue. During June 2009 the website passed 1 million views for the first time, attracting a record figure of 1,001,705 coupled with another record of 71,068 unique visitors. The increase in visitor numbers was said to have been boosted by interest in the Isle of Wight Council election results and Isle of Wight Festival coverage. The "Isle of Wight County Press" passed its Document [70] (Title: Isle of Wight County, Virginia) of the Powhatan Confederacy, who had three towns in the area of modern Smithfield. English colonists drove the Warraskoyak from their villages in 1622 and 1627, as part of their reprisals for the Great Massacre of 1622, in which the Native Americans had decimated English settlements, hoping to drive them out of their territory. The first English plantations along the south shore within present-day Isle of Wight were established by Puritan colonists, beginning with that of Christopher Lawne in May 1618. Several members of the Puritan Bennett family also settled there, including Richard Bennett. He led the Puritans to neighboring Document [71] (Title: Isle of Wight (UK Parliament constituency)) a Conservative until 1997, a Liberal Democrat until 2001, and a Conservative since then. At the 2015 election, the incumbent Conservative scored one of his party's largest reductions in vote in that year's election similarly to the Liberal Democrat who finished in fifth place. In the 2017 general election, Nick Belfitt, the Liberal Democrat candidate, became the youngest ever candidate to stand for the seat at the age of 23. General Election 1939/40 Another general election was required to take place before the end of 1940. The political parties had been making preparations for an election to take place from Document [72] (Title: Isle of Wight Central Railway) working conditions for staff all attacked the financial situation of the line. Under the terms of the Railways Act 1921 the main line railways of Great Britain were "grouped" into four large companies; the Isle of Wight lines were absorbed into the new Southern Railway from 1 January 1923. The ordinary shareholders of the IoWCR got £3 for each £100 share. (The absorption of the FY&NR was delayed until 1 August 1923 due to negotiations over the financial terms; during the period from 1 January, when the FY&NR refused the offered settlement, the company's trains were again barred from the Document [73] (Title: 2013 Isle of Wight Council election) independents made up the next largest contingent on the council, winning 10 seats, whilst the Liberal Democrats failed to make headway. As the 2013 campaign started, education remained a top issue. Though the three-tier system had been abolished in favour of two tiers, three of the island's six secondary schools were judged 'inadequate' by Ofsted. Simon Perry, editor of "OnTheWight", remarked to the BBC that education was the single biggest priority for voters. In addition, the council agreed to transfer some of its education powers to Hampshire County Council, despite not being under its jurisdiction; and problems over education were Document [74] (Title: Politics of the Isle of Wight) Hampshire is the police service, which is joint between Hampshire and the Isle of Wight. The Isle of Wight forms a single constituency of the House of Commons, with an electorate of 110,697 (as of 2017). This is by far the largest electorate in the country. The 2018 proposals from the Boundary Commission for England will split the constituency into two. The constituency was traditionally a battleground between the Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats. Between 1974 and 1987, the seat was a Liberal seat, then becoming Conservative until 1997 when the Liberal Democrats won on a reduced Conservative vote. The Document [75] (Title: Isle of Wight County Press) the paper decreased. Isle of Wight County Press The Isle of Wight County Press is a local, compact newspaper published every Friday on the Isle of Wight. It has an audited circulation of 23,006 copies, compared to a local population of 140,500. The paper has seen a drop in circulation of 13,657 between December 2009 and December 2017 (37.25%). The paper had been owned locally from its foundation until July 2017, when it was taken over by Newsquest Media Group. The "Isle of Wight County Press" website was launched in 1999 and features headline articles updated on a daily basis. Document [76] (Title: History of the Isle of Wight) evolving over the years into a Captaincy and eventually a Governorship). It is sometimes said there was a brief interruption in 1444 when Henry Beauchamp was crowned King of the Isle of Wight, with King Henry VI placing the crown on his head; the regal title supposedly expired when he died heirless in 1446. But there little evidence to support this story. Henry VIII developed the Royal Navy and its permanent base at Portsmouth, and ordered fortifications to be built at Yarmouth, Cowes, East Cowes and Sandown, sometimes using stone from the dissolved monasteries. The French invaded the island on Document [77] (Title: 2009 Isle of Wight Council election) 2009 Isle of Wight Council election The 2009 Isle of Wight Council elections were held on Thursday 4 June 2009. After a review by the Local Government Boundary Commission for England, the number of seats on the council was reduced from 48 single-member wards, to a 40-member council, consisting of 38 single member wards, and one double-member ward. The result of the election was 'no change', with the Conservatives retaining an overall majority by winning twenty-four of the forty seats available. Of the sixteen remaining seats, ten went to independents, five to the Liberal Democrats and just one to the Document [78] (Title: Isle of Wight Rifles) the mainland, soldiers comprised 1 in 4 of the local population. By this time Queen Victoria had moved to the Isle of Wight at Osborne House. The separate RVCs were brought under the umbrella of the 1st Administrative Battalion of Isle of Wight Rifle Volunteers, formed on 5 July 1860 with headquarters at Newport, under Colonel Dunsmore formerly of the 42nd Highlanders. In 1880 the Administrative Battalion was consolidated as the 1st Isle of Wight Rifle Volunteers, organised as follows: In September 1885 the unit became the 5th (Isle of Wight 'Princess Beatrice's) Volunteer Battalion of the Hampshire Regiment, Princess Document [79] (Title: Stephen Ross, Baron Ross of Newport) and a few friends, covering the island by Land Rover. He did the same in 1970, by which time he had become a county councillor. Ross was Leader of Isle of Wight County Council 1973-74 and 1981-83. He was elected as Member of Parliament for the Isle of Wight at the February 1974 general election; this was the one surprising Liberal win at this election, outside areas where the Liberals had been traditionally strong. He was re-elected in October 1974, 1979 and 1983 until his retirement from the House of Commons in 1987. In the Commons he was successively party Document [80] (Title: Flag of the Isle of Wight) Flag of the Isle of Wight The Flag of the Isle of Wight was adopted and registered in January 2009. It shows a diamond shape (the island) hovering over ocean waves. The indentation of the top corner of the diamond represents the River Medina, which is the largest river on the island. There is anecdotal evidence that the Isle of Wight county colours have been used as a flag. These consisting of two thinner green vertical stripes surrounding a central thick white stripe, and these flags are still available from various sources. Other than this the only established flag of Document [81] (Title: John George (Virginia colonist)) County, Virginia but is now Prince George County, Virginia bordering Hopewell, Virginia. The George family moved to Isle of Wight County, Virginia in about 1642. When the George family moved to Isle of Wight County, they lived near Cypress Swamp and Creek and Castle Creek, near the present town of Smithfield, Virginia. Other records show that John George added 350 acres to his property on April 17, 1667. In 1647 and in 1652, John George was listed as a representative of Isle of Wight County in the Virginia House of Burgesses, the lower house of the colonial Virginia legislature. Since Document [82] (Title: Isle of Wight County Museum) located at 124 Main Street, was the first home for the collection. The museum opened on November 21, 1976, and for the first three years, dedicated volunteers kept the museum open on Sunday afternoons and at other times by appointment. The museum quickly outgrew its first home as gifts and loans expanded the collection. In 1979, the museum moved into its second historic building, the Bank of Smithfield, built in 1913 and located at 103 Main Street. That same year, the museum commission became a committee under the Isle of Wight County Public Recreational Facilities Authority, which assumed oversight of Document [83] (Title: Isle of Wight) residence and final home Osborne House at East Cowes. It has a maritime and industrial tradition including boat-building, sail-making, the manufacture of flying boats, the hovercraft, and Britain's space rockets. The island hosts annual music festivals including the Isle of Wight Festival, which in 1970 was the largest rock music event ever held. It has well-conserved wildlife and some of the richest cliffs and quarries for dinosaur fossils in Europe. The isle was owned by a Norman family until 1293 and was earlier a kingdom in its own right. In common with the Crown dependencies The British Crown was then Document [84] (Title: History of the Isle of Wight) the last Ice Age, about 8–9000 years ago, as sea levels rose, and the land of southern Britain sunk due to the post-glacial rebound of the north that had been under the ice. This flooded the former river valley of the Solent to the north, and the future English Channel to the south, and cut Wight off from the island of Britain. Once open to the sea, tidal scouring widened the Solent. The first inhabitants are assumed to have been hunter-gatherers migrating by land during the Paleolithic (Old Stone Age) period, as the ice age began to recede and the Document [85] (Title: Corf county campsite) acquired by the Isle of Wight Scouts in 1937 and has been developed since. The centre of the camp and main buildings have been moved since the original placements and further development is planned. The 23 acres of the site have 30 campsites. There is a playing field which in one corner is a play area for Beavers and Cubs. The permanent buildings on the site include 3 toilet blocks, showers (included in one of the set of blocks), an undercover activity area which has ping-pong tables, shop and a Pack Holiday Centre. This consists of dormitories, mess hall and Document [86] (Title: 2013 Isle of Wight Council election) further amplified for the Conservatives when the chief executive of the council, Steve Benyon, departed controversially after the Ofsted inspections. Beyond this local issue was the impact of national politics: the Conservatives were into their third year of governing the United Kingdom in coalition with the Liberal Democrats, implementing unpopular austerity measures and fending off challenges from Labour on the left and UKIP on the right. Cuts to local government forced the council to implement their own cost-saving measures, which included closing public toilets and tourist information centres. The Conservatives campaigned on working with the private sector to improve the Document [87] (Title: Newport (Isle of Wight) (UK Parliament constituency)) represent. Before the Great Reform Act of 1832, the right to vote was vested in the Mayor and Corporation (consisting of 11 aldermen and 12 burgesses). For much of the previous century the borough was "managed" for the government by the Holmes family, meaning that ministers could generally secure the election of their favoured candidates, but often only at the expense of considerable "gratuities" to the voters – in 1754, this apparently amounted to a payment of £600 for each candidate. The borough consisted of the parish of Newport and of Castle Hold in the parish of St Nicholas, thereby Document [88] (Title: Hugh Norman-Walker) of Wight County Structure Plan Panel to consult the people of the Isle of Wight on the possible change of the county structure. Before the panel was formed, the Isle of Wight had been planned to be merged with Hampshire under the Local Government Act 1972, but the plan came to a halt when it met with much opposition from local residents. The panel led by Norman-Walker did not achieve any special breakthrough and it was in 1995 that the Isle of Wight finally became a unitary authority. Norman-Walker died in his home in Farley on 28 August 1985, aged Document [89] (Title: Wihtwara) After the Norman Conquest the Isle of Wight was given to the de Redvers family in 1101 who were known as "Lords of the Isle of Wight". However the last of them was Izabel de Forz (also known as Isabella de Fortibus; 1237–1293), who was known informally as the "Queen of the Isle of Wight". Forz was visited shortly before her death by King Edward Longshanks (known later as Edward I), who said later that she had sold the Isle of Wight to him for 6,000 marks. The village of Queens Bower is said to be named after her. In Document [90] (Title: Isle of Wight Central Railway) every trip. The guarantee to the NG&StLR remained a difficulty, and could hardly be negotiated away. The solution arrived at was the purchase of that company by the IoWCR. The Isle of Wight Central Railway (Godshill Transfer) Act of 4 July 1913 authorised the change, and it became effective on 1 October 1913. Godshill ordinary shareholders got 5d in the pound; their railway had cost more than £250,000 to construct. The Freshwater, Yarmouth and Newport Railway had long been worked by the IoWCR. In 1910 the agreement needed to be renewed, and the IoWCR noted that major modernisation work was Document [91] (Title: Isle of Wight Railway) grouping in 1923. There were 221 goods vehicles lasting to grouping in 1923. The Cowes and Newport Railway had been the first line to be opened on the Isle of Wight, in 1862. A connection to Ryde was made by the Ryde and Newport Railway, which met the IoWR at Smallbrook, two miles south of Ryde. The IoWR constructed a second track alongside its own from Smallbrook to Ryde and the R&NR used that track and the IoWR Ryde station, paying a rental for the purpose. The R&NR opened to traffic from a station near Newport on 20 December 1875. Document [92] (Title: Isle of Wight) the King College started as two "middle schools," Trinity Middle School and Archbishop King Catholic Middle School, but has now been converted into a dual-faith secondary school and sixth form. Since September 2011 five new secondary schools, with an age range of 11 to 18 years, replaced the island's high schools (as a part of the previous three-tier system). Notable residents have included: The Isle of Wight has given names to many parts of former colonies, most notably Isle of Wight County in Virginia founded by settlers from the island in the 17th century. Its county seat is a town Document [93] (Title: Parliamentary representation from Isle of Wight) Parliamentary representation from Isle of Wight The Isle of Wight, an island off the south coast of England, was part of the historic county of Hampshire (originally Southamptonshire), and was linked with it for parliamentary purposes until 1832, when it became a county constituency in its own right as it had also been during the Protectorate (1654–1659). Hampshire (including the Isle of Wight), located in the 21st century region of South East England, was represented in Parliament from the 13th century. This article provides a list of constituencies constituting the Parliamentary representation from Isle of Wight. In 1890 the Isle Document [94] (Title: History of the Isle of Wight) are retained in the county archaeological centre. From about 685-686 the island can be considered part of Wessex, and after the West Saxon kings ruled all England, then part of England. The Anglo Saxon Chronicle tells how "Wiht-land" suffered from Viking raids: ""And then another time they lay in the Isle of Wight, and meanwhile ate out of Hampshire and of Sussex"". Alfred the Great's navy defeated the Danes in 871 after they had "ravaged Devon and the Isle of Wight". Around 900 the kingdom was divided into shires, and the island became part of the shire of Hampshire. During Document [95] (Title: Newport County, Rhode Island) the Providence-Warwick, RI-MA Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is in turn constitutes a portion of the greater Boston-Worcester-Providence, MA-RI-NH-CT Combined Statistical Area. Newport County was constituted on June 22, 1703, as one of the two original counties of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. As originally established, Newport County consisted of four towns: Portsmouth, Newport, Jamestown, and New Shoreham. In 1746-47, two towns, Little Compton and Tiverton, were acquired from Massachusetts. In 1856, the town of Fall River was split off from Tiverton but was ceded to Massachusetts six years later in 1862 as part of the settlement of Document [96] (Title: History of the Isle of Wight) inhabitants of southern Britain at this time may indeed have been Germanic, rather than Celtic, which could re-open the possibility of the island's name having Germanic roots. The Romans occupied southern Britain, including the Isle of Wight, for nearly four hundred years. The Romans built no towns on the island, but it became an agricultural centre, and at least seven Roman villas are known. The Roman villas at Newport and Brading have been excavated and are open to the public. When fully developed around 300 AD, Brading was probably the largest on the Island, being a courtyard villa with impressive Document [97] (Title: Isle of Wight (UK Parliament constituency)) Isle of Wight (UK Parliament constituency) Isle of Wight () is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2017 by Bob Seely of the Conservative Party. Created by the Great Reform Act for the 1832 general election it covers the whole of the Isle of Wight. It has the largest electorate of a constituency, since 1983. The Isle of Wight since 1832 makes up the geographic content of one seat of the House of Commons. It covers the same land as the ceremonial county of the Isle of Wight and the area administered by Document [98] (Title: Godfrey Baring) of the Isle of Wight Liberal Union aged 23, was made a Justice of the Peace a year later and was High Sheriff of Hampshire in 1897 at the age of 26. In 1898 he became chairman of the Isle of Wight County Council, a position he held for the rest of his life. A keen yachtsman, he was elected to the Royal Yacht Squadron in 1892. He frequently entertained royalty during Cowes Week at his residence, Nubia House. At the 1906 general election he was elected as Member of Parliament for the Isle of Wight, but lost the seat Document [99] (Title: Isle of Wight County, Virginia) a National Historic Landmark in recognition of its significance. Many landmark and contributing structures on the National Register are located in Smithfield including the Wentworth-Grinnan House. In 1732 a considerable portion of the northwestern part of the original shire was added to Brunswick County, and in 1748 the entire county of Southampton was carved out of it. During the American Civil War, Company F of the 61st Virginia Infantry Regiment of the Confederate Army was called the "Isle of Wight Avengers." According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and Document [100] (Title: Isle of Wight Academy) Isle of Wight Academy Isle of Wight Academy (IWA) is a private non-profit day school located in Isle of Wight County, Virginia. The school has students from pre-kindergarten to 12th grade and is non-sectarian and coeducational. The Isle of Wight Academy started in the space previously occupied by the Isle of Wight Elementary School, as a segregation academy. It was open for one year until, in the fall of 1968, a fire completely destroyed the school building, leaving only the original gymnasium (which remains the only building standing on the campus from the original school structure). With funding from the Document [101] (Title: Local Government Boundary Commission (1945–1949)) and Worcestershire. Although the Isle of Wight was below the population limit it was to be preserved because it was "an island and cannot conveniently be united with the mainland."" The large counties needing division were Cheshire, Lancashire, Staffordshire and the West Riding of Yorkshire. The proposed two-tier counties were as follows: The county boroughs proposed by the Commission were to be responsible for most local government in their area, only looking to the county councils for large area services. They were a mixture of existing county boroughs and larger non-county boroughs. †large enough to be a one-tier county, but Document [102] (Title: Medina, Isle of Wight) was abolished on 1 April 1995, when a single Isle of Wight Council replaced the Island's county council and two district councils. Medina, Isle of Wight Medina was a non-metropolitan district with the status of a borough on the Isle of Wight in England from 1974 to 1995. The district was formed by the Local Government Act 1972, and was a merger of the municipal boroughs of Newport and Ryde along with the urban district of Cowes. It was one of two districts on the Island formed in 1974 - the other was South Wight. "Medina" was an older name Document [103] (Title: Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties of England) changed the administrative map of England. The changes were carried out in several waves. On 1 April 1995, the Isle of Wight became a single unitary authority. It had previously had a two-tier structure with an Isle of Wight County Council, Medina Borough Council and South Wight Borough Council. Also on this day, two small areas were ceded from Surrey and Buckinghamshire to Berkshire, giving it a border with Greater London. On 1 April 1996, the unpopular counties of Avon, Humberside and Cleveland were abolished and their former area divided into unitary districts. Also at this time, the city of Document [104] (Title: George Fawdon) Wight County. George Fawdon, William Underwood and James Taylor, were appointed overseers of the will of Captain John Upton. In 1646 and in 1653, George Fawdon represented Isle of Wight County in the Virginia House of Burgesses. George Fawdon is listed as a justice of the local court in the Isle of Wight County Records for 1646 with eight others including John George. Since no names are listed between 1646 and 1666, George Fawdon may have served on the court during some or all of the years from 1646 until his death in 1654/1655. Fawdon was also listed as County Document [105] (Title: Isle of Wight) until 1974, when it was made its own ceremonial county. Apart from a shared police force, there is now no administrative link with Hampshire, although a combined local authority with Portsmouth and Southampton was considered, this is now unlikely to proceed. Until 1995 the island had a governor. The quickest public transport link to the mainland is the hovercraft from Ryde to Southsea; three vehicle ferry and two catamaran services cross the Solent to Southampton, Lymington and Portsmouth. During the last Ice Age, sea levels were lower and the Solent was part of a river flowing south east from current Document [106] (Title: South Wight) district councils. South Wight South Wight was a non-metropolitan district with the status of a borough on the Isle of Wight in England from 1974 to 1995. The district was formed by the Local Government Act 1972, and was a merger of Sandown-Shanklin and Ventnor urban districts and Isle of Wight Rural District. It was one of two districts on the island formed in 1974 - the other was Medina. Following a review by the Local Government Commission for England, the borough was abolished on 1 April 1995, when a single Isle of Wight Council replaced the island's county council Document [107] (Title: History of the Isle of Wight) a key manufacturer of the Flying-boats and the world's first hovercraft. The tradition of maritime industry continues on the Island today. The famous Regency architect John Nash lived on the island, and designed Newport's Guidhall, completed in 1816. It now houses the island's history museum. In the 1860s, what remains in real terms the most expensive ever government spending project saw fortifications built on the island and in the Solent, as well as elsewhere along the south coast, including the Palmerston Forts, The Needles Batteries and Fort Victoria, because of fears about the strength of the French and their possible Document [108] (Title: Isle of Wight Festival) Isle of Wight Festival The Isle of Wight Festival is a British music festival which takes place annually on the Isle of Wight in Newport, England. It was originally a counterculture event held from 1968 to 1970. The 1970 event was by far the largest and most famous of these early festivals and the unexpectedly high attendance levels led, in 1971, to Parliament adding a section to the Isle of Wight County Council Act 1971 preventing overnight open-air gatherings of more than 5,000 people on the island without a special licence from the council. The event was revived in 2002. Document [109] (Title: Isle of Wight Railway) taken into the SR on the following day. Finally a settlement was agreed in which shareholders would receive Southern Railway dividends at the same rate as they received from the IoWR in 1921. The Directors were voted £3,600 out of IoWR funds as compensation for loss of office. The Isle of Wight increased in popularity for holidaymakers and the Portsmouth to Ryde ferry route, owned by the Southern Railway, was the main route to the island. The traffic was highly seasonal; in 1929 two million people used the ferry annually. There were 26 trains per day on the line on Document [110] (Title: History of the Isle of Wight) fled to the Isle of Wight. But its Governor Colonel Robert Hammond had already declared for Parliament, and so he imprisoned Charles in Carisbrooke Castle. The king made several failed attempts to escape, one time famously getting stuck in a castle window. He also had letters smuggled out, most of which were intercepted, which he signed 'J' to disguise his identity (donkeys operating the castle's water-well have subsequently been given names beginning with 'J'). In September 1648 he discussed the Treaty of Newport with the Presbyterian faction of Parliament, which would have granted him a constitutional monarchy. However, he had Document [111] (Title: History of the Isle of Wight) of the town as well as other Island settlements, sealed its permanent decline. By the middle of the 16th century it was a small settlement long eclipsed by the more easily defended town of Newport. Elizabeth I breathed some life into the town by awarding two parliamentary seats but this ultimately made it one of the most notorious of the Rotten Boroughs. By the time of the Great Reform Act that abolished the seats, it had just fourteen houses and twenty-three voters. The Act also disenfranchised the borough of Yarmouth and replaced the four lost seats with the first MP Document [112] (Title: Politics of the Isle of Wight) stood for the Isle of Wight constituency in the 2015 United Kingdom general election which was held on 7 May 2015. Eleven candidates stood for the Isle of Wight constituency in the 2010 United Kingdom general election which was held on 6 May 2010. Five candidates contested the Isle of Wight constituency in the United Kingdom general election, 2005 held on the 5th May 2005. The election was expected to be a close race between the Liberal Democrats and Conservatives, but the high Conservative vote even surprised the successful candidate. The simultaneous local elections resulted in a Conservative landslide, and Document [113] (Title: Andrew Turner (politician)) 77,000 with plans for part of the island to be represented by a mainland MP, something which has not happened since 1832. Two exceptions to the boundary changes had been made to Scottish islands but it was felt that as the Isle of Wight was geographically closer to the mainland, such an exception would not be necessary. The One Wight campaign, led by Turner launched with a petition on 23 July 2010 and within the first week over 1,500 people had signed, which had increased to 5,000 by the middle of August. The target of 10,000 signatures was reached over Document [114] (Title: Railways on the Isle of Wight) extension of its main line to reach Ventnor in 1866. In 1871, the Ryde tramway was extended to meet the railway line at Ryde St John's Road. The Ryde & Newport Railway opened in December 1875, with operations controlled by the Cowes & Newport company. In 1875, the Isle of Wight (Newport Junction) Railway opened the main part of its 10-mile Sandown to Newport line, planned in 1868. It would have opened sooner, but failed official inspections. In February 1875, the line was opened between Shide, a suburb of Newport, and the IWR station at Sandown. Eight months later the Document [115] (Title: Hampshire) World War 2. Aldershot remains one of the British Army's main permanent camps. Farnborough is a major centre for the aviation industry. Although the Isle of Wight has at times been part of Hampshire, it has been administratively independent for over a century, obtaining a county council of its own in 1890. The Isle of Wight became a full ceremonial county in 1974. Apart from a shared police force, no formal administrative links now exist between the Isle of Wight and Hampshire, though many organisations still combine Hampshire and the Isle of Wight. In the 20th century, local government reorganisation Document [116] (Title: Isle of Wight) raiders when they were unable to reach Normandy. Later, both Earl Tostig and his brother Harold Godwinson (who became King Harold II) held manors on the island. The Norman Conquest of 1066 created the position of Lord of the Isle of Wight; the island was given by William the Conqueror to his kinsman William FitzOsbern. Carisbrooke Priory and the fort of Carisbrooke Castle were then founded. Allegiance was sworn to FitzOsbern rather than the king; the Lordship was subsequently granted to the de Redvers family by Henry I, after his succession in 1100. For nearly 200 years the island was Document [117] (Title: Isle of Wight County, Virginia) of families and 8.30% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.80% of those under age 18 and 11.90% of those age 65 or over. House of Delegates: Senate: U.S. House of Representatives: Blackwater Regional Library is the regional library system that provides services to the citizens of Isle of Wight. Isle of Wight County, Virginia Isle of Wight County is a county located in the Hampton Roads region of the U.S. state of Virginia. It was named after the Isle of Wight, in the English Channel, from where many of its early colonists had come. As of Document [118] (Title: Isle of Wight Central Railway) the port of entry to the island, and it soon became more important than Cowes, particularly for passengers. 300,000 people travelled between Newport and Ryde annually, and the road coaches were not convenient. The necessity of connecting Newport revived the idea of a railway between them, and on 25 July 1872 the "Ryde and Newport Railway" was authorised by Parliament. The share capital was £65,000. The Isle of Wight Railway agreed to the R&NR using its line to get access to Ryde, and to its station there, in exchange for running powers for the IoWR between Ryde and Newport. The Document [119] (Title: Politics of the Isle of Wight) is a part of the South East England region for the purposes of European Parliamentary elections. The results of the 2014 European Parliament election on the Isle of Wight were as follows. "The following results are exclusively for the Isle of Wight; results are collated regionally prior to MEPs being assigned under the closed list proportional representation system." Turnout on the Isle of Wight was 35,600 out of an electorate of 111,879 (31.82%) The results of the 2009 European election on the Isle of Wight were as follows. "The following results are exclusively for the Isle of Wight; results are Document [120] (Title: Isle of Wight Railway) continues to the present day. In the first years of the nineteenth century, the Isle of Wight was established as a successful agricultural base, and there was some fishing. Cowes, on the River Medina, was the principal port, and Newport was the main industrial town. Ryde was an established town, but Shanklin had a population of 355 (in 1851) and Sandown was only a village. The idea of visiting the Isle of Wight for reasons now described as tourism began to take hold, but these activities were limited by the poor internal transport facilities on the island. The easy money Document [121] (Title: Old Isle of Wight Courthouse) found in many English churches of the period and echoing the Colonial Capitol in Williamsburg. An adjacent clerk's office was constructed in 1799, although it was only in use for its intended purpose for a year, before the new courthouse at Isle of Wight was constructed. The old Smithfield courthouse was later modified into a family residence. To do so, the arcade was blocked and the roof converted to a gable. The courthouse and clerk's office were acquired by Preservation Virginia in 1938 and an extensive restoration project was completed in 1959. A second restoration of the courthouse was undertaken Document [122] (Title: Politics of the Isle of Wight) county back into Hampshire as a district in the 1974 local government reform, but a last minute change led to it retaining its county council. However, since there was no provision made in the Local Government Act 1972 for unitary authorities, the Island had to retain a two-tier structure, with a county council and two boroughs, Medina and South Wight. The borough councils were merged with the county council on 1 April 1995 to form a single unitary authority, the Isle of Wight Council, as recommended by the Local Government Commission for England. The only significant present-day administrative link with Document [123] (Title: National Register of Historic Places listings in Isle of Wight County, Virginia) Historic Landmark. Another property was once listed, but has since been removed. National Register of Historic Places listings in Isle of Wight County, Virginia This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Isle of Wight County, Virginia. This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Isle of Wight County, Virginia, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a Google map. There are 19 properties and Document [124] (Title: Percy Stone) County History of Hampshire", a scholarly study of the county's ecclesiastical, topographical, architectural and social history, which was published in 1912. William Page, the series editor, acknowledged Stone's contribution specifically, thanking him for his "advice and assistance in all matters connected with the history of the Isle of Wight, a subject he has made so particularly his own". Stone also wrote a book about the village churches of the island. Much of Stone's work on the Isle of Wight was done at Church of England churches. He restored the ancient churches at Bonchurch (Old St Boniface Church), in 1923 and Document [125] (Title: Local Government Boundary Commission for England (1972)) were to become part of an enlarged Lincolnshire, while those to the north would become part of a new county of East Yorkshire. The commission also agreed that the two districts in the Isle of Wight should be abolished, with the county council becoming a unitary authority. However, this was beyond their powers and would require primary legislation. The LGBCE was abolished in 1992 by the Local Government Act 1992. The 1992 legislation allowed for a greater reform of local government than the 1972 act, with the ability to carry out structural reviews and replace the two-tier system with unitary Document [126] (Title: Isle of Wight Central Railway) The operation of the Isle of Wight Railway enhanced the importance of Ryde as the port of entry to the island, which soon became more important than Cowes. The necessity of connecting Newport revived the idea of a railway between them, and on 25 July 1872 the "Ryde and Newport Railway" was authorised by Parliament. The share capital was £65,000. A contract for the construction was awarded to Barnett and Gale on 1 October 1872. Instead of building its own line into Ryde, it arranged with the Isle of Wight Railway to join it at Smallbrook, a little over a Document [127] (Title: Newport, Isle of Wight) had also represented the borough in the 1790s. However, Lamb remained MP for Newport for only two weeks before also being elected for Bletchingley, which he preferred to represent. Newport's representation in Parliament was cut to one seat in 1867, and it was abolished altogether as a separate constituency in 1885. It now forms part of the Isle of Wight constituency. Newport has been under a variety of administrations. In birth order: Newport, Isle of Wight Newport is a civil parish and the county town of the Isle of Wight, an island off the south coast of England. The civil Document [128] (Title: History of the Isle of Wight) estimates 600,000. The festival was revived in 2002 in a different format, and is now an annual event. The first Governor to hold the crown representative title used now of Lord-Lieutenant was Lord Mountbatten of Burma until his murder in 1979. Lord Mottistone was the last Lord Lieutenant to also hold the title Governor (from 1992 to 1995). Since 1995 there has been no Governor appointed and Mr Christopher Bland has been the Lord Lieutenant. The island's most ancient borough was Newtown on the large natural harbour on the island's north-western coast. A French raid in 1377, which destroyed much Document [129] (Title: Education reforms on the Isle of Wight) the main towns of Newport, Ryde, Shanklin and Sandown. A final decision was made in May, announcing which schools would be closed. The decision was made based on all three options put forward, instead of going down one definite path. The reforms were first implemented in September 2008, with everything aimed at completion by September 2010. In 2004, the Isle of Wight Council undertook a consultative process aimed at changing local education structure, to a two tier school system which would bring the island in line with the rest of the country. The move was opposed by a lobby known Document [130] (Title: Isle of Wight Constabulary) a war time measure. At that time there were 79 police officers in the Isle of Wight Constabulary. With the Police Act 1946 in 1948 the Isle of Wight Constabulary was absorbed into the Hampshire Constabulary to become the Hampshire Joint Police Force, so once again policing of the island was by Hampshire even though the Isle of Wight remained an independent county. Retired army Captain Harry George Adams-Connor was Chief Constable from 1899 until 1935. Captain Adams-Connor served in an Irish Regiment called the Connaught Rangers. The Chief Constable at the time of amalgamation with Hampshire in 1943 was Document [131] (Title: South Wight) South Wight South Wight was a non-metropolitan district with the status of a borough on the Isle of Wight in England from 1974 to 1995. The district was formed by the Local Government Act 1972, and was a merger of Sandown-Shanklin and Ventnor urban districts and Isle of Wight Rural District. It was one of two districts on the island formed in 1974 - the other was Medina. Following a review by the Local Government Commission for England, the borough was abolished on 1 April 1995, when a single Isle of Wight Council replaced the island's county council and two Document [132] (Title: Isle of Wight Observer) paper until 1865. After this, until 1893, Hannah Butler is listed in Mitchell's Press Directory as the Proprietress. The paper continued publication until 1922, when it was incorporated into the Isle of Wight Times. Isle of Wight Observer The Isle of Wight Observer was a regional British Newspaper based in Ryde. It had a main run of 1852 to 1922 publishing 3,327 editions. It was first founded by Ebenezer Hartnall in December 1845 until in 27 June 1846, after thirty issues had been published he ceased publication for reasons speculated as likely to have been a combination of low sales, Document [133] (Title: Parliamentary representation from Isle of Wight) in the Parliament of England. Key to abbreviations:- Parliamentary representation from Isle of Wight The Isle of Wight, an island off the south coast of England, was part of the historic county of Hampshire (originally Southamptonshire), and was linked with it for parliamentary purposes until 1832, when it became a county constituency in its own right as it had also been during the Protectorate (1654–1659). Hampshire (including the Isle of Wight), located in the 21st century region of South East England, was represented in Parliament from the 13th century. This article provides a list of constituencies constituting the Parliamentary representation Document [134] (Title: Isle of Wight) team leagues , and a rugby union club. The Isle of Wight is the 39th official county in English cricket, and the Isle of Wight Cricket Board organises a league of local clubs. Ventnor Cricket Club competes in the Southern Premier League, and has won the Second Division several times. Newclose County Cricket Ground near Newport opened officially in 2009 but with its first match held on 6 September 2008. The island has produced some notable cricketers, such as Danny Briggs, who plays county cricket for Sussex. The Isle of Wight competes in the biennial Island Games, which it hosted Document [135] (Title: Warrosquyoake Shire) Warrosquyoake Shire Warrosquoake Shire (with numerous variant spellings, including Warrascoyack, Warrascocke and "Warwick Squeak") was officially formed in 1634 in the Virginia colony, but had already been known as "Warascoyack County" before this. It was renamed Isle of Wight County in 1637. Shortly after the establishment of Jamestown in 1607, English settlers explored and began settling areas adjacent to Hampton Roads. The shoreline region of Warrascoyack was then occupied by the Warraskoyak tribe of the Powhatan Confederacy, under their "weroance", Tackinekintaco. The main Warraskoyak village was located in present-day Smithfield, Virginia, while a satellite village called Mokete was at Pagan Document [136] (Title: Politics of the Isle of Wight) six lost seats with the first MP for the whole Isle of Wight. Often thought of as part of Hampshire, the Isle of Wight was briefly included in that county when the first county councils were created in 1888. However, a "Home Rule" campaign led to a separate county council being established for the Isle of Wight in 1890, and it has remained separate ever since. Like inhabitants of many islands, Islanders are fiercely jealous of their real (or perceived) independence, and confusion over the Island's separate status is a perennial source of friction. It was planned to merge the Document [137] (Title: History of the Isle of Wight) for the whole Isle of Wight; Newport also retained its two MPs, though these were reduced to one in 1868 and eventually abolished completely in 1885. Often thought of as part of Hampshire, the Isle of Wight was briefly included in that county when the first county councils were created in 1888. However, a "Home Rule" campaign led to a separate county council being established for the Isle of Wight in 1890, and it has remained separate ever since. Like inhabitants of many islands, Islanders are fiercely jealous of their real (or perceived) independence, and confusion over the Island's separate Document [138] (Title: Volunteer Force) the counties to which the corps were to belong: for the purposes of the Act the Isle of Wight, the Tower Hamlets and the Cinque Ports were separate counties, with the Governor of the Isle of Wight, the Constable of the Tower of London and the Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports commissioning officers in place of the lord-lieutenant. The Isle of Man was also to dealt with as if it were a county of England, with the Lieutenant-Governor performing the same role as a county lord-lieutenant. In 1872, under the provisions of the Regulation of the Forces Act 1871, Document [139] (Title: Isle of Wight County, Virginia) hall for the School Board. The chambers are sometimes used as a court for civil trials if the new courthouse is fully in use. The new courthouse opened in 2010; it is across the street from the sheriff's office and county offices complex. During the 17th century, shortly after establishment of the settlement at Jamestown in 1607, English settlers explored and began settling the areas adjacent to the large Hampton Roads waterway. Captain John Smith in 1608 crossed the James River and obtained fourteen bushels of corn from the Native American inhabitants, the Warrosquyoack or Warraskoyak. They were a tribe Document [140] (Title: Isle of Wight Central Railway) Wootton and Havenstreet, operating steam trains as a heritage railway. In 1991 the line was extended to Smallbrook on the Ryde – Shanklin line, where a new interchange station was built, enabling passengers to interchange with Island Line trains. Isle of Wight Central Railway The Isle of Wight Central Railway (IoWCR) was a railway company on the Isle of Wight, United Kingdom. It was formed in 1887 by the merging of three earlier railways, the Cowes and Newport Railway (opened 1862), the Ryde and Newport Railway (opened 1875) and the Isle of Wight (Newport Junction) Railway, (opened in stages 1875 Document [141] (Title: Politics of the Isle of Wight) seat reverted to the Conservatives in 2001, and has remained Conservative since, with the Liberal Democrats falling to fifth place in 2015, when UKIP came second. The Labour Party came second in 2017, with the Liberal Democrats and UKIP both losing their deposits. The sitting MP Andrew Turner stepped down at the 2017 United Kingdom general election held on the 8th June after a controversy regarding remarks he made about homosexuality. He was replaced as the Conservative candidate by Bob Seely, an Isle of Wight councillor and former soldier who went on to be elected as the MP. Six candidates Document [142] (Title: 2013 Isle of Wight Council election) administration. On 8 May, the Island Independents announced that the five other independents had joined their group. The next election to the council was held in May 2017 and led to the Conservatives regaining control of the council. 2013 Isle of Wight Council election The 2013 Isle of Wight Council election was held on 2 May 2013 to elect all 40 members for a four-year term to the Isle of Wight Council, a unitary authority which governs the Isle of Wight. Going into the election, the Conservative Party was looking to gain a third term in power after first being Document [143] (Title: Isle of Wight County, Virginia) (13.0%) is water. The county is bounded by the James River on the north and the Blackwater River to the south. The land is generally low-lying, with many swamps and pocosins. As of the census of 2010, there were 35,270 people, 11,319 households, and 8,670 families residing in the county. The population density was 94 people per square mile (36/km²). There were 12,066 housing units at an average density of 38 per square mile (15/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 71.8% White, 24.7% Black or African American, 0.4% Native American, 0.8% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 0.5% from other Document [144] (Title: Isle of Wight County, Virginia) with 25.40% under the age of 18, 6.60% from 18 to 24, 29.60% from 25 to 44, 26.20% from 45 to 64, and 12.20% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females there were 95.70 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.70 males. The median income for a household in the county was $45,387, and the median income for a family was $52,597. Males had a median income of $37,853 versus $22,990 for females. The per capita income for the county was $20,235. About 6.60% Document [145] (Title: Coat of arms of the Isle of Wight) shoreline to further represent the island status. The motto reads "All this beauty is of God". The arms were granted to the County Council. Under the terms of the grant by the College of Arms, they can not be used by other organisations associated with the Isle of Wight, even with the council's permission. Coat of arms of the Isle of Wight The coat of arms of the Isle of Wight was granted to the former Isle of Wight County Council in 1938. The arms were transferred to the new unitary Isle of Wight Council when the county council along Document [146] (Title: Lord of the Isle of Wight) privileges as feudal overlord of the Isle of Wight. In 1293, lying on her death bed, the countess sold the island to Edward I for 6,000 marks. The Lordship thereafter became a royal appointment. The last Lord of the Isle of Wight was Edward Woodville, Lord Scales (d. 1488). Lord of the Isle of Wight The Lord of the Isle of Wight is a title that began when William the Conqueror granted the Isle of Wight to William Fitz Osbern. It was a hereditary title. The last Lord of the Island of Wight was actually not a lord but a Document [147] (Title: Lord of the Isle of Wight) Lord of the Isle of Wight The Lord of the Isle of Wight is a title that began when William the Conqueror granted the Isle of Wight to William Fitz Osbern. It was a hereditary title. The last Lord of the Island of Wight was actually not a lord but a lady. Countess Isabella de Fortibus acquired the lordship when her brother died in 1262. The countess had been widowed in 1261 and became the wealthiest female in the British Islands who was not a member of a royal family. Isabella dwelt in Carisbrooke Castle. She exercised her rights and Document [148] (Title: Politics of the Isle of Wight) residents attitudes towards wind turbines were two to one against, with 612 in favour and 1,328 against Cheverton Down proposals. Politics of the Isle of Wight As a geographical entity distinct from the mainland, the Isle of Wight has always fought to have this identity recognised. The Isle of Wight is currently a ceremonial and Non-metropolitan county and as it has no district councils (only the county council) it is effectively a unitary county. The island is also the highest populated Westminster constituency in the country. Historically, the island was part of the historic county of Hampshire, previously called Southamptonshire. Document [149] (Title: History of the Isle of Wight) as the "Fort of the Men of Wight" ("Wihtwarasburgh"), or alternatively the fort may have been named after Wihtgar. It is believed that the island became a Jutish kingdom ruled by King Stuf and his successors, until 661 when it was invaded by Wulfhere of Mercia and forcibly converted to Christianity. When he returned to Mercia the island reverted to paganism. Arwald was its last Jutish King and the last pagan king in Anglo-Saxon England until the Vikings. Bede describes the invasion of the island in 686 (noting that Bede was writing fifty years later, and some of his dates Document [150] (Title: National Register of Historic Places listings in Isle of Wight County, Virginia) National Register of Historic Places listings in Isle of Wight County, Virginia This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Isle of Wight County, Virginia. This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Isle of Wight County, Virginia, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a Google map. There are 19 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county, including 1 National Document [151] (Title: Railways on the Isle of Wight) railway link to the mainland was authorised by Parliament in 1903. The South West and Isle of Wight Junction Railway was a joint project between the London & South Western Railway and the FYN. The excavation of a two and a half-mile long tunnel was approved in 1903, 1904 and 1909. However, the tunnel project was abandoned due the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. As mentioned above, the IWCR and FYN had an agreement whereby the IWCR would provide the train service along the FYN line. However, in 1913 this agreement deteriorated to the point that the Document [152] (Title: 2013 Isle of Wight Council election) 2013 Isle of Wight Council election The 2013 Isle of Wight Council election was held on 2 May 2013 to elect all 40 members for a four-year term to the Isle of Wight Council, a unitary authority which governs the Isle of Wight. Going into the election, the Conservative Party was looking to gain a third term in power after first being elected to overall control in 2005, but in one of the shock results of the wider local elections being held in the country, the Conservatives lost overall control of the council, having been reduced to 15 seats, 6 Document [153] (Title: Old Isle of Wight Courthouse) Old Isle of Wight Courthouse The Old Isle of Wight Courthouse was built in 1750-51 and was used as the main courthouse for Isle of Wight County, Virginia until a new courthouse was built at Isle of Wight, Virginia in 1800. It is located in the Historic District in the town of Smithfield. During its 50 years of use as the county courthouse, it was considered the center of life in Isle of Wight and in the town of Smithfield, which was incorporated in 1752. It was constructed by William Rand, and featured a distinctive semi-circular apse and conical roof Document [154] (Title: St John Hutchinson) candidate; In 1916 he stood down from the County Council. He was Liberal candidate for the Isle of Wight division at the 1929 General Election. This was a Unionist/Liberal marginal seat that the Unionists had won at the previous election in 1924 and the Liberals had last won in 1923. Although the Liberals were experiencing a mini-revival nationally, he could not translate that into a win on the Isle of Wight; Hutchinson was a member of the Executive Committee of the Contemporary Art Society. Shortly before his death he was appointed a Trustee of the Tate Gallery. Although Hutchinson was Document [155] (Title: Flag of the Isle of Wight) on 9 January 2009. Although the island does not meet the Flag Institute's preferred criterion of being a historic county, the flag has nevertheless been described as a "county flag" to reflect the island's distinct identity. In April 2009 the new flag was officially launched and replaced the older design flown from County Hall. Before this competition, the Council flag was the only popularly known flag for the island. It is taken from the Isle of Wight Arms granted in 1938 and features a representation of Carisbrooke Castle, which was the historic seat of the Governors. The blue surrounding field Document [156] (Title: Edward Horsey) had been appointed a Justice of the Peace for Hampshire and Wight in 1569, which post he held until he died. He was a Member of Parliament in 1571 for Southampton (of which he had been made a burgess the year before) and then in 1572 for the county of Hampshire. On 22 May 1572 he was named on committees concerning firearms and 8 March one on Justices of the Forest. As Captain of the Isle of Wight he was appointed to committees dealing with ports and wines. He was appointed Keeper of Carisbroke park and Steward of Crworn Lands Document [157] (Title: Isle of Wight Railway) Newport on 1 June 1879. In 1880 the line was purchased by the Cowes and Newport company. The idea that the Island railways should be worked as one entity by a Joint Committee of the LSWR and LBSCR was gaining support. In December 1875 Herapath's Railway Journal reported a story that the mainland companies had offered to work the Isle of Wight railways for 50 per cent of gross receipts and claimed that such a course would be profitable to all concerned. Maycock and Silbury say, "They reckoned without the IoWR shareholders who knew their company already cost less than Document [158] (Title: Politics of the Isle of Wight) single member constituencies and 1 double member constituency. The local council elections were held on 5 May 2005, the same date as the general election of that year. A local referendum on the issue of a directly-elected mayor of the Isle of Wight was held at the same time as the local elections - this failed to pass, with 37,097 against to 28,786 for. "Prior to 1995, these results are for Isle of Wight County Council." The Isle of Wight voted 62% to leave the European Union in the 2016 EU referendum, compared with 52% nationally. The Isle of Wight Document [159] (Title: Isle of Wight County Press) the largest local newspaper publishers in the United Kingdom, running other operations locally including the Southern Daily Echo based in Southampton. The offer was met with criticism locally with fears a takeover from a mainland firm could cause the paper to lose its connection to the island. A counter offer made as part of a community bid, however it was ultimately unsuccessful and with the paper being sold to Newsquest in July 2017. In January 2018 the paper ceased being printed in Newbury, instead moving to Newquest's own printing press in Southampton. At the same time the physical size of Document [160] (Title: History of the Isle of Wight) are considered approximate) by Caedwalla, a Wessex King. He writes: "After Caedwalla had obtained possession of the kingdom of the Gewissae, he took also the Isle of Wight, which till then was entirely given over to idolatry, and by merciless slaughter, endeavoured to destroy all the inhabitants thereof, and to place in their stead people from his own province; binding himself by a vow, though it is said that he was not yet regenerated in Christ, to give the fourth part of the land and of the spoil to the Lord, if he took the Island. He fulfilled this vow Document [161] (Title: Isle of Wight) (meaning "caterpillar"), "gurt" meaning "large", "nammit" (a mid-morning snack) and "gallybagger" ("scarecrow", and now the name of a local cheese). There remains occasional confusion between the Isle of Wight as a county and its former position within Hampshire. The island was regarded and administered as a part of Hampshire until 1890, when its distinct identity was recognised with the formation of Isle of Wight County Council (see also "Politics of the Isle of Wight"). However, it remained a part of Hampshire until the local government reforms of 1974 when it became a full ceremonial county with its own Lord Lieutenant. Document [162] (Title: Warrosquyoake Shire) later fled with them to Maryland. He returned during the Cromwellian period to serve as Governor of Virginia. Land that was originally portions of the Warrosquoake Shire and Isle of Wight County later formed many other counties to the immediate southwest, in the region now defined as Southside Virginia. Isle of Wight County, Southampton County, Greensville County and Brunswick County were all created within the limits of what had been Warrosquoake Shire. Warrosquyoake Shire Warrosquoake Shire (with numerous variant spellings, including Warrascoyack, Warrascocke and "Warwick Squeak") was officially formed in 1634 in the Virginia colony, but had already been known Document [163] (Title: Transport on the Isle of Wight) was relocated nearby and redeveloped, with the previous site built over with shops. During the summer, Southern Vectis also operates some open-topped buses as tourist routes: The Downs Breezer and The Needles Breezer. Wightbus first started in the 1970s as the Isle of Wight County Council's 'County Bus', and branded 'Wightbus' in 1997. They operate a smaller network of services that are not viable for a commercial operator, but that attract government subsidy. They took around 1000 island students to and from school, until Southern Vectis took over all school services from September 2010. Cowes has currently the only park-and-ride Document [164] (Title: Local Government Act 1888) 1890 the Scilly Isles were separated from the County of Cornwall for administrative purposes ‡ Newport became a county borough in 1891 A number of urban sanitary districts lay in more than one county. In each case, county boundaries were altered so that each town lay entirely within the administrative county that contained the largest part of the district's population in the 1881 census. Local Government Act 1888 The Local Government Act 1888 (51 & 52 Vict. c.41) was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which established county councils and county borough councils in England and Wales. Document [165] (Title: Isle of Wight) the abolition of its two borough councils and restructuring of the county council as Isle of Wight Council in 1995, it has been a unitary authority. Elections in the constituency have traditionally been a battle between the Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats. Andrew Turner of the Conservative Party gained the seat from Peter Brand of the Lib Dems at the 2001 general election. Since 2009, Turner was embroiled in controversy over his expenses, health, and relationships with colleagues, with local Conservatives having tried but failed to remove him in the runup to the 2015 general election. He stood down prior Document [166] (Title: Newport (Isle of Wight) (UK Parliament constituency)) excluding that part of the town which extended over the boundary into Carisbrooke parish; this gave the borough a population of 4,398 in 1831. The 1832 reforms extended the borough to take in the rest of the town, raising the population to 6,700, though the electorate was still only 421. Newport's representation was reduced from two members to one by the second Reform Act for the 1868 general election, and abolished altogether in 1885, leaving the town represented as part of the Isle of Wight county constituency. Biggs resigned, causing a by-election. "Seat reduced to one member" Martin's death caused Document [167] (Title: Isle of Wight County Press) 3 million online viewers in January 2013. The first compact issue was released on 3 October 2008. Prior to this the paper had always been published in a broadsheet format. The change was made in a response to surveys carried out by the paper in November 2007 claiming 87 percent of islanders in favour of a compact format. Following the first release of the first compact issue, many islanders found the smaller size unsuitable for use on some jobs such as bee keeping. In June 2017, a takeover offer was received by the paper by Newsquest Media Group, one of Document [168] (Title: Isle of Wight Walking Festival) in 1991 to around 12,000 now. As the event grew it became clear the event had to be managed by a larger group, so a committee was formed from within the hospice. Other companies have later come on to support the event such as Red Funnel and Southern Vectis who now provide free travel for walkers. In 2008 a new 'Flat Walk the Wight' was introduced running along the island's cycle network, aimed at those unable to manage the steep hills the traditional walk involves such as those in wheelchairs or with small children. The walk starts from Sandown High Document [169] (Title: Hampshire Constabulary) constable and two superintendents: one was based in Winchester, and the second based on the Isle of Wight (then part of Hampshire). The first separate police force on the island was formed in 1837 when the Newport Borough Police was established. A separate Isle of Wight Constabulary was not formed until 1890 when the island was the granted administrative county status. During the 19th century, Hampshire County Constabulary absorbed various borough forces including Basingstoke Borough Police (1836–1889), Romsey Borough Police (1836–1865), Lymington Borough Police (1836–1852) and Andover Borough Police (1836–1846). The Isle of Wight Constabulary likewise absorbed the borough forces Document [170] (Title: Isle of Wight County, Virginia) courthouse for the county was built in Smithfield in 1750. The original courthouse and its associated tavern (The Smithfield Inn) are still standing. As the county population developed, leaders thought they needed a county seat near the center of the area. They built a new courthouse near the center of the county in 1800. The 1800 brick courthouse and its associated tavern (Boykin's Tavern) are still standing, as are the 1822 clerk's offices nearby. Some additions have been made. The 1800 courthouse is used daily, serving as the government chambers for the Board of Supervisors, as well as the meeting Document [171] (Title: Isle of Wight County, Virginia) Nansemond in 1635, and later was appointed as governor of the Virginia Colony. By 1634, the entire Colony consisted of eight shires or counties with a total population of approximately 5,000 inhabitants. Warrosquyoake Shire was renamed in 1637 as Isle of Wight County, after the island off the south coast of England. The original name had come derived from the Native Americans of the area; it went through transliteration and Anglicisation, eventually becoming known as "Warwicke Squeake". St. Luke's Church , built in the 17th century, is Virginia's oldest church building. In the late 20th century, it was designated as Document [172] (Title: Isle of Wight) The oldest records that give a name for the Isle of Wight are from the Roman Empire: it was then called "Vectis" or "Vecta" in Latin, "Iktis" or "Ouiktis" in Greek. From the Anglo-Saxon period Latin "Vecta", Old English "Wiht" and Old Welsh forms "Gueid" and "Guith" are recorded. In Domesday Book it is "Wit"; the modern Welsh name is "Ynys Wyth" ("ynys" = island). These are all variant forms of the same name, possibly Celtic in origin. It may mean "place of the division", because the island divides the two arms of the Solent. The Isle of Wight is Document [173] (Title: Isle of Wight Council) by a coalition of LibDems and Independents. Elections held in June 2005 led to significant change as the Conservatives took over from the Liberal Democrats as the largest group, winning seats primarily from the Lib Dems and Independents who had previously worked together. In the 2009 elections the Conservatives managed to retain their majority by securing 24 of the revised 40 seats; however this was the only Conservative council in the UK that lost seats. In 2013, the Island Independents gained 20 seats, one short of a majority, with the Conservatives only winning 15. As of January 2015, the Island Document [174] (Title: Isle of Wight Foxhounds) Isle of Wight Foxhounds Up until 1845 the Isle of Wight was hunted by the Crockford Harriers. The pack, which had been kennelled at Marvel, near Newport, was sold in 1845 to become the Prince of Wales' Harriers. This opened the door for the beginning of the Isle of Wight Foxhounds, which were originally established by a group of gentleman including Mr Ben Cotton and Henry Nunn. The hounds remained kenneled at Marvel. In 1864 the pack moved to Appuldurcombe, Wroxall and to Afton House, Freshwater for three years from 1877. From 1920 to 1927 they were kennelled at Wootton, Document [175] (Title: Liberty Jail) Smith proclaimed that the land around Wight's ferry was the area to which Adam was banished after leaving the Garden of Eden, and that it would be a gathering spot prior to the Millennium. Within three months, the population of Daviess County exploded to 1,500. Non-Mormon settlers in Daviess County, fearing that they would lose control of the county, attempted to prevent Mormons from voting during the Gallatin Election Day Battle on August 6, 1838. This was the first skirmish in what became known as the 1838 Mormon War, in which men would be killed and property destroyed by both Document [176] (Title: Isle of Wight County Museum) and educational programming to both in-person visitors and social media followers. The museum’s exhibits include prehistoric fossils, colonial and pre-colonial artifacts, a turn-of-the-century country store, displays interpreting the Smithfield ham industry and the museum’s most notable artifact: the world’s oldest, edible cured ham. P.D. Gwaltney Jr.’s famous pet ham currently resides at the Isle of Wight County Museum. In 1902, a cured ham was overlooked, and for 20 years, the ham hung from a rafter in one of Gwaltney’s packing houses. By 1924, the pet ham was kept in an iron safe which was opened daily for guests to view. Document [177] (Title: Warrosquyoake Shire) colony. By 1634, by order of the King of England, Charles I, eight shires of Virginia were formed with a total population of 4,914 settlers. Warrosquoake Shire included 522 persons at this time. It and Accomac Shire were the only shires given Native American names for the friendly tribes nearby. It was renamed Isle of Wight County in 1637, after the Isle of Wight, an island in the English channel. The river bearing this name was renamed Pagan River. During the three years when it was officially Warrosquoake Shire, Richard Bennett led the small Puritan community to neighboring Nansemond, and Document [178] (Title: Culture of the Isle of Wight) first creative flowering occurred during the reign of Queen Victoria, under whose patronage the island became a fashionable destination for the gentry. Alfred, Lord Tennyson was made Baron Tennyson, of Aldworth in the County of Sussex and of Freshwater on the Isle of Wight by Queen Victoria in 1884. The poet Algernon Charles Swinburne grew up at Bonchurch, and said in a letter that he had climbed Culver Cliff at 17. He is buried at Bonchurch. The author Maxwell Gray (Mary Gleed Tuttiett) was born in Newport, and a number of her novels, including the best-known, "The Silence of Dean Document [179] (Title: History of the Isle of Wight) Redvers family ruling from Carisbrooke. The final private owner was the Norman Countess Isabella de Fortibus, who inherited it aged 25 after her brother died suddenly. She ruled for thirty years, during which time all of her children died. On her deathbed in 1293 she was persuaded to sell the island to Edward I, and so it came under control of the English crown. Newtown was laid out by a Bishop of Winchester and his ecclesiastical estate at Swainston, and granted Borough status in 1256. It did not prosper, partly because it was in competition with the existing ports of Document [180] (Title: Isle of Wight) named Isle of Wight. Other notable examples include: The Isle of Wight was: Isle of Wight The Isle of Wight (; also referred to informally as The Island or abbreviated to IoW) is a county and the largest and second-most populous island in England. It is in the English Channel, between 2 and 5 miles off the coast of Hampshire, separated by the Solent. The island has resorts that have been holiday destinations since Victorian times, and is known for its mild climate, coastal scenery, and verdant landscape of fields, downland and chines. The island has been home to the Document [181] (Title: Local Government Boundary Commission for England (1972)) during the 1970s and 1980s. Although it had the power, the LGBCE never created or abolished any county, district or London borough. The only major proposals made were in relation to the county of Humberside and the two districts on the Isle of Wight. In March 1990 the commission finished a review of Humberside. It was recognised that the county was very unpopular, but the LGBCE recommended its retention as there was no agreement on what should replace it. By November 1990 the commission had changed its mind, and recommended that Humberside be abolished. The districts south of the Humber Document [182] (Title: George Fawdon) of George Fawdon's presence in the Virginia colony is from a court in James City, Virginia on February 8, 1627 (/1628) which ordered "that George Fawdon, Thomas Sawyer & Wassell Weblin shall have leave to goe & live at Warosquoyacke." Warrosquoyacke was one of the several spellings of the area that became Isle of Wight County, Virginia in 1637. Warwicksqueake is another. On September 29, 1629, Justinian Cooper and wife deeded land there to Wassall Weblin and George Fawdon. Weblin and Fawdon assigned the land to Robert Sabine on February 25, 1630. Because of later grants of land abutting Fawdon's Document [183] (Title: Isle of Wight County Museum) on the museum and its collection, staff, professionals from other Hampton Roads museums, volunteers, concerned citizens and the business community worked tirelessly to re-open the museum in 2008. On June 30, 2014, Isle of Wight County Historic Resources Division was dissolved, and the museum staff members became employees of the Town of Smithfield. Isle of Wight County currently retains ownership of the museum’s collection and the building itself. Today, the museum continues to grow. Staffed with a full-time director, part-time curator and several part-time docents, it is open seven days a week and offers special events, research opportunities, public outreach Document [184] (Title: Isle of Wight Railway) Isle of Wight Railway The Isle of Wight Railway was a railway company on the Isle of Wight, United Kingdom; it operated 14 miles of railway line between Ryde and Ventnor. It opened the first section of line from Ryde to Sandown in 1864, later extending to Ventnor in 1866. The Ryde station was at St Johns Road, some distance from the pier where the majority of travellers arrived. A tramway operated on the pier itself, and a street-running tramway later operated from the Pier to St Johns Road. It was not until 1880 that two mainland railways companies jointly Document [185] (Title: 2017 Isle of Wight Council election) 2017 Isle of Wight Council election The 2017 Isle of Wight Council election took place on 4 May 2017 as part of the 2017 local elections in the United Kingdom. All 40 Councillors were elected from 39 electoral divisions, which each returned either one or two Councillors by first-past-the-post voting for a four-year term of office. The result of the election saw the Isle of Wight Conservatives re-take majority control of the Isle of Wight Council after electing 25 Councillors. The Island Independents, who after the previous election had formed the ruling group dropped to eight. Elsewhere, the Liberal Democrats Document [186] (Title: Isle of Wight Observer) Isle of Wight Observer The Isle of Wight Observer was a regional British Newspaper based in Ryde. It had a main run of 1852 to 1922 publishing 3,327 editions. It was first founded by Ebenezer Hartnall in December 1845 until in 27 June 1846, after thirty issues had been published he ceased publication for reasons speculated as likely to have been a combination of low sales, stamp duty and the tax on advertisements. George Butler, an apprentice of Hartnall then re-established the newspaper in 1900 when it then ran continually for between 70 years. George Butler continued to publish the Document [187] (Title: Coat of arms of the Isle of Wight) Coat of arms of the Isle of Wight The coat of arms of the Isle of Wight was granted to the former Isle of Wight County Council in 1938. The arms were transferred to the new unitary Isle of Wight Council when the county council along with Medina and South Wight district councils were abolished in 1995. The shield contains an image of Carisbrooke Castle, the historical seat of many former governors of the island, and three gold anchors. The azure (blue) field and anchors are representative of Wight's island status and maritime history. The shield is also the basis Document [188] (Title: Medina, Isle of Wight) Medina, Isle of Wight Medina was a non-metropolitan district with the status of a borough on the Isle of Wight in England from 1974 to 1995. The district was formed by the Local Government Act 1972, and was a merger of the municipal boroughs of Newport and Ryde along with the urban district of Cowes. It was one of two districts on the Island formed in 1974 - the other was South Wight. "Medina" was an older name for Newport which has been preserved in the River Medina. Following a review by the Local Government Commission for England, the borough Document [189] (Title: History of the Isle of Wight) his brother Harold Godwinson "...went into Wight, and lay there all the summer and the autumn; and a land army was kept everywhere by the sea, although in the end it was to no avail". Both men had manors on the island - Harold at Kern and Tostig at Nunwell. After the Battle of Hastings in 1066, the Isle of Wight and the rest of England entered the Norman era. The island has never since been successfully invaded by a foreign army. In the Domesday book of 1086 the Island's name is "Wit". William the Conqueror gave its manorial rights Document [190] (Title: Isle of Wight) a semi-independent feudal fiefdom, with the de Redvers family ruling from Carisbrooke. The final private owner was the Countess Isabella de Fortibus, who, on her deathbed in 1293, was persuaded to sell it to Edward I. Thereafter the island was under control of the English Crown and its Lordship a royal appointment. The island continued to be attacked from the continent: it was raided in 1374 by the fleet of Castile, and in 1377 by French raiders who burned several towns, including Newtown, and laid siege to Carisbrooke Castle before they were defeated. Under Henry VIII, who developed the Royal Document [191] (Title: Isle of Wight (UK Parliament constituency)) 1939 and by the end of this year, the following candidates had been selected; Another General Election was required to take place before the end of 1915. The political parties had been making preparations for an election to take place and by the July 1914, the following candidates had been selected; Isle of Wight (UK Parliament constituency) Isle of Wight () is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2017 by Bob Seely of the Conservative Party. Created by the Great Reform Act for the 1832 general election it covers the whole of the Question: when did the isle of wight become a county

Answer: 1890 Long Answer: The Isle was owned by a Norman family until 1293 and was earlier a kingdom in its own right . The island has played an important part in the defence of the ports of Southampton and Portsmouth, and been near the front - line of conflicts through the ages, including the Spanish Armada and the Battle of Britain . Rural for most of its history, its Victorian fashionability and the growing affordability of holidays led to significant urban development during the late 19th and early 20th centuries . Historically part of Hampshire, the island became a separate administrative county in 1890 . It continued to share the Lord Lieutenant of Hampshire until 1974, when it was made its own ceremonial county . Apart from a shared police force, there is now no administrative link with Hampshire, although a combined local authority with Portsmouth and Southampton was considered, this is now unlikely to proceed . Until 1995 the island had a governor. Gold Document ID: 169

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Bridgewater Canal) Bridgewater Canal The Bridgewater Canal connects Runcorn, Manchester and Leigh, in North West England. It was commissioned by Francis Egerton, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater, to transport coal from his mines in Worsley to Manchester. It was opened in 1761 from Worsley to Manchester, and later extended from Manchester to Runcorn, and then from Worsley to Leigh. The canal is connected to the Manchester Ship Canal via a lock at Cornbrook; to the Rochdale Canal in Manchester; to the Trent and Mersey Canal at Preston Brook, southeast of Runcorn; and to the Leeds and Liverpool Canal at Leigh. It once connected Document [2] (Title: Tipton Green and Toll End Canals) back of Tipton Cemetery, but apart from this the canal has been almost totally obliterated. Almost all of the bridges are still in existence, apart from the bridge on Bridge Road which carried the road under the Toll End Canal. This bridge was replaced with a flat road several years after the canal was filled in. Tipton Green and Toll End Canals The Tipton Green Branch and Toll End Branch (or Toll End Communication Canal) were narrow canals comprising part of the Birmingham Canal Navigations near Tipton (formerly in Staffordshire), West Midlands, England. These canals no longer exist. The Tipton Document [3] (Title: Castlefield) the area for loading and unloading of goods (vessels of up to 50 tons could dock here and ply between Manchester and Liverpool). The Bridgewater Canal arrived in Castlefield in July 1761, around the time the Industrial Revolution is considered to have started. The Rochdale Canal, and a network of private branch canals joined the Bridgewater at Lock 92 in Castlefield. The Bridgewater Canal company hesitated in connecting their canal the adjacent Mersey and Irwell Navigation until the Rochdale Canal Company had almost constructed its Manchester and Salford Junction Canal, and the railways had arrived in the 1830s. As the Document [4] (Title: Runcorn and Weston Canal) to negotiate passage on the Manchester Ship Canal. Peel Ports, owners of the Manchester Ship Canal, have eased the restrictions on pleasure boats wishing to cruise the Ship Canal, requiring advance notice and a simple 'seaworthiness' survey. Boats on the Shropshire Union Canal can reach Weston Marsh Lock by joining the Ship Canal at Ellesmere Port, or a longer journey is possible from the Bridgewater Canal, which connects to the Ship Canal at the Manchester end by a lock into Pomona No. 3 Dock. Bibliography Runcorn and Weston Canal The Runcorn and Weston Canal was a short canal near Runcorn Document [5] (Title: Bridgewater Canal) "no doubt caused by the foul emanations given off by its [the Bridgewater Canal's] horribly filthy water". The canal carried commercial freight traffic until 1975; the last regular cargo was grain from Liverpool to Manchester for BOCM. It is now used mainly by pleasure craft and hosts two rowing clubs – Trafford Rowing Club and Manchester University Boat Club. The Duke of Bridgewater died on 8 March 1803. By his will the income from the canal was to be paid to his nephew George Leveson-Gower, the Marquess of Stafford (later the 1st Duke of Sutherland). On his death it was Document [6] (Title: Chesapeake and Ohio Canal) throw down their tools and flee. By 1833, the canal's Georgetown end was extended eastward to Tiber Creek, near the western terminus of the Washington City Canal, which extended through the future National Mall to the foot of the United States Capitol. A lock keeper's house at the eastern end of this Washington Branch of the C&O Canal remains at the southwest corner of Constitution Avenue and 17th Street, N.W., at the edge of the National Mall. In 1834, the section to Harper's Ferry opened and the canal reached Williamsport. In 1836, the canal was used by canal packets as Document [7] (Title: Bridgewater Canal) and filled in. The Ship Canal Act of 1966 allowed the closure and filling in of the newer line of locks. The gates from this flight of locks were removed and installed at Devizes on the Kennet and Avon Canal. The Duke's warehouse in Manchester was demolished in 1960. The canal has suffered three breaches; one soon after opening, another in 1971 near the River Bollin aqueduct, and another in the summer of 2005 when a sluice gate failed in Manchester. Cranes are located at intervals along the canal's length to allow boards to be dropped into slots in the Document [8] (Title: Peak Forest Canal) Marple end to the proposed top lock. The arches of the aqueduct were completed in November 1798—and the workers were given a "handsome treat" in celebration—being finally completed towards the end of 1799. However, there was still a great of work to be done at the lower end—the driving of Hyde Bank Tunnel proving a particular problem—and the railway and aqueduct saw little use until the canal finally opened along its full length in 1800. The upper level of the canal and tramway opened for trade on 31 August 1796 and Bugsworth Basin soon became a bustling interchange between the Document [9] (Title: Catshill Junction) Lichfield Canal. To the west, the canal is level to its junction with BCN Main Line at Horseley Fields Junction, a distance of , and the BCN Main Line continues on the same level in both directions. At the junction, the towpath is on the south bank of the Wyrley and Essington, and is carried over the Daw End Branch by a towpath bridge. The branch heads south from the junction, and is level for to Longwood Junction, where it joins the Rushall Canal end-on. The descent through the nine locks of the Rushall Canal begins just after the junction. Document [10] (Title: Cannock Extension Canal) route turned to the north-west, and there was a basin to the north of the canal, which served the Cannock and Leacroft Colliery. A railway line joined the two, which passed through a short tunnel to emerge by the basin. Immediately after the basin entrance, Washbrook Lane crossed at High Bridge, and then the thirteen locks of the Churchbridge Branch turned off at Rumer Hill Junction, descending in a straight line to the south west. At Rumer Hill, a short spur was connected to a railway which ran to Mid Cannock Colliery, which was disused by 1888. The canal turned Document [11] (Title: Dismal Swamp Canal) Canal Trail. Dismal Swamp Canal The Dismal Swamp Canal is located along the eastern edge of the Great Dismal Swamp in Virginia and North Carolina in the United States. It is the oldest continually operating man-made canal in the United States, opened in 1805. It is part of the Intracoastal Waterway, an inland route, which parallels the east coast and offers boaters shelter from the Atlantic Ocean from Manasquan Inlet, New Jersey, to Brownsville, Texas. The route runs through bays, lakes, rivers, streams, and canals, and includes the Intracoastal Waterway running from Norfolk, Virginia, to the Florida Keys. In the Document [12] (Title: Chester Canal) turns away, heading east, and the canal turns towards the south. The junction is the start of the Middlewich Branch, which descends through four locks to reach the Trent and Mersey Canal at Middlewich. After another , the Llangollen Canal turns off at Hurleston Junction immediately rising through four locks. Soon, Nantwich Basin is reached, which was the historic terminus of the Chester Canal. Telford's original plan was to terminate the Birmingham and Liverpool Junction Canal by running it across Dorfold Park and joining the basin end-on, but the owner objected, and an embankment had to be built around the Document [13] (Title: North West England) Darlington Railway had opened in 1825. Chat Moss was a problem to constructing the railway, with Edge Hill Tunnel and Sankey Viaduct; the line was bitterly opposed by William Molyneux, 2nd Earl of Sefton. The Bridgewater Canal was the first recognised canal of the modern era. Francis Egerton, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater had visited France and noted their canals. John Gilbert had the innovative idea to use water pumped out of his coal mines to fill a canal from the Duke's Worsley mines to Manchester. It was designed by James Brindley and built in 1761. The Bridgewater Foundry in Patricroft Document [14] (Title: Port of Runcorn) in 1757, the Mersey and Irwell Navigation, the act for which achieved Royal Assent in 1720, and the Bridgewater Canal from Manchester to Runcorn, which opened throughout its length in 1776. There is the possibility that a small port was in existence at Runcorn in the Roman era. However, before 1780 Runcorn could not have been described as even a minor port. The construction of a port of any significance did not start until after the arrival of the Bridgewater Canal. A line of ten locks connected the Runcorn basin of the canal with the Mersey at a position to Document [15] (Title: Plymouth and Dartmoor Railway) the rear of the Railway Inn, where it ended." In desperation, the Company agreed a "reduction" in tolls to the Johnson Brothers in return for an end date to their effective monopoly seven years later; this was agreed in the face of objection from the Exchequer. Lord Morley, seeing the reality of the situation, cut a canal from his quarry down to Marsh Mills, in exchange for low rates. This was actually simply a widening of an existing leat and proved unsatisfactory as a canal. However a branch from the P&DR to Marsh Mills, crossing the River Plym. The branch Document [16] (Title: Stourbridge Extension Canal) that much of the traffic travelled less than a mile on the canal, the canal still made a profit, and it was not until the early 1900s that traffic started to decline. The canal was finally abandoned in 1935. Most of the canal was filled in after its abandonment. A trading estate covers most of the northern end of the Sandhill Branch, and housing has been built over the middle section. A short stub, from the Brockmoor Junction with the Stourbridge Canal to the stop lock at Bromley has been retained in water, and mooring facilities with a boundary fence Document [17] (Title: Castlefield) from its feeder reservoir at Hollingworth Lake. It connected with the Ashton Canal and the Peak Forest Canal bringing building limestone from Bugsworth in Derbyshire. At that time, major warehouses and mills would cut private canal arms to their buildings, the Rochdale had many. In 1837, the Manchester Bolton & Bury Canal was connected to the Irwell, and there was commercial pressure to connect the Bridgewater/Rochdale to them. The Manchester and Salford Junction Canal, 1837, was cut from the Rochdale under the city to provide the link with the Irwell at Quay street. To preempt this, the Bridgewater Canal Company Document [18] (Title: Bridgewater Canal) lowest in the time it was administered by the Trustees. In 1851 the Earl of Ellesmere hosted a visit to Manchester by Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. They stayed at Worsley Hall, with a view of the canal, and were given a trip between Patricroft railway station and Worsley Hall, on state barges. Large crowds had gathered to cheer the royal party, which apparently frightened the horses drawing the barge so much that they fell into the canal. The Trustees spent much time between 1851 and 1855 in negotiations to ease the competition, especially that from the London and North Document [19] (Title: Slough Arm) approximately 2 miles (3 km) at the closest point in the centre of Slough. British Waterways (BWB) have estimated that this would cost c.£30m. The plan was proposed in 2008, and confirmed in 2012 as a long-term objective when the economic climate allows. The route of the canal starts at its junction with the Grand Union Canal, where there are a set of stop gates, and immediately crosses three aqueducts, over the Frays River, the River Colne and the Colne Brook. Passing under the M25 motorway, it enters the Iver cutting, to emerge near the main line railway from Paddington. Document [20] (Title: Old Turn Junction) Old Turn Junction Old Turn Junction, or Deep Cutting Junction () is a canal junction in Birmingham, England, where the Birmingham and Fazeley Canal meets the Birmingham Canal Navigations Main Line Canal. The junction features a circular island. When the first Birmingham Canal (now known as the BCN Main Line) was built in the late 1760s there was a dispute among the shareholders about where the canal should terminate. In the end two termini were created: one in 1772 at Newhall Hill, called the Newhall Branch, and the other in 1773 at the western end of Paradise Street, called the Document [21] (Title: Manchester Bolton & Bury Canal) From Ringley Bridge to Prestolee Aqueduct one lock had been erected. Nob End Locks were still under construction but mostly complete, although the basin at the bottom had not yet been dug. The stretch to Bolton had at this time been widened, with several bridges requiring further work, incomplete embankments, construction of a weir, and gravelling of the towpath. On the Bury arm, almost the entire length had been dug, and walls to support the canal along the bank of the Irwell had been built. Some widening of previously narrow sections had yet to be undertaken, none of the towpath Document [22] (Title: Outer Pennine Ring) a marketing tool by British Waterways. The Outer Pennine Ring covers eight canals. Working clockwise from Castlefield Junction in Manchester these are: Beginning at Castlefield Junction, the Bridgewater Canal heads south-east through the urban expanse of Manchester. There are no locks on this section of canal, although after Pomona Dock is reached, which leads to a lock through which access can be gained to the Manchester Ship Canal. After , the canal arrives at Waters Meeting, a junction where the main line turns to the left and the Stretford and Leigh Branch turns to the right. The ring continues along Document [23] (Title: Canals in Cheshire) and the Cheshire Plain. Canals in Cheshire A large number of canals were built in Cheshire, England, during the early phases of the Industrial Revolution to transport goods and raw materials. This resulted in a significant canal network which is now enjoyed by holiday-makers, anglers, walkers, and others. The Bridgewater Canal runs from Preston Brook, near Runcorn, to Leigh in Greater Manchester. The original section of the canal starts at Castlefield Basin in Manchester city centre where it joins the Rochdale Canal. The canal runs west from Manchester for about , where it splits into two parts at "Waters Meeting" Document [24] (Title: Wyoming Division Canal) ran to Back Street, which is now known as Pennsylvania Avenue, and paralleled it for some distance before paralleling Wilkes-Barre Boulevard, and passing by the Stegmaier Building. It then ran back in the direction of the river between Union Street and Bennett Street. The canal at this point passed through a geographical formation called the Redoubt, which was at least high. The canal ended at Pittston. In 1831, George Wolf, the governor of Pennsylvania, borrowed $2,400,000 to create and expand a number of canals in Pennsylvania, including the Wyoming Division Canal. The purpose of this canal was to connect the Document [25] (Title: Bridgewater Canal) with the River Mersey at Runcorn but has since been cut off by a slip road to the Silver Jubilee Bridge. Often, although mistakenly, considered to be the first true canal in England, it required the construction of an aqueduct to cross the River Irwell, one of the first of its kind. Its success helped inspire a period of intense canal building in Britain, known as Canal Mania. It later faced intense competition from the Liverpool and Manchester Railway and the Macclesfield Canal. Navigable throughout its history, it is one of the few canals in Britain not to have been Document [26] (Title: Bridgewater Canal) to other waterways, and it appears that the Duke had planned to limit the activities of the new company. On 15 December 1792 the Duke purchased a portion of the Ringspiggot estate in Salford which blocked the MB&BC's plans to build a riverside basin and wharfs there. In 1795 the duke secured a fifth Act which enabled him to extend the canal a further from Worsley via Boothstown, Astley Green and Bedford to Leigh. The new extension enabled the supply to Manchester of coal from Leigh and the surrounding districts. On 21 June 1819 an Act of Parliament was enacted Document [27] (Title: Ellesmere Canal) of the Montgomery Canal, together with the Montgomeryshire Canal, and the isolated northern section from Chester to Ellesmere Port considered part of the main line of the Shropshire Union Canal. The Weston Branch is now infilled, save for a very short section, which has a Canal & River Trust amenity block. The canal starts at Ellesmere Port Dock by the Mersey. Originally goods would be transferred directly from inland waterways craft into river-going boats at the dock, which would enter and exit through tidal lock gates. However, in the 1890s, with the construction of the Manchester Ship Canal, the basin Document [28] (Title: Bridgewater, Virginia) Town holds an annual Charter Day celebration with fireworks. Bridgewater College is located within the Town, and was first established in 1880. The college has grown along with the Town, now enrolling more than 1,800 students. Since the creation of the Town in 1835, Bridgewater has endured six major floods, including a devastating flood in 1949 that claimed two lives. As a result, the US Army Corps of Engineers constructed a long earthen levee to protect large portions of the Town against future flooding. Since the mid-1990s, the Town has held a "Summer's End Celebration" on Labor Day each year. Document [29] (Title: Basingstoke Canal) tunnel, which appears to have raised the water level by about . However this was a long section of canal with many embankments and it is likely that this was a cheap short term measure to keep the canal open, in preference to plugging the leaks from the many embankment sections on the route. The canal started at a canal basin, roughly where the cinema in Festival Place is located. From there the canal ran alongside the River Loddon following the line of Eastrop Way. The old canal route passes under the perimeter ring road and then follows a long Document [30] (Title: Bridgewater Canal) planned route began at Worsley and passed southeast through Eccles, before turning south to cross the River Irwell on the Barton Aqueduct. From there it continued southeast along the edge of Trafford Park, and then east into Manchester. Although a connection with the Mersey and Irwell Navigation was included in the new Act, at Hulme Locks in Castlefield (on land previously occupied by Hulme Hall), this was not completed until 1838. The terminus would be at Castlefield Basin, where the nearby River Medlock was to help supply the canal with water. Boats would unload their cargoes inside the duke's purpose-built Document [31] (Title: Tavistock Canal) meets the valley of the River Lumburn, which it crosses by a large aqueduct. The two mile Mill Hill branch turned off immediately after the aqueduct. After about the main line reaches the northern portal of the Morwell Down tunnel, which emerges later above the quay. A short length of canal after the tunnel brought boats to the top of the inclined plane. After the canal closed to navigation it continued to be used to supply water to various industrial activities at Morwellham Quay. The last of these was to operate a tin and wolfram mill at the Bedford United Document [32] (Title: Tipton Green and Toll End Canals) Broadwaters Canal (now part of the Walsall Canal) but halted in 1784 for eight years, being completed as a closed branch with two locks in 1801. In 1806 it was decided to extend this branch to the Tipton Green Branch with further locks, and in January 1809 the Toll End Communication Canal was completed making the length 1 / miles. In 1829 Thomas Telford's BCN New Main Line (Island Line)cut across the Tipton Green Canal, forming Watery Lane Junction, and creating a de facto Tipton Green Locks Branch of three locks and a Toll End Locks Branch of seven locks. Document [33] (Title: Grand Union Canal) and the term has been passed on to a new generation of canal users. After Kings Langley and Apsley – the site of more former paper mills – the canal passes the town Hemel Hempstead and Boxmoor Common. From here the canal follows the course of the River Bulbourne through Bourne End with the well-known swingbridge at Winkwell, and the "Port of Berkhamsted, a small compact town". At Cow Roast Lock the canal reaches the 3-mile (5-km) summit at Tring in the Chiltern hills, having risen through 54 locks since Brentford. At the north-west end of the summit level is Document [34] (Title: Rumer Hill Junction) flight started immediately after the junction. The flight headed to the south-west, while the Extension Canal ran from the north-west to the south-east at this point. Washbrook Lane crossed the Extension Canal just to the south of the junction at High Bridge, and just beyond that was Leacroft Wharf, its entrance crossed by a towpath bridge. It served the Cannock and Leacroft Colliery, to which it was connected by a short tramway, which ran through a tunnel as it left the wharf in 1902. The tunnel had been opened out by 1918. By the time the 1957/1962 map was published, Document [35] (Title: Science and engineering in Manchester) a year of its opening in 1761, the price of coal in Manchester fell by about half. This success helped inspire a period of intense canal building, known as Canal Mania. Along with its stone aqueduct at Barton-upon-Irwell, the Bridgewater Canal was considered a major engineering achievement. One commentator wrote that when finished, "[the canal] will be the most extraordinary thing in the Kingdom, if not in Europe. The boats in some places are to go underground, and in other places over a navigable river, without communicating with its waters ...". John Dalton, was born in Cumberland in 1766, a Document [36] (Title: Toll End) January 1809 the Toll End Communication Canal was completed making the length 1 / miles. The Tipton Green Branch became disused in 1960, and the Toll End Branch in 1966. The locks and canals were infilled soon after closure and a pedestrian walkway was erected along the path of the Tipton Green Branch during the 1970s. Eagle Rail Crossing - a level crossing situated in Eagle Lane on the border with West Bromwich - was a significant local landmark in Toll End. It was opened in 1850 on the completion of the South Staffordshire Line between Stourbridge and Walsall. The Document [37] (Title: North Walsham & Dilham Canal) bank of the canal, just below Tonnage Bridge, while Wayford Bridge Pump is on the south bank of Tylers Cut, just to the west of the junction with the main canal. At its southern end, the canal starts at Wayford Bridge, which carries the A149 road. It heads north-westwards, and soon reaches the junction with Dilham Dyke, which heads west. On the southern bank is the tower of Dilham Dyke drainage mill and the modern pumping station. Private dykes continue to the west, and Tylers Cut turns to the north west to reach moorings at Dilham Staithe and the Broadlands Document [38] (Title: Port of Runcorn) Trade declined again and in 1894 the independent customs Port of Runcorn was abolished being incorporated in the Port of Manchester. Construction of the ship canal began in November 1877. On 3 August 1887 the Manchester Ship Canal Company had purchased the Bridgewater Navigation Company for £1,710,000, thus acquiring the Bridgewater Canal and its docks and the Mersey and Irwell system. The ship canal allowed large ocean-going ships to access the Port of Runcorn. The canal was completed from Eastham to Weston Point by 1892 and in July of that year a temporary port, called Saltport, was established at the Document [39] (Title: Sandy and Beaver Canal) Sandy Creek, and feeds a section of canal downstream to Magnolia, Ohio. Only of this privately funded canal lay in Pennsylvania; the rest was in Ohio. Sandy and Beaver Canal The Sandy and Beaver Canal ran from the Ohio and Erie Canal at Bolivar, Ohio, to the Ohio River at Glasgow, Pennsylvania. It had 90 locks, was chartered in 1828 and completed in 1848. However, the middle section of the canal had many problems from the beginning and fell into disrepair. The canal ceased to operate in 1852, when the Cold Run Reservoir Dam outside of Lisbon, Ohio, broke, ruining Document [40] (Title: Manchester Ship Canal) boat. The completion in 1776 of the Runcorn extension of the Bridgewater Canal, followed in 1830 by the opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, intensified competition for the carriage of goods. In 1825 an application had been made to Parliament for an Act to allow the construction of a ship canal between the mouth of the River Dee and Manchester at a cost of £1 million, but "the necessary forms not having been observed", it did not become law. In 1844 ownership of the Mersey & Irwell Navigation was transferred to the Bridgewater Trustees, and in 1872 it was Document [41] (Title: Ellesmere Canal) eventually incorporated into the Chester Canal, Montgomery Canal and Shropshire Union Canal. Although several major civil engineering feats were accomplished, major building work ceased following the completion of the Pontcysyllte Aqueduct in 1805. The northern end of the navigation's mainline ended from Chester at Trevor Basin near Ruabon and its southern end was at Weston Lullingfields about from Shrewsbury. As part of the rebranding of Britain's industrial waterways as leisure destinations, the surviving central section is now called the Llangollen Canal; even though historically its builders had no intention of sending boat traffic to Llangollen. The branch, from which the Document [42] (Title: Bridgewater Canal) the Runcorn end. Two locks up from the tideway was a small dry dock. In 1766 the Duke gained a fourth act of parliament for a branch canal between Sale Moor and Stockport which was to follow the valley of the Mersey. The Act was applied for to counter a proposed canal that would give the towns of Stockport and Macclesfield access to the Mersey, via the River Weaver. The work was not done, the Act lapsed and this section of canal was never built. Over two decades later, the nearby Manchester Bolton & Bury Canal had sought a connection Document [43] (Title: Southern Terminal, Susquehanna and Tidewater Canal) Southern Terminal, Susquehanna and Tidewater Canal The Southern Terminal, Susquehanna and Tidewater Canal is a national historic district at Havre de Grace, Harford County, Maryland, United States. Located along the western bank of the Susquehanna River near its mouth at the Chesapeake Bay, it includes the Lock Master's House, the canal's outlet lock, and the foundations of a bulkhead wharf along the river side of the lock. Most of the structures built to serve aspects of the Susquehanna and Tidewater Canal operations are no longer standing, but the locations of warehouses, stables, and several other buildings, including a broom factory, Document [44] (Title: Newmarket Canal) the Rogers Reservoir, named for Timothy Rogers who settled the area, which provided a water buffer. At this point it turns south again for just over a kilometer before turning southwest into Newmarket through the third lock, which lies just north of the canal's endpoint. The canal ended in a turning basin on the north side of Davis Drive in Newmarket, at what was then the northern end of the downtown area. The Holland River continues south from this point, with Main Street running parallel to it on the west bank, and the train line on the east bank. The Document [45] (Title: Monkland Canal) long and high. (Gartsherrie Burn ran north to south between the alignment of the two present-day railways that cross Bank Street; it was culverted when the area was later developed.) The aqueduct collapsed and had to be repaired in 1858. The canal then ran broadly west between Bank Street and West Canal Street, then turning a little more northerly from Blairhill Street, south of the present King Street, as far as Blair Street. Just east of Blair Bridge the Langloan branch diverged, heading a short distance south on the eastern margin of West End Park (originally called Yeomanry Park) to Document [46] (Title: Bridgewater Canal) of goods and in 1836 . In 1843 a new dock, the Francis Dock, was opened at Runcorn. The late 1830s and early 1840s had seen increased competition between the Bridgewater Canal on the one hand, and other canal companies and the railways on the other. The most dangerous of the rivals was the Mersey and Irwell Navigation Company who started to reduce their rates again in 1840. This led to a price war between the two canal companies and the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, who had previously cooperated on rates. Eventually, in desperation, the Bridgewater Trustees bought the Mersey Document [47] (Title: Connecticut Route 67) Route 67 breaks away to the southeast. In Bridgewater, it meets the northern end of Route 133. In Roxbury, it meets the southern end of Route 199 and the western end of Route 317. It then clips a corner of Woodbury before passing into New Haven County and the town of Southbury, where it passes the northern end of Route 172 before joining US 6 for a 4 lane divided 1.6 mile concurrency leading to a junction with I-84 at Exit 15. Here, US 6 joins I-84 West and Route 67 continues to the southeast becoming a 2-lane road once Document [48] (Title: Trent and Mersey Canal) is soon in the middle of the city and then at Etruria, and the junction with the Caldon Canal. Leaving Etruria, the canal is soon back in open country. It is now in the valley of the infant River Trent, which the canal follows until the river becomes navigable and the canal is no longer needed. The next sizeable place is the market town of Stone. After more countryside, the canal reaches Great Haywood Junction and the towpath bridge across the junction with the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal, which heads south to skirt Wolverhampton and join with the River Severn Document [49] (Title: Coventry Canal) joins the Trent and Mersey Canal. From Fazeley to a point halfway to Fradley, some maps show the canal as the "Birmingham and Fazeley Canal" (see History). The Coventry Canal Company was formed in 1768. James Brindley was commissioned to build the canal, and work started on it in December that year. Due to the high standards of construction demanded by Brindley, the canal company ran out of money by the time the canal had reached Atherstone in 1769, and Brindley was replaced by Thomas Yeoman. Thomas Dadford advised on the Canal's aqueduct over the River Tame (now known as Document [50] (Title: Manchester Bolton & Bury Canal) Moors continued until 1968, but this was the last commercial traffic to use the canal. There are several notable features along the canal, including Prestolee Aqueduct and Clifton Aqueduct, both of which are Grade II listed structures. Nob End Locks (sometimes referred to as Prestolee Locks) sit at the junction of the three arms of the canal at Nob End. They comprise two sets of three staircase locks, separated by a passing basin. These locks served to lower the level of the canal by over a distance of . The upper staircase is still visible, but most of the lower Document [51] (Title: Canal) of its opening. The Bridgewater was also a huge financial success, with it earning what had been spent on its construction within just a few years. This success proved the viability of canal transport, and soon industrialists in many other parts of the country wanted canals. After the Bridgewater canal, early canals were built by groups of private individuals with an interest in improving communications. In Staffordshire the famous potter Josiah Wedgwood saw an opportunity to bring bulky cargoes of clay to his factory doors and to transport his fragile finished goods to market in Manchester, Birmingham or further away, Document [52] (Title: Bentley Canal) south bank, as the canal turned towards the south east. After Spring Bank Bridge, there was a wharf and a short arm, with a towpath bridge over it, which served the Spring Vale iron foundry, which later became the Spring Vale stamping works. Next the canal passes between the remains of Short Heath Brick Works on the north bank and Spring Bank Brick Works on the south. There were two locks, with a small arm and wharf to the north, between them. Sandbeds Bridge connected Charles Street and Stringers Lane, beyond which a third lock was located beneath a railway Document [53] (Title: Middlewich Branch) the final three accommodation bridges, before the canal arrives at Barbridge Junction, where a graceful roving bridge made of red and blue brick with an elliptical arch, carries the towpath for the main line over the branch. On 16 March 2018 a section of the bank failed next to the aqueduct carrying the canal over the River Wheelock. The canal was drained between Stanthorne Lock and Wardle Lock resulting in the stranding of 20 boats. Middlewich Branch The Middlewich Branch of the Shropshire Union Canal is located in Cheshire, in the north west of England, and runs between Middlewich, where Document [54] (Title: Leeds and Liverpool Canal) plan for the route had it running parallel to, and then crossing the southern section of the Lancaster Canal, but common sense prevailed and the Leeds and Liverpool connected with the Lancaster Canal between Aspull and Johnson's Hillock. The main line of the canal was thus completed in 1816. There had been various unsuccessful negotiations to connect the canal to the Bridgewater Canal at Leigh but agreement was finally reached in 1818 and the connection was opened in 1820, thus giving access to Manchester and the rest of the canal network. The Bridgewater Canal, like most of Brindley's designs was Document [55] (Title: Chesterfield Canal) formed in 1978 to spearhead restoration, becoming the Chesterfield Canal Trust in 1997. They initially sought to extend the navigable section beyond Worksop, but when progress was slow, moved to working on the Chesterfield end. Over of canal, including five original locks and a brand new lock at Staveley Basin were navigable by 2017. The eastern end was restored from Worksop to the mouth of the Norwood Tunnel at Kiveton Park near Rotherham, South Yorkshire, between 1995 and 2003, funded by Derelict Land Grants, English Partnerships and the Heritage Lottery Fund. Less than of the original route remain to be Document [56] (Title: Runcorn and Weston Canal) The work was completed in 1859, but the canal seems to have been little used, as traffic figures for 1883 indicate that only 4,400 tons of salt travelled along the canal, out of a total of 36,400 tons which arrived at Runcorn Docks from the River Weaver. When first built, there was a lock near to the junction with the Weston Canal, and another where the canal joined Francis Dock at Runcorn. This end of the canal was changed as a result of work carried out in 1876. The Bridgewater Canal Company turned the first section into a ship basin, Document [57] (Title: Glastonbury Canal (medieval)) importance". Modern archaeological excavations have shown that this was a "true canal" wide and deep, with a flat bottom and sloping sides. The place where it met the River Brue, then flowing about north of its present course, was already significant: it had been an important crossing point, with a timber causeway over the river and the associated marshy floodplain, since at least the 8th century. For most of the canal's length it was dug through firm clay, following a level course along the 10-metre contour on the north-west side of Wearyall Hill, but at its end point, close to Document [58] (Title: Llangollen Canal) the level of the canal by . After another mile (1.6 km), there is a lift bridge just before the entrance to the Whitchurch Arm, which served the town of Whitchurch. Part of it remains open, and is used for moorings. The section from the main line to Sherryman's Bridge was opened on 6 July 1808, and in 1811 a further extension into the town reached Castle Well. The arm remained closed when the canal reopened in the 1950s, but Whitchurch Town Council looked at ways of bringing boats back into the town in the early 1980s and the embryonic Document [59] (Title: Chester Canal) Company, who therefore charged tolls on all traffic using it. In 1774, part of an aqueduct collapsed, and had to be dismantled and repaired. Soon afterwards, Weston left the project, and Thomas Morris was recalled from Ireland to take over. He had previous experience building the extension of the Bridgewater Canal to Runcorn. Under his direction, the canal opened from Chester to Huxley Aqueduct on 16 January 1775, and to Beeston in June. Morris was sacked in September, to be replaced by Josiah Clowes. He too was sacked, and was followed by Moon, who had previously acted as assistant to Document [60] (Title: Lancaster Canal) with the Leeds and Liverpool. In 1851 the Lancaster Canal leased the tolls on the southern end to the Leeds and Liverpool Canal in return for an annual rent, and this agreement was made permanent in 1864. The tramroad was closed from Bamber Bridge to Preston in 1864, and the remainder to Walton Summit in 1879. The canal between Walton Summit and the Leeds and Liverpool link at Johnson's Hillock was last used in 1932 (although a party in canoes managed to navigate the branch as late as 1969 with only two portages) This section was closed in the 1960s, Document [61] (Title: Bridgewater, Massachusetts) Mass. Route 104 's eastern terminus is at that route, just along the East Bridgewater line. The Middleborough-Lakeville line of the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) commuter rail passes through the Town, with a stop at the southern end of Bridgewater State University's campus. The stop is just south of the University's main parking lots at the Southern Campus. There is a small air strip in nearby Taunton, and the nearest national air service can be found at T. F. Green Airport outside Providence and at Logan International Airport in Boston. Bridgewater, Massachusetts Bridgewater is a town located in Plymouth Document [62] (Title: Point Pleasant Canal) Point Pleasant Canal The Point Pleasant Canal is a canal in Point Pleasant, New Jersey. It was completed in 1925 to connect the Manasquan Inlet and Manasquan River with Bay Head Harbor on the northern end of Barnegat Bay. The canal is part of the Intracoastal Waterway. With the completion of the canal, the Barnegat Peninsula effectively became an island. The island is connected to the mainland by two lift bridges spanning the canal. The bridges, at Route 88 and at Bridge Avenue (the Lovelandtown Bridge), open on demand, halting motor traffic to allow boats to pass underneath as marine Document [63] (Title: History of the British canal system) point out that the last quarter-mile (400 m) of the navigation is indeed a canalised stretch of the Brook, and that it was the Bridgewater Canal (less obviously associated with an existing river) that captured the popular imagination and inspired further canals. In the mid-18th century the 3rd Duke of Bridgewater, who owned a number of coal mines in northern England, wanted a reliable way to transport his coal to the rapidly industrialising city of Manchester. He commissioned the engineer James Brindley to build a canal to do just that. Brindley's design included an aqueduct carrying the canal over the Document [64] (Title: Bridgewater, Nova Scotia) River was the main transportation route in historic times, though today it is mainly used for pleasure craft and recreational boating. A cable ferry located in LaHave is the only crossing downriver from Bridgewater. The Halifax and Southwestern Railway once passed through the town but the line is now abandoned. The main road serving the town is Highway 103, which has two primary exits entering the town. Trunk highways 10 and 3 meet at Bridgewater. Other provincial highways are Route 325 and Route 331. As the town continues to grow, traffic flow and congestion is of concern. Complicating matters is Document [65] (Title: North Pennine Ring) but a series of disagreements with the owners of the Bridgewater Canal led to stalemate, and it was not until 1820 that the branch finally opened. A year later, there were requests to increase the length of the locks from to , and this work was carried out in 1822. The route runs through a coal mining area, and has been severely affected by subsidence. It now sits on top of an embankment, made for waste from the pit tips, and the locks have been moved to Poolstock, just before the junction with the main line at Wigan. There are Document [66] (Title: Bridgewater Canal) banks. These allow sections of the canal to be isolated in the event of a leak. The canal now forms an integral part of the Cheshire Ring network of canals. Pleasure craft have been allowed on the canal since 1952. The new road crossing of the Mersey now under construction may allow a realignment of the Bridge approach road and the complete restoration of the original flight of locks – thus re-opening the link to Runcorn Docks, the Runcorn and Weston Canal, the River Mersey, the Manchester Ship Canal, and the River Weaver. This would create a new ring route Document [67] (Title: Buxworth) on 26 March 2005 having been restored by the Inland Waterways Protection Society, and, once again, the canal now ends at its original terminus. It is used entirely for recreational purposes. The canal never reached Peak Forest but limestone from quarries near Dove Holes was, between 1796 and 1922, transported to the basin by way of the Peak Forest Tramway – a distance of some six miles. Its trackbed can still be discerned in places (e.g. at Whitehough, close to Chinley, and just beyond the end of the bypass on the way south to Buxton). A main railway line (Sheffield Document [68] (Title: River Arun) the drop in levels caused by the mill, and the branch through Hardham tunnel headed due south a little further up the Rother. Exploration of the tunnel was described by an article in "Sussex County Magazine" in 1953, when both ends were accessible, and again in 2012, when only the southern end was explored. A waterworks has been built over the bed of the canal at the northern end, and the tunnel mouth is within the site. The river continues in a large loop to the east. The Arun Valley railway line crosses it to reach Pulborough railway station. There Document [69] (Title: Erewash Canal) the pedestrian bridge built next to it is still in use. Excessive water underground brought about the mine's closure in about 1884. It starts from the River Trent at Trentlock, then goes through Long Eaton. After Long Eaton it runs roughly parallel to the River Erewash, past Sandiacre and Ilkeston, crossing the Erewash near Eastwood. The canal finally ends at the Langley Mill (Great Northern) basin, where it joins the Nottingham Canal and the Cromford Canal (both currently in a state of abandonment). In 1968 the Erewash Canal Preservation & Development Association (ECP&DA) was formed in response to a threat Document [70] (Title: Hackney Canal) and Pipes" on the 1956 map. After a short distance, the canal turned to the south-east, and followed a nearly straight line across what is now the end of Newton Abbot racecourse. In 1969, the end of the racetrack followed the west bank of the canal, but by 1989 the track had been extended across the site of the canal. A drainage ditch crosses the area, which gives an indication of where the canal was, since the ditch was on the west side of the canal before it was filled in. Just beyond the second crossing by the race track Document [71] (Title: Science and engineering in Manchester) opening in 1761 is generally regarded as the earliest successful canals. The Bridgewater Canal connects Runcorn, Manchester and Leigh, in North West England. It was commissioned by Francis Egerton, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater, to transport coal from his mines in Worsley to Manchester. It was opened in 1761 from Worsley to Manchester, and later extended from Manchester to Runcorn, and then from Worsley to Leigh. The Duke invested a large sum of money in the scheme. From Worsley to Manchester its construction cost £168,000 (equivalent to £ in ), but its advantages over land and river transport meant that within Document [72] (Title: Pennsylvania Canal (Delaware Division)) Ireland. The canal runs down a channel dug parallel to the Delaware River from Easton to Bristol, Pennsylvania; its line of travel is generally within sight of the river. Originally in length, the canal is approximately wide with a depth of about . After the original construction failed in 1830, it had to be re-engineered by Josiah White of the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company, who had offered to engineer and build the Delaware Canal for a break in fees in 1824. The state sold the canal to the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company in 1858. The Delaware Canal took Document [73] (Title: South Pennine Ring) Junction. At Dukinfield Junction, the Peak Forest Canal turns to the left, but the South Pennine Ring continues straight ahead onto the Ashton Canal. The first half is level, until Fairfield Junction is reached. This was the point at which the Hollinwood Canal turned off. A short section of it now leads to a new marina, opened in 2008, and there are plans to reopen more of it. Between locks 10 and 11 is a short stub which used to be part of the Stockport Canal, for which there are also reopening plans. After descending through 18 locks and travelling Document [74] (Title: Saltisford Canal Arm) Saltisford Canal Arm The Saltisford Canal Arm is a short stretch of canal located in the town of Warwick, Warwickshire, England. Opened in the 1790s, originally it wasn't an arm at all, but the start of the Warwick / Birmingham Canal. It took on the appearance of an (arm) branch when the Warwick / Napton canal, which junctions at the Birmingham Road / Budbrooke Industrial Estate, was completed. It is the last surviving branch (arm) of the much longer, nationally known Grand Union Canal. The arm was first opened in 1799 as a terminus for the Warwick and Birmingham Canal. Document [75] (Title: Bridgewater Historic District (Bridgewater, Pennsylvania)) Bridgewater Historic District (Bridgewater, Pennsylvania) The Bridgewater Historic District is a historic district in Bridgewater, Pennsylvania, United States. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places on June 28, 1996, it includes buildings built between 1818 and 1933, although the most significant buildings in the district are those that were built before the Civil War in the 1860s. Located at the confluence of the Ohio and Beaver Rivers, Bridgewater was a transportation center as the terminus of the Bridgewater Canal during the pre-Civil War era. This prosperity is reflected in many of the district's buildings: the adjacent communities of Beaver Document [76] (Title: Trent and Mersey Canal) Area. The towpath was upgraded in the 1990s and forms part of the National Cycle Network (Route 5). The route is conveniently divided into a northern and southern section by Harecastle Tunnel The northern end of the canal makes an end-on junction with the Bridgewater Canal within Preston Brook Tunnel, from which one can access Runcorn (but no longer the Mersey or Ship Canal) in one direction and Manchester (with its many canal links) in the other direction. From the junction with the Bridgewater Canal, the T & M travels south through Preston Brook Tunnel (one-way operation, alternating each half-hour) Document [77] (Title: Bridgwater and Taunton Canal) of legal disputes, which were resolved when the Bridgwater and Taunton Canal Company and the Conservators, who managed the River Tone Navigation, agreed that the Canal Company should take over the Tone Navigation. The canal originally terminated at a basin at Huntworth, to the east of Bridgwater, but was later extended to a floating harbour at Bridgwater Docks on its western edge. Financially this was a disaster, as the extension was funded by a mortgage, and the arrival of the railways soon afterwards started the demise of the canal. The canal was rescued from bankruptcy by the Bristol and Exeter Document [78] (Title: Leeds and Liverpool Canal) use stopped. The Leeds and Liverpool Canal is one of the quietest canals for leisure boating on the network. In the 1960s, the Pall Mall terminus basin was filled in up to Chisenhale Street Bridge (Bridge A). In the 1980s the Eldonian Village housing estate was built for the community which was disrupted by the building of the Mersey Tunnel and the demolition of the Tate and Lyle sugar refinery. This meant the canal was filled in between Chisenhale Street Bridge (Bridge A) and just north of Burlington Street Bridge (Bridge B). As part of the development a new bridge Document [79] (Title: Outer Pennine Ring) the Inland Waterways Association, and with assistance from British Waterways and local councils, it re-opened in 1974. The canal is long, has 18 locks, and passes through a dense urban landscape. Between locks 10 and 11 is a short spur which was once the start of the Stockport Branch Canal, which ran on the level for to Stockport. At Ducie Street Junction, the canal joins the Rochdale Canal. The final section of the Outer Pennine Ring follows the lower part of the Rochdale Canal. Although authorised in the same year as the Huddersfield Narrow Canal, it was completed in 1804, Document [80] (Title: Barbridge Junction) and Mersey and the Bridgewater Canal about a possible link between Nantwich and Middlewich. The Bridgewater Trustees approved of the scheme, but the Trent and Mersey would not sanction it until the Birmingham and Liverpool Junction Canal was officially authorised by an Act of Parliament. This occurred in 1826, and the Ellesmere and Chester obtained their own Act to authorise their canal in 1827. The Trent and Mersey built the short Wardle Canal with one lock, to maintain control of the junction, and imposed high tolls for traffic using it, but the work went ahead, and the Middlewich Branch was Document [81] (Title: Hollinwood Branch Canal) Hollinwood Branch Canal The Hollinwood Branch Canal was a canal near Hollinwood, in Oldham, England. It left the main line of the Ashton Canal at Fairfield Junction immediately above lock 18. It was just over long and went through Droylsden and Waterhouses to terminate at Hollinwood Basin (Hollinwood Top Wharf). It rose through four locks at Waterhouses (19–22) and another four at Hollinwood (23–26). Immediately above lock 22 at Waterhouses was Fairbottom Junction where the Fairbottom Branch Canal started. Beyond Hollinwood Basin there was a lock free private branch, known as the Werneth Branch Canal, to Old Lane Colliery, which Document [82] (Title: History of the British canal system) River Irwell. This was an engineering wonder which immediately attracted tourists. The construction of this canal was funded entirely by the Duke and it was called the Bridgewater Canal. It opened in 1761 and was the longest canal constructed in Britain to that date. The new canals proved highly successful. The boats on the canals were horse-drawn with a towpath alongside the canal for the horse to walk along. This horse-drawn system proved to be highly economical and became standard across the British canal network. Commercial horse-drawn canal boats could be seen on the UK's canals until as late as Document [83] (Title: Gloucester and Sharpness Canal) Gloucester and Sharpness Canal The Gloucester and Sharpness Canal (also known as the Gloucester and Berkeley Canal) is a canal in the west of England, between Gloucester and Sharpness; for much of its length it runs close to the tidal River Severn, but cuts off a significant loop in the river, at a once-dangerous bend near Arlingham. It was once the broadest and deepest canal in the world. The canal is long. Conceived in the canal mania period of the late 18th century, the Gloucester and Berkeley Ship Canal scheme (as it was originally named) was started by architect and Document [84] (Title: Bradford Canal) development opportunities along the five-kilometre canal corridor". Issue 1 of "Canal Road News" shows a map of the proposed canal: it more or less follows the original path from the Leeds and Liverpool Canal as far as Queens Road bridge. But south of that bridge the map shows it crossing Canal Road, and continuing on the west (city) side of that road, past the Conditioning House and finishing at the proposed Channel Urban Village. The plan shows 11 locks. Another noteworthy item on the map, not directly related to the canal, is a potential Manningham station on the Airedale Line. Document [85] (Title: Calder and Hebble Navigation) to receive dividends until the canal was nationalised in 1948, and the canal was used by commercial traffic until 1981. The Navigation starts in Wakefield, where there is an end-on junction with the Aire and Calder Navigation and runs upstream through Mirfield, after which there is a junction with the Huddersfield Broad Canal, to arrive at Sowerby Bridge, where there is another end-on junction, this time with the Rochdale Canal. Other towns on the navigation are Horbury, Dewsbury, Brighouse, and Elland. The former branch to Halifax is no longer navigable, except for a stub now known as the Halifax Arm. Document [86] (Title: Cincinnati and Whitewater Canal Tunnel) the portion of U.S. Route 50 that travels over the tunnel. Despite the efforts spent on building the Whitewater Canal, it was abandoned in 1856 after numerous floods had destroyed much of its length. This resulted in the abandonment of the canal tunnel, a period of stagnation that ended in 1863 when a railroad company began a twenty-five-year period of using it as an ordinary rail tunnel. Since the rail line ceased operation in 1888, the canal has become completely unusable, having silted up almost all the way to the ceiling. However, the tunnel has not been completely forgotten; the Document [87] (Title: Rushall Junction) Walsall Canal to Birchills Junction, and once the Tame Valley Canal was open, work started on the Rushall Canal, to connect it to the southern end of the Daw End Branch of the Wyrley and Essington at Longwood Junction. It was opened in 1847, and included nine locks, a flight of seven near the middle with two more just before the end-on junction at Longwood, which raised the level of the canal by . From the junction, the Tame Valley Canal heads westwards, running alongside the M6 motorway for about , before the two diverge, and the canal crosses the Document [88] (Title: Bridgewater Canal) away from Salford, instead taking it across the River Irwell to Stretford and thereon into Manchester. This route would make connecting to any future canals much easier, and would also increase competition with the Mersey and Irwell Navigation company. Brindley moved into Worsley Old Hall and spent 46 days surveying the proposed route, which to cross the Irwell would require the construction of an aqueduct at Barton-upon-Irwell. At the duke's behest, in January 1760 Brindley also travelled to London to give evidence before a parliamentary committee. The duke therefore gained a second Act of Parliament, which superseded the original. Brindley's Document [89] (Title: Rolle Canal) in 2006 involving re-pointing and rebuilding the eastern wall. The Beam Aqueduct is referred to as the "canal bridge" in Henry Williamson's "Tarka the Otter". Rolle Canal The Rolle Canal (or Torrington Canal) in North Devon, England extends from its mouth into the River Torridge at Landcross 6 miles southwards to the industrial mills and corn-mills at Town Mills (now called "Orford Mill"), Rosemoor, Great Torrington and beyond to Healand Docks and weir on the Torridge, where survive the ruins of Lord Rolle's limekilns, upstream of today's Rosemoor Garden. Town Mills were built by Lord Rolle and were powered by Document [90] (Title: Sandy and Beaver Canal) Sandy and Beaver Canal The Sandy and Beaver Canal ran from the Ohio and Erie Canal at Bolivar, Ohio, to the Ohio River at Glasgow, Pennsylvania. It had 90 locks, was chartered in 1828 and completed in 1848. However, the middle section of the canal had many problems from the beginning and fell into disrepair. The canal ceased to operate in 1852, when the Cold Run Reservoir Dam outside of Lisbon, Ohio, broke, ruining a large portion of the canal. Major D.B. Douglas of the United States Military Academy surveyed a route in 1828. This route was , with seven Document [91] (Title: Grantham Canal) both ends. The original route to join the Trent has been severed by the building of the A52 road. A route was identified which followed the course of the Polser Brook, which passes under the A52 to the north of the canal, but by 2009, three possible solutions were under consideration. These pose additional problems in finding funding, since they do not count as restoration, and many of the traditional funding sources are not then available. At Grantham, an embankment carrying the A1 road blocks the line of the canal, and the terminal basin has been filled in. There are Document [92] (Title: Oxford Canal) offer several pubs. Within Oxford's conurbation, the end of the canal has two links to the Thames After below Isis Lock the Oxford Canal ends abruptly at Hythe Bridge Street near to the current Hythe Bridge over the Castle Mill Stream, a backwater of the River Thames that runs parallel to the Oxford Canal for its southernmost part. The canal used to continue through a bridge under Hythe Bridge Street to a turning basin and goods wharf south of Hythe Bridge Street. It then continued via a bridge under Worcester Street to end in a coal wharf beside New Road. Document [93] (Title: Barbridge Junction) result of objections by the Duke of Bridgewater and the Trent and Mersey Canal, it had to finish away from the Trent and Mersey, with no connection between the two. The proprietors built a wide canal, suitable for boats , which ran from Chester to Nantwich. There were difficulties, and by the time Nantwich was reached in 1779, there was no money left to build a branch to Middlewich. The canal was a failure, and the company resolved to abandon the canal in 1781. However, they managed to keep going somehow, until construction of the Ellesmere Canal began. The Chester Document [94] (Title: Beaver and Erie Canal) the Shenango River northwest of Pittsburgh. Some canal facilities at Bridgewater, at the canal's southern end, remain; they are a part of the Bridgewater Historic District. Because Conneaut Lake, fed mainly by springs and small streams, did not have enough water to keep the Beaver and Erie Canal filled at its highest elevation, the state built a feeder canal. The French Creek Feeder, as it was called, ran from a dam built for the purpose on the Bemus farm, north of Meadville. Water from the dam pool, at a higher elevation than the lake, flowed south through Meadville. It crossed Document [95] (Title: Birmingham and Fazeley Canal) a short tunnel at Curdworth, after which fields and flooded gravel pits line the canal. At Drayton Bassett, an eccentric footbridge with Gothic-style towers crosses the canal, close to Drayton Manor Theme Park, after which Fazeley is reached, where the canal joins the Coventry Canal. The 5.5-mile (8.8 km) stretch which extends northwards beyond Fazeley Junction to Whittington, near Lichfield, was built by the Birmingham and Fazeley Canal Company, although it was built on the route authorised by the Coventry Canal's Act of Parliament. This section is now regarded as being part of the Coventry Canal. Historically the canal started Document [96] (Title: Dukinfield Junction) four years later. The Ashton Canal built a short section of canal southwards from the junction, which included an aqueduct over the River Tame, and the Peak Forest Canal officially started at the southern end of the aqueduct. The Huddersfield Narrow Canal was also authorised in 1794, and is one of three which cross the Pennines. It was a huge undertaking, with 74 locks and the longest canal tunnel in Britain at Standedge. Sections were opened at both ends as they were completed, with that from Ashton to Greenfield opening in 1798. The canal was not fully opened until 1811, Document [97] (Title: Bridgewater Canal) iron posts. The duke's warehouse was badly damaged by fire in 1789 but was rebuilt. In September 1761, with his assistant Hugh Oldham, Brindley surveyed an extension from Longford Bridge to Hempstones, near Halton, Cheshire. He assisted in obtaining Parliamentary approval for the Bridgewater Canal Extension Act of 1762 which allowed the construction of an extension to the canal, from Manchester, to the River Mersey at Runcorn. Despite objections from the Mersey and Irwell Navigation Company, Royal assent was given on 24 March 1762. A junction, Waters Meeting, was created in Trafford Park, at which the new extension branched south Document [98] (Title: Susquehanna and Tidewater Canal) listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Susquehanna Museum in Havre de Grace has restored the lock house and other infrastructure at the southern terminus of the canal. On the Pennsylvania side, Lock #12 has been preserved by PPL along Pennsylvania Route 372 at the south end of the Norman Wood Bridge across the Susquehanna River. A footpath along the river leading from Lock 12 <39.813674, -76.328744> passes under highway Route 372 to the ruins of Locks 13. Lock 14 no longer exists. Preserved Lock 15 <39° 48.009'N 76° 18.481'W> is accessible by car 1.5 miles south of Document [99] (Title: Trent and Mersey Canal) Macclesfield Canal to head for Marple, and the junction with the Peak Forest Canal (and hence, via the Ashton, Rochdale and Bridgewater canal) to complete the 'Cheshire Ring'. In September 2012 a serious breach occurred at Dutton Hollow near Preston Brook ( approx) which cost around £2.1m to repair. The breach was south of bridge 213 and the canal was unusable between there and Middlewich Big Lock 75. The canal was officially re-opened on 2 May 2013. After the long (40 minute) Harecastle Tunnel (one way, alternating roughly every two hours), the canal emerges in the outskirts of Stoke-on-Trent, and Document [100] (Title: Caldon Canal) canal part company again, and the canal, which is now only wide enough for a single boat, continues its rural journey to Froghall. The final section, built after the main construction was finished, includes the Froghall Tunnel, which has limited headroom, immediately followed by Froghall Basin. The canal has one branch, the Leek Branch, which runs for and includes the Leek Tunnel. The Leek Branch, opened in 1800/01, meets the main line at Hazelhurst Junction, after crossing the main line on Hazelhurst Aqueduct . Currently the branch ends some way from Leek town centre. The original length of the canal, Document [101] (Title: Union Canal (Scotland)) now at Lochrin Basin in Tollcross, adjacent to Fountainbridge. The canal has several navigable aqueducts, including the Slateford Aqueduct that takes the canal over the Water of Leith in Edinburgh, the Almond Aqueduct near Ratho and the Avon Aqueduct near Linlithgow, the second longest in the United Kingdom. Priestley describes the route and structures in some detail: [The] Canal commences from the sixteenth lock of the Forth and Clyde Navigation, about two miles west of Falkirk, in the county of Sterling (sic), whence it takes an eastwardly course on the south side of the above-mentioned town, by some collieries; thence, Document [102] (Title: Nutbrook Canal) been removed and replaced by weirs. Beyond this section, footpaths follow the course of the canal as far as Hallam wharf. Below lock 3, most of the canal has been filled in as the ironworks have expanded, but a pipe in the bed of the canal still delivers water to the works. The four-storey toll house at the Ladywood Road bridge remained until 1965 when it was demolished by the local council. Mapperley reservoir and Hawley's Pond are still there, but Shipley reservoir has been transformed as its site was occupied by the lake at the centre of The American Document [103] (Title: Industrial Revolution) links Hangzhou with Beijing. In the UK, canals began to be built in the late 18th century to link the major manufacturing centres across the country. Known for its huge commercial success, the Bridgewater Canal in North West England, which opened in 1761 and was mostly funded by The 3rd Duke of Bridgewater. From Worsley to the rapidly growing town of Manchester its construction cost £168,000 (£ ), but its advantages over land and river transport meant that within a year of its opening in 1761, the price of coal in Manchester fell by about half. This success helped inspire Document [104] (Title: Bridgewater Canal) to be "more picturesque". Boating men also used the canal. They lifted their small lightweight boats out of the M&IN at Runcorn, and carried them a short distance up the steep streets onto the Bridgewater Canal. Barges on the canal continued to be towed by horses until the middle of the 19th century, when they were replaced by steam-powered boats after a fatal epidemic spread through the horse population. The "dense smoke" produced by the steam barges and their "harsh unnecessary whistling" proved unpopular with some local residents, who also began to suffer from a condition known as canal throat, Document [105] (Title: Whitewater Canal) construct its own canal to Cambridge City. The Hagerstown Canal Company completed an eight-mile (13 km) long canal between Hagerstown and Cambridge City in 1847. A connecting canal built to reach Cincinnati was known as the Cincinnati and Whitewater Canal. This canal was built by Ohio interests and went from Harrison to Cincinnati. It was completed in 1843 and replaced Lawrenceburg as the end of the line after the 1847 November flood. This stretch of canal closed in 1862 and was used as a railroad right-of-way at that time. A canal tunnel constructed to obviate a ridgeline at Cleves still Document [106] (Title: Canals in Cheshire) Canals in Cheshire A large number of canals were built in Cheshire, England, during the early phases of the Industrial Revolution to transport goods and raw materials. This resulted in a significant canal network which is now enjoyed by holiday-makers, anglers, walkers, and others. The Bridgewater Canal runs from Preston Brook, near Runcorn, to Leigh in Greater Manchester. The original section of the canal starts at Castlefield Basin in Manchester city centre where it joins the Rochdale Canal. The canal runs west from Manchester for about , where it splits into two parts at "Waters Meeting" junction. It then passes Document [107] (Title: Chester Canal) the Trent and Mersey were supportive, as both might have lost some trade if the canal were built, and when the Duke of Bridgewater was approached for support, he replied that provided the canal did not physically link with the Trent and Mersey at Middlewich, he would not oppose the plans. Despite attempts at flattery, the Duke would not alter his position, and so the Company promoting the bill in parliament began with a serious disadvantage. The bill became an Act of Parliament on 1 April 1772, authorising the construction of a canal to run "from the River Dee, within Document [108] (Title: Canal) artificial" canal because although originally a scheme to make the Sankey Brook navigable, it included an entirely new artificial channel that was effectively a canal along the Sankey Brook valley. However, "Bridgewater" supporters point out that the last quarter-mile of the navigation is indeed a canalized stretch of the Brook, and that it was the Bridgewater Canal (less obviously associated with an existing river) that captured the popular imagination and inspired further canals. In the mid-eighteenth century the 3rd Duke of Bridgewater, who owned a number of coal mines in northern England, wanted a reliable way to transport his coal Document [109] (Title: Bridgewater Canal) 1791 the mines at Worsley produced of coal, of which were "sold down the navigation"; of rocksalt was also transported from Cheshire. Sales of coal were £19,455, and nearly £30,000 was earned from other cargoes. Passenger traffic in 1791 brought in receipts of £3,781. The canal also carried passengers and was in keen competition with the Mersey and Irwell Navigation Company (M&IN). The journey down river by the latter route took eight hours (nine hours in the up direction) while the journey on the Bridgewater canal took nine hours each way. Fares were similar but the Bridgewater route was said Document [110] (Title: Castlefield) was the largest navigation canal in the world. Though the main docks were at Salford Quays and Pomona Docks the ship canal started at the Woden Street footbridge at Hulme Locks. The Duke's Warehouse was built at the end Bridgewater Canal over the River Medlock. It has long since gone. It was first built in 1771, destroyed by fire in 1789 and rebuilt and extended including a fulling mill on the southern bank and cottages on the northern bank. It was destroyed again by fire in 1919. Built at the same time was the Grocers Warehouse 19.4 x 9.7m. This Document [111] (Title: Haywood Junction) of the canal, much too small at this point to support navigation. Derwent Mouth, where the canal joins the river, is from the junction, while Etruria Lock, where the summit level begins, is away. The Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal heads west from the junction. The Trent and Mersey towpath is carried over it by a bridge, and almost immediately, it crosses the River Trent on an aqueduct. It follows the valley of the River Sow, which joins the Trent below the junction, and soon reaches Tixall Wide, a broad expanse of water, which, although it looks like a lake, is Document [112] (Title: Outer Pennine Ring) the branch for to arrive at Leigh, where there is an end-on junction with the Leeds and Liverpool Leigh Branch. On its way, the Barton Swing Aqueduct carries it across the Manchester Ship Canal. The structure was designed by Sir Edward Leader Williams in the 1890s, and allows a section of the canal, weighing 1450 tons, to move out of the way of ships using the ship canal. The Bridgewater Canal is owned by the Manchester Ship Canal, although boats with a British Waterways licence may use it for up to seven days without further payment. The Leigh Branch of Document [113] (Title: Canals in Cheshire) Mersey Canal. The Trent and Mersey Canal links the River Trent at Derwent Mouth (in Derbyshire) to the River Mersey. The second connection is made via the Bridgewater Canal, which it joins at Preston Brook in Cheshire. Although mileposts measure the distance to Preston Brook and Shardlow, Derwent Mouth is a mile or so beyond Shardlow. The Peak Forest Canal runs from a junction with the Ashton Canal at the southern end of the Tame Aqueduct at Dukinfield through Newton, Hyde, Woodley, Bredbury, Romiley, Marple, Strines, Disley, New Mills, Furness Vale, and Bridgemont. It terminates at Bugsworth Basin, and there Document [114] (Title: Liskeard and Looe Union Canal) Company, and the canal itself gradually ceased to be navigable. The canal started from a point on the tidal East Looe River just below Terras Bridge, about a mile (about 1.5 km) above Looe bridge. When the railway branch line was built, a bridge over the canal was made, and this bridge can still be seen, showing the alignment of the canal at its lower termination. The canal ran broadly north, following closely the course of the river itself, for a distance of , terminating at Moorswater, in the valley to the west of Liskeard. This involved a considerable climb, Document [115] (Title: Manchester Bolton & Bury Canal) Aqueduct to Bailey Bridge, from Bailey Bridge to Bury, and the entire Bolton arm from Nob End Locks to Bolton. The proposal was not carried but four years later, under the London, Midland and Scottish Railway Act of 1941, they abandoned of the canal, including a section from Prestolee to Clifton and the entire Bolton arm. In 1939, during the Second World War, the Ministry of Transport ordered a half-mile section in Agecroft piped, to reduce the risk of German bomb damage damaging the adjacent Magnesium Elektron Company's site. Although it continued to generate revenue from the sale of water, Document [116] (Title: Lancaster Canal) also petitioned to make an extension from Westhoughton to the Bridgewater Canal near Worsley but stopped when the occupant of Atherton Hall objected. The Leeds and Liverpool Canal having reached Blackburn by 1810, a decision was made to link with the Lancaster Canal's southern end to avoid constructing a parallel waterway. The Lancaster Canal built two short branches to connect with the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, from Johnson's Hillock including seven locks, and from Bark Hill to Wigan Top Lock – the Act authorising this construction also authorised additional tolls to make it worthwhile for the Lancaster Canal to co-operate Document [117] (Title: Manchester and Salford Junction Canal) the interchange of goods. There were four large bays below the warehouse with two lift shafts to allow goods to be unloaded from the boats using the canal, and raised up to the warehouse for storage. The canal was constructed just as railways were becoming popular. In later years, both the Bridgewater and Rochdale canals came to be owned by the Manchester Ship Canal Company, removing the competitive incentive for keeping both canals open and the Junction Canal was abandoned in 1922. During the Second World War, sections of the canal were drained and converted for use as air-raid shelters. Document [118] (Title: River Irwell) Bridgewater built the Bridgewater Canal, the task of crossing the Irwell was one of the main obstacles he faced. The solution was to build a canal-carrying bridge across the river, the first barge aqueduct in England. The aqueduct, which opened in 1761, measured high and long, and became one of the wonders or the age. The Mersey and Irwell Navigation and the Bridgewater Canal competed for trade to and from Manchester for the next 120 years and specially designed barges with a shallow draft, known as "Mersey flats", were used on both waterways. Over the years both trade and rivalry Document [119] (Title: Bridgewater Canal) warehouse. There were no locks in Brindley's design, demonstrating his ability as a competent engineer. The Barton Aqueduct was built relatively quickly for the time; work commenced in September 1760 and the first boat crossed on 17 July 1761. The duke invested a large sum of money in the scheme. From Worsley to Manchester its construction cost £168,000 (equivalent to £ in ), but its advantages over land and river transport meant that within a year of its opening in 1761, the price of coal in Manchester fell by about half. This success helped inspire a period of intense canal Document [120] (Title: Mills Hill) for the woollen cloth. Silk weaving flourished in the area too. Walk Mill was also the site of one of the areas oldest public houses, the Duke of Bridgewater, first licensed in 1842. The pub closed on 5 April 1956. The Rochdale Canal in this area features three structures given a grade II listed building status. The Scowcroft Lane bridge was listed in 1987 and dates to the period the canal was constructed, as does the nearby stone built Coneygreen Lock. A short distance along the canal is a disused skew bridge consisting of cast iron beams with wrought iron Document [121] (Title: Montgomery Canal) This section was originally the Llanymynech branch of the Ellesmere Canal, but since the passing of the British Waterways Act 1987 is officially the first section of the Montgomery Canal. The previous history is reflected in the numbering of the bridges, which start from 71, following on a sequence which begins at Hurleston Junction, where the Llangollen Canal meets the main line of the Shropshire Union Canal. The section of the canal from Frankton Junction to Gronwen Wharf (just north of Bridge 82) is navigable by narrowboat. Access through the locks at Frankton Junction is strictly controlled, and must be Document [122] (Title: Heywood Branch Canal) boats to turn, beyond which there was a crane on either side of the canal and a covered wharf building. A third crane is shown on the 1956 map. A large portion of the canal survives although is dry along the whole route. The junction with the Rochdale canal has been lost with the building of the M62. The canal emerges and runs south of the motorway for roughly 500 meters before turning north where the motorway severs it. The canal then runs north of the motorway toward Hope Street. It passes through the site of Hope Street Bridge that Document [123] (Title: Bridgewater Canal) mines also suffered from persistent flooding, caused by the geology of the Middle Coal Measures, where the coal seam lies beneath a layer of permeable sandstone. Having visited the Canal du Midi in France and watched the construction of the Sankey Canal in England, the duke's solution to these problems was to build an underground canal at Worsley, connected to a surface canal between Worsley and Salford. In addition to easing overland transport difficulties and providing drainage for his mines, an underground canal would provide a reliable source of water for the surface canal, and also eliminate the need to Document [124] (Title: Wendover Arm Canal) an annual canal festival which began in 1990; however a site is no longer available to run this, and new funding is being sought. Phase 1 of the restoration involved the first of the canal from Bulbourne Junction () to Little Tring Farm (). Major engineering work included the refurbishment of the stop lock, and the construction of a winding basin at the terminus, to allow boats to turn round. Between the two, Little Tring Road crossed the course of the canal on an embankment which was constructed in 1973 when the original bridge was demolished. This was replaced by Document [125] (Title: Newmarket Canal) south canals. The canal route starts on the eastern arm of the Holland River, which splits off of the western arm just south of Cook's Bay. The eastern arm runs roughly southward through River Drive Park and into Holland Landing on the west side of town. At the southwestern corner of town it turns to the southeast, and after a short distance reaches the first lock, now under the bridge carrying "old" Yonge Street into town. The river continues southeast for two kilometers where it reaches the second lock at Concession 2 (Bayview Avenue). Here it meets the inlet of Document [126] (Title: Rushall Canal) W&E at Catshill Junction near Brownhills. A short, non-navigable, arm at Longwood Junction leads to Hay Head Nature Reserve, which was once an area of limestone mines. The canal was built in the, then, county of Staffordshire under an Act of Parliament of April 1844 (four years after the merger of the BCN and W&E) to connect the Daw End Branch to The Tame Valley Canal to take coal from Cannock mines to Birmingham and the Black Country. The engineer was James Walker. It was specified to be wide with towpaths on both sides. The towpaths were to be wide, Document [127] (Title: Manchester and Salford Junction Canal) In 1838, just as the canal was being built, the Bridgewater Canal Company were completing their Hulme Locks Branch Canal. This provided an alternative route from the Rochdale Canal to the River Irwell, and cargoes from either direction could navigate onto the Irwell without the need to use the new Junction Canal. Construction of the new canal was funded in part by the proprietors of the Manchester Bolton & Bury Canal. The canal was opened in 1839. In 1885 the Great Northern Warehouse was built on top of the line of the canal and a dock was constructed to allow Document [128] (Title: Birchills Junction) end, but the route was abandoned in 1954. However, it may be reopened as the Lichfield Canal, for a restoration group have been working on it for some years. The towpath on the Wyrley and Essington Canal is on the southern bank, and it crosses the start of the Walsall Canal. Immediately afterwards, Stephenson Avenue Bridge crosses, and the canal then passes over an aqueduct, which once passed over a railway line but is now dismantled. The top lock of the eight Walsall Locks, which lower the level by , is reached after . At the bottom of the flight Document [129] (Title: E2 European long distance path) the Etherow/Goyt Valley Way, from Broadbottom to Compstall, the Goyt Way from Compstall to Disley, the Peak Forest Canal from Disley to Marple, the Gritstone Trail, from Disley to Rushton Spencer, the Staffordshire Way, from Rushton Spencer to Canock Chase, the Heart of England Way, from Cannock Chase to Bourton on the Water, the Oxfordshire Way, from Bourton on the Water to Kirtlington, the Oxford Canal, from Kirtlington to Oxford, the Thames Path, from Oxford to Weybridge, the Wey Navigation Path, from Weybridge to Guildford, and the North Downs Way, from Guildford to Dover. In Belgium the route starts from Document [130] (Title: Welland Canal, bridge 13) operated manually. The Third Welland Canal was constructed between 1871 and 1881 and located slightly west of the second. The bridge over this canal was constructed one block south of Main Street at Division Street. This situation severed the primary commercial artery and caused hardship for local business. In winter when the canal was closed, a floating plank bridge, just 1.2m (4 feet) wide allowed pedestrian access across the canal at Main Street, but significant pressure was placed on officials to build a permanent bridge at this location. Eventually, a bridge known as the Alexandra Bridge was built at Main Document [131] (Title: South Pennine Ring) canals starting from Ducie St Junction in Manchester, and proceeding clockwise around the ring. The Rochdale Canal was authorised in 1794 and completed in 1804. Unlike the other two trans-Pennine canals, it does not have a major tunnel, but has to climb higher as a consequence, and the large number of locks, which were able to take wide-beam barges up to wide, used a prodigious amount of water, which often presented problems. The last commercial boat to travel from one end of the canal to the other did so in 1937, and most of the canal except for the section Document [132] (Title: Bridgewater Canal) gates were closed, and with the ebb of the tide were opened to release water, which scoured the silt from the entrance to the locks. The cut created an island, known as Runcorn Island, crossed by Castle Bridge. The connection to Manchester was delayed by Sir Richard Brooke of Norton Priory. Concerned that boatmen might poach his game and wildfowl, Brooke did not want the canal to pass through his land. The Act included several stipulations: the canal should not come within of his house; the towpath should be on the south side of the canal, furthest away from Brooke's Document [133] (Title: North Pennine Ring) around the ring. From Castlefield Junction, the route follows the Bridgewater Canal to Waters Meeting, where the main line turns to the left to reach Runcorn and the ring follows the Stretford and Leigh Branch to an end-on junction with the Leeds and Liverpool Leigh Branch at Leigh. This was originally considered to be the main line, as the canal was connected to a series of underground levels which ran into the coal mines at Worsley. One feature was a huge aqueduct, above the River Irwell, which allowed sailing ships to pass beneath it. It was demolished when the Manchester Document [134] (Title: Canals in Cheshire) is a short branch at Bridgemont to Whaley Bridge. This canal is just over long. At Marple, the canal crosses Marple Aqueduct and then rises through 16 locks and makes a junction at Top Lock with the Macclesfield Canal. The Wardle Canal is located in Middlewich, Cheshire, and connects the Trent and Mersey Canal to the Shropshire Union Canal (Middlewich branch). It is the shortest canal in the UK, at approximately long, and terminates with a single lock (known as Wardle lock). The Macclesfield Canal runs from Marple Junction where it joins the Peak Forest Canal, southwards (through Bollington, Macclesfield, Document [135] (Title: Bridgewater House, Runcorn) the building and operation of the Runcorn branch of the canal. The canal was opened to the Mersey in 1773 and completed throughout its length in 1776. After the Duke's death in 1803 the house was used as offices by the Bridgewater Trustees, and from 1872 by the Bridgewater Navigation Company. In 1887 the assets of this company, including the house, were bought by the Manchester Ship Canal Company, who used it mainly for the purpose of entertaining. At the outbreak of the Second World War, part of the house was taken over by the Balloon Section of the Royal Document [136] (Title: Bradford Canal) the following year was successful, the Bradford Canal (Abandonment) Act being passed in June 1922. Closure occurred on 25 June, with just the section from the Leeds and Liverpool canal to the bottom of the first lock being retained, to be used as moorings. Subsequently, much of the canal's route has been built upon and filled in. Apart from the junction, several of the bridges which once spanned it are still visible in whole or in part. Near the site of the first lock is a lock keepers cottage and the pumping station building, which has been restored and is Document [137] (Title: Farmington Canal Heritage Trail) Canal line has been incorporated into the Lock 12 Historical Park. The entire route of the Farmington Canal Heritage Trail is not yet completed (85% in Connecticut, 63% in Massachusetts). The trail is divided into three sections: As of October 2018, one continuous section runs from Yale University to Lazy Lane in Southington, a distance of 25 miles. The northern part of Southington is being designed for construction up to Town Line Road in 2019. The last gap is the northern section of 5.3 miles through Plainville. As of October 2018, the Trail extends uninterrupted from Northwest Drive in Northern Document [138] (Title: Mersey and Irwell Navigation) reaches. In 1740 the company built quays and warehouses along Water Street in Manchester. In 1779 a group of businessmen from Manchester and Liverpool purchased the navigation, and began making improvements. A difficult section below Howley lock was cut out by the building of the Runcorn to Latchford Canal, and at Runcorn a basin was built for boats to wait for the tide. An aqueduct was built from Woolston Cut, to replace water lost from the locks that were used to raise boats into the new canal section. The completion of the Bridgewater Canal in 1776, followed in 1830 by Document [139] (Title: Nutbrook Canal) its southern end towards its junction (later known as Nutbrook Junction) with the Erewash Canal just above Heath Lock. There were two significant branches from the main line. One from just below Moor's Bridge went to Sir Henry Hunloke's estate at West Hallam, while a second, smaller branch left the main line just above Lock 3 to connect with Lord Stanhope's wagonway. The costs of construction overran, and were quoted as £22,801 (),in a report to the Derbyshire Justices, made at the start of 1797. The excess over the £19,500 authorised by the Act of Parliament was managed by further Document [140] (Title: Outer Pennine Ring) some 7 years earlier. The North Pennine Ring, which followed the Calder and Hebble Navigation above Cooper Bridge, continues along the main line of the Rochdale Canal above Ducie Street Junction and rejoins the Outer Pennine Ring at this point. Most of the canal was closed in 1952, but the final section remained open, to provide a link between the Bridgewater Canal and the Ashton Canal. There are nine locks on this stretch, which passes through urban Manchester, to arrive at Castlefield Junction on the Bridgewater Canal, completing the ring. Outer Pennine Ring The Outer Pennine Ring is an English Document [141] (Title: Preston Brook) used by Capita, Marks & Spencer, O2, First Group and Tesco Mobile. The Bridgewater Canal runs from Manchester through Preston Brook where it divides into two branches. One branch leads to Runcorn where it used to join the Manchester Ship Canal, and before that the River Mersey, while the other branch joins the Trent and Mersey Canal at the Preston Brook canal tunnel. The community has a website and a bi-monthly newsletter. Preston Brook Preston Brook is a civil parish in the borough of Halton, a unitary authority in the ceremonial county of Cheshire. It is located to the south-east Document [142] (Title: Port of Runcorn) tons in 1954. The old line of locks from the Bridgewater Canal became disused in the late 1930s, they were closed under the Ship Canal Act of 1949 and filled in. The Ship Canal Act of 1966 allowed the closure of the new line of locks, the old dock area and the Francis and Arnold Docks. The Runcorn and Weston Canal has been filled in to provide additional quay space for modern docks and the old warehouses have been demolished. However, with the building of the Silver Jubilee Bridge in 1961 communications to the docks have been improved and trade Document [143] (Title: Castlefield) with the construction of the Manchester Ship Canal but a deep water channel was maintained up to the Woden Street footbridge. Two canals define Castlefield: the Bridgewater built in 1761 and the Rochdale opened in 1804. There are however two more short canals within Castlefield that form links with the Irwell, these are the Manchester and Salford Junction Canal and the Hulme Locks Branch Canal, both being disused but both are still visible. The Bridgewater Hall basin on the former has been restored. Over the Irwell from Water Street is the entrance to the Manchester, Bolton & Bury Canal. Before Document [144] (Title: Ewood Aqueduct) Act was granted authorising another change of route and yet more fund-raising. The new Foulridge Tunnel was proving difficult and expensive to dig, when it opened in 1796 it was 1,640 yards (1,500 m) long. This new route took the canal south via Burnley and Blackburn which was reached in 1810. This new route for this section of the canal meant it was now running parallel with and then crossing the isolated southern end of the Lancaster Canal. Common sense prevailed and the Leeds and Liverpool Canal connected with the Lancaster Canal between Wigan and Johnson's Hillock. The main line Document [145] (Title: Bradley Branch) This descended from the Birmingham main line through the eight Ryder's Green locks, and followed the contour. Once the Broadwaters Canal was extended to reach Walsall Town Basin in 1799, it became known as the Walsall Canal. Several branches were built from the Broadwaters Canal to serve the growing coal-field through which it ran. Just to the south of Bradley was the Gospel Oak colliery, and a branch to this had been authorised by the 1783 Act, but work did not start until 1791, and the intention to build some locks at the far end was abandoned when it was Document [146] (Title: Bridgewater Canal) the proprietors of the nearby Manchester Bolton & Bury Canal to resolve a dispute with a Salford landowner, but his response was delayed. In 1810 there was a general agreement with the Mersey and Irwell Navigation Company (M&IN) to simultaneously raise freight charges. However any cooperation between the two companies was short-lived and by 1812 the Mersey and Irwell had reduced their charges. Further competition was to come from other carriers who used the canal; in 1824 the traffic carried by private companies exceeded that carried by the Trustees for the first time. However, in time more profit came from Document [147] (Title: Pennsylvania Canal (North Branch Division)) begun in 1828 and completed in 1831 to Nanticoke Falls. In 1834, a project called the Wyoming Extension increased the canal's length by past Wilkes-Barre to Pittston. A final extension of from Pittston to the New York state line was started in 1836 and finished in 1856. The complete canal had a total of 43 locks that overcame of elevation between its end points. The southern end was above sea level, and the northern end was at . The privately built Junction Canal of linked the North Branch Canal to Elmira. There the Junction Canal connected with the Chemung Canal, Document [148] (Title: Walsall Canal) and Essington Canal at Birchills Junction. The canal starts at the Birmingham Level, descends 45 feet to the Walsall Level, then rises 65 feet to the Wolverhampton Level. The canal was built in four distinct stages. It started life as the Broadwaters Extension to the Wednesbury Canal which opened in 1785 to serve collieries in Moxley. This section was authorised as a detached part of the Birmingham & Fazeley Canal under that canal's original Act. Meanwhile from the other direction, the Birchills Branch of the Wyrley and Essington Canal reached Bloxwich Wharf to the north-west of Walsall by 1798. (Much Document [149] (Title: Delaware and Hudson Canal) added to the National Register of Historic Places and state and local landmark lists. The finished canal ran 108 miles (174 km), from Honesdale to Kingston (counting the tidewater portions of the Rondout where the canal joined the creek at Eddyville). Its 108 locks took it over elevation changes totaling 1,075 feet (328 m), more than the Erie Canal's 675 feet (206 m). The channel was four feet (122 cm) deep (eventually increased to six feet (2 m)) by 32 feet (10 m) wide. It was crossed by 137 bridges and had 26 dams, basins and reservoirs. Originally it crossed Document [150] (Title: Runcorn and Weston Canal) believes that the increase in passing boat trade that would come from reopening the locks has the potential to bring economical, recreational and social benefits to people within the region. The new flight of locks from the Bridgewater Canal was abandoned in 1966, but the old flight was left in place and covered over. Its line is protected by the local council, and there are plans to re-open the locks. This would almost certainly result in the Runcorn and Weston Canal being reopened, in order to provide somewhere for pleasure craft which have descended the flight to go without having Document [151] (Title: Runcorn and Weston Canal) at which time a Manchester Ship Canal official commented that it had been "physically, as well as officially" closed for a year. The flights of locks from the Bridgewater Canal down to Runcorn Docks were filled in when the Runcorn-Widnes road bridge was constructed in 1966. About half of the Runcorn and Weston Canal was filled in at the same time. The southern half remains in water, but is in a derelict state. In 2015 the Runcorn Locks Restoration Society launched its Unlock Runcorn campaign, which is dedicated to reopening the flight of locks in Runcorn's Old Town. The society Document [152] (Title: Bridgewater Canal) "the wonder of their time", was built to connect the two. Nine locks had a fall of , with a fall at the river lock of more than at low water. It allowed vessels to enter and leave the canal on any tide. The connection to the Mersey was made on 1 January 1773. The river's tidal action tended to deposit silt around the lower entrance to the locks, so to counteract this a channel, equipped with gates at each end and known as the Duke's Gut, was cut through the marshes upriver from the locks. At high tide the Document [153] (Title: Canals in Cheshire) Hulme Lock, an unused connection to the River Irwell and the Manchester Ship Canal, and a new lock at Pomona which accesses the Ship Canal. From Waters Meeting, the original part of the canal passes over the Manchester Ship Canal on the Barton Swing Aqueduct at Salford and travels about to Leigh, where it makes an end-on connection with the Leeds and Liverpool Canal. The other part of the canal travels about south-west to Runcorn, passing through the towns of Sale and Lymm, and to the south of central Warrington. At Preston Brook, the canal connects with the Trent and Document [154] (Title: Monkland Canal) Edition of the 25-inch Ordnance Survey maps (1858), and the most likely location for the termination seems to be Gartcraig Bridge (sometimes known as Jessie's Bridge), from where access to Glasgow was by way of Carntyne Road. The next possible location would be Smithy Croft bridge, but that is on the Cumbernauld Road; even in 1858 that was not a humble "cart road". Hume asserts that the temporary end point was a canal basin opposite Barlinnie Prison on the north side of the canal, between Jessie's Bridge (an alternative name for Gartcraig Bridge) and Smithycroft Bridge; he says the basin Document [155] (Title: Liskeard and Looe Union Canal) of over its length, and there were 24 locks. The canal ran on the east side of the River, except between a point below Plashford Bridge to near Landreast bridge, The present day railway branch line closely follows the route of the canal. Moorswater was chosen as a feasible terminal because of its altitude—below Liskeard town—and proximity to the agricultural lands the canal was built to serve. Roads for onward transport were built, eastward to Liskeard itself and northward to Highwood. There was a basin at Moorswater, located in the area near the present-day railway level crossing, close to the Document [156] (Title: Bridgewater Canal) lift the coal to the surface (an expensive and difficult proposition). The canal boats would carry at a time, pulled by only one horse – more than ten times the amount of cargo per horse that was possible with a cart. The duke and his estate manager John Gilbert produced a plan of the canal, and in 1759 obtained an Act of Parliament, enabling its construction. James Brindley was brought in for his technical expertise (having previously installed a pumping system at the nearby Wet Earth Colliery), and after a six-day visit suggested varying the route of the proposed canal Document [157] (Title: Bridgewater Canal) through Stretford, Sale, Altrincham, Lymm and finally to Runcorn. In December 1761 Brindley undertook a survey of the route at Runcorn. His initial plan was to make the terminus at Hempstones, east of Runcorn Gap, but following a study of the tides and depth of water there, he decided instead to build the terminus west of Runcorn Gap. This change was designed to accommodate Mersey flats, although the low fixed bridges required that traffic on the canal be able to lower or unship their masts. Runcorn basin was almost above the Mersey, so a flight of ten locks, described as Document [158] (Title: Bellows Falls, Vermont) Street Bridge), which replaced the Arch Bridge in 1982, and the Vilas Bridge, which was closed due to safety concerns in 2009. The Bellows Falls Canal, the first canal built in the United States, was dug by a British-owned company from 1791-1802. The original canal was 22 feet wide and four feet deep, and had 9 locks, each 75 feet long and 20 feet wide, which allowed shipping to go around the Great Falls in the Connecticut River by being lifted 52 feet (16 m) around the gorge. River traffic declined after railroads were built to the Connecticut Valley in Document [159] (Title: Barton Swing Aqueduct) Bridgewater Canal, which has now been removed. The structure is adjacent to, and upstream of, the Barton Road Swing Bridge. Both bridges are operated from a brick control tower on an island in the centre of the ship canal. When in the open position, the aqueduct and road bridge line up along the length of the island, allowing ships to traverse each side. To avoid the risk of collision, the aqueduct is opened half an hour before traffic on the Manchester Ship Canal is scheduled to pass. The turning mechanism built into the central island consists of a race plate Document [160] (Title: Pennsylvania Canal (Delaware Division)) Pennsylvania Canal (Delaware Division) The Delaware Division of the Pennsylvania Canal, more commonly called the Delaware Canal, runs for parallel to the right bank of the Delaware River from the entry locks near the mouth of the Lehigh River and terminal end of the Lehigh Canal at Easton south to Bristol. At Easton, which today is the home of The National Canal Museum, the Delaware Canal also connected with the Morris Canal built to carry anthracite coal to energy starved New Jersey industries. Later, with a crossing-lock constructed at New Hope, the New Hope 'outlet lock' (1847) connected by Cable Document [161] (Title: Tipton Green and Toll End Canals) Tipton Green and Toll End Canals The Tipton Green Branch and Toll End Branch (or Toll End Communication Canal) were narrow canals comprising part of the Birmingham Canal Navigations near Tipton (formerly in Staffordshire), West Midlands, England. These canals no longer exist. The Tipton Green Branch was completed around 1805 with 3 locks and a length of quarter of a mile. The Toll End Branch was authorised by Act of Parliament in 1783 (along with the Birmingham and Fazeley Canal, Broadwaters Canal, and several other branches) to provide access to a proposed new coal mine. Work was started from the Document [162] (Title: Bridgewater Canal) narrow gauge tramroad worked by horses from his Gin Pit Colliery to Marsland Green where he installed cranes and tipplers to load barges at a wharf. The tramroad was later worked by locomotives. In 1867 the Fletchers built a private railway line and the Bedford Basin with facilities for loading coal from Howe Bridge onto barges. Astley Green Colliery began winding coal on the north bank of the canal in 1912. In the 1940s and '50s coal was sent to Barton Power Station and Runcorn Gas Works. Upon completion of the Rochdale Canal in 1804, the two canals were joined Document [163] (Title: Hulme Locks Branch Canal) Bridgewater and Rochdale canals came to be owned by the Manchester Ship Canal Company, removing the competitive incentive for keeping both canals open and the Junction Canal was abandoned in 1922. Hulme Locks Branch Canal was used until 1995, when a new lock was provided at Pomona Docks (Dock 3), and this branch canal is now overgrown. Hulme Locks Branch Canal The Hulme Locks Branch Canal is a canal in the city of Manchester. It is 200m (one furlong) in length and was built to provide a direct waterway between the Mersey and Irwell Navigation and the Bridgewater Canal. The Document [164] (Title: Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal) Mersey Canal, is only about 300 metres from the confluence of the River Sow with the Trent. The canal runs west through Tixall Wide and along the Sow valley, closely following the river, to Weeping Cross, on the south east edge of Stafford, the confluence of the River Penk with the Sow. The canal then swings at right angles to the south, taking up the course of the Penk. It then runs "via" Acton Trussell and Penkridge to Calf Heath, where it is joined by the now-derelict Hatherton Canal. Continuing south "via" Coven, Staffordshire, it begins to bear away from Document [165] (Title: Cannock Extension Canal) now the A5 road, and the modern canal ends here. Beyond, much of the canal was on high embankments, raised to combat subsidence, but traffic no longer justified the costs of maintenance, and the northerly section was closed in 1963. The next bridge was Northgreen Bridge, beyond which there was a wharf, and the first of several large brick overflow weirs. After New Road Bridge, located where the modern M6 Toll motorway crosses the course of the canal, and Foredrove Bridge, the junction with the Norton Springs Branch was marked by a large basin to the east of the canal. Document [166] (Title: Dukinfield Junction) with the completion of the tunnel. It joins the Ashton Canal end-on at the junction. The Hudderfield Narrow Canal was abandoned in 1944. The Peak Forest Canal had ceased to be used by the start of the Second World War in 1939, and the Ashton Canal was unnavigable by 1962. However, the Peak Forest Canal Society was formed, and working with the British Waterways Board, the local councils through which the canals ran, and the Inland Waterways Association, the Ashton Canal and the lower Peak Forest Canal were reopened in 1974, bringing the junction back into use. A campaign for Document [167] (Title: Whitchurch Waterway Trust) decided to abandon the planned arm to Whitchurch in 1800, but in 1805 was approached by a group of businessmen who wanted to build both the branch and a short extension to Castle Well, so that the terminus was nearer to the centre of the town. The canal company decided that it did not have the powers to delegate construction of the arm to the consortium, and so completed the construction of the original route using money borrowed from the businessmen. It was opened on 6 July 1808. The Act of Parliament needed to authorise the extension was not applied Document [168] (Title: Francis Egerton, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater) the acquaintance of her sister, Lady Coventry, led to the breaking off of the match. Thereupon the Duke broke up his London establishment, and retired to his estate at Worsley where he devoted himself to the making of canals. The Bridgewater Canal from Worsley to Manchester which he constructed to transport coal obtained on his estates is usually cited as the first modern British canal as opposed to a river navigation—although the Sankey Canal is a rival to this claim, projected as a "navigation", but built as a true canal. The construction of Bridgewater's canal, with its aqueduct across the Document [169] (Title: Trent and Mersey Canal) River Trent at Derwent Mouth (in Derbyshire) to the River Mersey. The second connection is made via the Bridgewater Canal, which it joins at Preston Brook in Cheshire. Note that although mileposts measure the distance to Preston Brook and Shardlow, Derwent Mouth is a mile or so beyond Shardlow. The plan of a canal connection from the Mersey to the Trent ("The Grand Trunk") came from canal engineer James Brindley. It was authorised by an Act of Parliament in 1766 and the first sod was cut by Josiah Wedgwood in July that year at Brownhills, Burslem. In 1777, the canal Document [170] (Title: Runcorn and Weston Canal) a canal to link the Bridgewater Canal to the River Weaver Navigation was first proposed in late 1852, when the Bridgewater's general manager, Fereday Smith, met with the trustees of the Weaver. Its purpose was to aid the transfer of salt between the two systems. The canal was authorised by an Act of Parliament passed on 14 June 1853, which specified that the canal was to run from Francis Dock, which was connected to the Duke of Bridgewater's Canal at Runcorn, to a junction with the River Weaver Navigation or Weston Canal at Weston Point. It was to be privately Document [171] (Title: Runcorn to Latchford Canal) Mersey at a lock which was located above Howley Weir. At its terminus a dock was built which became part of the Port of Runcorn. The canal was built under powers embodied in the Mersey and Irwell Navigation Act (1720) which permitted new cuts to be made without the necessity of further recourse to Parliament. It opened in July 1804. The canal and the Mersey and Irwell Navigation were bought out by the Bridgewater Canal Company in 1844. The new owners invested little in the canal and its condition gradually grew worse. They in turn were bought out by the Document [172] (Title: Bridgewater Canal) house; there should be no quays, buildings, hedges or fences to obstruct the view; no vessels were to be moored within of the house, other than during construction. Eventually, though, a compromise was reached. This included the construction of a link to the Trent and Mersey Canal at Preston Brook (permitted by the Trent and Mersey Canal Act of 1766), and the building of the canal's terminus to the west of Runcorn Gap. The Trent and Mersey link gave the Duke access to the Midlands, and forestalled the Weaver Trustees from making their own junction with the canal. The new Document [173] (Title: Inverarnan Canal) to stop the work on the grounds that it would prevent the Loch Lomond Steamboat Company's vessels from travelling up the Falloch to Inverarnan, even though regular services had ceased a decade or so before. The unfinished bridge is still recognisable as two large stone pillars. Inverarnan Canal The Inverarnan Canal was a short length of canal terminating at Garbal, close to the hamlet of Inverarnan, Scotland. This waterway once linked the old coaching inn, now the Drovers Inn, at Inverarnan, on the Allt Arnan Burn (a tributary of the Falloch) to the River Falloch and passengers could continue southward Document [174] (Title: Bridgewater Canal) for leisure boats involving the Trent and Mersey Canal, the Anderton Boat Lift and the River Weaver. The Hulme Locks Branch Canal in Manchester is now disused, and on 26 May 1995 was replaced by the nearby Pomona Lock. The Bridgewater Way is a scheme to redevelop the canal and make it more accessible to users, particularly cyclists. The 40-mile development, which includes a new towpath, will form part of the National Cycle and Footpath Network as Regional Route number 82. Notes Citations Bibliography Further reading Bridgewater Canal The Bridgewater Canal connects Runcorn, Manchester and Leigh, in North West England. Document [175] (Title: Welland Canal) his many water-powered industries along the Twelve Mile Creek in Thorold. The construction began at Allanburg, Ontario, on November 30, at a point now marked as such on the west end of Bridge No. 11 (formerly Highway 20). This canal opened for a trial run on November 30, 1829 (exactly five years, to the day, after the ground-breaking in 1824). After a short ceremony at Lock One, in Port Dalhousie, the schooner "Anne & Jane" (also called "Annie & Jane" in some texts) made the first transit, upbound to Buffalo, N.Y., with Merritt as a passenger on her deck. The Document [176] (Title: Bridgewater Canal) extension also met with opposition from the Mersey and Irwell Navigation, until the duke purchased a controlling interest in the company. The first part of the new extension was opened in 1767, and completed in full by March 1776, but Brindley did not live to see its completion; it was continued by his brother-in-law, Hugh Henshall. The total cost of the canal, from Worsley to Manchester and from Longford Bridge to the Mersey at Runcorn, was £220,000. Alongside the Mersey, the duke built Runcorn Dock, several warehouses, and Bridgewater House, a temporary home from which he could supervise operations at Document [177] (Title: Barton Aqueduct) still opened to traffic only 15 months after the enabling Act of Parliament had been passed, on 17 July 1761. It remained in use for more than 100 years, until the construction of the Manchester Ship Canal necessitated its demolition in 1893, replaced by the Barton Swing Aqueduct. The original intention was for the Bridgewater Canal to reach Salford from the Duke of Bridgewater's coal mines in Worsley, by remaining on the north bank of the Irwell. Work began in 1759, but it was quickly decided to alter the route by building a masonry aqueduct to carry the waterway over Document [178] (Title: Tipton Green and Toll End Canals) From the later 20th Century Caggy's Boatyard occupied the basin at Watery Lane Junction. The Horseley Ironworks operated their first foundry from a site between the two branches where many iron bridges, including the Engine Arm Aqueduct (1825), two roving bridges at Smethwick Junction (1828) and Galton Bridge, were cast. Having suffered from a century or more of declining traffic due to the advent of trains and then motor vehicles, the Tipton Green Branch became disused in 1960, and the Toll End Branch in 1966, after some of the locks along the canal became immovable. The locks and canals were Document [179] (Title: Shropshire Canal) from the start, the engines for the other two planes were not ready when they began operation, and the initial movement of the boats was assisted by horses until 1793, when the engines were commissioned. The canal joined the Ketley Canal at Oakengates. However, there was a difference in the water levels and a lock was required to compensate for the 1 ft (0.3m) drop. At its southern end, to the south of Southall wharf, the canal split into two, with the main line continuing to Coalport via the two inclined planes, and the Horsehay branch running to Brierly Hill, Document [180] (Title: Canals in Cheshire) and Congleton), to a junction with the Trent and Mersey Canal near Kidsgrove. The Shropshire Union Canal links Wolverhampton (and the Birmingham Canal Navigations) with the River Mersey. The Bridgewater Canal is often considered to be the first true canal in Britain. However, the Sankey Canal also has good claim to that title. Although the Sankey Canal was originally contained within the old county of Lancashire, the transfer of Warrington and Widnes to Cheshire means that it now lies partly in the county. Preston Brook also lies in Cheshire, south of the River Mersey. Where possible, opening dates for the Document [181] (Title: Bridgewater Canal) centuries-old sandstone quarry near Worsley Brook, was the entrance to the Navigable Levels. It is now a Scheduled Monument. Two entrances, built years apart, allow access to the specially built M-boats (also known as Starvationers), the largest of which could carry of coal. Inside the mines of underground canal on four levels, linked by inclined planes, were constructed. The mines ceased production in 1887. As the canal passes through Worsley, iron oxide from the mines has, for many years, stained the water bright orange. The removal of this colouration is currently the subject of a £2.5 million remedial scheme. In Document [182] (Title: Rochdale) the Rochdale Canal emerged in 1776, when James Brindley was commissioned to survey possible routes between Sowerby Bridge and Manchester. However it was not until 4 April 1794 that an Act of Parliament was obtained. The broad canal which linked the Bridgewater Canal in Manchester with the Aire and Calder Navigation at Sowerby Bridge became a major artery of commerce between Lancashire and Yorkshire for cotton, wool, coal, limestone, timber, and salt. The canal is fed from Hollingworth Lake. The canal fell into disuse and re-opened in 2003 after years of neglect, including its division by a motorway. Demand from Document [183] (Title: Delaware Canal State Park) the canal passes through Bristol Township and ends at the borough of Bristol. The Delaware Canal stretches from Bristol to Easton along the Delaware River. It was used to haul coal and other products from the Lehigh Canal beginning in Mauch Chunk (today Jim Thorpe) to the industrial centers of the Philadelphia area near Bristol, Pennsylvania. The canal was built in the mid-19th century and ran its last commercial traffic on October 17, 1931. The state bought of the canal in 1931 and bought the remaining in 1940. The Delaware Division of the Pennsylvania Canal and its towpath became Theodore Document [184] (Title: Hertford Union Canal) as a dam was built across it to prevent the Regent's Canal losing water to it. After failed attempts to sell it in 1851, it was eventually acquired by the Regent's Canal Company and became a branch of that canal on 28 October 1857. The new owners removed the dam, and deepened and widened the channel. When the Grand Union Canal Company came into existence on 1 January 1929, it became part of that network. Today, it is maintained by the Canal & River Trust. The canal starts at Hertford Union Junction between Mile End Lock and Old Ford Lock Document [185] (Title: Canal) to the rapidly industrializing city of Manchester. He commissioned the engineer James Brindley to build a canal for that purpose. Brindley's design included an aqueduct carrying the canal over the River Irwell. This was an engineering wonder which immediately attracted tourists. The construction of this canal was funded entirely by the Duke and was called the Bridgewater Canal. It opened in 1761 and was the first major British canal.<ref name="N/A 1978 990"></ref> The new canals proved highly successful. The boats on the canal were horse-drawn with a towpath alongside the canal for the horse to walk along. This horse-drawn system Document [186] (Title: Preston on the Hill) schools came into being following the Education Act of 1870, and were able to raise funds from the local rates. The single most influential thing to happen in the history of the villages of Preston on the Hill and neighbouring Preston Brook was the opening of the Bridgewater Canal in 1776. The canal was linked with the Trent & Mersey Canal in 1772 at a point just 11 yards inside the north end of the Preston Brook tunnel. This spot is marked today by a milepost on the path over the tunnel, which was used to walk the horses that Document [187] (Title: River Medlock) of a mile further on the Medlock enters the Irwell adjacent to the bottom gate of the disused Hulme Locks. In the latter part of the 18th century the river was navigable at least between the Bridgewater Canal (at Deansgate) and the site of India House (on Whitworth Street). At India House was the entrance to a tunnel used to carry coal to a wharf at Store Street (by Piccadilly station). The tunnel mouth is still visible. The tunnel was rendered obsolete by silting of the river and the construction of the Rochdale Canal. The area just south of Oxford Document [188] (Title: Bridgewater Canal) building, known as Canal Mania. Along with its stone aqueduct at Barton-upon-Irwell, the Bridgewater Canal was considered a major engineering achievement. One commentator wrote that when finished, "[the canal] will be the most extraordinary thing in the Kingdom, if not in Europe. The boats in some places are to go underground, and in other places over a navigable river, without communicating with its waters". In addition to the duke's warehouse at Manchester, more buildings were built by Brindley and extended to Alport Street (now called Deansgate). The warehouses were of timber-frame design, with load-bearing hand-made brick walls, supported on cast Document [189] (Title: St Columb Canal) New Farm and Higher Lanvean, to the north of the Lanvean Bottoms Nature Reserve again follow the route of the canal. The route continued to the east, passing just to the south of the buildings at Trevedras, to cross the Lower Denzell to Bolingey road. A semi-circular track shows the route, which is picked up by the bridleway to the east of Bolingey, after it crosses another side stream. The canal reached Menadews Plantation, and continued along its northern edge, where it terminated, about short of Whitewater. The southern section began at Lusty Glaze, where the site of the incline Document [190] (Title: Point Pleasant Canal) traffic has the right of way. Point Pleasant Canal The Point Pleasant Canal is a canal in Point Pleasant, New Jersey. It was completed in 1925 to connect the Manasquan Inlet and Manasquan River with Bay Head Harbor on the northern end of Barnegat Bay. The canal is part of the Intracoastal Waterway. With the completion of the canal, the Barnegat Peninsula effectively became an island. The island is connected to the mainland by two lift bridges spanning the canal. The bridges, at Route 88 and at Bridge Avenue (the Lovelandtown Bridge), open on demand, halting motor traffic to allow Document [191] (Title: D&R Canal Trail) the New Brunswick end leaving a coarse surface suitable for only pedestrians and mountain bikers. The main entrance in New Brunswick is at the Landing Lane Bridge. Access Points The feeder canal was used to supply water to the main canal from the Delaware River. The towpath/rail-trail's surface is sand and crushed stone. The feeder canal trail, including the rail trail to Frenchtown is long. The trail begins in Trenton near Route 1 and ends north of Frenchtown. Access Points Technically, the D&R canal starts near Bull's Island (now a state campground) in Raven Rock where it connects to the Document [192] (Title: Port of Runcorn) the west of Runcorn Gap. Close to this point the Duke of Bridgewater built two tidal basins, two warehouses, a dry dock and a house, Bridgewater House, from which to supervise the work. To the west of this area he later built the dock, which opened in 1791. In 1804 the Runcorn to Latchford Canal was opened. This connected the Mersey and Irwell Navigation with the River Mersey at Runcorn. In 1810 the Weston Canal was built between Frodsham and the Weston Point area of Runcorn to avoid the difficult entrance to the mouth of the River Weaver. At Weston Document [193] (Title: Ashton Canal) Canal including the Piccadilly Basin. It included the unique Store Street Aqueduct, built on a 45 degree skew and believed to be the first major such structure in Britain and the oldest still in use today. The section was completed by 1798, but the necessary extension by the Rochdale proprietors to the Bridgewater Canal was not built until 1800. Although the Huddersfield Narrow Canal was open as far as Woolroad by 1798, neither it, nor the Peak Forest Canal were complete. In fact it was another ten years before the former connected to Yorkshire and the east coast. With little Document [194] (Title: Bridgewater Canal) The Bridgewater is often mistakenly considered to be the first true canal in Britain, as it relied upon existing watercourses as sources of water rather than as navigable routes. It now terminates in Runcorn basin, just before the disused flight of 10 locks which (before the approach road to the Silver Jubilee Bridge was built) used to lower the canal to the Runcorn Docks on the River Mersey and later, to the Manchester Ship Canal. The old line of locks in Runcorn fell into disuse in the late 1930s, and they were closed under the Ship Canal Act of 1949 Document [195] (Title: Runcorn and Weston Canal) Runcorn and Weston Canal The Runcorn and Weston Canal was a short canal near Runcorn in Cheshire, England, constructed to link the Weston Canal, which is part of the River Weaver Navigation, to the Bridgewater Canal and Runcorn Docks. It was completed in 1859, but was little used. Around half of it became the Arnold Dock in 1876, when it was made wider and deeper, and linked to Fenton Dock by a ship lock. The dock section and some of the remaining canal were filled in during the 1960s, and the remainder is in a derelict state. The idea for Document [196] (Title: Barton Aqueduct) in the nearby Barton Memorial Arch, a monument to his "castle in the air". Barton Aqueduct The Barton Aqueduct, opened on 17 July 1761, carried the Bridgewater Canal over the River Irwell at Barton-upon-Irwell, in the historic county of Lancashire, England. Designed largely by James Brindley under the direction of John Gilbert, it was the first navigable aqueduct to be built in England, "one of the seven wonders of the canal age" according to industrial archaeologist Mike Nevell. Construction proceeded quickly, but disaster almost struck when the aqueduct was first filled with water and one of its three arches began Question: where does the bridgewater canal start and end Answer: Worsley Long Answer: The total cost of the canal, from Worsley to Manchester and from Longford Bridge to the Mersey at Runcorn, was £ 220,000 . Alongside the Mersey, the duke built Runcorn Dock, several warehouses, and Bridgewater House, a temporary home from which he could supervise operations at the Runcorn end . Two locks up from the tideway was a small dry dock. Gold Document ID: 195

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Bridgewater Canal) Bridgewater Canal The Bridgewater Canal connects Runcorn, Manchester and Leigh, in North West England. It was commissioned by Francis Egerton, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater, to transport coal from his mines in Worsley to Manchester. It was opened in 1761 from Worsley to Manchester, and later extended from Manchester to Runcorn, and then from Worsley to Leigh. The canal is connected to the Manchester Ship Canal via a lock at Cornbrook; to the Rochdale Canal in Manchester; to the Trent and Mersey Canal at Preston Brook, southeast of Runcorn; and to the Leeds and Liverpool Canal at Leigh. It once connected Document [2] (Title: Tipton Green and Toll End Canals) back of Tipton Cemetery, but apart from this the canal has been almost totally obliterated. Almost all of the bridges are still in existence, apart from the bridge on Bridge Road which carried the road under the Toll End Canal. This bridge was replaced with a flat road several years after the canal was filled in. Tipton Green and Toll End Canals The Tipton Green Branch and Toll End Branch (or Toll End Communication Canal) were narrow canals comprising part of the Birmingham Canal Navigations near Tipton (formerly in Staffordshire), West Midlands, England. These canals no longer exist. The Tipton Document [3] (Title: Castlefield) the area for loading and unloading of goods (vessels of up to 50 tons could dock here and ply between Manchester and Liverpool). The Bridgewater Canal arrived in Castlefield in July 1761, around the time the Industrial Revolution is considered to have started. The Rochdale Canal, and a network of private branch canals joined the Bridgewater at Lock 92 in Castlefield. The Bridgewater Canal company hesitated in connecting their canal the adjacent Mersey and Irwell Navigation until the Rochdale Canal Company had almost constructed its Manchester and Salford Junction Canal, and the railways had arrived in the 1830s. As the Document [4] (Title: Runcorn and Weston Canal) to negotiate passage on the Manchester Ship Canal. Peel Ports, owners of the Manchester Ship Canal, have eased the restrictions on pleasure boats wishing to cruise the Ship Canal, requiring advance notice and a simple 'seaworthiness' survey. Boats on the Shropshire Union Canal can reach Weston Marsh Lock by joining the Ship Canal at Ellesmere Port, or a longer journey is possible from the Bridgewater Canal, which connects to the Ship Canal at the Manchester end by a lock into Pomona No. 3 Dock. Bibliography Runcorn and Weston Canal The Runcorn and Weston Canal was a short canal near Runcorn Document [5] (Title: Bridgewater Canal) "no doubt caused by the foul emanations given off by its [the Bridgewater Canal's] horribly filthy water". The canal carried commercial freight traffic until 1975; the last regular cargo was grain from Liverpool to Manchester for BOCM. It is now used mainly by pleasure craft and hosts two rowing clubs – Trafford Rowing Club and Manchester University Boat Club. The Duke of Bridgewater died on 8 March 1803. By his will the income from the canal was to be paid to his nephew George Leveson-Gower, the Marquess of Stafford (later the 1st Duke of Sutherland). On his death it was Document [6] (Title: Chesapeake and Ohio Canal) throw down their tools and flee. By 1833, the canal's Georgetown end was extended eastward to Tiber Creek, near the western terminus of the Washington City Canal, which extended through the future National Mall to the foot of the United States Capitol. A lock keeper's house at the eastern end of this Washington Branch of the C&O Canal remains at the southwest corner of Constitution Avenue and 17th Street, N.W., at the edge of the National Mall. In 1834, the section to Harper's Ferry opened and the canal reached Williamsport. In 1836, the canal was used by canal packets as Document [7] (Title: Bridgewater Canal) and filled in. The Ship Canal Act of 1966 allowed the closure and filling in of the newer line of locks. The gates from this flight of locks were removed and installed at Devizes on the Kennet and Avon Canal. The Duke's warehouse in Manchester was demolished in 1960. The canal has suffered three breaches; one soon after opening, another in 1971 near the River Bollin aqueduct, and another in the summer of 2005 when a sluice gate failed in Manchester. Cranes are located at intervals along the canal's length to allow boards to be dropped into slots in the Document [8] (Title: Peak Forest Canal) Marple end to the proposed top lock. The arches of the aqueduct were completed in November 1798—and the workers were given a "handsome treat" in celebration—being finally completed towards the end of 1799. However, there was still a great of work to be done at the lower end—the driving of Hyde Bank Tunnel proving a particular problem—and the railway and aqueduct saw little use until the canal finally opened along its full length in 1800. The upper level of the canal and tramway opened for trade on 31 August 1796 and Bugsworth Basin soon became a bustling interchange between the Document [9] (Title: Catshill Junction) Lichfield Canal. To the west, the canal is level to its junction with BCN Main Line at Horseley Fields Junction, a distance of , and the BCN Main Line continues on the same level in both directions. At the junction, the towpath is on the south bank of the Wyrley and Essington, and is carried over the Daw End Branch by a towpath bridge. The branch heads south from the junction, and is level for to Longwood Junction, where it joins the Rushall Canal end-on. The descent through the nine locks of the Rushall Canal begins just after the junction. Document [10] (Title: Cannock Extension Canal) route turned to the north-west, and there was a basin to the north of the canal, which served the Cannock and Leacroft Colliery. A railway line joined the two, which passed through a short tunnel to emerge by the basin. Immediately after the basin entrance, Washbrook Lane crossed at High Bridge, and then the thirteen locks of the Churchbridge Branch turned off at Rumer Hill Junction, descending in a straight line to the south west. At Rumer Hill, a short spur was connected to a railway which ran to Mid Cannock Colliery, which was disused by 1888. The canal turned Document [11] (Title: Dismal Swamp Canal) Canal Trail. Dismal Swamp Canal The Dismal Swamp Canal is located along the eastern edge of the Great Dismal Swamp in Virginia and North Carolina in the United States. It is the oldest continually operating man-made canal in the United States, opened in 1805. It is part of the Intracoastal Waterway, an inland route, which parallels the east coast and offers boaters shelter from the Atlantic Ocean from Manasquan Inlet, New Jersey, to Brownsville, Texas. The route runs through bays, lakes, rivers, streams, and canals, and includes the Intracoastal Waterway running from Norfolk, Virginia, to the Florida Keys. In the Document [12] (Title: Chester Canal) turns away, heading east, and the canal turns towards the south. The junction is the start of the Middlewich Branch, which descends through four locks to reach the Trent and Mersey Canal at Middlewich. After another , the Llangollen Canal turns off at Hurleston Junction immediately rising through four locks. Soon, Nantwich Basin is reached, which was the historic terminus of the Chester Canal. Telford's original plan was to terminate the Birmingham and Liverpool Junction Canal by running it across Dorfold Park and joining the basin end-on, but the owner objected, and an embankment had to be built around the Document [13] (Title: North West England) Darlington Railway had opened in 1825. Chat Moss was a problem to constructing the railway, with Edge Hill Tunnel and Sankey Viaduct; the line was bitterly opposed by William Molyneux, 2nd Earl of Sefton. The Bridgewater Canal was the first recognised canal of the modern era. Francis Egerton, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater had visited France and noted their canals. John Gilbert had the innovative idea to use water pumped out of his coal mines to fill a canal from the Duke's Worsley mines to Manchester. It was designed by James Brindley and built in 1761. The Bridgewater Foundry in Patricroft Document [14] (Title: Port of Runcorn) in 1757, the Mersey and Irwell Navigation, the act for which achieved Royal Assent in 1720, and the Bridgewater Canal from Manchester to Runcorn, which opened throughout its length in 1776. There is the possibility that a small port was in existence at Runcorn in the Roman era. However, before 1780 Runcorn could not have been described as even a minor port. The construction of a port of any significance did not start until after the arrival of the Bridgewater Canal. A line of ten locks connected the Runcorn basin of the canal with the Mersey at a position to Document [15] (Title: Plymouth and Dartmoor Railway) the rear of the Railway Inn, where it ended." In desperation, the Company agreed a "reduction" in tolls to the Johnson Brothers in return for an end date to their effective monopoly seven years later; this was agreed in the face of objection from the Exchequer. Lord Morley, seeing the reality of the situation, cut a canal from his quarry down to Marsh Mills, in exchange for low rates. This was actually simply a widening of an existing leat and proved unsatisfactory as a canal. However a branch from the P&DR to Marsh Mills, crossing the River Plym. The branch Document [16] (Title: Stourbridge Extension Canal) that much of the traffic travelled less than a mile on the canal, the canal still made a profit, and it was not until the early 1900s that traffic started to decline. The canal was finally abandoned in 1935. Most of the canal was filled in after its abandonment. A trading estate covers most of the northern end of the Sandhill Branch, and housing has been built over the middle section. A short stub, from the Brockmoor Junction with the Stourbridge Canal to the stop lock at Bromley has been retained in water, and mooring facilities with a boundary fence Document [17] (Title: Castlefield) from its feeder reservoir at Hollingworth Lake. It connected with the Ashton Canal and the Peak Forest Canal bringing building limestone from Bugsworth in Derbyshire. At that time, major warehouses and mills would cut private canal arms to their buildings, the Rochdale had many. In 1837, the Manchester Bolton & Bury Canal was connected to the Irwell, and there was commercial pressure to connect the Bridgewater/Rochdale to them. The Manchester and Salford Junction Canal, 1837, was cut from the Rochdale under the city to provide the link with the Irwell at Quay street. To preempt this, the Bridgewater Canal Company Document [18] (Title: Bridgewater Canal) lowest in the time it was administered by the Trustees. In 1851 the Earl of Ellesmere hosted a visit to Manchester by Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. They stayed at Worsley Hall, with a view of the canal, and were given a trip between Patricroft railway station and Worsley Hall, on state barges. Large crowds had gathered to cheer the royal party, which apparently frightened the horses drawing the barge so much that they fell into the canal. The Trustees spent much time between 1851 and 1855 in negotiations to ease the competition, especially that from the London and North Document [19] (Title: Slough Arm) approximately 2 miles (3 km) at the closest point in the centre of Slough. British Waterways (BWB) have estimated that this would cost c.£30m. The plan was proposed in 2008, and confirmed in 2012 as a long-term objective when the economic climate allows. The route of the canal starts at its junction with the Grand Union Canal, where there are a set of stop gates, and immediately crosses three aqueducts, over the Frays River, the River Colne and the Colne Brook. Passing under the M25 motorway, it enters the Iver cutting, to emerge near the main line railway from Paddington. Document [20] (Title: Old Turn Junction) Old Turn Junction Old Turn Junction, or Deep Cutting Junction () is a canal junction in Birmingham, England, where the Birmingham and Fazeley Canal meets the Birmingham Canal Navigations Main Line Canal. The junction features a circular island. When the first Birmingham Canal (now known as the BCN Main Line) was built in the late 1760s there was a dispute among the shareholders about where the canal should terminate. In the end two termini were created: one in 1772 at Newhall Hill, called the Newhall Branch, and the other in 1773 at the western end of Paradise Street, called the Document [21] (Title: Manchester Bolton & Bury Canal) From Ringley Bridge to Prestolee Aqueduct one lock had been erected. Nob End Locks were still under construction but mostly complete, although the basin at the bottom had not yet been dug. The stretch to Bolton had at this time been widened, with several bridges requiring further work, incomplete embankments, construction of a weir, and gravelling of the towpath. On the Bury arm, almost the entire length had been dug, and walls to support the canal along the bank of the Irwell had been built. Some widening of previously narrow sections had yet to be undertaken, none of the towpath Document [22] (Title: Outer Pennine Ring) a marketing tool by British Waterways. The Outer Pennine Ring covers eight canals. Working clockwise from Castlefield Junction in Manchester these are: Beginning at Castlefield Junction, the Bridgewater Canal heads south-east through the urban expanse of Manchester. There are no locks on this section of canal, although after Pomona Dock is reached, which leads to a lock through which access can be gained to the Manchester Ship Canal. After , the canal arrives at Waters Meeting, a junction where the main line turns to the left and the Stretford and Leigh Branch turns to the right. The ring continues along Document [23] (Title: Canals in Cheshire) and the Cheshire Plain. Canals in Cheshire A large number of canals were built in Cheshire, England, during the early phases of the Industrial Revolution to transport goods and raw materials. This resulted in a significant canal network which is now enjoyed by holiday-makers, anglers, walkers, and others. The Bridgewater Canal runs from Preston Brook, near Runcorn, to Leigh in Greater Manchester. The original section of the canal starts at Castlefield Basin in Manchester city centre where it joins the Rochdale Canal. The canal runs west from Manchester for about , where it splits into two parts at "Waters Meeting" Document [24] (Title: Wyoming Division Canal) ran to Back Street, which is now known as Pennsylvania Avenue, and paralleled it for some distance before paralleling Wilkes-Barre Boulevard, and passing by the Stegmaier Building. It then ran back in the direction of the river between Union Street and Bennett Street. The canal at this point passed through a geographical formation called the Redoubt, which was at least high. The canal ended at Pittston. In 1831, George Wolf, the governor of Pennsylvania, borrowed $2,400,000 to create and expand a number of canals in Pennsylvania, including the Wyoming Division Canal. The purpose of this canal was to connect the Document [25] (Title: Bridgewater Canal) with the River Mersey at Runcorn but has since been cut off by a slip road to the Silver Jubilee Bridge. Often, although mistakenly, considered to be the first true canal in England, it required the construction of an aqueduct to cross the River Irwell, one of the first of its kind. Its success helped inspire a period of intense canal building in Britain, known as Canal Mania. It later faced intense competition from the Liverpool and Manchester Railway and the Macclesfield Canal. Navigable throughout its history, it is one of the few canals in Britain not to have been Document [26] (Title: Bridgewater Canal) to other waterways, and it appears that the Duke had planned to limit the activities of the new company. On 15 December 1792 the Duke purchased a portion of the Ringspiggot estate in Salford which blocked the MB&BC's plans to build a riverside basin and wharfs there. In 1795 the duke secured a fifth Act which enabled him to extend the canal a further from Worsley via Boothstown, Astley Green and Bedford to Leigh. The new extension enabled the supply to Manchester of coal from Leigh and the surrounding districts. On 21 June 1819 an Act of Parliament was enacted Document [27] (Title: Ellesmere Canal) of the Montgomery Canal, together with the Montgomeryshire Canal, and the isolated northern section from Chester to Ellesmere Port considered part of the main line of the Shropshire Union Canal. The Weston Branch is now infilled, save for a very short section, which has a Canal & River Trust amenity block. The canal starts at Ellesmere Port Dock by the Mersey. Originally goods would be transferred directly from inland waterways craft into river-going boats at the dock, which would enter and exit through tidal lock gates. However, in the 1890s, with the construction of the Manchester Ship Canal, the basin Document [28] (Title: Bridgewater, Virginia) Town holds an annual Charter Day celebration with fireworks. Bridgewater College is located within the Town, and was first established in 1880. The college has grown along with the Town, now enrolling more than 1,800 students. Since the creation of the Town in 1835, Bridgewater has endured six major floods, including a devastating flood in 1949 that claimed two lives. As a result, the US Army Corps of Engineers constructed a long earthen levee to protect large portions of the Town against future flooding. Since the mid-1990s, the Town has held a "Summer's End Celebration" on Labor Day each year. Document [29] (Title: Basingstoke Canal) tunnel, which appears to have raised the water level by about . However this was a long section of canal with many embankments and it is likely that this was a cheap short term measure to keep the canal open, in preference to plugging the leaks from the many embankment sections on the route. The canal started at a canal basin, roughly where the cinema in Festival Place is located. From there the canal ran alongside the River Loddon following the line of Eastrop Way. The old canal route passes under the perimeter ring road and then follows a long Document [30] (Title: Bridgewater Canal) planned route began at Worsley and passed southeast through Eccles, before turning south to cross the River Irwell on the Barton Aqueduct. From there it continued southeast along the edge of Trafford Park, and then east into Manchester. Although a connection with the Mersey and Irwell Navigation was included in the new Act, at Hulme Locks in Castlefield (on land previously occupied by Hulme Hall), this was not completed until 1838. The terminus would be at Castlefield Basin, where the nearby River Medlock was to help supply the canal with water. Boats would unload their cargoes inside the duke's purpose-built Document [31] (Title: Tavistock Canal) meets the valley of the River Lumburn, which it crosses by a large aqueduct. The two mile Mill Hill branch turned off immediately after the aqueduct. After about the main line reaches the northern portal of the Morwell Down tunnel, which emerges later above the quay. A short length of canal after the tunnel brought boats to the top of the inclined plane. After the canal closed to navigation it continued to be used to supply water to various industrial activities at Morwellham Quay. The last of these was to operate a tin and wolfram mill at the Bedford United Document [32] (Title: Tipton Green and Toll End Canals) Broadwaters Canal (now part of the Walsall Canal) but halted in 1784 for eight years, being completed as a closed branch with two locks in 1801. In 1806 it was decided to extend this branch to the Tipton Green Branch with further locks, and in January 1809 the Toll End Communication Canal was completed making the length 1 / miles. In 1829 Thomas Telford's BCN New Main Line (Island Line)cut across the Tipton Green Canal, forming Watery Lane Junction, and creating a de facto Tipton Green Locks Branch of three locks and a Toll End Locks Branch of seven locks. Document [33] (Title: Grand Union Canal) and the term has been passed on to a new generation of canal users. After Kings Langley and Apsley – the site of more former paper mills – the canal passes the town Hemel Hempstead and Boxmoor Common. From here the canal follows the course of the River Bulbourne through Bourne End with the well-known swingbridge at Winkwell, and the "Port of Berkhamsted, a small compact town". At Cow Roast Lock the canal reaches the 3-mile (5-km) summit at Tring in the Chiltern hills, having risen through 54 locks since Brentford. At the north-west end of the summit level is Document [34] (Title: Rumer Hill Junction) flight started immediately after the junction. The flight headed to the south-west, while the Extension Canal ran from the north-west to the south-east at this point. Washbrook Lane crossed the Extension Canal just to the south of the junction at High Bridge, and just beyond that was Leacroft Wharf, its entrance crossed by a towpath bridge. It served the Cannock and Leacroft Colliery, to which it was connected by a short tramway, which ran through a tunnel as it left the wharf in 1902. The tunnel had been opened out by 1918. By the time the 1957/1962 map was published, Document [35] (Title: Science and engineering in Manchester) a year of its opening in 1761, the price of coal in Manchester fell by about half. This success helped inspire a period of intense canal building, known as Canal Mania. Along with its stone aqueduct at Barton-upon-Irwell, the Bridgewater Canal was considered a major engineering achievement. One commentator wrote that when finished, "[the canal] will be the most extraordinary thing in the Kingdom, if not in Europe. The boats in some places are to go underground, and in other places over a navigable river, without communicating with its waters ...". John Dalton, was born in Cumberland in 1766, a Document [36] (Title: Toll End) January 1809 the Toll End Communication Canal was completed making the length 1 / miles. The Tipton Green Branch became disused in 1960, and the Toll End Branch in 1966. The locks and canals were infilled soon after closure and a pedestrian walkway was erected along the path of the Tipton Green Branch during the 1970s. Eagle Rail Crossing - a level crossing situated in Eagle Lane on the border with West Bromwich - was a significant local landmark in Toll End. It was opened in 1850 on the completion of the South Staffordshire Line between Stourbridge and Walsall. The Document [37] (Title: North Walsham & Dilham Canal) bank of the canal, just below Tonnage Bridge, while Wayford Bridge Pump is on the south bank of Tylers Cut, just to the west of the junction with the main canal. At its southern end, the canal starts at Wayford Bridge, which carries the A149 road. It heads north-westwards, and soon reaches the junction with Dilham Dyke, which heads west. On the southern bank is the tower of Dilham Dyke drainage mill and the modern pumping station. Private dykes continue to the west, and Tylers Cut turns to the north west to reach moorings at Dilham Staithe and the Broadlands Document [38] (Title: Port of Runcorn) Trade declined again and in 1894 the independent customs Port of Runcorn was abolished being incorporated in the Port of Manchester. Construction of the ship canal began in November 1877. On 3 August 1887 the Manchester Ship Canal Company had purchased the Bridgewater Navigation Company for £1,710,000, thus acquiring the Bridgewater Canal and its docks and the Mersey and Irwell system. The ship canal allowed large ocean-going ships to access the Port of Runcorn. The canal was completed from Eastham to Weston Point by 1892 and in July of that year a temporary port, called Saltport, was established at the Document [39] (Title: Sandy and Beaver Canal) Sandy Creek, and feeds a section of canal downstream to Magnolia, Ohio. Only of this privately funded canal lay in Pennsylvania; the rest was in Ohio. Sandy and Beaver Canal The Sandy and Beaver Canal ran from the Ohio and Erie Canal at Bolivar, Ohio, to the Ohio River at Glasgow, Pennsylvania. It had 90 locks, was chartered in 1828 and completed in 1848. However, the middle section of the canal had many problems from the beginning and fell into disrepair. The canal ceased to operate in 1852, when the Cold Run Reservoir Dam outside of Lisbon, Ohio, broke, ruining Document [40] (Title: Manchester Ship Canal) boat. The completion in 1776 of the Runcorn extension of the Bridgewater Canal, followed in 1830 by the opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, intensified competition for the carriage of goods. In 1825 an application had been made to Parliament for an Act to allow the construction of a ship canal between the mouth of the River Dee and Manchester at a cost of £1 million, but "the necessary forms not having been observed", it did not become law. In 1844 ownership of the Mersey & Irwell Navigation was transferred to the Bridgewater Trustees, and in 1872 it was Document [41] (Title: Ellesmere Canal) eventually incorporated into the Chester Canal, Montgomery Canal and Shropshire Union Canal. Although several major civil engineering feats were accomplished, major building work ceased following the completion of the Pontcysyllte Aqueduct in 1805. The northern end of the navigation's mainline ended from Chester at Trevor Basin near Ruabon and its southern end was at Weston Lullingfields about from Shrewsbury. As part of the rebranding of Britain's industrial waterways as leisure destinations, the surviving central section is now called the Llangollen Canal; even though historically its builders had no intention of sending boat traffic to Llangollen. The branch, from which the Document [42] (Title: Bridgewater Canal) the Runcorn end. Two locks up from the tideway was a small dry dock. In 1766 the Duke gained a fourth act of parliament for a branch canal between Sale Moor and Stockport which was to follow the valley of the Mersey. The Act was applied for to counter a proposed canal that would give the towns of Stockport and Macclesfield access to the Mersey, via the River Weaver. The work was not done, the Act lapsed and this section of canal was never built. Over two decades later, the nearby Manchester Bolton & Bury Canal had sought a connection Document [43] (Title: Southern Terminal, Susquehanna and Tidewater Canal) Southern Terminal, Susquehanna and Tidewater Canal The Southern Terminal, Susquehanna and Tidewater Canal is a national historic district at Havre de Grace, Harford County, Maryland, United States. Located along the western bank of the Susquehanna River near its mouth at the Chesapeake Bay, it includes the Lock Master's House, the canal's outlet lock, and the foundations of a bulkhead wharf along the river side of the lock. Most of the structures built to serve aspects of the Susquehanna and Tidewater Canal operations are no longer standing, but the locations of warehouses, stables, and several other buildings, including a broom factory, Document [44] (Title: Newmarket Canal) the Rogers Reservoir, named for Timothy Rogers who settled the area, which provided a water buffer. At this point it turns south again for just over a kilometer before turning southwest into Newmarket through the third lock, which lies just north of the canal's endpoint. The canal ended in a turning basin on the north side of Davis Drive in Newmarket, at what was then the northern end of the downtown area. The Holland River continues south from this point, with Main Street running parallel to it on the west bank, and the train line on the east bank. The Document [45] (Title: Monkland Canal) long and high. (Gartsherrie Burn ran north to south between the alignment of the two present-day railways that cross Bank Street; it was culverted when the area was later developed.) The aqueduct collapsed and had to be repaired in 1858. The canal then ran broadly west between Bank Street and West Canal Street, then turning a little more northerly from Blairhill Street, south of the present King Street, as far as Blair Street. Just east of Blair Bridge the Langloan branch diverged, heading a short distance south on the eastern margin of West End Park (originally called Yeomanry Park) to Document [46] (Title: Bridgewater Canal) of goods and in 1836 . In 1843 a new dock, the Francis Dock, was opened at Runcorn. The late 1830s and early 1840s had seen increased competition between the Bridgewater Canal on the one hand, and other canal companies and the railways on the other. The most dangerous of the rivals was the Mersey and Irwell Navigation Company who started to reduce their rates again in 1840. This led to a price war between the two canal companies and the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, who had previously cooperated on rates. Eventually, in desperation, the Bridgewater Trustees bought the Mersey Document [47] (Title: Connecticut Route 67) Route 67 breaks away to the southeast. In Bridgewater, it meets the northern end of Route 133. In Roxbury, it meets the southern end of Route 199 and the western end of Route 317. It then clips a corner of Woodbury before passing into New Haven County and the town of Southbury, where it passes the northern end of Route 172 before joining US 6 for a 4 lane divided 1.6 mile concurrency leading to a junction with I-84 at Exit 15. Here, US 6 joins I-84 West and Route 67 continues to the southeast becoming a 2-lane road once Document [48] (Title: Trent and Mersey Canal) is soon in the middle of the city and then at Etruria, and the junction with the Caldon Canal. Leaving Etruria, the canal is soon back in open country. It is now in the valley of the infant River Trent, which the canal follows until the river becomes navigable and the canal is no longer needed. The next sizeable place is the market town of Stone. After more countryside, the canal reaches Great Haywood Junction and the towpath bridge across the junction with the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal, which heads south to skirt Wolverhampton and join with the River Severn Document [49] (Title: Coventry Canal) joins the Trent and Mersey Canal. From Fazeley to a point halfway to Fradley, some maps show the canal as the "Birmingham and Fazeley Canal" (see History). The Coventry Canal Company was formed in 1768. James Brindley was commissioned to build the canal, and work started on it in December that year. Due to the high standards of construction demanded by Brindley, the canal company ran out of money by the time the canal had reached Atherstone in 1769, and Brindley was replaced by Thomas Yeoman. Thomas Dadford advised on the Canal's aqueduct over the River Tame (now known as Document [50] (Title: Manchester Bolton & Bury Canal) Moors continued until 1968, but this was the last commercial traffic to use the canal. There are several notable features along the canal, including Prestolee Aqueduct and Clifton Aqueduct, both of which are Grade II listed structures. Nob End Locks (sometimes referred to as Prestolee Locks) sit at the junction of the three arms of the canal at Nob End. They comprise two sets of three staircase locks, separated by a passing basin. These locks served to lower the level of the canal by over a distance of . The upper staircase is still visible, but most of the lower Document [51] (Title: Canal) of its opening. The Bridgewater was also a huge financial success, with it earning what had been spent on its construction within just a few years. This success proved the viability of canal transport, and soon industrialists in many other parts of the country wanted canals. After the Bridgewater canal, early canals were built by groups of private individuals with an interest in improving communications. In Staffordshire the famous potter Josiah Wedgwood saw an opportunity to bring bulky cargoes of clay to his factory doors and to transport his fragile finished goods to market in Manchester, Birmingham or further away, Document [52] (Title: Bentley Canal) south bank, as the canal turned towards the south east. After Spring Bank Bridge, there was a wharf and a short arm, with a towpath bridge over it, which served the Spring Vale iron foundry, which later became the Spring Vale stamping works. Next the canal passes between the remains of Short Heath Brick Works on the north bank and Spring Bank Brick Works on the south. There were two locks, with a small arm and wharf to the north, between them. Sandbeds Bridge connected Charles Street and Stringers Lane, beyond which a third lock was located beneath a railway Document [53] (Title: Middlewich Branch) the final three accommodation bridges, before the canal arrives at Barbridge Junction, where a graceful roving bridge made of red and blue brick with an elliptical arch, carries the towpath for the main line over the branch. On 16 March 2018 a section of the bank failed next to the aqueduct carrying the canal over the River Wheelock. The canal was drained between Stanthorne Lock and Wardle Lock resulting in the stranding of 20 boats. Middlewich Branch The Middlewich Branch of the Shropshire Union Canal is located in Cheshire, in the north west of England, and runs between Middlewich, where Document [54] (Title: Leeds and Liverpool Canal) plan for the route had it running parallel to, and then crossing the southern section of the Lancaster Canal, but common sense prevailed and the Leeds and Liverpool connected with the Lancaster Canal between Aspull and Johnson's Hillock. The main line of the canal was thus completed in 1816. There had been various unsuccessful negotiations to connect the canal to the Bridgewater Canal at Leigh but agreement was finally reached in 1818 and the connection was opened in 1820, thus giving access to Manchester and the rest of the canal network. The Bridgewater Canal, like most of Brindley's designs was Document [55] (Title: Chesterfield Canal) formed in 1978 to spearhead restoration, becoming the Chesterfield Canal Trust in 1997. They initially sought to extend the navigable section beyond Worksop, but when progress was slow, moved to working on the Chesterfield end. Over of canal, including five original locks and a brand new lock at Staveley Basin were navigable by 2017. The eastern end was restored from Worksop to the mouth of the Norwood Tunnel at Kiveton Park near Rotherham, South Yorkshire, between 1995 and 2003, funded by Derelict Land Grants, English Partnerships and the Heritage Lottery Fund. Less than of the original route remain to be Document [56] (Title: Runcorn and Weston Canal) The work was completed in 1859, but the canal seems to have been little used, as traffic figures for 1883 indicate that only 4,400 tons of salt travelled along the canal, out of a total of 36,400 tons which arrived at Runcorn Docks from the River Weaver. When first built, there was a lock near to the junction with the Weston Canal, and another where the canal joined Francis Dock at Runcorn. This end of the canal was changed as a result of work carried out in 1876. The Bridgewater Canal Company turned the first section into a ship basin, Document [57] (Title: Glastonbury Canal (medieval)) importance". Modern archaeological excavations have shown that this was a "true canal" wide and deep, with a flat bottom and sloping sides. The place where it met the River Brue, then flowing about north of its present course, was already significant: it had been an important crossing point, with a timber causeway over the river and the associated marshy floodplain, since at least the 8th century. For most of the canal's length it was dug through firm clay, following a level course along the 10-metre contour on the north-west side of Wearyall Hill, but at its end point, close to Document [58] (Title: Llangollen Canal) the level of the canal by . After another mile (1.6 km), there is a lift bridge just before the entrance to the Whitchurch Arm, which served the town of Whitchurch. Part of it remains open, and is used for moorings. The section from the main line to Sherryman's Bridge was opened on 6 July 1808, and in 1811 a further extension into the town reached Castle Well. The arm remained closed when the canal reopened in the 1950s, but Whitchurch Town Council looked at ways of bringing boats back into the town in the early 1980s and the embryonic Document [59] (Title: Chester Canal) Company, who therefore charged tolls on all traffic using it. In 1774, part of an aqueduct collapsed, and had to be dismantled and repaired. Soon afterwards, Weston left the project, and Thomas Morris was recalled from Ireland to take over. He had previous experience building the extension of the Bridgewater Canal to Runcorn. Under his direction, the canal opened from Chester to Huxley Aqueduct on 16 January 1775, and to Beeston in June. Morris was sacked in September, to be replaced by Josiah Clowes. He too was sacked, and was followed by Moon, who had previously acted as assistant to Document [60] (Title: Lancaster Canal) with the Leeds and Liverpool. In 1851 the Lancaster Canal leased the tolls on the southern end to the Leeds and Liverpool Canal in return for an annual rent, and this agreement was made permanent in 1864. The tramroad was closed from Bamber Bridge to Preston in 1864, and the remainder to Walton Summit in 1879. The canal between Walton Summit and the Leeds and Liverpool link at Johnson's Hillock was last used in 1932 (although a party in canoes managed to navigate the branch as late as 1969 with only two portages) This section was closed in the 1960s, Document [61] (Title: Bridgewater, Massachusetts) Mass. Route 104 's eastern terminus is at that route, just along the East Bridgewater line. The Middleborough-Lakeville line of the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) commuter rail passes through the Town, with a stop at the southern end of Bridgewater State University's campus. The stop is just south of the University's main parking lots at the Southern Campus. There is a small air strip in nearby Taunton, and the nearest national air service can be found at T. F. Green Airport outside Providence and at Logan International Airport in Boston. Bridgewater, Massachusetts Bridgewater is a town located in Plymouth Document [62] (Title: Point Pleasant Canal) Point Pleasant Canal The Point Pleasant Canal is a canal in Point Pleasant, New Jersey. It was completed in 1925 to connect the Manasquan Inlet and Manasquan River with Bay Head Harbor on the northern end of Barnegat Bay. The canal is part of the Intracoastal Waterway. With the completion of the canal, the Barnegat Peninsula effectively became an island. The island is connected to the mainland by two lift bridges spanning the canal. The bridges, at Route 88 and at Bridge Avenue (the Lovelandtown Bridge), open on demand, halting motor traffic to allow boats to pass underneath as marine Document [63] (Title: History of the British canal system) point out that the last quarter-mile (400 m) of the navigation is indeed a canalised stretch of the Brook, and that it was the Bridgewater Canal (less obviously associated with an existing river) that captured the popular imagination and inspired further canals. In the mid-18th century the 3rd Duke of Bridgewater, who owned a number of coal mines in northern England, wanted a reliable way to transport his coal to the rapidly industrialising city of Manchester. He commissioned the engineer James Brindley to build a canal to do just that. Brindley's design included an aqueduct carrying the canal over the Document [64] (Title: Bridgewater, Nova Scotia) River was the main transportation route in historic times, though today it is mainly used for pleasure craft and recreational boating. A cable ferry located in LaHave is the only crossing downriver from Bridgewater. The Halifax and Southwestern Railway once passed through the town but the line is now abandoned. The main road serving the town is Highway 103, which has two primary exits entering the town. Trunk highways 10 and 3 meet at Bridgewater. Other provincial highways are Route 325 and Route 331. As the town continues to grow, traffic flow and congestion is of concern. Complicating matters is Document [65] (Title: North Pennine Ring) but a series of disagreements with the owners of the Bridgewater Canal led to stalemate, and it was not until 1820 that the branch finally opened. A year later, there were requests to increase the length of the locks from to , and this work was carried out in 1822. The route runs through a coal mining area, and has been severely affected by subsidence. It now sits on top of an embankment, made for waste from the pit tips, and the locks have been moved to Poolstock, just before the junction with the main line at Wigan. There are Document [66] (Title: Bridgewater Canal) banks. These allow sections of the canal to be isolated in the event of a leak. The canal now forms an integral part of the Cheshire Ring network of canals. Pleasure craft have been allowed on the canal since 1952. The new road crossing of the Mersey now under construction may allow a realignment of the Bridge approach road and the complete restoration of the original flight of locks – thus re-opening the link to Runcorn Docks, the Runcorn and Weston Canal, the River Mersey, the Manchester Ship Canal, and the River Weaver. This would create a new ring route Document [67] (Title: Buxworth) on 26 March 2005 having been restored by the Inland Waterways Protection Society, and, once again, the canal now ends at its original terminus. It is used entirely for recreational purposes. The canal never reached Peak Forest but limestone from quarries near Dove Holes was, between 1796 and 1922, transported to the basin by way of the Peak Forest Tramway – a distance of some six miles. Its trackbed can still be discerned in places (e.g. at Whitehough, close to Chinley, and just beyond the end of the bypass on the way south to Buxton). A main railway line (Sheffield Document [68] (Title: River Arun) the drop in levels caused by the mill, and the branch through Hardham tunnel headed due south a little further up the Rother. Exploration of the tunnel was described by an article in "Sussex County Magazine" in 1953, when both ends were accessible, and again in 2012, when only the southern end was explored. A waterworks has been built over the bed of the canal at the northern end, and the tunnel mouth is within the site. The river continues in a large loop to the east. The Arun Valley railway line crosses it to reach Pulborough railway station. There Document [69] (Title: Erewash Canal) the pedestrian bridge built next to it is still in use. Excessive water underground brought about the mine's closure in about 1884. It starts from the River Trent at Trentlock, then goes through Long Eaton. After Long Eaton it runs roughly parallel to the River Erewash, past Sandiacre and Ilkeston, crossing the Erewash near Eastwood. The canal finally ends at the Langley Mill (Great Northern) basin, where it joins the Nottingham Canal and the Cromford Canal (both currently in a state of abandonment). In 1968 the Erewash Canal Preservation & Development Association (ECP&DA) was formed in response to a threat Document [70] (Title: Hackney Canal) and Pipes" on the 1956 map. After a short distance, the canal turned to the south-east, and followed a nearly straight line across what is now the end of Newton Abbot racecourse. In 1969, the end of the racetrack followed the west bank of the canal, but by 1989 the track had been extended across the site of the canal. A drainage ditch crosses the area, which gives an indication of where the canal was, since the ditch was on the west side of the canal before it was filled in. Just beyond the second crossing by the race track Document [71] (Title: Science and engineering in Manchester) opening in 1761 is generally regarded as the earliest successful canals. The Bridgewater Canal connects Runcorn, Manchester and Leigh, in North West England. It was commissioned by Francis Egerton, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater, to transport coal from his mines in Worsley to Manchester. It was opened in 1761 from Worsley to Manchester, and later extended from Manchester to Runcorn, and then from Worsley to Leigh. The Duke invested a large sum of money in the scheme. From Worsley to Manchester its construction cost £168,000 (equivalent to £ in ), but its advantages over land and river transport meant that within Document [72] (Title: Pennsylvania Canal (Delaware Division)) Ireland. The canal runs down a channel dug parallel to the Delaware River from Easton to Bristol, Pennsylvania; its line of travel is generally within sight of the river. Originally in length, the canal is approximately wide with a depth of about . After the original construction failed in 1830, it had to be re-engineered by Josiah White of the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company, who had offered to engineer and build the Delaware Canal for a break in fees in 1824. The state sold the canal to the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company in 1858. The Delaware Canal took Document [73] (Title: South Pennine Ring) Junction. At Dukinfield Junction, the Peak Forest Canal turns to the left, but the South Pennine Ring continues straight ahead onto the Ashton Canal. The first half is level, until Fairfield Junction is reached. This was the point at which the Hollinwood Canal turned off. A short section of it now leads to a new marina, opened in 2008, and there are plans to reopen more of it. Between locks 10 and 11 is a short stub which used to be part of the Stockport Canal, for which there are also reopening plans. After descending through 18 locks and travelling Document [74] (Title: Saltisford Canal Arm) Saltisford Canal Arm The Saltisford Canal Arm is a short stretch of canal located in the town of Warwick, Warwickshire, England. Opened in the 1790s, originally it wasn't an arm at all, but the start of the Warwick / Birmingham Canal. It took on the appearance of an (arm) branch when the Warwick / Napton canal, which junctions at the Birmingham Road / Budbrooke Industrial Estate, was completed. It is the last surviving branch (arm) of the much longer, nationally known Grand Union Canal. The arm was first opened in 1799 as a terminus for the Warwick and Birmingham Canal. Document [75] (Title: Bridgewater Historic District (Bridgewater, Pennsylvania)) Bridgewater Historic District (Bridgewater, Pennsylvania) The Bridgewater Historic District is a historic district in Bridgewater, Pennsylvania, United States. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places on June 28, 1996, it includes buildings built between 1818 and 1933, although the most significant buildings in the district are those that were built before the Civil War in the 1860s. Located at the confluence of the Ohio and Beaver Rivers, Bridgewater was a transportation center as the terminus of the Bridgewater Canal during the pre-Civil War era. This prosperity is reflected in many of the district's buildings: the adjacent communities of Beaver Document [76] (Title: Trent and Mersey Canal) Area. The towpath was upgraded in the 1990s and forms part of the National Cycle Network (Route 5). The route is conveniently divided into a northern and southern section by Harecastle Tunnel The northern end of the canal makes an end-on junction with the Bridgewater Canal within Preston Brook Tunnel, from which one can access Runcorn (but no longer the Mersey or Ship Canal) in one direction and Manchester (with its many canal links) in the other direction. From the junction with the Bridgewater Canal, the T & M travels south through Preston Brook Tunnel (one-way operation, alternating each half-hour) Document [77] (Title: Bridgwater and Taunton Canal) of legal disputes, which were resolved when the Bridgwater and Taunton Canal Company and the Conservators, who managed the River Tone Navigation, agreed that the Canal Company should take over the Tone Navigation. The canal originally terminated at a basin at Huntworth, to the east of Bridgwater, but was later extended to a floating harbour at Bridgwater Docks on its western edge. Financially this was a disaster, as the extension was funded by a mortgage, and the arrival of the railways soon afterwards started the demise of the canal. The canal was rescued from bankruptcy by the Bristol and Exeter Document [78] (Title: Leeds and Liverpool Canal) use stopped. The Leeds and Liverpool Canal is one of the quietest canals for leisure boating on the network. In the 1960s, the Pall Mall terminus basin was filled in up to Chisenhale Street Bridge (Bridge A). In the 1980s the Eldonian Village housing estate was built for the community which was disrupted by the building of the Mersey Tunnel and the demolition of the Tate and Lyle sugar refinery. This meant the canal was filled in between Chisenhale Street Bridge (Bridge A) and just north of Burlington Street Bridge (Bridge B). As part of the development a new bridge Document [79] (Title: Outer Pennine Ring) the Inland Waterways Association, and with assistance from British Waterways and local councils, it re-opened in 1974. The canal is long, has 18 locks, and passes through a dense urban landscape. Between locks 10 and 11 is a short spur which was once the start of the Stockport Branch Canal, which ran on the level for to Stockport. At Ducie Street Junction, the canal joins the Rochdale Canal. The final section of the Outer Pennine Ring follows the lower part of the Rochdale Canal. Although authorised in the same year as the Huddersfield Narrow Canal, it was completed in 1804, Document [80] (Title: Barbridge Junction) and Mersey and the Bridgewater Canal about a possible link between Nantwich and Middlewich. The Bridgewater Trustees approved of the scheme, but the Trent and Mersey would not sanction it until the Birmingham and Liverpool Junction Canal was officially authorised by an Act of Parliament. This occurred in 1826, and the Ellesmere and Chester obtained their own Act to authorise their canal in 1827. The Trent and Mersey built the short Wardle Canal with one lock, to maintain control of the junction, and imposed high tolls for traffic using it, but the work went ahead, and the Middlewich Branch was Document [81] (Title: Hollinwood Branch Canal) Hollinwood Branch Canal The Hollinwood Branch Canal was a canal near Hollinwood, in Oldham, England. It left the main line of the Ashton Canal at Fairfield Junction immediately above lock 18. It was just over long and went through Droylsden and Waterhouses to terminate at Hollinwood Basin (Hollinwood Top Wharf). It rose through four locks at Waterhouses (19–22) and another four at Hollinwood (23–26). Immediately above lock 22 at Waterhouses was Fairbottom Junction where the Fairbottom Branch Canal started. Beyond Hollinwood Basin there was a lock free private branch, known as the Werneth Branch Canal, to Old Lane Colliery, which Document [82] (Title: History of the British canal system) River Irwell. This was an engineering wonder which immediately attracted tourists. The construction of this canal was funded entirely by the Duke and it was called the Bridgewater Canal. It opened in 1761 and was the longest canal constructed in Britain to that date. The new canals proved highly successful. The boats on the canals were horse-drawn with a towpath alongside the canal for the horse to walk along. This horse-drawn system proved to be highly economical and became standard across the British canal network. Commercial horse-drawn canal boats could be seen on the UK's canals until as late as Document [83] (Title: Gloucester and Sharpness Canal) Gloucester and Sharpness Canal The Gloucester and Sharpness Canal (also known as the Gloucester and Berkeley Canal) is a canal in the west of England, between Gloucester and Sharpness; for much of its length it runs close to the tidal River Severn, but cuts off a significant loop in the river, at a once-dangerous bend near Arlingham. It was once the broadest and deepest canal in the world. The canal is long. Conceived in the canal mania period of the late 18th century, the Gloucester and Berkeley Ship Canal scheme (as it was originally named) was started by architect and Document [84] (Title: Bradford Canal) development opportunities along the five-kilometre canal corridor". Issue 1 of "Canal Road News" shows a map of the proposed canal: it more or less follows the original path from the Leeds and Liverpool Canal as far as Queens Road bridge. But south of that bridge the map shows it crossing Canal Road, and continuing on the west (city) side of that road, past the Conditioning House and finishing at the proposed Channel Urban Village. The plan shows 11 locks. Another noteworthy item on the map, not directly related to the canal, is a potential Manningham station on the Airedale Line. Document [85] (Title: Calder and Hebble Navigation) to receive dividends until the canal was nationalised in 1948, and the canal was used by commercial traffic until 1981. The Navigation starts in Wakefield, where there is an end-on junction with the Aire and Calder Navigation and runs upstream through Mirfield, after which there is a junction with the Huddersfield Broad Canal, to arrive at Sowerby Bridge, where there is another end-on junction, this time with the Rochdale Canal. Other towns on the navigation are Horbury, Dewsbury, Brighouse, and Elland. The former branch to Halifax is no longer navigable, except for a stub now known as the Halifax Arm. Document [86] (Title: Cincinnati and Whitewater Canal Tunnel) the portion of U.S. Route 50 that travels over the tunnel. Despite the efforts spent on building the Whitewater Canal, it was abandoned in 1856 after numerous floods had destroyed much of its length. This resulted in the abandonment of the canal tunnel, a period of stagnation that ended in 1863 when a railroad company began a twenty-five-year period of using it as an ordinary rail tunnel. Since the rail line ceased operation in 1888, the canal has become completely unusable, having silted up almost all the way to the ceiling. However, the tunnel has not been completely forgotten; the Document [87] (Title: Rushall Junction) Walsall Canal to Birchills Junction, and once the Tame Valley Canal was open, work started on the Rushall Canal, to connect it to the southern end of the Daw End Branch of the Wyrley and Essington at Longwood Junction. It was opened in 1847, and included nine locks, a flight of seven near the middle with two more just before the end-on junction at Longwood, which raised the level of the canal by . From the junction, the Tame Valley Canal heads westwards, running alongside the M6 motorway for about , before the two diverge, and the canal crosses the Document [88] (Title: Bridgewater Canal) away from Salford, instead taking it across the River Irwell to Stretford and thereon into Manchester. This route would make connecting to any future canals much easier, and would also increase competition with the Mersey and Irwell Navigation company. Brindley moved into Worsley Old Hall and spent 46 days surveying the proposed route, which to cross the Irwell would require the construction of an aqueduct at Barton-upon-Irwell. At the duke's behest, in January 1760 Brindley also travelled to London to give evidence before a parliamentary committee. The duke therefore gained a second Act of Parliament, which superseded the original. Brindley's Document [89] (Title: Rolle Canal) in 2006 involving re-pointing and rebuilding the eastern wall. The Beam Aqueduct is referred to as the "canal bridge" in Henry Williamson's "Tarka the Otter". Rolle Canal The Rolle Canal (or Torrington Canal) in North Devon, England extends from its mouth into the River Torridge at Landcross 6 miles southwards to the industrial mills and corn-mills at Town Mills (now called "Orford Mill"), Rosemoor, Great Torrington and beyond to Healand Docks and weir on the Torridge, where survive the ruins of Lord Rolle's limekilns, upstream of today's Rosemoor Garden. Town Mills were built by Lord Rolle and were powered by Document [90] (Title: Sandy and Beaver Canal) Sandy and Beaver Canal The Sandy and Beaver Canal ran from the Ohio and Erie Canal at Bolivar, Ohio, to the Ohio River at Glasgow, Pennsylvania. It had 90 locks, was chartered in 1828 and completed in 1848. However, the middle section of the canal had many problems from the beginning and fell into disrepair. The canal ceased to operate in 1852, when the Cold Run Reservoir Dam outside of Lisbon, Ohio, broke, ruining a large portion of the canal. Major D.B. Douglas of the United States Military Academy surveyed a route in 1828. This route was , with seven Document [91] (Title: Grantham Canal) both ends. The original route to join the Trent has been severed by the building of the A52 road. A route was identified which followed the course of the Polser Brook, which passes under the A52 to the north of the canal, but by 2009, three possible solutions were under consideration. These pose additional problems in finding funding, since they do not count as restoration, and many of the traditional funding sources are not then available. At Grantham, an embankment carrying the A1 road blocks the line of the canal, and the terminal basin has been filled in. There are Document [92] (Title: Oxford Canal) offer several pubs. Within Oxford's conurbation, the end of the canal has two links to the Thames After below Isis Lock the Oxford Canal ends abruptly at Hythe Bridge Street near to the current Hythe Bridge over the Castle Mill Stream, a backwater of the River Thames that runs parallel to the Oxford Canal for its southernmost part. The canal used to continue through a bridge under Hythe Bridge Street to a turning basin and goods wharf south of Hythe Bridge Street. It then continued via a bridge under Worcester Street to end in a coal wharf beside New Road. Document [93] (Title: Barbridge Junction) result of objections by the Duke of Bridgewater and the Trent and Mersey Canal, it had to finish away from the Trent and Mersey, with no connection between the two. The proprietors built a wide canal, suitable for boats , which ran from Chester to Nantwich. There were difficulties, and by the time Nantwich was reached in 1779, there was no money left to build a branch to Middlewich. The canal was a failure, and the company resolved to abandon the canal in 1781. However, they managed to keep going somehow, until construction of the Ellesmere Canal began. The Chester Document [94] (Title: Beaver and Erie Canal) the Shenango River northwest of Pittsburgh. Some canal facilities at Bridgewater, at the canal's southern end, remain; they are a part of the Bridgewater Historic District. Because Conneaut Lake, fed mainly by springs and small streams, did not have enough water to keep the Beaver and Erie Canal filled at its highest elevation, the state built a feeder canal. The French Creek Feeder, as it was called, ran from a dam built for the purpose on the Bemus farm, north of Meadville. Water from the dam pool, at a higher elevation than the lake, flowed south through Meadville. It crossed Document [95] (Title: Birmingham and Fazeley Canal) a short tunnel at Curdworth, after which fields and flooded gravel pits line the canal. At Drayton Bassett, an eccentric footbridge with Gothic-style towers crosses the canal, close to Drayton Manor Theme Park, after which Fazeley is reached, where the canal joins the Coventry Canal. The 5.5-mile (8.8 km) stretch which extends northwards beyond Fazeley Junction to Whittington, near Lichfield, was built by the Birmingham and Fazeley Canal Company, although it was built on the route authorised by the Coventry Canal's Act of Parliament. This section is now regarded as being part of the Coventry Canal. Historically the canal started Document [96] (Title: Dukinfield Junction) four years later. The Ashton Canal built a short section of canal southwards from the junction, which included an aqueduct over the River Tame, and the Peak Forest Canal officially started at the southern end of the aqueduct. The Huddersfield Narrow Canal was also authorised in 1794, and is one of three which cross the Pennines. It was a huge undertaking, with 74 locks and the longest canal tunnel in Britain at Standedge. Sections were opened at both ends as they were completed, with that from Ashton to Greenfield opening in 1798. The canal was not fully opened until 1811, Document [97] (Title: Bridgewater Canal) iron posts. The duke's warehouse was badly damaged by fire in 1789 but was rebuilt. In September 1761, with his assistant Hugh Oldham, Brindley surveyed an extension from Longford Bridge to Hempstones, near Halton, Cheshire. He assisted in obtaining Parliamentary approval for the Bridgewater Canal Extension Act of 1762 which allowed the construction of an extension to the canal, from Manchester, to the River Mersey at Runcorn. Despite objections from the Mersey and Irwell Navigation Company, Royal assent was given on 24 March 1762. A junction, Waters Meeting, was created in Trafford Park, at which the new extension branched south Document [98] (Title: Susquehanna and Tidewater Canal) listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Susquehanna Museum in Havre de Grace has restored the lock house and other infrastructure at the southern terminus of the canal. On the Pennsylvania side, Lock #12 has been preserved by PPL along Pennsylvania Route 372 at the south end of the Norman Wood Bridge across the Susquehanna River. A footpath along the river leading from Lock 12 <39.813674, -76.328744> passes under highway Route 372 to the ruins of Locks 13. Lock 14 no longer exists. Preserved Lock 15 <39° 48.009'N 76° 18.481'W> is accessible by car 1.5 miles south of Document [99] (Title: Trent and Mersey Canal) Macclesfield Canal to head for Marple, and the junction with the Peak Forest Canal (and hence, via the Ashton, Rochdale and Bridgewater canal) to complete the 'Cheshire Ring'. In September 2012 a serious breach occurred at Dutton Hollow near Preston Brook ( approx) which cost around £2.1m to repair. The breach was south of bridge 213 and the canal was unusable between there and Middlewich Big Lock 75. The canal was officially re-opened on 2 May 2013. After the long (40 minute) Harecastle Tunnel (one way, alternating roughly every two hours), the canal emerges in the outskirts of Stoke-on-Trent, and Document [100] (Title: Caldon Canal) canal part company again, and the canal, which is now only wide enough for a single boat, continues its rural journey to Froghall. The final section, built after the main construction was finished, includes the Froghall Tunnel, which has limited headroom, immediately followed by Froghall Basin. The canal has one branch, the Leek Branch, which runs for and includes the Leek Tunnel. The Leek Branch, opened in 1800/01, meets the main line at Hazelhurst Junction, after crossing the main line on Hazelhurst Aqueduct . Currently the branch ends some way from Leek town centre. The original length of the canal, Document [101] (Title: Union Canal (Scotland)) now at Lochrin Basin in Tollcross, adjacent to Fountainbridge. The canal has several navigable aqueducts, including the Slateford Aqueduct that takes the canal over the Water of Leith in Edinburgh, the Almond Aqueduct near Ratho and the Avon Aqueduct near Linlithgow, the second longest in the United Kingdom. Priestley describes the route and structures in some detail: [The] Canal commences from the sixteenth lock of the Forth and Clyde Navigation, about two miles west of Falkirk, in the county of Sterling (sic), whence it takes an eastwardly course on the south side of the above-mentioned town, by some collieries; thence, Document [102] (Title: Nutbrook Canal) been removed and replaced by weirs. Beyond this section, footpaths follow the course of the canal as far as Hallam wharf. Below lock 3, most of the canal has been filled in as the ironworks have expanded, but a pipe in the bed of the canal still delivers water to the works. The four-storey toll house at the Ladywood Road bridge remained until 1965 when it was demolished by the local council. Mapperley reservoir and Hawley's Pond are still there, but Shipley reservoir has been transformed as its site was occupied by the lake at the centre of The American Document [103] (Title: Industrial Revolution) links Hangzhou with Beijing. In the UK, canals began to be built in the late 18th century to link the major manufacturing centres across the country. Known for its huge commercial success, the Bridgewater Canal in North West England, which opened in 1761 and was mostly funded by The 3rd Duke of Bridgewater. From Worsley to the rapidly growing town of Manchester its construction cost £168,000 (£ ), but its advantages over land and river transport meant that within a year of its opening in 1761, the price of coal in Manchester fell by about half. This success helped inspire Document [104] (Title: Bridgewater Canal) to be "more picturesque". Boating men also used the canal. They lifted their small lightweight boats out of the M&IN at Runcorn, and carried them a short distance up the steep streets onto the Bridgewater Canal. Barges on the canal continued to be towed by horses until the middle of the 19th century, when they were replaced by steam-powered boats after a fatal epidemic spread through the horse population. The "dense smoke" produced by the steam barges and their "harsh unnecessary whistling" proved unpopular with some local residents, who also began to suffer from a condition known as canal throat, Document [105] (Title: Whitewater Canal) construct its own canal to Cambridge City. The Hagerstown Canal Company completed an eight-mile (13 km) long canal between Hagerstown and Cambridge City in 1847. A connecting canal built to reach Cincinnati was known as the Cincinnati and Whitewater Canal. This canal was built by Ohio interests and went from Harrison to Cincinnati. It was completed in 1843 and replaced Lawrenceburg as the end of the line after the 1847 November flood. This stretch of canal closed in 1862 and was used as a railroad right-of-way at that time. A canal tunnel constructed to obviate a ridgeline at Cleves still Document [106] (Title: Canals in Cheshire) Canals in Cheshire A large number of canals were built in Cheshire, England, during the early phases of the Industrial Revolution to transport goods and raw materials. This resulted in a significant canal network which is now enjoyed by holiday-makers, anglers, walkers, and others. The Bridgewater Canal runs from Preston Brook, near Runcorn, to Leigh in Greater Manchester. The original section of the canal starts at Castlefield Basin in Manchester city centre where it joins the Rochdale Canal. The canal runs west from Manchester for about , where it splits into two parts at "Waters Meeting" junction. It then passes Document [107] (Title: Chester Canal) the Trent and Mersey were supportive, as both might have lost some trade if the canal were built, and when the Duke of Bridgewater was approached for support, he replied that provided the canal did not physically link with the Trent and Mersey at Middlewich, he would not oppose the plans. Despite attempts at flattery, the Duke would not alter his position, and so the Company promoting the bill in parliament began with a serious disadvantage. The bill became an Act of Parliament on 1 April 1772, authorising the construction of a canal to run "from the River Dee, within Document [108] (Title: Canal) artificial" canal because although originally a scheme to make the Sankey Brook navigable, it included an entirely new artificial channel that was effectively a canal along the Sankey Brook valley. However, "Bridgewater" supporters point out that the last quarter-mile of the navigation is indeed a canalized stretch of the Brook, and that it was the Bridgewater Canal (less obviously associated with an existing river) that captured the popular imagination and inspired further canals. In the mid-eighteenth century the 3rd Duke of Bridgewater, who owned a number of coal mines in northern England, wanted a reliable way to transport his coal Document [109] (Title: Bridgewater Canal) 1791 the mines at Worsley produced of coal, of which were "sold down the navigation"; of rocksalt was also transported from Cheshire. Sales of coal were £19,455, and nearly £30,000 was earned from other cargoes. Passenger traffic in 1791 brought in receipts of £3,781. The canal also carried passengers and was in keen competition with the Mersey and Irwell Navigation Company (M&IN). The journey down river by the latter route took eight hours (nine hours in the up direction) while the journey on the Bridgewater canal took nine hours each way. Fares were similar but the Bridgewater route was said Document [110] (Title: Castlefield) was the largest navigation canal in the world. Though the main docks were at Salford Quays and Pomona Docks the ship canal started at the Woden Street footbridge at Hulme Locks. The Duke's Warehouse was built at the end Bridgewater Canal over the River Medlock. It has long since gone. It was first built in 1771, destroyed by fire in 1789 and rebuilt and extended including a fulling mill on the southern bank and cottages on the northern bank. It was destroyed again by fire in 1919. Built at the same time was the Grocers Warehouse 19.4 x 9.7m. This Document [111] (Title: Haywood Junction) of the canal, much too small at this point to support navigation. Derwent Mouth, where the canal joins the river, is from the junction, while Etruria Lock, where the summit level begins, is away. The Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal heads west from the junction. The Trent and Mersey towpath is carried over it by a bridge, and almost immediately, it crosses the River Trent on an aqueduct. It follows the valley of the River Sow, which joins the Trent below the junction, and soon reaches Tixall Wide, a broad expanse of water, which, although it looks like a lake, is Document [112] (Title: Outer Pennine Ring) the branch for to arrive at Leigh, where there is an end-on junction with the Leeds and Liverpool Leigh Branch. On its way, the Barton Swing Aqueduct carries it across the Manchester Ship Canal. The structure was designed by Sir Edward Leader Williams in the 1890s, and allows a section of the canal, weighing 1450 tons, to move out of the way of ships using the ship canal. The Bridgewater Canal is owned by the Manchester Ship Canal, although boats with a British Waterways licence may use it for up to seven days without further payment. The Leigh Branch of Document [113] (Title: Canals in Cheshire) Mersey Canal. The Trent and Mersey Canal links the River Trent at Derwent Mouth (in Derbyshire) to the River Mersey. The second connection is made via the Bridgewater Canal, which it joins at Preston Brook in Cheshire. Although mileposts measure the distance to Preston Brook and Shardlow, Derwent Mouth is a mile or so beyond Shardlow. The Peak Forest Canal runs from a junction with the Ashton Canal at the southern end of the Tame Aqueduct at Dukinfield through Newton, Hyde, Woodley, Bredbury, Romiley, Marple, Strines, Disley, New Mills, Furness Vale, and Bridgemont. It terminates at Bugsworth Basin, and there Document [114] (Title: Liskeard and Looe Union Canal) Company, and the canal itself gradually ceased to be navigable. The canal started from a point on the tidal East Looe River just below Terras Bridge, about a mile (about 1.5 km) above Looe bridge. When the railway branch line was built, a bridge over the canal was made, and this bridge can still be seen, showing the alignment of the canal at its lower termination. The canal ran broadly north, following closely the course of the river itself, for a distance of , terminating at Moorswater, in the valley to the west of Liskeard. This involved a considerable climb, Document [115] (Title: Manchester Bolton & Bury Canal) Aqueduct to Bailey Bridge, from Bailey Bridge to Bury, and the entire Bolton arm from Nob End Locks to Bolton. The proposal was not carried but four years later, under the London, Midland and Scottish Railway Act of 1941, they abandoned of the canal, including a section from Prestolee to Clifton and the entire Bolton arm. In 1939, during the Second World War, the Ministry of Transport ordered a half-mile section in Agecroft piped, to reduce the risk of German bomb damage damaging the adjacent Magnesium Elektron Company's site. Although it continued to generate revenue from the sale of water, Document [116] (Title: Lancaster Canal) also petitioned to make an extension from Westhoughton to the Bridgewater Canal near Worsley but stopped when the occupant of Atherton Hall objected. The Leeds and Liverpool Canal having reached Blackburn by 1810, a decision was made to link with the Lancaster Canal's southern end to avoid constructing a parallel waterway. The Lancaster Canal built two short branches to connect with the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, from Johnson's Hillock including seven locks, and from Bark Hill to Wigan Top Lock – the Act authorising this construction also authorised additional tolls to make it worthwhile for the Lancaster Canal to co-operate Document [117] (Title: Manchester and Salford Junction Canal) the interchange of goods. There were four large bays below the warehouse with two lift shafts to allow goods to be unloaded from the boats using the canal, and raised up to the warehouse for storage. The canal was constructed just as railways were becoming popular. In later years, both the Bridgewater and Rochdale canals came to be owned by the Manchester Ship Canal Company, removing the competitive incentive for keeping both canals open and the Junction Canal was abandoned in 1922. During the Second World War, sections of the canal were drained and converted for use as air-raid shelters. Document [118] (Title: River Irwell) Bridgewater built the Bridgewater Canal, the task of crossing the Irwell was one of the main obstacles he faced. The solution was to build a canal-carrying bridge across the river, the first barge aqueduct in England. The aqueduct, which opened in 1761, measured high and long, and became one of the wonders or the age. The Mersey and Irwell Navigation and the Bridgewater Canal competed for trade to and from Manchester for the next 120 years and specially designed barges with a shallow draft, known as "Mersey flats", were used on both waterways. Over the years both trade and rivalry Document [119] (Title: Bridgewater Canal) warehouse. There were no locks in Brindley's design, demonstrating his ability as a competent engineer. The Barton Aqueduct was built relatively quickly for the time; work commenced in September 1760 and the first boat crossed on 17 July 1761. The duke invested a large sum of money in the scheme. From Worsley to Manchester its construction cost £168,000 (equivalent to £ in ), but its advantages over land and river transport meant that within a year of its opening in 1761, the price of coal in Manchester fell by about half. This success helped inspire a period of intense canal Document [120] (Title: Mills Hill) for the woollen cloth. Silk weaving flourished in the area too. Walk Mill was also the site of one of the areas oldest public houses, the Duke of Bridgewater, first licensed in 1842. The pub closed on 5 April 1956. The Rochdale Canal in this area features three structures given a grade II listed building status. The Scowcroft Lane bridge was listed in 1987 and dates to the period the canal was constructed, as does the nearby stone built Coneygreen Lock. A short distance along the canal is a disused skew bridge consisting of cast iron beams with wrought iron Document [121] (Title: Montgomery Canal) This section was originally the Llanymynech branch of the Ellesmere Canal, but since the passing of the British Waterways Act 1987 is officially the first section of the Montgomery Canal. The previous history is reflected in the numbering of the bridges, which start from 71, following on a sequence which begins at Hurleston Junction, where the Llangollen Canal meets the main line of the Shropshire Union Canal. The section of the canal from Frankton Junction to Gronwen Wharf (just north of Bridge 82) is navigable by narrowboat. Access through the locks at Frankton Junction is strictly controlled, and must be Document [122] (Title: Heywood Branch Canal) boats to turn, beyond which there was a crane on either side of the canal and a covered wharf building. A third crane is shown on the 1956 map. A large portion of the canal survives although is dry along the whole route. The junction with the Rochdale canal has been lost with the building of the M62. The canal emerges and runs south of the motorway for roughly 500 meters before turning north where the motorway severs it. The canal then runs north of the motorway toward Hope Street. It passes through the site of Hope Street Bridge that Document [123] (Title: Bridgewater Canal) mines also suffered from persistent flooding, caused by the geology of the Middle Coal Measures, where the coal seam lies beneath a layer of permeable sandstone. Having visited the Canal du Midi in France and watched the construction of the Sankey Canal in England, the duke's solution to these problems was to build an underground canal at Worsley, connected to a surface canal between Worsley and Salford. In addition to easing overland transport difficulties and providing drainage for his mines, an underground canal would provide a reliable source of water for the surface canal, and also eliminate the need to Document [124] (Title: Wendover Arm Canal) an annual canal festival which began in 1990; however a site is no longer available to run this, and new funding is being sought. Phase 1 of the restoration involved the first of the canal from Bulbourne Junction () to Little Tring Farm (). Major engineering work included the refurbishment of the stop lock, and the construction of a winding basin at the terminus, to allow boats to turn round. Between the two, Little Tring Road crossed the course of the canal on an embankment which was constructed in 1973 when the original bridge was demolished. This was replaced by Document [125] (Title: Newmarket Canal) south canals. The canal route starts on the eastern arm of the Holland River, which splits off of the western arm just south of Cook's Bay. The eastern arm runs roughly southward through River Drive Park and into Holland Landing on the west side of town. At the southwestern corner of town it turns to the southeast, and after a short distance reaches the first lock, now under the bridge carrying "old" Yonge Street into town. The river continues southeast for two kilometers where it reaches the second lock at Concession 2 (Bayview Avenue). Here it meets the inlet of Document [126] (Title: Rushall Canal) W&E at Catshill Junction near Brownhills. A short, non-navigable, arm at Longwood Junction leads to Hay Head Nature Reserve, which was once an area of limestone mines. The canal was built in the, then, county of Staffordshire under an Act of Parliament of April 1844 (four years after the merger of the BCN and W&E) to connect the Daw End Branch to The Tame Valley Canal to take coal from Cannock mines to Birmingham and the Black Country. The engineer was James Walker. It was specified to be wide with towpaths on both sides. The towpaths were to be wide, Document [127] (Title: Manchester and Salford Junction Canal) In 1838, just as the canal was being built, the Bridgewater Canal Company were completing their Hulme Locks Branch Canal. This provided an alternative route from the Rochdale Canal to the River Irwell, and cargoes from either direction could navigate onto the Irwell without the need to use the new Junction Canal. Construction of the new canal was funded in part by the proprietors of the Manchester Bolton & Bury Canal. The canal was opened in 1839. In 1885 the Great Northern Warehouse was built on top of the line of the canal and a dock was constructed to allow Document [128] (Title: Birchills Junction) end, but the route was abandoned in 1954. However, it may be reopened as the Lichfield Canal, for a restoration group have been working on it for some years. The towpath on the Wyrley and Essington Canal is on the southern bank, and it crosses the start of the Walsall Canal. Immediately afterwards, Stephenson Avenue Bridge crosses, and the canal then passes over an aqueduct, which once passed over a railway line but is now dismantled. The top lock of the eight Walsall Locks, which lower the level by , is reached after . At the bottom of the flight Document [129] (Title: E2 European long distance path) the Etherow/Goyt Valley Way, from Broadbottom to Compstall, the Goyt Way from Compstall to Disley, the Peak Forest Canal from Disley to Marple, the Gritstone Trail, from Disley to Rushton Spencer, the Staffordshire Way, from Rushton Spencer to Canock Chase, the Heart of England Way, from Cannock Chase to Bourton on the Water, the Oxfordshire Way, from Bourton on the Water to Kirtlington, the Oxford Canal, from Kirtlington to Oxford, the Thames Path, from Oxford to Weybridge, the Wey Navigation Path, from Weybridge to Guildford, and the North Downs Way, from Guildford to Dover. In Belgium the route starts from Document [130] (Title: Welland Canal, bridge 13) operated manually. The Third Welland Canal was constructed between 1871 and 1881 and located slightly west of the second. The bridge over this canal was constructed one block south of Main Street at Division Street. This situation severed the primary commercial artery and caused hardship for local business. In winter when the canal was closed, a floating plank bridge, just 1.2m (4 feet) wide allowed pedestrian access across the canal at Main Street, but significant pressure was placed on officials to build a permanent bridge at this location. Eventually, a bridge known as the Alexandra Bridge was built at Main Document [131] (Title: South Pennine Ring) canals starting from Ducie St Junction in Manchester, and proceeding clockwise around the ring. The Rochdale Canal was authorised in 1794 and completed in 1804. Unlike the other two trans-Pennine canals, it does not have a major tunnel, but has to climb higher as a consequence, and the large number of locks, which were able to take wide-beam barges up to wide, used a prodigious amount of water, which often presented problems. The last commercial boat to travel from one end of the canal to the other did so in 1937, and most of the canal except for the section Document [132] (Title: Bridgewater Canal) gates were closed, and with the ebb of the tide were opened to release water, which scoured the silt from the entrance to the locks. The cut created an island, known as Runcorn Island, crossed by Castle Bridge. The connection to Manchester was delayed by Sir Richard Brooke of Norton Priory. Concerned that boatmen might poach his game and wildfowl, Brooke did not want the canal to pass through his land. The Act included several stipulations: the canal should not come within of his house; the towpath should be on the south side of the canal, furthest away from Brooke's Document [133] (Title: North Pennine Ring) around the ring. From Castlefield Junction, the route follows the Bridgewater Canal to Waters Meeting, where the main line turns to the left to reach Runcorn and the ring follows the Stretford and Leigh Branch to an end-on junction with the Leeds and Liverpool Leigh Branch at Leigh. This was originally considered to be the main line, as the canal was connected to a series of underground levels which ran into the coal mines at Worsley. One feature was a huge aqueduct, above the River Irwell, which allowed sailing ships to pass beneath it. It was demolished when the Manchester Document [134] (Title: Canals in Cheshire) is a short branch at Bridgemont to Whaley Bridge. This canal is just over long. At Marple, the canal crosses Marple Aqueduct and then rises through 16 locks and makes a junction at Top Lock with the Macclesfield Canal. The Wardle Canal is located in Middlewich, Cheshire, and connects the Trent and Mersey Canal to the Shropshire Union Canal (Middlewich branch). It is the shortest canal in the UK, at approximately long, and terminates with a single lock (known as Wardle lock). The Macclesfield Canal runs from Marple Junction where it joins the Peak Forest Canal, southwards (through Bollington, Macclesfield, Document [135] (Title: Bridgewater House, Runcorn) the building and operation of the Runcorn branch of the canal. The canal was opened to the Mersey in 1773 and completed throughout its length in 1776. After the Duke's death in 1803 the house was used as offices by the Bridgewater Trustees, and from 1872 by the Bridgewater Navigation Company. In 1887 the assets of this company, including the house, were bought by the Manchester Ship Canal Company, who used it mainly for the purpose of entertaining. At the outbreak of the Second World War, part of the house was taken over by the Balloon Section of the Royal Document [136] (Title: Bradford Canal) the following year was successful, the Bradford Canal (Abandonment) Act being passed in June 1922. Closure occurred on 25 June, with just the section from the Leeds and Liverpool canal to the bottom of the first lock being retained, to be used as moorings. Subsequently, much of the canal's route has been built upon and filled in. Apart from the junction, several of the bridges which once spanned it are still visible in whole or in part. Near the site of the first lock is a lock keepers cottage and the pumping station building, which has been restored and is Document [137] (Title: Farmington Canal Heritage Trail) Canal line has been incorporated into the Lock 12 Historical Park. The entire route of the Farmington Canal Heritage Trail is not yet completed (85% in Connecticut, 63% in Massachusetts). The trail is divided into three sections: As of October 2018, one continuous section runs from Yale University to Lazy Lane in Southington, a distance of 25 miles. The northern part of Southington is being designed for construction up to Town Line Road in 2019. The last gap is the northern section of 5.3 miles through Plainville. As of October 2018, the Trail extends uninterrupted from Northwest Drive in Northern Document [138] (Title: Mersey and Irwell Navigation) reaches. In 1740 the company built quays and warehouses along Water Street in Manchester. In 1779 a group of businessmen from Manchester and Liverpool purchased the navigation, and began making improvements. A difficult section below Howley lock was cut out by the building of the Runcorn to Latchford Canal, and at Runcorn a basin was built for boats to wait for the tide. An aqueduct was built from Woolston Cut, to replace water lost from the locks that were used to raise boats into the new canal section. The completion of the Bridgewater Canal in 1776, followed in 1830 by Document [139] (Title: Nutbrook Canal) its southern end towards its junction (later known as Nutbrook Junction) with the Erewash Canal just above Heath Lock. There were two significant branches from the main line. One from just below Moor's Bridge went to Sir Henry Hunloke's estate at West Hallam, while a second, smaller branch left the main line just above Lock 3 to connect with Lord Stanhope's wagonway. The costs of construction overran, and were quoted as £22,801 (),in a report to the Derbyshire Justices, made at the start of 1797. The excess over the £19,500 authorised by the Act of Parliament was managed by further Document [140] (Title: Outer Pennine Ring) some 7 years earlier. The North Pennine Ring, which followed the Calder and Hebble Navigation above Cooper Bridge, continues along the main line of the Rochdale Canal above Ducie Street Junction and rejoins the Outer Pennine Ring at this point. Most of the canal was closed in 1952, but the final section remained open, to provide a link between the Bridgewater Canal and the Ashton Canal. There are nine locks on this stretch, which passes through urban Manchester, to arrive at Castlefield Junction on the Bridgewater Canal, completing the ring. Outer Pennine Ring The Outer Pennine Ring is an English Document [141] (Title: Preston Brook) used by Capita, Marks & Spencer, O2, First Group and Tesco Mobile. The Bridgewater Canal runs from Manchester through Preston Brook where it divides into two branches. One branch leads to Runcorn where it used to join the Manchester Ship Canal, and before that the River Mersey, while the other branch joins the Trent and Mersey Canal at the Preston Brook canal tunnel. The community has a website and a bi-monthly newsletter. Preston Brook Preston Brook is a civil parish in the borough of Halton, a unitary authority in the ceremonial county of Cheshire. It is located to the south-east Document [142] (Title: Port of Runcorn) tons in 1954. The old line of locks from the Bridgewater Canal became disused in the late 1930s, they were closed under the Ship Canal Act of 1949 and filled in. The Ship Canal Act of 1966 allowed the closure of the new line of locks, the old dock area and the Francis and Arnold Docks. The Runcorn and Weston Canal has been filled in to provide additional quay space for modern docks and the old warehouses have been demolished. However, with the building of the Silver Jubilee Bridge in 1961 communications to the docks have been improved and trade Document [143] (Title: Castlefield) with the construction of the Manchester Ship Canal but a deep water channel was maintained up to the Woden Street footbridge. Two canals define Castlefield: the Bridgewater built in 1761 and the Rochdale opened in 1804. There are however two more short canals within Castlefield that form links with the Irwell, these are the Manchester and Salford Junction Canal and the Hulme Locks Branch Canal, both being disused but both are still visible. The Bridgewater Hall basin on the former has been restored. Over the Irwell from Water Street is the entrance to the Manchester, Bolton & Bury Canal. Before Document [144] (Title: Ewood Aqueduct) Act was granted authorising another change of route and yet more fund-raising. The new Foulridge Tunnel was proving difficult and expensive to dig, when it opened in 1796 it was 1,640 yards (1,500 m) long. This new route took the canal south via Burnley and Blackburn which was reached in 1810. This new route for this section of the canal meant it was now running parallel with and then crossing the isolated southern end of the Lancaster Canal. Common sense prevailed and the Leeds and Liverpool Canal connected with the Lancaster Canal between Wigan and Johnson's Hillock. The main line Document [145] (Title: Bradley Branch) This descended from the Birmingham main line through the eight Ryder's Green locks, and followed the contour. Once the Broadwaters Canal was extended to reach Walsall Town Basin in 1799, it became known as the Walsall Canal. Several branches were built from the Broadwaters Canal to serve the growing coal-field through which it ran. Just to the south of Bradley was the Gospel Oak colliery, and a branch to this had been authorised by the 1783 Act, but work did not start until 1791, and the intention to build some locks at the far end was abandoned when it was Document [146] (Title: Bridgewater Canal) the proprietors of the nearby Manchester Bolton & Bury Canal to resolve a dispute with a Salford landowner, but his response was delayed. In 1810 there was a general agreement with the Mersey and Irwell Navigation Company (M&IN) to simultaneously raise freight charges. However any cooperation between the two companies was short-lived and by 1812 the Mersey and Irwell had reduced their charges. Further competition was to come from other carriers who used the canal; in 1824 the traffic carried by private companies exceeded that carried by the Trustees for the first time. However, in time more profit came from Document [147] (Title: Pennsylvania Canal (North Branch Division)) begun in 1828 and completed in 1831 to Nanticoke Falls. In 1834, a project called the Wyoming Extension increased the canal's length by past Wilkes-Barre to Pittston. A final extension of from Pittston to the New York state line was started in 1836 and finished in 1856. The complete canal had a total of 43 locks that overcame of elevation between its end points. The southern end was above sea level, and the northern end was at . The privately built Junction Canal of linked the North Branch Canal to Elmira. There the Junction Canal connected with the Chemung Canal, Document [148] (Title: Walsall Canal) and Essington Canal at Birchills Junction. The canal starts at the Birmingham Level, descends 45 feet to the Walsall Level, then rises 65 feet to the Wolverhampton Level. The canal was built in four distinct stages. It started life as the Broadwaters Extension to the Wednesbury Canal which opened in 1785 to serve collieries in Moxley. This section was authorised as a detached part of the Birmingham & Fazeley Canal under that canal's original Act. Meanwhile from the other direction, the Birchills Branch of the Wyrley and Essington Canal reached Bloxwich Wharf to the north-west of Walsall by 1798. (Much Document [149] (Title: Delaware and Hudson Canal) added to the National Register of Historic Places and state and local landmark lists. The finished canal ran 108 miles (174 km), from Honesdale to Kingston (counting the tidewater portions of the Rondout where the canal joined the creek at Eddyville). Its 108 locks took it over elevation changes totaling 1,075 feet (328 m), more than the Erie Canal's 675 feet (206 m). The channel was four feet (122 cm) deep (eventually increased to six feet (2 m)) by 32 feet (10 m) wide. It was crossed by 137 bridges and had 26 dams, basins and reservoirs. Originally it crossed Document [150] (Title: Runcorn and Weston Canal) believes that the increase in passing boat trade that would come from reopening the locks has the potential to bring economical, recreational and social benefits to people within the region. The new flight of locks from the Bridgewater Canal was abandoned in 1966, but the old flight was left in place and covered over. Its line is protected by the local council, and there are plans to re-open the locks. This would almost certainly result in the Runcorn and Weston Canal being reopened, in order to provide somewhere for pleasure craft which have descended the flight to go without having Document [151] (Title: Runcorn and Weston Canal) at which time a Manchester Ship Canal official commented that it had been "physically, as well as officially" closed for a year. The flights of locks from the Bridgewater Canal down to Runcorn Docks were filled in when the Runcorn-Widnes road bridge was constructed in 1966. About half of the Runcorn and Weston Canal was filled in at the same time. The southern half remains in water, but is in a derelict state. In 2015 the Runcorn Locks Restoration Society launched its Unlock Runcorn campaign, which is dedicated to reopening the flight of locks in Runcorn's Old Town. The society Document [152] (Title: Bridgewater Canal) "the wonder of their time", was built to connect the two. Nine locks had a fall of , with a fall at the river lock of more than at low water. It allowed vessels to enter and leave the canal on any tide. The connection to the Mersey was made on 1 January 1773. The river's tidal action tended to deposit silt around the lower entrance to the locks, so to counteract this a channel, equipped with gates at each end and known as the Duke's Gut, was cut through the marshes upriver from the locks. At high tide the Document [153] (Title: Canals in Cheshire) Hulme Lock, an unused connection to the River Irwell and the Manchester Ship Canal, and a new lock at Pomona which accesses the Ship Canal. From Waters Meeting, the original part of the canal passes over the Manchester Ship Canal on the Barton Swing Aqueduct at Salford and travels about to Leigh, where it makes an end-on connection with the Leeds and Liverpool Canal. The other part of the canal travels about south-west to Runcorn, passing through the towns of Sale and Lymm, and to the south of central Warrington. At Preston Brook, the canal connects with the Trent and Document [154] (Title: Monkland Canal) Edition of the 25-inch Ordnance Survey maps (1858), and the most likely location for the termination seems to be Gartcraig Bridge (sometimes known as Jessie's Bridge), from where access to Glasgow was by way of Carntyne Road. The next possible location would be Smithy Croft bridge, but that is on the Cumbernauld Road; even in 1858 that was not a humble "cart road". Hume asserts that the temporary end point was a canal basin opposite Barlinnie Prison on the north side of the canal, between Jessie's Bridge (an alternative name for Gartcraig Bridge) and Smithycroft Bridge; he says the basin Document [155] (Title: Liskeard and Looe Union Canal) of over its length, and there were 24 locks. The canal ran on the east side of the River, except between a point below Plashford Bridge to near Landreast bridge, The present day railway branch line closely follows the route of the canal. Moorswater was chosen as a feasible terminal because of its altitude—below Liskeard town—and proximity to the agricultural lands the canal was built to serve. Roads for onward transport were built, eastward to Liskeard itself and northward to Highwood. There was a basin at Moorswater, located in the area near the present-day railway level crossing, close to the Document [156] (Title: Bridgewater Canal) lift the coal to the surface (an expensive and difficult proposition). The canal boats would carry at a time, pulled by only one horse – more than ten times the amount of cargo per horse that was possible with a cart. The duke and his estate manager John Gilbert produced a plan of the canal, and in 1759 obtained an Act of Parliament, enabling its construction. James Brindley was brought in for his technical expertise (having previously installed a pumping system at the nearby Wet Earth Colliery), and after a six-day visit suggested varying the route of the proposed canal Document [157] (Title: Bridgewater Canal) through Stretford, Sale, Altrincham, Lymm and finally to Runcorn. In December 1761 Brindley undertook a survey of the route at Runcorn. His initial plan was to make the terminus at Hempstones, east of Runcorn Gap, but following a study of the tides and depth of water there, he decided instead to build the terminus west of Runcorn Gap. This change was designed to accommodate Mersey flats, although the low fixed bridges required that traffic on the canal be able to lower or unship their masts. Runcorn basin was almost above the Mersey, so a flight of ten locks, described as Document [158] (Title: Bellows Falls, Vermont) Street Bridge), which replaced the Arch Bridge in 1982, and the Vilas Bridge, which was closed due to safety concerns in 2009. The Bellows Falls Canal, the first canal built in the United States, was dug by a British-owned company from 1791-1802. The original canal was 22 feet wide and four feet deep, and had 9 locks, each 75 feet long and 20 feet wide, which allowed shipping to go around the Great Falls in the Connecticut River by being lifted 52 feet (16 m) around the gorge. River traffic declined after railroads were built to the Connecticut Valley in Document [159] (Title: Barton Swing Aqueduct) Bridgewater Canal, which has now been removed. The structure is adjacent to, and upstream of, the Barton Road Swing Bridge. Both bridges are operated from a brick control tower on an island in the centre of the ship canal. When in the open position, the aqueduct and road bridge line up along the length of the island, allowing ships to traverse each side. To avoid the risk of collision, the aqueduct is opened half an hour before traffic on the Manchester Ship Canal is scheduled to pass. The turning mechanism built into the central island consists of a race plate Document [160] (Title: Pennsylvania Canal (Delaware Division)) Pennsylvania Canal (Delaware Division) The Delaware Division of the Pennsylvania Canal, more commonly called the Delaware Canal, runs for parallel to the right bank of the Delaware River from the entry locks near the mouth of the Lehigh River and terminal end of the Lehigh Canal at Easton south to Bristol. At Easton, which today is the home of The National Canal Museum, the Delaware Canal also connected with the Morris Canal built to carry anthracite coal to energy starved New Jersey industries. Later, with a crossing-lock constructed at New Hope, the New Hope 'outlet lock' (1847) connected by Cable Document [161] (Title: Tipton Green and Toll End Canals) Tipton Green and Toll End Canals The Tipton Green Branch and Toll End Branch (or Toll End Communication Canal) were narrow canals comprising part of the Birmingham Canal Navigations near Tipton (formerly in Staffordshire), West Midlands, England. These canals no longer exist. The Tipton Green Branch was completed around 1805 with 3 locks and a length of quarter of a mile. The Toll End Branch was authorised by Act of Parliament in 1783 (along with the Birmingham and Fazeley Canal, Broadwaters Canal, and several other branches) to provide access to a proposed new coal mine. Work was started from the Document [162] (Title: Bridgewater Canal) narrow gauge tramroad worked by horses from his Gin Pit Colliery to Marsland Green where he installed cranes and tipplers to load barges at a wharf. The tramroad was later worked by locomotives. In 1867 the Fletchers built a private railway line and the Bedford Basin with facilities for loading coal from Howe Bridge onto barges. Astley Green Colliery began winding coal on the north bank of the canal in 1912. In the 1940s and '50s coal was sent to Barton Power Station and Runcorn Gas Works. Upon completion of the Rochdale Canal in 1804, the two canals were joined Document [163] (Title: Hulme Locks Branch Canal) Bridgewater and Rochdale canals came to be owned by the Manchester Ship Canal Company, removing the competitive incentive for keeping both canals open and the Junction Canal was abandoned in 1922. Hulme Locks Branch Canal was used until 1995, when a new lock was provided at Pomona Docks (Dock 3), and this branch canal is now overgrown. Hulme Locks Branch Canal The Hulme Locks Branch Canal is a canal in the city of Manchester. It is 200m (one furlong) in length and was built to provide a direct waterway between the Mersey and Irwell Navigation and the Bridgewater Canal. The Document [164] (Title: Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal) Mersey Canal, is only about 300 metres from the confluence of the River Sow with the Trent. The canal runs west through Tixall Wide and along the Sow valley, closely following the river, to Weeping Cross, on the south east edge of Stafford, the confluence of the River Penk with the Sow. The canal then swings at right angles to the south, taking up the course of the Penk. It then runs "via" Acton Trussell and Penkridge to Calf Heath, where it is joined by the now-derelict Hatherton Canal. Continuing south "via" Coven, Staffordshire, it begins to bear away from Document [165] (Title: Cannock Extension Canal) now the A5 road, and the modern canal ends here. Beyond, much of the canal was on high embankments, raised to combat subsidence, but traffic no longer justified the costs of maintenance, and the northerly section was closed in 1963. The next bridge was Northgreen Bridge, beyond which there was a wharf, and the first of several large brick overflow weirs. After New Road Bridge, located where the modern M6 Toll motorway crosses the course of the canal, and Foredrove Bridge, the junction with the Norton Springs Branch was marked by a large basin to the east of the canal. Document [166] (Title: Dukinfield Junction) with the completion of the tunnel. It joins the Ashton Canal end-on at the junction. The Hudderfield Narrow Canal was abandoned in 1944. The Peak Forest Canal had ceased to be used by the start of the Second World War in 1939, and the Ashton Canal was unnavigable by 1962. However, the Peak Forest Canal Society was formed, and working with the British Waterways Board, the local councils through which the canals ran, and the Inland Waterways Association, the Ashton Canal and the lower Peak Forest Canal were reopened in 1974, bringing the junction back into use. A campaign for Document [167] (Title: Whitchurch Waterway Trust) decided to abandon the planned arm to Whitchurch in 1800, but in 1805 was approached by a group of businessmen who wanted to build both the branch and a short extension to Castle Well, so that the terminus was nearer to the centre of the town. The canal company decided that it did not have the powers to delegate construction of the arm to the consortium, and so completed the construction of the original route using money borrowed from the businessmen. It was opened on 6 July 1808. The Act of Parliament needed to authorise the extension was not applied Document [168] (Title: Francis Egerton, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater) the acquaintance of her sister, Lady Coventry, led to the breaking off of the match. Thereupon the Duke broke up his London establishment, and retired to his estate at Worsley where he devoted himself to the making of canals. The Bridgewater Canal from Worsley to Manchester which he constructed to transport coal obtained on his estates is usually cited as the first modern British canal as opposed to a river navigation—although the Sankey Canal is a rival to this claim, projected as a "navigation", but built as a true canal. The construction of Bridgewater's canal, with its aqueduct across the Document [169] (Title: Trent and Mersey Canal) River Trent at Derwent Mouth (in Derbyshire) to the River Mersey. The second connection is made via the Bridgewater Canal, which it joins at Preston Brook in Cheshire. Note that although mileposts measure the distance to Preston Brook and Shardlow, Derwent Mouth is a mile or so beyond Shardlow. The plan of a canal connection from the Mersey to the Trent ("The Grand Trunk") came from canal engineer James Brindley. It was authorised by an Act of Parliament in 1766 and the first sod was cut by Josiah Wedgwood in July that year at Brownhills, Burslem. In 1777, the canal Document [170] (Title: Runcorn and Weston Canal) a canal to link the Bridgewater Canal to the River Weaver Navigation was first proposed in late 1852, when the Bridgewater's general manager, Fereday Smith, met with the trustees of the Weaver. Its purpose was to aid the transfer of salt between the two systems. The canal was authorised by an Act of Parliament passed on 14 June 1853, which specified that the canal was to run from Francis Dock, which was connected to the Duke of Bridgewater's Canal at Runcorn, to a junction with the River Weaver Navigation or Weston Canal at Weston Point. It was to be privately Document [171] (Title: Runcorn to Latchford Canal) Mersey at a lock which was located above Howley Weir. At its terminus a dock was built which became part of the Port of Runcorn. The canal was built under powers embodied in the Mersey and Irwell Navigation Act (1720) which permitted new cuts to be made without the necessity of further recourse to Parliament. It opened in July 1804. The canal and the Mersey and Irwell Navigation were bought out by the Bridgewater Canal Company in 1844. The new owners invested little in the canal and its condition gradually grew worse. They in turn were bought out by the Document [172] (Title: Bridgewater Canal) house; there should be no quays, buildings, hedges or fences to obstruct the view; no vessels were to be moored within of the house, other than during construction. Eventually, though, a compromise was reached. This included the construction of a link to the Trent and Mersey Canal at Preston Brook (permitted by the Trent and Mersey Canal Act of 1766), and the building of the canal's terminus to the west of Runcorn Gap. The Trent and Mersey link gave the Duke access to the Midlands, and forestalled the Weaver Trustees from making their own junction with the canal. The new Document [173] (Title: Inverarnan Canal) to stop the work on the grounds that it would prevent the Loch Lomond Steamboat Company's vessels from travelling up the Falloch to Inverarnan, even though regular services had ceased a decade or so before. The unfinished bridge is still recognisable as two large stone pillars. Inverarnan Canal The Inverarnan Canal was a short length of canal terminating at Garbal, close to the hamlet of Inverarnan, Scotland. This waterway once linked the old coaching inn, now the Drovers Inn, at Inverarnan, on the Allt Arnan Burn (a tributary of the Falloch) to the River Falloch and passengers could continue southward Document [174] (Title: Bridgewater Canal) for leisure boats involving the Trent and Mersey Canal, the Anderton Boat Lift and the River Weaver. The Hulme Locks Branch Canal in Manchester is now disused, and on 26 May 1995 was replaced by the nearby Pomona Lock. The Bridgewater Way is a scheme to redevelop the canal and make it more accessible to users, particularly cyclists. The 40-mile development, which includes a new towpath, will form part of the National Cycle and Footpath Network as Regional Route number 82. Notes Citations Bibliography Further reading Bridgewater Canal The Bridgewater Canal connects Runcorn, Manchester and Leigh, in North West England. Document [175] (Title: Welland Canal) his many water-powered industries along the Twelve Mile Creek in Thorold. The construction began at Allanburg, Ontario, on November 30, at a point now marked as such on the west end of Bridge No. 11 (formerly Highway 20). This canal opened for a trial run on November 30, 1829 (exactly five years, to the day, after the ground-breaking in 1824). After a short ceremony at Lock One, in Port Dalhousie, the schooner "Anne & Jane" (also called "Annie & Jane" in some texts) made the first transit, upbound to Buffalo, N.Y., with Merritt as a passenger on her deck. The Document [176] (Title: Bridgewater Canal) extension also met with opposition from the Mersey and Irwell Navigation, until the duke purchased a controlling interest in the company. The first part of the new extension was opened in 1767, and completed in full by March 1776, but Brindley did not live to see its completion; it was continued by his brother-in-law, Hugh Henshall. The total cost of the canal, from Worsley to Manchester and from Longford Bridge to the Mersey at Runcorn, was £220,000. Alongside the Mersey, the duke built Runcorn Dock, several warehouses, and Bridgewater House, a temporary home from which he could supervise operations at Document [177] (Title: Barton Aqueduct) still opened to traffic only 15 months after the enabling Act of Parliament had been passed, on 17 July 1761. It remained in use for more than 100 years, until the construction of the Manchester Ship Canal necessitated its demolition in 1893, replaced by the Barton Swing Aqueduct. The original intention was for the Bridgewater Canal to reach Salford from the Duke of Bridgewater's coal mines in Worsley, by remaining on the north bank of the Irwell. Work began in 1759, but it was quickly decided to alter the route by building a masonry aqueduct to carry the waterway over Document [178] (Title: Tipton Green and Toll End Canals) From the later 20th Century Caggy's Boatyard occupied the basin at Watery Lane Junction. The Horseley Ironworks operated their first foundry from a site between the two branches where many iron bridges, including the Engine Arm Aqueduct (1825), two roving bridges at Smethwick Junction (1828) and Galton Bridge, were cast. Having suffered from a century or more of declining traffic due to the advent of trains and then motor vehicles, the Tipton Green Branch became disused in 1960, and the Toll End Branch in 1966, after some of the locks along the canal became immovable. The locks and canals were Document [179] (Title: Shropshire Canal) from the start, the engines for the other two planes were not ready when they began operation, and the initial movement of the boats was assisted by horses until 1793, when the engines were commissioned. The canal joined the Ketley Canal at Oakengates. However, there was a difference in the water levels and a lock was required to compensate for the 1 ft (0.3m) drop. At its southern end, to the south of Southall wharf, the canal split into two, with the main line continuing to Coalport via the two inclined planes, and the Horsehay branch running to Brierly Hill, Document [180] (Title: Canals in Cheshire) and Congleton), to a junction with the Trent and Mersey Canal near Kidsgrove. The Shropshire Union Canal links Wolverhampton (and the Birmingham Canal Navigations) with the River Mersey. The Bridgewater Canal is often considered to be the first true canal in Britain. However, the Sankey Canal also has good claim to that title. Although the Sankey Canal was originally contained within the old county of Lancashire, the transfer of Warrington and Widnes to Cheshire means that it now lies partly in the county. Preston Brook also lies in Cheshire, south of the River Mersey. Where possible, opening dates for the Document [181] (Title: Bridgewater Canal) centuries-old sandstone quarry near Worsley Brook, was the entrance to the Navigable Levels. It is now a Scheduled Monument. Two entrances, built years apart, allow access to the specially built M-boats (also known as Starvationers), the largest of which could carry of coal. Inside the mines of underground canal on four levels, linked by inclined planes, were constructed. The mines ceased production in 1887. As the canal passes through Worsley, iron oxide from the mines has, for many years, stained the water bright orange. The removal of this colouration is currently the subject of a £2.5 million remedial scheme. In Document [182] (Title: Rochdale) the Rochdale Canal emerged in 1776, when James Brindley was commissioned to survey possible routes between Sowerby Bridge and Manchester. However it was not until 4 April 1794 that an Act of Parliament was obtained. The broad canal which linked the Bridgewater Canal in Manchester with the Aire and Calder Navigation at Sowerby Bridge became a major artery of commerce between Lancashire and Yorkshire for cotton, wool, coal, limestone, timber, and salt. The canal is fed from Hollingworth Lake. The canal fell into disuse and re-opened in 2003 after years of neglect, including its division by a motorway. Demand from Document [183] (Title: Delaware Canal State Park) the canal passes through Bristol Township and ends at the borough of Bristol. The Delaware Canal stretches from Bristol to Easton along the Delaware River. It was used to haul coal and other products from the Lehigh Canal beginning in Mauch Chunk (today Jim Thorpe) to the industrial centers of the Philadelphia area near Bristol, Pennsylvania. The canal was built in the mid-19th century and ran its last commercial traffic on October 17, 1931. The state bought of the canal in 1931 and bought the remaining in 1940. The Delaware Division of the Pennsylvania Canal and its towpath became Theodore Document [184] (Title: Hertford Union Canal) as a dam was built across it to prevent the Regent's Canal losing water to it. After failed attempts to sell it in 1851, it was eventually acquired by the Regent's Canal Company and became a branch of that canal on 28 October 1857. The new owners removed the dam, and deepened and widened the channel. When the Grand Union Canal Company came into existence on 1 January 1929, it became part of that network. Today, it is maintained by the Canal & River Trust. The canal starts at Hertford Union Junction between Mile End Lock and Old Ford Lock Document [185] (Title: Canal) to the rapidly industrializing city of Manchester. He commissioned the engineer James Brindley to build a canal for that purpose. Brindley's design included an aqueduct carrying the canal over the River Irwell. This was an engineering wonder which immediately attracted tourists. The construction of this canal was funded entirely by the Duke and was called the Bridgewater Canal. It opened in 1761 and was the first major British canal.<ref name="N/A 1978 990"></ref> The new canals proved highly successful. The boats on the canal were horse-drawn with a towpath alongside the canal for the horse to walk along. This horse-drawn system Document [186] (Title: Preston on the Hill) schools came into being following the Education Act of 1870, and were able to raise funds from the local rates. The single most influential thing to happen in the history of the villages of Preston on the Hill and neighbouring Preston Brook was the opening of the Bridgewater Canal in 1776. The canal was linked with the Trent & Mersey Canal in 1772 at a point just 11 yards inside the north end of the Preston Brook tunnel. This spot is marked today by a milepost on the path over the tunnel, which was used to walk the horses that Document [187] (Title: River Medlock) of a mile further on the Medlock enters the Irwell adjacent to the bottom gate of the disused Hulme Locks. In the latter part of the 18th century the river was navigable at least between the Bridgewater Canal (at Deansgate) and the site of India House (on Whitworth Street). At India House was the entrance to a tunnel used to carry coal to a wharf at Store Street (by Piccadilly station). The tunnel mouth is still visible. The tunnel was rendered obsolete by silting of the river and the construction of the Rochdale Canal. The area just south of Oxford Document [188] (Title: Bridgewater Canal) building, known as Canal Mania. Along with its stone aqueduct at Barton-upon-Irwell, the Bridgewater Canal was considered a major engineering achievement. One commentator wrote that when finished, "[the canal] will be the most extraordinary thing in the Kingdom, if not in Europe. The boats in some places are to go underground, and in other places over a navigable river, without communicating with its waters". In addition to the duke's warehouse at Manchester, more buildings were built by Brindley and extended to Alport Street (now called Deansgate). The warehouses were of timber-frame design, with load-bearing hand-made brick walls, supported on cast Document [189] (Title: St Columb Canal) New Farm and Higher Lanvean, to the north of the Lanvean Bottoms Nature Reserve again follow the route of the canal. The route continued to the east, passing just to the south of the buildings at Trevedras, to cross the Lower Denzell to Bolingey road. A semi-circular track shows the route, which is picked up by the bridleway to the east of Bolingey, after it crosses another side stream. The canal reached Menadews Plantation, and continued along its northern edge, where it terminated, about short of Whitewater. The southern section began at Lusty Glaze, where the site of the incline Document [190] (Title: Point Pleasant Canal) traffic has the right of way. Point Pleasant Canal The Point Pleasant Canal is a canal in Point Pleasant, New Jersey. It was completed in 1925 to connect the Manasquan Inlet and Manasquan River with Bay Head Harbor on the northern end of Barnegat Bay. The canal is part of the Intracoastal Waterway. With the completion of the canal, the Barnegat Peninsula effectively became an island. The island is connected to the mainland by two lift bridges spanning the canal. The bridges, at Route 88 and at Bridge Avenue (the Lovelandtown Bridge), open on demand, halting motor traffic to allow Document [191] (Title: D&R Canal Trail) the New Brunswick end leaving a coarse surface suitable for only pedestrians and mountain bikers. The main entrance in New Brunswick is at the Landing Lane Bridge. Access Points The feeder canal was used to supply water to the main canal from the Delaware River. The towpath/rail-trail's surface is sand and crushed stone. The feeder canal trail, including the rail trail to Frenchtown is long. The trail begins in Trenton near Route 1 and ends north of Frenchtown. Access Points Technically, the D&R canal starts near Bull's Island (now a state campground) in Raven Rock where it connects to the Document [192] (Title: Port of Runcorn) the west of Runcorn Gap. Close to this point the Duke of Bridgewater built two tidal basins, two warehouses, a dry dock and a house, Bridgewater House, from which to supervise the work. To the west of this area he later built the dock, which opened in 1791. In 1804 the Runcorn to Latchford Canal was opened. This connected the Mersey and Irwell Navigation with the River Mersey at Runcorn. In 1810 the Weston Canal was built between Frodsham and the Weston Point area of Runcorn to avoid the difficult entrance to the mouth of the River Weaver. At Weston Document [193] (Title: Ashton Canal) Canal including the Piccadilly Basin. It included the unique Store Street Aqueduct, built on a 45 degree skew and believed to be the first major such structure in Britain and the oldest still in use today. The section was completed by 1798, but the necessary extension by the Rochdale proprietors to the Bridgewater Canal was not built until 1800. Although the Huddersfield Narrow Canal was open as far as Woolroad by 1798, neither it, nor the Peak Forest Canal were complete. In fact it was another ten years before the former connected to Yorkshire and the east coast. With little Document [194] (Title: Bridgewater Canal) The Bridgewater is often mistakenly considered to be the first true canal in Britain, as it relied upon existing watercourses as sources of water rather than as navigable routes. It now terminates in Runcorn basin, just before the disused flight of 10 locks which (before the approach road to the Silver Jubilee Bridge was built) used to lower the canal to the Runcorn Docks on the River Mersey and later, to the Manchester Ship Canal. The old line of locks in Runcorn fell into disuse in the late 1930s, and they were closed under the Ship Canal Act of 1949 Document [195] (Title: Runcorn and Weston Canal) Runcorn and Weston Canal The Runcorn and Weston Canal was a short canal near Runcorn in Cheshire, England, constructed to link the Weston Canal, which is part of the River Weaver Navigation, to the Bridgewater Canal and Runcorn Docks. It was completed in 1859, but was little used. Around half of it became the Arnold Dock in 1876, when it was made wider and deeper, and linked to Fenton Dock by a ship lock. The dock section and some of the remaining canal were filled in during the 1960s, and the remainder is in a derelict state. The idea for Document [196] (Title: Barton Aqueduct) in the nearby Barton Memorial Arch, a monument to his "castle in the air". Barton Aqueduct The Barton Aqueduct, opened on 17 July 1761, carried the Bridgewater Canal over the River Irwell at Barton-upon-Irwell, in the historic county of Lancashire, England. Designed largely by James Brindley under the direction of John Gilbert, it was the first navigable aqueduct to be built in England, "one of the seven wonders of the canal age" according to industrial archaeologist Mike Nevell. Construction proceeded quickly, but disaster almost struck when the aqueduct was first filled with water and one of its three arches began Question: where does the bridgewater canal start and end

Answer: Worsley Long Answer: The total cost of the canal, from Worsley to Manchester and from Longford Bridge to the Mersey at Runcorn, was £ 220,000 . Alongside the Mersey, the duke built Runcorn Dock, several warehouses, and Bridgewater House, a temporary home from which he could supervise operations at the Runcorn end . Two locks up from the tideway was a small dry dock. Gold Document ID: 195

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S6) display was a "dramatic step backwards" due to the limited number of edge-specific features available in comparison to the Galaxy Note Edge. As such, Samsung was criticized for providing no true justification for purchasing the S6 Edge over the non-curved S6, explaining that "it doesn’t do anything beyond the base model, but it'll be worth the money to some people because of how it looks and the air of exclusivity it communicates." "The Verge" was similarly critical, arguing that the additional features were "very forgettable". In regards to performance, "The Verge" felt that the S6 was the "fastest Android phone Document [2] (Title: Samsung Galaxy Note 7) and S7, the display curves over the side bezels of the device; the curvature allows the Note 7 to be 2.2 millimetres (0.087 in) narrower than the Galaxy Note 5. The display supports high-dynamic-range video, and is coated in Gorilla Glass 5. As with all Galaxy Note models, the device is supplied with an active stylus branded as "S Pen". The Note 7 stylus supports 4,096 levels of pressure sensitivity and is water resistant. The Note 7 features the same 12-megapixel rear-facing camera as the S7, with a "Dual Pixel" image sensor and f/1.7 aperture lens. The Galaxy Note 7 Document [3] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S7) with the prior model, the S7 Edge's screen is curved along the side bezels of the device. All three models (S7, S7 Edge & S7 Active) have larger batteries in comparison to the S6, with 3000 mAh, 3600 mAh & 4000 mAh capacity respectively and support for AirFuel Inductive (formerly PMA) and Qi wireless charging standards; however, the S7 does use MicroUSB charging. They also feature a 12-megapixel rear-facing camera with a "Dual Pixel" image sensor and f/1.7 aperture lens. Galaxy S7 devices are equipped with an octa-core Exynos 8890 system on a chip and 4GB of RAM in China. Document [4] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S7) than it would be if it had a flat display. It makes the whole device smaller and easier to use. That becomes readily apparent when you put the S7 Edge next to other devices with 5.5-inch or similar screens" like the iPhone 6s Plus (5.5-inch) and Google Nexus 6P (5.7-inch). The quality of the primary (rear-facing) camera has been further improved, despite the megapixel decrease from 16 MP to 12 MP, it has larger 1.4-micron pixels and even faster focusing than its S6 predecessor. There was some criticism of the Galaxy S7, due to the removal of MHL support and Document [5] (Title: Saleen S7) front and rear diffuser, and an optional aerodynamic package with carbon fiber front and rear spoilers. The Saleen S7R is a racing version of the standard, naturally aspirated S7, produced from 2000 to 2007. It was designed to compete in grand tourer–style motorsports series and events such as the American Le Mans Series, FIA GT Championship, and 24 Hours of Le Mans. Ray Mallock Ltd. (RML) assembled the first few S7-Rs under the supervision of Saleen's engineering team in their workshops in Britain, before Saleen assumed all S7-R assembly with the French Oreca squad executing final outfitting in 2006. A Document [6] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S5) units of the S5 were shipped in its first three months of availability, which is lower than the S4's sales. Due to the lower sales of the S5, in July 2014, Samsung reported its lowest profits in over two years, and a drop in market share from 32.3% to 25.2% over the past year. The loss in market share was attributed primarily to growing pressure from competitors – especially in the growing low-end smartphone market, and an already saturated market for high-end smartphones. By the end of 2014, it was reported that sales of the S5 were 40% down on Document [7] (Title: Samsung Galaxy Note 7) system-on-chip in most markets, and 4 GB of RAM. In China, Japan, and the United States, the Note 7 uses the quad-core Qualcomm Snapdragon 820 instead (which supports older CDMA networks that are extensively used by wireless carriers in these markets), Unlike the S7, which uses Exynos chips in this market, Canadian models of the Note 7 also use the Snapdragon 820. The Note 7 uses a USB Type-C port—marking Samsung's first mobile phone with the symmetrical connector. The Galaxy Note 7 features a 5.7 inches (140 mm) 1440p Super AMOLED display. Similarly to the "Edge" models of the S6 Document [8] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S6) of the year, Samsung announced during its second quarter earnings report in July 2015 that it would be "adjusting" the price of the S6 and S6 Edge. The company stated that sales of the two devices had a "marginal" effect on its profits. The S6 Edge+ shared almost a similar fate albeit lagging behind the Note 5. Samsung Galaxy S6 The Samsung Galaxy S6, Samsung Galaxy S6 Edge, and Samsung Galaxy S6 Edge+ are Android smartphones manufactured and marketed by Samsung Electronics. The S6 line serves as a successor to the Galaxy S5. The S6 and S6 Edge smartphones were Document [9] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S series) Tab S in June 2014 and released the next month. As of 2018, the latest smartphones in the Galaxy S series are the Samsung Galaxy S9 and Samsung Galaxy S9+, both released on 16 March 2018, and the latest tablet is the Samsung Galaxy Tab S4 released on August 1, 2018. Samsung Galaxy S6 Samsung Galaxy S6 Edge Samsung Galaxy S6 Edge+ Samsung Galaxy S7 Samsung Galaxy S7 Edge Samsung Galaxy S8 Samsung Galaxy S8+ Samsung Galaxy S9 Samsung Galaxy S9+ Samsung Galaxy Tab S 8.4 Samsung Galaxy Tab S 10.5 Samsung Galaxy Tab S2 8.0 Samsung Galaxy Tab S2 Document [10] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S7) an excessive use of glue and glass panels, as well as it being nearly impossible to service certain components of the device (such as the daughterboard and other components) without removing the screen, which is not designed to be removed, and that "replacing the glass without destroying the display is probably impossible". Between the Samsung Galaxy S7 and the Samsung Galaxy S7 Edge, approximately 100,000 devices were sold within two days of the official launch in South Korea. The Galaxy S7 had between 7-9 million units shipped in its first month. A total of 48 million units were sold in Document [11] (Title: ThinkPad E series) laptops. Specifications: The ThinkPad Edge 13 laptop was released on January 5, 2010. It was 1.2 inches thick, weighed 3.5 lbs (1.6 kg), and fit into a backpack. The Edge 13 laptop was capable of handling Windows 7 Professional with ease, with multiple applications like Firefox, Microsoft Word 2007, GIMP, TweetDeck, and iTunes at the same time. It did not feature Intel’s Arrandale platform on release, and was launched with an older generation CULV processor. The lack of processing speed, however, was compensated by a gain in battery life. The laptop delivered 6 hours and 58 minutes of battery life Document [12] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S7) Samsung Galaxy S7 Samsung Galaxy S7, Samsung Galaxy S7 Edge and Samsung Galaxy S7 Active are Android smartphones manufactured and marketed by Samsung Electronics. The S7 series serves as the successor to the Galaxy S6, S6 Edge, S6 Edge+ and S6 Active released in 2015. The S7 and S7 Edge were officially unveiled on 21 February 2016 during a Samsung press conference at Mobile World Congress, with a European and North American release on 11 March 2016. The S7 Active was unveiled on 4 June 2016, and released on AT&T in the United States on 10 June 2016. The Galaxy Document [13] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S7) Edge are the last two phones in the Samsung Galaxy S series to have a physical home button with a front-sided fingerprint sensor embedded in the button (the S7 Active being the last in the Active series to feature three physical buttons with the fingerprint reader embedded home button) and the last Samsung Galaxy S series phones to use MicroUSB charging. The Galaxy S7's hardware design is largely identical to that of the S6; Unlike the S6 though, Samsung has decided to remove the built-in IR Blaster due to low demand. The device retains its metal and glass chassis, but Document [14] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S6) later on the bigger S6 Edge+), a variant whose screen is wrapped along the sides of the device; the curvature is usable for several additional features. The Galaxy S6 and S6 Edge were first released on April 10 2015 in 20 while the S6 Edge+ was released on August 21 2015. Although the overall design of the Galaxy S6 still features some similarities to prior models, the construction of the device itself was revamped, with a metal unibody frame and glass backing instead of plastic. The devices also introduced an improved camera, a streamlined user interface, support for major wireless Document [15] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S7) the display, which seems to appear at random. Samsung is offering free repairs/replacements for users in Belgium/Netherlands/Luxembourg (limited to those) under warranty given that the screen isn't externally damaged. It is extremely difficult to repair a broken screen. Removal of the AMOLED panel will be required if you do happen to break the screen. Samsung Galaxy S7 Samsung Galaxy S7, Samsung Galaxy S7 Edge and Samsung Galaxy S7 Active are Android smartphones manufactured and marketed by Samsung Electronics. The S7 series serves as the successor to the Galaxy S6, S6 Edge, S6 Edge+ and S6 Active released in 2015. The Document [16] (Title: Samsung Gear VR) edition, SM-R322, was simply referred to as the Samsung Gear VR. It was released on November 20, 2015. Pre-orders for the device went live on Amazon, Bestbuy and Samsung on November 10, 2015 and the device was sold out on the day of release. This edition has again a few minor changes compared to the previous iterations. First of all this edition supports six Samsung Galaxy devices so far: the S6, S6 edge, S6 edge+, Note 5, S7, and S7 edge. It is also 19% lighter than the previous Innovator Edition, it has improved ergonomics and a redesigned touchpad for Document [17] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S6) or remove the battery was panned as being potentially alienating to power users, and the S6 Edge was also panned for not making enough use of its curved display to justify its increased cost over the standard Samsung Galaxy S6 which resulted in the release of the bigger S6 Edge+ later on. Rumors surrounding the Galaxy S5's successor began to surface in January 2015, it was reported that Samsung would be using an in-house Exynos system-on-chip rather than the Qualcomm Snapdragon 810 on the S6 due to concerns surrounding overheating. Later that month, Qualcomm affirmed in an earnings report that Document [18] (Title: Sunbeam S7 and S8) only modest performance resulting in low sales. The original model was the S7 (the "Tourer") (2,104 produced from 1946 to 1948), in 1949 the S7 was updated to become the S7 de luxe (5,554 produced) and the S8 (8,530 produced). Both had new cylinder linings, redesigned frames and increased oil capacity. The lighter S8 was sold as a "sportier" model with a top speed of . It also had new (BSA) forks, a cast aluminium silencer and chromed wheels (with narrower tyres to replace the 'balloon' tyres which had led to uncertain handling at speed). S9 and S10 models were Document [19] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S7) meant for the North Korean team were confiscated by order of the country's government). In October 2016, Samsung announced a new light blue ("Blue Coral") color option, as previously offered on the recalled Galaxy Note 7. The S7, S7 Edge & S7 Active are IP68-certified for dust and water resistance; unlike the Galaxy S5, the ports are sealed and thus do not require protective flaps. The S7, S7 Edge & S7 Active feature a 1440p Quad HD Super AMOLED display; the S7 & S7 Active both have a 5.1-inch panel, while the S7 Edge uses a larger 5.5-inch panel. As Document [20] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S7) Samsung began to deploy Android 7.0 "Nougat" for the S7. It introduces a refreshed interface, Samsung Pass—a platform allowing apps to provide biometric authentication via the fingerprint reader, and new "Performance mode" settings with optimizations for gaming, entertainment, and battery usage. The Galaxy S7 received generally positive reviews with critics praising the return of the micro SD card slot and water resistance, while retaining the premium metal design of the preceding Galaxy S6. The design of the larger Galaxy S7 Edge was particularly praised, as its curved sides on the S7 Edge are used to "make the phone much narrower Document [21] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S7) 2016. Galaxy S7 edge was the most popular handset from South Korean’s 2016 lineup. The Galaxy J3, which is regarded as an entry-level device, found its place in the 6th most popular phone for 2016. The iPhone 6s had around 60 million shipments, whereas the Galaxy S7 edge and other phones from Samsung garnered around 25 million shipments. At release, videos recorded at high frame rates stuttered, with both Exynos and Snapdragon models suffering from the issue. A following firmware update claimed to fix "flickering video playback after recording". Some S7 Edge units have an irremovable vertical pink line on Document [22] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S6) upon the release of the S6, but enabled in the middle of 2015. Samsung began to release Android 6.0.1 "Marshmallow" for the S6 in February 2016. It enables new features such as "Google Now on Tap", which allows users to perform searches within the context of information currently being displayed on-screen, and "Doze", which optimizes battery usage when the device is not being physically handled. On S6 Edge models, the Edge Display feature supports wider panels with a larger amount of functionality similar to those found on the S7 Edge. On March 2017 Samsung began to release Android 7.0. "Nougat" Document [23] (Title: ThinkPad E series) the Edge 13 and discovered that "Lenovo's battery life prediction of seven hours is pretty on the mark." The Edge 13's battery lasted 5 hours and 12 minutes. Laptop Magazine reviewed the Thinkpad Edge 14 and found it was "the most compelling 14-inch small business notebook on the market today." NotebookReview reviewed the Thinkpad Edge 15 and said that its "build quality seems to be a step down from the 13 and 14 inch." The website also mentioned that the Edge series in general "feels under built...[and] the Edge 15 fares much worse". Reviews of the latest E220s and E420s Document [24] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S6) system. "The Verge" concluded that the S6 and S6 Edge were "the first time I’ve felt like Samsung might finally be grappling with the idea of what a smartphone ought to be on an ontological level." Some critics raised concerns over the S6's regressions in functionality over the Galaxy S5, particularly the lack of removable battery or SD card, arguing that it could alienate power users who were attracted to the Galaxy series due to their inclusion. "Wired" felt while its dual-sided curved screen was better-designed than that of the Galaxy Note Edge, the S6 Edge's use of the curved Document [25] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S7) In the United States the S7 uses the quad-core Qualcomm Snapdragon 820; unlike Exynos, this SoC supports older CDMA networks that are extensively used by carriers in these markets. The heat from the processor is transferred with a 0.4mm thick water-to-steam heat pipe cooling system. The S7 includes either 32, 64 or 128 GB of internal storage (in most markets only the 32 GB model will be available). Storage can be expanded using a microSD card. S7 devices are packaged with a USB OTG adapter. It can be used with the included "Smart Switch" app to help transfer content and Document [26] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S7) S7 is an evolution of the prior year's model, with upgraded hardware, design refinements, and the restoration of features removed from the Galaxy S6, such as IP certification for water and dust resistance, as well as expandable storage. Succeeding the S6 and S6 Edge+, respectively, the S7 is produced in a standard model with a display size of as well as an Edge variant whose display is curved along the wide sides of the screen and also has a larger display. The S7 Active features a thicker more rugged frame and an increased battery capacity. The Galaxy S7 and S7 Document [27] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S6) charging standards and support for a mobile payments platform that allows the device to emulate the magnetic strip from a credit card. The S6 features other hardware improvements as well, including a 1,440 x 2,560 pixels display, a new in-house system-on-chip that utilizes a 14 nm FinFET manufacturing process, and an improved fingerprint scanner. The Galaxy S6, S6 Edge and S6 Edge+ received mostly positive reviews from critics, who praised the devices' upgraded build quality over prior models, along with improvements to their displays, performance, camera, and other changes. However, Samsung's decision to remove the ability to expand their storage Document [28] (Title: S7 Airlines) leased with an all-economy layout, with the option for a further 10 aircraft. S7 joined the Oneworld alliance in 2010. In November 2015, S7 Airlines made an offer to acquire a majority stake in bankrupt Transaero. However, the proposal was rejected by shareholders. In 2016, American band OK Go partnered with S7 to film a "zero-g" music video, Upside Down & Inside Out, aboard a reduced gravity aircraft. On August 28, 2018, S7 announced the investment of $192.87 million for a new manufacturing plant of its business plan "Victory" in Moscow. The investment is expected to produce 1000 jobs. S7 Document [29] (Title: Samsung Galaxy A series) Galaxy S7 and the S7 Edge, released in March 2016. In December 2017, Samsung unveiled the 2018 edition of the Galaxy A8 and the plus version, the Galaxy A8+. The newly improved features include the rear-mounted fingerprint scanner, 5.6 inch display and 3000 mAh battery for A8 and 6 inch display and 3500 mAh battery for A8+, dual front camera and Android Nougat with Samsung Experience. The new design of the series are similar to Galaxy S8 and Note 8. Samsung branded its series number as A8 and A8+ instead of A5 (2018) and A7 (2018) in order to synchronize Document [30] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S7) with refinements such as a square home button, and a thinner protrusion for the camera. Both models are available in black and gold colors; white, pink, blue and silver versions are available depending on market. As a Worldwide Olympic Partner, special editions of the Galaxy S7 Edge were released by Samsung for the 2016 Summer Olympics, with a dark blue body and hardware and software accents inspired by the colors of the Olympic rings. The devices were sold in limited quantities in selected markets, and were given to nearly all athletes participating in the 2016 Summer Olympics (the 31 phones Document [31] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S7) half a percentage of battery capacity per-hour. New widget panes can be displayed on the edge of the S7 Edge, in "Edge Single" and wider "Edge Single Plus" sizes. Android Marshmallow's "adopted storage" feature was disabled by Samsung and is not usable. Just like Galaxy S5, the Samsung Galaxy S7 has palm gesture feature that allows users to take screenshot of their phone. We have seen that this feature has been implanted to other Galaxy S series smartphones released after Samsung Galaxy S5. An update in September 2016, added support for Vulkan, a new low-level graphics API. In January 2017, Document [32] (Title: Phablet) displays. "PhoneArena" argued that the S7 Edge was not a phablet, as it has a narrow and compact build with a physical footprint more in line with the smaller-screened Nexus 5X, due primarily to its use of a display with curved edges. In 2017, LG, Samsung, and Apple each began to produce flagship smartphones (LG G6, Samsung Galaxy S8, and iPhone X) with displays taller than the conventional 16:9 aspect ratio used by the majority of devices, and diagonal screen sizes in line with those of phablets. However, in these cases, the sizes of the two devices are more compact Document [33] (Title: Samsung Experience) from CNN. With quick tools, the Edge transforms into a ruler, compass, or flashlight. When a user swipes the edge of the screen and the screen is off, the edge display turns on and displays missed calls, the current time, weather, and news. First released with the Samsung Galaxy Note 7 for Android Marshmallow, the Grace UX was named after the device's codename, and eventually made its way to older devices, including the Galaxy Note 5 through an update (Korea and eventually to other countries), and the Galaxy S7 and S7 Edge through the official Android Nougat update. The Grace Document [34] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S6) teased in a promotional webpage released by T-Mobile US on 22 February 2015, which showed a curved body and carried the tagline "Six Appeal". Samsung officially unveiled the Galaxy S6 and S6 Edge during the first "Samsung Unpacked 2015" event at Mobile World Congress on 1 March 2015, for a release on 10 April 2015 in 20 countries. In Japan, the S6 and S6 Edge are marketed solely under the Galaxy brand, with most references to Samsung removed; sales of Samsung phones have been impacted by historical relations between Japan and South Korea, and a Samsung spokesperson stated that the Document [35] (Title: Samsung Electronics) 7 for another Note 7, a Galaxy S7, or an S7 Edge (the price difference being refunded). They would also receive a gift card from a participating carrier. On 1 September 2016, the company released a statement saying that it had received 35 reports of battery failure, which according to an unnamed Samsung official "account for less than 0.2 percent of the entire volume sold". Although it has been referred to as a product recall by the media, it was not an official government-issued recall by an organization such as the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), and only a Document [36] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S6) Samsung Galaxy S6 The Samsung Galaxy S6, Samsung Galaxy S6 Edge, and Samsung Galaxy S6 Edge+ are Android smartphones manufactured and marketed by Samsung Electronics. The S6 line serves as a successor to the Galaxy S5. The S6 and S6 Edge smartphones were officially unveiled in the first "Samsung Unpacked 2015" event at the Mobile World Congress on March 1 2015, while the bigger S6 Edge+ was officially unveiled together with the Samsung Galaxy Note 5 in the second "Samsung Unpacked 2015" event at New York on August 13 2015. Alongside the S6, Samsung also unveiled the S6 Edge (and Document [37] (Title: Hiya (company)) Galaxy S7 and Galaxy S7 edge phones in 16 countries.The company extended its partnership with Samsung in a separate deal in August, 2016 to include its service on the Galaxy Note 7, and to expand the partnership to a total of 28 countries. In August 2016, Hiya launched Hiya Cloud, its network level caller ID and call-blocking offering. After offering only a limited version of its app for iPhones, Hiya announced in September 2016 that the full version of its app would be available on iOS 10. Soon after Hiya began providing spam protection services to AT&T phones through the Document [38] (Title: 7 Years (Superheist song)) Fetah Sabawi on synthesisers and samplers; and Andrew Corey Dedman on bass guitar. The lyrics concern the group's first seven years together and their struggle to remain a cohesive unit. It was co-produced by Norton and Adam Rhodes at Backbeach Studios – which is co-owned by Norton – in Rye, Victoria. Biros's vocal style was similar to MacLeod's, although slightly rougher, not much time was needed for the group to adjust, except to develop a more conservative and mature sound. The single peaked at No. 29 – the group's highest charting single. 7 Years (Superheist song) "7 Years" is the Document [39] (Title: Samsung Galaxy Note 5) with the Samsung Galaxy S6 Edge+. The device received positive reviews from critics, who praised the upgraded build quality over prior models, along with improvements to its performance, camera, and other changes. Similarly to the S6, Samsung was criticized for making the Galaxy Note 5's battery non-removable, and removing the ability to expand its storage via microSD. It was argued that these changes potentially alienated power users—especially because the Galaxy Note series had historically been oriented towards this segment of the overall market. The Galaxy Note 5 was briefly succeeded by the Samsung Galaxy Note 7, released in September 2016. Document [40] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S6) FinFET manufacturing process, which the company stated would improve its energy efficiency. It is available with 32, 64, or 128 GB of non-expandable storage, implementing Universal Flash Storage 2.0 standards. The S6 and S6 Edge features a 5.1-inch 1440p Super AMOLED display; similarly to the Galaxy Note Edge while the S6 Edge+ features a 5.7-inch 1440p Super AMOLED display, the S6 Edge and S6 Edge+'s display is slightly curved around the two lengthwise edges of the device, although not as aggressively as the Note Edge. For its rear-facing camera, Galaxy S6 uses the same image sensor with optical image stabilization Document [41] (Title: Samsung Electronics) voluntary measure. The CPSC did issue an official recall notice on 15 September 2016, and states that Samsung has received at least 92 reports of the batteries overheating in the U.S., including 26 reports of burns and 55 reports of property damage. After some replacement Note 7 phones also caught fire, on 11 October 2016 Samsung announced that it would permanently end production of the Note 7 in the interest of customer safety. However, Samsung was hoping to recover from the lost sales from the Note 7 with the introduction of the Edge 7. On 14 October 2016, the U.S. Document [42] (Title: Samsung Galaxy Note series) the Galaxy Note Edge, which features a display with a curved portion that wraps around the right bezel of the device. The curved area can be used as a sidebar to display news and information tickers, application shortcuts, and other tools. The Galaxy Note 5 was announced on 13 August 2015. It is based upon the specifications and hardware design of the Galaxy S6, including its metal frame and glass backing, a 5.7-inch 1440p display, Exynos 7 Octa 7420 system-on-chip, as well as a new spring-loaded stylus slot. As with the S6 and unlike previous Note models, the Note 5 Document [43] (Title: Sunbeam Cycles) forks, was produced. The S7 design was improved and then sold as the S7 Deluxe. The original S7 was available only in black, whereas the standard colours for the S8 were "Polychromatic Grey" or black. The S7 Deluxe came in either "Mist Green" or black. If sold abroad then BSA would supply the Sunbeam in almost any colour that BSA used. Although the early S7 was not a good seller or mechanically very sound, it is the most sought after and commands a premium over the S7 Deluxe and the S8. When Sunbeam production came to an end, BSA sold Document [44] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S6) unit publicized eleven "high-impact" security vulnerabilities that it had discovered in Samsung's distribution of Android on the S6. Some of these had already been patched as of their publication. In its first month of sales, 6 million Galaxy S6 and S6 Edge units were sold to consumers, exceeding the number of Galaxy S5 units sold within a similar timeframe, but failing to break the record of 10 million set by the Galaxy S4. Still, facing competition by other vendors that have led to declining market share, a lower net profit, and foreseeing a "difficult business environment" for the second half Question: how long has the s7 edge been out Answer: 11 March 2016 Long Answer: Samsung Galaxy S7 and Samsung Galaxy S7 Edge are Android smartphones manufactured and marketed by Samsung Electronics . The S7 series serves as the successor to the Galaxy S6, S6 Edge and S6 Edge+ released in 2015 . The phones were officially unveiled on 21 February 2016, during a Samsung press conference at Mobile World Congress, with a European and North American release on 11 March 2016. Gold Document ID: 12

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S6) display was a "dramatic step backwards" due to the limited number of edge-specific features available in comparison to the Galaxy Note Edge. As such, Samsung was criticized for providing no true justification for purchasing the S6 Edge over the non-curved S6, explaining that "it doesn’t do anything beyond the base model, but it'll be worth the money to some people because of how it looks and the air of exclusivity it communicates." "The Verge" was similarly critical, arguing that the additional features were "very forgettable". In regards to performance, "The Verge" felt that the S6 was the "fastest Android phone Document [2] (Title: Samsung Galaxy Note 7) and S7, the display curves over the side bezels of the device; the curvature allows the Note 7 to be 2.2 millimetres (0.087 in) narrower than the Galaxy Note 5. The display supports high-dynamic-range video, and is coated in Gorilla Glass 5. As with all Galaxy Note models, the device is supplied with an active stylus branded as "S Pen". The Note 7 stylus supports 4,096 levels of pressure sensitivity and is water resistant. The Note 7 features the same 12-megapixel rear-facing camera as the S7, with a "Dual Pixel" image sensor and f/1.7 aperture lens. The Galaxy Note 7 Document [3] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S7) with the prior model, the S7 Edge's screen is curved along the side bezels of the device. All three models (S7, S7 Edge & S7 Active) have larger batteries in comparison to the S6, with 3000 mAh, 3600 mAh & 4000 mAh capacity respectively and support for AirFuel Inductive (formerly PMA) and Qi wireless charging standards; however, the S7 does use MicroUSB charging. They also feature a 12-megapixel rear-facing camera with a "Dual Pixel" image sensor and f/1.7 aperture lens. Galaxy S7 devices are equipped with an octa-core Exynos 8890 system on a chip and 4GB of RAM in China. Document [4] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S7) than it would be if it had a flat display. It makes the whole device smaller and easier to use. That becomes readily apparent when you put the S7 Edge next to other devices with 5.5-inch or similar screens" like the iPhone 6s Plus (5.5-inch) and Google Nexus 6P (5.7-inch). The quality of the primary (rear-facing) camera has been further improved, despite the megapixel decrease from 16 MP to 12 MP, it has larger 1.4-micron pixels and even faster focusing than its S6 predecessor. There was some criticism of the Galaxy S7, due to the removal of MHL support and Document [5] (Title: Saleen S7) front and rear diffuser, and an optional aerodynamic package with carbon fiber front and rear spoilers. The Saleen S7R is a racing version of the standard, naturally aspirated S7, produced from 2000 to 2007. It was designed to compete in grand tourer–style motorsports series and events such as the American Le Mans Series, FIA GT Championship, and 24 Hours of Le Mans. Ray Mallock Ltd. (RML) assembled the first few S7-Rs under the supervision of Saleen's engineering team in their workshops in Britain, before Saleen assumed all S7-R assembly with the French Oreca squad executing final outfitting in 2006. A Document [6] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S5) units of the S5 were shipped in its first three months of availability, which is lower than the S4's sales. Due to the lower sales of the S5, in July 2014, Samsung reported its lowest profits in over two years, and a drop in market share from 32.3% to 25.2% over the past year. The loss in market share was attributed primarily to growing pressure from competitors – especially in the growing low-end smartphone market, and an already saturated market for high-end smartphones. By the end of 2014, it was reported that sales of the S5 were 40% down on Document [7] (Title: Samsung Galaxy Note 7) system-on-chip in most markets, and 4 GB of RAM. In China, Japan, and the United States, the Note 7 uses the quad-core Qualcomm Snapdragon 820 instead (which supports older CDMA networks that are extensively used by wireless carriers in these markets), Unlike the S7, which uses Exynos chips in this market, Canadian models of the Note 7 also use the Snapdragon 820. The Note 7 uses a USB Type-C port—marking Samsung's first mobile phone with the symmetrical connector. The Galaxy Note 7 features a 5.7 inches (140 mm) 1440p Super AMOLED display. Similarly to the "Edge" models of the S6 Document [8] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S6) of the year, Samsung announced during its second quarter earnings report in July 2015 that it would be "adjusting" the price of the S6 and S6 Edge. The company stated that sales of the two devices had a "marginal" effect on its profits. The S6 Edge+ shared almost a similar fate albeit lagging behind the Note 5. Samsung Galaxy S6 The Samsung Galaxy S6, Samsung Galaxy S6 Edge, and Samsung Galaxy S6 Edge+ are Android smartphones manufactured and marketed by Samsung Electronics. The S6 line serves as a successor to the Galaxy S5. The S6 and S6 Edge smartphones were Document [9] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S series) Tab S in June 2014 and released the next month. As of 2018, the latest smartphones in the Galaxy S series are the Samsung Galaxy S9 and Samsung Galaxy S9+, both released on 16 March 2018, and the latest tablet is the Samsung Galaxy Tab S4 released on August 1, 2018. Samsung Galaxy S6 Samsung Galaxy S6 Edge Samsung Galaxy S6 Edge+ Samsung Galaxy S7 Samsung Galaxy S7 Edge Samsung Galaxy S8 Samsung Galaxy S8+ Samsung Galaxy S9 Samsung Galaxy S9+ Samsung Galaxy Tab S 8.4 Samsung Galaxy Tab S 10.5 Samsung Galaxy Tab S2 8.0 Samsung Galaxy Tab S2 Document [10] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S7) an excessive use of glue and glass panels, as well as it being nearly impossible to service certain components of the device (such as the daughterboard and other components) without removing the screen, which is not designed to be removed, and that "replacing the glass without destroying the display is probably impossible". Between the Samsung Galaxy S7 and the Samsung Galaxy S7 Edge, approximately 100,000 devices were sold within two days of the official launch in South Korea. The Galaxy S7 had between 7-9 million units shipped in its first month. A total of 48 million units were sold in Document [11] (Title: ThinkPad E series) laptops. Specifications: The ThinkPad Edge 13 laptop was released on January 5, 2010. It was 1.2 inches thick, weighed 3.5 lbs (1.6 kg), and fit into a backpack. The Edge 13 laptop was capable of handling Windows 7 Professional with ease, with multiple applications like Firefox, Microsoft Word 2007, GIMP, TweetDeck, and iTunes at the same time. It did not feature Intel’s Arrandale platform on release, and was launched with an older generation CULV processor. The lack of processing speed, however, was compensated by a gain in battery life. The laptop delivered 6 hours and 58 minutes of battery life Document [12] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S7) Samsung Galaxy S7 Samsung Galaxy S7, Samsung Galaxy S7 Edge and Samsung Galaxy S7 Active are Android smartphones manufactured and marketed by Samsung Electronics. The S7 series serves as the successor to the Galaxy S6, S6 Edge, S6 Edge+ and S6 Active released in 2015. The S7 and S7 Edge were officially unveiled on 21 February 2016 during a Samsung press conference at Mobile World Congress, with a European and North American release on 11 March 2016. The S7 Active was unveiled on 4 June 2016, and released on AT&T in the United States on 10 June 2016. The Galaxy Document [13] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S7) Edge are the last two phones in the Samsung Galaxy S series to have a physical home button with a front-sided fingerprint sensor embedded in the button (the S7 Active being the last in the Active series to feature three physical buttons with the fingerprint reader embedded home button) and the last Samsung Galaxy S series phones to use MicroUSB charging. The Galaxy S7's hardware design is largely identical to that of the S6; Unlike the S6 though, Samsung has decided to remove the built-in IR Blaster due to low demand. The device retains its metal and glass chassis, but Document [14] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S6) later on the bigger S6 Edge+), a variant whose screen is wrapped along the sides of the device; the curvature is usable for several additional features. The Galaxy S6 and S6 Edge were first released on April 10 2015 in 20 while the S6 Edge+ was released on August 21 2015. Although the overall design of the Galaxy S6 still features some similarities to prior models, the construction of the device itself was revamped, with a metal unibody frame and glass backing instead of plastic. The devices also introduced an improved camera, a streamlined user interface, support for major wireless Document [15] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S7) the display, which seems to appear at random. Samsung is offering free repairs/replacements for users in Belgium/Netherlands/Luxembourg (limited to those) under warranty given that the screen isn't externally damaged. It is extremely difficult to repair a broken screen. Removal of the AMOLED panel will be required if you do happen to break the screen. Samsung Galaxy S7 Samsung Galaxy S7, Samsung Galaxy S7 Edge and Samsung Galaxy S7 Active are Android smartphones manufactured and marketed by Samsung Electronics. The S7 series serves as the successor to the Galaxy S6, S6 Edge, S6 Edge+ and S6 Active released in 2015. The Document [16] (Title: Samsung Gear VR) edition, SM-R322, was simply referred to as the Samsung Gear VR. It was released on November 20, 2015. Pre-orders for the device went live on Amazon, Bestbuy and Samsung on November 10, 2015 and the device was sold out on the day of release. This edition has again a few minor changes compared to the previous iterations. First of all this edition supports six Samsung Galaxy devices so far: the S6, S6 edge, S6 edge+, Note 5, S7, and S7 edge. It is also 19% lighter than the previous Innovator Edition, it has improved ergonomics and a redesigned touchpad for Document [17] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S6) or remove the battery was panned as being potentially alienating to power users, and the S6 Edge was also panned for not making enough use of its curved display to justify its increased cost over the standard Samsung Galaxy S6 which resulted in the release of the bigger S6 Edge+ later on. Rumors surrounding the Galaxy S5's successor began to surface in January 2015, it was reported that Samsung would be using an in-house Exynos system-on-chip rather than the Qualcomm Snapdragon 810 on the S6 due to concerns surrounding overheating. Later that month, Qualcomm affirmed in an earnings report that Document [18] (Title: Sunbeam S7 and S8) only modest performance resulting in low sales. The original model was the S7 (the "Tourer") (2,104 produced from 1946 to 1948), in 1949 the S7 was updated to become the S7 de luxe (5,554 produced) and the S8 (8,530 produced). Both had new cylinder linings, redesigned frames and increased oil capacity. The lighter S8 was sold as a "sportier" model with a top speed of . It also had new (BSA) forks, a cast aluminium silencer and chromed wheels (with narrower tyres to replace the 'balloon' tyres which had led to uncertain handling at speed). S9 and S10 models were Document [19] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S7) meant for the North Korean team were confiscated by order of the country's government). In October 2016, Samsung announced a new light blue ("Blue Coral") color option, as previously offered on the recalled Galaxy Note 7. The S7, S7 Edge & S7 Active are IP68-certified for dust and water resistance; unlike the Galaxy S5, the ports are sealed and thus do not require protective flaps. The S7, S7 Edge & S7 Active feature a 1440p Quad HD Super AMOLED display; the S7 & S7 Active both have a 5.1-inch panel, while the S7 Edge uses a larger 5.5-inch panel. As Document [20] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S7) Samsung began to deploy Android 7.0 "Nougat" for the S7. It introduces a refreshed interface, Samsung Pass—a platform allowing apps to provide biometric authentication via the fingerprint reader, and new "Performance mode" settings with optimizations for gaming, entertainment, and battery usage. The Galaxy S7 received generally positive reviews with critics praising the return of the micro SD card slot and water resistance, while retaining the premium metal design of the preceding Galaxy S6. The design of the larger Galaxy S7 Edge was particularly praised, as its curved sides on the S7 Edge are used to "make the phone much narrower Document [21] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S7) 2016. Galaxy S7 edge was the most popular handset from South Korean’s 2016 lineup. The Galaxy J3, which is regarded as an entry-level device, found its place in the 6th most popular phone for 2016. The iPhone 6s had around 60 million shipments, whereas the Galaxy S7 edge and other phones from Samsung garnered around 25 million shipments. At release, videos recorded at high frame rates stuttered, with both Exynos and Snapdragon models suffering from the issue. A following firmware update claimed to fix "flickering video playback after recording". Some S7 Edge units have an irremovable vertical pink line on Document [22] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S6) upon the release of the S6, but enabled in the middle of 2015. Samsung began to release Android 6.0.1 "Marshmallow" for the S6 in February 2016. It enables new features such as "Google Now on Tap", which allows users to perform searches within the context of information currently being displayed on-screen, and "Doze", which optimizes battery usage when the device is not being physically handled. On S6 Edge models, the Edge Display feature supports wider panels with a larger amount of functionality similar to those found on the S7 Edge. On March 2017 Samsung began to release Android 7.0. "Nougat" Document [23] (Title: ThinkPad E series) the Edge 13 and discovered that "Lenovo's battery life prediction of seven hours is pretty on the mark." The Edge 13's battery lasted 5 hours and 12 minutes. Laptop Magazine reviewed the Thinkpad Edge 14 and found it was "the most compelling 14-inch small business notebook on the market today." NotebookReview reviewed the Thinkpad Edge 15 and said that its "build quality seems to be a step down from the 13 and 14 inch." The website also mentioned that the Edge series in general "feels under built...[and] the Edge 15 fares much worse". Reviews of the latest E220s and E420s Document [24] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S6) system. "The Verge" concluded that the S6 and S6 Edge were "the first time I’ve felt like Samsung might finally be grappling with the idea of what a smartphone ought to be on an ontological level." Some critics raised concerns over the S6's regressions in functionality over the Galaxy S5, particularly the lack of removable battery or SD card, arguing that it could alienate power users who were attracted to the Galaxy series due to their inclusion. "Wired" felt while its dual-sided curved screen was better-designed than that of the Galaxy Note Edge, the S6 Edge's use of the curved Document [25] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S7) In the United States the S7 uses the quad-core Qualcomm Snapdragon 820; unlike Exynos, this SoC supports older CDMA networks that are extensively used by carriers in these markets. The heat from the processor is transferred with a 0.4mm thick water-to-steam heat pipe cooling system. The S7 includes either 32, 64 or 128 GB of internal storage (in most markets only the 32 GB model will be available). Storage can be expanded using a microSD card. S7 devices are packaged with a USB OTG adapter. It can be used with the included "Smart Switch" app to help transfer content and Document [26] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S7) S7 is an evolution of the prior year's model, with upgraded hardware, design refinements, and the restoration of features removed from the Galaxy S6, such as IP certification for water and dust resistance, as well as expandable storage. Succeeding the S6 and S6 Edge+, respectively, the S7 is produced in a standard model with a display size of as well as an Edge variant whose display is curved along the wide sides of the screen and also has a larger display. The S7 Active features a thicker more rugged frame and an increased battery capacity. The Galaxy S7 and S7 Document [27] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S6) charging standards and support for a mobile payments platform that allows the device to emulate the magnetic strip from a credit card. The S6 features other hardware improvements as well, including a 1,440 x 2,560 pixels display, a new in-house system-on-chip that utilizes a 14 nm FinFET manufacturing process, and an improved fingerprint scanner. The Galaxy S6, S6 Edge and S6 Edge+ received mostly positive reviews from critics, who praised the devices' upgraded build quality over prior models, along with improvements to their displays, performance, camera, and other changes. However, Samsung's decision to remove the ability to expand their storage Document [28] (Title: S7 Airlines) leased with an all-economy layout, with the option for a further 10 aircraft. S7 joined the Oneworld alliance in 2010. In November 2015, S7 Airlines made an offer to acquire a majority stake in bankrupt Transaero. However, the proposal was rejected by shareholders. In 2016, American band OK Go partnered with S7 to film a "zero-g" music video, Upside Down & Inside Out, aboard a reduced gravity aircraft. On August 28, 2018, S7 announced the investment of $192.87 million for a new manufacturing plant of its business plan "Victory" in Moscow. The investment is expected to produce 1000 jobs. S7 Document [29] (Title: Samsung Galaxy A series) Galaxy S7 and the S7 Edge, released in March 2016. In December 2017, Samsung unveiled the 2018 edition of the Galaxy A8 and the plus version, the Galaxy A8+. The newly improved features include the rear-mounted fingerprint scanner, 5.6 inch display and 3000 mAh battery for A8 and 6 inch display and 3500 mAh battery for A8+, dual front camera and Android Nougat with Samsung Experience. The new design of the series are similar to Galaxy S8 and Note 8. Samsung branded its series number as A8 and A8+ instead of A5 (2018) and A7 (2018) in order to synchronize Document [30] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S7) with refinements such as a square home button, and a thinner protrusion for the camera. Both models are available in black and gold colors; white, pink, blue and silver versions are available depending on market. As a Worldwide Olympic Partner, special editions of the Galaxy S7 Edge were released by Samsung for the 2016 Summer Olympics, with a dark blue body and hardware and software accents inspired by the colors of the Olympic rings. The devices were sold in limited quantities in selected markets, and were given to nearly all athletes participating in the 2016 Summer Olympics (the 31 phones Document [31] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S7) half a percentage of battery capacity per-hour. New widget panes can be displayed on the edge of the S7 Edge, in "Edge Single" and wider "Edge Single Plus" sizes. Android Marshmallow's "adopted storage" feature was disabled by Samsung and is not usable. Just like Galaxy S5, the Samsung Galaxy S7 has palm gesture feature that allows users to take screenshot of their phone. We have seen that this feature has been implanted to other Galaxy S series smartphones released after Samsung Galaxy S5. An update in September 2016, added support for Vulkan, a new low-level graphics API. In January 2017, Document [32] (Title: Phablet) displays. "PhoneArena" argued that the S7 Edge was not a phablet, as it has a narrow and compact build with a physical footprint more in line with the smaller-screened Nexus 5X, due primarily to its use of a display with curved edges. In 2017, LG, Samsung, and Apple each began to produce flagship smartphones (LG G6, Samsung Galaxy S8, and iPhone X) with displays taller than the conventional 16:9 aspect ratio used by the majority of devices, and diagonal screen sizes in line with those of phablets. However, in these cases, the sizes of the two devices are more compact Document [33] (Title: Samsung Experience) from CNN. With quick tools, the Edge transforms into a ruler, compass, or flashlight. When a user swipes the edge of the screen and the screen is off, the edge display turns on and displays missed calls, the current time, weather, and news. First released with the Samsung Galaxy Note 7 for Android Marshmallow, the Grace UX was named after the device's codename, and eventually made its way to older devices, including the Galaxy Note 5 through an update (Korea and eventually to other countries), and the Galaxy S7 and S7 Edge through the official Android Nougat update. The Grace Document [34] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S6) teased in a promotional webpage released by T-Mobile US on 22 February 2015, which showed a curved body and carried the tagline "Six Appeal". Samsung officially unveiled the Galaxy S6 and S6 Edge during the first "Samsung Unpacked 2015" event at Mobile World Congress on 1 March 2015, for a release on 10 April 2015 in 20 countries. In Japan, the S6 and S6 Edge are marketed solely under the Galaxy brand, with most references to Samsung removed; sales of Samsung phones have been impacted by historical relations between Japan and South Korea, and a Samsung spokesperson stated that the Document [35] (Title: Samsung Electronics) 7 for another Note 7, a Galaxy S7, or an S7 Edge (the price difference being refunded). They would also receive a gift card from a participating carrier. On 1 September 2016, the company released a statement saying that it had received 35 reports of battery failure, which according to an unnamed Samsung official "account for less than 0.2 percent of the entire volume sold". Although it has been referred to as a product recall by the media, it was not an official government-issued recall by an organization such as the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), and only a Document [36] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S6) Samsung Galaxy S6 The Samsung Galaxy S6, Samsung Galaxy S6 Edge, and Samsung Galaxy S6 Edge+ are Android smartphones manufactured and marketed by Samsung Electronics. The S6 line serves as a successor to the Galaxy S5. The S6 and S6 Edge smartphones were officially unveiled in the first "Samsung Unpacked 2015" event at the Mobile World Congress on March 1 2015, while the bigger S6 Edge+ was officially unveiled together with the Samsung Galaxy Note 5 in the second "Samsung Unpacked 2015" event at New York on August 13 2015. Alongside the S6, Samsung also unveiled the S6 Edge (and Document [37] (Title: Hiya (company)) Galaxy S7 and Galaxy S7 edge phones in 16 countries.The company extended its partnership with Samsung in a separate deal in August, 2016 to include its service on the Galaxy Note 7, and to expand the partnership to a total of 28 countries. In August 2016, Hiya launched Hiya Cloud, its network level caller ID and call-blocking offering. After offering only a limited version of its app for iPhones, Hiya announced in September 2016 that the full version of its app would be available on iOS 10. Soon after Hiya began providing spam protection services to AT&T phones through the Document [38] (Title: 7 Years (Superheist song)) Fetah Sabawi on synthesisers and samplers; and Andrew Corey Dedman on bass guitar. The lyrics concern the group's first seven years together and their struggle to remain a cohesive unit. It was co-produced by Norton and Adam Rhodes at Backbeach Studios – which is co-owned by Norton – in Rye, Victoria. Biros's vocal style was similar to MacLeod's, although slightly rougher, not much time was needed for the group to adjust, except to develop a more conservative and mature sound. The single peaked at No. 29 – the group's highest charting single. 7 Years (Superheist song) "7 Years" is the Document [39] (Title: Samsung Galaxy Note 5) with the Samsung Galaxy S6 Edge+. The device received positive reviews from critics, who praised the upgraded build quality over prior models, along with improvements to its performance, camera, and other changes. Similarly to the S6, Samsung was criticized for making the Galaxy Note 5's battery non-removable, and removing the ability to expand its storage via microSD. It was argued that these changes potentially alienated power users—especially because the Galaxy Note series had historically been oriented towards this segment of the overall market. The Galaxy Note 5 was briefly succeeded by the Samsung Galaxy Note 7, released in September 2016. Document [40] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S6) FinFET manufacturing process, which the company stated would improve its energy efficiency. It is available with 32, 64, or 128 GB of non-expandable storage, implementing Universal Flash Storage 2.0 standards. The S6 and S6 Edge features a 5.1-inch 1440p Super AMOLED display; similarly to the Galaxy Note Edge while the S6 Edge+ features a 5.7-inch 1440p Super AMOLED display, the S6 Edge and S6 Edge+'s display is slightly curved around the two lengthwise edges of the device, although not as aggressively as the Note Edge. For its rear-facing camera, Galaxy S6 uses the same image sensor with optical image stabilization Document [41] (Title: Samsung Electronics) voluntary measure. The CPSC did issue an official recall notice on 15 September 2016, and states that Samsung has received at least 92 reports of the batteries overheating in the U.S., including 26 reports of burns and 55 reports of property damage. After some replacement Note 7 phones also caught fire, on 11 October 2016 Samsung announced that it would permanently end production of the Note 7 in the interest of customer safety. However, Samsung was hoping to recover from the lost sales from the Note 7 with the introduction of the Edge 7. On 14 October 2016, the U.S. Document [42] (Title: Samsung Galaxy Note series) the Galaxy Note Edge, which features a display with a curved portion that wraps around the right bezel of the device. The curved area can be used as a sidebar to display news and information tickers, application shortcuts, and other tools. The Galaxy Note 5 was announced on 13 August 2015. It is based upon the specifications and hardware design of the Galaxy S6, including its metal frame and glass backing, a 5.7-inch 1440p display, Exynos 7 Octa 7420 system-on-chip, as well as a new spring-loaded stylus slot. As with the S6 and unlike previous Note models, the Note 5 Document [43] (Title: Sunbeam Cycles) forks, was produced. The S7 design was improved and then sold as the S7 Deluxe. The original S7 was available only in black, whereas the standard colours for the S8 were "Polychromatic Grey" or black. The S7 Deluxe came in either "Mist Green" or black. If sold abroad then BSA would supply the Sunbeam in almost any colour that BSA used. Although the early S7 was not a good seller or mechanically very sound, it is the most sought after and commands a premium over the S7 Deluxe and the S8. When Sunbeam production came to an end, BSA sold Document [44] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S6) unit publicized eleven "high-impact" security vulnerabilities that it had discovered in Samsung's distribution of Android on the S6. Some of these had already been patched as of their publication. In its first month of sales, 6 million Galaxy S6 and S6 Edge units were sold to consumers, exceeding the number of Galaxy S5 units sold within a similar timeframe, but failing to break the record of 10 million set by the Galaxy S4. Still, facing competition by other vendors that have led to declining market share, a lower net profit, and foreseeing a "difficult business environment" for the second half Question: how long has the s7 edge been out

Answer: 11 March 2016 Long Answer: Samsung Galaxy S7 and Samsung Galaxy S7 Edge are Android smartphones manufactured and marketed by Samsung Electronics . The S7 series serves as the successor to the Galaxy S6, S6 Edge and S6 Edge+ released in 2015 . The phones were officially unveiled on 21 February 2016, during a Samsung press conference at Mobile World Congress, with a European and North American release on 11 March 2016. Gold Document ID: 12

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: North–South railway) lines, the north bank line and the south bank line. The Flieden–Gemünden railway, built in 1872, is a very curvy line that is rich in tunnels. It leads through the valleys of the rivers Fliede, Kinzig and Sinn, following the Sinn until it meets the Main near Gemünden. Traffic on the North–South Line uses the Main-Spessart Railway, which mostly runs in the valley of the Main river between Gemünden and Würzburg. North–South railway The North–South railway (German: "Nord-Süd-Strecke") is an amalgamation of several railway lines in Germany that came to significant importance in West Germany and are therefore commonly regarded Document [2] (Title: India–Russia relations) Foundation of Basic Research, Moscow to pursue scientific co-operation. The North–South Transport Corridor is the ship, rail, and road route for moving freight between India, Russia, Iran, Europe and Central Asia. The route primarily involves moving freight from India, Iran, Azerbaijan and Russia via ship, rail and road. The objective of the corridor is to increase trade connectivity between major cities such as Mumbai, Moscow, Tehran, Baku, Bandar Abbas, Astrakhan, Bandar Anzali etc. Dry runs of two routes were conducted in 2014, the first was Mumbai to Baku via Bandar Abbas and the second was Mumbai to Astrakhan via Bandar Document [3] (Title: East-West Link, Brisbane) East-West Link, Brisbane East-West Link is a proposed road tunnel in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It forms the fifth and final component of Brisbane City Council's TransApex plan to connect motorways across the city, construct new river crossings and divert cross-city traffic out of the Brisbane CBD. The East-West Link is a proposed tolled road tunnel linking the Western Freeway at Toowong and the Pacific Motorway at Buranda. Provision may be made for tunnel portals at Indooroopilly or St Lucia. The original TransApex proposal limited the toll to $2 (plus GST). Currently, vehicles travelling from Buranda to the Toowong roundabout have Document [4] (Title: Concurrency (road)) on their primary orientation, it is possible for a stretch of roadway shared between two highways to be signed with conflicting, even opposite, cardinal directions in a wrong-way concurrency. For example, near Wytheville, Virginia, there is a concurrency between I-77 (which runs primarily north–south, as it is signed) and Interstate 81 (which runs primarily northeast–southwest, but is also signed north–south). Because of the way they intersect, the section of Interstate where they overlap has the two roads signed for opposite directions, leading to the town's nickname of "Which-Way-Ville". One might simultaneously be on I-77 northbound and I-81 southbound, while actually Document [5] (Title: North–South express railway (Vietnam)) Chabang, and possibly the two east-west corridors (1st corridor - “lower east-west corridor” - 574 km from the Thai province of Kanchanaburi on the border with Myanmar to the eastern province of Aranyaprathet on the Cambodia border; 2nd corridor - “the upper east-west corridor” - from Mae Sot in Tak Province, bordering Myanmar, to Mukdahan province, bordering Laos). Meanwhile, China’s firms are constructing the construction of 874 km of Thailand - China railway project. In Indonesia, China won against Japan the bid on the Jakarta-Bandung HSR project in the Jakarta-Surabaya HSR, while Japan is working with the Indonesian government in Document [6] (Title: East–West Economic Corridor) India to Vietnam exists, which is being upgraded. Bangkok to Cambodian Capital city of Phenom Phen road upgrade was already complete. Vietnam and Cambodia signed a MoU to upgrade the 195 km long Ho Chi Minh City and Phnom Penh highway. Second bridge to Mae Sot will open in 2018. Rail network from India to Vietnam has several missing links, which are in the various stages of being planned or constructed. East–West Economic Corridor The East–West Economic corridor is an economic development program initiated in order to promote development and integration of 5 Southeast Asian countries, namely: Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Document [7] (Title: East Cross Route) East Cross Route East Cross Route (ECR) is a dual-carriageway road constructed in east London as part of the uncompleted Ringway 1 as part of the London Ringways plan drawn up the 1960s to create a series of high speed roads circling and radiating out from central London. The road was constructed between 1967 and 1973 and runs from Hackney Wick in north-east London, through the Blackwall Tunnel, to Kidbrooke in south-east London. The ECR was initially designated as part of the A102, but has, subsequently, been partially renumbered so that sections of it are now the A2 and A12. Document [8] (Title: Lucknow Metro) Medical University) and Niwazganj, and five elevated, Thakurganj, Balaganj, Sarfarazganj, Moosa Bagh and the terminus at Vasant Kunj. The design of North-South corridor had two elevated sections, with a total distance of , separated by a . The length of the ramps between the elevated and below ground sections would total . When completed, the corridor would run for a total distance of and connect Amausi airport to Munshipulia. Passengers would be served by a total of 22 stations, with 19 elevated and 3 below ground. Elevated stations were to be located at Chaudhary Charan Singh Airport, Amausi, Transport Nagar, Document [9] (Title: North–South Axis) South station, route 51 between Lemonnier and Albert and route 82 between Lemonnier and South station. North–South Axis The North–South Axis is a tram tunnel in Brussels, Belgium, which crosses the city center from North to South starting at the Brussels-North railway station to the Albert premetro station. The first section of this tunnel was first opened on October 4, 1976 between the Brussels-North railway station and the Lemonnier premetro station. It was then expanded to Albert in 1993. To the north, the tunnel starts in the municipality of Schaerbeek near the crossroad between the "Rue du Progrès/Vooruitgangstraat" and the Document [10] (Title: Island Eastern Corridor) Causeway Bay as a viaduct, where it joins Victoria Park Road and Gloucester Road with a ramp. It then heads east along the coast of North Point, still a viaduct until it comes to Quarry Bay where it descends onto ground level, and interchanges with the approach road of Eastern Harbour Crossing. After passing Taikoo Shing, the corridor becomes a viaduct again, now crossing between Sai Wan Ho and Aldrich Bay, making a broad curve toward the Hong Kong Museum of Coastal Defence, where it returns to ground level and runs past A Kung Ngam and Heng Fa Chuen all Document [11] (Title: Northwest Corridor Express Lanes) Green Road (mile 273, former exit 118). North of the interchange where they split, the new lanes are located in the median, between the original northbound and southbound lanes. From the Perimeter (I-285 on the north side) to I-575, the road had already been built with 12 to 16 lanes, which required other plans, including via eminent domain HOV-only exits would be built at roads which currently cross the highways, but have no access to it. Bus stations would also be built at these points, with park-and-ride parking lots. New lanes would be divided from the regular ones by concrete Document [12] (Title: North–South Rail Link) downtown Boston. Unless grade separated, the link would have to operate at slow speed through very congested downtown traffic. North–South Rail Link The North–South Rail Link (NSRL) is a proposed rail tunnel, or pair of tunnels, that would connect North Station and South Station in downtown Boston, Massachusetts. New underground stations would be constructed near both existing stations. The route between the two stations is about long, but additional tunneling would be required to connect with existing surface lines. The tunnel connection would significantly benefit the MBTA Commuter Rail service by connecting its northern lines with South Station, Back Bay Document [13] (Title: Kartarpur Corridor) 20 June 2008, at a press conference in Dera Baba Nanak arranged by Akali leader Kuldeep Singh Wadala, John W. McDonald, a former American ambassador and founder of Institute for Multi-Track Diplomacy, called for "a peace corridor, a peace zone" connecting shrines on both sides of the border. On 28 June 2008, the Indian foreign minister at the time, Pranab Mukherjee, said that the Indian government would carry out a feasibility study for the peace corridor. However, since the 2008 Mumbai attacks took place, the relations between India and Pakistan nosedived and the initiative appears to have died. Members of Document [14] (Title: Bruckner Interchange) of closely spaced ramps that extend for roughly on an east–west axis. The junction crosses Westchester Creek about from its south end at the East River. The interchange serves as the meeting point of four highways: the Cross Bronx Expressway to the northwest and its extension to the southeast; the Bruckner Expressway to the southwest and northeast; the Hutchinson River Expressway to the south; and the Hutchinson River Parkway to the north. Below the freeway connections, Bruckner Boulevard connects to a handful of local surface streets, but also handles most connections to the Hutchinson River Parkway. Fundamentally, the interchange is Document [15] (Title: West Cross Route) Westway and the East Cross Route in east London were the only significant parts to be built. At the northern end, had the road been built in full, the entry and exit ramps to and from the elevated roundabout with the Westway would have been slip roads. The main route would have continued north beneath the roundabout into North Kensington and on to the junction with the North Cross Route at Harlesden. The alignment of the slip roads leaves a wide space between for the unbuilt carriageway. On the north side of the roundabout, two short stubs indicate the starting Document [16] (Title: Nagpur Metro) of Maharashtra. The Chief Minister was of the opinion to avoid underground alignment in MIHAN and also construct Maintenance Depot in the land belonging to State Govt Land. Subsequently, on 21 October 2013, a joint inspection of the North South corridor was done by MADC, NIT and DMRC. The original alignment of Corridor-I proposed was passing through Khamla Road, Airport Area after Sahakar Nagar and finally was ending at MIHAN. The alignment up to old airport station was elevated, then for a length of 3.30 km it was underground with one underground station named as New Airport Station and again Document [17] (Title: TransPeshawar) network. In 2014, the CDIA completed the "Urban Transport Pre-Feasibility Study" that devised a 20-year urban transport plan, with a 10-year action plan. The CDIA studied two corridors, an east-west corridor, and a north-south corridor and recommended that the east-west corridor be constructed first, along Peshawar's east-west axis along the Grand Trunk Road. Construction of the project, under the Peshawar Development Authority (PDA), began on 29 October 2017, and is being executed by the Peshawar Development Authority. TransPeshawar's first phase will consist of an east-west busway which will stretch from Chamkani in the east end to Hayatabad in the west Document [18] (Title: East West Link (Melbourne)) vehicles, but in early 2015 unveiled plans by infrastructure company Transurban to build the multibillion-dollar West Gate Tunnel project as a more expansive route, providing a second major river crossing and a partial western bypass in the city's inner west. This alternative project began construction in early 2018 and is expected to be complete in 2022. The Coalition both in Federal Government and in state Opposition remain committed to building the East West Link. In November 2017, the Coalition Opposition in Victoria, led by Opposition Leader Matthew Guy, pledged to build the former project combined with the proposed North East Document [19] (Title: Iron Ore Line) axle load, allowing half the trains to operate with maximum capacity. The Northern East West Freight Corridor is an initiative by the International Union of Railways aiming to establish a freight corridor from the Far East to North America. The route would use the Ofoten Line and transship from rail to ship at Narvik. The main report for the project was made in 2004, but since there had been limited funding for the project. On 23 August 2007, LKAB ordered another four twin units, with delivery in 2010 and 2011, and costing €52 million. This will replace all remaining Dm3. Document [20] (Title: Asian Highway Network) taken by ESCAP to gather all the Asian countries under one crown but the problem with this project is political disputes between some countries, notably Pakistan and Myanmar, which is delaying the project"". Route AH1 is proposed to extend from Tokyo to the border with Bulgaria west of Istanbul and Edirne, passing through both Koreas, China and other countries in Southeast, Central and South Asia. The corridor is expected to improve trade links between East Asian countries, India and Russia. To complete the route, existing roads will be upgraded and new roads constructed to link the network. US$25 billion has Document [21] (Title: Siliguri Corridor) 1980, which states that "The two governments agree to make mutually beneficial arrangements for the use of their waterways, railways and roadways for commerce between the two countries and for passage of goods between two places in one country through the territory of the other". However, the proposal is still in the initial stages of negotiation. The route has a major broad gauge railway line. Electrification of this double-track corridor is in progress with assistance from Central Organization for Railway Electrification (CORE). Additionally, the old metre gauge line (recently converted to a broad-gauge line) connects Siliguri Junction with Islampur in Document [22] (Title: Hong Kong–Shenzhen Western Corridor) also operates from Tin Shui Wai new town. Hong Kong taxis, minibuses and cross-border buses are allowed access to the corridor; private vehicles must have the correct permit to use the corridor. Hong Kong–Shenzhen Western Corridor The Hong Kong–Shenzhen Western Corridor, colloquially known in Shenzhen as Shenzhen Bay Bridge, is a , dual three-lane carriageway in Hong Kong. It connects Ngau Hom Shek (), Hong Kong to an area leased by Hong Kong at Dongjiaotou, which is geographically located in Nanshan, Shenzhen, mainland China. It connects Hong Kong with the border crossing facilities on its border with mainland China, the Document [23] (Title: Indonesian National Route 1) the north to follow Weleri Ring Road to break the traffic in order to avoid traffic jam in Weleri. Route 1 continues 1.6 km north, then 1.5 km northeast and 1.5 km east. In this ring road, the Northern railway line crosses underneath the road. In Wonotenggang village, Route 1 continues 6.5 km northeast, and then curves to the north. 1.5 km later, it curves to the east, where it passes through the urban center of Cepiring. In front of Cepiring Sugar Factory, the route is divided between the east- and westbound sections. The two sections meets again after crossing Document [24] (Title: North–South Expressway northern route) all of the above services and are much larger, so they can accommodate more services. Several rest areas also have small inns, and most have complimentary Wi-Fi services. Vista points only have car parks and is meant for commuters to enjoy the scenery at that location. Laybys are found every 25 to 50 kilometres, while full rest areas are found every 80 to 100 kilometres. The only vista point on this expressway is in Ipoh. The North–South Expressway northern route, being part of the larger North–South Expressway network, was constructed in phases simultaneously with the south section. The first segment Document [25] (Title: East West Link (Melbourne)) congestion. In his East West Link Needs Assessment report, Eddington said the study team had identified a long-term, strategic need for a new transport route linking Melbourne's east and west. The factors included: He said the East West Link would provide a range of benefits: A 2014 report by the Victorian Auditor-General on traffic management noted that two Alexandra Parade intersections, which would benefit from traffic diversion through an east-west tunnel, were among Melbourne's most congested intersections in the morning and evening peaks. They were Alexandra Parade/Queens Parade/Brunswick St, Fitzroy North (sixth most congested intersection in AM peak) and Alexandra Document [26] (Title: Bulkeley Bridge) now I-84, Connecticut's main east-west corridor. Morgan Street and the carefully laid out approaches to the bridge were moved or covered first by the new interstate and later by its intersection with Interstate 91. After several alternatives were discussed, Beatrice Fox Auerbach decided that the two interstates would meet at the western side of the Bulkeley Bridge indirectly so that traffic would have to pass by the G Fox store in the center of Hartford. I-84 would use the bridge to cross into East Hartford. In 1964, the bridge was widened to eight lanes. However, two lanes in each direction Document [27] (Title: North–South and East–West Corridor) increase the cross border trade with South East Asia. North–South and East–West Corridor The North–South–East–West Corridor (NS-EW) is the largest ongoing highway project in India. It is the second phase of the National Highways Development Project (NHDP), and consists of building 7300 kilometers of four/six lane expressways connecting Srinagar, Kanyakumari, Kochi, Porbandar and Silchar, at a cost of US$12.317 billion (at 1999 prices). , 6875 of 7142 kilometers project has been completed. In combination with the Golden Quadrilateral network, and port connectivity highways, the NS-EW Corridor forms a key part of the Indian highway network, connecting many of its important Document [28] (Title: North–South Rail Link) commuters coming from the north in the morning. The 2018 feasibility study identified several potential problems and risks with the NSRL project: There have been several prior proposals to link South Station and North Station by rail. The earlier leading proposal, called the "Dorchester Avenue Alignment", is similar to the four-track Central Artery alignment in the 2018 study. It would dig two deep-bore tunnels beneath Boston, extending beyond the present rail yards north and south of the city. The tunnels would pass about 20 feet beneath the I-90 extension, and would reach their maximum depth of at a possible Central Document [29] (Title: East-East) East-East East-East is a multiplex architectural event jointly held by the Lithuanian and Japanese architects and students of architecture. The concept of the Lithuania-Japan architectural event was conceived and its implementation coordinated by Dainius Kamaitis, a Lithuanian diplomat and former ambassador to Japan. He paved the way for the bilateral exchange in the field of architecture by approaching both sides with a proposal to establish links which had not existed before. The idea was successfully implemented in Kaunas in cooperation with the Kaunas City Municipality and the Kaunas Section of the Architects Association of Lithuania in 2002. As the event Document [30] (Title: East–West Highway (New England)) Federal Highway Administration ultimately did not approve the plan. Senator Olympia Snowe of Maine said in 2004 that the region is disadvantaged by the fact that it was the only region in the United States for which a federal High Priority Corridor was not designated in the 1991 Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act. In 2012, the east–west highway was again proposed, this time as a privately financed toll road. On October 25, 2012, New Brunswick Route 1 achieved a four-lane divided highway link with the U.S. border at the International Avenue Border Crossing in Calais, Maine. Current backers of the Document [31] (Title: Grand Chord) of East Central Railway. The Eastern Corridor encompasses a double line electrified traction corridor from Haldia on the Eastern Railway to Khurja on the North Central Railway () via Grand Chord, Khurja to Dadri on NCR Double Line electrified corridor () and Single electrified line from Khurja to Ludhiana () on Northern Railway. The total length works out to . So in the Grand Chord section its total 4 parallel track will be run to ease traffic movement on this busy route. The Eastern Corridor will traverse 6 states and is projected to cater to a number of traffic streams Document [32] (Title: U.S. Route 5 in Connecticut) as it meets with the north end of the Wilbur Cross Parkway. The northbound roadway overpasses the Parkway and then merges onto it from the right. This is the beginning of a overlap with Route 15. Southbound at the beginning of the Parkway, US 5 is signed as an exit (with no number) from the main roadway. North Broad Street continues north from the merge as a divided 4-lane arterial road for another up to the Berlin town line, where the road becomes the Berlin Turnpike. US 5 and Route 15 run for along the Berlin Turnpike within the towns Document [33] (Title: East–West Highway (New England)) East–West Highway (New England) The East–West Highway is a long-proposed east–west highway corridor in northern New England (Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont), intended to link remote northern communities in those states with markets in the Maritimes, Quebec, and upstate New York. Low population and natural barriers like the White Mountains have long impeded significant economic development in northern New England. Proposals for an east–west highway date back to the 1940s. In the early 1970s, all three northern New England states and New York proposed two new Interstate Highway corridors, both of which may have been designated as Interstate 92: The Document [34] (Title: North–South Motorway) $432 million to the North–South Corridor over five years. This funding allocation recognised that South Road is the only continuous link between the northern and southern suburbs as well as the spine connecting Adelaide's major inter-modal transport hubs – Adelaide Airport, Islington Rail Terminal, Port Adelaide and Outer Harbor. In May 2015 a government strategy paper indicated the entire non-stop north–south road corridor would be completed by 2025, including "an upgraded South Road". It stated the planned "non-stop motorway" would "cater for the unimpeded flow of longer distance northbound and southbound trips" and would not include "at-grade traffic signals, intersections, Document [35] (Title: North–South Corridor (West Bengal)) to the land.nullADB experts are making plans for the development of the road, the DPR, or the roadmap of the road construction.Experts from Kharagpur IIT will see the projects report. Now, to go to Haldia from Siliguri, have to travel to Calcutta with Malda, Murshidabad, Nadia, North 24 Parganas, on the NH34. Haldia's distance will be reduced by about 60 kilometers when the road is made of four-lane road from Morgram thought Mechogram. The freight carriage can easily be transported quickly by avoiding the traffic congestion in Kolkata.This road can be increased by carriage of vehicles. North–South Corridor (West Bengal) Document [36] (Title: Guwahati) but also other parts of the northeastern region east of Guwahati to western Assam and the rest of India. The corridor links residential and historically important areas such as Nilachal Hill (Kamakhya), Pandu, and Maligaon (headquarters of Northeast Frontier Railways) before it separates into two – one towards North Guwahati via the Saraighat Bridge and the other continuing west towards LGB International Airport via Gauhati University (Jalukbari). There are also many river ports/jetties along this corridor. The third major corridor extends towards the east (around from the city-center) linking Noonmati (Guwahati Refinery) and Narengi, and has facilitated residential growth along Document [37] (Title: U.S. Route 5 in Connecticut) Cross Highway runs parallel to and interconnects with I-91 near the vicinity of Brainard Airport. Just after the crossing, US 5 exits from the Wilbur Cross Highway on exit 90, ending the long overlap with Route 15. US 5 continues north to East Hartford center along Main Street. From East Hartford northward to the Massachusetts state line, US 5 runs along the east bank of the Connecticut River. Main Street in East Hartford is mostly a 4-lane divided highway. It crosses under I-84 about north of the split with Route 15 with access to the westbound direction only. Main Street Document [38] (Title: East Cross Route) through Eltham to meet the ECR at Kidbrooke in the 1980s providing an efficient route out of London in this direction and the A20 passes only about to the south although it does not connect directly to the ECR and it was never upgraded to the motorway standard road that was intended. Without the construction of the other parts of the 1960s motorway plans the context of the ECR has been lost in the subsequent road renumbering and the only section of the East Cross Route which continues to carry the name is the former northern motorway section of the Document [39] (Title: Southwest Corridor (Massachusetts)) the stub end of I-95 just inside Route 128. However, the project was unpopular with residents in Milton. Much like what had been planned for the median of the unbuilt Southwest Expressway/I-95 right-of-way, part of the corridor was later recycled into the new route for two tracks for the MBTA's Orange Line and three tracks for Amtrak's Northeast Corridor and the MBTA's Needham and Readville commuter lines with much of the surface area being developed as a linear park. The Amtrak trains used diesel until 1999 when Amtrak completed overhead catenary electrification of the line between New Haven and Boston. Document [40] (Title: Western Corridor) to the Christchurch Northern Motorway. The Western Corridor currently comprises, form north to south, Johns Road, Russley Road, Masham Road and Carmen Road. The Western Corridor has a speed limit of 80 km/h (50 mph) for most of its length. The only exceptions are the Western Belfast Bypass which has a speed limit of 100 km/h (62 mph) and the 50-60 km/h (31-37 mph) speed limited southern urban section from the Yaldhurst Road intersection to the terminus at Main South Road. The Western Corridor upgrade was announced by the government as a Road of National Significance in 2009. The section Document [41] (Title: North–South Corridor (West Bengal)) North–South Corridor (West Bengal) North-South Corridor is a direct communication project with North Bengal along with Haldia Port of West Bengal's sea port. Under this project, State Road 4 and State Road 7. To increase the communication of Haldia port with neighboring countries like Nepal-Bhutan-Bangladesh, the country's northeast will have to widen the SH4 and SH7. That's why ADB will provide ₹4500 crore (70 percent of total project cost) to the state. State administration sources said, for this purpose, it will take 271 hectares of land initially.West Bengal Highway Development Corporation or West Bengal Road Development Corporation has been entrusted Document [42] (Title: Memphis Parkway System) and mature, and sections of flowered landscaping. South Parkway has two lanes in each direction and bike/parking lanes along portions of it. East Parkways has three lanes in each direction (except for when the routes pass under other roadways, in which case each direction narrows to two lanes, and the four northbound lanes of East Parkway between Poplar and Sam Cooper). North Parkway had 3 lanes in each direction until the mid 2010s when bike/parking lanes were added between Manassas and West Drive. The entire system has a forty-mile-per-hour speed limit. Below is a list of landmarks within close proximity Document [43] (Title: TransPeshawar) exiting the system and entering onto city streets as on-street bus service. The feeder routes will add an additional 100 stations along those feeder lines, all of which will be new construction. Feeder station will be spaced approximately 300-500 metres from one another. Construction of the east-west corridor will be completed in three phases: The entire road structure along the east-west corridor will also be reconstructed, and will include a new bicycle lane. The number of traffic lanes along the GT Road will also be reduced, leading to what will be intended as a more pedestrian-friendly street. Project construction was Document [44] (Title: Expressways of Singapore) the North–South Corridor, originally conceptualised as the North-South Expressway was announced on 30 January 2008. The new 21.5-kilometre expressway will cost about $7 to $8 billion when fully completed by 2023 and will connect the East Coast Parkway with the northern parts of Singapore. In 2016, the Land Transport Authority announced that the North–South Corridor will be Singapore’s first integrated transport corridor featuring continuous bus lanes and cycling trunk routes, rather than a normal expressway when originally conceptualised. Like all other global controlled-access expressway network, there are no traffic lights on the expressways. At an interchange with another road, an Document [45] (Title: East Cross Route) this road would have been named "Eastway" to form a pair with the Westway now which performs a similar function from Paddington to White City and, in fact, a short section of road adjacent to the ECR north of the Hackney Wick junction does bear this name today. At the southern end of the ECR, the plan was to connect it at Kidbrooke to the South Cross Route (running west across south London), the A2 (heading east out of London) and the A20 (heading south-east out of London). In fact, a new dual carriageway section of the A2 was constructed Document [46] (Title: Business routes of Interstate 90) towards the famous Wall Drug Store and other local tourist attractions. South Boulevard passes a local high school before becoming a divided highway and crossing the former Chicago and Northwestern Railway line. East of that line, the route is diverted onto two bi-directional frontage roads that once flanked the former US 14/16. At Glen Street BL 90 turns south at the corner of a museum dedicated to the Battle of Wounded Knee, ending one block later at exit 110, which is also shared by the western terminus of South Dakota Highway 240. Interstate 90 Business is a business loop of Document [47] (Title: East–West Corridor) densely populated and fairly congested strip of development along some of the best agricultural soils in the country. East–West Corridor The East–West Corridor is the built-up area of north Trinidad stretching from the capital, Port of Spain, east to Arima. The term was coined by economist and political philosopher Lloyd Best, after gleaning the works of a technocrat named Lynette Attwell. The Corridor includes such towns as Laventille, Morvant, Barataria, San Juan, St. Joseph, Curepe, St. Augustine, Tunapuna, Tacarigua, Arouca, and Five Rivers, once distinct communities, now districts within a continuous urban area. For the most part it runs along Document [48] (Title: Line 1 (Mumbai Metro)) as a priority corridor for implementation. The State Government declared the project as a "public vital infrastructure project" and designated the MMRDA as the Project Implementation Agency (PIA). The Versova-Andheri-Ghatkopar corridor was chosen as the first line in the master plan to be implemented. The Mumbai Suburban Railway connects Mumbai from north to south. However, east-west connectivity is poor. The Versova-Ghatkopar route had no suburban rail link and was serviced by either BEST buses, autos or taxis. Line 1 provides east-west rail connectivity between the Eastern and Western suburbs of Mumbai. It facilitates interchange between the Mumbai Suburban Railway and Document [49] (Title: Southwest Corridor Park) Southwest Corridor Park Southwest Corridor Park is a linear urban park in Boston, Massachusetts, part of the Metropolitan Park System of Greater Boston and managed by the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation (DCR). It extends from the South End and Back Bay neighborhoods south for almost five miles (8 km), ending in the Forest Hills section of Jamaica Plain in what was originally planned to be the alignment for Interstate 95 to Boston. It closely follows the routes of regional Amtrak and Commuter Rail lines and the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) Orange Line rapid transit rail line, from Document [50] (Title: North-South Dedicated Freight Corridor) be undertaken through PPP (Public Private Partnerships) model. North-South Dedicated Freight Corridor The North South Dedicated Freight Corridor is proposed connecting New Delhi and Chennai. The approximate length of the corridor is 2343 kilometer with 43 proposed stations between New Delhi and Chennai. Ministry of Railways has assigned DFCCIL to undertake Preliminary Engineering & Traffic Survey (PETS) for four additional corridors: It was announced by Mr. Suresh Prabhu, Indian Railway Minister while presenting the Railway Budget of India 2016-17. The estimated project cost is USD 13 Billion. The government has indicated that they are likely to use a foreign direct Document [51] (Title: North-South Dedicated Freight Corridor) North-South Dedicated Freight Corridor The North South Dedicated Freight Corridor is proposed connecting New Delhi and Chennai. The approximate length of the corridor is 2343 kilometer with 43 proposed stations between New Delhi and Chennai. Ministry of Railways has assigned DFCCIL to undertake Preliminary Engineering & Traffic Survey (PETS) for four additional corridors: It was announced by Mr. Suresh Prabhu, Indian Railway Minister while presenting the Railway Budget of India 2016-17. The estimated project cost is USD 13 Billion. The government has indicated that they are likely to use a foreign direct investment for funding the project. The project would Document [52] (Title: East–West Corridor) East–West Corridor The East–West Corridor is the built-up area of north Trinidad stretching from the capital, Port of Spain, east to Arima. The term was coined by economist and political philosopher Lloyd Best, after gleaning the works of a technocrat named Lynette Attwell. The Corridor includes such towns as Laventille, Morvant, Barataria, San Juan, St. Joseph, Curepe, St. Augustine, Tunapuna, Tacarigua, Arouca, and Five Rivers, once distinct communities, now districts within a continuous urban area. For the most part it runs along the Eastern Main Road, between the Churchill–Roosevelt Highway and the foothills of the Northern Range. It is a Document [53] (Title: Diverging diamond interchange) diagram at right: eastbound traffic on Route d'Avelin intending to enter the A1 northbound must keep left and cross the northernmost bridge before turning left to proceed north onto A1; eastbound traffic continuing east on Route d'Avelin must select a single center lane, merge with A1 traffic that is exiting to proceed east, and cross a center bridge. All westbound traffic that is continuing west or turning south onto A1 uses the southernmost bridge. Additional research was conducted by a partnership of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University and the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center and published by Ohio Section Document [54] (Title: R3 road (Zimbabwe)) they need rehabilitation. The rehabilitation of this highway is in conformation of the Sadc Regional Infrastructure Master Plan for the North-South Corridor (Africa). North-South Corridor (Africa) is a passage for Southern Africa Development Community (Sadc) exports to the North, and imports to the South. It is important in the handling of regional traffic within Sadc and Comesa. Waypoints from South to North; Harare to Chirundu. The first significant waypoint from Harare is Banket. This waypoint is usually overlapped by motorists because it is only 24.7 km (15.3 mi) before Chinhoyi. -17.38333, 30.4 Entering Chinhoyi, the first billboard encountered just after Document [55] (Title: Bronx River Parkway) the southern terminus, an on-ramp carries northbound traffic from Metcalf. The corresponding offramp for southbound traffic merges onto Harrod Avenue north of Westchester Avenue. Now in West Farms, another onramp joins the southbound lanes from East 174th Street. North of it is exit 4, the interchange with the Cross Bronx Expressway (I-95). The single ramp of exit 5 allows southbound traffic to follow East 177th Street to the northern terminus of the Sheridan Expressway (NY-895) and the Triborough Bridge. North of the interchange the road veers to the northeast slightly and crosses the railroad tracks of Amtrak's Northeast Corridor line. Document [56] (Title: International North–South Transport Corridor) International North–South Transport Corridor The International North–South Transport Corridor (INSTC) is a 7,200-km-long multi-mode network of ship, rail, and road route for moving freight between India, Iran, Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Russia, Central Asia and Europe. The route primarily involves moving freight from India, Iran, Azerbaijan and Russia via ship, rail and road. The objective of the corridor is to increase trade connectivity between major cities such as Mumbai, Moscow, Tehran, Baku, Bandar Abbas, Astrakhan, Bandar Anzali, etc. Dry runs of two routes were conducted in 2014, the first was Mumbai to Baku via Bandar Abbas and the second was Mumbai Document [57] (Title: East Cross Route) link road', or 'M11 Link Road' was constructed through Leyton, Leytonstone and Wanstead to connect to the ECR at Hackney Wick. This extension was designated as the A12 and required just the sort of controversial construction methods and widescale demolitions of residential areas that caused the 1960s schemes to be cancelled and provoked to the major M11 link road protest. After the new road was built, the northern part of the ECR became the A12. Had the North Cross Route been built incoming traffic from the M11 would have been able to continue west from Hackney Wick junction on a Document [58] (Title: North–South Corridor, Singapore) Coast Parkway (ECP). While first conceptualised as a vehicular expressway to be finished in 2020, the corridor will now be built as the island's first "integrated transport corridor" featuring continuous bus lanes and cycling trunk routes, throughout the entire route of the expressway. According to the Land Transport Authority, the continuous bus lanes along the NSC would be able reduce bus travelling times from Woodlands, Sembawang, Yishun and Ang Mo Kio to the city by up to 30 minutes through morning and evening peak express bus services, and also make bus connections between residential towns along the NSC faster by Document [59] (Title: North–South Rail Link) Station and at North Station. Carrying a total of up to four tracks, the tunnels would have steep inclines. Trains entering or exiting the tunnels would climb or descend 3% grades, each nearly a mile long. Because the tunnels would continue well south of downtown, three portals would accommodate separate connections to Back Bay Station to the west, the Old Colony Lines to the south, and the Fairmount Line running southwest. To the north, the tunnels would cross the Charles River about below its surface (bypassing an existing drawbridge), and connect via portals to the Fitchburg Line and the other Document [60] (Title: Pittsburgh) "parkways." Interstate 376 is both the "parkway east" connecting to Interstate 76 (Pennsylvania Turnpike) and the "parkway west" connecting to Interstate 79, the Pittsburgh International Airport, the Ohio end of the Turnpike and Interstate 80. The "parkway north" is Interstate 279 connecting to I-79. The "crosstown" is Interstate 579 allowing access to the heart of downtown, the Liberty Tunnels and the PPG Paints Arena. The 45-mile-long and 70-mile-long expressway sections of Pennsylvania Route 28 and U.S. Route 22 also carry traffic from downtown to the northeast and western suburbs, respectively. Interstate 70, 79 and 76 (the Turnpike) roughly form a Document [61] (Title: Cross-platform interchange) Rail line. Due to the different fare system, platforms of southbound Tung Chung Line and northbound West Rail were separated by wall even though they were at similar elevations. After the merger, some sections of the wall was demolished in order to provide cross-platform interchange between southbound Tung Chung Line and northbound West Rail Line. However, this arrangement does not serve the dominant rush hour passenger flows, which are between New Territories and Hong Kong Island, as well as between Lantau Island and Tsim Sha Tsui. By connecting East Rail and West Rail lines at Hung Hom without through-running, both Document [62] (Title: Vehicular harbour crossings in Hong Kong) on the Cross Harbour tunnel. There have been suggestions that the traffic be diverted equally among the three tunnels by equalising the tolls. However, the consultants ruled out equalisation as they project massive traffic jams at the feeder roads of WHC – the exit on the Hong Kong Island side to Route 4 (Hong Kong) towards Central is heavily congested during rush hour. This problem will persist until the Central-Wan Chai Bypass is completed. HYF, the original car ferry operator continues to use the ferries to transport commercial vehicles on their Dangerous Goods Vehicular Ferry Service routes between North Point, Document [63] (Title: East–West Highway (New England)) highway propose an east–west axis through northern and central Maine — these could cover up to three existing surface ports of entry on the U.S.-Canada border, two from Québec; and one from New Brunswick. Any new highway achieving the New Brunswick crossing would run from Interstate 395 in Brewer, Maine, to the Canada–United States border near Calais, with a direct link to New Brunswick Route 1—a major transportation corridor serving the Maritimes. A potential obstacle to the eastern end of such an American highway could be the presence of the Moosehorn National Wildlife Refuge, as its "Baring division's" easternmost extremities, Document [64] (Title: Jacksonville Transportation Authority) Green Cove Springs, FL. The Southeast Corridor originates in Downtown Jacksonville, and heads Southeast along the Florida East Coast Railway's main line to St. Augustine, FL. The proposed route is the northernmost part of a freight rail line to Miami. The corridor already serves 17 regularly scheduled interregional freight trains a day. The 2009 feasibility study estimated that this route could carry an estimated 5,132 riders in 2015 and 5,469 by 2020 on trains between Jacksonville and St. Augustine. Travel time is estimated at 51 minutes end to end. Notable proposed stops along the route include Palencia, The Northeast Florida Document [65] (Title: North–South Rail Link) much luggage take a taxi between the stations. It is possible to traverse the gap via the Orange Line from Back Bay Station to North Station, but not all of the southern lines pass through Back Bay; the Old Colony Lines, and Fairmount Line on the Commuter Rail do not. The Orange Line also provides a connection for Amtrak passengers who want to transfer between the Northeast Corridor and the "Downeaster". However, North Station passengers add significantly to Orange Line congestion. Similarly, it is possible to connect between South Station and the Fitchburg Line via the Red Line at Porter Document [66] (Title: Automotive Corridor) Automotive Corridor Automotive Corridor (also known as Detroit of Asia), is a 60 km long corridor in Chennai, India. This corridor alone accounts for 33% of commercial vehicles, 21% of all passenger cars, and 35% of auto components which are produced in the country. The corridor stretches from Gummidipoondi, 50 km north of Chennai to Maraimalai Nagar 35 km south of Chennai and passes through Tiruvallur, Sriperumbudur and Oragadam. It is estimated that a part of this corridor from Tiruvallur to Maraimalai Nagar alone, by 2012, would produce around 1.25 million cars, 35,000 commercial vehicles and other automotives per year. Document [67] (Title: Kolkata Suburban Railway) Line and ER operates the Eastern Line, Circular Line, Chord link Line as well as the South lines. The South Eastern line in Kolkata consists of 3 major corridors, which bifurcate as they run into the suburban satellite towns. Two corridors (one local and other through) follow the South Eastern Railway run from Howrah Junction (HWH) to Midnapore (128 km), at in the mainline it there is a bifurcation into two branch lines – one from Panskura to Haldia (69 km) in the south-east and the other from Santragachi to Amta (45 km) in the north. These two corridors constitute Document [68] (Title: East–West Economic Corridor) East–West Economic Corridor The East–West Economic corridor is an economic development program initiated in order to promote development and integration of 5 Southeast Asian countries, namely: Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam. The concept was agreed upon in 1998 at the Ministerial Conference of the Greater Mekong Subregion, organized in Manila, the Philippines. This corridor became operational on December 12, 2006. The economic corridor is created based on a road of 1,450 km with the west end at port city of Mawlamyine (Myanmar), crossing Kayin Division, Thai provinces of Tak, Sukhothai, Phitsanulok, Phetchabun, Khon Kaen, Kalasin and Mukdahan and Laotian Document [69] (Title: North–South and East–West Corridor) India has completed and placed in use some 15,800 kilometers of such 4-lane highways. The NS–EW project is managed by the National Highways Authority of India under the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways. Only National Highways are used in the two corridors. This is a corridor via NH 44 (Srinagar-Udhampur-Jammu–Jalandhar–Delhi–Agra–Gwalior–Jhansi–Narsinghpur-Lakhnadon–Nagpur-Hyderabad-Bengaluru-Salem–Madurai-Kanyakumari), branch road NH 544 (Salem–Coimbatore–Palakkad-Kochi) This is a corridor via NH 27 (Porbandar–Rajkot-Samakhiali–Radhanpur–Pindwara–Shivpuri–Lucknow–Muzaffarpur–Darbhanga-Purnia–Galgalia–Bijni–Guwahati–Nagaon–Dabaka–Silchar). There is popular demand for the extension of the East West Corridor from Silchar to Moreh via Jiribam and Imphal, and from Nagaon to Stilwell Road via Jorhat, Dibrugarh, Tinsukia and Ledo. These two extensions may Document [70] (Title: Keele Campus (York University)) (long in the East-West direction). It is divided into three sections (arbitrarily based on the bends of the corridor, and not on any other difference between the sections or their contents). One main corridor runs along its length. Slightly diagonal towards the South-West corner at the start (the West Market), then East-West (The Main Wing), and finally turning south for a short span at the East end (the East Market). There is one branch off to a North exit where the West Market meets the Main Wing (where the corridor bends), and there is also a door to a narrow Document [71] (Title: North–South Corridor, Singapore) North–South Corridor, Singapore The North–South Corridor (Abbreviation: NSC), originally conceptualised as the North-South Expressway, will be the 11th of Singapore's network of expressways when completed. The North South Corridor will serve increasing traffic along the north-south corridor that is currently served by the Central Expressway (CTE). This new expressway was announced on 30 January 2008 as part of a major review of Singapore's transport network by the Land Transport Authority (LTA). The expressway would cost about S$7–8 billion when fully completed in 2023 as North-South Corridor and will connect the East Coast Parkway (ECP) with the northern parts of Singapore. Document [72] (Title: East Cross Route) West Cross Route and Westway in west London were the only significant parts to be built. At the northern end of the ECR, the unrealised plans would have seen it connect at Hackney Wick to the unbuilt North Cross Route which would have run west across north London via Dalston,and also to the M11 motorway which was originally planned to continue south from its current starting point at the North Circular Road (A406) in South Woodford) to join Ringway 1. Part of this plan was eventually achieved in a modified form when, in the 1990s the 'A12 Hackney to M11 Document [73] (Title: METRORail Red Line) lanes and trains receive priority at intersections at cross-streets by means of preempted traffic signals. However, flashing grade crossing signals and gates are present where trains cross parallel traffic lanes as they move from one street to another, and along the section of the line south of Old Spanish Trail, where tracks are laid out on a right-of-way parallel to the road rather than in the median. Two sections along the Red Line extension north of UH–Downtown, though, are located on elevated structures: the Burnett Transit Center and the tracks leading to and from it, and a grade-separated crossing of Document [74] (Title: Island Eastern Corridor) that it will construct a waterfront promenade between Causeway Bay and Sai Wan Ho, with significant sections at North Point running under Island Eastern Corridor, using floating boards. However, the Government is concerned about the plan violating the Protection of the Harbour Ordinance, since the boards may need to extend seabound due to the lack of space. Further study will take place regarding the feasibility of the project. When it is finished, a continuous promenade will be formed between Central and Sai Wan Ho, together with recreational land use projects related to the Central-Wan Chai Bypass. The corridor starts at Document [75] (Title: East–West Highway (New England)) such as the impact on wetlands and the risks of oil spills from pipelines along the corridor, as well as the increased impact of sprawl-type development. The issue has led to repeated protests and was one of the few areas of agreement between the candidates for governor of Maine in 2014. East–West Highway (New England) The East–West Highway is a long-proposed east–west highway corridor in northern New England (Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont), intended to link remote northern communities in those states with markets in the Maritimes, Quebec, and upstate New York. Low population and natural barriers like the White Document [76] (Title: Northeast megalopolis) in Miami and Key West, Florida, respectively, and terminate in Maine at the Canada–United States border, as well as the Northeast Corridor railway line, the busiest passenger rail line in the country. It is home to over 50 million people, and Metropolitan Statistical Areas are contiguous from Washington to Boston. The region is not uniformly populated between the terminal cities, and there are regions nominally within the corridor yet located away from the main transit lines that have been bypassed by urbanization, such as Connecticut's Quiet Corner. The region accounts for 20% of the U.S. Gross Domestic Product. It is Document [77] (Title: Island Eastern Corridor) corridor are as follows: Island Eastern Corridor The Island Eastern Corridor (IEC) is an expressway built along the northeastern shore of Hong Kong Island in Hong Kong. It starts from Causeway Bay in the west and ends in Chai Wan in the east. It is part of Route 4. The section between Causeway Bay and Quarry Bay consists mainly of viaducts built along Victoria Harbour. After World War II, the Eastern District of Hong Kong Island developed rapidly. As a result, the major thoroughfare in the area, King's Road, became very congested. To relieve the issue of congestion, the idea Document [78] (Title: East Central Railway zone) distance between Nirmali and Saraigarh will get reduced to 20.5 km from present 299 km. It will provide an alternative BG route of length 610 km between Gorakhpur and Katihar against the existing route of 505 km via Chapra and Barauni, which at present is a highly saturated corridor. This project gained exceptional significance as the East West Corridor from Muzaffarpur to Purnia (NH 57) of NHAI shares the same location for crossing the river. The bridge is 1780m long with 39 spans. This bridge was constructed during the year 1898. Due to introduction of clause of MBG-1987 loading, the Document [79] (Title: Beighton Junction) reader can freely access the codes shown below within this database to see associated detail. Note that distances cited are almost always between "signalboxes", not stations, junctions or other structures. This data can be cross-referenced to others cited in this section. The lines mentioned in this article are, from north to south: The dominant passenger flows were between the south, southeast & east and the west, northwest & north. By 1922 some 34 regular passenger trains, Monday to Friday, were timetabled to pass northwards through the three Beighton Junctions, plus a similar number southbound. Services varied at weekends, typically with Document [80] (Title: Western Corridor) between Avonhead Road and Yaldhurst Road was completed in 2013. The next section to open was further north along the corridor between Sawyers Arms Road and Harewood Road creating a four lane 80 km/h section of highway and restricting McLeans Island Road to a left in, left out intersection. The Western Corridor consists of multiple sections that were fully completed near to the end of 2017. All sections are listed from north to south: Western Corridor The Western Corridor is a road in Christchurch, New Zealand which connects the suburb of Belfast, New Zealand in the north to Hornby in Document [81] (Title: AH3) route would reduce transportation costs for the movement of vehicles, goods and people, and also promote faster economic growth, as the North-South Corridor neared completion in 2008 the real costs and benefits of the project for the local populations of Southeast Asia were still in doubt. AH3 Asian Highway 3 (AH3) is a route of the Asian Highway Network which runs from Ulan-Ude, Russia (on AH6) to Tanggu, China; and Shanghai, China (on AH5) to Chiang Rai, Thailand and Kengtung, Myanmar (both on AH2). By mid-2008 the North-South Corridor segment of the Asian Highway, AH-3, was nearly fully paved, with Document [82] (Title: Alameda Corridor) branch lines and the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway's historic Harbor Subdivision along a high-speed grade-separated corridor, built mainly on the alignment of a former Southern Pacific Railroad (SP) line, avoiding more than 200 street-level railroad crossings where automobiles previously had to wait for lengthy freight trains to pass. Many of those same rail lines were inadequately protected with little more than “wigwag” crossing signals dating from the original construction of the lines. One important use of the corridor is to carry cargo containers to and from the ports. The corridor has a maximum speed of . The Ports Document [83] (Title: East Coast Economic Corridor) urbanization and industrial development. Most Asian economies, particularly in East and Southeast Asia, have grown by trading with their neighbors. In contrast, South Asia is one of the least economically integrated regions in the world and South Asian economies lag their Asian peers with respect to trade. The various economic corridors being developed across South Asia are expected to facilitate trade by expanding land and maritime routes and stepping up regional integration efforts. ECEC will be interconnected with other corridors and evolve into a regional corridor by connecting existing and new industries with GVCs through ports; efficient multimodal and intermodal Document [84] (Title: Appalachian Development Highway System) of the route between Batesville and Tupelo was only constructed to four-lane divided highway standards, making Interstate highway designation unlikely in the near future. Corridor V was also designated as High Priority Corridor 11 in the National Highway System Designation Act of 1995. Corridor W is a highway in the U.S. states of South Carolina and North Carolina. It is routed entirely along U.S. Route 25 (US 25); from Interstate 85 (I-85), in Greenville, South Carolina, to I-26, near East Flat Rock, North Carolina. The entire corridor is four-lane, that is expressway grade in South Carolina and freeway grade in Document [85] (Title: Trans-African Highway network) simplified, unified and implemented without causing delays to goods and travellers. Nine highways have been designated, in a rough grid of six mainly east-west routes and three mainly north-south routes. A fourth north-south route is formed from the extremities of two east-west routes. Starting with the most northerly, the east-west routes are: Starting with the most westerly, these are: As noted above, TAH 1 and TAH 7 join to form an additional north-south route around the western extremity of the continent between Monrovia and Rabat. Regional international communities are heavily involved in trans-African highway development and work in conjunction with Document [86] (Title: M11 motorway) Transport – a different version called for this 'Eastern Avenue' to run more east–west alongside the Regent's Canal and the north side of Victoria Park, Hackney Wick, where it would have connected to the North Cross and East Cross Routes at the northeast corner of an inner ringway identified by the London Ringways plan. There were three proposed routes from the inner to outer ringway (North Circular) at the base of the current M11 and it is unclear which one was favoured. Under one scheme, south of South Woodford a connection would have been made with the western end of Document [87] (Title: East West Link (Melbourne)) government. The action sparked the ongoing Bendigo street housing campaign by Homeless Persons Union Victoria, homeless people, squatters and housing campaigners. East West Link (Melbourne) The East West Link is a proposed 18-kilometre tollway in Melbourne, Australia, to connect the Eastern Freeway at Clifton Hill with the Western Ring Road at Sunshine West. The Napthine Coalition Government signed a $5.3 billion contract with the East West Connect consortium in September 2014, just prior to the November 2014 state election, to begin construction on the eastern tunnel segment of the project. It became one of the central issues in the election, Document [88] (Title: East West Link (Melbourne)) East West Link (Melbourne) The East West Link is a proposed 18-kilometre tollway in Melbourne, Australia, to connect the Eastern Freeway at Clifton Hill with the Western Ring Road at Sunshine West. The Napthine Coalition Government signed a $5.3 billion contract with the East West Connect consortium in September 2014, just prior to the November 2014 state election, to begin construction on the eastern tunnel segment of the project. It became one of the central issues in the election, and a subsequent change in government led to the project's cancellation at a cost of $1.3 billion. The problem of poor Document [89] (Title: Northern Corridor) Northern Corridor Northern Corridor is the busiest and most important transport route in East and Central Africa, providing a gateway through Kenya to the landlocked economies of Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi and Eastern DR Congo, as well as South Sudan. The main Northern Corridor transport network is connected to the Port of Mombasa and includes a road network; railways belonging to Kenya Railways Corporation and Uganda Railways Corporation; rail-lake transport; inland water routes; container terminals commonly regarded locally as ICDs (Inland Container Depots); Tororo Inland Port - whose contract was awarded to Great Lakes Ports Limited of Kenya amid opposition from Document [90] (Title: Central Corridor (Africa)) to the ocean from Rwandan, Burundi and the DRC from the higher traffic Northern Corridor, which runs through Uganda and Kenya to the port of Mombasa. Central Corridor (Africa) The Central Corridor is a transport and trading route located in East and Central Africa. Its end point is the Tanzanian port city of Dar es Salaam, where it connects to the rest of the world via shipping. From Dar es Salaam, the corridor runs inland, serving the Tanzanian interior including its capital Dodoma and second city of Mwanza, as well as landlocked Rwanda and Burundi, and the eastern part of Document [91] (Title: Diamond interchange) street each other and bringing the long left turn phases from the single-point urban interchange to the tight urban diamond interchange at . In a diverging diamond interchange (DDI) or (DCD), on the bridge the roadways of the cross street are being exchanged like left-hand traffic to save the third traffic signal phase. In a three-level diamond interchange, the cross street is built in a third level with free flowing traffic as a second arterial road. The intersection is split up into four intersections, handling just two conflicting directions each. Its two-level variant is the split diamond interchange. Its at-grade Document [92] (Title: North Cross Route) railway viaduct, passing south of 16th century Sutton House, East London's oldest house, and on through Homerton and Hackney Wick where it would have interchanged with the East Cross Route coming north from Bow, the proposed M11 motorway coming south-west from Leyton and a motorway heading south-west towards Angel. To facilitate this complex junction the North London Line was diverted to a new route through Hackney Wick. The NCR and the other roads planned in the 1960s for central London had developed from early schemes prior to the Second World War through Sir Patrick Abercrombie's "County of London Plan, 1943" Document [93] (Title: East–West Highway (New England)) freeway existing within the region, Interstate 90 in Massachusetts, does not enter northern New England. East–west travel through (and within) northern New England is facilitated by three freeway segments: The presence of Massachusetts Route 2 as a signed east-west Massachusetts state roadway, whose own east-west route to New York State lies between Interstate 90 to its south, and the Massachusetts-Northern New England border, is not as significant as MA Route 2 does not exist as a freeway through much of its length. A number of groups in Maine oppose the creation of the East-West Highway / Corridor, citing environmental concerns Document [94] (Title: North–South Corridor, Adelaide) is planned to be a non-stop north–south route overlaying the same motor traffic corridor as South Road by grade separation connecting the Northern Expressway and Southern Expressway. For the purposes of construction planning the motorway is divided into several sections of which only two are complete and two are under construction. From north to south are the South Road Superway (completed 2014); the Regency Road to Pym Street project which is funded with preparatory work under way (projected completion 2022); the Torrens Road to River Torrens (T2T) project (completed 2018); River Torrens to Anzac Highway which is not started; and Document [95] (Title: Lucknow Metro) east-west corridor started from Rajajipuram and ended at Hahnemann, after passing through Gomti Nagar via Hazratganj and Patrakarpuram, a distance of . However, in 2010 the design was changed so the corridor started from Vasant Kunj and terminated at Charbagh, a revised distance of . A revised east-west corridor would have connected the Lucknow railway station at Charbagh to Vasantkunj on Hardoi Road and have a total length of , including , and . Once completed the corridor would have 12 stations, seven underground, Lucknow Railway Station (Charbagh), Gautam Budh Marg, Aminabad, Pandeyganj, Chattrapati Shahuji Maharaj Medical University (King George Document [96] (Title: North–South Corridor, Adelaide) travellers have a set of traffic lights to exit the expressway. Heading south after the expressway, Victor Harbor can be accessed with one additional set of traffic lights, and traffic to Cape Jervis only encounters three more sets of lights. North–South Corridor, Adelaide The North–South Corridor is a series of road projects currently under construction or planning which travel through Adelaide, South Australia that will eventually form a continuous link from Old Noarlunga in the outer southern metropolitan Adelaide suburbs through to Nuriootpa in the inner northern rural area around the Barossa Valley, a distance of over 100 km, aiming Document [97] (Title: East-West Dedicated Freight Corridor) in the East-West Corridor (Kolkata-Mumbai). East-West Dedicated Freight Corridor East-WestDedicated Freight Corridor or East-West DFC is a freight specific railway under proposed in eastern to Western India by Indian Railways. The railway will run between Kolkata in West Bengal and Mumbai in Maharashtra. It was announced by Mr. Suresh Prabhu, Indian Railway Minister while presenting the Railway Budget of India 2016-17. The government has indicated that they are likely to use a foreign direct investment for funding the project. The project would be undertaken through PPP (Public Private Partnerships) model. Notably, freight train with speed of maximum 100 km per Document [98] (Title: East–west rail corridor) East–west rail corridor The east–west rail corridor is a standard gauge railway that runs across Australia starting in Sydney, New South Wales, linking the Eastern states to Western Australia. The "Indian Pacific" passenger service operates along the route, as do a number of local passenger services. The route is made up of a number of individual railway lines constructed by various government railway authorities since the 1880s, the most significant portion being the Trans-Australian Railway which connected between Kalgoorlie and Port Augusta. It was not until 1970 that gauge conversion was carried out and through trains were possible along the Document [99] (Title: Light rail in North America) West (2012). Route 201 (Red Line) connects the South and Northwest lines; Route 202 (Blue Line) connects the Northeast and West lines. The two routes share most of the downtown line on the 7th Avenue South transit mall; the exception is the Downtown West – Kerby station, which serves only Route 202. The planned Route 203 - Green line will add about and 28 stations to the system by connecting a North leg to a Southeast leg, probably in a tunnel underneath the existing downtown transit mall. Construction on it is expected to start in 2017. In late 2015 Calgary Document [100] (Title: Montana) state. Still the state's most important east-west travel corridor, the route is today served by Interstate 90 and Interstate 94 which roughly follow the same route as the Northern Pacific. U.S. Routes 2 and 12 and Montana Highway 200 also traverse the entire state from east to west. Montana's only north-south Interstate Highway is Interstate 15. Other major north-south highways include U.S. Routes 87, 89, 93 and 191. Montana and South Dakota are the only states to share a land border which is not traversed by a paved road. Highway 212, the primary paved route between the two, passes through Document [101] (Title: East-West Link, Brisbane) for vehicles to cross the Brisbane River. The Brisbane City Council predicted in 2004 that the bridges crossing the Brisbane River were approaching total capacity. A further tunnel which crosses the river would alleviate some of these capacity issues. The project does not appear in the Queensland State Government South East Queensland Infrastructure Plan and Program running to 2031. Similarly, East-West Link is not listed in the Department of Transport and Main Roads' Western Brisbane Transport Network Strategy. However, the East-West Link is only a Brisbane City Council proposal. The Brisbane City Council is currently completing a $1.4 million review Document [102] (Title: North–South Corridor, Adelaide) North–South Corridor, Adelaide The North–South Corridor is a series of road projects currently under construction or planning which travel through Adelaide, South Australia that will eventually form a continuous link from Old Noarlunga in the outer southern metropolitan Adelaide suburbs through to Nuriootpa in the inner northern rural area around the Barossa Valley, a distance of over 100 km, aiming to be without a single stop by 2030. The route comprises a number of major road links in the metropolitan area, including, from north to south, the Northern Expressway, the under construction Northern Connector and North–South Motorway, and the Southern Document [103] (Title: Göttingen–Bebra railway) North–South railway were no longer usable, especially the Scandinavia–Rostock, Hamburg–Halle and Leipzig–Saal Railway–Nuremberg lines. The easternmost north–south route of the Federal Republic became known as the "western bypass of East Germany". Added to this was a strong general traffic growth. This made the North-South railway one of the most important lines. In the summer of 1989, 37 trains ran each day and each direction between Göttingen and Bebra. In order to handle demand the line was upgraded. Signalling was upgraded in the 1950s. The line was electrified by 1963. To accommodate the catenary the Braunhäuser Tunnel was opened up as Document [104] (Title: North–South Corridor, Adelaide) Dry Creek which links the South Road Superway, Salisbury Highway and Port River Expressway. This interchange will be completely free-flowing for all directions, keeping with the free-flowing plan of the North–South Motorway. The connector will be an alternate route from the Northern Expressway to Dry Creek, without the traffic light intersections of Port Wakefield Road. It will have interchanges in the suburbs of Bolivar and Waterloo Corner (Bolivar and Waterloo Corner Roads, respectively). The North–South Motorway is an incomplete planned motorway traversing the inner western suburbs of Adelaide from Wingfield in the north to Bedford Park in the south. It Document [105] (Title: Future developments in Singapore) Opening in five phases, starting from 2019 onwards and completing in 2024, Thomson-East Coast Line will add greatly to the accessibility and connectivity of the current rail network, with interchanges to all other five MRT lines. The North–South Corridor will stretch from Woodlands and Sembawang to the western end of the East Coast Parkway, relieving traffic on the congested Central Expressway. It will be the 11th of Singapore's expressways. Construction commenced in 2017, and is slated for completion around 2026. The Land Transport Authority announced that the NSC will be transformed to Singapore’s first integrated transport corridor featuring continuous bus Document [106] (Title: BBIN) discussed at ADB headquarters, Manila, where formulation of the South Asia Sub regional Economic Cooperation (SASEC) Program within auspices of ADB concluded in March 2001. The formation worked toward economic synergy through arterial channels of trade and cross border initiatives. For instance, to link West Bengal and remote north eastern states through Bangladesh by rail, highway and maritime corridors, alongside north-south transport routes that span Nepal, Bhutan and Indian hill states to northern Bay of Bengal ports. These grids would then bridge extraneous regions throughout member states and beyond eastwards. With accession of Maldives and Sri Lanka to SASEC in Document [107] (Title: Eastern Economic Corridor (India)) a north-south alignment, with a number of major road and rail routes forming its spurs. Spurs would connect to a trunk route, following a fishbone configuration. Eastern Economic Corridor (India) The proposed Eastern Economic corridor of India would originate from Paradip port in Odisha province, pass through Jharkhand province, could possibly have an auxiliary loop through Chhattisgarh province, and would terminate at the Integrated Check Post (ICP), Raxaul in Bihar province on the India-Nepal border. This corridor would also link up with North South Fast Track Corridor of Nepal. Beyond Nepal, it would be linked to China through Tibet. A Document [108] (Title: East West Link (Melbourne)) road project was proposed in 1999 by then Premier Jeff Kennett, but gained prominence when it became one of the chief recommendations of the 2008 East-West Link Needs Assessment report, which warned that steady growth in port freight and population growth was rapidly taking Melbourne roads to capacity. The report's author, Sir Rod Eddington, said an alternative river crossing was also imperative to lessen the city's dependence on the West Gate Bridge, while an additional east-west link was needed to the city's north because of capacity constraints on the congested Monash-CityLink-West Gate corridor. Eddington said the benefits for the city Document [109] (Title: Kolkata Suburban Railway) to Katwa Junction with a length of 105 km and the third bifurcation at Barddhaman Junction to Katwa Junction with a length of 53 km. And another side Sealdah section of Eastern line, there are 7 corridors, also it bifurcates and runs as branch lines to north and east side suburban satellite towns. The main corridor is Sealdah to a small town Gede which it situates on India-Bangladesh Border with the length of 116 km. On this corridor first branch line at Dum Dum Junction To Bangaon Junction with a length of 70 km. Second Branch line at Ranaghat Junction Document [110] (Title: North–South Corridor, Singapore) Marymount Road. It will also pass through the two military training areas - Lentor and Seletar East, both of which will be cleared by 2017. It will pass Toa Payoh Rise, join Thomson Road and Bukit Timah Road running parallel to the Central Expressway. The NSE will carry on along Ophir Road, joining the East Coast Parkway at its southern terminus. In addition, there will be new bus lanes and cycling lanes. Some land has to be acquired by the government for the project. The Land Transport Authority tried to utilize state land as far as possible, reducing the number Document [111] (Title: North–South Corridor, Singapore) On 19 January 2011, the government gave the green light to build the expressway between Admiralty Road West and Toa Payoh Rise. On 15 November 2011, LTA unveiled the full alignment of the North-South Expressway. Construction works will commence in 2017, with an expected completion date of 2023. The North South Expressway will have a total of 16 entrances and 17 exits to connect towns along the north-south corridor—Woodlands, Sembawang, Yishun, Ang Mo Kio, Bishan and Toa Payoh—with the city centre. The NSE will also provide links to existing expressways, including the Seletar Expressway (SLE), Pan-Island Expressway (PIE) and East Document [112] (Title: Northern Corridor) clearing firms and truck transporters; plus an oil pipeline. The alternative transport network serving the landlocked Great Lakes Region is through Tanzania, called the Central Corridor linked to Dar es Salaam. This uses Tanzania's Central Line. Northern Corridor Northern Corridor is the busiest and most important transport route in East and Central Africa, providing a gateway through Kenya to the landlocked economies of Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi and Eastern DR Congo, as well as South Sudan. The main Northern Corridor transport network is connected to the Port of Mombasa and includes a road network; railways belonging to Kenya Railways Corporation and Document [113] (Title: North–South and East–West Corridor) North–South and East–West Corridor The North–South–East–West Corridor (NS-EW) is the largest ongoing highway project in India. It is the second phase of the National Highways Development Project (NHDP), and consists of building 7300 kilometers of four/six lane expressways connecting Srinagar, Kanyakumari, Kochi, Porbandar and Silchar, at a cost of US$12.317 billion (at 1999 prices). , 6875 of 7142 kilometers project has been completed. In combination with the Golden Quadrilateral network, and port connectivity highways, the NS-EW Corridor forms a key part of the Indian highway network, connecting many of its important manufacturing, commerce and cultural centers. As of May 2012, Document [114] (Title: East West Link (Melbourne)) essentially impossible to construct. An east-west tunnel linking the Eastern and Tullamarine freeways was proposed by Premier Jeff Kennett in 1999 and was also discussed—but not recommended—in the 2003 Northern Central City Corridor Study prepared by the state Department of Infrastructure. The concept was backed in 2005 in infrastructure plans prepared by the Committee for Melbourne, Melbourne City Council and Victorian Employers' Chamber of Commerce and Industry. The project became one of the key recommendations of the 2008 East-West Link Needs Assessment report by Sir Rod Eddington. Eddington identified two possible routes to link the Eastern Freeway with Melbourne's western Document [115] (Title: East-East) strengthen the ties and make the joint events into a tradition, in order to foster continuous interaction not only between architects, but between students of architecture as well. The students' exchange is recognized by both sides as bearing particular importance to developing the future relations. East-East spans almost a week and is built on three pillars: The first event was held between July 30 and August 1, 2002, in Kaunas, at Mykolas Žilinskas Art Gallery. The Japanese delegation was led by the 1993 Pritzker Prize (often referred to as the Nobel Prize of architecture) winner Fumihiko Maki and included seven Document [116] (Title: One-way pair) Fifth for most of the time the two streets are a one-way pair. The east side of Portland, Oregon, features a number of one-way pairs, both north–south and east–west, with the east–west pairs being associated with bridges; these all follow the usual flow convention – see Transportation in Portland, Oregon, for more details. By contrast, the Portland Transit Mall, which is a public transportation (bus and rail) corridor, has the opposite flow, with the westernmost component (6th Avenue) running north, with the eastern component (5th Avenue) running south. There are a number of one-way pairs in Downtown Los Angeles, California. Document [117] (Title: Transportation in South Florida) be completed by about 2022. The grid throughout most of Miami-Dade County, with the exception of a few cities such as Coral Gables, is a simple axis-oriented numbered street pattern. Flagler Street forms the north–south divider and Miami Avenue forms the east–west divider between roads. Hence, all streets travel east–west and all avenues travel north–south, with the numbers increasing uniformly away from the dividers. Nearly all streets are referred to and indicated by number and all have a prefix (NW, NE, SW, SE) to determine their quadrant. Many of the busier, arterial roads, are also known by their common name, Document [118] (Title: Northern East West Freight Corridor) Northern East West Freight Corridor The Northern East West Freight Corridor, usually referred to as the N.E.W. Corridor, is a project organized by the International Union of Railways UIC and Transportutvikling AS to connect the east coast of the United States to East Asia by rail and maritime routes. The plan calls for two main routes. Both routes start from east coast ports of North America such as Halifax Harbour, then across the Atlantic Ocean to the port of Narvik, from there by rail, often called the Eurasian Land Bridge, through Sweden to Finland and Russia. From Russia there are Document [119] (Title: East–West Highway (New England)) on the American side, lie close to the International Avenue Bridge that crosses the international border between Maine and New Brunswick in the area. The more-southerly located link with Québec would travel northwest from Interstate 95 near Waterville, Maine, to the Canada–United States border at Coburn Gore, with a connection to a proposed extension of the "Canton de l'Est" extension of Quebec's Autoroute 10 eastwards from Montreal. One possible routing for an "east-west freeway" would travel due west from Interstate 95 near Waterville, following the U.S. Route 2 corridor through Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and upper New York state. The Document [120] (Title: Concurrency (road)) Interchange. The concurrency is officially designated "Daniel Interchange", providing half of the possible interchange directions. It is a segment consisting of eight lanes providing high-speed access between the two highways. Access from Highway 1 west to Highway 6 south and Highway 6 north to Highway 1 east is provided via Route 431, while access between Highway 1 east to Highway 6 north and Highway 6 south to Highway 1 west are provided at Ben Shemen Interchange. The other movements are provided through the concurrency. Since highways in the United States and Canada are usually signed with assigned cardinal directions based Document [121] (Title: North–South Rail Link) to the south is an option. The NSRL would also link Amtrak's various trains into and out of the city. Currently, the Amtrak "Downeaster" line from Maine has no direct connection with the Northeast Corridor trains to New York City and beyond. Both Amtrak and the MBTA commuter rail system currently have lines that terminate at the separate North and South Stations. In June 2018, MassDOT released a "North South Rail Link Feasibility Reassessment" presentation that described several tunnel alternatives and compared them to a planned expansion of South Station (SSX), as well as to doing nothing (no build). The Document [122] (Title: Interstate 255) east of this interchange. The section of I-255 east from this interchange to the Jefferson Barracks Bridge was first built in the 1960s to carry U.S. Route 50 traffic across the Mississippi River. The roadway was upgraded between 2002 and 2004. Repairs included both new pavement and the replacement of the Telegraph Road bridge. Once it crosses the Mississippi River and enters Illinois, I-255 is signed as a north/south highway. It is considerably newer than the Missouri section, having been constructed in the 1980s. At the Illinois Route 3 interchange, I-255 turns sharply to the north. It is briefly duplexed Document [123] (Title: Southwest Corridor Park) its Back Bay Station to its terminus at Forest Hills station. It features tennis courts, basketball courts, playgrounds, and walking, jogging, and biking paths. Starting in the 1960s, hundreds of acres of South End, Roxbury and Jamaica Plain housing were razed along what became known as the Southwest Corridor to build a 4.6 mile (7.4 km) section of Interstate 95 to be called the Southwest Expressway into downtown Boston. This mass demolition sparked massive community protest, which was marked by the painting of "STOP I-95 — PEOPLE BEFORE HIGHWAYS" on a local train-track wall, as a harbinger of the Southwest Document [124] (Title: Eastern Transport Corridor) Eastern Transport Corridor The Eastern Transport Corridor in Auckland, New Zealand, is a transport reserve along a strip of land and water some of which is occupied by housing, commerce, industry and local roads. It runs adjacent to the North Island Main Trunk railway freight and passenger railway line, but is earmarked for major transport intensification to improve links from central Auckland to eastern suburbs such as Pakuranga and Howick. Historically, it was to provide the route for an additional motorway connecting through the Isthmus from the east into the Auckland CBD, with an estimated cost of up to $4 Document [125] (Title: Island Eastern Corridor) eastern terminus of the Central-Wan Chai Bypass. In 2008 the Island Eastern Corridor became the new venue of the Hong Kong Marathon 10km race, held on 2008-02-17. The race track started from City Garden in North Point, and ran eastwards until Shau Kei Wan, where it made a U-turn, back along westbound IEC and ended at Victoria Park, near the western terminus of the IEC. The noise problem caused by the IEC's design became evident as residents complained about noises as high as 60dB emitting at about five to six o'clock in the morning. In February 2008 the Government announced Document [126] (Title: Interstate 77) southbound lanes. North Carolina completed its section of Interstate 77 in 1975. Interstate 77 through Virginia passes through two tunnels. The Big Walker Mountain Tunnel and the East River Mountain Tunnel provide quick interstate access with minimal environmental disruption. For eight miles (13 km), Interstates 77 and 81 overlap near Wytheville. This is a wrong-way concurrency, where two roads run concurrent with each other but are designated in opposite directions. The highway passes through "Virginia's Technology Corridor" despite its very rural and isolated settings. Outside of Wytheville, there is little in the way of development. On Easter Sunday in 2013, Document [127] (Title: North–South Corridor, Singapore) of private properties that have to be acquired. Despite much of the expressway running underground at its southern end, some land had to be taken because of existing Mass Rapid Transit tunnels, and also because the expressway had to be straight to maintain traffic speeds. One of the prominent landmarks that has to make way for the project is the Rochor Centre. Novena Square underpasses will also be demolished, and the former Ellison Building may be considered for demolition. North–South Corridor, Singapore The North–South Corridor (Abbreviation: NSC), originally conceptualised as the North-South Expressway, will be the 11th of Singapore's network Document [128] (Title: East–West Highway (New England)) of New England and Canada that does not become a two-way road within any close proximity of the crossing is the north-south linkup at the Derby Line–Rock Island Border Crossing, between Interstate 91 in Vermont and Quebec Autoroute 55. The current port of entry opened in 1978. Northern New England is served by three north–south freeways radiating generally northwards from Boston, Massachusetts — from east to west, I-95, Interstate 93 and U.S. Route 3 all coming from or through the Boston metro area, and westernmost of all, by Interstate 91, which follows the Connecticut River. However, the northernmost complete east–west Document [129] (Title: East Cross Route) route in Hackney Wick. Parts of the route, at the northern end between Hackney Wick and Old Ford and south of the river between the Blackwall Tunnel and the Sun-in-the-Sands interchange, were previously classified as urban motorways and given the designation A102(M). The status was downgraded to a standard A-road in 2000 when responsibility for trunk roads in Greater London was transferred from the Highways Agency to the Greater London Authority. <br> East Cross Route East Cross Route (ECR) is a dual-carriageway road constructed in east London as part of the uncompleted Ringway 1 as part of the London Ringways Document [130] (Title: Appalachian Development Highway System) I-40 continues easterly past Asheville, where it meets I-26 and Corridor B. In Georgia, Corridor A travels along the State Route 400 (SR 400) freeway from I-285 to the SR 141 interchange southwest of Cumming. From here to Nelson, near the north end of I-575, Corridor A has not been constructed; its proposed path is near that of the cancelled Northern Arc. It begins again with a short piece of SR 372, becoming SR 515 when it meets I-575. SR 515 is a four-lane divided highway all the way to Blairsville. From Blairsville to North Carolina, the corridor has not Document [131] (Title: North–South Rail Link) McGrath-O'Brien Highway. The line is currently single-tracked east of Massachusetts Avenue and slow, with a large number of at-grade crossings. Several of the crossings (e.g. Massachusetts Avenue, several streets around Kendall Square, Cambridge Street, and Gore Street) require trains to come to a near-complete stop before proceeding at their maximum allowed track speed of . The line would potentially be served by a new West Station which is proposed as part of the Beacon Park Yard redevelopment. The Grand Junction corridor has also been proposed as part of the Urban Ring light rail or bus rapid transit project, or a Document [132] (Title: GTA West Corridor) constructed. Early concepts of the GTA West Corridor involved a longer route running east-west between Guelph and Highway 400 that did not intersect Highways 401 or 407. A potential freeway in such a corridor, when combined with the planned expanded Highway 7, would result in a lengthy parallel route to the north of Highway 401 from Waterloo Region to Highway 400. However, analysis showed limited demand for such a route, and the environmental consequences of a new crossing of the Niagara Escarpment were considerable. By 2011, these concepts were discarded and planning focused on an orbital concept that would intersect Document [133] (Title: Kong Sham Western Highway) road was built as initiative from the Crosslinks Further Study, which highlighted the need for another vehicular cross-border link between Hong Kong and Shenzhen. At the date of the study (2001), there were three existing vehicular border crossings, located at Lok Ma Chau, Man Kam To and Sha Tau Kok. At that time, these links were nearing saturation and were expected to reach their maximum handling capacity by 2006. As a result, the government of Hong Kong proposed the Shenzhen Western Corridor and Deep Bay Link as an additional vehicular border crossing to provide additional cross-border road infrastructure. The Environmental Document [134] (Title: East-West Industrial Corridor Highway, Arunachal Pradesh) East-West Industrial Corridor Highway, Arunachal Pradesh The East-West Industrial Corridor Highway, Arunachal Pradesh in Arunachal Pradesh India is a road proposed to be built in the foothills of Arunachal Pradesh (marked red). ""Arunachal East-West Corridor"" in the foothills along the Assam border, the Trans-Arunachal Highway through the middle and the Arunachal Frontier Highway along the China border are 3 major highways spanning the whole state, thus enabling the Look East connectivity. This highway will run in the foothill areas of the Arunachal Pradesh state from Bhairabkunda, the tri-junction of Bhutan, Assam and Arunachal Pradesh to Ruksin in East Siang district Document [135] (Title: North–South Rail Link) similar Center City Commuter Connection tunnel was built and connected two commuter rail systems, some of Boston's trains would be through-routed from one side of the system to the other. Many services would still terminate at North and South Stations, on existing tracks that do not lead into the tunnels. This could also allow trains to pass parked train cars. A 2003 DEIR/MIS assumes that about one-third of Amtrak trains to and from points south would be routed through the tunnel, stopping only at South Station, but with a new stop north of Boston in Woburn, Massachusetts. The "Downeaster" service Document [136] (Title: Entertainment Corridor) Entertainment Corridor The Entertainment Corridor is a stretch along East Coast Road, Chennai that runs from Thiruvanmiyur until Mudaliarkuppam. It is dotted with a number of theme parks, boat houses, beaches, 5-star hotels and pubs, the corridor is termed "Entertainment Corridor". There are many boat houses including Muttukadu boat house and Mudaliarkuppam boat house. The corridor also has Multiplexes like Mayajaal Multiplex, Prarthana Drive-in theater. Theme Parks like VGP Universal Kingdom, MGM Dizzee World, etc. are also situated along this stretch. Mamallapuram, a 7th-century port city is a tourist attraction in the corridor and is an UNESCO World Heritage Site. Document [137] (Title: Northern East West Freight Corridor) Reloading ship/rail is avoided especially if low volume, because of the delay to have enough number of trains to fill up a ship. Containers USA-Europe go to other ports, depending on European destination. For Scandinavia they go through Gothenburg. For Russia they go through Saint Petersburg. It is hard to change this since the volume of these ports and the fact that they are located closer to the end-destination make them more competitive than Narvik. Northern East West Freight Corridor The Northern East West Freight Corridor, usually referred to as the N.E.W. Corridor, is a project organized by the International Document [138] (Title: East-West Dedicated Freight Corridor) East-West Dedicated Freight Corridor East-WestDedicated Freight Corridor or East-West DFC is a freight specific railway under proposed in eastern to Western India by Indian Railways. The railway will run between Kolkata in West Bengal and Mumbai in Maharashtra. It was announced by Mr. Suresh Prabhu, Indian Railway Minister while presenting the Railway Budget of India 2016-17. The government has indicated that they are likely to use a foreign direct investment for funding the project. The project would be undertaken through PPP (Public Private Partnerships) model. Notably, freight train with speed of maximum 100 km per hour will pass through Chhattisgarh Document [139] (Title: Interstate 4) scheduled to be completed in 2021. Previously, the median of I-4 between Tampa and Orlando was the planned route of a now-cancelled high-speed rail line. From a political standpoint, the "I-4 corridor" is a strategic region given the large number of undecided voters in a large swing state. I-4 maintains a diagonal, northeast–southwest route for much of its length, although it is signed east–west. The highway's western terminus is with an interchange with Interstate 275—known as "Malfunction Junction"—near downtown Tampa and is the starting point for mile markers and exit numbers (which are mileage-based). Just east of Malfunction Junction, I-4 Document [140] (Title: South East South South Governors Forum) place in Port Harcourt, the Rivers State capital, on 27 August 2017. South East South South Governors Forum The South East South South Governors Forum is a non-partisan organization consisting of state governors from the geopolitical zones of South East and South South in Nigeria. It was established on 9 July 2017 to pursue interregional cooperation for greater integration and to politically work together towards realigning as a people that shared common heritage, culture and affinity. Akwa Ibom State Governor, Emmanuel Udom was appointed chairman of the Forum at the first meeting held at the Nike Lake Resort in Enugu, Document [141] (Title: Buford Highway) and across the highway. Most properties along the corridor are in the form of strip malls, retail businesses surrounded by large parking lots, and large apartment complexes. The largest strip malls are the Northeast Plaza, Plaza Fiesta and the Buford Highway Farmers Market complex. On July 22, 2010 PBS's "Need to Know" program portrayed the corridor as an example of a high-pedestrian area in suburban America that fails to meet increased demand for walkability due to changing demographics. The program noted that in the previous ten years, 30 people had died and an additional 250 were injured while trying to Document [142] (Title: National Highways Authority of India) lane express highways at a cost of . The North–South and East–West Corridor is part of the second phase of the National Highways Development Project (NHDP) and consists of building of four/six lane expressways connecting Srinagar in the north and Kanyakumari in the south, Porbandar in the west and Silchar in the east, at a cost of US$12.317 billion (at 1999 prices). A 2012 report prepared by the World Bank’s Institutional Integrity Unit alleged that fraudulent and corrupt practices were being followed by Indian contractors working on national highway projects funded by it, and sought a thorough investigation into the Document [143] (Title: Metro Cuatro Caminos) as the housing of a large street market, which is known largely because of its poor general conditions. Officially, no private vehicles are allowed in the area. Upon leaving the station, there are two main corridors, labeled "North" and "South". North corridor (denoted by the exits A to K), is mainly used for transportation to State of Mexico, while the "South" corridor is mainly aimed at passengers going to the city (denoted by exit letters J to Z), though this is not strictly the case. The South corridor (if walked) leads to the Periférico, the Pericentro shopping mall and many Document [144] (Title: Southwest Corridor (Massachusetts)) Southwest Corridor (Massachusetts) The Southwest Corridor or Southwest Expressway was a project designed to bring an eight-lane highway into the City of Boston from a direction southwesterly of downtown. It was supposed to connect with Interstate 95 (I-95) at Route 128. As originally designed, it would have followed the right of way of the former Penn Central/New Haven Railroad mainline (current Amtrak Northeast Corridor) running from Readville, north through Roslindale, Forest Hills and Jamaica Plain, where it would have met the also-cancelled I-695 (Inner Belt Expressway). The 50-foot-wide (15 m) median for the uncompleted "Southwest Expressway" would have carried the Document [145] (Title: Western Corridor) Western Corridor The Western Corridor is a road in Christchurch, New Zealand which connects the suburb of Belfast, New Zealand in the north to Hornby in the south and connects the Canterbury region to Christchurch Airport. Most of the traffic on the corridor heads to the city, the airport, Belfast or Hornby, while 15% of traffic travels further north or south. The route features a four laned semi-urban grade separated & at-grade limited-access road of New Zealand State Highway 1 from The Groynes to the centre of Hornby and provides a motorway bypass of Belfast, connecting the Western Corridor directly Document [146] (Title: North–South Corridor, Singapore) allowing intra-town buses to leverage the ramps and bus lanes on the surface, A cycling path along the entire stretch of the highway will link up Park Connector Networks and the dedicated cycling path networks within HDB towns along the entire corridor to the city centre. In the final plan, the NSE will commence at Admiralty Road West in northern Singapore and proceed southwards along Woodlands Avenue 8, Gambas Avenue, Sembawang Road. It will join Lentor Ave and intersect the Seletar Expressway. Major bus stops will be equipped with lift lobbies at Lentor Avenue, Ang Mo Kio Avenue 6 and Document [147] (Title: East–West Economic Corridor) agreement to simplify logistics and customs procedures. These 5 nations with combined population of 250 million, have USD32 billion trade with each other (2016). India is individually negotiating a road vehicle agreement with these nations. Asian Development Bank study shows that the improved road and rail links, elimination of tariffs and non-tariff barriers, will result in a benefit of at least $568 billion to South Asian and South East Asean nations. All the border crossings from India, Mayanmar, Thailand, Cambodia to Vietnam already have the integrated immigration and customs checkpost that also allow foreign tourists with evisas. Road network from Document [148] (Title: North Central Freeway (Washington, D.C.)) later politically undermined by planning that failed to follow it. In a series of proposals published in 1963 and 1964, the subsequent study of the North Central Freeway and Northeast Freeway indirectly ignored earlier suggestions regarding the use of the B&O railroad corridor; instead, no fewer than 17 separate alignments were proposed for the NCF south of the Northeast Freeway, and a staggering 35 were proposed for the NCF (I-70S) north of it, many of which did not make much use of the railroad alignment. One important aspect of the study was the consideration of consolidating the North Central Freeway Document [149] (Title: Interstate 94 in North Dakota) highway. At approximately mile marker 275 on the westbound lanes between Jamestown and Valley City, the highway crosses the Laurentian Continental Divide, at an elevation of above sea level. The rivers that are west of this divide flow South into the Atlantic Ocean from the Gulf of Mexico, while the rivers that are east of the divide flow North into Hudson Bay. The James River, that flows through Jamestown, feeds into the Atlantic Ocean, while the Sheyenne River, that flows through Valley City ( east of Jamestown), feeds into Hudson Bay. In Fargo, a well-known yet unnamed pedestrian bridge crosses Document [150] (Title: East West Link (Melbourne)) Bridge—"a tunnel under, or a bridge over, the Maribyrnong River, connecting to a northern bypass of the city." He concluded: "The evidence is clear: doing nothing is not an option. Melbourne needs better east-west transport connections to address core congestion problems within the transport network, to meet rapidly increasing travel demand, to support a growing population and to keep pace with the changes taking place in the city's economic and urban structure." Releasing the report, Premier John Brumby said he was neither "ruling anything in nor ruling anything out" among Eddington's 20 key proposals. In December 2008 the Brumby Labor Document [151] (Title: North–South Motorway) North–South Motorway The North–South Motorway is an incomplete planned motorway traversing the inner western suburbs of Adelaide from Wingfield in the north to Bedford Park in the south. It is planned to be a non-stop north–south route overlaying the same motor traffic corridor as South Road by grade separation. The motorway is to be the central section of Adelaide's North–South Corridor, being flanked north and south by the Northern Expressway (including the Northern Connector under construction) and Southern Expressway, respectively. In 2010 the Australian Government, through the Nation Building Program project, committed $500 million and the South Australian Government committed Document [152] (Title: Path 15) to north power transmission is 4,800-5,400 MW. In the section south of Tracy, the eastern two lines form an infrastructure corridor along with an aqueduct and Interstate 5 and provide some artificial scenery to look at, especially when they do not run in the hills west of Interstate 5. The eastern parallel PG&E lines cross Interstate 5 twice. The northern part of this electrical transmission corridor (including Path 66) is visible from space and Google Earth as lines of bare, treeless ground. This is because the power lines here run through forests of conifer trees which appear dark-green from space. Document [153] (Title: Northeast Corridor) gates and vehicle detection tied into the signal system. The New York to New Haven line has long been completely grade-separated, and the last grade crossings between Washington and New York were eliminated in the 1980s. In 1994, during planning for electrification and high-speed "Acela Express" service between New Haven and Boston, a law was passed requiring USDOT to plan for the elimination of all remaining crossings (unless impractical or unnecessary) by 1997. Some lightly used crossings were simply closed, while most were converted into bridges or underpasses. Only thirteen remained by 1999, of which lightly used crossings in Old Document [154] (Title: East–West Economic Corridor) provinces of Savannakhet, Vietnamese provinces of Quảng Trị, Thừa Thiên–Huế Province and Đà Nẵng city as the east end. From Myanmar it is further connected to India via India–Myanmar–Thailand Trilateral Highway which is being upgraded, with most part already completed and remaining upgrade will be completed by 2020. By using the East–West Economic Corridor, the travel time between Bangkok and Yangon is three days, compared with the two to three weeks needed for conventional marine transportation via the Straits of Malacca. Tariffs for Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam will be abolished by 2018, all of have the cross-border transport Document [155] (Title: Gepps Cross, South Australia) best known for the five-way intersection with Grand Junction Road going east and west, Main North Road south and north-east, and Port Wakefield Road going north. The intersection is not grade-separated. It is controlled by traffic lights, and all five roads have at least three lanes in each direction. These roads include the main highways from Adelaide to Western Australia and the Northern Territory (via Port Wakefield Road), New South Wales (via Main North Road), the northern suburbs of Adelaide and the northern parts of South Australia (both roads). Port Adelaide is to the west, and the major freight hubs Document [156] (Title: North–South Rail Link) includes more than half of Massachusetts mayors. The 2018 MassDOT feasibility study analyzed four possible options. Two options would run under the Central Artery (I-93), one option with two tracks and the other, more expensive, with four. The other two options, each with two tracks, would tunnel under downtown Boston several blocks west of the Artery. All the proposals connect the northern commuter rail lines with South Station and then to Back Bay and lines to the west. Only the four-track option would connect North Station with the Fairmont Line south of South Station. Under all the proposals, the Old Document [157] (Title: Interstate 95 Business (North Carolina)) Business 95 heading south can only merge with I-95 south, while at the northern terminus, drivers on Business 95 heading north can only merge with I-95 north. Established in 1978, and almost entirely overlapped with US 301, it was created to connect an incomplete gap of Interstate 95, from nearby Hope Mills (exit 40) to Eastover (exit 56). When Interstate 95 was completed east of Fayetteville in 1983, large signs at the entrances of I-95 Business were erected to promote the businesses that were bypassed along the mainline. Established in 1978, to connect an incomplete gap of Interstate 95, Interstate Document [158] (Title: Cycling in Minnesota) all of the corridors are currently expected to go through the Twin Cities region. The designated east-west corridors are U.S. Bicycle Route 10 (USBR 10), USBR 20 and USBR 30, while designated north-south corridors are USBR 41 and USBR 45. USBR 45 would largely follow the present Mississippi River Trail, while USBR 41 would branch off near the Twin Cities and head through Duluth and up the North Shore of Lake Superior. U.S. Bicycle Route 20 is actively being planned in Michigan and Wisconsin, though the Minnesota Department of Transportation only recently began planning routes for the system. USBR 45 Document [159] (Title: South East South South Governors Forum) South East South South Governors Forum The South East South South Governors Forum is a non-partisan organization consisting of state governors from the geopolitical zones of South East and South South in Nigeria. It was established on 9 July 2017 to pursue interregional cooperation for greater integration and to politically work together towards realigning as a people that shared common heritage, culture and affinity. Akwa Ibom State Governor, Emmanuel Udom was appointed chairman of the Forum at the first meeting held at the Nike Lake Resort in Enugu, the capital of Enugu State. The next meeting is expected to take Document [160] (Title: Island Eastern Corridor) Island Eastern Corridor The Island Eastern Corridor (IEC) is an expressway built along the northeastern shore of Hong Kong Island in Hong Kong. It starts from Causeway Bay in the west and ends in Chai Wan in the east. It is part of Route 4. The section between Causeway Bay and Quarry Bay consists mainly of viaducts built along Victoria Harbour. After World War II, the Eastern District of Hong Kong Island developed rapidly. As a result, the major thoroughfare in the area, King's Road, became very congested. To relieve the issue of congestion, the idea of constructing an elevated Document [161] (Title: East–west rail corridor) entire route. The rail corridor has an 81% share of land freight between the Eastern States and Perth, up from 60 percent in 1996–97, and saw a record 3.46 billion gross tonne kilometres of freight carried in November 2007. Major freight operators on the corridor include Pacific National, Aurizon, and SCT Logistics. East–west rail corridor The east–west rail corridor is a standard gauge railway that runs across Australia starting in Sydney, New South Wales, linking the Eastern states to Western Australia. The "Indian Pacific" passenger service operates along the route, as do a number of local passenger services. The route Document [162] (Title: North–South Rail Link) source for constructing the NSRL. On September 6, 2018, MassDOT released their draft feasibility reassessment report and asked for public comment by October 19. , the MBTA and Amtrak use the Grand Junction Line for non-revenue vehicle moves between the two sides of their networks. This alternative connection splits from the Framingham/Worcester Line near Boston University and the Mass Turnpike Allston/Brighton exit ramps, and the track then crosses the Charles River into Cambridge. From there, it runs through the East Cambridge neighborhood and into Somerville, where it connects to the commuter rail lines running from North Station, just below the Question: east west and north south corridor cross each other at Answer: Jhansi Long Answer: The following is an interchange section Jhansi is the junction of North--South and East--West Corridors. Gold Document ID: 69

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: North–South railway) lines, the north bank line and the south bank line. The Flieden–Gemünden railway, built in 1872, is a very curvy line that is rich in tunnels. It leads through the valleys of the rivers Fliede, Kinzig and Sinn, following the Sinn until it meets the Main near Gemünden. Traffic on the North–South Line uses the Main-Spessart Railway, which mostly runs in the valley of the Main river between Gemünden and Würzburg. North–South railway The North–South railway (German: "Nord-Süd-Strecke") is an amalgamation of several railway lines in Germany that came to significant importance in West Germany and are therefore commonly regarded Document [2] (Title: India–Russia relations) Foundation of Basic Research, Moscow to pursue scientific co-operation. The North–South Transport Corridor is the ship, rail, and road route for moving freight between India, Russia, Iran, Europe and Central Asia. The route primarily involves moving freight from India, Iran, Azerbaijan and Russia via ship, rail and road. The objective of the corridor is to increase trade connectivity between major cities such as Mumbai, Moscow, Tehran, Baku, Bandar Abbas, Astrakhan, Bandar Anzali etc. Dry runs of two routes were conducted in 2014, the first was Mumbai to Baku via Bandar Abbas and the second was Mumbai to Astrakhan via Bandar Document [3] (Title: East-West Link, Brisbane) East-West Link, Brisbane East-West Link is a proposed road tunnel in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It forms the fifth and final component of Brisbane City Council's TransApex plan to connect motorways across the city, construct new river crossings and divert cross-city traffic out of the Brisbane CBD. The East-West Link is a proposed tolled road tunnel linking the Western Freeway at Toowong and the Pacific Motorway at Buranda. Provision may be made for tunnel portals at Indooroopilly or St Lucia. The original TransApex proposal limited the toll to $2 (plus GST). Currently, vehicles travelling from Buranda to the Toowong roundabout have Document [4] (Title: Concurrency (road)) on their primary orientation, it is possible for a stretch of roadway shared between two highways to be signed with conflicting, even opposite, cardinal directions in a wrong-way concurrency. For example, near Wytheville, Virginia, there is a concurrency between I-77 (which runs primarily north–south, as it is signed) and Interstate 81 (which runs primarily northeast–southwest, but is also signed north–south). Because of the way they intersect, the section of Interstate where they overlap has the two roads signed for opposite directions, leading to the town's nickname of "Which-Way-Ville". One might simultaneously be on I-77 northbound and I-81 southbound, while actually Document [5] (Title: North–South express railway (Vietnam)) Chabang, and possibly the two east-west corridors (1st corridor - “lower east-west corridor” - 574 km from the Thai province of Kanchanaburi on the border with Myanmar to the eastern province of Aranyaprathet on the Cambodia border; 2nd corridor - “the upper east-west corridor” - from Mae Sot in Tak Province, bordering Myanmar, to Mukdahan province, bordering Laos). Meanwhile, China’s firms are constructing the construction of 874 km of Thailand - China railway project. In Indonesia, China won against Japan the bid on the Jakarta-Bandung HSR project in the Jakarta-Surabaya HSR, while Japan is working with the Indonesian government in Document [6] (Title: East–West Economic Corridor) India to Vietnam exists, which is being upgraded. Bangkok to Cambodian Capital city of Phenom Phen road upgrade was already complete. Vietnam and Cambodia signed a MoU to upgrade the 195 km long Ho Chi Minh City and Phnom Penh highway. Second bridge to Mae Sot will open in 2018. Rail network from India to Vietnam has several missing links, which are in the various stages of being planned or constructed. East–West Economic Corridor The East–West Economic corridor is an economic development program initiated in order to promote development and integration of 5 Southeast Asian countries, namely: Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Document [7] (Title: East Cross Route) East Cross Route East Cross Route (ECR) is a dual-carriageway road constructed in east London as part of the uncompleted Ringway 1 as part of the London Ringways plan drawn up the 1960s to create a series of high speed roads circling and radiating out from central London. The road was constructed between 1967 and 1973 and runs from Hackney Wick in north-east London, through the Blackwall Tunnel, to Kidbrooke in south-east London. The ECR was initially designated as part of the A102, but has, subsequently, been partially renumbered so that sections of it are now the A2 and A12. Document [8] (Title: Lucknow Metro) Medical University) and Niwazganj, and five elevated, Thakurganj, Balaganj, Sarfarazganj, Moosa Bagh and the terminus at Vasant Kunj. The design of North-South corridor had two elevated sections, with a total distance of , separated by a . The length of the ramps between the elevated and below ground sections would total . When completed, the corridor would run for a total distance of and connect Amausi airport to Munshipulia. Passengers would be served by a total of 22 stations, with 19 elevated and 3 below ground. Elevated stations were to be located at Chaudhary Charan Singh Airport, Amausi, Transport Nagar, Document [9] (Title: North–South Axis) South station, route 51 between Lemonnier and Albert and route 82 between Lemonnier and South station. North–South Axis The North–South Axis is a tram tunnel in Brussels, Belgium, which crosses the city center from North to South starting at the Brussels-North railway station to the Albert premetro station. The first section of this tunnel was first opened on October 4, 1976 between the Brussels-North railway station and the Lemonnier premetro station. It was then expanded to Albert in 1993. To the north, the tunnel starts in the municipality of Schaerbeek near the crossroad between the "Rue du Progrès/Vooruitgangstraat" and the Document [10] (Title: Island Eastern Corridor) Causeway Bay as a viaduct, where it joins Victoria Park Road and Gloucester Road with a ramp. It then heads east along the coast of North Point, still a viaduct until it comes to Quarry Bay where it descends onto ground level, and interchanges with the approach road of Eastern Harbour Crossing. After passing Taikoo Shing, the corridor becomes a viaduct again, now crossing between Sai Wan Ho and Aldrich Bay, making a broad curve toward the Hong Kong Museum of Coastal Defence, where it returns to ground level and runs past A Kung Ngam and Heng Fa Chuen all Document [11] (Title: Northwest Corridor Express Lanes) Green Road (mile 273, former exit 118). North of the interchange where they split, the new lanes are located in the median, between the original northbound and southbound lanes. From the Perimeter (I-285 on the north side) to I-575, the road had already been built with 12 to 16 lanes, which required other plans, including via eminent domain HOV-only exits would be built at roads which currently cross the highways, but have no access to it. Bus stations would also be built at these points, with park-and-ride parking lots. New lanes would be divided from the regular ones by concrete Document [12] (Title: North–South Rail Link) downtown Boston. Unless grade separated, the link would have to operate at slow speed through very congested downtown traffic. North–South Rail Link The North–South Rail Link (NSRL) is a proposed rail tunnel, or pair of tunnels, that would connect North Station and South Station in downtown Boston, Massachusetts. New underground stations would be constructed near both existing stations. The route between the two stations is about long, but additional tunneling would be required to connect with existing surface lines. The tunnel connection would significantly benefit the MBTA Commuter Rail service by connecting its northern lines with South Station, Back Bay Document [13] (Title: Kartarpur Corridor) 20 June 2008, at a press conference in Dera Baba Nanak arranged by Akali leader Kuldeep Singh Wadala, John W. McDonald, a former American ambassador and founder of Institute for Multi-Track Diplomacy, called for "a peace corridor, a peace zone" connecting shrines on both sides of the border. On 28 June 2008, the Indian foreign minister at the time, Pranab Mukherjee, said that the Indian government would carry out a feasibility study for the peace corridor. However, since the 2008 Mumbai attacks took place, the relations between India and Pakistan nosedived and the initiative appears to have died. Members of Document [14] (Title: Bruckner Interchange) of closely spaced ramps that extend for roughly on an east–west axis. The junction crosses Westchester Creek about from its south end at the East River. The interchange serves as the meeting point of four highways: the Cross Bronx Expressway to the northwest and its extension to the southeast; the Bruckner Expressway to the southwest and northeast; the Hutchinson River Expressway to the south; and the Hutchinson River Parkway to the north. Below the freeway connections, Bruckner Boulevard connects to a handful of local surface streets, but also handles most connections to the Hutchinson River Parkway. Fundamentally, the interchange is Document [15] (Title: West Cross Route) Westway and the East Cross Route in east London were the only significant parts to be built. At the northern end, had the road been built in full, the entry and exit ramps to and from the elevated roundabout with the Westway would have been slip roads. The main route would have continued north beneath the roundabout into North Kensington and on to the junction with the North Cross Route at Harlesden. The alignment of the slip roads leaves a wide space between for the unbuilt carriageway. On the north side of the roundabout, two short stubs indicate the starting Document [16] (Title: Nagpur Metro) of Maharashtra. The Chief Minister was of the opinion to avoid underground alignment in MIHAN and also construct Maintenance Depot in the land belonging to State Govt Land. Subsequently, on 21 October 2013, a joint inspection of the North South corridor was done by MADC, NIT and DMRC. The original alignment of Corridor-I proposed was passing through Khamla Road, Airport Area after Sahakar Nagar and finally was ending at MIHAN. The alignment up to old airport station was elevated, then for a length of 3.30 km it was underground with one underground station named as New Airport Station and again Document [17] (Title: TransPeshawar) network. In 2014, the CDIA completed the "Urban Transport Pre-Feasibility Study" that devised a 20-year urban transport plan, with a 10-year action plan. The CDIA studied two corridors, an east-west corridor, and a north-south corridor and recommended that the east-west corridor be constructed first, along Peshawar's east-west axis along the Grand Trunk Road. Construction of the project, under the Peshawar Development Authority (PDA), began on 29 October 2017, and is being executed by the Peshawar Development Authority. TransPeshawar's first phase will consist of an east-west busway which will stretch from Chamkani in the east end to Hayatabad in the west Document [18] (Title: East West Link (Melbourne)) vehicles, but in early 2015 unveiled plans by infrastructure company Transurban to build the multibillion-dollar West Gate Tunnel project as a more expansive route, providing a second major river crossing and a partial western bypass in the city's inner west. This alternative project began construction in early 2018 and is expected to be complete in 2022. The Coalition both in Federal Government and in state Opposition remain committed to building the East West Link. In November 2017, the Coalition Opposition in Victoria, led by Opposition Leader Matthew Guy, pledged to build the former project combined with the proposed North East Document [19] (Title: Iron Ore Line) axle load, allowing half the trains to operate with maximum capacity. The Northern East West Freight Corridor is an initiative by the International Union of Railways aiming to establish a freight corridor from the Far East to North America. The route would use the Ofoten Line and transship from rail to ship at Narvik. The main report for the project was made in 2004, but since there had been limited funding for the project. On 23 August 2007, LKAB ordered another four twin units, with delivery in 2010 and 2011, and costing €52 million. This will replace all remaining Dm3. Document [20] (Title: Asian Highway Network) taken by ESCAP to gather all the Asian countries under one crown but the problem with this project is political disputes between some countries, notably Pakistan and Myanmar, which is delaying the project"". Route AH1 is proposed to extend from Tokyo to the border with Bulgaria west of Istanbul and Edirne, passing through both Koreas, China and other countries in Southeast, Central and South Asia. The corridor is expected to improve trade links between East Asian countries, India and Russia. To complete the route, existing roads will be upgraded and new roads constructed to link the network. US$25 billion has Document [21] (Title: Siliguri Corridor) 1980, which states that "The two governments agree to make mutually beneficial arrangements for the use of their waterways, railways and roadways for commerce between the two countries and for passage of goods between two places in one country through the territory of the other". However, the proposal is still in the initial stages of negotiation. The route has a major broad gauge railway line. Electrification of this double-track corridor is in progress with assistance from Central Organization for Railway Electrification (CORE). Additionally, the old metre gauge line (recently converted to a broad-gauge line) connects Siliguri Junction with Islampur in Document [22] (Title: Hong Kong–Shenzhen Western Corridor) also operates from Tin Shui Wai new town. Hong Kong taxis, minibuses and cross-border buses are allowed access to the corridor; private vehicles must have the correct permit to use the corridor. Hong Kong–Shenzhen Western Corridor The Hong Kong–Shenzhen Western Corridor, colloquially known in Shenzhen as Shenzhen Bay Bridge, is a , dual three-lane carriageway in Hong Kong. It connects Ngau Hom Shek (), Hong Kong to an area leased by Hong Kong at Dongjiaotou, which is geographically located in Nanshan, Shenzhen, mainland China. It connects Hong Kong with the border crossing facilities on its border with mainland China, the Document [23] (Title: Indonesian National Route 1) the north to follow Weleri Ring Road to break the traffic in order to avoid traffic jam in Weleri. Route 1 continues 1.6 km north, then 1.5 km northeast and 1.5 km east. In this ring road, the Northern railway line crosses underneath the road. In Wonotenggang village, Route 1 continues 6.5 km northeast, and then curves to the north. 1.5 km later, it curves to the east, where it passes through the urban center of Cepiring. In front of Cepiring Sugar Factory, the route is divided between the east- and westbound sections. The two sections meets again after crossing Document [24] (Title: North–South Expressway northern route) all of the above services and are much larger, so they can accommodate more services. Several rest areas also have small inns, and most have complimentary Wi-Fi services. Vista points only have car parks and is meant for commuters to enjoy the scenery at that location. Laybys are found every 25 to 50 kilometres, while full rest areas are found every 80 to 100 kilometres. The only vista point on this expressway is in Ipoh. The North–South Expressway northern route, being part of the larger North–South Expressway network, was constructed in phases simultaneously with the south section. The first segment Document [25] (Title: East West Link (Melbourne)) congestion. In his East West Link Needs Assessment report, Eddington said the study team had identified a long-term, strategic need for a new transport route linking Melbourne's east and west. The factors included: He said the East West Link would provide a range of benefits: A 2014 report by the Victorian Auditor-General on traffic management noted that two Alexandra Parade intersections, which would benefit from traffic diversion through an east-west tunnel, were among Melbourne's most congested intersections in the morning and evening peaks. They were Alexandra Parade/Queens Parade/Brunswick St, Fitzroy North (sixth most congested intersection in AM peak) and Alexandra Document [26] (Title: Bulkeley Bridge) now I-84, Connecticut's main east-west corridor. Morgan Street and the carefully laid out approaches to the bridge were moved or covered first by the new interstate and later by its intersection with Interstate 91. After several alternatives were discussed, Beatrice Fox Auerbach decided that the two interstates would meet at the western side of the Bulkeley Bridge indirectly so that traffic would have to pass by the G Fox store in the center of Hartford. I-84 would use the bridge to cross into East Hartford. In 1964, the bridge was widened to eight lanes. However, two lanes in each direction Document [27] (Title: North–South and East–West Corridor) increase the cross border trade with South East Asia. North–South and East–West Corridor The North–South–East–West Corridor (NS-EW) is the largest ongoing highway project in India. It is the second phase of the National Highways Development Project (NHDP), and consists of building 7300 kilometers of four/six lane expressways connecting Srinagar, Kanyakumari, Kochi, Porbandar and Silchar, at a cost of US$12.317 billion (at 1999 prices). , 6875 of 7142 kilometers project has been completed. In combination with the Golden Quadrilateral network, and port connectivity highways, the NS-EW Corridor forms a key part of the Indian highway network, connecting many of its important Document [28] (Title: North–South Rail Link) commuters coming from the north in the morning. The 2018 feasibility study identified several potential problems and risks with the NSRL project: There have been several prior proposals to link South Station and North Station by rail. The earlier leading proposal, called the "Dorchester Avenue Alignment", is similar to the four-track Central Artery alignment in the 2018 study. It would dig two deep-bore tunnels beneath Boston, extending beyond the present rail yards north and south of the city. The tunnels would pass about 20 feet beneath the I-90 extension, and would reach their maximum depth of at a possible Central Document [29] (Title: East-East) East-East East-East is a multiplex architectural event jointly held by the Lithuanian and Japanese architects and students of architecture. The concept of the Lithuania-Japan architectural event was conceived and its implementation coordinated by Dainius Kamaitis, a Lithuanian diplomat and former ambassador to Japan. He paved the way for the bilateral exchange in the field of architecture by approaching both sides with a proposal to establish links which had not existed before. The idea was successfully implemented in Kaunas in cooperation with the Kaunas City Municipality and the Kaunas Section of the Architects Association of Lithuania in 2002. As the event Document [30] (Title: East–West Highway (New England)) Federal Highway Administration ultimately did not approve the plan. Senator Olympia Snowe of Maine said in 2004 that the region is disadvantaged by the fact that it was the only region in the United States for which a federal High Priority Corridor was not designated in the 1991 Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act. In 2012, the east–west highway was again proposed, this time as a privately financed toll road. On October 25, 2012, New Brunswick Route 1 achieved a four-lane divided highway link with the U.S. border at the International Avenue Border Crossing in Calais, Maine. Current backers of the Document [31] (Title: Grand Chord) of East Central Railway. The Eastern Corridor encompasses a double line electrified traction corridor from Haldia on the Eastern Railway to Khurja on the North Central Railway () via Grand Chord, Khurja to Dadri on NCR Double Line electrified corridor () and Single electrified line from Khurja to Ludhiana () on Northern Railway. The total length works out to . So in the Grand Chord section its total 4 parallel track will be run to ease traffic movement on this busy route. The Eastern Corridor will traverse 6 states and is projected to cater to a number of traffic streams Document [32] (Title: U.S. Route 5 in Connecticut) as it meets with the north end of the Wilbur Cross Parkway. The northbound roadway overpasses the Parkway and then merges onto it from the right. This is the beginning of a overlap with Route 15. Southbound at the beginning of the Parkway, US 5 is signed as an exit (with no number) from the main roadway. North Broad Street continues north from the merge as a divided 4-lane arterial road for another up to the Berlin town line, where the road becomes the Berlin Turnpike. US 5 and Route 15 run for along the Berlin Turnpike within the towns Document [33] (Title: East–West Highway (New England)) East–West Highway (New England) The East–West Highway is a long-proposed east–west highway corridor in northern New England (Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont), intended to link remote northern communities in those states with markets in the Maritimes, Quebec, and upstate New York. Low population and natural barriers like the White Mountains have long impeded significant economic development in northern New England. Proposals for an east–west highway date back to the 1940s. In the early 1970s, all three northern New England states and New York proposed two new Interstate Highway corridors, both of which may have been designated as Interstate 92: The Document [34] (Title: North–South Motorway) $432 million to the North–South Corridor over five years. This funding allocation recognised that South Road is the only continuous link between the northern and southern suburbs as well as the spine connecting Adelaide's major inter-modal transport hubs – Adelaide Airport, Islington Rail Terminal, Port Adelaide and Outer Harbor. In May 2015 a government strategy paper indicated the entire non-stop north–south road corridor would be completed by 2025, including "an upgraded South Road". It stated the planned "non-stop motorway" would "cater for the unimpeded flow of longer distance northbound and southbound trips" and would not include "at-grade traffic signals, intersections, Document [35] (Title: North–South Corridor (West Bengal)) to the land.nullADB experts are making plans for the development of the road, the DPR, or the roadmap of the road construction.Experts from Kharagpur IIT will see the projects report. Now, to go to Haldia from Siliguri, have to travel to Calcutta with Malda, Murshidabad, Nadia, North 24 Parganas, on the NH34. Haldia's distance will be reduced by about 60 kilometers when the road is made of four-lane road from Morgram thought Mechogram. The freight carriage can easily be transported quickly by avoiding the traffic congestion in Kolkata.This road can be increased by carriage of vehicles. North–South Corridor (West Bengal) Document [36] (Title: Guwahati) but also other parts of the northeastern region east of Guwahati to western Assam and the rest of India. The corridor links residential and historically important areas such as Nilachal Hill (Kamakhya), Pandu, and Maligaon (headquarters of Northeast Frontier Railways) before it separates into two – one towards North Guwahati via the Saraighat Bridge and the other continuing west towards LGB International Airport via Gauhati University (Jalukbari). There are also many river ports/jetties along this corridor. The third major corridor extends towards the east (around from the city-center) linking Noonmati (Guwahati Refinery) and Narengi, and has facilitated residential growth along Document [37] (Title: U.S. Route 5 in Connecticut) Cross Highway runs parallel to and interconnects with I-91 near the vicinity of Brainard Airport. Just after the crossing, US 5 exits from the Wilbur Cross Highway on exit 90, ending the long overlap with Route 15. US 5 continues north to East Hartford center along Main Street. From East Hartford northward to the Massachusetts state line, US 5 runs along the east bank of the Connecticut River. Main Street in East Hartford is mostly a 4-lane divided highway. It crosses under I-84 about north of the split with Route 15 with access to the westbound direction only. Main Street Document [38] (Title: East Cross Route) through Eltham to meet the ECR at Kidbrooke in the 1980s providing an efficient route out of London in this direction and the A20 passes only about to the south although it does not connect directly to the ECR and it was never upgraded to the motorway standard road that was intended. Without the construction of the other parts of the 1960s motorway plans the context of the ECR has been lost in the subsequent road renumbering and the only section of the East Cross Route which continues to carry the name is the former northern motorway section of the Document [39] (Title: Southwest Corridor (Massachusetts)) the stub end of I-95 just inside Route 128. However, the project was unpopular with residents in Milton. Much like what had been planned for the median of the unbuilt Southwest Expressway/I-95 right-of-way, part of the corridor was later recycled into the new route for two tracks for the MBTA's Orange Line and three tracks for Amtrak's Northeast Corridor and the MBTA's Needham and Readville commuter lines with much of the surface area being developed as a linear park. The Amtrak trains used diesel until 1999 when Amtrak completed overhead catenary electrification of the line between New Haven and Boston. Document [40] (Title: Western Corridor) to the Christchurch Northern Motorway. The Western Corridor currently comprises, form north to south, Johns Road, Russley Road, Masham Road and Carmen Road. The Western Corridor has a speed limit of 80 km/h (50 mph) for most of its length. The only exceptions are the Western Belfast Bypass which has a speed limit of 100 km/h (62 mph) and the 50-60 km/h (31-37 mph) speed limited southern urban section from the Yaldhurst Road intersection to the terminus at Main South Road. The Western Corridor upgrade was announced by the government as a Road of National Significance in 2009. The section Document [41] (Title: North–South Corridor (West Bengal)) North–South Corridor (West Bengal) North-South Corridor is a direct communication project with North Bengal along with Haldia Port of West Bengal's sea port. Under this project, State Road 4 and State Road 7. To increase the communication of Haldia port with neighboring countries like Nepal-Bhutan-Bangladesh, the country's northeast will have to widen the SH4 and SH7. That's why ADB will provide ₹4500 crore (70 percent of total project cost) to the state. State administration sources said, for this purpose, it will take 271 hectares of land initially.West Bengal Highway Development Corporation or West Bengal Road Development Corporation has been entrusted Document [42] (Title: Memphis Parkway System) and mature, and sections of flowered landscaping. South Parkway has two lanes in each direction and bike/parking lanes along portions of it. East Parkways has three lanes in each direction (except for when the routes pass under other roadways, in which case each direction narrows to two lanes, and the four northbound lanes of East Parkway between Poplar and Sam Cooper). North Parkway had 3 lanes in each direction until the mid 2010s when bike/parking lanes were added between Manassas and West Drive. The entire system has a forty-mile-per-hour speed limit. Below is a list of landmarks within close proximity Document [43] (Title: TransPeshawar) exiting the system and entering onto city streets as on-street bus service. The feeder routes will add an additional 100 stations along those feeder lines, all of which will be new construction. Feeder station will be spaced approximately 300-500 metres from one another. Construction of the east-west corridor will be completed in three phases: The entire road structure along the east-west corridor will also be reconstructed, and will include a new bicycle lane. The number of traffic lanes along the GT Road will also be reduced, leading to what will be intended as a more pedestrian-friendly street. Project construction was Document [44] (Title: Expressways of Singapore) the North–South Corridor, originally conceptualised as the North-South Expressway was announced on 30 January 2008. The new 21.5-kilometre expressway will cost about $7 to $8 billion when fully completed by 2023 and will connect the East Coast Parkway with the northern parts of Singapore. In 2016, the Land Transport Authority announced that the North–South Corridor will be Singapore’s first integrated transport corridor featuring continuous bus lanes and cycling trunk routes, rather than a normal expressway when originally conceptualised. Like all other global controlled-access expressway network, there are no traffic lights on the expressways. At an interchange with another road, an Document [45] (Title: East Cross Route) this road would have been named "Eastway" to form a pair with the Westway now which performs a similar function from Paddington to White City and, in fact, a short section of road adjacent to the ECR north of the Hackney Wick junction does bear this name today. At the southern end of the ECR, the plan was to connect it at Kidbrooke to the South Cross Route (running west across south London), the A2 (heading east out of London) and the A20 (heading south-east out of London). In fact, a new dual carriageway section of the A2 was constructed Document [46] (Title: Business routes of Interstate 90) towards the famous Wall Drug Store and other local tourist attractions. South Boulevard passes a local high school before becoming a divided highway and crossing the former Chicago and Northwestern Railway line. East of that line, the route is diverted onto two bi-directional frontage roads that once flanked the former US 14/16. At Glen Street BL 90 turns south at the corner of a museum dedicated to the Battle of Wounded Knee, ending one block later at exit 110, which is also shared by the western terminus of South Dakota Highway 240. Interstate 90 Business is a business loop of Document [47] (Title: East–West Corridor) densely populated and fairly congested strip of development along some of the best agricultural soils in the country. East–West Corridor The East–West Corridor is the built-up area of north Trinidad stretching from the capital, Port of Spain, east to Arima. The term was coined by economist and political philosopher Lloyd Best, after gleaning the works of a technocrat named Lynette Attwell. The Corridor includes such towns as Laventille, Morvant, Barataria, San Juan, St. Joseph, Curepe, St. Augustine, Tunapuna, Tacarigua, Arouca, and Five Rivers, once distinct communities, now districts within a continuous urban area. For the most part it runs along Document [48] (Title: Line 1 (Mumbai Metro)) as a priority corridor for implementation. The State Government declared the project as a "public vital infrastructure project" and designated the MMRDA as the Project Implementation Agency (PIA). The Versova-Andheri-Ghatkopar corridor was chosen as the first line in the master plan to be implemented. The Mumbai Suburban Railway connects Mumbai from north to south. However, east-west connectivity is poor. The Versova-Ghatkopar route had no suburban rail link and was serviced by either BEST buses, autos or taxis. Line 1 provides east-west rail connectivity between the Eastern and Western suburbs of Mumbai. It facilitates interchange between the Mumbai Suburban Railway and Document [49] (Title: Southwest Corridor Park) Southwest Corridor Park Southwest Corridor Park is a linear urban park in Boston, Massachusetts, part of the Metropolitan Park System of Greater Boston and managed by the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation (DCR). It extends from the South End and Back Bay neighborhoods south for almost five miles (8 km), ending in the Forest Hills section of Jamaica Plain in what was originally planned to be the alignment for Interstate 95 to Boston. It closely follows the routes of regional Amtrak and Commuter Rail lines and the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) Orange Line rapid transit rail line, from Document [50] (Title: North-South Dedicated Freight Corridor) be undertaken through PPP (Public Private Partnerships) model. North-South Dedicated Freight Corridor The North South Dedicated Freight Corridor is proposed connecting New Delhi and Chennai. The approximate length of the corridor is 2343 kilometer with 43 proposed stations between New Delhi and Chennai. Ministry of Railways has assigned DFCCIL to undertake Preliminary Engineering & Traffic Survey (PETS) for four additional corridors: It was announced by Mr. Suresh Prabhu, Indian Railway Minister while presenting the Railway Budget of India 2016-17. The estimated project cost is USD 13 Billion. The government has indicated that they are likely to use a foreign direct Document [51] (Title: North-South Dedicated Freight Corridor) North-South Dedicated Freight Corridor The North South Dedicated Freight Corridor is proposed connecting New Delhi and Chennai. The approximate length of the corridor is 2343 kilometer with 43 proposed stations between New Delhi and Chennai. Ministry of Railways has assigned DFCCIL to undertake Preliminary Engineering & Traffic Survey (PETS) for four additional corridors: It was announced by Mr. Suresh Prabhu, Indian Railway Minister while presenting the Railway Budget of India 2016-17. The estimated project cost is USD 13 Billion. The government has indicated that they are likely to use a foreign direct investment for funding the project. The project would Document [52] (Title: East–West Corridor) East–West Corridor The East–West Corridor is the built-up area of north Trinidad stretching from the capital, Port of Spain, east to Arima. The term was coined by economist and political philosopher Lloyd Best, after gleaning the works of a technocrat named Lynette Attwell. The Corridor includes such towns as Laventille, Morvant, Barataria, San Juan, St. Joseph, Curepe, St. Augustine, Tunapuna, Tacarigua, Arouca, and Five Rivers, once distinct communities, now districts within a continuous urban area. For the most part it runs along the Eastern Main Road, between the Churchill–Roosevelt Highway and the foothills of the Northern Range. It is a Document [53] (Title: Diverging diamond interchange) diagram at right: eastbound traffic on Route d'Avelin intending to enter the A1 northbound must keep left and cross the northernmost bridge before turning left to proceed north onto A1; eastbound traffic continuing east on Route d'Avelin must select a single center lane, merge with A1 traffic that is exiting to proceed east, and cross a center bridge. All westbound traffic that is continuing west or turning south onto A1 uses the southernmost bridge. Additional research was conducted by a partnership of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University and the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center and published by Ohio Section Document [54] (Title: R3 road (Zimbabwe)) they need rehabilitation. The rehabilitation of this highway is in conformation of the Sadc Regional Infrastructure Master Plan for the North-South Corridor (Africa). North-South Corridor (Africa) is a passage for Southern Africa Development Community (Sadc) exports to the North, and imports to the South. It is important in the handling of regional traffic within Sadc and Comesa. Waypoints from South to North; Harare to Chirundu. The first significant waypoint from Harare is Banket. This waypoint is usually overlapped by motorists because it is only 24.7 km (15.3 mi) before Chinhoyi. -17.38333, 30.4 Entering Chinhoyi, the first billboard encountered just after Document [55] (Title: Bronx River Parkway) the southern terminus, an on-ramp carries northbound traffic from Metcalf. The corresponding offramp for southbound traffic merges onto Harrod Avenue north of Westchester Avenue. Now in West Farms, another onramp joins the southbound lanes from East 174th Street. North of it is exit 4, the interchange with the Cross Bronx Expressway (I-95). The single ramp of exit 5 allows southbound traffic to follow East 177th Street to the northern terminus of the Sheridan Expressway (NY-895) and the Triborough Bridge. North of the interchange the road veers to the northeast slightly and crosses the railroad tracks of Amtrak's Northeast Corridor line. Document [56] (Title: International North–South Transport Corridor) International North–South Transport Corridor The International North–South Transport Corridor (INSTC) is a 7,200-km-long multi-mode network of ship, rail, and road route for moving freight between India, Iran, Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Russia, Central Asia and Europe. The route primarily involves moving freight from India, Iran, Azerbaijan and Russia via ship, rail and road. The objective of the corridor is to increase trade connectivity between major cities such as Mumbai, Moscow, Tehran, Baku, Bandar Abbas, Astrakhan, Bandar Anzali, etc. Dry runs of two routes were conducted in 2014, the first was Mumbai to Baku via Bandar Abbas and the second was Mumbai Document [57] (Title: East Cross Route) link road', or 'M11 Link Road' was constructed through Leyton, Leytonstone and Wanstead to connect to the ECR at Hackney Wick. This extension was designated as the A12 and required just the sort of controversial construction methods and widescale demolitions of residential areas that caused the 1960s schemes to be cancelled and provoked to the major M11 link road protest. After the new road was built, the northern part of the ECR became the A12. Had the North Cross Route been built incoming traffic from the M11 would have been able to continue west from Hackney Wick junction on a Document [58] (Title: North–South Corridor, Singapore) Coast Parkway (ECP). While first conceptualised as a vehicular expressway to be finished in 2020, the corridor will now be built as the island's first "integrated transport corridor" featuring continuous bus lanes and cycling trunk routes, throughout the entire route of the expressway. According to the Land Transport Authority, the continuous bus lanes along the NSC would be able reduce bus travelling times from Woodlands, Sembawang, Yishun and Ang Mo Kio to the city by up to 30 minutes through morning and evening peak express bus services, and also make bus connections between residential towns along the NSC faster by Document [59] (Title: North–South Rail Link) Station and at North Station. Carrying a total of up to four tracks, the tunnels would have steep inclines. Trains entering or exiting the tunnels would climb or descend 3% grades, each nearly a mile long. Because the tunnels would continue well south of downtown, three portals would accommodate separate connections to Back Bay Station to the west, the Old Colony Lines to the south, and the Fairmount Line running southwest. To the north, the tunnels would cross the Charles River about below its surface (bypassing an existing drawbridge), and connect via portals to the Fitchburg Line and the other Document [60] (Title: Pittsburgh) "parkways." Interstate 376 is both the "parkway east" connecting to Interstate 76 (Pennsylvania Turnpike) and the "parkway west" connecting to Interstate 79, the Pittsburgh International Airport, the Ohio end of the Turnpike and Interstate 80. The "parkway north" is Interstate 279 connecting to I-79. The "crosstown" is Interstate 579 allowing access to the heart of downtown, the Liberty Tunnels and the PPG Paints Arena. The 45-mile-long and 70-mile-long expressway sections of Pennsylvania Route 28 and U.S. Route 22 also carry traffic from downtown to the northeast and western suburbs, respectively. Interstate 70, 79 and 76 (the Turnpike) roughly form a Document [61] (Title: Cross-platform interchange) Rail line. Due to the different fare system, platforms of southbound Tung Chung Line and northbound West Rail were separated by wall even though they were at similar elevations. After the merger, some sections of the wall was demolished in order to provide cross-platform interchange between southbound Tung Chung Line and northbound West Rail Line. However, this arrangement does not serve the dominant rush hour passenger flows, which are between New Territories and Hong Kong Island, as well as between Lantau Island and Tsim Sha Tsui. By connecting East Rail and West Rail lines at Hung Hom without through-running, both Document [62] (Title: Vehicular harbour crossings in Hong Kong) on the Cross Harbour tunnel. There have been suggestions that the traffic be diverted equally among the three tunnels by equalising the tolls. However, the consultants ruled out equalisation as they project massive traffic jams at the feeder roads of WHC – the exit on the Hong Kong Island side to Route 4 (Hong Kong) towards Central is heavily congested during rush hour. This problem will persist until the Central-Wan Chai Bypass is completed. HYF, the original car ferry operator continues to use the ferries to transport commercial vehicles on their Dangerous Goods Vehicular Ferry Service routes between North Point, Document [63] (Title: East–West Highway (New England)) highway propose an east–west axis through northern and central Maine — these could cover up to three existing surface ports of entry on the U.S.-Canada border, two from Québec; and one from New Brunswick. Any new highway achieving the New Brunswick crossing would run from Interstate 395 in Brewer, Maine, to the Canada–United States border near Calais, with a direct link to New Brunswick Route 1—a major transportation corridor serving the Maritimes. A potential obstacle to the eastern end of such an American highway could be the presence of the Moosehorn National Wildlife Refuge, as its "Baring division's" easternmost extremities, Document [64] (Title: Jacksonville Transportation Authority) Green Cove Springs, FL. The Southeast Corridor originates in Downtown Jacksonville, and heads Southeast along the Florida East Coast Railway's main line to St. Augustine, FL. The proposed route is the northernmost part of a freight rail line to Miami. The corridor already serves 17 regularly scheduled interregional freight trains a day. The 2009 feasibility study estimated that this route could carry an estimated 5,132 riders in 2015 and 5,469 by 2020 on trains between Jacksonville and St. Augustine. Travel time is estimated at 51 minutes end to end. Notable proposed stops along the route include Palencia, The Northeast Florida Document [65] (Title: North–South Rail Link) much luggage take a taxi between the stations. It is possible to traverse the gap via the Orange Line from Back Bay Station to North Station, but not all of the southern lines pass through Back Bay; the Old Colony Lines, and Fairmount Line on the Commuter Rail do not. The Orange Line also provides a connection for Amtrak passengers who want to transfer between the Northeast Corridor and the "Downeaster". However, North Station passengers add significantly to Orange Line congestion. Similarly, it is possible to connect between South Station and the Fitchburg Line via the Red Line at Porter Document [66] (Title: Automotive Corridor) Automotive Corridor Automotive Corridor (also known as Detroit of Asia), is a 60 km long corridor in Chennai, India. This corridor alone accounts for 33% of commercial vehicles, 21% of all passenger cars, and 35% of auto components which are produced in the country. The corridor stretches from Gummidipoondi, 50 km north of Chennai to Maraimalai Nagar 35 km south of Chennai and passes through Tiruvallur, Sriperumbudur and Oragadam. It is estimated that a part of this corridor from Tiruvallur to Maraimalai Nagar alone, by 2012, would produce around 1.25 million cars, 35,000 commercial vehicles and other automotives per year. Document [67] (Title: Kolkata Suburban Railway) Line and ER operates the Eastern Line, Circular Line, Chord link Line as well as the South lines. The South Eastern line in Kolkata consists of 3 major corridors, which bifurcate as they run into the suburban satellite towns. Two corridors (one local and other through) follow the South Eastern Railway run from Howrah Junction (HWH) to Midnapore (128 km), at in the mainline it there is a bifurcation into two branch lines – one from Panskura to Haldia (69 km) in the south-east and the other from Santragachi to Amta (45 km) in the north. These two corridors constitute Document [68] (Title: East–West Economic Corridor) East–West Economic Corridor The East–West Economic corridor is an economic development program initiated in order to promote development and integration of 5 Southeast Asian countries, namely: Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam. The concept was agreed upon in 1998 at the Ministerial Conference of the Greater Mekong Subregion, organized in Manila, the Philippines. This corridor became operational on December 12, 2006. The economic corridor is created based on a road of 1,450 km with the west end at port city of Mawlamyine (Myanmar), crossing Kayin Division, Thai provinces of Tak, Sukhothai, Phitsanulok, Phetchabun, Khon Kaen, Kalasin and Mukdahan and Laotian Document [69] (Title: North–South and East–West Corridor) India has completed and placed in use some 15,800 kilometers of such 4-lane highways. The NS–EW project is managed by the National Highways Authority of India under the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways. Only National Highways are used in the two corridors. This is a corridor via NH 44 (Srinagar-Udhampur-Jammu–Jalandhar–Delhi–Agra–Gwalior–Jhansi–Narsinghpur-Lakhnadon–Nagpur-Hyderabad-Bengaluru-Salem–Madurai-Kanyakumari), branch road NH 544 (Salem–Coimbatore–Palakkad-Kochi) This is a corridor via NH 27 (Porbandar–Rajkot-Samakhiali–Radhanpur–Pindwara–Shivpuri–Lucknow–Muzaffarpur–Darbhanga-Purnia–Galgalia–Bijni–Guwahati–Nagaon–Dabaka–Silchar). There is popular demand for the extension of the East West Corridor from Silchar to Moreh via Jiribam and Imphal, and from Nagaon to Stilwell Road via Jorhat, Dibrugarh, Tinsukia and Ledo. These two extensions may Document [70] (Title: Keele Campus (York University)) (long in the East-West direction). It is divided into three sections (arbitrarily based on the bends of the corridor, and not on any other difference between the sections or their contents). One main corridor runs along its length. Slightly diagonal towards the South-West corner at the start (the West Market), then East-West (The Main Wing), and finally turning south for a short span at the East end (the East Market). There is one branch off to a North exit where the West Market meets the Main Wing (where the corridor bends), and there is also a door to a narrow Document [71] (Title: North–South Corridor, Singapore) North–South Corridor, Singapore The North–South Corridor (Abbreviation: NSC), originally conceptualised as the North-South Expressway, will be the 11th of Singapore's network of expressways when completed. The North South Corridor will serve increasing traffic along the north-south corridor that is currently served by the Central Expressway (CTE). This new expressway was announced on 30 January 2008 as part of a major review of Singapore's transport network by the Land Transport Authority (LTA). The expressway would cost about S$7–8 billion when fully completed in 2023 as North-South Corridor and will connect the East Coast Parkway (ECP) with the northern parts of Singapore. Document [72] (Title: East Cross Route) West Cross Route and Westway in west London were the only significant parts to be built. At the northern end of the ECR, the unrealised plans would have seen it connect at Hackney Wick to the unbuilt North Cross Route which would have run west across north London via Dalston,and also to the M11 motorway which was originally planned to continue south from its current starting point at the North Circular Road (A406) in South Woodford) to join Ringway 1. Part of this plan was eventually achieved in a modified form when, in the 1990s the 'A12 Hackney to M11 Document [73] (Title: METRORail Red Line) lanes and trains receive priority at intersections at cross-streets by means of preempted traffic signals. However, flashing grade crossing signals and gates are present where trains cross parallel traffic lanes as they move from one street to another, and along the section of the line south of Old Spanish Trail, where tracks are laid out on a right-of-way parallel to the road rather than in the median. Two sections along the Red Line extension north of UH–Downtown, though, are located on elevated structures: the Burnett Transit Center and the tracks leading to and from it, and a grade-separated crossing of Document [74] (Title: Island Eastern Corridor) that it will construct a waterfront promenade between Causeway Bay and Sai Wan Ho, with significant sections at North Point running under Island Eastern Corridor, using floating boards. However, the Government is concerned about the plan violating the Protection of the Harbour Ordinance, since the boards may need to extend seabound due to the lack of space. Further study will take place regarding the feasibility of the project. When it is finished, a continuous promenade will be formed between Central and Sai Wan Ho, together with recreational land use projects related to the Central-Wan Chai Bypass. The corridor starts at Document [75] (Title: East–West Highway (New England)) such as the impact on wetlands and the risks of oil spills from pipelines along the corridor, as well as the increased impact of sprawl-type development. The issue has led to repeated protests and was one of the few areas of agreement between the candidates for governor of Maine in 2014. East–West Highway (New England) The East–West Highway is a long-proposed east–west highway corridor in northern New England (Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont), intended to link remote northern communities in those states with markets in the Maritimes, Quebec, and upstate New York. Low population and natural barriers like the White Document [76] (Title: Northeast megalopolis) in Miami and Key West, Florida, respectively, and terminate in Maine at the Canada–United States border, as well as the Northeast Corridor railway line, the busiest passenger rail line in the country. It is home to over 50 million people, and Metropolitan Statistical Areas are contiguous from Washington to Boston. The region is not uniformly populated between the terminal cities, and there are regions nominally within the corridor yet located away from the main transit lines that have been bypassed by urbanization, such as Connecticut's Quiet Corner. The region accounts for 20% of the U.S. Gross Domestic Product. It is Document [77] (Title: Island Eastern Corridor) corridor are as follows: Island Eastern Corridor The Island Eastern Corridor (IEC) is an expressway built along the northeastern shore of Hong Kong Island in Hong Kong. It starts from Causeway Bay in the west and ends in Chai Wan in the east. It is part of Route 4. The section between Causeway Bay and Quarry Bay consists mainly of viaducts built along Victoria Harbour. After World War II, the Eastern District of Hong Kong Island developed rapidly. As a result, the major thoroughfare in the area, King's Road, became very congested. To relieve the issue of congestion, the idea Document [78] (Title: East Central Railway zone) distance between Nirmali and Saraigarh will get reduced to 20.5 km from present 299 km. It will provide an alternative BG route of length 610 km between Gorakhpur and Katihar against the existing route of 505 km via Chapra and Barauni, which at present is a highly saturated corridor. This project gained exceptional significance as the East West Corridor from Muzaffarpur to Purnia (NH 57) of NHAI shares the same location for crossing the river. The bridge is 1780m long with 39 spans. This bridge was constructed during the year 1898. Due to introduction of clause of MBG-1987 loading, the Document [79] (Title: Beighton Junction) reader can freely access the codes shown below within this database to see associated detail. Note that distances cited are almost always between "signalboxes", not stations, junctions or other structures. This data can be cross-referenced to others cited in this section. The lines mentioned in this article are, from north to south: The dominant passenger flows were between the south, southeast & east and the west, northwest & north. By 1922 some 34 regular passenger trains, Monday to Friday, were timetabled to pass northwards through the three Beighton Junctions, plus a similar number southbound. Services varied at weekends, typically with Document [80] (Title: Western Corridor) between Avonhead Road and Yaldhurst Road was completed in 2013. The next section to open was further north along the corridor between Sawyers Arms Road and Harewood Road creating a four lane 80 km/h section of highway and restricting McLeans Island Road to a left in, left out intersection. The Western Corridor consists of multiple sections that were fully completed near to the end of 2017. All sections are listed from north to south: Western Corridor The Western Corridor is a road in Christchurch, New Zealand which connects the suburb of Belfast, New Zealand in the north to Hornby in Document [81] (Title: AH3) route would reduce transportation costs for the movement of vehicles, goods and people, and also promote faster economic growth, as the North-South Corridor neared completion in 2008 the real costs and benefits of the project for the local populations of Southeast Asia were still in doubt. AH3 Asian Highway 3 (AH3) is a route of the Asian Highway Network which runs from Ulan-Ude, Russia (on AH6) to Tanggu, China; and Shanghai, China (on AH5) to Chiang Rai, Thailand and Kengtung, Myanmar (both on AH2). By mid-2008 the North-South Corridor segment of the Asian Highway, AH-3, was nearly fully paved, with Document [82] (Title: Alameda Corridor) branch lines and the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway's historic Harbor Subdivision along a high-speed grade-separated corridor, built mainly on the alignment of a former Southern Pacific Railroad (SP) line, avoiding more than 200 street-level railroad crossings where automobiles previously had to wait for lengthy freight trains to pass. Many of those same rail lines were inadequately protected with little more than “wigwag” crossing signals dating from the original construction of the lines. One important use of the corridor is to carry cargo containers to and from the ports. The corridor has a maximum speed of . The Ports Document [83] (Title: East Coast Economic Corridor) urbanization and industrial development. Most Asian economies, particularly in East and Southeast Asia, have grown by trading with their neighbors. In contrast, South Asia is one of the least economically integrated regions in the world and South Asian economies lag their Asian peers with respect to trade. The various economic corridors being developed across South Asia are expected to facilitate trade by expanding land and maritime routes and stepping up regional integration efforts. ECEC will be interconnected with other corridors and evolve into a regional corridor by connecting existing and new industries with GVCs through ports; efficient multimodal and intermodal Document [84] (Title: Appalachian Development Highway System) of the route between Batesville and Tupelo was only constructed to four-lane divided highway standards, making Interstate highway designation unlikely in the near future. Corridor V was also designated as High Priority Corridor 11 in the National Highway System Designation Act of 1995. Corridor W is a highway in the U.S. states of South Carolina and North Carolina. It is routed entirely along U.S. Route 25 (US 25); from Interstate 85 (I-85), in Greenville, South Carolina, to I-26, near East Flat Rock, North Carolina. The entire corridor is four-lane, that is expressway grade in South Carolina and freeway grade in Document [85] (Title: Trans-African Highway network) simplified, unified and implemented without causing delays to goods and travellers. Nine highways have been designated, in a rough grid of six mainly east-west routes and three mainly north-south routes. A fourth north-south route is formed from the extremities of two east-west routes. Starting with the most northerly, the east-west routes are: Starting with the most westerly, these are: As noted above, TAH 1 and TAH 7 join to form an additional north-south route around the western extremity of the continent between Monrovia and Rabat. Regional international communities are heavily involved in trans-African highway development and work in conjunction with Document [86] (Title: M11 motorway) Transport – a different version called for this 'Eastern Avenue' to run more east–west alongside the Regent's Canal and the north side of Victoria Park, Hackney Wick, where it would have connected to the North Cross and East Cross Routes at the northeast corner of an inner ringway identified by the London Ringways plan. There were three proposed routes from the inner to outer ringway (North Circular) at the base of the current M11 and it is unclear which one was favoured. Under one scheme, south of South Woodford a connection would have been made with the western end of Document [87] (Title: East West Link (Melbourne)) government. The action sparked the ongoing Bendigo street housing campaign by Homeless Persons Union Victoria, homeless people, squatters and housing campaigners. East West Link (Melbourne) The East West Link is a proposed 18-kilometre tollway in Melbourne, Australia, to connect the Eastern Freeway at Clifton Hill with the Western Ring Road at Sunshine West. The Napthine Coalition Government signed a $5.3 billion contract with the East West Connect consortium in September 2014, just prior to the November 2014 state election, to begin construction on the eastern tunnel segment of the project. It became one of the central issues in the election, Document [88] (Title: East West Link (Melbourne)) East West Link (Melbourne) The East West Link is a proposed 18-kilometre tollway in Melbourne, Australia, to connect the Eastern Freeway at Clifton Hill with the Western Ring Road at Sunshine West. The Napthine Coalition Government signed a $5.3 billion contract with the East West Connect consortium in September 2014, just prior to the November 2014 state election, to begin construction on the eastern tunnel segment of the project. It became one of the central issues in the election, and a subsequent change in government led to the project's cancellation at a cost of $1.3 billion. The problem of poor Document [89] (Title: Northern Corridor) Northern Corridor Northern Corridor is the busiest and most important transport route in East and Central Africa, providing a gateway through Kenya to the landlocked economies of Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi and Eastern DR Congo, as well as South Sudan. The main Northern Corridor transport network is connected to the Port of Mombasa and includes a road network; railways belonging to Kenya Railways Corporation and Uganda Railways Corporation; rail-lake transport; inland water routes; container terminals commonly regarded locally as ICDs (Inland Container Depots); Tororo Inland Port - whose contract was awarded to Great Lakes Ports Limited of Kenya amid opposition from Document [90] (Title: Central Corridor (Africa)) to the ocean from Rwandan, Burundi and the DRC from the higher traffic Northern Corridor, which runs through Uganda and Kenya to the port of Mombasa. Central Corridor (Africa) The Central Corridor is a transport and trading route located in East and Central Africa. Its end point is the Tanzanian port city of Dar es Salaam, where it connects to the rest of the world via shipping. From Dar es Salaam, the corridor runs inland, serving the Tanzanian interior including its capital Dodoma and second city of Mwanza, as well as landlocked Rwanda and Burundi, and the eastern part of Document [91] (Title: Diamond interchange) street each other and bringing the long left turn phases from the single-point urban interchange to the tight urban diamond interchange at . In a diverging diamond interchange (DDI) or (DCD), on the bridge the roadways of the cross street are being exchanged like left-hand traffic to save the third traffic signal phase. In a three-level diamond interchange, the cross street is built in a third level with free flowing traffic as a second arterial road. The intersection is split up into four intersections, handling just two conflicting directions each. Its two-level variant is the split diamond interchange. Its at-grade Document [92] (Title: North Cross Route) railway viaduct, passing south of 16th century Sutton House, East London's oldest house, and on through Homerton and Hackney Wick where it would have interchanged with the East Cross Route coming north from Bow, the proposed M11 motorway coming south-west from Leyton and a motorway heading south-west towards Angel. To facilitate this complex junction the North London Line was diverted to a new route through Hackney Wick. The NCR and the other roads planned in the 1960s for central London had developed from early schemes prior to the Second World War through Sir Patrick Abercrombie's "County of London Plan, 1943" Document [93] (Title: East–West Highway (New England)) freeway existing within the region, Interstate 90 in Massachusetts, does not enter northern New England. East–west travel through (and within) northern New England is facilitated by three freeway segments: The presence of Massachusetts Route 2 as a signed east-west Massachusetts state roadway, whose own east-west route to New York State lies between Interstate 90 to its south, and the Massachusetts-Northern New England border, is not as significant as MA Route 2 does not exist as a freeway through much of its length. A number of groups in Maine oppose the creation of the East-West Highway / Corridor, citing environmental concerns Document [94] (Title: North–South Corridor, Adelaide) is planned to be a non-stop north–south route overlaying the same motor traffic corridor as South Road by grade separation connecting the Northern Expressway and Southern Expressway. For the purposes of construction planning the motorway is divided into several sections of which only two are complete and two are under construction. From north to south are the South Road Superway (completed 2014); the Regency Road to Pym Street project which is funded with preparatory work under way (projected completion 2022); the Torrens Road to River Torrens (T2T) project (completed 2018); River Torrens to Anzac Highway which is not started; and Document [95] (Title: Lucknow Metro) east-west corridor started from Rajajipuram and ended at Hahnemann, after passing through Gomti Nagar via Hazratganj and Patrakarpuram, a distance of . However, in 2010 the design was changed so the corridor started from Vasant Kunj and terminated at Charbagh, a revised distance of . A revised east-west corridor would have connected the Lucknow railway station at Charbagh to Vasantkunj on Hardoi Road and have a total length of , including , and . Once completed the corridor would have 12 stations, seven underground, Lucknow Railway Station (Charbagh), Gautam Budh Marg, Aminabad, Pandeyganj, Chattrapati Shahuji Maharaj Medical University (King George Document [96] (Title: North–South Corridor, Adelaide) travellers have a set of traffic lights to exit the expressway. Heading south after the expressway, Victor Harbor can be accessed with one additional set of traffic lights, and traffic to Cape Jervis only encounters three more sets of lights. North–South Corridor, Adelaide The North–South Corridor is a series of road projects currently under construction or planning which travel through Adelaide, South Australia that will eventually form a continuous link from Old Noarlunga in the outer southern metropolitan Adelaide suburbs through to Nuriootpa in the inner northern rural area around the Barossa Valley, a distance of over 100 km, aiming Document [97] (Title: East-West Dedicated Freight Corridor) in the East-West Corridor (Kolkata-Mumbai). East-West Dedicated Freight Corridor East-WestDedicated Freight Corridor or East-West DFC is a freight specific railway under proposed in eastern to Western India by Indian Railways. The railway will run between Kolkata in West Bengal and Mumbai in Maharashtra. It was announced by Mr. Suresh Prabhu, Indian Railway Minister while presenting the Railway Budget of India 2016-17. The government has indicated that they are likely to use a foreign direct investment for funding the project. The project would be undertaken through PPP (Public Private Partnerships) model. Notably, freight train with speed of maximum 100 km per Document [98] (Title: East–west rail corridor) East–west rail corridor The east–west rail corridor is a standard gauge railway that runs across Australia starting in Sydney, New South Wales, linking the Eastern states to Western Australia. The "Indian Pacific" passenger service operates along the route, as do a number of local passenger services. The route is made up of a number of individual railway lines constructed by various government railway authorities since the 1880s, the most significant portion being the Trans-Australian Railway which connected between Kalgoorlie and Port Augusta. It was not until 1970 that gauge conversion was carried out and through trains were possible along the Document [99] (Title: Light rail in North America) West (2012). Route 201 (Red Line) connects the South and Northwest lines; Route 202 (Blue Line) connects the Northeast and West lines. The two routes share most of the downtown line on the 7th Avenue South transit mall; the exception is the Downtown West – Kerby station, which serves only Route 202. The planned Route 203 - Green line will add about and 28 stations to the system by connecting a North leg to a Southeast leg, probably in a tunnel underneath the existing downtown transit mall. Construction on it is expected to start in 2017. In late 2015 Calgary Document [100] (Title: Montana) state. Still the state's most important east-west travel corridor, the route is today served by Interstate 90 and Interstate 94 which roughly follow the same route as the Northern Pacific. U.S. Routes 2 and 12 and Montana Highway 200 also traverse the entire state from east to west. Montana's only north-south Interstate Highway is Interstate 15. Other major north-south highways include U.S. Routes 87, 89, 93 and 191. Montana and South Dakota are the only states to share a land border which is not traversed by a paved road. Highway 212, the primary paved route between the two, passes through Document [101] (Title: East-West Link, Brisbane) for vehicles to cross the Brisbane River. The Brisbane City Council predicted in 2004 that the bridges crossing the Brisbane River were approaching total capacity. A further tunnel which crosses the river would alleviate some of these capacity issues. The project does not appear in the Queensland State Government South East Queensland Infrastructure Plan and Program running to 2031. Similarly, East-West Link is not listed in the Department of Transport and Main Roads' Western Brisbane Transport Network Strategy. However, the East-West Link is only a Brisbane City Council proposal. The Brisbane City Council is currently completing a $1.4 million review Document [102] (Title: North–South Corridor, Adelaide) North–South Corridor, Adelaide The North–South Corridor is a series of road projects currently under construction or planning which travel through Adelaide, South Australia that will eventually form a continuous link from Old Noarlunga in the outer southern metropolitan Adelaide suburbs through to Nuriootpa in the inner northern rural area around the Barossa Valley, a distance of over 100 km, aiming to be without a single stop by 2030. The route comprises a number of major road links in the metropolitan area, including, from north to south, the Northern Expressway, the under construction Northern Connector and North–South Motorway, and the Southern Document [103] (Title: Göttingen–Bebra railway) North–South railway were no longer usable, especially the Scandinavia–Rostock, Hamburg–Halle and Leipzig–Saal Railway–Nuremberg lines. The easternmost north–south route of the Federal Republic became known as the "western bypass of East Germany". Added to this was a strong general traffic growth. This made the North-South railway one of the most important lines. In the summer of 1989, 37 trains ran each day and each direction between Göttingen and Bebra. In order to handle demand the line was upgraded. Signalling was upgraded in the 1950s. The line was electrified by 1963. To accommodate the catenary the Braunhäuser Tunnel was opened up as Document [104] (Title: North–South Corridor, Adelaide) Dry Creek which links the South Road Superway, Salisbury Highway and Port River Expressway. This interchange will be completely free-flowing for all directions, keeping with the free-flowing plan of the North–South Motorway. The connector will be an alternate route from the Northern Expressway to Dry Creek, without the traffic light intersections of Port Wakefield Road. It will have interchanges in the suburbs of Bolivar and Waterloo Corner (Bolivar and Waterloo Corner Roads, respectively). The North–South Motorway is an incomplete planned motorway traversing the inner western suburbs of Adelaide from Wingfield in the north to Bedford Park in the south. It Document [105] (Title: Future developments in Singapore) Opening in five phases, starting from 2019 onwards and completing in 2024, Thomson-East Coast Line will add greatly to the accessibility and connectivity of the current rail network, with interchanges to all other five MRT lines. The North–South Corridor will stretch from Woodlands and Sembawang to the western end of the East Coast Parkway, relieving traffic on the congested Central Expressway. It will be the 11th of Singapore's expressways. Construction commenced in 2017, and is slated for completion around 2026. The Land Transport Authority announced that the NSC will be transformed to Singapore’s first integrated transport corridor featuring continuous bus Document [106] (Title: BBIN) discussed at ADB headquarters, Manila, where formulation of the South Asia Sub regional Economic Cooperation (SASEC) Program within auspices of ADB concluded in March 2001. The formation worked toward economic synergy through arterial channels of trade and cross border initiatives. For instance, to link West Bengal and remote north eastern states through Bangladesh by rail, highway and maritime corridors, alongside north-south transport routes that span Nepal, Bhutan and Indian hill states to northern Bay of Bengal ports. These grids would then bridge extraneous regions throughout member states and beyond eastwards. With accession of Maldives and Sri Lanka to SASEC in Document [107] (Title: Eastern Economic Corridor (India)) a north-south alignment, with a number of major road and rail routes forming its spurs. Spurs would connect to a trunk route, following a fishbone configuration. Eastern Economic Corridor (India) The proposed Eastern Economic corridor of India would originate from Paradip port in Odisha province, pass through Jharkhand province, could possibly have an auxiliary loop through Chhattisgarh province, and would terminate at the Integrated Check Post (ICP), Raxaul in Bihar province on the India-Nepal border. This corridor would also link up with North South Fast Track Corridor of Nepal. Beyond Nepal, it would be linked to China through Tibet. A Document [108] (Title: East West Link (Melbourne)) road project was proposed in 1999 by then Premier Jeff Kennett, but gained prominence when it became one of the chief recommendations of the 2008 East-West Link Needs Assessment report, which warned that steady growth in port freight and population growth was rapidly taking Melbourne roads to capacity. The report's author, Sir Rod Eddington, said an alternative river crossing was also imperative to lessen the city's dependence on the West Gate Bridge, while an additional east-west link was needed to the city's north because of capacity constraints on the congested Monash-CityLink-West Gate corridor. Eddington said the benefits for the city Document [109] (Title: Kolkata Suburban Railway) to Katwa Junction with a length of 105 km and the third bifurcation at Barddhaman Junction to Katwa Junction with a length of 53 km. And another side Sealdah section of Eastern line, there are 7 corridors, also it bifurcates and runs as branch lines to north and east side suburban satellite towns. The main corridor is Sealdah to a small town Gede which it situates on India-Bangladesh Border with the length of 116 km. On this corridor first branch line at Dum Dum Junction To Bangaon Junction with a length of 70 km. Second Branch line at Ranaghat Junction Document [110] (Title: North–South Corridor, Singapore) Marymount Road. It will also pass through the two military training areas - Lentor and Seletar East, both of which will be cleared by 2017. It will pass Toa Payoh Rise, join Thomson Road and Bukit Timah Road running parallel to the Central Expressway. The NSE will carry on along Ophir Road, joining the East Coast Parkway at its southern terminus. In addition, there will be new bus lanes and cycling lanes. Some land has to be acquired by the government for the project. The Land Transport Authority tried to utilize state land as far as possible, reducing the number Document [111] (Title: North–South Corridor, Singapore) On 19 January 2011, the government gave the green light to build the expressway between Admiralty Road West and Toa Payoh Rise. On 15 November 2011, LTA unveiled the full alignment of the North-South Expressway. Construction works will commence in 2017, with an expected completion date of 2023. The North South Expressway will have a total of 16 entrances and 17 exits to connect towns along the north-south corridor—Woodlands, Sembawang, Yishun, Ang Mo Kio, Bishan and Toa Payoh—with the city centre. The NSE will also provide links to existing expressways, including the Seletar Expressway (SLE), Pan-Island Expressway (PIE) and East Document [112] (Title: Northern Corridor) clearing firms and truck transporters; plus an oil pipeline. The alternative transport network serving the landlocked Great Lakes Region is through Tanzania, called the Central Corridor linked to Dar es Salaam. This uses Tanzania's Central Line. Northern Corridor Northern Corridor is the busiest and most important transport route in East and Central Africa, providing a gateway through Kenya to the landlocked economies of Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi and Eastern DR Congo, as well as South Sudan. The main Northern Corridor transport network is connected to the Port of Mombasa and includes a road network; railways belonging to Kenya Railways Corporation and Document [113] (Title: North–South and East–West Corridor) North–South and East–West Corridor The North–South–East–West Corridor (NS-EW) is the largest ongoing highway project in India. It is the second phase of the National Highways Development Project (NHDP), and consists of building 7300 kilometers of four/six lane expressways connecting Srinagar, Kanyakumari, Kochi, Porbandar and Silchar, at a cost of US$12.317 billion (at 1999 prices). , 6875 of 7142 kilometers project has been completed. In combination with the Golden Quadrilateral network, and port connectivity highways, the NS-EW Corridor forms a key part of the Indian highway network, connecting many of its important manufacturing, commerce and cultural centers. As of May 2012, Document [114] (Title: East West Link (Melbourne)) essentially impossible to construct. An east-west tunnel linking the Eastern and Tullamarine freeways was proposed by Premier Jeff Kennett in 1999 and was also discussed—but not recommended—in the 2003 Northern Central City Corridor Study prepared by the state Department of Infrastructure. The concept was backed in 2005 in infrastructure plans prepared by the Committee for Melbourne, Melbourne City Council and Victorian Employers' Chamber of Commerce and Industry. The project became one of the key recommendations of the 2008 East-West Link Needs Assessment report by Sir Rod Eddington. Eddington identified two possible routes to link the Eastern Freeway with Melbourne's western Document [115] (Title: East-East) strengthen the ties and make the joint events into a tradition, in order to foster continuous interaction not only between architects, but between students of architecture as well. The students' exchange is recognized by both sides as bearing particular importance to developing the future relations. East-East spans almost a week and is built on three pillars: The first event was held between July 30 and August 1, 2002, in Kaunas, at Mykolas Žilinskas Art Gallery. The Japanese delegation was led by the 1993 Pritzker Prize (often referred to as the Nobel Prize of architecture) winner Fumihiko Maki and included seven Document [116] (Title: One-way pair) Fifth for most of the time the two streets are a one-way pair. The east side of Portland, Oregon, features a number of one-way pairs, both north–south and east–west, with the east–west pairs being associated with bridges; these all follow the usual flow convention – see Transportation in Portland, Oregon, for more details. By contrast, the Portland Transit Mall, which is a public transportation (bus and rail) corridor, has the opposite flow, with the westernmost component (6th Avenue) running north, with the eastern component (5th Avenue) running south. There are a number of one-way pairs in Downtown Los Angeles, California. Document [117] (Title: Transportation in South Florida) be completed by about 2022. The grid throughout most of Miami-Dade County, with the exception of a few cities such as Coral Gables, is a simple axis-oriented numbered street pattern. Flagler Street forms the north–south divider and Miami Avenue forms the east–west divider between roads. Hence, all streets travel east–west and all avenues travel north–south, with the numbers increasing uniformly away from the dividers. Nearly all streets are referred to and indicated by number and all have a prefix (NW, NE, SW, SE) to determine their quadrant. Many of the busier, arterial roads, are also known by their common name, Document [118] (Title: Northern East West Freight Corridor) Northern East West Freight Corridor The Northern East West Freight Corridor, usually referred to as the N.E.W. Corridor, is a project organized by the International Union of Railways UIC and Transportutvikling AS to connect the east coast of the United States to East Asia by rail and maritime routes. The plan calls for two main routes. Both routes start from east coast ports of North America such as Halifax Harbour, then across the Atlantic Ocean to the port of Narvik, from there by rail, often called the Eurasian Land Bridge, through Sweden to Finland and Russia. From Russia there are Document [119] (Title: East–West Highway (New England)) on the American side, lie close to the International Avenue Bridge that crosses the international border between Maine and New Brunswick in the area. The more-southerly located link with Québec would travel northwest from Interstate 95 near Waterville, Maine, to the Canada–United States border at Coburn Gore, with a connection to a proposed extension of the "Canton de l'Est" extension of Quebec's Autoroute 10 eastwards from Montreal. One possible routing for an "east-west freeway" would travel due west from Interstate 95 near Waterville, following the U.S. Route 2 corridor through Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and upper New York state. The Document [120] (Title: Concurrency (road)) Interchange. The concurrency is officially designated "Daniel Interchange", providing half of the possible interchange directions. It is a segment consisting of eight lanes providing high-speed access between the two highways. Access from Highway 1 west to Highway 6 south and Highway 6 north to Highway 1 east is provided via Route 431, while access between Highway 1 east to Highway 6 north and Highway 6 south to Highway 1 west are provided at Ben Shemen Interchange. The other movements are provided through the concurrency. Since highways in the United States and Canada are usually signed with assigned cardinal directions based Document [121] (Title: North–South Rail Link) to the south is an option. The NSRL would also link Amtrak's various trains into and out of the city. Currently, the Amtrak "Downeaster" line from Maine has no direct connection with the Northeast Corridor trains to New York City and beyond. Both Amtrak and the MBTA commuter rail system currently have lines that terminate at the separate North and South Stations. In June 2018, MassDOT released a "North South Rail Link Feasibility Reassessment" presentation that described several tunnel alternatives and compared them to a planned expansion of South Station (SSX), as well as to doing nothing (no build). The Document [122] (Title: Interstate 255) east of this interchange. The section of I-255 east from this interchange to the Jefferson Barracks Bridge was first built in the 1960s to carry U.S. Route 50 traffic across the Mississippi River. The roadway was upgraded between 2002 and 2004. Repairs included both new pavement and the replacement of the Telegraph Road bridge. Once it crosses the Mississippi River and enters Illinois, I-255 is signed as a north/south highway. It is considerably newer than the Missouri section, having been constructed in the 1980s. At the Illinois Route 3 interchange, I-255 turns sharply to the north. It is briefly duplexed Document [123] (Title: Southwest Corridor Park) its Back Bay Station to its terminus at Forest Hills station. It features tennis courts, basketball courts, playgrounds, and walking, jogging, and biking paths. Starting in the 1960s, hundreds of acres of South End, Roxbury and Jamaica Plain housing were razed along what became known as the Southwest Corridor to build a 4.6 mile (7.4 km) section of Interstate 95 to be called the Southwest Expressway into downtown Boston. This mass demolition sparked massive community protest, which was marked by the painting of "STOP I-95 — PEOPLE BEFORE HIGHWAYS" on a local train-track wall, as a harbinger of the Southwest Document [124] (Title: Eastern Transport Corridor) Eastern Transport Corridor The Eastern Transport Corridor in Auckland, New Zealand, is a transport reserve along a strip of land and water some of which is occupied by housing, commerce, industry and local roads. It runs adjacent to the North Island Main Trunk railway freight and passenger railway line, but is earmarked for major transport intensification to improve links from central Auckland to eastern suburbs such as Pakuranga and Howick. Historically, it was to provide the route for an additional motorway connecting through the Isthmus from the east into the Auckland CBD, with an estimated cost of up to $4 Document [125] (Title: Island Eastern Corridor) eastern terminus of the Central-Wan Chai Bypass. In 2008 the Island Eastern Corridor became the new venue of the Hong Kong Marathon 10km race, held on 2008-02-17. The race track started from City Garden in North Point, and ran eastwards until Shau Kei Wan, where it made a U-turn, back along westbound IEC and ended at Victoria Park, near the western terminus of the IEC. The noise problem caused by the IEC's design became evident as residents complained about noises as high as 60dB emitting at about five to six o'clock in the morning. In February 2008 the Government announced Document [126] (Title: Interstate 77) southbound lanes. North Carolina completed its section of Interstate 77 in 1975. Interstate 77 through Virginia passes through two tunnels. The Big Walker Mountain Tunnel and the East River Mountain Tunnel provide quick interstate access with minimal environmental disruption. For eight miles (13 km), Interstates 77 and 81 overlap near Wytheville. This is a wrong-way concurrency, where two roads run concurrent with each other but are designated in opposite directions. The highway passes through "Virginia's Technology Corridor" despite its very rural and isolated settings. Outside of Wytheville, there is little in the way of development. On Easter Sunday in 2013, Document [127] (Title: North–South Corridor, Singapore) of private properties that have to be acquired. Despite much of the expressway running underground at its southern end, some land had to be taken because of existing Mass Rapid Transit tunnels, and also because the expressway had to be straight to maintain traffic speeds. One of the prominent landmarks that has to make way for the project is the Rochor Centre. Novena Square underpasses will also be demolished, and the former Ellison Building may be considered for demolition. North–South Corridor, Singapore The North–South Corridor (Abbreviation: NSC), originally conceptualised as the North-South Expressway, will be the 11th of Singapore's network Document [128] (Title: East–West Highway (New England)) of New England and Canada that does not become a two-way road within any close proximity of the crossing is the north-south linkup at the Derby Line–Rock Island Border Crossing, between Interstate 91 in Vermont and Quebec Autoroute 55. The current port of entry opened in 1978. Northern New England is served by three north–south freeways radiating generally northwards from Boston, Massachusetts — from east to west, I-95, Interstate 93 and U.S. Route 3 all coming from or through the Boston metro area, and westernmost of all, by Interstate 91, which follows the Connecticut River. However, the northernmost complete east–west Document [129] (Title: East Cross Route) route in Hackney Wick. Parts of the route, at the northern end between Hackney Wick and Old Ford and south of the river between the Blackwall Tunnel and the Sun-in-the-Sands interchange, were previously classified as urban motorways and given the designation A102(M). The status was downgraded to a standard A-road in 2000 when responsibility for trunk roads in Greater London was transferred from the Highways Agency to the Greater London Authority. <br> East Cross Route East Cross Route (ECR) is a dual-carriageway road constructed in east London as part of the uncompleted Ringway 1 as part of the London Ringways Document [130] (Title: Appalachian Development Highway System) I-40 continues easterly past Asheville, where it meets I-26 and Corridor B. In Georgia, Corridor A travels along the State Route 400 (SR 400) freeway from I-285 to the SR 141 interchange southwest of Cumming. From here to Nelson, near the north end of I-575, Corridor A has not been constructed; its proposed path is near that of the cancelled Northern Arc. It begins again with a short piece of SR 372, becoming SR 515 when it meets I-575. SR 515 is a four-lane divided highway all the way to Blairsville. From Blairsville to North Carolina, the corridor has not Document [131] (Title: North–South Rail Link) McGrath-O'Brien Highway. The line is currently single-tracked east of Massachusetts Avenue and slow, with a large number of at-grade crossings. Several of the crossings (e.g. Massachusetts Avenue, several streets around Kendall Square, Cambridge Street, and Gore Street) require trains to come to a near-complete stop before proceeding at their maximum allowed track speed of . The line would potentially be served by a new West Station which is proposed as part of the Beacon Park Yard redevelopment. The Grand Junction corridor has also been proposed as part of the Urban Ring light rail or bus rapid transit project, or a Document [132] (Title: GTA West Corridor) constructed. Early concepts of the GTA West Corridor involved a longer route running east-west between Guelph and Highway 400 that did not intersect Highways 401 or 407. A potential freeway in such a corridor, when combined with the planned expanded Highway 7, would result in a lengthy parallel route to the north of Highway 401 from Waterloo Region to Highway 400. However, analysis showed limited demand for such a route, and the environmental consequences of a new crossing of the Niagara Escarpment were considerable. By 2011, these concepts were discarded and planning focused on an orbital concept that would intersect Document [133] (Title: Kong Sham Western Highway) road was built as initiative from the Crosslinks Further Study, which highlighted the need for another vehicular cross-border link between Hong Kong and Shenzhen. At the date of the study (2001), there were three existing vehicular border crossings, located at Lok Ma Chau, Man Kam To and Sha Tau Kok. At that time, these links were nearing saturation and were expected to reach their maximum handling capacity by 2006. As a result, the government of Hong Kong proposed the Shenzhen Western Corridor and Deep Bay Link as an additional vehicular border crossing to provide additional cross-border road infrastructure. The Environmental Document [134] (Title: East-West Industrial Corridor Highway, Arunachal Pradesh) East-West Industrial Corridor Highway, Arunachal Pradesh The East-West Industrial Corridor Highway, Arunachal Pradesh in Arunachal Pradesh India is a road proposed to be built in the foothills of Arunachal Pradesh (marked red). ""Arunachal East-West Corridor"" in the foothills along the Assam border, the Trans-Arunachal Highway through the middle and the Arunachal Frontier Highway along the China border are 3 major highways spanning the whole state, thus enabling the Look East connectivity. This highway will run in the foothill areas of the Arunachal Pradesh state from Bhairabkunda, the tri-junction of Bhutan, Assam and Arunachal Pradesh to Ruksin in East Siang district Document [135] (Title: North–South Rail Link) similar Center City Commuter Connection tunnel was built and connected two commuter rail systems, some of Boston's trains would be through-routed from one side of the system to the other. Many services would still terminate at North and South Stations, on existing tracks that do not lead into the tunnels. This could also allow trains to pass parked train cars. A 2003 DEIR/MIS assumes that about one-third of Amtrak trains to and from points south would be routed through the tunnel, stopping only at South Station, but with a new stop north of Boston in Woburn, Massachusetts. The "Downeaster" service Document [136] (Title: Entertainment Corridor) Entertainment Corridor The Entertainment Corridor is a stretch along East Coast Road, Chennai that runs from Thiruvanmiyur until Mudaliarkuppam. It is dotted with a number of theme parks, boat houses, beaches, 5-star hotels and pubs, the corridor is termed "Entertainment Corridor". There are many boat houses including Muttukadu boat house and Mudaliarkuppam boat house. The corridor also has Multiplexes like Mayajaal Multiplex, Prarthana Drive-in theater. Theme Parks like VGP Universal Kingdom, MGM Dizzee World, etc. are also situated along this stretch. Mamallapuram, a 7th-century port city is a tourist attraction in the corridor and is an UNESCO World Heritage Site. Document [137] (Title: Northern East West Freight Corridor) Reloading ship/rail is avoided especially if low volume, because of the delay to have enough number of trains to fill up a ship. Containers USA-Europe go to other ports, depending on European destination. For Scandinavia they go through Gothenburg. For Russia they go through Saint Petersburg. It is hard to change this since the volume of these ports and the fact that they are located closer to the end-destination make them more competitive than Narvik. Northern East West Freight Corridor The Northern East West Freight Corridor, usually referred to as the N.E.W. Corridor, is a project organized by the International Document [138] (Title: East-West Dedicated Freight Corridor) East-West Dedicated Freight Corridor East-WestDedicated Freight Corridor or East-West DFC is a freight specific railway under proposed in eastern to Western India by Indian Railways. The railway will run between Kolkata in West Bengal and Mumbai in Maharashtra. It was announced by Mr. Suresh Prabhu, Indian Railway Minister while presenting the Railway Budget of India 2016-17. The government has indicated that they are likely to use a foreign direct investment for funding the project. The project would be undertaken through PPP (Public Private Partnerships) model. Notably, freight train with speed of maximum 100 km per hour will pass through Chhattisgarh Document [139] (Title: Interstate 4) scheduled to be completed in 2021. Previously, the median of I-4 between Tampa and Orlando was the planned route of a now-cancelled high-speed rail line. From a political standpoint, the "I-4 corridor" is a strategic region given the large number of undecided voters in a large swing state. I-4 maintains a diagonal, northeast–southwest route for much of its length, although it is signed east–west. The highway's western terminus is with an interchange with Interstate 275—known as "Malfunction Junction"—near downtown Tampa and is the starting point for mile markers and exit numbers (which are mileage-based). Just east of Malfunction Junction, I-4 Document [140] (Title: South East South South Governors Forum) place in Port Harcourt, the Rivers State capital, on 27 August 2017. South East South South Governors Forum The South East South South Governors Forum is a non-partisan organization consisting of state governors from the geopolitical zones of South East and South South in Nigeria. It was established on 9 July 2017 to pursue interregional cooperation for greater integration and to politically work together towards realigning as a people that shared common heritage, culture and affinity. Akwa Ibom State Governor, Emmanuel Udom was appointed chairman of the Forum at the first meeting held at the Nike Lake Resort in Enugu, Document [141] (Title: Buford Highway) and across the highway. Most properties along the corridor are in the form of strip malls, retail businesses surrounded by large parking lots, and large apartment complexes. The largest strip malls are the Northeast Plaza, Plaza Fiesta and the Buford Highway Farmers Market complex. On July 22, 2010 PBS's "Need to Know" program portrayed the corridor as an example of a high-pedestrian area in suburban America that fails to meet increased demand for walkability due to changing demographics. The program noted that in the previous ten years, 30 people had died and an additional 250 were injured while trying to Document [142] (Title: National Highways Authority of India) lane express highways at a cost of . The North–South and East–West Corridor is part of the second phase of the National Highways Development Project (NHDP) and consists of building of four/six lane expressways connecting Srinagar in the north and Kanyakumari in the south, Porbandar in the west and Silchar in the east, at a cost of US$12.317 billion (at 1999 prices). A 2012 report prepared by the World Bank’s Institutional Integrity Unit alleged that fraudulent and corrupt practices were being followed by Indian contractors working on national highway projects funded by it, and sought a thorough investigation into the Document [143] (Title: Metro Cuatro Caminos) as the housing of a large street market, which is known largely because of its poor general conditions. Officially, no private vehicles are allowed in the area. Upon leaving the station, there are two main corridors, labeled "North" and "South". North corridor (denoted by the exits A to K), is mainly used for transportation to State of Mexico, while the "South" corridor is mainly aimed at passengers going to the city (denoted by exit letters J to Z), though this is not strictly the case. The South corridor (if walked) leads to the Periférico, the Pericentro shopping mall and many Document [144] (Title: Southwest Corridor (Massachusetts)) Southwest Corridor (Massachusetts) The Southwest Corridor or Southwest Expressway was a project designed to bring an eight-lane highway into the City of Boston from a direction southwesterly of downtown. It was supposed to connect with Interstate 95 (I-95) at Route 128. As originally designed, it would have followed the right of way of the former Penn Central/New Haven Railroad mainline (current Amtrak Northeast Corridor) running from Readville, north through Roslindale, Forest Hills and Jamaica Plain, where it would have met the also-cancelled I-695 (Inner Belt Expressway). The 50-foot-wide (15 m) median for the uncompleted "Southwest Expressway" would have carried the Document [145] (Title: Western Corridor) Western Corridor The Western Corridor is a road in Christchurch, New Zealand which connects the suburb of Belfast, New Zealand in the north to Hornby in the south and connects the Canterbury region to Christchurch Airport. Most of the traffic on the corridor heads to the city, the airport, Belfast or Hornby, while 15% of traffic travels further north or south. The route features a four laned semi-urban grade separated & at-grade limited-access road of New Zealand State Highway 1 from The Groynes to the centre of Hornby and provides a motorway bypass of Belfast, connecting the Western Corridor directly Document [146] (Title: North–South Corridor, Singapore) allowing intra-town buses to leverage the ramps and bus lanes on the surface, A cycling path along the entire stretch of the highway will link up Park Connector Networks and the dedicated cycling path networks within HDB towns along the entire corridor to the city centre. In the final plan, the NSE will commence at Admiralty Road West in northern Singapore and proceed southwards along Woodlands Avenue 8, Gambas Avenue, Sembawang Road. It will join Lentor Ave and intersect the Seletar Expressway. Major bus stops will be equipped with lift lobbies at Lentor Avenue, Ang Mo Kio Avenue 6 and Document [147] (Title: East–West Economic Corridor) agreement to simplify logistics and customs procedures. These 5 nations with combined population of 250 million, have USD32 billion trade with each other (2016). India is individually negotiating a road vehicle agreement with these nations. Asian Development Bank study shows that the improved road and rail links, elimination of tariffs and non-tariff barriers, will result in a benefit of at least $568 billion to South Asian and South East Asean nations. All the border crossings from India, Mayanmar, Thailand, Cambodia to Vietnam already have the integrated immigration and customs checkpost that also allow foreign tourists with evisas. Road network from Document [148] (Title: North Central Freeway (Washington, D.C.)) later politically undermined by planning that failed to follow it. In a series of proposals published in 1963 and 1964, the subsequent study of the North Central Freeway and Northeast Freeway indirectly ignored earlier suggestions regarding the use of the B&O railroad corridor; instead, no fewer than 17 separate alignments were proposed for the NCF south of the Northeast Freeway, and a staggering 35 were proposed for the NCF (I-70S) north of it, many of which did not make much use of the railroad alignment. One important aspect of the study was the consideration of consolidating the North Central Freeway Document [149] (Title: Interstate 94 in North Dakota) highway. At approximately mile marker 275 on the westbound lanes between Jamestown and Valley City, the highway crosses the Laurentian Continental Divide, at an elevation of above sea level. The rivers that are west of this divide flow South into the Atlantic Ocean from the Gulf of Mexico, while the rivers that are east of the divide flow North into Hudson Bay. The James River, that flows through Jamestown, feeds into the Atlantic Ocean, while the Sheyenne River, that flows through Valley City ( east of Jamestown), feeds into Hudson Bay. In Fargo, a well-known yet unnamed pedestrian bridge crosses Document [150] (Title: East West Link (Melbourne)) Bridge—"a tunnel under, or a bridge over, the Maribyrnong River, connecting to a northern bypass of the city." He concluded: "The evidence is clear: doing nothing is not an option. Melbourne needs better east-west transport connections to address core congestion problems within the transport network, to meet rapidly increasing travel demand, to support a growing population and to keep pace with the changes taking place in the city's economic and urban structure." Releasing the report, Premier John Brumby said he was neither "ruling anything in nor ruling anything out" among Eddington's 20 key proposals. In December 2008 the Brumby Labor Document [151] (Title: North–South Motorway) North–South Motorway The North–South Motorway is an incomplete planned motorway traversing the inner western suburbs of Adelaide from Wingfield in the north to Bedford Park in the south. It is planned to be a non-stop north–south route overlaying the same motor traffic corridor as South Road by grade separation. The motorway is to be the central section of Adelaide's North–South Corridor, being flanked north and south by the Northern Expressway (including the Northern Connector under construction) and Southern Expressway, respectively. In 2010 the Australian Government, through the Nation Building Program project, committed $500 million and the South Australian Government committed Document [152] (Title: Path 15) to north power transmission is 4,800-5,400 MW. In the section south of Tracy, the eastern two lines form an infrastructure corridor along with an aqueduct and Interstate 5 and provide some artificial scenery to look at, especially when they do not run in the hills west of Interstate 5. The eastern parallel PG&E lines cross Interstate 5 twice. The northern part of this electrical transmission corridor (including Path 66) is visible from space and Google Earth as lines of bare, treeless ground. This is because the power lines here run through forests of conifer trees which appear dark-green from space. Document [153] (Title: Northeast Corridor) gates and vehicle detection tied into the signal system. The New York to New Haven line has long been completely grade-separated, and the last grade crossings between Washington and New York were eliminated in the 1980s. In 1994, during planning for electrification and high-speed "Acela Express" service between New Haven and Boston, a law was passed requiring USDOT to plan for the elimination of all remaining crossings (unless impractical or unnecessary) by 1997. Some lightly used crossings were simply closed, while most were converted into bridges or underpasses. Only thirteen remained by 1999, of which lightly used crossings in Old Document [154] (Title: East–West Economic Corridor) provinces of Savannakhet, Vietnamese provinces of Quảng Trị, Thừa Thiên–Huế Province and Đà Nẵng city as the east end. From Myanmar it is further connected to India via India–Myanmar–Thailand Trilateral Highway which is being upgraded, with most part already completed and remaining upgrade will be completed by 2020. By using the East–West Economic Corridor, the travel time between Bangkok and Yangon is three days, compared with the two to three weeks needed for conventional marine transportation via the Straits of Malacca. Tariffs for Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam will be abolished by 2018, all of have the cross-border transport Document [155] (Title: Gepps Cross, South Australia) best known for the five-way intersection with Grand Junction Road going east and west, Main North Road south and north-east, and Port Wakefield Road going north. The intersection is not grade-separated. It is controlled by traffic lights, and all five roads have at least three lanes in each direction. These roads include the main highways from Adelaide to Western Australia and the Northern Territory (via Port Wakefield Road), New South Wales (via Main North Road), the northern suburbs of Adelaide and the northern parts of South Australia (both roads). Port Adelaide is to the west, and the major freight hubs Document [156] (Title: North–South Rail Link) includes more than half of Massachusetts mayors. The 2018 MassDOT feasibility study analyzed four possible options. Two options would run under the Central Artery (I-93), one option with two tracks and the other, more expensive, with four. The other two options, each with two tracks, would tunnel under downtown Boston several blocks west of the Artery. All the proposals connect the northern commuter rail lines with South Station and then to Back Bay and lines to the west. Only the four-track option would connect North Station with the Fairmont Line south of South Station. Under all the proposals, the Old Document [157] (Title: Interstate 95 Business (North Carolina)) Business 95 heading south can only merge with I-95 south, while at the northern terminus, drivers on Business 95 heading north can only merge with I-95 north. Established in 1978, and almost entirely overlapped with US 301, it was created to connect an incomplete gap of Interstate 95, from nearby Hope Mills (exit 40) to Eastover (exit 56). When Interstate 95 was completed east of Fayetteville in 1983, large signs at the entrances of I-95 Business were erected to promote the businesses that were bypassed along the mainline. Established in 1978, to connect an incomplete gap of Interstate 95, Interstate Document [158] (Title: Cycling in Minnesota) all of the corridors are currently expected to go through the Twin Cities region. The designated east-west corridors are U.S. Bicycle Route 10 (USBR 10), USBR 20 and USBR 30, while designated north-south corridors are USBR 41 and USBR 45. USBR 45 would largely follow the present Mississippi River Trail, while USBR 41 would branch off near the Twin Cities and head through Duluth and up the North Shore of Lake Superior. U.S. Bicycle Route 20 is actively being planned in Michigan and Wisconsin, though the Minnesota Department of Transportation only recently began planning routes for the system. USBR 45 Document [159] (Title: South East South South Governors Forum) South East South South Governors Forum The South East South South Governors Forum is a non-partisan organization consisting of state governors from the geopolitical zones of South East and South South in Nigeria. It was established on 9 July 2017 to pursue interregional cooperation for greater integration and to politically work together towards realigning as a people that shared common heritage, culture and affinity. Akwa Ibom State Governor, Emmanuel Udom was appointed chairman of the Forum at the first meeting held at the Nike Lake Resort in Enugu, the capital of Enugu State. The next meeting is expected to take Document [160] (Title: Island Eastern Corridor) Island Eastern Corridor The Island Eastern Corridor (IEC) is an expressway built along the northeastern shore of Hong Kong Island in Hong Kong. It starts from Causeway Bay in the west and ends in Chai Wan in the east. It is part of Route 4. The section between Causeway Bay and Quarry Bay consists mainly of viaducts built along Victoria Harbour. After World War II, the Eastern District of Hong Kong Island developed rapidly. As a result, the major thoroughfare in the area, King's Road, became very congested. To relieve the issue of congestion, the idea of constructing an elevated Document [161] (Title: East–west rail corridor) entire route. The rail corridor has an 81% share of land freight between the Eastern States and Perth, up from 60 percent in 1996–97, and saw a record 3.46 billion gross tonne kilometres of freight carried in November 2007. Major freight operators on the corridor include Pacific National, Aurizon, and SCT Logistics. East–west rail corridor The east–west rail corridor is a standard gauge railway that runs across Australia starting in Sydney, New South Wales, linking the Eastern states to Western Australia. The "Indian Pacific" passenger service operates along the route, as do a number of local passenger services. The route Document [162] (Title: North–South Rail Link) source for constructing the NSRL. On September 6, 2018, MassDOT released their draft feasibility reassessment report and asked for public comment by October 19. , the MBTA and Amtrak use the Grand Junction Line for non-revenue vehicle moves between the two sides of their networks. This alternative connection splits from the Framingham/Worcester Line near Boston University and the Mass Turnpike Allston/Brighton exit ramps, and the track then crosses the Charles River into Cambridge. From there, it runs through the East Cambridge neighborhood and into Somerville, where it connects to the commuter rail lines running from North Station, just below the Question: east west and north south corridor cross each other at

Answer: Jhansi Long Answer: The following is an interchange section Jhansi is the junction of North--South and East--West Corridors. Gold Document ID: 69

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Bournemouth Winter Gardens) The Lighthouse. The Winter Gardens was popular with pop and rock groups from the 1960s onward. The Beatles performed at the Winter Gardens on 16 November 1963, and the show was filmed by CBS that was telecast a week later. The Rolling Stones played the venue on 23 August 1964; the planned support group, The Paramounts missed the gig due to a van breakdown. Jimi Hendrix performed at the Winter Gardens in 1967, Pink Floyd in 1972, Elton John in both 1972 and 1973, David Bowie and Wings in 1973 and Queen in 1974. Rolf Harris had a summer residence Document [2] (Title: Free Trade Hall) damaged in the Manchester Blitz. The Hallé performed at the reopening in 1951 with the Orchestra's musical director and conductor, Sir John Barbirolli who remained until 1970. The final concert there was in 1996. Kathleen Ferrier sang at the re-opening of the Free Trade Hall in 1951, ending with a performance of Elgar's "Land of Hope and Glory", the only performance of that piece in her career. Bob Dylan played here in 1965, and again in 1966, the occasion of the "Judas!" shout. In the late 60s Frank Zappa and the Mothers of Invention, The Moody Blues, Tyrannosaurus Rex, (Marc Document [3] (Title: Sibylla's) van in December 1966.<ref name="NBrowne/Tele"></ref> In 1968, O'Leary left Sibylla's to manage the Speakeasy Club, which had become the new night spot for musicians and record industry executives. Sibylla's closed that same year, as a result of what Levy terms "the vagaries of fashion among its In Crowd membership". Following its closure, 9 Swallow Street continued to be a nightclub venue. On 24 October 2016, the Aristocrat opened on the site, applying a restrictive door policy that, according to "GQ" magazine, outdoes all rival local clubs. Sibylla's Sibylla's was a nightclub in the West End of London that operated from Document [4] (Title: Rainbow Theatre) Ltd. One-night concerts were held on the stage in the 1960s, with the building becoming one of the premier music venues in the capital. It was at this theatre that Jimi Hendrix first burnt a guitar, with the collusion of his manager Chas Chandler and a journalist from "NME". Hendrix proceeded to set fire to his Fender Stratocaster guitar on 31 March 1967 on the opening night of the Walker Brothers tour, resulting in a hospital appointment for Hendrix's burnt fingers. The Beach Boys' album, "Live In London", was recorded here in 1968. Renamed "Odeon" on 17 November 1970, the Document [5] (Title: Eric Clapton's Rainbow Concert) heroin addiction and recorded "461 Ocean Boulevard" (1974). A remastered expanded edition of the album was released on 13 January 1995, the 22nd anniversary of the concert. The concert was held at the Rainbow Theatre in Finsbury Park, north London, on 13 January 1973. The venue was popular during the 1960s and early 1970s; musicians such as The Beatles, Deep Purple, Pink Floyd, Jethro Tull and Queen performed there. The concert was recorded using Ronnie Lane's Mobile Studio. In a retrospective review, AllMusic deemed the album "an adequate live document, though one can find better performances of the songs on Document [6] (Title: Wembley Park) On 13 July 1969 the band Yes performed at Wembley Stadium, on a bill that also included Alan Price, Don Partridge (aka “the King of the Buskers”) and Status Quo, who would be the first act to open Live Aid, on exactly the same date 16 years later. This was the first popular music concert in the Stadium On 5 August 1972 a pop concert called The London Rock and Roll Show was held in the Stadium. It was the first of several popular music concerts held in the Stadium in the ‘70s. Crosby Stills Nash & Young followed on Document [7] (Title: London in film) the rooftop of a skyscraper. "Paddington" (2014) features several London locations, and includes modern landmarks such as The Shard and the London Eye. Cliff Richard was a film star with three successful musical comedies in the early 1960s. The first of these, "The Young Ones" (1961), was set in London. Cliff, The Shadows, and others need money to save their youth club, so they set up a pirate radio station to generate publicity for the show. Although Cliff's second hit, "Summer Holiday" (1963), mostly took place while driving across Europe, it prominently featured a red London AEC, RT bus. The Document [8] (Title: Christopher Gibbs) on to become the Stones' business manager until 2007. Gibbs was the set designer on the 1970 film "Performance", directed by Donald Cammell and Nicolas Roeg and starring James Fox and Mick Jagger. He is godfather to one of Jagger's children. In 1972, Gibbs bought Davington Priory, a former Benedictine nunnery in Davington, Kent, built in 1153. It was there that David Litvinoff lived from 1972 until 1975 when he committed suicide through an overdose of pills. Gibbs sold Davington Priory in 1982. It is now owned by Bob Geldof. In 2006, a painting Gibbs had bought in 1974 for Document [9] (Title: Lyceum Theatre, London) plans collapsed, and after the war, in 1945, it was converted to a huge ballroom and reopened by Matthews and Sons, as the Lyceum Ballroom. The Miss World contest was staged at the venue every year from 1951 to 1968. Many big bands played here, including the Oscar Rabin Band which performed frequently. In the 1960s and 1970s, the theatre was used as a pop concert venue and for television broadcasts. The Grateful Dead, The Groundhogs, The Clash, Bob Marley and the Wailers, Led Zeppelin, Queen, The Police, The Who, Emerson, Lake & Palmer, Colosseum, U2, The Smiths and Culture Document [10] (Title: London House (Chicago)) – Coleman Hawkins at the London House 1966 – The Three Sounds - "Today's Sounds" 1969 – The Soulful Strings - Back By Demand, In Concert Other albums recorded there include "Gin and Orange" by Brother Jack McDuff and "Barbara Carroll "Live" Her Piano and Trio" by Barbara Carroll. George Shearing and his group often played at this venue in the 1960s, as did Ramsey Lewis, whose trio started out as the house band. On the venue's closing night, a group of jazz luminaries gathered to say goodbye, and Shearing wrote and performed "A Foggy Day in London House." London Document [11] (Title: The Beatles' rooftop concert) the Beatles once again in top form, if only temporarily. Fans believed the rooftop concert might have been a try-out for a return to live performances and touring. The Rutles' "Get Up and Go" sequence in the film "All You Need Is Cash" mimics the footage of the rooftop concert, and uses similar camera angles. In January 2009, tribute band the Bootleg Beatles attempted to stage a 40th anniversary concert in the same location, but were refused permission by Westminster City Council due to licensing problems. In "The Simpsons" fifth season episode "Homer's Barbershop Quartet", the Be Sharps (Homer, Apu, Document [12] (Title: Aylesbury) include: A live music nightclub in Aylesbury was prominent in the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s – renamed the Friars' Club in 1969 – which hosted many of the top bands of the time including Jimi Hendrix, the Rolling Stones, Cream, Otis Redding, the Clash, Hawkwind, Queen, Genesis, U2, David Bowie, Talking Heads, Marillion & the Ramones. Many famous music managers and talent scouts were regularly in attendance at this time, including the likes of Simon Cowell. Friars' Club celebrated its 40th anniversary in 2009, by holding three special concerts that reflected the various phases of the club's musical history. The Document [13] (Title: London Ice House) by Carlo Colaiacovo of the Erie Otters in the 2002 OHL Playoffs. The Rolling Stones played the arena on April 26, 1965, but due to rioting in the audience, the show was shut down by police after only 15 minutes. Since the concert, only Bill Wyman (from the 1965 Stones - who is no longer with the band) returned to London and performed at the Harris Park with his band in 2001. Also, one other highlight from the concert was that former NHL player and head coach Pat Quinn promoted the event and brought the Rolling Stones to London. Another Document [14] (Title: Queen live performances) songs released on their studio albums during concerts. Many of their concerts (especially those during tours in the 70s) have been recorded on videotape. Examples include shows in: Rainbow Theatre (1974), Hammersmith Odeon (1975), Hyde Park (1976), Earls Court (1977), The Summit (1977), and the Hammersmith Odeon (1979). So far, two shows have been officially released, which are the November 1974 show at the Rainbow and the Christmas Eve 1975 show at the Hammersmith Odeon. Footage from other 70s shows exists, especially from Japan in 1975/1976 and Europe in 1978/1979. Lisa Marie Presley stated that the first rock concert she Document [15] (Title: Royal Vauxhall Tavern) this era include "Carla", famous for her Barbra Streisand impersonation and "The Great Lee Paris" on a Saturday night with Land of Hope and Glory, and There'll always be an England. Freddie Mercury was also a frequent visitor during the 1970s. The RVT survived local redevelopment throughout the 1970s and 1980s and maintained its independence as a gay venue. Many of London's top drag artists performed there, including Hinge and Bracket, Regina Fong and Adrella. Diana Dors also appeared there. Lily Savage, the drag persona of Paul O'Grady, was a regular performer for eight years, with shows four times per Document [16] (Title: The Peddlers) the group began a residency at Annies Room in London also playing the Scotch of St James and The Pickwick where the group's first album "Live at the Pickwick", including an introduction by Pete Murray, was recorded. The trio released six singles and an EP on the Philips record label before joining CBS in 1967. Their cover of "Let the Sunshine In" (1965) charted on the UK Singles Chart. In 1968 they released the album "Freewheelers", consisting of standards arranged by Keith Mansfield. The follow-up, 1968's "Three in a Cell", included a version of "On a Clear Day You Can Document [17] (Title: Tommy Nutter) for the cover of The Beatles' album "Abbey Road" in 1969, he dressed three out of the four: George Harrison elected to be photographed on the road-crossing in denims. In the 1970s his bespoke business became less successful, but he branched out into ready to wear clothing, marketed through Austin Reed. He also successfully expanded into East Asia, establishing the Savile Row brand in Japan. In 1976 Sexton bought Nutter out of the Business. Nutter went to work for Kilgour French and Stanbury, managing his own workroom. Sexton continued to run Nutters of Savile Row until 1983, when Nutter returned Document [18] (Title: Careful with That Axe, Eugene) in concert from 1968 to 1973 in progressively slower and alternative formats, and once at the Oakland Coliseum in 1977. There is a rumor that the song may have been played in January 1968, while Syd Barrett was still in the band. An embryonic form was definitely performed as early as 31 May 1968 (captured in a recording at the Paradiso in Amsterdam), under the original title of "Keep Smiling People", and another version was recorded on 25 June 1968 at the BBC Piccadilly Studios and broadcast on John Peel's "Top Gear" radio programme on 11 August 1968 with the Document [19] (Title: Pop Go The Sixties) show (which went out at 10:35pm) was presented by Jimmy Savile and Elfi von Kalckreuth. The two presenters introduced each act (with the exception of Cliff Richard), but neither was present in the studio recording with the artists, their links being added later. Savile spoke English, whereas Elfi von Kalckreuth speaks in German throughout. The BBC's Johnnie Stewart produced the show, while Stanley Dorfman directed. Both men were involved with the regular production of BBC music show Top Of The Pops and this show had a very similar look and production style. The artists performed on rostra, surrounded by a Document [20] (Title: Oxford Street) the London Jazz Club in 1948, and subsequently the Humphrey Lyttelton Club after he took over the lease in the 1950s. Louis Armstrong played at the venue during this time. It became a key venue for the trad jazz revival, hosting gigs by Chris Barber and Acker Bilk. It was renamed the 100 Club in 1964 after Roger Horton bought a stake, adding an alcohol licence for the first time. The venue hosted gigs by several British blues bands, including the Who, the Kinks and the Animals. It was an important venue for punk rock in the UK and hosted Document [21] (Title: Blackpool) out among the audience who had found their performance "suggestive" during their concert at the Empress Ballroom. The ban was lifted forty-four years later in March 2008. The "Jimi Hendrix – Experience" video and DVD features concert footage of Hendrix's performance at Blackpool's Opera House in 1967. Psychedelic rock band Complex were formed in Blackpool in 1970 and self-released two albums in 1971. Only 99 copies of their self-titled debut were pressed and this extremely rare vinyl album has since been described as "one of the "Holy Trinity" items of rare British Psychedelia". The band continued to play until 1978 Document [22] (Title: Isolar II – The 1978 World Tour) The performance at the NHK Hall in Tokyo, Japan on 12 December 1978 was filmed and broadcast on Japanese TV's "The Young Music Show". The final night of the Earls Court performance was recorded by the RCA mobile unit with the live performance premiere of the song, "Sound and Vision", later released on the 1995 compilation album, "RarestOneBowie". The song was not performed live again until the 1990 Sound+Vision Tour. Record Store Day on 21 April 2018 saw the release of "Welcome to the Blackout (Live London ’78)". It was recorded at Earls Court on 30 June and 1 July Document [23] (Title: Sutton, London) the Winning Post) in Sutton High Street. The band played several early gigs there in 1963, and, during one, the audience included impresario/music manager Giorgio Gomelsky, who spotted the band and signed them up for a residency at Richmond's Crawdaddy Club, months before they made the charts. It was also at the pub that Charlie Watts and Bill Wyman, on 23 January 1963, became permanent members of the band: In 2011, the Winning Post was added to a list of buildings and structures of local significance. Sutton is one of the eleven major metropolitan centres identified in the London Plan Document [24] (Title: Guerrilla gig) P.M. (for One Pennebaker Movie). A recount of this performance can be seen on the "Fly Jefferson Airplane" documentary DVD released in 2004. This Jefferson Airplane performance predates the similar although more well-known performance when The Beatles, on January 30, 1969, played a gig entirely unannounced on the roof of Apple Studios at 3 Savile Row, London. They performed several takes of their newest songs (which would appear on the album "Let It Be") as the passers-by on the street looked up in confusion. After the third take of "Get Back", they too were shut down by the police due Document [25] (Title: Python Lee Jackson) former Levi Smith Clefs' bass player, John Helman (also ex-Jeff St John and the Id). They played at the Vesuvio club on Tottenham Court Road. In early 1969 they performed at the Arts Lab on Drury Lane for several months where they were spotted by DJ, John Peel. In April 1969 Bentley, Liber and Montgomery were joined by Jamie Byrne from the Groove, and recorded three tracks in the studio with Rod Stewart as a guest vocalist. Stewart was paid a set of car seat covers for his recording session. Stewart had been brought in to sing three tracks, after Document [26] (Title: The Screen On The Green) a showcase event organised by Malcolm Maclaren. This was notable for many reasons including, it was only The Clash's third gig and the first ever to be recorded, and is the earliest known (after the Manchester Free Trade Hall concert from April 1976) recorded performance and a rare recording of The Sex Pistols with Glen Matlock. The Screen On The Green was also the location for the first performance of Sid Vicious with the Sex Pistols, on April 3, 1977, following the dismissal of Matlock from the band. The cinema is referenced throughout Adam and the Ants' song "Fall in" Document [27] (Title: Third (Soft Machine album)) 1967–1973". In 2007 the album was re-issued on CD by Sony BMG with a second disc comprising a complete live album, "Live at the Proms 1970", which had been previously released by a small independent company called Reckless Records in 1988. This album was recorded at The BBC Proms in Royal Albert Hall in The Royal Borough of Kensington & Chelsea, London, for BBC Radio Three on 13 August 1970. The band's performance, opening for the BBC Symphony Orchestra, marked the first time that a popular-music band played at the classical festival. The disparity of Soft Machine's concert as compared Document [28] (Title: The Beatles' rooftop concert) The Beatles' rooftop concert The Beatles' rooftop concert was the final public performance of the English rock band the Beatles. On 30 January 1969, the band, with keyboardist Billy Preston, surprised a central London office and fashion district with an impromptu concert from the roof of the headquarters of the band's multimedia corporation Apple Corps at 3 Savile Row. In a 42-minute set, the Beatles played nine takes of five songs before the Metropolitan Police asked them to reduce the volume. Footage from the performance was used in the 1970 documentary film "Let It Be". Although the concert was unannounced, Document [29] (Title: The Bootleg Beatles) Jovi, David Bowie, The Corrs, Manic Street Preachers and Iggy Pop. On 30 January 1999, the band played on the rooftop of 3 Savile Row, London, former residence of the Beatles' Apple Corps company, recreating the Beatles final public live performance which took place on the same rooftop 30 years earlier. In 2009 the band hoped to mark the 40th anniversary by recreating the performance again, but unfortunately health and safety concerns prevented the appearance. In 2002, the band played at Queen Elizabeth II's Golden Jubilee Party at Buckingham Palace. 2010 saw the band headline the Acoustic Stage at Glastonbury Document [30] (Title: Savile Row) Bolan recorded in the basement studio until it closed in May 1975. The Beatles' final live performance, known as the "rooftop concert", was held on the roof of the building, on 30 January 1969, and was recorded for the documentary film "Let It Be"; the last words of the band, spoken by John Lennon as the police stopped the performance, were "I hope we passed the audition." In 1969, Nutters of Savile Row modernised the style and approach of the traditional tailors; a modernisation which continued in the 1990s with the "New Bespoke Movement", involving the designers Richard James, Ozwald Document [31] (Title: Mayfair Music Hall) in 1972 and produced British variety shows there for 8 years. The ornate boxes and staff work were rescued from the grand old Belmont Theater, a major movie palace adjacent to the famed Bimini Baths at 1st and Vermont in Los Angeles. Entrepreneur Larsen's full traditional music hall productions featured noted actors and performers, such as Bernard Fox, Beatrice Kay, Larry "Seymour" Vincent, Toni Kaye, dancer and choreographer on "The Carol Burnett Show," Mousie Garner, Ian Whitcomb, Eubie Blake, Gene Bell, English entertainer Joyce Howard, and other actors and musical stars of the day. In later years it later became Document [32] (Title: Travelling Riverside Blues) Aeolian Hall on June 24, 1969 during the band's UK Tour of Summer 1969. Jimmy Page dubbed extra guitar tracks onto the track (the main track being played on a 12-string electric guitar, possibly the same one used on the track "Thank You"), and it was broadcast four days later on John Peel's "Top Gear" show under the title "Travelling Riverside Blues '69", and repeated on January 11, 1970. Page used an acoustic slide guitar for the entire song, while Bonham played triplets on the bass drum. It is quite different from the original, and it is more a tribute Document [33] (Title: Gimme Shelter (1970 film)) Ike and Tina Turner opening for the Stones at their Madison Square Garden concert, to Mick Jagger's comment, "It's nice to have a chick occasionally". The Maysles brothers filmed the first concert of the tour at Madison Square Garden in New York City. After the concert, the Maysles brothers asked the Rolling Stones if they could film them on tour, and the band agreed. Much of the film chronicles the behind-the-scenes dealmaking that took place to make the free Altamont concert happen, including much footage of well-known attorney Melvin Belli negotiating by telephone with the management of the Altamont Speedway. Document [34] (Title: The Apollo (Glasgow)) performed by Johnny Cash on 5 & 6 September 1973. The venue was quickly attractive to the public responding to booking of popular performers of the time who spoke favourably of the atmosphere generated by the exuberant crowds. The ballroom operated above the main concert auditorium, originally known as "Clouds", following various name changes that included "Satellite City" and "The Penthouse". The ballroom became a music venue for up-coming and relatively lesser-known contemporary bands, such as Simple Minds, Elvis Costello, Sham 69 and The Rich Kids. These were unable to attract a large enough paying audience to fill the concert Document [35] (Title: Jimmy Savile) was as a presenter of Tyne Tees Television's music programme "Young at Heart", which aired from May 1960. Although the show was broadcast in black and white, Savile dyed his hair a different colour every week. On New Year's Day 1964 he presented the first edition of the BBC music chart television programme "Top of the Pops" from a television studio in a converted church in Dickenson Road, Rusholme, Manchester. On 30 July 2006, he co-hosted the final weekly edition, ending it with the words "It's number one, it's still "Top of the Pops"", before turning off the studio lights Document [36] (Title: Ian A. Anderson) concert series at London’s Union Chapel (2003-4) and has curated many single events including English Roots Against Apartheid (Town & Country Club, London, 1987), Ceilidh Aid (The Forum, London, 2005), Roots At The Roundhouse (Roundhouse, London, 2010), Ghosts From The Basement (Cecil Sharp House, London, 2010), Looking For A New England (Cecil Sharp House, London, 2010), Bridges (Queen Elizabeth Hall, London, 2014), Bob Copper Centenary Celebration (Cecil Sharp House, London, 2015), No Voices (Kings Place, London, 2016) and the Bristol Troubadour 50th Anniversary celebrations (St Georges, Bristol, 2016). He organised UK tours for other artists including Mississippi Fred McDowell (1969), Document [37] (Title: Kelvin Hall) Richie Havens, The New Seekers, Johnny Mathis on 7 September 1973, Runrig's debut concert (in 1973), The Incredible String Band, and the James Last Orchestra. As part of their 1974 British Tour, Tangerine Dream played a live concert on 20 November 1974. Mike Oldfield with the (then) Scottish National Orchestra played Tubular Bells on 5 September 1975. The Royal Scottish National Orchestra Proms took place there up to 1990, when the new Concert Hall opened in the city centre. The Glasgow Museum of Transport was located in the Kelvin Hall from 1987 to 2010, attracting up to 500,000 annual visitors Document [38] (Title: Jefferson Airplane) (she claimed she simply wanted to wear all the makeup she saw in her dressing room) and raised her fist in the Black Panther Party's salute after singing "Crown of Creation". In November 1968, the band played "House at Pooneil Corners" on a New York City rooftop. It was filmed for D. A. Pennebaker movie "1 PM". The concert was stopped by the police just like the Beatles' famous rooftop concert about two months later, as depicted in the 1970 documentary "Let It Be". In February 1969, RCA released the live album "Bless Its Pointed Little Head", which was culled Document [39] (Title: Hyde Park, London) 20th century. The music management company Blackhill Enterprises held the first rock concert in Hyde Park on 29 June 1968, attended by 15,000 people. On the bill were Pink Floyd, Roy Harper and Jethro Tull, while John Peel later said it was "the nicest concert I’ve ever been to". Subsequently, Hyde Park has featured some of the most significant concerts in rock. The supergroup Blind Faith (featuring Eric Clapton and Steve Winwood) played their debut gig in Hyde Park on 7 June 1969. The Rolling Stones headlined a concert (later released as The Stones in the Park) on 5 July Document [40] (Title: Middle Earth (club)) the club. They stormed in with axes and box hooks and stayed about half an hour destroying almost everything in the club. Before leaving they smashed an axe through the office door where staff including Jeff Dexter were taking refuge. John Peel was also a disc jockey at the Club on Saturday Nights until Mid-1968. The Club was closed down in mid-1968 and after holding events at a few venues settled at the Roundhouse where it put on the Doors and Jefferson Airplane for 4 performances over two nights in September 1968. Led Zeppelin played their first public performance there Document [41] (Title: Espedair Street) Brice likes his songs, and he joins the band. He ends up writing all their material and playing bass guitar (after trying unsuccessfully to get them to change their name), as the band rises in the drug- and booze-fuelled rock and roll of the 1970s, assisted by A&R man Rick Tumber of ARC Records. In the Three Chimneys tour, singer Davey Balfour takes Dan along on an attempt to break an unofficial (and illegal) speed record for flying around three power station chimneys in Kent in his private aeroplane. He reminisces about this from 1980s Glasgow, where he lives as Document [42] (Title: The Water Rats) The Water Rats The Water Rats is a live music venue at 328 Grays Inn Road, Kings Cross, London, England. Until 1992 it was known as The Pindar of Wakefield and was famous for its regular old time music hall entertainment. Bob Dylan played his first UK gig here in December 1962. The Pogues (then known as the Pogue Mahones) had their first performance here on October 4, 1982. Oasis's debut London performance took place here on 27 January 1994. The Beta Band played their debut show here on Wednesday 23 July 1997. Acts such as Katy Perry, Sisteray, The Document [43] (Title: Jimmy Savile) after the closing credits. When interviewed by the BBC on 20 November 2008 and asked about the revival of "Top of the Pops" for a Christmas comeback, he said he would welcome a "cameo role" in the programme. In the early 1960s, Savile co-hosted (with Pete Murray) the televised "New Musical Express" Poll Winners' Concert, held annually at the Empire Pool in Wembley, with acts such as the Beatles, Cliff Richard and the Shadows, Joe Brown and the Bruvvers, the Who, and many others. On 31 December 1969, he hosted the BBC/ZDF co-production "Pop Go the Sixties", shown across Western Document [44] (Title: The Speakeasy Club) the basis of the then emerging British rock scene. The club also attracted international touring bands and established artists. Musicians and bands who played at the club include Elton John, Cockney Rebel, The Rolling Stones, The Crazy World Of Arthur Brown, Pink Floyd (who first appeared on 19 September 1967), Arthur LEE and Love, King Crimson, The Marmalade, The Mothers of Invention (October 1967), Yes, Jimi Hendrix (1966), The Beatles, David Bowie, Deep Purple (10 July 1969), and Bob Marley (May 1973 Catch a Fire Tour). Others such as Jeff Beck, Reg Isidore, Ginger Baker, Jan Hammer, The Gass and Document [45] (Title: The London Rock and Roll Show) Heinz Screaming Lord Sutch and the Savages Bo Diddley Jerry Lee Lewis Bill Haley & His Comets Little Richard Chuck Berry The London Rock and Roll Show The London Rock and Roll Show was a concert held at Wembley Stadium in Wembley Park, London, England, on 5 August 1972. It is often said to have been the first ever concert held at the stadium, but in fact the band Yes had performed in the Stadium on 13 July 1969. From the late 1960s to the early 1970s, many rock and roll performers from the 1950s experienced major career revivals due Document [46] (Title: The High Level Ranters) Peel - first on 18 October 1972, recorded at the Playhouse Theatre, Northumberland Avenue in London and later, on 3 July 1974, recorded at the BBC Newcastle studio. The band continues to tour and may be booked through their official website. Between 1969 and 1979 the band consisted of Alistair Anderson, Tommy Gilfellon, Johnny Handle and Colin Ross. Since 1980 the line-up has been Jim Hall, Johnny Handle and Colin Ross. At various times and for various recordings Forster Charlton, John Doonan, Pete Wood and Louis Killen have also been band members. The High Level Ranters The High Level Ranters Document [47] (Title: Marquee Club) 1963 the club had become most noted for its R&B acts, including Davies, Brian Auger and Manfred Mann–who played there a record 102 times between 1962 and 1976–but Pendleton was forced to find a new venue when his lease expired. In March 1964 the club moved a short distance to what became its most famous venue with an entrance at 90 Wardour Street, with the actual music venue housed over two buildings. Here, almost every major rock band of note played over the next 25 years on the tiny stage. ‘The Marquee in Wardour Street did not have an alcohol Document [48] (Title: TaharQa and Tunde Ra Aleem) concert for the humanitarian crisis in Biafra (Nigeria) at the Apollo, but the owner, George Schiffman declined the offer. Instead, plans were made to perform an outdoor benefit concert for the United Block Association (UBA) on the corner of Lenox Avenue and 138/139th St. Before the concert took place on September 5th ,1969, Jimi made the big announcement at a televised press conference at Smalls’ Paradise in Harlem. Unfortunately, most of the reporters were more interested in asking questions about his legendary performance at Woodstock, which occurred less than a month earlier in August. The benefit concert was supported by Document [49] (Title: Bert Jansch) film, first broadcast by the BBC in 1992. It shows him revisiting his old haunts and reminiscing with guests such as Al Stewart, Anne Briggs, John Renbourn, and Davy Graham. From 1995, Jansch appeared frequently at the 12 Bar Club in Denmark Street, London. One of his live sets there was recorded direct to Digital Audio Tape (DAT) by Jansch's then manager, Alan King, and was released as the "Live at the 12 Bar: an official bootleg" album in 1996. In 2002 Jansch, Bernard Butler and Johnny "Guitar" Hodge performed live together at the Jazz Cafe, London. Bernard Butler had Document [50] (Title: Richard Pite) Duke Ellington appearing for the first time in London in 1932 and 1933 or Benny Goodman’s "Famous 1938 Carnegie Hall Jazz Concert". The Jazz Repertory Company concerts take place at London’s Cadogan Hall and the first concert staged there was in 2008. This concert recreated the music Artie Shaw recorded with big band and strings in the years 1937 to 1939 and the music had never been presented live in the UK up until this time. Much of the music presented by the Jazz Repertory Company had been popular in its day but was now in danger of sinking into Document [51] (Title: Mayfair Ballroom) Queen, the Police, the Prodigy, Black Grape, the Cross, Kylie Minogue, Tin Machine, U2, the Clash, Iron Maiden, Faith No More, Judas Priest, Bodycount and Nirvana, The Glitter Band among others. Led Zeppelin's first ever live performance in the United Kingdom was at the Mayfair Ballroom on 4 October 1968.. Free's final live performance in the UK took place at the venue on 20 October 1972. At the end of the show, guitarist Paul Kossoff broke the neck of his cherished Les Paul guitar after uncharacteristically throwing it into the air in frustration. In 1999 the Mayfair was demolished to Document [52] (Title: Mick Taylor) and the Civic Center in Baltimore in November 1969, and on the album "Brussels Affair (Live 1973)", compiled from two shows recorded in Brussels on 17 October 1973 in the Forest National Arena, during their European Tour. Taylor's live performances also feature in the documentary films "Stones in the Park" (released on DVD in 2001), "Gimme Shelter" (released in 1970) and "Cocksucker Blues" (unreleased); and in the concert film "" (shown in cinemas in 1974, and released on DVD and Blu-ray in 2010); these performances were also released on an album with the same title. Bootleg recordings from the Rolling Document [53] (Title: Ken Mansfield) gig on the rooftop of their London headquarters on January 30, 1969, which was captured in the Academy Award-winning documentary, "Let It Be". Mansfield is easy to recognize as he was the only one on the roof that day wearing a white coat. When the Apple empire began to crumble, Mansfield turned down an offer by businessman Allen Klein to stay despite the promise of his salary being tripled. Mansfield saw the writing on the wall and moved over to MGM Records as its vice president in charge of marketing and artist relations. Two years later he was hired by Document [54] (Title: 34 Montagu Square, Marylebone) a family member would live in the flat. To finally settle the case, Starr sold the lease on 28 February 1969. A music label owner, Reynold D’Silva, bought the flat for £550,000 in 2002, beating a rival bid from Noel Gallagher. D’Silva considered opening it as a music museum, but decided to rent it instead, for £795 per week. Author Miles contended that 34 Montagu Square "clearly qualifies as a candidate for one of the blue marker plaques that the City of Westminster fixes to buildings of historical interest". On Saturday 23 October 2010, in front of 100 people, Ono Document [55] (Title: Mayfair Music Hall) Charlotte Rampling) was starring in a production. The theatre was damaged in the 1994 Northridge earthquake, and the owner gutted the building and removed all the ornate decor. The building was demolished in 2010. Mayfair Music Hall The Mayfair Music Hall was an English music hall-styled vaudeville theater devised and created by entrepreneur Milt Larsen, located in Santa Monica, California. This theater was designed by architect Henry C. Hollwedel, and built in 1913 as the Santa Monica Opera House. Shortly afterward, it was renamed the Majestic Theater and featured silent movies and split week vaudeville acts. The theater was remodeled Document [56] (Title: London Palladium) never performed outside of North America due to Parker's lack of a passport. In January 1973, glam rock band Slade played a gig in the theatre which resulted in the venue's balcony nearly collapsing. In 1976 Marvin Gaye recorded a live concert at the venue. The performance documented on the resulting double LP, entitled "Live at the London Palladium" and released in 1977. It included his number one hit "Got to Give It Up". In July 1974, singer Cass Elliott performed for two weeks. The night of her final performance she died in her sleep in her rented flat in Document [57] (Title: Bristol Troubadour Club) artists; a double CD, "Waterloo Street Revisited" was issued the following year featuring recordings of the artists' performances. Because of its success, a similar concert was held on 6 March 2004 at the Redgrave Theatre, Clifton. The third reunion took place at St. George's Hall in Bristol on 8 October, 2016, which marked the 50th anniversary of the club, which opened on 7, October, 1966. The following day, at midday, a blue plaque was unveiled in Waterloo Street commemorating both the club and the fact that the name "Clifton Village" was first used on publicity materials for the club. Bristol Document [58] (Title: The Scaffold) be a highly regarded poet and author. A reunion occurred in 2008 to record a reworking of the Lightning Seeds' "Three Lions", titled "3 Shirts on a Line", for "Liverpool – The Number Ones Album", a compilation album commemorating Liverpool being the European Capital of Culture. Michael McCartney and John Gorman represented The Scaffold in the Number One Concert in the 10,500-seater Echo Arena, receiving a standing ovation from the capacity audience. In 2009, the classic lineup was reunited in Ronnie Scott's London Jazz Club for a BBC TV programme, and in October 2010, they reconvened for a Gala Concert Document [59] (Title: Derek and the Dominos) (as "the George O'Hara-Smith Singers") to tracks such as "All Things Must Pass" and "Awaiting on You All". In addition, while continuing to rehearse at Hurtwood Edge, all four band members participated in London sessions for Dr. John's album "The Sun, Moon & Herbs" (1971). Early in the summer of 1970, Clapton asked former Apple Records employee Chris O'Dell to find accommodation for Whitlock, Gordon and Radle in central London, telling O'Dell that they were "going bonkers" out in the Surrey countryside. The band then moved into a two-storey flat at 33 Thurloe Place, close to South Kensington tube station. Document [60] (Title: Windsor Castle, Maida Vale) Windsor Castle, Maida Vale The Windsor Castle is a former public house on Harrow Road, Maida Vale, London. It was a seminal rock venue throughout the 1960s and 1970s, with notable early performances from The Rolling Stones, The Who and U2. Despite now being derelict, the building is a designated heritage asset. The Windsor Castle opened on Harrow Road in 1829. It was rebuilt in its current style around 1850, with stucco plaster around the windows, quoins and a castellated parapet. The Windsor Castle became a music venue in the 1960s. It is renowned for early gigs by the Rolling Document [61] (Title: The Venue (Victoria Street, London)) The Venue (Victoria Street, London) The Venue was a live music club at 160–162 Victoria Street, London, England, owned by Virgin Records. It opened its doors on 1 November 1978 and operated until 1984. The first act to play there was Graham Parker and The Rumour, followed by the last live performances by Alex Harvey before his death. Todd Rundgren played some dates there just before Christmas in 1978, as part of the tour to back up the "Back to the Bars" album; released for the Christmas market, at the time. Two shows were sometimes played per night, and the Document [62] (Title: London Trocadero) will take over the building as another Live Experience Venue, based upon the popular 1990's Channel 4 programme. London Trocadero The London Trocadero was an entertainment complex on Coventry Street, with a rear entrance in Shaftesbury Avenue, London. It was originally built in 1896 as a restaurant, and closed in 1965. In 1984 the complex reopened as an exhibition and entertainment space, which operated until 2014. , it is under redevelopment to become a hotel. Since at least 1919 the Trocadero has been abbreviated to the Troc or Chicarito, and under that name it appears in a poem by John Document [63] (Title: The Stones in the Park) by Blind Faith in June 1969 attended by 150,000 people, were contacted to organise one at the next convenient date after the organiser-compère of that concert, Sam Cutler, had met Jagger in the VIP area at the concert and later at the Royal Albert Hall. When asked why the festival would be free, Jagger noted that they had not made much money from previous concert tours anyway, and that he felt the audience would have a better time if they did not have to pay although he ensured that the cost of the concert would be covered by selling exclusive Document [64] (Title: Friars Aylesbury) of the venue’s acoustics and its poor reputation from when it had been previously called The Grosvenor (although as The Grosvenor, acts such as Jimi Hendrix played). Stopps subsequently said that if the first gig hadn’t have been a success, he would have closed Friars and taken up a career in advertising. As it was, that first gig on 17 April 1971 was a complete sellout featuring The Groundhogs and local act John Otway. Having successfully presented David Bowie twice in 1971 and early 1972, the third appearance on 15 July 1972 is seen by many as the greatest ever Document [65] (Title: Hyde Park, London) that year, two days after the death of founding member Brian Jones, and is now remembered as one of the most famous gigs of the 1960s. Pink Floyd returned to Hyde Park on 18 July 1970, playing new material from "Atom Heart Mother". All of the early gigs from 1968–71 were free events, contrasting sharply with the later commercial endeavours. Queen played a free concert organised by Richard Branson in the park on 18 September 1976, partway through recording the album "A Day at the Races". The band drew an audience of 150,000 – 200,000, which remains the largest crowd Document [66] (Title: The Bottom Line (venue)) under their guises of Derek and Clive were recorded at The Bottom Line. The Bottom Line seated 400 people and had a no smoking policy, long before that restriction became New York City law. In later years the club hosted "In Their Own Words: A Bunch Of Songwriters Sittin' Around Singing", a series of performances with commentary organized and initially hosted by radio personality Vin Scelsa. Another staple was the annual "Downtown Messiah", a reworking of Handel directed by Richard Barone. At Christmastime, musicians like Vernon Reid and David Johansen made The Messiah their own. The venue also held annual Document [67] (Title: Her Majesty's Theatre) House. The London premiere of "Fiddler on the Roof" was on 16 February 1967, starring Chaim Topol, and the production ran at Her Majesty's for 2,030 performances. Forty years after the original stage adaptation, André Previn's musical adaptation of "The Good Companions" premiered on 11 July 1974, followed by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Alan Ayckbourn's initially unsuccessful collaboration, "Jeeves", on 22 April 1975, which has since enjoyed considerable success. John Cleese organised "A Poke in the Eye (With a Sharp Stick)" as a benefit for Amnesty International at the theatre in 1976, and it was broadcast as "Pleasure at Her Document [68] (Title: Laurie Arms) the front. Notable visitors have included The Pogues and Elvis Costello. Laurie Arms The Laurie Arms is a pub at 238 Shepherd's Bush Road, Hammersmith, London. It was next door to the Hammersmith Palais, a long running dance hall and music venue from 1919, which hosted The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, The Who, David Bowie and the Sex Pistols, but was demolished in 2013. It has been a pub since at least 1881. It reopened in February 2015 as a branch of the Draft House pub chain, with the interior featuring original gig posters and photos from the Hammersmith Palais. Document [69] (Title: Saville Theatre) "Pickwick Papers" premièred on 4 July 1963, featuring Harry Secombe in his first role in a musical. It was a success, remaining in the West End for two years and going on to tour the US, with a run on Broadway. Brian Epstein, manager of The Beatles and himself a former drama student, leased the theatre in 1965, presenting both plays (including works by Arnold Wesker) and rock and roll shows. The venue became notorious for its Sunday night concerts. During one by Chuck Berry, members of the audience stormed the stage and the police were called to clear the Document [70] (Title: Mayfair Music Hall) Mayfair Music Hall The Mayfair Music Hall was an English music hall-styled vaudeville theater devised and created by entrepreneur Milt Larsen, located in Santa Monica, California. This theater was designed by architect Henry C. Hollwedel, and built in 1913 as the Santa Monica Opera House. Shortly afterward, it was renamed the Majestic Theater and featured silent movies and split week vaudeville acts. The theater was remodeled after sound was introduced in the late twenties. The theater was rather plain and was modernized during the sixties. Milt Larsen, John Shrum and Thomas Heric transformed the venue into a Victorian music hall Document [71] (Title: Harvey Goldsmith) where he founded Club 66, a successful weekly student live music venue and organized larger events at the Brighton Metropole. By the end of that decade Goldsmith had created rock music events, such as the Crystal Palace Garden Parties. A decade later the concerts had moved to larger stadiums and had established Wembley Stadium as a major venue for the top artists of the world. In 1975, he was the promoter behind the Loftus Road Concert at Queens Park Rangers' Stadium for Yes, when they were touring for their "Relayer" album. During 1978 Goldsmith promoted the first major global TV Document [72] (Title: Juke Box Jury) frequent Juror, as were Lulu and Cilla Black, who appeared twelve and nine times respectively. From 31 December 1966, a regular panel was established for eight consecutive editions. Jimmy Savile, Simon Dee, Alan Freeman and Pete Murray sat in judgement for all these programmes, having first appeared together on 3 December 1966. From 25 the February until April 1, the foursome continued as regular panelists, but alternating in pairs each week, with Savile and Murray appearing together, followed by Freeman and Dee. Among the diverse others from the world of entertainment who appeared were Thora Hird, Alfred Hitchcock, Spike Milligan, Document [73] (Title: Pasadena Roof Orchestra) orchestra has existed in its current form since 1969, although the line-up has frequently changed. It has achieved success outside of the United Kingdom, most notably in Germany. The Pasadena Roof Orchestra was so named in November 1969 by John Arthy, a baker who played the double bass and sousaphone, and who had taken over the Creole Dance Orchestra (first formed in 1965) in which he played bass and sousaphone, from Chris Macdonald, its founder. Arthy purchased a cache of original musical arrangements dating from the 1920s stored in the attic of a lady in Manchester, and the strength of Document [74] (Title: The Venue (Victoria Street, London)) 2013 as part of a major redevelopment of the area. Magazine The Venue (Victoria Street, London) The Venue was a live music club at 160–162 Victoria Street, London, England, owned by Virgin Records. It opened its doors on 1 November 1978 and operated until 1984. The first act to play there was Graham Parker and The Rumour, followed by the last live performances by Alex Harvey before his death. Todd Rundgren played some dates there just before Christmas in 1978, as part of the tour to back up the "Back to the Bars" album; released for the Christmas market, at Document [75] (Title: The Stones in the Park) Live in 1969" in 2015. On Richard Bacon's BBC Radio 5 Live show on 3 April 2013 it was announced that the Rolling Stones would hold a concert in Hyde Park as part of their 50th anniversary celebrations on 6 July. Mick Jagger quipped, "I'll try and keep the poetry to a minimum", and remarked, in respect of the white dress that he wore for the 1969 concert, "I can still just about get into the zippers." On 9 April it was announced that they would hold a second concert, on 13 July. Several celebrities, including David Walliams, Gemma Arterton, Document [76] (Title: Top of the Pops) in the 1970s being The Four Seasons, The Who, John Otway, Sham 69, Eddie and the Hot Rods, Jimmy James and the Vagabonds, Heavy Metal Kids, Elton John, Typically Tropical, New Order, and David Bowie. In 1980, heavy metal band Iron Maiden played live on the show when they refused to mime to their single "Running Free". Solo artists and vocal groups were supposed to sing live to the Top Of The Pops Orchestra. Billy Ocean, Brotherhood Of Man, Hylda Baker and The Nolans all performed in this way. For a few years from 1991, the show adopted a live Document [77] (Title: Saville Theatre) Saville Theatre The Saville Theatre is a former West End theatre at 135 Shaftesbury Avenue in the London Borough of Camden. The theatre opened in 1931, and became a music venue during the 1960s. In 1970 it became the two cinemas ABC1 Shaftesbury Avenue and ABC2 Shaftesbury Avenue, which in 2001 were converted to the four-screen cinema Odeon Covent Garden. The theatre was designed by the architect Sir Thomas Bennett, in consultation with Bertie Crewe, and opened on 8 October 1931, with a play with music by H.F. Maltby, "For The Love Of Mike". The theatre benefited from a capacity Document [78] (Title: Bataclan (theatre)) was closed. Sting reopened the venue with a concert one year following the attack. The Bataclan is known today for a very eclectic programme of events, including rock and pop concerts, "spectacles", comedy, discos and café-théâtre. Its façade was repainted in its original colours in 2006, but its pagoda roof has been removed. In May 2015, the theatre hosted a "Who Is Malcolm X" event, featuring Muslim rappers Médine, Kery James, Disiz and Faada Freddy. Jeff Buckley recorded his EP "Live from the Bataclan" there in 1995. Progressive metal band Dream Theater recorded their 1998 live album "Once in a Document [79] (Title: Tony Kendall (poker player)) the property. The Marquee housed a small stage and basic speaker set up, decorated in the now iconic Red and White stripes of Kendalls football team Leighton Town. Kendall would invite friends to come and blow horns on a regular basis. The last of great Blues and Jazz artists were often heard trotting out the standards on any horn they could get their hands on. In 1964 Kendall sold the name "The Marquee Club" to a property in Soho. Many bands and acts played the Marquee over the coming years trying to recapture the glory days of 165 Oxford Street, Document [80] (Title: Great Marlborough Street) the Paris Exhibition of 1925 and was extended in 1935. It is now a Grade II listed building. The magistrates court continued to cover significant trials that were widely reported by the media. In 1963, Christine Keeler was tried here for attempting to obstruct the course of justice. In the late 1960s, a number of rock stars, including The Rolling Stones' Mick Jagger, Keith Richards and Brian Jones, stood trial on drugs offences at the magistrates court. Richards was tried here again in 1973 for possession of heroin and owning unlicensed firearms, but was only fined £205 (now £). John Document [81] (Title: Media in Manchester) The first edition of "Top of the Pops" was broadcast on New Year's Day 1964 from the studio, and Yorkshire host Jimmy Savile stated: "anything they didn't want to do in London, they slung up into this old church. And, of course, they didn't want anything to do with pop music so that was our place". But when viewing figures took off the BBC decided that the pop show had to be broadcast from London, although it remained based in Manchester for three years before moving to Lime Grove Studios in west London in 1967. The BBC's northern Outside Broadcast Document [82] (Title: 34 Montagu Square, Marylebone) Looking Through You", and worked on various compositions, including "Eleanor Rigby". With the help of Ian Sommerville he converted the flat to a studio for Apple Corps' avant-garde Zapple label, recording William S. Burroughs for spoken-word Zapple albums. Jimi Hendrix and his manager, Chas Chandler, later lived there with their girlfriends. Whilst living there, Hendrix composed "The Wind Cries Mary". For three months, John Lennon and Yoko Ono rented the flat, taking a photograph that would become the cover of their "Two Virgins" album. After the police raided the flat looking for drugs, the landlord of the property sought an Document [83] (Title: Jimmy Savile) the Mecca-owned Palais dance hall in Ilford, Essex, between 1955 and 1956. His Monday evening records-only dance sessions (admission one shilling) were popular with local teens. Savile's radio career began as a DJ at Radio Luxembourg from 1958 to 1967. He ran the "Teen and Twenty Disc Club" ("TTDC"), membership for life, on Radio Luxembourg. For a small fee listeners received a certificate and bracelet with a disc inscribed with the show's name. On the BBC television series "Inside Out", he said the title "Teen and Twenty Disc Club" had been rejected as too long in favour of "Top of Document [84] (Title: Brian Epstein) houses near Isherwood's own in Esher. Lennon, Harrison and Starr agreed, while Epstein and McCartney remained in London. After settling in London in 1965, Epstein rented an office in Monmouth Street, and later bought the lease of the Saville Theatre on Shaftesbury Avenue. He promoted new works by writers such as Arnold Wesker, in productions that occasionally fell foul of the Lord Chamberlain for including "obscene" content or nudity. In 1966 Epstein reinvented it as a music venue featuring various US acts. On 20 February 1967, Epstein sacked the manager of the theatre, Michael Bullock, for lowering the safety curtain Document [85] (Title: The Downstairs Club (later Le Disque a Go! Go!)) musicians who later achieved wider fame, including Michael Giles and his brother Peter, Andy Summers, and Zoot Money, the original version of whose Big Roll Band played its first public performance at the club in Autumn 1961. This policy largely continued during the ownership of Tony Silvestri, who renamed it the Lansdowne Club, before Allan Azern (who later became pianist with Trendsetters Limited) subsequently took over the club, and changed its name to Le Disque a Go! Go! It was under that name that the club began to feature London bands, such as Manfred Mann, John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers Document [86] (Title: Sandy Denny) to unrecorded lyrics found in Sandy's paperwork. The resulting album "Don't Stop Singing" was released in November 2011 to generally good notices, including 4-star reviews in "The Independent" and "The Guardian" among others. On 21 April 2012, the single "London" was released as an exclusive Record Store Day 7″ single. Further recordings were released in 2011 including a German recording of Fotheringay in concert released as "Essen 1970" on the Garden of Delights label. The performance was remastered by original band member Jerry Donahue. This release was followed by "19 Rupert Street", a home recording of a rehearsal featuring Sandy Document [87] (Title: Roy Harper (singer)) performance at a poetry reading in Newcastle in 1960. Returning to the UK in 1963/64, Harper had started to write more songs than poetry. Eventually he obtained a residency at London's famous Soho folk music club, Les Cousins in 1965, having been introduced to it by Peter Bellamy of the Young Tradition. Harper's first advertised performance was 5 October 1965. Within his first week Harper saw John Renbourn, Alexis Korner, Paul Simon, Alex Campbell and Bert Jansch play and he would play, associate, and 'rub shoulders' with other artists arriving later, including John Martyn, Joni Mitchell and Nick Drake. Harper's Document [88] (Title: Josef Locke) Way," a twenty-week summer show at the Blackpool Opera House in 1946 and was rebooked for the following summer, then starring for three seasons at the Blackpool Hippodrome. He appeared in ten Blackpool seasons from 1946 to 1969, not the nineteen seasons he later claimed. He made his first radio broadcast in 1949, and subsequently appeared on television programmes such as "Rooftop Rendezvous", "Top of the Town", "All-star Bill" and "The Frankie Howerd Show". He was signed to the Columbia label in 1947, and his first releases were the two Italian songs "Santa Lucia" and "Come Back to Sorrento". In Document [89] (Title: The Beatles' rooftop concert) U2 also referenced the concert in their video for "Where the Streets Have No Name", which featured a similar rooftop concert in Los Angeles. McCartney played a surprise mini-concert in midtown Manhattan on 15 July 2009 from the top of the marquee of the Ed Sullivan Theater, where he was recording a performance for "Late Show with David Letterman". News of the event spread via Twitter and word of mouth, and nearby street corners were closed off to accommodate fans for the set, which duplicated the original Beatles gig. The Beatles' rooftop concert The Beatles' rooftop concert was the final Document [90] (Title: Smile (band)) Chris Smith had been fired the day before, according to Staffell. (According to Smith, he was only briefly in the band and left on his own accord because he was interested in different styles.) Smile gigged quite a bit on the London scene, according to Time Out's listings. On 19 April, they played at the Speakeasy and on 31 May, appeared at the Whisky-A-Go-Go. In March 1969, the band played at a venue known as PJ's, using claims to have previously been played on BBC Radio 1 to secure an audience. It seems likely that the claims were fictitious, however. Document [91] (Title: Colston Hall) during 1967. From the late 1960s onwards, Colston Hall became one of the major rock music venues in the country. The Rolling Stones, David Bowie, Elton John, Queen , Thin Lizzy, Roxy Music, Bob Marley and Lou Reed all performed there. The Who first played Colston Hall on 10 November 1968, part-way through recording "Tommy", with support from Free, and returned on 7 March 1970. Led Zeppelin played at Colston Hall in June 1969, part-way through recording "Led Zeppelin II". Pink Floyd gave one of the first live performances of "The Dark Side of the Moon" at Colston Hall on Document [92] (Title: Half Moon, Herne Hill) in South London, drawing large numbers of people every Tuesday night. The club was run by Ed Parslow and Charles Pearce, both of whom were students at the Camberwell College of Arts. Pearce was the floor singer and guests included Dave and Toni Arthur, Bert Jansch, Cliff Aungier, Gerry Lockran, Diz Disley, Pete and Marian Gray, The Hickory Nuts, and The Bruce Turner Jump Band. The Half Moon was a significant South London venue on the 1970s pub rock circuit, hosting performances by Dr. Feelgood, Meal Ticket, 9 Below Zero, and Eddie and the Hot Rods. Around 1974, local musician Document [93] (Title: The Rolling Stones) tour), the album "Get Yer Ya-Ya's Out!" was released in 1970. Critic Lester Bangs declared it the best ever live album. It reached No. 1 in the UK and No. 6 in the US. At the end of the decade the band appeared on the BBC's review of the sixties music scene "Pop Go the Sixties", performing "Gimme Shelter", which was broadcast live on 31 December 1969. The following year, the band wanted out of contracts with both Klein and Decca, but still owed them a Jagger/Richards credited single. To get back at the label and fulfil their final contractual Document [94] (Title: The Nice) in London's Royal Albert Hall. The group were subsequently banned from ever playing the venue again. By summer 1968, the group had become concerned about O'List's reliability and matters came to a head following a gig in Croydon's Fairfield Hall in September. According to Ward, O'List had an altercation with him in mid-performance. Emerson subsequently called a band meeting with Jackson and Davison and stated flatly that O'List should be sacked. They agreed, and immediately after their performance at The Ritz, Bournemouth in October, he was fired by Stratton-Smith with the rest of the band present. O'List, however, claims that Document [95] (Title: Denmark Street) petition to stop the planned redevelopment, which has gathered 10,000 signatures. In an interview to "Mojo", Scott-Irvine said "This should be stopped", adding that Denmark Street "should be given full heritage status like Covent Garden Market, Hatton Garden and Savile Row". He discovered that, although demolition was scheduled to start in late 2014, the plans were approved by the newly elected borough council. Consolidated Developments, developers for the new site, stated they were "committed to preserving and enhancing the rich musical heritage of Tin Pan Alley". The 12 Bar Club was at No. 26 Denmark Street, a small live music Document [96] (Title: Gerrard Street, London) outrageous parties frequented by the rich and powerful. It was eventually closed down by direct order of the Home Office and the proprietor, Kate Meyrick, was imprisoned. A basement in Gerrard Street was the location of the first rehearsal of Led Zeppelin in August 1968, where they played "Train Kept A-Rollin'". The exact location of the basement is unknown, and it is believed to have been converted into business premises many years ago. Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club started in Gerrard Street in the basement of No. 39. Samuel Johnson and Joshua Reynolds met at the Turk's Head Tavern to found Document [97] (Title: Michael Morrow) Gardens, Hampstead. The first proper public concert given by Musica Reservata took place in Fenton House, Hampstead on 30 January 1960. Many more concerts followed, including one in the Wigmore Hall on 26 June 1963, and most importantly, the so-called 'début' concert held in the Queen Elizabeth Hall, on the South Bank, which took place on 2 July 1967. The group shot to fame after this and thereafter it was frequently engaged for concerts and recordings; see the separate entry Musica Reservata. In the early 1970s, tension began to grow between Morrow (who was disorganised by nature) and Beckett, and Document [98] (Title: Marquee Club) A&R representatives visiting the venue on a daily basis, often talent spotting. The venue also attracted many famous musicians and recording artists who simply used the VIP Bar to socialise in. The Marquee staff became an integral part of the club as much as the bands that performed there. The Faces performed at The Marquee on 7 December 1970. Queen performed at the club three times in the beginning of their career. First on January 8, 1971, then on December 20, 1972, and on April 9, 1973, as their first gig after signing with the Trident record company.In 1972, Status Document [99] (Title: Newcastle City Hall) that yielded the "Live at Royal Albert Hall 1971" album. In December 1976, as a one-off gig, Lindisfarne played three sell-out concerts in the City Hall. This was repeated in the following years as Lindisfarne got back together, with 132 shows in total at the venue. In 1981, Motörhead recorded the majority of the tracks for their live album, "No Sleep 'til Hammersmith", at the City Hall. The album was #1 on the UK billboard charts for almost 2 months following its release that year. That same year, Slade performed and recorded their show, which was later released as a Document [100] (Title: Hippodrome, London) and Diana Churchill. Julie Andrews made her stage debut here at the age of 12. From 1949 to 1951 it was the London equivalent of the Folies Bergère. The original interior was demolished in 1958, and Bernard Delfont had the Hippodrome converted into the nightclub The Talk of the Town. It featured appearances by many of the popular artistes of the time, including Diana Ross & The Supremes, Judy Garland, Eartha Kitt, Shirley Bassey, The Temptations, Frank Sinatra, Sammy Davis Jr., Lena Horne, Sergio Franchi, Sophie Tucker, Engelbert Humperdinck, Val Doonican, Dusty Springfield, Ella Fitzgerald, Liza Minnelli, Tom Jones, The Document [101] (Title: Fiddler on the Roof) Melbourne and Sydney in 2015–2016 with Anthony Warlow as Tevye, Sigrid Thornton as Golde and Lior as Motel. "Topol in 'Fiddler on the Roof': The Farewell Tour" opened on January 20, 2009, in Wilmington, Delaware. Topol left the tour in November 2009 due to torn muscles. He was replaced by Harvey Fierstein. The musical was an international hit, with early productions playing throughout Europe, in South America, Africa and Australia; 100 different productions were mounted in the former West Germany in the first three decades after the musical's premiere, and within five years after the collapse of the Berlin Wall, Document [102] (Title: Top of the Pops) coming or had a strong selling album. If a single being performed was below the top 40, just the words "New Entry" were shown and not the chart position. The show was originally intended to run for only a few programmes but lasted over 42 years, reaching landmark episodes of 500, 1,000, 1,500 and 2,000 in the years 1973, 1983, 1992 and 2002 respectively. "Top of the Pops" was first broadcast on Wednesday, 1 January 1964 at 6:35 pm. It was produced in Studio A on Dickenson Road in Rusholme, Manchester. DJ Jimmy Savile presented the first show live from Document [103] (Title: Jimmy Savile) magazine in 1931. He became a semi-professional sportsman, competing in the 1951 Tour of Britain cycle race and working as a professional wrestler. He said: Savile lived in Salford from the mid-1950s to the mid-1960s, the later period with Ray Teret, who became his support DJ, assistant and chauffeur. Savile managed the Plaza Ballroom on Oxford Road, Manchester, in the mid-1950s. When he lived in Great Clowes Street in Higher Broughton, Salford, he was often seen sitting on his front door steps. He managed the Mecca Locarno ballroom in Leeds in the late 1950s and early 1960s as well as Document [104] (Title: Saville Theatre) remains and represents 'Drama Through The Ages'. Saville Theatre The Saville Theatre is a former West End theatre at 135 Shaftesbury Avenue in the London Borough of Camden. The theatre opened in 1931, and became a music venue during the 1960s. In 1970 it became the two cinemas ABC1 Shaftesbury Avenue and ABC2 Shaftesbury Avenue, which in 2001 were converted to the four-screen cinema Odeon Covent Garden. The theatre was designed by the architect Sir Thomas Bennett, in consultation with Bertie Crewe, and opened on 8 October 1931, with a play with music by H.F. Maltby, "For The Love Of Document [105] (Title: Mike McKenzie (jazz musician)) programmes celebrating music from the Commonwealth. He performed, either solo or with a combo, at various London venues as well as the Moss Empires circuit. They included the Colony Room Club in Soho (1950-c1970), Hungaria Restaurant in Regent Street (1955), The Milroy and The Empress clubs in Mayfair and Le Caprice restaurant in St James's. In 1964 he appeared in a documentary filmed in a pub in the Isle of Dogs, accompanying its proprietor, Queenie Watts, performing the Sinatra classic, "The Best Is Yet to Come". McKenzie freelanced or featured as a sideman with various groups including Lord Kitchener, Joe Document [106] (Title: Lady June) into a flat in Vale Court in Maida Vale, London, which she opened up to many musicians to lodge in or just "hang out". Allen described her flat as "London's premier smoking salon", and her role of "landlady to many of the capital's more creative musicians" spawned her honorary title of "Lady". She hosted many parties there, including a birthday party in June 1973 for Gilli Smyth, Allen's wife, during which ex-Soft Machine drummer Robert Wyatt broke his back when he fell from a third-floor window. By 1970 June was combining her painting, poetry and music into multimedia presentations, and Document [107] (Title: Son House) 1970 London Sessions". House appeared in Seattle on Mar 19, 1968, arranged by the Seattle Folklore Society. The concert was recorded by Bob West and issued on Acola Records as a CD in 2006. The Arcola CD also included an interview of House recorded on November 15, 1969 in Seattle. In the summer of 1970, House toured Europe once again, including an appearance at the Montreux Jazz Festival; a recording of his London concerts was released by Liberty Records. He also played at the two Days of Blues Festival in Toronto in 1974. On an appearance on the TV arts Document [108] (Title: The Masters Apprentices) teen combo. Keays stated that there was a backlash from the interview, the roadway outside Keays' flat in East St Kilda was daubed with the slogan "Band Moll's Paradise" in letters, threats of physical beatings from male audience members and the press claiming they were "sex maniacs". Live performances continued and in the second half of 1968 they went back into Armstrong's Studios to cut their first single for EMI, although this was not released until early 1969. Meanwhile, Astor released "But One Day", an old track from their debut LP, as a single in August, but the band urged Document [109] (Title: Ludlow Street (Manhattan)) at 56 Ludlow and in 1965 Lou Reed, John Cale and Sterling Morrison of The Velvet Underground lived and recorded there. The earliest known recorded version of "All Tomorrow's Parties" was recorded there. Other filmmakers, performers, poets, artists and musicians that lived in the building at the time included Warhol superstars Mario Montez and Jack Smith. Tony Conrad has produced two CDs from the Jack Smith tape archives subtitled "56 Ludlow Street" that were recorded at 56 Ludlow Street between 1962 and 1964. In the mid-1970s Gary Weis made some short films of Taylor Mead talking to his cat in Document [110] (Title: Syndicate Blackpool) the theatre which starred the likes of Freddie Davies, Mike & Bernie Winters and Pearl Carr & Teddy Johnson. The Beatles played a concert there in 1963 and in August 1965 they played at the "Blackpool Night Out" on ABC Weekend Television. It was the first time they had played the song "Yesterday" on British television and the gig has become popular on the video sharing website YouTube. Four songs they sang live at the gig appeared on the "Anthology 2" compilation album in 1996 – "I Feel Fine", "Ticket to Ride", "Yesterday" and "Help!". The Beatles were also shown Document [111] (Title: The Stones in the Park) Chris O'Dowd, Noel Fielding, Simon Fuller and Bobby Gillespie attended 6 July gig. The Stones in the Park The Stones in the Park was a free outdoor festival held in Hyde Park on 5 July 1969, headlined by The Rolling Stones and featuring Third Ear Band, King Crimson, Screw, Alexis Korner's New Church, Family and The Battered Ornaments, in front of a crowd estimated at between 250,000 and 500,000 fans. It was the Stones' first public concert in over two years, and was planned as an introduction of new guitarist, Mick Taylor, though circumstances inevitably changed following the death of Document [112] (Title: Bee Gees) Theatre, Northumberland Avenue, in London, with Bill Bebb as the producer, and they performed three songs. That session is included on "BBC Sessions: 1967–1973" (2008). Following the release of "Bee Gees' 1st", the group was first introduced in New York as "the English surprise". At that time, the band made their first British TV appearance on "Top of the Pops". Maurice recalled: In late 1967, they began recording for the second album. On 21 December 1967, in a live broadcast from Liverpool Anglican Cathedral for a Christmas television special called "How On Earth?", they performed their own song, "Thank You Document [113] (Title: Marquee Club) in November 1964; and Peter Green's Fleetwood Mac gave their first performance there in 1967. To find out who was playing on any given night, you could just call in at the 'Ship' pub a few doors away. In 1964 Moody Blues manager/producer Alex Murray used a homemade studio in the garage at the back of the club to produce the classic "Go Now" single, which shot to No. 1 at Christmas 1964, and filmed for it the first ever UK pop promo video. The development of Marquee Studios was largely financed by profits from this record. The studio was Document [114] (Title: Peter Stringfellow) Jimi Hendrix. Other American acts who played in the club included the first Tamla/Motown acts to play in the UK, Ben E. King, Sonny Boy Williamson, Tina Turner and Little Stevie Wonder. In 1968, he went into another business with Down Broadway, just under the Stylo's shoe shop in the centre of Sheffield. On 4 November 1968 Jethro Tull was the first act to play at Down Broadway and John Peel was booked to play as the Star DJ. Progressive rock group Yes also played at the club. In 1969, Stringfellow acquired the first alcohol licence for another of his Document [115] (Title: Adelaide Hall) of Grosvenor Street in Mayfair, London. On 17 October 1939, the first large-scale variety concert organized by ENSA was staged at RAF Hendon in north London. Starring on the bill was Adelaide Hall, The Western Brothers and Mantovani and his Orchestra. Adelaide recalled in vivid detail the challenges she faced during WWII while entertaining the troops across Europe and in the UK, some of whom were wounded; ‘Sometimes I had to sing without music, but it was a challenge, and so rewarding to get all the people to sing with me.’ At one London performance Hall gave at Lewisham Hippodrome Document [116] (Title: Curved Air) with "Back Street Luv" (1971) which reached number 4 in the UK Singles Chart. The group evolved out of the band Sisyphus, who played one of their early gigs in the ballroom of Leith Hill Place, Surrey for a masked ball and which was formed by Darryl Way (who studied violin at Dartington College and the Royal College of Music) and Francis Monkman, a member of the Royal Academy of Music. While wandering an outlet store of the Orange Music Electronic Company, Monkman was intrigued by the sound of Way testing his first electrically amplified violin, and the two "got Document [117] (Title: Kelvin Hall) earliest rock concert was possibly that of Jerry Lee Lewis in 1964. He was supported by the Animals, who were booed off. Lewis also played at the venue on 23 April 1972. Ella Fitzgerald and the Count Basie Orchestra also played at the Kelvin Hall. The late 1960s and the 1970s were the key years for concerts including the Kinks, who issued a live recording of their 2 April 1967 date entitled "Live at Kelvin Hall". Between 1972 and 1977 Glaswegians saw Manitas de Plata's Farewell Tour on 8 March 1972, Elton John, Yes on 5 September 1972, Captain Beefheart, Document [118] (Title: Soho) dealers. Several music publishers were established along Wardour Street in the early 20th century, including Novello and Co at Nos. 152–160. The most famous location of the Marquee Club was at No. 90 Wardour Street between 1964 and 1988. Another seventies rock hangout was The Intrepid Fox pub (at 97/99 Wardour Street), originally dedicated to Charles James Fox (who is featured on a relief on the outside of the building). It subsequently became a haven for the Goth subculture before closing in 2006. A detailed mural depicting Soho characters, including writer Dylan Thomas and jazz musician George Melly, is in Document [119] (Title: Sibylla's) Swallow Street, on the eastern edge of Mayfair, had been a nightclub venue since 1915. The building's new interiors were designed by David Mlinaric, who said at the time that his concept was to give the club "a feeling of under-decoration" to match contemporary fashions in clothes design. Macdonald, Howard and Higham named the venue after Sibylla Edmonstone, a London socialite and the granddaughter of American entrepreneur Marshall Field. The club was run under the company name of Kevin Macdonald Associated Ltd. Sibylla's was launched with a private party held on 22 June 1966. One of the three owners declared Document [120] (Title: Edgar Broughton Band) organising a performance at Abbey Road on 9 December 1969. Only one track was released at the time: a rendition of "Out Demons Out", an adaptation of The Fugs' song "Exorcising the Demons Out Of the Pentagon", which had become the band's set-closer and anthem. The rest of the recording was lost until its rediscovery and release in a remixed form in 2004 as "Keep Them Freaks a Rollin': Live at Abbey Road 1969". The band's touring attracted some controversy from their series of free concerts at locations such as children's playgrounds, and from a number of cases of civil Document [121] (Title: The Loved Ones) time he moved to the suburban fringes of Sandringham and hosted many functions at his Spring Street residence. He went on to bigger things by hosting the inaugural Sunbury Pop Festival in 1972. In 1973 he returned to London in an unsuccessful attempt to save his failing marriage, giving up his music career to become a psychiatric nurse. Lovett formed a vocal trio, The Virgil Brothers, with Peter Doyle and Malcolm McGee (Wild Cherries, Python Lee Jackson) in 1968. The Virgil Brothers were managed by Lovett's wife, journalist Lily Brett, and released a number of singles and toured the UK Document [122] (Title: Marquee Club) rock acts. It was a key venue for early performances by bands who were to achieve worldwide fame in the 1960s and remained a venue for young bands in the following decades. It was the location of the first-ever live performance by The Rolling Stones on 12 July 1962. The club was established by Harold Pendleton, an accountant whose love of jazz had led him to become secretary of the National Jazz Federation. Originally it was located in the Marquee Ballroom in the basement of the Academy Cinema in Oxford Street, where dances had been held since the early 1950s. Document [123] (Title: Syd Barrett) Hominids, a multimedia event arranged by the group's former landlord, Mike Leonard, at Hornsey College of Art. They performed at the Free School for the following two weeks, before performing at the Psychodelphia Versus Ian Smith event at the Roundhouse in December, arranged by the Majority Rule for Rhodesia Campaign, and an Oxfam benefit at the Albert Hall (the band's biggest venue up to this point). At the beginning of 1967, Barrett was dating Jenny Spires (who would later marry future Stars member Jack Monck). However, unknown to Barrett, Spires had an affair with Peter Whitehead. Spires convinced Whitehead (who Document [124] (Title: Ian Knight) clubs Middle Earth, UFO, and Implosion. He staged many concerts at the Roundhouse in Chalk Farm, including the Rolling Stones, Jimi Hendrix, The Doors and Elton John. From 1968 on, he helped stage a number of free concerts in Hyde Park, including the Rolling Stones, and a performance at the Royal Albert Hall including The Who and Chuck Berry on the same day. Festival work followed. In 1971, he oversaw the stage rebuild and further work for the new Rainbow theatre (formerly the Finsbury Park Astoria). Knight moved to Los Angeles, USA, and did stage design for Led Zeppelin, Genesis Document [125] (Title: Ray Foulk) Oval (Surrey County Cricket Club, Kennington, London SE11) starring the Who and Rod Stewart, 18 September 1971, and the first ever music event at Wembley Stadium, The London Rock and Roll Show, starring Chuck Berry, Little Richard, Bill Haley, Bo Diddley and Jerry Lee Lewis, on 5 August 1972. In September 1972 Foulk and his brother Ronald staged two further concerts at the Oval, starring Emerson, Lake and Palmer and Frank Zappa. The Isle of Wight's MP Mark Woodnutt (Conservative) succeeded in passing a Private Member’s Bill – The Isle of Wight Act, 1971 – to control large scale gatherings Document [126] (Title: Twist and Shout) on December 14, 1982 and released in November 1984), "Live From Toronto" (recorded at the Maple Leaf Gardens in Toronto on December 17, 1982 and released in 2006), as well as on the 1994 compilation "Thirty Years of Maximum R&B" (recorded at the Maple Leaf Gardens in Toronto on December 16, 1982, misdated in the liner notes for the concert at Toronto's CNE stadium on October 9, 1982). In 1962 the Decca label signed Brian Poole and the Tremeloes, a British group from Dagenham, East London, in preference to the Beatles. Both groups auditioned on the same day, and it Document [127] (Title: Lyceum Theatre, London) Club all played here. Bob Marley and the Wailers recorded their "Live!" album here on 18–19 July 1975. Genesis filmed a performance there in May 1980 for broadcast on the "Old Grey Whistle Test". This footage appears on the 2007 CD/DVD re-release of their 1980 album "Duke". A proposed redevelopment of Covent Garden by the GLC in 1968 saw the theatre under threat, together with the nearby Vaudeville, Garrick, Adelphi and Duchess theatres. An active campaign by Equity, the Musicians' Union, and theatre owners under the auspices of the "Save London Theatres Campaign" led to the abandonment of the scheme. Document [128] (Title: Soho) In the 1960s, numerous major rock bands played at the venue, including early performances from the Rolling Stones in July 1962 and The Who in late 1964, Jimi Hendrix, David Bowie, Led Zeppelin, Pink Floyd, Jethro Tull, AC/DC and Iron Maiden. Eric Clapton and Brian Jones both lived for a time in Soho, sharing a flat with future rock publicist, Tony Brainsby. Trident Studios was based at 17 St Anne's Court, Soho and was a major London recording studio. It was established by Norman and Barry Sheffield in 1968, who wanted expand from the small studio they had above their Document [129] (Title: Jimmy Savile) the Pops". In 1968, he joined Radio 1, where he presented "Savile's Travels", a weekly programme broadcast on Sundays in which he travelled around the UK talking to members of the public. From 1969 to 1973 he fronted "Speakeasy", a discussion programme for teenagers. On Radio 1 he presented the Sunday lunchtime show "Jimmy Savile's Old Record Club", playing chart Top 10s from years gone by. It was the first show to feature old charts and Savile used a "points system" in an imaginary quiz with the audience to guess the names of the song and artist. It began in Document [130] (Title: Aeolian Hall (London)) performing "The Queen of Spades", "The Barber of Seville", and "Pagliacci". After the destruction of their St George's Hall studios in March 1943, the BBC took it over for the recording and broadcast of concerts and recitals. The Beatles recorded "Taste of Honey" in the hall on 10 July 1963 for a BBC broadcast of "Pop Goes the Beatles", a regular BBC radio show. This particular recording aired on 23 July 1963 (See insert from "The Beatles, Live at the BBC" EMI). Led Zeppelin also recorded their well-known version of Robert Johnson's "Travelling Riverside Blues" at this location on 24 Document [131] (Title: Savile Row) Savile Row Savile Row (pronounced ) is a street in Mayfair, central London. Known principally for its traditional bespoke tailoring for men, the street has had a varied history that has included accommodating the headquarters of the Royal Geographical Society at 1 Savile Row, where significant British explorations to Africa and the South Pole were planned; and more recently, the Apple office of the Beatles at 3 Savile Row, where the band's final live performance was held on the roof of the building. Originally named Savile Street, it was built between 1731 and 1735 as part of the development of Document [132] (Title: Swarkestone Hall Pavilion) the pavilion was struck by lightning. The cupolas were subsequently repaired, but with a changed profile: the roofs were set back 'inside the line of the cornice'. The pavilion fell into dereliction some time afterwards. In June 1968 the Rolling Stones had a photo shoot with Michael Joseph in and around the Pavilion for the album "Beggar's Banquet". The album was released in a different sleeve without these pictures, but some were used for the Stones' first compilation album, "Hot Rocks 1964–1971". After many years of neglect, in 1985 the Pavilion was acquired by the Landmark Trust. The trust reconstructed Document [133] (Title: Earl's Court) gay bars in London. It is now a Wagamama restaurant. In 1964, the Lord Ranelagh pub (opposite the former Princess Beatrice Hospital) spearheaded the local demand for live entertainment. A young, non-gay, male band, the Downtowners, attracted considerable attention. They persuaded many of the local cross-dressers to come into the pub and perform. Thus, the Queen of the Month contest was born. Every Saturday night the pub was packed to capacity. The show ran from September 1964 until May 1965 when the "News of the World" ran an article entitled 'This show must not go on.' On that Sunday night Document [134] (Title: Manchester Academy) early dates. The first performance was by Humphrey Lyttelton and His Band, 16 November 1963. The main building housed three of its original venues: the "Main Debating Hall" (now "Academy 2"), the "Hop and Grape" (later became known as "Solem Bar" and now "Academy 3") and "The Cellar" (also known as "Cellar Disco" and now "Club Academy"). Other music venues on campus were Whitworth Hall and "The Squat". While the Main Debating Hall hosting jazz artist, The Squat was becoming popular among international acts. After operating for eight years, the building was demolished and became a carpark. With the music Document [135] (Title: Hunter Muskett) at The Troubadour in London’s Earls Court. On the resulting album, ‘Every Time You Move’ (1970), produced by Kim Margolis, the trio’s acoustic sound was augmented by Danny Thompson (uncredited) on double bass and orchestration arranged by Richard Hewson. Bass-player Rog Trevitt joined shortly after the album's release. The Decca Nova label lasted less than a year. From 1971 to 1974 the band toured the UK and on the continent, also making one trip to Morocco. Although mainly working the folk/college/ circuit, they also played festivals (Cambridge, St Albans, Laycock, Norwich) and major venues, notably as support to Ralph McTell Document [136] (Title: New Brighton, Merseyside) individual composer's music. In return, many leading lights of contemporary British music, including Stanford, Parry, Corder, Mackenzie and Elgar, came to New Brighton to conduct and perform, and the New Brighton orchestra became nationally respected for the remaining period of Bantock's tenure. The Beatles performed at the Tower Ballroom, at the site of the old New Brighton Tower, 27 times. Aside from the famous Cavern Club in their native Liverpool, The Beatles played there more frequently than any other location in the United Kingdom. The pop concert "New Brighton Rock" was held over two days: 21 and 22 May 1984 Document [137] (Title: Earls Court 1975) all parts of the country. This image was featured on the concert's official poster (see above, right), the originals of which are now amongst the most collectible posters in rock history. The posters were produced by Martine Grainey of Peter Grainey Graphics of Bournemouth, together with the design for the concert programme. Five promotional DJs were given the task of introducing the band on stage at each show. These were Bob Harris (17 May), Johnnie Walker (18 May), Kid Jensen (23 May), Nicky Horne (24 May) and Alan Freeman (25 May). All of the shows exceeded three hours in length, Document [138] (Title: Sutton High Street) French restaurant which is listed in The Good Food Guide and is Michelin-listed. There is a pub in Sutton High Street called the Winning Post, at the time known as the Red Lion, in which The Rolling Stones played several gigs and where they were spotted in 1963 by Giorgio Gomelsky, a noted music manager, who was in the audience during a historic early gig there. It was also at the Winning Post that, on 23 January 1963, Charlie Watts and Bill Wyman became permanent members of the band. In 2011, the Winning Post was added to a list of Document [139] (Title: London Palladium) setting for the top-rated ITV variety show "Sunday Night at the London Palladium" hosted first by Tommy Trinder, followed by Bruce Forsyth, Norman Vaughan, and Jimmy Tarbuck. The programme was broadcast live every week by ATV, which was owned by the famous theatrical impresario Lew Grade. Production was by Val Parnell. Six programmes aired as special episodes in the United States between May and August 1966 on NBC. Val Parnell became associated with a property development company and began to sell Moss Empires' theatres for redevelopment. When it became known in 1966 that this fate awaited the London Palladium, The Document [140] (Title: Vancouver Forum) PNE Gardens between 1968 and 1974. Frank Zappa and his band, The Mothers of Invention played a concert on August 25, 1968. A recording of this concert was released in 2012, titled Road Tapes, Venue#1. In the 1970s it hosted local acts like Prism in 1977 and Triumph in 1978. In the 1990s Big Audio Dynamite shared a bill with Public Image Ltd, Live, and Blind Melon on March 30, 1992. Nirvana played two sold out show's there on January 3 and 4, 1994. In one of the more infamous rock media interviews, Nardwuar interviewed Kurt Cobain and Courtney Love Document [141] (Title: Marquee Club) and some flats) and the Marquee Club was forced to move again, this time to a larger venue at the former Cambridge Circus Cinematograph Theatre, 105 Charing Cross Road. During this period, American progressive metal band Dream Theater recorded their first live album, "Live at the Marquee", at the venue on 23 April 1993. Additionally, American group All Mod Cons: A Tribute to the JAM drew the largest ever crowd at this location in October 1993. This site was subsequently bought for redevelopment and the club closed in 1996. A Wetherspoons pub named "The Montagu Pyke" now occupies the building. Document [142] (Title: Queen live performances) attended was by Queen in Los Angeles in the late 70s. After the show, she gave Mercury a scarf that belonged to her late father. With the release of their first two albums Queen & Queen II, the band began live performing in earnest, essentially following the traditional 'album-tour' cycle throughout the 70s. The embryonic Queen played numerous gigs in and around London in the early seventies, but evidence suggests that its first performance was on 27 June 1970 at Truro in England, while still billed as "Smile". The band's first major step toward becoming a recognized live act came Document [143] (Title: Friars Aylesbury) Friars to continue running there after August 1970 due to complaints about the noise from local residents. Phase Two – Borough Assembly Hall, Aylesbury "Borough Assembly Hall, Market Square Aylesbury 17th April 1971 – 30th August 1975 (capacity approx 800)" Having already tried the Borough Assembly Hall for a couple of bigger gigs in 1969 (Fat Mattress and The Third Ear Band were the gigs concerned and the Friars team cheekily referred to the Borough Assembly Hall at that time as the ‘Friars Auditorium’), the decision was taken to restart Friars at this venue in Aylesbury’s Market Square despite misgivings Document [144] (Title: The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus) when he was trying to come up with ideas; he drew a circle on a piece of paper and free-associated. The Rolling Stones and their guests performed in a replica of a seedy big top on a British sound stage—the Intertel (V.T.R. Services) Studio, Wycombe Road, Wembley—in front of an invited audience. The performances began at around 2 pm on 11 December 1968, but setting up between acts and reloading cameras took longer than planned, which meant that the final performances took place at almost 5 o'clock in the morning on the 12th. By that time the audience and most Document [145] (Title: Jonathan King) on Saturdays from October 1967 to 1968. The following year he began broadcasting for BBC Radio 1, including a "blast off" slot on the Stuart Henry show. Tired of living in the Dorset Street apartment, King bought a three-storey mews house near Porchester Terrace, Bayswater, in which he still lived as of 2016, for £18,650. Around this time, he was recruited by Sir Edward Lewis, the founder of Decca Records and another Trinity graduate, to be his unpaid (expenses only) personal assistant. King writes that Lewis recruited him twice for this position, once not long after graduation and again in Document [146] (Title: Saville Theatre) film "Bottoms" ("Film No. 4") in the men's room during the concert. The Rolling Stones played two shows on 21 December 1969. The theatre was sold in 1969, and returned to presenting theatrical productions and under the new management it presented the London première of "The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui", a production that brought Leonard Rossiter to public attention. The last play to be performed at the theatre was "Enemy" by Robert Maugham, opening for a short run in December 1969. The Saville was taken over by ABC Theatres (owned by EMI) in 1970 and converted to a two Document [147] (Title: West Kensington) Three Kings" pub, hosted many rock and punk concerts in the 1970s and early 1980s. Joy Division, The Sex Pistols and The Police all played there regularly. In Hanif Kureishi's novel The Buddha of Suburbia, the main character moves from the southern suburbs of London to West Kensington and lives by the Nashville. He witnesses one of the first presentations of a punk band, probably The Sex Pistols. The flat featured in the 1969 BBC series 'Take Three Girls' was at 17 Glazbury Road. Heather Graham and Mia Kirshner play upper-middle-class dilettantes from West Kensington in the 2008 movie Buy Document [148] (Title: Doug Hayward) driving his Mini Countryman estate car to allow him to attend customers wherever required, including Richard Burton at the Dorchester Hotel. Hayward first set up on his own operating out of a small room in London's Pall Mall, before moving to 95 Mount Street in Mayfair in 1966 where he lived above the shop which soon became a club for his famous clients. In the rear was the cutting room overlooking the Mount Street Gardens. His weekend home was on the Oxfordshire estate of client and friend Lord Hambleden, near Henley on Thames); Described by many as like a gentlemen's Document [149] (Title: The Bluestars) at Stebbing's basement studio, but none of the recordings were issued. At this time bassist Murray Savidan was handling the group's bookings and arrangements. He steered them away from the seedy and sometimes dangerous inner-city clubs in favour of suburban dance venues, such as the Tamiki Yacht Club, where they often drew crowds of up to three hundred. In 1965, actor and voice-over man Terry Hayman approached the group, offering to become their manager. He told the group that he had a recording contract with Decca Records in London. While the group was skeptical of his claim, they signed with Document [150] (Title: Maddox Street) were based at 34 Maddox Street in the 1920s. The Rolling Stones operated from offices at 46A Maddox Street and Chappell Recording Studios, where the Beatles held recording sessions in the 1960s, was also located at 52 Maddox Street. Hibiscus, a London restaurant owned and run by French chef Claude Bosi, was located at 29 Maddox Street until it closed in 2016. Meanwhile, the imposing building known as 47 Maddox Street, which was designed by Walter Williams for Messrs Lawrence – a firm of tailors which was later known as Walter Williams – was completed in 1892 and is now Document [151] (Title: London Astoria) 1977 it was converted for theatrical use. The venue went through another period of conversion when the theatre closed in 1984. It reopened in 1985 as a nightclub and live music venue with a capacity for 2,000 people. A booklet was published called "The History of the Astoria" by Nigel Crewe to commemorate its evolving uses. It was the venue for the last live performance by Richey Edwards of Manic Street Preachers. Mean Fiddler acquired the lease for the London Astoria in May 2000, "securing the future of live music at one of London’s most famous rock ‘n’ roll venues." Document [152] (Title: A Night at the Opera (Queen album)) 1974 before their "Sheer Heart Attack" tour. He played a guide piano which was edited out later and added several layers of guitars. After the song was completed it was played as a coda at virtually every Queen concert. When recording the track May played a rough version on piano for Roy Thomas Baker, producer, and Mike Stone, engineer. He called his own skills on the piano sub-par at the time. He performed the song live on the roof of Buckingham Palace for the Queen's Golden Jubilee in 2002. May has stated that he performed the song on the roof Document [153] (Title: The Water Rats) Hall'. In 1986 the premises were bought by the Grand Order of Water Rats and the name of the venue was changed to the Water Rats. The Water Rats The Water Rats is a live music venue at 328 Grays Inn Road, Kings Cross, London, England. Until 1992 it was known as The Pindar of Wakefield and was famous for its regular old time music hall entertainment. Bob Dylan played his first UK gig here in December 1962. The Pogues (then known as the Pogue Mahones) had their first performance here on October 4, 1982. Oasis's debut London performance took Document [154] (Title: Don Partridge) Pitney, Status Quo and Simon Dupree and the Big Sound at The Odeon Theatre, Lewisham, London, on the opening night of a twice nightly UK tour covering 27 venues in 32 days. Later in May 1968, he performed at the NME Musical Awards Show at Empire Pool, Wembley to a crowd of 10,000 alongside multiple artists including the Rolling Stones. His second hit quickly followed when "Blue Eyes" reached No. 3 in June 1968, and he was featured on the front cover of the pop weekly "Disc". He also released a self-titled LP, which included folk and blues songs by Document [155] (Title: Marquee Club) license until 1970. Jack Barrie along with (agent) Kenny Bell came up with the idea of opening a private bar above The Marquee at 100 Wardour Street that was called La Chasse. Band residencies during the late 1960s included Alexis Korner, Cyril Davies, Chris Barber, The Rolling Stones, The Yardbirds, Led Zeppelin, The Who, King Crimson, The Syn, Mabel Greer's Toyshop, Yes, Jethro Tull, The Jimi Hendrix Experience and Pink Floyd (who played on Sunday afternoons as part of the Spontaneous Underground club). Another band that made regular appearances was The Manish Boys featuring David Bowie, who first played there Document [156] (Title: Prince Edward Theatre) 'Bananas Dance'. In 1935, Stone converted the theatre to a dance and cabaret hall, being renamed the "London Casino". As the London Casino, it was badly damaged and all its windows lost in London's worst air raid of WWII on 10 May 1941. All neighbouring buildings directly across Greek Street were destroyed. In 1942, stage alterations were undertaken by Thomas Braddock, re-opening as the "Queensberry All Services Club" in 1942 – a club for servicemen where the shows were broadcast on the BBC. After the war, the architects T. and E. Braddock restored the building to theatrical use, becoming the Document [157] (Title: Rafters (nightclub)) the same: live gigs on Monday and Wednesday nights and a Folk night on Tuesday. By the mid-1970s the venue had become better known by the public and musicians, and leading musical bands began to play there. Following the rise of punk rock in 1976 and 1977, the venue became one of the main places in Manchester for live music. Joy Division performed there and in other Manchester venues such as Rock World. Numerous new bands played in Rafters in 1977 among them Paul Young of Sad Café and Dougie James. At this time Rob Gretton was one of the Document [158] (Title: Beefsteak Club) club moved to Green Street, in Mayfair, and, in 1896, to its present address. There were 250 members, some of whom occasionally performed amateur plays for their own amusement and to raise funds for charities. For example, in 1878, they performed "The Forty Thieves", written by members Robert Reece, Gilbert, Burnand, and Henry J. Byron. In 1879 there was a much-reported court case following a fracas on the doorstep of the club between Labouchère and Edward Levy-Lawson, proprietor of "The Daily Telegraph". The committee of the club expelled Labouchère, who successfully sought a court ruling that they had no right Document [159] (Title: Croydon) such local talent as Frankmusik and Noisettes. In addition to the Fairfield Halls, there have been several venues in Croydon that have hosted rock acts. Established in 1976, the Cartoon was a popular live music venue that closed in 2006. The Greyhound in Park Lane, played host to acts such as Led Zeppelin, Jimi Hendrix, the Who, David Bowie, Queen, Siouxsie and the Banshees, the Damned, the Boomtown Rats, A-ha in (1987) and others during the 1960s and '70s. The Greyhound also saw the debut of the Electric Light Orchestra in 1972. The composer Samuel Coleridge-Taylor (1875–1912) lived at 30 Document [160] (Title: The Who Tour 1969) in North America, the group took "Tommy" to the London Coliseum in December, the first in a series of European opera house dates that would continue in early 1970. Live material from 1969 (excluding TV appearances where the band mimed to pre-recorded material) has appeared on a number of different releases: The band performed sporadically in the United Kingdom from January through early May. No recordings of these shows have surfaced, but the group reportedly began playing "Tommy" (likely in a shortened arrangement) by the end of April. Not mentioned here but they played Hull University Spring Ball from 11pm Document [161] (Title: Pirates World) Partridge Family (1971), Jethro Tull (1971), Grand Funk Railroad (1971), Steve Miller Band (1971), The Guess Who (1971), The Moody Blues (1971), Emerson, Lake & Palmer (1971), Three Dog Night (1971), Manassas (1972), David Bowie (1972), The Doors (1972), Wishbone Ash (1973), Santana (1973), Alice Cooper (1973), The Beach Boys (1973) and Steely Dan (1974). The Johnny Winter album "Live Johnny Winter And" (1971) was a live album partly recorded at Pirates World in fall 1970. It was not uncommon for crowd control problems to break out at some of these concerts. In March 1971, police clashed with concert goers Document [162] (Title: Emerson, Lake & Palmer) Plymouth Guildhall on 23 August 1970, supported by local band Earth. They travelled to the venue in a transit van previously owned by fellow progressive rock band Yes, and were paid around £400 for the gig. A small venue situated outside London was deliberately chosen in case the concert was a failure, but the concert was well received. Their second gig took place on 29 August with a set at the Isle of Wight Festival which was attended by an estimated 600,000 people and drew considerable attention from the public and music press. At the end of "Pictures at an Document [163] (Title: Peter Stringfellow) entertainment venues (SEV) Licence for Stringfellow's Covent Garden and Angels Soho, and was able to successfully market Angels as providing rooms for the entertainment "in privacy" of young women in lingerie. Stringfellow first appeared on television as a warm-up act on "Ready Steady Go!" in 1964. He contributed to numerous programmes, both radio and television, in subsequent decades. He appeared on the celebrity edition of "Come Dine with Me", with the first broadcast on 17 September 2008. He also appeared in season 15 episode 1 of "Top Gear", which was broadcast on 27 June 2010, where he had to help Document [164] (Title: Owen Spencer-Thomas) trebling the charitable revenue from the rag week activities. During Spencer-Thomas's time in office, the Students' Union staged many high-profile musical events at The Polytechnic's Portland Hall in Little Titchfield Street. Among the performers were The Animals, Howlin' Wolf and Pink Floyd, some of whom were students at The Polytechnic. Fleetwood Mac recorded their "Masters: London Live '68" album there, and Cream invited Jimi Hendrix on stage in the Portland Hall to jam with them in 1966 - Hendrix's first UK performance. During his Presidency of the Students’ Union, Spencer-Thomas led a national campaign opposing the British Government's university fees Document [165] (Title: Roy Harper (singer)) March 1966). During this period, Harper was managed by American music entrepreneur Jo Lustig, manager of The Pentangle and former agent to Julie Felix. In June 1968, Harper performed at the first free concert ever held at Hyde Park, acting as compere and sharing the bill with Jethro Tull, Pink Floyd and Tyrannosaurus Rex. At the time, he spoke of co-writing a rock opera with Pink Floyd. No opera resulted, but it was the beginning of a musical relationship. Harper began to attract a following of fans from the underground music scene and tour the UK, performing at numerous venues Document [166] (Title: Newcastle City Hall) live album, entitled "Slade on Stage". Emerson, Lake & Palmer recorded their live album, "Pictures at an Exhibition", there on 26 March 1971. The Animals reunited and performed there for a one-off performance in 1968, after lead vocalist Eric Burdon disbanded them and formed a new version of the band. Rammstein played at the city hall in 1997. In December 2013, Jacka (Ray Jackson Art) will be performing with a new lineup of Lindisfarne, as part of the efforts to keep Newcastle City Hall as a music venue. Westlife lead vocalist Shane Filan played at the city hall twice as Document [167] (Title: BBC Manchester) local programming. The Dickenson Road studios were the original base for "Top of the Pops" from the first edition broadcast on New Year's Day 1964 from Studio A. DJs Jimmy Savile and Alan Freeman presented in a week when The Beatles, with "I Want to Hold Your Hand", that week's number one. A Mancunian model, Samantha Juste, was the regular "disc girl". Local photographer Harry Goodwin was hired to provide shots of non-appearing artists, and also to provide backdrops for the chart rundown. In 1972, local broadcaster Stuart Hall hosted "It's a Knockout". Stuart Hall remarked that the programme was Document [168] (Title: Rainbow Theatre) theatre was closed by the Rank Organisation on 25 September 1971 with Bill Travers in "Gorgo" and Hayley Mills in "Twisted Nerve". The Odeon was converted into the Rainbow Theatre from 4 November 1971, when the Who performed the first concert in the newly named theatre. The Who later wrote and recorded the song "Long Live Rock", which celebrates the theatre (although still referring to it as The Astoria). The Osmonds made their debut appearance in London at the Rainbow Theatre in the early 1970s. Frank Zappa had serious injuries in the evening of 10 December 1971, when a member Document [169] (Title: Don Partridge) Lead Belly, Bill Broonzy and Oscar Brand along with versions of Otis Redding's "(Sittin' On) the Dock of the Bay" and Robin Williamson's "First Girl I Loved", and several of his own compositions. He spent the summer of 1968 performing nightly shows at Blackpool Pier, alongside Solomon King, Les Dawson and others. His third single "Top Man", however, failed to make the UK chart. Intending a farewell to his street musician friends, he hired the Royal Albert Hall in January 1969 and put on a "Buskers Concert" before an audience of 3,700, featuring buskers (including Dave Brock, later of Hawkwind), Document [170] (Title: The Beatles' rooftop concert) the Beatles had planned on performing live during their "Get Back" sessions earlier in January. According to author Mark Lewisohn, it is uncertain who had the idea for a rooftop concert, but the suggestion was conceived just days before the actual event. George Harrison brought in keyboardist Billy Preston as an additional musician, in the hope that a talented outside observer would encourage the band to be tight and focused. In Preston's recollection, the idea to perform on the Apple rooftop was John Lennon's. Ringo Starr remembered: There was a plan to play live somewhere. We were wondering where we Document [171] (Title: Aeolian Hall (London)) June, 1969 for broadcast on the BBC at a later date. This was essentially performed as a live recording, with some subsequent guitar over-dubs provided by Jimmy Page. During the 1970s the studio was also used, in addition to the BBC's Maida Vale Studios, to record 'live' music sessions for "The Jimmy Young Programme" and "The Terry Wogan Show" with lesser-known British bands such as Peanuts and Sweet. The BBC continued to use the venue until 1975. Renoir House now occupies the site: the earlier building's frontage has been preserved and the hall at the rear is divided into offices Document [172] (Title: God Save the Queen) concert, atop the Apple building. They had also whistled the melody of the song on their first fan club Christmas record in 1963. Jimi Hendrix of The Jimi Hendrix Experience played an impromptu version of "God Save the Queen" to open his set at the Isle of Wight Festival 1970. Just before walking onto the stage, he can be seen (on the DVD) and heard to ask "How does it go again?" in reference to said UK national anthem. He may have been able to simply hear it mimicked by voice and then perform it, though the same melody was Document [173] (Title: Sibylla's) Sibylla's Sibylla's was a nightclub in the West End of London that operated from 1966 to 1968. It was located at 9 Swallow Street, on the edge of Mayfair and close to Piccadilly Circus. The club's launch on 22 June 1966 was attended by many artists and celebrities, including the Beatles, members of the Rolling Stones, Michael Caine, Julie Christie, David Bailey and Mary Quant. Like the Ad Lib and the Scotch of St. James, the club was a popular meeting place for rock musicians and other artists until trends changed in the London scene. Sibylla's was conceived as an Document [174] (Title: The Forum (Inglewood, California)) on July 14, 1969, with Three Dog Night the opening act. Three Dog Night recorded their set, which was later released as a live album entitled "Captured Live at the Forum". Between 1970 and 1977 Led Zeppelin performed 16 times at the Forum, including a run of six sold-out dates in 1977. Part of their live album, "How the West Was Won", was recorded at the arena. The band's first 1977 show is the source of the bootleg "Listen to This Eddie". Another bootleg from the Forum shows, "For Badgeholders Only", contains one of the last live performances by Keith Document [175] (Title: Mayflower Theatre) Gaumont British Picture Corporation. As part of the Rank Organisation, the theatre has hosted concerts by many famous artists, including Bill Haley & His Comets in 1957, The Beatles in 1963, The Rolling Stones in 1966, Jimi Hendrix and Cat Stevens 1967, Led Zeppelin in 1973, Queen in 1974, 1975 and 1977 and The Police in 1979 and 1982, Rush in Feb 1978 and Kate Bush in 1979, and AC/DC's last concert with Bon Scott in Jan 1980. On the afternoon of their 1981 concert there, Slade filmed a music video for their single "Wheels Ain't Coming Down" at the Document [176] (Title: Major League Productions) at the Kings Hall, Derby on a UK tour in 1976 for a live radio broadcast. Tony McPhee added a second lead guitarist which really beefs up the sound as the band play tracks from their latest albums, live favourites including a manic 14-minute encore of "Cherry Red" and some other rarer live tracks. 78 minutes of previously unreleased BBC performances at six different venues: Wembley Arena (1991), Kilburn National (1991), Norwich Sound City (1992), Glastonbury (1992), Reading University (1994) and Phoenix (1994). It captures the duo from their rise to fame in early 1991 at Wembley through an electric Document [177] (Title: Major League Productions) performance at Kilburn and a headline slot at the Glastonbury Festival. This Previously unreleased on-air radio broadcast recording at the De Montfort Hall in Leicester, during The Sensational Alex Harvey Band's 1976 UK tour promoting the album "SAHB Stories" (1976). Great quality and mastered from the original tapes, this album considered 'better' than the official live album and fully authorised by the band, who write sleeve notes in a 16-page booklet full of great live photos and an intro by biographer Martin Kielty. Official band-authorized CD release of a previously unreleased live recording from Baker Gurvitz Army in 1975 while Document [178] (Title: Live at Treorchy) "Max Boyce in Session" and "Caneuon Amrywiol" (both in 1971). Neither album was very successful and Boyce continued touring clubs around South Wales. In 1973 and still an unknown outside Wales, he was spotted by EMI record producer Bob Barrett, stealing the show from headliner Ken Dodd at Brangwyn Hall in Swansea. Boyce signed a contract with the EMI producer while walking along a bridle path at Langland Bay, and was signed to a two-record deal overseen by Vic Lanza, head of EMI Records’ MOR music division. It was decided that the recording would be a live take of one Document [179] (Title: Owens Park) as was Rik Mayall. The Chemical Brothers played their first gig at the Owens Park BOP. The comedian Jack Whitehall also lived in the Tower. Other residents included Peter Hammill and Chris Judge Smith who formed Van der Graaf Generator in 1967 while living there. Prior to September 2009 Owens Park BOP (Big Old Party) was a night held in Owens Park every Friday in the Owens Park tower's ballroom for students of the University of Manchester. The BOP generally had a theme and from September 2008 charged £1 entry to residents, which had caused some outrage amongst residents as Document [180] (Title: Tom Sutcliffe (opera critic)) to 1969, he played an important role in the management of the pioneering early music group Musica Reservata, founded by Michael Morrow and John S. Beckett. He was responsible for the first ever large-scale concert at the Queen Elizabeth Hall involving an orchestra of authentic instruments in July 1967, as a result of which Musica Reservata was contracted to make a number of recordings with Philips Records. Between 1966 and 1970, he was the one countertenor in the choir of Westminster Cathedral (where the boy choristers also provide an alto line). He was a founder member alongside Paul Esswood, James Document [181] (Title: Tommy Nutter) After seven years, in 1969, he joined up with Edward Sexton, to open "Nutters of Savile Row" at No 35a Savile Row. They were financially backed by Cilla Black and her husband Bobby Willis, Managing Director of the Beatles' Apple Corps Peter Brown, and lawyer James Vallance-White. The business was an immediate success, as Nutter combined traditional tailoring skills with innovative design. He designed for the Hardy Amies range, and then for the man himself. His clients included his investors, plus Sir Roy Strong, Mick Jagger, Bianca Jagger and Elton John. Nutter himself was most proud of the fact that, Document [182] (Title: Free Live!) Croydon's Fairfield Halls (September 1970), both places where Free had strong followings. Engineer Andy Johns could only use two tracks from the Sunderland gig ("The Hunter" and "All Right Now"), but used crowd noise from it frequently to create seamless links between tracks. With increased re-mastering technology available it has been possible to make others ready for the CD reissue, along with some alternate takes of tracks recorded at the second of the two Croydon sessions that were recorded. Many of the tracks on the album are from their debut "Tons of Sobs", as that album's rock-oriented ethos and uncomplicated Document [183] (Title: Get Back) the Ed Sullivan Theater, the same theatre that hosted the Beatles' performances on "The Ed Sullivan Show" in 1964 and 1965. McCartney's performance was not on the stage, however. Instead, he performed atop the theatre's marquee overlooking Broadway. In the interview preceding the performance, Letterman asked McCartney if he had ever played on a marquee before. "I've done a roof," McCartney replied, referring to the Beatles' 1969 performance atop the Apple Corps building in London. McCartney also performed the song as a kind of encore on "Saturday Night Live" on 11 December 2010. The performance was unusual for the show Document [184] (Title: Savile Row) at 23 Savile Row in 1949-50 and occupied by a series of government ministries, ending with a long period of occupation by English Heritage until 2006. It was demolished in 2009 and replaced by a new mixed-use development designed by Eric Parry, Architects. In July 1968, the Beatles moved Apple Corps, their multimedia corporation, into 3 Savile Row. A studio was built in the basement; though it was poorly designed, the Beatles recorded "Let It Be" there before a new studio was constructed in 1971 at an estimated cost of $1.5 million. Various artists, including Badfinger, Mary Hopkin, and Marc Document [185] (Title: The Beatles' rooftop concert) could go – "Oh, the Palladium or the Sahara". But we would have had to take all the stuff, so we decided, "Let's get up on the roof." In his autobiography "Sound Man", recording engineer Glyn Johns claims the idea for the concert was his. The audio was recorded onto two eight-track recorders in the basement studio at Apple by engineer Alan Parsons. Film director Michael Lindsay-Hogg brought in a camera crew to capture several angles of the performance, including reactions from people on the street. When the Beatles first started playing, there was some confusion from spectators watching five Document [186] (Title: Bristol Troubadour Club) in his song "Clifton in the Rain". The Troubadour was opened in Waterloo Street, Clifton, by returning Australian emigree Ray Willmott, on Friday 7 October 1966. The first act to play there was Anderson Jones Jackson (Ian Anderson, Al Jones and Elliott Jackson). Other regular performers included Guyanese calypso singer Norman Beaton, and actor Chris Langham who performed as "Wizz" Langham (inspired, no doubt, by Wizz Jones). From 1967 the "Folk Blues Bristol and West" club, founded by Ian Anderson met on the first Sunday of each month at the Troubadour but became so popular that it had to move Document [187] (Title: 50 Carnaby Street) Who and the Animals. Later in the 1960s, Lloyd Coxsone the sound system operator performed. Every Sunday was fashion night when everyone was expected to wear a suit and tie. The doorman was Charles (Charlie) Brown, the boxer and Jamaican landlord of murderer John Christie at 10 Rillington Place. Malcolm McLaren thought the name was a reference to the U.S. television show "The Roaring '20s" which was popular in Britain at the time. In the 1970s the name changed to Columbo's. Lloyd Coxsone continued and was joined by Denzil Exodus. Bob Marley played in 1975 and the club featured an Document [188] (Title: The Rolling Stones concerts) band's concerts was the Altamont Free Concert at the Altamont Speedway in 1969. For this concert, the biker gang Hells Angels provided security, which resulted in a fan, Meredith Hunter, being stabbed and beaten to death by the Angels after he drew a firearm. Part of the tour and the Altamont concert were documented in Albert and David Maysles' film "Gimme Shelter". As a response to the growing popularity of bootleg recordings, the album "Get Yer Ya-Ya's Out!" (UK 1; US 6) was released in 1970; it was declared by critic Lester Bangs to be the best live album ever. Document [189] (Title: Fitzrovia) and was host to a number of working men's clubs including The Communist Club at 49 Tottenham Street. The UFO Club, home to Pink Floyd during their spell as the house band of psychedelic London, was held in the basement of 31 Tottenham Court Road. Pink Floyd and Jimi Hendrix also played at the Speakeasy on Margaret Street and Bob Dylan made his London debut at the King & Queen pub on Foley Street. Oxford Street's 100 Club is a major hot-bed for music from the 1960s to the present day, and has roots in 1970s Britain's burgeoning Punk rock Document [190] (Title: Hippodrome, London) Jackson 5, Lulu, Cilla Black, Paul Anka, Sandie Shaw, Johnnie Ray, Matt Monro, The Andrews Sisters, Frankie Vaughan, Cliff Richard, The Shadows, Dionne Warwick, Raphael, The Seekers, Stevie Wonder, Sacha Distel and Neil Sedaka. In February 1964, Ethel Merman made her only British appearance in a season of cabaret. Dusty Springfield recorded a TV special at the venue, broadcast February 15, 1968 on BBC2 "Show of the Week: Live at the Talk of the Town". The Seekers' final concert was recorded for the album "The Seekers Live at The Talk of the Town" in July 1968. Tony Bennett set his Document [191] (Title: Saville Theatre) theatre. The venue saw several appearances of The Jimi Hendrix Experience, notably in August 1967, after their mini US tour and their groundbreaking Monterey Pop Festival performance. The Move and Procol Harum also appeared on the bill. An eclectic mix of bands such as Nirvana, Cream, Fairport Convention, the Incredible String Band and The Bee Gees, also appeared there. The Beatles borrowed the Saville to make their "Hello, Goodbye" promo (an early music video) in November 1967, and on 8 December 1967, Yoko Ono performed her "The Fog Machine: Music of the Mind" there, which included a projection of her Document [192] (Title: Royal Variety Performance) The BBC usually staged the show in a West End theatre, and ITV in regional theatres outside London. From 2011, ITV have exclusive rights to televise the show. The show has been frequently staged in the London Palladium theatre, and in the 1950s and 1960s a television show based on the same idea, called "Sunday Night at the London Palladium" and hosted by many entertainers, including Bruce Forsyth, ran for over 20 years. A wide range of acts has performed at the Royal Variety Performance, including Laurel and Hardy in 1947, the Beatles in 1963, the Supremes in 1968 and Document [193] (Title: Windsor Castle, Maida Vale) Stones and The Who. Other bands who played there and who went on to achieve mainstream success include Dr. Feelgood, The Jam, U2 and the Psychedelic Furs Joe Strummer, later of The Clash, played there a number of times as a member of the 101ers. The Clash song 'Protex Blue' was inspired by the condom vending machine in the pub's toilets. From the mid 1970s, the entertainment on offer at the Windsor Castle also included exotic dancers and striptease performers who performed in the main pub area. The pub was exceptionally busy at Friday and Sunday lunchtimes when the Windsor Document [194] (Title: Them (band)) the Night" which only reached # 50 on the British charts. On 11 April 1965, Them made a guest appearance at the "NME" Pollwinners Concert at Wembley Empire Pool: Jimmy Savile was MC for this event, which also included The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, The Kinks, The Animals, The Searchers, The Moody Blues and Dusty Springfield. The bands had been expected to keep to their current hits, but Them audaciously segued from "Here Comes the Night" into a seven-minute version of "Turn on Your Lovelight". After the performances, NME's Derek Johnson commented that Morrison had "more genuine soul than any Document [195] (Title: Gala Bingo Club, Tooting) would also supplement the screening schedule, including theatre and music performances as well as a small circus up until 1934. Through the 1940s and 1950s the Granada became more important as a local venue in Wandsworth, attracting talent from further afield. Artists who performed there included Jerry Lee Lewis, Frank Sinatra, The Rolling Stones and on 1 June 1965 The Beatles performed two sold-out sets. The final artist to perform here would eventually be the Bee Gees on 28 April 1968. From 1970 the cinema's organ would be featured on the BBC Radio 2 program "The Organist Entertains". Declining attendance Document [196] (Title: Savile Row) as the New Club, occupying rooms overlooking Trafalgar Square; it changed to its current name during its residence at 12 Savile Row, retaining the name when it moved in 1882 to premises in Piccadilly. Savile Row was extended to Conduit Street in 1937–38, and by 1939, the Metropolitan Police Station was constructed on the corner of Boyle Street. This police station was damaged in another German bombing raid in September 1940, during which the building opposite, No. 21a, was destroyed, as was No. 7 earlier that month. Fortress House, an eight-storey block of offices faced with Portland stone, was constructed Document [197] (Title: Beggars Opera (band)) in rehearsal they took up residency at Burns Howff club/pub in West Regent Street in the center of Glasgow. Tours of Europe followed and the band found success in Germany, appearing on German TV’s legendary “Beat Club” then at the First British Rock Meeting in Speyer in September 1971. In 1970, after signing to Vertigo Records, the band recorded their first album "Act One", and a single "Sarabande", which charted record in several European countries. The following year, for their second album, "Waters of Change", the band were joined by Virginia Scott [mellotron) and Gordon Sellar (bass) (born 13 June Document [198] (Title: Shea Stadium) Garfunkel in August 1983. On August 18, 1983, The Police played in front of 70,000 fans at Shea, a concert that the band's singer and bassist Sting described as "like playing the top of Everest", and announced near the end of the concert: "We'd like to thank the Beatles for lending us their stadium." The Rolling Stones performed at Shea for a six-night run in October 1989, and Elton John & Eric Clapton played a concert in August 1992. Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band performed at Shea in early October 2003. The last concert event was a two-night Question: who held a live performance on the roof top of three savil road of mayfair in 1969 Answer: The Beatles Long Answer: In July 1968, the Beatles moved Apple Corps, their multimedia corporation, into 3 Savile Row . A studio was built in the basement; though it was poorly designed, the Beatles recorded Let It Be there before a new studio was constructed in 1971 at an estimated cost of $1.5 million . Various artists, including Badfinger, Mary Hopkin, and Marc Bolan recorded in the basement studio until it closed in May 1975 . The Beatles' final live performance, known as the "rooftop concert", was held on the roof of the building, on 30 January 1969, and was recorded for the documentary film Let It Be; the last words of the band, spoken by John Lennon as the police stopped the performance, were "I hope we passed the audition." Gold Document ID: 198

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Bournemouth Winter Gardens) The Lighthouse. The Winter Gardens was popular with pop and rock groups from the 1960s onward. The Beatles performed at the Winter Gardens on 16 November 1963, and the show was filmed by CBS that was telecast a week later. The Rolling Stones played the venue on 23 August 1964; the planned support group, The Paramounts missed the gig due to a van breakdown. Jimi Hendrix performed at the Winter Gardens in 1967, Pink Floyd in 1972, Elton John in both 1972 and 1973, David Bowie and Wings in 1973 and Queen in 1974. Rolf Harris had a summer residence Document [2] (Title: Free Trade Hall) damaged in the Manchester Blitz. The Hallé performed at the reopening in 1951 with the Orchestra's musical director and conductor, Sir John Barbirolli who remained until 1970. The final concert there was in 1996. Kathleen Ferrier sang at the re-opening of the Free Trade Hall in 1951, ending with a performance of Elgar's "Land of Hope and Glory", the only performance of that piece in her career. Bob Dylan played here in 1965, and again in 1966, the occasion of the "Judas!" shout. In the late 60s Frank Zappa and the Mothers of Invention, The Moody Blues, Tyrannosaurus Rex, (Marc Document [3] (Title: Sibylla's) van in December 1966.<ref name="NBrowne/Tele"></ref> In 1968, O'Leary left Sibylla's to manage the Speakeasy Club, which had become the new night spot for musicians and record industry executives. Sibylla's closed that same year, as a result of what Levy terms "the vagaries of fashion among its In Crowd membership". Following its closure, 9 Swallow Street continued to be a nightclub venue. On 24 October 2016, the Aristocrat opened on the site, applying a restrictive door policy that, according to "GQ" magazine, outdoes all rival local clubs. Sibylla's Sibylla's was a nightclub in the West End of London that operated from Document [4] (Title: Rainbow Theatre) Ltd. One-night concerts were held on the stage in the 1960s, with the building becoming one of the premier music venues in the capital. It was at this theatre that Jimi Hendrix first burnt a guitar, with the collusion of his manager Chas Chandler and a journalist from "NME". Hendrix proceeded to set fire to his Fender Stratocaster guitar on 31 March 1967 on the opening night of the Walker Brothers tour, resulting in a hospital appointment for Hendrix's burnt fingers. The Beach Boys' album, "Live In London", was recorded here in 1968. Renamed "Odeon" on 17 November 1970, the Document [5] (Title: Eric Clapton's Rainbow Concert) heroin addiction and recorded "461 Ocean Boulevard" (1974). A remastered expanded edition of the album was released on 13 January 1995, the 22nd anniversary of the concert. The concert was held at the Rainbow Theatre in Finsbury Park, north London, on 13 January 1973. The venue was popular during the 1960s and early 1970s; musicians such as The Beatles, Deep Purple, Pink Floyd, Jethro Tull and Queen performed there. The concert was recorded using Ronnie Lane's Mobile Studio. In a retrospective review, AllMusic deemed the album "an adequate live document, though one can find better performances of the songs on Document [6] (Title: Wembley Park) On 13 July 1969 the band Yes performed at Wembley Stadium, on a bill that also included Alan Price, Don Partridge (aka “the King of the Buskers”) and Status Quo, who would be the first act to open Live Aid, on exactly the same date 16 years later. This was the first popular music concert in the Stadium On 5 August 1972 a pop concert called The London Rock and Roll Show was held in the Stadium. It was the first of several popular music concerts held in the Stadium in the ‘70s. Crosby Stills Nash & Young followed on Document [7] (Title: London in film) the rooftop of a skyscraper. "Paddington" (2014) features several London locations, and includes modern landmarks such as The Shard and the London Eye. Cliff Richard was a film star with three successful musical comedies in the early 1960s. The first of these, "The Young Ones" (1961), was set in London. Cliff, The Shadows, and others need money to save their youth club, so they set up a pirate radio station to generate publicity for the show. Although Cliff's second hit, "Summer Holiday" (1963), mostly took place while driving across Europe, it prominently featured a red London AEC, RT bus. The Document [8] (Title: Christopher Gibbs) on to become the Stones' business manager until 2007. Gibbs was the set designer on the 1970 film "Performance", directed by Donald Cammell and Nicolas Roeg and starring James Fox and Mick Jagger. He is godfather to one of Jagger's children. In 1972, Gibbs bought Davington Priory, a former Benedictine nunnery in Davington, Kent, built in 1153. It was there that David Litvinoff lived from 1972 until 1975 when he committed suicide through an overdose of pills. Gibbs sold Davington Priory in 1982. It is now owned by Bob Geldof. In 2006, a painting Gibbs had bought in 1974 for Document [9] (Title: Lyceum Theatre, London) plans collapsed, and after the war, in 1945, it was converted to a huge ballroom and reopened by Matthews and Sons, as the Lyceum Ballroom. The Miss World contest was staged at the venue every year from 1951 to 1968. Many big bands played here, including the Oscar Rabin Band which performed frequently. In the 1960s and 1970s, the theatre was used as a pop concert venue and for television broadcasts. The Grateful Dead, The Groundhogs, The Clash, Bob Marley and the Wailers, Led Zeppelin, Queen, The Police, The Who, Emerson, Lake & Palmer, Colosseum, U2, The Smiths and Culture Document [10] (Title: London House (Chicago)) – Coleman Hawkins at the London House 1966 – The Three Sounds - "Today's Sounds" 1969 – The Soulful Strings - Back By Demand, In Concert Other albums recorded there include "Gin and Orange" by Brother Jack McDuff and "Barbara Carroll "Live" Her Piano and Trio" by Barbara Carroll. George Shearing and his group often played at this venue in the 1960s, as did Ramsey Lewis, whose trio started out as the house band. On the venue's closing night, a group of jazz luminaries gathered to say goodbye, and Shearing wrote and performed "A Foggy Day in London House." London Document [11] (Title: The Beatles' rooftop concert) the Beatles once again in top form, if only temporarily. Fans believed the rooftop concert might have been a try-out for a return to live performances and touring. The Rutles' "Get Up and Go" sequence in the film "All You Need Is Cash" mimics the footage of the rooftop concert, and uses similar camera angles. In January 2009, tribute band the Bootleg Beatles attempted to stage a 40th anniversary concert in the same location, but were refused permission by Westminster City Council due to licensing problems. In "The Simpsons" fifth season episode "Homer's Barbershop Quartet", the Be Sharps (Homer, Apu, Document [12] (Title: Aylesbury) include: A live music nightclub in Aylesbury was prominent in the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s – renamed the Friars' Club in 1969 – which hosted many of the top bands of the time including Jimi Hendrix, the Rolling Stones, Cream, Otis Redding, the Clash, Hawkwind, Queen, Genesis, U2, David Bowie, Talking Heads, Marillion & the Ramones. Many famous music managers and talent scouts were regularly in attendance at this time, including the likes of Simon Cowell. Friars' Club celebrated its 40th anniversary in 2009, by holding three special concerts that reflected the various phases of the club's musical history. The Document [13] (Title: London Ice House) by Carlo Colaiacovo of the Erie Otters in the 2002 OHL Playoffs. The Rolling Stones played the arena on April 26, 1965, but due to rioting in the audience, the show was shut down by police after only 15 minutes. Since the concert, only Bill Wyman (from the 1965 Stones - who is no longer with the band) returned to London and performed at the Harris Park with his band in 2001. Also, one other highlight from the concert was that former NHL player and head coach Pat Quinn promoted the event and brought the Rolling Stones to London. Another Document [14] (Title: Queen live performances) songs released on their studio albums during concerts. Many of their concerts (especially those during tours in the 70s) have been recorded on videotape. Examples include shows in: Rainbow Theatre (1974), Hammersmith Odeon (1975), Hyde Park (1976), Earls Court (1977), The Summit (1977), and the Hammersmith Odeon (1979). So far, two shows have been officially released, which are the November 1974 show at the Rainbow and the Christmas Eve 1975 show at the Hammersmith Odeon. Footage from other 70s shows exists, especially from Japan in 1975/1976 and Europe in 1978/1979. Lisa Marie Presley stated that the first rock concert she Document [15] (Title: Royal Vauxhall Tavern) this era include "Carla", famous for her Barbra Streisand impersonation and "The Great Lee Paris" on a Saturday night with Land of Hope and Glory, and There'll always be an England. Freddie Mercury was also a frequent visitor during the 1970s. The RVT survived local redevelopment throughout the 1970s and 1980s and maintained its independence as a gay venue. Many of London's top drag artists performed there, including Hinge and Bracket, Regina Fong and Adrella. Diana Dors also appeared there. Lily Savage, the drag persona of Paul O'Grady, was a regular performer for eight years, with shows four times per Document [16] (Title: The Peddlers) the group began a residency at Annies Room in London also playing the Scotch of St James and The Pickwick where the group's first album "Live at the Pickwick", including an introduction by Pete Murray, was recorded. The trio released six singles and an EP on the Philips record label before joining CBS in 1967. Their cover of "Let the Sunshine In" (1965) charted on the UK Singles Chart. In 1968 they released the album "Freewheelers", consisting of standards arranged by Keith Mansfield. The follow-up, 1968's "Three in a Cell", included a version of "On a Clear Day You Can Document [17] (Title: Tommy Nutter) for the cover of The Beatles' album "Abbey Road" in 1969, he dressed three out of the four: George Harrison elected to be photographed on the road-crossing in denims. In the 1970s his bespoke business became less successful, but he branched out into ready to wear clothing, marketed through Austin Reed. He also successfully expanded into East Asia, establishing the Savile Row brand in Japan. In 1976 Sexton bought Nutter out of the Business. Nutter went to work for Kilgour French and Stanbury, managing his own workroom. Sexton continued to run Nutters of Savile Row until 1983, when Nutter returned Document [18] (Title: Careful with That Axe, Eugene) in concert from 1968 to 1973 in progressively slower and alternative formats, and once at the Oakland Coliseum in 1977. There is a rumor that the song may have been played in January 1968, while Syd Barrett was still in the band. An embryonic form was definitely performed as early as 31 May 1968 (captured in a recording at the Paradiso in Amsterdam), under the original title of "Keep Smiling People", and another version was recorded on 25 June 1968 at the BBC Piccadilly Studios and broadcast on John Peel's "Top Gear" radio programme on 11 August 1968 with the Document [19] (Title: Pop Go The Sixties) show (which went out at 10:35pm) was presented by Jimmy Savile and Elfi von Kalckreuth. The two presenters introduced each act (with the exception of Cliff Richard), but neither was present in the studio recording with the artists, their links being added later. Savile spoke English, whereas Elfi von Kalckreuth speaks in German throughout. The BBC's Johnnie Stewart produced the show, while Stanley Dorfman directed. Both men were involved with the regular production of BBC music show Top Of The Pops and this show had a very similar look and production style. The artists performed on rostra, surrounded by a Document [20] (Title: Oxford Street) the London Jazz Club in 1948, and subsequently the Humphrey Lyttelton Club after he took over the lease in the 1950s. Louis Armstrong played at the venue during this time. It became a key venue for the trad jazz revival, hosting gigs by Chris Barber and Acker Bilk. It was renamed the 100 Club in 1964 after Roger Horton bought a stake, adding an alcohol licence for the first time. The venue hosted gigs by several British blues bands, including the Who, the Kinks and the Animals. It was an important venue for punk rock in the UK and hosted Document [21] (Title: Blackpool) out among the audience who had found their performance "suggestive" during their concert at the Empress Ballroom. The ban was lifted forty-four years later in March 2008. The "Jimi Hendrix – Experience" video and DVD features concert footage of Hendrix's performance at Blackpool's Opera House in 1967. Psychedelic rock band Complex were formed in Blackpool in 1970 and self-released two albums in 1971. Only 99 copies of their self-titled debut were pressed and this extremely rare vinyl album has since been described as "one of the "Holy Trinity" items of rare British Psychedelia". The band continued to play until 1978 Document [22] (Title: Isolar II – The 1978 World Tour) The performance at the NHK Hall in Tokyo, Japan on 12 December 1978 was filmed and broadcast on Japanese TV's "The Young Music Show". The final night of the Earls Court performance was recorded by the RCA mobile unit with the live performance premiere of the song, "Sound and Vision", later released on the 1995 compilation album, "RarestOneBowie". The song was not performed live again until the 1990 Sound+Vision Tour. Record Store Day on 21 April 2018 saw the release of "Welcome to the Blackout (Live London ’78)". It was recorded at Earls Court on 30 June and 1 July Document [23] (Title: Sutton, London) the Winning Post) in Sutton High Street. The band played several early gigs there in 1963, and, during one, the audience included impresario/music manager Giorgio Gomelsky, who spotted the band and signed them up for a residency at Richmond's Crawdaddy Club, months before they made the charts. It was also at the pub that Charlie Watts and Bill Wyman, on 23 January 1963, became permanent members of the band: In 2011, the Winning Post was added to a list of buildings and structures of local significance. Sutton is one of the eleven major metropolitan centres identified in the London Plan Document [24] (Title: Guerrilla gig) P.M. (for One Pennebaker Movie). A recount of this performance can be seen on the "Fly Jefferson Airplane" documentary DVD released in 2004. This Jefferson Airplane performance predates the similar although more well-known performance when The Beatles, on January 30, 1969, played a gig entirely unannounced on the roof of Apple Studios at 3 Savile Row, London. They performed several takes of their newest songs (which would appear on the album "Let It Be") as the passers-by on the street looked up in confusion. After the third take of "Get Back", they too were shut down by the police due Document [25] (Title: Python Lee Jackson) former Levi Smith Clefs' bass player, John Helman (also ex-Jeff St John and the Id). They played at the Vesuvio club on Tottenham Court Road. In early 1969 they performed at the Arts Lab on Drury Lane for several months where they were spotted by DJ, John Peel. In April 1969 Bentley, Liber and Montgomery were joined by Jamie Byrne from the Groove, and recorded three tracks in the studio with Rod Stewart as a guest vocalist. Stewart was paid a set of car seat covers for his recording session. Stewart had been brought in to sing three tracks, after Document [26] (Title: The Screen On The Green) a showcase event organised by Malcolm Maclaren. This was notable for many reasons including, it was only The Clash's third gig and the first ever to be recorded, and is the earliest known (after the Manchester Free Trade Hall concert from April 1976) recorded performance and a rare recording of The Sex Pistols with Glen Matlock. The Screen On The Green was also the location for the first performance of Sid Vicious with the Sex Pistols, on April 3, 1977, following the dismissal of Matlock from the band. The cinema is referenced throughout Adam and the Ants' song "Fall in" Document [27] (Title: Third (Soft Machine album)) 1967–1973". In 2007 the album was re-issued on CD by Sony BMG with a second disc comprising a complete live album, "Live at the Proms 1970", which had been previously released by a small independent company called Reckless Records in 1988. This album was recorded at The BBC Proms in Royal Albert Hall in The Royal Borough of Kensington & Chelsea, London, for BBC Radio Three on 13 August 1970. The band's performance, opening for the BBC Symphony Orchestra, marked the first time that a popular-music band played at the classical festival. The disparity of Soft Machine's concert as compared Document [28] (Title: The Beatles' rooftop concert) The Beatles' rooftop concert The Beatles' rooftop concert was the final public performance of the English rock band the Beatles. On 30 January 1969, the band, with keyboardist Billy Preston, surprised a central London office and fashion district with an impromptu concert from the roof of the headquarters of the band's multimedia corporation Apple Corps at 3 Savile Row. In a 42-minute set, the Beatles played nine takes of five songs before the Metropolitan Police asked them to reduce the volume. Footage from the performance was used in the 1970 documentary film "Let It Be". Although the concert was unannounced, Document [29] (Title: The Bootleg Beatles) Jovi, David Bowie, The Corrs, Manic Street Preachers and Iggy Pop. On 30 January 1999, the band played on the rooftop of 3 Savile Row, London, former residence of the Beatles' Apple Corps company, recreating the Beatles final public live performance which took place on the same rooftop 30 years earlier. In 2009 the band hoped to mark the 40th anniversary by recreating the performance again, but unfortunately health and safety concerns prevented the appearance. In 2002, the band played at Queen Elizabeth II's Golden Jubilee Party at Buckingham Palace. 2010 saw the band headline the Acoustic Stage at Glastonbury Document [30] (Title: Savile Row) Bolan recorded in the basement studio until it closed in May 1975. The Beatles' final live performance, known as the "rooftop concert", was held on the roof of the building, on 30 January 1969, and was recorded for the documentary film "Let It Be"; the last words of the band, spoken by John Lennon as the police stopped the performance, were "I hope we passed the audition." In 1969, Nutters of Savile Row modernised the style and approach of the traditional tailors; a modernisation which continued in the 1990s with the "New Bespoke Movement", involving the designers Richard James, Ozwald Document [31] (Title: Mayfair Music Hall) in 1972 and produced British variety shows there for 8 years. The ornate boxes and staff work were rescued from the grand old Belmont Theater, a major movie palace adjacent to the famed Bimini Baths at 1st and Vermont in Los Angeles. Entrepreneur Larsen's full traditional music hall productions featured noted actors and performers, such as Bernard Fox, Beatrice Kay, Larry "Seymour" Vincent, Toni Kaye, dancer and choreographer on "The Carol Burnett Show," Mousie Garner, Ian Whitcomb, Eubie Blake, Gene Bell, English entertainer Joyce Howard, and other actors and musical stars of the day. In later years it later became Document [32] (Title: Travelling Riverside Blues) Aeolian Hall on June 24, 1969 during the band's UK Tour of Summer 1969. Jimmy Page dubbed extra guitar tracks onto the track (the main track being played on a 12-string electric guitar, possibly the same one used on the track "Thank You"), and it was broadcast four days later on John Peel's "Top Gear" show under the title "Travelling Riverside Blues '69", and repeated on January 11, 1970. Page used an acoustic slide guitar for the entire song, while Bonham played triplets on the bass drum. It is quite different from the original, and it is more a tribute Document [33] (Title: Gimme Shelter (1970 film)) Ike and Tina Turner opening for the Stones at their Madison Square Garden concert, to Mick Jagger's comment, "It's nice to have a chick occasionally". The Maysles brothers filmed the first concert of the tour at Madison Square Garden in New York City. After the concert, the Maysles brothers asked the Rolling Stones if they could film them on tour, and the band agreed. Much of the film chronicles the behind-the-scenes dealmaking that took place to make the free Altamont concert happen, including much footage of well-known attorney Melvin Belli negotiating by telephone with the management of the Altamont Speedway. Document [34] (Title: The Apollo (Glasgow)) performed by Johnny Cash on 5 & 6 September 1973. The venue was quickly attractive to the public responding to booking of popular performers of the time who spoke favourably of the atmosphere generated by the exuberant crowds. The ballroom operated above the main concert auditorium, originally known as "Clouds", following various name changes that included "Satellite City" and "The Penthouse". The ballroom became a music venue for up-coming and relatively lesser-known contemporary bands, such as Simple Minds, Elvis Costello, Sham 69 and The Rich Kids. These were unable to attract a large enough paying audience to fill the concert Document [35] (Title: Jimmy Savile) was as a presenter of Tyne Tees Television's music programme "Young at Heart", which aired from May 1960. Although the show was broadcast in black and white, Savile dyed his hair a different colour every week. On New Year's Day 1964 he presented the first edition of the BBC music chart television programme "Top of the Pops" from a television studio in a converted church in Dickenson Road, Rusholme, Manchester. On 30 July 2006, he co-hosted the final weekly edition, ending it with the words "It's number one, it's still "Top of the Pops"", before turning off the studio lights Document [36] (Title: Ian A. Anderson) concert series at London’s Union Chapel (2003-4) and has curated many single events including English Roots Against Apartheid (Town & Country Club, London, 1987), Ceilidh Aid (The Forum, London, 2005), Roots At The Roundhouse (Roundhouse, London, 2010), Ghosts From The Basement (Cecil Sharp House, London, 2010), Looking For A New England (Cecil Sharp House, London, 2010), Bridges (Queen Elizabeth Hall, London, 2014), Bob Copper Centenary Celebration (Cecil Sharp House, London, 2015), No Voices (Kings Place, London, 2016) and the Bristol Troubadour 50th Anniversary celebrations (St Georges, Bristol, 2016). He organised UK tours for other artists including Mississippi Fred McDowell (1969), Document [37] (Title: Kelvin Hall) Richie Havens, The New Seekers, Johnny Mathis on 7 September 1973, Runrig's debut concert (in 1973), The Incredible String Band, and the James Last Orchestra. As part of their 1974 British Tour, Tangerine Dream played a live concert on 20 November 1974. Mike Oldfield with the (then) Scottish National Orchestra played Tubular Bells on 5 September 1975. The Royal Scottish National Orchestra Proms took place there up to 1990, when the new Concert Hall opened in the city centre. The Glasgow Museum of Transport was located in the Kelvin Hall from 1987 to 2010, attracting up to 500,000 annual visitors Document [38] (Title: Jefferson Airplane) (she claimed she simply wanted to wear all the makeup she saw in her dressing room) and raised her fist in the Black Panther Party's salute after singing "Crown of Creation". In November 1968, the band played "House at Pooneil Corners" on a New York City rooftop. It was filmed for D. A. Pennebaker movie "1 PM". The concert was stopped by the police just like the Beatles' famous rooftop concert about two months later, as depicted in the 1970 documentary "Let It Be". In February 1969, RCA released the live album "Bless Its Pointed Little Head", which was culled Document [39] (Title: Hyde Park, London) 20th century. The music management company Blackhill Enterprises held the first rock concert in Hyde Park on 29 June 1968, attended by 15,000 people. On the bill were Pink Floyd, Roy Harper and Jethro Tull, while John Peel later said it was "the nicest concert I’ve ever been to". Subsequently, Hyde Park has featured some of the most significant concerts in rock. The supergroup Blind Faith (featuring Eric Clapton and Steve Winwood) played their debut gig in Hyde Park on 7 June 1969. The Rolling Stones headlined a concert (later released as The Stones in the Park) on 5 July Document [40] (Title: Middle Earth (club)) the club. They stormed in with axes and box hooks and stayed about half an hour destroying almost everything in the club. Before leaving they smashed an axe through the office door where staff including Jeff Dexter were taking refuge. John Peel was also a disc jockey at the Club on Saturday Nights until Mid-1968. The Club was closed down in mid-1968 and after holding events at a few venues settled at the Roundhouse where it put on the Doors and Jefferson Airplane for 4 performances over two nights in September 1968. Led Zeppelin played their first public performance there Document [41] (Title: Espedair Street) Brice likes his songs, and he joins the band. He ends up writing all their material and playing bass guitar (after trying unsuccessfully to get them to change their name), as the band rises in the drug- and booze-fuelled rock and roll of the 1970s, assisted by A&R man Rick Tumber of ARC Records. In the Three Chimneys tour, singer Davey Balfour takes Dan along on an attempt to break an unofficial (and illegal) speed record for flying around three power station chimneys in Kent in his private aeroplane. He reminisces about this from 1980s Glasgow, where he lives as Document [42] (Title: The Water Rats) The Water Rats The Water Rats is a live music venue at 328 Grays Inn Road, Kings Cross, London, England. Until 1992 it was known as The Pindar of Wakefield and was famous for its regular old time music hall entertainment. Bob Dylan played his first UK gig here in December 1962. The Pogues (then known as the Pogue Mahones) had their first performance here on October 4, 1982. Oasis's debut London performance took place here on 27 January 1994. The Beta Band played their debut show here on Wednesday 23 July 1997. Acts such as Katy Perry, Sisteray, The Document [43] (Title: Jimmy Savile) after the closing credits. When interviewed by the BBC on 20 November 2008 and asked about the revival of "Top of the Pops" for a Christmas comeback, he said he would welcome a "cameo role" in the programme. In the early 1960s, Savile co-hosted (with Pete Murray) the televised "New Musical Express" Poll Winners' Concert, held annually at the Empire Pool in Wembley, with acts such as the Beatles, Cliff Richard and the Shadows, Joe Brown and the Bruvvers, the Who, and many others. On 31 December 1969, he hosted the BBC/ZDF co-production "Pop Go the Sixties", shown across Western Document [44] (Title: The Speakeasy Club) the basis of the then emerging British rock scene. The club also attracted international touring bands and established artists. Musicians and bands who played at the club include Elton John, Cockney Rebel, The Rolling Stones, The Crazy World Of Arthur Brown, Pink Floyd (who first appeared on 19 September 1967), Arthur LEE and Love, King Crimson, The Marmalade, The Mothers of Invention (October 1967), Yes, Jimi Hendrix (1966), The Beatles, David Bowie, Deep Purple (10 July 1969), and Bob Marley (May 1973 Catch a Fire Tour). Others such as Jeff Beck, Reg Isidore, Ginger Baker, Jan Hammer, The Gass and Document [45] (Title: The London Rock and Roll Show) Heinz Screaming Lord Sutch and the Savages Bo Diddley Jerry Lee Lewis Bill Haley & His Comets Little Richard Chuck Berry The London Rock and Roll Show The London Rock and Roll Show was a concert held at Wembley Stadium in Wembley Park, London, England, on 5 August 1972. It is often said to have been the first ever concert held at the stadium, but in fact the band Yes had performed in the Stadium on 13 July 1969. From the late 1960s to the early 1970s, many rock and roll performers from the 1950s experienced major career revivals due Document [46] (Title: The High Level Ranters) Peel - first on 18 October 1972, recorded at the Playhouse Theatre, Northumberland Avenue in London and later, on 3 July 1974, recorded at the BBC Newcastle studio. The band continues to tour and may be booked through their official website. Between 1969 and 1979 the band consisted of Alistair Anderson, Tommy Gilfellon, Johnny Handle and Colin Ross. Since 1980 the line-up has been Jim Hall, Johnny Handle and Colin Ross. At various times and for various recordings Forster Charlton, John Doonan, Pete Wood and Louis Killen have also been band members. The High Level Ranters The High Level Ranters Document [47] (Title: Marquee Club) 1963 the club had become most noted for its R&B acts, including Davies, Brian Auger and Manfred Mann–who played there a record 102 times between 1962 and 1976–but Pendleton was forced to find a new venue when his lease expired. In March 1964 the club moved a short distance to what became its most famous venue with an entrance at 90 Wardour Street, with the actual music venue housed over two buildings. Here, almost every major rock band of note played over the next 25 years on the tiny stage. ‘The Marquee in Wardour Street did not have an alcohol Document [48] (Title: TaharQa and Tunde Ra Aleem) concert for the humanitarian crisis in Biafra (Nigeria) at the Apollo, but the owner, George Schiffman declined the offer. Instead, plans were made to perform an outdoor benefit concert for the United Block Association (UBA) on the corner of Lenox Avenue and 138/139th St. Before the concert took place on September 5th ,1969, Jimi made the big announcement at a televised press conference at Smalls’ Paradise in Harlem. Unfortunately, most of the reporters were more interested in asking questions about his legendary performance at Woodstock, which occurred less than a month earlier in August. The benefit concert was supported by Document [49] (Title: Bert Jansch) film, first broadcast by the BBC in 1992. It shows him revisiting his old haunts and reminiscing with guests such as Al Stewart, Anne Briggs, John Renbourn, and Davy Graham. From 1995, Jansch appeared frequently at the 12 Bar Club in Denmark Street, London. One of his live sets there was recorded direct to Digital Audio Tape (DAT) by Jansch's then manager, Alan King, and was released as the "Live at the 12 Bar: an official bootleg" album in 1996. In 2002 Jansch, Bernard Butler and Johnny "Guitar" Hodge performed live together at the Jazz Cafe, London. Bernard Butler had Document [50] (Title: Richard Pite) Duke Ellington appearing for the first time in London in 1932 and 1933 or Benny Goodman’s "Famous 1938 Carnegie Hall Jazz Concert". The Jazz Repertory Company concerts take place at London’s Cadogan Hall and the first concert staged there was in 2008. This concert recreated the music Artie Shaw recorded with big band and strings in the years 1937 to 1939 and the music had never been presented live in the UK up until this time. Much of the music presented by the Jazz Repertory Company had been popular in its day but was now in danger of sinking into Document [51] (Title: Mayfair Ballroom) Queen, the Police, the Prodigy, Black Grape, the Cross, Kylie Minogue, Tin Machine, U2, the Clash, Iron Maiden, Faith No More, Judas Priest, Bodycount and Nirvana, The Glitter Band among others. Led Zeppelin's first ever live performance in the United Kingdom was at the Mayfair Ballroom on 4 October 1968.. Free's final live performance in the UK took place at the venue on 20 October 1972. At the end of the show, guitarist Paul Kossoff broke the neck of his cherished Les Paul guitar after uncharacteristically throwing it into the air in frustration. In 1999 the Mayfair was demolished to Document [52] (Title: Mick Taylor) and the Civic Center in Baltimore in November 1969, and on the album "Brussels Affair (Live 1973)", compiled from two shows recorded in Brussels on 17 October 1973 in the Forest National Arena, during their European Tour. Taylor's live performances also feature in the documentary films "Stones in the Park" (released on DVD in 2001), "Gimme Shelter" (released in 1970) and "Cocksucker Blues" (unreleased); and in the concert film "" (shown in cinemas in 1974, and released on DVD and Blu-ray in 2010); these performances were also released on an album with the same title. Bootleg recordings from the Rolling Document [53] (Title: Ken Mansfield) gig on the rooftop of their London headquarters on January 30, 1969, which was captured in the Academy Award-winning documentary, "Let It Be". Mansfield is easy to recognize as he was the only one on the roof that day wearing a white coat. When the Apple empire began to crumble, Mansfield turned down an offer by businessman Allen Klein to stay despite the promise of his salary being tripled. Mansfield saw the writing on the wall and moved over to MGM Records as its vice president in charge of marketing and artist relations. Two years later he was hired by Document [54] (Title: 34 Montagu Square, Marylebone) a family member would live in the flat. To finally settle the case, Starr sold the lease on 28 February 1969. A music label owner, Reynold D’Silva, bought the flat for £550,000 in 2002, beating a rival bid from Noel Gallagher. D’Silva considered opening it as a music museum, but decided to rent it instead, for £795 per week. Author Miles contended that 34 Montagu Square "clearly qualifies as a candidate for one of the blue marker plaques that the City of Westminster fixes to buildings of historical interest". On Saturday 23 October 2010, in front of 100 people, Ono Document [55] (Title: Mayfair Music Hall) Charlotte Rampling) was starring in a production. The theatre was damaged in the 1994 Northridge earthquake, and the owner gutted the building and removed all the ornate decor. The building was demolished in 2010. Mayfair Music Hall The Mayfair Music Hall was an English music hall-styled vaudeville theater devised and created by entrepreneur Milt Larsen, located in Santa Monica, California. This theater was designed by architect Henry C. Hollwedel, and built in 1913 as the Santa Monica Opera House. Shortly afterward, it was renamed the Majestic Theater and featured silent movies and split week vaudeville acts. The theater was remodeled Document [56] (Title: London Palladium) never performed outside of North America due to Parker's lack of a passport. In January 1973, glam rock band Slade played a gig in the theatre which resulted in the venue's balcony nearly collapsing. In 1976 Marvin Gaye recorded a live concert at the venue. The performance documented on the resulting double LP, entitled "Live at the London Palladium" and released in 1977. It included his number one hit "Got to Give It Up". In July 1974, singer Cass Elliott performed for two weeks. The night of her final performance she died in her sleep in her rented flat in Document [57] (Title: Bristol Troubadour Club) artists; a double CD, "Waterloo Street Revisited" was issued the following year featuring recordings of the artists' performances. Because of its success, a similar concert was held on 6 March 2004 at the Redgrave Theatre, Clifton. The third reunion took place at St. George's Hall in Bristol on 8 October, 2016, which marked the 50th anniversary of the club, which opened on 7, October, 1966. The following day, at midday, a blue plaque was unveiled in Waterloo Street commemorating both the club and the fact that the name "Clifton Village" was first used on publicity materials for the club. Bristol Document [58] (Title: The Scaffold) be a highly regarded poet and author. A reunion occurred in 2008 to record a reworking of the Lightning Seeds' "Three Lions", titled "3 Shirts on a Line", for "Liverpool – The Number Ones Album", a compilation album commemorating Liverpool being the European Capital of Culture. Michael McCartney and John Gorman represented The Scaffold in the Number One Concert in the 10,500-seater Echo Arena, receiving a standing ovation from the capacity audience. In 2009, the classic lineup was reunited in Ronnie Scott's London Jazz Club for a BBC TV programme, and in October 2010, they reconvened for a Gala Concert Document [59] (Title: Derek and the Dominos) (as "the George O'Hara-Smith Singers") to tracks such as "All Things Must Pass" and "Awaiting on You All". In addition, while continuing to rehearse at Hurtwood Edge, all four band members participated in London sessions for Dr. John's album "The Sun, Moon & Herbs" (1971). Early in the summer of 1970, Clapton asked former Apple Records employee Chris O'Dell to find accommodation for Whitlock, Gordon and Radle in central London, telling O'Dell that they were "going bonkers" out in the Surrey countryside. The band then moved into a two-storey flat at 33 Thurloe Place, close to South Kensington tube station. Document [60] (Title: Windsor Castle, Maida Vale) Windsor Castle, Maida Vale The Windsor Castle is a former public house on Harrow Road, Maida Vale, London. It was a seminal rock venue throughout the 1960s and 1970s, with notable early performances from The Rolling Stones, The Who and U2. Despite now being derelict, the building is a designated heritage asset. The Windsor Castle opened on Harrow Road in 1829. It was rebuilt in its current style around 1850, with stucco plaster around the windows, quoins and a castellated parapet. The Windsor Castle became a music venue in the 1960s. It is renowned for early gigs by the Rolling Document [61] (Title: The Venue (Victoria Street, London)) The Venue (Victoria Street, London) The Venue was a live music club at 160–162 Victoria Street, London, England, owned by Virgin Records. It opened its doors on 1 November 1978 and operated until 1984. The first act to play there was Graham Parker and The Rumour, followed by the last live performances by Alex Harvey before his death. Todd Rundgren played some dates there just before Christmas in 1978, as part of the tour to back up the "Back to the Bars" album; released for the Christmas market, at the time. Two shows were sometimes played per night, and the Document [62] (Title: London Trocadero) will take over the building as another Live Experience Venue, based upon the popular 1990's Channel 4 programme. London Trocadero The London Trocadero was an entertainment complex on Coventry Street, with a rear entrance in Shaftesbury Avenue, London. It was originally built in 1896 as a restaurant, and closed in 1965. In 1984 the complex reopened as an exhibition and entertainment space, which operated until 2014. , it is under redevelopment to become a hotel. Since at least 1919 the Trocadero has been abbreviated to the Troc or Chicarito, and under that name it appears in a poem by John Document [63] (Title: The Stones in the Park) by Blind Faith in June 1969 attended by 150,000 people, were contacted to organise one at the next convenient date after the organiser-compère of that concert, Sam Cutler, had met Jagger in the VIP area at the concert and later at the Royal Albert Hall. When asked why the festival would be free, Jagger noted that they had not made much money from previous concert tours anyway, and that he felt the audience would have a better time if they did not have to pay although he ensured that the cost of the concert would be covered by selling exclusive Document [64] (Title: Friars Aylesbury) of the venue’s acoustics and its poor reputation from when it had been previously called The Grosvenor (although as The Grosvenor, acts such as Jimi Hendrix played). Stopps subsequently said that if the first gig hadn’t have been a success, he would have closed Friars and taken up a career in advertising. As it was, that first gig on 17 April 1971 was a complete sellout featuring The Groundhogs and local act John Otway. Having successfully presented David Bowie twice in 1971 and early 1972, the third appearance on 15 July 1972 is seen by many as the greatest ever Document [65] (Title: Hyde Park, London) that year, two days after the death of founding member Brian Jones, and is now remembered as one of the most famous gigs of the 1960s. Pink Floyd returned to Hyde Park on 18 July 1970, playing new material from "Atom Heart Mother". All of the early gigs from 1968–71 were free events, contrasting sharply with the later commercial endeavours. Queen played a free concert organised by Richard Branson in the park on 18 September 1976, partway through recording the album "A Day at the Races". The band drew an audience of 150,000 – 200,000, which remains the largest crowd Document [66] (Title: The Bottom Line (venue)) under their guises of Derek and Clive were recorded at The Bottom Line. The Bottom Line seated 400 people and had a no smoking policy, long before that restriction became New York City law. In later years the club hosted "In Their Own Words: A Bunch Of Songwriters Sittin' Around Singing", a series of performances with commentary organized and initially hosted by radio personality Vin Scelsa. Another staple was the annual "Downtown Messiah", a reworking of Handel directed by Richard Barone. At Christmastime, musicians like Vernon Reid and David Johansen made The Messiah their own. The venue also held annual Document [67] (Title: Her Majesty's Theatre) House. The London premiere of "Fiddler on the Roof" was on 16 February 1967, starring Chaim Topol, and the production ran at Her Majesty's for 2,030 performances. Forty years after the original stage adaptation, André Previn's musical adaptation of "The Good Companions" premiered on 11 July 1974, followed by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Alan Ayckbourn's initially unsuccessful collaboration, "Jeeves", on 22 April 1975, which has since enjoyed considerable success. John Cleese organised "A Poke in the Eye (With a Sharp Stick)" as a benefit for Amnesty International at the theatre in 1976, and it was broadcast as "Pleasure at Her Document [68] (Title: Laurie Arms) the front. Notable visitors have included The Pogues and Elvis Costello. Laurie Arms The Laurie Arms is a pub at 238 Shepherd's Bush Road, Hammersmith, London. It was next door to the Hammersmith Palais, a long running dance hall and music venue from 1919, which hosted The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, The Who, David Bowie and the Sex Pistols, but was demolished in 2013. It has been a pub since at least 1881. It reopened in February 2015 as a branch of the Draft House pub chain, with the interior featuring original gig posters and photos from the Hammersmith Palais. Document [69] (Title: Saville Theatre) "Pickwick Papers" premièred on 4 July 1963, featuring Harry Secombe in his first role in a musical. It was a success, remaining in the West End for two years and going on to tour the US, with a run on Broadway. Brian Epstein, manager of The Beatles and himself a former drama student, leased the theatre in 1965, presenting both plays (including works by Arnold Wesker) and rock and roll shows. The venue became notorious for its Sunday night concerts. During one by Chuck Berry, members of the audience stormed the stage and the police were called to clear the Document [70] (Title: Mayfair Music Hall) Mayfair Music Hall The Mayfair Music Hall was an English music hall-styled vaudeville theater devised and created by entrepreneur Milt Larsen, located in Santa Monica, California. This theater was designed by architect Henry C. Hollwedel, and built in 1913 as the Santa Monica Opera House. Shortly afterward, it was renamed the Majestic Theater and featured silent movies and split week vaudeville acts. The theater was remodeled after sound was introduced in the late twenties. The theater was rather plain and was modernized during the sixties. Milt Larsen, John Shrum and Thomas Heric transformed the venue into a Victorian music hall Document [71] (Title: Harvey Goldsmith) where he founded Club 66, a successful weekly student live music venue and organized larger events at the Brighton Metropole. By the end of that decade Goldsmith had created rock music events, such as the Crystal Palace Garden Parties. A decade later the concerts had moved to larger stadiums and had established Wembley Stadium as a major venue for the top artists of the world. In 1975, he was the promoter behind the Loftus Road Concert at Queens Park Rangers' Stadium for Yes, when they were touring for their "Relayer" album. During 1978 Goldsmith promoted the first major global TV Document [72] (Title: Juke Box Jury) frequent Juror, as were Lulu and Cilla Black, who appeared twelve and nine times respectively. From 31 December 1966, a regular panel was established for eight consecutive editions. Jimmy Savile, Simon Dee, Alan Freeman and Pete Murray sat in judgement for all these programmes, having first appeared together on 3 December 1966. From 25 the February until April 1, the foursome continued as regular panelists, but alternating in pairs each week, with Savile and Murray appearing together, followed by Freeman and Dee. Among the diverse others from the world of entertainment who appeared were Thora Hird, Alfred Hitchcock, Spike Milligan, Document [73] (Title: Pasadena Roof Orchestra) orchestra has existed in its current form since 1969, although the line-up has frequently changed. It has achieved success outside of the United Kingdom, most notably in Germany. The Pasadena Roof Orchestra was so named in November 1969 by John Arthy, a baker who played the double bass and sousaphone, and who had taken over the Creole Dance Orchestra (first formed in 1965) in which he played bass and sousaphone, from Chris Macdonald, its founder. Arthy purchased a cache of original musical arrangements dating from the 1920s stored in the attic of a lady in Manchester, and the strength of Document [74] (Title: The Venue (Victoria Street, London)) 2013 as part of a major redevelopment of the area. Magazine The Venue (Victoria Street, London) The Venue was a live music club at 160–162 Victoria Street, London, England, owned by Virgin Records. It opened its doors on 1 November 1978 and operated until 1984. The first act to play there was Graham Parker and The Rumour, followed by the last live performances by Alex Harvey before his death. Todd Rundgren played some dates there just before Christmas in 1978, as part of the tour to back up the "Back to the Bars" album; released for the Christmas market, at Document [75] (Title: The Stones in the Park) Live in 1969" in 2015. On Richard Bacon's BBC Radio 5 Live show on 3 April 2013 it was announced that the Rolling Stones would hold a concert in Hyde Park as part of their 50th anniversary celebrations on 6 July. Mick Jagger quipped, "I'll try and keep the poetry to a minimum", and remarked, in respect of the white dress that he wore for the 1969 concert, "I can still just about get into the zippers." On 9 April it was announced that they would hold a second concert, on 13 July. Several celebrities, including David Walliams, Gemma Arterton, Document [76] (Title: Top of the Pops) in the 1970s being The Four Seasons, The Who, John Otway, Sham 69, Eddie and the Hot Rods, Jimmy James and the Vagabonds, Heavy Metal Kids, Elton John, Typically Tropical, New Order, and David Bowie. In 1980, heavy metal band Iron Maiden played live on the show when they refused to mime to their single "Running Free". Solo artists and vocal groups were supposed to sing live to the Top Of The Pops Orchestra. Billy Ocean, Brotherhood Of Man, Hylda Baker and The Nolans all performed in this way. For a few years from 1991, the show adopted a live Document [77] (Title: Saville Theatre) Saville Theatre The Saville Theatre is a former West End theatre at 135 Shaftesbury Avenue in the London Borough of Camden. The theatre opened in 1931, and became a music venue during the 1960s. In 1970 it became the two cinemas ABC1 Shaftesbury Avenue and ABC2 Shaftesbury Avenue, which in 2001 were converted to the four-screen cinema Odeon Covent Garden. The theatre was designed by the architect Sir Thomas Bennett, in consultation with Bertie Crewe, and opened on 8 October 1931, with a play with music by H.F. Maltby, "For The Love Of Mike". The theatre benefited from a capacity Document [78] (Title: Bataclan (theatre)) was closed. Sting reopened the venue with a concert one year following the attack. The Bataclan is known today for a very eclectic programme of events, including rock and pop concerts, "spectacles", comedy, discos and café-théâtre. Its façade was repainted in its original colours in 2006, but its pagoda roof has been removed. In May 2015, the theatre hosted a "Who Is Malcolm X" event, featuring Muslim rappers Médine, Kery James, Disiz and Faada Freddy. Jeff Buckley recorded his EP "Live from the Bataclan" there in 1995. Progressive metal band Dream Theater recorded their 1998 live album "Once in a Document [79] (Title: Tony Kendall (poker player)) the property. The Marquee housed a small stage and basic speaker set up, decorated in the now iconic Red and White stripes of Kendalls football team Leighton Town. Kendall would invite friends to come and blow horns on a regular basis. The last of great Blues and Jazz artists were often heard trotting out the standards on any horn they could get their hands on. In 1964 Kendall sold the name "The Marquee Club" to a property in Soho. Many bands and acts played the Marquee over the coming years trying to recapture the glory days of 165 Oxford Street, Document [80] (Title: Great Marlborough Street) the Paris Exhibition of 1925 and was extended in 1935. It is now a Grade II listed building. The magistrates court continued to cover significant trials that were widely reported by the media. In 1963, Christine Keeler was tried here for attempting to obstruct the course of justice. In the late 1960s, a number of rock stars, including The Rolling Stones' Mick Jagger, Keith Richards and Brian Jones, stood trial on drugs offences at the magistrates court. Richards was tried here again in 1973 for possession of heroin and owning unlicensed firearms, but was only fined £205 (now £). John Document [81] (Title: Media in Manchester) The first edition of "Top of the Pops" was broadcast on New Year's Day 1964 from the studio, and Yorkshire host Jimmy Savile stated: "anything they didn't want to do in London, they slung up into this old church. And, of course, they didn't want anything to do with pop music so that was our place". But when viewing figures took off the BBC decided that the pop show had to be broadcast from London, although it remained based in Manchester for three years before moving to Lime Grove Studios in west London in 1967. The BBC's northern Outside Broadcast Document [82] (Title: 34 Montagu Square, Marylebone) Looking Through You", and worked on various compositions, including "Eleanor Rigby". With the help of Ian Sommerville he converted the flat to a studio for Apple Corps' avant-garde Zapple label, recording William S. Burroughs for spoken-word Zapple albums. Jimi Hendrix and his manager, Chas Chandler, later lived there with their girlfriends. Whilst living there, Hendrix composed "The Wind Cries Mary". For three months, John Lennon and Yoko Ono rented the flat, taking a photograph that would become the cover of their "Two Virgins" album. After the police raided the flat looking for drugs, the landlord of the property sought an Document [83] (Title: Jimmy Savile) the Mecca-owned Palais dance hall in Ilford, Essex, between 1955 and 1956. His Monday evening records-only dance sessions (admission one shilling) were popular with local teens. Savile's radio career began as a DJ at Radio Luxembourg from 1958 to 1967. He ran the "Teen and Twenty Disc Club" ("TTDC"), membership for life, on Radio Luxembourg. For a small fee listeners received a certificate and bracelet with a disc inscribed with the show's name. On the BBC television series "Inside Out", he said the title "Teen and Twenty Disc Club" had been rejected as too long in favour of "Top of Document [84] (Title: Brian Epstein) houses near Isherwood's own in Esher. Lennon, Harrison and Starr agreed, while Epstein and McCartney remained in London. After settling in London in 1965, Epstein rented an office in Monmouth Street, and later bought the lease of the Saville Theatre on Shaftesbury Avenue. He promoted new works by writers such as Arnold Wesker, in productions that occasionally fell foul of the Lord Chamberlain for including "obscene" content or nudity. In 1966 Epstein reinvented it as a music venue featuring various US acts. On 20 February 1967, Epstein sacked the manager of the theatre, Michael Bullock, for lowering the safety curtain Document [85] (Title: The Downstairs Club (later Le Disque a Go! Go!)) musicians who later achieved wider fame, including Michael Giles and his brother Peter, Andy Summers, and Zoot Money, the original version of whose Big Roll Band played its first public performance at the club in Autumn 1961. This policy largely continued during the ownership of Tony Silvestri, who renamed it the Lansdowne Club, before Allan Azern (who later became pianist with Trendsetters Limited) subsequently took over the club, and changed its name to Le Disque a Go! Go! It was under that name that the club began to feature London bands, such as Manfred Mann, John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers Document [86] (Title: Sandy Denny) to unrecorded lyrics found in Sandy's paperwork. The resulting album "Don't Stop Singing" was released in November 2011 to generally good notices, including 4-star reviews in "The Independent" and "The Guardian" among others. On 21 April 2012, the single "London" was released as an exclusive Record Store Day 7″ single. Further recordings were released in 2011 including a German recording of Fotheringay in concert released as "Essen 1970" on the Garden of Delights label. The performance was remastered by original band member Jerry Donahue. This release was followed by "19 Rupert Street", a home recording of a rehearsal featuring Sandy Document [87] (Title: Roy Harper (singer)) performance at a poetry reading in Newcastle in 1960. Returning to the UK in 1963/64, Harper had started to write more songs than poetry. Eventually he obtained a residency at London's famous Soho folk music club, Les Cousins in 1965, having been introduced to it by Peter Bellamy of the Young Tradition. Harper's first advertised performance was 5 October 1965. Within his first week Harper saw John Renbourn, Alexis Korner, Paul Simon, Alex Campbell and Bert Jansch play and he would play, associate, and 'rub shoulders' with other artists arriving later, including John Martyn, Joni Mitchell and Nick Drake. Harper's Document [88] (Title: Josef Locke) Way," a twenty-week summer show at the Blackpool Opera House in 1946 and was rebooked for the following summer, then starring for three seasons at the Blackpool Hippodrome. He appeared in ten Blackpool seasons from 1946 to 1969, not the nineteen seasons he later claimed. He made his first radio broadcast in 1949, and subsequently appeared on television programmes such as "Rooftop Rendezvous", "Top of the Town", "All-star Bill" and "The Frankie Howerd Show". He was signed to the Columbia label in 1947, and his first releases were the two Italian songs "Santa Lucia" and "Come Back to Sorrento". In Document [89] (Title: The Beatles' rooftop concert) U2 also referenced the concert in their video for "Where the Streets Have No Name", which featured a similar rooftop concert in Los Angeles. McCartney played a surprise mini-concert in midtown Manhattan on 15 July 2009 from the top of the marquee of the Ed Sullivan Theater, where he was recording a performance for "Late Show with David Letterman". News of the event spread via Twitter and word of mouth, and nearby street corners were closed off to accommodate fans for the set, which duplicated the original Beatles gig. The Beatles' rooftop concert The Beatles' rooftop concert was the final Document [90] (Title: Smile (band)) Chris Smith had been fired the day before, according to Staffell. (According to Smith, he was only briefly in the band and left on his own accord because he was interested in different styles.) Smile gigged quite a bit on the London scene, according to Time Out's listings. On 19 April, they played at the Speakeasy and on 31 May, appeared at the Whisky-A-Go-Go. In March 1969, the band played at a venue known as PJ's, using claims to have previously been played on BBC Radio 1 to secure an audience. It seems likely that the claims were fictitious, however. Document [91] (Title: Colston Hall) during 1967. From the late 1960s onwards, Colston Hall became one of the major rock music venues in the country. The Rolling Stones, David Bowie, Elton John, Queen , Thin Lizzy, Roxy Music, Bob Marley and Lou Reed all performed there. The Who first played Colston Hall on 10 November 1968, part-way through recording "Tommy", with support from Free, and returned on 7 March 1970. Led Zeppelin played at Colston Hall in June 1969, part-way through recording "Led Zeppelin II". Pink Floyd gave one of the first live performances of "The Dark Side of the Moon" at Colston Hall on Document [92] (Title: Half Moon, Herne Hill) in South London, drawing large numbers of people every Tuesday night. The club was run by Ed Parslow and Charles Pearce, both of whom were students at the Camberwell College of Arts. Pearce was the floor singer and guests included Dave and Toni Arthur, Bert Jansch, Cliff Aungier, Gerry Lockran, Diz Disley, Pete and Marian Gray, The Hickory Nuts, and The Bruce Turner Jump Band. The Half Moon was a significant South London venue on the 1970s pub rock circuit, hosting performances by Dr. Feelgood, Meal Ticket, 9 Below Zero, and Eddie and the Hot Rods. Around 1974, local musician Document [93] (Title: The Rolling Stones) tour), the album "Get Yer Ya-Ya's Out!" was released in 1970. Critic Lester Bangs declared it the best ever live album. It reached No. 1 in the UK and No. 6 in the US. At the end of the decade the band appeared on the BBC's review of the sixties music scene "Pop Go the Sixties", performing "Gimme Shelter", which was broadcast live on 31 December 1969. The following year, the band wanted out of contracts with both Klein and Decca, but still owed them a Jagger/Richards credited single. To get back at the label and fulfil their final contractual Document [94] (Title: The Nice) in London's Royal Albert Hall. The group were subsequently banned from ever playing the venue again. By summer 1968, the group had become concerned about O'List's reliability and matters came to a head following a gig in Croydon's Fairfield Hall in September. According to Ward, O'List had an altercation with him in mid-performance. Emerson subsequently called a band meeting with Jackson and Davison and stated flatly that O'List should be sacked. They agreed, and immediately after their performance at The Ritz, Bournemouth in October, he was fired by Stratton-Smith with the rest of the band present. O'List, however, claims that Document [95] (Title: Denmark Street) petition to stop the planned redevelopment, which has gathered 10,000 signatures. In an interview to "Mojo", Scott-Irvine said "This should be stopped", adding that Denmark Street "should be given full heritage status like Covent Garden Market, Hatton Garden and Savile Row". He discovered that, although demolition was scheduled to start in late 2014, the plans were approved by the newly elected borough council. Consolidated Developments, developers for the new site, stated they were "committed to preserving and enhancing the rich musical heritage of Tin Pan Alley". The 12 Bar Club was at No. 26 Denmark Street, a small live music Document [96] (Title: Gerrard Street, London) outrageous parties frequented by the rich and powerful. It was eventually closed down by direct order of the Home Office and the proprietor, Kate Meyrick, was imprisoned. A basement in Gerrard Street was the location of the first rehearsal of Led Zeppelin in August 1968, where they played "Train Kept A-Rollin'". The exact location of the basement is unknown, and it is believed to have been converted into business premises many years ago. Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club started in Gerrard Street in the basement of No. 39. Samuel Johnson and Joshua Reynolds met at the Turk's Head Tavern to found Document [97] (Title: Michael Morrow) Gardens, Hampstead. The first proper public concert given by Musica Reservata took place in Fenton House, Hampstead on 30 January 1960. Many more concerts followed, including one in the Wigmore Hall on 26 June 1963, and most importantly, the so-called 'début' concert held in the Queen Elizabeth Hall, on the South Bank, which took place on 2 July 1967. The group shot to fame after this and thereafter it was frequently engaged for concerts and recordings; see the separate entry Musica Reservata. In the early 1970s, tension began to grow between Morrow (who was disorganised by nature) and Beckett, and Document [98] (Title: Marquee Club) A&R representatives visiting the venue on a daily basis, often talent spotting. The venue also attracted many famous musicians and recording artists who simply used the VIP Bar to socialise in. The Marquee staff became an integral part of the club as much as the bands that performed there. The Faces performed at The Marquee on 7 December 1970. Queen performed at the club three times in the beginning of their career. First on January 8, 1971, then on December 20, 1972, and on April 9, 1973, as their first gig after signing with the Trident record company.In 1972, Status Document [99] (Title: Newcastle City Hall) that yielded the "Live at Royal Albert Hall 1971" album. In December 1976, as a one-off gig, Lindisfarne played three sell-out concerts in the City Hall. This was repeated in the following years as Lindisfarne got back together, with 132 shows in total at the venue. In 1981, Motörhead recorded the majority of the tracks for their live album, "No Sleep 'til Hammersmith", at the City Hall. The album was #1 on the UK billboard charts for almost 2 months following its release that year. That same year, Slade performed and recorded their show, which was later released as a Document [100] (Title: Hippodrome, London) and Diana Churchill. Julie Andrews made her stage debut here at the age of 12. From 1949 to 1951 it was the London equivalent of the Folies Bergère. The original interior was demolished in 1958, and Bernard Delfont had the Hippodrome converted into the nightclub The Talk of the Town. It featured appearances by many of the popular artistes of the time, including Diana Ross & The Supremes, Judy Garland, Eartha Kitt, Shirley Bassey, The Temptations, Frank Sinatra, Sammy Davis Jr., Lena Horne, Sergio Franchi, Sophie Tucker, Engelbert Humperdinck, Val Doonican, Dusty Springfield, Ella Fitzgerald, Liza Minnelli, Tom Jones, The Document [101] (Title: Fiddler on the Roof) Melbourne and Sydney in 2015–2016 with Anthony Warlow as Tevye, Sigrid Thornton as Golde and Lior as Motel. "Topol in 'Fiddler on the Roof': The Farewell Tour" opened on January 20, 2009, in Wilmington, Delaware. Topol left the tour in November 2009 due to torn muscles. He was replaced by Harvey Fierstein. The musical was an international hit, with early productions playing throughout Europe, in South America, Africa and Australia; 100 different productions were mounted in the former West Germany in the first three decades after the musical's premiere, and within five years after the collapse of the Berlin Wall, Document [102] (Title: Top of the Pops) coming or had a strong selling album. If a single being performed was below the top 40, just the words "New Entry" were shown and not the chart position. The show was originally intended to run for only a few programmes but lasted over 42 years, reaching landmark episodes of 500, 1,000, 1,500 and 2,000 in the years 1973, 1983, 1992 and 2002 respectively. "Top of the Pops" was first broadcast on Wednesday, 1 January 1964 at 6:35 pm. It was produced in Studio A on Dickenson Road in Rusholme, Manchester. DJ Jimmy Savile presented the first show live from Document [103] (Title: Jimmy Savile) magazine in 1931. He became a semi-professional sportsman, competing in the 1951 Tour of Britain cycle race and working as a professional wrestler. He said: Savile lived in Salford from the mid-1950s to the mid-1960s, the later period with Ray Teret, who became his support DJ, assistant and chauffeur. Savile managed the Plaza Ballroom on Oxford Road, Manchester, in the mid-1950s. When he lived in Great Clowes Street in Higher Broughton, Salford, he was often seen sitting on his front door steps. He managed the Mecca Locarno ballroom in Leeds in the late 1950s and early 1960s as well as Document [104] (Title: Saville Theatre) remains and represents 'Drama Through The Ages'. Saville Theatre The Saville Theatre is a former West End theatre at 135 Shaftesbury Avenue in the London Borough of Camden. The theatre opened in 1931, and became a music venue during the 1960s. In 1970 it became the two cinemas ABC1 Shaftesbury Avenue and ABC2 Shaftesbury Avenue, which in 2001 were converted to the four-screen cinema Odeon Covent Garden. The theatre was designed by the architect Sir Thomas Bennett, in consultation with Bertie Crewe, and opened on 8 October 1931, with a play with music by H.F. Maltby, "For The Love Of Document [105] (Title: Mike McKenzie (jazz musician)) programmes celebrating music from the Commonwealth. He performed, either solo or with a combo, at various London venues as well as the Moss Empires circuit. They included the Colony Room Club in Soho (1950-c1970), Hungaria Restaurant in Regent Street (1955), The Milroy and The Empress clubs in Mayfair and Le Caprice restaurant in St James's. In 1964 he appeared in a documentary filmed in a pub in the Isle of Dogs, accompanying its proprietor, Queenie Watts, performing the Sinatra classic, "The Best Is Yet to Come". McKenzie freelanced or featured as a sideman with various groups including Lord Kitchener, Joe Document [106] (Title: Lady June) into a flat in Vale Court in Maida Vale, London, which she opened up to many musicians to lodge in or just "hang out". Allen described her flat as "London's premier smoking salon", and her role of "landlady to many of the capital's more creative musicians" spawned her honorary title of "Lady". She hosted many parties there, including a birthday party in June 1973 for Gilli Smyth, Allen's wife, during which ex-Soft Machine drummer Robert Wyatt broke his back when he fell from a third-floor window. By 1970 June was combining her painting, poetry and music into multimedia presentations, and Document [107] (Title: Son House) 1970 London Sessions". House appeared in Seattle on Mar 19, 1968, arranged by the Seattle Folklore Society. The concert was recorded by Bob West and issued on Acola Records as a CD in 2006. The Arcola CD also included an interview of House recorded on November 15, 1969 in Seattle. In the summer of 1970, House toured Europe once again, including an appearance at the Montreux Jazz Festival; a recording of his London concerts was released by Liberty Records. He also played at the two Days of Blues Festival in Toronto in 1974. On an appearance on the TV arts Document [108] (Title: The Masters Apprentices) teen combo. Keays stated that there was a backlash from the interview, the roadway outside Keays' flat in East St Kilda was daubed with the slogan "Band Moll's Paradise" in letters, threats of physical beatings from male audience members and the press claiming they were "sex maniacs". Live performances continued and in the second half of 1968 they went back into Armstrong's Studios to cut their first single for EMI, although this was not released until early 1969. Meanwhile, Astor released "But One Day", an old track from their debut LP, as a single in August, but the band urged Document [109] (Title: Ludlow Street (Manhattan)) at 56 Ludlow and in 1965 Lou Reed, John Cale and Sterling Morrison of The Velvet Underground lived and recorded there. The earliest known recorded version of "All Tomorrow's Parties" was recorded there. Other filmmakers, performers, poets, artists and musicians that lived in the building at the time included Warhol superstars Mario Montez and Jack Smith. Tony Conrad has produced two CDs from the Jack Smith tape archives subtitled "56 Ludlow Street" that were recorded at 56 Ludlow Street between 1962 and 1964. In the mid-1970s Gary Weis made some short films of Taylor Mead talking to his cat in Document [110] (Title: Syndicate Blackpool) the theatre which starred the likes of Freddie Davies, Mike & Bernie Winters and Pearl Carr & Teddy Johnson. The Beatles played a concert there in 1963 and in August 1965 they played at the "Blackpool Night Out" on ABC Weekend Television. It was the first time they had played the song "Yesterday" on British television and the gig has become popular on the video sharing website YouTube. Four songs they sang live at the gig appeared on the "Anthology 2" compilation album in 1996 – "I Feel Fine", "Ticket to Ride", "Yesterday" and "Help!". The Beatles were also shown Document [111] (Title: The Stones in the Park) Chris O'Dowd, Noel Fielding, Simon Fuller and Bobby Gillespie attended 6 July gig. The Stones in the Park The Stones in the Park was a free outdoor festival held in Hyde Park on 5 July 1969, headlined by The Rolling Stones and featuring Third Ear Band, King Crimson, Screw, Alexis Korner's New Church, Family and The Battered Ornaments, in front of a crowd estimated at between 250,000 and 500,000 fans. It was the Stones' first public concert in over two years, and was planned as an introduction of new guitarist, Mick Taylor, though circumstances inevitably changed following the death of Document [112] (Title: Bee Gees) Theatre, Northumberland Avenue, in London, with Bill Bebb as the producer, and they performed three songs. That session is included on "BBC Sessions: 1967–1973" (2008). Following the release of "Bee Gees' 1st", the group was first introduced in New York as "the English surprise". At that time, the band made their first British TV appearance on "Top of the Pops". Maurice recalled: In late 1967, they began recording for the second album. On 21 December 1967, in a live broadcast from Liverpool Anglican Cathedral for a Christmas television special called "How On Earth?", they performed their own song, "Thank You Document [113] (Title: Marquee Club) in November 1964; and Peter Green's Fleetwood Mac gave their first performance there in 1967. To find out who was playing on any given night, you could just call in at the 'Ship' pub a few doors away. In 1964 Moody Blues manager/producer Alex Murray used a homemade studio in the garage at the back of the club to produce the classic "Go Now" single, which shot to No. 1 at Christmas 1964, and filmed for it the first ever UK pop promo video. The development of Marquee Studios was largely financed by profits from this record. The studio was Document [114] (Title: Peter Stringfellow) Jimi Hendrix. Other American acts who played in the club included the first Tamla/Motown acts to play in the UK, Ben E. King, Sonny Boy Williamson, Tina Turner and Little Stevie Wonder. In 1968, he went into another business with Down Broadway, just under the Stylo's shoe shop in the centre of Sheffield. On 4 November 1968 Jethro Tull was the first act to play at Down Broadway and John Peel was booked to play as the Star DJ. Progressive rock group Yes also played at the club. In 1969, Stringfellow acquired the first alcohol licence for another of his Document [115] (Title: Adelaide Hall) of Grosvenor Street in Mayfair, London. On 17 October 1939, the first large-scale variety concert organized by ENSA was staged at RAF Hendon in north London. Starring on the bill was Adelaide Hall, The Western Brothers and Mantovani and his Orchestra. Adelaide recalled in vivid detail the challenges she faced during WWII while entertaining the troops across Europe and in the UK, some of whom were wounded; ‘Sometimes I had to sing without music, but it was a challenge, and so rewarding to get all the people to sing with me.’ At one London performance Hall gave at Lewisham Hippodrome Document [116] (Title: Curved Air) with "Back Street Luv" (1971) which reached number 4 in the UK Singles Chart. The group evolved out of the band Sisyphus, who played one of their early gigs in the ballroom of Leith Hill Place, Surrey for a masked ball and which was formed by Darryl Way (who studied violin at Dartington College and the Royal College of Music) and Francis Monkman, a member of the Royal Academy of Music. While wandering an outlet store of the Orange Music Electronic Company, Monkman was intrigued by the sound of Way testing his first electrically amplified violin, and the two "got Document [117] (Title: Kelvin Hall) earliest rock concert was possibly that of Jerry Lee Lewis in 1964. He was supported by the Animals, who were booed off. Lewis also played at the venue on 23 April 1972. Ella Fitzgerald and the Count Basie Orchestra also played at the Kelvin Hall. The late 1960s and the 1970s were the key years for concerts including the Kinks, who issued a live recording of their 2 April 1967 date entitled "Live at Kelvin Hall". Between 1972 and 1977 Glaswegians saw Manitas de Plata's Farewell Tour on 8 March 1972, Elton John, Yes on 5 September 1972, Captain Beefheart, Document [118] (Title: Soho) dealers. Several music publishers were established along Wardour Street in the early 20th century, including Novello and Co at Nos. 152–160. The most famous location of the Marquee Club was at No. 90 Wardour Street between 1964 and 1988. Another seventies rock hangout was The Intrepid Fox pub (at 97/99 Wardour Street), originally dedicated to Charles James Fox (who is featured on a relief on the outside of the building). It subsequently became a haven for the Goth subculture before closing in 2006. A detailed mural depicting Soho characters, including writer Dylan Thomas and jazz musician George Melly, is in Document [119] (Title: Sibylla's) Swallow Street, on the eastern edge of Mayfair, had been a nightclub venue since 1915. The building's new interiors were designed by David Mlinaric, who said at the time that his concept was to give the club "a feeling of under-decoration" to match contemporary fashions in clothes design. Macdonald, Howard and Higham named the venue after Sibylla Edmonstone, a London socialite and the granddaughter of American entrepreneur Marshall Field. The club was run under the company name of Kevin Macdonald Associated Ltd. Sibylla's was launched with a private party held on 22 June 1966. One of the three owners declared Document [120] (Title: Edgar Broughton Band) organising a performance at Abbey Road on 9 December 1969. Only one track was released at the time: a rendition of "Out Demons Out", an adaptation of The Fugs' song "Exorcising the Demons Out Of the Pentagon", which had become the band's set-closer and anthem. The rest of the recording was lost until its rediscovery and release in a remixed form in 2004 as "Keep Them Freaks a Rollin': Live at Abbey Road 1969". The band's touring attracted some controversy from their series of free concerts at locations such as children's playgrounds, and from a number of cases of civil Document [121] (Title: The Loved Ones) time he moved to the suburban fringes of Sandringham and hosted many functions at his Spring Street residence. He went on to bigger things by hosting the inaugural Sunbury Pop Festival in 1972. In 1973 he returned to London in an unsuccessful attempt to save his failing marriage, giving up his music career to become a psychiatric nurse. Lovett formed a vocal trio, The Virgil Brothers, with Peter Doyle and Malcolm McGee (Wild Cherries, Python Lee Jackson) in 1968. The Virgil Brothers were managed by Lovett's wife, journalist Lily Brett, and released a number of singles and toured the UK Document [122] (Title: Marquee Club) rock acts. It was a key venue for early performances by bands who were to achieve worldwide fame in the 1960s and remained a venue for young bands in the following decades. It was the location of the first-ever live performance by The Rolling Stones on 12 July 1962. The club was established by Harold Pendleton, an accountant whose love of jazz had led him to become secretary of the National Jazz Federation. Originally it was located in the Marquee Ballroom in the basement of the Academy Cinema in Oxford Street, where dances had been held since the early 1950s. Document [123] (Title: Syd Barrett) Hominids, a multimedia event arranged by the group's former landlord, Mike Leonard, at Hornsey College of Art. They performed at the Free School for the following two weeks, before performing at the Psychodelphia Versus Ian Smith event at the Roundhouse in December, arranged by the Majority Rule for Rhodesia Campaign, and an Oxfam benefit at the Albert Hall (the band's biggest venue up to this point). At the beginning of 1967, Barrett was dating Jenny Spires (who would later marry future Stars member Jack Monck). However, unknown to Barrett, Spires had an affair with Peter Whitehead. Spires convinced Whitehead (who Document [124] (Title: Ian Knight) clubs Middle Earth, UFO, and Implosion. He staged many concerts at the Roundhouse in Chalk Farm, including the Rolling Stones, Jimi Hendrix, The Doors and Elton John. From 1968 on, he helped stage a number of free concerts in Hyde Park, including the Rolling Stones, and a performance at the Royal Albert Hall including The Who and Chuck Berry on the same day. Festival work followed. In 1971, he oversaw the stage rebuild and further work for the new Rainbow theatre (formerly the Finsbury Park Astoria). Knight moved to Los Angeles, USA, and did stage design for Led Zeppelin, Genesis Document [125] (Title: Ray Foulk) Oval (Surrey County Cricket Club, Kennington, London SE11) starring the Who and Rod Stewart, 18 September 1971, and the first ever music event at Wembley Stadium, The London Rock and Roll Show, starring Chuck Berry, Little Richard, Bill Haley, Bo Diddley and Jerry Lee Lewis, on 5 August 1972. In September 1972 Foulk and his brother Ronald staged two further concerts at the Oval, starring Emerson, Lake and Palmer and Frank Zappa. The Isle of Wight's MP Mark Woodnutt (Conservative) succeeded in passing a Private Member’s Bill – The Isle of Wight Act, 1971 – to control large scale gatherings Document [126] (Title: Twist and Shout) on December 14, 1982 and released in November 1984), "Live From Toronto" (recorded at the Maple Leaf Gardens in Toronto on December 17, 1982 and released in 2006), as well as on the 1994 compilation "Thirty Years of Maximum R&B" (recorded at the Maple Leaf Gardens in Toronto on December 16, 1982, misdated in the liner notes for the concert at Toronto's CNE stadium on October 9, 1982). In 1962 the Decca label signed Brian Poole and the Tremeloes, a British group from Dagenham, East London, in preference to the Beatles. Both groups auditioned on the same day, and it Document [127] (Title: Lyceum Theatre, London) Club all played here. Bob Marley and the Wailers recorded their "Live!" album here on 18–19 July 1975. Genesis filmed a performance there in May 1980 for broadcast on the "Old Grey Whistle Test". This footage appears on the 2007 CD/DVD re-release of their 1980 album "Duke". A proposed redevelopment of Covent Garden by the GLC in 1968 saw the theatre under threat, together with the nearby Vaudeville, Garrick, Adelphi and Duchess theatres. An active campaign by Equity, the Musicians' Union, and theatre owners under the auspices of the "Save London Theatres Campaign" led to the abandonment of the scheme. Document [128] (Title: Soho) In the 1960s, numerous major rock bands played at the venue, including early performances from the Rolling Stones in July 1962 and The Who in late 1964, Jimi Hendrix, David Bowie, Led Zeppelin, Pink Floyd, Jethro Tull, AC/DC and Iron Maiden. Eric Clapton and Brian Jones both lived for a time in Soho, sharing a flat with future rock publicist, Tony Brainsby. Trident Studios was based at 17 St Anne's Court, Soho and was a major London recording studio. It was established by Norman and Barry Sheffield in 1968, who wanted expand from the small studio they had above their Document [129] (Title: Jimmy Savile) the Pops". In 1968, he joined Radio 1, where he presented "Savile's Travels", a weekly programme broadcast on Sundays in which he travelled around the UK talking to members of the public. From 1969 to 1973 he fronted "Speakeasy", a discussion programme for teenagers. On Radio 1 he presented the Sunday lunchtime show "Jimmy Savile's Old Record Club", playing chart Top 10s from years gone by. It was the first show to feature old charts and Savile used a "points system" in an imaginary quiz with the audience to guess the names of the song and artist. It began in Document [130] (Title: Aeolian Hall (London)) performing "The Queen of Spades", "The Barber of Seville", and "Pagliacci". After the destruction of their St George's Hall studios in March 1943, the BBC took it over for the recording and broadcast of concerts and recitals. The Beatles recorded "Taste of Honey" in the hall on 10 July 1963 for a BBC broadcast of "Pop Goes the Beatles", a regular BBC radio show. This particular recording aired on 23 July 1963 (See insert from "The Beatles, Live at the BBC" EMI). Led Zeppelin also recorded their well-known version of Robert Johnson's "Travelling Riverside Blues" at this location on 24 Document [131] (Title: Savile Row) Savile Row Savile Row (pronounced ) is a street in Mayfair, central London. Known principally for its traditional bespoke tailoring for men, the street has had a varied history that has included accommodating the headquarters of the Royal Geographical Society at 1 Savile Row, where significant British explorations to Africa and the South Pole were planned; and more recently, the Apple office of the Beatles at 3 Savile Row, where the band's final live performance was held on the roof of the building. Originally named Savile Street, it was built between 1731 and 1735 as part of the development of Document [132] (Title: Swarkestone Hall Pavilion) the pavilion was struck by lightning. The cupolas were subsequently repaired, but with a changed profile: the roofs were set back 'inside the line of the cornice'. The pavilion fell into dereliction some time afterwards. In June 1968 the Rolling Stones had a photo shoot with Michael Joseph in and around the Pavilion for the album "Beggar's Banquet". The album was released in a different sleeve without these pictures, but some were used for the Stones' first compilation album, "Hot Rocks 1964–1971". After many years of neglect, in 1985 the Pavilion was acquired by the Landmark Trust. The trust reconstructed Document [133] (Title: Earl's Court) gay bars in London. It is now a Wagamama restaurant. In 1964, the Lord Ranelagh pub (opposite the former Princess Beatrice Hospital) spearheaded the local demand for live entertainment. A young, non-gay, male band, the Downtowners, attracted considerable attention. They persuaded many of the local cross-dressers to come into the pub and perform. Thus, the Queen of the Month contest was born. Every Saturday night the pub was packed to capacity. The show ran from September 1964 until May 1965 when the "News of the World" ran an article entitled 'This show must not go on.' On that Sunday night Document [134] (Title: Manchester Academy) early dates. The first performance was by Humphrey Lyttelton and His Band, 16 November 1963. The main building housed three of its original venues: the "Main Debating Hall" (now "Academy 2"), the "Hop and Grape" (later became known as "Solem Bar" and now "Academy 3") and "The Cellar" (also known as "Cellar Disco" and now "Club Academy"). Other music venues on campus were Whitworth Hall and "The Squat". While the Main Debating Hall hosting jazz artist, The Squat was becoming popular among international acts. After operating for eight years, the building was demolished and became a carpark. With the music Document [135] (Title: Hunter Muskett) at The Troubadour in London’s Earls Court. On the resulting album, ‘Every Time You Move’ (1970), produced by Kim Margolis, the trio’s acoustic sound was augmented by Danny Thompson (uncredited) on double bass and orchestration arranged by Richard Hewson. Bass-player Rog Trevitt joined shortly after the album's release. The Decca Nova label lasted less than a year. From 1971 to 1974 the band toured the UK and on the continent, also making one trip to Morocco. Although mainly working the folk/college/ circuit, they also played festivals (Cambridge, St Albans, Laycock, Norwich) and major venues, notably as support to Ralph McTell Document [136] (Title: New Brighton, Merseyside) individual composer's music. In return, many leading lights of contemporary British music, including Stanford, Parry, Corder, Mackenzie and Elgar, came to New Brighton to conduct and perform, and the New Brighton orchestra became nationally respected for the remaining period of Bantock's tenure. The Beatles performed at the Tower Ballroom, at the site of the old New Brighton Tower, 27 times. Aside from the famous Cavern Club in their native Liverpool, The Beatles played there more frequently than any other location in the United Kingdom. The pop concert "New Brighton Rock" was held over two days: 21 and 22 May 1984 Document [137] (Title: Earls Court 1975) all parts of the country. This image was featured on the concert's official poster (see above, right), the originals of which are now amongst the most collectible posters in rock history. The posters were produced by Martine Grainey of Peter Grainey Graphics of Bournemouth, together with the design for the concert programme. Five promotional DJs were given the task of introducing the band on stage at each show. These were Bob Harris (17 May), Johnnie Walker (18 May), Kid Jensen (23 May), Nicky Horne (24 May) and Alan Freeman (25 May). All of the shows exceeded three hours in length, Document [138] (Title: Sutton High Street) French restaurant which is listed in The Good Food Guide and is Michelin-listed. There is a pub in Sutton High Street called the Winning Post, at the time known as the Red Lion, in which The Rolling Stones played several gigs and where they were spotted in 1963 by Giorgio Gomelsky, a noted music manager, who was in the audience during a historic early gig there. It was also at the Winning Post that, on 23 January 1963, Charlie Watts and Bill Wyman became permanent members of the band. In 2011, the Winning Post was added to a list of Document [139] (Title: London Palladium) setting for the top-rated ITV variety show "Sunday Night at the London Palladium" hosted first by Tommy Trinder, followed by Bruce Forsyth, Norman Vaughan, and Jimmy Tarbuck. The programme was broadcast live every week by ATV, which was owned by the famous theatrical impresario Lew Grade. Production was by Val Parnell. Six programmes aired as special episodes in the United States between May and August 1966 on NBC. Val Parnell became associated with a property development company and began to sell Moss Empires' theatres for redevelopment. When it became known in 1966 that this fate awaited the London Palladium, The Document [140] (Title: Vancouver Forum) PNE Gardens between 1968 and 1974. Frank Zappa and his band, The Mothers of Invention played a concert on August 25, 1968. A recording of this concert was released in 2012, titled Road Tapes, Venue#1. In the 1970s it hosted local acts like Prism in 1977 and Triumph in 1978. In the 1990s Big Audio Dynamite shared a bill with Public Image Ltd, Live, and Blind Melon on March 30, 1992. Nirvana played two sold out show's there on January 3 and 4, 1994. In one of the more infamous rock media interviews, Nardwuar interviewed Kurt Cobain and Courtney Love Document [141] (Title: Marquee Club) and some flats) and the Marquee Club was forced to move again, this time to a larger venue at the former Cambridge Circus Cinematograph Theatre, 105 Charing Cross Road. During this period, American progressive metal band Dream Theater recorded their first live album, "Live at the Marquee", at the venue on 23 April 1993. Additionally, American group All Mod Cons: A Tribute to the JAM drew the largest ever crowd at this location in October 1993. This site was subsequently bought for redevelopment and the club closed in 1996. A Wetherspoons pub named "The Montagu Pyke" now occupies the building. Document [142] (Title: Queen live performances) attended was by Queen in Los Angeles in the late 70s. After the show, she gave Mercury a scarf that belonged to her late father. With the release of their first two albums Queen & Queen II, the band began live performing in earnest, essentially following the traditional 'album-tour' cycle throughout the 70s. The embryonic Queen played numerous gigs in and around London in the early seventies, but evidence suggests that its first performance was on 27 June 1970 at Truro in England, while still billed as "Smile". The band's first major step toward becoming a recognized live act came Document [143] (Title: Friars Aylesbury) Friars to continue running there after August 1970 due to complaints about the noise from local residents. Phase Two – Borough Assembly Hall, Aylesbury "Borough Assembly Hall, Market Square Aylesbury 17th April 1971 – 30th August 1975 (capacity approx 800)" Having already tried the Borough Assembly Hall for a couple of bigger gigs in 1969 (Fat Mattress and The Third Ear Band were the gigs concerned and the Friars team cheekily referred to the Borough Assembly Hall at that time as the ‘Friars Auditorium’), the decision was taken to restart Friars at this venue in Aylesbury’s Market Square despite misgivings Document [144] (Title: The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus) when he was trying to come up with ideas; he drew a circle on a piece of paper and free-associated. The Rolling Stones and their guests performed in a replica of a seedy big top on a British sound stage—the Intertel (V.T.R. Services) Studio, Wycombe Road, Wembley—in front of an invited audience. The performances began at around 2 pm on 11 December 1968, but setting up between acts and reloading cameras took longer than planned, which meant that the final performances took place at almost 5 o'clock in the morning on the 12th. By that time the audience and most Document [145] (Title: Jonathan King) on Saturdays from October 1967 to 1968. The following year he began broadcasting for BBC Radio 1, including a "blast off" slot on the Stuart Henry show. Tired of living in the Dorset Street apartment, King bought a three-storey mews house near Porchester Terrace, Bayswater, in which he still lived as of 2016, for £18,650. Around this time, he was recruited by Sir Edward Lewis, the founder of Decca Records and another Trinity graduate, to be his unpaid (expenses only) personal assistant. King writes that Lewis recruited him twice for this position, once not long after graduation and again in Document [146] (Title: Saville Theatre) film "Bottoms" ("Film No. 4") in the men's room during the concert. The Rolling Stones played two shows on 21 December 1969. The theatre was sold in 1969, and returned to presenting theatrical productions and under the new management it presented the London première of "The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui", a production that brought Leonard Rossiter to public attention. The last play to be performed at the theatre was "Enemy" by Robert Maugham, opening for a short run in December 1969. The Saville was taken over by ABC Theatres (owned by EMI) in 1970 and converted to a two Document [147] (Title: West Kensington) Three Kings" pub, hosted many rock and punk concerts in the 1970s and early 1980s. Joy Division, The Sex Pistols and The Police all played there regularly. In Hanif Kureishi's novel The Buddha of Suburbia, the main character moves from the southern suburbs of London to West Kensington and lives by the Nashville. He witnesses one of the first presentations of a punk band, probably The Sex Pistols. The flat featured in the 1969 BBC series 'Take Three Girls' was at 17 Glazbury Road. Heather Graham and Mia Kirshner play upper-middle-class dilettantes from West Kensington in the 2008 movie Buy Document [148] (Title: Doug Hayward) driving his Mini Countryman estate car to allow him to attend customers wherever required, including Richard Burton at the Dorchester Hotel. Hayward first set up on his own operating out of a small room in London's Pall Mall, before moving to 95 Mount Street in Mayfair in 1966 where he lived above the shop which soon became a club for his famous clients. In the rear was the cutting room overlooking the Mount Street Gardens. His weekend home was on the Oxfordshire estate of client and friend Lord Hambleden, near Henley on Thames); Described by many as like a gentlemen's Document [149] (Title: The Bluestars) at Stebbing's basement studio, but none of the recordings were issued. At this time bassist Murray Savidan was handling the group's bookings and arrangements. He steered them away from the seedy and sometimes dangerous inner-city clubs in favour of suburban dance venues, such as the Tamiki Yacht Club, where they often drew crowds of up to three hundred. In 1965, actor and voice-over man Terry Hayman approached the group, offering to become their manager. He told the group that he had a recording contract with Decca Records in London. While the group was skeptical of his claim, they signed with Document [150] (Title: Maddox Street) were based at 34 Maddox Street in the 1920s. The Rolling Stones operated from offices at 46A Maddox Street and Chappell Recording Studios, where the Beatles held recording sessions in the 1960s, was also located at 52 Maddox Street. Hibiscus, a London restaurant owned and run by French chef Claude Bosi, was located at 29 Maddox Street until it closed in 2016. Meanwhile, the imposing building known as 47 Maddox Street, which was designed by Walter Williams for Messrs Lawrence – a firm of tailors which was later known as Walter Williams – was completed in 1892 and is now Document [151] (Title: London Astoria) 1977 it was converted for theatrical use. The venue went through another period of conversion when the theatre closed in 1984. It reopened in 1985 as a nightclub and live music venue with a capacity for 2,000 people. A booklet was published called "The History of the Astoria" by Nigel Crewe to commemorate its evolving uses. It was the venue for the last live performance by Richey Edwards of Manic Street Preachers. Mean Fiddler acquired the lease for the London Astoria in May 2000, "securing the future of live music at one of London’s most famous rock ‘n’ roll venues." Document [152] (Title: A Night at the Opera (Queen album)) 1974 before their "Sheer Heart Attack" tour. He played a guide piano which was edited out later and added several layers of guitars. After the song was completed it was played as a coda at virtually every Queen concert. When recording the track May played a rough version on piano for Roy Thomas Baker, producer, and Mike Stone, engineer. He called his own skills on the piano sub-par at the time. He performed the song live on the roof of Buckingham Palace for the Queen's Golden Jubilee in 2002. May has stated that he performed the song on the roof Document [153] (Title: The Water Rats) Hall'. In 1986 the premises were bought by the Grand Order of Water Rats and the name of the venue was changed to the Water Rats. The Water Rats The Water Rats is a live music venue at 328 Grays Inn Road, Kings Cross, London, England. Until 1992 it was known as The Pindar of Wakefield and was famous for its regular old time music hall entertainment. Bob Dylan played his first UK gig here in December 1962. The Pogues (then known as the Pogue Mahones) had their first performance here on October 4, 1982. Oasis's debut London performance took Document [154] (Title: Don Partridge) Pitney, Status Quo and Simon Dupree and the Big Sound at The Odeon Theatre, Lewisham, London, on the opening night of a twice nightly UK tour covering 27 venues in 32 days. Later in May 1968, he performed at the NME Musical Awards Show at Empire Pool, Wembley to a crowd of 10,000 alongside multiple artists including the Rolling Stones. His second hit quickly followed when "Blue Eyes" reached No. 3 in June 1968, and he was featured on the front cover of the pop weekly "Disc". He also released a self-titled LP, which included folk and blues songs by Document [155] (Title: Marquee Club) license until 1970. Jack Barrie along with (agent) Kenny Bell came up with the idea of opening a private bar above The Marquee at 100 Wardour Street that was called La Chasse. Band residencies during the late 1960s included Alexis Korner, Cyril Davies, Chris Barber, The Rolling Stones, The Yardbirds, Led Zeppelin, The Who, King Crimson, The Syn, Mabel Greer's Toyshop, Yes, Jethro Tull, The Jimi Hendrix Experience and Pink Floyd (who played on Sunday afternoons as part of the Spontaneous Underground club). Another band that made regular appearances was The Manish Boys featuring David Bowie, who first played there Document [156] (Title: Prince Edward Theatre) 'Bananas Dance'. In 1935, Stone converted the theatre to a dance and cabaret hall, being renamed the "London Casino". As the London Casino, it was badly damaged and all its windows lost in London's worst air raid of WWII on 10 May 1941. All neighbouring buildings directly across Greek Street were destroyed. In 1942, stage alterations were undertaken by Thomas Braddock, re-opening as the "Queensberry All Services Club" in 1942 – a club for servicemen where the shows were broadcast on the BBC. After the war, the architects T. and E. Braddock restored the building to theatrical use, becoming the Document [157] (Title: Rafters (nightclub)) the same: live gigs on Monday and Wednesday nights and a Folk night on Tuesday. By the mid-1970s the venue had become better known by the public and musicians, and leading musical bands began to play there. Following the rise of punk rock in 1976 and 1977, the venue became one of the main places in Manchester for live music. Joy Division performed there and in other Manchester venues such as Rock World. Numerous new bands played in Rafters in 1977 among them Paul Young of Sad Café and Dougie James. At this time Rob Gretton was one of the Document [158] (Title: Beefsteak Club) club moved to Green Street, in Mayfair, and, in 1896, to its present address. There were 250 members, some of whom occasionally performed amateur plays for their own amusement and to raise funds for charities. For example, in 1878, they performed "The Forty Thieves", written by members Robert Reece, Gilbert, Burnand, and Henry J. Byron. In 1879 there was a much-reported court case following a fracas on the doorstep of the club between Labouchère and Edward Levy-Lawson, proprietor of "The Daily Telegraph". The committee of the club expelled Labouchère, who successfully sought a court ruling that they had no right Document [159] (Title: Croydon) such local talent as Frankmusik and Noisettes. In addition to the Fairfield Halls, there have been several venues in Croydon that have hosted rock acts. Established in 1976, the Cartoon was a popular live music venue that closed in 2006. The Greyhound in Park Lane, played host to acts such as Led Zeppelin, Jimi Hendrix, the Who, David Bowie, Queen, Siouxsie and the Banshees, the Damned, the Boomtown Rats, A-ha in (1987) and others during the 1960s and '70s. The Greyhound also saw the debut of the Electric Light Orchestra in 1972. The composer Samuel Coleridge-Taylor (1875–1912) lived at 30 Document [160] (Title: The Who Tour 1969) in North America, the group took "Tommy" to the London Coliseum in December, the first in a series of European opera house dates that would continue in early 1970. Live material from 1969 (excluding TV appearances where the band mimed to pre-recorded material) has appeared on a number of different releases: The band performed sporadically in the United Kingdom from January through early May. No recordings of these shows have surfaced, but the group reportedly began playing "Tommy" (likely in a shortened arrangement) by the end of April. Not mentioned here but they played Hull University Spring Ball from 11pm Document [161] (Title: Pirates World) Partridge Family (1971), Jethro Tull (1971), Grand Funk Railroad (1971), Steve Miller Band (1971), The Guess Who (1971), The Moody Blues (1971), Emerson, Lake & Palmer (1971), Three Dog Night (1971), Manassas (1972), David Bowie (1972), The Doors (1972), Wishbone Ash (1973), Santana (1973), Alice Cooper (1973), The Beach Boys (1973) and Steely Dan (1974). The Johnny Winter album "Live Johnny Winter And" (1971) was a live album partly recorded at Pirates World in fall 1970. It was not uncommon for crowd control problems to break out at some of these concerts. In March 1971, police clashed with concert goers Document [162] (Title: Emerson, Lake & Palmer) Plymouth Guildhall on 23 August 1970, supported by local band Earth. They travelled to the venue in a transit van previously owned by fellow progressive rock band Yes, and were paid around £400 for the gig. A small venue situated outside London was deliberately chosen in case the concert was a failure, but the concert was well received. Their second gig took place on 29 August with a set at the Isle of Wight Festival which was attended by an estimated 600,000 people and drew considerable attention from the public and music press. At the end of "Pictures at an Document [163] (Title: Peter Stringfellow) entertainment venues (SEV) Licence for Stringfellow's Covent Garden and Angels Soho, and was able to successfully market Angels as providing rooms for the entertainment "in privacy" of young women in lingerie. Stringfellow first appeared on television as a warm-up act on "Ready Steady Go!" in 1964. He contributed to numerous programmes, both radio and television, in subsequent decades. He appeared on the celebrity edition of "Come Dine with Me", with the first broadcast on 17 September 2008. He also appeared in season 15 episode 1 of "Top Gear", which was broadcast on 27 June 2010, where he had to help Document [164] (Title: Owen Spencer-Thomas) trebling the charitable revenue from the rag week activities. During Spencer-Thomas's time in office, the Students' Union staged many high-profile musical events at The Polytechnic's Portland Hall in Little Titchfield Street. Among the performers were The Animals, Howlin' Wolf and Pink Floyd, some of whom were students at The Polytechnic. Fleetwood Mac recorded their "Masters: London Live '68" album there, and Cream invited Jimi Hendrix on stage in the Portland Hall to jam with them in 1966 - Hendrix's first UK performance. During his Presidency of the Students’ Union, Spencer-Thomas led a national campaign opposing the British Government's university fees Document [165] (Title: Roy Harper (singer)) March 1966). During this period, Harper was managed by American music entrepreneur Jo Lustig, manager of The Pentangle and former agent to Julie Felix. In June 1968, Harper performed at the first free concert ever held at Hyde Park, acting as compere and sharing the bill with Jethro Tull, Pink Floyd and Tyrannosaurus Rex. At the time, he spoke of co-writing a rock opera with Pink Floyd. No opera resulted, but it was the beginning of a musical relationship. Harper began to attract a following of fans from the underground music scene and tour the UK, performing at numerous venues Document [166] (Title: Newcastle City Hall) live album, entitled "Slade on Stage". Emerson, Lake & Palmer recorded their live album, "Pictures at an Exhibition", there on 26 March 1971. The Animals reunited and performed there for a one-off performance in 1968, after lead vocalist Eric Burdon disbanded them and formed a new version of the band. Rammstein played at the city hall in 1997. In December 2013, Jacka (Ray Jackson Art) will be performing with a new lineup of Lindisfarne, as part of the efforts to keep Newcastle City Hall as a music venue. Westlife lead vocalist Shane Filan played at the city hall twice as Document [167] (Title: BBC Manchester) local programming. The Dickenson Road studios were the original base for "Top of the Pops" from the first edition broadcast on New Year's Day 1964 from Studio A. DJs Jimmy Savile and Alan Freeman presented in a week when The Beatles, with "I Want to Hold Your Hand", that week's number one. A Mancunian model, Samantha Juste, was the regular "disc girl". Local photographer Harry Goodwin was hired to provide shots of non-appearing artists, and also to provide backdrops for the chart rundown. In 1972, local broadcaster Stuart Hall hosted "It's a Knockout". Stuart Hall remarked that the programme was Document [168] (Title: Rainbow Theatre) theatre was closed by the Rank Organisation on 25 September 1971 with Bill Travers in "Gorgo" and Hayley Mills in "Twisted Nerve". The Odeon was converted into the Rainbow Theatre from 4 November 1971, when the Who performed the first concert in the newly named theatre. The Who later wrote and recorded the song "Long Live Rock", which celebrates the theatre (although still referring to it as The Astoria). The Osmonds made their debut appearance in London at the Rainbow Theatre in the early 1970s. Frank Zappa had serious injuries in the evening of 10 December 1971, when a member Document [169] (Title: Don Partridge) Lead Belly, Bill Broonzy and Oscar Brand along with versions of Otis Redding's "(Sittin' On) the Dock of the Bay" and Robin Williamson's "First Girl I Loved", and several of his own compositions. He spent the summer of 1968 performing nightly shows at Blackpool Pier, alongside Solomon King, Les Dawson and others. His third single "Top Man", however, failed to make the UK chart. Intending a farewell to his street musician friends, he hired the Royal Albert Hall in January 1969 and put on a "Buskers Concert" before an audience of 3,700, featuring buskers (including Dave Brock, later of Hawkwind), Document [170] (Title: The Beatles' rooftop concert) the Beatles had planned on performing live during their "Get Back" sessions earlier in January. According to author Mark Lewisohn, it is uncertain who had the idea for a rooftop concert, but the suggestion was conceived just days before the actual event. George Harrison brought in keyboardist Billy Preston as an additional musician, in the hope that a talented outside observer would encourage the band to be tight and focused. In Preston's recollection, the idea to perform on the Apple rooftop was John Lennon's. Ringo Starr remembered: There was a plan to play live somewhere. We were wondering where we Document [171] (Title: Aeolian Hall (London)) June, 1969 for broadcast on the BBC at a later date. This was essentially performed as a live recording, with some subsequent guitar over-dubs provided by Jimmy Page. During the 1970s the studio was also used, in addition to the BBC's Maida Vale Studios, to record 'live' music sessions for "The Jimmy Young Programme" and "The Terry Wogan Show" with lesser-known British bands such as Peanuts and Sweet. The BBC continued to use the venue until 1975. Renoir House now occupies the site: the earlier building's frontage has been preserved and the hall at the rear is divided into offices Document [172] (Title: God Save the Queen) concert, atop the Apple building. They had also whistled the melody of the song on their first fan club Christmas record in 1963. Jimi Hendrix of The Jimi Hendrix Experience played an impromptu version of "God Save the Queen" to open his set at the Isle of Wight Festival 1970. Just before walking onto the stage, he can be seen (on the DVD) and heard to ask "How does it go again?" in reference to said UK national anthem. He may have been able to simply hear it mimicked by voice and then perform it, though the same melody was Document [173] (Title: Sibylla's) Sibylla's Sibylla's was a nightclub in the West End of London that operated from 1966 to 1968. It was located at 9 Swallow Street, on the edge of Mayfair and close to Piccadilly Circus. The club's launch on 22 June 1966 was attended by many artists and celebrities, including the Beatles, members of the Rolling Stones, Michael Caine, Julie Christie, David Bailey and Mary Quant. Like the Ad Lib and the Scotch of St. James, the club was a popular meeting place for rock musicians and other artists until trends changed in the London scene. Sibylla's was conceived as an Document [174] (Title: The Forum (Inglewood, California)) on July 14, 1969, with Three Dog Night the opening act. Three Dog Night recorded their set, which was later released as a live album entitled "Captured Live at the Forum". Between 1970 and 1977 Led Zeppelin performed 16 times at the Forum, including a run of six sold-out dates in 1977. Part of their live album, "How the West Was Won", was recorded at the arena. The band's first 1977 show is the source of the bootleg "Listen to This Eddie". Another bootleg from the Forum shows, "For Badgeholders Only", contains one of the last live performances by Keith Document [175] (Title: Mayflower Theatre) Gaumont British Picture Corporation. As part of the Rank Organisation, the theatre has hosted concerts by many famous artists, including Bill Haley & His Comets in 1957, The Beatles in 1963, The Rolling Stones in 1966, Jimi Hendrix and Cat Stevens 1967, Led Zeppelin in 1973, Queen in 1974, 1975 and 1977 and The Police in 1979 and 1982, Rush in Feb 1978 and Kate Bush in 1979, and AC/DC's last concert with Bon Scott in Jan 1980. On the afternoon of their 1981 concert there, Slade filmed a music video for their single "Wheels Ain't Coming Down" at the Document [176] (Title: Major League Productions) at the Kings Hall, Derby on a UK tour in 1976 for a live radio broadcast. Tony McPhee added a second lead guitarist which really beefs up the sound as the band play tracks from their latest albums, live favourites including a manic 14-minute encore of "Cherry Red" and some other rarer live tracks. 78 minutes of previously unreleased BBC performances at six different venues: Wembley Arena (1991), Kilburn National (1991), Norwich Sound City (1992), Glastonbury (1992), Reading University (1994) and Phoenix (1994). It captures the duo from their rise to fame in early 1991 at Wembley through an electric Document [177] (Title: Major League Productions) performance at Kilburn and a headline slot at the Glastonbury Festival. This Previously unreleased on-air radio broadcast recording at the De Montfort Hall in Leicester, during The Sensational Alex Harvey Band's 1976 UK tour promoting the album "SAHB Stories" (1976). Great quality and mastered from the original tapes, this album considered 'better' than the official live album and fully authorised by the band, who write sleeve notes in a 16-page booklet full of great live photos and an intro by biographer Martin Kielty. Official band-authorized CD release of a previously unreleased live recording from Baker Gurvitz Army in 1975 while Document [178] (Title: Live at Treorchy) "Max Boyce in Session" and "Caneuon Amrywiol" (both in 1971). Neither album was very successful and Boyce continued touring clubs around South Wales. In 1973 and still an unknown outside Wales, he was spotted by EMI record producer Bob Barrett, stealing the show from headliner Ken Dodd at Brangwyn Hall in Swansea. Boyce signed a contract with the EMI producer while walking along a bridle path at Langland Bay, and was signed to a two-record deal overseen by Vic Lanza, head of EMI Records’ MOR music division. It was decided that the recording would be a live take of one Document [179] (Title: Owens Park) as was Rik Mayall. The Chemical Brothers played their first gig at the Owens Park BOP. The comedian Jack Whitehall also lived in the Tower. Other residents included Peter Hammill and Chris Judge Smith who formed Van der Graaf Generator in 1967 while living there. Prior to September 2009 Owens Park BOP (Big Old Party) was a night held in Owens Park every Friday in the Owens Park tower's ballroom for students of the University of Manchester. The BOP generally had a theme and from September 2008 charged £1 entry to residents, which had caused some outrage amongst residents as Document [180] (Title: Tom Sutcliffe (opera critic)) to 1969, he played an important role in the management of the pioneering early music group Musica Reservata, founded by Michael Morrow and John S. Beckett. He was responsible for the first ever large-scale concert at the Queen Elizabeth Hall involving an orchestra of authentic instruments in July 1967, as a result of which Musica Reservata was contracted to make a number of recordings with Philips Records. Between 1966 and 1970, he was the one countertenor in the choir of Westminster Cathedral (where the boy choristers also provide an alto line). He was a founder member alongside Paul Esswood, James Document [181] (Title: Tommy Nutter) After seven years, in 1969, he joined up with Edward Sexton, to open "Nutters of Savile Row" at No 35a Savile Row. They were financially backed by Cilla Black and her husband Bobby Willis, Managing Director of the Beatles' Apple Corps Peter Brown, and lawyer James Vallance-White. The business was an immediate success, as Nutter combined traditional tailoring skills with innovative design. He designed for the Hardy Amies range, and then for the man himself. His clients included his investors, plus Sir Roy Strong, Mick Jagger, Bianca Jagger and Elton John. Nutter himself was most proud of the fact that, Document [182] (Title: Free Live!) Croydon's Fairfield Halls (September 1970), both places where Free had strong followings. Engineer Andy Johns could only use two tracks from the Sunderland gig ("The Hunter" and "All Right Now"), but used crowd noise from it frequently to create seamless links between tracks. With increased re-mastering technology available it has been possible to make others ready for the CD reissue, along with some alternate takes of tracks recorded at the second of the two Croydon sessions that were recorded. Many of the tracks on the album are from their debut "Tons of Sobs", as that album's rock-oriented ethos and uncomplicated Document [183] (Title: Get Back) the Ed Sullivan Theater, the same theatre that hosted the Beatles' performances on "The Ed Sullivan Show" in 1964 and 1965. McCartney's performance was not on the stage, however. Instead, he performed atop the theatre's marquee overlooking Broadway. In the interview preceding the performance, Letterman asked McCartney if he had ever played on a marquee before. "I've done a roof," McCartney replied, referring to the Beatles' 1969 performance atop the Apple Corps building in London. McCartney also performed the song as a kind of encore on "Saturday Night Live" on 11 December 2010. The performance was unusual for the show Document [184] (Title: Savile Row) at 23 Savile Row in 1949-50 and occupied by a series of government ministries, ending with a long period of occupation by English Heritage until 2006. It was demolished in 2009 and replaced by a new mixed-use development designed by Eric Parry, Architects. In July 1968, the Beatles moved Apple Corps, their multimedia corporation, into 3 Savile Row. A studio was built in the basement; though it was poorly designed, the Beatles recorded "Let It Be" there before a new studio was constructed in 1971 at an estimated cost of $1.5 million. Various artists, including Badfinger, Mary Hopkin, and Marc Document [185] (Title: The Beatles' rooftop concert) could go – "Oh, the Palladium or the Sahara". But we would have had to take all the stuff, so we decided, "Let's get up on the roof." In his autobiography "Sound Man", recording engineer Glyn Johns claims the idea for the concert was his. The audio was recorded onto two eight-track recorders in the basement studio at Apple by engineer Alan Parsons. Film director Michael Lindsay-Hogg brought in a camera crew to capture several angles of the performance, including reactions from people on the street. When the Beatles first started playing, there was some confusion from spectators watching five Document [186] (Title: Bristol Troubadour Club) in his song "Clifton in the Rain". The Troubadour was opened in Waterloo Street, Clifton, by returning Australian emigree Ray Willmott, on Friday 7 October 1966. The first act to play there was Anderson Jones Jackson (Ian Anderson, Al Jones and Elliott Jackson). Other regular performers included Guyanese calypso singer Norman Beaton, and actor Chris Langham who performed as "Wizz" Langham (inspired, no doubt, by Wizz Jones). From 1967 the "Folk Blues Bristol and West" club, founded by Ian Anderson met on the first Sunday of each month at the Troubadour but became so popular that it had to move Document [187] (Title: 50 Carnaby Street) Who and the Animals. Later in the 1960s, Lloyd Coxsone the sound system operator performed. Every Sunday was fashion night when everyone was expected to wear a suit and tie. The doorman was Charles (Charlie) Brown, the boxer and Jamaican landlord of murderer John Christie at 10 Rillington Place. Malcolm McLaren thought the name was a reference to the U.S. television show "The Roaring '20s" which was popular in Britain at the time. In the 1970s the name changed to Columbo's. Lloyd Coxsone continued and was joined by Denzil Exodus. Bob Marley played in 1975 and the club featured an Document [188] (Title: The Rolling Stones concerts) band's concerts was the Altamont Free Concert at the Altamont Speedway in 1969. For this concert, the biker gang Hells Angels provided security, which resulted in a fan, Meredith Hunter, being stabbed and beaten to death by the Angels after he drew a firearm. Part of the tour and the Altamont concert were documented in Albert and David Maysles' film "Gimme Shelter". As a response to the growing popularity of bootleg recordings, the album "Get Yer Ya-Ya's Out!" (UK 1; US 6) was released in 1970; it was declared by critic Lester Bangs to be the best live album ever. Document [189] (Title: Fitzrovia) and was host to a number of working men's clubs including The Communist Club at 49 Tottenham Street. The UFO Club, home to Pink Floyd during their spell as the house band of psychedelic London, was held in the basement of 31 Tottenham Court Road. Pink Floyd and Jimi Hendrix also played at the Speakeasy on Margaret Street and Bob Dylan made his London debut at the King & Queen pub on Foley Street. Oxford Street's 100 Club is a major hot-bed for music from the 1960s to the present day, and has roots in 1970s Britain's burgeoning Punk rock Document [190] (Title: Hippodrome, London) Jackson 5, Lulu, Cilla Black, Paul Anka, Sandie Shaw, Johnnie Ray, Matt Monro, The Andrews Sisters, Frankie Vaughan, Cliff Richard, The Shadows, Dionne Warwick, Raphael, The Seekers, Stevie Wonder, Sacha Distel and Neil Sedaka. In February 1964, Ethel Merman made her only British appearance in a season of cabaret. Dusty Springfield recorded a TV special at the venue, broadcast February 15, 1968 on BBC2 "Show of the Week: Live at the Talk of the Town". The Seekers' final concert was recorded for the album "The Seekers Live at The Talk of the Town" in July 1968. Tony Bennett set his Document [191] (Title: Saville Theatre) theatre. The venue saw several appearances of The Jimi Hendrix Experience, notably in August 1967, after their mini US tour and their groundbreaking Monterey Pop Festival performance. The Move and Procol Harum also appeared on the bill. An eclectic mix of bands such as Nirvana, Cream, Fairport Convention, the Incredible String Band and The Bee Gees, also appeared there. The Beatles borrowed the Saville to make their "Hello, Goodbye" promo (an early music video) in November 1967, and on 8 December 1967, Yoko Ono performed her "The Fog Machine: Music of the Mind" there, which included a projection of her Document [192] (Title: Royal Variety Performance) The BBC usually staged the show in a West End theatre, and ITV in regional theatres outside London. From 2011, ITV have exclusive rights to televise the show. The show has been frequently staged in the London Palladium theatre, and in the 1950s and 1960s a television show based on the same idea, called "Sunday Night at the London Palladium" and hosted by many entertainers, including Bruce Forsyth, ran for over 20 years. A wide range of acts has performed at the Royal Variety Performance, including Laurel and Hardy in 1947, the Beatles in 1963, the Supremes in 1968 and Document [193] (Title: Windsor Castle, Maida Vale) Stones and The Who. Other bands who played there and who went on to achieve mainstream success include Dr. Feelgood, The Jam, U2 and the Psychedelic Furs Joe Strummer, later of The Clash, played there a number of times as a member of the 101ers. The Clash song 'Protex Blue' was inspired by the condom vending machine in the pub's toilets. From the mid 1970s, the entertainment on offer at the Windsor Castle also included exotic dancers and striptease performers who performed in the main pub area. The pub was exceptionally busy at Friday and Sunday lunchtimes when the Windsor Document [194] (Title: Them (band)) the Night" which only reached # 50 on the British charts. On 11 April 1965, Them made a guest appearance at the "NME" Pollwinners Concert at Wembley Empire Pool: Jimmy Savile was MC for this event, which also included The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, The Kinks, The Animals, The Searchers, The Moody Blues and Dusty Springfield. The bands had been expected to keep to their current hits, but Them audaciously segued from "Here Comes the Night" into a seven-minute version of "Turn on Your Lovelight". After the performances, NME's Derek Johnson commented that Morrison had "more genuine soul than any Document [195] (Title: Gala Bingo Club, Tooting) would also supplement the screening schedule, including theatre and music performances as well as a small circus up until 1934. Through the 1940s and 1950s the Granada became more important as a local venue in Wandsworth, attracting talent from further afield. Artists who performed there included Jerry Lee Lewis, Frank Sinatra, The Rolling Stones and on 1 June 1965 The Beatles performed two sold-out sets. The final artist to perform here would eventually be the Bee Gees on 28 April 1968. From 1970 the cinema's organ would be featured on the BBC Radio 2 program "The Organist Entertains". Declining attendance Document [196] (Title: Savile Row) as the New Club, occupying rooms overlooking Trafalgar Square; it changed to its current name during its residence at 12 Savile Row, retaining the name when it moved in 1882 to premises in Piccadilly. Savile Row was extended to Conduit Street in 1937–38, and by 1939, the Metropolitan Police Station was constructed on the corner of Boyle Street. This police station was damaged in another German bombing raid in September 1940, during which the building opposite, No. 21a, was destroyed, as was No. 7 earlier that month. Fortress House, an eight-storey block of offices faced with Portland stone, was constructed Document [197] (Title: Beggars Opera (band)) in rehearsal they took up residency at Burns Howff club/pub in West Regent Street in the center of Glasgow. Tours of Europe followed and the band found success in Germany, appearing on German TV’s legendary “Beat Club” then at the First British Rock Meeting in Speyer in September 1971. In 1970, after signing to Vertigo Records, the band recorded their first album "Act One", and a single "Sarabande", which charted record in several European countries. The following year, for their second album, "Waters of Change", the band were joined by Virginia Scott [mellotron) and Gordon Sellar (bass) (born 13 June Document [198] (Title: Shea Stadium) Garfunkel in August 1983. On August 18, 1983, The Police played in front of 70,000 fans at Shea, a concert that the band's singer and bassist Sting described as "like playing the top of Everest", and announced near the end of the concert: "We'd like to thank the Beatles for lending us their stadium." The Rolling Stones performed at Shea for a six-night run in October 1989, and Elton John & Eric Clapton played a concert in August 1992. Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band performed at Shea in early October 2003. The last concert event was a two-night Question: who held a live performance on the roof top of three savil road of mayfair in 1969

Answer: The Beatles Long Answer: In July 1968, the Beatles moved Apple Corps, their multimedia corporation, into 3 Savile Row . A studio was built in the basement; though it was poorly designed, the Beatles recorded Let It Be there before a new studio was constructed in 1971 at an estimated cost of $1.5 million . Various artists, including Badfinger, Mary Hopkin, and Marc Bolan recorded in the basement studio until it closed in May 1975 . The Beatles' final live performance, known as the "rooftop concert", was held on the roof of the building, on 30 January 1969, and was recorded for the documentary film Let It Be; the last words of the band, spoken by John Lennon as the police stopped the performance, were "I hope we passed the audition." Gold Document ID: 198

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: High-altitude cooking) lowered by approximately 0.5 °C. At in elevation, water boils at just . Boiling as a cooking method must be adjusted or alternatives applied. Vegetables and some starches will simply take longer to cook, while rice and legumes (beans) usually require a pressure cooker. Pasta will also require a pressure cooker. A pressure cooker is often used to compensate for the low atmospheric pressure at very high elevations. Under these circumstances, water boils at temperatures significantly below 100 °C and, without the use of a pressure cooker, may leave boiled foods undercooked. Charles Darwin commented on this phenomenon in "The Document [2] (Title: Scorched rice) from the Persian "tahdig", which is a single thick piece; the "hikakeh" contains some loose rice as well. Before serving, the "hikakeh" is broken into pieces so that everyone is provided with some along with the fluffy rice. "Okoge" () is eaten with vegetables or moistened with water, soup, or tea. Until electric rice cookers came into common use in the 20th century, rice in Japan was cooked in a "kamado", a traditional stove heated by wood or charcoal. Because regulating the heat of a wood or charcoal fire is more difficult, a layer of rice at the bottom of Document [3] (Title: Rice cooker) is fully cooked and ready to eat. Some rice cookers are designed to accommodate a basket to steam vegetables, dumplings, buns, and so on in the steam coming off the rice. If the rice cooker is not suited for such uses, there is a chance that it will damage the appliance. In particular, it is quite possible that the polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE) coating becomes scarred by the rough bottom of ceramic wares placed inside the inner cooking bowl. If such cooking is outside indicated usage of the appliance, it typically invalidates the warranty. In some countries, electric rice cookers, including Japanese Document [4] (Title: Potato ricer) Potato ricer A potato ricer (also called a ricer) is a kitchen implement used to process potatoes or other food by forcing it through a sheet of small holes, which are typically about the diameter of a grain of rice. A common variety of potato ricer resembles a large garlic press. It has two long handles, one with a perforated basket at the end, the other with a flat surface that fits into the basket. The food is placed in the basket, then the flat surface is pushed down into the basket by pressing the handles together, forcing the food Document [5] (Title: Korean cuisine) to "stretch" the rice; this is still done in dishes such as "boribap" (rice with barley) and "kongbap" (rice with beans). White rice, which is rice with the bran removed, has been the preferred form of rice since its introduction into the cuisine. The most traditional method of cooking the rice has been to cook it in an iron pot called a "sot" (솥) or "musoe sot" (무쇠솥). This method of rice cookery dates back to at least the Goryeo period, and these pots have even been found in tombs from the Silla period. The "sot" is still used today, Document [6] (Title: Instant rice) Instant rice Instant rice is rice that has been precooked. Some types are microwave ready. Some types are dehydrated so that they cook more rapidly. Regular rice requires 18-30 minutes to cook while instant rice needs 1-7 minutes. Because it has already been cooked, all that is necessary to prepare instant rice is to simply microwave it or re-hydrate it with hot water. Instant rice is made using several methods. The most common method is similar to the home cooking process. The rice is blanched in hot water, steamed, and rinsed. It is then placed in large ovens for dehydration Document [7] (Title: Japanese kitchen) European houses, never made it into most Japanese households because dishes requiring cooking in an oven, such as roasted chicken and baked pies, became popular only much later. Instead of an oven, a smaller fish oven was fitted into a gas stove. The gas-heated rice cooker remained in use until the 1970s in many houses and was eventually be replaced by the electric rice cooker. In the 1920s, electricity became more widespread in homes in Japan. In "Nihonkatei daihyakkajiten" (literally "Encyclopedia of Japanese Household") published in 1927, there is already an entry of "katei denka" meaning a completely electric house. Document [8] (Title: Arroz à grega) to heat); in the case it evaporates before the rice is at a texture appropriate to human chewing, more water should be added when noises of vapor bubbles heard coming from the bottom turn more violent than usual as rice finding the overly heated pot contributes to the sounds (it sounds a bit more like deep-frying, though with a more sultry and less "watery" characteristic to the sound). Heating is lowered a bit before such a process starts, preferentially (some 5–10 minutes, practice gives use to the right time). The second water pouring is added not generously (otherwise it can Document [9] (Title: Rice cooker) Asian cuisine, often use industrial-sized rice cookers (often they are gas pressure cookers, but there are electric models) that quickly and cheaply produce large quantities of cooked rice. A rice cooker is a standard appliance in kitchens in many Asian countries and households. There were approximately 85 million rice cookers made in 2005. Most of the rice cookers were made in China, South Korea and Japan, with 70% of the production in China. Most of Chinese production was from Zhanjiang City and Lianjiang City in Guangdong Province. Since the 1980s, electric rice cookers were manufactured in China and Korea, who Document [10] (Title: Rice cooker) The prices vary greatly, depending on the capacity, features, materials used, and the country of origin. The majority of modern electric rice cookers are equipped with a stay-warm or keep-warm feature, which keeps the rice at an optimal temperature for serving without over-cooking it. Some gas cookers also have electric stay-warm mechanism. However, the usefulness of this feature degrades over time, a microwave may be more energy efficient or better suited to reheat rice that will sit longer than four hours. Some rice cookers use induction heating, with one or more induction heaters directly warming the pot. This can improve Document [11] (Title: Solar cooker) The exception to this rule is some green vegetables, which quickly change from a perfectly cooked bright green to olive drab, while still retaining the desirable texture. For most foods, such as rice, the typical person would be unable to tell how it was cooked from looking at the final product. There are some differences, however: Bread and cakes brown on their tops instead of on the bottom. Compared to cooking over a fire, the food does not have a smoky flavor. A box cooker has a transparent glass or plastic top, and it may have additional reflectors to concentrate Document [12] (Title: Parboiling) item which will then be cooked another way such as braising, grilling, or stir-frying. Parboiling differs from blanching in that one does not cool the items using cold water or ice after removing them from the boiling water. Sometimes raw rice or paddy is dehusked by using steam. This steam also partially boils the rice while dehusking. This process generally changes the colour of rice from white to a bit reddish. This type of rice is eaten in the districts of Udupi and Dakshina Kannada of Karnataka state, in the state of Kerala, and in most parts of Tamil Nadu, Document [13] (Title: Pressure cooking) 2/3 full, depending on ingredients and liquid (see Safety features section). Pressure cookers are typically made of aluminum (aluminium) or stainless steel. Aluminum pressure cookers may be stamped, polished, or anodized, but all are unsuitable for the dishwasher. They are cheaper, but the aluminum is reactive to acidic foods, whose flavors are changed in the reactions, and less durable than stainless steel pressure cookers. Higher-quality stainless steel pressure cookers are made with heavy, three-layer, or copper-clad bottoms (heat spreader) for uniform heating because stainless steel has lower thermal conductivity. Most modern stainless steel cookers are dishwasher safe, although some manufacturers Document [14] (Title: Rice) used extensively in Japan, including to accompany savoury dishes, where it is usually served plain in a separate dish. Short-grain rice is often used for rice pudding. Instant rice differs from parboiled rice in that it is fully cooked and then dried, though there is a significant degradation in taste and texture. Rice flour and starch often are used in batters and breadings to increase crispiness. Rice is typically rinsed before cooking to remove excess starch. Rice produced in the US is usually fortified with vitamins and minerals, and rinsing will result in a loss of nutrients. Rice may be Document [15] (Title: Slow cooker) have a minimum recommended liquid level to avoid uncontrolled heating. Many slow cookers have two or more heat settings (e.g., low, medium, high, and sometimes a "keep warm" setting); some have continuously variable power. Most slow cookers have no temperature control and deliver a constant heat to the contents. The temperature of the contents rises until it reaches boiling point, at which point the energy goes into gently boiling the liquid closest to the hot surface. At a lower setting, it may just simmer at a temperature below the boiling point. To use a slow cooker, the cook places raw Document [16] (Title: Gamasot) pot, so that the steam generated when boiling the food can not escape well. It is also made to increase the pressure of water vapor in the pot with the weight of the heavy lid. In this case, there is a science principle that can produce delicious rice more than the general cooker or electric rice cooker we are currently using. First, when you cook rice using a pot, you pour water with rice and burn it. Then, the temperature of the pot will rise due to the heat conduction, and the water will boil. The important point is that Document [17] (Title: Solar cooker) cooking time. With a small solar panel cooker, it might be possible to melt butter in 15 minutes, to bake cookies in 2 hours, and to cook rice for four people in 4 hours. With a high performing parabolic solar cooker, you may be able to grill a steak in minutes. However, depending on local conditions and the solar cooker type, these projects could take half as long, or twice as long. It is difficult to burn food in a solar cooker. Food that has been cooked even an hour longer than necessary is usually indistinguishable from minimally cooked food. Document [18] (Title: Rice burner) Rice burner Rice burner is a pejorative, used as early as the 1960s, originally describing Japanese motorcycles, then later applied to Japanese cars, and eventually to Asian-made motorcycles and automobiles in general. The term most often refers to vehicles manufactured in East Asia, where rice is a staple food. Variations include rice rocket, referring most often to Japanese superbikes, rice machine, rice grinder or simply ricer. The adjectival variation riced out describes the result of "overmodifying a sports compact, usually with oversized or ill-matched exterior appointments". Rice boy is a US derogatory term for the driver or builder of an Document [19] (Title: Gamasot) that there is no anemia when eating rice in gamasot. It can be seen that it is the electric pressure cooker which shows the new technology by combining the principle of gamasot with the modern science. The lid of Gamasot is heavy and slowly changes temperature. It maintains high internal pressure and high temperature, and it becomes delicious rice. The Gamasot lid is much heavier than the pot lid made of other materials. The pressure cooker that is used these days is enough to lock the function. If the pot lid is heavy, the air inside the pot will expand Document [20] (Title: Rice cooker) grain shape, and grain composition. There are three main types of Asian rice: "Oryza sativa" subsp. indica, i.e., Indian rice (long grain rice, e.g., basmati rice and Thai jasmine rice), "O. sativa subsp. javanica", i.e., Java rice (large grain rice) and "O. sativa subsp. japonica", i.e., Japanese rice (medium grain rice, e.g., Calrose rice, short grain rice, e.g., most Japanese rice and risotto rice). African rice, "Oryza glaberrima", is an entirely separate species, but can be cooked in the same way. Zizania is not even in the same genus, although it is often called a rice (or "water oats"); it Document [21] (Title: Rice cooker) a heating element on the cooking range that had to be otherwise occupied for rice cooking. Although the rice cooker does not necessarily speed up the cooking process, with an electric rice cooker the cook's involvement in cooking rice is reduced to simply measuring the rice, preparing the rice properly and using the correct amount of water. Once the rice cooker is set to cook, the rice will be cooked with no further attention. Some types of rice dishes require special ways of preparation and are not suited to the mode of cooking used by electric/gas rice cookers. These recipes Document [22] (Title: Rice-cooking utensils) porridge). Some rices, such as white rice, long-grain rice and African rice, break up more easily. Some cooking methods are more likely to break the rice (fragmenting it with a mortar and pestle before cooking, or stirring frequently). Some rice is stickier. Most recipes will therefore not work for all rices. Rice can be cooked by heating in boiling water or steam, or a combination of both (boiling until water evaporates, then continuing in steam generated by continued heating). Rice cooking utensils may be divided into A microwave rice cooker is a container designed specifically for cooking rice. Some container Document [23] (Title: Rice-cooking utensils) to the boil at high power. Then, it can be cooked at low or low-medium power until all the water is evaporated (about 20 min - 30 min, depending on the rice type) and not much steam is coming out. The container is then left to stand for 5 min before the rice is stirred for serving. Rice-cooking utensils Rice-cooking utensils are tools used for cooking rice and similar foods. Dedicated rice-cooking utensils have a long history. A ceramic rice steamer dated to 1250 BC is on display in the British Museum. Rice absorbs a great deal of water as Document [24] (Title: Scorched rice) the pot would often be slightly burned during cooking; this layer, called "okoge", was not discarded, but was eaten with vegetables or moistened with water, soup, or tea. "Okoge" is still eaten in Japanese cuisine, and is an important part of the "kaiseki" meal served at tea ceremonies, where it is typically served with hot water and pickles as the final course. It has a crispy texture and a nutty flavour. Because the cooking temperature of modern electric rice cookers is precisely controlled, "okoge" does not usually form naturally during the cooking process. However, there are rice cookers on the Document [25] (Title: Cooked rice) boiled rice is used as an ingredient in many dishes. Leftover steamed rice is used to make porridge or fried rice dishes. Some common dishes using cooked rice as the main ingredient include: Most common is plain, steamed white rice; however, a number of varieties and are served, many with specific cooking methods. Some varieties include: Cooked rice Cooked rice refers to rice that has been cooked either by steaming or boiling. The terms steamed rice or boiled rice are also commonly used. Any variant of Asian rice (both Indica and Japonica varieties), African rice or wild rice, glutinous or Document [26] (Title: Rice) rinsed repeatedly until the rinse water is clear to improve the texture and taste. Rice may be soaked to decrease cooking time, conserve fuel, minimize exposure to high temperature, and reduce stickiness. For some varieties, soaking improves the texture of the cooked rice by increasing expansion of the grains. Rice may be soaked for 30 minutes up to several hours. Brown rice may be soaked in warm water for 20 hours to stimulate germination. This process, called germinated brown rice (GBR), activates enzymes and enhances amino acids including gamma-aminobutyric acid to improve the nutritional value of brown rice. This method Document [27] (Title: Gamasot) the lower part of the pot, which is directly exposed to fire, is made thicker, and the upper part is made thinner gradually to 1/2. As a result, the heat is transferred evenly in the pot, so that the moisture content ratio is high, and the rice balls are firmly formed. And another reason why delicious rice is made is found on the lid. When the water boils in the pot, water vapor is generated. When it is blown out, the heat in the pot is lost and the temperature easily falls. In order to prevent the steam from leaking Document [28] (Title: Pressure cooking) foods and liquids (lentils, beans, grains, milk, gravy, etc.) An electric pressure cooker integrates a timer. Depending on cooking control capability, there are three generations of electric pressure cookers: Some cookers are multifunctional (multicookers): pressure cooker, saute/browning, slow cooker, rice cooker, yogurt maker, steamer and stockpot warmer that can also be used to keep cooked food warm. In an ordinary, non-pressurized cooking vessel, the boiling point of water is at standard pressure; the temperature of food is limited by the boiling point of water because excess heat causes boiling water to vaporize into steam. In a sealed pressure cooker, the Document [29] (Title: Rice-cooking utensils) washing, a generous amount of water is added to the rice then the mixture is stirred a few times with a hand quickly. The water is then drained immediately while the lighter starch is still in the water, and the heavier rice grains settle at the bottom of the container. The washing process may need to be repeated up to three times until the water draining out is clear of starch. Excessive washing, however, is believed to be detrimental, since it will remove too many water-soluble nutrients, e.g., vitamins. With the three-part model, the inner bowl is then placed within Document [30] (Title: Slow cooker) food and a liquid, such as stock, water, or wine, in the slow cooker. Some recipes call for pre-heated liquid. The cook puts the lid on the slow cooker and turns it on. Some cookers automatically switch from cooking to warming (maintaining the temperature at after a fixed time or after the internal temperature of the food, as determined by a probe, reaches a specified value. Heating element heats the contents to a steady temperature in the range. The contents are enclosed by the crock and the lid, and attain an essentially constant temperature. The vapor that is produced at Document [31] (Title: Rice cooker) attached to opposite ends. To cook the rice, the box was filled with washed rice and water, and then a current was applied. This caused the water to boil. When the rice was cooked, the reduction of the water quantity caused an increase in resistance which reduced the power to a stay-warm state. This method, however, was not suitable for different water qualities or degrees of rice washing and as such varied the amount of heat produced and the end results. It also presented a high risk of electrocution, thus it was not suitable for home cooking. In 1945, the Document [32] (Title: Induction cooking) equipment may be a built-in surface, part of a range, or a standalone surface unit. Built-in and rangetop units typically have multiple elements, the equivalent of separate burners on a gas-fueled range. Stand-alone induction modules are usually single-element, or sometimes have dual elements. All such elements share a basic design: an electromagnet sealed beneath a heat-resisting glass-ceramic sheet that is easily cleaned. The pot is placed on the ceramic glass surface and begins to heat up, along with its contents. In Japan, some models of rice cookers are powered by induction. In Hong Kong, power companies list a number of Document [33] (Title: Rice cooker) "atm" to 1.7 "atm" (not over 1.4 "atm" for home appliances) to raise the cooking temperature over 100 °C. Expensive models often provide a steam-heating function. In the 1990s, China started-mass-producing economical electrical rice cookers with limited functions and exporting them to many countries. Japanese makers have been attempting to compete by seeking a niche in models with added values by increasing the number of features of their products. In the 2000s, more deluxe models appeared on the market and attracted much attention. These models are characterized by non-metallic materials for inner cooking bowls to employ thermal far-infrared radiation in Document [34] (Title: Rice-cooking utensils) Rice-cooking utensils Rice-cooking utensils are tools used for cooking rice and similar foods. Dedicated rice-cooking utensils have a long history. A ceramic rice steamer dated to 1250 BC is on display in the British Museum. Rice absorbs a great deal of water as it cooks, expanding its volume and using up the cooking water. The moisture and heat gelatinize and soften the starch granules in the rice. The cooking time for raw rice (not parboiled beforehand) ranges from about 15 minutes and up, depending upon the type and freshness of rice, method, and desired result (from separate grains to disintegrated Document [35] (Title: Gamasot) the high temperature is maintained for a long time, so that the color, the gloss, the smell, the taste and the stickiness of rice are the best conditions. And when the lid is made about one third of the weight of the pot, the lid is automatically opened by the water vapor when the rice is cooked. The ancestors see this signal that the steam is pushing the lid and reduce the heat. If you cook rice in gamasot, it is good because gamasot is breathing. And because the iron in the pot increased the hemoglobin level, it is said Document [36] (Title: Glutinous rice) cooked by soaking for several hours and then steaming in a bamboo basket or "houat" (Lao: ຫວດ). After that, it should be turned out on a clean surface and kneaded with a wooden paddle to release the steam; this results in rice balls that will stick to themselves but not to fingers. The large rice ball is kept in a small basket made of bamboo or "tip khao" (Lao: ຕິບເຂົ້າ). The rice is sticky but dry, rather than wet and gummy like non-glutinous varieties. The fingers of the right hand are used to eat it by wadding the rice. Laotians Document [37] (Title: Japanese rice) in summer, and two hours in winter. Soaking times also depend on the quality and freshness of the rice. The rice is then boiled using a ratio of about five parts of water to four parts of rice – though with fresher rice, the ratio can go down to 1-to-1. After this, it is steamed until the centre of the rice becomes soft. Salt is not added to the rice. Most modern rice cookers include a timer, so that rice will be ready for the morning meal. The rice cooker can also keep rice moist and warm, allowing it to Document [38] (Title: Brown rice) of Rice, is brown rice that has been soaked for 4–20 hours in warm water before cooking. This stimulates germination, which activates various enzymes in the rice, giving rise to a more complete amino acid profile, including GABA. Cooked brown rice tends to be chewy; cooked GBR is softer, and preferred particularly by children. Brown rice generally needs longer cooking times than white rice, unless it is broken or flourblasted (which perforates the bran without removing it). Parboiled rice is a modified process that forces into the kernel some of the vitamins found in the hull before the hull is Document [39] (Title: Slow cooker) in the pot edge; condensed vapor collects in the groove and provides a low-pressure seal to the atmosphere. The contents of a crock pot are effectively at atmospheric pressure, despite the water vapor generated inside the pot. A slow cooker is quite different from a pressure cooker and presents no danger of an abrupt pressure release. The "crock," or ceramic pot, itself acts as both a cooking container and a heat reservoir. Slow cookers come in capacities from to . Because the heating elements are generally located at the bottom and often also partway up the sides, most slow cookers Document [40] (Title: Rice cooker) a large Double boiler with holes near the top of the insert to allow transmission of steam from the water bath to the insert. It now applies mostly to automated cookers. Electric rice cookers were developed in Japan, where they are known as . The bowl is filled with rice and water. During cooking, the rice/water mixture is heated at full power. The water reaches a temperature of 100 °C (212 °F); it cannot get hotter than its boiling point (all the energy goes into vapourizing the water). At the end of cooking there will be no free water left; Document [41] (Title: Pressure cooking) the cooking time. Liquid can be added inside the container when pressure cooking foods such as rice, which need to absorb liquid in order to cook properly. The flavor of some foods, such as meat and onions, can be improved by gently cooking with a little pre-heated cooking oil, butter or other fat in the open pressure cooker over medium heat for stove-top models (unless the manufacturer advises against this) before pressure cooking, while avoiding overheating the empty pressure cooker not heating the empty cooker with the lid and gasket in place to avoid damage. Electric pressure cookers usually have Document [42] (Title: Cooked rice) and soaked before being cooked. Unpolished brown rice requires longer soaking time than milled white rice does. The amount of water added can vary depending on many factors. Newly harvested rice usually requires less water, and softer varieties need more water than firmer varieties. Rice can be boiled in a heavy-bottomed cookware or steamed in a food steamer. Some boiling methods do not require precise water measurements, as the rice is strained after boiling. This draining method is suitable for the less glutinous varieties such as basmati rice, but not-suitable for varieties like japonica rice which become sticky to some Document [43] (Title: Induction cooking) energy-efficient. The surface of the cooker is heated only by the pot and so does not usually reach a hazardous temperature. Because the temperature of the cooking surface matches that of the pot, this permits precise control of the cooking temperature. The control system shuts down the element if a pot is not present or not large enough. Induction cookers are easy to clean because the cooking surface is flat and smooth and does not get hot enough to make spilled food burn and stick. The unit can detect whether cookware is present by monitoring power delivered. This allows it Document [44] (Title: Thermal cooking) more energy-efficient vacuum flask must cook within the time taken for the food to cool below cooking temperature. Thermal cookers with two inner pots allow two items to be cooked at the same time, such as curry and rice. All thermal cookers are capable of cooking many dishes from soups to puddings. Cakes and bread can also be cooked by partly submerging the cake/bread tin in boiling water. The pot is filled with food and water and heated to cooking temperature outside of the flask on a stove, usually to boiling. It is then sealed inside the vacuum flask for Document [45] (Title: Xiaomi Smart Home) range is 30 km. Launched on 29 March 2016. According to Xiaomi, the pressure rice cooker uses 1.2 bar pressure to raise the boiling point of water to around 105℃. Users can use their smartphones to scan the barcode on the rice packaging, with the cooker automatically adjusting its methodology to suit the particular rice type, brand, origin and user preferred softness. The companion app also includes options to cook steamed vegetables, crispy rice and cakes, and users can look up the recipe and set the corresponding heating method through the app. The company had to deal with a PR Document [46] (Title: Malaysian cuisine) government is fully committed and involved in planning, allocating resources and managing subsidies for the rice farming industry. The state of Kedah is considered the "rice bowl" () of the country, accounting for about half of Malaysia's total production of rice. Plain steamed white rice, to be served with side dishes of meat or vegetables, is typically prepared with an electric rice cooker at home. Some households and food establishments prefer to cook rice on a stove top with the absorption method or the rapid-boil method. Compressed rice, called "nasi himpit", is another method of preparing and cooking rice: the Document [47] (Title: Japanese rice) remain edible for several hours. Prepared rice is usually served from the rice cooker into a "chawan", or rice bowl. After cooking, rice may also be held in a covered wooden box called an "ohitsu". The Dojima Rice Market in Osaka was the first known futures market, with trading in rice contracts established sometime around 1730. This market ceased with economic controls in 1939. In 2005, the Tokyo Grain Exchange announced that it would create a futures contract on rice with trading starting in the summer of 2006. However, the trading of these futures contracts has been postponed to an Document [48] (Title: Rice-cooking utensils) the outer bowl and a small amount of water is added, so that the rice is just about covered. The lid is then fitted and the cooker is microwaved at full power for between 8 and 15 minutes (depending on the rice type, power output of the appliance and personal texture preference). Cooking occurs with the water boiling away and steaming the grains. It is very important to follow the manufacturer's instructions regarding the length of time and amount of water added, otherwise the rice can burn. This method works well with long-grain rice that does not release much starch Document [49] (Title: Pressure cooking) boiling point of water increases as the pressure rises, resulting in superheated water. At a pressure of 1 bar or approximately above the existing atmospheric pressure, water in a pressure cooker will reach a temperature of . The boiling temperature of water (and water-based liquids) is determined by the ambient atmospheric pressure. Pressure cookers always require liquid in order to cook food under pressure. Inside a pressure cooker, once the water (liquid) is boiling and the steam is trapped, the pressure from the steam increases and pushes on the liquid, which increases its boiling temperature. The heat applied to the Document [50] (Title: Rice cooker) include, e.g., risotto, paella, and stuffed peppers ("capsicums"). They must be cooked by hand. The rice is measured and added to the inner bowl or washed in a separate bowl in order to remove loosened starch and residual bran. It is not recommended to wash rice in the inner bowl itself so as to preserve the non-stick surface. Strainers are often used in the washing and draining process. For better texture and taste, some types of rice, e.g., Japanese rice or Calrose rice which is suited for absorption method, require pre-cooking water absorption. The water absorption step typically involves letting Document [51] (Title: Rice cooker) of rice best. For example, most Japanese rice cookers are optimized for cooking Japanese rice and may not be the best for other types of rice, although cooking time can be lengthened simply by more water. The typical method of cooking long grain rice is boil-and-strain and/or steaming method. The absorption method used in Japanese rice cookers will produce slightly different texture and taste, usually stickier rice. Brown rice generally needs longer cooking times than white rice, unless it is broken or flourblasted (which perforates the bran). Different varieties of rice need different cooking times, depending on their grain size, Document [52] (Title: Rice cooker) an insulated outer container and an inner removable bowl, often coated with a non-stick surface, and stamped with water-level graduations marked in cups of rice used. The rice cup measure is normally based on the traditional Japanese measurement system 1 , which has its origin in China (). One is 180 "ml", or approximately 25% smaller than the American measuring cup of 8 (US) fluid ounces/240 ml, and is regarded as producing enough cooked rice for a single meal for one person. Initial models did not have a keep-warm feature and the cooked rice cooled down too quickly, thus it Document [53] (Title: Parboiled rice) vacuum dried, then steamed, followed by another vacuum drying and husking. This also makes the rice more resistant to weevils and lessens cooking time. In even later methods the rice is soaked in hot water, then steamed for boiling which only takes 3 hours rather than the 20 hours of traditional methods. These methods also yield a yellowish color in the rice, which undergoes less breakage when milled. Parboiled rice Parboiled rice (also called converted rice and easy-cook rice) is rice that has been partially boiled in the husk. The three basic steps of parboiling are soaking, steaming and drying. Document [54] (Title: Rice huller) significant drawback. Rice huller A rice huller or rice husker is an agricultural machine used to automate the process of removing the chaff (the outer husks) of grains of rice. Throughout history, there have been numerous techniques to hull rice. Traditionally, it would be pounded using some form of mortar and pestle. An early simple machine to do this is a rice pounder. Later even more efficient machinery was developed to hull and polish rice. These machines are most widely developed and used throughout Asia where the most popular type is the Engelberg huller designed by German Brazilian engineer Evaristo Document [55] (Title: Rice burner) import-car hot rod. The terms may disparage cars which have been cheaply modified to present a deceptive or cosmetic appearance of high performance, without the capability. The term is often defined as offensive or racist stereotyping. In some cases users of the term assert that it is not offensive or racist, or else treat the term as a humorous, mild insult rather than a racial slur. Rice burner Rice burner is a pejorative, used as early as the 1960s, originally describing Japanese motorcycles, then later applied to Japanese cars, and eventually to Asian-made motorcycles and automobiles in general. The term Document [56] (Title: Gamasot) out, the lid is covered, so when steam is generated, the steam pressure in the pot rises and the rice easily boils. This principle can be easily seen when we climb on high mountains and cook rice. On the mountain, the pressure is low and the boiling temperature of the water is lowered. To prevent this, we place heavy stones on the lid, which is the principle of the lid of the iron pot. That is, when the weight ratio between the lid and the pot is about one third, the pressure inside the pot is the most appropriate, and Document [57] (Title: Rice) is a result of research carried out for the United Nations International Year of Rice. Rice is cooked by boiling or steaming, and absorbs water during cooking. With the absorption method, rice may be cooked in a volume of water similar to the volume of rice. With the rapid-boil method, rice may be cooked in a large quantity of water which is drained before serving. Rapid-boil preparation is not desirable with enriched rice, as much of the enrichment additives are lost when the water is discarded. Electric rice cookers, popular in Asia and Latin America, simplify the process of cooking Document [58] (Title: Potato ricer) German dish "spaghettieis". Potters and ceramicists use ricers to extrude "hair" for human heads or animal sculptures such as sheep. Potato ricers are seen by some to be too bulky, and an unnecessary kitchen utensil. Many opponents of potato ricers will point out that mashing potatoes does a similar job. Potato ricer A potato ricer (also called a ricer) is a kitchen implement used to process potatoes or other food by forcing it through a sheet of small holes, which are typically about the diameter of a grain of rice. A common variety of potato ricer resembles a large garlic Document [59] (Title: Rice cooker) either gas or electrical appliances. Most dedicated home rice cookers are of the electric type. In commercial or industrial use, there are many varieties, such as large gas or electric rice cookers, a large-scale rice cooker that is called a "rice boiler", and fully automatic versions which handle the whole process of rice cooking from washing rice to the end of the cooking cycle. Many modern cookers have a heat-insulating casing and a warming mechanism. When the rice is determined to be fully cooked, the unit will automatically switch to the "keep warm" cycle, thus preventing the rice from being Document [60] (Title: Solar cooker) sunlight. Foods that cook quickly may be added to the solar cooker later. Rice for a mid-day meal might be started early in the morning, with vegetables, cheese, or soup added to the solar cooker in the middle of the morning. Depending on the size of the solar cooker and the number and quantity of cooked foods, a family may use one or more solar cookers. A solar oven is turned towards the sun and left until the food is cooked. Unlike cooking on a stove or over a fire, which may require more than an hour of constant supervision, Document [61] (Title: Japanese kitchen) of 9 households and only 1 out of 100 households used gas for cooking. Gas companies realized this, and early appliances were directly imported from England which made them too costly for all but the richest citizens. The Japanese kitchen turned away from American and European kitchens at this point. The first item of the industrialization to be introduced to most houses was the gas-heated rice cooker. A gas stove were introduced much later as the cost of gas was still too high for most homes. A gas oven, often an essential part of the kitchen in many American and Document [62] (Title: Rice cooker) Rice cooker A rice cooker or rice steamer is an automated kitchen appliance designed to boil or steam rice. It consists of a heat source, a cooking bowl, and a thermostat. The thermostat measures the temperature of the cooking bowl and controls the heat. Complex rice cookers may have many more sensors and other components, and may be multipurpose. The term rice cooker or Charleston Rice Steamer formerly applied to non-automated dedicated rice-cooking utensils, which have an ancient history (a ceramic rice steamer dated to 1250 BC is on display in the British Museum). These utensils are constructed similar to Document [63] (Title: Arroz à grega) a "Brazilian" rice too wet) and/or continues to cook the rice past the right point. Most of the difference in recipes surrounds around the right time to which the raisins, vegetables and often meat is added to the rice, and whether they are all fried together previously or not. Other differences include what is added to the rice before the raisins and vegetables (might include garlic, onions, biological coloring and even lentils, soy sauce, MSG or rosemary), how the rice is cooked, and obviously, what to add to the rice. Given the many differences between ingredients in such a dish, Document [64] (Title: Rice-cooking utensils) consists of three parts: an outer bowl, a fitted lid with steam vents, and an inner bowl with a finely perforated base. Some others have only one container and the double-layered lid fitted with a steam vent. A measured amount of dry rice is placed within the bowl. For long-grain rice or scented rice (e.g., basmati rice, Thai jasmine rice), neither washing or soaking is usually necessary unless contaminating dirt is suspected. For Japanese rice (e.g., Calrose or medium/short grain rice), the rice is washed to remove surface starch powder and the trace of rice bran from the grains. For Document [65] (Title: Rice cooker) energy efficiency. Most modern rice cookers use aluminium for the inner cooking bowl. There are some models that use stainless steel instead of aluminium. Various other materials, such as copper, pure carbon, ceramic, and diamond powder coating, may be used for higher heat conductivity or better taste. The pressure-cooking models can raise the water's boiling point higher, e.g., from 100 °C at 1.0 atm up to about 110 °C at 1.4 atm, which speeds cooking. The pressure-cooking models can also be used in high altitude areas, where the boiling temperature is below 100 Celsius. Pressure cookers are also suitable for Document [66] (Title: Ashke Pithe) used. At first the rice powder is mixed with slightly hot water. A little salt is given in the mixture. Then the mixture of rice powder and water mixture is poured in the first lid using oil on its surface. The mixture is half of diameter of the second lid. After that, the second lid is covered with a mixture and the two lids are placed on the cooker. The lids are removed from the cooker after two and half minutes to two minutes later. At the time of making the Pitha, water is spread from the above. As oil Document [67] (Title: Pressure cooking) the major concerns, mountaineering pressure cookers may be designed to operate at a much lower differential pressure than regular units so that thinner, lighter construction can be used. Generally, the goal is to raise the cooking temperature enough to make cooking possible and to conserve fuel by reducing heat lost through boiling. Lightweight pressure cookers as small as weighing are available for mountain climbers. Sherpas often use pressure cookers in base camp. Some food toxins can be reduced by pressure cooking. A Korean study of aflatoxins in rice (associated with "Aspergillus" fungus) showed that pressure cooking was capable of reducing Document [68] (Title: Arroz à grega) steaming rather than boiling. Some people prefer to preemptively add a little less water to the boiling process (without a kettle) to make sure the first water pouring does not last too long and the bottom rice does not get burned while the heating is still considerably high. A small opening should be made separating the kettle from its correct position a few millimeters or centimeters for some 3–8 minutes before the heating is turned off, to make sure the steam gets out and does not condense afterwards (as has been mentioned previously, there are various problems associated with leaving Document [69] (Title: Lontong) The leaf is secured with "lidi semat", wooden needle made from the central rib of coconut leaf, and cooked in boiling water for about 90 minutes. Once the compacted rice has cooled, it can be cut up into bite-sized pieces. Outer parts of "lontong" usually have greenish color because of the chlorophyll left by banana leaf rub off on rice cake surface. Alternative ways of cooking "lontong" include placing uncooked rice into a muslin bag then letting the water seep in and cause the rice to form a solid mass. Another popular and easier method is by using commercially available Document [70] (Title: Solar cooker) lined with copper, stainless steel, and aluminum nitrile to better absorb and conduct heat from the sun's rays. Some vacuum tube solar cookers incorporate lightweight designs which allow great portability (such as the GoSun stove) Portable vacuum tube cookers such as the GoSun allow users to cook freshly caught fish on the beach without needing to light a fire. Advantages Disadvantages Cardboard, aluminium foil, and plastic bags for well over 10,000 solar cookers have been donated to the Iridimi refugee camp and Touloum refugee camps in Chad by the combined efforts of the Jewish World Watch, the Dutch foundation KoZon, Document [71] (Title: Rice cooker) cooking brown rice (which contains oils and bran fiber that cook differently from pure white rice starch). Some pressure rice cookers have a varying pressure control mechanism (named the "dual-pressure" method) that creates repeated pressure/release cycles during the cooking. There also exist mechanisms to collect and return the boiled over liquid to the inner rice bowl. Many cookers now have microprocessor-controlled cooking cycles, which are often used to adjust for rice and cooking type. Rice cookers are typically used for the preparation of plain or lightly seasoned rice. Each rice cooker model may be optimized to cook a certain type Document [72] (Title: Rice cooker) can be used as steamers. Some can be used as slow cookers. Some other models can bake bread or in some cases have an added function to maintain temperatures suitable for fermentation of bread dough or yogurt. More elaborate recipes are possible using a rice cooker, and there are cookbooks devoted entirely to dishes prepared using a rice cooker. It is possible to cook soups, stews or sponge cakes in electric rice cookers. By simply adding ingredients and setting it to "warm", a rice cooker cooks the contents at about 65 °C (150 °F). In a few hours, the stew Document [73] (Title: Gamasot) when heated with fire, and the water will turn into steam. If the lid is light, water vapor can easily escape, but if it is heavy, it will escape less and the internal pressure will rise. The higher the pressure, the higher the boiling point of water, the more rice is cooked at over 100 degrees, the better it gets at the lower temperature, and the better the taste. To ripe rice, atmospheric pressure (1 atm) or more is required. When you cook rice, the air and water vapor in the pot escape, and when it is steaming it is Document [74] (Title: Rice cooker) for cooking other food in the appliance. Once the lid is closed and the cooking cycle has been activated, the rice cooker does the rest. Most models give a countdown in minutes to the "ready time," or beep when done. After cooking cycle is completed, it is recommended that the rice is to "rest" for 5 minute for post-absorption and then to be stirred to prevent the grains from clinging to each other too hard. Some rice, e.g., long-grain or scented rice, do not seem to require this post-absorption step. Some higher-end models automatically time the soaking (pre-cooking water absorption) Document [75] (Title: Arroz à grega) for example, taking into account them being added in similar cooking periods – whether 1. fried before the rice is added to their pot 2. added after the rice's frying is complete 3. added while the rice is boiling 4. added after the already boiled rice is dry, ready to eat). With the smallest possible trace of water (dried at room temperature in the case it is washed; effects of using a microwave to make the drops and wetness evaporate might not be desirable), it is put to fry in vegetable oil (a practice known as , literally "to make Document [76] (Title: Scorched rice) guests at a meal. Ingredients commonly added to "tahdig" include yogurt and saffron, bread, potato and tomato. Variations of "tahdig" include placing thin vegetable slices at the bottom of the pot, so they crisp up instead of the rice, these vegetables include potato, carrots, and lettuce. Iranians sometimes apply this cooking method to spaghetti as well, providing a hardened base. Iraqi rice cooking is similar to the method used for Persian "chelow", a multi-step process intended to produce tender, fluffy grains of rice. A prominent aspect of Iraqi rice cooking is the "hikakeh", a crisp bottom crust. It differs slightly Document [77] (Title: Scorched rice) Scorched rice Scorched rice, also known as crunchy rice, is a thin crust of slightly browned rice at the bottom of the cooking pot. It is produced during the cooking of rice over direct heat from a flame. "Guōbā" () is eaten as a snack, used as an ingredient in dishes with thick sauces, or served in soups and stews. Guoba (lit. "pan adherents"), sometimes known as "mi guoba" (米鍋巴, lit. rice guoba) is a Chinese food ingredient consisting of scorched rice. Traditionally "guoba" forms during the boiling of rice over direct heat from a flame. This results in the Document [78] (Title: Pressure cooking) aflatoxin concentrations to 12–22% of the amount in the uncooked rice. Pressure cookers are "not" guaranteed to destroy all harmful microorganisms in food, especially when used for short periods of time. Some foods are not recommended for pressure cooking. Foods such as noodles, pasta, cranberries, cereals and oatmeal could expand too much, froth, and sputter, which can block the steam vent. Pressure cookers are available in different capacities for cooking larger or smaller amounts, with 6 litres' capacity being common. The maximum capacity of food is less than the advertised capacity because pressure cookers can only be filled up to Document [79] (Title: Kiribath) for making this dish. Traditionally, it is prepared with a rice variety known as rathu haal or rathu kakulu haal for its neutral flavour and good cooking qualities. Any starchy and sticky rice variety works best. For the rice to set properly, the texture of the cooked rice is very important. Due to some difficult to source the Sri Lankan rice variety in the southern parts of Sri Lanka, the locals might use the red rice. The recipe for Kiribath is fairly simple. The rice is cooked in boiling water for about fifteen minutes, the coconut milk is added and Document [80] (Title: Bubang Techron Co.) Korea, it began exporting to the United States as of late 2003. Bubang Techron Co., Ltd. Bubang Techron Co. Bubang Techron (Hangul:부방테크론) is a major manufacturer of home appliances based in Seoul, South Korea. The company was founded in 1976. The company was an OEM manufacturer for LG until 2004, in which some LG branded Pressure Rice Cookers suddenly exploded (because of clogging of the pressure vents) upon failure of the interlocking system which forced LG to recall the suspected units and eventually pull out of that specific market. Currently the 8th ranked manufacturer of pressure rice cookers in South Document [81] (Title: Rice cooker) the cooking pot to a higher temperature relatively quickly allows the rice to cook faster and steam properly, resulting in a better quality batch of rice. Most, if not all, gas rice cookers use an heat based automatic shut-off system. The basic principle of these systems is such that gas flow into the burner is halted once a specific temperature is reached, resulting in the burner flame to go out. A relatively new concept is the commercial gas pressure cooker. These cookers use pressure cooking to produce a uniformly cooked batch of rice. Cooking rice in a pressure cooker allows Document [82] (Title: Bap (food)) Job's tears, it is necessary to soak the grains for several hours to overnight to avoid under-cooking. The grains are then cooked. In a regular heavy bottomed pot, rice can be cooked over medium high heat with the lid on for about ten minutes, stirred, and then left to simmer on low heat for additional five to ten minutes. The scorched rice in the bottom of the pot or cauldron, "nurungji", can be eaten as snacks or used to make "sungnyung" (an infusion made from boiling scorched rice). Bap refers to the Korean cooked rice. The Bap is a popular Document [83] (Title: Risotto) not the quality. There are many different risotto recipes with different ingredients, but they are all based on rice of an appropriate variety, cooked in a standard procedure. Risotto, unlike other rice dishes, requires constant care and attention. The rice is not to be pre-rinsed, boiled, or drained, as washing would remove much of the starch required for a creamy texture. The rice is first cooked briefly in a "soffritto" of onion and butter or olive oil, to coat each grain in a film of fat, called "tostatura"; white wine is added and must be absorbed by the grains. When Document [84] (Title: Rice cooker) heats the cooking pot much more quickly than electrical power sources. Cooking at higher temperatures allows the rice to absorb water faster and cook more quickly, yielding a sweeter and more firm final product. Due to the amount of rice being cooked at one time, electrical powered cookers are not able to heat the cooking pot fast enough. This usually results in uneven cooking of the overall batch of rice-often leading to mushy or burnt rice on the bottom of the pot and sometimes under-cooked rice at the middle and top of the cooking pot. Finally, being able to heat Document [85] (Title: Rice cooker) the 1980s, higher-end electric rice cookers have used microprocessors to control the cooking process, often incorporating a memory and electronic timer that can be used to set the desired "ready time". Since the 1990s, many models allow users to select desired cooking results for rice (e.g., soft, medium, firm, etc.), different types of rice, or ingredients other than rice. Some models can be used as steamers. In the late 1980s, some higher-end electric rice cookers started using induction heating. This type aims to produce tastier cooked rice by controlling the heating process more precisely. Some other pressure-cooking models use 1.2 Document [86] (Title: Rice cooker) too can be cooked in a rice cooker. A rice cooker can be used to cook many boiled or steamed granular foods, such as pot barley, bulgar wheat, and dal. Provided the ingredients have similar cooking times, a rice cooker can cook mixtures such as khichdi. Some rice cookers can be used as automated couscoussiers, cooking couscous and a stew simultaneously. Some rice cookers have settings for congee, a type of rice porridge called "okayu" in Japanese, juk in Korea, and "zhou" in Chinese. Many models feature an ability to cook sticky rice or porridge as an added value. Most Document [87] (Title: Rice) especially those lost during the milling process. While the cheapest method of enriching involves adding a powdered blend of nutrients that will easily wash off (in the United States, rice which has been so treated requires a label warning against rinsing), more sophisticated methods apply nutrients directly to the grain, coating the grain with a water-insoluble substance which is resistant to washing. In some countries, a popular form, parboiled rice (also known as converted rice and easy-cook rice) is subjected to a steaming or parboiling process while still a brown rice grain. The parboil process causes a gelatinisation of the Document [88] (Title: Puto bumbóng) or "malagkit sungsong" in Tagalog; "pilit" in Visayan). Regular white rice may also be used instead of "malagkit", to give the dish a less chewy consistency. The rice grains are covered completely in water (traditionally salted water) and allowed to soak overnight. This gives it a slightly acidic fermented aftertaste. The mixture is then drained and packed densely into bamboo tubes and steamed. The sides of the bamboo tubes are traditionally greased with coconut oil, but in modern versions, butter or margarine are commonly used. The rice is traditionally cooked as whole grains, but some versions ground the rice before Document [89] (Title: Rice cooker) rice, e.g., long-grain rice or scented rice such as jasmine rice, do not require washing or the water absorption step. The water for cooking is added to the inner bowl by using measuring cups or simply filling up to the appropriate graduated mark in the inner bowl. Although cold water is normally added, boiling water is used for cooking sushi rice. Different kinds of rice require different amounts of water. Usually, there are graduated marks for the right amount of water only for white rice, but sometimes there are separate scales for brown rice (as more water is required) or Document [90] (Title: Instant rice) of instant noodles. Instant rice Instant rice is rice that has been precooked. Some types are microwave ready. Some types are dehydrated so that they cook more rapidly. Regular rice requires 18-30 minutes to cook while instant rice needs 1-7 minutes. Because it has already been cooked, all that is necessary to prepare instant rice is to simply microwave it or re-hydrate it with hot water. Instant rice is made using several methods. The most common method is similar to the home cooking process. The rice is blanched in hot water, steamed, and rinsed. It is then placed in large Document [91] (Title: Instant rice) until the moisture content reaches approximately twelve percent or less. The basic principle involves increasing moisture of the milled white rice by using steam or water to form cracks or holes in the kernels. The fast cooking properties come from the fact that, when recooked, water can penetrate into the cracked grain much more quickly. The major advantage of instant rice is the rapid cooking time - some brands can be ready in as little as three minutes. Currently, several companies, Asian as well as American, have developed brands which only require 90 seconds to cook, much like a cup Document [92] (Title: Rice cooker) Japanese Mitsubishi Electric Corporation was the first company to produce an electric commercial rice cooker. The Mitsubishi product was an aluminium pot with a heating coil inside. It had no automatic turn-off facility, and it required constant monitoring during cooking. In the early development phase, electric home rice cookers used the simple concept of heating the rice to cook and turning off the heater when the temperature rose to a certain point. This method, however, is influenced too greatly by variation of room temperature and often produced under-cooked rice. Many makers continued to experience failures in their ongoing trial-and-error approaches. Document [93] (Title: Rice) rice. Rice (or any other grain) is sometimes quickly fried in oil or fat before boiling (for example saffron rice or risotto); this makes the cooked rice less sticky, and is a cooking style commonly called pilaf in Iran and Afghanistan or biryani in India and Pakistan . In Arab cuisine, rice is an ingredient of many soups and dishes with fish, poultry, and other types of meat. It is also used to stuff vegetables or is wrapped in grape leaves (dolma). When combined with milk, sugar, and honey, it is used to make desserts. In some regions, such as Document [94] (Title: Scorched rice) of rice left over from cooking rice in an iron pot, or, more commonly since the advent of electric rice cookers in the late 20th century, from leftover rice that is fried in oil over high heat to acquire a crispy texture. Scorched rice Scorched rice, also known as crunchy rice, is a thin crust of slightly browned rice at the bottom of the cooking pot. It is produced during the cooking of rice over direct heat from a flame. "Guōbā" () is eaten as a snack, used as an ingredient in dishes with thick sauces, or served in soups Document [95] (Title: Japanese rice) genmai () is brown rice that has been soaked in heated water until germinated. It is also known as GABA rice, as the germination process greatly increases its gamma-Aminobutyric acid content. It has a softer texture than ordinary brown rice and a pleasant fragrance. It is sold in Japanese supermarkets, but it can also be made at home. Some high-end rice cookers have a GABA rice setting to automate the process. "Haigamai" is rice that has been partially milled to remove most of the bran but leave the germ intact. It takes less time to cook than brown rice but Document [96] (Title: Arroz à grega) still out of recommendation to be re-heated whole. Objects manipulating rice before being put to a fridge especially should be clean with at least a soapy substance, a residues remover soaked in it and running water; preferentially, sterilization methods safe to human domestic use are more efficient. Also, important to note is that the more biological seasoning – except for herbs with antimicrobial activity – a boiled rice pot gets, the more perishable it gets. This is especially true, in general, for vegetables with a higher water content (thus fried onion bits make rice more perishable than ground garlic sofrito, Document [97] (Title: Rice cooker) was often necessary to move the cooked rice to heat-insulated serving containers. In 1965, Zojirushi Thermos company started selling electric rice cookers with a stay-warm function, using a semi-conductor heat regulator. The product sold 2,000,000 units per year. Other makers soon followed suit. The stay-warm function can typically keep rice warm for up to 24 hours at a temperature high enough to suppress growth of "Bacillus cereus", a cause of food poisoning. Another notable improvement was the use of electric timers. In simple models, a mechanical thermostat is used to turn off the cooker when the rice is ready. Since Document [98] (Title: Gamasot) he recognized the pot as a symbol of the kingship. Cooking rice in "gamasot" is a longstanding custom in Korea, that began at least during the reign of King Daemusin (18‒44 CE) in Goguryeo. The structure of a pot is generally divided into a lid that covers the pot and a pot, which is the body that cooks rice or rice. In the past, there was a leg on the bottom of the pot. A iron pot is a tool to cook rice in a fireplace by burning a tree in an oven. The lid is tightly attached to the Document [99] (Title: Okowa) sesame oil, dashi, soy sauce, mirin, salt, ginger, chopped mushrooms and carrots, sweet potato, chestnuts, spring onions, cooked fish, and a sheet of nori. The rice is washed with water and is left to be drained for around thirty minutes. Rice is added along with the stock, mirin, sesame oil, salt, sake in a rice cooker and it is left for another thirty minutes. Meat, vegetables and ginger are added next and the cooker is put to the short-grain rice setting. The lid is covered while using the saucepan and brought to the boil once before turning the flame to Document [100] (Title: Arroz à grega) a sofrito") before adding salt, it should be over 100 °C upon adding table salt, water at room temperature is added only a few instants before the rice is almost going to burn, it should be always stirred to make sure the ones at the bottom of the pot do not enter combustion. When water is finally added, it should be given generously, and the rice is then finally put to boil (do not stir it any more time, unless it is desired to make another dish with this rice that includes some form of previously boiling sauce still exposed Document [101] (Title: Rice cooker) models, are regarded as automated universal electric cooking pots, and their use in the preparation of a variety of foods is rather standard. Gas rice cookers have a significantly larger capacity than home rice cookers (5 to 10 liters) and are more commonly used for commercial purposes. They must be connected directly to a fuel source (either a natural gas line or a portable propane source) and do not require an electrical power supply. When cooking in a commercial setting, where quality, quantity, and speed are important factors, gas powered rice cookers offer several benefits. The gas powered flame source Document [102] (Title: Panta bhat) Swarna and White Swarna is often driven by their suitability for panta bhat. There are many variations of the dish though all are made by soaking cooked rice in water overnight. Rice is boiled the usual way. Then "phaen" or starch is strained away. Rice is cooled in air temperature for 3–4 hours. Then cool water is added in a way that about an inch of water rises above the rice. Rice is generally covered with a light piece of fabric. 12–24 hours later panta bhat is ready. Panta bhat retains its taste for 2/3 days. The fluid portion is Document [103] (Title: Arroz à grega) give a soppy, sticky texture to the rice, aside a brick state, what is especially prone to fungal spoiling – especially so since it should get less heating than the boiling process –, as would putting it to boil a third time to warm it; the standard style rice should ideally be as floppy and al dente pasta-like in texture as it gets), and a kettle is put over the pot. It is done merely with the intent of making the rice at the bottom of the pot not burn. Most of the cooking from now on would actually be Document [104] (Title: Thermal cooking) the outer pot walls, while others use a vacuum. A vacuum cooker () is a stainless steel vacuum flask. The flasks come in various sizes ranging from in diameter and tall. A removable pot, with handle and lid, fits inside the vacuum flask. The pot and contents are heated to cooking temperature, and then sealed in the flask. The flask simply reduces heat loss to a minimum, so that the food remains at cooking temperature for a long time, and cooks without continued heating. Note that the food is not cooked in a vacuum. It is cooked inside a vacuum Document [105] (Title: Kerala Sasthra Sahithya Parishad) Rice is cooked in boiled water. The boiling point of water is and will not increase with further heating. When rice is cooked normally, the fire is maintained until it is cooked. If the water temperature can be maintained at without further heating, fuel is saved. This is what the Hot Box is designed to do. Rice is cooked in water until it has boild and the bowl is put in the Hotbox until it is fully cooked. It saves one third of fuel (wood). It also keeps 90 percent of the smoke out of the kitchen by expelling it Document [106] (Title: Rice cooker) At this stage, there was even a trial model which embedded the heating element in a traditional wooden rice container. The first practical electric rice cooker was invented by Yoshitada Minami, who had an association with Toshiba Electric Corporation. It became possible to cook rice practically by employing the triple-chamber rice cooker (that provided heat insulation by air layers). In December 1956, the Toshiba Corporation placed the first commercially successful automated electric rice cookers on the market. It used a double-chamber indirect rice cooking method. Rice was placed into the rice pot, and water into a surrounding container. When the Document [107] (Title: Rice cooker) since the 1980s, and in recent years rice cookers have been also produced. Some other materials used for luxurious rice bowls are pure copper, ceramic-iron layers, and diamond coating. These rice cooker makers research what the best cooked rice means (in taste and texture) and attempt to realize "the best cooked rice" in electric rice cookers by using various inventions. Most regard rice cooked either in a traditional rice cooker used in hearth or in a gas pressure cooker as references, and attempt to achieve or exceed the same. Restaurants that serve a lot of rice, particularly those specializing in Document [108] (Title: Thermal cooking) flask. The hollow evacuated wall of the cooker thermally insulates its contents from the environment, so they remain hot for several hours. Thermal cookers appeal to Cantonese cooks because many Cantonese dishes require prolonged braising or simmering. When these cookers were first introduced in the US, they sold very quickly in the larger Asian supermarkets. The slow cooker is used for a similar purpose; but instead of minimising heat loss, sufficient heat is applied to the non-insulated slow cooker to maintain a steady temperature somewhat below the boiling point of water. A slow cooker allows any desired cooking time; the Document [109] (Title: Multicooker) multicookers can also function as slow cookers. In the 1920s in the United Kingdom, basic "multicookers" were marketed to consumers as an appliance that would save on gas consumption, to save money on gas bills. Simple electric rice cookers were developed in Japan in the 1950s. Over time more functions were added to cook other types of grains and soups, and the appliances became known as multicookers. Modern cookers include electronic time, temperature and pressure controllers and are marketed as "automated multipurpose cooking appliances". The most modern ones, includes Bluetooth and WiFi. At the same time, the European market had Document [110] (Title: Rice cooker) focused on simple feature models because of the market trend which regarded the price competition to be more important than rich features. Rice cooker A rice cooker or rice steamer is an automated kitchen appliance designed to boil or steam rice. It consists of a heat source, a cooking bowl, and a thermostat. The thermostat measures the temperature of the cooking bowl and controls the heat. Complex rice cookers may have many more sensors and other components, and may be multipurpose. The term rice cooker or Charleston Rice Steamer formerly applied to non-automated dedicated rice-cooking utensils, which have an ancient Document [111] (Title: Rice-cooking utensils) and is conventionally cooked with the boil/strain or steam methods. Microwave rice cookers can also be used for cooking Japanese rice, or medium- or short grain rice, but the absorption method should be used. The rice is washed well to remove starch and allowed to stand to absorb water for at least 15 min before cooking. The water absorption step is essential, otherwise the cooking may result in cooked rice which is still too hard. The regular amount of water as the conventional cooking method can be used. The container is placed in the microwave and it is brought up Document [112] (Title: Cooked rice) Cooked rice Cooked rice refers to rice that has been cooked either by steaming or boiling. The terms steamed rice or boiled rice are also commonly used. Any variant of Asian rice (both Indica and Japonica varieties), African rice or wild rice, glutinous or non-glutinous, long-, medium-, or short-grain, of any colour, can be used. Rice for cooking can be whole grain or milled. Cooked rice is used as a base for various fried rice dishes (e.g. chǎofàn, khao phat), rice bowls/plates (e.g. bibimbap, chazuke, curry rice, dal bhat, donburi, loco moco, panta bhat, rice and beans, rice and gravy), Document [113] (Title: Rice cooker) most will have been absorbed by the rice, and some boiled off. As heating continues, the temperature can now rise above boiling point; this makes the thermostat trip. Some cookers switch to low-power "warming" mode, keeping the rice at a safe temperature of approximately 65 °C (150 °F); simpler models switch off. This means that if more water is added, the rice will cook for longer. Cooking rice has traditionally required constant attention to ensure the rice was cooked properly, and not burnt. Electric rice cookers automate the process by mechanically or electronically controlling heat and timing, thus freeing up Document [114] (Title: Pressure cooking) burn onto the interior base of the pressure cooker after prolonged heating. Sauces should be thickened after pressure cooking. Never fill your inner pot of your pressure cooker more than 1/2 full when cooking beans. Food is placed inside the pressure cooker with a small amount of water or other liquid such as stock. Food is either cooked in the liquid or above the liquid to be steamed; the latter method prevents the transfer of flavors from the liquid. The lid is closed, the pressure setting is chosen and the pressure cooker is placed on a stove on the highest Document [115] (Title: Pressure cooking) must withstand, they are usually heavier than conventional pots of similar size. Early pressure cookers equipped with only a primary safety valve risked explosion from food blocking the release valve. On modern pressure cookers, food residues blocking the steam vent or the liquid boiling dry will trigger additional safety devices. Modern pressure cookers sold from reputable manufacturers have sufficient safety features to prevent the pressure cooker itself from exploding. When excess pressure is released by a safety mechanism, debris of food being cooked may also be ejected with the steam, which is loud and forceful. This can be avoided if Document [116] (Title: Rice cooker) order to improve the taste of cooked rice. In 2006 Japanese Mitsubishi Electric corporation produced an expensive cooker which used an inner cooking bowl called made of hand-carved pure carbon, with a better heat-generating profile with induction cooking. Despite the high price (¥115,500, about US$1,400 at the time), it sold 10,000 units within six months after it was introduced. It was a huge success and it set the trend of extremely high-end models in the market. There is also a product which uses pottery, e.g., Arita-yaki, for the inner cooking bowl. There have been pottery-based electric cooking appliances in China Document [117] (Title: Bap (food)) electronic rice cooker is usually used to cook rice. Regular heavy-bottomed pot or "dolsot" (stone pot) can also be used. Nowadays, rice cooked in "gamasot" or "dolsot" are called "sotbap", and are considered as delicacies. More nurungji (scorched rice) is produced when making "gamasot-bap" (cast iron cauldron rice) and "dolsot-bap" (stone pot rice). To make "bap", rice is scrubbed in water and rinsed several times. This process produces "tteumul" (water from the last washing of rice). It is then soaked for thirty minutes before boiling, which helps the grains cook evenly. With unpolished brown rice and bigger grains such as Document [118] (Title: Rice cooker) the rice stand for at least 5 min after draining water from the washing step and soaking the rice in the measured water for at least 15 min (or some claim it to be 1 hour) before cooking. The water draining step is colloquially believed to make the water measurement more accurate, if the water is measured and added after the initial water absorption that takes place in the washing step. Some people prefer to achieve the water absorption by simply leaving the rice soaking in the rice cooker overnight before starting cooking in the morning. Some other types of Document [119] (Title: Rice cooker) and the resting periods, therefore, there is no need to manually manage the water absorption or time these steps. Depending on quantity, it takes about 20 minutes to 1 hour for most electric rice cookers to complete cooking. Some advanced models can back-calculate the cooking start time from given finish time. The time required for cooking rice depends on the amount of rice, the power of the heating elements, and atmospheric pressure, thus it is not constant. Pressure-cooker models are not influenced by atmospheric pressure. The special features distinguish high-end models from lower-cost, simpler models. Automatic rice cookers may be Document [120] (Title: Rice cooker) overcooked and keeping the rice warm until it is ready to be served. The degree of insulation provided by the casing can also be used to keep cold solids cold. For modern home rice cookers, the smallest single-person model cooks 1 rice cup (180 ml), whereas large models can cook 10 cups. Commercial models can cook 20 or more cups. As a possible source of confusion, model specifications and names may list either cooked or uncooked capacity. Rice roughly doubles in size during cooking; therefore, a 10 cup (uncooked) rice cooker can produce up to 20 cups of cooked rice. Document [121] (Title: Risotto) it has been absorbed the heat is raised to medium high, and boiling stock is gradually added in small amounts, while stirring constantly. The constant stirring, with only a small amount of liquid present, forces the grains to rub against each other and release the starch molecules from the outside of the grains into the surrounding liquid, creating a smooth creamy-textured mass. When the rice is cooked the pot is taken off the heat for "mantecatura", vigorously beating in refrigerated balls of grated parmesan cheese and butter, to make the texture as creamy and smooth as possible. It may be Document [122] (Title: Jambalaya) in the next step, and then the meats are returned to the pot. This mixture is then simmered, covered, for at least one hour. Lastly, the mixture is brought to a boil and rice is added to the pot. It is then covered and left to simmer over very low heat for at least 1/2 hour without stirring. The dish is finished when the rice has cooked. In a less common method, meat and vegetables are cooked separately from the rice. At the same time, rice is cooked in a savory stock. It is added to the meat and vegetables Document [123] (Title: Cooked rice) degree when cooked. Optionally, a small amount of salt can be added before cooking. If not drained, boiled rice is usually cooked on high heat until a rolling boil, then simmered with the lid on, and steamed over the residual heat after turning off the heat. Nowadays, electric rice cookers are also commonly used to cook rice. During cooking, rice absorbs water and increase in volume and mass. In East Asia, cooked rice is most commonly served in individual bowls, with each diner receiving one. Food from communal dishes is placed upon the rice, and is then eaten. Cooked or Document [124] (Title: Rice cooker) the rice to cook under more optimal conditions. Ideal cooking for rice employs a method of a fast heating source along with a uniform delivery of that heat. A gas powered pressure cooking system is able to use a flame heat source to heat the cooking vessel quickly and the pressure cooker is able to heat the internal cooking environment to higher than the boiling point of water in a uniform manner. In 1937 the Imperial Japanese Army sanctioned a Type 97 automobile-kitchen equipped with a primitive rice cooker. The rice cooker was a rectangular wooden box with two electrodes Document [125] (Title: Rice cooker) water in the outer pot boiled off, the temperature of the pot rose rapidly. A bimetallic thermostat then activated, and automatically turned off the cooker to prevent burning of the cooked rice. Soon, Toshiba was producing 200,000 rice cookers per month for the Japanese market. Four years later, rice cookers could be found in half of Japanese homes. The double-chamber indirect cooking model took more time to complete cooking and also consumed more electricity. This model was gradually phased out in the 1960s, but there are some companies, such as Tatung, that still manufacture them. Today, electric rice cookers utilize Question: what is the point of a rice cooker Answer: to boil or steam rice Long Answer: A rice cooker or rice steamer is an automated kitchen appliance designed to boil or steam rice . It consists of a heat source, a cooking bowl, and a thermostat . The thermostat measures the temperature of the cooking bowl and controls the heat . Complex rice cookers may have many more sensors and other components, and may be multipurpose. Gold Document ID: 110

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: High-altitude cooking) lowered by approximately 0.5 °C. At in elevation, water boils at just . Boiling as a cooking method must be adjusted or alternatives applied. Vegetables and some starches will simply take longer to cook, while rice and legumes (beans) usually require a pressure cooker. Pasta will also require a pressure cooker. A pressure cooker is often used to compensate for the low atmospheric pressure at very high elevations. Under these circumstances, water boils at temperatures significantly below 100 °C and, without the use of a pressure cooker, may leave boiled foods undercooked. Charles Darwin commented on this phenomenon in "The Document [2] (Title: Scorched rice) from the Persian "tahdig", which is a single thick piece; the "hikakeh" contains some loose rice as well. Before serving, the "hikakeh" is broken into pieces so that everyone is provided with some along with the fluffy rice. "Okoge" () is eaten with vegetables or moistened with water, soup, or tea. Until electric rice cookers came into common use in the 20th century, rice in Japan was cooked in a "kamado", a traditional stove heated by wood or charcoal. Because regulating the heat of a wood or charcoal fire is more difficult, a layer of rice at the bottom of Document [3] (Title: Rice cooker) is fully cooked and ready to eat. Some rice cookers are designed to accommodate a basket to steam vegetables, dumplings, buns, and so on in the steam coming off the rice. If the rice cooker is not suited for such uses, there is a chance that it will damage the appliance. In particular, it is quite possible that the polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE) coating becomes scarred by the rough bottom of ceramic wares placed inside the inner cooking bowl. If such cooking is outside indicated usage of the appliance, it typically invalidates the warranty. In some countries, electric rice cookers, including Japanese Document [4] (Title: Potato ricer) Potato ricer A potato ricer (also called a ricer) is a kitchen implement used to process potatoes or other food by forcing it through a sheet of small holes, which are typically about the diameter of a grain of rice. A common variety of potato ricer resembles a large garlic press. It has two long handles, one with a perforated basket at the end, the other with a flat surface that fits into the basket. The food is placed in the basket, then the flat surface is pushed down into the basket by pressing the handles together, forcing the food Document [5] (Title: Korean cuisine) to "stretch" the rice; this is still done in dishes such as "boribap" (rice with barley) and "kongbap" (rice with beans). White rice, which is rice with the bran removed, has been the preferred form of rice since its introduction into the cuisine. The most traditional method of cooking the rice has been to cook it in an iron pot called a "sot" (솥) or "musoe sot" (무쇠솥). This method of rice cookery dates back to at least the Goryeo period, and these pots have even been found in tombs from the Silla period. The "sot" is still used today, Document [6] (Title: Instant rice) Instant rice Instant rice is rice that has been precooked. Some types are microwave ready. Some types are dehydrated so that they cook more rapidly. Regular rice requires 18-30 minutes to cook while instant rice needs 1-7 minutes. Because it has already been cooked, all that is necessary to prepare instant rice is to simply microwave it or re-hydrate it with hot water. Instant rice is made using several methods. The most common method is similar to the home cooking process. The rice is blanched in hot water, steamed, and rinsed. It is then placed in large ovens for dehydration Document [7] (Title: Japanese kitchen) European houses, never made it into most Japanese households because dishes requiring cooking in an oven, such as roasted chicken and baked pies, became popular only much later. Instead of an oven, a smaller fish oven was fitted into a gas stove. The gas-heated rice cooker remained in use until the 1970s in many houses and was eventually be replaced by the electric rice cooker. In the 1920s, electricity became more widespread in homes in Japan. In "Nihonkatei daihyakkajiten" (literally "Encyclopedia of Japanese Household") published in 1927, there is already an entry of "katei denka" meaning a completely electric house. Document [8] (Title: Arroz à grega) to heat); in the case it evaporates before the rice is at a texture appropriate to human chewing, more water should be added when noises of vapor bubbles heard coming from the bottom turn more violent than usual as rice finding the overly heated pot contributes to the sounds (it sounds a bit more like deep-frying, though with a more sultry and less "watery" characteristic to the sound). Heating is lowered a bit before such a process starts, preferentially (some 5–10 minutes, practice gives use to the right time). The second water pouring is added not generously (otherwise it can Document [9] (Title: Rice cooker) Asian cuisine, often use industrial-sized rice cookers (often they are gas pressure cookers, but there are electric models) that quickly and cheaply produce large quantities of cooked rice. A rice cooker is a standard appliance in kitchens in many Asian countries and households. There were approximately 85 million rice cookers made in 2005. Most of the rice cookers were made in China, South Korea and Japan, with 70% of the production in China. Most of Chinese production was from Zhanjiang City and Lianjiang City in Guangdong Province. Since the 1980s, electric rice cookers were manufactured in China and Korea, who Document [10] (Title: Rice cooker) The prices vary greatly, depending on the capacity, features, materials used, and the country of origin. The majority of modern electric rice cookers are equipped with a stay-warm or keep-warm feature, which keeps the rice at an optimal temperature for serving without over-cooking it. Some gas cookers also have electric stay-warm mechanism. However, the usefulness of this feature degrades over time, a microwave may be more energy efficient or better suited to reheat rice that will sit longer than four hours. Some rice cookers use induction heating, with one or more induction heaters directly warming the pot. This can improve Document [11] (Title: Solar cooker) The exception to this rule is some green vegetables, which quickly change from a perfectly cooked bright green to olive drab, while still retaining the desirable texture. For most foods, such as rice, the typical person would be unable to tell how it was cooked from looking at the final product. There are some differences, however: Bread and cakes brown on their tops instead of on the bottom. Compared to cooking over a fire, the food does not have a smoky flavor. A box cooker has a transparent glass or plastic top, and it may have additional reflectors to concentrate Document [12] (Title: Parboiling) item which will then be cooked another way such as braising, grilling, or stir-frying. Parboiling differs from blanching in that one does not cool the items using cold water or ice after removing them from the boiling water. Sometimes raw rice or paddy is dehusked by using steam. This steam also partially boils the rice while dehusking. This process generally changes the colour of rice from white to a bit reddish. This type of rice is eaten in the districts of Udupi and Dakshina Kannada of Karnataka state, in the state of Kerala, and in most parts of Tamil Nadu, Document [13] (Title: Pressure cooking) 2/3 full, depending on ingredients and liquid (see Safety features section). Pressure cookers are typically made of aluminum (aluminium) or stainless steel. Aluminum pressure cookers may be stamped, polished, or anodized, but all are unsuitable for the dishwasher. They are cheaper, but the aluminum is reactive to acidic foods, whose flavors are changed in the reactions, and less durable than stainless steel pressure cookers. Higher-quality stainless steel pressure cookers are made with heavy, three-layer, or copper-clad bottoms (heat spreader) for uniform heating because stainless steel has lower thermal conductivity. Most modern stainless steel cookers are dishwasher safe, although some manufacturers Document [14] (Title: Rice) used extensively in Japan, including to accompany savoury dishes, where it is usually served plain in a separate dish. Short-grain rice is often used for rice pudding. Instant rice differs from parboiled rice in that it is fully cooked and then dried, though there is a significant degradation in taste and texture. Rice flour and starch often are used in batters and breadings to increase crispiness. Rice is typically rinsed before cooking to remove excess starch. Rice produced in the US is usually fortified with vitamins and minerals, and rinsing will result in a loss of nutrients. Rice may be Document [15] (Title: Slow cooker) have a minimum recommended liquid level to avoid uncontrolled heating. Many slow cookers have two or more heat settings (e.g., low, medium, high, and sometimes a "keep warm" setting); some have continuously variable power. Most slow cookers have no temperature control and deliver a constant heat to the contents. The temperature of the contents rises until it reaches boiling point, at which point the energy goes into gently boiling the liquid closest to the hot surface. At a lower setting, it may just simmer at a temperature below the boiling point. To use a slow cooker, the cook places raw Document [16] (Title: Gamasot) pot, so that the steam generated when boiling the food can not escape well. It is also made to increase the pressure of water vapor in the pot with the weight of the heavy lid. In this case, there is a science principle that can produce delicious rice more than the general cooker or electric rice cooker we are currently using. First, when you cook rice using a pot, you pour water with rice and burn it. Then, the temperature of the pot will rise due to the heat conduction, and the water will boil. The important point is that Document [17] (Title: Solar cooker) cooking time. With a small solar panel cooker, it might be possible to melt butter in 15 minutes, to bake cookies in 2 hours, and to cook rice for four people in 4 hours. With a high performing parabolic solar cooker, you may be able to grill a steak in minutes. However, depending on local conditions and the solar cooker type, these projects could take half as long, or twice as long. It is difficult to burn food in a solar cooker. Food that has been cooked even an hour longer than necessary is usually indistinguishable from minimally cooked food. Document [18] (Title: Rice burner) Rice burner Rice burner is a pejorative, used as early as the 1960s, originally describing Japanese motorcycles, then later applied to Japanese cars, and eventually to Asian-made motorcycles and automobiles in general. The term most often refers to vehicles manufactured in East Asia, where rice is a staple food. Variations include rice rocket, referring most often to Japanese superbikes, rice machine, rice grinder or simply ricer. The adjectival variation riced out describes the result of "overmodifying a sports compact, usually with oversized or ill-matched exterior appointments". Rice boy is a US derogatory term for the driver or builder of an Document [19] (Title: Gamasot) that there is no anemia when eating rice in gamasot. It can be seen that it is the electric pressure cooker which shows the new technology by combining the principle of gamasot with the modern science. The lid of Gamasot is heavy and slowly changes temperature. It maintains high internal pressure and high temperature, and it becomes delicious rice. The Gamasot lid is much heavier than the pot lid made of other materials. The pressure cooker that is used these days is enough to lock the function. If the pot lid is heavy, the air inside the pot will expand Document [20] (Title: Rice cooker) grain shape, and grain composition. There are three main types of Asian rice: "Oryza sativa" subsp. indica, i.e., Indian rice (long grain rice, e.g., basmati rice and Thai jasmine rice), "O. sativa subsp. javanica", i.e., Java rice (large grain rice) and "O. sativa subsp. japonica", i.e., Japanese rice (medium grain rice, e.g., Calrose rice, short grain rice, e.g., most Japanese rice and risotto rice). African rice, "Oryza glaberrima", is an entirely separate species, but can be cooked in the same way. Zizania is not even in the same genus, although it is often called a rice (or "water oats"); it Document [21] (Title: Rice cooker) a heating element on the cooking range that had to be otherwise occupied for rice cooking. Although the rice cooker does not necessarily speed up the cooking process, with an electric rice cooker the cook's involvement in cooking rice is reduced to simply measuring the rice, preparing the rice properly and using the correct amount of water. Once the rice cooker is set to cook, the rice will be cooked with no further attention. Some types of rice dishes require special ways of preparation and are not suited to the mode of cooking used by electric/gas rice cookers. These recipes Document [22] (Title: Rice-cooking utensils) porridge). Some rices, such as white rice, long-grain rice and African rice, break up more easily. Some cooking methods are more likely to break the rice (fragmenting it with a mortar and pestle before cooking, or stirring frequently). Some rice is stickier. Most recipes will therefore not work for all rices. Rice can be cooked by heating in boiling water or steam, or a combination of both (boiling until water evaporates, then continuing in steam generated by continued heating). Rice cooking utensils may be divided into A microwave rice cooker is a container designed specifically for cooking rice. Some container Document [23] (Title: Rice-cooking utensils) to the boil at high power. Then, it can be cooked at low or low-medium power until all the water is evaporated (about 20 min - 30 min, depending on the rice type) and not much steam is coming out. The container is then left to stand for 5 min before the rice is stirred for serving. Rice-cooking utensils Rice-cooking utensils are tools used for cooking rice and similar foods. Dedicated rice-cooking utensils have a long history. A ceramic rice steamer dated to 1250 BC is on display in the British Museum. Rice absorbs a great deal of water as Document [24] (Title: Scorched rice) the pot would often be slightly burned during cooking; this layer, called "okoge", was not discarded, but was eaten with vegetables or moistened with water, soup, or tea. "Okoge" is still eaten in Japanese cuisine, and is an important part of the "kaiseki" meal served at tea ceremonies, where it is typically served with hot water and pickles as the final course. It has a crispy texture and a nutty flavour. Because the cooking temperature of modern electric rice cookers is precisely controlled, "okoge" does not usually form naturally during the cooking process. However, there are rice cookers on the Document [25] (Title: Cooked rice) boiled rice is used as an ingredient in many dishes. Leftover steamed rice is used to make porridge or fried rice dishes. Some common dishes using cooked rice as the main ingredient include: Most common is plain, steamed white rice; however, a number of varieties and are served, many with specific cooking methods. Some varieties include: Cooked rice Cooked rice refers to rice that has been cooked either by steaming or boiling. The terms steamed rice or boiled rice are also commonly used. Any variant of Asian rice (both Indica and Japonica varieties), African rice or wild rice, glutinous or Document [26] (Title: Rice) rinsed repeatedly until the rinse water is clear to improve the texture and taste. Rice may be soaked to decrease cooking time, conserve fuel, minimize exposure to high temperature, and reduce stickiness. For some varieties, soaking improves the texture of the cooked rice by increasing expansion of the grains. Rice may be soaked for 30 minutes up to several hours. Brown rice may be soaked in warm water for 20 hours to stimulate germination. This process, called germinated brown rice (GBR), activates enzymes and enhances amino acids including gamma-aminobutyric acid to improve the nutritional value of brown rice. This method Document [27] (Title: Gamasot) the lower part of the pot, which is directly exposed to fire, is made thicker, and the upper part is made thinner gradually to 1/2. As a result, the heat is transferred evenly in the pot, so that the moisture content ratio is high, and the rice balls are firmly formed. And another reason why delicious rice is made is found on the lid. When the water boils in the pot, water vapor is generated. When it is blown out, the heat in the pot is lost and the temperature easily falls. In order to prevent the steam from leaking Document [28] (Title: Pressure cooking) foods and liquids (lentils, beans, grains, milk, gravy, etc.) An electric pressure cooker integrates a timer. Depending on cooking control capability, there are three generations of electric pressure cookers: Some cookers are multifunctional (multicookers): pressure cooker, saute/browning, slow cooker, rice cooker, yogurt maker, steamer and stockpot warmer that can also be used to keep cooked food warm. In an ordinary, non-pressurized cooking vessel, the boiling point of water is at standard pressure; the temperature of food is limited by the boiling point of water because excess heat causes boiling water to vaporize into steam. In a sealed pressure cooker, the Document [29] (Title: Rice-cooking utensils) washing, a generous amount of water is added to the rice then the mixture is stirred a few times with a hand quickly. The water is then drained immediately while the lighter starch is still in the water, and the heavier rice grains settle at the bottom of the container. The washing process may need to be repeated up to three times until the water draining out is clear of starch. Excessive washing, however, is believed to be detrimental, since it will remove too many water-soluble nutrients, e.g., vitamins. With the three-part model, the inner bowl is then placed within Document [30] (Title: Slow cooker) food and a liquid, such as stock, water, or wine, in the slow cooker. Some recipes call for pre-heated liquid. The cook puts the lid on the slow cooker and turns it on. Some cookers automatically switch from cooking to warming (maintaining the temperature at after a fixed time or after the internal temperature of the food, as determined by a probe, reaches a specified value. Heating element heats the contents to a steady temperature in the range. The contents are enclosed by the crock and the lid, and attain an essentially constant temperature. The vapor that is produced at Document [31] (Title: Rice cooker) attached to opposite ends. To cook the rice, the box was filled with washed rice and water, and then a current was applied. This caused the water to boil. When the rice was cooked, the reduction of the water quantity caused an increase in resistance which reduced the power to a stay-warm state. This method, however, was not suitable for different water qualities or degrees of rice washing and as such varied the amount of heat produced and the end results. It also presented a high risk of electrocution, thus it was not suitable for home cooking. In 1945, the Document [32] (Title: Induction cooking) equipment may be a built-in surface, part of a range, or a standalone surface unit. Built-in and rangetop units typically have multiple elements, the equivalent of separate burners on a gas-fueled range. Stand-alone induction modules are usually single-element, or sometimes have dual elements. All such elements share a basic design: an electromagnet sealed beneath a heat-resisting glass-ceramic sheet that is easily cleaned. The pot is placed on the ceramic glass surface and begins to heat up, along with its contents. In Japan, some models of rice cookers are powered by induction. In Hong Kong, power companies list a number of Document [33] (Title: Rice cooker) "atm" to 1.7 "atm" (not over 1.4 "atm" for home appliances) to raise the cooking temperature over 100 °C. Expensive models often provide a steam-heating function. In the 1990s, China started-mass-producing economical electrical rice cookers with limited functions and exporting them to many countries. Japanese makers have been attempting to compete by seeking a niche in models with added values by increasing the number of features of their products. In the 2000s, more deluxe models appeared on the market and attracted much attention. These models are characterized by non-metallic materials for inner cooking bowls to employ thermal far-infrared radiation in Document [34] (Title: Rice-cooking utensils) Rice-cooking utensils Rice-cooking utensils are tools used for cooking rice and similar foods. Dedicated rice-cooking utensils have a long history. A ceramic rice steamer dated to 1250 BC is on display in the British Museum. Rice absorbs a great deal of water as it cooks, expanding its volume and using up the cooking water. The moisture and heat gelatinize and soften the starch granules in the rice. The cooking time for raw rice (not parboiled beforehand) ranges from about 15 minutes and up, depending upon the type and freshness of rice, method, and desired result (from separate grains to disintegrated Document [35] (Title: Gamasot) the high temperature is maintained for a long time, so that the color, the gloss, the smell, the taste and the stickiness of rice are the best conditions. And when the lid is made about one third of the weight of the pot, the lid is automatically opened by the water vapor when the rice is cooked. The ancestors see this signal that the steam is pushing the lid and reduce the heat. If you cook rice in gamasot, it is good because gamasot is breathing. And because the iron in the pot increased the hemoglobin level, it is said Document [36] (Title: Glutinous rice) cooked by soaking for several hours and then steaming in a bamboo basket or "houat" (Lao: ຫວດ). After that, it should be turned out on a clean surface and kneaded with a wooden paddle to release the steam; this results in rice balls that will stick to themselves but not to fingers. The large rice ball is kept in a small basket made of bamboo or "tip khao" (Lao: ຕິບເຂົ້າ). The rice is sticky but dry, rather than wet and gummy like non-glutinous varieties. The fingers of the right hand are used to eat it by wadding the rice. Laotians Document [37] (Title: Japanese rice) in summer, and two hours in winter. Soaking times also depend on the quality and freshness of the rice. The rice is then boiled using a ratio of about five parts of water to four parts of rice – though with fresher rice, the ratio can go down to 1-to-1. After this, it is steamed until the centre of the rice becomes soft. Salt is not added to the rice. Most modern rice cookers include a timer, so that rice will be ready for the morning meal. The rice cooker can also keep rice moist and warm, allowing it to Document [38] (Title: Brown rice) of Rice, is brown rice that has been soaked for 4–20 hours in warm water before cooking. This stimulates germination, which activates various enzymes in the rice, giving rise to a more complete amino acid profile, including GABA. Cooked brown rice tends to be chewy; cooked GBR is softer, and preferred particularly by children. Brown rice generally needs longer cooking times than white rice, unless it is broken or flourblasted (which perforates the bran without removing it). Parboiled rice is a modified process that forces into the kernel some of the vitamins found in the hull before the hull is Document [39] (Title: Slow cooker) in the pot edge; condensed vapor collects in the groove and provides a low-pressure seal to the atmosphere. The contents of a crock pot are effectively at atmospheric pressure, despite the water vapor generated inside the pot. A slow cooker is quite different from a pressure cooker and presents no danger of an abrupt pressure release. The "crock," or ceramic pot, itself acts as both a cooking container and a heat reservoir. Slow cookers come in capacities from to . Because the heating elements are generally located at the bottom and often also partway up the sides, most slow cookers Document [40] (Title: Rice cooker) a large Double boiler with holes near the top of the insert to allow transmission of steam from the water bath to the insert. It now applies mostly to automated cookers. Electric rice cookers were developed in Japan, where they are known as . The bowl is filled with rice and water. During cooking, the rice/water mixture is heated at full power. The water reaches a temperature of 100 °C (212 °F); it cannot get hotter than its boiling point (all the energy goes into vapourizing the water). At the end of cooking there will be no free water left; Document [41] (Title: Pressure cooking) the cooking time. Liquid can be added inside the container when pressure cooking foods such as rice, which need to absorb liquid in order to cook properly. The flavor of some foods, such as meat and onions, can be improved by gently cooking with a little pre-heated cooking oil, butter or other fat in the open pressure cooker over medium heat for stove-top models (unless the manufacturer advises against this) before pressure cooking, while avoiding overheating the empty pressure cooker not heating the empty cooker with the lid and gasket in place to avoid damage. Electric pressure cookers usually have Document [42] (Title: Cooked rice) and soaked before being cooked. Unpolished brown rice requires longer soaking time than milled white rice does. The amount of water added can vary depending on many factors. Newly harvested rice usually requires less water, and softer varieties need more water than firmer varieties. Rice can be boiled in a heavy-bottomed cookware or steamed in a food steamer. Some boiling methods do not require precise water measurements, as the rice is strained after boiling. This draining method is suitable for the less glutinous varieties such as basmati rice, but not-suitable for varieties like japonica rice which become sticky to some Document [43] (Title: Induction cooking) energy-efficient. The surface of the cooker is heated only by the pot and so does not usually reach a hazardous temperature. Because the temperature of the cooking surface matches that of the pot, this permits precise control of the cooking temperature. The control system shuts down the element if a pot is not present or not large enough. Induction cookers are easy to clean because the cooking surface is flat and smooth and does not get hot enough to make spilled food burn and stick. The unit can detect whether cookware is present by monitoring power delivered. This allows it Document [44] (Title: Thermal cooking) more energy-efficient vacuum flask must cook within the time taken for the food to cool below cooking temperature. Thermal cookers with two inner pots allow two items to be cooked at the same time, such as curry and rice. All thermal cookers are capable of cooking many dishes from soups to puddings. Cakes and bread can also be cooked by partly submerging the cake/bread tin in boiling water. The pot is filled with food and water and heated to cooking temperature outside of the flask on a stove, usually to boiling. It is then sealed inside the vacuum flask for Document [45] (Title: Xiaomi Smart Home) range is 30 km. Launched on 29 March 2016. According to Xiaomi, the pressure rice cooker uses 1.2 bar pressure to raise the boiling point of water to around 105℃. Users can use their smartphones to scan the barcode on the rice packaging, with the cooker automatically adjusting its methodology to suit the particular rice type, brand, origin and user preferred softness. The companion app also includes options to cook steamed vegetables, crispy rice and cakes, and users can look up the recipe and set the corresponding heating method through the app. The company had to deal with a PR Document [46] (Title: Malaysian cuisine) government is fully committed and involved in planning, allocating resources and managing subsidies for the rice farming industry. The state of Kedah is considered the "rice bowl" () of the country, accounting for about half of Malaysia's total production of rice. Plain steamed white rice, to be served with side dishes of meat or vegetables, is typically prepared with an electric rice cooker at home. Some households and food establishments prefer to cook rice on a stove top with the absorption method or the rapid-boil method. Compressed rice, called "nasi himpit", is another method of preparing and cooking rice: the Document [47] (Title: Japanese rice) remain edible for several hours. Prepared rice is usually served from the rice cooker into a "chawan", or rice bowl. After cooking, rice may also be held in a covered wooden box called an "ohitsu". The Dojima Rice Market in Osaka was the first known futures market, with trading in rice contracts established sometime around 1730. This market ceased with economic controls in 1939. In 2005, the Tokyo Grain Exchange announced that it would create a futures contract on rice with trading starting in the summer of 2006. However, the trading of these futures contracts has been postponed to an Document [48] (Title: Rice-cooking utensils) the outer bowl and a small amount of water is added, so that the rice is just about covered. The lid is then fitted and the cooker is microwaved at full power for between 8 and 15 minutes (depending on the rice type, power output of the appliance and personal texture preference). Cooking occurs with the water boiling away and steaming the grains. It is very important to follow the manufacturer's instructions regarding the length of time and amount of water added, otherwise the rice can burn. This method works well with long-grain rice that does not release much starch Document [49] (Title: Pressure cooking) boiling point of water increases as the pressure rises, resulting in superheated water. At a pressure of 1 bar or approximately above the existing atmospheric pressure, water in a pressure cooker will reach a temperature of . The boiling temperature of water (and water-based liquids) is determined by the ambient atmospheric pressure. Pressure cookers always require liquid in order to cook food under pressure. Inside a pressure cooker, once the water (liquid) is boiling and the steam is trapped, the pressure from the steam increases and pushes on the liquid, which increases its boiling temperature. The heat applied to the Document [50] (Title: Rice cooker) include, e.g., risotto, paella, and stuffed peppers ("capsicums"). They must be cooked by hand. The rice is measured and added to the inner bowl or washed in a separate bowl in order to remove loosened starch and residual bran. It is not recommended to wash rice in the inner bowl itself so as to preserve the non-stick surface. Strainers are often used in the washing and draining process. For better texture and taste, some types of rice, e.g., Japanese rice or Calrose rice which is suited for absorption method, require pre-cooking water absorption. The water absorption step typically involves letting Document [51] (Title: Rice cooker) of rice best. For example, most Japanese rice cookers are optimized for cooking Japanese rice and may not be the best for other types of rice, although cooking time can be lengthened simply by more water. The typical method of cooking long grain rice is boil-and-strain and/or steaming method. The absorption method used in Japanese rice cookers will produce slightly different texture and taste, usually stickier rice. Brown rice generally needs longer cooking times than white rice, unless it is broken or flourblasted (which perforates the bran). Different varieties of rice need different cooking times, depending on their grain size, Document [52] (Title: Rice cooker) an insulated outer container and an inner removable bowl, often coated with a non-stick surface, and stamped with water-level graduations marked in cups of rice used. The rice cup measure is normally based on the traditional Japanese measurement system 1 , which has its origin in China (). One is 180 "ml", or approximately 25% smaller than the American measuring cup of 8 (US) fluid ounces/240 ml, and is regarded as producing enough cooked rice for a single meal for one person. Initial models did not have a keep-warm feature and the cooked rice cooled down too quickly, thus it Document [53] (Title: Parboiled rice) vacuum dried, then steamed, followed by another vacuum drying and husking. This also makes the rice more resistant to weevils and lessens cooking time. In even later methods the rice is soaked in hot water, then steamed for boiling which only takes 3 hours rather than the 20 hours of traditional methods. These methods also yield a yellowish color in the rice, which undergoes less breakage when milled. Parboiled rice Parboiled rice (also called converted rice and easy-cook rice) is rice that has been partially boiled in the husk. The three basic steps of parboiling are soaking, steaming and drying. Document [54] (Title: Rice huller) significant drawback. Rice huller A rice huller or rice husker is an agricultural machine used to automate the process of removing the chaff (the outer husks) of grains of rice. Throughout history, there have been numerous techniques to hull rice. Traditionally, it would be pounded using some form of mortar and pestle. An early simple machine to do this is a rice pounder. Later even more efficient machinery was developed to hull and polish rice. These machines are most widely developed and used throughout Asia where the most popular type is the Engelberg huller designed by German Brazilian engineer Evaristo Document [55] (Title: Rice burner) import-car hot rod. The terms may disparage cars which have been cheaply modified to present a deceptive or cosmetic appearance of high performance, without the capability. The term is often defined as offensive or racist stereotyping. In some cases users of the term assert that it is not offensive or racist, or else treat the term as a humorous, mild insult rather than a racial slur. Rice burner Rice burner is a pejorative, used as early as the 1960s, originally describing Japanese motorcycles, then later applied to Japanese cars, and eventually to Asian-made motorcycles and automobiles in general. The term Document [56] (Title: Gamasot) out, the lid is covered, so when steam is generated, the steam pressure in the pot rises and the rice easily boils. This principle can be easily seen when we climb on high mountains and cook rice. On the mountain, the pressure is low and the boiling temperature of the water is lowered. To prevent this, we place heavy stones on the lid, which is the principle of the lid of the iron pot. That is, when the weight ratio between the lid and the pot is about one third, the pressure inside the pot is the most appropriate, and Document [57] (Title: Rice) is a result of research carried out for the United Nations International Year of Rice. Rice is cooked by boiling or steaming, and absorbs water during cooking. With the absorption method, rice may be cooked in a volume of water similar to the volume of rice. With the rapid-boil method, rice may be cooked in a large quantity of water which is drained before serving. Rapid-boil preparation is not desirable with enriched rice, as much of the enrichment additives are lost when the water is discarded. Electric rice cookers, popular in Asia and Latin America, simplify the process of cooking Document [58] (Title: Potato ricer) German dish "spaghettieis". Potters and ceramicists use ricers to extrude "hair" for human heads or animal sculptures such as sheep. Potato ricers are seen by some to be too bulky, and an unnecessary kitchen utensil. Many opponents of potato ricers will point out that mashing potatoes does a similar job. Potato ricer A potato ricer (also called a ricer) is a kitchen implement used to process potatoes or other food by forcing it through a sheet of small holes, which are typically about the diameter of a grain of rice. A common variety of potato ricer resembles a large garlic Document [59] (Title: Rice cooker) either gas or electrical appliances. Most dedicated home rice cookers are of the electric type. In commercial or industrial use, there are many varieties, such as large gas or electric rice cookers, a large-scale rice cooker that is called a "rice boiler", and fully automatic versions which handle the whole process of rice cooking from washing rice to the end of the cooking cycle. Many modern cookers have a heat-insulating casing and a warming mechanism. When the rice is determined to be fully cooked, the unit will automatically switch to the "keep warm" cycle, thus preventing the rice from being Document [60] (Title: Solar cooker) sunlight. Foods that cook quickly may be added to the solar cooker later. Rice for a mid-day meal might be started early in the morning, with vegetables, cheese, or soup added to the solar cooker in the middle of the morning. Depending on the size of the solar cooker and the number and quantity of cooked foods, a family may use one or more solar cookers. A solar oven is turned towards the sun and left until the food is cooked. Unlike cooking on a stove or over a fire, which may require more than an hour of constant supervision, Document [61] (Title: Japanese kitchen) of 9 households and only 1 out of 100 households used gas for cooking. Gas companies realized this, and early appliances were directly imported from England which made them too costly for all but the richest citizens. The Japanese kitchen turned away from American and European kitchens at this point. The first item of the industrialization to be introduced to most houses was the gas-heated rice cooker. A gas stove were introduced much later as the cost of gas was still too high for most homes. A gas oven, often an essential part of the kitchen in many American and Document [62] (Title: Rice cooker) Rice cooker A rice cooker or rice steamer is an automated kitchen appliance designed to boil or steam rice. It consists of a heat source, a cooking bowl, and a thermostat. The thermostat measures the temperature of the cooking bowl and controls the heat. Complex rice cookers may have many more sensors and other components, and may be multipurpose. The term rice cooker or Charleston Rice Steamer formerly applied to non-automated dedicated rice-cooking utensils, which have an ancient history (a ceramic rice steamer dated to 1250 BC is on display in the British Museum). These utensils are constructed similar to Document [63] (Title: Arroz à grega) a "Brazilian" rice too wet) and/or continues to cook the rice past the right point. Most of the difference in recipes surrounds around the right time to which the raisins, vegetables and often meat is added to the rice, and whether they are all fried together previously or not. Other differences include what is added to the rice before the raisins and vegetables (might include garlic, onions, biological coloring and even lentils, soy sauce, MSG or rosemary), how the rice is cooked, and obviously, what to add to the rice. Given the many differences between ingredients in such a dish, Document [64] (Title: Rice-cooking utensils) consists of three parts: an outer bowl, a fitted lid with steam vents, and an inner bowl with a finely perforated base. Some others have only one container and the double-layered lid fitted with a steam vent. A measured amount of dry rice is placed within the bowl. For long-grain rice or scented rice (e.g., basmati rice, Thai jasmine rice), neither washing or soaking is usually necessary unless contaminating dirt is suspected. For Japanese rice (e.g., Calrose or medium/short grain rice), the rice is washed to remove surface starch powder and the trace of rice bran from the grains. For Document [65] (Title: Rice cooker) energy efficiency. Most modern rice cookers use aluminium for the inner cooking bowl. There are some models that use stainless steel instead of aluminium. Various other materials, such as copper, pure carbon, ceramic, and diamond powder coating, may be used for higher heat conductivity or better taste. The pressure-cooking models can raise the water's boiling point higher, e.g., from 100 °C at 1.0 atm up to about 110 °C at 1.4 atm, which speeds cooking. The pressure-cooking models can also be used in high altitude areas, where the boiling temperature is below 100 Celsius. Pressure cookers are also suitable for Document [66] (Title: Ashke Pithe) used. At first the rice powder is mixed with slightly hot water. A little salt is given in the mixture. Then the mixture of rice powder and water mixture is poured in the first lid using oil on its surface. The mixture is half of diameter of the second lid. After that, the second lid is covered with a mixture and the two lids are placed on the cooker. The lids are removed from the cooker after two and half minutes to two minutes later. At the time of making the Pitha, water is spread from the above. As oil Document [67] (Title: Pressure cooking) the major concerns, mountaineering pressure cookers may be designed to operate at a much lower differential pressure than regular units so that thinner, lighter construction can be used. Generally, the goal is to raise the cooking temperature enough to make cooking possible and to conserve fuel by reducing heat lost through boiling. Lightweight pressure cookers as small as weighing are available for mountain climbers. Sherpas often use pressure cookers in base camp. Some food toxins can be reduced by pressure cooking. A Korean study of aflatoxins in rice (associated with "Aspergillus" fungus) showed that pressure cooking was capable of reducing Document [68] (Title: Arroz à grega) steaming rather than boiling. Some people prefer to preemptively add a little less water to the boiling process (without a kettle) to make sure the first water pouring does not last too long and the bottom rice does not get burned while the heating is still considerably high. A small opening should be made separating the kettle from its correct position a few millimeters or centimeters for some 3–8 minutes before the heating is turned off, to make sure the steam gets out and does not condense afterwards (as has been mentioned previously, there are various problems associated with leaving Document [69] (Title: Lontong) The leaf is secured with "lidi semat", wooden needle made from the central rib of coconut leaf, and cooked in boiling water for about 90 minutes. Once the compacted rice has cooled, it can be cut up into bite-sized pieces. Outer parts of "lontong" usually have greenish color because of the chlorophyll left by banana leaf rub off on rice cake surface. Alternative ways of cooking "lontong" include placing uncooked rice into a muslin bag then letting the water seep in and cause the rice to form a solid mass. Another popular and easier method is by using commercially available Document [70] (Title: Solar cooker) lined with copper, stainless steel, and aluminum nitrile to better absorb and conduct heat from the sun's rays. Some vacuum tube solar cookers incorporate lightweight designs which allow great portability (such as the GoSun stove) Portable vacuum tube cookers such as the GoSun allow users to cook freshly caught fish on the beach without needing to light a fire. Advantages Disadvantages Cardboard, aluminium foil, and plastic bags for well over 10,000 solar cookers have been donated to the Iridimi refugee camp and Touloum refugee camps in Chad by the combined efforts of the Jewish World Watch, the Dutch foundation KoZon, Document [71] (Title: Rice cooker) cooking brown rice (which contains oils and bran fiber that cook differently from pure white rice starch). Some pressure rice cookers have a varying pressure control mechanism (named the "dual-pressure" method) that creates repeated pressure/release cycles during the cooking. There also exist mechanisms to collect and return the boiled over liquid to the inner rice bowl. Many cookers now have microprocessor-controlled cooking cycles, which are often used to adjust for rice and cooking type. Rice cookers are typically used for the preparation of plain or lightly seasoned rice. Each rice cooker model may be optimized to cook a certain type Document [72] (Title: Rice cooker) can be used as steamers. Some can be used as slow cookers. Some other models can bake bread or in some cases have an added function to maintain temperatures suitable for fermentation of bread dough or yogurt. More elaborate recipes are possible using a rice cooker, and there are cookbooks devoted entirely to dishes prepared using a rice cooker. It is possible to cook soups, stews or sponge cakes in electric rice cookers. By simply adding ingredients and setting it to "warm", a rice cooker cooks the contents at about 65 °C (150 °F). In a few hours, the stew Document [73] (Title: Gamasot) when heated with fire, and the water will turn into steam. If the lid is light, water vapor can easily escape, but if it is heavy, it will escape less and the internal pressure will rise. The higher the pressure, the higher the boiling point of water, the more rice is cooked at over 100 degrees, the better it gets at the lower temperature, and the better the taste. To ripe rice, atmospheric pressure (1 atm) or more is required. When you cook rice, the air and water vapor in the pot escape, and when it is steaming it is Document [74] (Title: Rice cooker) for cooking other food in the appliance. Once the lid is closed and the cooking cycle has been activated, the rice cooker does the rest. Most models give a countdown in minutes to the "ready time," or beep when done. After cooking cycle is completed, it is recommended that the rice is to "rest" for 5 minute for post-absorption and then to be stirred to prevent the grains from clinging to each other too hard. Some rice, e.g., long-grain or scented rice, do not seem to require this post-absorption step. Some higher-end models automatically time the soaking (pre-cooking water absorption) Document [75] (Title: Arroz à grega) for example, taking into account them being added in similar cooking periods – whether 1. fried before the rice is added to their pot 2. added after the rice's frying is complete 3. added while the rice is boiling 4. added after the already boiled rice is dry, ready to eat). With the smallest possible trace of water (dried at room temperature in the case it is washed; effects of using a microwave to make the drops and wetness evaporate might not be desirable), it is put to fry in vegetable oil (a practice known as , literally "to make Document [76] (Title: Scorched rice) guests at a meal. Ingredients commonly added to "tahdig" include yogurt and saffron, bread, potato and tomato. Variations of "tahdig" include placing thin vegetable slices at the bottom of the pot, so they crisp up instead of the rice, these vegetables include potato, carrots, and lettuce. Iranians sometimes apply this cooking method to spaghetti as well, providing a hardened base. Iraqi rice cooking is similar to the method used for Persian "chelow", a multi-step process intended to produce tender, fluffy grains of rice. A prominent aspect of Iraqi rice cooking is the "hikakeh", a crisp bottom crust. It differs slightly Document [77] (Title: Scorched rice) Scorched rice Scorched rice, also known as crunchy rice, is a thin crust of slightly browned rice at the bottom of the cooking pot. It is produced during the cooking of rice over direct heat from a flame. "Guōbā" () is eaten as a snack, used as an ingredient in dishes with thick sauces, or served in soups and stews. Guoba (lit. "pan adherents"), sometimes known as "mi guoba" (米鍋巴, lit. rice guoba) is a Chinese food ingredient consisting of scorched rice. Traditionally "guoba" forms during the boiling of rice over direct heat from a flame. This results in the Document [78] (Title: Pressure cooking) aflatoxin concentrations to 12–22% of the amount in the uncooked rice. Pressure cookers are "not" guaranteed to destroy all harmful microorganisms in food, especially when used for short periods of time. Some foods are not recommended for pressure cooking. Foods such as noodles, pasta, cranberries, cereals and oatmeal could expand too much, froth, and sputter, which can block the steam vent. Pressure cookers are available in different capacities for cooking larger or smaller amounts, with 6 litres' capacity being common. The maximum capacity of food is less than the advertised capacity because pressure cookers can only be filled up to Document [79] (Title: Kiribath) for making this dish. Traditionally, it is prepared with a rice variety known as rathu haal or rathu kakulu haal for its neutral flavour and good cooking qualities. Any starchy and sticky rice variety works best. For the rice to set properly, the texture of the cooked rice is very important. Due to some difficult to source the Sri Lankan rice variety in the southern parts of Sri Lanka, the locals might use the red rice. The recipe for Kiribath is fairly simple. The rice is cooked in boiling water for about fifteen minutes, the coconut milk is added and Document [80] (Title: Bubang Techron Co.) Korea, it began exporting to the United States as of late 2003. Bubang Techron Co., Ltd. Bubang Techron Co. Bubang Techron (Hangul:부방테크론) is a major manufacturer of home appliances based in Seoul, South Korea. The company was founded in 1976. The company was an OEM manufacturer for LG until 2004, in which some LG branded Pressure Rice Cookers suddenly exploded (because of clogging of the pressure vents) upon failure of the interlocking system which forced LG to recall the suspected units and eventually pull out of that specific market. Currently the 8th ranked manufacturer of pressure rice cookers in South Document [81] (Title: Rice cooker) the cooking pot to a higher temperature relatively quickly allows the rice to cook faster and steam properly, resulting in a better quality batch of rice. Most, if not all, gas rice cookers use an heat based automatic shut-off system. The basic principle of these systems is such that gas flow into the burner is halted once a specific temperature is reached, resulting in the burner flame to go out. A relatively new concept is the commercial gas pressure cooker. These cookers use pressure cooking to produce a uniformly cooked batch of rice. Cooking rice in a pressure cooker allows Document [82] (Title: Bap (food)) Job's tears, it is necessary to soak the grains for several hours to overnight to avoid under-cooking. The grains are then cooked. In a regular heavy bottomed pot, rice can be cooked over medium high heat with the lid on for about ten minutes, stirred, and then left to simmer on low heat for additional five to ten minutes. The scorched rice in the bottom of the pot or cauldron, "nurungji", can be eaten as snacks or used to make "sungnyung" (an infusion made from boiling scorched rice). Bap refers to the Korean cooked rice. The Bap is a popular Document [83] (Title: Risotto) not the quality. There are many different risotto recipes with different ingredients, but they are all based on rice of an appropriate variety, cooked in a standard procedure. Risotto, unlike other rice dishes, requires constant care and attention. The rice is not to be pre-rinsed, boiled, or drained, as washing would remove much of the starch required for a creamy texture. The rice is first cooked briefly in a "soffritto" of onion and butter or olive oil, to coat each grain in a film of fat, called "tostatura"; white wine is added and must be absorbed by the grains. When Document [84] (Title: Rice cooker) heats the cooking pot much more quickly than electrical power sources. Cooking at higher temperatures allows the rice to absorb water faster and cook more quickly, yielding a sweeter and more firm final product. Due to the amount of rice being cooked at one time, electrical powered cookers are not able to heat the cooking pot fast enough. This usually results in uneven cooking of the overall batch of rice-often leading to mushy or burnt rice on the bottom of the pot and sometimes under-cooked rice at the middle and top of the cooking pot. Finally, being able to heat Document [85] (Title: Rice cooker) the 1980s, higher-end electric rice cookers have used microprocessors to control the cooking process, often incorporating a memory and electronic timer that can be used to set the desired "ready time". Since the 1990s, many models allow users to select desired cooking results for rice (e.g., soft, medium, firm, etc.), different types of rice, or ingredients other than rice. Some models can be used as steamers. In the late 1980s, some higher-end electric rice cookers started using induction heating. This type aims to produce tastier cooked rice by controlling the heating process more precisely. Some other pressure-cooking models use 1.2 Document [86] (Title: Rice cooker) too can be cooked in a rice cooker. A rice cooker can be used to cook many boiled or steamed granular foods, such as pot barley, bulgar wheat, and dal. Provided the ingredients have similar cooking times, a rice cooker can cook mixtures such as khichdi. Some rice cookers can be used as automated couscoussiers, cooking couscous and a stew simultaneously. Some rice cookers have settings for congee, a type of rice porridge called "okayu" in Japanese, juk in Korea, and "zhou" in Chinese. Many models feature an ability to cook sticky rice or porridge as an added value. Most Document [87] (Title: Rice) especially those lost during the milling process. While the cheapest method of enriching involves adding a powdered blend of nutrients that will easily wash off (in the United States, rice which has been so treated requires a label warning against rinsing), more sophisticated methods apply nutrients directly to the grain, coating the grain with a water-insoluble substance which is resistant to washing. In some countries, a popular form, parboiled rice (also known as converted rice and easy-cook rice) is subjected to a steaming or parboiling process while still a brown rice grain. The parboil process causes a gelatinisation of the Document [88] (Title: Puto bumbóng) or "malagkit sungsong" in Tagalog; "pilit" in Visayan). Regular white rice may also be used instead of "malagkit", to give the dish a less chewy consistency. The rice grains are covered completely in water (traditionally salted water) and allowed to soak overnight. This gives it a slightly acidic fermented aftertaste. The mixture is then drained and packed densely into bamboo tubes and steamed. The sides of the bamboo tubes are traditionally greased with coconut oil, but in modern versions, butter or margarine are commonly used. The rice is traditionally cooked as whole grains, but some versions ground the rice before Document [89] (Title: Rice cooker) rice, e.g., long-grain rice or scented rice such as jasmine rice, do not require washing or the water absorption step. The water for cooking is added to the inner bowl by using measuring cups or simply filling up to the appropriate graduated mark in the inner bowl. Although cold water is normally added, boiling water is used for cooking sushi rice. Different kinds of rice require different amounts of water. Usually, there are graduated marks for the right amount of water only for white rice, but sometimes there are separate scales for brown rice (as more water is required) or Document [90] (Title: Instant rice) of instant noodles. Instant rice Instant rice is rice that has been precooked. Some types are microwave ready. Some types are dehydrated so that they cook more rapidly. Regular rice requires 18-30 minutes to cook while instant rice needs 1-7 minutes. Because it has already been cooked, all that is necessary to prepare instant rice is to simply microwave it or re-hydrate it with hot water. Instant rice is made using several methods. The most common method is similar to the home cooking process. The rice is blanched in hot water, steamed, and rinsed. It is then placed in large Document [91] (Title: Instant rice) until the moisture content reaches approximately twelve percent or less. The basic principle involves increasing moisture of the milled white rice by using steam or water to form cracks or holes in the kernels. The fast cooking properties come from the fact that, when recooked, water can penetrate into the cracked grain much more quickly. The major advantage of instant rice is the rapid cooking time - some brands can be ready in as little as three minutes. Currently, several companies, Asian as well as American, have developed brands which only require 90 seconds to cook, much like a cup Document [92] (Title: Rice cooker) Japanese Mitsubishi Electric Corporation was the first company to produce an electric commercial rice cooker. The Mitsubishi product was an aluminium pot with a heating coil inside. It had no automatic turn-off facility, and it required constant monitoring during cooking. In the early development phase, electric home rice cookers used the simple concept of heating the rice to cook and turning off the heater when the temperature rose to a certain point. This method, however, is influenced too greatly by variation of room temperature and often produced under-cooked rice. Many makers continued to experience failures in their ongoing trial-and-error approaches. Document [93] (Title: Rice) rice. Rice (or any other grain) is sometimes quickly fried in oil or fat before boiling (for example saffron rice or risotto); this makes the cooked rice less sticky, and is a cooking style commonly called pilaf in Iran and Afghanistan or biryani in India and Pakistan . In Arab cuisine, rice is an ingredient of many soups and dishes with fish, poultry, and other types of meat. It is also used to stuff vegetables or is wrapped in grape leaves (dolma). When combined with milk, sugar, and honey, it is used to make desserts. In some regions, such as Document [94] (Title: Scorched rice) of rice left over from cooking rice in an iron pot, or, more commonly since the advent of electric rice cookers in the late 20th century, from leftover rice that is fried in oil over high heat to acquire a crispy texture. Scorched rice Scorched rice, also known as crunchy rice, is a thin crust of slightly browned rice at the bottom of the cooking pot. It is produced during the cooking of rice over direct heat from a flame. "Guōbā" () is eaten as a snack, used as an ingredient in dishes with thick sauces, or served in soups Document [95] (Title: Japanese rice) genmai () is brown rice that has been soaked in heated water until germinated. It is also known as GABA rice, as the germination process greatly increases its gamma-Aminobutyric acid content. It has a softer texture than ordinary brown rice and a pleasant fragrance. It is sold in Japanese supermarkets, but it can also be made at home. Some high-end rice cookers have a GABA rice setting to automate the process. "Haigamai" is rice that has been partially milled to remove most of the bran but leave the germ intact. It takes less time to cook than brown rice but Document [96] (Title: Arroz à grega) still out of recommendation to be re-heated whole. Objects manipulating rice before being put to a fridge especially should be clean with at least a soapy substance, a residues remover soaked in it and running water; preferentially, sterilization methods safe to human domestic use are more efficient. Also, important to note is that the more biological seasoning – except for herbs with antimicrobial activity – a boiled rice pot gets, the more perishable it gets. This is especially true, in general, for vegetables with a higher water content (thus fried onion bits make rice more perishable than ground garlic sofrito, Document [97] (Title: Rice cooker) was often necessary to move the cooked rice to heat-insulated serving containers. In 1965, Zojirushi Thermos company started selling electric rice cookers with a stay-warm function, using a semi-conductor heat regulator. The product sold 2,000,000 units per year. Other makers soon followed suit. The stay-warm function can typically keep rice warm for up to 24 hours at a temperature high enough to suppress growth of "Bacillus cereus", a cause of food poisoning. Another notable improvement was the use of electric timers. In simple models, a mechanical thermostat is used to turn off the cooker when the rice is ready. Since Document [98] (Title: Gamasot) he recognized the pot as a symbol of the kingship. Cooking rice in "gamasot" is a longstanding custom in Korea, that began at least during the reign of King Daemusin (18‒44 CE) in Goguryeo. The structure of a pot is generally divided into a lid that covers the pot and a pot, which is the body that cooks rice or rice. In the past, there was a leg on the bottom of the pot. A iron pot is a tool to cook rice in a fireplace by burning a tree in an oven. The lid is tightly attached to the Document [99] (Title: Okowa) sesame oil, dashi, soy sauce, mirin, salt, ginger, chopped mushrooms and carrots, sweet potato, chestnuts, spring onions, cooked fish, and a sheet of nori. The rice is washed with water and is left to be drained for around thirty minutes. Rice is added along with the stock, mirin, sesame oil, salt, sake in a rice cooker and it is left for another thirty minutes. Meat, vegetables and ginger are added next and the cooker is put to the short-grain rice setting. The lid is covered while using the saucepan and brought to the boil once before turning the flame to Document [100] (Title: Arroz à grega) a sofrito") before adding salt, it should be over 100 °C upon adding table salt, water at room temperature is added only a few instants before the rice is almost going to burn, it should be always stirred to make sure the ones at the bottom of the pot do not enter combustion. When water is finally added, it should be given generously, and the rice is then finally put to boil (do not stir it any more time, unless it is desired to make another dish with this rice that includes some form of previously boiling sauce still exposed Document [101] (Title: Rice cooker) models, are regarded as automated universal electric cooking pots, and their use in the preparation of a variety of foods is rather standard. Gas rice cookers have a significantly larger capacity than home rice cookers (5 to 10 liters) and are more commonly used for commercial purposes. They must be connected directly to a fuel source (either a natural gas line or a portable propane source) and do not require an electrical power supply. When cooking in a commercial setting, where quality, quantity, and speed are important factors, gas powered rice cookers offer several benefits. The gas powered flame source Document [102] (Title: Panta bhat) Swarna and White Swarna is often driven by their suitability for panta bhat. There are many variations of the dish though all are made by soaking cooked rice in water overnight. Rice is boiled the usual way. Then "phaen" or starch is strained away. Rice is cooled in air temperature for 3–4 hours. Then cool water is added in a way that about an inch of water rises above the rice. Rice is generally covered with a light piece of fabric. 12–24 hours later panta bhat is ready. Panta bhat retains its taste for 2/3 days. The fluid portion is Document [103] (Title: Arroz à grega) give a soppy, sticky texture to the rice, aside a brick state, what is especially prone to fungal spoiling – especially so since it should get less heating than the boiling process –, as would putting it to boil a third time to warm it; the standard style rice should ideally be as floppy and al dente pasta-like in texture as it gets), and a kettle is put over the pot. It is done merely with the intent of making the rice at the bottom of the pot not burn. Most of the cooking from now on would actually be Document [104] (Title: Thermal cooking) the outer pot walls, while others use a vacuum. A vacuum cooker () is a stainless steel vacuum flask. The flasks come in various sizes ranging from in diameter and tall. A removable pot, with handle and lid, fits inside the vacuum flask. The pot and contents are heated to cooking temperature, and then sealed in the flask. The flask simply reduces heat loss to a minimum, so that the food remains at cooking temperature for a long time, and cooks without continued heating. Note that the food is not cooked in a vacuum. It is cooked inside a vacuum Document [105] (Title: Kerala Sasthra Sahithya Parishad) Rice is cooked in boiled water. The boiling point of water is and will not increase with further heating. When rice is cooked normally, the fire is maintained until it is cooked. If the water temperature can be maintained at without further heating, fuel is saved. This is what the Hot Box is designed to do. Rice is cooked in water until it has boild and the bowl is put in the Hotbox until it is fully cooked. It saves one third of fuel (wood). It also keeps 90 percent of the smoke out of the kitchen by expelling it Document [106] (Title: Rice cooker) At this stage, there was even a trial model which embedded the heating element in a traditional wooden rice container. The first practical electric rice cooker was invented by Yoshitada Minami, who had an association with Toshiba Electric Corporation. It became possible to cook rice practically by employing the triple-chamber rice cooker (that provided heat insulation by air layers). In December 1956, the Toshiba Corporation placed the first commercially successful automated electric rice cookers on the market. It used a double-chamber indirect rice cooking method. Rice was placed into the rice pot, and water into a surrounding container. When the Document [107] (Title: Rice cooker) since the 1980s, and in recent years rice cookers have been also produced. Some other materials used for luxurious rice bowls are pure copper, ceramic-iron layers, and diamond coating. These rice cooker makers research what the best cooked rice means (in taste and texture) and attempt to realize "the best cooked rice" in electric rice cookers by using various inventions. Most regard rice cooked either in a traditional rice cooker used in hearth or in a gas pressure cooker as references, and attempt to achieve or exceed the same. Restaurants that serve a lot of rice, particularly those specializing in Document [108] (Title: Thermal cooking) flask. The hollow evacuated wall of the cooker thermally insulates its contents from the environment, so they remain hot for several hours. Thermal cookers appeal to Cantonese cooks because many Cantonese dishes require prolonged braising or simmering. When these cookers were first introduced in the US, they sold very quickly in the larger Asian supermarkets. The slow cooker is used for a similar purpose; but instead of minimising heat loss, sufficient heat is applied to the non-insulated slow cooker to maintain a steady temperature somewhat below the boiling point of water. A slow cooker allows any desired cooking time; the Document [109] (Title: Multicooker) multicookers can also function as slow cookers. In the 1920s in the United Kingdom, basic "multicookers" were marketed to consumers as an appliance that would save on gas consumption, to save money on gas bills. Simple electric rice cookers were developed in Japan in the 1950s. Over time more functions were added to cook other types of grains and soups, and the appliances became known as multicookers. Modern cookers include electronic time, temperature and pressure controllers and are marketed as "automated multipurpose cooking appliances". The most modern ones, includes Bluetooth and WiFi. At the same time, the European market had Document [110] (Title: Rice cooker) focused on simple feature models because of the market trend which regarded the price competition to be more important than rich features. Rice cooker A rice cooker or rice steamer is an automated kitchen appliance designed to boil or steam rice. It consists of a heat source, a cooking bowl, and a thermostat. The thermostat measures the temperature of the cooking bowl and controls the heat. Complex rice cookers may have many more sensors and other components, and may be multipurpose. The term rice cooker or Charleston Rice Steamer formerly applied to non-automated dedicated rice-cooking utensils, which have an ancient Document [111] (Title: Rice-cooking utensils) and is conventionally cooked with the boil/strain or steam methods. Microwave rice cookers can also be used for cooking Japanese rice, or medium- or short grain rice, but the absorption method should be used. The rice is washed well to remove starch and allowed to stand to absorb water for at least 15 min before cooking. The water absorption step is essential, otherwise the cooking may result in cooked rice which is still too hard. The regular amount of water as the conventional cooking method can be used. The container is placed in the microwave and it is brought up Document [112] (Title: Cooked rice) Cooked rice Cooked rice refers to rice that has been cooked either by steaming or boiling. The terms steamed rice or boiled rice are also commonly used. Any variant of Asian rice (both Indica and Japonica varieties), African rice or wild rice, glutinous or non-glutinous, long-, medium-, or short-grain, of any colour, can be used. Rice for cooking can be whole grain or milled. Cooked rice is used as a base for various fried rice dishes (e.g. chǎofàn, khao phat), rice bowls/plates (e.g. bibimbap, chazuke, curry rice, dal bhat, donburi, loco moco, panta bhat, rice and beans, rice and gravy), Document [113] (Title: Rice cooker) most will have been absorbed by the rice, and some boiled off. As heating continues, the temperature can now rise above boiling point; this makes the thermostat trip. Some cookers switch to low-power "warming" mode, keeping the rice at a safe temperature of approximately 65 °C (150 °F); simpler models switch off. This means that if more water is added, the rice will cook for longer. Cooking rice has traditionally required constant attention to ensure the rice was cooked properly, and not burnt. Electric rice cookers automate the process by mechanically or electronically controlling heat and timing, thus freeing up Document [114] (Title: Pressure cooking) burn onto the interior base of the pressure cooker after prolonged heating. Sauces should be thickened after pressure cooking. Never fill your inner pot of your pressure cooker more than 1/2 full when cooking beans. Food is placed inside the pressure cooker with a small amount of water or other liquid such as stock. Food is either cooked in the liquid or above the liquid to be steamed; the latter method prevents the transfer of flavors from the liquid. The lid is closed, the pressure setting is chosen and the pressure cooker is placed on a stove on the highest Document [115] (Title: Pressure cooking) must withstand, they are usually heavier than conventional pots of similar size. Early pressure cookers equipped with only a primary safety valve risked explosion from food blocking the release valve. On modern pressure cookers, food residues blocking the steam vent or the liquid boiling dry will trigger additional safety devices. Modern pressure cookers sold from reputable manufacturers have sufficient safety features to prevent the pressure cooker itself from exploding. When excess pressure is released by a safety mechanism, debris of food being cooked may also be ejected with the steam, which is loud and forceful. This can be avoided if Document [116] (Title: Rice cooker) order to improve the taste of cooked rice. In 2006 Japanese Mitsubishi Electric corporation produced an expensive cooker which used an inner cooking bowl called made of hand-carved pure carbon, with a better heat-generating profile with induction cooking. Despite the high price (¥115,500, about US$1,400 at the time), it sold 10,000 units within six months after it was introduced. It was a huge success and it set the trend of extremely high-end models in the market. There is also a product which uses pottery, e.g., Arita-yaki, for the inner cooking bowl. There have been pottery-based electric cooking appliances in China Document [117] (Title: Bap (food)) electronic rice cooker is usually used to cook rice. Regular heavy-bottomed pot or "dolsot" (stone pot) can also be used. Nowadays, rice cooked in "gamasot" or "dolsot" are called "sotbap", and are considered as delicacies. More nurungji (scorched rice) is produced when making "gamasot-bap" (cast iron cauldron rice) and "dolsot-bap" (stone pot rice). To make "bap", rice is scrubbed in water and rinsed several times. This process produces "tteumul" (water from the last washing of rice). It is then soaked for thirty minutes before boiling, which helps the grains cook evenly. With unpolished brown rice and bigger grains such as Document [118] (Title: Rice cooker) the rice stand for at least 5 min after draining water from the washing step and soaking the rice in the measured water for at least 15 min (or some claim it to be 1 hour) before cooking. The water draining step is colloquially believed to make the water measurement more accurate, if the water is measured and added after the initial water absorption that takes place in the washing step. Some people prefer to achieve the water absorption by simply leaving the rice soaking in the rice cooker overnight before starting cooking in the morning. Some other types of Document [119] (Title: Rice cooker) and the resting periods, therefore, there is no need to manually manage the water absorption or time these steps. Depending on quantity, it takes about 20 minutes to 1 hour for most electric rice cookers to complete cooking. Some advanced models can back-calculate the cooking start time from given finish time. The time required for cooking rice depends on the amount of rice, the power of the heating elements, and atmospheric pressure, thus it is not constant. Pressure-cooker models are not influenced by atmospheric pressure. The special features distinguish high-end models from lower-cost, simpler models. Automatic rice cookers may be Document [120] (Title: Rice cooker) overcooked and keeping the rice warm until it is ready to be served. The degree of insulation provided by the casing can also be used to keep cold solids cold. For modern home rice cookers, the smallest single-person model cooks 1 rice cup (180 ml), whereas large models can cook 10 cups. Commercial models can cook 20 or more cups. As a possible source of confusion, model specifications and names may list either cooked or uncooked capacity. Rice roughly doubles in size during cooking; therefore, a 10 cup (uncooked) rice cooker can produce up to 20 cups of cooked rice. Document [121] (Title: Risotto) it has been absorbed the heat is raised to medium high, and boiling stock is gradually added in small amounts, while stirring constantly. The constant stirring, with only a small amount of liquid present, forces the grains to rub against each other and release the starch molecules from the outside of the grains into the surrounding liquid, creating a smooth creamy-textured mass. When the rice is cooked the pot is taken off the heat for "mantecatura", vigorously beating in refrigerated balls of grated parmesan cheese and butter, to make the texture as creamy and smooth as possible. It may be Document [122] (Title: Jambalaya) in the next step, and then the meats are returned to the pot. This mixture is then simmered, covered, for at least one hour. Lastly, the mixture is brought to a boil and rice is added to the pot. It is then covered and left to simmer over very low heat for at least 1/2 hour without stirring. The dish is finished when the rice has cooked. In a less common method, meat and vegetables are cooked separately from the rice. At the same time, rice is cooked in a savory stock. It is added to the meat and vegetables Document [123] (Title: Cooked rice) degree when cooked. Optionally, a small amount of salt can be added before cooking. If not drained, boiled rice is usually cooked on high heat until a rolling boil, then simmered with the lid on, and steamed over the residual heat after turning off the heat. Nowadays, electric rice cookers are also commonly used to cook rice. During cooking, rice absorbs water and increase in volume and mass. In East Asia, cooked rice is most commonly served in individual bowls, with each diner receiving one. Food from communal dishes is placed upon the rice, and is then eaten. Cooked or Document [124] (Title: Rice cooker) the rice to cook under more optimal conditions. Ideal cooking for rice employs a method of a fast heating source along with a uniform delivery of that heat. A gas powered pressure cooking system is able to use a flame heat source to heat the cooking vessel quickly and the pressure cooker is able to heat the internal cooking environment to higher than the boiling point of water in a uniform manner. In 1937 the Imperial Japanese Army sanctioned a Type 97 automobile-kitchen equipped with a primitive rice cooker. The rice cooker was a rectangular wooden box with two electrodes Document [125] (Title: Rice cooker) water in the outer pot boiled off, the temperature of the pot rose rapidly. A bimetallic thermostat then activated, and automatically turned off the cooker to prevent burning of the cooked rice. Soon, Toshiba was producing 200,000 rice cookers per month for the Japanese market. Four years later, rice cookers could be found in half of Japanese homes. The double-chamber indirect cooking model took more time to complete cooking and also consumed more electricity. This model was gradually phased out in the 1960s, but there are some companies, such as Tatung, that still manufacture them. Today, electric rice cookers utilize Question: what is the point of a rice cooker

Answer: to boil or steam rice Long Answer: A rice cooker or rice steamer is an automated kitchen appliance designed to boil or steam rice . It consists of a heat source, a cooking bowl, and a thermostat . The thermostat measures the temperature of the cooking bowl and controls the heat . Complex rice cookers may have many more sensors and other components, and may be multipurpose. Gold Document ID: 110

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Volume) in spherical coordinates (using the convention for angles with formula_4 as the azimuth and formula_5 measured from the polar axis; see more on conventions) has the form The above formulas can be used to show that the volumes of a cone, sphere and cylinder of the same radius and height are in the ratio 1 : 2 : 3, as follows. Let the radius be "r" and the height be "h" (which is 2"r" for the sphere), then the volume of cone is the volume of the sphere is while the volume of the cylinder is The discovery of the Document [2] (Title: N-sphere) the angular measures in radians, the volume element in -dimensional Euclidean space will be found from the Jacobian of the transformation: and the above equation for the volume of the -ball can be recovered by integrating: The volume element of the -sphere, which generalizes the area element of the 2-sphere, is given by The natural choice of an orthogonal basis over the angular coordinates is a product of ultraspherical polynomials, for , and the for the angle in concordance with the spherical harmonics. Just as a two-dimensional sphere embedded in three dimensions can be mapped onto a two-dimensional plane by Document [3] (Title: Sphere packing) density limit of 63.4% This situation is unlike the case of one or two dimensions, where compressing a collection of 1-dimensional or 2-dimensional spheres (that is, line segments or circles) will yield a regular packing. The sphere packing problem is the three-dimensional version of a class of ball-packing problems in arbitrary dimensions. In two dimensions, the equivalent problem is packing circles on a plane. In one dimension it is packing line segments into a linear universe. In dimensions higher than three, the densest regular packings of hyperspheres are known up to 8 dimensions. Very little is known about irregular hypersphere Document [4] (Title: Earth radius) The IUGG denotes the authalic radius as . A closed-form solution exists for a spheroid: where and is the surface area of the spheroid. For the Earth, the authalic radius is . Another spherical model is defined by the volumetric radius, which is the radius of a sphere of volume equal to the ellipsoid. The IUGG denotes the volumetric radius as . For Earth, the volumetric radius equals . Another mean radius is the "rectifying radius", giving a sphere with circumference equal to the perimeter of the ellipse described by any polar cross section of the ellipsoid. This requires an Document [5] (Title: Tonna galea) is thin and inflated, but still relatively solid and durable. The shell is almost diaphanous when young; at that time the transverse ribs of the surface are only indicated by lines of a slightly deeper tint. In terms of its weight however, the thin shell is very much lighter than the shell of most other large sea snails. The aperture of the shell is "distinctly round" and wide. The conical spire is formed of six convex, very distinct whorls, loaded externally with wide, flat, slightly raised ribs, separated by narrow and superficial furrows. The whorls of the spire are isolated Document [6] (Title: Comitas pagodaeformis) Comitas pagodaeformis Comitas pagodaeformis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Pseudomelatomidae, the turrids and allies. The length of the shell attains 28.5 mm, its diameter 8 mm. (Original description) The moderately solid shell has an elongately fusiform, shape. It is light yellowish-brown, lighter on the siphonal canal. it contains about 11 whorls, of which about 1½ form a smooth, inflated, laterally inclined protoconch. The subsequent whorls are angular, very convex, separated by a linear, undulated suture, accompanied by a faint infrasutural rib, more conspicuous on upper whorls . The upper part of whorls Document [7] (Title: Volume of an n-ball) to binomial coefficients. Applying this relationship gives: Using the value gives the one-dimension recursion formula: As with the two-dimension recursive formula, the same technique can be used to give an inductive proof of the volume formula. The volume can be computed by integrating the volume element in spherical coordinates. The spherical coordinate system has a radial coordinate and angular coordinates , where the domain of each except is , and the domain of is . The spherical volume element is: and the volume is the integral of this quantity over between 0 and and all possible angles: Each of the Document [8] (Title: Sphere) the volumes of an infinite number of circular disks of infinitesimally small thickness stacked side by side and centered along the -axis from to , assuming the sphere of radius is centered at the origin. At any given , the incremental volume () equals the product of the cross-sectional area of the disk at and its thickness (): The total volume is the summation of all incremental volumes: In the limit as approaches zero this equation becomes: At any given , a right-angled triangle connects , and to the origin; hence, applying the Pythagorean theorem yields: Using this substitution gives Document [9] (Title: Shell theorem) is an ellipse, in this case the intersections form two ellipses with major axes IH and KL, where formula_19 By a similar argument, the minor axes are in the same ratio. This is clear if the sphere is viewed from above. Therefore the two ellipses are similar, so their areas are as the squares of their major axes. As the mass of any section of the surface is proportional to the area of that section, for the 2 elliptical areas the ratios of their masses formula_20. Since the force of attraction on P in the direction JM from either of Document [10] (Title: Spherical measure) "r" > 0, where "A" denotes the “inflation” of "A" by "r", i.e. In particular, if "σ"("A") ≥ ½ and "n" ≥ 2, then Spherical measure In mathematics — specifically, in geometric measure theory — spherical measure "σ" is the “natural” Borel measure on the "n"-sphere S. Spherical measure is often normalized so that it is a probability measure on the sphere, i.e. so that "σ"(S) = 1. There are several ways to define spherical measure. One way is to use the usual “round” or “arclength” metric "ρ" on S; that is, for points "x" and "y" in S, "ρ"("x", Document [11] (Title: Sholl analysis) of cells per volume (Sholl, p. 401, "The packing density of perikarya"). While methods for estimating the number of cells have vastly improved since 1953 with the advent of unbiased stereology, the method Sholl uses to record the number of intersections at various distances from the cell body is still in use and is actually named after Sholl. "In order to study the way in which the number of branches varies with the distance from the perikaryon, it is convenient to use a series of concentric spherical shells as co-ordinates of reference. ... these shells have their common centre in Document [12] (Title: Solid angle) surface area of a spherical cap is always equal to the area of a circle whose radius equals the distance from the rim of the spherical cap to the point where the cap's axis of symmetry intersects the cap. In the diagram this radius is given as: Hence for a unit sphere the solid angle of the spherical cap is given as: When = , the spherical cap becomes a hemisphere having a solid angle 2. The solid angle of the complement of the cone (picture a melon with the cone cut out) is clearly: This is also the solid Document [13] (Title: Interior Schwarzschild metric) larger than the volume of an euclidean reference shell. The fluid has a constant density by definition. It is given by were formula_26 is Einstein's constant. It may be counterintuitive that the density is the mass divided by the volume of a sphere with radius formula_12, which seems to disregard that this is less than the proper radius, and that space inside the body is curved so that the volume formula for a "flat" sphere shouldn't hold at all. However, formula_9 is the mass measured from the outside, for example by observing a test particle orbiting the gravitating body (the Document [14] (Title: The Method of Mechanical Theorems) as infinitely many infinitesimal right triangles going around the circumference (see Measurement of the Circle), the volume of the sphere could be thought of as divided into many cones with height equal to the radius and base on the surface. The cones all have the same height, so their volume is 1/3 the base area times the height. Archimedes states that the total volume of the sphere is equal to the volume of a cone whose base has the same surface area as the sphere and whose height is the radius. There are no details given for the argument, but Document [15] (Title: N-sphere) values for the unit-radius case.<div> Given the radius , the enclosed volume and the surface area of the -sphere reach a maximum and then decrease towards zero as the dimension increases. In particular, the volume enclosed by the -sphere of constant radius embedded in dimensions reaches a maximum at the dimension satisfying and where is given in the sidebar to the right; if the last (weak) inequality holds with equality, then the same maximum also occurs at . Specifically, for unit radius the largest enclosed volume is that enclosed by a 4-dimensional sphere bounding a 5-dimensional ball. Similarly, the surface Document [16] (Title: Van der Waals radius) atom or molecule with experimental data derived from measurements on gases. For helium, "b" = 23.7 cm/mol. Helium is a monatomic gas, and each mole of helium contains atoms (the Avogadro constant, "N"): Therefore, the van der Waals volume of a single atom "V" = 39.36 Å, which corresponds to "r" = 2.11 Å. This method may be extended to diatomic gases by approximating the molecule as a rod with rounded ends where the diameter is 2"r" and the internuclear distance is "d". The algebra is more complicated, but the relation can be solved by the normal methods for cubic Document [17] (Title: Suture (anatomy)) limestone and chalk), and of conchiolin, a protein. For more information, see Mollusc shell. In cephalopod mollusks which have external shells (e.g. "Nautilus", ammonites), the shell is divided into compartments by septa (partitions). The septa are joined to the external shell by sutures formed by repeated invagination (they interlock like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle). The sutures are visible from the outside and often form complex and elaborate patterns. Nearly all snail shells (except for the shells of limpets, abalone, sea hares, etc.) can be visualized as a tube of increasing diameter, closed at the small end, and spirally wrapped Document [18] (Title: Spherical wedge) corresponding to the same wedge is given by Hart (2009) states that the "volume of a spherical wedge is to the volume of the sphere as the number of degrees in the [angle of the wedge] is to 360". Hence, and through derivation of the spherical wedge volume formula, it can be concluded that, if "V" is the volume of the sphere and "V" is the volume of a given spherical wedge, Also, if "S" is the area of a given wedge's lune, and "S" is the area of the wedge's sphere, Spherical wedge In geometry, a spherical wedge or Document [19] (Title: Van der Waals radius) corresponding to a molar volume "V" = . The van der Waals volume is given by where the factor of π/√18 arises from the packing of spheres: "V" = = 23.0 Å, corresponding to a van der Waals radius "r" = 1.76 Å. The molar refractivity "A" of a gas is related to its refractive index "n" by the Lorentz–Lorenz equation: The refractive index of helium "n" = at 0 °C and 101.325 kPa, which corresponds to a molar refractivity "A" = . Dividing by the Avogadro constant gives "V" = = 0.8685 Å, corresponding to "r" = 0.59 Å. Document [20] (Title: Steinmetz solid) in Chinese (for two square umbrellas, written as 牟合方蓋). Archimedes and Zu Chongzhi already calculated the volume of a bicylinder. A bicylinder generated by two cylinders with radius formula_1 has the and the For deriving the volume formula it is convenient to use the common idea for calculating the volume of a sphere: collecting thin cylindric slices. In this case the thin slices are square cuboids (see diagram). This leads to It is well known that the relations of the volumes of a right circular cone, one half of a sphere and a right cicular cylinder with same radii and Document [21] (Title: Shell theorem) all the shells of greater radius, according to the shell theorem. So, the remaining mass formula_2 is proportional to formula_3 (because it is based on volume), and the gravitational force exerted on it is proportional to formula_4 (the inverse square law), so the overall gravitational effect is proportional to formula_5, so is linear in formula_1. These results were important to Newton's analysis of planetary motion; they are not immediately obvious, but they can be proven with calculus. (Alternatively, Gauss's law for gravity offers a much simpler way to prove the same results.) In addition to gravity, the shell theorem can Document [22] (Title: Spherical wedge) is to a perigon." A spherical wedge of "α" = radians (180°) is called a "hemisphere", while a spherical wedge of "α" = 2 radians (360°) constitutes a complete ball. The volume of a spherical wedge can be intuitively related to the "AB" definition in that while the volume of a ball of radius "r" is given by "r", the volume a spherical wedge of the same radius "r" is given by Extrapolating the same principle and considering that the surface area of a sphere is given by 4"r", it can be seen that the surface area of the lune Document [23] (Title: Volume) gas law. Volume Volume is the quantity of three-dimensional space enclosed by a closed surface, for example, the space that a substance (solid, liquid, gas, or plasma) or shape occupies or contains. Volume is often quantified numerically using the SI derived unit, the cubic metre. The volume of a container is generally understood to be the capacity of the container; i. e., the amount of fluid (gas or liquid) that the container could hold, rather than the amount of space the container itself displaces. Three dimensional mathematical shapes are also assigned volumes. Volumes of some simple shapes, such as regular, Document [24] (Title: Helium compounds) with as much power as conventional explosives. When it is heated above 2.19 K (the lambda point of helium), the solid decomposes and explodes. This substance is not a true compound, but more like a solid solution. E. B. Gordon et al. suggested that this material may exist in 1974. The localised helium shells around an individual atom are termed van der Waals spheres. However the idea that the nitrogen atoms are dispersed in the helium has been replaced by the concept of nitrogen atoms attached to the surface of clusters of nitrogen molecules. The energy density of the solid Document [25] (Title: Astralium tentoriiforme) Astralium tentoriiforme Astralium tentoriiforme , common name the common tent shell, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails. The length of the shell varies between 25 mm and 45 mm. The imperforate, solid shell has an elate-conic shape. Its color pattern is pale yellowish. The spire is elevated and contains 7–8 whorls. These are very obliquely finely wrinkled and flat above. The base of the shell is concave. The periphery is acutely carinated, above the carina are obscurely longitudinally folded. The base contains numerous regular concentric squamose lirae. The aperture Document [26] (Title: Homoeoid) matter or charge is constant inside the shell. This means that a test mass or charge will not feel any force inside the shell. Homoeoid A homoeoid is a shell (a bounded region) bounded by two concentric, similar ellipses (in 2D) or ellipsoids (in 3D). When the thickness of the shell becomes negligible, it is called a thin homoeoid. The name homoeoid was coined by Lord Kelvin and Peter Tait. If the outer shell is given by with semiaxes formula_2 the inner shell is given for formula_3 by The thin homoeoid is then given by the limit formula_5 A homoeoid Document [27] (Title: Kepler conjecture) next layer, so this natural method of stacking the spheres creates an uncountably infinite number of equally dense packings, the best known of which are called cubic close packing and hexagonal close packing. Each of these arrangements has an average density of The Kepler conjecture says that this is the best that can be done—no other arrangement of spheres has a higher average density. The conjecture was first stated by in his paper 'On the six-cornered snowflake'. He had started to study arrangements of spheres as a result of his correspondence with the English mathematician and astronomer Thomas Harriot in Document [28] (Title: Spherical segment) Spherical segment In geometry, a spherical segment is the solid defined by cutting a sphere with a pair of parallel planes. It can be thought of as a spherical cap with the top truncated, and so it corresponds to a spherical frustum. The surface of the "spherical segment" (excluding the bases) is called spherical zone. If the radius of the sphere is called "R", the radius of the spherical segment bases "r" and "r", and the height of the segment (the distance from one parallel plane to the other) called "h", the volume of the spherical segment is then: The Document [29] (Title: Random close pack) Experiments and computer simulations have shown that the most compact way to pack hard perfect spheres randomly gives a maximum volume fraction of about 64%, i.e., approximately 64% of the volume of a container is occupied by the spheres. It seems as if because it is not possible to precisely define 'random' in this sense it is not possible to give an exact value. The random close packing value is significantly below the maximum possible close-packing of (equal sized) hard spheres into a regular crystalline arrangements, which is 74.04% -- both the face-centred cubic (fcc) and hexagonal close packed (hcp) Document [30] (Title: Shell theorem) a solid sphere acting on a particle outside it is inversely proportional to the square of its distance from the centre of the sphere, provided the density at any point inside the sphere is a function only of its distance from the centre of the sphere. Although the following are completely faithful to Newton's proofs, very minor changes have been made to attempt to make them clearer. Fig. 2 is a cross-section of the hollow sphere through the centre, S and an arbitrary point, P, inside the sphere. Through P draw two lines IL and HK such that the angle Document [31] (Title: Vacuum airship) much that the greater lifting power of vacuum is negated. From the analysis by Akhmeteli and Gavrilin: The total force on a hemi-spherical shell of radius formula_1 by an external pressure formula_2 is formula_3. Since the force on each hemisphere has to balance along the equator the compressive stress will be, assuming formula_4 where formula_6 is the shell thickness. Neutral buoyancy occurs when the shell has the same mass as the displaced air, which occurs when formula_7, where formula_8 is the air density and formula_9 is the shell density, assumed to be homogeneous. Combining with the stress equation gives For Document [32] (Title: Dust explosion) sphere of a combustible material with a density of 1 g/cm would be about in diameter, and have a surface area of . However, if it were broken up into spherical dust particles 50 µm in diameter (about the size of flour particles) it would have a surface area of . This greatly-increased surface area allows the material to burn much faster, and the extremely small mass of each particle allows them to catch on fire with much less energy than the bulk material, as there is no heat loss to conduction within the material. When this mixture of fuel Document [33] (Title: The Method of Mechanical Theorems) the obvious reason is that the cone can be divided into infinitesimal cones by splitting the base area up, and the each cone makes a contribution according to its base area, just the same as in the sphere. Let the surface of the sphere be "S". The volume of the cone with base area "S" and height "r" is formula_15, which must equal the volume of the sphere: formula_16. Therefore, the surface area of the sphere must be formula_17, or "four times its largest circle". Archimedes proves this rigorously in On the Sphere and Cylinder. One of the remarkable things Document [34] (Title: Scuba gas planning) 12l cylinders filled with Trimix 20/30/50 to 232bar at 20°C (293K) Calculate volume at 1.013 bar, 0%deg;C (273K) Of this, The mass of the helium is a small part of the total. and density of oxygen and nitrogen are fairly similar. A reasonable approximation is to use the volume at 20 °C, ignore the mass of helium and take all nitrox and air components to be 1.3 kg/m. Using these approximations the estimate for the previous example is: Mass of mixture = 0.7 × 0.024m/bar × 232 bar × 1.3 kg/m = 5.1 kg This method will seldom be out Document [35] (Title: Spherical cap) the area is therefore The volume is The volume of the union of two intersecting spheres of radii formula_27 and formula_28 is where is the sum of the volumes of the two isolated spheres, and the sum of the volumes of the two spherical caps forming their intersection. If formula_32 is the distance between the two sphere centers, elimination of the variables formula_33 and formula_34 leads to The curved surface area of the spherical segment bounded by two parallel disks is the difference of surface areas of their respective spherical caps. For a sphere of radius formula_1, and caps with Document [36] (Title: Spherical cap) which encompasses all of the Tropics. The spheroidal dome is obtained by sectioning off a portion of a spheroid so that the resulting dome is circularly symmetric (having an axis of rotation), and likewise the ellipsoidal dome is derived from the ellipsoid. Generally, the formula_43-dimensional volume of a hyperspherical cap of height formula_3 and radius formula_1 in formula_43-dimensional Euclidean space is given by where formula_48 (the gamma function) is given by formula_49. The formula for formula_50 can be expressed in terms of the volume of the unit n-ball formula_51 and the hypergeometric function formula_52 or the regularized incomplete beta function Document [37] (Title: Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism) a mechanism (assuming uniform density), it was approximated to a perfect sphere made up of concentric shells. The gravitational potential energy could then be found as the integral over all the shells from the centre to its outer radius. Gravitational potential energy from Newtonian mechanics is defined as: where "G" is the gravitational constant, and the two masses in this case are that of the thin shells of width "dr", and the contained mass within radius "r" as one integrates between zero and the radius of the total sphere. This gives: where "R" is the outer radius of the sphere, Document [38] (Title: Hypercone) so that it bounds a finite 4-dimensional volume. This volume is given by the formula "r", and is the 4-dimensional equivalent of the solid cone. The ball may be thought of as the 'lid' at the base of the 4-dimensional cone's nappe, and the origin becomes its 'apex'. This shape may be projected into 3-dimensional space in various ways. If projected onto the "xyz" hyperplane, its image is a ball. If projected onto the "xyw", "xzw", or "yzw" hyperplanes, its image is a solid cone. If projected onto an oblique hyperplane, its image is either an ellipsoid or a solid Document [39] (Title: The Method of Mechanical Theorems) integral involved is exactly the same as the one for area of the parabola. The volume of the cone is 1/3 its base area times the height. The base of the cone is a circle of radius 2, with area formula_11, while the height is 2, so the area is formula_13. Subtracting the volume of the cone from the volume of the cylinder gives the volume of the sphere: The dependence of the volume of the sphere on the radius is obvious from scaling, although that also was not trivial to make rigorous back then. The method then gives the Document [40] (Title: Spherical shell) Spherical shell In geometry, a spherical shell is a generalization of an annulus to three dimensions. It is the region between two concentric spheres of differing radii. The volume of a spherical shell is the difference between the enclosed volume of the outer sphere and the enclosed volume of the inner sphere: where is the radius of the inner sphere and "R" is the radius of the outer sphere. An approximation for the volume of a thin spherical shell is the area of the outer sphere multiplied by the thickness "t" of the shell: when "t" is very small compared Document [41] (Title: Bessel function) and are related to the ordinary Bessel functions and by The spherical Bessel functions can also be written as (Rayleigh's formulas) The first spherical Bessel function is also known as the (unnormalized) sinc function. The first few spherical Bessel functions are: and The spherical Bessel functions have the generating functions In the following, is any of , , , for There are also spherical analogues of the Hankel functions: In fact, there are simple closed-form expressions for the Bessel functions of half-integer order in terms of the standard trigonometric functions, and therefore for the spherical Bessel functions. In particular, for Document [42] (Title: Two-balloon experiment) a similar way as the balloon expands. Because rubber strongly resists volume changes, the volume "V" can be considered constant. This allows the stress-strain relation to be written where λ=L/L is the relative extension. In the case of a thin-walled spherical shell, all the force which acts to stretch the rubber is directed tangentially to the surface. The radial force (i.e., the force acting to compress the shell wall) can therefore be set equal to zero, so that where "t" and "t" refer to the initial and final thicknesses, respectively. For a balloon of radius formula_4, a fixed volume of Document [43] (Title: Gravitational potential) of the mass was concentrated at the center, and thus effectively as a point mass, by the shell theorem. On the surface of the earth, the acceleration is given by so-called standard gravity "g", approximately 9.8 m/s, although this value varies slightly with latitude and altitude: The magnitude of the acceleration is a little larger at the poles than at the equator because Earth is an oblate spheroid. Within a spherically symmetric mass distribution, it is possible to solve Poisson's equation in spherical coordinates. Within a uniform spherical body of radius "R" and density ρ, the gravitational force "g" inside Document [44] (Title: Sinotaia aeruginosa) , with both sexes having identical shell dimensions. Adults snails have shell of greater height than width. The shells of newborn snails are long, and differ from those of adults in being wider than high. The snail including the shell has a weight of about 2.8 g. "S. aeruginosa" breathes with gills. The right tentacle is thickened in the male but not the female. The dry weight of composition of this species is as follows: 28.6% foot, 23.06% intestine, 9.78% gonad, 8.58% hepatopancreas, 29.98% other tissue. The diploid chromosome number of "Sinotaia aeruginosa" is 2n=16. "S. aeruginosa" inhabits rice paddies, Document [45] (Title: The Method of Mechanical Theorems) other side. As "x" ranges from 0 to 2, the cylinder will have a center of gravity a distance 1 from the fulcrum, so all the weight of the cylinder can be considered to be at position 1. The condition of balance ensures that the volume of the cone plus the volume of the sphere is equal to the volume of the cylinder. The volume of the cylinder is the cross section area, formula_9 times the height, which is 2, or formula_11. Archimedes could also find the volume of the cone using the mechanical method, since, in modern terms, the Document [46] (Title: Van der Waals radius) van der Waals radius. It is the volume "occupied" by an individual atom (or molecule). The van der Waals volume may be calculated if the van der Waals radii (and, for molecules, the inter-atomic distances and angles) are known. For a single atom, it is the volume of a sphere whose radius is the van der Waals radius of the atom: For a molecule, it is the volume enclosed by the van der Waals surface. The van der Waals volume of a molecule is always smaller than the sum of the van der Waals volumes of the constituent atoms: the Document [47] (Title: Flash freezing) that the nucleus is spherical, this is the volume of a sphere of radius formula_7. formula_8 is the difference in free energy per unit volume between the thermodynamic phase nucleation is occurring in, and the phase that is nucleating. critical nucleus radius, at some intermediate value of formula_7, the free energy goes through a maximum, and so the probability of formation of a nucleus goes through a minimum. There is a least-probable nucleus occurs, i.e., the one with the highest value of formula_10 where formula_11 This is called the critical nucleus and occurs at a critical nucleus radius formula_12 Addition Document [48] (Title: Theodoxus fluviatilis) depressed (with an usually low spire), strongly calcified, and has 3–3.5 whorls (including the protoconch). Larger specimens are usually eroded. The width of an adult shell is usually 5–9 mm, but can reach up to 11–13 mm. The height of the shell is 4–6.5 mm, or up to 7 mm. These mean values vary among populations depending on the environment: the maximum width of the shell of brackish water populations is 9.3 mm. Brackish water shells are somewhat shorter, reaching up to 5.8 mm, and the maximum weight of the shell is 124 mg. In freshwater populations, the maximum recorded Document [49] (Title: Sphere) first derived this formula from the fact that the projection to the lateral surface of a circumscribed cylinder is area-preserving. Another approach to obtaining the formula comes from the fact that it equals the derivative of the formula for the volume with respect to because the total volume inside a sphere of radius can be thought of as the summation of the surface area of an infinite number of spherical shells of infinitesimal thickness concentrically stacked inside one another from radius 0 to radius . At infinitesimal thickness the discrepancy between the inner and outer surface area of any given Document [50] (Title: Lirularia lirulata) Lirularia lirulata Lirularia lirulata, common name the pearly top shell, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Trochidae, the top snails. The height of the shell attains 6 mm. The solid, umbilicate shell has a globose-conica shape. It is lusterless or slightly shining, purplish, unicolored, or with large radiating white patches above, or around the periphery, or spiral darker lines, or spiral articulated lines. Surface either with (1st) a few (2-4) strong lirae above, their interspaces smooth, the base with about 8 concentric lirulae, or (2d) more numerous narrow irregular lirulae above, those of Document [51] (Title: Fusiturris torta) Fusiturris torta Fusiturris torta is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Clavatulidae. The size of an adult shell varies between 15 mm and 30 mm. (Translation of the original French description) The slightly shiny shell is solid and has an elongated fusiform shape. The turreted spire is composed of 9 very convex whorls, subcarinated on their extremes. They are separated by a very marked oblique suture, covered with sigmoid growth lines, fine decurrent striae and large, wide and nodular oblique longitudinal folds, numbering 6 on each of the last two whorls. The body whorl Document [52] (Title: Bivalvia) arrangement allows the shell to be opened and closed without the two halves detaching. The shell is typically bilaterally symmetrical, with the hinge lying in the sagittal plane. Adult shell sizes of bivalves vary from fractions of a millimetre to over a metre in length, but the majority of species do not exceed 10 cm (4 in). Bivalves have long been a part of the diet of coastal and riparian human populations. Oysters were cultured in ponds by the Romans, and mariculture has more recently become an important source of bivalves for food. Modern knowledge of molluscan reproductive cycles has Document [53] (Title: Shell theorem) object outside the ball Between the radius of "x" to "x" + "dx", "dM" can be expressed as a function of "x", i.e., Therefore, the total gravity is which suggests that the gravity of a solid spherical ball to an exterior object can be simplified as that of a point mass in the centre of the ball with the same mass. For a point inside the shell, the difference is that when "θ" is equal to zero, "ϕ" takes the value π radians and "s" the value "R" - "r". When "θ" increases from 0 to π radians, "ϕ" decreases Document [54] (Title: Specific volume) unit is the centimeter cubed per gram (cm/g or cm·g). To convert m/kg to cm/g, multiply by 1000; conversely, multiply by 0.001. Specific volume is inversely proportional to density. If the density of a substance doubles, its specific volume, as expressed in the same base units, is cut in half. If the density drops to 1/10 its former value, the specific volume, as expressed in the same base units, increases by a factor of 10. The density of gases changes with even slight variations in temperature, while densities of liquid and solids, which are generally thought of as incompressible, will Document [55] (Title: Sphere) shell is infinitesimal, and the elemental volume at radius is simply the product of the surface area at radius and the infinitesimal thickness. At any given radius , the incremental volume () equals the product of the surface area at radius () and the thickness of a shell (): The total volume is the summation of all shell volumes: In the limit as approaches zero this equation becomes: Substitute : Differentiating both sides of this equation with respect to yields as a function of : This is generally abbreviated as: where is now considered to be the fixed radius of Document [56] (Title: Sphere packing) the close packing density for radius ratios up to 0.659786. Upper bounds for the density that can be obtained in such binary packings have also been obtained. In many chemical situations such as ionic crystals, the stoichiometry is constrained by the charges of the constituent ions. This additional constraint on the packing, together with the need to minimize the Coulomb energy of interacting charges leads to a diversity of optimal packing arrangements. Although the concept of circles and spheres can be extended to hyperbolic space, finding the densest packing becomes much more difficult. In a hyperbolic space there is no Document [57] (Title: Whorl (mollusc)) species depends on mathematical factors in the geometric growth, as described in D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson's classic 1917 book "On Growth and Form", and by David Raup. The main factor is how rapidly the conical tube expands (or flares-out) over time. When the rate of expansion is low, such that each subsequent whorl is not that much wider than the previous one, then the adult shell has numerous whorls. When the mathematical factors governing the pattern of growth are such that there is a very rapid expansion of the conical shape, of the shell tube, then the adult shell has very Document [58] (Title: Helicodonta obvoluta) spire and a wide umbilicus. The peristome is flattened above and below. The white everted lip is slightly thickened centrally to form a callus in the palatal and parietal region, therefore the mouth seems to be separated into three embayments in some specimens. The shell diameter ranges from 10-15mm; the shell height from 5-7mm. The weight of the adult living snail is about 414.2±6.7 mg. In contrast to many other snail species within the superfamily Helicoidea, this species has no love darts. The average life span of "Helicodonta obvoluta" is 2 years, with a maximum of 3 years. The activity Document [59] (Title: Pressure vessel) far more difficult to construct. Theoretically, a spherical pressure vessel has approximately twice the strength of a cylindrical pressure vessel with the same wall thickness, and is the ideal shape to hold internal pressure. However, a spherical shape is difficult to manufacture, and therefore more expensive, so most pressure vessels are cylindrical with 2:1 semi-elliptical heads or end caps on each end. Smaller pressure vessels are assembled from a pipe and two covers. For cylindrical vessels with a diameter up to 600 mm (NPS of 24 in), it is possible to use seamless pipe for the shell, thus avoiding many Document [60] (Title: Density (polytope)) spherical polyhedron covers the sphere. This allowed Coxeter et al. to determine the densities of the majority of the uniform polyhedra. For hemipolyhedra, some of whose faces pass through the center, the density cannot be defined. Non-orientable polyhedra also do not have well-defined densities. There are 10 regular star polychora or 4-polytopes (called the Schläfli–Hess polychora), which have densities between 4, 6, 20, 66, 76, and 191. They come in dual pairs, with the exception of the self-dual density-6 and density-66 figures. Density (polytope) In geometry, the density of a star polyhedron is a generalization of the concept of winding Document [61] (Title: Van der Waals surface) radius equal to the van der Waals radius of the gaseous atom: formula_1 . The "van der Waals volume", a type of "atomic" or "molecular volume," is a property directly related to the van der Waals radius, and is defined as the volume occupied by an individual atom, or in a combined sense, by all atoms of a molecule. It may be calculated for atoms if the van der Waals radius is known, and for molecules if its atoms radii and the inter-atomic distances and angles are known. As above, in simplest case, for a spherical monatomic gas, V is Document [62] (Title: Volume) as the disk radius, the volume of the sphere can be calculated as Now Combining yields formula_15 This formula can be derived more quickly using the formula for the sphere's surface area, which is formula_16. The volume of the sphere consists of layers of infinitesimally thin spherical shells, and the sphere volume is equal to The cone is a type of pyramidal shape. The fundamental equation for pyramids, one-third times base times altitude, applies to cones as well. However, using calculus, the volume of a cone is the integral of an infinite number of infinitesimally thin circular disks of thickness Document [63] (Title: Spherical mean) Spherical mean In mathematics, the spherical mean of a function around a point is the average of all values of that function on a sphere of given radius centered at that point. Consider an open set "U" in the Euclidean space R and a continuous function "u" defined on "U" with real or complex values. Let "x" be a point in "U" and "r" > 0 be such that the closed ball "B"("x", "r") of center "x" and radius "r" is contained in "U". The spherical mean over the sphere of radius "r" centered at "x" is defined as where Document [64] (Title: Tidal acceleration) earth, where the shell has a surface mass density "ρ" "δ" (and can also be negative), with "ρ" being the mass density (if mass density is not uniform, then the change of shape of the planet creates differences in mass distribution in all depth, and this has to be taken into account as well). Since the gravitation potential has the same form as the electric potential, this is a simple problem in electrostatics. For the analogous electrostatic problem, the potential created by the shell has the form: Where the surface charge density is proportional to the discontinuity in the gradient Document [65] (Title: Tectus conus) Tectus conus Tectus conus, common name the cone top shell, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Tegulidae. The height of the shell varies between 45 mm and 70 mm, its diameter between 45 mm and 60 mm. The solid, thick shell has a conic-pyramidal shape. Its, axis is imperforate but appears sub-umbilicate. It is white, longitudinally flammulated with bright red. The spire is conic. The apex is acute. The 10 whorls are spirally encircled by numerous (about 10 on upper surface) beaded lirae, which are separated by superficial interstices. Above the sutures there Document [66] (Title: Spherical sector) Spherical sector In geometry, a spherical sector is a portion of a sphere defined by a conical boundary with apex at the center of the sphere. It can be described as the union of a spherical cap and the cone formed by the center of the sphere and the base of the cap. If the radius of the sphere is denoted by "r" and the height of the cap by "h", the volume of the spherical sector is This may also be written as where "φ" is half the cone angle, i.e., the angle between the rim of the cap Document [67] (Title: On the Sphere and Cylinder) On the Sphere and Cylinder On the Sphere and Cylinder () is a work that was published by Archimedes in two volumes c. 225 BC. It most notably details how to find the surface area of a sphere and the volume of the contained ball and the analogous values for a cylinder, and was the first to do so. The principal formulae derived in "On the Sphere and Cylinder" are those mentioned above: the surface area of the sphere, the volume of the contained ball, and surface area and volume of the cylinder. In his work, Archimedes showed that the Document [68] (Title: László Fejes Tóth) of this work, the problem of the upper bound for the density of a packing of equal spheres was still unsolved. The approach that Fejes Tóth suggested in that work, which translates as "packing [of objects] in a plane, on a sphere and in a space", provided Thomas Hales a basis for a proof of the Kepler conjecture in 1998. The Kepler conjecture, named after the 17th-century German mathematician and astronomer Johannes Kepler, says that no arrangement of equally sized spheres filling space has a greater average density than that of the cubic close packing (face-centered cubic) and hexagonal close Document [69] (Title: Debye–Hückel equation) a constant that represents the potential added by the ionic atmosphere. No justification for formula_120 being a constant is given. However, one can see that this is the case by considering that any spherical static charge distribution is subject to the mathematics of the shell theorem. The shell theorem says that no force is exerted on charged particles inside a sphere (of arbitrary charge) (http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/potsph.html). Since the ion atmosphere is assumed to be (time-averaged) spherically symmetric, with charge varying as a function of radius formula_122, it may be represented as an infinite series of concentric charge shells. Therefore, inside the Document [70] (Title: Spherical sector) the volume of the spherical sector, where the integrals have been separated, because the integrand can be separated into a product of functions each with one dummy variable. The area can be similarly calculated by integrating the differential spherical area element over the spherical sector, giving where "φ" is inclination (or elevation) and "θ" is azimuth (right). Notice "r" is a constant. Again, the integrals can be separated. Spherical sector In geometry, a spherical sector is a portion of a sphere defined by a conical boundary with apex at the center of the sphere. It can be described as the Document [71] (Title: Spherical model) Spherical model The spherical model in statistical mechanics is a model of ferromagnetism similar to the Ising model, which was solved in 1952 by T. H. Berlin and M. Kac. It has the remarkable property that when applied to systems of dimension "d" greater than four, the critical exponents that govern the behaviour of the system near the critical point are independent of "d" and the geometry of the system. It is one of the few models of ferromagnetism that can be solved exactly in the presence of an external field. The model describes a set of particles on a Document [72] (Title: Sphere packing) into a compound or interstitial packing. When many sizes of spheres (or a distribution) are available, the problem quickly becomes intractable, but some studies of binary hard spheres (two sizes) are available. When the second sphere is much smaller than the first, it is possible to arrange the large spheres in a close-packed arrangement, and then arrange the small spheres within the octahedral and tetrahedral gaps. The density of this interstitial packing depends sensitively on the radius ratio, but in the limit of extreme size ratios, the smaller spheres can fill the gaps with the same density as the larger Document [73] (Title: Gaussian surface) larger Gaussian surface outside the shell where "r" > "R", Gauss's law will produce a non-zero electric field. This is determined as follows. The flux out of the spherical surface "S" is: The surface area of the sphere of radius "r" is which implies By Gauss's law the flux is also finally equating the expression for Φ gives the magnitude of the E-field at position "r": This non-trivial result shows that any spherical distribution of charge "acts as a point charge" when observed from the outside of the charge distribution; this is in fact a verification of Coulomb's law. And, Document [74] (Title: Shell balance) density of fluid = ρ viscosity of fluid = μ velocity in x direction = formula_1, shown by the diagonal line above. This is what a shell balance is solving for. Conservation of Momentum is the Key of a Shell Balance rate of momentum in - rate of momentum out + sum of all forces = 0 To perform a shell balance, follow the following basic steps: 1. Find momentum from shear stress Momentum from Shear Stress goes into the shell at "y" and leaves the system at "y" + Δ"y". Shear stress = "τ", area = "A", momentum = Document [75] (Title: Spherical robot) with two rotary joints and one prismatic joint which forms a spherical coordinate system (e.g., Stanford arm The spherical shell is usually made of solid transparent material but it can also be made of opaque or flexible material for special applications or because of special derive mechanisms The spherical shell can fully seal the robot from the outside environment. There exist reconfigurable spherical robots that can transform the spherical shell into other structures and perform other tasks aside from rolling. Spherical robots can operate as autonomous robots, or as remotely controlled (teleoperated) robots . In almost all the spherical robots, Document [76] (Title: Umbilicus (mollusc)) to each other by their inner sides, during the natural course of its formation. This results in a more or less solid central axial pillar, known as the columella. The more intimate the contact between the concave side of the whorls is, the more solid the columella becomes. On the other hand, if this connection is less intense, a hollow space inside the whorls may result, with an opening to the outside at the shell's base. This opening is known as the umbilicus. Another way of characterizing the umbilicus in gastropods is as the hole around which the inner surface Document [77] (Title: Sphere) a ball is called the specific surface area and can be expressed from the above stated equations as where is the density (the ratio of mass to volume). A sphere is uniquely determined by four points that are not coplanar. More generally, a sphere is uniquely determined by four conditions such as passing through a point, being tangent to a plane, etc. This property is analogous to the property that three non-collinear points determine a unique circle in a plane. Consequently, a sphere is uniquely determined by (that is, passes through) a circle and a point not in the plane Document [78] (Title: Bending) other hand, a shell is a structure of any geometric form where the length and the width are of the same order of magnitude but the thickness of the structure (known as the 'wall') is considerably smaller. A large diameter, but thin-walled, short tube supported at its ends and loaded laterally is an example of a shell experiencing bending. In the absence of a qualifier, the term "bending" is ambiguous because bending can occur locally in all objects. Therefore, to make the usage of the term more precise, engineers refer to a specific object such as; the "bending of rods", Document [79] (Title: Surface area) representing a cell as an idealized sphere of radius "r", the volume and surface area are, respectively, "V" = 4/3 π "r"; "SA" = 4 π "r". The resulting surface area to volume ratio is therefore 3/"r". Thus, if a cell has a radius of 1 μm, the SA:V ratio is 3; whereas if the radius of the cell is instead 10 μm, then the SA:V ratio becomes 0.3. With a cell radius of 100, SA:V ratio is 0.03. Thus, the surface area falls off steeply with increasing volume. Surface area The surface area of a solid object is a Document [80] (Title: Shell theorem) The shell theorem is an immediate consequence of Gauss's law for gravity saying that where "M" is the mass of the part of the spherically symmetric mass distribution that is inside the sphere with radius "r" and is the surface integral of the gravitational field g over any closed surface inside which the total mass is "M", the unit vector formula_10 being the outward normal to the surface. The gravitational field of a spherically symmetric mass distribution like a mass point, a spherical shell or a homogenous sphere must also be spherically symmetric. If formula_11 is a unit vector in Document [81] (Title: Sphere packing) by the spheres is called the density of the arrangement. As the local density of a packing in an infinite space can vary depending on the volume over which it is measured, the problem is usually to maximise the average or asymptotic density, measured over a large enough volume. For equal spheres in three dimensions the densest packing uses approximately 74% of the volume. A random packing of equal spheres generally has a density around 64%. A lattice arrangement (commonly called a regular arrangement) is one in which the centers of the spheres form a very symmetric pattern which needs Document [82] (Title: N-sphere) unit 1-sphere is the unit circle in the Euclidean plane, and this has circumference (1-dimensional measure) The region enclosed by the unit 1-sphere is the 2-ball, or unit disc, and this has area (2-dimensional measure) Analogously, in 3-dimensional Euclidean space, the surface area (2-dimensional measure) of the unit 2-sphere is given by and the volume enclosed is the volume (3-dimensional measure) of the unit 3-ball, given by The "surface area", or properly the -dimensional volume, of the -sphere at the boundary of the -ball of radius is related to the volume of the ball by the differential equation or, equivalently, Document [83] (Title: Head (vessel)) also be welded together from smaller pieces. The shape of the heads used can vary. The most common head shapes are: A sphere is the ideal shape for a head, because the pressure in the vessel is divided equally across the surface of the head. The radius (r) of the head equals the radius of the cylindrical part of the vessel. This is also called an elliptical head. The shape of this head is more economical, because the height of the head is just a fraction of the diameter. Its radius varies between the major and minor axis; usually the Document [84] (Title: Sphere) that can be evaluated to give the result Alternatively, this formula is found using spherical coordinates, with volume element so For most practical purposes, the volume inside a sphere inscribed in a cube can be approximated as 52.4% of the volume of the cube, since , where is the diameter of the sphere and also the length of a side of the cube and ≈ 0.5236. For example, a sphere with diameter 1 meter has 52.4% the volume of a cube with edge length 1 meter, or about 0.524 m. The surface area of a sphere of radius is: Archimedes Document [85] (Title: Area of a circle) value of formula_72 at x. A spherical circle is the set of points a geodesic distance "R" from the zenith point z. Equivalently, with a fixed embedding into formula_73, the spherical circle of radius formula_74 centered at z is the set of x in formula_64 such that formula_76. We can also measure the area of the spherical disk enclosed within a spherical circle, using the intrinsic surface area measure on the sphere. The area of the disk of radius "R" is then given by More generally, if a sphere formula_78 has radius of curvature formula_79, then the area of the Document [86] (Title: Limax maximus) Elder; the shell was used by the ancient physicians for the sake of its carbonate of lime. The calcitic shell is situated beneath the hinder part of the shield, and is perceptible through the skin. The color of the shell is whitish. The shape of the shell is oblong-oval and thin, slightly convex above, and correspondingly concave beneath, with a membranous margin. The apex or nucleus is at the posterior margin but inclined towards the left side, and forming the apophysis by which the shell is organically attached to the animal. The length of the shell is 13 mm (1/2 Document [87] (Title: Albrecht Unsöld) sub-shell is spherically symmetric. Thus, like atoms containing a half-filled or filled s orbital ("l" = 0), atoms of the second period with 3 or 6 p ("l" = 1) electrons are spherically shaped. Likewise, so are atoms of the third period in which there are 5 or 10 d ("l" = 2) electrons. Hence, spherical atoms are those of the 1st, 2nd, 7th, 12th, 15th and 18th columns of the periodic table. At Kiel, Unsöld made an intensive study of the effects of abundances, radiation damping, Doppler shifts, electric fields, and collisions on the formation and shape of spectral Document [88] (Title: Baculites) whorls and described as minute, about a centimeter in diameter. Adult "Baculites" ranged in size from about seven centimeters ("Baculites larsoni") up to two meters in length. As with other ammonites, the shell consisted of a series of camerae, or chambers, that were connected to the animal by a narrow tube called a siphuncle by which gas content and thereby buoyancy could be regulated in the same manner as "Nautilus" does today. The chambers are separated by walls called septa. The line where each septum meets the outer shell is called the suture or suture line. Like other true ammonites, Document [89] (Title: Dyson sphere) not be sufficient building material in the Solar System to construct a Dyson shell. Anders Sandberg estimates that there is 1.82 kg of easily usable building material in the Solar System, enough for a 1-AU shell with a mass of 600 kg/m—about 8–20 cm thick on average, depending on the density of the material. This includes the hard-to-access cores of the gas giants; the inner planets alone provide only 11.79 kg, enough for a 1-AU shell with a mass of just 42 kg/m. The shell would be vulnerable to impacts from interstellar bodies, such as comets, meteoroids, and material in Document [90] (Title: Spherical shell) to "r" (formula_4). A Dyson sphere encloses a fictitious spherical shell around a star, as first described by author Olaf Stapledon. Spherical shell In geometry, a spherical shell is a generalization of an annulus to three dimensions. It is the region between two concentric spheres of differing radii. The volume of a spherical shell is the difference between the enclosed volume of the outer sphere and the enclosed volume of the inner sphere: where is the radius of the inner sphere and "R" is the radius of the outer sphere. An approximation for the volume of a thin spherical shell Document [91] (Title: Van der Waals radius) Van der Waals radius The van der Waals radius, "r", of an atom is the radius of an imaginary hard sphere representing the distance of closest approach for another atom. It is named after Johannes Diderik van der Waals, winner of the 1910 Nobel Prize in Physics, as he was the first to recognise that atoms were not simply points and to demonstrate the physical consequences of their size through the van der Waals equation of state. The van der Waals volume, "V", also called the atomic volume or molecular volume, is the atomic property most directly related to the Document [92] (Title: Sphere packing) spheres filled space. Even if the large spheres are not in a close-packed arrangement, it is always possible to insert some smaller spheres of up to 0.29099 of the radius of the larger sphere. When the smaller sphere has a radius greater than 0.41421 of the radius of the larger sphere, it is no longer possible to fit into even the octahedral holes of the close-packed structure. Thus, beyond this point, either the host structure must expand to accommodate the interstitials (which compromises the overall density), or rearrange into a more complex crystalline compound structure. Structures are known which exceed Document [93] (Title: Van der Waals equation) the volume occupied by the solid, finite-sized particles, but actually four times that volume. To see this, we must realize that a particle is surrounded by a sphere of radius 2"r" (two times the original radius) that is forbidden for the centers of the other particles. If the distance between two particle centers were to be smaller than 2"r", it would mean that the two particles penetrate each other, which, by definition, hard spheres are unable to do. The excluded volume for the two particles (of average diameter "d" or radius "r") is which, divided by two (the number of Document [94] (Title: Solid of revolution) the case that ), with outer radius and inner radius . The area of a ring is , where is the outer radius (in this case ), and is the inner radius (in this case ). The volume of each infinitesimal disc is therefore . The limit of the Riemann sum of the volumes of the discs between and becomes integral (1). The cylinder method is used when the slice that was drawn is "parallel to" the axis of revolution; i.e. when integrating "perpendicular to" the axis of revolution. The volume of the solid formed by rotating the area between Document [95] (Title: Atomic packing factor) the unit cell, "V" is the volume of each particle, and "V" is the volume occupied by the unit cell. It can be proven mathematically that for one-component structures, the most dense arrangement of atoms has an APF of about 0.74 (see Kepler conjecture), obtained by the close-packed structures. For multiple-component structures (such as with interstitial alloys), the APF can exceed 0.74. The atomic packing factor of a unit cell is relevant to the study of Materials Science, where it explains many properties of materials. For example, metals with a high atomic packing factor will have a higher "workability" (malleability Document [96] (Title: Shell theorem) an integral expression: Since "G" and "m" are constants, they may be taken out of the integral: To evaluate this integral, one must first express "dM" as a function of "dθ" The total surface of a spherical shell is while the surface of the thin slice between "θ" and "θ" + "dθ" is If the mass of the shell is "M", one therefore has that and By the law of cosines, These two relations link the three parameters "θ", "ϕ" and "s" that appear in the integral together. When "θ" increases from 0 to π radians, "ϕ" varies from the Document [97] (Title: On the Sphere and Cylinder) surface area of a cylinder is equal to: and that the volume of the same is: On the sphere, he showed that the surface area is four times the area of its great circle. In modern terms, this means that the surface area is equal to: The result for the volume of the contained ball stated that it is two-thirds the volume of a circumscribed cylinder, meaning that the volume is Archimedes was particularly proud of this latter result, and so he asked for a sketch of a sphere inscribed in a cylinder to be inscribed on his grave—since "h"=2"r", Document [98] (Title: Ellipsoid) interpreted as spherical coordinates, where formula_7 is the polar angle, and formula_8 is the azimuth angle of the point of the ellipsoid. The volume bounded by the ellipsoid is Note that this equation reduces to that of the volume of a sphere when all three elliptic radii are equal, and to that of an oblate or prolate spheroid when two of them are equal. The volume of an ellipsoid is formula_10 the volume of a circumscribed elliptic cylinder, and formula_11 the volume of the circumscribed box. The volumes of the inscribed and circumscribed boxes are respectively: The surface area of Document [99] (Title: Gastropod shell) innermost smooth layer that may be composed of mother-of-pearl or shell nacre, a dense horizontally packed form of conchiolin, which is layered upon the periostracum as the snail grows. Gastropod shell morphology is usually quite constant among individuals of a species. Controlling variables are: Some of these factors can be modelled mathematically and programs exist to generate extremely realistic images. Early work by David Raup on the analog computer also revealed many possible combinations that were never adopted by any actual gastropod. Some shell shapes are found more often in certain environments, though there are many exceptions. Wave-washed high-energy environments, Document [100] (Title: Shell theorem) also be used to describe the electric field generated by a static spherically symmetric charge density, or similarly for any other phenomenon that follows an inverse square law. The derivations below focus on gravity, but the results can easily be generalized to the electrostatic force. Moreover, the results can be generalized to the case of general ellipsoidal bodies. A solid, spherically symmetric body can be modelled as an infinite number of concentric, infinitesimally thin spherical shells. If one of these shells can be treated as a point mass, then a system of shells (i.e. the sphere) can also be treated Document [101] (Title: Atmospheric entry) (reducing g-force from 8–9"g" for a purely ballistic (slowed only by drag) trajectory to 4–5"g") as well as greatly reducing the peak reentry heat. The sphere-cone is a spherical section with a frustum or blunted cone attached. The sphere-cone's dynamic stability is typically better than that of a spherical section. The vehicle enters sphere-first. With a sufficiently small half-angle and properly placed center of mass, a sphere-cone can provide aerodynamic stability from Keplerian entry to surface impact. (The "half-angle" is the angle between the cone's axis of rotational symmetry and its outer surface, and thus half the angle made by Document [102] (Title: Calliostoma circumcinctum) Calliostoma circumcinctum Calliostoma circumcinctum is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Calliostomatidae. The maximum recorded shell length is 13 mm. (Original description by W.H. Dall) The solid, strong, white shell has an elevated, conical shape. It contains seven whorls The small, dextral nucleus is polished and delicately reticulate The other whorls have two sharp, much produced, thin keels These are a little recurved at their edges, and crossed only by most delicate lines of growth. The base of the shell is flattened, ornamented with nine angular ribs, the outermost produced somewhat. There is no Document [103] (Title: Volume of an n-ball) is both rotationally invariant and a product of functions of one variable each. Using the fact that it is a product and the formula for the Gaussian integral gives: where is the -dimensional volume element. Using rotational invariance, the same integral can be computed in spherical coordinates: where is an -sphere of radius and is the area element (equivalently, the -dimensional volume element). The surface area of the sphere satisfies a proportionality equation similar to the one for the volume of a ball: If is the surface area of an -sphere of radius , then: Applying this to the above Document [104] (Title: Atomic nucleus) configurations: The stable nucleus has approximately a constant density and therefore the nuclear radius R can be approximated by the following formula, where "A" = Atomic mass number (the number of protons "Z", plus the number of neutrons "N") and "r" = 1.25 fm = 1.25 × 10 m. In this equation, the "constant" "r" varies by 0.2 fm, depending on the nucleus in question, but this is less than 20% change from a constant. In other words, packing protons and neutrons in the nucleus gives "approximately" the same total size result as packing hard spheres of a constant size Document [105] (Title: Surface of class VII) either Hopf surfaces or Inoue surfaces. Those with "b"=1 were classified by under an additional assumption that the surface has a curve, that was later proved by . A global spherical shell is a smooth 3-sphere in the surface with connected complement, with a neighbourhood biholomorphic to a neighbourhood of a sphere in C. The global spherical shell conjecture claims that all class VII surfaces with positive second Betti number have a global spherical shell. The manifolds with a global spherical shell are all Kato surfaces which are reasonably well understood, so a proof of this conjecture would lead to Document [106] (Title: Cylinder) a sphere and its circumscribed right circular cylinder of the same height and diameter. The sphere has a volume that of the circumscribed cylinder and a surface area that of the cylinder (including the bases). Since the values for the cylinder were already known, he obtained, for the first time, the corresponding values for the sphere. The volume of a sphere of radius is . The surface area of this sphere is . A sculpted sphere and cylinder were placed on the tomb of Archimedes at his request. In some areas of geometry and topology the term "cylinder" refers to Document [107] (Title: Mahler volume) of its volume, Here Γ represents the Gamma function. By affine invariance, any ellipsoid has the same Mahler volume. The polar body of a polyhedron or polytope is its dual polyhedron or dual polytope. In particular, the polar body of a cube or hypercube is an octahedron or cross polytope. Its Mahler volume can be calculated as The Mahler volume of the sphere is larger than the Mahler volume of the hypercube by a factor of approximately formula_7. The Blaschke–Santaló inequality states that the shapes with maximum Mahler volume are the spheres and ellipsoids. The three-dimensional case of this result Document [108] (Title: Unit sphere) recursion: The "V" values satisfy the recursion: The formulae for "A" and "V" can be computed for any real number "n" ≥ 0, and there are circumstances under which it is appropriate to seek the sphere area or ball volume when "n" is not a non-negative integer. The surface area of an ("n"–1)-dimensional sphere with radius "r" is "A" "r" and the volume of an "n"-dimensional ball with radius "r" is "V" "r". For instance, the area is for the surface of the three-dimensional ball of radius "r". The volume is for the three-dimensional ball of radius "r". More precisely, Document [109] (Title: Roche lobe) shape of the Roche lobe depends on the mass ratio formula_1, and must be evaluated numerically. However, for many purposes it is useful to approximate the Roche lobe as a sphere of the same volume. An approximate formula for the radius of this sphere is where formula_4 and formula_5. Function formula_6 is greater than formula_7 for formula_8. The length "A" is the orbital separation of the system and "r" is the radius of the sphere whose volume approximates the Roche lobe of mass "M". This formula is accurate to within about 2%. Another approximate formula was proposed by Eggleton and Document [110] (Title: Shell theorem) Shell theorem In classical mechanics, the shell theorem gives gravitational simplifications that can be applied to objects inside or outside a spherically symmetrical body. This theorem has particular application to astronomy. Isaac Newton proved the shell theorem and stated that: A corollary is that inside a solid sphere of constant density, the gravitational force within the object varies linearly with distance from the centre, becoming zero by symmetry at the centre of mass. This can be seen as follows: take a point within such a sphere, at a distance formula_1 from the centre of the sphere. Then you can ignore Document [111] (Title: Spherical measure) Spherical measure In mathematics — specifically, in geometric measure theory — spherical measure "σ" is the “natural” Borel measure on the "n"-sphere S. Spherical measure is often normalized so that it is a probability measure on the sphere, i.e. so that "σ"(S) = 1. There are several ways to define spherical measure. One way is to use the usual “round” or “arclength” metric "ρ" on S; that is, for points "x" and "y" in S, "ρ"("x", "y") is defined to be the (Euclidean) angle that they subtend at the centre of the sphere (the origin of R). Now construct "n"-dimensional Document [112] (Title: Volume of an n-ball) to the vector field to get }} formula_50 formula_51. For other values of , the constant is a complicated integral. The volume formula can be generalized even further. For positive real numbers , define the unit ball to be: The volume of this ball has been known since the time of Dirichlet: Volume of an n-ball In geometry, a ball is a region in space comprising all points within a fixed distance from a given point; that is, it is the region enclosed by a sphere or hypersphere. An -ball is a ball in -dimensional Euclidean space. The volume of Document [113] (Title: Spherical mean) ∂"B"("x", "r") is the ("n"−1)-sphere forming the boundary of "B"("x", "r"), d"S" denotes integration with respect to spherical measure and "ω"("r") is the "surface area" of this ("n"−1)-sphere. Equivalently, the spherical mean is given by where "ω" is the area of the ("n"−1)-sphere of radius 1. The spherical mean is often denoted as The spherical mean is also defined for Riemannian manifolds in a natural manner. Spherical mean In mathematics, the spherical mean of a function around a point is the average of all values of that function on a sphere of given radius centered at that point. Consider an Document [114] (Title: Particle size) the ensemble of particles. The particle size of a spherical object can be unambiguously and quantitatively defined by its diameter. However, a typical material object is likely to be irregular in shape and non-spherical. The above quantitative definition of "particle size" cannot be applied to non-spherical particles. There are several ways of extending the above quantitative definition to apply to non-spherical particles. Existing definitions are based on replacing a given particle with an imaginary sphere that has one of the properties identical with the particle. In some measures the size (a length dimension in the expression) can't be obtained, only Document [115] (Title: Adams–Williamson equation) to spherical shells with that property. It is an important part of models of the Earth's interior such as the Preliminary reference Earth model (PREM). Williamson and Adams first developed the theory in 1923. They concluded that "It is therefore impossible to explain the high density of the Earth on the basis of compression alone. The dense interior cannot consist of ordinary rocks compressed to a small volume; we must therefore fall back on the only reasonable alternative, namely, the presence of a heavier material, presumably some metal, which, to judge from its abundance in the Earth's crust, in meteorites Document [116] (Title: Anostoma) this genus, the adult snails carry the shell completely upside down, with the umbilicus uppermost, and the spire facing downwards. To make this extraordinary feat possible, the mature aperture of the shell is aligned in the same plane as the rather low spire of the shell. It appears that in juveniles, the shell is carried with the widest diameter vertically aligned, in other words, with the keel of the shell pointing up. The width of adult shells varies from 23 to 45 mm. Thomas Wyatt (1838) wrote about "Anostoma": "An extraordinary shell, sometimes called the antique lamp from its form. Document [117] (Title: Spherical cap) Spherical cap In geometry, a spherical cap, spherical dome, or spherical segment of one base is a portion of a sphere cut off by a plane. If the plane passes through the center of the sphere, so that the height of the cap is equal to the radius of the sphere, the spherical cap is called a "hemisphere". The volume of the spherical cap and the area of the curved surface may be calculated using combinations of If formula_5 denotes the latitude in geographic coordinates, then formula_6. The relationship between formula_3 and formula_1 is irrelevant as long as formula_9. For Document [118] (Title: Kepler conjecture) the number of spheres in the container means to create an arrangement with the highest possible density, so that the spheres are packed together as closely as possible. Experiment shows that dropping the spheres in randomly will achieve a density of around 65%. However, a higher density can be achieved by carefully arranging the spheres as follows. Start with a layer of spheres in a hexagonal lattice, then put the next layer of spheres in the lowest points you can find above the first layer, and so on. At each step there are two choices of where to put the Document [119] (Title: Sphere) the minor axis, an oblate spheroid. In three dimensions, the volume inside a sphere (that is, the volume of a ball, but classically referred to as the volume of a sphere) is where is the radius of the sphere. Archimedes first derived this formula, by showing that the volume inside a sphere is twice the volume between the sphere and the circumscribed cylinder of that sphere (having the height and diameter equal to the diameter of the sphere). This assertion can be obtained from Cavalieri's principle. This formula can also be derived using integral calculus, i.e. disk integration to sum Document [120] (Title: Density) gaseous mixture. The bulk volume of a material—inclusive of the void fraction—is often obtained by a simple measurement (e.g. with a calibrated measuring cup) or geometrically from known dimensions. Mass divided by "bulk" volume determines bulk density. This is not the same thing as volumetric mass density. To determine volumetric mass density, one must first discount the volume of the void fraction. Sometimes this can be determined by geometrical reasoning. For the close-packing of equal spheres the non-void fraction can be at most about 74%. It can also be determined empirically. Some bulk materials, however, such as sand, have a Document [121] (Title: Goat problem) that the volume of the intersection body equals exactly half the volume of the unit sphere. The volume of the unit sphere reachable by the animal has the form of a three-dimensional lens with differently shaped sides and defined by the two spherical caps. The volume formula_14 of a lens with two spheres of radii formula_4 and distance between the centers formula_5 is: which simplifies in case of formula_7 and one half of the sphere volume to leading to a solution of formula_20 It can be demonstrated that with increasing dimensionality, formula_1 approaches the value formula_22. In the two-dimensional case, Document [122] (Title: Solid of revolution) away), so that a cylindrical volume of units is enclosed. Two common methods for finding the volume of a solid of revolution are the disc method and the shell method of integration. To apply these methods, it is easiest to draw the graph in question; identify the area that is to be revolved about the axis of revolution; determine the volume of either a disc-shaped slice of the solid, with thickness , or a cylindrical shell of width ; and then find the limiting sum of these volumes as approaches 0, a value which may be found by evaluating a Document [123] (Title: Helix Nebula) spheroid with strong density concentrations toward the filled disk along the equatorial plane, whose major axis is inclined about 21° to 37° from our vantage point. The size of the inner disk is 8×19 arcmin in diameter (0.52 pc); the outer torus is 12×22 arcmin in diameter (0.77 pc); and the outer-most ring is about 25 arcmin in diameter (1.76 pc). We see the outer-most ring as flattened on one side due to its colliding with the ambient interstellar medium. Expansion of the whole planetary nebula structure is estimated to have occurred in the last 6,560 years, and 12,100 years Document [124] (Title: Volume) "dx". The calculation for the volume of a cone of height "h", whose base is centered at (0, 0, 0) with radius "r", is as follows. The radius of each circular disk is "r" if "x" = 0 and 0 if "x" = "h", and varying linearly in between—that is, The surface area of the circular disk is then The volume of the cone can then be calculated as and after extraction of the constants Integrating gives us In differential geometry, a branch of mathematics, a volume form on a differentiable manifold is a differential form of top degree (i.e., Document [125] (Title: Volume of an n-ball) large, then by Stirling's approximation again, the radius of an -ball of volume is approximately This expression is a lower bound for , and the error is again a factor of . As increases, grows as . Let denote the surface area of the -sphere of radius . The -sphere is the boundary of the -ball of radius . The -ball is a union of concentric spheres, and consequently the surface area and the volume are related by: Since the volume is proportional to a power of the radius, the above relation leads to a simple recurrence equation relating the Document [126] (Title: Spherical coordinate system) a sphere. In this system, the sphere is taken as a unit sphere, so the radius is unity and can generally be ignored. This simplification can also be very useful when dealing with objects such as rotational matrices. Spherical coordinates are useful in analyzing systems that have some degree of symmetry about a point, such as volume integrals inside a sphere, the potential energy field surrounding a concentrated mass or charge, or global weather simulation in a planet's atmosphere. A sphere that has the Cartesian equation has the simple equation in spherical coordinates. Two important partial differential equations that arise Document [127] (Title: Shell theorem) the direction from the point of symmetry to another point the gravitational field at this other point must therefore be where "g"("r") only depends on the distance "r" to the point of symmetry Selecting the closed surface as a sphere with radius "r" with center at the point of symmetry the outward normal to a point on the surface, formula_12, is precisely the direction pointing away from the point of symmetry of the mass distribution. One, therefore, has that and as the area of the sphere is 4π"r". From Gauss's law it then follows that i.e. that It is natural Document [128] (Title: Adamussium) shell of the Antarctic scallop grows to about long and 7 centimetres wide and has a nearly circular outline. The two purplish-red valves are paper thin and only slightly convex and are attached by a long, slightly sinuous, hinge. Near the hinge there is an umbo or beak on each valve, a raised hump from which the ribs radiate. The umbones are not very prominent and on either side of them are irregular winged processes, the auricles. In smaller specimens there are around 12 shallow ribs diverging from the umbones and further low ridges appear between these as the shell Document [129] (Title: Astralium rotularium) Astralium rotularium Astralium rotularium, common name the rotary star shell or the knob star shell, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails. The size of the shell varies between 25 mm and 50 mm. The white, subdepressed, imperforate shell has a conoid shape. The spire is subacute. The six whorls are obliquely finely costulate with numerous prominent imbricating laterally compressed plicae at the sutures. The body whorl is carinated with plicate-nodose carina. The base of the shell is convex, squamosely concentrically lirate. The white columella is arcuate,not dentate. The aperture Document [130] (Title: Electron shell) can contain only a fixed number of electrons: The first shell can hold up to two electrons, the second shell can hold up to eight (2 + 6) electrons, the third shell can hold up to 18 (2 + 6 + 10) and so on. The general formula is that the "n"th shell can in principle hold up to 2("n") electrons. Since electrons are electrically attracted to the nucleus, an atom's electrons will generally occupy outer shells only if the more inner shells have already been completely filled by other electrons. However, this is not a strict requirement: atoms may Document [131] (Title: Number density) volume: where "N" is the total number of objects in a volume "V". Here it is assumed that "N" is large enough that rounding of the count to the nearest integer does not introduce much of an error, however "V" is chosen to be small enough that the resulting "n" does not depend much on the size or shape of the volume "V". In SI units, number density is measured in m, although cm is often used. However, these units are not quite practical when dealing with atoms or molecules of gases, liquids or solids at room temperature and atmospheric Document [132] (Title: Cavalieri's principle) volume of the cylinder, thus the volume "outside" of the cone is formula_12 the volume of the cylinder. Therefore the volume of the upper half of the sphere is formula_12 of the volume of the cylinder. The volume of the cylinder is Therefore the volume of the upper half-sphere is formula_15 and that of the whole sphere is formula_16. The fact that the volume of any pyramid, regardless of the shape of the base, whether circular as in the case of a cone, or square as in the case of the Egyptian pyramids, or any other shape, is (1/3) × Document [133] (Title: Cavalieri's principle) the volume of a cone is formula_1, then one can use Cavalieri's principle to derive the fact that the volume of a sphere is formula_2, where formula_3 is the radius. That is done as follows: Consider a sphere of radius formula_3 and a cylinder of radius formula_3 and height formula_3. Within the cylinder is the cone whose apex is at the center of one base of the cylinder and whose base is the other base of the cylinder. By the Pythagorean theorem, the plane located formula_7 units above the "equator" intersects the sphere in a circle of area formula_8. The Document [134] (Title: Shell theorem) and draw SE to the point E that bisects HK, and extend SF to intersect HK at D. Drop a perpendicular IQ on to the line PS joining P to the centre S. Let the radius of the sphere be a and the distance PS be D. Let arc IH be extended perpendicularly out of the plane of the diagram, by a small distance ζ. The area of the figure generated is IH.ζ, and its mass is proportional to this product. The force due to this mass on the particle at P formula_21 and is along the line PI. The Document [135] (Title: N-sphere) representing the unit -ball as a union of concentric -sphere "shells", So, We can also represent the unit -sphere as a union of tori, each the product of a circle (1-sphere) with an -sphere. Let and , so that and . Then, Since , the equation holds for all . This completes our derivation of the recurrences: Combining the recurrences, we see that So it is simple to show by induction on "k" that, where denotes the double factorial, defined for odd integers by . In general, the volume, in -dimensional Euclidean space, of the unit -ball, is given by Document [136] (Title: Volume of an n-ball) Volume of an n-ball In geometry, a ball is a region in space comprising all points within a fixed distance from a given point; that is, it is the region enclosed by a sphere or hypersphere. An -ball is a ball in -dimensional Euclidean space. The volume of an -ball is an important constant that occurs in formulas throughout mathematics; it generalizes the notion of the volume enclosed by a sphere in 3-dimensional space. The -dimensional volume of a Euclidean ball of radius in -dimensional Euclidean space is: where is Leonhard Euler's gamma function (which can be thought of as Document [137] (Title: Calliostoma jucundum) Calliostoma jucundum Calliostoma jucundum is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Calliostomatidae. (Original description by Gould) The size of the shell varies between 9.5 mm and 23 mm. The small, solid shell has a low conical shape. It is composed of about six conical whorls, with a slight vertical portion at base. The whorls are girdled with fine, uniform, beaded lines, the alternate ones being generally smaller, sometimes even not beaded, and the two basal ones surrounding the vertical portion being larger. The base of the shell is a little convex, similarly sculptured with Document [138] (Title: Depletion force) width of the lens-shaped region of overlap volume formed by spherical caps. The volume available formula_15 for small spheres is the difference between the total volume of the system and the excluded volume. To determine the available volume for small spheres, there are two distinguishable cases: first, the separation of the large spheres is big enough so small spheres can penetrate in between them; second, the large spheres are close enough so that small spheres cannot penetrate between them. For each case, the available volume for small spheres is given by In the latter case small spheres are depleted from Document [139] (Title: Volume) 2 : 3 ratio of the volumes of the sphere and cylinder is credited to Archimedes. The volume of a sphere is the integral of an infinite number of infinitesimally small circular disks of thickness "dx". The calculation for the volume of a sphere with center 0 and radius "r" is as follows. The surface area of the circular disk is formula_10. The radius of the circular disks, defined such that the x-axis cuts perpendicularly through them, is or where y or z can be taken to represent the radius of a disk at a particular x value. Using y Document [140] (Title: Sphere packing) the hexagonal lattice with a density of formula_3 and the tetrahedral lattice with a density of formula_4, and loosest possible at a density of 0.0555. Packings where all spheres are constrained by their neighbours to stay in one location are called rigid or jammed. The strictly jammed sphere packing with the lowest density is a diluted ("tunneled") fcc crystal with a density of only 0.49365. If we attempt to build a densely packed collection of spheres, we will be tempted to always place the next sphere in a hollow between three packed spheres. If five spheres are assembled in this Document [141] (Title: Spherical polyhedron) Spherical polyhedron In mathematics, a spherical polyhedron or spherical tiling is a tiling of the sphere in which the surface is divided or partitioned by great arcs into bounded regions called spherical polygons. Much of the theory of symmetrical polyhedra is most conveniently derived in this way. The most familiar spherical polyhedron is the soccer ball (outside the United States, Canada, and Australia, a football), thought of as a spherical truncated icosahedron. The next most popular spherical polyhedron is the beach ball, thought of as a hosohedron. Some "improper" polyhedra, such as the hosohedra and their duals the dihedra, exist Document [142] (Title: Shell integration) Shell integration Shell integration (the shell method in integral calculus) is a means of calculating the volume of a solid of revolution, when integrating along an axis "perpendicular to" the axis of revolution. This is in contrast to disc integration which integrates along the axis "parallel" to the axis of revolution. The shell method goes as follows: Consider a volume in three dimensions obtained by rotating a cross-section in the -plane around the -axis. Suppose the cross-section is defined by the graph of the positive function on the interval . Then the formula for the volume will be: If the Document [143] (Title: Calliostoma jucundum) m. Calliostoma jucundum Calliostoma jucundum is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Calliostomatidae. (Original description by Gould) The size of the shell varies between 9.5 mm and 23 mm. The small, solid shell has a low conical shape. It is composed of about six conical whorls, with a slight vertical portion at base. The whorls are girdled with fine, uniform, beaded lines, the alternate ones being generally smaller, sometimes even not beaded, and the two basal ones surrounding the vertical portion being larger. The base of the shell is a little convex, similarly sculptured Document [144] (Title: Classical nucleation theory) sum of a bulk term that is proportional to the volume of the nucleus, and a surface term, that is proportional to its surface area The first term is the volume term, and as we are assuming that the nucleus is spherical, this is the volume of a sphere of radius formula_18. formula_19 is the difference in free energy per unit volume between the thermodynamic phase nucleation is occurring in, and the phase that is nucleating. For example, if water is nucleating in supersaturated air, then formula_19 is the free energy per unit volume of the supersaturated air minus that Document [145] (Title: Leech lattice) and Leech lattice give very efficient 24-dimensional spherical codes of 729, 4096 and 196560 points, respectively. Spherical codes are higher-dimensional analogues of Tammes problem, which arose as an attempt to explain the distribution of pores on pollen grains. These are distributed as to maximise the minimal angle between them. In two dimensions, the problem is trivial, but in three dimensions and higher it is not. An example of a spherical code in three dimensions is the set of the 12 vertices of the regular icosahedron. One can associate to any (positive-definite) lattice Λ a theta function given by The theta Document [146] (Title: Sphere) the sphere. Alternatively, the area element on the sphere is given in spherical coordinates by . In Cartesian coordinates, the area element is For more generality, see area element. The total area can thus be obtained by integration: The sphere has the smallest surface area of all surfaces that enclose a given volume, and it encloses the largest volume among all closed surfaces with a given surface area. The sphere therefore appears in nature: for example, bubbles and small water drops are roughly spherical because the surface tension locally minimizes surface area. The surface area relative to the mass of Document [147] (Title: Kilogram) to be determined with an uncertainty of only three parts per billion. With the size of the sphere, its average atomic mass, and its atomic spacing known, the required sphere diameter can be calculated with sufficient precision and low uncertainty to enable it to be finish-polished to a target mass of one kilogram. Experiments are being performed on the Avogadro Project's silicon spheres to determine whether their masses are most stable when stored in a vacuum, a partial vacuum, or ambient pressure. However, no technical means currently exist to prove a long-term stability any better than that of the IPK's, Document [148] (Title: Spherical design) Spherical design A spherical design, part of combinatorial design theory in mathematics, is a finite set of "N" points on the "d"-dimensional unit "d"-sphere "S" such that the average value of any polynomial "f" of degree "t" or less on the set equals the average value of "f" on the whole sphere (that is, the integral of "f" over "S" divided by the area or measure of "S"). Such a set is often called a spherical "t"-design to indicate the value of "t", which is a fundamental parameter. Spherical designs can be of value in approximation theory, in statistics for Document [149] (Title: Carbon nanotube springs) is E. In case of SWCNTs, n=1 and n>1 in case of MWCNTs. The cylinder has inner and outer radii of formula_1 and formula_2. The shell's cross-sectional area is formula_3 and the total enclosed area is formula_4. The strain energy that can be stored in the bar under axial compression to a strain of formula_5 is formula_6)formula_7 = formula_8 The strain energy density is simply the ratio of the strain energy and the enclosed volume. Therefore, in order for the strain energy density to be high the value of formula_9 should be large. So, a spring in axial tension should Document [150] (Title: Spherical lune) the second half great circle has moved a full circle, and the lune in between covers the sphere as a spherical monogon — the area formula for the spherical lune gives 4π"R", the surface area of the sphere. A hosohedron is a tessellation of the sphere by lunes. A n-gonal regular hosohedron, {2,n} has "n" equal lunes of π/"n" radians. An "n"-hosohedron has dihedral symmetry D, ["n",2], (*22"n") of order 4"n". Each lune individually has cyclic symmetry "C", [2], (*22) of order 4. Each hosohedra can be divided by an equatorial bisector into two equal spherical triangles. The visibly lighted Document [151] (Title: Napkin ring problem) through the center of a sphere of radius "R" and that "h" represents the height (defined as the distance in a direction parallel to the axis) of the part of the cylinder that is inside the sphere. The "band" is the part of the sphere that is outside the cylinder. The volume of the band depends on "h" but not on "R": As the radius "R" of the sphere shrinks, the diameter of the cylinder must also shrink in order that "h" can remain the same. The band gets thicker, and this would increase its volume. But it also gets Document [152] (Title: Sphere packing) Sphere packing In geometry, a sphere packing is an arrangement of non-overlapping spheres within a containing space. The spheres considered are usually all of identical size, and the space is usually three-dimensional Euclidean space. However, sphere packing problems can be generalised to consider unequal spheres, "n"-dimensional Euclidean space (where the problem becomes circle packing in two dimensions, or hypersphere packing in higher dimensions) or to non-Euclidean spaces such as hyperbolic space. A typical sphere packing problem is to find an arrangement in which the spheres fill as large a proportion of the space as possible. The proportion of space filled Document [153] (Title: Cylinder) the cylinders' common axis, as in the diagram. Let the height be , internal radius , and external radius . The volume is given by Thus, the volume of a cylindrical shell equals 2(average radius)(altitude)(thickness). The surface area, including the top and bottom, is given by Cylindrical shells are used in a common integration technique for finding volumes of solids of revolution. In the treatise by this name, written c. 225 BCE, Archimedes obtained the result of which he was most proud, namely obtaining the formulas for the volume and surface area of a sphere by exploiting the relationship between Document [154] (Title: Spherical sector) and the direction to the middle of the cap as seen from the sphere center. The volume "V" of the sector is related to the area "A" of the cap by: The curved surface area of the spherical sector (on the surface of the sphere, excluding the cone surface) is It is also where Ω is the solid angle of the spherical sector in steradians, the SI unit of solid angle. One steradian is defined as the solid angle subtended by a cap area of "A" = "r". The volume can be calculated by integrating the differential volume element over Document [155] (Title: Early Islamic philosophy) showed that the sphere ("al-kura") is the largest in magnitude (volumetric) with respect to other geometric solids that have equal surface areas. For instance, a sphere that has an equal surface area to that of a cylinder, would be larger in (volumetric) magnitude than the cylinder; hence, the sphere occupies a larger place than that occupied by the cylinder; unlike what is entailed by Aristotle's definition of place: that this sphere and that cylinder occupy places that are equal in magnitude. Ibn al-Haytham rejected Aristotle's philosophical concept of place on mathematical grounds. Later, the philosopher 'Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi (13th century) Document [156] (Title: Geopotential model) z") is the mass density at the volume element and of the direction from the volume element to the point mass. In the special case of a sphere with a spherically symmetric mass density then ρ = ρ("s"), i.e. density depends only on the radial distance These integrals can be evaluated analytically. This is the shell theorem saying that in this case: with corresponding potential where "M" = ∫ρ("s")"dxdydz" is the total mass of the sphere. In reality, Earth is not exactly spherical, mainly because of its rotation around the polar axis that makes its shape slightly oblate. If this Document [157] (Title: Pressure vessel) shape but depends on the density, ρ, and maximum allowable stress σ of the material in addition to the pressure P and volume V of the vessel. (See below for the exact equations for the stress in the walls.) For a sphere, the minimum mass of a pressure vessel is where: Other shapes besides a sphere have constants larger than 3/2 (infinite cylinders take 2), although some tanks, such as non-spherical wound composite tanks can approach this. This is sometimes called a "bullet" for its shape, although in geometric terms it is a capsule. For a cylinder with hemispherical ends, Document [158] (Title: Sphere packing) way, they will be consistent with one of the regularly packed arrangements described above. However, the sixth sphere placed in this way will render the structure inconsistent with any regular arrangement. This results in the possibility of a "random close packing" of spheres which is stable against compression. When spheres are randomly added to a container and then compressed, they will generally form what is known as an "irregular" or "jammed" packing configuration when they can be compressed no more. This irregular packing will generally have a density of about 64%. Recent research predicts analytically that it cannot exceed a Document [159] (Title: Linatella caudata) at depths of 20 to 200 m. The size of an adult shell varies between 35 mm and 100 mm. These medium-sized shells are extremely variable in size, thickness, prominence, quantity of flare of the outer lip and thickness and width of the inner lip. Also very variable are the spire height and the intensity of the surface coloration. Commonly they have an hairy appearance and are solid and thick and show a Tonna-like form and moderately tall spire, with a very weak sculpture of low, weakly convex surfaced, spiral cords. The whorls are weak shouldered. They lack obvious varices Document [160] (Title: Stylodictya) cone-shaped nasselarians). At the center of the disc is a microsphere (sphere of silica that houses the nucleus and endoplasm). Surrounding the microsphere is the biretta, which is a porous rectangular box-shaped shell. Four radial beams connect the microsphere to the biretta. Surrounding the biretta are three hoops, circular rings of silica that are concave toward the center (microsphere) of the skeleton. The three hoops are connected at the top and bottom in equatorial view (viewing the side of the coin-shaped disc instead of the face) by the roof, which is also porous. There are two concentric rings of pores Document [161] (Title: Double bubble conjecture) dihedral angles of 2/3. In a "standard double bubble", these surfaces are patches of spheres, and the curve where they meet is a circle. When the two enclosed volumes are different from each other, there are three spherical surfaces, two on the outside of the double bubble and one in the interior, separating the two volumes from each other; the radii of the spheres is inversely proportional to the pressure differences between the volumes they separate, according to the Young–Laplace equation. When the two volumes are equal, the middle surface is instead a flat disk, which can be interpreted as Document [162] (Title: Whorl (mollusc)) few whorls. The number of whorls present in an adult shell differs greatly in various taxa. The extant marine gastropod families Turritellidae and Terebridae, and the extinct Mesozoic family Nerineidae, have very high spired shells with a large number of whorls, and a relatively small aperture. The shells of a few genera of gastropods, and of the cephalopod genus "Spirula", have whorls that are disconnected. To count exactly the number of whorls in gastropods a straight line is drawn to separate the semi-circular nucleus (protoconch (1 - see image) from the younger part of the shell. An arrow placed at Document [163] (Title: Shell theorem) the elliptic areas, is direct as the mass of the area and inversely as the square of its distance from P, it is independent of the distance of P from the sphere. Hence, the forces on P from the 2 infinitesimal elliptical areas are equal and opposite and there is no net force in the direction JM. As the position of P and the direction of JM are both arbitrary, it follows that any particle inside a hollow sphere experiences no net force from the mass of the sphere. Note: Newton simply describes the arcs IH and KL as 'minimally Document [164] (Title: Shell theorem) potential, of which the inverse square law is a special case. Another generalization can be made for a disc by observing that so: where formula_15 Doing all the intermediate calculations we get: Note that formula_16 in this example is expressed in formula_17 Propositions 70 and 71 consider the force acting on a particle from a hollow sphere with an infinitesimally thin surface, whose mass density is constant over the surface. The force on the particle from a small area of the surface of the sphere is proportional to the mass of the area and inversely as the square of its Document [165] (Title: Shell integration) integrating these two functions with the disk method we subtract them to yield the desired volume. With the shell method all we need is the following formula: By expanding the polynomial the integral becomes very simple. In the end we find the volume is cubic units. Shell integration Shell integration (the shell method in integral calculus) is a means of calculating the volume of a solid of revolution, when integrating along an axis "perpendicular to" the axis of revolution. This is in contrast to disc integration which integrates along the axis "parallel" to the axis of revolution. The shell method Document [166] (Title: Charisma compacta) Charisma compacta Charisma compacta is a species of extremely small sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Trochidae, the top snails. The height of the shell attains 1.9 mm, its diameter 2 mm. The shell is solid and has a turbinate shape. Its colour is pale cream. The four whorls are rather loosely coiled and separated by channelled sutures. The spire-whorls are smooth. The body whorl is sculptured with about twenty regularly spaced, sharp, spiral grooves. The umbilicus measures about one-eighth of the shell's diameter; its margin is smooth and rounded. The aperture-side of the umbilicus shows an Document [167] (Title: Nuclear weapon design) Man bomb had two concentric, spherical shells of high explosives, each about thick. The inner shell drove the implosion. The outer shell consisted of a soccer-ball pattern of 32 high explosive lenses, each of which converted the convex wave from its detonator into a concave wave matching the contour of the outer surface of the inner shell. If these 32 lenses could be replaced with only two, the high explosive sphere could become an ellipsoid (prolate spheroid) with a much smaller diameter. A good illustration of these two features is a 1956 drawing from the Swedish nuclear weapons program (which Document [168] (Title: Shell theorem) are in the same ratio. Therefore, the force on a particle any distance D from the centre of the hollow sphere is inversely proportional to formula_42, which proves the proposition. There is an analog of the shell theorem in general relativity (GR). The shell theorem shows that the gravitational potential outside a spherically symmetric body is given by -GM/r—whether or not the body is changing with time. In general relativity, there is a similar theorem that demonstrating that the spacetime geometry "outside" a spherically symmetric mass-energy distribution is the time-independent Schwarzschild geometry—even if the central mass is undergoing gravitational collapse Document [169] (Title: Volume of an n-ball) and the center of the sphere, and let denote the azimuth. Intersecting the -ball with the -dimensional plane defined by fixing a radius and an azimuth gives an -ball of radius . The volume of the ball can therefore be written as an iterated integral of the volumes of the -balls over the possible radii and azimuths: The azimuthal coordinate can be immediately integrated out. Applying the proportionality relation shows that the volume equals: The integral can be evaluated by making the substitution to get: which is the two-dimension recursion formula. The same technique can be used to give an Document [170] (Title: Shell theorem) to "r" + "R". Inserting the expression for cos("φ") using the first of the "cosine law" expressions above, one finally gets that A primitive function to the integrand is and inserting the bounds "r" − "R", "r" + "R" for the integration variable "s" in this primitive function, one gets that saying that the gravitational force is the same as that of a point mass in the centre of the shell with the same mass. Finally, integrate all infinitesimally thin spherical shell with mass of "dM", and we can obtain the total gravity contribution of a solid ball to the Document [171] (Title: N-sphere) a single point representing infinity in all directions. In particular, if a single point is removed from an -sphere, it becomes homeomorphic to . This forms the basis for stereographic projection. <div style="overflow-wrap: normal">In general, the volume of the -ball in -dimensional Euclidean space, and the surface area of the -sphere in -dimensional Euclidean space, of radius , are proportional to the th power of the radius, (with different constants of proportionality that vary with ). We write for the volume of the -ball and for the surface area of the -sphere, both of radius , where and are the Document [172] (Title: Unit sphere) analysis. The volume of the unit ball in "n" dimensions, which we denote "V", can be expressed by making use of the gamma function. It is where "n"<nowiki>!!</nowiki> is the double factorial. The hypervolume of the ("n"−1)-dimensional unit sphere ("i.e.", the "area" of the boundary of the "n"-dimensional unit ball), which we denote "A", can be expressed as where the last equality holds only for . The surface areas and the volumes for some values of formula_8 are as follows: where the decimal expanded values for "n" ≥ 2 are rounded to the displayed precision. The "A" values satisfy the Document [173] (Title: Spherical model) may be a real non-integer dimension. The critical exponents formula_18 and formula_19 in the zero-field case which dictate the behaviour of the system close to were derived to be which are independent of the dimension of "d" when it is greater than four, the dimension being able to take any real value. Spherical model The spherical model in statistical mechanics is a model of ferromagnetism similar to the Ising model, which was solved in 1952 by T. H. Berlin and M. Kac. It has the remarkable property that when applied to systems of dimension "d" greater than four, the critical Document [174] (Title: Apex (mollusc)) usually called the apical aperture. In orthocone cephalopods, the pointed end of the shell is called the apex, and shell growth is away from the apex and toward the aperture. The first chamber of the apex is sometimes called the protoconch. The apex of a valve of a bivalve shell is the area around what is most commonly the umbo or beak. In some species the embryonic shell or prodissoconch may be present at the apex of each of the two valves. Apex (mollusc) In anatomy, an apex (adjectival form: apical) is part of the shell of a mollusk. The Document [175] (Title: Napkin ring problem) shorter in circumference, and this would decrease its volume. The two effects exactly cancel each other out. In the extreme case of the smallest possible sphere, the cylinder vanishes (its radius becomes zero) and the height "h" equals the diameter of the sphere. In this case the volume of the band is the volume of the whole sphere, which matches the formula given above. An early study of this problem was written by 17th-century Japanese mathematician Seki Kōwa. According to , Seki called this solid an arc-ring, or in Japanese "kokan" or "kokwan". Suppose the radius of the sphere is Document [176] (Title: Sphere packing) limit to the number of spheres that can surround another sphere (for example, Ford circles can be thought of as an arrangement of identical hyperbolic circles in which each circle is surrounded by an infinite number of other circles). The concept of average density also becomes much more difficult to define accurately. The densest packings in any hyperbolic space are almost always irregular. Despite this difficulty, K. Böröczky gives a universal upper bound for the density of sphere packings of hyperbolic "n"-space where "n" ≥ 2. In three dimensions the Böröczky bound is approximately 85.327613%, and is realized by the Document [177] (Title: Packing problems) Determine the number of spherical objects of given diameter "d" that can be packed into a cuboid of . Determine the minimum height "h" of a cylinder with given radius "R" that will pack "n" identical spheres of radius "r" (< "R"). Determine the minimum radius "R" that will pack "n" identical, unit volume polyhedra of a given shape. Pack "n" unit circles into the smallest possible circle. This is closely related to spreading points in a unit circle with the objective of finding the greatest minimal separation, "d", between points. Optimal solutions have been proven for "n" ≤ 13, Document [178] (Title: Gravitational binding energy) found by imagining that it is pulled apart by successively moving spherical shells to infinity, the outermost first, and finding the total energy needed for that. Assuming a constant density formula_3, the masses of a shell and the sphere inside it are: The required energy for a shell is the negative of the gravitational potential energy: Integrating over all shells yields: Since formula_3 is simply equal to the mass of the whole divided by its volume for objects with uniform density, therefore And finally, plugging this into our result leads to Two bodies, placed at the distance "R" from each Document [179] (Title: Shell integration) function is of the coordinate and the axis of rotation is the -axis then the formula becomes: If the function is rotating around the line or , the formulas become: and The formula is derived by computing the double integral in polar coordinates. Consider the volume, depicted below, whose cross section on the interval [1, 2] is defined by: In the case of disk integration we would need to solve for given . Because the volume is hollow in the middle we will find two functions, one that defines the inner solid and one that defines the outer solid. After Document [180] (Title: Volume of an n-ball) case is the standard Euclidean distance function, but other values of occur in diverse contexts such as information theory, coding theory, and dimensional regularization. The volume of an ball of radius is: These volumes satisfy a recurrence relation similar to the one dimension recurrence for : For , one recovers the recurrence for the volume of a Euclidean ball because . For example, in the cases and , the volumes are: These agree with elementary calculations of the volumes of cross-polytopes and hypercubes. For most values of , the surface area, formula_47, of an sphere of radius (the boundary of Question: what is the volume of a spherical shell Answer: the difference between the enclosed volume of the outer sphere and the enclosed volume of the inner sphere Long Answer: The volume of a spherical shell is the difference between the enclosed volume of the outer sphere and the enclosed volume of the inner sphere: Gold Document ID: 90

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Volume) in spherical coordinates (using the convention for angles with formula_4 as the azimuth and formula_5 measured from the polar axis; see more on conventions) has the form The above formulas can be used to show that the volumes of a cone, sphere and cylinder of the same radius and height are in the ratio 1 : 2 : 3, as follows. Let the radius be "r" and the height be "h" (which is 2"r" for the sphere), then the volume of cone is the volume of the sphere is while the volume of the cylinder is The discovery of the Document [2] (Title: N-sphere) the angular measures in radians, the volume element in -dimensional Euclidean space will be found from the Jacobian of the transformation: and the above equation for the volume of the -ball can be recovered by integrating: The volume element of the -sphere, which generalizes the area element of the 2-sphere, is given by The natural choice of an orthogonal basis over the angular coordinates is a product of ultraspherical polynomials, for , and the for the angle in concordance with the spherical harmonics. Just as a two-dimensional sphere embedded in three dimensions can be mapped onto a two-dimensional plane by Document [3] (Title: Sphere packing) density limit of 63.4% This situation is unlike the case of one or two dimensions, where compressing a collection of 1-dimensional or 2-dimensional spheres (that is, line segments or circles) will yield a regular packing. The sphere packing problem is the three-dimensional version of a class of ball-packing problems in arbitrary dimensions. In two dimensions, the equivalent problem is packing circles on a plane. In one dimension it is packing line segments into a linear universe. In dimensions higher than three, the densest regular packings of hyperspheres are known up to 8 dimensions. Very little is known about irregular hypersphere Document [4] (Title: Earth radius) The IUGG denotes the authalic radius as . A closed-form solution exists for a spheroid: where and is the surface area of the spheroid. For the Earth, the authalic radius is . Another spherical model is defined by the volumetric radius, which is the radius of a sphere of volume equal to the ellipsoid. The IUGG denotes the volumetric radius as . For Earth, the volumetric radius equals . Another mean radius is the "rectifying radius", giving a sphere with circumference equal to the perimeter of the ellipse described by any polar cross section of the ellipsoid. This requires an Document [5] (Title: Tonna galea) is thin and inflated, but still relatively solid and durable. The shell is almost diaphanous when young; at that time the transverse ribs of the surface are only indicated by lines of a slightly deeper tint. In terms of its weight however, the thin shell is very much lighter than the shell of most other large sea snails. The aperture of the shell is "distinctly round" and wide. The conical spire is formed of six convex, very distinct whorls, loaded externally with wide, flat, slightly raised ribs, separated by narrow and superficial furrows. The whorls of the spire are isolated Document [6] (Title: Comitas pagodaeformis) Comitas pagodaeformis Comitas pagodaeformis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Pseudomelatomidae, the turrids and allies. The length of the shell attains 28.5 mm, its diameter 8 mm. (Original description) The moderately solid shell has an elongately fusiform, shape. It is light yellowish-brown, lighter on the siphonal canal. it contains about 11 whorls, of which about 1½ form a smooth, inflated, laterally inclined protoconch. The subsequent whorls are angular, very convex, separated by a linear, undulated suture, accompanied by a faint infrasutural rib, more conspicuous on upper whorls . The upper part of whorls Document [7] (Title: Volume of an n-ball) to binomial coefficients. Applying this relationship gives: Using the value gives the one-dimension recursion formula: As with the two-dimension recursive formula, the same technique can be used to give an inductive proof of the volume formula. The volume can be computed by integrating the volume element in spherical coordinates. The spherical coordinate system has a radial coordinate and angular coordinates , where the domain of each except is , and the domain of is . The spherical volume element is: and the volume is the integral of this quantity over between 0 and and all possible angles: Each of the Document [8] (Title: Sphere) the volumes of an infinite number of circular disks of infinitesimally small thickness stacked side by side and centered along the -axis from to , assuming the sphere of radius is centered at the origin. At any given , the incremental volume () equals the product of the cross-sectional area of the disk at and its thickness (): The total volume is the summation of all incremental volumes: In the limit as approaches zero this equation becomes: At any given , a right-angled triangle connects , and to the origin; hence, applying the Pythagorean theorem yields: Using this substitution gives Document [9] (Title: Shell theorem) is an ellipse, in this case the intersections form two ellipses with major axes IH and KL, where formula_19 By a similar argument, the minor axes are in the same ratio. This is clear if the sphere is viewed from above. Therefore the two ellipses are similar, so their areas are as the squares of their major axes. As the mass of any section of the surface is proportional to the area of that section, for the 2 elliptical areas the ratios of their masses formula_20. Since the force of attraction on P in the direction JM from either of Document [10] (Title: Spherical measure) "r" > 0, where "A" denotes the “inflation” of "A" by "r", i.e. In particular, if "σ"("A") ≥ ½ and "n" ≥ 2, then Spherical measure In mathematics — specifically, in geometric measure theory — spherical measure "σ" is the “natural” Borel measure on the "n"-sphere S. Spherical measure is often normalized so that it is a probability measure on the sphere, i.e. so that "σ"(S) = 1. There are several ways to define spherical measure. One way is to use the usual “round” or “arclength” metric "ρ" on S; that is, for points "x" and "y" in S, "ρ"("x", Document [11] (Title: Sholl analysis) of cells per volume (Sholl, p. 401, "The packing density of perikarya"). While methods for estimating the number of cells have vastly improved since 1953 with the advent of unbiased stereology, the method Sholl uses to record the number of intersections at various distances from the cell body is still in use and is actually named after Sholl. "In order to study the way in which the number of branches varies with the distance from the perikaryon, it is convenient to use a series of concentric spherical shells as co-ordinates of reference. ... these shells have their common centre in Document [12] (Title: Solid angle) surface area of a spherical cap is always equal to the area of a circle whose radius equals the distance from the rim of the spherical cap to the point where the cap's axis of symmetry intersects the cap. In the diagram this radius is given as: Hence for a unit sphere the solid angle of the spherical cap is given as: When = , the spherical cap becomes a hemisphere having a solid angle 2. The solid angle of the complement of the cone (picture a melon with the cone cut out) is clearly: This is also the solid Document [13] (Title: Interior Schwarzschild metric) larger than the volume of an euclidean reference shell. The fluid has a constant density by definition. It is given by were formula_26 is Einstein's constant. It may be counterintuitive that the density is the mass divided by the volume of a sphere with radius formula_12, which seems to disregard that this is less than the proper radius, and that space inside the body is curved so that the volume formula for a "flat" sphere shouldn't hold at all. However, formula_9 is the mass measured from the outside, for example by observing a test particle orbiting the gravitating body (the Document [14] (Title: The Method of Mechanical Theorems) as infinitely many infinitesimal right triangles going around the circumference (see Measurement of the Circle), the volume of the sphere could be thought of as divided into many cones with height equal to the radius and base on the surface. The cones all have the same height, so their volume is 1/3 the base area times the height. Archimedes states that the total volume of the sphere is equal to the volume of a cone whose base has the same surface area as the sphere and whose height is the radius. There are no details given for the argument, but Document [15] (Title: N-sphere) values for the unit-radius case.<div> Given the radius , the enclosed volume and the surface area of the -sphere reach a maximum and then decrease towards zero as the dimension increases. In particular, the volume enclosed by the -sphere of constant radius embedded in dimensions reaches a maximum at the dimension satisfying and where is given in the sidebar to the right; if the last (weak) inequality holds with equality, then the same maximum also occurs at . Specifically, for unit radius the largest enclosed volume is that enclosed by a 4-dimensional sphere bounding a 5-dimensional ball. Similarly, the surface Document [16] (Title: Van der Waals radius) atom or molecule with experimental data derived from measurements on gases. For helium, "b" = 23.7 cm/mol. Helium is a monatomic gas, and each mole of helium contains atoms (the Avogadro constant, "N"): Therefore, the van der Waals volume of a single atom "V" = 39.36 Å, which corresponds to "r" = 2.11 Å. This method may be extended to diatomic gases by approximating the molecule as a rod with rounded ends where the diameter is 2"r" and the internuclear distance is "d". The algebra is more complicated, but the relation can be solved by the normal methods for cubic Document [17] (Title: Suture (anatomy)) limestone and chalk), and of conchiolin, a protein. For more information, see Mollusc shell. In cephalopod mollusks which have external shells (e.g. "Nautilus", ammonites), the shell is divided into compartments by septa (partitions). The septa are joined to the external shell by sutures formed by repeated invagination (they interlock like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle). The sutures are visible from the outside and often form complex and elaborate patterns. Nearly all snail shells (except for the shells of limpets, abalone, sea hares, etc.) can be visualized as a tube of increasing diameter, closed at the small end, and spirally wrapped Document [18] (Title: Spherical wedge) corresponding to the same wedge is given by Hart (2009) states that the "volume of a spherical wedge is to the volume of the sphere as the number of degrees in the [angle of the wedge] is to 360". Hence, and through derivation of the spherical wedge volume formula, it can be concluded that, if "V" is the volume of the sphere and "V" is the volume of a given spherical wedge, Also, if "S" is the area of a given wedge's lune, and "S" is the area of the wedge's sphere, Spherical wedge In geometry, a spherical wedge or Document [19] (Title: Van der Waals radius) corresponding to a molar volume "V" = . The van der Waals volume is given by where the factor of π/√18 arises from the packing of spheres: "V" = = 23.0 Å, corresponding to a van der Waals radius "r" = 1.76 Å. The molar refractivity "A" of a gas is related to its refractive index "n" by the Lorentz–Lorenz equation: The refractive index of helium "n" = at 0 °C and 101.325 kPa, which corresponds to a molar refractivity "A" = . Dividing by the Avogadro constant gives "V" = = 0.8685 Å, corresponding to "r" = 0.59 Å. Document [20] (Title: Steinmetz solid) in Chinese (for two square umbrellas, written as 牟合方蓋). Archimedes and Zu Chongzhi already calculated the volume of a bicylinder. A bicylinder generated by two cylinders with radius formula_1 has the and the For deriving the volume formula it is convenient to use the common idea for calculating the volume of a sphere: collecting thin cylindric slices. In this case the thin slices are square cuboids (see diagram). This leads to It is well known that the relations of the volumes of a right circular cone, one half of a sphere and a right cicular cylinder with same radii and Document [21] (Title: Shell theorem) all the shells of greater radius, according to the shell theorem. So, the remaining mass formula_2 is proportional to formula_3 (because it is based on volume), and the gravitational force exerted on it is proportional to formula_4 (the inverse square law), so the overall gravitational effect is proportional to formula_5, so is linear in formula_1. These results were important to Newton's analysis of planetary motion; they are not immediately obvious, but they can be proven with calculus. (Alternatively, Gauss's law for gravity offers a much simpler way to prove the same results.) In addition to gravity, the shell theorem can Document [22] (Title: Spherical wedge) is to a perigon." A spherical wedge of "α" = radians (180°) is called a "hemisphere", while a spherical wedge of "α" = 2 radians (360°) constitutes a complete ball. The volume of a spherical wedge can be intuitively related to the "AB" definition in that while the volume of a ball of radius "r" is given by "r", the volume a spherical wedge of the same radius "r" is given by Extrapolating the same principle and considering that the surface area of a sphere is given by 4"r", it can be seen that the surface area of the lune Document [23] (Title: Volume) gas law. Volume Volume is the quantity of three-dimensional space enclosed by a closed surface, for example, the space that a substance (solid, liquid, gas, or plasma) or shape occupies or contains. Volume is often quantified numerically using the SI derived unit, the cubic metre. The volume of a container is generally understood to be the capacity of the container; i. e., the amount of fluid (gas or liquid) that the container could hold, rather than the amount of space the container itself displaces. Three dimensional mathematical shapes are also assigned volumes. Volumes of some simple shapes, such as regular, Document [24] (Title: Helium compounds) with as much power as conventional explosives. When it is heated above 2.19 K (the lambda point of helium), the solid decomposes and explodes. This substance is not a true compound, but more like a solid solution. E. B. Gordon et al. suggested that this material may exist in 1974. The localised helium shells around an individual atom are termed van der Waals spheres. However the idea that the nitrogen atoms are dispersed in the helium has been replaced by the concept of nitrogen atoms attached to the surface of clusters of nitrogen molecules. The energy density of the solid Document [25] (Title: Astralium tentoriiforme) Astralium tentoriiforme Astralium tentoriiforme , common name the common tent shell, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails. The length of the shell varies between 25 mm and 45 mm. The imperforate, solid shell has an elate-conic shape. Its color pattern is pale yellowish. The spire is elevated and contains 7–8 whorls. These are very obliquely finely wrinkled and flat above. The base of the shell is concave. The periphery is acutely carinated, above the carina are obscurely longitudinally folded. The base contains numerous regular concentric squamose lirae. The aperture Document [26] (Title: Homoeoid) matter or charge is constant inside the shell. This means that a test mass or charge will not feel any force inside the shell. Homoeoid A homoeoid is a shell (a bounded region) bounded by two concentric, similar ellipses (in 2D) or ellipsoids (in 3D). When the thickness of the shell becomes negligible, it is called a thin homoeoid. The name homoeoid was coined by Lord Kelvin and Peter Tait. If the outer shell is given by with semiaxes formula_2 the inner shell is given for formula_3 by The thin homoeoid is then given by the limit formula_5 A homoeoid Document [27] (Title: Kepler conjecture) next layer, so this natural method of stacking the spheres creates an uncountably infinite number of equally dense packings, the best known of which are called cubic close packing and hexagonal close packing. Each of these arrangements has an average density of The Kepler conjecture says that this is the best that can be done—no other arrangement of spheres has a higher average density. The conjecture was first stated by in his paper 'On the six-cornered snowflake'. He had started to study arrangements of spheres as a result of his correspondence with the English mathematician and astronomer Thomas Harriot in Document [28] (Title: Spherical segment) Spherical segment In geometry, a spherical segment is the solid defined by cutting a sphere with a pair of parallel planes. It can be thought of as a spherical cap with the top truncated, and so it corresponds to a spherical frustum. The surface of the "spherical segment" (excluding the bases) is called spherical zone. If the radius of the sphere is called "R", the radius of the spherical segment bases "r" and "r", and the height of the segment (the distance from one parallel plane to the other) called "h", the volume of the spherical segment is then: The Document [29] (Title: Random close pack) Experiments and computer simulations have shown that the most compact way to pack hard perfect spheres randomly gives a maximum volume fraction of about 64%, i.e., approximately 64% of the volume of a container is occupied by the spheres. It seems as if because it is not possible to precisely define 'random' in this sense it is not possible to give an exact value. The random close packing value is significantly below the maximum possible close-packing of (equal sized) hard spheres into a regular crystalline arrangements, which is 74.04% -- both the face-centred cubic (fcc) and hexagonal close packed (hcp) Document [30] (Title: Shell theorem) a solid sphere acting on a particle outside it is inversely proportional to the square of its distance from the centre of the sphere, provided the density at any point inside the sphere is a function only of its distance from the centre of the sphere. Although the following are completely faithful to Newton's proofs, very minor changes have been made to attempt to make them clearer. Fig. 2 is a cross-section of the hollow sphere through the centre, S and an arbitrary point, P, inside the sphere. Through P draw two lines IL and HK such that the angle Document [31] (Title: Vacuum airship) much that the greater lifting power of vacuum is negated. From the analysis by Akhmeteli and Gavrilin: The total force on a hemi-spherical shell of radius formula_1 by an external pressure formula_2 is formula_3. Since the force on each hemisphere has to balance along the equator the compressive stress will be, assuming formula_4 where formula_6 is the shell thickness. Neutral buoyancy occurs when the shell has the same mass as the displaced air, which occurs when formula_7, where formula_8 is the air density and formula_9 is the shell density, assumed to be homogeneous. Combining with the stress equation gives For Document [32] (Title: Dust explosion) sphere of a combustible material with a density of 1 g/cm would be about in diameter, and have a surface area of . However, if it were broken up into spherical dust particles 50 µm in diameter (about the size of flour particles) it would have a surface area of . This greatly-increased surface area allows the material to burn much faster, and the extremely small mass of each particle allows them to catch on fire with much less energy than the bulk material, as there is no heat loss to conduction within the material. When this mixture of fuel Document [33] (Title: The Method of Mechanical Theorems) the obvious reason is that the cone can be divided into infinitesimal cones by splitting the base area up, and the each cone makes a contribution according to its base area, just the same as in the sphere. Let the surface of the sphere be "S". The volume of the cone with base area "S" and height "r" is formula_15, which must equal the volume of the sphere: formula_16. Therefore, the surface area of the sphere must be formula_17, or "four times its largest circle". Archimedes proves this rigorously in On the Sphere and Cylinder. One of the remarkable things Document [34] (Title: Scuba gas planning) 12l cylinders filled with Trimix 20/30/50 to 232bar at 20°C (293K) Calculate volume at 1.013 bar, 0%deg;C (273K) Of this, The mass of the helium is a small part of the total. and density of oxygen and nitrogen are fairly similar. A reasonable approximation is to use the volume at 20 °C, ignore the mass of helium and take all nitrox and air components to be 1.3 kg/m. Using these approximations the estimate for the previous example is: Mass of mixture = 0.7 × 0.024m/bar × 232 bar × 1.3 kg/m = 5.1 kg This method will seldom be out Document [35] (Title: Spherical cap) the area is therefore The volume is The volume of the union of two intersecting spheres of radii formula_27 and formula_28 is where is the sum of the volumes of the two isolated spheres, and the sum of the volumes of the two spherical caps forming their intersection. If formula_32 is the distance between the two sphere centers, elimination of the variables formula_33 and formula_34 leads to The curved surface area of the spherical segment bounded by two parallel disks is the difference of surface areas of their respective spherical caps. For a sphere of radius formula_1, and caps with Document [36] (Title: Spherical cap) which encompasses all of the Tropics. The spheroidal dome is obtained by sectioning off a portion of a spheroid so that the resulting dome is circularly symmetric (having an axis of rotation), and likewise the ellipsoidal dome is derived from the ellipsoid. Generally, the formula_43-dimensional volume of a hyperspherical cap of height formula_3 and radius formula_1 in formula_43-dimensional Euclidean space is given by where formula_48 (the gamma function) is given by formula_49. The formula for formula_50 can be expressed in terms of the volume of the unit n-ball formula_51 and the hypergeometric function formula_52 or the regularized incomplete beta function Document [37] (Title: Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism) a mechanism (assuming uniform density), it was approximated to a perfect sphere made up of concentric shells. The gravitational potential energy could then be found as the integral over all the shells from the centre to its outer radius. Gravitational potential energy from Newtonian mechanics is defined as: where "G" is the gravitational constant, and the two masses in this case are that of the thin shells of width "dr", and the contained mass within radius "r" as one integrates between zero and the radius of the total sphere. This gives: where "R" is the outer radius of the sphere, Document [38] (Title: Hypercone) so that it bounds a finite 4-dimensional volume. This volume is given by the formula "r", and is the 4-dimensional equivalent of the solid cone. The ball may be thought of as the 'lid' at the base of the 4-dimensional cone's nappe, and the origin becomes its 'apex'. This shape may be projected into 3-dimensional space in various ways. If projected onto the "xyz" hyperplane, its image is a ball. If projected onto the "xyw", "xzw", or "yzw" hyperplanes, its image is a solid cone. If projected onto an oblique hyperplane, its image is either an ellipsoid or a solid Document [39] (Title: The Method of Mechanical Theorems) integral involved is exactly the same as the one for area of the parabola. The volume of the cone is 1/3 its base area times the height. The base of the cone is a circle of radius 2, with area formula_11, while the height is 2, so the area is formula_13. Subtracting the volume of the cone from the volume of the cylinder gives the volume of the sphere: The dependence of the volume of the sphere on the radius is obvious from scaling, although that also was not trivial to make rigorous back then. The method then gives the Document [40] (Title: Spherical shell) Spherical shell In geometry, a spherical shell is a generalization of an annulus to three dimensions. It is the region between two concentric spheres of differing radii. The volume of a spherical shell is the difference between the enclosed volume of the outer sphere and the enclosed volume of the inner sphere: where is the radius of the inner sphere and "R" is the radius of the outer sphere. An approximation for the volume of a thin spherical shell is the area of the outer sphere multiplied by the thickness "t" of the shell: when "t" is very small compared Document [41] (Title: Bessel function) and are related to the ordinary Bessel functions and by The spherical Bessel functions can also be written as (Rayleigh's formulas) The first spherical Bessel function is also known as the (unnormalized) sinc function. The first few spherical Bessel functions are: and The spherical Bessel functions have the generating functions In the following, is any of , , , for There are also spherical analogues of the Hankel functions: In fact, there are simple closed-form expressions for the Bessel functions of half-integer order in terms of the standard trigonometric functions, and therefore for the spherical Bessel functions. In particular, for Document [42] (Title: Two-balloon experiment) a similar way as the balloon expands. Because rubber strongly resists volume changes, the volume "V" can be considered constant. This allows the stress-strain relation to be written where λ=L/L is the relative extension. In the case of a thin-walled spherical shell, all the force which acts to stretch the rubber is directed tangentially to the surface. The radial force (i.e., the force acting to compress the shell wall) can therefore be set equal to zero, so that where "t" and "t" refer to the initial and final thicknesses, respectively. For a balloon of radius formula_4, a fixed volume of Document [43] (Title: Gravitational potential) of the mass was concentrated at the center, and thus effectively as a point mass, by the shell theorem. On the surface of the earth, the acceleration is given by so-called standard gravity "g", approximately 9.8 m/s, although this value varies slightly with latitude and altitude: The magnitude of the acceleration is a little larger at the poles than at the equator because Earth is an oblate spheroid. Within a spherically symmetric mass distribution, it is possible to solve Poisson's equation in spherical coordinates. Within a uniform spherical body of radius "R" and density ρ, the gravitational force "g" inside Document [44] (Title: Sinotaia aeruginosa) , with both sexes having identical shell dimensions. Adults snails have shell of greater height than width. The shells of newborn snails are long, and differ from those of adults in being wider than high. The snail including the shell has a weight of about 2.8 g. "S. aeruginosa" breathes with gills. The right tentacle is thickened in the male but not the female. The dry weight of composition of this species is as follows: 28.6% foot, 23.06% intestine, 9.78% gonad, 8.58% hepatopancreas, 29.98% other tissue. The diploid chromosome number of "Sinotaia aeruginosa" is 2n=16. "S. aeruginosa" inhabits rice paddies, Document [45] (Title: The Method of Mechanical Theorems) other side. As "x" ranges from 0 to 2, the cylinder will have a center of gravity a distance 1 from the fulcrum, so all the weight of the cylinder can be considered to be at position 1. The condition of balance ensures that the volume of the cone plus the volume of the sphere is equal to the volume of the cylinder. The volume of the cylinder is the cross section area, formula_9 times the height, which is 2, or formula_11. Archimedes could also find the volume of the cone using the mechanical method, since, in modern terms, the Document [46] (Title: Van der Waals radius) van der Waals radius. It is the volume "occupied" by an individual atom (or molecule). The van der Waals volume may be calculated if the van der Waals radii (and, for molecules, the inter-atomic distances and angles) are known. For a single atom, it is the volume of a sphere whose radius is the van der Waals radius of the atom: For a molecule, it is the volume enclosed by the van der Waals surface. The van der Waals volume of a molecule is always smaller than the sum of the van der Waals volumes of the constituent atoms: the Document [47] (Title: Flash freezing) that the nucleus is spherical, this is the volume of a sphere of radius formula_7. formula_8 is the difference in free energy per unit volume between the thermodynamic phase nucleation is occurring in, and the phase that is nucleating. critical nucleus radius, at some intermediate value of formula_7, the free energy goes through a maximum, and so the probability of formation of a nucleus goes through a minimum. There is a least-probable nucleus occurs, i.e., the one with the highest value of formula_10 where formula_11 This is called the critical nucleus and occurs at a critical nucleus radius formula_12 Addition Document [48] (Title: Theodoxus fluviatilis) depressed (with an usually low spire), strongly calcified, and has 3–3.5 whorls (including the protoconch). Larger specimens are usually eroded. The width of an adult shell is usually 5–9 mm, but can reach up to 11–13 mm. The height of the shell is 4–6.5 mm, or up to 7 mm. These mean values vary among populations depending on the environment: the maximum width of the shell of brackish water populations is 9.3 mm. Brackish water shells are somewhat shorter, reaching up to 5.8 mm, and the maximum weight of the shell is 124 mg. In freshwater populations, the maximum recorded Document [49] (Title: Sphere) first derived this formula from the fact that the projection to the lateral surface of a circumscribed cylinder is area-preserving. Another approach to obtaining the formula comes from the fact that it equals the derivative of the formula for the volume with respect to because the total volume inside a sphere of radius can be thought of as the summation of the surface area of an infinite number of spherical shells of infinitesimal thickness concentrically stacked inside one another from radius 0 to radius . At infinitesimal thickness the discrepancy between the inner and outer surface area of any given Document [50] (Title: Lirularia lirulata) Lirularia lirulata Lirularia lirulata, common name the pearly top shell, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Trochidae, the top snails. The height of the shell attains 6 mm. The solid, umbilicate shell has a globose-conica shape. It is lusterless or slightly shining, purplish, unicolored, or with large radiating white patches above, or around the periphery, or spiral darker lines, or spiral articulated lines. Surface either with (1st) a few (2-4) strong lirae above, their interspaces smooth, the base with about 8 concentric lirulae, or (2d) more numerous narrow irregular lirulae above, those of Document [51] (Title: Fusiturris torta) Fusiturris torta Fusiturris torta is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Clavatulidae. The size of an adult shell varies between 15 mm and 30 mm. (Translation of the original French description) The slightly shiny shell is solid and has an elongated fusiform shape. The turreted spire is composed of 9 very convex whorls, subcarinated on their extremes. They are separated by a very marked oblique suture, covered with sigmoid growth lines, fine decurrent striae and large, wide and nodular oblique longitudinal folds, numbering 6 on each of the last two whorls. The body whorl Document [52] (Title: Bivalvia) arrangement allows the shell to be opened and closed without the two halves detaching. The shell is typically bilaterally symmetrical, with the hinge lying in the sagittal plane. Adult shell sizes of bivalves vary from fractions of a millimetre to over a metre in length, but the majority of species do not exceed 10 cm (4 in). Bivalves have long been a part of the diet of coastal and riparian human populations. Oysters were cultured in ponds by the Romans, and mariculture has more recently become an important source of bivalves for food. Modern knowledge of molluscan reproductive cycles has Document [53] (Title: Shell theorem) object outside the ball Between the radius of "x" to "x" + "dx", "dM" can be expressed as a function of "x", i.e., Therefore, the total gravity is which suggests that the gravity of a solid spherical ball to an exterior object can be simplified as that of a point mass in the centre of the ball with the same mass. For a point inside the shell, the difference is that when "θ" is equal to zero, "ϕ" takes the value π radians and "s" the value "R" - "r". When "θ" increases from 0 to π radians, "ϕ" decreases Document [54] (Title: Specific volume) unit is the centimeter cubed per gram (cm/g or cm·g). To convert m/kg to cm/g, multiply by 1000; conversely, multiply by 0.001. Specific volume is inversely proportional to density. If the density of a substance doubles, its specific volume, as expressed in the same base units, is cut in half. If the density drops to 1/10 its former value, the specific volume, as expressed in the same base units, increases by a factor of 10. The density of gases changes with even slight variations in temperature, while densities of liquid and solids, which are generally thought of as incompressible, will Document [55] (Title: Sphere) shell is infinitesimal, and the elemental volume at radius is simply the product of the surface area at radius and the infinitesimal thickness. At any given radius , the incremental volume () equals the product of the surface area at radius () and the thickness of a shell (): The total volume is the summation of all shell volumes: In the limit as approaches zero this equation becomes: Substitute : Differentiating both sides of this equation with respect to yields as a function of : This is generally abbreviated as: where is now considered to be the fixed radius of Document [56] (Title: Sphere packing) the close packing density for radius ratios up to 0.659786. Upper bounds for the density that can be obtained in such binary packings have also been obtained. In many chemical situations such as ionic crystals, the stoichiometry is constrained by the charges of the constituent ions. This additional constraint on the packing, together with the need to minimize the Coulomb energy of interacting charges leads to a diversity of optimal packing arrangements. Although the concept of circles and spheres can be extended to hyperbolic space, finding the densest packing becomes much more difficult. In a hyperbolic space there is no Document [57] (Title: Whorl (mollusc)) species depends on mathematical factors in the geometric growth, as described in D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson's classic 1917 book "On Growth and Form", and by David Raup. The main factor is how rapidly the conical tube expands (or flares-out) over time. When the rate of expansion is low, such that each subsequent whorl is not that much wider than the previous one, then the adult shell has numerous whorls. When the mathematical factors governing the pattern of growth are such that there is a very rapid expansion of the conical shape, of the shell tube, then the adult shell has very Document [58] (Title: Helicodonta obvoluta) spire and a wide umbilicus. The peristome is flattened above and below. The white everted lip is slightly thickened centrally to form a callus in the palatal and parietal region, therefore the mouth seems to be separated into three embayments in some specimens. The shell diameter ranges from 10-15mm; the shell height from 5-7mm. The weight of the adult living snail is about 414.2±6.7 mg. In contrast to many other snail species within the superfamily Helicoidea, this species has no love darts. The average life span of "Helicodonta obvoluta" is 2 years, with a maximum of 3 years. The activity Document [59] (Title: Pressure vessel) far more difficult to construct. Theoretically, a spherical pressure vessel has approximately twice the strength of a cylindrical pressure vessel with the same wall thickness, and is the ideal shape to hold internal pressure. However, a spherical shape is difficult to manufacture, and therefore more expensive, so most pressure vessels are cylindrical with 2:1 semi-elliptical heads or end caps on each end. Smaller pressure vessels are assembled from a pipe and two covers. For cylindrical vessels with a diameter up to 600 mm (NPS of 24 in), it is possible to use seamless pipe for the shell, thus avoiding many Document [60] (Title: Density (polytope)) spherical polyhedron covers the sphere. This allowed Coxeter et al. to determine the densities of the majority of the uniform polyhedra. For hemipolyhedra, some of whose faces pass through the center, the density cannot be defined. Non-orientable polyhedra also do not have well-defined densities. There are 10 regular star polychora or 4-polytopes (called the Schläfli–Hess polychora), which have densities between 4, 6, 20, 66, 76, and 191. They come in dual pairs, with the exception of the self-dual density-6 and density-66 figures. Density (polytope) In geometry, the density of a star polyhedron is a generalization of the concept of winding Document [61] (Title: Van der Waals surface) radius equal to the van der Waals radius of the gaseous atom: formula_1 . The "van der Waals volume", a type of "atomic" or "molecular volume," is a property directly related to the van der Waals radius, and is defined as the volume occupied by an individual atom, or in a combined sense, by all atoms of a molecule. It may be calculated for atoms if the van der Waals radius is known, and for molecules if its atoms radii and the inter-atomic distances and angles are known. As above, in simplest case, for a spherical monatomic gas, V is Document [62] (Title: Volume) as the disk radius, the volume of the sphere can be calculated as Now Combining yields formula_15 This formula can be derived more quickly using the formula for the sphere's surface area, which is formula_16. The volume of the sphere consists of layers of infinitesimally thin spherical shells, and the sphere volume is equal to The cone is a type of pyramidal shape. The fundamental equation for pyramids, one-third times base times altitude, applies to cones as well. However, using calculus, the volume of a cone is the integral of an infinite number of infinitesimally thin circular disks of thickness Document [63] (Title: Spherical mean) Spherical mean In mathematics, the spherical mean of a function around a point is the average of all values of that function on a sphere of given radius centered at that point. Consider an open set "U" in the Euclidean space R and a continuous function "u" defined on "U" with real or complex values. Let "x" be a point in "U" and "r" > 0 be such that the closed ball "B"("x", "r") of center "x" and radius "r" is contained in "U". The spherical mean over the sphere of radius "r" centered at "x" is defined as where Document [64] (Title: Tidal acceleration) earth, where the shell has a surface mass density "ρ" "δ" (and can also be negative), with "ρ" being the mass density (if mass density is not uniform, then the change of shape of the planet creates differences in mass distribution in all depth, and this has to be taken into account as well). Since the gravitation potential has the same form as the electric potential, this is a simple problem in electrostatics. For the analogous electrostatic problem, the potential created by the shell has the form: Where the surface charge density is proportional to the discontinuity in the gradient Document [65] (Title: Tectus conus) Tectus conus Tectus conus, common name the cone top shell, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Tegulidae. The height of the shell varies between 45 mm and 70 mm, its diameter between 45 mm and 60 mm. The solid, thick shell has a conic-pyramidal shape. Its, axis is imperforate but appears sub-umbilicate. It is white, longitudinally flammulated with bright red. The spire is conic. The apex is acute. The 10 whorls are spirally encircled by numerous (about 10 on upper surface) beaded lirae, which are separated by superficial interstices. Above the sutures there Document [66] (Title: Spherical sector) Spherical sector In geometry, a spherical sector is a portion of a sphere defined by a conical boundary with apex at the center of the sphere. It can be described as the union of a spherical cap and the cone formed by the center of the sphere and the base of the cap. If the radius of the sphere is denoted by "r" and the height of the cap by "h", the volume of the spherical sector is This may also be written as where "φ" is half the cone angle, i.e., the angle between the rim of the cap Document [67] (Title: On the Sphere and Cylinder) On the Sphere and Cylinder On the Sphere and Cylinder () is a work that was published by Archimedes in two volumes c. 225 BC. It most notably details how to find the surface area of a sphere and the volume of the contained ball and the analogous values for a cylinder, and was the first to do so. The principal formulae derived in "On the Sphere and Cylinder" are those mentioned above: the surface area of the sphere, the volume of the contained ball, and surface area and volume of the cylinder. In his work, Archimedes showed that the Document [68] (Title: László Fejes Tóth) of this work, the problem of the upper bound for the density of a packing of equal spheres was still unsolved. The approach that Fejes Tóth suggested in that work, which translates as "packing [of objects] in a plane, on a sphere and in a space", provided Thomas Hales a basis for a proof of the Kepler conjecture in 1998. The Kepler conjecture, named after the 17th-century German mathematician and astronomer Johannes Kepler, says that no arrangement of equally sized spheres filling space has a greater average density than that of the cubic close packing (face-centered cubic) and hexagonal close Document [69] (Title: Debye–Hückel equation) a constant that represents the potential added by the ionic atmosphere. No justification for formula_120 being a constant is given. However, one can see that this is the case by considering that any spherical static charge distribution is subject to the mathematics of the shell theorem. The shell theorem says that no force is exerted on charged particles inside a sphere (of arbitrary charge) (http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/potsph.html). Since the ion atmosphere is assumed to be (time-averaged) spherically symmetric, with charge varying as a function of radius formula_122, it may be represented as an infinite series of concentric charge shells. Therefore, inside the Document [70] (Title: Spherical sector) the volume of the spherical sector, where the integrals have been separated, because the integrand can be separated into a product of functions each with one dummy variable. The area can be similarly calculated by integrating the differential spherical area element over the spherical sector, giving where "φ" is inclination (or elevation) and "θ" is azimuth (right). Notice "r" is a constant. Again, the integrals can be separated. Spherical sector In geometry, a spherical sector is a portion of a sphere defined by a conical boundary with apex at the center of the sphere. It can be described as the Document [71] (Title: Spherical model) Spherical model The spherical model in statistical mechanics is a model of ferromagnetism similar to the Ising model, which was solved in 1952 by T. H. Berlin and M. Kac. It has the remarkable property that when applied to systems of dimension "d" greater than four, the critical exponents that govern the behaviour of the system near the critical point are independent of "d" and the geometry of the system. It is one of the few models of ferromagnetism that can be solved exactly in the presence of an external field. The model describes a set of particles on a Document [72] (Title: Sphere packing) into a compound or interstitial packing. When many sizes of spheres (or a distribution) are available, the problem quickly becomes intractable, but some studies of binary hard spheres (two sizes) are available. When the second sphere is much smaller than the first, it is possible to arrange the large spheres in a close-packed arrangement, and then arrange the small spheres within the octahedral and tetrahedral gaps. The density of this interstitial packing depends sensitively on the radius ratio, but in the limit of extreme size ratios, the smaller spheres can fill the gaps with the same density as the larger Document [73] (Title: Gaussian surface) larger Gaussian surface outside the shell where "r" > "R", Gauss's law will produce a non-zero electric field. This is determined as follows. The flux out of the spherical surface "S" is: The surface area of the sphere of radius "r" is which implies By Gauss's law the flux is also finally equating the expression for Φ gives the magnitude of the E-field at position "r": This non-trivial result shows that any spherical distribution of charge "acts as a point charge" when observed from the outside of the charge distribution; this is in fact a verification of Coulomb's law. And, Document [74] (Title: Shell balance) density of fluid = ρ viscosity of fluid = μ velocity in x direction = formula_1, shown by the diagonal line above. This is what a shell balance is solving for. Conservation of Momentum is the Key of a Shell Balance rate of momentum in - rate of momentum out + sum of all forces = 0 To perform a shell balance, follow the following basic steps: 1. Find momentum from shear stress Momentum from Shear Stress goes into the shell at "y" and leaves the system at "y" + Δ"y". Shear stress = "τ", area = "A", momentum = Document [75] (Title: Spherical robot) with two rotary joints and one prismatic joint which forms a spherical coordinate system (e.g., Stanford arm The spherical shell is usually made of solid transparent material but it can also be made of opaque or flexible material for special applications or because of special derive mechanisms The spherical shell can fully seal the robot from the outside environment. There exist reconfigurable spherical robots that can transform the spherical shell into other structures and perform other tasks aside from rolling. Spherical robots can operate as autonomous robots, or as remotely controlled (teleoperated) robots . In almost all the spherical robots, Document [76] (Title: Umbilicus (mollusc)) to each other by their inner sides, during the natural course of its formation. This results in a more or less solid central axial pillar, known as the columella. The more intimate the contact between the concave side of the whorls is, the more solid the columella becomes. On the other hand, if this connection is less intense, a hollow space inside the whorls may result, with an opening to the outside at the shell's base. This opening is known as the umbilicus. Another way of characterizing the umbilicus in gastropods is as the hole around which the inner surface Document [77] (Title: Sphere) a ball is called the specific surface area and can be expressed from the above stated equations as where is the density (the ratio of mass to volume). A sphere is uniquely determined by four points that are not coplanar. More generally, a sphere is uniquely determined by four conditions such as passing through a point, being tangent to a plane, etc. This property is analogous to the property that three non-collinear points determine a unique circle in a plane. Consequently, a sphere is uniquely determined by (that is, passes through) a circle and a point not in the plane Document [78] (Title: Bending) other hand, a shell is a structure of any geometric form where the length and the width are of the same order of magnitude but the thickness of the structure (known as the 'wall') is considerably smaller. A large diameter, but thin-walled, short tube supported at its ends and loaded laterally is an example of a shell experiencing bending. In the absence of a qualifier, the term "bending" is ambiguous because bending can occur locally in all objects. Therefore, to make the usage of the term more precise, engineers refer to a specific object such as; the "bending of rods", Document [79] (Title: Surface area) representing a cell as an idealized sphere of radius "r", the volume and surface area are, respectively, "V" = 4/3 π "r"; "SA" = 4 π "r". The resulting surface area to volume ratio is therefore 3/"r". Thus, if a cell has a radius of 1 μm, the SA:V ratio is 3; whereas if the radius of the cell is instead 10 μm, then the SA:V ratio becomes 0.3. With a cell radius of 100, SA:V ratio is 0.03. Thus, the surface area falls off steeply with increasing volume. Surface area The surface area of a solid object is a Document [80] (Title: Shell theorem) The shell theorem is an immediate consequence of Gauss's law for gravity saying that where "M" is the mass of the part of the spherically symmetric mass distribution that is inside the sphere with radius "r" and is the surface integral of the gravitational field g over any closed surface inside which the total mass is "M", the unit vector formula_10 being the outward normal to the surface. The gravitational field of a spherically symmetric mass distribution like a mass point, a spherical shell or a homogenous sphere must also be spherically symmetric. If formula_11 is a unit vector in Document [81] (Title: Sphere packing) by the spheres is called the density of the arrangement. As the local density of a packing in an infinite space can vary depending on the volume over which it is measured, the problem is usually to maximise the average or asymptotic density, measured over a large enough volume. For equal spheres in three dimensions the densest packing uses approximately 74% of the volume. A random packing of equal spheres generally has a density around 64%. A lattice arrangement (commonly called a regular arrangement) is one in which the centers of the spheres form a very symmetric pattern which needs Document [82] (Title: N-sphere) unit 1-sphere is the unit circle in the Euclidean plane, and this has circumference (1-dimensional measure) The region enclosed by the unit 1-sphere is the 2-ball, or unit disc, and this has area (2-dimensional measure) Analogously, in 3-dimensional Euclidean space, the surface area (2-dimensional measure) of the unit 2-sphere is given by and the volume enclosed is the volume (3-dimensional measure) of the unit 3-ball, given by The "surface area", or properly the -dimensional volume, of the -sphere at the boundary of the -ball of radius is related to the volume of the ball by the differential equation or, equivalently, Document [83] (Title: Head (vessel)) also be welded together from smaller pieces. The shape of the heads used can vary. The most common head shapes are: A sphere is the ideal shape for a head, because the pressure in the vessel is divided equally across the surface of the head. The radius (r) of the head equals the radius of the cylindrical part of the vessel. This is also called an elliptical head. The shape of this head is more economical, because the height of the head is just a fraction of the diameter. Its radius varies between the major and minor axis; usually the Document [84] (Title: Sphere) that can be evaluated to give the result Alternatively, this formula is found using spherical coordinates, with volume element so For most practical purposes, the volume inside a sphere inscribed in a cube can be approximated as 52.4% of the volume of the cube, since , where is the diameter of the sphere and also the length of a side of the cube and ≈ 0.5236. For example, a sphere with diameter 1 meter has 52.4% the volume of a cube with edge length 1 meter, or about 0.524 m. The surface area of a sphere of radius is: Archimedes Document [85] (Title: Area of a circle) value of formula_72 at x. A spherical circle is the set of points a geodesic distance "R" from the zenith point z. Equivalently, with a fixed embedding into formula_73, the spherical circle of radius formula_74 centered at z is the set of x in formula_64 such that formula_76. We can also measure the area of the spherical disk enclosed within a spherical circle, using the intrinsic surface area measure on the sphere. The area of the disk of radius "R" is then given by More generally, if a sphere formula_78 has radius of curvature formula_79, then the area of the Document [86] (Title: Limax maximus) Elder; the shell was used by the ancient physicians for the sake of its carbonate of lime. The calcitic shell is situated beneath the hinder part of the shield, and is perceptible through the skin. The color of the shell is whitish. The shape of the shell is oblong-oval and thin, slightly convex above, and correspondingly concave beneath, with a membranous margin. The apex or nucleus is at the posterior margin but inclined towards the left side, and forming the apophysis by which the shell is organically attached to the animal. The length of the shell is 13 mm (1/2 Document [87] (Title: Albrecht Unsöld) sub-shell is spherically symmetric. Thus, like atoms containing a half-filled or filled s orbital ("l" = 0), atoms of the second period with 3 or 6 p ("l" = 1) electrons are spherically shaped. Likewise, so are atoms of the third period in which there are 5 or 10 d ("l" = 2) electrons. Hence, spherical atoms are those of the 1st, 2nd, 7th, 12th, 15th and 18th columns of the periodic table. At Kiel, Unsöld made an intensive study of the effects of abundances, radiation damping, Doppler shifts, electric fields, and collisions on the formation and shape of spectral Document [88] (Title: Baculites) whorls and described as minute, about a centimeter in diameter. Adult "Baculites" ranged in size from about seven centimeters ("Baculites larsoni") up to two meters in length. As with other ammonites, the shell consisted of a series of camerae, or chambers, that were connected to the animal by a narrow tube called a siphuncle by which gas content and thereby buoyancy could be regulated in the same manner as "Nautilus" does today. The chambers are separated by walls called septa. The line where each septum meets the outer shell is called the suture or suture line. Like other true ammonites, Document [89] (Title: Dyson sphere) not be sufficient building material in the Solar System to construct a Dyson shell. Anders Sandberg estimates that there is 1.82 kg of easily usable building material in the Solar System, enough for a 1-AU shell with a mass of 600 kg/m—about 8–20 cm thick on average, depending on the density of the material. This includes the hard-to-access cores of the gas giants; the inner planets alone provide only 11.79 kg, enough for a 1-AU shell with a mass of just 42 kg/m. The shell would be vulnerable to impacts from interstellar bodies, such as comets, meteoroids, and material in Document [90] (Title: Spherical shell) to "r" (formula_4). A Dyson sphere encloses a fictitious spherical shell around a star, as first described by author Olaf Stapledon. Spherical shell In geometry, a spherical shell is a generalization of an annulus to three dimensions. It is the region between two concentric spheres of differing radii. The volume of a spherical shell is the difference between the enclosed volume of the outer sphere and the enclosed volume of the inner sphere: where is the radius of the inner sphere and "R" is the radius of the outer sphere. An approximation for the volume of a thin spherical shell Document [91] (Title: Van der Waals radius) Van der Waals radius The van der Waals radius, "r", of an atom is the radius of an imaginary hard sphere representing the distance of closest approach for another atom. It is named after Johannes Diderik van der Waals, winner of the 1910 Nobel Prize in Physics, as he was the first to recognise that atoms were not simply points and to demonstrate the physical consequences of their size through the van der Waals equation of state. The van der Waals volume, "V", also called the atomic volume or molecular volume, is the atomic property most directly related to the Document [92] (Title: Sphere packing) spheres filled space. Even if the large spheres are not in a close-packed arrangement, it is always possible to insert some smaller spheres of up to 0.29099 of the radius of the larger sphere. When the smaller sphere has a radius greater than 0.41421 of the radius of the larger sphere, it is no longer possible to fit into even the octahedral holes of the close-packed structure. Thus, beyond this point, either the host structure must expand to accommodate the interstitials (which compromises the overall density), or rearrange into a more complex crystalline compound structure. Structures are known which exceed Document [93] (Title: Van der Waals equation) the volume occupied by the solid, finite-sized particles, but actually four times that volume. To see this, we must realize that a particle is surrounded by a sphere of radius 2"r" (two times the original radius) that is forbidden for the centers of the other particles. If the distance between two particle centers were to be smaller than 2"r", it would mean that the two particles penetrate each other, which, by definition, hard spheres are unable to do. The excluded volume for the two particles (of average diameter "d" or radius "r") is which, divided by two (the number of Document [94] (Title: Solid of revolution) the case that ), with outer radius and inner radius . The area of a ring is , where is the outer radius (in this case ), and is the inner radius (in this case ). The volume of each infinitesimal disc is therefore . The limit of the Riemann sum of the volumes of the discs between and becomes integral (1). The cylinder method is used when the slice that was drawn is "parallel to" the axis of revolution; i.e. when integrating "perpendicular to" the axis of revolution. The volume of the solid formed by rotating the area between Document [95] (Title: Atomic packing factor) the unit cell, "V" is the volume of each particle, and "V" is the volume occupied by the unit cell. It can be proven mathematically that for one-component structures, the most dense arrangement of atoms has an APF of about 0.74 (see Kepler conjecture), obtained by the close-packed structures. For multiple-component structures (such as with interstitial alloys), the APF can exceed 0.74. The atomic packing factor of a unit cell is relevant to the study of Materials Science, where it explains many properties of materials. For example, metals with a high atomic packing factor will have a higher "workability" (malleability Document [96] (Title: Shell theorem) an integral expression: Since "G" and "m" are constants, they may be taken out of the integral: To evaluate this integral, one must first express "dM" as a function of "dθ" The total surface of a spherical shell is while the surface of the thin slice between "θ" and "θ" + "dθ" is If the mass of the shell is "M", one therefore has that and By the law of cosines, These two relations link the three parameters "θ", "ϕ" and "s" that appear in the integral together. When "θ" increases from 0 to π radians, "ϕ" varies from the Document [97] (Title: On the Sphere and Cylinder) surface area of a cylinder is equal to: and that the volume of the same is: On the sphere, he showed that the surface area is four times the area of its great circle. In modern terms, this means that the surface area is equal to: The result for the volume of the contained ball stated that it is two-thirds the volume of a circumscribed cylinder, meaning that the volume is Archimedes was particularly proud of this latter result, and so he asked for a sketch of a sphere inscribed in a cylinder to be inscribed on his grave—since "h"=2"r", Document [98] (Title: Ellipsoid) interpreted as spherical coordinates, where formula_7 is the polar angle, and formula_8 is the azimuth angle of the point of the ellipsoid. The volume bounded by the ellipsoid is Note that this equation reduces to that of the volume of a sphere when all three elliptic radii are equal, and to that of an oblate or prolate spheroid when two of them are equal. The volume of an ellipsoid is formula_10 the volume of a circumscribed elliptic cylinder, and formula_11 the volume of the circumscribed box. The volumes of the inscribed and circumscribed boxes are respectively: The surface area of Document [99] (Title: Gastropod shell) innermost smooth layer that may be composed of mother-of-pearl or shell nacre, a dense horizontally packed form of conchiolin, which is layered upon the periostracum as the snail grows. Gastropod shell morphology is usually quite constant among individuals of a species. Controlling variables are: Some of these factors can be modelled mathematically and programs exist to generate extremely realistic images. Early work by David Raup on the analog computer also revealed many possible combinations that were never adopted by any actual gastropod. Some shell shapes are found more often in certain environments, though there are many exceptions. Wave-washed high-energy environments, Document [100] (Title: Shell theorem) also be used to describe the electric field generated by a static spherically symmetric charge density, or similarly for any other phenomenon that follows an inverse square law. The derivations below focus on gravity, but the results can easily be generalized to the electrostatic force. Moreover, the results can be generalized to the case of general ellipsoidal bodies. A solid, spherically symmetric body can be modelled as an infinite number of concentric, infinitesimally thin spherical shells. If one of these shells can be treated as a point mass, then a system of shells (i.e. the sphere) can also be treated Document [101] (Title: Atmospheric entry) (reducing g-force from 8–9"g" for a purely ballistic (slowed only by drag) trajectory to 4–5"g") as well as greatly reducing the peak reentry heat. The sphere-cone is a spherical section with a frustum or blunted cone attached. The sphere-cone's dynamic stability is typically better than that of a spherical section. The vehicle enters sphere-first. With a sufficiently small half-angle and properly placed center of mass, a sphere-cone can provide aerodynamic stability from Keplerian entry to surface impact. (The "half-angle" is the angle between the cone's axis of rotational symmetry and its outer surface, and thus half the angle made by Document [102] (Title: Calliostoma circumcinctum) Calliostoma circumcinctum Calliostoma circumcinctum is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Calliostomatidae. The maximum recorded shell length is 13 mm. (Original description by W.H. Dall) The solid, strong, white shell has an elevated, conical shape. It contains seven whorls The small, dextral nucleus is polished and delicately reticulate The other whorls have two sharp, much produced, thin keels These are a little recurved at their edges, and crossed only by most delicate lines of growth. The base of the shell is flattened, ornamented with nine angular ribs, the outermost produced somewhat. There is no Document [103] (Title: Volume of an n-ball) is both rotationally invariant and a product of functions of one variable each. Using the fact that it is a product and the formula for the Gaussian integral gives: where is the -dimensional volume element. Using rotational invariance, the same integral can be computed in spherical coordinates: where is an -sphere of radius and is the area element (equivalently, the -dimensional volume element). The surface area of the sphere satisfies a proportionality equation similar to the one for the volume of a ball: If is the surface area of an -sphere of radius , then: Applying this to the above Document [104] (Title: Atomic nucleus) configurations: The stable nucleus has approximately a constant density and therefore the nuclear radius R can be approximated by the following formula, where "A" = Atomic mass number (the number of protons "Z", plus the number of neutrons "N") and "r" = 1.25 fm = 1.25 × 10 m. In this equation, the "constant" "r" varies by 0.2 fm, depending on the nucleus in question, but this is less than 20% change from a constant. In other words, packing protons and neutrons in the nucleus gives "approximately" the same total size result as packing hard spheres of a constant size Document [105] (Title: Surface of class VII) either Hopf surfaces or Inoue surfaces. Those with "b"=1 were classified by under an additional assumption that the surface has a curve, that was later proved by . A global spherical shell is a smooth 3-sphere in the surface with connected complement, with a neighbourhood biholomorphic to a neighbourhood of a sphere in C. The global spherical shell conjecture claims that all class VII surfaces with positive second Betti number have a global spherical shell. The manifolds with a global spherical shell are all Kato surfaces which are reasonably well understood, so a proof of this conjecture would lead to Document [106] (Title: Cylinder) a sphere and its circumscribed right circular cylinder of the same height and diameter. The sphere has a volume that of the circumscribed cylinder and a surface area that of the cylinder (including the bases). Since the values for the cylinder were already known, he obtained, for the first time, the corresponding values for the sphere. The volume of a sphere of radius is . The surface area of this sphere is . A sculpted sphere and cylinder were placed on the tomb of Archimedes at his request. In some areas of geometry and topology the term "cylinder" refers to Document [107] (Title: Mahler volume) of its volume, Here Γ represents the Gamma function. By affine invariance, any ellipsoid has the same Mahler volume. The polar body of a polyhedron or polytope is its dual polyhedron or dual polytope. In particular, the polar body of a cube or hypercube is an octahedron or cross polytope. Its Mahler volume can be calculated as The Mahler volume of the sphere is larger than the Mahler volume of the hypercube by a factor of approximately formula_7. The Blaschke–Santaló inequality states that the shapes with maximum Mahler volume are the spheres and ellipsoids. The three-dimensional case of this result Document [108] (Title: Unit sphere) recursion: The "V" values satisfy the recursion: The formulae for "A" and "V" can be computed for any real number "n" ≥ 0, and there are circumstances under which it is appropriate to seek the sphere area or ball volume when "n" is not a non-negative integer. The surface area of an ("n"–1)-dimensional sphere with radius "r" is "A" "r" and the volume of an "n"-dimensional ball with radius "r" is "V" "r". For instance, the area is for the surface of the three-dimensional ball of radius "r". The volume is for the three-dimensional ball of radius "r". More precisely, Document [109] (Title: Roche lobe) shape of the Roche lobe depends on the mass ratio formula_1, and must be evaluated numerically. However, for many purposes it is useful to approximate the Roche lobe as a sphere of the same volume. An approximate formula for the radius of this sphere is where formula_4 and formula_5. Function formula_6 is greater than formula_7 for formula_8. The length "A" is the orbital separation of the system and "r" is the radius of the sphere whose volume approximates the Roche lobe of mass "M". This formula is accurate to within about 2%. Another approximate formula was proposed by Eggleton and Document [110] (Title: Shell theorem) Shell theorem In classical mechanics, the shell theorem gives gravitational simplifications that can be applied to objects inside or outside a spherically symmetrical body. This theorem has particular application to astronomy. Isaac Newton proved the shell theorem and stated that: A corollary is that inside a solid sphere of constant density, the gravitational force within the object varies linearly with distance from the centre, becoming zero by symmetry at the centre of mass. This can be seen as follows: take a point within such a sphere, at a distance formula_1 from the centre of the sphere. Then you can ignore Document [111] (Title: Spherical measure) Spherical measure In mathematics — specifically, in geometric measure theory — spherical measure "σ" is the “natural” Borel measure on the "n"-sphere S. Spherical measure is often normalized so that it is a probability measure on the sphere, i.e. so that "σ"(S) = 1. There are several ways to define spherical measure. One way is to use the usual “round” or “arclength” metric "ρ" on S; that is, for points "x" and "y" in S, "ρ"("x", "y") is defined to be the (Euclidean) angle that they subtend at the centre of the sphere (the origin of R). Now construct "n"-dimensional Document [112] (Title: Volume of an n-ball) to the vector field to get }} formula_50 formula_51. For other values of , the constant is a complicated integral. The volume formula can be generalized even further. For positive real numbers , define the unit ball to be: The volume of this ball has been known since the time of Dirichlet: Volume of an n-ball In geometry, a ball is a region in space comprising all points within a fixed distance from a given point; that is, it is the region enclosed by a sphere or hypersphere. An -ball is a ball in -dimensional Euclidean space. The volume of Document [113] (Title: Spherical mean) ∂"B"("x", "r") is the ("n"−1)-sphere forming the boundary of "B"("x", "r"), d"S" denotes integration with respect to spherical measure and "ω"("r") is the "surface area" of this ("n"−1)-sphere. Equivalently, the spherical mean is given by where "ω" is the area of the ("n"−1)-sphere of radius 1. The spherical mean is often denoted as The spherical mean is also defined for Riemannian manifolds in a natural manner. Spherical mean In mathematics, the spherical mean of a function around a point is the average of all values of that function on a sphere of given radius centered at that point. Consider an Document [114] (Title: Particle size) the ensemble of particles. The particle size of a spherical object can be unambiguously and quantitatively defined by its diameter. However, a typical material object is likely to be irregular in shape and non-spherical. The above quantitative definition of "particle size" cannot be applied to non-spherical particles. There are several ways of extending the above quantitative definition to apply to non-spherical particles. Existing definitions are based on replacing a given particle with an imaginary sphere that has one of the properties identical with the particle. In some measures the size (a length dimension in the expression) can't be obtained, only Document [115] (Title: Adams–Williamson equation) to spherical shells with that property. It is an important part of models of the Earth's interior such as the Preliminary reference Earth model (PREM). Williamson and Adams first developed the theory in 1923. They concluded that "It is therefore impossible to explain the high density of the Earth on the basis of compression alone. The dense interior cannot consist of ordinary rocks compressed to a small volume; we must therefore fall back on the only reasonable alternative, namely, the presence of a heavier material, presumably some metal, which, to judge from its abundance in the Earth's crust, in meteorites Document [116] (Title: Anostoma) this genus, the adult snails carry the shell completely upside down, with the umbilicus uppermost, and the spire facing downwards. To make this extraordinary feat possible, the mature aperture of the shell is aligned in the same plane as the rather low spire of the shell. It appears that in juveniles, the shell is carried with the widest diameter vertically aligned, in other words, with the keel of the shell pointing up. The width of adult shells varies from 23 to 45 mm. Thomas Wyatt (1838) wrote about "Anostoma": "An extraordinary shell, sometimes called the antique lamp from its form. Document [117] (Title: Spherical cap) Spherical cap In geometry, a spherical cap, spherical dome, or spherical segment of one base is a portion of a sphere cut off by a plane. If the plane passes through the center of the sphere, so that the height of the cap is equal to the radius of the sphere, the spherical cap is called a "hemisphere". The volume of the spherical cap and the area of the curved surface may be calculated using combinations of If formula_5 denotes the latitude in geographic coordinates, then formula_6. The relationship between formula_3 and formula_1 is irrelevant as long as formula_9. For Document [118] (Title: Kepler conjecture) the number of spheres in the container means to create an arrangement with the highest possible density, so that the spheres are packed together as closely as possible. Experiment shows that dropping the spheres in randomly will achieve a density of around 65%. However, a higher density can be achieved by carefully arranging the spheres as follows. Start with a layer of spheres in a hexagonal lattice, then put the next layer of spheres in the lowest points you can find above the first layer, and so on. At each step there are two choices of where to put the Document [119] (Title: Sphere) the minor axis, an oblate spheroid. In three dimensions, the volume inside a sphere (that is, the volume of a ball, but classically referred to as the volume of a sphere) is where is the radius of the sphere. Archimedes first derived this formula, by showing that the volume inside a sphere is twice the volume between the sphere and the circumscribed cylinder of that sphere (having the height and diameter equal to the diameter of the sphere). This assertion can be obtained from Cavalieri's principle. This formula can also be derived using integral calculus, i.e. disk integration to sum Document [120] (Title: Density) gaseous mixture. The bulk volume of a material—inclusive of the void fraction—is often obtained by a simple measurement (e.g. with a calibrated measuring cup) or geometrically from known dimensions. Mass divided by "bulk" volume determines bulk density. This is not the same thing as volumetric mass density. To determine volumetric mass density, one must first discount the volume of the void fraction. Sometimes this can be determined by geometrical reasoning. For the close-packing of equal spheres the non-void fraction can be at most about 74%. It can also be determined empirically. Some bulk materials, however, such as sand, have a Document [121] (Title: Goat problem) that the volume of the intersection body equals exactly half the volume of the unit sphere. The volume of the unit sphere reachable by the animal has the form of a three-dimensional lens with differently shaped sides and defined by the two spherical caps. The volume formula_14 of a lens with two spheres of radii formula_4 and distance between the centers formula_5 is: which simplifies in case of formula_7 and one half of the sphere volume to leading to a solution of formula_20 It can be demonstrated that with increasing dimensionality, formula_1 approaches the value formula_22. In the two-dimensional case, Document [122] (Title: Solid of revolution) away), so that a cylindrical volume of units is enclosed. Two common methods for finding the volume of a solid of revolution are the disc method and the shell method of integration. To apply these methods, it is easiest to draw the graph in question; identify the area that is to be revolved about the axis of revolution; determine the volume of either a disc-shaped slice of the solid, with thickness , or a cylindrical shell of width ; and then find the limiting sum of these volumes as approaches 0, a value which may be found by evaluating a Document [123] (Title: Helix Nebula) spheroid with strong density concentrations toward the filled disk along the equatorial plane, whose major axis is inclined about 21° to 37° from our vantage point. The size of the inner disk is 8×19 arcmin in diameter (0.52 pc); the outer torus is 12×22 arcmin in diameter (0.77 pc); and the outer-most ring is about 25 arcmin in diameter (1.76 pc). We see the outer-most ring as flattened on one side due to its colliding with the ambient interstellar medium. Expansion of the whole planetary nebula structure is estimated to have occurred in the last 6,560 years, and 12,100 years Document [124] (Title: Volume) "dx". The calculation for the volume of a cone of height "h", whose base is centered at (0, 0, 0) with radius "r", is as follows. The radius of each circular disk is "r" if "x" = 0 and 0 if "x" = "h", and varying linearly in between—that is, The surface area of the circular disk is then The volume of the cone can then be calculated as and after extraction of the constants Integrating gives us In differential geometry, a branch of mathematics, a volume form on a differentiable manifold is a differential form of top degree (i.e., Document [125] (Title: Volume of an n-ball) large, then by Stirling's approximation again, the radius of an -ball of volume is approximately This expression is a lower bound for , and the error is again a factor of . As increases, grows as . Let denote the surface area of the -sphere of radius . The -sphere is the boundary of the -ball of radius . The -ball is a union of concentric spheres, and consequently the surface area and the volume are related by: Since the volume is proportional to a power of the radius, the above relation leads to a simple recurrence equation relating the Document [126] (Title: Spherical coordinate system) a sphere. In this system, the sphere is taken as a unit sphere, so the radius is unity and can generally be ignored. This simplification can also be very useful when dealing with objects such as rotational matrices. Spherical coordinates are useful in analyzing systems that have some degree of symmetry about a point, such as volume integrals inside a sphere, the potential energy field surrounding a concentrated mass or charge, or global weather simulation in a planet's atmosphere. A sphere that has the Cartesian equation has the simple equation in spherical coordinates. Two important partial differential equations that arise Document [127] (Title: Shell theorem) the direction from the point of symmetry to another point the gravitational field at this other point must therefore be where "g"("r") only depends on the distance "r" to the point of symmetry Selecting the closed surface as a sphere with radius "r" with center at the point of symmetry the outward normal to a point on the surface, formula_12, is precisely the direction pointing away from the point of symmetry of the mass distribution. One, therefore, has that and as the area of the sphere is 4π"r". From Gauss's law it then follows that i.e. that It is natural Document [128] (Title: Adamussium) shell of the Antarctic scallop grows to about long and 7 centimetres wide and has a nearly circular outline. The two purplish-red valves are paper thin and only slightly convex and are attached by a long, slightly sinuous, hinge. Near the hinge there is an umbo or beak on each valve, a raised hump from which the ribs radiate. The umbones are not very prominent and on either side of them are irregular winged processes, the auricles. In smaller specimens there are around 12 shallow ribs diverging from the umbones and further low ridges appear between these as the shell Document [129] (Title: Astralium rotularium) Astralium rotularium Astralium rotularium, common name the rotary star shell or the knob star shell, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails. The size of the shell varies between 25 mm and 50 mm. The white, subdepressed, imperforate shell has a conoid shape. The spire is subacute. The six whorls are obliquely finely costulate with numerous prominent imbricating laterally compressed plicae at the sutures. The body whorl is carinated with plicate-nodose carina. The base of the shell is convex, squamosely concentrically lirate. The white columella is arcuate,not dentate. The aperture Document [130] (Title: Electron shell) can contain only a fixed number of electrons: The first shell can hold up to two electrons, the second shell can hold up to eight (2 + 6) electrons, the third shell can hold up to 18 (2 + 6 + 10) and so on. The general formula is that the "n"th shell can in principle hold up to 2("n") electrons. Since electrons are electrically attracted to the nucleus, an atom's electrons will generally occupy outer shells only if the more inner shells have already been completely filled by other electrons. However, this is not a strict requirement: atoms may Document [131] (Title: Number density) volume: where "N" is the total number of objects in a volume "V". Here it is assumed that "N" is large enough that rounding of the count to the nearest integer does not introduce much of an error, however "V" is chosen to be small enough that the resulting "n" does not depend much on the size or shape of the volume "V". In SI units, number density is measured in m, although cm is often used. However, these units are not quite practical when dealing with atoms or molecules of gases, liquids or solids at room temperature and atmospheric Document [132] (Title: Cavalieri's principle) volume of the cylinder, thus the volume "outside" of the cone is formula_12 the volume of the cylinder. Therefore the volume of the upper half of the sphere is formula_12 of the volume of the cylinder. The volume of the cylinder is Therefore the volume of the upper half-sphere is formula_15 and that of the whole sphere is formula_16. The fact that the volume of any pyramid, regardless of the shape of the base, whether circular as in the case of a cone, or square as in the case of the Egyptian pyramids, or any other shape, is (1/3) × Document [133] (Title: Cavalieri's principle) the volume of a cone is formula_1, then one can use Cavalieri's principle to derive the fact that the volume of a sphere is formula_2, where formula_3 is the radius. That is done as follows: Consider a sphere of radius formula_3 and a cylinder of radius formula_3 and height formula_3. Within the cylinder is the cone whose apex is at the center of one base of the cylinder and whose base is the other base of the cylinder. By the Pythagorean theorem, the plane located formula_7 units above the "equator" intersects the sphere in a circle of area formula_8. The Document [134] (Title: Shell theorem) and draw SE to the point E that bisects HK, and extend SF to intersect HK at D. Drop a perpendicular IQ on to the line PS joining P to the centre S. Let the radius of the sphere be a and the distance PS be D. Let arc IH be extended perpendicularly out of the plane of the diagram, by a small distance ζ. The area of the figure generated is IH.ζ, and its mass is proportional to this product. The force due to this mass on the particle at P formula_21 and is along the line PI. The Document [135] (Title: N-sphere) representing the unit -ball as a union of concentric -sphere "shells", So, We can also represent the unit -sphere as a union of tori, each the product of a circle (1-sphere) with an -sphere. Let and , so that and . Then, Since , the equation holds for all . This completes our derivation of the recurrences: Combining the recurrences, we see that So it is simple to show by induction on "k" that, where denotes the double factorial, defined for odd integers by . In general, the volume, in -dimensional Euclidean space, of the unit -ball, is given by Document [136] (Title: Volume of an n-ball) Volume of an n-ball In geometry, a ball is a region in space comprising all points within a fixed distance from a given point; that is, it is the region enclosed by a sphere or hypersphere. An -ball is a ball in -dimensional Euclidean space. The volume of an -ball is an important constant that occurs in formulas throughout mathematics; it generalizes the notion of the volume enclosed by a sphere in 3-dimensional space. The -dimensional volume of a Euclidean ball of radius in -dimensional Euclidean space is: where is Leonhard Euler's gamma function (which can be thought of as Document [137] (Title: Calliostoma jucundum) Calliostoma jucundum Calliostoma jucundum is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Calliostomatidae. (Original description by Gould) The size of the shell varies between 9.5 mm and 23 mm. The small, solid shell has a low conical shape. It is composed of about six conical whorls, with a slight vertical portion at base. The whorls are girdled with fine, uniform, beaded lines, the alternate ones being generally smaller, sometimes even not beaded, and the two basal ones surrounding the vertical portion being larger. The base of the shell is a little convex, similarly sculptured with Document [138] (Title: Depletion force) width of the lens-shaped region of overlap volume formed by spherical caps. The volume available formula_15 for small spheres is the difference between the total volume of the system and the excluded volume. To determine the available volume for small spheres, there are two distinguishable cases: first, the separation of the large spheres is big enough so small spheres can penetrate in between them; second, the large spheres are close enough so that small spheres cannot penetrate between them. For each case, the available volume for small spheres is given by In the latter case small spheres are depleted from Document [139] (Title: Volume) 2 : 3 ratio of the volumes of the sphere and cylinder is credited to Archimedes. The volume of a sphere is the integral of an infinite number of infinitesimally small circular disks of thickness "dx". The calculation for the volume of a sphere with center 0 and radius "r" is as follows. The surface area of the circular disk is formula_10. The radius of the circular disks, defined such that the x-axis cuts perpendicularly through them, is or where y or z can be taken to represent the radius of a disk at a particular x value. Using y Document [140] (Title: Sphere packing) the hexagonal lattice with a density of formula_3 and the tetrahedral lattice with a density of formula_4, and loosest possible at a density of 0.0555. Packings where all spheres are constrained by their neighbours to stay in one location are called rigid or jammed. The strictly jammed sphere packing with the lowest density is a diluted ("tunneled") fcc crystal with a density of only 0.49365. If we attempt to build a densely packed collection of spheres, we will be tempted to always place the next sphere in a hollow between three packed spheres. If five spheres are assembled in this Document [141] (Title: Spherical polyhedron) Spherical polyhedron In mathematics, a spherical polyhedron or spherical tiling is a tiling of the sphere in which the surface is divided or partitioned by great arcs into bounded regions called spherical polygons. Much of the theory of symmetrical polyhedra is most conveniently derived in this way. The most familiar spherical polyhedron is the soccer ball (outside the United States, Canada, and Australia, a football), thought of as a spherical truncated icosahedron. The next most popular spherical polyhedron is the beach ball, thought of as a hosohedron. Some "improper" polyhedra, such as the hosohedra and their duals the dihedra, exist Document [142] (Title: Shell integration) Shell integration Shell integration (the shell method in integral calculus) is a means of calculating the volume of a solid of revolution, when integrating along an axis "perpendicular to" the axis of revolution. This is in contrast to disc integration which integrates along the axis "parallel" to the axis of revolution. The shell method goes as follows: Consider a volume in three dimensions obtained by rotating a cross-section in the -plane around the -axis. Suppose the cross-section is defined by the graph of the positive function on the interval . Then the formula for the volume will be: If the Document [143] (Title: Calliostoma jucundum) m. Calliostoma jucundum Calliostoma jucundum is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Calliostomatidae. (Original description by Gould) The size of the shell varies between 9.5 mm and 23 mm. The small, solid shell has a low conical shape. It is composed of about six conical whorls, with a slight vertical portion at base. The whorls are girdled with fine, uniform, beaded lines, the alternate ones being generally smaller, sometimes even not beaded, and the two basal ones surrounding the vertical portion being larger. The base of the shell is a little convex, similarly sculptured Document [144] (Title: Classical nucleation theory) sum of a bulk term that is proportional to the volume of the nucleus, and a surface term, that is proportional to its surface area The first term is the volume term, and as we are assuming that the nucleus is spherical, this is the volume of a sphere of radius formula_18. formula_19 is the difference in free energy per unit volume between the thermodynamic phase nucleation is occurring in, and the phase that is nucleating. For example, if water is nucleating in supersaturated air, then formula_19 is the free energy per unit volume of the supersaturated air minus that Document [145] (Title: Leech lattice) and Leech lattice give very efficient 24-dimensional spherical codes of 729, 4096 and 196560 points, respectively. Spherical codes are higher-dimensional analogues of Tammes problem, which arose as an attempt to explain the distribution of pores on pollen grains. These are distributed as to maximise the minimal angle between them. In two dimensions, the problem is trivial, but in three dimensions and higher it is not. An example of a spherical code in three dimensions is the set of the 12 vertices of the regular icosahedron. One can associate to any (positive-definite) lattice Λ a theta function given by The theta Document [146] (Title: Sphere) the sphere. Alternatively, the area element on the sphere is given in spherical coordinates by . In Cartesian coordinates, the area element is For more generality, see area element. The total area can thus be obtained by integration: The sphere has the smallest surface area of all surfaces that enclose a given volume, and it encloses the largest volume among all closed surfaces with a given surface area. The sphere therefore appears in nature: for example, bubbles and small water drops are roughly spherical because the surface tension locally minimizes surface area. The surface area relative to the mass of Document [147] (Title: Kilogram) to be determined with an uncertainty of only three parts per billion. With the size of the sphere, its average atomic mass, and its atomic spacing known, the required sphere diameter can be calculated with sufficient precision and low uncertainty to enable it to be finish-polished to a target mass of one kilogram. Experiments are being performed on the Avogadro Project's silicon spheres to determine whether their masses are most stable when stored in a vacuum, a partial vacuum, or ambient pressure. However, no technical means currently exist to prove a long-term stability any better than that of the IPK's, Document [148] (Title: Spherical design) Spherical design A spherical design, part of combinatorial design theory in mathematics, is a finite set of "N" points on the "d"-dimensional unit "d"-sphere "S" such that the average value of any polynomial "f" of degree "t" or less on the set equals the average value of "f" on the whole sphere (that is, the integral of "f" over "S" divided by the area or measure of "S"). Such a set is often called a spherical "t"-design to indicate the value of "t", which is a fundamental parameter. Spherical designs can be of value in approximation theory, in statistics for Document [149] (Title: Carbon nanotube springs) is E. In case of SWCNTs, n=1 and n>1 in case of MWCNTs. The cylinder has inner and outer radii of formula_1 and formula_2. The shell's cross-sectional area is formula_3 and the total enclosed area is formula_4. The strain energy that can be stored in the bar under axial compression to a strain of formula_5 is formula_6)formula_7 = formula_8 The strain energy density is simply the ratio of the strain energy and the enclosed volume. Therefore, in order for the strain energy density to be high the value of formula_9 should be large. So, a spring in axial tension should Document [150] (Title: Spherical lune) the second half great circle has moved a full circle, and the lune in between covers the sphere as a spherical monogon — the area formula for the spherical lune gives 4π"R", the surface area of the sphere. A hosohedron is a tessellation of the sphere by lunes. A n-gonal regular hosohedron, {2,n} has "n" equal lunes of π/"n" radians. An "n"-hosohedron has dihedral symmetry D, ["n",2], (*22"n") of order 4"n". Each lune individually has cyclic symmetry "C", [2], (*22) of order 4. Each hosohedra can be divided by an equatorial bisector into two equal spherical triangles. The visibly lighted Document [151] (Title: Napkin ring problem) through the center of a sphere of radius "R" and that "h" represents the height (defined as the distance in a direction parallel to the axis) of the part of the cylinder that is inside the sphere. The "band" is the part of the sphere that is outside the cylinder. The volume of the band depends on "h" but not on "R": As the radius "R" of the sphere shrinks, the diameter of the cylinder must also shrink in order that "h" can remain the same. The band gets thicker, and this would increase its volume. But it also gets Document [152] (Title: Sphere packing) Sphere packing In geometry, a sphere packing is an arrangement of non-overlapping spheres within a containing space. The spheres considered are usually all of identical size, and the space is usually three-dimensional Euclidean space. However, sphere packing problems can be generalised to consider unequal spheres, "n"-dimensional Euclidean space (where the problem becomes circle packing in two dimensions, or hypersphere packing in higher dimensions) or to non-Euclidean spaces such as hyperbolic space. A typical sphere packing problem is to find an arrangement in which the spheres fill as large a proportion of the space as possible. The proportion of space filled Document [153] (Title: Cylinder) the cylinders' common axis, as in the diagram. Let the height be , internal radius , and external radius . The volume is given by Thus, the volume of a cylindrical shell equals 2(average radius)(altitude)(thickness). The surface area, including the top and bottom, is given by Cylindrical shells are used in a common integration technique for finding volumes of solids of revolution. In the treatise by this name, written c. 225 BCE, Archimedes obtained the result of which he was most proud, namely obtaining the formulas for the volume and surface area of a sphere by exploiting the relationship between Document [154] (Title: Spherical sector) and the direction to the middle of the cap as seen from the sphere center. The volume "V" of the sector is related to the area "A" of the cap by: The curved surface area of the spherical sector (on the surface of the sphere, excluding the cone surface) is It is also where Ω is the solid angle of the spherical sector in steradians, the SI unit of solid angle. One steradian is defined as the solid angle subtended by a cap area of "A" = "r". The volume can be calculated by integrating the differential volume element over Document [155] (Title: Early Islamic philosophy) showed that the sphere ("al-kura") is the largest in magnitude (volumetric) with respect to other geometric solids that have equal surface areas. For instance, a sphere that has an equal surface area to that of a cylinder, would be larger in (volumetric) magnitude than the cylinder; hence, the sphere occupies a larger place than that occupied by the cylinder; unlike what is entailed by Aristotle's definition of place: that this sphere and that cylinder occupy places that are equal in magnitude. Ibn al-Haytham rejected Aristotle's philosophical concept of place on mathematical grounds. Later, the philosopher 'Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi (13th century) Document [156] (Title: Geopotential model) z") is the mass density at the volume element and of the direction from the volume element to the point mass. In the special case of a sphere with a spherically symmetric mass density then ρ = ρ("s"), i.e. density depends only on the radial distance These integrals can be evaluated analytically. This is the shell theorem saying that in this case: with corresponding potential where "M" = ∫ρ("s")"dxdydz" is the total mass of the sphere. In reality, Earth is not exactly spherical, mainly because of its rotation around the polar axis that makes its shape slightly oblate. If this Document [157] (Title: Pressure vessel) shape but depends on the density, ρ, and maximum allowable stress σ of the material in addition to the pressure P and volume V of the vessel. (See below for the exact equations for the stress in the walls.) For a sphere, the minimum mass of a pressure vessel is where: Other shapes besides a sphere have constants larger than 3/2 (infinite cylinders take 2), although some tanks, such as non-spherical wound composite tanks can approach this. This is sometimes called a "bullet" for its shape, although in geometric terms it is a capsule. For a cylinder with hemispherical ends, Document [158] (Title: Sphere packing) way, they will be consistent with one of the regularly packed arrangements described above. However, the sixth sphere placed in this way will render the structure inconsistent with any regular arrangement. This results in the possibility of a "random close packing" of spheres which is stable against compression. When spheres are randomly added to a container and then compressed, they will generally form what is known as an "irregular" or "jammed" packing configuration when they can be compressed no more. This irregular packing will generally have a density of about 64%. Recent research predicts analytically that it cannot exceed a Document [159] (Title: Linatella caudata) at depths of 20 to 200 m. The size of an adult shell varies between 35 mm and 100 mm. These medium-sized shells are extremely variable in size, thickness, prominence, quantity of flare of the outer lip and thickness and width of the inner lip. Also very variable are the spire height and the intensity of the surface coloration. Commonly they have an hairy appearance and are solid and thick and show a Tonna-like form and moderately tall spire, with a very weak sculpture of low, weakly convex surfaced, spiral cords. The whorls are weak shouldered. They lack obvious varices Document [160] (Title: Stylodictya) cone-shaped nasselarians). At the center of the disc is a microsphere (sphere of silica that houses the nucleus and endoplasm). Surrounding the microsphere is the biretta, which is a porous rectangular box-shaped shell. Four radial beams connect the microsphere to the biretta. Surrounding the biretta are three hoops, circular rings of silica that are concave toward the center (microsphere) of the skeleton. The three hoops are connected at the top and bottom in equatorial view (viewing the side of the coin-shaped disc instead of the face) by the roof, which is also porous. There are two concentric rings of pores Document [161] (Title: Double bubble conjecture) dihedral angles of 2/3. In a "standard double bubble", these surfaces are patches of spheres, and the curve where they meet is a circle. When the two enclosed volumes are different from each other, there are three spherical surfaces, two on the outside of the double bubble and one in the interior, separating the two volumes from each other; the radii of the spheres is inversely proportional to the pressure differences between the volumes they separate, according to the Young–Laplace equation. When the two volumes are equal, the middle surface is instead a flat disk, which can be interpreted as Document [162] (Title: Whorl (mollusc)) few whorls. The number of whorls present in an adult shell differs greatly in various taxa. The extant marine gastropod families Turritellidae and Terebridae, and the extinct Mesozoic family Nerineidae, have very high spired shells with a large number of whorls, and a relatively small aperture. The shells of a few genera of gastropods, and of the cephalopod genus "Spirula", have whorls that are disconnected. To count exactly the number of whorls in gastropods a straight line is drawn to separate the semi-circular nucleus (protoconch (1 - see image) from the younger part of the shell. An arrow placed at Document [163] (Title: Shell theorem) the elliptic areas, is direct as the mass of the area and inversely as the square of its distance from P, it is independent of the distance of P from the sphere. Hence, the forces on P from the 2 infinitesimal elliptical areas are equal and opposite and there is no net force in the direction JM. As the position of P and the direction of JM are both arbitrary, it follows that any particle inside a hollow sphere experiences no net force from the mass of the sphere. Note: Newton simply describes the arcs IH and KL as 'minimally Document [164] (Title: Shell theorem) potential, of which the inverse square law is a special case. Another generalization can be made for a disc by observing that so: where formula_15 Doing all the intermediate calculations we get: Note that formula_16 in this example is expressed in formula_17 Propositions 70 and 71 consider the force acting on a particle from a hollow sphere with an infinitesimally thin surface, whose mass density is constant over the surface. The force on the particle from a small area of the surface of the sphere is proportional to the mass of the area and inversely as the square of its Document [165] (Title: Shell integration) integrating these two functions with the disk method we subtract them to yield the desired volume. With the shell method all we need is the following formula: By expanding the polynomial the integral becomes very simple. In the end we find the volume is cubic units. Shell integration Shell integration (the shell method in integral calculus) is a means of calculating the volume of a solid of revolution, when integrating along an axis "perpendicular to" the axis of revolution. This is in contrast to disc integration which integrates along the axis "parallel" to the axis of revolution. The shell method Document [166] (Title: Charisma compacta) Charisma compacta Charisma compacta is a species of extremely small sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Trochidae, the top snails. The height of the shell attains 1.9 mm, its diameter 2 mm. The shell is solid and has a turbinate shape. Its colour is pale cream. The four whorls are rather loosely coiled and separated by channelled sutures. The spire-whorls are smooth. The body whorl is sculptured with about twenty regularly spaced, sharp, spiral grooves. The umbilicus measures about one-eighth of the shell's diameter; its margin is smooth and rounded. The aperture-side of the umbilicus shows an Document [167] (Title: Nuclear weapon design) Man bomb had two concentric, spherical shells of high explosives, each about thick. The inner shell drove the implosion. The outer shell consisted of a soccer-ball pattern of 32 high explosive lenses, each of which converted the convex wave from its detonator into a concave wave matching the contour of the outer surface of the inner shell. If these 32 lenses could be replaced with only two, the high explosive sphere could become an ellipsoid (prolate spheroid) with a much smaller diameter. A good illustration of these two features is a 1956 drawing from the Swedish nuclear weapons program (which Document [168] (Title: Shell theorem) are in the same ratio. Therefore, the force on a particle any distance D from the centre of the hollow sphere is inversely proportional to formula_42, which proves the proposition. There is an analog of the shell theorem in general relativity (GR). The shell theorem shows that the gravitational potential outside a spherically symmetric body is given by -GM/r—whether or not the body is changing with time. In general relativity, there is a similar theorem that demonstrating that the spacetime geometry "outside" a spherically symmetric mass-energy distribution is the time-independent Schwarzschild geometry—even if the central mass is undergoing gravitational collapse Document [169] (Title: Volume of an n-ball) and the center of the sphere, and let denote the azimuth. Intersecting the -ball with the -dimensional plane defined by fixing a radius and an azimuth gives an -ball of radius . The volume of the ball can therefore be written as an iterated integral of the volumes of the -balls over the possible radii and azimuths: The azimuthal coordinate can be immediately integrated out. Applying the proportionality relation shows that the volume equals: The integral can be evaluated by making the substitution to get: which is the two-dimension recursion formula. The same technique can be used to give an Document [170] (Title: Shell theorem) to "r" + "R". Inserting the expression for cos("φ") using the first of the "cosine law" expressions above, one finally gets that A primitive function to the integrand is and inserting the bounds "r" − "R", "r" + "R" for the integration variable "s" in this primitive function, one gets that saying that the gravitational force is the same as that of a point mass in the centre of the shell with the same mass. Finally, integrate all infinitesimally thin spherical shell with mass of "dM", and we can obtain the total gravity contribution of a solid ball to the Document [171] (Title: N-sphere) a single point representing infinity in all directions. In particular, if a single point is removed from an -sphere, it becomes homeomorphic to . This forms the basis for stereographic projection. <div style="overflow-wrap: normal">In general, the volume of the -ball in -dimensional Euclidean space, and the surface area of the -sphere in -dimensional Euclidean space, of radius , are proportional to the th power of the radius, (with different constants of proportionality that vary with ). We write for the volume of the -ball and for the surface area of the -sphere, both of radius , where and are the Document [172] (Title: Unit sphere) analysis. The volume of the unit ball in "n" dimensions, which we denote "V", can be expressed by making use of the gamma function. It is where "n"<nowiki>!!</nowiki> is the double factorial. The hypervolume of the ("n"−1)-dimensional unit sphere ("i.e.", the "area" of the boundary of the "n"-dimensional unit ball), which we denote "A", can be expressed as where the last equality holds only for . The surface areas and the volumes for some values of formula_8 are as follows: where the decimal expanded values for "n" ≥ 2 are rounded to the displayed precision. The "A" values satisfy the Document [173] (Title: Spherical model) may be a real non-integer dimension. The critical exponents formula_18 and formula_19 in the zero-field case which dictate the behaviour of the system close to were derived to be which are independent of the dimension of "d" when it is greater than four, the dimension being able to take any real value. Spherical model The spherical model in statistical mechanics is a model of ferromagnetism similar to the Ising model, which was solved in 1952 by T. H. Berlin and M. Kac. It has the remarkable property that when applied to systems of dimension "d" greater than four, the critical Document [174] (Title: Apex (mollusc)) usually called the apical aperture. In orthocone cephalopods, the pointed end of the shell is called the apex, and shell growth is away from the apex and toward the aperture. The first chamber of the apex is sometimes called the protoconch. The apex of a valve of a bivalve shell is the area around what is most commonly the umbo or beak. In some species the embryonic shell or prodissoconch may be present at the apex of each of the two valves. Apex (mollusc) In anatomy, an apex (adjectival form: apical) is part of the shell of a mollusk. The Document [175] (Title: Napkin ring problem) shorter in circumference, and this would decrease its volume. The two effects exactly cancel each other out. In the extreme case of the smallest possible sphere, the cylinder vanishes (its radius becomes zero) and the height "h" equals the diameter of the sphere. In this case the volume of the band is the volume of the whole sphere, which matches the formula given above. An early study of this problem was written by 17th-century Japanese mathematician Seki Kōwa. According to , Seki called this solid an arc-ring, or in Japanese "kokan" or "kokwan". Suppose the radius of the sphere is Document [176] (Title: Sphere packing) limit to the number of spheres that can surround another sphere (for example, Ford circles can be thought of as an arrangement of identical hyperbolic circles in which each circle is surrounded by an infinite number of other circles). The concept of average density also becomes much more difficult to define accurately. The densest packings in any hyperbolic space are almost always irregular. Despite this difficulty, K. Böröczky gives a universal upper bound for the density of sphere packings of hyperbolic "n"-space where "n" ≥ 2. In three dimensions the Böröczky bound is approximately 85.327613%, and is realized by the Document [177] (Title: Packing problems) Determine the number of spherical objects of given diameter "d" that can be packed into a cuboid of . Determine the minimum height "h" of a cylinder with given radius "R" that will pack "n" identical spheres of radius "r" (< "R"). Determine the minimum radius "R" that will pack "n" identical, unit volume polyhedra of a given shape. Pack "n" unit circles into the smallest possible circle. This is closely related to spreading points in a unit circle with the objective of finding the greatest minimal separation, "d", between points. Optimal solutions have been proven for "n" ≤ 13, Document [178] (Title: Gravitational binding energy) found by imagining that it is pulled apart by successively moving spherical shells to infinity, the outermost first, and finding the total energy needed for that. Assuming a constant density formula_3, the masses of a shell and the sphere inside it are: The required energy for a shell is the negative of the gravitational potential energy: Integrating over all shells yields: Since formula_3 is simply equal to the mass of the whole divided by its volume for objects with uniform density, therefore And finally, plugging this into our result leads to Two bodies, placed at the distance "R" from each Document [179] (Title: Shell integration) function is of the coordinate and the axis of rotation is the -axis then the formula becomes: If the function is rotating around the line or , the formulas become: and The formula is derived by computing the double integral in polar coordinates. Consider the volume, depicted below, whose cross section on the interval [1, 2] is defined by: In the case of disk integration we would need to solve for given . Because the volume is hollow in the middle we will find two functions, one that defines the inner solid and one that defines the outer solid. After Document [180] (Title: Volume of an n-ball) case is the standard Euclidean distance function, but other values of occur in diverse contexts such as information theory, coding theory, and dimensional regularization. The volume of an ball of radius is: These volumes satisfy a recurrence relation similar to the one dimension recurrence for : For , one recovers the recurrence for the volume of a Euclidean ball because . For example, in the cases and , the volumes are: These agree with elementary calculations of the volumes of cross-polytopes and hypercubes. For most values of , the surface area, formula_47, of an sphere of radius (the boundary of Question: what is the volume of a spherical shell

Answer: the difference between the enclosed volume of the outer sphere and the enclosed volume of the inner sphere Long Answer: The volume of a spherical shell is the difference between the enclosed volume of the outer sphere and the enclosed volume of the inner sphere: Gold Document ID: 90

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Miss Universe 2017) Miss Universe 2017 Miss Universe 2017, the 66th Miss Universe pageant, was held on 26 November 2017 at The AXIS at Planet Hollywood in Las Vegas, Nevada, United States. Iris Mittenaere of France crowned her successor Demi-Leigh Nel-Peters of South Africa at the end of the event. The show was hosted by Steve Harvey and Ashley Graham, while Fergie and Rachel Platten performed. Carson Kressley joined runway coach and pageant expert Lu Sierra in the commentary and analysis table throughout the telecast. Contestants from 92 countries and territories participated in this year's pageant, surpassing the previous record of 89 contestants Document [2] (Title: Demi-Leigh Nel-Peters) in the New York Mets organization. She celebrated her first American Thanksgiving with his family at their home. During her farewell at Miss Universe 2018, Nel-Peters thanked Tebow for his support. Demi-Leigh Nel-Peters Demi-Leigh Nel-Peters (born 28 June 1995) is a South African model and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss Universe 2017. She previously was crowned Miss South Africa 2017, and is the second Miss Universe winner from South Africa, following Margaret Gardiner who was crowned Miss Universe 1978. Nel-Peters was born on 28 June 1995 in Sedgefield, Western Cape, to Bennie Peters and Anne-Marie Steenkamp. She is Document [3] (Title: Marilyn Ramos) Marilyn Ramos Marilyn Ramos (born 16 February 1991) is a South African designer, model and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss South Africa 2012, becoming the official representative of her country to Miss Universe 2013 and Miss World 2013. Ramos represented South Africa at Miss World 2013 and Miss Universe 2013, failing to place in both competitions. Marilyn's home town is Klerksdorp. Marilyn is a student of Interior Architecture at Inscape Design College in Pretoria. She is the daughter of Victor and Yolandi Ramos. She is of "Coloured" (mixed-race) and Portuguese descent. In light of the fact that the Document [4] (Title: Miss South Africa) Miss South Africa Miss South Africa is a national Beauty pageant in South Africa. Traditionally Miss South Africa competed at Miss World until they acquired the franchise of Miss Universe. The winners are sent to both international pageants. The current Miss South Africa is Tamaryn Green from Western Cape. She went on to represent South Africa at the Miss Universe 2018 pageant, where she finished as the first runner-up. Established in 1956 in Apartheid South Africa, the first official Miss South Africa pageant was only open to "white" (Caucasian) females and was organised to send a representative to London for Document [5] (Title: Amy Kleinhans) black woman Augustine Masilela of Soweto, who would be a Top 10 semifinalist at Miss Universe 1995. Kleinhans would crown her successor a year later, Palesa Jacqui Mofokeng, who would be the first black Miss South Africa ever and second non-white to capture the crown. In 2014, she was guest judge in the final Miss South Africa 2014 beauty pageant, venue in the Sun City Superbowl, Rustenburg, South Africa. Transmitted by television network DStv. As the official representative of her country to the 1992 Miss World pageant held in Sun City, South Africa on 12 December, she became Miss World Document [6] (Title: Melinda Bam) her for a Xhosa girl before she won the title. Bam announced in November 2013 that she is engaged to Mr South Africa 2011, Adriaan Bergh. The two former beauty pageant title carriers got engaged during a holiday in Dubai. They were married in November 2014 at Oakfield Farm, Gauteng, South Africa. Melinda Bam Melinda Bam (born 13 May 1989) is a South African TV Personality, presenting popular TV show Pasella & Wies Jou Poppie (season 1-3), international model and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss South Africa 2011, becoming the official representative of her country to Miss Universe Document [7] (Title: Miss South Africa 2017) C. During the Live telecast, the top six were announced in random order. The recipients were: 1. Odirile (Top 8) 2. Nicole (Top 8) 3. Shelbe (did not advance) 4. Adé (1st runner up) 5. Sháne Naidoo (Top 5) 6. Demi-Leigh (Winner) It must be noted that Boipelo managed to secure 2nd-runner up, and Priyeshka made the Top 5 despite being snubbed by the South African public vote. Hot press favourite, Shelbe failed to make the first live cut. ∞ Nel-Peters won Miss Universe 2017. Due to protocol, Nel-Peters resigned her title as Miss South Africa 2017, and the 1st Document [8] (Title: Tamaryn Green) was crowned Miss South Africa 2018 with Miss World South Africa being Thulisa Keyi. She was crowned by her predecessor Adè van Heerden. Miss Universe 2018 Green went on to become first runner-up at the Miss Universe 2018 pageant in Thailand where Miss Universe 2017 Demi-Leigh Nel-Peters, also from South Africa, crowned her successor Catriona Gray as the new Miss Universe. When asked by host, Steve Harvey, about her opinion on whether countries should limit the number of refugees allowed across their borders, she replied, She moved on to the top three, which consisted of Miss Philippines, Miss Venezuela and Document [9] (Title: Miss South Africa) Three Miss South Africas, namely, Rolene Strauss, Anneline Kriel and Penelope Coelen have won the Miss World titles in 2014, 1974 and 1958 respectively.Two (2) women from South Africa won the title of Miss Universe - Margaret Gardiner, Miss Universe on 1978 and Demi-Leigh Nel-Peters, Miss Universe 2017. South Africa hasn't won Miss Earth or Miss International titles. The following women have represented South Africa in two of the Big Four major international beauty pageants for women. These are Miss World and Miss Universe, Miss International and Miss Earth are held by separate national beauty pageants in South Africa. On Document [10] (Title: Miss South Africa 2014) Africa 2014 first runner up Ziphozakhe Zokufa being crowned Miss South Africa, to allow Zokufa to compete for the Miss Universe 2014 crown. Miss Congeniality was won by the 19-year-old,Abigail de Jager. Miss South Africa 2014 The Miss South Africa 2014 pageant took place on Sunday the 30th of March at the Sun City Superbowl. The pageant was broadcast on DStv on Mzansi Magic. The final was contested by 12 girls who were selected after weeks of grueling challenges at Sun City International. The pageant was hosted by television and radio personality Elana Afrika-Bredenkamp. The pageant was won by Rolene Document [11] (Title: Marilyn Ramos) outgoing Miss South Africa was in attendance at the Miss Universe pageant where she had placed in the top 10. Marilyn Ramos from Klerksdorp has been crowned Miss South Africa 2012 by Remona Moodley (The First Runner-up Miss South Africa 2011) at the Sun City Super Bowl on Sunday night, 9 December 2012. However, Melinda Bam did pay homage to her country and the title that she held in the form of a video montage that was aired on the night of the finale. Marilyn Ramos Marilyn Ramos (born 16 February 1991) is a South African designer, model and beauty Document [12] (Title: Miss Universe 2017) for the Top 5 and Top 3 round. 92 contestants competed for the title of Miss Universe 2017. Last competed in 1972: Last competed in 2010: Last competed in 2014: Last competed in 2015 Contestants who previously competed or will be competing at other international beauty pageants: Miss Universe 2017 Miss Universe 2017, the 66th Miss Universe pageant, was held on 26 November 2017 at The AXIS at Planet Hollywood in Las Vegas, Nevada, United States. Iris Mittenaere of France crowned her successor Demi-Leigh Nel-Peters of South Africa at the end of the event. The show was hosted by Steve Document [13] (Title: Tamaryn Green) Tamaryn Green Tamaryn Green (born 19 August 1994) is a South African model and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss South Africa 2018. She represented South Africa in the Miss Universe 2018 competition and became the first runner-up in the competition. Green was born on 19 August 1994 in Worcester, Western Cape to parents David and Ellirene Green. Born in Worcester, the family moved to Paarl when Green was nine years old. She is of Cape Coloured origin. Her father works as a curriculum adviser while her mother is a teacher. Green attended New Orleans Secondary School in Paarl. Document [14] (Title: Miss South Africa 2015) 1958 and Anneline Kriel, Miss World 1974. Miss South Africa 2015 The Miss South Africa 2015 pageant took place on March 29, 2015 at the Sun City Superbowl. The pageant was broadcast on M-Net and Mzansi Magic. The final was contested by 12 girls who were selected after weeks of challenges at Sun City International. The pageant was hosted by television and radio personality Thomas Mlambo . Liesl Laurie from Johannesburg was crowned Miss South Africa 2015 by the outgoing title holder Zipozakhe Zokufa. Miss World 2014 Rolene Strauss attended the event, along with two other South Africans to have Document [15] (Title: Jade Fairbrother) relocated from Cape Town to Johannesburg. http://glossaryone.com/ Jade Fairbrother Jade Fairbrother (born 19 October 1986) is a South African model, fitness bikini competitor, international "Playboy" Playmate of the Year, and celebrity ambassador. In April 2013, Fairbrother decided to change her career focus to other more long-term opportunities and did her last professional photo-shoot in April 2013. After becoming a mother in 2014, Fairbrother has returned to the limelight in 2015 with the addition of ‘fitness bikini competitor’ to her list of titles. Fairbrother was born in Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa. She is an only child to entrepreneurial parents. Document [16] (Title: Nozipho Magagula) of rural healthcare amongst medical students and highlight its importance through projects. The rural health society is a registered society under the University of Pretoria. Nozipho Magagula Nozipho Nadine Magagula (born 30 October 1994) is a South African model, beauty queen and environmental activist who was crowned Miss Earth South Africa 2016. She became South Africa's representative to Miss Earth 2016 which was held on October 29, 2016 in the Philippines in which she achieved a Top 16 placement. Nozipho Magagula is a medical student at the University of Pretoria. She was born in Atteridgeville, just west of Pretoria. She Document [17] (Title: Idols South Africa) verdict. On 2 November 2010, 30-year-old Elvis Blue from George in the Western Cape was declared the winner. It was announced during the Season 6 finale that the show had been renewed for a seventh season in 2011. Auditions took place in February and March 2011. On 20 January 2011 it was announced that Mara Louw would not return to the judging panel for the seventh season. The decision came after she was reprimanded for mixing painkillers and alcohol before a show. She was also involved in a racism scandal after she said the show should be moved to SABC3 Document [18] (Title: Liesl Laurie) Liesl Laurie Liesl Laurie (born April 28, 1991 in Johannesburg, South Africa) is a South African model and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss South Africa 2015. She has represented her country at the Miss World 2015, in Sanya, China on December 19, 2015. (She was not able to compete in Miss Universe 2015, as the final of this competition was scheduled for December 20, 2015 in Las Vegas, USA.) Laurie lives in Eldorado Park, a mainly Coloured suburb in Johannesburg. She has a Bachelor of Commerce General degree and is a social activist. On March 29, 2015 Laurie Document [19] (Title: Miss University Africa 2017) Miss University Africa 2017 Miss University Africa 2017, the 5th edition of the Miss University Africa pageant, was held on 2 December 2017 at Obi Wali International Conference Center in Port Harcourt. Contestants from 54 African countries competed for the crown. The winner, Lorriane Nadal of Mauritius succeeded Rorisang Molefe of Lesotho, as the reigning Miss University Africa Queen. She was crowned by First Lady of Rivers State, Eberechi Wike at the end of the event. The contestants from 54 African countries arrived Rivers State on 19 November 2017. The performances of Miss University Africa 2017 contestants were evaluated by Document [20] (Title: Margaret Gardiner (beauty queen)) titleholder from South Africa until Demi-Leigh Nel-Peters was crowned Miss Universe 2017. She holds a BA in Psychology from the College of Charleston and the author of two books on health and beauty and attended St. George’s Cathedral where Desmond Tutu preached. She is a member of the Hollywood Foreign Press Association that votes on and hosts the Golden Globes. She is now working as a print and television journalist in Los Angeles. She is married to Andre Nel, a professor of Pediatrics and Public Health at UCLA, . Margaret Gardiner (beauty queen) Margaret Gardiner (born 21 August 1959) is Document [21] (Title: Nozipho Magagula) Nozipho Magagula Nozipho Nadine Magagula (born 30 October 1994) is a South African model, beauty queen and environmental activist who was crowned Miss Earth South Africa 2016. She became South Africa's representative to Miss Earth 2016 which was held on October 29, 2016 in the Philippines in which she achieved a Top 16 placement. Nozipho Magagula is a medical student at the University of Pretoria. She was born in Atteridgeville, just west of Pretoria. She completed her secondary education at Crawford College, Pretoria. Nozipho was crowned Miss Earth South Africa 2016 at a Gala Evening held on September 8, 2016 Document [22] (Title: Mpule Kwelagobe) 5, 1999 for the Miss Universe 1999 pageant, which was held on May 26 in Chaguaramas Convention Center, Trinidad & Tobago. She beat 84 other delegates to win the Miss Universe pageant. Kwelagobe became the first Miss Universe to come from a debuting nation since 1958. She arrived in her new home of New York City two days after being crowned Miss Universe. For the duration of her reign she lived in Trump Place and worked in Trump Tower as Donald J. Trump was the owner of the Miss Universe pageant in partnership with CBS. Following her reign as Miss Document [23] (Title: Miss South Africa) the Miss World pageant. That year Norma Vorster was crowned and the Miss SA. Two years later, an 18-year-old secretary from Durban, Penny Coelen, was crowned and would later go on to make history and win Miss World. It was not until 1992 that all persons of all races were allowed to compete in the Miss SA competition. Prior to that person's of colour competed in the Miss Africa South pageant. This was just the beginning for the Miss South Africa organisation and of the 60 women who have worn the crown only the last 27 winners have been chosen Document [24] (Title: Liesl Laurie) for being the contestant, who was placed the highest of all the African contestants. Liesl Laurie Liesl Laurie (born April 28, 1991 in Johannesburg, South Africa) is a South African model and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss South Africa 2015. She has represented her country at the Miss World 2015, in Sanya, China on December 19, 2015. (She was not able to compete in Miss Universe 2015, as the final of this competition was scheduled for December 20, 2015 in Las Vegas, USA.) Laurie lives in Eldorado Park, a mainly Coloured suburb in Johannesburg. She has a Bachelor Document [25] (Title: Demi-Leigh Nel-Peters) the first girl to be chosen as head girl for both the school and its hostel. New-Peters was also elected as Deputy Junior Mayor of the George City Council when she was in grade 11. While pursuing a bachelor's degree in business management and entrepreneurship from North-West University, Nel-Peters modeled part-time for Boss Models and Vision Management Cape Town. She is fluent in both English and Afrikaans. Nel-Peters began her pageantry career representing Western Cape in the Miss South Africa 2017 competition, which she won. As Miss South Africa, she had the right to represent South Africa in both Miss Document [26] (Title: Miss South Africa) some occasions, the winner of Miss South Africa represents her country at the Miss World. On some occasions, the winner of Miss South Africa represents her country at the Miss Universe. "Please see Miss International for the Miss International South Africa representatives." "Please see Miss Earth South Africa for the Miss Earth representatives." Miss South Africa Miss South Africa is a national Beauty pageant in South Africa. Traditionally Miss South Africa competed at Miss World until they acquired the franchise of Miss Universe. The winners are sent to both international pageants. The current Miss South Africa is Tamaryn Green from Document [27] (Title: Bokang Montjane) in Miss Earth 2007 held in Quezon City, where she obtained the Beauty for a Cause award and placed as one of the Top 16 semifinalists of the competition. Two years later, she competed in Miss International 2009, in Chengdu, China. Montjane, who stands tall, competed as one of 12 finalists in her country's national beauty pageant, Miss South Africa, held in Sun City on 12 December 2010, where she became the eventual winner of the title, gaining the right to represent South Africa in Miss Universe 2011 and Miss World 2011. She was the second African woman to compete Document [28] (Title: Miss South Africa 2015) Miss South Africa 2015 The Miss South Africa 2015 pageant took place on March 29, 2015 at the Sun City Superbowl. The pageant was broadcast on M-Net and Mzansi Magic. The final was contested by 12 girls who were selected after weeks of challenges at Sun City International. The pageant was hosted by television and radio personality Thomas Mlambo . Liesl Laurie from Johannesburg was crowned Miss South Africa 2015 by the outgoing title holder Zipozakhe Zokufa. Miss World 2014 Rolene Strauss attended the event, along with two other South Africans to have won Miss World, Penelope Coelen, Miss World Document [29] (Title: Melinda Bam) model and a student of B.Com Marketing from the University of Pretoria. She entered Miss South Africa 2011 and won the pageant on her first attempt. She was crowned Miss South Africa 2011 at an event held at the Sun City Super Bowl on 11 December 2011. Melinda Bam represented South Africa in December at Miss Universe 2012, which was held in Las Vegas, and placed among the top 10. She did not participate in the Miss World 2012 pageant because if a contestant reaches the top three of the pageant she is not permitted to enter Miss Universe. The Document [30] (Title: Nozipho Magagula) was held on October 29, 2016 at the Mall of Asia Arena in the Philippines. 83 delegates from different countries and territories competed for the prestigious and coveted beauty title. Nozipho achieved a silver medal in the African category of the National Costume Competition which was held during the pre-pageant activities. At the final coronation show, she achieved a placement in the Top 16. Apart from Nozipho's contribution to environmental activism, she has taken a keen interest in rural healthcare. She was elected President of the Tuks Rural Health Society in 2015. The student society aims to challenge the perceptions Document [31] (Title: Miss South Africa 2017) Her 1st princess Adè van Heerden competed at Miss World 2017, finishing in Top 10. Six celebrity judges, from the industries of fashion, sport, pageants and entertainment, together with a public vote decided the winner of Miss South Africa 2017. 1. Bridget Masinga 2. Cameron van den Berg 3. Miss SA 2004, Claudia Henkel 4. Unathi Msangena 5. Maps Maponyane 6. Gisele Aymes 7. South African Public Voting The South African public was invited to be the 7th judge, their vote counting for 25% of the overall score. South Africans voted via text with the assistance of pageant sponsor Cell Document [32] (Title: Tamaryn Green) Green. They were all asked the same question which was, "What is the most important lesson you've learned in your life, and how would you apply it to your time as Miss Universe." Green's answer was, Green was proclaimed first runner-up to Gray by host Steve Harvey. Tamaryn Green Tamaryn Green (born 19 August 1994) is a South African model and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss South Africa 2018. She represented South Africa in the Miss Universe 2018 competition and became the first runner-up in the competition. Green was born on 19 August 1994 in Worcester, Western Cape Document [33] (Title: Miss South Africa 2018) for the crown. During the live telecast, the Top 12 was narrowed to a Top 5 and then a Top 2. The Top 2 were awarded separate titles, Miss Universe South Africa, won by Tamaryn Green, and Miss World South Africa, won by Thulisa Keyi. Green went on to be crowned Miss South Africa 2018 by her predecessor Adè van Heerden of Western Cape. Green represented South Africa at Miss Universe 2018 where she placed as First Runner-up. Keyi represented South Africa at Miss World 2018, placing in the Top 30. Miss South Africa 2018 Miss South Africa 2018 was Document [34] (Title: Basetsana Kumalo) director. In 2016, she was guest judge in the final Miss South Africa 2016 beauty pageant, venue in the Carnival City´s Big Top Arena, Gauteng, South Africa. Transmitted by television networks M-Net and Mzansi Magic. Kumalo is the President of the Business Women's Association of South Africa. In 2008, Kumalo became a new Tawana shareholder through a transaction with her investment company Pro Direct 189. She also sits on the boards of Unipalm Investment Holdings Vhangana Energy Resources, Tactic Group Limited, SME Financial Holdings Limited, Morongwa Investment Holdings, Seven Falls, Q2 Petroleum and PHAB Holdings. In 2000, Kumalo launched her Document [35] (Title: Amy Kleinhans) Amy Kleinhans Amy Kleinhans-Curd (born 1968) is a South African beauty queen who was Miss South Africa 1992, the first non-white winner in the history of South Africa. She placed fourth runner-up to Miss World as Miss World Africa on 12 December 1992. As a 23-year-old Cape Coloured woman, she competed for the first time in 1991 and placed second. She competed the following year and defeated 11 other contestants for the title of Miss South Africa 1992, the first time ever a non-white woman was crowned in the history of Miss South Africa. Her first runner-up was also non-white, Document [36] (Title: Miss South Africa 2017) Miss South Africa 2017 Miss South Africa 2017, the 59th edition of the Miss South Africa Pageant was held on Sunday, March 26, 2017 at the Sun City Superbowl. It was simulcast as a live broadcast on M-Net and Mzansi Magic. Twenty six semi-finalists from different provinces were elected from over nine hundred women who entered, but only 12 finalists competed for the crown. Demi Leigh Nel-Peters emerged victorious and was named as Miss SA 2017 at the conclusion of the 2 hour event. Demi-Leigh represented South Africa at Miss Universe 2017 and was crowned as the new Miss Universe. Document [37] (Title: Miss University Africa 2017) a panel of judges. Broadcaster and journalist Soni Irabor was the lead judge at the pageant. Miss University Africa 2017 Miss University Africa 2017, the 5th edition of the Miss University Africa pageant, was held on 2 December 2017 at Obi Wali International Conference Center in Port Harcourt. Contestants from 54 African countries competed for the crown. The winner, Lorriane Nadal of Mauritius succeeded Rorisang Molefe of Lesotho, as the reigning Miss University Africa Queen. She was crowned by First Lady of Rivers State, Eberechi Wike at the end of the event. The contestants from 54 African countries arrived Rivers Document [38] (Title: Miss South Africa 2017) Princess, Adè van Heerden, replaced her as Miss South Africa. Miss South Africa 2017 Miss South Africa 2017, the 59th edition of the Miss South Africa Pageant was held on Sunday, March 26, 2017 at the Sun City Superbowl. It was simulcast as a live broadcast on M-Net and Mzansi Magic. Twenty six semi-finalists from different provinces were elected from over nine hundred women who entered, but only 12 finalists competed for the crown. Demi Leigh Nel-Peters emerged victorious and was named as Miss SA 2017 at the conclusion of the 2 hour event. Demi-Leigh represented South Africa at Miss Document [39] (Title: Demi-Leigh Nel-Peters) Demi-Leigh Nel-Peters Demi-Leigh Nel-Peters (born 28 June 1995) is a South African model and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss Universe 2017. She previously was crowned Miss South Africa 2017, and is the second Miss Universe winner from South Africa, following Margaret Gardiner who was crowned Miss Universe 1978. Nel-Peters was born on 28 June 1995 in Sedgefield, Western Cape, to Bennie Peters and Anne-Marie Steenkamp. She is of Cape Coloured origin. Her half-sister, Franje, has a physical disability, and Nel-Peters says that she is the most significant motivator in her life. As a high school student, she was Document [40] (Title: Miss South Africa) from the entire population of South Africa and not just white individuals. Since then, hundreds of young women have entered the pageant vying for the prestigious title. Miss South Africa (or a runner-up in some instances) has always competed at Miss World, but the first Miss South Africa to compete at Miss Universe was Kerishnie Naicker in 1998. The reigning Miss South Africa is Tamaryn Green, she will represent South Africa at Miss Universe 2018. Prior to 1998, South Africa's representatives at Miss Universe qualified via other national pageants. Miss South Africa runners-up do not compete at any international pageants. Document [41] (Title: Liesl Laurie) was crowned as Miss South Africa 2015 by reigning titleholder Zipozakhe Zokufa. The Miss South Africa Pageant was held at the Sun City Super Bowl. Laurie defeated 11 other finalists during the main event. Miss World 2014 Rolene Strauss attended the event, along with two other South Africans to have won Miss World, i.e. Penelope Coelen, Miss World 1958 and Anneline Kriel, Miss World 1974. As Miss South Africa, Laurie has participated in the Miss World 2015 in Sanya, China, as one of 114 contestants. She was one of the Top 10 finalists and became the Continental Queen of Africa, Document [42] (Title: Miss South Africa 2018) Miss South Africa 2018 Miss South Africa 2018 was the 60th edition of Miss South Africa. It was held on 27 May 2018 at the Sun Arena at Time Square in Pretoria. It was simulcasted as a live broadcast on M-Net and Mzansi Magic, and was hosted by Bonang Matheba.. For the first time, two separate delegates were selected to represent South Africa at Miss World and Miss Universe, but only one was crowned Miss South Africa. Twenty eight semi-finalists from different provinces were selected from over nine hundred women who entered, but only twelve finalists were chosen to compete Document [43] (Title: Bokang Montjane) in all Big Four pageants, after Cynthia Kanema of Zambia. Bokang Montjane Bokang Montjane (born 5 May 1986 in Transvaal) is a South African model and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss South Africa 2010, becoming the official representative of her country to the Miss Universe 2011 and Miss World 2011 pageants. She also participated in Miss International 2009 and placed in the Top 16 at Miss Earth 2007, finished as one of the Top 7 finalists and named Miss World Africa at Miss World 2011. Montjane was born and raised in the village of Ga-Mphahlele in Transvaal (now Document [44] (Title: Demi-Leigh Nel-Peters) month after she was crowned Miss South Africa, when she was carjacked at Hyde Park. She handed over her car keys but was forced into her car by the carjackers. She punched one of them in the throat and managed to run away and get help. In her capacity as Miss Universe, Nel-Peters visited the Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand, France, Mexico, Ecuador, India, Lebanon, Egypt, Malaysia, various cities in the United States, and her home country, South Africa. During her reign as Miss Universe 2017, Nel-Peters began dating Tim Tebow, a former professional American football quarterback and current professional baseball outfielder Question: where in south africa is miss universe 2017 from Answer: Western Cape Long Answer: Final Results Contestant Miss South Africa Universe 2017 Western Cape - Demi - Leigh Nel - Peters Miss South Africa World 2017 Western Cape - Adè van Heerden 2nd Princess Gauteng - Boipelo Mabe Top 5 Gauteng - Priyeshka Lutchman Gauteng - Shané Naidoo Top 8 Gauteng - Iman Mkwanazi Gauteng - Nicole van Niekerk Gauteng - Odirile Sepeng Top 12 Gauteng - Nompumelelo Mampholo KwaZulu - Natal - Kayla Malherbe Gauteng - Shelbe Pretorius Gauteng - Yuta Raubenheimer Gold Document ID: 39

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Miss Universe 2017) Miss Universe 2017 Miss Universe 2017, the 66th Miss Universe pageant, was held on 26 November 2017 at The AXIS at Planet Hollywood in Las Vegas, Nevada, United States. Iris Mittenaere of France crowned her successor Demi-Leigh Nel-Peters of South Africa at the end of the event. The show was hosted by Steve Harvey and Ashley Graham, while Fergie and Rachel Platten performed. Carson Kressley joined runway coach and pageant expert Lu Sierra in the commentary and analysis table throughout the telecast. Contestants from 92 countries and territories participated in this year's pageant, surpassing the previous record of 89 contestants Document [2] (Title: Demi-Leigh Nel-Peters) in the New York Mets organization. She celebrated her first American Thanksgiving with his family at their home. During her farewell at Miss Universe 2018, Nel-Peters thanked Tebow for his support. Demi-Leigh Nel-Peters Demi-Leigh Nel-Peters (born 28 June 1995) is a South African model and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss Universe 2017. She previously was crowned Miss South Africa 2017, and is the second Miss Universe winner from South Africa, following Margaret Gardiner who was crowned Miss Universe 1978. Nel-Peters was born on 28 June 1995 in Sedgefield, Western Cape, to Bennie Peters and Anne-Marie Steenkamp. She is Document [3] (Title: Marilyn Ramos) Marilyn Ramos Marilyn Ramos (born 16 February 1991) is a South African designer, model and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss South Africa 2012, becoming the official representative of her country to Miss Universe 2013 and Miss World 2013. Ramos represented South Africa at Miss World 2013 and Miss Universe 2013, failing to place in both competitions. Marilyn's home town is Klerksdorp. Marilyn is a student of Interior Architecture at Inscape Design College in Pretoria. She is the daughter of Victor and Yolandi Ramos. She is of "Coloured" (mixed-race) and Portuguese descent. In light of the fact that the Document [4] (Title: Miss South Africa) Miss South Africa Miss South Africa is a national Beauty pageant in South Africa. Traditionally Miss South Africa competed at Miss World until they acquired the franchise of Miss Universe. The winners are sent to both international pageants. The current Miss South Africa is Tamaryn Green from Western Cape. She went on to represent South Africa at the Miss Universe 2018 pageant, where she finished as the first runner-up. Established in 1956 in Apartheid South Africa, the first official Miss South Africa pageant was only open to "white" (Caucasian) females and was organised to send a representative to London for Document [5] (Title: Amy Kleinhans) black woman Augustine Masilela of Soweto, who would be a Top 10 semifinalist at Miss Universe 1995. Kleinhans would crown her successor a year later, Palesa Jacqui Mofokeng, who would be the first black Miss South Africa ever and second non-white to capture the crown. In 2014, she was guest judge in the final Miss South Africa 2014 beauty pageant, venue in the Sun City Superbowl, Rustenburg, South Africa. Transmitted by television network DStv. As the official representative of her country to the 1992 Miss World pageant held in Sun City, South Africa on 12 December, she became Miss World Document [6] (Title: Melinda Bam) her for a Xhosa girl before she won the title. Bam announced in November 2013 that she is engaged to Mr South Africa 2011, Adriaan Bergh. The two former beauty pageant title carriers got engaged during a holiday in Dubai. They were married in November 2014 at Oakfield Farm, Gauteng, South Africa. Melinda Bam Melinda Bam (born 13 May 1989) is a South African TV Personality, presenting popular TV show Pasella & Wies Jou Poppie (season 1-3), international model and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss South Africa 2011, becoming the official representative of her country to Miss Universe Document [7] (Title: Miss South Africa 2017) C. During the Live telecast, the top six were announced in random order. The recipients were: 1. Odirile (Top 8) 2. Nicole (Top 8) 3. Shelbe (did not advance) 4. Adé (1st runner up) 5. Sháne Naidoo (Top 5) 6. Demi-Leigh (Winner) It must be noted that Boipelo managed to secure 2nd-runner up, and Priyeshka made the Top 5 despite being snubbed by the South African public vote. Hot press favourite, Shelbe failed to make the first live cut. ∞ Nel-Peters won Miss Universe 2017. Due to protocol, Nel-Peters resigned her title as Miss South Africa 2017, and the 1st Document [8] (Title: Tamaryn Green) was crowned Miss South Africa 2018 with Miss World South Africa being Thulisa Keyi. She was crowned by her predecessor Adè van Heerden. Miss Universe 2018 Green went on to become first runner-up at the Miss Universe 2018 pageant in Thailand where Miss Universe 2017 Demi-Leigh Nel-Peters, also from South Africa, crowned her successor Catriona Gray as the new Miss Universe. When asked by host, Steve Harvey, about her opinion on whether countries should limit the number of refugees allowed across their borders, she replied, She moved on to the top three, which consisted of Miss Philippines, Miss Venezuela and Document [9] (Title: Miss South Africa) Three Miss South Africas, namely, Rolene Strauss, Anneline Kriel and Penelope Coelen have won the Miss World titles in 2014, 1974 and 1958 respectively.Two (2) women from South Africa won the title of Miss Universe - Margaret Gardiner, Miss Universe on 1978 and Demi-Leigh Nel-Peters, Miss Universe 2017. South Africa hasn't won Miss Earth or Miss International titles. The following women have represented South Africa in two of the Big Four major international beauty pageants for women. These are Miss World and Miss Universe, Miss International and Miss Earth are held by separate national beauty pageants in South Africa. On Document [10] (Title: Miss South Africa 2014) Africa 2014 first runner up Ziphozakhe Zokufa being crowned Miss South Africa, to allow Zokufa to compete for the Miss Universe 2014 crown. Miss Congeniality was won by the 19-year-old,Abigail de Jager. Miss South Africa 2014 The Miss South Africa 2014 pageant took place on Sunday the 30th of March at the Sun City Superbowl. The pageant was broadcast on DStv on Mzansi Magic. The final was contested by 12 girls who were selected after weeks of grueling challenges at Sun City International. The pageant was hosted by television and radio personality Elana Afrika-Bredenkamp. The pageant was won by Rolene Document [11] (Title: Marilyn Ramos) outgoing Miss South Africa was in attendance at the Miss Universe pageant where she had placed in the top 10. Marilyn Ramos from Klerksdorp has been crowned Miss South Africa 2012 by Remona Moodley (The First Runner-up Miss South Africa 2011) at the Sun City Super Bowl on Sunday night, 9 December 2012. However, Melinda Bam did pay homage to her country and the title that she held in the form of a video montage that was aired on the night of the finale. Marilyn Ramos Marilyn Ramos (born 16 February 1991) is a South African designer, model and beauty Document [12] (Title: Miss Universe 2017) for the Top 5 and Top 3 round. 92 contestants competed for the title of Miss Universe 2017. Last competed in 1972: Last competed in 2010: Last competed in 2014: Last competed in 2015 Contestants who previously competed or will be competing at other international beauty pageants: Miss Universe 2017 Miss Universe 2017, the 66th Miss Universe pageant, was held on 26 November 2017 at The AXIS at Planet Hollywood in Las Vegas, Nevada, United States. Iris Mittenaere of France crowned her successor Demi-Leigh Nel-Peters of South Africa at the end of the event. The show was hosted by Steve Document [13] (Title: Tamaryn Green) Tamaryn Green Tamaryn Green (born 19 August 1994) is a South African model and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss South Africa 2018. She represented South Africa in the Miss Universe 2018 competition and became the first runner-up in the competition. Green was born on 19 August 1994 in Worcester, Western Cape to parents David and Ellirene Green. Born in Worcester, the family moved to Paarl when Green was nine years old. She is of Cape Coloured origin. Her father works as a curriculum adviser while her mother is a teacher. Green attended New Orleans Secondary School in Paarl. Document [14] (Title: Miss South Africa 2015) 1958 and Anneline Kriel, Miss World 1974. Miss South Africa 2015 The Miss South Africa 2015 pageant took place on March 29, 2015 at the Sun City Superbowl. The pageant was broadcast on M-Net and Mzansi Magic. The final was contested by 12 girls who were selected after weeks of challenges at Sun City International. The pageant was hosted by television and radio personality Thomas Mlambo . Liesl Laurie from Johannesburg was crowned Miss South Africa 2015 by the outgoing title holder Zipozakhe Zokufa. Miss World 2014 Rolene Strauss attended the event, along with two other South Africans to have Document [15] (Title: Jade Fairbrother) relocated from Cape Town to Johannesburg. http://glossaryone.com/ Jade Fairbrother Jade Fairbrother (born 19 October 1986) is a South African model, fitness bikini competitor, international "Playboy" Playmate of the Year, and celebrity ambassador. In April 2013, Fairbrother decided to change her career focus to other more long-term opportunities and did her last professional photo-shoot in April 2013. After becoming a mother in 2014, Fairbrother has returned to the limelight in 2015 with the addition of ‘fitness bikini competitor’ to her list of titles. Fairbrother was born in Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa. She is an only child to entrepreneurial parents. Document [16] (Title: Nozipho Magagula) of rural healthcare amongst medical students and highlight its importance through projects. The rural health society is a registered society under the University of Pretoria. Nozipho Magagula Nozipho Nadine Magagula (born 30 October 1994) is a South African model, beauty queen and environmental activist who was crowned Miss Earth South Africa 2016. She became South Africa's representative to Miss Earth 2016 which was held on October 29, 2016 in the Philippines in which she achieved a Top 16 placement. Nozipho Magagula is a medical student at the University of Pretoria. She was born in Atteridgeville, just west of Pretoria. She Document [17] (Title: Idols South Africa) verdict. On 2 November 2010, 30-year-old Elvis Blue from George in the Western Cape was declared the winner. It was announced during the Season 6 finale that the show had been renewed for a seventh season in 2011. Auditions took place in February and March 2011. On 20 January 2011 it was announced that Mara Louw would not return to the judging panel for the seventh season. The decision came after she was reprimanded for mixing painkillers and alcohol before a show. She was also involved in a racism scandal after she said the show should be moved to SABC3 Document [18] (Title: Liesl Laurie) Liesl Laurie Liesl Laurie (born April 28, 1991 in Johannesburg, South Africa) is a South African model and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss South Africa 2015. She has represented her country at the Miss World 2015, in Sanya, China on December 19, 2015. (She was not able to compete in Miss Universe 2015, as the final of this competition was scheduled for December 20, 2015 in Las Vegas, USA.) Laurie lives in Eldorado Park, a mainly Coloured suburb in Johannesburg. She has a Bachelor of Commerce General degree and is a social activist. On March 29, 2015 Laurie Document [19] (Title: Miss University Africa 2017) Miss University Africa 2017 Miss University Africa 2017, the 5th edition of the Miss University Africa pageant, was held on 2 December 2017 at Obi Wali International Conference Center in Port Harcourt. Contestants from 54 African countries competed for the crown. The winner, Lorriane Nadal of Mauritius succeeded Rorisang Molefe of Lesotho, as the reigning Miss University Africa Queen. She was crowned by First Lady of Rivers State, Eberechi Wike at the end of the event. The contestants from 54 African countries arrived Rivers State on 19 November 2017. The performances of Miss University Africa 2017 contestants were evaluated by Document [20] (Title: Margaret Gardiner (beauty queen)) titleholder from South Africa until Demi-Leigh Nel-Peters was crowned Miss Universe 2017. She holds a BA in Psychology from the College of Charleston and the author of two books on health and beauty and attended St. George’s Cathedral where Desmond Tutu preached. She is a member of the Hollywood Foreign Press Association that votes on and hosts the Golden Globes. She is now working as a print and television journalist in Los Angeles. She is married to Andre Nel, a professor of Pediatrics and Public Health at UCLA, . Margaret Gardiner (beauty queen) Margaret Gardiner (born 21 August 1959) is Document [21] (Title: Nozipho Magagula) Nozipho Magagula Nozipho Nadine Magagula (born 30 October 1994) is a South African model, beauty queen and environmental activist who was crowned Miss Earth South Africa 2016. She became South Africa's representative to Miss Earth 2016 which was held on October 29, 2016 in the Philippines in which she achieved a Top 16 placement. Nozipho Magagula is a medical student at the University of Pretoria. She was born in Atteridgeville, just west of Pretoria. She completed her secondary education at Crawford College, Pretoria. Nozipho was crowned Miss Earth South Africa 2016 at a Gala Evening held on September 8, 2016 Document [22] (Title: Mpule Kwelagobe) 5, 1999 for the Miss Universe 1999 pageant, which was held on May 26 in Chaguaramas Convention Center, Trinidad & Tobago. She beat 84 other delegates to win the Miss Universe pageant. Kwelagobe became the first Miss Universe to come from a debuting nation since 1958. She arrived in her new home of New York City two days after being crowned Miss Universe. For the duration of her reign she lived in Trump Place and worked in Trump Tower as Donald J. Trump was the owner of the Miss Universe pageant in partnership with CBS. Following her reign as Miss Document [23] (Title: Miss South Africa) the Miss World pageant. That year Norma Vorster was crowned and the Miss SA. Two years later, an 18-year-old secretary from Durban, Penny Coelen, was crowned and would later go on to make history and win Miss World. It was not until 1992 that all persons of all races were allowed to compete in the Miss SA competition. Prior to that person's of colour competed in the Miss Africa South pageant. This was just the beginning for the Miss South Africa organisation and of the 60 women who have worn the crown only the last 27 winners have been chosen Document [24] (Title: Liesl Laurie) for being the contestant, who was placed the highest of all the African contestants. Liesl Laurie Liesl Laurie (born April 28, 1991 in Johannesburg, South Africa) is a South African model and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss South Africa 2015. She has represented her country at the Miss World 2015, in Sanya, China on December 19, 2015. (She was not able to compete in Miss Universe 2015, as the final of this competition was scheduled for December 20, 2015 in Las Vegas, USA.) Laurie lives in Eldorado Park, a mainly Coloured suburb in Johannesburg. She has a Bachelor Document [25] (Title: Demi-Leigh Nel-Peters) the first girl to be chosen as head girl for both the school and its hostel. New-Peters was also elected as Deputy Junior Mayor of the George City Council when she was in grade 11. While pursuing a bachelor's degree in business management and entrepreneurship from North-West University, Nel-Peters modeled part-time for Boss Models and Vision Management Cape Town. She is fluent in both English and Afrikaans. Nel-Peters began her pageantry career representing Western Cape in the Miss South Africa 2017 competition, which she won. As Miss South Africa, she had the right to represent South Africa in both Miss Document [26] (Title: Miss South Africa) some occasions, the winner of Miss South Africa represents her country at the Miss World. On some occasions, the winner of Miss South Africa represents her country at the Miss Universe. "Please see Miss International for the Miss International South Africa representatives." "Please see Miss Earth South Africa for the Miss Earth representatives." Miss South Africa Miss South Africa is a national Beauty pageant in South Africa. Traditionally Miss South Africa competed at Miss World until they acquired the franchise of Miss Universe. The winners are sent to both international pageants. The current Miss South Africa is Tamaryn Green from Document [27] (Title: Bokang Montjane) in Miss Earth 2007 held in Quezon City, where she obtained the Beauty for a Cause award and placed as one of the Top 16 semifinalists of the competition. Two years later, she competed in Miss International 2009, in Chengdu, China. Montjane, who stands tall, competed as one of 12 finalists in her country's national beauty pageant, Miss South Africa, held in Sun City on 12 December 2010, where she became the eventual winner of the title, gaining the right to represent South Africa in Miss Universe 2011 and Miss World 2011. She was the second African woman to compete Document [28] (Title: Miss South Africa 2015) Miss South Africa 2015 The Miss South Africa 2015 pageant took place on March 29, 2015 at the Sun City Superbowl. The pageant was broadcast on M-Net and Mzansi Magic. The final was contested by 12 girls who were selected after weeks of challenges at Sun City International. The pageant was hosted by television and radio personality Thomas Mlambo . Liesl Laurie from Johannesburg was crowned Miss South Africa 2015 by the outgoing title holder Zipozakhe Zokufa. Miss World 2014 Rolene Strauss attended the event, along with two other South Africans to have won Miss World, Penelope Coelen, Miss World Document [29] (Title: Melinda Bam) model and a student of B.Com Marketing from the University of Pretoria. She entered Miss South Africa 2011 and won the pageant on her first attempt. She was crowned Miss South Africa 2011 at an event held at the Sun City Super Bowl on 11 December 2011. Melinda Bam represented South Africa in December at Miss Universe 2012, which was held in Las Vegas, and placed among the top 10. She did not participate in the Miss World 2012 pageant because if a contestant reaches the top three of the pageant she is not permitted to enter Miss Universe. The Document [30] (Title: Nozipho Magagula) was held on October 29, 2016 at the Mall of Asia Arena in the Philippines. 83 delegates from different countries and territories competed for the prestigious and coveted beauty title. Nozipho achieved a silver medal in the African category of the National Costume Competition which was held during the pre-pageant activities. At the final coronation show, she achieved a placement in the Top 16. Apart from Nozipho's contribution to environmental activism, she has taken a keen interest in rural healthcare. She was elected President of the Tuks Rural Health Society in 2015. The student society aims to challenge the perceptions Document [31] (Title: Miss South Africa 2017) Her 1st princess Adè van Heerden competed at Miss World 2017, finishing in Top 10. Six celebrity judges, from the industries of fashion, sport, pageants and entertainment, together with a public vote decided the winner of Miss South Africa 2017. 1. Bridget Masinga 2. Cameron van den Berg 3. Miss SA 2004, Claudia Henkel 4. Unathi Msangena 5. Maps Maponyane 6. Gisele Aymes 7. South African Public Voting The South African public was invited to be the 7th judge, their vote counting for 25% of the overall score. South Africans voted via text with the assistance of pageant sponsor Cell Document [32] (Title: Tamaryn Green) Green. They were all asked the same question which was, "What is the most important lesson you've learned in your life, and how would you apply it to your time as Miss Universe." Green's answer was, Green was proclaimed first runner-up to Gray by host Steve Harvey. Tamaryn Green Tamaryn Green (born 19 August 1994) is a South African model and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss South Africa 2018. She represented South Africa in the Miss Universe 2018 competition and became the first runner-up in the competition. Green was born on 19 August 1994 in Worcester, Western Cape Document [33] (Title: Miss South Africa 2018) for the crown. During the live telecast, the Top 12 was narrowed to a Top 5 and then a Top 2. The Top 2 were awarded separate titles, Miss Universe South Africa, won by Tamaryn Green, and Miss World South Africa, won by Thulisa Keyi. Green went on to be crowned Miss South Africa 2018 by her predecessor Adè van Heerden of Western Cape. Green represented South Africa at Miss Universe 2018 where she placed as First Runner-up. Keyi represented South Africa at Miss World 2018, placing in the Top 30. Miss South Africa 2018 Miss South Africa 2018 was Document [34] (Title: Basetsana Kumalo) director. In 2016, she was guest judge in the final Miss South Africa 2016 beauty pageant, venue in the Carnival City´s Big Top Arena, Gauteng, South Africa. Transmitted by television networks M-Net and Mzansi Magic. Kumalo is the President of the Business Women's Association of South Africa. In 2008, Kumalo became a new Tawana shareholder through a transaction with her investment company Pro Direct 189. She also sits on the boards of Unipalm Investment Holdings Vhangana Energy Resources, Tactic Group Limited, SME Financial Holdings Limited, Morongwa Investment Holdings, Seven Falls, Q2 Petroleum and PHAB Holdings. In 2000, Kumalo launched her Document [35] (Title: Amy Kleinhans) Amy Kleinhans Amy Kleinhans-Curd (born 1968) is a South African beauty queen who was Miss South Africa 1992, the first non-white winner in the history of South Africa. She placed fourth runner-up to Miss World as Miss World Africa on 12 December 1992. As a 23-year-old Cape Coloured woman, she competed for the first time in 1991 and placed second. She competed the following year and defeated 11 other contestants for the title of Miss South Africa 1992, the first time ever a non-white woman was crowned in the history of Miss South Africa. Her first runner-up was also non-white, Document [36] (Title: Miss South Africa 2017) Miss South Africa 2017 Miss South Africa 2017, the 59th edition of the Miss South Africa Pageant was held on Sunday, March 26, 2017 at the Sun City Superbowl. It was simulcast as a live broadcast on M-Net and Mzansi Magic. Twenty six semi-finalists from different provinces were elected from over nine hundred women who entered, but only 12 finalists competed for the crown. Demi Leigh Nel-Peters emerged victorious and was named as Miss SA 2017 at the conclusion of the 2 hour event. Demi-Leigh represented South Africa at Miss Universe 2017 and was crowned as the new Miss Universe. Document [37] (Title: Miss University Africa 2017) a panel of judges. Broadcaster and journalist Soni Irabor was the lead judge at the pageant. Miss University Africa 2017 Miss University Africa 2017, the 5th edition of the Miss University Africa pageant, was held on 2 December 2017 at Obi Wali International Conference Center in Port Harcourt. Contestants from 54 African countries competed for the crown. The winner, Lorriane Nadal of Mauritius succeeded Rorisang Molefe of Lesotho, as the reigning Miss University Africa Queen. She was crowned by First Lady of Rivers State, Eberechi Wike at the end of the event. The contestants from 54 African countries arrived Rivers Document [38] (Title: Miss South Africa 2017) Princess, Adè van Heerden, replaced her as Miss South Africa. Miss South Africa 2017 Miss South Africa 2017, the 59th edition of the Miss South Africa Pageant was held on Sunday, March 26, 2017 at the Sun City Superbowl. It was simulcast as a live broadcast on M-Net and Mzansi Magic. Twenty six semi-finalists from different provinces were elected from over nine hundred women who entered, but only 12 finalists competed for the crown. Demi Leigh Nel-Peters emerged victorious and was named as Miss SA 2017 at the conclusion of the 2 hour event. Demi-Leigh represented South Africa at Miss Document [39] (Title: Demi-Leigh Nel-Peters) Demi-Leigh Nel-Peters Demi-Leigh Nel-Peters (born 28 June 1995) is a South African model and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss Universe 2017. She previously was crowned Miss South Africa 2017, and is the second Miss Universe winner from South Africa, following Margaret Gardiner who was crowned Miss Universe 1978. Nel-Peters was born on 28 June 1995 in Sedgefield, Western Cape, to Bennie Peters and Anne-Marie Steenkamp. She is of Cape Coloured origin. Her half-sister, Franje, has a physical disability, and Nel-Peters says that she is the most significant motivator in her life. As a high school student, she was Document [40] (Title: Miss South Africa) from the entire population of South Africa and not just white individuals. Since then, hundreds of young women have entered the pageant vying for the prestigious title. Miss South Africa (or a runner-up in some instances) has always competed at Miss World, but the first Miss South Africa to compete at Miss Universe was Kerishnie Naicker in 1998. The reigning Miss South Africa is Tamaryn Green, she will represent South Africa at Miss Universe 2018. Prior to 1998, South Africa's representatives at Miss Universe qualified via other national pageants. Miss South Africa runners-up do not compete at any international pageants. Document [41] (Title: Liesl Laurie) was crowned as Miss South Africa 2015 by reigning titleholder Zipozakhe Zokufa. The Miss South Africa Pageant was held at the Sun City Super Bowl. Laurie defeated 11 other finalists during the main event. Miss World 2014 Rolene Strauss attended the event, along with two other South Africans to have won Miss World, i.e. Penelope Coelen, Miss World 1958 and Anneline Kriel, Miss World 1974. As Miss South Africa, Laurie has participated in the Miss World 2015 in Sanya, China, as one of 114 contestants. She was one of the Top 10 finalists and became the Continental Queen of Africa, Document [42] (Title: Miss South Africa 2018) Miss South Africa 2018 Miss South Africa 2018 was the 60th edition of Miss South Africa. It was held on 27 May 2018 at the Sun Arena at Time Square in Pretoria. It was simulcasted as a live broadcast on M-Net and Mzansi Magic, and was hosted by Bonang Matheba.. For the first time, two separate delegates were selected to represent South Africa at Miss World and Miss Universe, but only one was crowned Miss South Africa. Twenty eight semi-finalists from different provinces were selected from over nine hundred women who entered, but only twelve finalists were chosen to compete Document [43] (Title: Bokang Montjane) in all Big Four pageants, after Cynthia Kanema of Zambia. Bokang Montjane Bokang Montjane (born 5 May 1986 in Transvaal) is a South African model and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss South Africa 2010, becoming the official representative of her country to the Miss Universe 2011 and Miss World 2011 pageants. She also participated in Miss International 2009 and placed in the Top 16 at Miss Earth 2007, finished as one of the Top 7 finalists and named Miss World Africa at Miss World 2011. Montjane was born and raised in the village of Ga-Mphahlele in Transvaal (now Document [44] (Title: Demi-Leigh Nel-Peters) month after she was crowned Miss South Africa, when she was carjacked at Hyde Park. She handed over her car keys but was forced into her car by the carjackers. She punched one of them in the throat and managed to run away and get help. In her capacity as Miss Universe, Nel-Peters visited the Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand, France, Mexico, Ecuador, India, Lebanon, Egypt, Malaysia, various cities in the United States, and her home country, South Africa. During her reign as Miss Universe 2017, Nel-Peters began dating Tim Tebow, a former professional American football quarterback and current professional baseball outfielder Question: where in south africa is miss universe 2017 from

Answer: Western Cape Long Answer: Final Results Contestant Miss South Africa Universe 2017 Western Cape - Demi - Leigh Nel - Peters Miss South Africa World 2017 Western Cape - Adè van Heerden 2nd Princess Gauteng - Boipelo Mabe Top 5 Gauteng - Priyeshka Lutchman Gauteng - Shané Naidoo Top 8 Gauteng - Iman Mkwanazi Gauteng - Nicole van Niekerk Gauteng - Odirile Sepeng Top 12 Gauteng - Nompumelelo Mampholo KwaZulu - Natal - Kayla Malherbe Gauteng - Shelbe Pretorius Gauteng - Yuta Raubenheimer Gold Document ID: 39

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Happy Meal) toys in a move to curb obesity. Happy Meal A Happy Meal is a form of kids' meal sold at the fast food restaurant chain McDonald's since June 1979. A small toy is included with the food, both of which are usually contained in a red box with a yellow smiley face and the McDonald's logo. The packaging and toy are frequently part of a marketing tie-in to an existing television show, film, or toy brand. The Happy Meal contains a main item (typically a hamburger, cheeseburger, or small serving of Chicken McNuggets), a side item (french fries, apple slices, Document [2] (Title: Happy Meal) addition of apples. The redesigned meals will contain a smaller portion (1.1 ounces) of fries, along with the apples. On February 4, 2013, McDonald's announced that Fish McBites, fried Alaskan pollock, the same fish used in Filet-O-Fish, would be added as an entree, which would run until March, intended to coincide with Lent. In 2014, McDonald's added a mascot to Happy Meals in the United States, known as Happy. Happy was originated from France in 2009. Reactions were mixed, with criticism that the mascot's design was too frightening. The Happy Meal did not introduce the practice of providing small toys Document [3] (Title: Happy Eater) all Happy Eaters were converted into Little Chefs and the brand was phased out by the end of 1997. The chain received widespread media attention in the early 1990s as a restaurant favoured by the Prime Minister John Major. In 1973 a former managing director of the hotel group Trust House Forte, Michael Pickard, founded a family-orientated roadside restaurant, aimed at competing with the established pre-eminent chain in the industry, Little Chef. By 1980 Pickard had built up a chain of 21 restaurants when he sold Happy Eater to the Imperial Group conglomerate. Imperial expanded the chain to 75 restaurants, Document [4] (Title: Artlist Collection: The Dog and Friends) the McDonald's Happy Meal, toys of this franchise were sold as Happy Meals from April 2 to April 29. Select locations featured dog adoption events. They were sold once again the next year, but with “The Cat” plushes. In 2007, the series introduced its first video game, "The Dog Island". In 2009, the series also released a pet simulation game on mobile phones and smart phones. In 2016, they were featured as themes for the Japanese Nintendo 3DS home menu. Artlist Collection: The Dog and Friends Artlist Collection: The Dog and Friends (better known as The Dog and Friends or Document [5] (Title: Happy Eater) Happy Eater Happy Eater was a chain of family-oriented roadside restaurants that operated throughout England and Wales until 1997. The company was established in 1973 by Michael Pickard as a rival to Little Chef, which was the only national chain of roadside restaurants at the time. The restaurants offered similar fare to Little Chef, such as English breakfasts and fish and chips. The major difference between Happy Eater and Little Chef was that it provided outdoor playground equipment. Outlets were mostly located in South East England, the Midlands and along the A1 corridor. Following Granada's takeover of THF in 1995, Document [6] (Title: Star Wars: The Clone Wars (film)) other films. When questioned by "The New York Times" about "Star Wars" merchandising in July 2008, a Pepsi spokesperson was unaware a new "Star Wars" film was being released. On August 15, McDonald's held its first ever Happy Meal promotion for a "Star Wars" film and for four weeks, 18 exclusive toys came in specially designed Happy Meal boxes. Dark Horse Comics published a six-issue digest-sized comic book miniseries. Randy Stradley, vice president of publishing for Dark Horse, said the sudden decision to release the "Clone Wars" film required the company to temporarily delay plans for two other "Star Wars" Document [7] (Title: Happy's Pizza) Happy's Pizza Happy's Pizza is an American regional chain of restaurants, serving pizza, ribs, chicken, seafood, sandwiches, pasta and salad. The first Happy's Pizza restaurant was opened by Happy Asker in 1994 on the east side of Detroit. From 2006 to early 2008 the chain doubled in size and reached 27 locations. Now the chain has more than 65 locations in Michigan, Nevada, California and Ohio. The pizzerias are known for their granite counter tops, Venetian plaster on their walls and the neon signs in and outside of the building. The company makes a point of opening stores and offering Document [8] (Title: Fast food restaurant) deal with the demand. Automats remained extremely popular throughout the 1920s and 1930s. The company also popularized the notion of "take-out" food, with their slogan "Less work for Mother". Some historians concur that A&W, which opened in 1923 and began franchising in 1926, was the first fast food restaurant due to their beginnings as a root beer stand in 1919 (E. Tavares). Most agree that the American company White Castle was the first fast-food outlet starting in Wichita, Kansas in 1916 with food stands and founding in 1921, selling hamburgers for five cents apiece from its inception and spawning numerous Document [9] (Title: Mac Tonight) 1,500 attended the visit of a costumed character to a Los Angeles McDonald's. Despite concerns that he was too typical of the West Coast, in February 1987 it was decided that the character would feature on national advertisements which went to air that September and he attracted a crowd of 1,000 in Boca Raton, Florida. During this period, Happy Meal toys modeled after the character were also released at participating McDonald's restaurants. A September 1987 survey by Ad Watch found that the number of consumers who recalled McDonald's advertising before any other doubled from the previous month, and was higher Document [10] (Title: Happy Meal) Happy Meal A Happy Meal is a form of kids' meal sold at the fast food restaurant chain McDonald's since June 1979. A small toy is included with the food, both of which are usually contained in a red box with a yellow smiley face and the McDonald's logo. The packaging and toy are frequently part of a marketing tie-in to an existing television show, film, or toy brand. The Happy Meal contains a main item (typically a hamburger, cheeseburger, or small serving of Chicken McNuggets), a side item (french fries, apple slices, a Go-Gurt tube, or a salad in Document [11] (Title: Happy Meal) to children. When the Happy Meal started in 1979, the toys back then were a McDoodle stencil, a McWrist wallet, an ID bracelet, a puzzle lock, a spinning top, or a McDonaldland character-shaped eraser. In Canada, the promotion prior to the Happy Meal was called the "Treat of the Week", where a different toy was available free on request each week. This promotion continued after the Happy Meal was introduced in 1979. Happy Meal toys have become increasingly elaborate in recent years. While initially they were little more than a cheap plastic trinket such as a Frisbee or ball, they Document [12] (Title: Happy Meal) December 1979. The packaging used for the Star Trek Meal consisted of various images and games related to the film, as well as a comic-strip adaptation of the film. Consumers had to buy numerous meals in order to complete the set. In 1982, McDonald's recalled Happy Meal toys because they could have been dangerous to children under 3 years of age. In 1992, McDonald's withdrew their range of Happy Meal toys for the film "Batman Returns", after complaints from parents that the film was unsuitable for children. In July 2011, McDonald's announced plans to make Happy Meals healthier, including the Document [13] (Title: Happy Eater) by Granada. Granada began to convert all Happy Eater outlets into Little Chefs, with the Happy Eater brand ceasing to exist in 1997. Happy Eater Happy Eater was a chain of family-oriented roadside restaurants that operated throughout England and Wales until 1997. The company was established in 1973 by Michael Pickard as a rival to Little Chef, which was the only national chain of roadside restaurants at the time. The restaurants offered similar fare to Little Chef, such as English breakfasts and fish and chips. The major difference between Happy Eater and Little Chef was that it provided outdoor playground Document [14] (Title: Happy Meal) which offered a hamburger, small fries and a small sundae to help mothers feed their children more effectively while at McDonald's restaurants. The concept was eventually brought to the attention of McDonald's management in Chicago. The company gave the development of the product to Bob Bernstein, who then came up with the Happy Meal. In 1977, the McDonald's restaurant owner clients who regularly met with Bernstein were looking for ways to create a better experience for families with kids. Bernstein reasoned that if kids could get a packaged meal all their own instead of just picking at their parent's food, Document [15] (Title: McDonald's New Zealand) the Auckland University of Technology. Breakfast meals were introduced in the same year, first at the Auckland Queen Street restaurant before expanding nationally. McDonald's purchased the fast-food chain Georgie Pie from Progressive Enterprises in 1996. The Georgie Pie chain closed in 1998, with half of the 32 restaurants converting to McDonald's and the remainder sold off. From 1997-1999 the company endorsed McDonald's Young Entertainers, a talent show for young New Zealanders. In 2004, the Happy Meal children's menu celebrated 25 years since its introduction in 1979. In the same year, nutrition labelling was introduced to packaging on McDonald's core menu Document [16] (Title: Happy Meal) fantasy: whatever they thought might appeal to kids, at least 8 items per box. Inside the box would be a burger, small fries, packet of cookies and a surprise gift. A small drink would accompany these items. Bernstein named it The Happy Meal and it was successfully introduced with television and radio spots and in-store posters in the Kansas City market in October 1977. Other markets followed and the national roll-out happened in 1979. Bernstein received #1136758 (Serial #73148046) for his idea in 1977 which he assigned to his valued client, McDonald's Corporation, on June 10, 1980. In 1987 at Document [17] (Title: FOOD (New York restaurant)) on that day. The menu was simple and affordable. Meals included items like raw mackerel in wasabi sauce, Creole-style stuffed tongue and anchovy onion pie. FOOD was considered to be an "active and dynamic site" which served nearly one hundred people daily in 1972. In 1972 Matta-Clark created a 43-minute documentary of the restaurant. He was often seen as the center of the energy surrounding FOOD restaurant. FOOD only lasted about three years with the original founders. After Matta-Clark lost interest in the project and Goodden was left to carry on mostly on her own. Eventually, the restaurant was handed Document [18] (Title: First Band on the Moon) First Band on the Moon First Band on the Moon is the third studio album by The Cardigans. It features the international single "Lovefool". It was first released on 12 August 1996 and internationally on 9 September 1996. The album was a major breakthrough for the band, both in their native Sweden and internationally. It is their best-selling album in the United States, having sold around 664,000 copies there as of September 2010. "Happy Meal II" is a re-recording of "Happy Meal", a song that was originally a bonus track on the US edition of "Life", with some minor lyric Document [19] (Title: Happy's Pizza) $620,297. Two franchisees were given prison sentences and a third received three years probation. Happy's Pizza Happy's Pizza is an American regional chain of restaurants, serving pizza, ribs, chicken, seafood, sandwiches, pasta and salad. The first Happy's Pizza restaurant was opened by Happy Asker in 1994 on the east side of Detroit. From 2006 to early 2008 the chain doubled in size and reached 27 locations. Now the chain has more than 65 locations in Michigan, Nevada, California and Ohio. The pizzerias are known for their granite counter tops, Venetian plaster on their walls and the neon signs in and Document [20] (Title: History of McDonald's) in 50 seconds or less. Drive-thru sales eventually accounted for more than half of McDonald's systemwide sales. Meantime, the Happy Meal, a combo meal for children featuring a toy, was added to the menu in 1979. A period of aggressive advertising campaigns and price slashing in the early 1980s became known as the "burger wars". Burger King suggested to customers: "have it your way"; Wendy's offered itself as the "fresh alternative" and launched their "Where's the beef?" campaign. McDonald's sales and market still predominated, however. During the 1980s, a period of substantial expansion, McDonald's further diversified its menu to suit Document [21] (Title: Happy Meal) the annual McDonald's marketing meeting, he was recognized for his accomplishment with a full-size bronze replica of the Happy Meal box with the following inscription: <poem> McDonald's Happy Meal 10th Anniversary 1977-1987 To Robert A. Bernstein, Bernstein-Rein Advertising Thank you for bringing the Happy Meal, a bold idea, to the McDonald's System. Your insight and conviction truly has made McDonald's a fun place for children for the past 10 years! McDonald's Corporation September, 1987 </poem> Often, the Happy Meal is themed to promote a current family-oriented movie. The first such promotion was the Star Trek Meal, to promote "" in Document [22] (Title: Jim Verraros) a single on July 17, 2007. Like its predecessor, "Eating Out 2: Sloppy Seconds" received mostly negative reviews. It was described as a cinematic landmark however, by multiple publications, for being the first sequel to a gay film. In June 2006, the "Windy City Times" included Verraros in its "30 Under 30" list of young figures who had made positive contributions to the LGBTQ community. Throughout that year, Verraros continued performing at local events around Chicago; he was also featured on "American Idol Rewind", filmed a guest appearance on the pilot for a cooking show called "The Astrological Kitchen", and Document [23] (Title: TGI Fridays) had a birthday, the entire restaurant crew came around with a cake and sang TGI Fridays' traditional birthday song. The first location closed in 1994 and is now a British pub called "Baker Street"; the brass rails are still there. Although Malachy McCourt's nearby eponymous bar preceded TGI Fridays and Stillman credited the media for creating the term, he had unintentionally created one of the first singles bars. It benefited from the near-simultaneous availability of the birth-control pill and Betty Friedan's book "The Feminine Mystique": TGI Fridays was one of the first to use promotions such as ladies' night, and Document [24] (Title: Happy Eater) before selling the chain in 1986 to Trust House Forte, who owned the Little Chef chain. THF continued to expand the Happy Eater chain alongside Little Chef. The Happy Eater chain employed female table serving staff. Male staff were reserved for management, cooking, dishwashing and other support roles. Until, in 1985, a male employee named Ron Weekes, working at the Broadbridge Heath, West Sussex restaurant, requested an opportunity to work front of house, waiting tables. This opportunity was granted by the duty manager, thus Weekes became the first male waiter across the national chain. THF was taken over in 1995 Document [25] (Title: New York Restaurant Week) and is considered the first "restaurant week"and the price was the year $19.92. A letter to the editor of the New York Times was published on July 15, 1992, in the letter Emil William Chynn praised the organization of the first "restaurant week" during the Democratic National Convention, in his letter he suggested that it becomes a yearly event that sponsors like Coca-Cola and American Express could help boost the event. Tim Zagat and Joe Baum are credited for the "first restaurant week" but even Tim Zagat in his 2010 article published in The Atlantic didn't see or dream of Question: when did the first happy meal come out Answer: October 1977 Long Answer: In 1977, the McDonald's restaurant owner clients who regularly met with Bernstein were looking for ways to create a better experience for families with kids . Bernstein reasoned that if kids could get a packaged meal all their own instead of just picking at their parent's food, everybody would be happier . He had often noticed his young son at the breakfast table poring over the various items on cereal boxes and thought, "Why not do that for McDonald's? The package is the key!" He then called in his creative team and had them mock up some paperboard boxes fashioned to resemble lunch pails with the McDonald's Golden Arches for handles . They called in nationally known children's illustrators and offered them the blank slate of filling the box's sides and tops with their own colorful ideas from art to jokes to games to comic strips to stories to fantasy: whatever they thought might appeal to kids, at least 8 items per box . Inside the box would be a burger, small fries, packet of cookies and a surprise gift . A small drink would accompany these items . Bernstein named it The Happy Meal and it was successfully introduced with television and radio spots and in - store posters in the Kansas City market in October 1977 . Other markets followed and the national roll - out happened in 1979. Gold Document ID: 16

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Happy Meal) toys in a move to curb obesity. Happy Meal A Happy Meal is a form of kids' meal sold at the fast food restaurant chain McDonald's since June 1979. A small toy is included with the food, both of which are usually contained in a red box with a yellow smiley face and the McDonald's logo. The packaging and toy are frequently part of a marketing tie-in to an existing television show, film, or toy brand. The Happy Meal contains a main item (typically a hamburger, cheeseburger, or small serving of Chicken McNuggets), a side item (french fries, apple slices, Document [2] (Title: Happy Meal) addition of apples. The redesigned meals will contain a smaller portion (1.1 ounces) of fries, along with the apples. On February 4, 2013, McDonald's announced that Fish McBites, fried Alaskan pollock, the same fish used in Filet-O-Fish, would be added as an entree, which would run until March, intended to coincide with Lent. In 2014, McDonald's added a mascot to Happy Meals in the United States, known as Happy. Happy was originated from France in 2009. Reactions were mixed, with criticism that the mascot's design was too frightening. The Happy Meal did not introduce the practice of providing small toys Document [3] (Title: Happy Eater) all Happy Eaters were converted into Little Chefs and the brand was phased out by the end of 1997. The chain received widespread media attention in the early 1990s as a restaurant favoured by the Prime Minister John Major. In 1973 a former managing director of the hotel group Trust House Forte, Michael Pickard, founded a family-orientated roadside restaurant, aimed at competing with the established pre-eminent chain in the industry, Little Chef. By 1980 Pickard had built up a chain of 21 restaurants when he sold Happy Eater to the Imperial Group conglomerate. Imperial expanded the chain to 75 restaurants, Document [4] (Title: Artlist Collection: The Dog and Friends) the McDonald's Happy Meal, toys of this franchise were sold as Happy Meals from April 2 to April 29. Select locations featured dog adoption events. They were sold once again the next year, but with “The Cat” plushes. In 2007, the series introduced its first video game, "The Dog Island". In 2009, the series also released a pet simulation game on mobile phones and smart phones. In 2016, they were featured as themes for the Japanese Nintendo 3DS home menu. Artlist Collection: The Dog and Friends Artlist Collection: The Dog and Friends (better known as The Dog and Friends or Document [5] (Title: Happy Eater) Happy Eater Happy Eater was a chain of family-oriented roadside restaurants that operated throughout England and Wales until 1997. The company was established in 1973 by Michael Pickard as a rival to Little Chef, which was the only national chain of roadside restaurants at the time. The restaurants offered similar fare to Little Chef, such as English breakfasts and fish and chips. The major difference between Happy Eater and Little Chef was that it provided outdoor playground equipment. Outlets were mostly located in South East England, the Midlands and along the A1 corridor. Following Granada's takeover of THF in 1995, Document [6] (Title: Star Wars: The Clone Wars (film)) other films. When questioned by "The New York Times" about "Star Wars" merchandising in July 2008, a Pepsi spokesperson was unaware a new "Star Wars" film was being released. On August 15, McDonald's held its first ever Happy Meal promotion for a "Star Wars" film and for four weeks, 18 exclusive toys came in specially designed Happy Meal boxes. Dark Horse Comics published a six-issue digest-sized comic book miniseries. Randy Stradley, vice president of publishing for Dark Horse, said the sudden decision to release the "Clone Wars" film required the company to temporarily delay plans for two other "Star Wars" Document [7] (Title: Happy's Pizza) Happy's Pizza Happy's Pizza is an American regional chain of restaurants, serving pizza, ribs, chicken, seafood, sandwiches, pasta and salad. The first Happy's Pizza restaurant was opened by Happy Asker in 1994 on the east side of Detroit. From 2006 to early 2008 the chain doubled in size and reached 27 locations. Now the chain has more than 65 locations in Michigan, Nevada, California and Ohio. The pizzerias are known for their granite counter tops, Venetian plaster on their walls and the neon signs in and outside of the building. The company makes a point of opening stores and offering Document [8] (Title: Fast food restaurant) deal with the demand. Automats remained extremely popular throughout the 1920s and 1930s. The company also popularized the notion of "take-out" food, with their slogan "Less work for Mother". Some historians concur that A&W, which opened in 1923 and began franchising in 1926, was the first fast food restaurant due to their beginnings as a root beer stand in 1919 (E. Tavares). Most agree that the American company White Castle was the first fast-food outlet starting in Wichita, Kansas in 1916 with food stands and founding in 1921, selling hamburgers for five cents apiece from its inception and spawning numerous Document [9] (Title: Mac Tonight) 1,500 attended the visit of a costumed character to a Los Angeles McDonald's. Despite concerns that he was too typical of the West Coast, in February 1987 it was decided that the character would feature on national advertisements which went to air that September and he attracted a crowd of 1,000 in Boca Raton, Florida. During this period, Happy Meal toys modeled after the character were also released at participating McDonald's restaurants. A September 1987 survey by Ad Watch found that the number of consumers who recalled McDonald's advertising before any other doubled from the previous month, and was higher Document [10] (Title: Happy Meal) Happy Meal A Happy Meal is a form of kids' meal sold at the fast food restaurant chain McDonald's since June 1979. A small toy is included with the food, both of which are usually contained in a red box with a yellow smiley face and the McDonald's logo. The packaging and toy are frequently part of a marketing tie-in to an existing television show, film, or toy brand. The Happy Meal contains a main item (typically a hamburger, cheeseburger, or small serving of Chicken McNuggets), a side item (french fries, apple slices, a Go-Gurt tube, or a salad in Document [11] (Title: Happy Meal) to children. When the Happy Meal started in 1979, the toys back then were a McDoodle stencil, a McWrist wallet, an ID bracelet, a puzzle lock, a spinning top, or a McDonaldland character-shaped eraser. In Canada, the promotion prior to the Happy Meal was called the "Treat of the Week", where a different toy was available free on request each week. This promotion continued after the Happy Meal was introduced in 1979. Happy Meal toys have become increasingly elaborate in recent years. While initially they were little more than a cheap plastic trinket such as a Frisbee or ball, they Document [12] (Title: Happy Meal) December 1979. The packaging used for the Star Trek Meal consisted of various images and games related to the film, as well as a comic-strip adaptation of the film. Consumers had to buy numerous meals in order to complete the set. In 1982, McDonald's recalled Happy Meal toys because they could have been dangerous to children under 3 years of age. In 1992, McDonald's withdrew their range of Happy Meal toys for the film "Batman Returns", after complaints from parents that the film was unsuitable for children. In July 2011, McDonald's announced plans to make Happy Meals healthier, including the Document [13] (Title: Happy Eater) by Granada. Granada began to convert all Happy Eater outlets into Little Chefs, with the Happy Eater brand ceasing to exist in 1997. Happy Eater Happy Eater was a chain of family-oriented roadside restaurants that operated throughout England and Wales until 1997. The company was established in 1973 by Michael Pickard as a rival to Little Chef, which was the only national chain of roadside restaurants at the time. The restaurants offered similar fare to Little Chef, such as English breakfasts and fish and chips. The major difference between Happy Eater and Little Chef was that it provided outdoor playground Document [14] (Title: Happy Meal) which offered a hamburger, small fries and a small sundae to help mothers feed their children more effectively while at McDonald's restaurants. The concept was eventually brought to the attention of McDonald's management in Chicago. The company gave the development of the product to Bob Bernstein, who then came up with the Happy Meal. In 1977, the McDonald's restaurant owner clients who regularly met with Bernstein were looking for ways to create a better experience for families with kids. Bernstein reasoned that if kids could get a packaged meal all their own instead of just picking at their parent's food, Document [15] (Title: McDonald's New Zealand) the Auckland University of Technology. Breakfast meals were introduced in the same year, first at the Auckland Queen Street restaurant before expanding nationally. McDonald's purchased the fast-food chain Georgie Pie from Progressive Enterprises in 1996. The Georgie Pie chain closed in 1998, with half of the 32 restaurants converting to McDonald's and the remainder sold off. From 1997-1999 the company endorsed McDonald's Young Entertainers, a talent show for young New Zealanders. In 2004, the Happy Meal children's menu celebrated 25 years since its introduction in 1979. In the same year, nutrition labelling was introduced to packaging on McDonald's core menu Document [16] (Title: Happy Meal) fantasy: whatever they thought might appeal to kids, at least 8 items per box. Inside the box would be a burger, small fries, packet of cookies and a surprise gift. A small drink would accompany these items. Bernstein named it The Happy Meal and it was successfully introduced with television and radio spots and in-store posters in the Kansas City market in October 1977. Other markets followed and the national roll-out happened in 1979. Bernstein received #1136758 (Serial #73148046) for his idea in 1977 which he assigned to his valued client, McDonald's Corporation, on June 10, 1980. In 1987 at Document [17] (Title: FOOD (New York restaurant)) on that day. The menu was simple and affordable. Meals included items like raw mackerel in wasabi sauce, Creole-style stuffed tongue and anchovy onion pie. FOOD was considered to be an "active and dynamic site" which served nearly one hundred people daily in 1972. In 1972 Matta-Clark created a 43-minute documentary of the restaurant. He was often seen as the center of the energy surrounding FOOD restaurant. FOOD only lasted about three years with the original founders. After Matta-Clark lost interest in the project and Goodden was left to carry on mostly on her own. Eventually, the restaurant was handed Document [18] (Title: First Band on the Moon) First Band on the Moon First Band on the Moon is the third studio album by The Cardigans. It features the international single "Lovefool". It was first released on 12 August 1996 and internationally on 9 September 1996. The album was a major breakthrough for the band, both in their native Sweden and internationally. It is their best-selling album in the United States, having sold around 664,000 copies there as of September 2010. "Happy Meal II" is a re-recording of "Happy Meal", a song that was originally a bonus track on the US edition of "Life", with some minor lyric Document [19] (Title: Happy's Pizza) $620,297. Two franchisees were given prison sentences and a third received three years probation. Happy's Pizza Happy's Pizza is an American regional chain of restaurants, serving pizza, ribs, chicken, seafood, sandwiches, pasta and salad. The first Happy's Pizza restaurant was opened by Happy Asker in 1994 on the east side of Detroit. From 2006 to early 2008 the chain doubled in size and reached 27 locations. Now the chain has more than 65 locations in Michigan, Nevada, California and Ohio. The pizzerias are known for their granite counter tops, Venetian plaster on their walls and the neon signs in and Document [20] (Title: History of McDonald's) in 50 seconds or less. Drive-thru sales eventually accounted for more than half of McDonald's systemwide sales. Meantime, the Happy Meal, a combo meal for children featuring a toy, was added to the menu in 1979. A period of aggressive advertising campaigns and price slashing in the early 1980s became known as the "burger wars". Burger King suggested to customers: "have it your way"; Wendy's offered itself as the "fresh alternative" and launched their "Where's the beef?" campaign. McDonald's sales and market still predominated, however. During the 1980s, a period of substantial expansion, McDonald's further diversified its menu to suit Document [21] (Title: Happy Meal) the annual McDonald's marketing meeting, he was recognized for his accomplishment with a full-size bronze replica of the Happy Meal box with the following inscription: <poem> McDonald's Happy Meal 10th Anniversary 1977-1987 To Robert A. Bernstein, Bernstein-Rein Advertising Thank you for bringing the Happy Meal, a bold idea, to the McDonald's System. Your insight and conviction truly has made McDonald's a fun place for children for the past 10 years! McDonald's Corporation September, 1987 </poem> Often, the Happy Meal is themed to promote a current family-oriented movie. The first such promotion was the Star Trek Meal, to promote "" in Document [22] (Title: Jim Verraros) a single on July 17, 2007. Like its predecessor, "Eating Out 2: Sloppy Seconds" received mostly negative reviews. It was described as a cinematic landmark however, by multiple publications, for being the first sequel to a gay film. In June 2006, the "Windy City Times" included Verraros in its "30 Under 30" list of young figures who had made positive contributions to the LGBTQ community. Throughout that year, Verraros continued performing at local events around Chicago; he was also featured on "American Idol Rewind", filmed a guest appearance on the pilot for a cooking show called "The Astrological Kitchen", and Document [23] (Title: TGI Fridays) had a birthday, the entire restaurant crew came around with a cake and sang TGI Fridays' traditional birthday song. The first location closed in 1994 and is now a British pub called "Baker Street"; the brass rails are still there. Although Malachy McCourt's nearby eponymous bar preceded TGI Fridays and Stillman credited the media for creating the term, he had unintentionally created one of the first singles bars. It benefited from the near-simultaneous availability of the birth-control pill and Betty Friedan's book "The Feminine Mystique": TGI Fridays was one of the first to use promotions such as ladies' night, and Document [24] (Title: Happy Eater) before selling the chain in 1986 to Trust House Forte, who owned the Little Chef chain. THF continued to expand the Happy Eater chain alongside Little Chef. The Happy Eater chain employed female table serving staff. Male staff were reserved for management, cooking, dishwashing and other support roles. Until, in 1985, a male employee named Ron Weekes, working at the Broadbridge Heath, West Sussex restaurant, requested an opportunity to work front of house, waiting tables. This opportunity was granted by the duty manager, thus Weekes became the first male waiter across the national chain. THF was taken over in 1995 Document [25] (Title: New York Restaurant Week) and is considered the first "restaurant week"and the price was the year $19.92. A letter to the editor of the New York Times was published on July 15, 1992, in the letter Emil William Chynn praised the organization of the first "restaurant week" during the Democratic National Convention, in his letter he suggested that it becomes a yearly event that sponsors like Coca-Cola and American Express could help boost the event. Tim Zagat and Joe Baum are credited for the "first restaurant week" but even Tim Zagat in his 2010 article published in The Atlantic didn't see or dream of Question: when did the first happy meal come out

Answer: October 1977 Long Answer: In 1977, the McDonald's restaurant owner clients who regularly met with Bernstein were looking for ways to create a better experience for families with kids . Bernstein reasoned that if kids could get a packaged meal all their own instead of just picking at their parent's food, everybody would be happier . He had often noticed his young son at the breakfast table poring over the various items on cereal boxes and thought, "Why not do that for McDonald's? The package is the key!" He then called in his creative team and had them mock up some paperboard boxes fashioned to resemble lunch pails with the McDonald's Golden Arches for handles . They called in nationally known children's illustrators and offered them the blank slate of filling the box's sides and tops with their own colorful ideas from art to jokes to games to comic strips to stories to fantasy: whatever they thought might appeal to kids, at least 8 items per box . Inside the box would be a burger, small fries, packet of cookies and a surprise gift . A small drink would accompany these items . Bernstein named it The Happy Meal and it was successfully introduced with television and radio spots and in - store posters in the Kansas City market in October 1977 . Other markets followed and the national roll - out happened in 1979. Gold Document ID: 16

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Gotham (TV series)) franchise, just backing it up [in chronology]." He later added that the series is separate from any DC film universe. As part of a settlement with his heirs, "Gotham" and "" were the first productions by DC that credited Bill Finger as co-creator of Batman. On January 17, 2015, the series was renewed for a second season. The show was officially renewed by Fox for a 22-episode third season on March 16, 2016. David Madden, Fox's Entertainment President stated, "It takes a very special team to tell the tales of "Gotham". For the past two seasons, Bruno, Danny and John Document [2] (Title: Bruce Wayne (Gotham)) Enterprises. The leader of the Court, Kathryn offers Bruce a deal: to stop investigating them in exchange for his life, which Bruce reluctantly agrees to. Season three involves Bruce encountering and dealing with his doppelganger, facing off against a resurrected Jerome, entering a relationship with Selina and breaking up, and getting kidnapped and trained by a mysterious Shaman, later meeting Ra's al Ghul in the process. In the season's final scene, a masked Bruce saves a family from a mugger. As he trains to fight crime, Bruce starts investigating Ra's al Ghul, and learns that the mysterious terrorist wants to Document [3] (Title: Reunion (Gotham)) Reunion (Gotham) "Reunion" is the fourteenth episode of the fourth season and 80th episode overall from the Fox series "Gotham". The show is itself based on the characters created by DC Comics set in the Batman mythology. The episode was written by Peter Blake and directed by co-executive producer Annabelle K. Frost. It was first broadcast on March 15, 2018. In the episode, Ivy decides to go against everyone who harmed her, targeting the Wayne Enterprises foundation charity event. Meanwhile, Nygma continues suffering a mental breakdown regarding his split personality, causing him to consider suicide. Bruce also continues pursuing Alfred Document [4] (Title: Beware the Green-Eyed Monster) gave a perfect 5-star rating out of 5, stating: "We always knew "Gotham" needed a woman's touch, and if Barbara has her way, she's about to become "Gotham"s new underworld Queen. Oh, and lots of other crazy stuff took place on "Gotham" Season 3 Episode 11. It was enough to make your head crack open with awe, bewilderment, or a combination of both." Vinnie Mancuso of "New York Observer" wrote, "Soooo yeah, here we are, another "Gotham" Fall Finale come and gone, and we're left with everyone in a significantly worse place than where they started. Let's start with Jim, Document [5] (Title: Nashville (season 3)) by ABC. The series was renewed after prolonged negotiations for a full 22-episode season. This season will receive a combined $8 million incentive package from the state of Tennessee, Metro Nashville and other local groups, lower than the Season 2 incentives — which totaled $13.25 million. On March 11, 2014, before the show was renewed, it was announced that Oliver Hudson and Will Chase are being promoted to regulars for season three, contingent on the ABC series getting a renewal. The series creator and executive producer later said that "a lot of our characters may not be in every episode Document [6] (Title: Gotham (season 2)) in guest star positions. On June 2015, James Frain joined the series as billionaire industrialist Theo Galavan and Jessica Lucas was cast as Tabitha Galavan. Michael Chiklis then joined on July 2015 in the role of Captain Nathaniel Barnes, the GCPD's new captain and Gordon's ally who will one day become his enemy. The show also upgraded Morena Baccarin, Chris Chalk, Drew Powell and Nicholas D'Agosto from recurring or guest roles to series regulars. The second season of "Gotham" received positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes the season has a rating of 81% based on 14 reviews, with an Document [7] (Title: New Day Rising (Gotham)) know Doppel-Bruce just a little bit more, and elected a new mayor of Gotham. Here's everything that went down in tonight's Gotham..." New Day Rising (Gotham) "New Day Rising" is the fourth episode of the third season, and 48th episode overall from the Fox series "Gotham". The episode was written by co-executive producer Robert Hull and directed by Eagle Egilsson. It was first broadcast on October 10, 2016. In the episode, Gordon is now looking for Jervis Tetch, planning on using his sister, Alice, to find him. Bruce and Alfred go after Five, who is now impersonating him and is Document [8] (Title: Heavydirtysoul (Gotham)) after three years. Perhaps it's because we are getting closer to the end and Bruce is already dabbling in nocturnal vigilantism and Catwoman's ready to become less neutral good and more neutral evil." Nick Hogan of TV Overmind gave the episode a 4.5 star rating out of 5, writing "With exception to my one little quibble, the finale of "Gotham" proved to be a launching point toward the Batman story. It was emotional, it was action-packed and intense, and left little to be desired. I'm already excited for the show to premiere in the fall." Amanda Bell of "EW" gave Document [9] (Title: Beware the Batman) the final seven previously unaired episodes. The show made its Canadian premiere on October 11, 2013 on Teletoon. On February 18, 2014, the first 13 episodes of the series were released on Blu-ray and DVD in a collection titled "Beware The Batman: Season 1 Part 1-Shadows of Gotham". The twelfth and thirteenth episodes (titled "Attraction" and "Fall") had yet to air, despite being released on this collection. A second collection, titled "Beware The Batman: Season 1 Part 2-Dark Justice", was released on September 30, 2014 containing the remaining 13 episodes of the show's only season. Beware the Batman Beware the Document [10] (Title: What the Little Bird Told Him) projecting Gotham’s season one extension onto this episode–or maybe I’m putting too much stock into the number “12” that designates this episode–but “What The Little Bird Told Him” sure feels like a penultimate episode of television. It engages with almost all of the storylines that have been a part of this season so far (notably absent is Gotham’s most rewarding storyline to date, the continuing growth of Bruce Wayne and his badass butler Alfred) while moving its central pieces, specifically the mob bosses, into place for a finale. In any other season, this episode would set the stage for the Document [11] (Title: Alex & Co.) on November 24, 2016. The remaining 10 episodes of the third season aired from January 21, 2017 to February 18, 2017. Four special episodes aired from June 26, 2017 to June 29, 2017, marking the end of the series. There is an English-language version of the series being broadcast in Middle Eastern regions, Nordic countries, Hungary and Czech Republic, and South Africa. In South Africa, Season 1 first aired from March 3, 2016 to May 26, 2016; Season 2 from July 7, 2016 to November 3, 2016; Season 3 Part 1 from April 3, 2017 to April 14, 2017; and Document [12] (Title: Grounded for Life) finale were held back by Fox and were included as part of the second season. 17 episodes were produced for season two, with the addition of the five season one episodes, making it a 22-episode season. Many problems occurred during the production of season three. 19 episodes had been produced for season three, and with Fox cancelling the series later being picked up by The WB, only 11 episodes aired through the two networks, 12 & 13 never aired, and episodes 14 through 19, were included as part of season four. The fourth season originally produced 22 episodes, with the Document [13] (Title: Smile Like You Mean It (Gotham)) explosives. Gordon demands a chopper to make it in time for the plant but as he goes outside, he sees as the power plant explodes and the city suffers a wide power outage, leaving it in darkness. In January 2017, it was announced that the thirteenth episode of the season will be titled "Smile Like You Mean It" and was to be written by Steven Lilien & Bryan Wynbrandt and directed by Olatunde Osunsanmi. The early talks to bring Jerome back to the show resurfaced when the show killed the character in . According to executive producer John Stephens, he Document [14] (Title: Gotham (TV series)) we're starting with that one. That show is going to have a very strong, serialized element." On October 13, Fox ordered an additional six episodes for the show, bringing the first season order to a full 22 episodes. In February 2014, it was reported that production would begin in New York City in March. Filming for the first season finished on March 24, 2015. Speaking of the project at the 2014 winter TCA press tour, Reilly described the series as "this operatic soap that has a slightly larger-than-life quality. This is not some adjunct companion series. This is the Batman Document [15] (Title: All Will Be Judged) a puppet of The (no surprise) Court and Lee infected herself with the virus (big surprise!). That's a lot of action to dissect." Robert Yanis, Jr. of "Screenrant" wrote, ""Gotham" season 3 is racing for the finish line, with the show's long-running Court of Owls arc finally reaching some semblance of a conclusion. Of course, as with everything else in the eponymous city, even that storyline is far more complicated than it seems. The court's diabolical plans for Gotham collided last week with the Tetch virus that encompassed much of the season's first half, and now fans may already be Document [16] (Title: Homicide: Life on the Street (season 2)) letters of outrage by the city's detectives over "See No Evil," as well as a report in the Associated Press that the show was giving Baltimore a bad image by drawing attention to its murder rate. Ultimately, however, Levinson decided to remain in Baltimore. On February 15, 1994, the day the options of the cast contracts expired, NBC decided at midnight to sign for a third season, but ordered only 13 episodes instead of a full 22-episode season, opting to wait and see how the ratings performed before committing to the final nine. Robin Williams received an Emmy Award nomination Document [17] (Title: These Delicate and Dark Obsessions) trapped in a faraway cell, is that the bats always came back, baby." Lisa Babick of TV Fanatic gave the series a 4.5 star rating out of 5, writing "Ben McKenzie made his directorial debut on "Gotham" Season 3 Episode 16 with a fun hour that featured a Penguin and Ivy alliance and on its flip side, a serious Bruce getting closer to his ultimate destiny. And the Court of Owls made an appearance too which doesn't bode well for the future of Gotham City." Robert Yanis, Jr. of "Screenrant" wrote, "While 'These Delicate and Dark Obsessions' very much feels Document [18] (Title: Pax Penguina) where it's been robbed. He is then caught without the mask by the GCPD. Grady returns to Crane's house to get more toxin from Jonathan. However, he discovers Jonathan has adopted a new persona, naming himself "The Scarecrow" and sprays Grady with fear gas. The show was officially renewed by Fox for a fourth season on May 10, 2017. Just like the second and third seasons, the fourth season will also carry a new subtitle for the first half of the season: "A Dark Knight". In June 2017, John Stephens announced that the first episode of the season would be Document [19] (Title: Gotham (season 3)) September 19, 2016 and concluded on June 5, 2017 with a two-hour finale on Fox. With the Indian Hill fugitives on the loose, Jim Gordon takes matters into his own hands as a bounty hunter. But will he find demented mastermind Hugo Strange and his deranged subject, Fish Mooney? Bullock and Barnes attempt to hold the front line on crime against burgeoning Super-Villains Oswald Cobblepot/Penguin, Edward Nygma/Riddler, the future Poison Ivy and Jervis Tetch, aka Mad Hatter. All the while, young Bruce Wayne discovers yet more secrets behind his parents' murder as he peels back the curtain on the infamous Document [20] (Title: Pretty Hate Machine (Gotham)) of show to digest, but "Gotham" Season 3 Episode 20 was one hell of a penultimate episode! "Gotham" jumped off the deep end this hour, and I absolutely love them for it." Robert Yanis, Jr. of "Screenrant" wrote, "The days are numbered for "Gotham" season 3, and after this week, it appears that viewers may have seen the last of the Court of Owls, at least for now. With that storyline deftly coming to a close, the show is poised to break into an even bigger can of worms when it returns for season 4. But before that happens, there Document [21] (Title: Better to Reign in Hell...) alarm system in Wayne Manor and after Bruce leaves the room, Alfred is confronted by Talon. Although he does his best to fight him off, Alfred is defeated and knocked unconscious by Talon. Bruce finds Alfred unconscious and is then taken away. On March 2016, the show was renewed for a 22-episode third season and on May, it was announced that the season was set to premiere on September 19, 2016. On June 2016, Drew Powell revealed on a tweet that the first episode of the season will be titled "Better to Reign in Hell..." and was to be directed Document [22] (Title: All Will Be Judged) after three seasons of "Gotham", I have to assume is staffed primarily by a gang of toddlers who found a bag of police costumes one summer and ran with it. Jim Gordon and Harvey Bullock are the only adults that work there but are so bad at detective work they still haven’t noticed." Lisa Babick of TV Fanatic gave the series a perfect 5 star rating out of 5, writing "What a jam-packed, crazy hour! On "Gotham" Season 3 Episode 19, Jim almost died (again), Penguin and The Riddler set aside their differences (for a little while anyway), Bruce became Document [23] (Title: Gotham (season 4)) stars as Gordon, alongside Donal Logue, David Mazouz, Morena Baccarin, Sean Pertwee, Robin Lord Taylor, Erin Richards, Camren Bicondova, Cory Michael Smith, Jessica Lucas, Chris Chalk, Drew Powell, Crystal Reed and Alexander Siddig. The fourth season premiered on September 21, 2017, on Fox, while the second half premiered on March 1, 2018. The season concluded on May 17, 2018. The season received positive reviews from critics and audiences, who cited the character development, writing and action sequences as highlights of the season, with some calling it the best season yet. The premiere was watched by 3.21 million viewers with a Document [24] (Title: The Balloonman) but it all feels like a way to delay the resolution of last week's cliffhanger for a few more weeks. The Wayne murder investigation is the driving force of this show's narrative, but the baby steps taken in this episode make that essential aspect of the story feel like an afterthought." The Balloonman "The Balloonman" is the third episode of the television series "Gotham". It premiered on FOX on October 6, 2014 and was written by John Stephens and directed by Dermott Downs. In the episode, detectives Gordon (Ben McKenzie) and Bullock (Donal Logue) track down a vigilante who is Document [25] (Title: Gotham (season 2)) average rating of 7.1/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "While still tonally uneven in season two, "Gotham" is back with a renewed focus, moving away from disjointed case-of-the-week plots into a darker, more stable serialized story." Metacritic gives the season a score of 62 out of 100, based on 6 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Gotham (season 2) The second season of the American television series "Gotham", based on characters from DC Comics related to the Batman franchise, revolves around the characters of James Gordon and Bruce Wayne. The season is produced by Primrose Hill Productions, DC Entertainment, and Warner Document [26] (Title: Lovecraft (Gotham)) any indication of what a stretched out story looks like on "Gotham", then we’re in for a tedious back-half of the show’s first season." Lovecraft (Gotham) "Lovecraft" is the tenth episode and mid-season finale of the television series "Gotham". It premiered on FOX on November 24, 2014 and was written by Rebecca Dameron, and directed by Guy Ferland. In this episode, Wayne Manor is attacked, forcing Bruce (David Mazouz) and Selina (Camren Bicondova) to flee, while Gordon (Ben McKenzie) comes closer to Lovecraft (Al Sapienza). The episode was watched by 6.05 million viewers and received generally positive reviews with critics Document [27] (Title: Reunion (Gotham)) Nygma opts to return to Arkham instead. However, Cobblepot (Robin Lord Taylor) reappears and he reveals to him that he had specifically written the letter so that his dual personality would read it and take Nygma back to Arkham. With Bullock back on the precinct, Gordon vows to take Sofia down. In March 2018, it was announced that the fourteenth episode of the season would be titled "Reunion" and was to be written by Peter Blake and directed by co-executive producer Annabelle K. Frost. Erin Richards, Jessica Lucas, and Alexander Siddig don't appear in the episode as their respective characters. Document [28] (Title: Transference (Gotham)) Transference (Gotham) "Transference" is the twenty-second episode and season finale of the second season, and 44th episode overall from the Fox series "Gotham". This is also the last episode in the series with the subtitle "Wrath of the Villains". The episode was written by developer and showrunner Bruno Heller and directed by Eagle Egilsson. It was first broadcast on May 23, 2016. In the episode, Lucius and Bruce are being held in a room by Nygma, ready to kill them unless they tell him information. Meanwhile, Gordon tries to stop Professor Strange once and for all while Basil Karlo begins Document [29] (Title: Dexter (season 3)) Dexter (season 3) The third season of "Dexter" premiered on September 28, 2008, and ended on December 14, 2008. "Our Father", the season premiere, attracted 1.22 million viewers in the United States, making it Showtime's highest-rated drama season premiere since Nielsen Media Research began compiling ratings in 2004. The season's finale, "Do You Take Dexter Morgan?" attracted 1.5 million viewers. Season three was watched by an average of 1.1 million viewers a week. It received largely positive reviews from critics, which ranged from being praised as "truly and incredibly exciting television" in the "San Francisco Chronicle", to "lack[ing] the crackling Document [30] (Title: Everyone Has a Cobblepot) Everyone Has a Cobblepot "Everyone Has a Cobblepot" is the eighteenth episode of the television series "Gotham". It premiered on FOX on March 2, 2015 and was written by Megan Mostyn-Brown, and directed by Bill Eagles. In this episode, after Commissioner Loeb's (Peter Scolari) controversial moves, Gordon (Ben McKenzie) looks for a solution to the problem. Meanwhile, Fish Mooney (Jada Pinkett Smith) comes face to face with the prison's director. The episode was watched by 6.10 million viewers and received positive reviews, with critics praising the twist ending and corruption themes. Alfred (Sean Pertwee) wakes up in the hospital but Document [31] (Title: Gotham (season 3)) on September 19, 2016 and concluded on June 5, 2017 with a two-hour season finale. The season had two breaks between episodes, with a continuous run between them. The first 11 episodes aired from September 19 to November 28, 2016; three episodes aired from January 16 to January 30, 2017; and the final 8 episodes aired from April 24 to June 5, 2017. In July 2016, the cast and crew attended San Diego Comic-Con to discuss and promote the season and showing the debut trailer for the season. On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has a score of 89% based on Document [32] (Title: Gotham Girls) seasons featured primarily comedic episodes, the third season attempted to make the show more serious. These episodes linked directly to "". Dropping the magician Zatanna from its lineup and adding a host of new characters to the cast, including Detective Renee Montoya, each episode from this series tied into the next, forming a collective thirty-minute whodunit. The storyline also dealt with issues not seen since "", such as the corruption of the Gotham City Police Department, Poison Ivy's environmental crusade and Commissioner Gordon's wavering faith in costumed superheroes. It's also heavily implied that the series takes place in the DC Document [33] (Title: Gotham (season 3)) Gotham (season 3) The third season of the American television series "Gotham", based on characters from DC Comics related to the Batman franchise, revolves around the characters of James Gordon and Bruce Wayne. The season is produced by Primrose Hill Productions, DC Entertainment, and Warner Bros. Television, with Bruno Heller, Danny Cannon, John Stephens, and Ken Woodruff serving as executive producers. The season included inspirations from and . The season was ordered on March 2016 and every cast member from the last season returned with the exception of Zabryna Guevara as Sarah Essen; James Frain as Theo Galavan/Azrael; and Nicholas Document [34] (Title: Mad Grey Dawn) show went big here and made Nygma's scheme very important and super impactful." The A.V. Club's Kyle Fowle gave the episode a "B-" grade and wrote, "If there's something consistent about "Gotham" it's that, from week to week, the show remains jumbled. "Gotham" is often a mess of subplots and character motivations, the show failing to find a way to make everything cohere. 'Wrath Of The Villains: Mad Grey Dawn' is only the fourth episode since the show's winter hiatus, and yet the back half of this season already feels like a lost opportunity, with the show seemingly refusing to Document [35] (Title: Bruno Heller) killed his wife and daughter. Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 In 2013, Fox won a bidding war for a pilot set in Gotham written by Heller. As originally conceived, the series serves as a straightforward story of Gordon's early days on the Gotham City Police force. The show includes not only the Bruce Wayne character, but also the origin stories of several Batman villains, including the Penguin, the Riddler, Catwoman, Two-Face, Poison Ivy and Scarecrow. The first season consisted of 22 episodes after being extended from sixteen. The show premiered on Document [36] (Title: Arrow (season 3)) previously established for its finales. He cemented the mixed reception of the third season as being "haphazardly paced" and "struggling to develop a clear sense of direction". The third season averaged 3.52 million viewers across the 23 episodes, ranking 135th among television show viewership. "Arrow: Season 3" was released as a 5-disc DVD set and as a 9-disc Blu-ray/DVD Combo Pack set on September 22, 2015 in the United States and September 28, 2015 in the United Kingdom. The DVD/Blu-ray box sets contain additional features, including making-of featurettes, deleted scenes, gag reel, and highlights from the Paley Fest. Arrow (season Document [37] (Title: Smile Like You Mean It (Gotham)) explained: "If you watch the episodes closely, as they go forward this year you'll start seeing the seeds of the way that story will continue to develop. And we probably have not seen the last of that fellow." Throughout the second and third season, Cameron Monaghan teased the return of the character and finally on August 2016, Stephens confirmed the character's return, citing that it was their intention to bring him back and "You'll have these underground movements that have started to talk about Jerome and what he represented and how he's going to come back like in the days Document [38] (Title: The Blade's Path) 5, writing "Bruce broke his one rule when Ra's al Ghul pushed him to his limit, and Sofia Falcone tried to weasel her way into Penguin's heart, but the highlight of "Gotham" Season 4 Episode 5 was when Ed Nygma met the new and improved Butch Gilzean. Is anyone else as excited about this storyline as I am?" The Blade's Path "The Blade's Path" is the fifth episode of the fourth season and 71st episode overall from the Fox series "Gotham". The show is itself based on the characters created by DC Comics set in the Batman mythology. The episode Document [39] (Title: Gotham (TV series)) October 2014, market research firm Survata polled more than 1,400 viewers to determine that "Gotham" was the major TV premiere, out of 24, that viewers were most interested to watch that year. In Australia, the first and second episodes received 1.24 million and 896,000 viewers, respectively. The timeshifted broadcasts were watched by 1.43 and 1.03 million, respectively. The Canadian debut got 3.38 million viewers, making it the second most-watched telecast of the night and week. The UK premiere was watched by 3.20 million viewers. The airings on the 1-hour and 24-hour timeshift channels were watched by 597,000 and 142,000 viewers, Document [40] (Title: New Day Rising (Gotham)) understand that he's missed out on the most bittersweet facet of the human experience. And if Jervis Tetch's love won't be returned willingly, he'll have to force it." Lisa Babick from "TV Fanatic", gave a perfect 5 star rating out of 5.0, stating: "Wow. Just wow. There was so much that happened on "Gotham" Season 3 Episode 4, I'm not even sure where to begin. It's going to be interesting to see how this story plays out. Bruce better hurry and grow up, because if the Court of Owls have their way, Bruce's days are numbered." Vinnie Mancuso of "New Document [41] (Title: Lucifer (TV series)) the series for a second season, which premiered on September 19, 2016. On October 31, 2016, the series received a 22-episode full second season pickup by Fox. On February 13, 2017, Fox renewed the series for a third season initially of 22 episodes, which premiered on October 2, 2017. However, in March 2017, it was revealed that the final four episodes of the second season would be removed and placed in the third season to air, meaning that the second season would consist of 18 episodes and the third season would consist of 26. On January 22, 2018, writer Chris Document [42] (Title: Gotham (season 4)) with Sofia Falcone, the daughter of Don Falcone, who's played by Crystal Reed this year. And that's going to be a really compelling and interesting relationship." Sean Pertwee also stated that the season will also explore Alfred's mysterious past "indirectly". McKenzie made his writing debut on the episode "The Demon's Head", after previously directing the third-season episode "These Delicate and Dark Obsessions". McKenzie went to Los Angeles to work on the writers' room to break the story and then go back to New York City and finish many drafts. He explained, "I've been fiddling around with writing for a long Document [43] (Title: All Happy Families Are Alike) All Happy Families Are Alike "All Happy Families Are Alike" is the 22nd episode and finale of the first season of the FOX series "Gotham". The episode was written by series developer Bruno Heller and directed by Danny Cannon. It was first broadcast in May 4, 2015 in FOX. In this episode, the mob war between Carmine Falcone (John Doman) and Salvatore Maroni (David Zayas) is coming to a brutal end while Oswald Cobblepot and Fish Mooney (Jada Pinkett Smith) face off in their final confrontation, putting James Gordon (Benjamin McKenzie) in the middle of both conflicts. Meanwhile, Bruce Wayne Document [44] (Title: Gotham (season 2)) Gotham (season 2) The second season of the American television series "Gotham", based on characters from DC Comics related to the Batman franchise, revolves around the characters of James Gordon and Bruce Wayne. The season is produced by Primrose Hill Productions, DC Entertainment, and Warner Bros. Television, with Bruno Heller, Danny Cannon, John Stephens, and Ken Woodruff serving as executive producers. The season was ordered on January 2015 and every cast member from the last season returned with the exception of Victoria Cartagena as Renee Montoya; Andrew Stewart-Jones as Crispus Allen; John Doman as Carmine Falcone; and Jada Pinkett Smith Document [45] (Title: Heavydirtysoul (Gotham)) of the season 3 arc and reinvigorate the series as it heads into season 4 later this year." Kayti Burt of "Den of Geek" wrote, "It feels like a new chapter in this show is starting -- one that may finally see Gotham's heroes given the same narrative chances as its villains." Megan Vick of "TV Guide" wrote, "For an ending, it's a promising beginning to the show's upcoming fourth season." Sean Pertwee was named as honorable mention for TVLine's "Performer of the Week" for the week of June 4, 2017, for his performance in this episode. The site states, Document [46] (Title: Pilot (Gotham)) Pilot (Gotham) "Pilot" is the first episode of the television series "Gotham". It premiered on FOX on September 22, 2014 and was written by series developer Bruno Heller and directed by Danny Cannon. The episode, and the series as a whole, are based on characters appearing in and published by DC Comics in the Batman franchise, primarily those of James Gordon and Bruce Wayne. FOX gave the pilot a straight-to-series order with an order of 16 episodes. The pilot was watched by 8.21 million viewers, a strong number and received generally positive reviews for its acting and plot, but received Document [47] (Title: Ghost Whisperer (season 3)) Ghost Whisperer (season 3) The third season of "Ghost Whisperer", an American television series created by John Gray, commenced airing in the United States on September 28, 2007, concluded May 16, 2008, and was originally intended to consist of 22 episodes. However, due to the Writer's Strike it was shortened to 18 episodes. The series follows the life of Melinda Gordon (Jennifer Love Hewitt), who has the ability to see and communicate with ghosts. While trying to live as normal a life as possible—she is married and owns an antique store—Melinda helps earthbound spirits resolve their problems and cross over Document [48] (Title: Barbara Gordon in other media) in combat for several minutes though she collapses at the end of the battle. The series would last a total of thirteen episodes, leaving the mystery of Batman's whereabouts unresolved. However, a phone conversation with Alfred in Wayne Manor implies that the Dark Knight has monitored Birds of Prey activities in the city and knows of his daughter's existence. Laeta Kalogridis planned several series highlights for the second season, including Dick Grayson's reintroduction (prompting a Barbara/Helena argument), as well as Koriand'r possibly appearing. Ollie Queen/Green Arrow would have joined Dinah, and thus the series would have progressed with a Cassandra Document [49] (Title: Transference (Gotham)) say it: 'Transference' would have been great if it hadn't positioned Fish Mooney to be a major player when "Gotham" returns for Season 3. It had everything — Edward Nygma hosting the worst game show ever, Firefly vs. Mr. Freeze, Selina being awesome, Bruce being awesome, LUCIUS M. F-ing FOX, Penguin home decorating tips and the Court of Owls. Oh, I mean the 'Secret Court.' Whatever. It's the Court of Owls, and the Court of Owls is awesome. " Megan Vick of "TV Guide" wrote, "Even if "Gotham" decides to make the clone just a Dark Bruce Wayne instead of Document [50] (Title: Gotham (season 4)) promotion for the ninth episode "Let Them Eat Pie", Fox released a "red band" trailer featuring Michael Cerveris as Professor Pyg, teasing a Sweeney Todd storyline in the episode as well as a musical number, which was considered by "TV Guide" as "insane." The season is set to be released on Blu-ray on August 21, 2018. On August 15, 2018, the season was made available on Netflix UK and Ireland one month prior to its Region 2 DVD release. The premiere was watched by 3.21 million viewers with a 1.0 in the 18–49 demo, which was a 17% decline from Document [51] (Title: The Fear Reaper) Nick Hogan of TV Overmind gave the episode a 3.5 star rating out of 5, writing "Overall, I'm still on the fence about Season 4. There's a lot of potential here for some wonderful stories, but is it too early for Batman? If it's not too early for Batman, is it too similar to the Christopher Nolan films? I suppose only time will tell. For now, I'm still in, and this is still a fun show." Sydney Bucksbaum of "The Hollywood Reporter" wrote, "Despite getting electrocuted last season, Babs (Erin Richards) made her return to "Gotham" this week, albeit more Document [52] (Title: Gotham (season 4)) to September 21, 2017 in order to give its companion newcomer series "The Orville" a continuous run. The fourth season is moving to a Thursday timeslot, alongside "The Orville", after airing its past seasons on Mondays. In July 2017, the cast and crew attended San Diego Comic-Con to discuss and promote the season, showing a five-minute sizzle reel from season 3 as well as the debut trailer for the season. The second episode "The Fear Reaper" was screened on September 23, 2017, when Cannon, McKenzie, Taylor, Bicondova, Mazouz, Pertwee and Lucas promoted the series at the inaugural Tribeca TV Festival. Document [53] (Title: Castle (season 3)) Castle (season 3) The third season of American crime-comedy-drama television series "Castle" was ordered on March 30, 2010, by ABC. The season aired from September 20, 2010, to May 16, 2011. The third season was originally ordered with a 22 episode count, but ABC extended the order to 24 episodes on November 11, 2010. Richard Castle (Fillion) is a famous mystery novelist who has killed off the main character in his popular book series and has writer's block. He is brought in by the NYPD for questioning regarding a copy-cat murder based on one of his novels. He is intrigued Document [54] (Title: Arrow (season 3)) gets into a conflict with Ra's al Ghul (Matt Nable); Oliver and Felicity attempt a romantic relationship: Queen Consolidated is acquired by Ray Palmer (Brandon Routh), who hires Felicity Smoak as Vice President; John Diggle becomes a father; and Laurel Lance attempts to succeed her sister as the Black Canary. The series was renewed for its third season on February 12, 2014, and began filming in Vancouver, British Columbia in July 2014. Despite a strong critical start for the third season premiere, the season received more negative reviews than the previous seasons, and averaged 3.52 million viewers each week. The Document [55] (Title: All Happy Families Are Alike) Families are Alike' brings season one of "Gotham" to a somewhat confusing conclusion, but some exciting twists hint at a promising, and hopefully more consistent, season two." Matt Fowler of IGN gave the episode a "okay" 6.3 out of 10 and wrote in his verdict: ""Gotham"s Season 1 finale had some cool parts involving a freshly insane Barbara and an unexpected mob death, but the rest of it was so dang sloppy (Fish's attire, Selina joining Fish, Falcone quitting, Butch's brainwashing all of a sudden returning after being ignored for months, etc)." Darren Orf of EW stated: ""Gotham"s first season Document [56] (Title: Gotham (TV series)) comic book fanboys" but rather as "a post-fanboy, or fanboy-irrelevant." Oliver Sava of "The A.V. Club" lamented that "there have been dozens of interpretations of Batman and his city in the 75 years since their creation, and "Gotham" has trouble finding the right balance of influences". The second season of "Gotham" received generally positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has a rating of 82% based on 14 reviews, with an average rating of 7.21/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "While still tonally uneven in season two, "Gotham" is back with a renewed focus, moving away from disjointed Document [57] (Title: Prisoners (Gotham)) Prisoners (Gotham) "Prisoners" is the sixteenth episode of the second season, and 38th episode overall from the Fox series "Gotham". The episode was written by executive producer Danny Cannon and directed by Scott White. It was first broadcast on March 28, 2016. In the episode, Gordon is sent to prison after being framed by Nygma into the murder of Theo Galavan and Carl Pinkney. Meanwhile, Cobblepot continues to bond with his father while his stepmother and step-siblings plan to kill him. This episode also has the fewest cast members as only Ben McKenzie, Donal Logue, Robin Lord Taylor and Cory Document [58] (Title: Gotham (season 4)) the season: "A Dark Knight". The producers revealed that the season would be based on the comic book stories "" and "". According to executive producer John Stephens, the season would not consist of "direct adaptations", but "loose interpretations" of the comic book series. Ben McKenzie explained that the structure for the season would be "the beginning is more "Long Halloween", our version of that, and the end is more "Year One."" According to Stephens, the show will handle a horror-oriented direction on the season: "At the very beginning of the season, Penguin has solidified his control upon Gotham like Document [59] (Title: What the Little Bird Told Him) thirteenth and final episode of the season. Gotham, originally scheduled for 16 episodes, still has 10 more to go though, and it’s unclear how the show is going to be able to sustain the (very) slight momentum this episode built." What the Little Bird Told Him "What the Little Bird Told Him" is the twelfth episode of the television series "Gotham". It premiered on FOX on January 19, 2015 and was written by Ben Edlund, and directed by Eagle Egilsson. In this episode, Gordon (Ben McKenzie) looks to capture a prisoner who escaped from Arkham Asylum to get his job Document [60] (Title: Heavydirtysoul (Gotham)) the episode a "B" and wrote, "This half of "Gotham"s third season has been filled with so many moving parts that, at times, it's been a bit dizzying to keep track of who wants to kill whom and why. But tonight's two-part finale sews up those dangling threads rather seamlessly and presents a new and, dare I say, optimistic vision for the future of this city." Vinnie Mancuso of "Collider" wrote, ""Gotham"s two-part Season 3 finale took the series' most significant step forward, even offering up a proto-Dark Knight, in an effort to merge who these characters are with the Document [61] (Title: Lovecraft (Gotham)) A.V. Club's Kyle Fowle gave the episode a "C+" grade and wrote, "22 episodes is a lot of television. It's a lot of television to create, especially when you originally planned a story that spanned 16 episodes. "Gotham" executive producer Danny Cannon acknowledged as much in an interview posted online today. He talks about needing to stretch the story out, to spend more time with characters and emotions rather than rushing to a massive climax. In theory, that all sounds great–this is a show that could use a little deliberation from time to time–but if 'Lovecraft,' the midseason finale, is Document [62] (Title: Gotham (TV series)) Gotham (TV series) Gotham is an American crime drama television series developed by Bruno Heller, based on characters published by DC Comics and appearing in the Batman franchise, primarily those of James Gordon and Bruce Wayne. Heller and Danny Cannon, who directed the pilot, are executive producers. The series stars Ben McKenzie as the young Gordon, and premiered on Fox on September 22, 2014. In May 2018, Fox renewed the series for a fifth and final season of 12 episodes, which is set to premiere on January 3, 2019. Originally the series would have relied only on Gordon's early days Document [63] (Title: Into the Woods (Gotham)) episode. A number of ongoing storylines — including one huge development — leapt forward, and the pieces feel as if they're falling into place for the final stretch of episodes that will wrap up season 2. Needless to say, it was a red-letter week for "Gotham" fans, especially those hoping to see much, much more of Edward Nygma (Cory Michael Smith)." Keertana Sastry of "EW" stated: "Let's just cut to the chase. There's one very big moral to Monday night's episode of "Gotham": A leopard can't change its spots. And boy was this adage on display in a big, big Document [64] (Title: Better to Reign in Hell...) Better to Reign in Hell... "Better to Reign in Hell..." is the first episode of the third season, and 45th episode overall from the Fox series "Gotham". This is also the first episode in the series with the subtitle "Mad City". The episode was written by executive producer John Stephens and directed by Danny Cannon. It was first broadcast on September 19, 2016. In the episode, after seeing that Lee has been moving on with another man, Gordon leaves her. 6 months later, he has been working as a bounty hunter dedicated to catch Indian Hills' monsters. After an offer Document [65] (Title: Gotham (TV series)) respectively. In New Zealand, it was the most-watched program on the network, with 278,540 viewers. The time shifted version was watched by 39,580 viewers. Season 1 of "Gotham" received generally positive reviews from critics. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the season a rating of 78% based on 90 reviews, with an average rating of 6.92/10. The site's consensus states, "High production values, a talented cast, and an appealingly stylized approach to the Batman mythos help "Gotham" overcome its occasionally familiar themes." Metacritic gives the season a score of 71 out of 100, based on 34 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Document [66] (Title: Heavydirtysoul (Gotham)) the episode was watched by 3.03 million viewers with a 0.9/4 share among adults aged 18 to 49. This was a 5% decrease in viewership from the previous episode, which was watched by 3.17 million viewers with a 1.0/4 in the 18-49 demographics. With this rating, "Gotham" ranked third on its timeslot and third for the night behind "The Bachelorette", and a NHL game. With DVR factored in, the episode was watched by 4.78 million viewers with a 1.7 in the 18-49 demographics. Overall, the third season of "Gotham" averaged 4.52 million viewers, ranking 100th out of 165. This is Document [67] (Title: This Ball of Mud and Meanness) This Ball of Mud and Meanness "This Ball of Mud and Meanness" is the fourteenth episode of the second season, and 36th episode overall from the FOX series "Gotham". The episode was written by Jordan Harper and directed by John Behring. It was first broadcast in March 14, 2016 in FOX. In the episode, Bruce sets out to find "Matches" Malone, the man who killed his parents. Meanwhile, Gordon investigates Kristen Kringle's disappearance, worrying Nygma. The episode was watched by 4.01 million viewers and received critical acclaim with David Mazouz's performance receiving universal acclaim. 2 days after the episode aired, Document [68] (Title: Gotham (season 3)) 158 reviews. Gotham (season 3) The third season of the American television series "Gotham", based on characters from DC Comics related to the Batman franchise, revolves around the characters of James Gordon and Bruce Wayne. The season is produced by Primrose Hill Productions, DC Entertainment, and Warner Bros. Television, with Bruno Heller, Danny Cannon, John Stephens, and Ken Woodruff serving as executive producers. The season included inspirations from and . The season was ordered on March 2016 and every cast member from the last season returned with the exception of Zabryna Guevara as Sarah Essen; James Frain as Theo Galavan/Azrael; Document [69] (Title: Gotham (TV series)) on September 28. In the United Kingdom, it premiered on Channel 5 on October 13. The channel also screen the second season but after failing to screen the third season it was announced in August 2017 that the season would premiere exclusively on DVD and Blu-ray and be on Netflix from September 1. In Ireland, it premiered on RTÉ2 on January 26, 2015. In March 2018, it was announced that E4 had acquired the rights to air the fourth season on UK television. In September 2014, Warner Bros. sold the series' worldwide video on demand rights to Netflix. In early Document [70] (Title: Gotham (season 2)) as Fish Mooney, although both Doman and Pinkett Smith returned as guest stars. New additions to the cast include James Frain as Theo Galavan; Jessica Lucas as Tabitha Galavan; and Michael Chiklis as Captain Nathaniel Barnes. Also, Morena Baccarin, Chris Chalk, Drew Powell, and Nicholas D'Agosto were upped to series regulars after having recurred on the previous season. The season was broadcast over 2 runs: the first 11 episodes aired from September to November 2015; and the other 11 episodes aired from February to May 2016. The season also holds two subtitles. The first half of the season is subtitled Document [71] (Title: Transference (Gotham)) the season would be titled "Transference", and was to be written by developer and showrunner Bruno Heller, with Eagle Egilsson directing. Morena Baccarin, James Frain, Jessica Lucas, Nicholas D'Agosto and Michael Chiklis don't appear in the episode as their respective characters. In May 2016, it was announced that the guest cast for the episode would include Jada Pinkett Smith as Fish Mooney, B. D. Wong as Professor Hugo Strange, Tonya Pinkins as Ethel Peabody, Nathan Darrow as Victor Fries, Michelle Veintimilla as Bridgit Pike, and Kit Flanagan as the White-Haired Woman. The episode was watched by 3.62 million viewers with Document [72] (Title: The Walking Dead: A New Frontier) Telltale game engine that it is using for its Batman game. During the 2016 PAX Expo, Telltale revealed the third season will be released in November 2016, with the subtitle "A New Frontier". Telltale later had to delay the first episode's release until December 20, 2016. Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment will publish retail versions of Season 3 as part of a deal with Telltale for "Batman" that was released in August 2016. The physical edition is expected to release on February 24, 2017 in North America and March 3, 2017 in Europe; it will contain the first two episodes on Document [73] (Title: Gotham (season 4)) the season, Cameron Monaghan stated that "We're borrowing very heavily from some of the most iconic Batman storylines. I think that they're deep enough, and they show where its really splitting that duality and start totally embracing the main arcs. I think that we did a little bit in season three to bring it into ""." He also added that the plan for the final episodes is to adapt "", stating, "We're really getting into it this year. I think the way that the story escalates is something that shifts and is not anything the show has done before. I Document [74] (Title: Gotham (season 2)) "Rise of the Villains" while the second half is subtitled "Wrath of the Villains". The season premiered on September 21, 2015 and concluded on May 23, 2016 on Fox. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> The show was officially renewed by Fox for a 22-episode second season on January 17, 2015. For this season, the producers decided not to follow the "case-of-the-week" format of most episodes in the first season. The season saw all series regulars from season 1 returning with the exception of Victoria Cartagena, and Andrew Stewart-Jones. John Doman and Jada Pinkett Smith, who were regulars on season 1, returned to the show Document [75] (Title: Azrael (Gotham)) their version of Azrael and with only three episodes left of the season: things are starting to come full circle nicely." Keertana Sastry of "EW" stated: "That's how Hugo Strange and his No. 2, Peabody, describe the newly revived Theo Galavan on Monday night's "Gotham", 'Wrath of the Villains: Azrael,' and they could not be more right. As the title of the episode suggests, the Order of St. Dumas comes back in a big, big way to the series, but this time it's not Theo pulling the strings." Azrael (Gotham) "Azrael" is the nineteenth episode of the second season, and Document [76] (Title: Knock, Knock (Gotham)) season, from tone-deaf comedic beats to paper-thin characters, and moving towards something more focused. Knock, Knock (Gotham) "Knock, Knock" is the second episode of the second season and 24th episode overall from the FOX series "Gotham". The episode was written by Ken Woodruff and directed by Rob Bailey. It was first broadcast in September 28, 2015 in FOX. In this episode, Gordon is assigned in investigating the Arkham escapees, now calling themselves "the Maniax". Meanwhile, Bruce is getting closer to the truth about his father's office. The episode was watched by 4.65 million viewers and received critical acclaim, the greatest Document [77] (Title: Better to Reign in Hell...) he gets to be one part of a larger ensemble. "Gotham" has never felt this well-balanced, and I hope it continues..." Better to Reign in Hell... "Better to Reign in Hell..." is the first episode of the third season, and 45th episode overall from the Fox series "Gotham". This is also the first episode in the series with the subtitle "Mad City". The episode was written by executive producer John Stephens and directed by Danny Cannon. It was first broadcast on September 19, 2016. In the episode, after seeing that Lee has been moving on with another man, Gordon leaves Document [78] (Title: Gotham (season 3)) D'Agosto as Harvey Dent. New additions to the cast include Benedict Samuel as Jervis Tetch; and Maggie Geha as a grown Ivy Pepper, recasting the role portrayed by Clare Foley in previous seasons. The season was broadcast over 3 consecutive runs: the first 11 episodes aired from September to November 2016; the next 3 aired in January 2017; and the other 8 episodes aired from April to June 2017. Like the previous season, the season also holds two subtitles. The first 14 episodes are subtitled "Mad City" while the other 8 episodes are subtitled "Heroes Rise". The season premiered on Document [79] (Title: Everyone Has a Cobblepot) underground, 'Everyone Has a Cobblepot' gives us an understanding of Gotham that's been lacking all season." Everyone Has a Cobblepot "Everyone Has a Cobblepot" is the eighteenth episode of the television series "Gotham". It premiered on FOX on March 2, 2015 and was written by Megan Mostyn-Brown, and directed by Bill Eagles. In this episode, after Commissioner Loeb's (Peter Scolari) controversial moves, Gordon (Ben McKenzie) looks for a solution to the problem. Meanwhile, Fish Mooney (Jada Pinkett Smith) comes face to face with the prison's director. The episode was watched by 6.10 million viewers and received positive reviews, with critics Document [80] (Title: Transference (Gotham)) finale episode, not bothering to resolve anything and ending on a cliffhanger..." Transference (Gotham) "Transference" is the twenty-second episode and season finale of the second season, and 44th episode overall from the Fox series "Gotham". This is also the last episode in the series with the subtitle "Wrath of the Villains". The episode was written by developer and showrunner Bruno Heller and directed by Eagle Egilsson. It was first broadcast on May 23, 2016. In the episode, Lucius and Bruce are being held in a room by Nygma, ready to kill them unless they tell him information. Meanwhile, Gordon tries Document [81] (Title: Gotham (season 3)) episode so I was on location in 15, so we could shoot everything in one day. I only missed one day of prep to film as an actor in episode 15, and that allowed me to go through the full process, which, honestly, I've been through before because I've shadowed directors both on Southland and "Gotham"." He also added, "As a director, you're given a lot of people coming up to you constantly asking for your opinion on everything from which location you should shoot at, how that location should be dressed, props, casting, dialogue." The season premiered on Fox Document [82] (Title: Gotham (season 4)) Gotham (season 4) The fourth season of the American television series "Gotham", based on characters from DC Comics related to the Batman franchise, revolves around the characters of James Gordon and Bruce Wayne. The season is produced by Primrose Hill Productions, DC Entertainment, and Warner Bros. Television, with Bruno Heller, Danny Cannon, and John Stephens serving as executive producers. The season was inspired and adapted elements from the comic book storylines of "", "", and "". The subtitle for the season is "A Dark Knight". The season was ordered in May 2017, and production began the following month. Ben McKenzie Document [83] (Title: Gotham (season 3)) he sees as a disordered universe." Stephens claimed that he saw his progression as a hero's journey rather than a tragedy. Filming for the season began on July 21, 2016, at Steiner Studios in Brooklyn, New York. Ben McKenzie, who portrays Gordon in the show, made his directional debut on the sixteenth episode, "". According to the releases, the episode was the first of the whole series to make an extensive use of wires during the action scenes. Previous scenes were done practically at the instance of McKenzie, who wanted the show to feel "grounded." McKenzie commented, "They wrote the Document [84] (Title: Batman: The Brave and the Bold) episodes, were first released. A two-disc collection of the first 13 episodes, Season 1 Part 1, was released on August 17, 2010. Season 1, Part 2 was released on March 15, 2011, making the first season available both as separate volumes and two-part sets. Season Two, Part One was released on August 16, 2011. It contained 12 episodes and did not contain "The Siege of Starro!". Warner Home Video confirmed that Season 2, Part 2 would be released on March 20, 2012. It contains 14 episodes, including the two-part "The Siege of Starro!" and the Season 3 episode "Battle of Document [85] (Title: Gotham (season 4)) the previous season premiere but on par with last season's average. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an 85% approval rating with an average rating of 6.8/10 based on 13 reviews. Gotham (season 4) The fourth season of the American television series "Gotham", based on characters from DC Comics related to the Batman franchise, revolves around the characters of James Gordon and Bruce Wayne. The season is produced by Primrose Hill Productions, DC Entertainment, and Warner Bros. Television, with Bruno Heller, Danny Cannon, and John Stephens serving as executive producers. The season was inspired and adapted elements from the Document [86] (Title: Transference (Gotham)) "The Voice". It was also the 17th most watched of the week in the 18-49 demographics and the 44th most watched overall in the week. With Live+7 DVR viewing factored in, the episode had an overall rating of 5.55 million viewers, and a 2.0 in the 18–49 demographic. Overall, the second season of "Gotham" averaged 5.37 million viewers, which was a 29% decrease in viewership from the last season, which averaged 7.56 million viewers. "Wrath of the Villains: Transference" received generally positive reviews from critics. The episode received a rating of 67% with an average score of 5.4 out of Document [87] (Title: Gotham (season 4)) 1.0 in the 18–49 demo, which was a 17% decline from the previous season premiere but on par with last season's average. Despite remaining with consistent ratings throughout the first half of the season, the second half experienced new series lows in the spring and being in danger of cancellation. Despite the ratings drop, Fox renewed the show for a fifth and final season on May 13, 2018. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> The show was officially renewed by Fox for a fourth season on May 10, 2017. Just like the second and third seasons, the fourth season also carried a new subtitle for Document [88] (Title: Gotham (season 3)) in season three. We've made the story even more serialized in season three. Everybody goes through a major character metamorphosis throughout the course of the year." The fourth episode introduced a political aspect for the show, with critics noting emphasis on Donald Trump's 2016 campaign. Actor Robin Lord Taylor talked about the approach, "I think the "Gotham" writers are writing our actual reality right now, and that's probably the scariest thing you could possibly imagine. He tries to present himself as he thinks a candidate should look. There is a certain homage to a certain candidate who is out there Document [89] (Title: This Ball of Mud and Meanness) FOX announced "Gotham" was renewed for a third season. Cobblepot (Robin Lord Taylor) continues to be disturbed by the torture sessions at Arkham Asylum where he imagines watching himself beat his mother (Carol Kane). On orders from Strange (B. D. Wong), he is served ice cream in the dining hall and is assaulted by an inmate for the ice cream, but shows no signs of violence. In an alley, Bruce (David Mazouz) receives a gun from Selina (Camren Bicondova) that he intends to use to kill Patrick "Matches" Malone. Lee (Morena Baccarin) shows Gordon (Benjamin McKenzie) the paychecks from Kristen Document [90] (Title: Gotham (season 3)) criminal organization the Court of Owls. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> The show was officially renewed by Fox for a 22-episode third season on March 16, 2016. David Madden, Fox's Entertainment President stated, "It takes a very special team to tell the tales of "Gotham". For the past two seasons, Bruno, Danny and John have masterfully honored the mythology of "Gotham" and brought it to life with depth, emotion and memorable high drama." At 2016 San Diego Comic-Con, executive producer John Stephens explained the structure for the season: "We're doing eleven [episodes] in the Fall, then there's three episodes in January, then the final Document [91] (Title: Castle (season 3)) years". Castle (season 3) The third season of American crime-comedy-drama television series "Castle" was ordered on March 30, 2010, by ABC. The season aired from September 20, 2010, to May 16, 2011. The third season was originally ordered with a 22 episode count, but ABC extended the order to 24 episodes on November 11, 2010. Richard Castle (Fillion) is a famous mystery novelist who has killed off the main character in his popular book series and has writer's block. He is brought in by the NYPD for questioning regarding a copy-cat murder based on one of his novels. He is Document [92] (Title: Time Bomb (Gotham)) Oswald's secret — it was elegantly told. Something "Gotham" can't often boast." Time Bomb (Gotham) "Time Bomb" is the tenth episode of the third season, and 54th episode overall from the Fox series "Gotham". The episode was written by co-executive producer Robert Hull and directed by Hanelle M. Culpepper. It was first broadcast on November 21, 2016. In the episode, a car explodes during Mario's and Lee's rehearsal dinner and this causes Falcone to go with Gordon to find out the culprit, discovering it's someone he has previously dealt with. Meanwhile, Nygma captures Butch and Tabitha, planning on torturing them Document [93] (Title: Ben McKenzie) the show and showed the seven episodes that had been produced. The show was subsequently renewed. However, the show was once again cancelled after the fifth season. McKenzie returned to Fox in the Batman prequel television show "Gotham", which premiered on September 22, 2014. In the series, he portrays James Gordon as a young detective new to Gotham City. In the same series, he made his directorial debut with the season 3 episode "". McKenzie went on to direct "One of My Three Soups" and write "The Demon's Head" from the fourth season. He shot Live! a real-time action thriller Document [94] (Title: Gotham (TV series)) bypassed the traditional pilot phase and placed a straight-to-series order for "Gotham", to be written and executive produced by Heller. "Gotham" received a series order from Fox on May 5, 2014, with the first season reported to consist of 16 episodes, rather than the standard 13 or 22. Fox's Chairman of Entertainment Kevin Reilly stated, "We were only contractually obligated to order 13, and we ordered 16, because we think that's the way that show, at least in its first iteration, will be very strong to arc to. Could we do more next season? We certainly could, but that’s where Document [95] (Title: Arkham (Gotham)) Arkham (Gotham) "Arkham" is the fourth episode of the television series "Gotham". It premiered on FOX on October 13, 2014 and was written by Ken Woodruff and directed by TJ Scott. In the episode, detectives Gordon (Ben McKenzie) and Bullock (Donal Logue) try to save the council of Gotham, which is threatened after a dispute for the known Arkham Plan is in progress. Meanwhile, Cobblepot (Robin Lord Taylor) indulges more in Maroni's mafia. The episode was watched by 6.39 million viewers, an improvement over the previous episode and received positive reviews. Critics praised Gordon's and Cobblepot's dynamics but criticized the Document [96] (Title: Arrested Development (season 3)) Arrested Development (season 3) The third season of the television comedy series "Arrested Development" aired between September 19, 2005 and February 10, 2006, on Fox in the United States. It consisted of 13 episodes, each running approximately 22 minutes in length. The third season was released on DVD in region 1 on August 29, 2006, in region 2 on April 23, 2007 and in region 4 on December 6, 2006. This was the final season of "Arrested Development" to be aired on Fox, as they had decided to cancel the series. However, Netflix revived the show in 2013 for a Document [97] (Title: Red Hood (Gotham)) and corruption in a meaningful, subtle way, something that the show hasn’t been able to pull off so far this season." Red Hood (Gotham) "Red Hood" is the seventeenth episode of the television series "Gotham". It premiered on FOX on February 23, 2015 and was written by Danny Cannon, and directed by Nathan Hope. In this episode, Gordon (Ben McKenzie) investigate the Red Hood gang, which specializes in heists. Meanwhile, Mooney learns more about the place she may be in. The episode was watched by 6.53 million viewers and received positive reviews. Critics praised the Red Hood gang and Bruce's Document [98] (Title: New Day Rising (Gotham)) New Day Rising (Gotham) "New Day Rising" is the fourth episode of the third season, and 48th episode overall from the Fox series "Gotham". The episode was written by co-executive producer Robert Hull and directed by Eagle Egilsson. It was first broadcast on October 10, 2016. In the episode, Gordon is now looking for Jervis Tetch, planning on using his sister, Alice, to find him. Bruce and Alfred go after Five, who is now impersonating him and is with Selina. The mayoral race day arrives and Cobblepot is ready to win the public's vote but Nygma discovers how he got Document [99] (Title: Transference (Gotham)) ongoing saga involving Hugo Strange and his experiments at Indian Hill reaches a major turning point. Likewise, this episode elaborates on the return of Fish Mooney last week and aims to tie together the disparate story threads that have extended throughout much of the season. As fans await further news for what to expect in season 3, there's still the matter of wrapping up this year's batch of episodes. At least when someone needs a good punch to the face, Barbara’s there to propel the plot forward. Here's hoping that the writers figure out a better use for her next Document [100] (Title: Gotham (season 3)) show. In January 2017, the producers began to hint about Quinn's appearance in the third season finale with Stephens claiming that "we might see her in episode 22" and that the character would be the "launching point" for the central plot of season 4 and finally a few days before the episode, David Mazouz claimed the character would appear in the episode. However, Quinn did not appear in the finale; it was confirmed in a June 2017 TVLine article that there were no plans at that time to feature Quinn on the show. On June 13, 2016, it was revealed Document [101] (Title: Pilot (Gotham)) it had bypassed the traditional pilot phase and placed a straight-to-series order for "Gotham", to be written and executive produced by Heller. "Gotham" received a series order from Fox on May 5, 2014, with the first season reported to consist of 16 episodes, rather than the standard 13 or 22. Fox's Chairman of Entertainment Kevin Reilly stated, "We were only contractually obligated to order 13, and we ordered 16, because we think that's the way that show, at least in its first iteration, will be very strong to arc to. Could we do more next season? We certainly could, but Document [102] (Title: Batman (TV series)) Joker and the Penguin, the Penguin and Marsha, Queen of Diamonds) in the second season. The titles of each multi-part story usually rhymed. For the third season, which aired one episode a week, most episodes were self-contained stories. However, each episode would end with a teaser featuring the next episode's guest villain. The cliffhangers between multiple-parters typically consisted of the supervillain holding someone captive, usually the Dynamic Duo, with the captives being subject to some elaborate, gruesome – if unlikely – death. This would inevitably be resolved early in the follow-up episode. Ostensibly a crime series, the style of the Document [103] (Title: Damned If You Do...) a shuffle in the right direction." "The A.V. Club"'s Kyle Fowle gave the episode a "B" grade and wrote, "The season two premiere, 'Damned If You Do...,' by contrast, is more promising than anything in the first 22 episodes. What's remarkable is that "Gotham" didn't even need to do that much to make its first hour of this season captivating. The pieces have been there all along; it's just that the quality of the show depends on how they all get arranged. The biggest change in the premiere from all previous episodes is in the tone of the show. There Document [104] (Title: Gotham (TV series)) case-of-the-week plots into a darker, more stable serialized story." Metacritic gives the season a score of 62 out of 100, based on 6 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". The third season of "Gotham" received generally positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has an approval rating of 80% based on 7 reviews, with an average rating of 7.29/10. The fourth season of "Gotham" received generally positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has an approval rating of 85% based on 20 reviews, with an average rating of 6.8/10. On February 1, 2016, Fox began airing episodes Document [105] (Title: Gotham (TV series)) have masterfully honored the mythology of "Gotham" and brought it to life with depth, emotion and memorable high drama." In May 2017, Fox renewed the series for a fourth season, which premiered on September 21, 2017. On May 13, 2018, Fox renewed the series for a fifth and final season originally consisting of 10 episodes then later increased to 12. The season began production in July that year, and is set to premiere on January 3, 2019. In January 2014, rumors arose that Donal Logue would portray Gordon in the series. Logue denied these rumors via Twitter. Logue was eventually Document [106] (Title: Quantico (season 1)) episodes, increasing the episode count to 19, with the possibility of more episodes. The next month, the season was extended to 22 episodes. The first season was produced by the ABC Studios in association with The Mark Gordon Company and Random Acts Productions. Safran, Gordon, Robert Sertner, Nicholas Pepper and Jake Coburn served as the executive producers. The show was designed to have a flashback narrative, shifting between two timelines. Safran incorporated the flashforward storytelling technique as he thought it allowed them to spread out the plot points. The casting began in February 2015, with Priyanka Chopra landing the role Document [107] (Title: How to Get Away with Murder (season 3)) free. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> ABC renewed the series for a third season on March 3, 2016, along with several other shows. It was announced that the third season would premiere on September 22, 2016. Production began on May 27, 2016, when showrunner Peter Nowalk announced, on Twitter, that the writing staff was in full swing mapping and writing the third season. The table read for the premiere happened on July 6, 2016, and filming started a week later. A promotional poster, showcasing Viola Davis as Annalise Keating, was released on August 9, 2016. ABC released a promo for the third season on Document [108] (Title: One of My Three Soups) One of My Three Soups "One of My Three Soups" is the sixteenth episode of the fourth season and 82nd episode overall from the Fox series "Gotham". The show is itself based on the characters created by DC Comics set in the Batman mythology. The episode was written by consulting producer Charlie Huston and directed by main cast member Ben McKenzie. It was first broadcast on March 29, 2018. In the episode, Jerome Valeska, Jervis Tetch, Jonathan Crane and 80 inmates escape from Arkham Asylum to wreak havoc on Gotham. Tetch orchestrates a gigantic hypnosis trick that could kill everyone Document [109] (Title: Transference (Gotham)) 'Transference' is representative of this season as a whole. It's occasionally interesting, but mostly just a dull collection of scenes that have no bearing on any sort of overarching narrative. The second season of "Gotham" has proven that the show has very little ability to plan for the future, to put stories into motion and then pay them off in a rewarding way down the road. Instead, the show stumbles from one week to the next, paying little attention to character motivations or plot continuity, and instead hoping that an assortment of vague villains and murky themes will carry the Document [110] (Title: Arkham (Gotham)) improvement over the last couple of chapters, 'Arkham' is still wildly uneven, frustrating, and shallow. Escalating the Gotham mob war gives this episode a stronger sense of forward momentum, but there are still plenty of developments that prevent this show from rising above mediocrity." Arkham (Gotham) "Arkham" is the fourth episode of the television series "Gotham". It premiered on FOX on October 13, 2014 and was written by Ken Woodruff and directed by TJ Scott. In the episode, detectives Gordon (Ben McKenzie) and Bullock (Donal Logue) try to save the council of Gotham, which is threatened after a dispute for Document [111] (Title: A Beautiful Darkness) and upon learning that Jerome is intending on escaping and wreaking havoc in Gotham, Oswald decides to use that to escape. In March 2018, it was announced that the thirteenth episode of the season would be titled "A Beautiful Darkness" and was to be written by Tze Chun and directed by executive producer John Stephens. Jessica Lucas, and Drew Powell don't appear in the episode as their respective characters. In March 2018, it was announced that the guest cast for the episode would include Cameron Monaghan as Jerome Valeska, and Peyton List as Ivy Pepper. The episode was watched by Document [112] (Title: Gotham (season 3)) run of seven or eight episodes in the Spring. [The three] is not a self-contained [series of] episodes, because it extends what we're doing in the Fall, but it is an ended story, so we'll arc it out." Just like the second season, the third season also carried a two subtitles for the season. The first 14 episodes of the season: "Mad City"; and the other 8 episodes: "Heroes Rise". On June 2016, Drew Powell revealed on a tweet the first two episodes of the season. According to Stephens, the structure for the season "We extend [the longer story arcs] Document [113] (Title: One of My Three Soups) W. Thompson as Jonathan Crane, Benedict Samuel as Jervis Tetch, Cameron Monaghan as Jerome Valeska, Kelcy Griffin as Detective Harper, John Treacy Egan as Zachary Trumble and Shiva Kalaiselvan as Lelia. The episode was watched by 2.39 million viewers with a 0.7/3 share among adults aged 18 to 49. This was a slight decrease in viewership from the previous episode, which was watched by 2.47 million viewers with a 0.7/3 in the 18-49 demographics. With these ratings, "Gotham" ranked first for Fox, beating "Showtime at the Apollo", fourth on its timeslot, and twelfth for the night, behind "Scandal", "S.W.A.T.", "Superstore", Document [114] (Title: Gotham (season 4)) third time they die [on "Gotham"]" Filming for the season began on June 20, 2017, at Steiner Studios in Brooklyn, New York. In January 2018, it was announced that Ben McKenzie would direct an episode after making his directional debut the previous season. It was later revealed that he would be directing the 16th episode, titled "One of My Three Soups". Production on the season officially wrapped in late March 2018. The season was originally set to air on September 28, 2017, on Fox in the United States. However, on July 28, 2017, Fox decided to move up the premiere Document [115] (Title: Archer (season 3)) episodes of Season 3 to air in the fall of 2011 as a "Special Assignment" three-part event, with a further 13 episodes (a normal sized season for most FX shows) to air at the beginning of 2012. Series creator Adam Reed later clarified the situation. He explained that while FX had intended the second set of episodes to be 13 episodes, he had believed that he was only going to be producing a further 10 episodes (with the first three episodes completing the standard order of 13 episodes). While he attempted to produce the full 16 episodes after he realized Document [116] (Title: Better to Reign in Hell...) premiere whose messiness is part of its intriguing charm.". Matt Fowler of IGN gave the episode a "good" 7.2 out of 10 and wrote in his verdict, ""Gotham"s Season 3 opener was fairly typical of the series at this point. A ton of villains, old and new, and a driven, daring Bruce hell bent on getting himself killed (maybe Wayne Manor should have actual security at this point). Oh, and a grim, grunting Jim Gordon - which actually works this time because he's done with being a cop, which is the best thing this season's got going for it so Document [117] (Title: Andra Avenyn) its format. Instead of broadcasting three episodes a week they began to broadcast a 45-minute episode once a week. This was introduced during the second half of the second series. They also chose to record series 2 and 3 together, from May 2008 to March 2009. It was said that season 2 would contain 105 episodes, just like the first season, but it contained only 51 episodes in total. During the summer break in 2009 a Web-based serial,"Andra Avenyn: Londonresan (the London trip)" was shown. This follows Kitty Maria Santos (Johanna Lazcano Osterman) and Roxanna Nilsson, (Fortesa Hoti) while they Document [118] (Title: Transference (Gotham)) season or just write her off for good." Rob Leane of "Den of Geek" wrote, "Holy cliffhanger, Batman! Because no geeky TV show can end a season without a big tease of things to come anymore, we're left with a lot to ponder as "Gotham" departs our screens for a few months. With season 3 already confirmed, Bruno Heller and co. opted to leave things very open here. But still, we had some good scenes this week (Jim on the serum, Clayface getting slapped, Bruce trying to answer Ed's questions) and some interesting teases of things to come. Next year Question: how many episodes does gotham season 3 have Answer: 22 Long Answer: Gotham (season 3) Promotional poster Starring Ben McKenzie Donal Logue David Mazouz Morena Baccarin Sean Pertwee Robin Lord Taylor Erin Richards Camren Bicondova Cory Michael Smith Jessica Lucas Chris Chalk Drew Powell Maggie Geha Benedict Samuel Michael Chiklis Country of origin United States No. of episodes 22 Release Original network Fox Original release September 19, 2016 (2016 - 09 - 19)--June 5, 2017 (2017 - 06 - 05) Season chronology ← Previous Season 2 Next → Season 4 List of Gotham episodes Gold Document ID: 107

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Gotham (TV series)) franchise, just backing it up [in chronology]." He later added that the series is separate from any DC film universe. As part of a settlement with his heirs, "Gotham" and "" were the first productions by DC that credited Bill Finger as co-creator of Batman. On January 17, 2015, the series was renewed for a second season. The show was officially renewed by Fox for a 22-episode third season on March 16, 2016. David Madden, Fox's Entertainment President stated, "It takes a very special team to tell the tales of "Gotham". For the past two seasons, Bruno, Danny and John Document [2] (Title: Bruce Wayne (Gotham)) Enterprises. The leader of the Court, Kathryn offers Bruce a deal: to stop investigating them in exchange for his life, which Bruce reluctantly agrees to. Season three involves Bruce encountering and dealing with his doppelganger, facing off against a resurrected Jerome, entering a relationship with Selina and breaking up, and getting kidnapped and trained by a mysterious Shaman, later meeting Ra's al Ghul in the process. In the season's final scene, a masked Bruce saves a family from a mugger. As he trains to fight crime, Bruce starts investigating Ra's al Ghul, and learns that the mysterious terrorist wants to Document [3] (Title: Reunion (Gotham)) Reunion (Gotham) "Reunion" is the fourteenth episode of the fourth season and 80th episode overall from the Fox series "Gotham". The show is itself based on the characters created by DC Comics set in the Batman mythology. The episode was written by Peter Blake and directed by co-executive producer Annabelle K. Frost. It was first broadcast on March 15, 2018. In the episode, Ivy decides to go against everyone who harmed her, targeting the Wayne Enterprises foundation charity event. Meanwhile, Nygma continues suffering a mental breakdown regarding his split personality, causing him to consider suicide. Bruce also continues pursuing Alfred Document [4] (Title: Beware the Green-Eyed Monster) gave a perfect 5-star rating out of 5, stating: "We always knew "Gotham" needed a woman's touch, and if Barbara has her way, she's about to become "Gotham"s new underworld Queen. Oh, and lots of other crazy stuff took place on "Gotham" Season 3 Episode 11. It was enough to make your head crack open with awe, bewilderment, or a combination of both." Vinnie Mancuso of "New York Observer" wrote, "Soooo yeah, here we are, another "Gotham" Fall Finale come and gone, and we're left with everyone in a significantly worse place than where they started. Let's start with Jim, Document [5] (Title: Nashville (season 3)) by ABC. The series was renewed after prolonged negotiations for a full 22-episode season. This season will receive a combined $8 million incentive package from the state of Tennessee, Metro Nashville and other local groups, lower than the Season 2 incentives — which totaled $13.25 million. On March 11, 2014, before the show was renewed, it was announced that Oliver Hudson and Will Chase are being promoted to regulars for season three, contingent on the ABC series getting a renewal. The series creator and executive producer later said that "a lot of our characters may not be in every episode Document [6] (Title: Gotham (season 2)) in guest star positions. On June 2015, James Frain joined the series as billionaire industrialist Theo Galavan and Jessica Lucas was cast as Tabitha Galavan. Michael Chiklis then joined on July 2015 in the role of Captain Nathaniel Barnes, the GCPD's new captain and Gordon's ally who will one day become his enemy. The show also upgraded Morena Baccarin, Chris Chalk, Drew Powell and Nicholas D'Agosto from recurring or guest roles to series regulars. The second season of "Gotham" received positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes the season has a rating of 81% based on 14 reviews, with an Document [7] (Title: New Day Rising (Gotham)) know Doppel-Bruce just a little bit more, and elected a new mayor of Gotham. Here's everything that went down in tonight's Gotham..." New Day Rising (Gotham) "New Day Rising" is the fourth episode of the third season, and 48th episode overall from the Fox series "Gotham". The episode was written by co-executive producer Robert Hull and directed by Eagle Egilsson. It was first broadcast on October 10, 2016. In the episode, Gordon is now looking for Jervis Tetch, planning on using his sister, Alice, to find him. Bruce and Alfred go after Five, who is now impersonating him and is Document [8] (Title: Heavydirtysoul (Gotham)) after three years. Perhaps it's because we are getting closer to the end and Bruce is already dabbling in nocturnal vigilantism and Catwoman's ready to become less neutral good and more neutral evil." Nick Hogan of TV Overmind gave the episode a 4.5 star rating out of 5, writing "With exception to my one little quibble, the finale of "Gotham" proved to be a launching point toward the Batman story. It was emotional, it was action-packed and intense, and left little to be desired. I'm already excited for the show to premiere in the fall." Amanda Bell of "EW" gave Document [9] (Title: Beware the Batman) the final seven previously unaired episodes. The show made its Canadian premiere on October 11, 2013 on Teletoon. On February 18, 2014, the first 13 episodes of the series were released on Blu-ray and DVD in a collection titled "Beware The Batman: Season 1 Part 1-Shadows of Gotham". The twelfth and thirteenth episodes (titled "Attraction" and "Fall") had yet to air, despite being released on this collection. A second collection, titled "Beware The Batman: Season 1 Part 2-Dark Justice", was released on September 30, 2014 containing the remaining 13 episodes of the show's only season. Beware the Batman Beware the Document [10] (Title: What the Little Bird Told Him) projecting Gotham’s season one extension onto this episode–or maybe I’m putting too much stock into the number “12” that designates this episode–but “What The Little Bird Told Him” sure feels like a penultimate episode of television. It engages with almost all of the storylines that have been a part of this season so far (notably absent is Gotham’s most rewarding storyline to date, the continuing growth of Bruce Wayne and his badass butler Alfred) while moving its central pieces, specifically the mob bosses, into place for a finale. In any other season, this episode would set the stage for the Document [11] (Title: Alex & Co.) on November 24, 2016. The remaining 10 episodes of the third season aired from January 21, 2017 to February 18, 2017. Four special episodes aired from June 26, 2017 to June 29, 2017, marking the end of the series. There is an English-language version of the series being broadcast in Middle Eastern regions, Nordic countries, Hungary and Czech Republic, and South Africa. In South Africa, Season 1 first aired from March 3, 2016 to May 26, 2016; Season 2 from July 7, 2016 to November 3, 2016; Season 3 Part 1 from April 3, 2017 to April 14, 2017; and Document [12] (Title: Grounded for Life) finale were held back by Fox and were included as part of the second season. 17 episodes were produced for season two, with the addition of the five season one episodes, making it a 22-episode season. Many problems occurred during the production of season three. 19 episodes had been produced for season three, and with Fox cancelling the series later being picked up by The WB, only 11 episodes aired through the two networks, 12 & 13 never aired, and episodes 14 through 19, were included as part of season four. The fourth season originally produced 22 episodes, with the Document [13] (Title: Smile Like You Mean It (Gotham)) explosives. Gordon demands a chopper to make it in time for the plant but as he goes outside, he sees as the power plant explodes and the city suffers a wide power outage, leaving it in darkness. In January 2017, it was announced that the thirteenth episode of the season will be titled "Smile Like You Mean It" and was to be written by Steven Lilien & Bryan Wynbrandt and directed by Olatunde Osunsanmi. The early talks to bring Jerome back to the show resurfaced when the show killed the character in . According to executive producer John Stephens, he Document [14] (Title: Gotham (TV series)) we're starting with that one. That show is going to have a very strong, serialized element." On October 13, Fox ordered an additional six episodes for the show, bringing the first season order to a full 22 episodes. In February 2014, it was reported that production would begin in New York City in March. Filming for the first season finished on March 24, 2015. Speaking of the project at the 2014 winter TCA press tour, Reilly described the series as "this operatic soap that has a slightly larger-than-life quality. This is not some adjunct companion series. This is the Batman Document [15] (Title: All Will Be Judged) a puppet of The (no surprise) Court and Lee infected herself with the virus (big surprise!). That's a lot of action to dissect." Robert Yanis, Jr. of "Screenrant" wrote, ""Gotham" season 3 is racing for the finish line, with the show's long-running Court of Owls arc finally reaching some semblance of a conclusion. Of course, as with everything else in the eponymous city, even that storyline is far more complicated than it seems. The court's diabolical plans for Gotham collided last week with the Tetch virus that encompassed much of the season's first half, and now fans may already be Document [16] (Title: Homicide: Life on the Street (season 2)) letters of outrage by the city's detectives over "See No Evil," as well as a report in the Associated Press that the show was giving Baltimore a bad image by drawing attention to its murder rate. Ultimately, however, Levinson decided to remain in Baltimore. On February 15, 1994, the day the options of the cast contracts expired, NBC decided at midnight to sign for a third season, but ordered only 13 episodes instead of a full 22-episode season, opting to wait and see how the ratings performed before committing to the final nine. Robin Williams received an Emmy Award nomination Document [17] (Title: These Delicate and Dark Obsessions) trapped in a faraway cell, is that the bats always came back, baby." Lisa Babick of TV Fanatic gave the series a 4.5 star rating out of 5, writing "Ben McKenzie made his directorial debut on "Gotham" Season 3 Episode 16 with a fun hour that featured a Penguin and Ivy alliance and on its flip side, a serious Bruce getting closer to his ultimate destiny. And the Court of Owls made an appearance too which doesn't bode well for the future of Gotham City." Robert Yanis, Jr. of "Screenrant" wrote, "While 'These Delicate and Dark Obsessions' very much feels Document [18] (Title: Pax Penguina) where it's been robbed. He is then caught without the mask by the GCPD. Grady returns to Crane's house to get more toxin from Jonathan. However, he discovers Jonathan has adopted a new persona, naming himself "The Scarecrow" and sprays Grady with fear gas. The show was officially renewed by Fox for a fourth season on May 10, 2017. Just like the second and third seasons, the fourth season will also carry a new subtitle for the first half of the season: "A Dark Knight". In June 2017, John Stephens announced that the first episode of the season would be Document [19] (Title: Gotham (season 3)) September 19, 2016 and concluded on June 5, 2017 with a two-hour finale on Fox. With the Indian Hill fugitives on the loose, Jim Gordon takes matters into his own hands as a bounty hunter. But will he find demented mastermind Hugo Strange and his deranged subject, Fish Mooney? Bullock and Barnes attempt to hold the front line on crime against burgeoning Super-Villains Oswald Cobblepot/Penguin, Edward Nygma/Riddler, the future Poison Ivy and Jervis Tetch, aka Mad Hatter. All the while, young Bruce Wayne discovers yet more secrets behind his parents' murder as he peels back the curtain on the infamous Document [20] (Title: Pretty Hate Machine (Gotham)) of show to digest, but "Gotham" Season 3 Episode 20 was one hell of a penultimate episode! "Gotham" jumped off the deep end this hour, and I absolutely love them for it." Robert Yanis, Jr. of "Screenrant" wrote, "The days are numbered for "Gotham" season 3, and after this week, it appears that viewers may have seen the last of the Court of Owls, at least for now. With that storyline deftly coming to a close, the show is poised to break into an even bigger can of worms when it returns for season 4. But before that happens, there Document [21] (Title: Better to Reign in Hell...) alarm system in Wayne Manor and after Bruce leaves the room, Alfred is confronted by Talon. Although he does his best to fight him off, Alfred is defeated and knocked unconscious by Talon. Bruce finds Alfred unconscious and is then taken away. On March 2016, the show was renewed for a 22-episode third season and on May, it was announced that the season was set to premiere on September 19, 2016. On June 2016, Drew Powell revealed on a tweet that the first episode of the season will be titled "Better to Reign in Hell..." and was to be directed Document [22] (Title: All Will Be Judged) after three seasons of "Gotham", I have to assume is staffed primarily by a gang of toddlers who found a bag of police costumes one summer and ran with it. Jim Gordon and Harvey Bullock are the only adults that work there but are so bad at detective work they still haven’t noticed." Lisa Babick of TV Fanatic gave the series a perfect 5 star rating out of 5, writing "What a jam-packed, crazy hour! On "Gotham" Season 3 Episode 19, Jim almost died (again), Penguin and The Riddler set aside their differences (for a little while anyway), Bruce became Document [23] (Title: Gotham (season 4)) stars as Gordon, alongside Donal Logue, David Mazouz, Morena Baccarin, Sean Pertwee, Robin Lord Taylor, Erin Richards, Camren Bicondova, Cory Michael Smith, Jessica Lucas, Chris Chalk, Drew Powell, Crystal Reed and Alexander Siddig. The fourth season premiered on September 21, 2017, on Fox, while the second half premiered on March 1, 2018. The season concluded on May 17, 2018. The season received positive reviews from critics and audiences, who cited the character development, writing and action sequences as highlights of the season, with some calling it the best season yet. The premiere was watched by 3.21 million viewers with a Document [24] (Title: The Balloonman) but it all feels like a way to delay the resolution of last week's cliffhanger for a few more weeks. The Wayne murder investigation is the driving force of this show's narrative, but the baby steps taken in this episode make that essential aspect of the story feel like an afterthought." The Balloonman "The Balloonman" is the third episode of the television series "Gotham". It premiered on FOX on October 6, 2014 and was written by John Stephens and directed by Dermott Downs. In the episode, detectives Gordon (Ben McKenzie) and Bullock (Donal Logue) track down a vigilante who is Document [25] (Title: Gotham (season 2)) average rating of 7.1/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "While still tonally uneven in season two, "Gotham" is back with a renewed focus, moving away from disjointed case-of-the-week plots into a darker, more stable serialized story." Metacritic gives the season a score of 62 out of 100, based on 6 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Gotham (season 2) The second season of the American television series "Gotham", based on characters from DC Comics related to the Batman franchise, revolves around the characters of James Gordon and Bruce Wayne. The season is produced by Primrose Hill Productions, DC Entertainment, and Warner Document [26] (Title: Lovecraft (Gotham)) any indication of what a stretched out story looks like on "Gotham", then we’re in for a tedious back-half of the show’s first season." Lovecraft (Gotham) "Lovecraft" is the tenth episode and mid-season finale of the television series "Gotham". It premiered on FOX on November 24, 2014 and was written by Rebecca Dameron, and directed by Guy Ferland. In this episode, Wayne Manor is attacked, forcing Bruce (David Mazouz) and Selina (Camren Bicondova) to flee, while Gordon (Ben McKenzie) comes closer to Lovecraft (Al Sapienza). The episode was watched by 6.05 million viewers and received generally positive reviews with critics Document [27] (Title: Reunion (Gotham)) Nygma opts to return to Arkham instead. However, Cobblepot (Robin Lord Taylor) reappears and he reveals to him that he had specifically written the letter so that his dual personality would read it and take Nygma back to Arkham. With Bullock back on the precinct, Gordon vows to take Sofia down. In March 2018, it was announced that the fourteenth episode of the season would be titled "Reunion" and was to be written by Peter Blake and directed by co-executive producer Annabelle K. Frost. Erin Richards, Jessica Lucas, and Alexander Siddig don't appear in the episode as their respective characters. Document [28] (Title: Transference (Gotham)) Transference (Gotham) "Transference" is the twenty-second episode and season finale of the second season, and 44th episode overall from the Fox series "Gotham". This is also the last episode in the series with the subtitle "Wrath of the Villains". The episode was written by developer and showrunner Bruno Heller and directed by Eagle Egilsson. It was first broadcast on May 23, 2016. In the episode, Lucius and Bruce are being held in a room by Nygma, ready to kill them unless they tell him information. Meanwhile, Gordon tries to stop Professor Strange once and for all while Basil Karlo begins Document [29] (Title: Dexter (season 3)) Dexter (season 3) The third season of "Dexter" premiered on September 28, 2008, and ended on December 14, 2008. "Our Father", the season premiere, attracted 1.22 million viewers in the United States, making it Showtime's highest-rated drama season premiere since Nielsen Media Research began compiling ratings in 2004. The season's finale, "Do You Take Dexter Morgan?" attracted 1.5 million viewers. Season three was watched by an average of 1.1 million viewers a week. It received largely positive reviews from critics, which ranged from being praised as "truly and incredibly exciting television" in the "San Francisco Chronicle", to "lack[ing] the crackling Document [30] (Title: Everyone Has a Cobblepot) Everyone Has a Cobblepot "Everyone Has a Cobblepot" is the eighteenth episode of the television series "Gotham". It premiered on FOX on March 2, 2015 and was written by Megan Mostyn-Brown, and directed by Bill Eagles. In this episode, after Commissioner Loeb's (Peter Scolari) controversial moves, Gordon (Ben McKenzie) looks for a solution to the problem. Meanwhile, Fish Mooney (Jada Pinkett Smith) comes face to face with the prison's director. The episode was watched by 6.10 million viewers and received positive reviews, with critics praising the twist ending and corruption themes. Alfred (Sean Pertwee) wakes up in the hospital but Document [31] (Title: Gotham (season 3)) on September 19, 2016 and concluded on June 5, 2017 with a two-hour season finale. The season had two breaks between episodes, with a continuous run between them. The first 11 episodes aired from September 19 to November 28, 2016; three episodes aired from January 16 to January 30, 2017; and the final 8 episodes aired from April 24 to June 5, 2017. In July 2016, the cast and crew attended San Diego Comic-Con to discuss and promote the season and showing the debut trailer for the season. On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has a score of 89% based on Document [32] (Title: Gotham Girls) seasons featured primarily comedic episodes, the third season attempted to make the show more serious. These episodes linked directly to "". Dropping the magician Zatanna from its lineup and adding a host of new characters to the cast, including Detective Renee Montoya, each episode from this series tied into the next, forming a collective thirty-minute whodunit. The storyline also dealt with issues not seen since "", such as the corruption of the Gotham City Police Department, Poison Ivy's environmental crusade and Commissioner Gordon's wavering faith in costumed superheroes. It's also heavily implied that the series takes place in the DC Document [33] (Title: Gotham (season 3)) Gotham (season 3) The third season of the American television series "Gotham", based on characters from DC Comics related to the Batman franchise, revolves around the characters of James Gordon and Bruce Wayne. The season is produced by Primrose Hill Productions, DC Entertainment, and Warner Bros. Television, with Bruno Heller, Danny Cannon, John Stephens, and Ken Woodruff serving as executive producers. The season included inspirations from and . The season was ordered on March 2016 and every cast member from the last season returned with the exception of Zabryna Guevara as Sarah Essen; James Frain as Theo Galavan/Azrael; and Nicholas Document [34] (Title: Mad Grey Dawn) show went big here and made Nygma's scheme very important and super impactful." The A.V. Club's Kyle Fowle gave the episode a "B-" grade and wrote, "If there's something consistent about "Gotham" it's that, from week to week, the show remains jumbled. "Gotham" is often a mess of subplots and character motivations, the show failing to find a way to make everything cohere. 'Wrath Of The Villains: Mad Grey Dawn' is only the fourth episode since the show's winter hiatus, and yet the back half of this season already feels like a lost opportunity, with the show seemingly refusing to Document [35] (Title: Bruno Heller) killed his wife and daughter. Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 In 2013, Fox won a bidding war for a pilot set in Gotham written by Heller. As originally conceived, the series serves as a straightforward story of Gordon's early days on the Gotham City Police force. The show includes not only the Bruce Wayne character, but also the origin stories of several Batman villains, including the Penguin, the Riddler, Catwoman, Two-Face, Poison Ivy and Scarecrow. The first season consisted of 22 episodes after being extended from sixteen. The show premiered on Document [36] (Title: Arrow (season 3)) previously established for its finales. He cemented the mixed reception of the third season as being "haphazardly paced" and "struggling to develop a clear sense of direction". The third season averaged 3.52 million viewers across the 23 episodes, ranking 135th among television show viewership. "Arrow: Season 3" was released as a 5-disc DVD set and as a 9-disc Blu-ray/DVD Combo Pack set on September 22, 2015 in the United States and September 28, 2015 in the United Kingdom. The DVD/Blu-ray box sets contain additional features, including making-of featurettes, deleted scenes, gag reel, and highlights from the Paley Fest. Arrow (season Document [37] (Title: Smile Like You Mean It (Gotham)) explained: "If you watch the episodes closely, as they go forward this year you'll start seeing the seeds of the way that story will continue to develop. And we probably have not seen the last of that fellow." Throughout the second and third season, Cameron Monaghan teased the return of the character and finally on August 2016, Stephens confirmed the character's return, citing that it was their intention to bring him back and "You'll have these underground movements that have started to talk about Jerome and what he represented and how he's going to come back like in the days Document [38] (Title: The Blade's Path) 5, writing "Bruce broke his one rule when Ra's al Ghul pushed him to his limit, and Sofia Falcone tried to weasel her way into Penguin's heart, but the highlight of "Gotham" Season 4 Episode 5 was when Ed Nygma met the new and improved Butch Gilzean. Is anyone else as excited about this storyline as I am?" The Blade's Path "The Blade's Path" is the fifth episode of the fourth season and 71st episode overall from the Fox series "Gotham". The show is itself based on the characters created by DC Comics set in the Batman mythology. The episode Document [39] (Title: Gotham (TV series)) October 2014, market research firm Survata polled more than 1,400 viewers to determine that "Gotham" was the major TV premiere, out of 24, that viewers were most interested to watch that year. In Australia, the first and second episodes received 1.24 million and 896,000 viewers, respectively. The timeshifted broadcasts were watched by 1.43 and 1.03 million, respectively. The Canadian debut got 3.38 million viewers, making it the second most-watched telecast of the night and week. The UK premiere was watched by 3.20 million viewers. The airings on the 1-hour and 24-hour timeshift channels were watched by 597,000 and 142,000 viewers, Document [40] (Title: New Day Rising (Gotham)) understand that he's missed out on the most bittersweet facet of the human experience. And if Jervis Tetch's love won't be returned willingly, he'll have to force it." Lisa Babick from "TV Fanatic", gave a perfect 5 star rating out of 5.0, stating: "Wow. Just wow. There was so much that happened on "Gotham" Season 3 Episode 4, I'm not even sure where to begin. It's going to be interesting to see how this story plays out. Bruce better hurry and grow up, because if the Court of Owls have their way, Bruce's days are numbered." Vinnie Mancuso of "New Document [41] (Title: Lucifer (TV series)) the series for a second season, which premiered on September 19, 2016. On October 31, 2016, the series received a 22-episode full second season pickup by Fox. On February 13, 2017, Fox renewed the series for a third season initially of 22 episodes, which premiered on October 2, 2017. However, in March 2017, it was revealed that the final four episodes of the second season would be removed and placed in the third season to air, meaning that the second season would consist of 18 episodes and the third season would consist of 26. On January 22, 2018, writer Chris Document [42] (Title: Gotham (season 4)) with Sofia Falcone, the daughter of Don Falcone, who's played by Crystal Reed this year. And that's going to be a really compelling and interesting relationship." Sean Pertwee also stated that the season will also explore Alfred's mysterious past "indirectly". McKenzie made his writing debut on the episode "The Demon's Head", after previously directing the third-season episode "These Delicate and Dark Obsessions". McKenzie went to Los Angeles to work on the writers' room to break the story and then go back to New York City and finish many drafts. He explained, "I've been fiddling around with writing for a long Document [43] (Title: All Happy Families Are Alike) All Happy Families Are Alike "All Happy Families Are Alike" is the 22nd episode and finale of the first season of the FOX series "Gotham". The episode was written by series developer Bruno Heller and directed by Danny Cannon. It was first broadcast in May 4, 2015 in FOX. In this episode, the mob war between Carmine Falcone (John Doman) and Salvatore Maroni (David Zayas) is coming to a brutal end while Oswald Cobblepot and Fish Mooney (Jada Pinkett Smith) face off in their final confrontation, putting James Gordon (Benjamin McKenzie) in the middle of both conflicts. Meanwhile, Bruce Wayne Document [44] (Title: Gotham (season 2)) Gotham (season 2) The second season of the American television series "Gotham", based on characters from DC Comics related to the Batman franchise, revolves around the characters of James Gordon and Bruce Wayne. The season is produced by Primrose Hill Productions, DC Entertainment, and Warner Bros. Television, with Bruno Heller, Danny Cannon, John Stephens, and Ken Woodruff serving as executive producers. The season was ordered on January 2015 and every cast member from the last season returned with the exception of Victoria Cartagena as Renee Montoya; Andrew Stewart-Jones as Crispus Allen; John Doman as Carmine Falcone; and Jada Pinkett Smith Document [45] (Title: Heavydirtysoul (Gotham)) of the season 3 arc and reinvigorate the series as it heads into season 4 later this year." Kayti Burt of "Den of Geek" wrote, "It feels like a new chapter in this show is starting -- one that may finally see Gotham's heroes given the same narrative chances as its villains." Megan Vick of "TV Guide" wrote, "For an ending, it's a promising beginning to the show's upcoming fourth season." Sean Pertwee was named as honorable mention for TVLine's "Performer of the Week" for the week of June 4, 2017, for his performance in this episode. The site states, Document [46] (Title: Pilot (Gotham)) Pilot (Gotham) "Pilot" is the first episode of the television series "Gotham". It premiered on FOX on September 22, 2014 and was written by series developer Bruno Heller and directed by Danny Cannon. The episode, and the series as a whole, are based on characters appearing in and published by DC Comics in the Batman franchise, primarily those of James Gordon and Bruce Wayne. FOX gave the pilot a straight-to-series order with an order of 16 episodes. The pilot was watched by 8.21 million viewers, a strong number and received generally positive reviews for its acting and plot, but received Document [47] (Title: Ghost Whisperer (season 3)) Ghost Whisperer (season 3) The third season of "Ghost Whisperer", an American television series created by John Gray, commenced airing in the United States on September 28, 2007, concluded May 16, 2008, and was originally intended to consist of 22 episodes. However, due to the Writer's Strike it was shortened to 18 episodes. The series follows the life of Melinda Gordon (Jennifer Love Hewitt), who has the ability to see and communicate with ghosts. While trying to live as normal a life as possible—she is married and owns an antique store—Melinda helps earthbound spirits resolve their problems and cross over Document [48] (Title: Barbara Gordon in other media) in combat for several minutes though she collapses at the end of the battle. The series would last a total of thirteen episodes, leaving the mystery of Batman's whereabouts unresolved. However, a phone conversation with Alfred in Wayne Manor implies that the Dark Knight has monitored Birds of Prey activities in the city and knows of his daughter's existence. Laeta Kalogridis planned several series highlights for the second season, including Dick Grayson's reintroduction (prompting a Barbara/Helena argument), as well as Koriand'r possibly appearing. Ollie Queen/Green Arrow would have joined Dinah, and thus the series would have progressed with a Cassandra Document [49] (Title: Transference (Gotham)) say it: 'Transference' would have been great if it hadn't positioned Fish Mooney to be a major player when "Gotham" returns for Season 3. It had everything — Edward Nygma hosting the worst game show ever, Firefly vs. Mr. Freeze, Selina being awesome, Bruce being awesome, LUCIUS M. F-ing FOX, Penguin home decorating tips and the Court of Owls. Oh, I mean the 'Secret Court.' Whatever. It's the Court of Owls, and the Court of Owls is awesome. " Megan Vick of "TV Guide" wrote, "Even if "Gotham" decides to make the clone just a Dark Bruce Wayne instead of Document [50] (Title: Gotham (season 4)) promotion for the ninth episode "Let Them Eat Pie", Fox released a "red band" trailer featuring Michael Cerveris as Professor Pyg, teasing a Sweeney Todd storyline in the episode as well as a musical number, which was considered by "TV Guide" as "insane." The season is set to be released on Blu-ray on August 21, 2018. On August 15, 2018, the season was made available on Netflix UK and Ireland one month prior to its Region 2 DVD release. The premiere was watched by 3.21 million viewers with a 1.0 in the 18–49 demo, which was a 17% decline from Document [51] (Title: The Fear Reaper) Nick Hogan of TV Overmind gave the episode a 3.5 star rating out of 5, writing "Overall, I'm still on the fence about Season 4. There's a lot of potential here for some wonderful stories, but is it too early for Batman? If it's not too early for Batman, is it too similar to the Christopher Nolan films? I suppose only time will tell. For now, I'm still in, and this is still a fun show." Sydney Bucksbaum of "The Hollywood Reporter" wrote, "Despite getting electrocuted last season, Babs (Erin Richards) made her return to "Gotham" this week, albeit more Document [52] (Title: Gotham (season 4)) to September 21, 2017 in order to give its companion newcomer series "The Orville" a continuous run. The fourth season is moving to a Thursday timeslot, alongside "The Orville", after airing its past seasons on Mondays. In July 2017, the cast and crew attended San Diego Comic-Con to discuss and promote the season, showing a five-minute sizzle reel from season 3 as well as the debut trailer for the season. The second episode "The Fear Reaper" was screened on September 23, 2017, when Cannon, McKenzie, Taylor, Bicondova, Mazouz, Pertwee and Lucas promoted the series at the inaugural Tribeca TV Festival. Document [53] (Title: Castle (season 3)) Castle (season 3) The third season of American crime-comedy-drama television series "Castle" was ordered on March 30, 2010, by ABC. The season aired from September 20, 2010, to May 16, 2011. The third season was originally ordered with a 22 episode count, but ABC extended the order to 24 episodes on November 11, 2010. Richard Castle (Fillion) is a famous mystery novelist who has killed off the main character in his popular book series and has writer's block. He is brought in by the NYPD for questioning regarding a copy-cat murder based on one of his novels. He is intrigued Document [54] (Title: Arrow (season 3)) gets into a conflict with Ra's al Ghul (Matt Nable); Oliver and Felicity attempt a romantic relationship: Queen Consolidated is acquired by Ray Palmer (Brandon Routh), who hires Felicity Smoak as Vice President; John Diggle becomes a father; and Laurel Lance attempts to succeed her sister as the Black Canary. The series was renewed for its third season on February 12, 2014, and began filming in Vancouver, British Columbia in July 2014. Despite a strong critical start for the third season premiere, the season received more negative reviews than the previous seasons, and averaged 3.52 million viewers each week. The Document [55] (Title: All Happy Families Are Alike) Families are Alike' brings season one of "Gotham" to a somewhat confusing conclusion, but some exciting twists hint at a promising, and hopefully more consistent, season two." Matt Fowler of IGN gave the episode a "okay" 6.3 out of 10 and wrote in his verdict: ""Gotham"s Season 1 finale had some cool parts involving a freshly insane Barbara and an unexpected mob death, but the rest of it was so dang sloppy (Fish's attire, Selina joining Fish, Falcone quitting, Butch's brainwashing all of a sudden returning after being ignored for months, etc)." Darren Orf of EW stated: ""Gotham"s first season Document [56] (Title: Gotham (TV series)) comic book fanboys" but rather as "a post-fanboy, or fanboy-irrelevant." Oliver Sava of "The A.V. Club" lamented that "there have been dozens of interpretations of Batman and his city in the 75 years since their creation, and "Gotham" has trouble finding the right balance of influences". The second season of "Gotham" received generally positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has a rating of 82% based on 14 reviews, with an average rating of 7.21/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "While still tonally uneven in season two, "Gotham" is back with a renewed focus, moving away from disjointed Document [57] (Title: Prisoners (Gotham)) Prisoners (Gotham) "Prisoners" is the sixteenth episode of the second season, and 38th episode overall from the Fox series "Gotham". The episode was written by executive producer Danny Cannon and directed by Scott White. It was first broadcast on March 28, 2016. In the episode, Gordon is sent to prison after being framed by Nygma into the murder of Theo Galavan and Carl Pinkney. Meanwhile, Cobblepot continues to bond with his father while his stepmother and step-siblings plan to kill him. This episode also has the fewest cast members as only Ben McKenzie, Donal Logue, Robin Lord Taylor and Cory Document [58] (Title: Gotham (season 4)) the season: "A Dark Knight". The producers revealed that the season would be based on the comic book stories "" and "". According to executive producer John Stephens, the season would not consist of "direct adaptations", but "loose interpretations" of the comic book series. Ben McKenzie explained that the structure for the season would be "the beginning is more "Long Halloween", our version of that, and the end is more "Year One."" According to Stephens, the show will handle a horror-oriented direction on the season: "At the very beginning of the season, Penguin has solidified his control upon Gotham like Document [59] (Title: What the Little Bird Told Him) thirteenth and final episode of the season. Gotham, originally scheduled for 16 episodes, still has 10 more to go though, and it’s unclear how the show is going to be able to sustain the (very) slight momentum this episode built." What the Little Bird Told Him "What the Little Bird Told Him" is the twelfth episode of the television series "Gotham". It premiered on FOX on January 19, 2015 and was written by Ben Edlund, and directed by Eagle Egilsson. In this episode, Gordon (Ben McKenzie) looks to capture a prisoner who escaped from Arkham Asylum to get his job Document [60] (Title: Heavydirtysoul (Gotham)) the episode a "B" and wrote, "This half of "Gotham"s third season has been filled with so many moving parts that, at times, it's been a bit dizzying to keep track of who wants to kill whom and why. But tonight's two-part finale sews up those dangling threads rather seamlessly and presents a new and, dare I say, optimistic vision for the future of this city." Vinnie Mancuso of "Collider" wrote, ""Gotham"s two-part Season 3 finale took the series' most significant step forward, even offering up a proto-Dark Knight, in an effort to merge who these characters are with the Document [61] (Title: Lovecraft (Gotham)) A.V. Club's Kyle Fowle gave the episode a "C+" grade and wrote, "22 episodes is a lot of television. It's a lot of television to create, especially when you originally planned a story that spanned 16 episodes. "Gotham" executive producer Danny Cannon acknowledged as much in an interview posted online today. He talks about needing to stretch the story out, to spend more time with characters and emotions rather than rushing to a massive climax. In theory, that all sounds great–this is a show that could use a little deliberation from time to time–but if 'Lovecraft,' the midseason finale, is Document [62] (Title: Gotham (TV series)) Gotham (TV series) Gotham is an American crime drama television series developed by Bruno Heller, based on characters published by DC Comics and appearing in the Batman franchise, primarily those of James Gordon and Bruce Wayne. Heller and Danny Cannon, who directed the pilot, are executive producers. The series stars Ben McKenzie as the young Gordon, and premiered on Fox on September 22, 2014. In May 2018, Fox renewed the series for a fifth and final season of 12 episodes, which is set to premiere on January 3, 2019. Originally the series would have relied only on Gordon's early days Document [63] (Title: Into the Woods (Gotham)) episode. A number of ongoing storylines — including one huge development — leapt forward, and the pieces feel as if they're falling into place for the final stretch of episodes that will wrap up season 2. Needless to say, it was a red-letter week for "Gotham" fans, especially those hoping to see much, much more of Edward Nygma (Cory Michael Smith)." Keertana Sastry of "EW" stated: "Let's just cut to the chase. There's one very big moral to Monday night's episode of "Gotham": A leopard can't change its spots. And boy was this adage on display in a big, big Document [64] (Title: Better to Reign in Hell...) Better to Reign in Hell... "Better to Reign in Hell..." is the first episode of the third season, and 45th episode overall from the Fox series "Gotham". This is also the first episode in the series with the subtitle "Mad City". The episode was written by executive producer John Stephens and directed by Danny Cannon. It was first broadcast on September 19, 2016. In the episode, after seeing that Lee has been moving on with another man, Gordon leaves her. 6 months later, he has been working as a bounty hunter dedicated to catch Indian Hills' monsters. After an offer Document [65] (Title: Gotham (TV series)) respectively. In New Zealand, it was the most-watched program on the network, with 278,540 viewers. The time shifted version was watched by 39,580 viewers. Season 1 of "Gotham" received generally positive reviews from critics. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the season a rating of 78% based on 90 reviews, with an average rating of 6.92/10. The site's consensus states, "High production values, a talented cast, and an appealingly stylized approach to the Batman mythos help "Gotham" overcome its occasionally familiar themes." Metacritic gives the season a score of 71 out of 100, based on 34 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Document [66] (Title: Heavydirtysoul (Gotham)) the episode was watched by 3.03 million viewers with a 0.9/4 share among adults aged 18 to 49. This was a 5% decrease in viewership from the previous episode, which was watched by 3.17 million viewers with a 1.0/4 in the 18-49 demographics. With this rating, "Gotham" ranked third on its timeslot and third for the night behind "The Bachelorette", and a NHL game. With DVR factored in, the episode was watched by 4.78 million viewers with a 1.7 in the 18-49 demographics. Overall, the third season of "Gotham" averaged 4.52 million viewers, ranking 100th out of 165. This is Document [67] (Title: This Ball of Mud and Meanness) This Ball of Mud and Meanness "This Ball of Mud and Meanness" is the fourteenth episode of the second season, and 36th episode overall from the FOX series "Gotham". The episode was written by Jordan Harper and directed by John Behring. It was first broadcast in March 14, 2016 in FOX. In the episode, Bruce sets out to find "Matches" Malone, the man who killed his parents. Meanwhile, Gordon investigates Kristen Kringle's disappearance, worrying Nygma. The episode was watched by 4.01 million viewers and received critical acclaim with David Mazouz's performance receiving universal acclaim. 2 days after the episode aired, Document [68] (Title: Gotham (season 3)) 158 reviews. Gotham (season 3) The third season of the American television series "Gotham", based on characters from DC Comics related to the Batman franchise, revolves around the characters of James Gordon and Bruce Wayne. The season is produced by Primrose Hill Productions, DC Entertainment, and Warner Bros. Television, with Bruno Heller, Danny Cannon, John Stephens, and Ken Woodruff serving as executive producers. The season included inspirations from and . The season was ordered on March 2016 and every cast member from the last season returned with the exception of Zabryna Guevara as Sarah Essen; James Frain as Theo Galavan/Azrael; Document [69] (Title: Gotham (TV series)) on September 28. In the United Kingdom, it premiered on Channel 5 on October 13. The channel also screen the second season but after failing to screen the third season it was announced in August 2017 that the season would premiere exclusively on DVD and Blu-ray and be on Netflix from September 1. In Ireland, it premiered on RTÉ2 on January 26, 2015. In March 2018, it was announced that E4 had acquired the rights to air the fourth season on UK television. In September 2014, Warner Bros. sold the series' worldwide video on demand rights to Netflix. In early Document [70] (Title: Gotham (season 2)) as Fish Mooney, although both Doman and Pinkett Smith returned as guest stars. New additions to the cast include James Frain as Theo Galavan; Jessica Lucas as Tabitha Galavan; and Michael Chiklis as Captain Nathaniel Barnes. Also, Morena Baccarin, Chris Chalk, Drew Powell, and Nicholas D'Agosto were upped to series regulars after having recurred on the previous season. The season was broadcast over 2 runs: the first 11 episodes aired from September to November 2015; and the other 11 episodes aired from February to May 2016. The season also holds two subtitles. The first half of the season is subtitled Document [71] (Title: Transference (Gotham)) the season would be titled "Transference", and was to be written by developer and showrunner Bruno Heller, with Eagle Egilsson directing. Morena Baccarin, James Frain, Jessica Lucas, Nicholas D'Agosto and Michael Chiklis don't appear in the episode as their respective characters. In May 2016, it was announced that the guest cast for the episode would include Jada Pinkett Smith as Fish Mooney, B. D. Wong as Professor Hugo Strange, Tonya Pinkins as Ethel Peabody, Nathan Darrow as Victor Fries, Michelle Veintimilla as Bridgit Pike, and Kit Flanagan as the White-Haired Woman. The episode was watched by 3.62 million viewers with Document [72] (Title: The Walking Dead: A New Frontier) Telltale game engine that it is using for its Batman game. During the 2016 PAX Expo, Telltale revealed the third season will be released in November 2016, with the subtitle "A New Frontier". Telltale later had to delay the first episode's release until December 20, 2016. Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment will publish retail versions of Season 3 as part of a deal with Telltale for "Batman" that was released in August 2016. The physical edition is expected to release on February 24, 2017 in North America and March 3, 2017 in Europe; it will contain the first two episodes on Document [73] (Title: Gotham (season 4)) the season, Cameron Monaghan stated that "We're borrowing very heavily from some of the most iconic Batman storylines. I think that they're deep enough, and they show where its really splitting that duality and start totally embracing the main arcs. I think that we did a little bit in season three to bring it into ""." He also added that the plan for the final episodes is to adapt "", stating, "We're really getting into it this year. I think the way that the story escalates is something that shifts and is not anything the show has done before. I Document [74] (Title: Gotham (season 2)) "Rise of the Villains" while the second half is subtitled "Wrath of the Villains". The season premiered on September 21, 2015 and concluded on May 23, 2016 on Fox. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> The show was officially renewed by Fox for a 22-episode second season on January 17, 2015. For this season, the producers decided not to follow the "case-of-the-week" format of most episodes in the first season. The season saw all series regulars from season 1 returning with the exception of Victoria Cartagena, and Andrew Stewart-Jones. John Doman and Jada Pinkett Smith, who were regulars on season 1, returned to the show Document [75] (Title: Azrael (Gotham)) their version of Azrael and with only three episodes left of the season: things are starting to come full circle nicely." Keertana Sastry of "EW" stated: "That's how Hugo Strange and his No. 2, Peabody, describe the newly revived Theo Galavan on Monday night's "Gotham", 'Wrath of the Villains: Azrael,' and they could not be more right. As the title of the episode suggests, the Order of St. Dumas comes back in a big, big way to the series, but this time it's not Theo pulling the strings." Azrael (Gotham) "Azrael" is the nineteenth episode of the second season, and Document [76] (Title: Knock, Knock (Gotham)) season, from tone-deaf comedic beats to paper-thin characters, and moving towards something more focused. Knock, Knock (Gotham) "Knock, Knock" is the second episode of the second season and 24th episode overall from the FOX series "Gotham". The episode was written by Ken Woodruff and directed by Rob Bailey. It was first broadcast in September 28, 2015 in FOX. In this episode, Gordon is assigned in investigating the Arkham escapees, now calling themselves "the Maniax". Meanwhile, Bruce is getting closer to the truth about his father's office. The episode was watched by 4.65 million viewers and received critical acclaim, the greatest Document [77] (Title: Better to Reign in Hell...) he gets to be one part of a larger ensemble. "Gotham" has never felt this well-balanced, and I hope it continues..." Better to Reign in Hell... "Better to Reign in Hell..." is the first episode of the third season, and 45th episode overall from the Fox series "Gotham". This is also the first episode in the series with the subtitle "Mad City". The episode was written by executive producer John Stephens and directed by Danny Cannon. It was first broadcast on September 19, 2016. In the episode, after seeing that Lee has been moving on with another man, Gordon leaves Document [78] (Title: Gotham (season 3)) D'Agosto as Harvey Dent. New additions to the cast include Benedict Samuel as Jervis Tetch; and Maggie Geha as a grown Ivy Pepper, recasting the role portrayed by Clare Foley in previous seasons. The season was broadcast over 3 consecutive runs: the first 11 episodes aired from September to November 2016; the next 3 aired in January 2017; and the other 8 episodes aired from April to June 2017. Like the previous season, the season also holds two subtitles. The first 14 episodes are subtitled "Mad City" while the other 8 episodes are subtitled "Heroes Rise". The season premiered on Document [79] (Title: Everyone Has a Cobblepot) underground, 'Everyone Has a Cobblepot' gives us an understanding of Gotham that's been lacking all season." Everyone Has a Cobblepot "Everyone Has a Cobblepot" is the eighteenth episode of the television series "Gotham". It premiered on FOX on March 2, 2015 and was written by Megan Mostyn-Brown, and directed by Bill Eagles. In this episode, after Commissioner Loeb's (Peter Scolari) controversial moves, Gordon (Ben McKenzie) looks for a solution to the problem. Meanwhile, Fish Mooney (Jada Pinkett Smith) comes face to face with the prison's director. The episode was watched by 6.10 million viewers and received positive reviews, with critics Document [80] (Title: Transference (Gotham)) finale episode, not bothering to resolve anything and ending on a cliffhanger..." Transference (Gotham) "Transference" is the twenty-second episode and season finale of the second season, and 44th episode overall from the Fox series "Gotham". This is also the last episode in the series with the subtitle "Wrath of the Villains". The episode was written by developer and showrunner Bruno Heller and directed by Eagle Egilsson. It was first broadcast on May 23, 2016. In the episode, Lucius and Bruce are being held in a room by Nygma, ready to kill them unless they tell him information. Meanwhile, Gordon tries Document [81] (Title: Gotham (season 3)) episode so I was on location in 15, so we could shoot everything in one day. I only missed one day of prep to film as an actor in episode 15, and that allowed me to go through the full process, which, honestly, I've been through before because I've shadowed directors both on Southland and "Gotham"." He also added, "As a director, you're given a lot of people coming up to you constantly asking for your opinion on everything from which location you should shoot at, how that location should be dressed, props, casting, dialogue." The season premiered on Fox Document [82] (Title: Gotham (season 4)) Gotham (season 4) The fourth season of the American television series "Gotham", based on characters from DC Comics related to the Batman franchise, revolves around the characters of James Gordon and Bruce Wayne. The season is produced by Primrose Hill Productions, DC Entertainment, and Warner Bros. Television, with Bruno Heller, Danny Cannon, and John Stephens serving as executive producers. The season was inspired and adapted elements from the comic book storylines of "", "", and "". The subtitle for the season is "A Dark Knight". The season was ordered in May 2017, and production began the following month. Ben McKenzie Document [83] (Title: Gotham (season 3)) he sees as a disordered universe." Stephens claimed that he saw his progression as a hero's journey rather than a tragedy. Filming for the season began on July 21, 2016, at Steiner Studios in Brooklyn, New York. Ben McKenzie, who portrays Gordon in the show, made his directional debut on the sixteenth episode, "". According to the releases, the episode was the first of the whole series to make an extensive use of wires during the action scenes. Previous scenes were done practically at the instance of McKenzie, who wanted the show to feel "grounded." McKenzie commented, "They wrote the Document [84] (Title: Batman: The Brave and the Bold) episodes, were first released. A two-disc collection of the first 13 episodes, Season 1 Part 1, was released on August 17, 2010. Season 1, Part 2 was released on March 15, 2011, making the first season available both as separate volumes and two-part sets. Season Two, Part One was released on August 16, 2011. It contained 12 episodes and did not contain "The Siege of Starro!". Warner Home Video confirmed that Season 2, Part 2 would be released on March 20, 2012. It contains 14 episodes, including the two-part "The Siege of Starro!" and the Season 3 episode "Battle of Document [85] (Title: Gotham (season 4)) the previous season premiere but on par with last season's average. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an 85% approval rating with an average rating of 6.8/10 based on 13 reviews. Gotham (season 4) The fourth season of the American television series "Gotham", based on characters from DC Comics related to the Batman franchise, revolves around the characters of James Gordon and Bruce Wayne. The season is produced by Primrose Hill Productions, DC Entertainment, and Warner Bros. Television, with Bruno Heller, Danny Cannon, and John Stephens serving as executive producers. The season was inspired and adapted elements from the Document [86] (Title: Transference (Gotham)) "The Voice". It was also the 17th most watched of the week in the 18-49 demographics and the 44th most watched overall in the week. With Live+7 DVR viewing factored in, the episode had an overall rating of 5.55 million viewers, and a 2.0 in the 18–49 demographic. Overall, the second season of "Gotham" averaged 5.37 million viewers, which was a 29% decrease in viewership from the last season, which averaged 7.56 million viewers. "Wrath of the Villains: Transference" received generally positive reviews from critics. The episode received a rating of 67% with an average score of 5.4 out of Document [87] (Title: Gotham (season 4)) 1.0 in the 18–49 demo, which was a 17% decline from the previous season premiere but on par with last season's average. Despite remaining with consistent ratings throughout the first half of the season, the second half experienced new series lows in the spring and being in danger of cancellation. Despite the ratings drop, Fox renewed the show for a fifth and final season on May 13, 2018. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> The show was officially renewed by Fox for a fourth season on May 10, 2017. Just like the second and third seasons, the fourth season also carried a new subtitle for Document [88] (Title: Gotham (season 3)) in season three. We've made the story even more serialized in season three. Everybody goes through a major character metamorphosis throughout the course of the year." The fourth episode introduced a political aspect for the show, with critics noting emphasis on Donald Trump's 2016 campaign. Actor Robin Lord Taylor talked about the approach, "I think the "Gotham" writers are writing our actual reality right now, and that's probably the scariest thing you could possibly imagine. He tries to present himself as he thinks a candidate should look. There is a certain homage to a certain candidate who is out there Document [89] (Title: This Ball of Mud and Meanness) FOX announced "Gotham" was renewed for a third season. Cobblepot (Robin Lord Taylor) continues to be disturbed by the torture sessions at Arkham Asylum where he imagines watching himself beat his mother (Carol Kane). On orders from Strange (B. D. Wong), he is served ice cream in the dining hall and is assaulted by an inmate for the ice cream, but shows no signs of violence. In an alley, Bruce (David Mazouz) receives a gun from Selina (Camren Bicondova) that he intends to use to kill Patrick "Matches" Malone. Lee (Morena Baccarin) shows Gordon (Benjamin McKenzie) the paychecks from Kristen Document [90] (Title: Gotham (season 3)) criminal organization the Court of Owls. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> The show was officially renewed by Fox for a 22-episode third season on March 16, 2016. David Madden, Fox's Entertainment President stated, "It takes a very special team to tell the tales of "Gotham". For the past two seasons, Bruno, Danny and John have masterfully honored the mythology of "Gotham" and brought it to life with depth, emotion and memorable high drama." At 2016 San Diego Comic-Con, executive producer John Stephens explained the structure for the season: "We're doing eleven [episodes] in the Fall, then there's three episodes in January, then the final Document [91] (Title: Castle (season 3)) years". Castle (season 3) The third season of American crime-comedy-drama television series "Castle" was ordered on March 30, 2010, by ABC. The season aired from September 20, 2010, to May 16, 2011. The third season was originally ordered with a 22 episode count, but ABC extended the order to 24 episodes on November 11, 2010. Richard Castle (Fillion) is a famous mystery novelist who has killed off the main character in his popular book series and has writer's block. He is brought in by the NYPD for questioning regarding a copy-cat murder based on one of his novels. He is Document [92] (Title: Time Bomb (Gotham)) Oswald's secret — it was elegantly told. Something "Gotham" can't often boast." Time Bomb (Gotham) "Time Bomb" is the tenth episode of the third season, and 54th episode overall from the Fox series "Gotham". The episode was written by co-executive producer Robert Hull and directed by Hanelle M. Culpepper. It was first broadcast on November 21, 2016. In the episode, a car explodes during Mario's and Lee's rehearsal dinner and this causes Falcone to go with Gordon to find out the culprit, discovering it's someone he has previously dealt with. Meanwhile, Nygma captures Butch and Tabitha, planning on torturing them Document [93] (Title: Ben McKenzie) the show and showed the seven episodes that had been produced. The show was subsequently renewed. However, the show was once again cancelled after the fifth season. McKenzie returned to Fox in the Batman prequel television show "Gotham", which premiered on September 22, 2014. In the series, he portrays James Gordon as a young detective new to Gotham City. In the same series, he made his directorial debut with the season 3 episode "". McKenzie went on to direct "One of My Three Soups" and write "The Demon's Head" from the fourth season. He shot Live! a real-time action thriller Document [94] (Title: Gotham (TV series)) bypassed the traditional pilot phase and placed a straight-to-series order for "Gotham", to be written and executive produced by Heller. "Gotham" received a series order from Fox on May 5, 2014, with the first season reported to consist of 16 episodes, rather than the standard 13 or 22. Fox's Chairman of Entertainment Kevin Reilly stated, "We were only contractually obligated to order 13, and we ordered 16, because we think that's the way that show, at least in its first iteration, will be very strong to arc to. Could we do more next season? We certainly could, but that’s where Document [95] (Title: Arkham (Gotham)) Arkham (Gotham) "Arkham" is the fourth episode of the television series "Gotham". It premiered on FOX on October 13, 2014 and was written by Ken Woodruff and directed by TJ Scott. In the episode, detectives Gordon (Ben McKenzie) and Bullock (Donal Logue) try to save the council of Gotham, which is threatened after a dispute for the known Arkham Plan is in progress. Meanwhile, Cobblepot (Robin Lord Taylor) indulges more in Maroni's mafia. The episode was watched by 6.39 million viewers, an improvement over the previous episode and received positive reviews. Critics praised Gordon's and Cobblepot's dynamics but criticized the Document [96] (Title: Arrested Development (season 3)) Arrested Development (season 3) The third season of the television comedy series "Arrested Development" aired between September 19, 2005 and February 10, 2006, on Fox in the United States. It consisted of 13 episodes, each running approximately 22 minutes in length. The third season was released on DVD in region 1 on August 29, 2006, in region 2 on April 23, 2007 and in region 4 on December 6, 2006. This was the final season of "Arrested Development" to be aired on Fox, as they had decided to cancel the series. However, Netflix revived the show in 2013 for a Document [97] (Title: Red Hood (Gotham)) and corruption in a meaningful, subtle way, something that the show hasn’t been able to pull off so far this season." Red Hood (Gotham) "Red Hood" is the seventeenth episode of the television series "Gotham". It premiered on FOX on February 23, 2015 and was written by Danny Cannon, and directed by Nathan Hope. In this episode, Gordon (Ben McKenzie) investigate the Red Hood gang, which specializes in heists. Meanwhile, Mooney learns more about the place she may be in. The episode was watched by 6.53 million viewers and received positive reviews. Critics praised the Red Hood gang and Bruce's Document [98] (Title: New Day Rising (Gotham)) New Day Rising (Gotham) "New Day Rising" is the fourth episode of the third season, and 48th episode overall from the Fox series "Gotham". The episode was written by co-executive producer Robert Hull and directed by Eagle Egilsson. It was first broadcast on October 10, 2016. In the episode, Gordon is now looking for Jervis Tetch, planning on using his sister, Alice, to find him. Bruce and Alfred go after Five, who is now impersonating him and is with Selina. The mayoral race day arrives and Cobblepot is ready to win the public's vote but Nygma discovers how he got Document [99] (Title: Transference (Gotham)) ongoing saga involving Hugo Strange and his experiments at Indian Hill reaches a major turning point. Likewise, this episode elaborates on the return of Fish Mooney last week and aims to tie together the disparate story threads that have extended throughout much of the season. As fans await further news for what to expect in season 3, there's still the matter of wrapping up this year's batch of episodes. At least when someone needs a good punch to the face, Barbara’s there to propel the plot forward. Here's hoping that the writers figure out a better use for her next Document [100] (Title: Gotham (season 3)) show. In January 2017, the producers began to hint about Quinn's appearance in the third season finale with Stephens claiming that "we might see her in episode 22" and that the character would be the "launching point" for the central plot of season 4 and finally a few days before the episode, David Mazouz claimed the character would appear in the episode. However, Quinn did not appear in the finale; it was confirmed in a June 2017 TVLine article that there were no plans at that time to feature Quinn on the show. On June 13, 2016, it was revealed Document [101] (Title: Pilot (Gotham)) it had bypassed the traditional pilot phase and placed a straight-to-series order for "Gotham", to be written and executive produced by Heller. "Gotham" received a series order from Fox on May 5, 2014, with the first season reported to consist of 16 episodes, rather than the standard 13 or 22. Fox's Chairman of Entertainment Kevin Reilly stated, "We were only contractually obligated to order 13, and we ordered 16, because we think that's the way that show, at least in its first iteration, will be very strong to arc to. Could we do more next season? We certainly could, but Document [102] (Title: Batman (TV series)) Joker and the Penguin, the Penguin and Marsha, Queen of Diamonds) in the second season. The titles of each multi-part story usually rhymed. For the third season, which aired one episode a week, most episodes were self-contained stories. However, each episode would end with a teaser featuring the next episode's guest villain. The cliffhangers between multiple-parters typically consisted of the supervillain holding someone captive, usually the Dynamic Duo, with the captives being subject to some elaborate, gruesome – if unlikely – death. This would inevitably be resolved early in the follow-up episode. Ostensibly a crime series, the style of the Document [103] (Title: Damned If You Do...) a shuffle in the right direction." "The A.V. Club"'s Kyle Fowle gave the episode a "B" grade and wrote, "The season two premiere, 'Damned If You Do...,' by contrast, is more promising than anything in the first 22 episodes. What's remarkable is that "Gotham" didn't even need to do that much to make its first hour of this season captivating. The pieces have been there all along; it's just that the quality of the show depends on how they all get arranged. The biggest change in the premiere from all previous episodes is in the tone of the show. There Document [104] (Title: Gotham (TV series)) case-of-the-week plots into a darker, more stable serialized story." Metacritic gives the season a score of 62 out of 100, based on 6 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". The third season of "Gotham" received generally positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has an approval rating of 80% based on 7 reviews, with an average rating of 7.29/10. The fourth season of "Gotham" received generally positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has an approval rating of 85% based on 20 reviews, with an average rating of 6.8/10. On February 1, 2016, Fox began airing episodes Document [105] (Title: Gotham (TV series)) have masterfully honored the mythology of "Gotham" and brought it to life with depth, emotion and memorable high drama." In May 2017, Fox renewed the series for a fourth season, which premiered on September 21, 2017. On May 13, 2018, Fox renewed the series for a fifth and final season originally consisting of 10 episodes then later increased to 12. The season began production in July that year, and is set to premiere on January 3, 2019. In January 2014, rumors arose that Donal Logue would portray Gordon in the series. Logue denied these rumors via Twitter. Logue was eventually Document [106] (Title: Quantico (season 1)) episodes, increasing the episode count to 19, with the possibility of more episodes. The next month, the season was extended to 22 episodes. The first season was produced by the ABC Studios in association with The Mark Gordon Company and Random Acts Productions. Safran, Gordon, Robert Sertner, Nicholas Pepper and Jake Coburn served as the executive producers. The show was designed to have a flashback narrative, shifting between two timelines. Safran incorporated the flashforward storytelling technique as he thought it allowed them to spread out the plot points. The casting began in February 2015, with Priyanka Chopra landing the role Document [107] (Title: How to Get Away with Murder (season 3)) free. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> ABC renewed the series for a third season on March 3, 2016, along with several other shows. It was announced that the third season would premiere on September 22, 2016. Production began on May 27, 2016, when showrunner Peter Nowalk announced, on Twitter, that the writing staff was in full swing mapping and writing the third season. The table read for the premiere happened on July 6, 2016, and filming started a week later. A promotional poster, showcasing Viola Davis as Annalise Keating, was released on August 9, 2016. ABC released a promo for the third season on Document [108] (Title: One of My Three Soups) One of My Three Soups "One of My Three Soups" is the sixteenth episode of the fourth season and 82nd episode overall from the Fox series "Gotham". The show is itself based on the characters created by DC Comics set in the Batman mythology. The episode was written by consulting producer Charlie Huston and directed by main cast member Ben McKenzie. It was first broadcast on March 29, 2018. In the episode, Jerome Valeska, Jervis Tetch, Jonathan Crane and 80 inmates escape from Arkham Asylum to wreak havoc on Gotham. Tetch orchestrates a gigantic hypnosis trick that could kill everyone Document [109] (Title: Transference (Gotham)) 'Transference' is representative of this season as a whole. It's occasionally interesting, but mostly just a dull collection of scenes that have no bearing on any sort of overarching narrative. The second season of "Gotham" has proven that the show has very little ability to plan for the future, to put stories into motion and then pay them off in a rewarding way down the road. Instead, the show stumbles from one week to the next, paying little attention to character motivations or plot continuity, and instead hoping that an assortment of vague villains and murky themes will carry the Document [110] (Title: Arkham (Gotham)) improvement over the last couple of chapters, 'Arkham' is still wildly uneven, frustrating, and shallow. Escalating the Gotham mob war gives this episode a stronger sense of forward momentum, but there are still plenty of developments that prevent this show from rising above mediocrity." Arkham (Gotham) "Arkham" is the fourth episode of the television series "Gotham". It premiered on FOX on October 13, 2014 and was written by Ken Woodruff and directed by TJ Scott. In the episode, detectives Gordon (Ben McKenzie) and Bullock (Donal Logue) try to save the council of Gotham, which is threatened after a dispute for Document [111] (Title: A Beautiful Darkness) and upon learning that Jerome is intending on escaping and wreaking havoc in Gotham, Oswald decides to use that to escape. In March 2018, it was announced that the thirteenth episode of the season would be titled "A Beautiful Darkness" and was to be written by Tze Chun and directed by executive producer John Stephens. Jessica Lucas, and Drew Powell don't appear in the episode as their respective characters. In March 2018, it was announced that the guest cast for the episode would include Cameron Monaghan as Jerome Valeska, and Peyton List as Ivy Pepper. The episode was watched by Document [112] (Title: Gotham (season 3)) run of seven or eight episodes in the Spring. [The three] is not a self-contained [series of] episodes, because it extends what we're doing in the Fall, but it is an ended story, so we'll arc it out." Just like the second season, the third season also carried a two subtitles for the season. The first 14 episodes of the season: "Mad City"; and the other 8 episodes: "Heroes Rise". On June 2016, Drew Powell revealed on a tweet the first two episodes of the season. According to Stephens, the structure for the season "We extend [the longer story arcs] Document [113] (Title: One of My Three Soups) W. Thompson as Jonathan Crane, Benedict Samuel as Jervis Tetch, Cameron Monaghan as Jerome Valeska, Kelcy Griffin as Detective Harper, John Treacy Egan as Zachary Trumble and Shiva Kalaiselvan as Lelia. The episode was watched by 2.39 million viewers with a 0.7/3 share among adults aged 18 to 49. This was a slight decrease in viewership from the previous episode, which was watched by 2.47 million viewers with a 0.7/3 in the 18-49 demographics. With these ratings, "Gotham" ranked first for Fox, beating "Showtime at the Apollo", fourth on its timeslot, and twelfth for the night, behind "Scandal", "S.W.A.T.", "Superstore", Document [114] (Title: Gotham (season 4)) third time they die [on "Gotham"]" Filming for the season began on June 20, 2017, at Steiner Studios in Brooklyn, New York. In January 2018, it was announced that Ben McKenzie would direct an episode after making his directional debut the previous season. It was later revealed that he would be directing the 16th episode, titled "One of My Three Soups". Production on the season officially wrapped in late March 2018. The season was originally set to air on September 28, 2017, on Fox in the United States. However, on July 28, 2017, Fox decided to move up the premiere Document [115] (Title: Archer (season 3)) episodes of Season 3 to air in the fall of 2011 as a "Special Assignment" three-part event, with a further 13 episodes (a normal sized season for most FX shows) to air at the beginning of 2012. Series creator Adam Reed later clarified the situation. He explained that while FX had intended the second set of episodes to be 13 episodes, he had believed that he was only going to be producing a further 10 episodes (with the first three episodes completing the standard order of 13 episodes). While he attempted to produce the full 16 episodes after he realized Document [116] (Title: Better to Reign in Hell...) premiere whose messiness is part of its intriguing charm.". Matt Fowler of IGN gave the episode a "good" 7.2 out of 10 and wrote in his verdict, ""Gotham"s Season 3 opener was fairly typical of the series at this point. A ton of villains, old and new, and a driven, daring Bruce hell bent on getting himself killed (maybe Wayne Manor should have actual security at this point). Oh, and a grim, grunting Jim Gordon - which actually works this time because he's done with being a cop, which is the best thing this season's got going for it so Document [117] (Title: Andra Avenyn) its format. Instead of broadcasting three episodes a week they began to broadcast a 45-minute episode once a week. This was introduced during the second half of the second series. They also chose to record series 2 and 3 together, from May 2008 to March 2009. It was said that season 2 would contain 105 episodes, just like the first season, but it contained only 51 episodes in total. During the summer break in 2009 a Web-based serial,"Andra Avenyn: Londonresan (the London trip)" was shown. This follows Kitty Maria Santos (Johanna Lazcano Osterman) and Roxanna Nilsson, (Fortesa Hoti) while they Document [118] (Title: Transference (Gotham)) season or just write her off for good." Rob Leane of "Den of Geek" wrote, "Holy cliffhanger, Batman! Because no geeky TV show can end a season without a big tease of things to come anymore, we're left with a lot to ponder as "Gotham" departs our screens for a few months. With season 3 already confirmed, Bruno Heller and co. opted to leave things very open here. But still, we had some good scenes this week (Jim on the serum, Clayface getting slapped, Bruce trying to answer Ed's questions) and some interesting teases of things to come. Next year Question: how many episodes does gotham season 3 have

Answer: 22 Long Answer: Gotham (season 3) Promotional poster Starring Ben McKenzie Donal Logue David Mazouz Morena Baccarin Sean Pertwee Robin Lord Taylor Erin Richards Camren Bicondova Cory Michael Smith Jessica Lucas Chris Chalk Drew Powell Maggie Geha Benedict Samuel Michael Chiklis Country of origin United States No. of episodes 22 Release Original network Fox Original release September 19, 2016 (2016 - 09 - 19)--June 5, 2017 (2017 - 06 - 05) Season chronology ← Previous Season 2 Next → Season 4 List of Gotham episodes Gold Document ID: 107

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: World Trade Organization) as well as testing and certification procedures, do not create unnecessary obstacles to trade". The Agreement on Customs Valuation, formally known as the Agreement on Implementation of Article VII of GATT, prescribes methods of customs valuation that Members are to follow. Chiefly, it adopts the "transaction value" approach. In December 2013, the biggest agreement within the WTO was signed and known as the Bali Package. The procedures for the appointment of the WTO director-general were published in January 2003. Additionally, there are four deputy directors-general. , under director-general Roberto Azevêdo, the four deputy directors-general are Source: Official website (Heads of Document [2] (Title: Labour standards in the World Trade Organization) real objectives of the WTO, with the aim of "raising standards of living, [and] ensuring full employment…" are conspicuously ignored. If labour rights were incorporated into the Marrakech Agreement Preamble, it would be even easier to address labour standards through the trade policy review mechanism. One of the problems with the system is that the member state has the responsibility to supply the information to the WTO Secretariat. With no one checking on them, this could lead to problems however NGOs could play an important role in overcoming this. A second issue is that the regularity of reviews is calculated Document [3] (Title: Amicus curiae) the World Trade Organization (WTO) dispute settlement system is controversial. The controversy arises due to the governmental nature of WTO disputes. As only WTO members have access to the system, any non-members such as non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are excluded and have no right to be heard. Thus the only way for them to contribute to a WTO decision is through "amicus curiae" briefs. To date there is a divergence in approaches in the WTO as to the admissibility of such briefs. The first WTO case to comprehensively examine the admissibility of "amicus curiae" briefs was US – Shrimp. The case Document [4] (Title: World Trade Organization) increased over time." World Trade Organization The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade. The WTO officially commenced on 1 January 1995 under the Marrakesh Agreement, signed by 124 nations on 15 April 1994, replacing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which commenced in 1948. It is the largest international economic organization in the world. The WTO deals with regulation of trade in goods, services and intellectual property between participating countries by providing a framework for negotiating trade agreements and a dispute resolution process aimed at enforcing participants' adherence to WTO agreements, which Document [5] (Title: International commercial law) for title documents. Under this method the bank guarantees the buyer’s title to the goods and guarantees payment to the seller. The World Trade Organization supersedes the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) as the organisation dealing with international trade; and provides a common institutional framework for trade relations between contracting parties. It represents a crucial aspect of international commercial law through its objectives of facilitating global trade flow; liberalising trade barriers; and providing an effective dispute settlement mechanism. Major functions of the WTO include to: GATT 1994 is incorporated into the WTO Agreement, and contains three important basic Document [6] (Title: 1999 Seattle WTO protests) to help the world's poor, protect the environment, and safeguard health in the interests of private—usually American—companies." "The WTO seems to be on a crusade to increase private profit at the expense of all other considerations, including the well-being and quality of life of the mass of the world's people," says Ronnie Hall, trade campaigner at Friends of the Earth International. "It seems to have a relentless drive to extend its power." On November 16, two weeks before the conference, President Bill Clinton issued Executive Order 13141—Environmental Review of Trade Agreements, which committed the United States to a policy of Document [7] (Title: International Chamber of Commerce) aim of this initiative is ultimately to drive World Trade Organization (WTO) multilateral trade talks out of an 11-year deadlock and "beyond Doha". The World Trade Agenda is a strong business-led initiative to bolster rules-based trade. The WTO lends its support to this initiative by engaging business to provide recommendations to advance global trade negotiations. The World Trade Agenda aims to: Since its launch, the World Trade Agenda initiative has organized consultations with CEOs and senior executives in all major regions of the world to gather input and validation of its recommendations. These business priorities were released during the ICC Document [8] (Title: Spaghetti bowl effect) economically prominent nations signed the multilateral General Agreement on Tariffs and Trades (GATT), whose main goals were to reduce tariffs and other trade barriers as well as eliminate discriminatory treatments between signatory countries. After gradual rounds of negotiations, more countries were integrated and tariffs were significantly reduced. The World Trade Organization (WTO) was created in 1995 to meet the growing institutional needs of a deepening globalization. However, because of the increasing number of members and interest diversity, as well as the complication of the topics discussed (subsidies, intellectual property, etc.), liberalization negotiations have slowed down since the 1990s. The last Document [9] (Title: Member states of the World Trade Organization) represented 96.4% of global trade and 96.7% of global GDP. Iran, followed by Algeria, are the economies with the largest GDP and trade outside the WTO, using 2005 data. A country wishing to accede to the WTO submits an application to the General Council. The government applying for membership has to describe all aspects of its trade and economic policies that have a bearing on WTO agreements. The application is submitted to the WTO in a memorandum which is examined by a working party open to all interested WTO Members, and dealing with the country's application. For large countries such Document [10] (Title: Labour law) bi-annual or less frequent basis. Because the ILO's enforcement mechanisms are weak, incorporating labour standards in the World Trade Organization's (WTO) operation has been proposed. WTO oversees, primarily, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade treaty aimed at reducing customs, tariffs and other barriers to import and export of goods, services and capital between its 157 member countries. Unlike for the ILO, contravening WTO rules as recognized by the dispute settlement procedures opens a country to retaliation through trade sanctions. This could include reinstatement of targeted tariffs against the offender. Proponents have called for a "social clause" to be inserted Document [11] (Title: Dispute settlement in the World Trade Organization) operation of the WTO dispute settlement process involves the parties and third parties to a case and may also involve the DSB panels, the Appellate Body, the WTO Secretariat, arbitrators, independent experts, and several specialized institutions. The General Council discharges its responsibilities under the DSU through the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB). Like the General Council, the DSB is composed of representatives of all WTO Members. The DSB is responsible for administering the DSU, i.e. for overseeing the entire dispute settlement process. It also has the authority to establish panels, adopt panel and Appellate Body reports, maintain surveillance of implementation of Document [12] (Title: Criticism of the World Trade Organization) Criticism of the World Trade Organization The stated aim of the World Trade Organization (WTO) is to "ensure that trade flows as smoothly, predictably and freely as possible". However, it is important to note that the WTO does not claim to be a "free market" organization. According to the WTO, it is "sometimes described as a 'free trade' institution, but that is not entirely accurate. The system does allow tariffs and, in limited circumstances, other forms of protection. More accurately, it is a system of rules dedicated to open, fair and undistorted economic competition." This compatibility to a certain degree Document [13] (Title: Centre William Rappard) to the space (street, park and lake). The WTO is located in a natural setting and its building extension is part of a sustainable development approach. The first priority has been given to preserve biodiversity and natural areas. This is why the WTO has followed the Minergie P standard and has chosen non-polluting and recyclable materials for the new building as well as the renovation of CWR. Materials have been selected on the basis of a life cycle assessment, considering all the energy required for their production, manufacture, use and recycling. The extension is one element of the border lake Document [14] (Title: History of the World Trade Organization) that the WTO focuses on derive from previous trade negotiations, especially from the Uruguay Round (1986–1994). The World Trade Organization's predecessor, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), was established after World War II in the wake of other new multilateral institutions dedicated to international economic cooperation – notably the Bretton Woods institutions known as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. A comparable international institution for trade, named the International Trade Organization was successfully negotiated. The ITO was to be a United Nations specialized agency and would address not only trade barriers but other issues indirectly related Document [15] (Title: World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2005) Moreover, they are seeking a larger quota of export and free tax for their products. In order to protect the interests of developing countries and recognise their needs, the term 'consider positively' may be extended to seven years as to eliminate any measures that are inconsistent with the overall goals of the WTO. Should these efforts have succeeded, the MC6 would have made substantial progress towards fulfilling its mandate. Many groups of people are not happy with the WTO as they believe it symbolizes the exploitation of poor countries by the developed countries. Thus, there are many protests and demonstrations Document [16] (Title: World Tourism Organization) the WTO came into operation on November 1, 1974. Most recently, at the fifteenth general assembly in 2003, the WTO general council and the UN agreed to establish the WTO as a specialized agency of the UN. The significance of this collaboration, WTO Secretary-General Mr. Francesco Frangialli claimed, would lie in "the increased visibility it gives the WTO, and the recognition that will be accorded to [it]. Tourism will be considered on an equal footing with other major activities of human society". In 2004, UNWTO established the World Committee on Tourism Ethics, the implementation body for the Global Code of Document [17] (Title: Labour standards in the World Trade Organization) successful system has set a precedent for formalised NGO participation and should be used as a model for the WTO. There is provision for NGO participation within the WTO already under Article 5:2 'Relations with Other Organisations of the Marrakech Agreement': "The General Council may make appropriate arrangements for consultation and cooperation with non-governmental organizations concerned with matters related to those of the WTO". The WTO is a strictly intergovernmental organisation, which means that civil society has no direct input, and much decision-making takes place behind closed doors. This system is appropriate when dealing with tariff reduction issues, but as Document [18] (Title: World Trade Organization) describe all aspects of its trade and economic policies that have a bearing on WTO agreements. The application is submitted to the WTO in a memorandum which is examined by a working party open to all interested WTO Members. After all necessary background information has been acquired, the working party focuses on issues of discrepancy between the WTO rules and the applicant's international and domestic trade policies and laws. The working party determines the terms and conditions of entry into the WTO for the applicant nation, and may consider transitional periods to allow countries some leeway in complying with the Document [19] (Title: International labour law) adaptation based on independent circumstances, diminishing the force of the conventions. Because the ILOs enforcement and sanction mechanisms are weak, there has been significant discussion about incorporating labour standards in the World Trade Organization's operation, since its formation in 1994. The WTO oversees, primarily, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade which is a treaty aimed at reducing customs, tariffs and other barriers to free import and export of goods, services and capital between its 157-member countries. Unlike for the ILO, if the WTO rules on trade are contravened, member states who secure a judgment by the Dispute Settlement procedures Document [20] (Title: Dispute settlement in the World Trade Organization) of trade rules, they will use the multilateral system of settling disputes instead of taking action unilaterally — this entails abiding by agreed procedures—Dispute Settlement Understanding—and respecting judgments, primarily of the Dispute Settlement Board (DSB), the WTO organ responsible for adjudication of disputes. A former WTO Director-General characterized the WTO dispute settlement system as "the most active international adjudicative mechanism in the world today." Chad P. Bown of the Peterson Institute for International Economics and Petros Mavroidis of Columbia Law School remarked on the 20th anniversary of the dispute settlement system that the system is "going strong" and that "there Document [21] (Title: World Trade Organization) entered into force with the establishment of the WTO at the beginning of 1995. Under the SPS agreement, the WTO sets constraints on members' policies relating to food safety (bacterial contaminants, pesticides, inspection and labelling) as well as animal and plant health (imported pests and diseases). The Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade is an international treaty of the World Trade Organization. It was negotiated during the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, and entered into force with the establishment of the WTO at the end of 1994. The object ensures that technical negotiations and standards, Document [22] (Title: Labour standards in the World Trade Organization) unlikelihood of recognition in this field in the near future means that the link between the WTO and ILO is crucial in regulating labour standards. However this relationship has never been formalised within the WTO and so will remain ineffective at best without proactive change. Within the Agreement Establishing the WTO, Article III 'Functions of the WTO' Par. 5 of reads: "With a view to achieving greater coherence in global economic policy-making, the WTO shall cooperate, as appropriate, with the International Monetary Fund and with the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and its affiliated agencies." The ILO should be Document [23] (Title: World Trade Organization) negotiations beyond the Doha Development Round. As a result, there have been an increasing number of bilateral free trade agreements between governments. there were various negotiation groups in the WTO system for the current stalemated agricultural trade negotiation. Among the various functions of the WTO, these are regarded by analysts as the most important: Additionally, it is WTO's duty to review and propagate the national trade policies, and to ensure the coherence and transparency of trade policies through surveillance in global economic policy-making. Another priority of the WTO is the assistance of developing, least-developed and low-income countries in transition to Document [24] (Title: World Trade Organization) also as one of the most important organizations in today's globalized society. The WTO is also a centre of economic research and analysis: regular assessments of the global trade picture in its annual publications and research reports on specific topics are produced by the organization. Finally, the WTO cooperates closely with the two other components of the Bretton Woods system, the IMF and the World Bank. The WTO establishes a framework for trade policies; it does not define or specify outcomes. That is, it is concerned with setting the rules of the trade policy games. Five principles are of particular Document [25] (Title: History of the World Trade Organization) History of the World Trade Organization The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization which regulates international trade. The WTO officially commenced on 1 January 1995 under the Marrakesh Agreement, signed by 123 nations on 15 April 1994, replacing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which commenced in 1948. The WTO deals with regulation of trade between participating countries by providing a framework for negotiating trade agreements and a dispute resolution process aimed at enforcing participants' adherence to WTO agreements, which is signed by representatives of member governments and ratified by their parliaments. Most of the issues Document [26] (Title: United Kingdom labour law) Because the ILOs enforcement and sanction mechanisms are weak, there has been significant discussion about incorporating labour standards in the World Trade Organisation's operation, since its formation in 1994. The WTO oversees, primarily, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade which is a treaty aimed at reducing customs, tariffs and other barriers to free import and export of goods, services and capital between its 157 member countries. Unlike for the ILO, if the WTO rules on trade are contravened, member states who secure a judgment by the Dispute Settlement procedures (effectively a judicial process) may retaliate through trade sanctions. This Document [27] (Title: Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade) as opposed to technical requirements created for legitimate purposes such as consumer or environmental protection. In fact, its purpose is to avoid unnecessary obstacles to international trade and to give recognition to all WTO members to protect legitimate interests according to own regulatory autonomy, although promoting the use of international standards. The list of legitimate interests that can justify a restriction in trade is not exhaustive and it includes protection of environment, human and animal health and safety. The TBT Agreement can be divided into five parts. The first part defines the scope of the Agreement which includes "[a]ll products, Document [28] (Title: World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2005) the conference in Hong Kong. The WTO attempted to facilitate dialogue between developing and developed countries. It is a platform that member states from all over the world can gather to discuss issues that influence global trade and economic development such as General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, agricultural subsidies and equal access to technology. The WTO has stated that it seeks to assist developing countries enhance their rural-based economies. It has been suggested that advanced technology could be provided by other countries. Developing countries are seeking easier access to foreign markets, especially those in the EU and North America. Document [29] (Title: Dispute settlement in the World Trade Organization) appeal is heard by three members of the permanent seven-member Appellate Body set up by the Dispute Settlement Body and broadly representing the range of WTO membership. Members of the Appellate Body have four-year terms. They must be individuals with recognized standing in the field of law and international trade, not affiliated with any government. The Appellate Body may uphold, modify or reverse the panel's legal findings and conclusions. Normally appeals should not last more than 60 days, with an absolute maximum of 90 days. The possibility for appeal makes the WTO dispute resolution system unique among the judicial processes Document [30] (Title: History of taxation in the United States) obligations upon its signatories. One of the most significant changes was the creation of the World Trade Organization (WTO). Whereas GATT was a set of rules agreed upon by nations, the WTO is an institutional body. The WTO expanded its scope from traded goods to trade within the service sector and intellectual property rights. Although it was designed to serve multilateral agreements, during several rounds of GATT negotiations (particularly the Tokyo Round) plurilateral agreements created selective trading and caused fragmentation among members. WTO arrangements are generally a multilateral agreement settlement mechanism of GATT. Federal excise taxes are applied to specific Document [31] (Title: History of the World Trade Organization) conferences and at other sessions. On 27 March 2013, the chairman of agriculture talks announced "a proposal to loosen price support disciplines for developing countries’ public stocks and domestic food aid." He added: "...we are not yet close to agreement—in fact, the substantive discussion of the proposal is only beginning." History of the World Trade Organization The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization which regulates international trade. The WTO officially commenced on 1 January 1995 under the Marrakesh Agreement, signed by 123 nations on 15 April 1994, replacing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which commenced Document [32] (Title: World Trade Organization) also been granted observer status to WTO bodies. 12 UN member states have no official affiliation with the WTO . The WTO oversees about 60 different agreements which have the status of international legal texts. Member countries must sign and ratify all WTO agreements on accession. A discussion of some of the most important agreements follows. The Agreement on Agriculture came into effect with the establishment of the WTO at the beginning of 1995. The AoA has three central concepts, or "pillars": domestic support, market access and export subsidies. The General Agreement on Trade in Services was created to extend Document [33] (Title: Labour standards in the World Trade Organization) the WTO and ILO. The WTO Secretariat has some restricted interaction with the ILO "compiling statistics, research and technical assistance and training". Originally however, the ITO was supposed to have a strong working relationship with the ILO and "consult and co-operate" in all labour related matters, as well as cooperating in regards economic development and reconstruction. The current system is but a shadow of this, with very limited collaboration. When the issue of labour standards was raised at the 1996 Singapore Ministerial conference, Article 4 of the resultant Ministerial Declaration ruled that "the WTO and ILO Secretariats will continue their Document [34] (Title: Global financial system) in January 1995. Compared with its GATT secretariat predecessor, the WTO features an improved mechanism for settling trade disputes since the organization is membership-based and not dependent on consensus as in traditional trade negotiations. This function was designed to address prior weaknesses, whereby parties in dispute would invoke delays, obstruct negotiations, or fall back on weak enforcement. In 1997, WTO members reached an agreement which committed to softer restrictions on commercial financial services, including banking services, securities trading, and insurance services. These commitments entered into force in March 1999, consisting of 70 governments accounting for approximately 95% of worldwide financial Document [35] (Title: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) the WTO is an institutional body. As such, GATT was merely a forum for nations to discuss, while the WTO is a proper international organization (which implies physical headquarters, staff, delegation ...). The WTO expanded its scope from traded goods to include trade within the service sector and intellectual property rights. Although it was designed to serve multilateral agreements, during several rounds of GATT negotiations (particularly the Tokyo Round) plurilateral agreements created selective trading and caused fragmentation among members. WTO arrangements are generally a multilateral agreement settlement mechanism of GATT. The average tariff levels for the major GATT participants were Document [36] (Title: Hong Kong People's Alliance on WTO) impact of WTO on the livelihood of the Hong Kong. The Education and Local Mobilization Group is also responsible for mobilizing the public to participate in the global justice campaign. Hong Kong Government Monitoring Monitor the Government (MGG) is responsible for urging the government to release the information of the WTO negotiation and defending the rights and interest of the grass root group during the negotiation with the government. Firstly, the Logistic and Fund Raising Group (LFRG) is responsible for raising funds for Action Week and education/mobilization activities. Secondly, LFRG is responsible for mobilizing volunteers from different network and local Document [37] (Title: Labour standards in the World Trade Organization) to the WTO Secretariat who issue a report which is then examined by the General Council sitting as the Trade Policy Review Body. Government policies are reviewed in relation to the "functioning of the multilateral trading system" so as to encourage adherence to commitments under the agreements, and greater transparency. At present, the reviews are focusing solely upon the issue of trade liberalisation, and whether a member's policies support this. Although free trade is an important issue, it is not the overall objective of the multilateral trading system and should not be examined to the exclusion of all else. The Document [38] (Title: History of the World Trade Organization) July 2006. According to a European Union statement, "The 2008 Ministerial meeting broke down over a disagreement between exporters of agricultural bulk commodities and countries with large numbers of subsistence farmers on the precise terms of a 'special safeguard measure' to protect farmers from surges in imports." The position of the European Commission is that "The successful conclusion of the Doha negotiations would confirm the central role of multilateral liberalisation and rule-making. It would confirm the WTO as a powerful shield against protectionist backsliding." An impasse remains and, , agreement has not been reached, despite intense negotiations at several ministerial Document [39] (Title: International commercial law) liability if the contract is not performed. Disputes between governments in relation to the design and implementation of trade measures: A key role of the WTO in international commercial law is the dispute settlement mechanism for trade disputes. The DSU provides a comprehensive set of rules and procedures to implement each party’s obligations under the WTO Agreement, either in isolation or in combination with an agreement between parties. Another important feature is the WTO TPRM which examines a member’s trading policies to determine whether they have potential adverse effects on other member states. International trade fraud is an incident of Document [40] (Title: Member states of the World Trade Organization) economy and the extent to which government regulation is transparent. After all necessary background information has been acquired, the Working Party will begin meeting to focus on issues of discrepancy between the WTO rules and the Applicant's international and domestic trade policies and laws. The WP determines the terms and conditions of entry into the WTO for the applicant nation, and may consider transitional periods to allow countries some leeway in complying with the WTO rules. The final phase of accession involves bilateral negotiations between the applicant nation and other Working Party members regarding the concessions and commitments on tariff Document [41] (Title: Director-General of the World Trade Organization) Director-General of the World Trade Organization The Director-General of the World Trade Organization is responsible for supervising the administrative functions of the World Trade Organization (WTO). Because World Trade Organizations' decisions are made by member states (through either a Ministerial Conference or through the General Council), the Director-General has little power over matters of policy - the role is primarily advisory and managerial. The Director-General supervises the WTO secretariat of about 700 staff and is appointed by WTO members for a term of four years. The current Director-General is Roberto Azevêdo of Brazil, since 1 September 2013. Before the creation Document [42] (Title: World Trade Organization) World Trade Organization The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade. The WTO officially commenced on 1 January 1995 under the Marrakesh Agreement, signed by 124 nations on 15 April 1994, replacing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which commenced in 1948. It is the largest international economic organization in the world. The WTO deals with regulation of trade in goods, services and intellectual property between participating countries by providing a framework for negotiating trade agreements and a dispute resolution process aimed at enforcing participants' adherence to WTO agreements, which are signed by Document [43] (Title: Labour standards in the World Trade Organization) mainstream human rights treaties, most prominently, the International Bill of Human Rights. The WTO is an international institution that deals with the rules of trade between countries with the view of inter alia "raising standards of living, [and] ensuring full employment…". This is achieved through a series of trade liberalising agreements based on consensus from the WTO's 164 members who form the General Council. The General Council, sitting as the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) has the jurisdictional power to solve disputes brought before it, and is able to approve trade restrictive measures to enforce compliance with agreements. The WTO's dispute Document [44] (Title: International trade law) specify the actual rules that govern international trade in specific areas. These are found in separate treaties, annexed to the Marrakesh Agreement. The scope of WTO : (a) provide a framework for administration and implementation of agreements; (b) forum for further negotiations; (c) trade policy review mechanism; and (d) promote greater coherence among members economics policies Principles of the WTO: (b) market access (reduction of tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade) (c) balancing trade liberalization and other societal interests The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade(GATT) has been the backbone of international trade law since 1948 after the charter for Document [45] (Title: International environmental agreement) to the agreements' trade implications. The organization has trade and environmental policies which promote the protection and preservation of the environment. Its objective is to reduce trade barriers and coordinate trade-related measures with environmental policies. Since MEAs protect and preserve the environment, they may help ease restrictions on trade. The WTO’s principles are based on non-discrimination, free trade through reduction of trade barriers and fair competition, and MEAs have been rejected for not being in accordance with the organization's principles. The WTO is working with and implementing over 350 MEAs worldwide. Most of the agreements involve five core countries which Document [46] (Title: World Trade Organization) of Payments Restrictions; and Budget, Finance and Administration. There are working parties on the following: Accession. There are working groups on the following: Trade, debt and finance; and Trade and technology transfer. The WTO describes itself as "a rules-based, member-driven organization—all decisions are made by the member governments, and the rules are the outcome of negotiations among members". The WTO Agreement foresees votes where consensus cannot be reached, but the practice of consensus dominates the process of decision-making. Richard Harold Steinberg (2002) argues that although the WTO's consensus governance model provides law-based initial bargaining, trading rounds close through power-based bargaining Document [47] (Title: Cross-national cooperation and agreements) with those mentioned above. The WTO is one of the most effective trade agreements among nations. The WTO replaced the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1995 and has 125 member nations.currently 153 member are part of WTO. Many believe GATT initiated rampant liberalization in trade in 1947 and its move contributed to the expansion of trade all over the world by eliminating tariff and quotas. Moreover, WTO continued GATT's principle with more multilateral forum, which enables governments to settle agreements or to dispute them regarding trade. Rapid growth of trade among nations has forced the agreement to Document [48] (Title: Agency for International Trade Information and Co-operation) has been translated into the three official languages of the WTO (English, French and Spanish) and also into Portuguese, Russian and Macedonian. The agency’s flexible structure allows it to provide tailor-made services to address the particular needs of the LACs for information and analysis on a wide range of issues concerning trade and development in the context of the WTO. Examples of such services are: organisation of workshops and “Flash Meetings”, on topics of interest to the LACs (i.e., Safeguards, Services, WTO Rules), publishing information notes (e.g., Aid for Trade, the Enhanced Integrated Framework for LDCs). In addition, its Official Document [49] (Title: United Nations System) governed by exchanges of letters. Unlike the specialized agencies and the IAEA, the WTO has no reporting obligations towards any of the principal organs of the UN, but provides ad-hoc contribution to the work of the General Assembly and ECOSOC. The WTO has a seat on the CEB. The United Nations Chief Executives' Board for Coordination (CEB) brings together on a regular basis the executive heads of the organizations of the United Nations System, under the chairmanship of the Secretary-General of the UN. The CEB aims to further co-ordination and co-operation on a whole range of substantive and management issues Document [50] (Title: Office of the United States Trade Representative) and international ones. Worldwide aid and domestic funding related to trade are coordinated through the USTR. The World Trade Organization (WTO), Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) all have an impact in trade. The WTO deals heavily with FTAs. Licensing and trade barriers are addressed here. APEC facilitates trade with Australia, Brunei Darussalam, Canada, Chile, People’s Republic of China, Hong Kong, China, Indonesia, Japan, Republic of Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Peru, the Philippines, the Russian Federation, Singapore, Chinese Taipei, Thailand, The United States Document [51] (Title: New constitutionalism) World Trade Organization represents a governing global entity which has adapted to the principles of new constitutionalism. The WTO main purpose is to limit national interference in the global market and challenge any nation-state regulations that could be detrimental to the economy. Any economic alternatives that are proposed by nations can be discredited by the WTO as well as restricting governments ability to implement policy in international jurisdiction. The WTO represents the freedom of markets and allowing investors to capitalize in a world economy, by doing so provides protection to the private sector. Stephen McBride describes the World Trade Organization Document [52] (Title: Labour standards in the World Trade Organization) trade and labour standards- it does not make sense to ignore their expertise in this field. Unlike many domestic judicial systems, the WTO does not allow public scrutiny of proceedings, and it is this, rather than lack of any textual mechanism, that impedes NGO involvement. Forums are an effective way to allow NGOs to express their opinion and present information and regular forums should be held to discuss current, relevant issues. This idea has certainly won some support. In the aftermath of the Geneva Ministerial Conference in 1998, US President Bill Clinton said that "The WTO was created to lift Document [53] (Title: Criticism of the World Trade Organization) the WTO "the most non-transparent of international organisations", because "the vast majority of developing countries have very little real say in the WTO system". Many non-governmental organizations, such as the World Federalist Movement, are calling for the creation of a WTO parliamentary assembly to allow for more democratic participation in WTO decision making. Dr Caroline Lucas recommended that such an assembly "have a more prominent role to play in the form of parliamentary scrutiny, and also in the wider efforts to reform the WTO processes, and its rules". However, Dr Raoul Marc Jennar argues that a consultative parliamentary assembly would Document [54] (Title: Labour standards in the World Trade Organization) the lives of ordinary citizens', it should listen to them. I propose the WTO, for the first time, provide a forum where business, labour, environmental and consumer groups can speak out and help guide further evolution of the WTO. When this body convenes again, I believe that the world's trade ministers should sit down with representatives of the broad public to begin this discussion". It is not only NGOs who should have increased participation, but expert UN human rights bodies who are also highly proficient in exploring the trade and human rights intersection. For example, the UN Sub-Commission on the Document [55] (Title: World Trade Organization) WTO Secretariat omits the official titles (such as Counsellor, First Secretary, Second Secretary and Third Secretary) of the members of Chinese Taipei's Permanent Mission to the WTO, except for the titles of the Permanent Representative and the Deputy Permanent Representative. As of 2007, WTO member states represented 96.4% of global trade and 96.7% of global GDP. Iran, followed by Algeria, are the economies with the largest GDP and trade outside the WTO, using 2005 data. With the exception of the Holy See, observers must start accession negotiations within five years of becoming observers. A number of international intergovernmental organizations have Document [56] (Title: Cross-national cooperation and agreements) be acknowledged as a fundamental basis for the member nations to follow certain rules and regulations as the signatories of the agreement. As a result, WTO expanded its mission to include trade in services, investments, intellectual property, sanitary measures, plant health, agriculture, and textiles, as well as technical baariers to trade. The largest and most comprehensive regional economic group is the EU. It began as a free trade agreement with the goal to become a customs union and to integrate in other ways. The formation of the European Parliament and the establishment of a Euro the common currency make EU Document [57] (Title: Hong Kong People's Alliance on WTO) will also try to form team of legal consultants to provide legal advice for demonstrators who come across maltreatment from the HK authority. The Documentation Group (DG) is responsible for providing other people with information on the WTO and the HKPA, in terms of position papers and activities. On the other hand, DG will also document the process between now and the WTO’s ministerial meeting in HK in Dec. Education and Local Mobilization Group responsible for providing education on the impacts of WTO to the Hong Kong public. To fulfill this task, it has to contextualize the analysis of the Document [58] (Title: World Forum of Fish Harvesters and Fish Workers) the laws of the neoliberal market. It was founded in Quebec, Canada in 1995 after a number of fishworker organizations and concerned intellectuals, academics and social activists felt that while the World Trade Organization (WTO)’s Doha mandate declared that the priority of the current round of negotiations is to lift people out of poverty and promote sustainable development, the current WTO negotiations fail to incorporate their concerns and priorities, as well as those of traditional fishing communities everywhere. The WFF currently represents 48 national organizations of traditional small-scale fishing communities in 42 nations, whose livelihoods depend directly on the sustainable Document [59] (Title: Dispute settlement in the World Trade Organization) to a particular proceeding, "particular attention" is to be paid to the interests of the developing countries in the course of implementing recommendations and rulings of panels. In order to assist developing countries in overcoming their limited expertise in WTO law and assist them in managing complex trade disputes, an Advisory Centre on WTO Law was established in 2001. The aim is to level the playing field for these countries and customs territories in the WTO system by enabling them to have a full understanding of their rights and obligations under the WTO Agreement. President Trump raised concerns that the Document [60] (Title: History of the World Trade Organization) was adopted. The agreements fall into a structure with six main parts: In terms of the WTO's principle relating to tariff "ceiling-binding" (No. 3), the Uruguay Round has been successful in increasing binding commitments by both developed and developing countries, as may be seen in the percentages of tariffs bound before and after the 1986–1994 talks. The highest decision-making body of the WTO is the Ministerial Conference, which usually meets every two years. It brings together all members of the WTO, all of which are countries or customs unions. The Ministerial Conference can take decisions on all matters under any Document [61] (Title: World Trade Organization) representatives of member governments and ratified by their parliaments. The WTO prohibits discrimination between trading partners, but provides exceptions for environmental protection, national security, and other important goals. Trade-related disputes are resolved by independent judges at the WTO through a dispute resolution process. The WTO's current Director-General is Roberto Azevêdo, who leads a staff of over 600 people in Geneva, Switzerland. A trade facilitation agreement, part of the Bali Package of decisions, was agreed by all members on 7 December 2013, the first comprehensive agreement in the organization's history. On 23 January 2017, the amendment to the WTO Trade Related Document [62] (Title: Labour standards in the World Trade Organization) settlement process is compulsory and the DSB's recommendations and rulings immediately become binding international law. The WTO has its origins in the 1944 Bretton Woods Conference which was convened by the Allied nations towards the end of World War II with the aim of establishing an international economic order. Although the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (now known as the World Bank) were created, the International Trade Organisation (ITO), the forerunner of the WTO, was only a proposition at this point. It was not until 1947 that negotiations were concluded and the ITO Document [63] (Title: World Trade Organization) they believe fellow-members are violating trade rules, they will use the multilateral system of settling disputes instead of taking action unilaterally. The operation of the WTO dispute settlement process involves case-specific panels appointed by the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB), the Appellate Body, The Director-General and the WTO Secretariat, arbitrators, and advisory experts. The priority is to settle disputes, preferably through a mutually agreed solution, and provision has been made for the process to be conducted in an efficient and timely manner so that "If a case is adjudicated, it should normally take no more than one year for a panel Document [64] (Title: Criticism of the World Trade Organization) of protection is proved, for example, by the fact that cartels like the OPEC have never been involved in trade disputes with the WTO, despite the evident contrast between their objectives. The actions and methods of the World Trade Organization evoke strong antipathies. Among other things, the WTO is accused of widening the social gap between rich and poor it claims to be fixing. UNCTAD estimates that the market distortions cost the developing countries $700 billion annually in lost export revenue. Martin Khor argues that the WTO does not manage the global economy impartially, but in its operation has a Document [65] (Title: World Trade Organization) adjust to WTO rules and disciplines through technical cooperation and training. The above five listings are the additional functions of the World Trade Organization. As globalization proceeds in today's society, the necessity of an International Organization to manage the trading systems has been of vital importance. As the trade volume increases, issues such as protectionism, trade barriers, subsidies, violation of intellectual property arise due to the differences in the trading rules of every nation. The World Trade Organization serves as the mediator between the nations when such problems arise. WTO could be referred to as the product of globalization and Document [66] (Title: History of the World Trade Organization) the Multilateral Trading System and the Current Global Economic Environment" The WTO launched the current round of negotiations, the Doha Development Round, at the fourth ministerial conference in Doha, Qatar in November 2001. This was to be an ambitious effort to make globalization more inclusive and help the world's poor, particularly by slashing barriers and subsidies in farming. The initial agenda comprised both further trade liberalization and new rule-making, underpinned by commitments to strengthen substantial assistance to developing countries. The negotiations have been highly contentious. Disagreements still continue over several key areas including agriculture subsidies, which emerged as critical in Question: what are the scope and function of wto Answer: an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade Long Answer: The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade . The WTO officially commenced on 1 January 1995 under the Marrakesh Agreement, signed by 123 nations on 15 April 1994, replacing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which commenced in 1948 . It is the largest international economic organization in the world . The WTO deals with regulation of trade in goods, services and intellectual property between participating countries by providing a framework for negotiating trade agreements and a dispute resolution process aimed at enforcing participants' adherence to WTO agreements, which are signed by representatives of member governments and ratified by their parliaments . Most of the issues that the WTO focuses on derive from previous trade negotiations, especially from the Uruguay Round (1986--1994). Gold Document ID: 42

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: World Trade Organization) as well as testing and certification procedures, do not create unnecessary obstacles to trade". The Agreement on Customs Valuation, formally known as the Agreement on Implementation of Article VII of GATT, prescribes methods of customs valuation that Members are to follow. Chiefly, it adopts the "transaction value" approach. In December 2013, the biggest agreement within the WTO was signed and known as the Bali Package. The procedures for the appointment of the WTO director-general were published in January 2003. Additionally, there are four deputy directors-general. , under director-general Roberto Azevêdo, the four deputy directors-general are Source: Official website (Heads of Document [2] (Title: Labour standards in the World Trade Organization) real objectives of the WTO, with the aim of "raising standards of living, [and] ensuring full employment…" are conspicuously ignored. If labour rights were incorporated into the Marrakech Agreement Preamble, it would be even easier to address labour standards through the trade policy review mechanism. One of the problems with the system is that the member state has the responsibility to supply the information to the WTO Secretariat. With no one checking on them, this could lead to problems however NGOs could play an important role in overcoming this. A second issue is that the regularity of reviews is calculated Document [3] (Title: Amicus curiae) the World Trade Organization (WTO) dispute settlement system is controversial. The controversy arises due to the governmental nature of WTO disputes. As only WTO members have access to the system, any non-members such as non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are excluded and have no right to be heard. Thus the only way for them to contribute to a WTO decision is through "amicus curiae" briefs. To date there is a divergence in approaches in the WTO as to the admissibility of such briefs. The first WTO case to comprehensively examine the admissibility of "amicus curiae" briefs was US – Shrimp. The case Document [4] (Title: World Trade Organization) increased over time." World Trade Organization The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade. The WTO officially commenced on 1 January 1995 under the Marrakesh Agreement, signed by 124 nations on 15 April 1994, replacing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which commenced in 1948. It is the largest international economic organization in the world. The WTO deals with regulation of trade in goods, services and intellectual property between participating countries by providing a framework for negotiating trade agreements and a dispute resolution process aimed at enforcing participants' adherence to WTO agreements, which Document [5] (Title: International commercial law) for title documents. Under this method the bank guarantees the buyer’s title to the goods and guarantees payment to the seller. The World Trade Organization supersedes the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) as the organisation dealing with international trade; and provides a common institutional framework for trade relations between contracting parties. It represents a crucial aspect of international commercial law through its objectives of facilitating global trade flow; liberalising trade barriers; and providing an effective dispute settlement mechanism. Major functions of the WTO include to: GATT 1994 is incorporated into the WTO Agreement, and contains three important basic Document [6] (Title: 1999 Seattle WTO protests) to help the world's poor, protect the environment, and safeguard health in the interests of private—usually American—companies." "The WTO seems to be on a crusade to increase private profit at the expense of all other considerations, including the well-being and quality of life of the mass of the world's people," says Ronnie Hall, trade campaigner at Friends of the Earth International. "It seems to have a relentless drive to extend its power." On November 16, two weeks before the conference, President Bill Clinton issued Executive Order 13141—Environmental Review of Trade Agreements, which committed the United States to a policy of Document [7] (Title: International Chamber of Commerce) aim of this initiative is ultimately to drive World Trade Organization (WTO) multilateral trade talks out of an 11-year deadlock and "beyond Doha". The World Trade Agenda is a strong business-led initiative to bolster rules-based trade. The WTO lends its support to this initiative by engaging business to provide recommendations to advance global trade negotiations. The World Trade Agenda aims to: Since its launch, the World Trade Agenda initiative has organized consultations with CEOs and senior executives in all major regions of the world to gather input and validation of its recommendations. These business priorities were released during the ICC Document [8] (Title: Spaghetti bowl effect) economically prominent nations signed the multilateral General Agreement on Tariffs and Trades (GATT), whose main goals were to reduce tariffs and other trade barriers as well as eliminate discriminatory treatments between signatory countries. After gradual rounds of negotiations, more countries were integrated and tariffs were significantly reduced. The World Trade Organization (WTO) was created in 1995 to meet the growing institutional needs of a deepening globalization. However, because of the increasing number of members and interest diversity, as well as the complication of the topics discussed (subsidies, intellectual property, etc.), liberalization negotiations have slowed down since the 1990s. The last Document [9] (Title: Member states of the World Trade Organization) represented 96.4% of global trade and 96.7% of global GDP. Iran, followed by Algeria, are the economies with the largest GDP and trade outside the WTO, using 2005 data. A country wishing to accede to the WTO submits an application to the General Council. The government applying for membership has to describe all aspects of its trade and economic policies that have a bearing on WTO agreements. The application is submitted to the WTO in a memorandum which is examined by a working party open to all interested WTO Members, and dealing with the country's application. For large countries such Document [10] (Title: Labour law) bi-annual or less frequent basis. Because the ILO's enforcement mechanisms are weak, incorporating labour standards in the World Trade Organization's (WTO) operation has been proposed. WTO oversees, primarily, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade treaty aimed at reducing customs, tariffs and other barriers to import and export of goods, services and capital between its 157 member countries. Unlike for the ILO, contravening WTO rules as recognized by the dispute settlement procedures opens a country to retaliation through trade sanctions. This could include reinstatement of targeted tariffs against the offender. Proponents have called for a "social clause" to be inserted Document [11] (Title: Dispute settlement in the World Trade Organization) operation of the WTO dispute settlement process involves the parties and third parties to a case and may also involve the DSB panels, the Appellate Body, the WTO Secretariat, arbitrators, independent experts, and several specialized institutions. The General Council discharges its responsibilities under the DSU through the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB). Like the General Council, the DSB is composed of representatives of all WTO Members. The DSB is responsible for administering the DSU, i.e. for overseeing the entire dispute settlement process. It also has the authority to establish panels, adopt panel and Appellate Body reports, maintain surveillance of implementation of Document [12] (Title: Criticism of the World Trade Organization) Criticism of the World Trade Organization The stated aim of the World Trade Organization (WTO) is to "ensure that trade flows as smoothly, predictably and freely as possible". However, it is important to note that the WTO does not claim to be a "free market" organization. According to the WTO, it is "sometimes described as a 'free trade' institution, but that is not entirely accurate. The system does allow tariffs and, in limited circumstances, other forms of protection. More accurately, it is a system of rules dedicated to open, fair and undistorted economic competition." This compatibility to a certain degree Document [13] (Title: Centre William Rappard) to the space (street, park and lake). The WTO is located in a natural setting and its building extension is part of a sustainable development approach. The first priority has been given to preserve biodiversity and natural areas. This is why the WTO has followed the Minergie P standard and has chosen non-polluting and recyclable materials for the new building as well as the renovation of CWR. Materials have been selected on the basis of a life cycle assessment, considering all the energy required for their production, manufacture, use and recycling. The extension is one element of the border lake Document [14] (Title: History of the World Trade Organization) that the WTO focuses on derive from previous trade negotiations, especially from the Uruguay Round (1986–1994). The World Trade Organization's predecessor, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), was established after World War II in the wake of other new multilateral institutions dedicated to international economic cooperation – notably the Bretton Woods institutions known as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. A comparable international institution for trade, named the International Trade Organization was successfully negotiated. The ITO was to be a United Nations specialized agency and would address not only trade barriers but other issues indirectly related Document [15] (Title: World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2005) Moreover, they are seeking a larger quota of export and free tax for their products. In order to protect the interests of developing countries and recognise their needs, the term 'consider positively' may be extended to seven years as to eliminate any measures that are inconsistent with the overall goals of the WTO. Should these efforts have succeeded, the MC6 would have made substantial progress towards fulfilling its mandate. Many groups of people are not happy with the WTO as they believe it symbolizes the exploitation of poor countries by the developed countries. Thus, there are many protests and demonstrations Document [16] (Title: World Tourism Organization) the WTO came into operation on November 1, 1974. Most recently, at the fifteenth general assembly in 2003, the WTO general council and the UN agreed to establish the WTO as a specialized agency of the UN. The significance of this collaboration, WTO Secretary-General Mr. Francesco Frangialli claimed, would lie in "the increased visibility it gives the WTO, and the recognition that will be accorded to [it]. Tourism will be considered on an equal footing with other major activities of human society". In 2004, UNWTO established the World Committee on Tourism Ethics, the implementation body for the Global Code of Document [17] (Title: Labour standards in the World Trade Organization) successful system has set a precedent for formalised NGO participation and should be used as a model for the WTO. There is provision for NGO participation within the WTO already under Article 5:2 'Relations with Other Organisations of the Marrakech Agreement': "The General Council may make appropriate arrangements for consultation and cooperation with non-governmental organizations concerned with matters related to those of the WTO". The WTO is a strictly intergovernmental organisation, which means that civil society has no direct input, and much decision-making takes place behind closed doors. This system is appropriate when dealing with tariff reduction issues, but as Document [18] (Title: World Trade Organization) describe all aspects of its trade and economic policies that have a bearing on WTO agreements. The application is submitted to the WTO in a memorandum which is examined by a working party open to all interested WTO Members. After all necessary background information has been acquired, the working party focuses on issues of discrepancy between the WTO rules and the applicant's international and domestic trade policies and laws. The working party determines the terms and conditions of entry into the WTO for the applicant nation, and may consider transitional periods to allow countries some leeway in complying with the Document [19] (Title: International labour law) adaptation based on independent circumstances, diminishing the force of the conventions. Because the ILOs enforcement and sanction mechanisms are weak, there has been significant discussion about incorporating labour standards in the World Trade Organization's operation, since its formation in 1994. The WTO oversees, primarily, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade which is a treaty aimed at reducing customs, tariffs and other barriers to free import and export of goods, services and capital between its 157-member countries. Unlike for the ILO, if the WTO rules on trade are contravened, member states who secure a judgment by the Dispute Settlement procedures Document [20] (Title: Dispute settlement in the World Trade Organization) of trade rules, they will use the multilateral system of settling disputes instead of taking action unilaterally — this entails abiding by agreed procedures—Dispute Settlement Understanding—and respecting judgments, primarily of the Dispute Settlement Board (DSB), the WTO organ responsible for adjudication of disputes. A former WTO Director-General characterized the WTO dispute settlement system as "the most active international adjudicative mechanism in the world today." Chad P. Bown of the Peterson Institute for International Economics and Petros Mavroidis of Columbia Law School remarked on the 20th anniversary of the dispute settlement system that the system is "going strong" and that "there Document [21] (Title: World Trade Organization) entered into force with the establishment of the WTO at the beginning of 1995. Under the SPS agreement, the WTO sets constraints on members' policies relating to food safety (bacterial contaminants, pesticides, inspection and labelling) as well as animal and plant health (imported pests and diseases). The Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade is an international treaty of the World Trade Organization. It was negotiated during the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, and entered into force with the establishment of the WTO at the end of 1994. The object ensures that technical negotiations and standards, Document [22] (Title: Labour standards in the World Trade Organization) unlikelihood of recognition in this field in the near future means that the link between the WTO and ILO is crucial in regulating labour standards. However this relationship has never been formalised within the WTO and so will remain ineffective at best without proactive change. Within the Agreement Establishing the WTO, Article III 'Functions of the WTO' Par. 5 of reads: "With a view to achieving greater coherence in global economic policy-making, the WTO shall cooperate, as appropriate, with the International Monetary Fund and with the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and its affiliated agencies." The ILO should be Document [23] (Title: World Trade Organization) negotiations beyond the Doha Development Round. As a result, there have been an increasing number of bilateral free trade agreements between governments. there were various negotiation groups in the WTO system for the current stalemated agricultural trade negotiation. Among the various functions of the WTO, these are regarded by analysts as the most important: Additionally, it is WTO's duty to review and propagate the national trade policies, and to ensure the coherence and transparency of trade policies through surveillance in global economic policy-making. Another priority of the WTO is the assistance of developing, least-developed and low-income countries in transition to Document [24] (Title: World Trade Organization) also as one of the most important organizations in today's globalized society. The WTO is also a centre of economic research and analysis: regular assessments of the global trade picture in its annual publications and research reports on specific topics are produced by the organization. Finally, the WTO cooperates closely with the two other components of the Bretton Woods system, the IMF and the World Bank. The WTO establishes a framework for trade policies; it does not define or specify outcomes. That is, it is concerned with setting the rules of the trade policy games. Five principles are of particular Document [25] (Title: History of the World Trade Organization) History of the World Trade Organization The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization which regulates international trade. The WTO officially commenced on 1 January 1995 under the Marrakesh Agreement, signed by 123 nations on 15 April 1994, replacing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which commenced in 1948. The WTO deals with regulation of trade between participating countries by providing a framework for negotiating trade agreements and a dispute resolution process aimed at enforcing participants' adherence to WTO agreements, which is signed by representatives of member governments and ratified by their parliaments. Most of the issues Document [26] (Title: United Kingdom labour law) Because the ILOs enforcement and sanction mechanisms are weak, there has been significant discussion about incorporating labour standards in the World Trade Organisation's operation, since its formation in 1994. The WTO oversees, primarily, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade which is a treaty aimed at reducing customs, tariffs and other barriers to free import and export of goods, services and capital between its 157 member countries. Unlike for the ILO, if the WTO rules on trade are contravened, member states who secure a judgment by the Dispute Settlement procedures (effectively a judicial process) may retaliate through trade sanctions. This Document [27] (Title: Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade) as opposed to technical requirements created for legitimate purposes such as consumer or environmental protection. In fact, its purpose is to avoid unnecessary obstacles to international trade and to give recognition to all WTO members to protect legitimate interests according to own regulatory autonomy, although promoting the use of international standards. The list of legitimate interests that can justify a restriction in trade is not exhaustive and it includes protection of environment, human and animal health and safety. The TBT Agreement can be divided into five parts. The first part defines the scope of the Agreement which includes "[a]ll products, Document [28] (Title: World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2005) the conference in Hong Kong. The WTO attempted to facilitate dialogue between developing and developed countries. It is a platform that member states from all over the world can gather to discuss issues that influence global trade and economic development such as General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, agricultural subsidies and equal access to technology. The WTO has stated that it seeks to assist developing countries enhance their rural-based economies. It has been suggested that advanced technology could be provided by other countries. Developing countries are seeking easier access to foreign markets, especially those in the EU and North America. Document [29] (Title: Dispute settlement in the World Trade Organization) appeal is heard by three members of the permanent seven-member Appellate Body set up by the Dispute Settlement Body and broadly representing the range of WTO membership. Members of the Appellate Body have four-year terms. They must be individuals with recognized standing in the field of law and international trade, not affiliated with any government. The Appellate Body may uphold, modify or reverse the panel's legal findings and conclusions. Normally appeals should not last more than 60 days, with an absolute maximum of 90 days. The possibility for appeal makes the WTO dispute resolution system unique among the judicial processes Document [30] (Title: History of taxation in the United States) obligations upon its signatories. One of the most significant changes was the creation of the World Trade Organization (WTO). Whereas GATT was a set of rules agreed upon by nations, the WTO is an institutional body. The WTO expanded its scope from traded goods to trade within the service sector and intellectual property rights. Although it was designed to serve multilateral agreements, during several rounds of GATT negotiations (particularly the Tokyo Round) plurilateral agreements created selective trading and caused fragmentation among members. WTO arrangements are generally a multilateral agreement settlement mechanism of GATT. Federal excise taxes are applied to specific Document [31] (Title: History of the World Trade Organization) conferences and at other sessions. On 27 March 2013, the chairman of agriculture talks announced "a proposal to loosen price support disciplines for developing countries’ public stocks and domestic food aid." He added: "...we are not yet close to agreement—in fact, the substantive discussion of the proposal is only beginning." History of the World Trade Organization The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization which regulates international trade. The WTO officially commenced on 1 January 1995 under the Marrakesh Agreement, signed by 123 nations on 15 April 1994, replacing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which commenced Document [32] (Title: World Trade Organization) also been granted observer status to WTO bodies. 12 UN member states have no official affiliation with the WTO . The WTO oversees about 60 different agreements which have the status of international legal texts. Member countries must sign and ratify all WTO agreements on accession. A discussion of some of the most important agreements follows. The Agreement on Agriculture came into effect with the establishment of the WTO at the beginning of 1995. The AoA has three central concepts, or "pillars": domestic support, market access and export subsidies. The General Agreement on Trade in Services was created to extend Document [33] (Title: Labour standards in the World Trade Organization) the WTO and ILO. The WTO Secretariat has some restricted interaction with the ILO "compiling statistics, research and technical assistance and training". Originally however, the ITO was supposed to have a strong working relationship with the ILO and "consult and co-operate" in all labour related matters, as well as cooperating in regards economic development and reconstruction. The current system is but a shadow of this, with very limited collaboration. When the issue of labour standards was raised at the 1996 Singapore Ministerial conference, Article 4 of the resultant Ministerial Declaration ruled that "the WTO and ILO Secretariats will continue their Document [34] (Title: Global financial system) in January 1995. Compared with its GATT secretariat predecessor, the WTO features an improved mechanism for settling trade disputes since the organization is membership-based and not dependent on consensus as in traditional trade negotiations. This function was designed to address prior weaknesses, whereby parties in dispute would invoke delays, obstruct negotiations, or fall back on weak enforcement. In 1997, WTO members reached an agreement which committed to softer restrictions on commercial financial services, including banking services, securities trading, and insurance services. These commitments entered into force in March 1999, consisting of 70 governments accounting for approximately 95% of worldwide financial Document [35] (Title: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) the WTO is an institutional body. As such, GATT was merely a forum for nations to discuss, while the WTO is a proper international organization (which implies physical headquarters, staff, delegation ...). The WTO expanded its scope from traded goods to include trade within the service sector and intellectual property rights. Although it was designed to serve multilateral agreements, during several rounds of GATT negotiations (particularly the Tokyo Round) plurilateral agreements created selective trading and caused fragmentation among members. WTO arrangements are generally a multilateral agreement settlement mechanism of GATT. The average tariff levels for the major GATT participants were Document [36] (Title: Hong Kong People's Alliance on WTO) impact of WTO on the livelihood of the Hong Kong. The Education and Local Mobilization Group is also responsible for mobilizing the public to participate in the global justice campaign. Hong Kong Government Monitoring Monitor the Government (MGG) is responsible for urging the government to release the information of the WTO negotiation and defending the rights and interest of the grass root group during the negotiation with the government. Firstly, the Logistic and Fund Raising Group (LFRG) is responsible for raising funds for Action Week and education/mobilization activities. Secondly, LFRG is responsible for mobilizing volunteers from different network and local Document [37] (Title: Labour standards in the World Trade Organization) to the WTO Secretariat who issue a report which is then examined by the General Council sitting as the Trade Policy Review Body. Government policies are reviewed in relation to the "functioning of the multilateral trading system" so as to encourage adherence to commitments under the agreements, and greater transparency. At present, the reviews are focusing solely upon the issue of trade liberalisation, and whether a member's policies support this. Although free trade is an important issue, it is not the overall objective of the multilateral trading system and should not be examined to the exclusion of all else. The Document [38] (Title: History of the World Trade Organization) July 2006. According to a European Union statement, "The 2008 Ministerial meeting broke down over a disagreement between exporters of agricultural bulk commodities and countries with large numbers of subsistence farmers on the precise terms of a 'special safeguard measure' to protect farmers from surges in imports." The position of the European Commission is that "The successful conclusion of the Doha negotiations would confirm the central role of multilateral liberalisation and rule-making. It would confirm the WTO as a powerful shield against protectionist backsliding." An impasse remains and, , agreement has not been reached, despite intense negotiations at several ministerial Document [39] (Title: International commercial law) liability if the contract is not performed. Disputes between governments in relation to the design and implementation of trade measures: A key role of the WTO in international commercial law is the dispute settlement mechanism for trade disputes. The DSU provides a comprehensive set of rules and procedures to implement each party’s obligations under the WTO Agreement, either in isolation or in combination with an agreement between parties. Another important feature is the WTO TPRM which examines a member’s trading policies to determine whether they have potential adverse effects on other member states. International trade fraud is an incident of Document [40] (Title: Member states of the World Trade Organization) economy and the extent to which government regulation is transparent. After all necessary background information has been acquired, the Working Party will begin meeting to focus on issues of discrepancy between the WTO rules and the Applicant's international and domestic trade policies and laws. The WP determines the terms and conditions of entry into the WTO for the applicant nation, and may consider transitional periods to allow countries some leeway in complying with the WTO rules. The final phase of accession involves bilateral negotiations between the applicant nation and other Working Party members regarding the concessions and commitments on tariff Document [41] (Title: Director-General of the World Trade Organization) Director-General of the World Trade Organization The Director-General of the World Trade Organization is responsible for supervising the administrative functions of the World Trade Organization (WTO). Because World Trade Organizations' decisions are made by member states (through either a Ministerial Conference or through the General Council), the Director-General has little power over matters of policy - the role is primarily advisory and managerial. The Director-General supervises the WTO secretariat of about 700 staff and is appointed by WTO members for a term of four years. The current Director-General is Roberto Azevêdo of Brazil, since 1 September 2013. Before the creation Document [42] (Title: World Trade Organization) World Trade Organization The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade. The WTO officially commenced on 1 January 1995 under the Marrakesh Agreement, signed by 124 nations on 15 April 1994, replacing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which commenced in 1948. It is the largest international economic organization in the world. The WTO deals with regulation of trade in goods, services and intellectual property between participating countries by providing a framework for negotiating trade agreements and a dispute resolution process aimed at enforcing participants' adherence to WTO agreements, which are signed by Document [43] (Title: Labour standards in the World Trade Organization) mainstream human rights treaties, most prominently, the International Bill of Human Rights. The WTO is an international institution that deals with the rules of trade between countries with the view of inter alia "raising standards of living, [and] ensuring full employment…". This is achieved through a series of trade liberalising agreements based on consensus from the WTO's 164 members who form the General Council. The General Council, sitting as the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) has the jurisdictional power to solve disputes brought before it, and is able to approve trade restrictive measures to enforce compliance with agreements. The WTO's dispute Document [44] (Title: International trade law) specify the actual rules that govern international trade in specific areas. These are found in separate treaties, annexed to the Marrakesh Agreement. The scope of WTO : (a) provide a framework for administration and implementation of agreements; (b) forum for further negotiations; (c) trade policy review mechanism; and (d) promote greater coherence among members economics policies Principles of the WTO: (b) market access (reduction of tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade) (c) balancing trade liberalization and other societal interests The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade(GATT) has been the backbone of international trade law since 1948 after the charter for Document [45] (Title: International environmental agreement) to the agreements' trade implications. The organization has trade and environmental policies which promote the protection and preservation of the environment. Its objective is to reduce trade barriers and coordinate trade-related measures with environmental policies. Since MEAs protect and preserve the environment, they may help ease restrictions on trade. The WTO’s principles are based on non-discrimination, free trade through reduction of trade barriers and fair competition, and MEAs have been rejected for not being in accordance with the organization's principles. The WTO is working with and implementing over 350 MEAs worldwide. Most of the agreements involve five core countries which Document [46] (Title: World Trade Organization) of Payments Restrictions; and Budget, Finance and Administration. There are working parties on the following: Accession. There are working groups on the following: Trade, debt and finance; and Trade and technology transfer. The WTO describes itself as "a rules-based, member-driven organization—all decisions are made by the member governments, and the rules are the outcome of negotiations among members". The WTO Agreement foresees votes where consensus cannot be reached, but the practice of consensus dominates the process of decision-making. Richard Harold Steinberg (2002) argues that although the WTO's consensus governance model provides law-based initial bargaining, trading rounds close through power-based bargaining Document [47] (Title: Cross-national cooperation and agreements) with those mentioned above. The WTO is one of the most effective trade agreements among nations. The WTO replaced the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1995 and has 125 member nations.currently 153 member are part of WTO. Many believe GATT initiated rampant liberalization in trade in 1947 and its move contributed to the expansion of trade all over the world by eliminating tariff and quotas. Moreover, WTO continued GATT's principle with more multilateral forum, which enables governments to settle agreements or to dispute them regarding trade. Rapid growth of trade among nations has forced the agreement to Document [48] (Title: Agency for International Trade Information and Co-operation) has been translated into the three official languages of the WTO (English, French and Spanish) and also into Portuguese, Russian and Macedonian. The agency’s flexible structure allows it to provide tailor-made services to address the particular needs of the LACs for information and analysis on a wide range of issues concerning trade and development in the context of the WTO. Examples of such services are: organisation of workshops and “Flash Meetings”, on topics of interest to the LACs (i.e., Safeguards, Services, WTO Rules), publishing information notes (e.g., Aid for Trade, the Enhanced Integrated Framework for LDCs). In addition, its Official Document [49] (Title: United Nations System) governed by exchanges of letters. Unlike the specialized agencies and the IAEA, the WTO has no reporting obligations towards any of the principal organs of the UN, but provides ad-hoc contribution to the work of the General Assembly and ECOSOC. The WTO has a seat on the CEB. The United Nations Chief Executives' Board for Coordination (CEB) brings together on a regular basis the executive heads of the organizations of the United Nations System, under the chairmanship of the Secretary-General of the UN. The CEB aims to further co-ordination and co-operation on a whole range of substantive and management issues Document [50] (Title: Office of the United States Trade Representative) and international ones. Worldwide aid and domestic funding related to trade are coordinated through the USTR. The World Trade Organization (WTO), Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) all have an impact in trade. The WTO deals heavily with FTAs. Licensing and trade barriers are addressed here. APEC facilitates trade with Australia, Brunei Darussalam, Canada, Chile, People’s Republic of China, Hong Kong, China, Indonesia, Japan, Republic of Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Peru, the Philippines, the Russian Federation, Singapore, Chinese Taipei, Thailand, The United States Document [51] (Title: New constitutionalism) World Trade Organization represents a governing global entity which has adapted to the principles of new constitutionalism. The WTO main purpose is to limit national interference in the global market and challenge any nation-state regulations that could be detrimental to the economy. Any economic alternatives that are proposed by nations can be discredited by the WTO as well as restricting governments ability to implement policy in international jurisdiction. The WTO represents the freedom of markets and allowing investors to capitalize in a world economy, by doing so provides protection to the private sector. Stephen McBride describes the World Trade Organization Document [52] (Title: Labour standards in the World Trade Organization) trade and labour standards- it does not make sense to ignore their expertise in this field. Unlike many domestic judicial systems, the WTO does not allow public scrutiny of proceedings, and it is this, rather than lack of any textual mechanism, that impedes NGO involvement. Forums are an effective way to allow NGOs to express their opinion and present information and regular forums should be held to discuss current, relevant issues. This idea has certainly won some support. In the aftermath of the Geneva Ministerial Conference in 1998, US President Bill Clinton said that "The WTO was created to lift Document [53] (Title: Criticism of the World Trade Organization) the WTO "the most non-transparent of international organisations", because "the vast majority of developing countries have very little real say in the WTO system". Many non-governmental organizations, such as the World Federalist Movement, are calling for the creation of a WTO parliamentary assembly to allow for more democratic participation in WTO decision making. Dr Caroline Lucas recommended that such an assembly "have a more prominent role to play in the form of parliamentary scrutiny, and also in the wider efforts to reform the WTO processes, and its rules". However, Dr Raoul Marc Jennar argues that a consultative parliamentary assembly would Document [54] (Title: Labour standards in the World Trade Organization) the lives of ordinary citizens', it should listen to them. I propose the WTO, for the first time, provide a forum where business, labour, environmental and consumer groups can speak out and help guide further evolution of the WTO. When this body convenes again, I believe that the world's trade ministers should sit down with representatives of the broad public to begin this discussion". It is not only NGOs who should have increased participation, but expert UN human rights bodies who are also highly proficient in exploring the trade and human rights intersection. For example, the UN Sub-Commission on the Document [55] (Title: World Trade Organization) WTO Secretariat omits the official titles (such as Counsellor, First Secretary, Second Secretary and Third Secretary) of the members of Chinese Taipei's Permanent Mission to the WTO, except for the titles of the Permanent Representative and the Deputy Permanent Representative. As of 2007, WTO member states represented 96.4% of global trade and 96.7% of global GDP. Iran, followed by Algeria, are the economies with the largest GDP and trade outside the WTO, using 2005 data. With the exception of the Holy See, observers must start accession negotiations within five years of becoming observers. A number of international intergovernmental organizations have Document [56] (Title: Cross-national cooperation and agreements) be acknowledged as a fundamental basis for the member nations to follow certain rules and regulations as the signatories of the agreement. As a result, WTO expanded its mission to include trade in services, investments, intellectual property, sanitary measures, plant health, agriculture, and textiles, as well as technical baariers to trade. The largest and most comprehensive regional economic group is the EU. It began as a free trade agreement with the goal to become a customs union and to integrate in other ways. The formation of the European Parliament and the establishment of a Euro the common currency make EU Document [57] (Title: Hong Kong People's Alliance on WTO) will also try to form team of legal consultants to provide legal advice for demonstrators who come across maltreatment from the HK authority. The Documentation Group (DG) is responsible for providing other people with information on the WTO and the HKPA, in terms of position papers and activities. On the other hand, DG will also document the process between now and the WTO’s ministerial meeting in HK in Dec. Education and Local Mobilization Group responsible for providing education on the impacts of WTO to the Hong Kong public. To fulfill this task, it has to contextualize the analysis of the Document [58] (Title: World Forum of Fish Harvesters and Fish Workers) the laws of the neoliberal market. It was founded in Quebec, Canada in 1995 after a number of fishworker organizations and concerned intellectuals, academics and social activists felt that while the World Trade Organization (WTO)’s Doha mandate declared that the priority of the current round of negotiations is to lift people out of poverty and promote sustainable development, the current WTO negotiations fail to incorporate their concerns and priorities, as well as those of traditional fishing communities everywhere. The WFF currently represents 48 national organizations of traditional small-scale fishing communities in 42 nations, whose livelihoods depend directly on the sustainable Document [59] (Title: Dispute settlement in the World Trade Organization) to a particular proceeding, "particular attention" is to be paid to the interests of the developing countries in the course of implementing recommendations and rulings of panels. In order to assist developing countries in overcoming their limited expertise in WTO law and assist them in managing complex trade disputes, an Advisory Centre on WTO Law was established in 2001. The aim is to level the playing field for these countries and customs territories in the WTO system by enabling them to have a full understanding of their rights and obligations under the WTO Agreement. President Trump raised concerns that the Document [60] (Title: History of the World Trade Organization) was adopted. The agreements fall into a structure with six main parts: In terms of the WTO's principle relating to tariff "ceiling-binding" (No. 3), the Uruguay Round has been successful in increasing binding commitments by both developed and developing countries, as may be seen in the percentages of tariffs bound before and after the 1986–1994 talks. The highest decision-making body of the WTO is the Ministerial Conference, which usually meets every two years. It brings together all members of the WTO, all of which are countries or customs unions. The Ministerial Conference can take decisions on all matters under any Document [61] (Title: World Trade Organization) representatives of member governments and ratified by their parliaments. The WTO prohibits discrimination between trading partners, but provides exceptions for environmental protection, national security, and other important goals. Trade-related disputes are resolved by independent judges at the WTO through a dispute resolution process. The WTO's current Director-General is Roberto Azevêdo, who leads a staff of over 600 people in Geneva, Switzerland. A trade facilitation agreement, part of the Bali Package of decisions, was agreed by all members on 7 December 2013, the first comprehensive agreement in the organization's history. On 23 January 2017, the amendment to the WTO Trade Related Document [62] (Title: Labour standards in the World Trade Organization) settlement process is compulsory and the DSB's recommendations and rulings immediately become binding international law. The WTO has its origins in the 1944 Bretton Woods Conference which was convened by the Allied nations towards the end of World War II with the aim of establishing an international economic order. Although the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (now known as the World Bank) were created, the International Trade Organisation (ITO), the forerunner of the WTO, was only a proposition at this point. It was not until 1947 that negotiations were concluded and the ITO Document [63] (Title: World Trade Organization) they believe fellow-members are violating trade rules, they will use the multilateral system of settling disputes instead of taking action unilaterally. The operation of the WTO dispute settlement process involves case-specific panels appointed by the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB), the Appellate Body, The Director-General and the WTO Secretariat, arbitrators, and advisory experts. The priority is to settle disputes, preferably through a mutually agreed solution, and provision has been made for the process to be conducted in an efficient and timely manner so that "If a case is adjudicated, it should normally take no more than one year for a panel Document [64] (Title: Criticism of the World Trade Organization) of protection is proved, for example, by the fact that cartels like the OPEC have never been involved in trade disputes with the WTO, despite the evident contrast between their objectives. The actions and methods of the World Trade Organization evoke strong antipathies. Among other things, the WTO is accused of widening the social gap between rich and poor it claims to be fixing. UNCTAD estimates that the market distortions cost the developing countries $700 billion annually in lost export revenue. Martin Khor argues that the WTO does not manage the global economy impartially, but in its operation has a Document [65] (Title: World Trade Organization) adjust to WTO rules and disciplines through technical cooperation and training. The above five listings are the additional functions of the World Trade Organization. As globalization proceeds in today's society, the necessity of an International Organization to manage the trading systems has been of vital importance. As the trade volume increases, issues such as protectionism, trade barriers, subsidies, violation of intellectual property arise due to the differences in the trading rules of every nation. The World Trade Organization serves as the mediator between the nations when such problems arise. WTO could be referred to as the product of globalization and Document [66] (Title: History of the World Trade Organization) the Multilateral Trading System and the Current Global Economic Environment" The WTO launched the current round of negotiations, the Doha Development Round, at the fourth ministerial conference in Doha, Qatar in November 2001. This was to be an ambitious effort to make globalization more inclusive and help the world's poor, particularly by slashing barriers and subsidies in farming. The initial agenda comprised both further trade liberalization and new rule-making, underpinned by commitments to strengthen substantial assistance to developing countries. The negotiations have been highly contentious. Disagreements still continue over several key areas including agriculture subsidies, which emerged as critical in Question: what are the scope and function of wto

Answer: an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade Long Answer: The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade . The WTO officially commenced on 1 January 1995 under the Marrakesh Agreement, signed by 123 nations on 15 April 1994, replacing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which commenced in 1948 . It is the largest international economic organization in the world . The WTO deals with regulation of trade in goods, services and intellectual property between participating countries by providing a framework for negotiating trade agreements and a dispute resolution process aimed at enforcing participants' adherence to WTO agreements, which are signed by representatives of member governments and ratified by their parliaments . Most of the issues that the WTO focuses on derive from previous trade negotiations, especially from the Uruguay Round (1986--1994). Gold Document ID: 42

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Deepika Kumari) be screened at the Mallorca Film Festival in October 2017. "Ladies First" has also been submitted for the Short Documentary category at Oscars. This documentary was also screened with Maneka Gandhi, the Union Cabinet Minister for Women and Child Development, with an aim to increase the national awareness about women in sports in India. Deepika Kumari Deepika Kumari (born 13 June 1994) is an Indian athlete who competes in the event of archery, is currently ranked World No. 5, and is a former world number one. She won a gold medal in the 2010 Commonwealth games in the women's individual Document [2] (Title: Selja Kumari) this her second consecutive victory from Ambala and was given an elevation to Cabinet rank holding portfolios of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation and Culture. On 28 May 2009, she became the Minister of Tourism and visited Monaco later that year to improve India-Monaco relations. In March 2011, Union Tourism Minister Kumari Selja has been issued notices by the Punjab and Haryana High Court over a petition that has accused her of "forgery, criminal intimidation, fabrication and hatching a criminal conspiracy". The petitioner, advocate B S Chahar, has alleged that Selja, who was "instrumental in instigating leaders and members of Document [3] (Title: Tri-Services Guard of Honour) The company is deployed to the Rashtrapati Bhavan or the Secretariat Building only during the visits of Presidents, Prime Ministers, and Defense Ministers to India. On January 25, 2015, during President Barack Obama's state visit to India, Wing Commander Pooja Thakur made history by becoming the first female officer to lead the company during an arrival ceremony. Tri-Services Guard of Honour The Tri-Services Guard of Honour ("सम्मान के त्रि-सेवा गार्ड") is an infantry company of the Indian Armed Forces which is responsible for providing guards of honour for high ranking Indian and foreign officials. The company was created shortly after Document [4] (Title: Nirmala Sitharaman) Hyderabad. Nirmala Sitharaman Nirmala Sitharaman (born 18 August 1959) is an Indian politician of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), serving as the Minister of Defence since 2017 and has served as Member of the Rajya Sabha, upper house of the Indian Parliament, since 2016. Sitharaman is India's second female defence minister. Sitharaman has formerly served as the Minister of State for Finance and Corporate Affairs under the Ministry of Finance and the Minister for Commerce and Industry with independent charge. Prior to that, she has served as a national spokesperson for the BJP. Nirmala was born in Madurai, Tamil Nadu, Document [5] (Title: First Lady of Sri Lanka) First Lady of Sri Lanka The First Lady or First Gentleman of Sri Lanka refers to the wife or husband of the President of Sri Lanka. To date, there have been six women who have been married to Sri Lankan Presidents in office and have served in the role. Sri Lanka's current First Lady is Jayanthi Pushpa Kumari, the wife of President Maithripala Sirisena, who has held the position since 2015. There have been no First Gentlemen of Sri Lanka to date. President Chandrika Kumaratunga, the country's first female head of state, was a widow while in office. In recent Document [6] (Title: Rajiv Gandhi) was the only female figure in the cabinet. Former Home Minister PV Narasimha Rao was put in charge of defence. V.P. Singh who was initially appointed as the Finance Minister, was given the Defence Ministry in 1987. During his tenure as Prime Minister, Gandhi frequently shuffled his cabinet ministers, drawing criticism from newspaper India Today, which called it a "wheel of confusion". The West Bengal chief minister Jyoti Basu said, "The Cabinet change reflects the instability of the Congress (I) Government at the Centre". Gandhi's first action as Prime Minister was passing the anti-defection law in January 1985. According to Document [7] (Title: Bhavna Chikhalia) Bhavna Chikhalia became the first lady from Gujarat to get elected four times in a row as a Member of Parliament by getting elected for the fourth term in a row in 1999 of 13th Lok Sabha. This was a major milestone in her career. She was the vice president of all India BJP in 2000. She was the vice president of National Co-operative Housing Federation of India in 2000. She was a chairperson of Gujarat State Housing Finance Corporation for five years. she was made the Minister of Tourism & Culture, and also held the post of Minister of Document [8] (Title: Pampha Bhusal) a result of the peace negotiation, an interim government was formed headed by Late Girija Prasad Koirala, in which Ms. Bhusal became the Minister of Women, Children and Social Welfare. In the first constitutional assembly election held in 2008 she contested from Latitpur constituency number 3 and won the election in a landslide victory. Subsequently, she became the Minister of General Administration in the first republican government led by Chairman Prachanda as the Prime Minister. She also became the Minister of Peace and Reconstruction in the cabinet led by Jhala Nath Khanal. While in the Government and as a citizen, Document [9] (Title: Rita Bahuguna Joshi) of Excellence as "Most Distinguished Women Mayor in South Asia" at Phitsanulok, Thailand in June in 2001. Rita Bahuguna Joshi Rita Bahuguna Joshi (born 22 July 1949) is an Indian politician and cabinet minister in the Government of Uttar Pradesh. She was the president of the Uttar Pradesh Congress Committee from 2007 to 2012. She is the daughter of Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna, a former Chief Minister of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. She joined Bharatiya Janata Party on 20 October 2016. Rita Bahuguna Joshi is daughter of Late H.N.Bahuguna, former Chief Minister of UP. Her mother, Late Kamla Bahuguna, Document [10] (Title: Sucheta Kriplani) Sucheta Kriplani Sucheta Kriplani (née Mazumdar, 25 June 1908 – 1 December 1974) was an Indian freedom fighter and politician. She was India's first woman Chief Minister, serving as the head of the Uttar Pradesh government from 1963 to 1967. She was born in Ambala, Punjab (now in Haryana) to a Bengali Brahmo family. She studied at Indraprastha College and Punjab University before becoming a Professor of Constitutional History at Banaras Hindu University. In 1936, she married Acharya Kriplani, a prominent figure of the Indian National Congress, who was twenty years her senior. The marriage was opposed by both families, Document [11] (Title: Sushma Swaraj's tenure as External Affairs Minister) Her remark was highlighted in "Daily Mail" and other media outlets in UK although her foreign secretary tried to cover it up later by saying "It's for Scotland to decide". Sushma Swaraj's tenure as External Affairs Minister Sushma Swaraj is the serving Indian External Affairs Minister under Prime Minister Narendra Modi from May 2014, responsible for implementing the foreign policy of Narendra Modi. She is only the second women to hold this position after Indira Gandhi. Swaraj, a lawyer by profession and a seasoned parliamentarian with many 'first-timer' records in her name often considered to be among the best spoken Document [12] (Title: Minister of Defence (India)) Minister of Defence (India) The Minister of Defence is the head of the Ministry of Defence of the Government of India. They are often assisted by a Minister of State for Defence and less-commonly, the lower-ranked Deputy Minister of Defence. The defence minister additionally serves as President of the Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, and as Chancellor of the Defence Institute of Advanced Technology and of the National Defence University. The first defence minister of independent India was Baldev Singh, who served in Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru's cabinet during 1947–52. Nirmala Sitharaman, the current defence minister of India is Document [13] (Title: Minister of Defence (India)) the second woman since Indira Gandhi to hold this major post. Minister of Defence (India) The Minister of Defence is the head of the Ministry of Defence of the Government of India. They are often assisted by a Minister of State for Defence and less-commonly, the lower-ranked Deputy Minister of Defence. The defence minister additionally serves as President of the Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, and as Chancellor of the Defence Institute of Advanced Technology and of the National Defence University. The first defence minister of independent India was Baldev Singh, who served in Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru's cabinet Document [14] (Title: Sushma Swaraj) of Delhi from 13 October 1998 to 3 December 1998. In the 2014 Indian general election, she won the Vidisha constituency in Madhya Pradesh for a second term, retaining her seat by a margin of over 400,000 votes. She became the Minister of External Affairs in the union cabinet on 26 May 2014. Swaraj was called India's 'best-loved politician' by the US daily Wall Street Journal. Sushma Swaraj OR Chinku Swaraj (née Sharma) was born on 14 February 1952 at Ambala Cantt, Haryana, to Hardev Sharma and Shrimati Laxmi Devi. Her father was a prominent Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh member. Her Document [15] (Title: Divya Ajith Kumar) Divya Ajith Kumar Captain Divya Ajith Kumar is an officer of the Indian Army of AAD (Army Air Defense). She passed out from OTA, Chennai. She is the first woman to write her name in a fresh page of Indian Army history by becoming the first Lady Cadet to be conferred by the Army with the coveted 'Sword of Honour'. She led all women contingent of 154 women officers and cadets during the Republic Day 2015 parade. Captain Divya Ajith Kumar born in Chennai to a Tamil family. She is the first generation soldier with no army blood history in Document [16] (Title: Indian Armed Forces) Commanders and numerous Police Commissioners in various UN Missions. The Indian Army has also contributed lady officers as Military Observers and Staff Officers apart from them forming part of Medical Units being deployed in UN Missions. The first all women contingent in a peacekeeping mission, was a Formed Police Unit from India, deployed in 2007 to the UN Operation in Liberia(UNMIL). India has suffered 127 soldier deaths while serving on peacekeeping missions. India has also provided army contingents performing a peacekeeping operation in Sri Lanka between 1987 and 1990 as the Indian Peace Keeping Force. In November 1988, India also Document [17] (Title: Mayo College) Mikados of Japan. Old Boys from Mayo have served in the armed forces and others serve as members of Parliament and senior civil servants. Jaswant Singh is one of the few Indian politicians to have been the Minister for Defence, Finance and External Affairs; K. Natwar Singh of the Indian Foreign Service served as India's Ambassador to Pakistan and as External Affairs Minister, Sunil Lanba is the current Navy Chief. Lt. Gen. Nathu Singh Rathore, the second Indian officer to graduate from the prestigious Royal Military College, Sandhurst, was a distinguished strategist who served as a Division Commander in Burma Document [18] (Title: Begum Abida Ahmed) train was named after her: the Abida Begum Express: Delhi Jn. - Raxaul. It has since been renamed. It is now called Satyagrah Express. Begum Abida Ahmed Begum Abida Ahmed (17 July 1923 – 7 December 2003) was an Indian politician, First Lady of India from 1974 to 1977, and the wife of the fifth President of India Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed (1974–1977). She was twice member of the Lok sabha from Bareilly parliamentary constituency of Uttar Pradesh in 1980 and 1984. She was born on 17 July 1923 at Sheikhupur, Badaun, Uttar Pradesh to Mohammad Sultan Hyder 'Josh'. Ahmed was Document [19] (Title: Padmavathy Bandopadhyay) Padmavathy Bandopadhyay Padmavathy Bandopadhyay (born 4 November 1944) is the first woman Air Marshal of the Indian Air Force. She is the second woman in the Indian armed forces to be promoted to a three-star rank. Bandopadhyay was born in 1944 at Tirupathi, Andhra Pradesh. Her mother was bedridden with tuberculosis, and Padma ended up being her primary caregiver at the age of 4-5 years. In addition, her neighbor in the Gole Market neighborhood in New Delhi was Dr S.I. Padmavati, Professor of Medicine at Lady Hardinge Medical College. She has said that her experience with her mother’s illness and Document [20] (Title: Hina Rabbani Khar) Conference before meeting Indian government representatives, a decision which was criticised by the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), India's biggest political party, which said it was a breach of protocol and demanded an inquiry into the matter. She later led an unsuccessful move to grant India most favoured nation status. In August 2011 she visited China and held talks with Yang Jiechi, the Chinese Foreign Minister. "Hindustan Times" reported that, in contrast to her reception in India, she was largely ignored by the Chinese media. The NATO strike which killed 24 Pakistani troops was one of the most notable incidents during Document [21] (Title: Women's rights in Afghanistan) Dalil. Habiba Sarabi became the first female governor in Afghanistan. She also served as Minister of Women's Affairs. Azra Jafari became the first female mayor of Nili, the capital of Daykundi Province. The Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF), which includes the Afghan National Police, have a growing number of female officers. One of the Afghan National Army Brigadier generals is Khatol Mohammadzai. In 2012, Niloofar Rahmani became the first female pilot in the Afghan Air Force pilot training program to fly solo in a fixed-wing aircraft, following the footsteps of Colonel Latifa Nabizada, the first Afghan female pilot ever to Document [22] (Title: Carmen Meléndez) Bolivarian Armed Forces. On 13 October, she was named Minister of People's Power of the Office by President Hugo Chavez and confirmed by national decree on 15 October. On 21 April 2013, during a national radio and television, she was reaffirmed as Minister of Management the Bolivarian Government of Venezuela for the government of Nicolas Maduro. On 3 July 2013 the president of the republic amounts to admiral in chief and July 5, 2013 the appointed Minister of Defense, the first woman to hold both charges in the history of Venezuela. On 9 August 2017, the United States Department of Document [23] (Title: Foreign policy of the Narendra Modi government) senior most leader of BJP, was given the portfolio of External Affairs which is going to be a very important ministry with India's growing role in international affairs. She is the first woman to hold the office. Earlier on her capacity of leader of opposition in Lok Sabha from 2009-2014 She met a galaxy of visiting foreign leaders which apparently helped her understanding of foreign relations. Modi appointed Ajit Doval, a seasoned intelligence officer, as National Security Advisor. Ajit Doval is believed to be close to the RSS, an organization Modi comes from. On 28 January 2015, only a day Document [24] (Title: Nirmala Sitharaman) successfully contested her seat from Karnataka. On 3 September 2017, she was elevated to Defence Minister, being only the second woman after Indira Gandhi to hold the Defence Minister post. Outside the political sphere, Sitharaman has served as an assistant to Economist in the Agricultural Engineers Association in the UK. During her stay in the UK, she has also served as a Senior Manager (R&D) for Price Waterhouse and briefly at the BBC World Service. She has also served as a member of National Commission for Women. In 2017, she was one of the founding directors of Pranava school in Document [25] (Title: Nirmala Sitharaman) Nirmala Sitharaman Nirmala Sitharaman (born 18 August 1959) is an Indian politician of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), serving as the Minister of Defence since 2017 and has served as Member of the Rajya Sabha, upper house of the Indian Parliament, since 2016. Sitharaman is India's second female defence minister. Sitharaman has formerly served as the Minister of State for Finance and Corporate Affairs under the Ministry of Finance and the Minister for Commerce and Industry with independent charge. Prior to that, she has served as a national spokesperson for the BJP. Nirmala was born in Madurai, Tamil Nadu, to Document [26] (Title: Tarkeshwari Sinha) her brother Capt Girish Nandan Singh, pilot with Air India who died in an air crash in New Delhi. She had raised nearly Rs 25 lakh, a big sum in those days, for the construct of the two floored hospital where treatment was almost free. She also took the initiative to construct a road to link the village with Chandi and Harnaut in Nalanda. Tarkeshwari Sinha Tarkeshwari Sinha (26 December 1926–14 August 2007) was an Indian politician and Indian independence movement activist from Bihar. Among the first female politicians of the country, she took active role in the Quit India Document [27] (Title: First Manmohan Singh ministry) 22 May 2009, when Singh started his second term in office as PM. With three female Cabinet ministers, the Manmohan Singh ministry was the first Indian government to appoint more than one female Cabinet minister. This is a list of members of the Union Cabinet of the Government of India, 2004 to May 2009. All ministers are based in offices of their respective Union Ministries in New Delhi. All Cabinet members are mandated by the constitution to be members of either house of the Parliament of India. In a departure from the norm the current Prime Minister, Manmohan Singh, is Document [28] (Title: Kamla Beniwal) of Gujarat led by chief minister Narendra Modi who is current Prime Minister of India. Kamla Beniwal Kamla Beniwal (born 1927) is an Indian politician. She was a member of Indian National Congress party. She served as a minister on different posts and Deputy Chief Minister during different time in Rajasthan. Later she served as Governor of different Indian states between 2009 and 2014. She was a governor of Tripura (2009), Gujarat (2009-2014) and Mizoram (2014). Facing charges of corruption, she was relieved of her duty just two months before her tenure was to end as a governor of Mizoram. Document [29] (Title: Renuka Chowdhury) not their husbands. Renuka Chowdhury Renuka Chowdhury (13 August 1954) is an Indian politician and a member of the Indian National Congress, she represents the political party in the Rajya Sabha from Andhra Pradesh. She has also served as the Union minister of State (Independent Charge) for Ministry of Women and Child Development and Tourism in the Government of India. Born to Air Commodore Suryanarayana Rao and Vasundhara on 13 August 1954 in Vishakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh). Renuka is the eldest of three daughters. She studied at the Welham Girls' School, Dehradun and received her B.A. in Industrial Psychology from Bangalore Document [30] (Title: Siachen conflict) 12 June 2005, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh became the first Indian Prime Minister to visit the area, calling for a peaceful resolution of the problem. In 2007, the President of India, Abdul Kalam became the first head of state to visit the area. Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi visited Siachen on 23 October 2014 to celebrate Diwali with the troops and boost their morale. The Chief of Staff of the US Army, General George Casey on 17 October 2008 visited the Siachen Glacier along with Indian Army Chief, General Deepak Kapoor. The US General visited for the purpose of "developing Document [31] (Title: Jhalkaribai) the artillery unit of Rani Laxmibai's army, who introduced her to the Rani. Jhalkaribai bore an uncanny resemblance to Laxmibai and because of this she was inducted into the women's wing of the army. In the queen's army, she quickly rose in the ranks and began commanding her own army. During the Rebellion of 1857, General Hugh Rose attacked Jhansi with a large army. The Queen valiantly faced the army with 4000 of her troops in her fort. She waited for relief from Peshwa Nana Sahib's army camping at Kalpi that did not come because Tantia Tope had already been Document [32] (Title: Punita Arora) career. She joined Armed Forces Medical College, Pune in 1963 which was the second batch of the AFMC and she turned out to be the topper of that batch. Punita was commissioned in January 1968. Before becoming Vice Admiral of Indian Navy she was Commandant of AFMC. She took the charge of commandant of Armed Forces Medical College in 2004 thereafter becoming the first woman officer to command the medical college. Before that She was co-ordinating Medical Research of the armed forces at the Army headquarters as additional director-general of Armed Forces Medical Services (Medical Research). She moved from the Document [33] (Title: Manohar Prahlad Awati) He was followed by Cdr Abhilash Tomy, who became the first Indian, and the second Asian, to do a non-stop solo circumnavigation around the world. The Sagar Parikrama project also led to the first ever all-woman circumnavigation expedition, called the Navika Sagar Parikrama, which was completed in 2018 by 6 female officers of the Indian Navy. In 2015, Awati presented to the NDA a Webley Revolver of .38 calibre, which was handed over to him as a token of surrender by two senior Pakistan Navy officers during the 1971 War. Awati died at his home on 4 November 2018 in Document [34] (Title: Divya Ajith Kumar) her past. She did her schooling at Good Shepherd Matriculation Higher Secondary School, Chennai and went to Stella Maris College, Chennai. She joined NCC (National Cadet Corps) which inspired her to join Indian Army and participated in NCC women contingent in Rajpath and later joined OTA ( Officers training academy). She passed from OTA (Officers training academy). Divya Ajith Kumar became the first woman in the history of the Indian Army to receive the coveted ‘Sword of Honour' prize, which is awarded to the best cadet, where she passed with a total of 244 cadets, including 63 women. She is Document [35] (Title: Women in Indian Armed Forces) have women commandos. Railway Protection Force (RPF) has female unit, Shakti Squad. In 2015, 25-year-old Debashmita Chattopadhyay became first female Assistant Security Commissioner (ASC) in RPF who took charge of the Shakti squad of RPF women constables. National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) got its first woman commander in 2015 when 40-years old senior Commandant Rekha Nambiar joined the 4th Battalion based in Arakkonam in Tamil Nadu to lead 1,000 personnel-strong all-men battalion. Women in Indian Armed Forces All wings of the Indian Armed Forces allow women in combat roles (junior ranks) and combat supervisory roles (officers), except Indian Army (support Document [36] (Title: Krishna Tirath) She emphasized the importance of agencies like Integrated Child Development Services for implementing improvements in education, immunization and supplementary nutrition, to alleviate child mortality. On 24 January 2010 a photograph of former Pakistan Air Chief Marshal Tanvir Mahmood Ahmed in uniform appeared along with those of Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and Congress president Sonia Gandhi in a full-page newspaper advertisement (see External Links below) given by Ministry of Women and Child Development to mark the National Girl Child Day. Initially Mrs.Tirath refused to accept the error on behalf of her ministry, accused the media of hair-splitting, and stated, "[the] message Document [37] (Title: Lakshmi Sahgal) Lakshmi Sahgal Lakshmi Sahgal () (born Lakshmi Swaminathan) (24 October 1914 – 23 July 2012) was a revolutionary of the Indian independence movement, an officer of the Indian National Army, and the Minister of Women's Affairs in the Azad Hind government. Sahgal is commonly referred to in India as "Captain Lakshmi", a reference to her rank when taken prisoner in Burma during the Second World War. Sahgal was born as Lakshmi Swaminathan in Malabar under Madras Presidency on 24 October 1914 to S. Swaminathan, a lawyer who practised criminal law at Madras High Court, and A.V. Ammukutty, better known as Document [38] (Title: Women in Indian Armed Forces) and Special Frontier Force. Women can join the Indian Coast Guard in officer ranks as general duty, pilot or law officers. In January 2017, Indian Coast Guard became the first force to deploy four female officers, assistant commandants Anuradha Shukla, Sneha Kathyat, Shirin Chandran and Vasundhara Chouksey, in combat roles on board KV Kuber hovercraft ship patrolling the Indian maritime zone bordering Pakistan and Bangladesh. In April 2016, Assam Rifles inducted a first batch of 100 female soldiers who had undergone year-long training programme and graduated in the passing-out parade at the Assam Rifles Training Centre and School in Shokhuvi Document [39] (Title: Shanti Sethi) 2010. She is the first female commander of an American naval ship to visit India. In 2015, she was promoted to the rank of Captain. Sethi’s decorations and awards include the Meritorious Service Medal (two awards), Navy Commendation Medal (four awards), the Navy Achievement Medal, and various unit and campaign awards. Shanti Sethi Captain Shanti Sethi is an American naval officer, the only Indian-American woman and the 15th female officer to command a major US Navy combat warship. She commanded the guided missile destroyer from 15 December 2010 to May 2012. Captain Shanti Sethi is a native of Reno, Nevada. Document [40] (Title: Women in Indian Armed Forces) February 2010, and operations in Jammu-Kashmir and the northeast states. Anjana Bhaduria, who joined the first-ever batch of female cadets in 1992 at the Officers Training Academy, Chennai, is the first female officer in the Indian Army to win the Gold Medal. Including her and Priya Jhingan, the first batch of women officers of the Indian Army was commissioned in March 1993. Divya Ajith Kumar, commissioned in 2010, is the first female officer to receive Sword of Honor. She led all women contingent of 154 women officers and cadets during the Republic Day 2015 parade. Ganeve Lalji, a third generation Document [41] (Title: Avani Chaturvedi) AFS Suratgarh. Avani Chaturvedi Flight Lieutenant Avani Chaturvedi is one of the first female fighter pilots of India. She is from Rewa district in Madhya Pradesh. She was declared as the first combat pilot along with two of her cohort, Mohana Singh, and Bhawana Kanth. The trio was inducted into the Indian Air Force fighter squadron in June 2016. They were formally commissioned by Defence Minister Manohar Parrikar. On 7 October , 2018 , she was honored with the doctorate degree in Banasthali Vidyapeeth . 25-year old Chaturvedi completed her training at Hyderabad Air Force Academy. She completed her schooling Document [42] (Title: Prime Minister of India) minister. Shastri's tenure saw the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. Shashtri subsequently died of a reported heart attack in Tashkent, after signing the Tashkent Declaration. After Shastri, Indira Gandhi—Nehru's daughter—was elected as the country's first woman prime minister. Indira's first term in office lasted 11 years, in which she took steps such as nationalization of banks; end of allowances and political posts, which were received by members of the royal families of the erstwhile princely states of British India. In addition, events such as the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971; the establishment of a sovereign Bangladesh; accession of Sikkim to India, through Document [43] (Title: Bidhya Devi Bhandari) Her political career began from a Leftist student union and she got the membership of them Communist Party of Nepal - Marxist–Leninist in 1980. Bhandari was elected twice in parliamentary elections in 1994 and 1999, defeating Prime Minister Krishna Prasad Bhattarai and Damanath Dhungana, respectively. However, she lost during the 2008 Constituent Assembly poll. She held the post of Minister of Defense in the cabinet of Prime Minister Madhav Kumar Nepal. The party elected her under the proportional electoral system in the second Constituent Assembly elections in 2013. Bhandari was active in politics from an early age. According to the Document [44] (Title: Avani Chaturvedi) Avani Chaturvedi Flight Lieutenant Avani Chaturvedi is one of the first female fighter pilots of India. She is from Rewa district in Madhya Pradesh. She was declared as the first combat pilot along with two of her cohort, Mohana Singh, and Bhawana Kanth. The trio was inducted into the Indian Air Force fighter squadron in June 2016. They were formally commissioned by Defence Minister Manohar Parrikar. On 7 October , 2018 , she was honored with the doctorate degree in Banasthali Vidyapeeth . 25-year old Chaturvedi completed her training at Hyderabad Air Force Academy. She completed her schooling from Deolond, Document [45] (Title: Tulsi Gabbard) "the stresses war places on military spouses and families" as a reason for their divorce. Gabbard called on Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi when he visited New York on September 28, 2014, and presented him with a ginger flower garland from Hawaii. She also gave him her copy of the "Bhagavad Gita", the one she used to take the Oath of Office. In February 2015, Gabbard accepted the marriage proposal of Abraham Williams and they married on April 9, 2015, in a Vedic-style wedding. On November 25, 2013, Gabbard received the John F. Kennedy New Frontier Award at a ceremony Document [46] (Title: First Ladies and Gentlemen of India) on 18 August 2015. The position of First Lady remained vacant for the remainder of President Mukherjee's term. The role should not be confused with the spouse of the Prime Minister of India. First Ladies and Gentlemen of India The First Lady or First Gentleman of India is the unofficial title and position traditionally held by the wife or husband of the President of India during that person's term of office. There are no official roles or duties assigned to the spouse but he or she generally attends the official ceremonies and functions held at the Rashtrapati Bhavan along with Document [47] (Title: Bidhya Devi Bhandari) most powerful women. She previously served as the Minister of Defence of the government of Nepal and was the first woman in Nepal to hold that post. She was also the minister for Environment and population in 1990s, and has been presenting many environmental awareness campaign and women rights concern till dated. On June 2017, she visited IUCN headquarters and Director General Inger Andersen in Gland, Switzerland to discuss opportunities for enhanced collaboration on nature conservation and sustainable development. Bidhya Devi Bhandari was born on 19 June 1961, in Mane Bhanjyang of Bhojpur, to Ram Bahadur Pandey and Mithila Pandey. Document [48] (Title: Sushma Swaraj) on 21 December 2009 and retained this position till May 2014 when in Indian general election, 2014 her party got a major victory. Swaraj has been serving as the Indian Minister of External Affairs under Prime Minister Narendra Modi since May 2014, responsible for implementing the foreign policy of Narendra Modi. She is only the second woman to hold this position after Indira Gandhi. In 1977, she became the youngest ever Cabinet Minister in the country at 25 years of age. In 1979, she became State President of Janata Party, Haryana State at the young age of 27. Sushma Swaraj Document [49] (Title: Women in Indian Armed Forces) adding to their role as helicopter pilots in the Indian Air Force. In 2015, there were 1,500 women, including 94 pilots and 14 navigators, in the air force. Dr. Punita Arora, commissioned in 1968, is the first woman in the India Army to reach the second highest rank as the Lieutenant General, and the first female Vice admiral. Padmavathy Bandopadhyay is the first woman Air Marshal of the Indian Air Force and the second woman in the Indian armed forces to be promoted to a three-star rank after Lt. General Punita Arora. Women in Ghatak Force, Garud Commando Force, MARCOS Document [50] (Title: Savita Kovind) post of Chief Section Supervisor. But in 2005, she took a voluntary retirement. Savitha married Ram Nath Kovind on 30 May 1974. They have a son, and a daughter. Kovind became the first lady on 25 July 2017 after nearly 2 years of vacancy since the last first lady died in office. India’s first spouses act as the official hostesses of the Rashtrapati Bhavan. Savita Kovind Savita Kovind is the First Lady of India since 25 July 2017. She is the wife of the President of India Ram Nath Kovind. Previously, Suvra Mukherjee, wife of the former President Pranab Mukherjee Document [51] (Title: Women in Indian Armed Forces) in all roles, including combat and support roles. In 1994, women joined the air force as pilots in support role, among them Gunjan Saxena (Flight Officer ) was the first women to fly support sorties in a combat zone during Kargil War (May–July 1999). In 2006, Deepika Misra became first IAF woman pilot to train for the helicopter aerobatic team. In 2012, Nivedita Choudhary (Flight Lieutenant), a Jat from Rajasthan, became the first woman from the Indian Air Force to summit the Mount Everest. In 2015, Indian Air Force opened new combat air force roles for women as fighter pilots, Document [52] (Title: Mamata Banerjee) Mamata Banerjee Mamata Banerjee (Bengali: also known as "Didi", born 5 January 1955) is an Indian politician serving as the 8th and current Chief Minister of West Bengal since 2011. She is the first woman to hold the office. She founded the party All India Trinamool Congress (AITC or TMC) in 1998 after separating from the Indian National Congress, and became its chairperson. She is often referred to as Didi (meaning: "elder sister" in Hindi and Bengali). Banerjee previously served twice as the Minister of Railways, the first woman to do so. She is also the first female Minister of Document [53] (Title: India–United States relations) year, Manohar Parrikar became the first Indian defence minister to visit the US Pacific Command. In March 2016, India has rejected a proposal by the USA to join naval patrols in the South China Sea alongside Japan and Australia. Defense Minister Manohar Parrikar said: "India has never taken part in any joint patrol; we only do joint exercises. The question of joint patrol does not arise." In January 2017, Peter Lavoy, Senior Director for South Asian Affairs at the U.S. National Security Council, declared that the partnership between India and the United States under Barack Obama's administration had been "incredibly Document [54] (Title: Pratibha Singh) In 2013 (By Poll) elections, she again elected for the same. Pratibha Singh Pratibha Singh (born 16 July 1956) was a member of the 14th Lok Sabha of India. She is wife of Virbhadra Singh who has been the Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh since 2012. She represented the Mandi constituency of Himachal Pradesh and is a member of the Indian National Congress. Pratibha Singh was born on 16 July 1956 in Shimla, Himachal Pradesh. She married Virbhadra Singh in 1985. Pratibha Singh gained a seat in the Lok Sabha which is the lower house of the Parliament of India Document [55] (Title: Bhavna Chauhan) train alongside 400 gentleman cadets (GCs), some of whom believe that having women in the armed forces is a bad idea. Born in Pune, India, Bhavna Chauhan graduated from the School of Planning and Architecture in New Delhi. Chauhan currently lives in Roorkee with her Army engineer husband and son. Bhavna Chauhan "Not to be confused with Bhavna Chauhan who is an actress" Bhavna Chauhan is an Indian novelist, an architect and a former Indian Army major. Chauhan graduated from the Officers Training Academy (OTA) in Chennai, India, in March 2001, standing first in the order of merit and winning Document [56] (Title: Chandi, Bihar) of the famous village in chandi tehsil. It is around 4 km from chandi.India's first female politicians of the country belong from Tulsigarh and she was elected to the 1st Lok Sabha from Patna East constituency in 1952. She was the first female Deputy Finance Minister in the union cabinet led by prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru from 1958-64. Her name is Tarkeshwari Sinha (26 December 1926 – 14 August 2007). It is approx 17 km from harnaut that is native place of chief minister of bihar nitish kumar. The town has one of the best roads in Bihar. Since 2010 Document [57] (Title: Rabri Devi) facto" chief minister with his wife being a ceremonial head. She became the first woman Chief Minister of Bihar on 25 July 1997 after her husband Lalu Prasad Yadav had to resign as the Chief Minister following the arrest warrant issued against him in corruption charges; in an unprecedented move, he appointed Rabri Devi as the new Bihar Chief Minister to hold onto power. In Bihar Legislative Assembly election, 2010, Rabri Devi contested on two seats: Raghopur and Sonpur assembly seats, but lost both while Rashtriya Janata Dal faced massive defeat, winning only 22 seats. She contested from Saran constituency Document [58] (Title: George Fernandes) defence minister, but was reappointed to the post later. Fernandes has been the only defence minister of a nuclear power who has had a picture of Hiroshima bombing in his office. He has made 18 visits to the icy heights of the Siachen glacier in Kashmir, which holds the record of being "the world's highest battlefield". He was known for overseeing a huge increase in India's defence budget as compared to the allocations made by previous governments. The NDA Government lost power to the Congress-led United Progressive Alliance (UPA) in the 2004 general elections. Later, political observers alleged that Fernandes Document [59] (Title: Nirupama Rao) worth 5 million U.S. dollars for the victims. Rao visited the earthquake affected city of Chengdu soon after the earthquake to coincide with the arrival of Indian Air Force aircraft bringing relief supplies. Rao's being summoned to the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs at the early hour of 2 a.m on March 21, 2008 during disturbances in Tibet was the subject of considerable focus and criticism in the Indian media. Rao became India's second woman Foreign Secretary, succeeding Shivshankar Menon, on 1 August 2009. On 21 December 2010, the Government of India approved the extension of Rao's tenure as India's Document [60] (Title: Foreign policy of the Narendra Modi government) and Beijing, China. Even before becoming the Prime Minister Narendra Modi hinted that his foreign policy will actively focus on improving ties with India's immediate neighbours which is being termed as "neighbourhood first" policy in the media and he started well by inviting all heads of state/heads of government of South Asian countries in his inauguration and on the second day on office he held bilateral talks with all of them individually which was dubbed as a mini SAARC summit by the media. Later during a launch event at ISRO he has asked Indian scientists to take the endeavour to Document [61] (Title: Bhavna Chikhalia) Bhavna Chikhalia Bhavna Chikhalia (‎; 14 February 1955 – 28 June 2013) was a former Minister of State of Parliamentary Affairs and of Tourism and Culture in Government of India from 2003 to 2004. She was also a former member of Lok Sabha and the first lady of Gujarat who has won four consecutive term of Lok Sabha from Junagadh constituency, Gujarat (from 1991 to 2004). She was executive secretary of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) Parliamentary Wing from 1993 to 1996, and party Whip and Party Vice President in 1998. She was Chairperson of the Railway Convention Committee during Document [62] (Title: Benazir Bhutto) in Kashmir. During her second term, Benazir Bhutto's relations with the Pakistan Armed Forces took a different and pro-Bhutto approach, when she carefully appointed General Abdul Waheed Kakar as the Chief of Army Staff. General Abdul Waheed was an uptight, strict, and a professional officer with a views of Westernized democracy. Benazir also appointed Admiral Saeed Mohammad Khan as Chief of Naval Staff; General Abbas Khattak as Chief of Air Staff. Whilst, Air Chief Marshal Farooq Feroze Khan was appointed chairman Joint Chiefs who was the first (and to date only) Pakistani air officer to have reached to such 4 Document [63] (Title: Women in Pakistan) Bhutto wife of Prime Minister Zulfikhar Ali Bhutto, led the Pakistani delegation to the United Nations' first women's conference in 1975. Benazir Bhutto was the first female Prime Minister of Pakistan (1988)(1991) and the first woman elected to head a Muslim country. She was elected twice to the office of Prime Minister. Fehmida Mirza is the first female speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan. Other prominent female Pakistani politicians include Begum Nasim Wali Khan, Raja Farzana, Syeda Abida Hussain, Sherry Rehman and Tehmina Daultana. Hina Rabbani Khar became the first Minister of Foreign Affairs of Pakistan in 2011. Mukhtaran Document [64] (Title: Seema Rao) Seema Rao Seema Rao, also known as India's Wonder Woman, is India's first woman commando trainer, having trained Special Forces of India for 18 years without compensation. She is a pioneer in close quarter battle (CQB) — the art of fighting in tight proximity — and is involved in training various Indian forces. Her work was partnered by Major Deepak Rao, who received Presidential rank honor from the Indian President for pioneering close quarter battle training for Indian Army. Born to a freedom fighter of India, Professor Ramakant Sinari, Seema grew up committed to the cause of serving her country. Document [65] (Title: Women in Indian Armed Forces) War II. Females are not allowed to serve in combat units like the Infantry, the Armoured corps and Mechanised infantry (c. 2017). In 1992, the Indian Army began inducting women officers in non-medical roles. On 19 January 2007, the United Nations first all female peacekeeping force made up of 105 Indian policewomen was deployed to Liberia. Priya Jhingan, commissioned in 1993, is the one of the 25 women to join the Indian Army as an officer. Alka Khurana, also commissioned in 1993, is the first woman from Indian Army to participate in Republic Day Parade and Army Day Parade in Document [66] (Title: Hamida Habibullah) founder commandant of National Defence Academy, Khadakvasla. Her son, Wajahat Habibullah, is a bureaucrat and her grandsons Amar Habibullah and Saif Habibullah are prominent businessmen. A Congress supporter, she joined active politics in 1965, after her husband's retirement. She served as an elected Member of Legislative Assembly (MLA) from Haidergarh (District Barabanki), was State Minister of Social and Harijan Welfare, National Integration & Civil Defence from 1971–73, and Tourism Minister from 1971-74. She was also a member of the Executive Committee of Uttar Pradesh Congress Committee (UPCC) until 1980 and a member of (Elected) the All India Congress Committee (AICC) Document [67] (Title: Belawadi Mallamma) Belawadi Mallamma Belawadi Mallamma (Kannada ಬೆಳವಡಿ ಮಲ್ಲಮ್ಮ ) was a warrior queen from Bailhongal, Belgaum District, North Karnataka, Karnataka, India. Belvadi Mallamma is believed by many to be the first woman to form a women's army to fight against the Marathas. She also credited with being the first queen in the history the Indian subcontinent who built and trained a women's army in the 17th century. She was the daughter of Sode King Madhulinga Nayaka and wife of King Ishaprabhu. Belawadi Mallamma, also known as Savitribai, was a Queen of Lingayat community, fought with the Maratha commander Dadaji Raghunath Nedkar Document [68] (Title: Seema Rao) far. Seema Rao Seema Rao, also known as India's Wonder Woman, is India's first woman commando trainer, having trained Special Forces of India for 18 years without compensation. She is a pioneer in close quarter battle (CQB) — the art of fighting in tight proximity — and is involved in training various Indian forces. Her work was partnered by Major Deepak Rao, who received Presidential rank honor from the Indian President for pioneering close quarter battle training for Indian Army. Born to a freedom fighter of India, Professor Ramakant Sinari, Seema grew up committed to the cause of serving her Document [69] (Title: State visit) dignitary first receives the salute fron the President's Bodyguard (PBG), and the Tri-Services Guard of Honour. Heads of State is also given a 21-gun salute, with a 19-gun salute being to Heads of government. The massed bands and the commander of the guard of honour is chosen by a rotation between the Indian Army, Navy, and Air Force. In 2015, Wing Commander Pooja Thakur became the first female officer to lead the guard of honour for a foreign leader. State banquets are also held for foreign dignitaries at the Rashtrapati Bhavan which are hosted by the President of India. Over Document [70] (Title: Lalitha Kumaramangalam) Lalitha Kumaramangalam Lalitha Kumaramangalam (born 1958) is an Indian politician who is a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and former chairperson of the National Commission for Women. She was previously the National Secretary of the BJP. Lalitha Kumaramangalam was born January 14, 1958 in Tamil Nadu, the daughter of Mohan Kumaramangalam, a communist ideologue, politician, and trade union leader. Her paternal grandfather, P. Subbarayan, was the Chief Minister of the Madras Presidency. Her paternal uncle, General P.P. Kumaramangalam, PVSM, DSO, was Chief of the Army Staff of India. Lalitha's mother, Kalyani Mukherjee, was the niece of Ajoy Mukherjee, Document [71] (Title: First Ladies and Gentlemen of India) First Ladies and Gentlemen of India The First Lady or First Gentleman of India is the unofficial title and position traditionally held by the wife or husband of the President of India during that person's term of office. There are no official roles or duties assigned to the spouse but he or she generally attends the official ceremonies and functions held at the Rashtrapati Bhavan along with the President. The position of First Lady of India is currently held by Savita Kovind, wife of President Ram Nath Kovind. She assumed the position after her husband took the oath of office Document [72] (Title: Mayawati) of their views against gender discrimination. When she was Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, she publicly called Bhikkhus to prayer. She is also known as the "Iron Lady Mayawati". In 2008, "Forbes" added Mayawati in the 59th place on its list of the 100 most powerful women in the world. She appeared in "Newsweek"s top woman achievers list in 2007. In 2009 a "Newsweek" article described her as the Barack Obama of India, and a potential candidate for Prime Minister. "Time" magazine included Mayawati in India's 15 Most Influential list for 2007. Mayawati's political career has attracted praise and controversy. Document [73] (Title: Divya Ajith Kumar) also a multi-faceted personality, Divya is also an accomplished Bharatanatyam dancer, percussionist and well-versed in sports like basketball and discus throw. Captain Divya Ajith Kumar was commissioned into Corps of Army Air Defense on September 2010. Captain Divya Ajith Kumar led the first all-women contingent of the Army on Republic Day (26 January 2015).She led a contingent of 154 women officers and cadets during the parade, where US President Barack Obama was present as the chief guest. Nearly 200 women officers from all over the country had come down to the OTA, and after a rigorous selection process, 126 officers, Document [74] (Title: Women in India) provides the vision of the natural, real way of life. We veil ourselves with unnatural masks. On the face of India are the tender expressions which carry the mark of the Creator's hand.""...George Bernard Shaw The Indian Armed Forces began recruiting women to non-medical positions in 1992. The Indian Army began inducting women officers in 1992. The Border Security Force (BSF) began recruiting female officers in 2013. On 25 March 2017, Tanushree Pareek became the first female combat officer commissioned by the BSF. On 24 October 2015, the Indian government announced that women could serve as fighter pilots in the Document [75] (Title: Ministry of Defence (India)) Ministry of Defence (India) The Ministry of Defence (MoD; IAST: ) is charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the government relating directly to national security and the Indian armed forces. The Ministry has the largest budget among the federal departments of India and currently maintains fifth in military expenditure, among countries of the world. The President of India is the ceremonial commander-in-chief of the armed forces of the country. The Ministry of Defence provides policy framework and resources to the armed forces to discharge their responsibility in the context of the defence of the country. The Document [76] (Title: Mitali Madhumita) merit and in February 2015 directed the Ministry of Defence to reinstate her. However the Ministry of Defence appealed against the order of the Armed Forces Tribunal in the Supreme court of India stating that Madhumita had enlisted in the army on a short service commission. In 2016 Supreme court of India rejected the Ministry of Defence's plea against granting her a permanent commission in the Indian army. Mitali Madhumita Mitali Madhumita is the first woman officer in the Indian Army to receive a gallantry award. Lieutenant Colonel Mitali Madhumita received the Sena Medal in 2011 for exemplary courage shown Document [77] (Title: First Ladies and Gentlemen of India) to the post of president on 25th July 2017. Rajvanshi Devi, wife of India's first president, was the country's first First Lady from 1950 until 1962. Devi kept a very low profile during this era and did not attend public events with President Rajendra Prasad. Saraswati Bai, wife of the country's fourth president, V. V. Giri, was the first First Lady to take a more public role. Bai's role marked a change from the lower profile of her predecessors. She attended and hosted public events and became a recognizable figure to the Indian public. Her successor, Begum Abida Ahmed, India's Document [78] (Title: Jayalalithaa) margin. India's first company of female police commandos was set up in Tamil Nadu in 2003. They underwent the same training as their male counterparts, covering the handling of weapons, detection and disposal of bombs, driving, horseriding, and adventure sports. The government led by her in 2003 banned sale of all lotteries, including online, within the territory of the state, despite the risk of the state losing revenue. She gave orders to special task force headed by K.Vijaykumar to conduct secret operation to capture and kill the dreaded poacher and sandalwood smuggler Veerappan by entering Karnataka. In 2004 she declared Document [79] (Title: Robin Fontes) the US War College, graduating in 2007. She had been promoted that year to colonel. She was subsequently assigned as the chief of the American Security Assistance Office in Pakistan. The United States Senate approved Fontes's promotion to brigadier general in 2014. Following her 2014 graduation from the Defense Intelligence Agency's Joint Military Attaché School (where she was class leader), she was assigned as the US Defense Attaché to India. She was the first American general officer sent to India since the 1960s. She was also the first woman to hold that position. In February 2017, then-National Security Advisor Michael Document [80] (Title: Ranee Narah) Union Cabinet of India as Minister of State (MoS) for Tribal Affairs in 2012. Ranee Narah Ranee Narah (born 31 October 1965) is an Indian politician. She held the position of Deputy Chief Whip of the Indian National Congress in the 15th Lok Sabha. On 21 March 2016, she got elected along with Ripun Bora of the INC to the Rajya Sabha, the Upper House of the Indian Parliament securing 47 votes out of 85 (minimum requirement was 38 votes). Ranie Narah, wife of Bharat Narah a congress politician of Assam, graduated from the University of Guwahati with a BA Document [81] (Title: Budget Day) in his second tenure when he was both the Finance Minister and Deputy Prime Minister of India. After Desai's resignation, Indira Gandhi, the then Prime Minister of India, took over the Ministry of Finance to become the only woman to hold the post of the finance minister. Pranab Mukherjee, the first Rajya Sabha member to hold the Finance portfolio, presented the annual budgets for 1982–83, 1983–84 and 1984–85. Rajiv Gandhi presented the budget for 1987–89 after V P Singh quit his government, and in the process became only the third Prime Minister to present a budget after his mother and Document [82] (Title: Janaki Venkataraman) husband on state visits and was the public face of "Indian womanhood" during his presidency. As an active first lady, she was responsible for implementing social welfare programs that came from the president's office. Janaki Venkataraman died on 13 August 2010. Janaki Venkataraman Janaki Venkataraman (1921 – 13 August 2010) was the First Lady of India from 1987 until 1992. She was the wife of Indian President R. Venkataraman who served as India's head of state from 25 July 1987 until 25 July 1992. Janaki was born in Pegu, Burma, to Kamala and Krishna Iyer. Her mother died with she Document [83] (Title: Suvra Mukherjee) Minister of Bangladesh who attended the funeral stated: "Bangladesh has lost a great friend and well-wisher with her passing away and prayed the bereaved family to have the courage and fortitude to bear this irreparable loss." Suvra Mukherjee Suvra Mukherjee (17 September 1937 – 18 August 2015) was a former First Lady of India serving from the year 2012 until her death in 2015. Mukherjee was born on 17 September 1937 in Jessore (now in Bangladesh) as Suvra Ghosh, and moved to Calcutta when she was 10 years old. She married Pranab Mukherjee on 13 July 1957 and the couple Document [84] (Title: Indian Army) Bombers in 1942. In 1992, the Indian Army began inducting women officers in non-medical roles. On 19 January 2007, the United Nations first all female peacekeeping force made up of 105 Indian policewomen was deployed to Liberia. In 2014, India's army had 3 per cent women, the Navy 2.8 per cent and the Air Force, the highest, with 8.5 per cent women. In 2015 India opened new combat air force roles for women as fighter pilots, adding to their role as helicopter pilots in the Indian Air Force. Most of the army equipment is imported, but efforts are being made Document [85] (Title: Sushma Swaraj's tenure as External Affairs Minister) Sushma Swaraj's tenure as External Affairs Minister Sushma Swaraj is the serving Indian External Affairs Minister under Prime Minister Narendra Modi from May 2014, responsible for implementing the foreign policy of Narendra Modi. She is only the second women to hold this position after Indira Gandhi. Swaraj, a lawyer by profession and a seasoned parliamentarian with many 'first-timer' records in her name often considered to be among the best spoken Indian politician and also known for her diplomatic skills. She served as the Leader of the Opposition in the 15th Lok Sabha from 2009 to 2014 and by virtue of Document [86] (Title: Bhavashankari) She took special interest in the military administration of the State. She regularly paid visits to the trainee soldiers and made arrangements for upgradation and modernisation of the military infrastructures. She began to encourage each and every subject to undergo military training. Gradually she made conscription compulsory in Bhurishrestha. She built new garrison fortresses along the boundaries of Bhurishrestha and renovated the existing ones. The "kuladevata" of the Bharadwaj dynasty of Bhurishrestha was Rajvallabhi, an incarnation of Chandi and her statue was made of "ashtadhatu". Bhavashankari used to worship her and once made a wish that no man would ever Document [87] (Title: Divya Ajith Kumar) and 28 women cadets from the academy were selected for the parade. Captain Divya Ajith Kumar was selected to lead the contingent. She now teaches at Officers Training Academy in Chennai she travels to schools and colleges to talk to students and inspire them to consider a life serving the nation by choosing a career in the Armed Forces. She is inspiring many women to join the armed forces. Divya Ajith Kumar Captain Divya Ajith Kumar is an officer of the Indian Army of AAD (Army Air Defense). She passed out from OTA, Chennai. She is the first woman to Document [88] (Title: Punita Arora) Army to the Navy as the AFMS has a common pool which allows officers to migrate from one service to another depending on the requirement. She has been awarded with 15 medals in her 36 years of career in Indian Armed Forces. Punita Arora Punita Arora is the first woman in India to don the second highest rank i.e. Lieutenant General of Indian Armed Forces. and the first female Vice admiral of Indian Navy. She was born into a Punjabi family which hails from Lahore. When she was 01 year old, her family moved to India during partition and got Document [89] (Title: Seema Rao) the first time in India’s history. Times of India featured both Seema & Komal Rao, the mother-daughter wonder women duo via the Times News Network. Rao has co-authored the first "Encyclopedia of Close Combat Ops" training in the world, produced solely for Indian forces as well as the first Indian book on world terrorism — "A Comprehensive Analysis of World Terrorism" and the first book on "Commando Manual of Unarmed Combat". Her books have found a place in the libraries of FBI, INTERPOL, UN, and SWAT Police the world over. She is a prolific author and has eight titles thus Document [90] (Title: M. M. Pallam Raju) tenure as the Minister of State for Defense, in 2008 Pallam Raju visited Lebanon to meet the Indian peacekeepers who were part of the UN Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL). He was the first to do so in five years. India has one infantry battalion deployed in charge of the eastern position of South Lebanon. In May 2008, he headed the delegation from the ministry and addressed the important Shangri La Dialogue (Annual Conference of Defense Ministers from the world) in Singapore. Third term in the 15th Lok Sabha (2009–2014) In May 2009, he was re-elected to the 15th Lok Document [91] (Title: Women in Indian Armed Forces) 1994 . Sapper Shanti Tigga is the first female jawan (private rank) in the Indian Army who joined in 2011. Priya Semwal, joined in 2014, first Army jawan's wife to join as an officer in the armed forces, whose husband had fallen in a counter-insurgency operation near hilly Tawang in Arunachal Pradesh in 2012. Mitali Madhumita (Lieutenant Colonel), commissioned in 2000, is the first woman officer in India to receive a gallantry award, who received the Sena Medal in 2011 for exemplary courage shown during the Attack on the Indian embassy in Kabul by terrorists in Kabul, Afghanistan on 26 Document [92] (Title: First Indian circumnavigation) Maj KS Rao, the Skipper, also received his long delayed promotion to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel here. The home run via Colombo, Sri Lanka was uneventful. "Trishna" received an enthusiastic welcome at the Gateway of India, Mumbai on her arrival there on 10 January 1987 where she was received by General Krishnaswamy Sundarji, the Chief of the Army Staff (India) accompanied by a large gathering of sailors, Service officers, friends and relatives. Ten officers of the Indian Army Corps of Engineers in a sailboat girdled the globe – 30,000 nautical miles – in less than 16 months creating Indian Document [93] (Title: Sushma Swaraj) was the first female Spokesperson of a national political party in India. She has many firsts to her credit as BJPs first female Chief Minister, Union Cabinet Minister, general secretary, Spokesperson, Leader of Opposition and Minister of External Affairs. She is the Indian Parliament's first and the only female MP honoured with the Outstanding Parliamentarian Award. She has contested 11 direct elections from four states. She has served as the President of the Hindi Sahitya Sammelan in Haryana for four years. During the times of Emergency, on 13 July 1975, Sushma Swaraj married Swaraj Kaushal, a peer and fellow advocate Document [94] (Title: Nirupama Rao) as Joint Secretary, East Asia and External Publicity, the latter position making her the first woman spokesperson of the MEA, Chief of Personnel, Ambassador to Peru and China, and High Commissioner to Sri Lanka. Nirupama Rao was born in Malappuram, Kerala. Her father, Lt. Colonel P.V.N Menon, was in the Indian Army. Her mother, Meempat Narayanikutty, was the first woman college graduate in her family, obtaining a BA Mathematics (Honors) degree from Madras University in 1947. Her sisters, Nirmala and Asha, are medical doctors by profession. Nirmala, pursued a career in the Indian Navy, retiring in 2013 as Surgeon Rear Document [95] (Title: Hina Rabbani Khar) In 2009, after switching parties and winning re-election with the Pakistan Peoples Party, she became the Minister of State for Finance and Economic Affairs and the same year became the first woman to present the national budget. She was appointed by Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani as the Foreign Minister of Pakistan in July 2011, and served until shortly before the 2013 election, when she retired from active politics. She has continued to push for stronger ties with India. She remains a member of the Pakistan People's Party, and is a public speaker on foreign policy. As of 2018, she Document [96] (Title: Navika Sagar Parikrama) March 8, 2018 the crew of INSV Tarini that is part of Navika Sagar Parikrama namely Lt Cdr Vartika Joshi, Lt Payal Gupta, Lt Cdr Pratibha Jamwal, Lt Cdr P Swathi, Lt Aishwarya Boddapati, and Lt Shourgrakpam Vijaya Devi were conferred the Nari Shakti Puraskar for outstanding contribution towards women empowerment. The award presented by Ramnath Kovind, the President of India was received by Lieutenant S Vijaya Devi on behalf of the team of INSV Tarini. The expedition was flagged off by Defence Minister Nirmala Sitharaman in Goa on September 10, 2017. The 6 member all women crew includes:- 1. Document [97] (Title: Nirupama Rao) of the MEA, a practice that has since become institutionalized. From 2002 to 2004, Rao served as Additional Secretary, Administration (MEA Chief of Personnel). During this period she was also Foreign Service Inspector. In 2003, on the initiative of the then National Security Advisor and Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister, Brajesh Mishra, Rao became a member of the Special Representative's delegation for border talks with China. She participated in the first three rounds of these talks before her departure for Sri Lanka in 2004. Rao became India's first woman High Commissioner to Sri Lanka in August 2004, replacing Nirupam Document [98] (Title: Mehbooba Mufti) Mehbooba Mufti Mehbooba Mufti (born 22 May 1959) is an Indian politician who served as the Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir, from 4th April 2016 to 19th June 2018. She resigned on June 19 2018 after BJP withdrew support from the coalition government. She was the first woman to hold the office. Mehbooba Mufti is India's second Muslim woman chief minister after Syeda Anwara Taimur of Assam. She is the president of the Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) and was a member of the Indian parliament, representing Anantnag in the 16th Lok Sabha; before she was sworn Document [99] (Title: Mamata Banerjee) as chief minister of West Bengal on 20 May 2011. As the first female chief minister of West Bengal, one of her first decisions was to return 400 acres of land to Singur farmers. "The cabinet has decided to return 400 acres to unwilling farmers in Singur," the chief minister said. "I have instructed the department to prepare the papers for this. If Tata-babu(Ratan Tata) wants, he can set up his factory on the remaining 600 acres, otherwise we will see how to go about it." She has also been credited in resolving the longstanding Gorkhaland related violence by setting Document [100] (Title: First Ladies and Gentlemen of India) first lady from 1974 to 1977, further expanded the public role of the First Lady's position by organizing ceremonies and official functions at the Rashtrapati Bhavan. Before Pratibha Patil was sworn in as the first female President of India, the role of the wives of the President were to act as the chief hostess of the Bhavan. In 2007, the office room meant for the First Lady went for some minor changes to accommodate the husband of Pratibha Patil, Devisingh Shekhawat, the country's inaugural "First Gentleman". Former First Lady Suvra Mukherjee, the wife of President Pranab Mukherjee, died in office Document [101] (Title: Guard of honour) honor guards companies of the aforementioned branches. In India, the Tri-Services Guard of Honour is made up of men or women drawn from three services of the Indian military: the Indian Army, Indian Air Force, and Indian Navy. It is based at New Delhi and is of company size, present only during state visits. In January 2015, during Barack Obama's state visit to India, Wing Commander Pooja Thakur became the first female officer to lead the guard of honour for a foreign leader. In Indonesia, the unit institutionally intended to act as an honour guard for the President of Indonesia Document [102] (Title: Nirupama Pandey) at 1015 hrs (IST), forming one of the first three women IAF officers, to create history. The team of eleven women officers was accompanied by one medical officer and eight male air warriors who were qualified mountaineers. In August, 2011 Bihar CM Sri Nitish Kumar felicitated Squadron leader Nirupama Pandey in Patna for unfurling tricolour at the Mount Everest. She was awarded with Ati Vishisth Khel Samman by the Govt of Bihar. Nirupama Pandey Wing Commander Nirupama Pandey is an Indian mountaineer. She is the first person from Bihar to have scaled Mount Everest on May 25, 2011 at 1015 Document [103] (Title: Rajendra Kumari Bajpai) Union Minister of State with independent charge of Ministry of Social Welfare (1984–86), Minister of State with independent charge of Labour (1986–87) and Minister of State with independent charge of Welfare (1987–89) with Rajiv Gandhi as Prime Minister. She was appointed lieutenant governor of Pondicherry from 2 May 1995 to 22 April 1998. She died on 17 July 1999 at Allahabad after a prolonged kidney-related illness. She was survived by her husband and children. At the time of her death, her son Ashok Bajpai was president of the District Congress committee, while Dr Ranjana Bajpai, her daughter-in-law was president of Document [104] (Title: Sushma Swaraj) Sushma Swaraj Sushma Swaraj () (born 14 February 1952) is an Indian politician and a former Supreme Court lawyer. A senior leader of Bharatiya Janata Party, Swaraj is serving as the Minister of External Affairs of India since 26 May 2014; she is the second woman to hold the office, after Indira Gandhi. She has been elected seven times as a Member of Parliament and three times as a Member of the Legislative Assembly. At the age of 25 in 1977, she became the youngest cabinet minister of north Indian state of Haryana. She also served as 5th Chief Minister Document [105] (Title: Meenakshi Gopinath) training, advocacy and initiatives. Her contributions in Track II diplomacy in the Indian subcontinent also involves "Neemrana Peace Initiative" and "Pakistan India Peoples' Forum for Peace and Democracy" and she is a member of both the organizations. In 2004, she was appointed by the Government of India as a member of the National Security Advisory Board (NSAB), one of the three agencies under the National Security Council of India, the apex agency concerned with internal security in India. She is the first woman to be appointed to the NSAB where she served for four years till 2008. Gopinath is a Document [106] (Title: Usha Narayanan) Usha Narayanan Usha Narayanan, born Tint Tint () was the First Lady of India from 1997 to 2002. She was married to K. R. Narayanan, the tenth President of India. Upon her husband's assumption of the presidency, Narayanan became India's second foreign-born first lady. She played a key role in women social welfare activities initiated by the presidency. Narayanan was born Tint Tint in 1923, in Yamethin, Burma. She attended Rangoon University, earning a Bachelor of Arts degree. Thereafter, she worked as a lecturing tutor at the Department of Burmese Language and Literature. She continued her graduate studies at the Document [107] (Title: Ravi Datt Mehta) with Afghan defense minister Abdul Rahim Wardak. Brig. Mehta had earlier also served as the head of the Indian Army's Intelligence Corps in the state of Jammu and Kashmir. A road in his hometown Simla near his childhood home is now named after him. He is also slated to be posthumously awarded the Kirti Chakra, India's second-highest peacetime gallantry award. His funeral was attended by Chief of Army Staff General Deepak Kapoor, Chief of Naval Staff Admiral Suresh Mehta and Chief of the Air Staff Fali Homi Major. Brigadier Mehta's wife was also working in Afghanistan for empowerment of women Document [108] (Title: Smita Sabharwal) Smita Sabharwal Smita Sabharwal (born 19 June 1977) is an Indian Administrative Service Officer of 2001 batch borne to the Telangana cadre. She is popularly known as "The People’s Officer" for addressing citizen issues by involving people. She is the first lady IAS Officer, in India to be appointed to the Chief Minister’s Office. She is presently working as, Secretary to Cm, Government of Telangana and holds additional charge as Secretary, Rural Water Supply Department and Mission Bhagiratha. Smita was born, in a Bengali family in Darjeeling, West Bengal to an Army officer, Colonel Pranab Das, and Purabi Das. She Document [109] (Title: The Ministry of Utmost Happiness) First. Begum Arifa Yeswi Wife of Musa Yeswi. Musa meets Arifa in a stationery shop where an grenade explosion takes place. Major Amrik Singh A military officer in charge of counter-insurgency operations in Kashmir. Murderer of Jalib Qadri, a well-known lawyer and human rights activist. Amrik Singh, subsequently seeks asylum in the US claiming to be the victim of the tortures he has inflicted on others. Comrade Revathy A Maoist from East Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh who is raped and tortured by policeman. She's the mother of Udaya (Miss Jebeen the Second). Revathy leaves Udaya in Jantar Mantar. Jahanara Document [110] (Title: Pauline Frederick (journalist)) Nations and Imelda Romualdez Marcos of the Republic of the Philippines. Speaking of why she selected these particular woman, Frederick remarked in her introduction, “With the exception of Indira Gandhi who, as Prime Minister of India, is uniquely a first lady in her own right, the women portrayed are wives of men who exercise national power, exert regional political influence, and in some cases, are world shakers”. Pauline was personally aware of the forces working against women through her own experiences, and it is telling that she concluded her first interview with Indira Gandhi with a universal quote applicable to Document [111] (Title: D. Roopa) a court case in Hubballi. In 2008, she arrested Mr Yavagal, who was an ex-minister. During this case, she also got her subordinate DSP Mr Masooti, suspended for being continues touch with Mr Yavagal and tried to protect the guilty. In a first in the country, she became the first lady police officer to head the Cyber-Crime police station/division in 2013. While she was the DCP, City Armed Reserve, Bengaluru, she had withdrawn 216 excess gunmen kept unauthorisedly by 81 politicians. She also had withdrawn 8 new SUVs of the department that unauthorisedly remained with an ex-Chief Minister of Karnataka. Document [112] (Title: Mitali Madhumita) Mitali Madhumita Mitali Madhumita is the first woman officer in the Indian Army to receive a gallantry award. Lieutenant Colonel Mitali Madhumita received the Sena Medal in 2011 for exemplary courage shown during the attack on the Indian embassy by terrorists in Kabul, Afghanistan on 26 February, 2010, and operations in Jammu-Kashmir and the northeast states of India. Lieutenant Colonel Madhumita went into the Indian embassy which had come under attack and rescued several injured civilians and army personnel from the debris. About nineteen people lost their lives in the 2010 Kabul embassy attack including seven Indians. Madhumita joined the Document [113] (Title: Nagma Mallick) She joined the foreign service in 1991 as a career diplomat. She was the first Muslim woman in the Indian Foreign Service. Her first posting was in Paris where she served in the Indian Mission to UNESCO. Thereafter, in New Delhi, she served in various capacities in the Ministry of External Affairs, including on the Western Europe desk. She served as a staff officer to Prime Minister I.K. Gujral. She then served as the first woman Deputy Chief of Protocol (Ceremonial). She served as Head of the Commercial Wing at the Embassy of India in Kathmandu where she was involved Document [114] (Title: 2016 Indian Line of Control strike) adopt a policy on Kashmir "independent of how he deals with Pakistan," though his "strong popularity gives him much room to act." Across India, the military raid was widely praised. Opposition leader Rahul Gandhi lauded Prime Minister Modi commenting- "for the first time in his tenure, he has taken an action that is worthy of the status of a Prime Minister." Following the military raid, in anticipation of cross-border shelling from Pakistan, Indian authorities evacuated 10,000 residents of villages located within ten kilometres of the border, in the states of Punjab and Jammu and Kashmir. Military surveillance was also stepped Document [115] (Title: Kiran Bedi) a batch of 80 men, and became the first woman IPS officer. After a 6-month foundation course, she underwent another 9 months of police training at Mount Abu in Rajasthan, and further training with Punjab Police in 1974. Based on a draw, she was allocated to the union territory cadre (now called AGMUT or Arunachal Pradesh-Goa-Mizoram-Union Territories cadre). Bedi's first posting was to the Chanakyapuri subdivision of Delhi in 1975. The same year, she became the first woman to lead the all-male contingent of the Delhi Police at the Republic Day Parade in 1975. Her daughter Sukriti (later Saina) was Document [116] (Title: Tomomi Inada) military experience, Inada was named Defense Minister by Prime Minister Abe on August 3, 2016. Inada is the first Defense Minister since Akinori Eto to have no record of prior military service. Inada is also the first female defense minister since Yuriko Koike, and the second female Defense Minister in Japanese History. On September 15, 2016, one month after becoming Defense Minister, Inada met with American Secretary of Defense Ash Carter in Washington, D.C. After the meeting, Inada stated that the Japanese military would increase its activity in the South China Sea and increase the number of military drills with Document [117] (Title: Cécile Manorohanta) Cécile Manorohanta Cécile Manorohanta is a Malagasy politician, currently serving in the government of Madagascar as Deputy Prime Minister for the Interior. Previously she was Minister of Defense from 2007 to 2009. Manorohanta was appointed as Defense Minister on 27 October 2007 in the government of Prime Minister Charles Rabemananjara. She was the first female defense minister in her country. On 9 February 2009, Manorohanta announced her resignation, saying that "after all that has happened, I decide as of now to no longer remain part of this government," referring to the shooting on 7 February, during the 2009 Malagasy protests, Document [118] (Title: Pat Nixon) India, the Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand, Pakistan, Romania, and England. On such trips, Pat refused to be serviced by an entourage, feeling that they were an unnecessary barrier and a burden for taxpayers. Soon after, during a trip to South Vietnam, Pat became the first First Lady to enter a combat zone. She had tea with the wife of President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu in a palace, visited an orphanage, and lifted off in an open-door helicopter—armed by military guards with machine guns—to witness U.S. troops fighting in a jungle below. She would later admit to experiencing a "moment of fear going Document [119] (Title: Marie-Noëlle Koyara) 2013, she was appointed the Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development, then held the post of Minister of State of Labor and Public Affaires, becoming the first ever female Minister of State in the country, then Minister of State of Rural Development, and in January 2015 she was appointed the first State Minister of National Defense. Marie-Noëlle Koyara Marie-Noëlle Koyara is the current Minister of National Defense of the Central African Republic, who was also the first female defense minister in the country since it declared its independence in 1960. She previously held a number of ministerial posts and served Document [120] (Title: Women in India) Women in India now participate fully in areas such as education, sports, politics, media, art and culture, service sectors, science and technology, etc. Indira Gandhi, who served as Prime Minister of India for an aggregate period of fifteen years, is the world's longest serving woman Prime Minister. The Constitution of India guarantees to all Indian women equality (Article 14), no discrimination by the State (Article 15(1)), equality of opportunity (Article 16), equal pay for equal work (Article 39(d)) and Article 42. In addition, it allows special provisions to be made by the State in favour of women and children (Article Document [121] (Title: Nirupama Rao) country. In 2006, she became India's first woman Ambassador to China. Her tenure saw state visits by President Hu Jintao to India and Prime Minister Manmohan Singh to China. The Indian Consulate General in Guangzhou was opened during her tenure in October 2007 by the then External Affairs Minister, Pranab Mukherjee. In 2007, Rao took the initiative to expand the Cultural Wing of the Embassy of India, transforming it into a hub for cultural activities including lectures, seminars, music and dance recitals and classes for Chinese students interested in Indian culture. The India-China Business Forum was also set up during Document [122] (Title: Roberta Pinotti) she arrived only third after the leftist Marco Doria and the upcoming Mayor Marta Vincenzi. In 2013 she was appointed undersecretary of state ("sottosegretario di stato") in the Ministry of Defence in the government led by Enrico Letta. When the new Secretary of the Democratic Party Matteo Renzi forced Letta to resign and became the new Prime Minister on 22 February 2014, he appointed Pinotti as Minister of Defence; she is the first woman to have ever hold this office in Italy. Her first act was to met the wives of the two Italian marines detained in India, due to Document [123] (Title: Mayawati) humble beginnings has been called a "miracle of democracy" by P. V. Narasimha Rao, former Prime Minister of India. In 1993 Kanshi Ram formed a coalition with the Samajwadi Party and Mayawati became the Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh in 1995. She was the first female Scheduled Caste/Schedule Chief Minister in India. In 1997 and in 2002 she was Chief Minister with outside support from the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), the second time only for a year up to 26 August 2003 due to BJP withdrawing support. Mayawati's tenure has attracted praise and criticism. Millions of Dalits view her as Document [124] (Title: C. B. Muthamma) she would resign if she got married. Muthamma was first posted to the Indian Embassy at Paris. She also went on to serve as a diplomat in Rangoon, London, and on the Pakistan and America Desks in the Ministry of External Affairs in New Delhi. She was posted as India’s Ambassador to Hungary in 1970. She thus became the first woman from within the service to be appointed Ambassador. Later, she served as ambassador in Accra in Ghana, and afterwards she was made the Indian Ambassador to The Hague in the Netherlands. Muthamma is known for her successful crusade for Document [125] (Title: Bhawana Kanth) Bhawana Kanth Bhawana Kanth is one of the first female pilots of India. She was declared as the first combat pilot along with two of her cohort, Mohana Singh, and Avani Chaturvedi. The trio was inducted into the Indian Air Force fighter squadron in June 2016. They were formally commissioned by Defence Minister Manohar Parrikar. After the government of India decided to open the fighter stream in India Air Force for women on an experimental basis, these three women were the first to be selected for the program. Kanth was born on 1 December 1992 in Barauni, Bihar. Her father Document [126] (Title: Benazir Bhutto) India and campaign in the international community against the Indian nuclear programme. On 1 May 1995, she used harsh language in her public warning to India that "continuation of [Indian] nuclear programme would have terrible consequences". India responded to this saying she was interfering in an "internal matter" of India, and the Indian Army fired a RPG at the Kahuta, which further escalated events, leading to full-fledged war. When this news reached Bhutto, she responded by high-alerting the Air Force Strategic Command. It ordered heavily armed Arrows, Griffins, Black Panthers and the Black Spiders to begin air sorties and to Document [127] (Title: Uma Bharti) also in Coal and Mines during the second as well as third ministry of Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee. After Narendra Modi became the Indian Prime Minister in 2014, she was appointed the Minister for Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation, and held this office until September 2017. Bharti was among the leaders in the controversial Ram Janmabhoomi movement of the 1980s and 1990s, organised by the BJP and the Vishva Hindu Parishad. She was present at the demolition of the Babri Masjid, and was later indicted by the Liberhan Commission for her role in the incident. In the Document [128] (Title: Foreign policy of the Narendra Modi government) height. He assumed office in the US Embassy in New Delhi on 19 December 2014. Modi invited President Obama to be the first US President to grace the 66th Republic Day celebration as Chief guest, an honour typically reserved for India's closest ally. President Obama was the first US President to visit India twice in office and the two leaders now scheduled to hold back to back summits within six months which is being referred as Modi's diplomatic coup by the media. "This Republic Day, we hope to have a friend over… invited President Obama to be the 1st US Document [129] (Title: Women in Indian Armed Forces) (Marine Commandos) and Para (Special Forces). Women are not yet allowed as combatant in the combat specialist forces, such as Ghatak, Garud, MARCOS, para commandos, etc. but they can join paratroopers wings of their respective arms like para EME, para signals, para ASC, etc. (c. 2017). Dr. Seema Rao, also known as "India's Wonder Woman", is India's first woman commando trainer, having trained over 15,000 Special Forces of India (including the NSG Black Cats, MARCOS, GARUD) as full-time guest trainer for 20 years without compensation as a pioneer in close quarter battle (CQB). Women in Indian Coast Guard, Assam Rifles Document [130] (Title: Punita Arora) Punita Arora Punita Arora is the first woman in India to don the second highest rank i.e. Lieutenant General of Indian Armed Forces. and the first female Vice admiral of Indian Navy. She was born into a Punjabi family which hails from Lahore. When she was 01 year old, her family moved to India during partition and got settled in Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh. She studied in Sophia School in Saharanpur till 8th grade. After that she moved to Guru Nanak Girls Inter-College. In 11th Standard while getting admitted to Government school for boys she decided to take science as a Document [131] (Title: Violet Alva) naval sector. She cautioned the government to be careful when dealing with foreign capital and supported linguistic states. After the second Indian General Election in 1957, she became Deputy Minister of State for Home Affairs. In 1962, Alva became the Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, thereby becoming the first female to preside over the Rajya Sabha in its history. She served two consecutive terms in Rajya Sabha. Her first term commenced on 19 April 1962 and continued till 2 April 1966. Her second term began with her election to the office of Deputy Chairman on 7 April 1966 and Document [132] (Title: Women in Indian Armed Forces) Army officer commissioned in the Corps of Military intelligence in 2011, is the first woman to be appointed as a key aide to an Army Commander. Swati Singh (Captain), an engineer and then only female officer in her 63 Brigade of the Indian Army, is the first female officer to be deployed at Nathu La pass as Signals in-charge. Sophia Qureshi (Lt. Colonel) of the Corps of Signals is the first female officer to lead a training contingent of the Indian Army at Force 18, the ASEAN Plus multinational field training exercise held in 2016. Indian Air Force inducts women Document [133] (Title: Anandiben Patel) Anandiben Patel Anandiben Patel (born 21 November 1941) is an Indian politician and the current Governor of Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh and former Chief Minister of Gujarat, a western state of India. She was the first woman chief minister of the state. She is a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) since 1987. She was the Cabinet Minister for Education from 2002 to 2007. She was the cabinet Minister of Road and Building, Revenue, Urban development and Urban Housing, Disaster Management and Capital Projects in the Government of Gujarat from 2007 to 2014. In January 19, 2018, she became Document [134] (Title: Nirmala Deshpande) Mohammad Hamid Ansari. in the presence of Smt. Sonia Gandhi (President UPA), Sh. Pawan Bansal (Cabinet Minister), Sh. Shriprakash Jaiswal (Minister of State), Sh. Bhupinder Singh Hooda (Chief Minister of Haryana), Sh. Santosh Bagrodia (Minister of State), Sh. Deepender Singh Hooda (Member of Parliament), Sh. Naveen Jindal (Member of Parliament), Sh. Ajay Gupta and many other VIPs at Balyogi Hall, Parliament of India, New Delhi. She was conferred the Sitara-i-Imtiaz, one of Pakistan's third highest civilian honours, on 13 August 2009; the eve of Pakistan's Independence Day. On her name, a small museum was established in Panipat (Haryana) with efforts Document [135] (Title: Ravi Shankar Prasad) 2014: Took oath as Union Minister for Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology and Ministry of Law and Justice (India), Government of India. On 3 February 1982, Prasad married Maya Shankar, who is a Historian and Professor of History at Patna University. Prasad's first ministerial assignment was in the capacity of Minister of State for Coal and Mines between 2001 and 2003 under Atal Bihari Vajpayee's Prime-ministership. This was on the backdrop of huge losses suffered by Coal India (CIL). As a first time Minister, its revival was a major challenge before him. In a year's time, it began to Document [136] (Title: Women in the military by country) United Nations first all female peacekeeping force made up of 105 Indian policewomen was deployed to Liberia. In 2014, India's army had 3 per cent women, the Navy 2.8 per cent and the Air Force performed best with 8.5 per cent women. In 2015 India opened new combat air force roles for women as fighter pilots, adding to their role as helicopter pilots in the Indian Air Force. Some women served in various positions in the IDF, including infantry, radio operators and transport pilots in the 1948 war of independence and the Suez Crisis in 1956, but later the Air Document [137] (Title: Sujatha Singh) to any of India's neighbouring nations was seen as a challenge. Singh was the third female officer to head the Indian diplomatic corps after Chokila Iyer and Nirupama Rao. In the normal course, her term as Foreign Secretary would have ended in August 2015; however, it was cut short by a government order on 28 Jan 2015 and she was succeeded by S. Jaishankar, who as Indian Ambassador to United States had played a key role during Indian Prime Minister Modi's visit to the US, and in US President Obama's visit to India. Sujatha Singh Sujatha Singh is an Indian Document [138] (Title: India–Kyrgyzstan relations) Minister Narendra Modi (11-12 July 2015) ii) Vice President Krishan Kant (August 1999) iii) Vice President K.R. Narayanan (September 1996) iv) Prime Minister Narasimha Rao (September 1995) (b) Other Visits: i) A delegation comprising 17 military officers from Army War College led by a Brigadier (11-16 October 2015) ii) A 5-member delegation headed by Shri Avinash Chander, Secretary (Defence R&D), DG(DRDO) and SA to RM (25 to 28 October 2014) iii) A 16-member NDC delegation led by Major General Anurag Gupta (11-16 May 2014) iv) EAM Shri Salman Khurshid (September 2013) v) MoS, Minister for Commerce and Industry Smt. Daggubati Document [139] (Title: Kamla Beniwal) Economics, Political Science & History from Maharani College, Jaipur and MA in History from Banasthali Vidyapeeth, Rajasthan. She was the member of Indian National Congress. At the age of 27, she was the first female minister in Rajasthan. Kamla has been a minister in Congress governments in Rajasthan since 1954, holding various portfolios, including home, education and agriculture. She was the revenue minister in the Ashok Gehlot government. She was appointed Governor of Tripura in October 2009. She was the first female governor of any state of Northeast India. A month later, she was appointed as the Governor of Gujarat Document [140] (Title: Ahilyabai Holkar) appointed Tukojirao Holkar as the Chief of Army. Rani Ahilyabai was a great pioneer and builder of Hindu temples. She built hundreds of temples and Dharmashalas throughout India. Ahilyabai was born on 31 May 1725 in the village of Chaundi, in the present-day Ahmednagar district in Maharashtra. Her father, Mankoji Rao Shinde, was the Patil of the village. Women then did not go to school, but Ahilyabai's father taught her to read and write. Her entrance on to the stage of history was something of an accident: Malhar Rao Holkar, a commander in the service of the Maratha Peshwa Balaji Document [141] (Title: Indira Gandhi) Indira Gandhi Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi (; née Nehru; November 19, 1917 – October 31, 1984), was an Indian politician, stateswoman and a central figure of the Indian National Congress. She was the first and, to date, the only female Prime Minister of India. Indira Gandhi was the daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru, the first prime minister of India. She served as Prime Minister from January 1966 to March 1977 and again from January 1980 until her assassination in October 1984, making her the second longest-serving Indian Prime Minister after her father. Gandhi served as her father's personal assistant and hostess during Document [142] (Title: Gursharan Kaur) Gursharan Kaur Gursharan Kaur () (born 13 September 1937) is the wife of the 13th Prime Minister of India, Manmohan Singh. Gurusharan was born to Sardar Chattar Singh Gujral, an engineer of Burmah-Shell, and Sardarni Bhagwanti Kaur in Jalandhar on 13 September 1937 in British India. Her ancestral village was Dhakkam in Jhelum district (now in Punjab, Pakistan). She has four sisters and a younger brother. Mrs. Singh is known in the Sikh community of Delhi for her "kirtan" singing, and has also appeared on Jalandhar Radio. Since her husband became Prime Minister in 2004, she has accompanied him abroad Document [143] (Title: Hina Rabbani Khar) Saidpur Village. Hina Rabbani Khar Hina Rabbani Khar (Urdu: ; born 19 November 1977) is a Pakistani politician who served as the 21st Foreign Minister of Pakistan from February 2011 until March 2013. Appointed at age 33, she was the youngest person and the first woman to have held the position. Khar is a member of an influential feudal family in Multan. She studied business at LUMS and U Mass - Amherst before entering politics as a member of the national assembly in 2002, representing the PML-Q and becoming a junior minister responsible for economic policy under the Prime Minister Document [144] (Title: Hina Rabbani Khar) Hina Rabbani Khar Hina Rabbani Khar (Urdu: ; born 19 November 1977) is a Pakistani politician who served as the 21st Foreign Minister of Pakistan from February 2011 until March 2013. Appointed at age 33, she was the youngest person and the first woman to have held the position. Khar is a member of an influential feudal family in Multan. She studied business at LUMS and U Mass - Amherst before entering politics as a member of the national assembly in 2002, representing the PML-Q and becoming a junior minister responsible for economic policy under the Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz. Document [145] (Title: Prabodh Chandra Bhardwaj) Cheshire International Centre, both in Dehradun. Prabodh Chandra Bhardwaj Lieutenant General Prabodh Chandra Bhardwaj is the former Vice Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army and assumed office on October 1, 2009 following the retirement of Lieutenant General Noble Thamburaj. He also served as General Officer Commander-in-Chief, Northern Command of the Indian Army. He is one of the most decorated officers of the Indian Army. Lieutenant General PC Bhardwaj was commissioned into First Battalion the Parachute Regiment on 14 June 1970. He is an alumnus of National Defence Academy, Indian Military Academy, Defence Services Staff College, Wellington and National Document [146] (Title: Bidhya Devi Bhandari) Bidhya Devi Bhandari Bidhya Devi Bhandari (; born 19 June 1961) is a Nepalese politician who is the current President of Nepal and commander in chief of Nepalese Army. She is the first woman to hold the office. She was the vice-chairperson of the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist) and chair of the All Nepal Women Association before winning the presidential election on 28 October 2015. She was elected as President in a parliamentary vote, receiving 327 votes out of 549 and defeating Kul Bahadur Gurung. In 2016, Forbes placed her 52 in their list of the world's 100 Document [147] (Title: National Bolivarian Armed Forces of Venezuela) July 5, 2013, also marking 4 months after the sudden death of Hugo Chavez, President of Venezuela Nicolas Maduro shocked everyone by making an historic announcement that Admiral Carmen Teresa Meléndez Rivas, the first-ever Venezuelan female admiral in history and by then the current Presidential Secretary, would be appointed as the first-ever female Minister of Defense in the nation's history as well as in its military history. She was later promoted as the very first female 4-sun flag officer of the Venezuelan Navy and of the National Armed Forces as a whole before officially taking over her ministerial duties. The Document [148] (Title: Jai Vardhan Bahuguna) at Mt Everest in 1984 was in an expedition that is better remembered for putting the first Indian woman, Bachendri Pal on the summit. It was decided that the other members of the expedition, i.e. Maj. Bahuguna, Maj. Kiran Inder Kumar, Magan Bissa and Dr. Minoo Meta would form the second summit party which would make summit only if resources permitted. The second summit party opted to give their reserve oxygen to Bachendri Pal, so that she could summit the peak. The 35 member Army expedition of October 1985, was Maj. Bahuguna's second attempt to scale the peak. The expedition Document [149] (Title: Sushma Swaraj) Party (Haryana) in 1979, at the age of 27 years. She was Education Minister of Haryana state in the Bharatiya Janata Party–Lok Dal coalition government during the period of 1987 to 1990. After a tenure in national level politics, in October 1998 she resigned from the Union Cabinet to take over as the first female Chief Minister of Delhi. However, the BJP had lost the Assembly elections because of rising prices and inflation. She resigned from her Assembly seat and returned to national politics. In April 1990, she was elected as a member of the Rajya Sabha and remained there Document [150] (Title: Women in Indian Armed Forces) Force (NDRF). National Security Guard (NSG) (Black Cat Commandos) inducted female commandos for the first in 2011-12, however the first discrimination they faced was from the then 2 female Chief Ministers, Mayawati and Jayalalitha, who refused to be guarded by the female commandos. In 2015, govt announced that the female NSG Black Cat Commandos, who undergo the same training as their male counterpart, will be deployed in counter-terrorism operations as they also perform VIP protection duties. Special Protection Group (SPG) inducted female commandos in 2013, and then Prime Minister Manmohan Singh's wife Gursharan Kaur became the first SPG protectee to Document [151] (Title: Chokila Iyer) Chokila Iyer Chokila Iyer is India's first female Foreign secretary. She took charge on 14 March 2001 replacing Mr. Lalit Mansingh. She is a 1964 Batch Officer, a native of [Darjeeling, West Bengal] and earlier headed the Indian mission in Ireland. Iyer, after retiring from Foreign Secretary post, worked as vice chairperson of National Commission for Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes. Former Chief Justice of India J.S. Verma was heading the commission, which had started functioning in October 2008. On February 19, 2009 Iyer was appointed as the member of the New Broadcasting Standards Authority(BSA). The authority was commissioned to Document [152] (Title: A. K. Antony) retained the portfolio of Defence for the second term becoming the longest-serving Defence Minister of India in a continuous stint for 8 years. His "Buy and Make Indian" campaign saw the cancellation of billion of dollars in purchases of foreign arms, while at the same time stunting domestic production by restricting investments. The result has been a "critical shortage of ammunition and gaping holes in its air defense systems". He held the post of Chairman of the Indian Statistical Institute in Kolkata (2012 to 2014), President of the Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses and Chancellor of Defence Institute of Document [153] (Title: France–India relations) Minister of India Manmohan Singh was the Guest of Honour for the Bastille Day Celebrations held in Paris. The 2009 Bastille Day military parade opened with a contingent of Indian troops drawn from the three services (Indian Army, Indian Navy and Indian Air Force). Soldiers including Jawans of Maratha Light Infantry Regiment Centre (MLIRC) marched down the "Avenue Champs-Élysées" to the sound of an Indian military band playing Indian martial tunes including "Saare Jahan Se Achcha", "Haste Lushai" and "Kadam Kadam Badaye Ja". French President Sarkozy undertook his second visit to India from 4–7 December 2010. French President Francois Hollande Document [154] (Title: Spouse of the Prime Minister of India) Spouse of the Prime Minister of India The Spouse of the Prime Minister of India is the wife or husband of the Prime Minister of India. The term "First Spouse" is used to refer to either the spouse of the Prime Minister or the President. The Prime Minister's spouse does not have an officially defined role. According to protocol, they attend social functions and gatherings at home and overseas, but have no participatory role. To date there have been 10 women who have been married to Prime Ministers whilst in office. India has also had one bachelor, one estranged, one Document [155] (Title: Kiran Shekhawat) Kiran Shekhawat Kiran Shekhawat was the first Indian(martyr) woman officer to martyr in the line of duty, an observer with the Indian Navy, the woman Naval officer martyr in a Dornier crash off the Goa coast on 24 March 2015. Lt. Shekhawat was the wife of another Naval officer Vivek Chhoker. Shekhawat, an Observer, had taken part in the first all-women marching contingent of the Navy during the Republic Day parade. The maritime surveillance aircraft had crashed south-west off Goa coast on Tuesday night at 2208 hours was flown by Commander Nikhil Kuldip Joshi, who was flying the aircraft and Document [156] (Title: Heo Hwang-ok) to develop the memorial. The proposal was accepted by the Uttar Pradesh chief minister Akhilesh Yadav. On 6 November 2018 on the eve of Deepavali celebration, South Korean first lady Kim Jung-sook laid the foundation stone for the expansion and beautification of the existing memorial. On 6 November 2018, the First Lady of South Korea, Kim Jung-Sook, attended an elaborate celebration at Ayodhya along with the present Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh Yogi Adityanath, India, that included cultural shows and lighting of 300,000+ lights on the banks of Saryu River. Heo Hwang-ok Heo Hwang-ok is a legendary queen mentioned in Document [157] (Title: Foreign policy of the Narendra Modi government) very good bilateral relations with New Delhi. Swaraj made her maiden trip as foreign minister to the island country on 2 November 2014 to attend the celebration of Apravasi Divas, marking 180 years since the first Indian indentured labourers arrived in Mauritius. There she had called on President Rajkeswur Purryag and Prime Minister Navinchandra Ramgoolam to discuss bilateral and regional issues of common interest. On top of her agenda was talk on cooperation between Indian Navy and Mauritian Coast Guard to ensure the safety and security of the strategically vital Indian Ocean region. In support to her stress on the Document [158] (Title: Indian Armed Forces) of India. The Ministry of Defence (MoD) is the ministry charged with the responsibilities of countering insurgency and ensuring external security of India. General Bipin Rawat is the Chief of the Army Staff (COAS), Admiral Sunil Lanba is the Chief of the Naval Staff (CNS) and Air Chief Marshal Birender Singh Dhanoa is the Chief of the Air Staff (CAS). The Indian armed force are split into different groups based on their region of operation. The Indian Army is divided administratively into seven tactical commands, each under the control of different Lieutenant Generals. The Indian Air Force is divided into Document [159] (Title: Meenakshi Gopinath) Meenakshi Gopinath Meenakshi Gopinath is an Indian educationist, political scientist, writer and a former principal of Lady Shri Ram College, New Delhi. She is the founder and incumbent director of the Women in Security Conflict Management and Peace (WISCOMP), a non governmental organization promoting peace and socio-political leadership among the women of South Asia and a former member of the National Security Advisory Board, the first woman to serve the Government of India agency. She has served as a member of the selection panel of the Lokpal, a legal body which has jurisdiction over the legislators and government officials of Document [160] (Title: Mehbooba Mufti) she took the oath and became the first woman Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir. On 25 June 2016 she won an Assembly seat in a by-election in Anantnag with the highest margin in any recent elections there. Mehbooba Mufti Mehbooba Mufti (born 22 May 1959) is an Indian politician who served as the Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir, from 4th April 2016 to 19th June 2018. She resigned on June 19 2018 after BJP withdrew support from the coalition government. She was the first woman to hold the office. Mehbooba Mufti is India's second Muslim woman chief minister Document [161] (Title: Women in the Pakistan Armed Forces) was deployed in hostile areas to support the medical operations only. In 2002, Shahida Malik was promoted to two-star rank and was the first female Major General. Shahida Badshah was the second woman to be promoted to Major General. In 2015, brigadier Nigar Johar, became the first woman to command in the history of the Pakistan Army. She was given command of multidisciplinary tertiary care hospital. In 2017 she became the third woman in Pakistan to reach the rank of major general. She belongs to the Army Medical Corps. She has been appointed as the Vice Principal of Army Medical Document [162] (Title: Indian National Army) Minister of State for Rail in the first Indian cabinet. Lakshmi Sahgal, Minister for Women's Affairs in the "Azad Hind" government, was a well known and widely respected public figure in India. In 1971, she joined the Communist Party of India (Marxist) and was later elected the leader of the All India Democratic Women's Association. Joyce Lebra, an American historian, wrote that the rejuvenation of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam, then a fledgling Tamil political party in southern India, would not have been possible without participation of INA members. Some accounts suggest that the INA veterans were involved in training civilian Document [163] (Title: Padmavathy Bandopadhyay) 1971. Sati Nath and Padma were the first IAF couple to receive a Presidents award in the same investiture parade . In her career she has been first woman to become a Fellow of the Aerospace Medical Society of India and the first Indian woman to have conducted scientific research at the North Pole . She is also the first woman Armed Forces officer to have completed the Defence Service Staff College course in 1978 . She was the Director General Medical Services (Air) at the Air Headquarters . In 2002, she became the first woman to be promoted to Document [164] (Title: Sucheta Kriplani) her reputation as a firm administrator by refusing their demand for a pay hike. She retired from politics in 1971 and remained in seclusion till her death in 1974. Sucheta Kriplani Sucheta Kriplani (née Mazumdar, 25 June 1908 – 1 December 1974) was an Indian freedom fighter and politician. She was India's first woman Chief Minister, serving as the head of the Uttar Pradesh government from 1963 to 1967. She was born in Ambala, Punjab (now in Haryana) to a Bengali Brahmo family. She studied at Indraprastha College and Punjab University before becoming a Professor of Constitutional History at Banaras Document [165] (Title: Tina Khidasheli) Tina Khidasheli Tinatin "Tina" Khidasheli (; born 8 June 1973) is a Georgian jurist and politician. A Republican Party member and former civil society activist, she was appointed as Georgia's Minister of Defense on 1 May 2015, becoming the country's first ever female defense minister. She resigned on 1 August 2016, after her party decided to leave the ruling Georgian Dream coalition. Khidasheli is married to David Usupashvili, the former chairman of the Parliament of Georgia. Born in Tbilisi, Tina Khidasheli graduated from Tbilisi State University with a degree in international law in 1995. She became a Master of Political Document [166] (Title: Padmavathy Bandopadhyay) Air Vice Marshal (two-star rank). Bandopadhyay is an aviation medicine specialist and a member of the New York Academy of Sciences. Padmavathy Bandopadhyay Padmavathy Bandopadhyay (born 4 November 1944) is the first woman Air Marshal of the Indian Air Force. She is the second woman in the Indian armed forces to be promoted to a three-star rank. Bandopadhyay was born in 1944 at Tirupathi, Andhra Pradesh. Her mother was bedridden with tuberculosis, and Padma ended up being her primary caregiver at the age of 4-5 years. In addition, her neighbor in the Gole Market neighborhood in New Delhi was Dr Document [167] (Title: Wahida Prism Khan) Wahida Prism Khan Wahida Prism Khan is a Indian naval surgeon. She was the first woman in India to command the annual parade at the Armed Forces Medical College, Pune in 2006. She is also the first woman from Jammu & Kashmir to join Indian Navy. Khan was born in 1972 in Thanamandi,Rajouri to Gulzar Ahmed and Hajara Kaser who were teachers by profession. Khan is one of five siblings. Her elder sister Jubin is Deputy Superintendent in J&K Police. Khan's father was killed while at work in the school where he was the head master. The school was attacked Document [168] (Title: Ruchira Kamboj) the two Staff Officers of the Commonwealth Secretary General in a multilateral setting, overseeing a wide range of political and economic issues, attending as well in this period the Commonwealth Heads of Government meeting in 2009 at Trinidad and Tobago. Chief of Protocol From 2011-2014, she was India's Chief of Protocol, the first and only lady so far in Government to have held this position. In this capacity, she directed all outgoing visits of the President of India, the Vice President of India, the Prime Minister of India and the External Affairs Minister of India. She also dealt with all Document [169] (Title: Azad Hind) Indian National Army. For a regular Asian army, this women's regiment was quite visionary; it was the first of its kind established on the continent. Dr. Lakshmi was one of the most popular and prosperous gynaecologists in Singapore before she gave up her practice to lead the troops of the Rani of Jhansi Regiment. Other public administration ministers of the Provisional Government of Free India included: The Indian National Army was represented by Armed Forces ministers, including: The Provisional Government was also constituted and administered by a number of Secretaries and Advisors to Subhas Chandra Bose, including: All of these Document [170] (Title: Rukmini Lakshmipathi) was the first (and only) woman minister of the presidency. Marshall's road in Egmore, Chennai has been renamed after her. In her memory, a postage stamp was issued in 1997. Rukmini Lakshmipathi Rukmini Laxmipathi (also spelled as Rukmani Lakshmipathi, ; 6 December 1892 – 6 August 1951) was an Indian independence activist and politician belonging to the Indian National Congress. She was the first woman to be elected to the Madras Legislature and the first to serve as a minister in the Madras Presidency. Rukmini was born in Madras in an agriculturist family. Her grandfather was the landlord Raja T. Document [171] (Title: INS Delhi (C74)) Kumar Chatterji (later Chief of the Naval Staff) became her first Indian commanding officer; the same month she conveyed Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru to Indonesia on an official visit. In 1951 her first lieutenant was JB Simmons and she sailed to Africa and Madagascar, showing the flag for the first time since Independence. In 1953 she took part in the Fleet Review to celebrate the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II. In 1956, she played herself, as "Achilles", in the film "Battle of the River Plate". In 1958 she was moved to a training role. On 18 December 1961, during the Document [172] (Title: Sushma Rana) arranged for her to marry the son of Rajnath Singh, who became one of the top-ranking and most eminent BJP national leaders. He is today serving as Home Minister of India and in the Union Cabinet, his rank is number two, next only to the Prime Minister himself. Sushma is a shooting sportswoman. She competes in 25-metre shooting events. She has held the national record for 25-metre shooting event from 2002 to 2003. She competed in the 2006 Commonwealth Games at Melbourne and won a gold in the 25m women's pair shooting event, and her partner was Saroja Kumari Jhuthu. Document [173] (Title: One Rank, One Pension) in OROP in Govt notification dated 7 Nov 15", which has the 'approval of 200 veteran organization', is addressed to Manohar Parrikar, Raksha Mantri, Mr Arun Jaitley, Finance Minister, Jayant Sinha, Minister of State, Finance, General Dalbir Singh, Chief of Army Staff, Air Chief Marshal Arup Raha, Chief of the Air Staff & Chairman Chiefs of Staffs Committee (CoSC), and Admiral RK Dhowan, Chief of Naval Staff. 26 January 2016 This year in the Republic Day March Past in Delhi, in a break from a venerable tradition, the Ministry of Defence, the organizers of the event, decided to exclude the Document [174] (Title: Wahida Prism Khan) Head Quarter Western Naval Command. Khan has served aboard naval ship INS Amba for 19 months and she is now aiming to become the first woman to work in submarines. Wahida Prism Khan Wahida Prism Khan is a Indian naval surgeon. She was the first woman in India to command the annual parade at the Armed Forces Medical College, Pune in 2006. She is also the first woman from Jammu & Kashmir to join Indian Navy. Khan was born in 1972 in Thanamandi,Rajouri to Gulzar Ahmed and Hajara Kaser who were teachers by profession. Khan is one of five siblings. Document [175] (Title: Savita Kovind) Savita Kovind Savita Kovind is the First Lady of India since 25 July 2017. She is the wife of the President of India Ram Nath Kovind. Previously, Suvra Mukherjee, wife of the former President Pranab Mukherjee had been the occupant of this title, until her death on 18 August 2015. Kovind's parents originally lived near Lahore in present day Pakistan and moved to India post partition and settled in Lajpat Nagar in Delhi. She is a former employee in Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL). She started her career in MTNL as a telephone operator. Gradually she got promoted to the Document [176] (Title: Nargis Sethi) University, defence studies from Quaid-e-Azam University, and a Master of Science in Development Administration from a university in the United States. Sethi is married to Saleem Sethi who is also a retired senior civil service officer. She was the first woman in the country's history to be posted as Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister. Nargis Sethi Nargis Sethi () is a retired Pakistani civil service officer who served in BPS-22 grade. Sethi belonged to the Pakistan Administrative Service. Sethi belonged to the Pakistan Administrative Service and was promoted to the highest rank of Grade 22 in October 2010. Sethi Document [177] (Title: Indian Armed Forces) "no first use" to "no first use against non-nuclear weapon states" in a speech on the occasion of the Golden Jubilee celebrations of the National Defence College in New Delhi on 21 October 2010, a doctrine Menon said reflected India's "strategic culture, with its emphasis on minimal deterrence". However, whether the policy shift actually took place or not is unclear. Some argued that this was not a substantive change but "an innocent typographical or lexical error in the text of the speech". India's current PM Modi has, in the run up to the recent general elections, reiterated commitment to no Document [178] (Title: Savitri Khanolkar) she married Indian Army Captain (later Major General) Vikram Ramji Khanolkar in 1932, and subsequently changed her name to Savitri Bai Khanolkar, became a Hindu and acquired Indian citizenship. Soon after Indian independence, she was asked by the Adjutant General Major General Hira Lal Atal to design India’s highest award for bravery in combat, the Param Vir Chakra. Major General Atal had been given the responsibility of creating and naming independent India's new military decorations. His reasons for choosing Khanolkar were her deep and intimate knowledge of Indian mythology, Sanskrit and Vedas, which he hoped would give the design a Document [179] (Title: India and weapons of mass destruction) Force officer, Air Marshal Asthana, as the Commander-in-Chief. The joint services SNC is the custodian of all of India's nuclear weapons, missiles and assets. It is also responsible for executing all aspects of India's nuclear policy. However, the civil leadership, in the form of the CCS (Cabinet Committee on Security) is the only body authorised to order a nuclear strike against another offending strike. The National Security Advisor Shivshankar Menon signalled a significant shift from "No first use" to "no first use against non-nuclear weapon states" in a speech on the occasion of Golden Jubilee celebrations of National Defence College Document [180] (Title: Vijayalakshmy K. Gupta) Additional Secretary, Ministry of Women and Child Development from November 2008 to September 2009. She was a Member Finance Telecom Commission from September 2009 till March 2011. As Secretary Defence Finance, Dr. Gupta has been involved at the policy-making level in the development of the architecture for fast and transparent adoption of modern weapons and platforms. She was awarded Colonel Pyara Lal Gold Medal for the Best Thesis in the 39th National Defence College (NDC) Course on Defence and Industry Interface in R&D and Production for Achieving Self Reliance in Military Hardware/Software. Her Thesis highlighted many ways to increase indigenous Document [181] (Title: Tina Khidasheli) Tina Khidasheli Tinatin "Tina" Khidasheli (; born 8 June 1973) is a Georgian jurist and politician. A Republican Party member and former civil society activist, she was appointed as Georgia's Minister of Defense on 1 May 2015, becoming the country's first ever female defense minister. She resigned on 1 August 2016, after her party decided to leave the ruling Georgian Dream coalition. Khidasheli is married to David Usupashvili, the former chairman of the Parliament of Georgia. Born in Tbilisi, Tina Khidasheli graduated from Tbilisi State University with a degree in international law in 1995. She became a Master of Political Document [182] (Title: Nirupama Rao) Nirupama Rao Nirupama Menon Rao (born 6 December 1950) is a 1973 batch Indian Foreign Service officer, who served as India's Foreign Secretary from 2009 to 2011, as well as being India's Ambassador to the United States, China and Sri Lanka (High Commissioner) during her career. In July 2009, she became the second woman (after Chokila Iyer) to hold the post of India's Foreign Secretary, the head of the Indian Foreign Service. In her career she served in several capacities including, Minister of Press, Information and Culture in Washington DC, Deputy Chief of Mission in Moscow, stints in the MEA Document [183] (Title: Aatish Taseer) the rest of the world must live with this fact; three, we have no intention of defenestrating our military, even as we would continue to kick them to extract obedience; four, we don’t need advice from across the border, especially because the Indian pundits crawled on their bellies when Mrs Indira Gandhi slapped her two-year emergency rule. We have seen worse without giving up or giving in. Thank you!" but the controversy flamed-out after this last salvo. Taseer divides his time between New Delhi and London. Previously, he was in a relationship with Lady Gabriella Windsor, daughter of the Prince Document [184] (Title: Spouse of the Prime Minister of India) widow, and two widower Prime Ministers. Spouse of the Prime Minister of India The Spouse of the Prime Minister of India is the wife or husband of the Prime Minister of India. The term "First Spouse" is used to refer to either the spouse of the Prime Minister or the President. The Prime Minister's spouse does not have an officially defined role. According to protocol, they attend social functions and gatherings at home and overseas, but have no participatory role. To date there have been 10 women who have been married to Prime Ministers whilst in office. India has also Document [185] (Title: Savitri Jindal) on 29 October 2013. In the previous cabinet, she had served as the Minister of State for Revenue and Disaster Management, Consolidation, Rehabilitation and Housing and also the Minister of State for Urban Local Bodies and Housing. The revenue of the company quadrupled after she took charge of the company. With a background and History from the state of Haryana, she served as the member of Haryana Legislative Assembly and held the office of Minister of Power till 2010. O.P. Jindal group was started in 1952 by Mr. O.P Jindal, an engineer by profession. It became the conglomerate for steel, Document [186] (Title: Ruchira Kamboj) State and Government in New Delhi. The second edition of the India ASEAN car rally covering 8000 km through 8 Asian countries concluding at Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi was a highlight of the Summit. The entire organization of the rally was overseen by her. In 2013, she directed the 11th Asia Europe Foreign Ministers' Meeting held at Gurgaon, Haryana which was attended by 52 Foreign Ministers from Asia and Europe with over 1500 participants. Prime Minister Modi’s Swearing-in Ceremony In her third tryst with multilateralism, she was posted as India's Ambassador to UNESCO Paris in April 2014. In May 2014 Question: who is the first lady defense minister of india Answer: Nirmala Sitharaman Long Answer: Name Image Country Continent Mandate start Mandate end Term length Sirimavo Bandaranaike Ceylon Asia 1960 - 07 - 21! 21 July 1960 1965 - 03 - 25! 25 March 1965 7003170800000000000 ♠ 4 years, 247 days Sirimavo Bandaranaike Ceylon / Sri Lanka Asia 1970 - 05 - 29! 29 May 1970 1977 - 07 - 23! 23 July 1977 7003261200000000000 ♠ 7 years, 55 days Indira Gandhi India Asia 1975 - 11 - 30! 30 November 1975 1975 - 12 - 20! 20 December 1975 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 days Indira Gandhi India Asia 1980 - 01 - 14! 14 January 1980 1982 - 01 - 15! 15 January 1982 7002732000000000000 ♠ 2 years, 1 day Dame Eugenia Charles Dominica America 1985 - 01 - 01! 1985 1990 - 01 - 01! 1990 7003182600000000000 ♠ 5 years, 0 days Benazir Bhutto Pakistan Asia 1988 - 12 - 04! 4 December 1988 1990 - 08 - 06! 6 August 1990 7002610000000000000 ♠ 1 year, 245 days Violeta Chamorro Nicaragua America 1990 - 04 - 25! 25 April 1990 1997 - 01 - 10! 10 January 1997 7003245200000000000 ♠ 6 years, 260 days Elisabeth Rehn Finland Europe 1990 - 06 - 13! 13 June 1990 1995 - 01 - 01! 1 January 1995 7003166300000000000 ♠ 4 years, 202 days Khaleda Zia Bangladesh Asia 1991 - 02 - 27! 27 February 1991 1996 - 03 - 30! 30 March 1996 7003185800000000000 ♠ 5 years, 32 days Kim Campbell Canada America 1993 - 01 - 04! 4 January 1993 1993 - 06 - 25! 25 June 1993 7002172000000000000 ♠ 172 days Chandrika Kumaratunga Sri Lanka Asia 1994 - 11 - 14! 14 November 1994 2001 - 12 - 12! 12 December 2001 7003258500000000000 ♠ 7 years, 28 days Anneli Taina Finland Europe 1995 - 04 - 13! 13 April 1995 1999 - 04 - 15! 15 April 1999 7003146300000000000 ♠ 4 years, 2 days Sheikh Hasina Bangladesh Asia 1996 - 06 - 12! 12 June 1996 2001 - 07 - 15! 15 July 2001 7003185900000000000 ♠ 5 years, 33 days Regina Ip Hong Kong Asia 1998 - 08 - 31! 31 August 1998 2003 - 07 - 25! 25 July 2003 7003178900000000000 ♠ 4 years, 328 days Eldbjørg Løwer Norway Europe 1999 - 03 - 15! 15 March 1999 2000 - 03 - 10! 10 March 2000 7002361000000000000 ♠ 361 days Joice Mujuru Zimbabwe Africa 2001 - 06 - 08! 8 June 2001 2001 - 08 - 08! 8 August 2001 7001610000000000000 ♠ 61 days Khaleda Zia Bangladesh Asia 2001 - 10 - 01! 1 October 2001 2006 - 10 - 29! 29 October 2006 7003185400000000000 ♠ 5 years, 28 days Kristin Krohn Devold Norway Europe 2001 - 10 - 19! 19 October 2001 2005 - 10 - 17! 17 October 2005 7003145900000000000 ♠ 3 years, 363 days Michelle Bachelet Chile America 2002 - 01 - 07! 7 January 2002 2004 - 10 - 01! 1 October 2004 7002998000000000000 ♠ 2 years, 268 days Cynthia Pratt Bahamas America 2002 - 05 - 07! 7 May 2002 2007 - 05 - 04! 4 May 2007 7003182300000000000 ♠ 4 years, 362 days Michèle Alliot - Marie France Europe 2002 - 05 - 07! 7 May 2002 2007 - 05 - 18! 18 May 2007 7003183700000000000 ♠ 5 years, 11 days Željka Antunović Croatia Europe 2002 - 07 - 30! 30 July 2002 2003 - 12 - 23! 23 December 2003 7002511000000000000 ♠ 1 year, 146 days Marta Lucía Ramírez Colombia America 2002 - 08 - 07! 7 August 2002 2003 - 11 - 09! 9 November 2003 7002459000000000000 ♠ 1 year, 94 days Lena Hjelm - Wallén Sweden Europe 2002 - 09 - 30! 30 September 2002 2002 - 10 - 22! 22 October 2002 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 days Mame Madior Boye Senegal Africa 2002 - 10 - 02! 2 October 2002 2002 - 11 - 04! 4 November 2002 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 days Leni Björklund Sweden Europe 2002 - 11 - 04! 4 November 2002 2006 - 10 - 06! 6 October 2006 7003143200000000000 ♠ 3 years, 336 days Sylvia Flores Belize America 2003 - 03 - 05! 5 March 2003 2004 - 01 - 05! 5 January 2004 7002306000000000000 ♠ 306 days Filomenha Mascarenhas Tipote Guinea - Bissau Africa 2003 - 04 - 23! 23 April 2003 2004 - 05 - 12! 12 May 2004 7002385000000000000 ♠ 1 year, 19 days Gloria Macapagal - Arroyo Philippines Asia 2003 - 09 - 01! 1 September 2003 2003 - 10 - 02! 2 October 2003 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 days Azucena Berrutti Uruguay America 2005 - 03 - 01! 1 March 2005 2008 - 03 - 03! 3 March 2008 7003109800000000000 ♠ 3 years, 2 days Anne - Grete Strøm - Erichsen Norway Europe 2005 - 10 - 17! 17 October 2005 2009 - 10 - 20! 20 October 2009 7003146400000000000 ♠ 4 years, 3 days Nilda Garré Argentina America 2005 - 11 - 28! 28 November 2005 2010 - 12 - 15! 15 December 2010 7003184300000000000 ♠ 5 years, 17 days Solvita Āboltiņa Latvia Europe 2005 - 12 - 23! 23 December 2005 2006 - 01 - 05! 5 January 2006 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 days Linda Abu Meri Latvia Europe 2006 - 01 - 05! 5 January 2006 2006 - 04 - 07! 7 April 2006 7001920000000000000 ♠ 92 days Cristina Fontes Lima Cape Verde Africa 2006 - 03 - 08! 8 March 2006 2011 - 03 - 21! 21 March 2011 7003183900000000000 ♠ 5 years, 13 days Vivianne Blanlot Chile America 2006 - 03 - 11! 11 March 2006 2007 - 03 - 27! 27 March 2007 7002381000000000000 ♠ 1 year, 16 days Portia Simpson - Miller Jamaica America 2006 - 03 - 30! 30 March 2006 2007 - 09 - 11! 11 September 2007 7002530000000000000 ♠ 1 year, 165 days Gloria Macapagal - Arroyo Philippines Asia 2006 - 11 - 30! 30 November 2006 2007 - 02 - 01! 1 February 2007 7001630000000000000 ♠ 63 days Vlasta Parkanová Czech Republic Europe 2007 - 01 - 09! 9 January 2007 2009 - 05 - 08! 8 May 2009 7002119000000000000 ♠ 119 days Guadalupe Larriva Ecuador America 2007 - 01 - 15! 15 January 2007 2007 - 01 - 24! 24 January 2007 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 days Lorena Escudero Ecuador America 2007 - 02 - 02! 2 February 2007 2007 - 08 - 30! 30 August 2007 7002209000000000000 ♠ 209 days Ruth Tapia Roa Nicaragua America 2007 - 05 - 16! 16 May 2007 2012 - 05 - 14! 14 May 2012 7003182500000000000 ♠ 4 years, 364 days Yuriko Koike Japan Asia 2007 - 07 - 04! 4 July 2007 2007 - 08 - 27! 27 August 2007 7001540000000000000 ♠ 54 days Cécile Manorohanta Madagascar Africa 2007 - 10 - 27! 27 October 2007 2009 - 02 - 09! 9 February 2009 7002471000000000000 ♠ 1 year, 105 days Carme Chacón Spain Europe 2008 - 04 - 14! 14 April 2008 2008 - 05 - 20! 20 May 2008 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 days Elsa Teixeira Pinto São Tomé and Príncipe Africa 2008 - 06 - 22! 22 June 2008 2010 - 08 - 14! 14 August 2010 7002783000000000000 ♠ 2 years, 53 days Carme Chacón Spain Europe 2008 - 06 - 30! 30 June 2008 2011 - 12 - 22! 22 December 2011 7003127000000000000 ♠ 3 years, 175 days Ljubica Jelušič Slovenia Europe 2008 - 11 - 21! 21 November 2008 2012 - 02 - 10! 10 February 2012 7003117600000000000 ♠ 3 years, 81 days Rasa Juknevičienė Lithuania Europe 2008 - 12 - 09! 9 December 2008 2012 - 12 - 13! 13 December 2012 7003110000000000000 ♠ 3 years, 4 days Sheikh Hasina Bangladesh Asia 2009 - 01 - 06! 6 January 2009 Incumbent 7003328200000000000 ♠ 8 years, 360 days Lindiwe Sisulu South Africa Africa 2009 - 05 - 10! 10 May 2009 2012 - 06 - 12! 12 June 2012 7003112900000000000 ♠ 3 years, 33 days Bidhya Devi Bhandari Nepal Asia 2009 - 05 - 25! 25 May 2009 2011 - 02 - 06! 6 February 2011 7002622000000000000 ♠ 1 year, 257 days Angélique Ngoma Gabon Africa 2009 - 10 - 17! 17 October 2009 2011 - 01 - 14! 14 January 2011 7002454000000000000 ♠ 1 year, 89 days Grete Faremo Norway Europe 2009 - 10 - 20! 20 October 2009 2011 - 11 - 11! 11 November 2011 7002752000000000000 ♠ 2 years, 22 days Gitte Lillelund Bech Denmark Europe 2010 - 02 - 23! 23 February 2010 2011 - 10 - 03! 3 October 2011 7002587000000000000 ♠ 1 year, 222 days Lesego Motsumi Botswana Africa 2010 - 08 - 30! 30 August 2010 2011 - 02 - 07! 7 February 2011 7002161000000000000 ♠ 161 days María Cecilia Chacón Bolivia America 2011 - 04 - 06! 6 April 2011 2011 - 09 - 26! 26 September 2011 7002173000000000000 ♠ 173 days Iveta Radičová Slovakia Europe 2011 - 11 - 28! 28 November 2011 2012 - 04 - 04! 4 April 2012 7002128000000000000 ♠ 128 days Portia Simpson - Miller Jamaica America 2012 - 01 - 05! 5 January 2012 2016 - 03 - 03! 3 March 2016 7003151900000000000 ♠ 4 years, 58 days Milica Pejanović - Đurišić Montenegro Europe 2012 - 03 - 13! 13 March 2012 2016 - 11 - 28! 28 November 2016 7003172100000000000 ♠ 4 years, 260 days Catharina Elmsäter - Svärd Sweden Europe 2012 - 03 - 29! 29 March 2012 2012 - 04 - 18! 18 April 2012 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 days Karin Enström Sweden Europe 2012 - 04 - 18! 18 April 2012 2014 - 10 - 03! 3 October 2014 7002898000000000000 ♠ 2 years, 168 days Maritza Pastora Membreño Morales Nicaragua America 2012 - 05 - 14! 14 May 2012 2013 - 03 - 04! 4 March 2013 7002294000000000000 ♠ 294 days Nosiviwe Mapisa - Nqakula South Africa Africa 2012 - 06 - 12! 12 June 2012 Incumbent 7003202900000000000 ♠ 5 years, 203 days María Liz García de Arnold Paraguay America 2012 - 06 - 25! 25 June 2012 2013 - 08 - 15! 15 August 2013 7002416000000000000 ♠ 1 year, 51 days Olusola Obada Nigeria Africa 2012 - 06 - 22! 22 June 2012 2013 - 09 - 11! 11 September 2013 7002446000000000000 ♠ 1 year, 81 days Anne - Grete Strøm - Erichsen Norway Europe 2012 - 09 - 21! 21 September 2012 2013 - 10 - 16! 16 October 2013 7002390000000000000 ♠ 1 year, 25 days Jeanine Hennis - Plasschaert Netherlands Europe 2012 - 11 - 05! 5 November 2012 2017 - 10 - 03! 3 October 2017 7003179300000000000 ♠ 4 years, 332 days María Fernanda Espinosa Ecuador America 2012 - 11 - 28! 28 November 2012 2014 - 09 - 23! 23 September 2014 7002664000000000000 ♠ 1 year, 299 days Karolína Peake Czech Republic Europe 2012 - 12 - 12! 12 December 2012 2012 - 12 - 20! 20 December 2012 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 days Martha Elena Ruiz Sevilla Nicaragua America 2013 - 03 - 04! 4 March 2013 Incumbent 7003176400000000000 ♠ 4 years, 303 days Raychelle Omamo Kenya Africa 2013 - 05 - 15! 15 May 2013 Incumbent 7003169200000000000 ♠ 4 years, 231 days Yingluck Shinawatra Thailand Asia 2013 - 06 - 30! 30 June 2013 2014 - 05 - 07! 7 May 2014 7002311000000000000 ♠ 311 days Carmen Meléndez Venezuela America 2013 - 07 - 05! 5 July 2013 2014 - 10 - 25! 25 October 2014 7002477000000000000 ♠ 1 year, 112 days Mimi Kodheli Albania Europe 2013 - 09 - 15! 15 September 2013 2017 - 09 - 11! 11 September 2017 7003145700000000000 ♠ 3 years, 361 days Ine Marie Eriksen Søreide Norway Europe 2013 - 10 - 16! 16 October 2013 2017 - 10 - 20! 20 October 2017 7003146500000000000 ♠ 4 years, 4 days Ursula von der Leyen Germany Europe 2013 - 12 - 17! 17 December 2013 Incumbent 7003147600000000000 ♠ 4 years, 15 days Roberta Pinotti Italy Europe 2014 - 02 - 22! 22 February 2014 Incumbent 7003140900000000000 ♠ 3 years, 313 days Cadi Mané Guinea - Bissau Africa 2014 - 07 - 04! 4 July 2014 2015 - 10 - 13! 13 October 2015 7002466000000000000 ♠ 1 year, 101 days Marie - Noëlle Koyara Central African Republic Africa 2015 - 01 - 17! 17 January 2015 2015 - 10 - 29! 29 October 2015 7002286000000000000 ♠ 286 days Marina Pendeš Bosnia and Herzegovina Europe 2015 - 02 - 11! 11 February 2015 Incumbent 7003105500000000000 ♠ 2 years, 324 days Tina Khidasheli Georgia Asia 2015 - 05 - 01! 1 May 2015 2016 - 07 - 30! 30 July 2016 7002456000000000000 ♠ 1 year, 90 days Andreja Katič Slovenia Europe 2015 - 05 - 13! 13 May 2015 Incumbent 7002964000000000000 ♠ 2 years, 233 days Marise Payne Australia Oceania 2015 - 09 - 21! 21 September 2015 Incumbent 7002833000000000000 ♠ 2 years, 102 days Adiato Djaló Nandigna Guinea - Bissau Africa 2015 - 10 - 13! 13 October 2015 2016 - 06 - 02! 2 June 2016 7002233000000000000 ♠ 233 days Tomomi Inada Japan Asia 2016 - 08 - 03! 3 August 2016 2017 - 07 - 28! 28 July 2017 7002359000000000000 ♠ 359 days María Dolores de Cospedal Spain Europe 2016 - 11 - 04! 4 November 2016 Incumbent 7002423000000000000 ♠ 1 year, 58 days Sylvie Goulard France Europe 2017 - 05 - 17! 17 May 2017 2017 - 06 - 19! 19 June 2017 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 days Radmila Šekerinska Macedonia, Republic of Europe 2017 - 06 - 01! 1 June 2017 Incumbent 7002214000000000000 ♠ 214 days Florence Parly France Europe 2017 - 06 - 21! 21 June 2017 Incumbent 7002194000000000000 ♠ 194 days Nirmala Sitharaman India Asia 2017 - 09 - 03! 3 September 2017 Incumbent 7002120000000000000 ♠ 120 days Olta Xhaçka Albania Europe 2017 - 09 - 11! 11 September 2017 Incumbent 7002112000000000000 ♠ 112 days Marie - Noëlle Koyara Central African Republic Africa 2017 - 09 - 12! 12 September 2017 Incumbent 7002111000000000000 ♠ 111 days Ank Bijleveld Netherlands Europe 2017 - 10 - 26! 26 October 2017 Incumbent 7001670000000000000 ♠ 67 days Karla Šlechtová Czech Republic Europe 2017 - 12 - 13! 13 December 2017 Incumbent 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 days Gold Document ID: 96

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Deepika Kumari) be screened at the Mallorca Film Festival in October 2017. "Ladies First" has also been submitted for the Short Documentary category at Oscars. This documentary was also screened with Maneka Gandhi, the Union Cabinet Minister for Women and Child Development, with an aim to increase the national awareness about women in sports in India. Deepika Kumari Deepika Kumari (born 13 June 1994) is an Indian athlete who competes in the event of archery, is currently ranked World No. 5, and is a former world number one. She won a gold medal in the 2010 Commonwealth games in the women's individual Document [2] (Title: Selja Kumari) this her second consecutive victory from Ambala and was given an elevation to Cabinet rank holding portfolios of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation and Culture. On 28 May 2009, she became the Minister of Tourism and visited Monaco later that year to improve India-Monaco relations. In March 2011, Union Tourism Minister Kumari Selja has been issued notices by the Punjab and Haryana High Court over a petition that has accused her of "forgery, criminal intimidation, fabrication and hatching a criminal conspiracy". The petitioner, advocate B S Chahar, has alleged that Selja, who was "instrumental in instigating leaders and members of Document [3] (Title: Tri-Services Guard of Honour) The company is deployed to the Rashtrapati Bhavan or the Secretariat Building only during the visits of Presidents, Prime Ministers, and Defense Ministers to India. On January 25, 2015, during President Barack Obama's state visit to India, Wing Commander Pooja Thakur made history by becoming the first female officer to lead the company during an arrival ceremony. Tri-Services Guard of Honour The Tri-Services Guard of Honour ("सम्मान के त्रि-सेवा गार्ड") is an infantry company of the Indian Armed Forces which is responsible for providing guards of honour for high ranking Indian and foreign officials. The company was created shortly after Document [4] (Title: Nirmala Sitharaman) Hyderabad. Nirmala Sitharaman Nirmala Sitharaman (born 18 August 1959) is an Indian politician of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), serving as the Minister of Defence since 2017 and has served as Member of the Rajya Sabha, upper house of the Indian Parliament, since 2016. Sitharaman is India's second female defence minister. Sitharaman has formerly served as the Minister of State for Finance and Corporate Affairs under the Ministry of Finance and the Minister for Commerce and Industry with independent charge. Prior to that, she has served as a national spokesperson for the BJP. Nirmala was born in Madurai, Tamil Nadu, Document [5] (Title: First Lady of Sri Lanka) First Lady of Sri Lanka The First Lady or First Gentleman of Sri Lanka refers to the wife or husband of the President of Sri Lanka. To date, there have been six women who have been married to Sri Lankan Presidents in office and have served in the role. Sri Lanka's current First Lady is Jayanthi Pushpa Kumari, the wife of President Maithripala Sirisena, who has held the position since 2015. There have been no First Gentlemen of Sri Lanka to date. President Chandrika Kumaratunga, the country's first female head of state, was a widow while in office. In recent Document [6] (Title: Rajiv Gandhi) was the only female figure in the cabinet. Former Home Minister PV Narasimha Rao was put in charge of defence. V.P. Singh who was initially appointed as the Finance Minister, was given the Defence Ministry in 1987. During his tenure as Prime Minister, Gandhi frequently shuffled his cabinet ministers, drawing criticism from newspaper India Today, which called it a "wheel of confusion". The West Bengal chief minister Jyoti Basu said, "The Cabinet change reflects the instability of the Congress (I) Government at the Centre". Gandhi's first action as Prime Minister was passing the anti-defection law in January 1985. According to Document [7] (Title: Bhavna Chikhalia) Bhavna Chikhalia became the first lady from Gujarat to get elected four times in a row as a Member of Parliament by getting elected for the fourth term in a row in 1999 of 13th Lok Sabha. This was a major milestone in her career. She was the vice president of all India BJP in 2000. She was the vice president of National Co-operative Housing Federation of India in 2000. She was a chairperson of Gujarat State Housing Finance Corporation for five years. she was made the Minister of Tourism & Culture, and also held the post of Minister of Document [8] (Title: Pampha Bhusal) a result of the peace negotiation, an interim government was formed headed by Late Girija Prasad Koirala, in which Ms. Bhusal became the Minister of Women, Children and Social Welfare. In the first constitutional assembly election held in 2008 she contested from Latitpur constituency number 3 and won the election in a landslide victory. Subsequently, she became the Minister of General Administration in the first republican government led by Chairman Prachanda as the Prime Minister. She also became the Minister of Peace and Reconstruction in the cabinet led by Jhala Nath Khanal. While in the Government and as a citizen, Document [9] (Title: Rita Bahuguna Joshi) of Excellence as "Most Distinguished Women Mayor in South Asia" at Phitsanulok, Thailand in June in 2001. Rita Bahuguna Joshi Rita Bahuguna Joshi (born 22 July 1949) is an Indian politician and cabinet minister in the Government of Uttar Pradesh. She was the president of the Uttar Pradesh Congress Committee from 2007 to 2012. She is the daughter of Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna, a former Chief Minister of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. She joined Bharatiya Janata Party on 20 October 2016. Rita Bahuguna Joshi is daughter of Late H.N.Bahuguna, former Chief Minister of UP. Her mother, Late Kamla Bahuguna, Document [10] (Title: Sucheta Kriplani) Sucheta Kriplani Sucheta Kriplani (née Mazumdar, 25 June 1908 – 1 December 1974) was an Indian freedom fighter and politician. She was India's first woman Chief Minister, serving as the head of the Uttar Pradesh government from 1963 to 1967. She was born in Ambala, Punjab (now in Haryana) to a Bengali Brahmo family. She studied at Indraprastha College and Punjab University before becoming a Professor of Constitutional History at Banaras Hindu University. In 1936, she married Acharya Kriplani, a prominent figure of the Indian National Congress, who was twenty years her senior. The marriage was opposed by both families, Document [11] (Title: Sushma Swaraj's tenure as External Affairs Minister) Her remark was highlighted in "Daily Mail" and other media outlets in UK although her foreign secretary tried to cover it up later by saying "It's for Scotland to decide". Sushma Swaraj's tenure as External Affairs Minister Sushma Swaraj is the serving Indian External Affairs Minister under Prime Minister Narendra Modi from May 2014, responsible for implementing the foreign policy of Narendra Modi. She is only the second women to hold this position after Indira Gandhi. Swaraj, a lawyer by profession and a seasoned parliamentarian with many 'first-timer' records in her name often considered to be among the best spoken Document [12] (Title: Minister of Defence (India)) Minister of Defence (India) The Minister of Defence is the head of the Ministry of Defence of the Government of India. They are often assisted by a Minister of State for Defence and less-commonly, the lower-ranked Deputy Minister of Defence. The defence minister additionally serves as President of the Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, and as Chancellor of the Defence Institute of Advanced Technology and of the National Defence University. The first defence minister of independent India was Baldev Singh, who served in Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru's cabinet during 1947–52. Nirmala Sitharaman, the current defence minister of India is Document [13] (Title: Minister of Defence (India)) the second woman since Indira Gandhi to hold this major post. Minister of Defence (India) The Minister of Defence is the head of the Ministry of Defence of the Government of India. They are often assisted by a Minister of State for Defence and less-commonly, the lower-ranked Deputy Minister of Defence. The defence minister additionally serves as President of the Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, and as Chancellor of the Defence Institute of Advanced Technology and of the National Defence University. The first defence minister of independent India was Baldev Singh, who served in Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru's cabinet Document [14] (Title: Sushma Swaraj) of Delhi from 13 October 1998 to 3 December 1998. In the 2014 Indian general election, she won the Vidisha constituency in Madhya Pradesh for a second term, retaining her seat by a margin of over 400,000 votes. She became the Minister of External Affairs in the union cabinet on 26 May 2014. Swaraj was called India's 'best-loved politician' by the US daily Wall Street Journal. Sushma Swaraj OR Chinku Swaraj (née Sharma) was born on 14 February 1952 at Ambala Cantt, Haryana, to Hardev Sharma and Shrimati Laxmi Devi. Her father was a prominent Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh member. Her Document [15] (Title: Divya Ajith Kumar) Divya Ajith Kumar Captain Divya Ajith Kumar is an officer of the Indian Army of AAD (Army Air Defense). She passed out from OTA, Chennai. She is the first woman to write her name in a fresh page of Indian Army history by becoming the first Lady Cadet to be conferred by the Army with the coveted 'Sword of Honour'. She led all women contingent of 154 women officers and cadets during the Republic Day 2015 parade. Captain Divya Ajith Kumar born in Chennai to a Tamil family. She is the first generation soldier with no army blood history in Document [16] (Title: Indian Armed Forces) Commanders and numerous Police Commissioners in various UN Missions. The Indian Army has also contributed lady officers as Military Observers and Staff Officers apart from them forming part of Medical Units being deployed in UN Missions. The first all women contingent in a peacekeeping mission, was a Formed Police Unit from India, deployed in 2007 to the UN Operation in Liberia(UNMIL). India has suffered 127 soldier deaths while serving on peacekeeping missions. India has also provided army contingents performing a peacekeeping operation in Sri Lanka between 1987 and 1990 as the Indian Peace Keeping Force. In November 1988, India also Document [17] (Title: Mayo College) Mikados of Japan. Old Boys from Mayo have served in the armed forces and others serve as members of Parliament and senior civil servants. Jaswant Singh is one of the few Indian politicians to have been the Minister for Defence, Finance and External Affairs; K. Natwar Singh of the Indian Foreign Service served as India's Ambassador to Pakistan and as External Affairs Minister, Sunil Lanba is the current Navy Chief. Lt. Gen. Nathu Singh Rathore, the second Indian officer to graduate from the prestigious Royal Military College, Sandhurst, was a distinguished strategist who served as a Division Commander in Burma Document [18] (Title: Begum Abida Ahmed) train was named after her: the Abida Begum Express: Delhi Jn. - Raxaul. It has since been renamed. It is now called Satyagrah Express. Begum Abida Ahmed Begum Abida Ahmed (17 July 1923 – 7 December 2003) was an Indian politician, First Lady of India from 1974 to 1977, and the wife of the fifth President of India Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed (1974–1977). She was twice member of the Lok sabha from Bareilly parliamentary constituency of Uttar Pradesh in 1980 and 1984. She was born on 17 July 1923 at Sheikhupur, Badaun, Uttar Pradesh to Mohammad Sultan Hyder 'Josh'. Ahmed was Document [19] (Title: Padmavathy Bandopadhyay) Padmavathy Bandopadhyay Padmavathy Bandopadhyay (born 4 November 1944) is the first woman Air Marshal of the Indian Air Force. She is the second woman in the Indian armed forces to be promoted to a three-star rank. Bandopadhyay was born in 1944 at Tirupathi, Andhra Pradesh. Her mother was bedridden with tuberculosis, and Padma ended up being her primary caregiver at the age of 4-5 years. In addition, her neighbor in the Gole Market neighborhood in New Delhi was Dr S.I. Padmavati, Professor of Medicine at Lady Hardinge Medical College. She has said that her experience with her mother’s illness and Document [20] (Title: Hina Rabbani Khar) Conference before meeting Indian government representatives, a decision which was criticised by the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), India's biggest political party, which said it was a breach of protocol and demanded an inquiry into the matter. She later led an unsuccessful move to grant India most favoured nation status. In August 2011 she visited China and held talks with Yang Jiechi, the Chinese Foreign Minister. "Hindustan Times" reported that, in contrast to her reception in India, she was largely ignored by the Chinese media. The NATO strike which killed 24 Pakistani troops was one of the most notable incidents during Document [21] (Title: Women's rights in Afghanistan) Dalil. Habiba Sarabi became the first female governor in Afghanistan. She also served as Minister of Women's Affairs. Azra Jafari became the first female mayor of Nili, the capital of Daykundi Province. The Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF), which includes the Afghan National Police, have a growing number of female officers. One of the Afghan National Army Brigadier generals is Khatol Mohammadzai. In 2012, Niloofar Rahmani became the first female pilot in the Afghan Air Force pilot training program to fly solo in a fixed-wing aircraft, following the footsteps of Colonel Latifa Nabizada, the first Afghan female pilot ever to Document [22] (Title: Carmen Meléndez) Bolivarian Armed Forces. On 13 October, she was named Minister of People's Power of the Office by President Hugo Chavez and confirmed by national decree on 15 October. On 21 April 2013, during a national radio and television, she was reaffirmed as Minister of Management the Bolivarian Government of Venezuela for the government of Nicolas Maduro. On 3 July 2013 the president of the republic amounts to admiral in chief and July 5, 2013 the appointed Minister of Defense, the first woman to hold both charges in the history of Venezuela. On 9 August 2017, the United States Department of Document [23] (Title: Foreign policy of the Narendra Modi government) senior most leader of BJP, was given the portfolio of External Affairs which is going to be a very important ministry with India's growing role in international affairs. She is the first woman to hold the office. Earlier on her capacity of leader of opposition in Lok Sabha from 2009-2014 She met a galaxy of visiting foreign leaders which apparently helped her understanding of foreign relations. Modi appointed Ajit Doval, a seasoned intelligence officer, as National Security Advisor. Ajit Doval is believed to be close to the RSS, an organization Modi comes from. On 28 January 2015, only a day Document [24] (Title: Nirmala Sitharaman) successfully contested her seat from Karnataka. On 3 September 2017, she was elevated to Defence Minister, being only the second woman after Indira Gandhi to hold the Defence Minister post. Outside the political sphere, Sitharaman has served as an assistant to Economist in the Agricultural Engineers Association in the UK. During her stay in the UK, she has also served as a Senior Manager (R&D) for Price Waterhouse and briefly at the BBC World Service. She has also served as a member of National Commission for Women. In 2017, she was one of the founding directors of Pranava school in Document [25] (Title: Nirmala Sitharaman) Nirmala Sitharaman Nirmala Sitharaman (born 18 August 1959) is an Indian politician of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), serving as the Minister of Defence since 2017 and has served as Member of the Rajya Sabha, upper house of the Indian Parliament, since 2016. Sitharaman is India's second female defence minister. Sitharaman has formerly served as the Minister of State for Finance and Corporate Affairs under the Ministry of Finance and the Minister for Commerce and Industry with independent charge. Prior to that, she has served as a national spokesperson for the BJP. Nirmala was born in Madurai, Tamil Nadu, to Document [26] (Title: Tarkeshwari Sinha) her brother Capt Girish Nandan Singh, pilot with Air India who died in an air crash in New Delhi. She had raised nearly Rs 25 lakh, a big sum in those days, for the construct of the two floored hospital where treatment was almost free. She also took the initiative to construct a road to link the village with Chandi and Harnaut in Nalanda. Tarkeshwari Sinha Tarkeshwari Sinha (26 December 1926–14 August 2007) was an Indian politician and Indian independence movement activist from Bihar. Among the first female politicians of the country, she took active role in the Quit India Document [27] (Title: First Manmohan Singh ministry) 22 May 2009, when Singh started his second term in office as PM. With three female Cabinet ministers, the Manmohan Singh ministry was the first Indian government to appoint more than one female Cabinet minister. This is a list of members of the Union Cabinet of the Government of India, 2004 to May 2009. All ministers are based in offices of their respective Union Ministries in New Delhi. All Cabinet members are mandated by the constitution to be members of either house of the Parliament of India. In a departure from the norm the current Prime Minister, Manmohan Singh, is Document [28] (Title: Kamla Beniwal) of Gujarat led by chief minister Narendra Modi who is current Prime Minister of India. Kamla Beniwal Kamla Beniwal (born 1927) is an Indian politician. She was a member of Indian National Congress party. She served as a minister on different posts and Deputy Chief Minister during different time in Rajasthan. Later she served as Governor of different Indian states between 2009 and 2014. She was a governor of Tripura (2009), Gujarat (2009-2014) and Mizoram (2014). Facing charges of corruption, she was relieved of her duty just two months before her tenure was to end as a governor of Mizoram. Document [29] (Title: Renuka Chowdhury) not their husbands. Renuka Chowdhury Renuka Chowdhury (13 August 1954) is an Indian politician and a member of the Indian National Congress, she represents the political party in the Rajya Sabha from Andhra Pradesh. She has also served as the Union minister of State (Independent Charge) for Ministry of Women and Child Development and Tourism in the Government of India. Born to Air Commodore Suryanarayana Rao and Vasundhara on 13 August 1954 in Vishakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh). Renuka is the eldest of three daughters. She studied at the Welham Girls' School, Dehradun and received her B.A. in Industrial Psychology from Bangalore Document [30] (Title: Siachen conflict) 12 June 2005, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh became the first Indian Prime Minister to visit the area, calling for a peaceful resolution of the problem. In 2007, the President of India, Abdul Kalam became the first head of state to visit the area. Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi visited Siachen on 23 October 2014 to celebrate Diwali with the troops and boost their morale. The Chief of Staff of the US Army, General George Casey on 17 October 2008 visited the Siachen Glacier along with Indian Army Chief, General Deepak Kapoor. The US General visited for the purpose of "developing Document [31] (Title: Jhalkaribai) the artillery unit of Rani Laxmibai's army, who introduced her to the Rani. Jhalkaribai bore an uncanny resemblance to Laxmibai and because of this she was inducted into the women's wing of the army. In the queen's army, she quickly rose in the ranks and began commanding her own army. During the Rebellion of 1857, General Hugh Rose attacked Jhansi with a large army. The Queen valiantly faced the army with 4000 of her troops in her fort. She waited for relief from Peshwa Nana Sahib's army camping at Kalpi that did not come because Tantia Tope had already been Document [32] (Title: Punita Arora) career. She joined Armed Forces Medical College, Pune in 1963 which was the second batch of the AFMC and she turned out to be the topper of that batch. Punita was commissioned in January 1968. Before becoming Vice Admiral of Indian Navy she was Commandant of AFMC. She took the charge of commandant of Armed Forces Medical College in 2004 thereafter becoming the first woman officer to command the medical college. Before that She was co-ordinating Medical Research of the armed forces at the Army headquarters as additional director-general of Armed Forces Medical Services (Medical Research). She moved from the Document [33] (Title: Manohar Prahlad Awati) He was followed by Cdr Abhilash Tomy, who became the first Indian, and the second Asian, to do a non-stop solo circumnavigation around the world. The Sagar Parikrama project also led to the first ever all-woman circumnavigation expedition, called the Navika Sagar Parikrama, which was completed in 2018 by 6 female officers of the Indian Navy. In 2015, Awati presented to the NDA a Webley Revolver of .38 calibre, which was handed over to him as a token of surrender by two senior Pakistan Navy officers during the 1971 War. Awati died at his home on 4 November 2018 in Document [34] (Title: Divya Ajith Kumar) her past. She did her schooling at Good Shepherd Matriculation Higher Secondary School, Chennai and went to Stella Maris College, Chennai. She joined NCC (National Cadet Corps) which inspired her to join Indian Army and participated in NCC women contingent in Rajpath and later joined OTA ( Officers training academy). She passed from OTA (Officers training academy). Divya Ajith Kumar became the first woman in the history of the Indian Army to receive the coveted ‘Sword of Honour' prize, which is awarded to the best cadet, where she passed with a total of 244 cadets, including 63 women. She is Document [35] (Title: Women in Indian Armed Forces) have women commandos. Railway Protection Force (RPF) has female unit, Shakti Squad. In 2015, 25-year-old Debashmita Chattopadhyay became first female Assistant Security Commissioner (ASC) in RPF who took charge of the Shakti squad of RPF women constables. National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) got its first woman commander in 2015 when 40-years old senior Commandant Rekha Nambiar joined the 4th Battalion based in Arakkonam in Tamil Nadu to lead 1,000 personnel-strong all-men battalion. Women in Indian Armed Forces All wings of the Indian Armed Forces allow women in combat roles (junior ranks) and combat supervisory roles (officers), except Indian Army (support Document [36] (Title: Krishna Tirath) She emphasized the importance of agencies like Integrated Child Development Services for implementing improvements in education, immunization and supplementary nutrition, to alleviate child mortality. On 24 January 2010 a photograph of former Pakistan Air Chief Marshal Tanvir Mahmood Ahmed in uniform appeared along with those of Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and Congress president Sonia Gandhi in a full-page newspaper advertisement (see External Links below) given by Ministry of Women and Child Development to mark the National Girl Child Day. Initially Mrs.Tirath refused to accept the error on behalf of her ministry, accused the media of hair-splitting, and stated, "[the] message Document [37] (Title: Lakshmi Sahgal) Lakshmi Sahgal Lakshmi Sahgal () (born Lakshmi Swaminathan) (24 October 1914 – 23 July 2012) was a revolutionary of the Indian independence movement, an officer of the Indian National Army, and the Minister of Women's Affairs in the Azad Hind government. Sahgal is commonly referred to in India as "Captain Lakshmi", a reference to her rank when taken prisoner in Burma during the Second World War. Sahgal was born as Lakshmi Swaminathan in Malabar under Madras Presidency on 24 October 1914 to S. Swaminathan, a lawyer who practised criminal law at Madras High Court, and A.V. Ammukutty, better known as Document [38] (Title: Women in Indian Armed Forces) and Special Frontier Force. Women can join the Indian Coast Guard in officer ranks as general duty, pilot or law officers. In January 2017, Indian Coast Guard became the first force to deploy four female officers, assistant commandants Anuradha Shukla, Sneha Kathyat, Shirin Chandran and Vasundhara Chouksey, in combat roles on board KV Kuber hovercraft ship patrolling the Indian maritime zone bordering Pakistan and Bangladesh. In April 2016, Assam Rifles inducted a first batch of 100 female soldiers who had undergone year-long training programme and graduated in the passing-out parade at the Assam Rifles Training Centre and School in Shokhuvi Document [39] (Title: Shanti Sethi) 2010. She is the first female commander of an American naval ship to visit India. In 2015, she was promoted to the rank of Captain. Sethi’s decorations and awards include the Meritorious Service Medal (two awards), Navy Commendation Medal (four awards), the Navy Achievement Medal, and various unit and campaign awards. Shanti Sethi Captain Shanti Sethi is an American naval officer, the only Indian-American woman and the 15th female officer to command a major US Navy combat warship. She commanded the guided missile destroyer from 15 December 2010 to May 2012. Captain Shanti Sethi is a native of Reno, Nevada. Document [40] (Title: Women in Indian Armed Forces) February 2010, and operations in Jammu-Kashmir and the northeast states. Anjana Bhaduria, who joined the first-ever batch of female cadets in 1992 at the Officers Training Academy, Chennai, is the first female officer in the Indian Army to win the Gold Medal. Including her and Priya Jhingan, the first batch of women officers of the Indian Army was commissioned in March 1993. Divya Ajith Kumar, commissioned in 2010, is the first female officer to receive Sword of Honor. She led all women contingent of 154 women officers and cadets during the Republic Day 2015 parade. Ganeve Lalji, a third generation Document [41] (Title: Avani Chaturvedi) AFS Suratgarh. Avani Chaturvedi Flight Lieutenant Avani Chaturvedi is one of the first female fighter pilots of India. She is from Rewa district in Madhya Pradesh. She was declared as the first combat pilot along with two of her cohort, Mohana Singh, and Bhawana Kanth. The trio was inducted into the Indian Air Force fighter squadron in June 2016. They were formally commissioned by Defence Minister Manohar Parrikar. On 7 October , 2018 , she was honored with the doctorate degree in Banasthali Vidyapeeth . 25-year old Chaturvedi completed her training at Hyderabad Air Force Academy. She completed her schooling Document [42] (Title: Prime Minister of India) minister. Shastri's tenure saw the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. Shashtri subsequently died of a reported heart attack in Tashkent, after signing the Tashkent Declaration. After Shastri, Indira Gandhi—Nehru's daughter—was elected as the country's first woman prime minister. Indira's first term in office lasted 11 years, in which she took steps such as nationalization of banks; end of allowances and political posts, which were received by members of the royal families of the erstwhile princely states of British India. In addition, events such as the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971; the establishment of a sovereign Bangladesh; accession of Sikkim to India, through Document [43] (Title: Bidhya Devi Bhandari) Her political career began from a Leftist student union and she got the membership of them Communist Party of Nepal - Marxist–Leninist in 1980. Bhandari was elected twice in parliamentary elections in 1994 and 1999, defeating Prime Minister Krishna Prasad Bhattarai and Damanath Dhungana, respectively. However, she lost during the 2008 Constituent Assembly poll. She held the post of Minister of Defense in the cabinet of Prime Minister Madhav Kumar Nepal. The party elected her under the proportional electoral system in the second Constituent Assembly elections in 2013. Bhandari was active in politics from an early age. According to the Document [44] (Title: Avani Chaturvedi) Avani Chaturvedi Flight Lieutenant Avani Chaturvedi is one of the first female fighter pilots of India. She is from Rewa district in Madhya Pradesh. She was declared as the first combat pilot along with two of her cohort, Mohana Singh, and Bhawana Kanth. The trio was inducted into the Indian Air Force fighter squadron in June 2016. They were formally commissioned by Defence Minister Manohar Parrikar. On 7 October , 2018 , she was honored with the doctorate degree in Banasthali Vidyapeeth . 25-year old Chaturvedi completed her training at Hyderabad Air Force Academy. She completed her schooling from Deolond, Document [45] (Title: Tulsi Gabbard) "the stresses war places on military spouses and families" as a reason for their divorce. Gabbard called on Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi when he visited New York on September 28, 2014, and presented him with a ginger flower garland from Hawaii. She also gave him her copy of the "Bhagavad Gita", the one she used to take the Oath of Office. In February 2015, Gabbard accepted the marriage proposal of Abraham Williams and they married on April 9, 2015, in a Vedic-style wedding. On November 25, 2013, Gabbard received the John F. Kennedy New Frontier Award at a ceremony Document [46] (Title: First Ladies and Gentlemen of India) on 18 August 2015. The position of First Lady remained vacant for the remainder of President Mukherjee's term. The role should not be confused with the spouse of the Prime Minister of India. First Ladies and Gentlemen of India The First Lady or First Gentleman of India is the unofficial title and position traditionally held by the wife or husband of the President of India during that person's term of office. There are no official roles or duties assigned to the spouse but he or she generally attends the official ceremonies and functions held at the Rashtrapati Bhavan along with Document [47] (Title: Bidhya Devi Bhandari) most powerful women. She previously served as the Minister of Defence of the government of Nepal and was the first woman in Nepal to hold that post. She was also the minister for Environment and population in 1990s, and has been presenting many environmental awareness campaign and women rights concern till dated. On June 2017, she visited IUCN headquarters and Director General Inger Andersen in Gland, Switzerland to discuss opportunities for enhanced collaboration on nature conservation and sustainable development. Bidhya Devi Bhandari was born on 19 June 1961, in Mane Bhanjyang of Bhojpur, to Ram Bahadur Pandey and Mithila Pandey. Document [48] (Title: Sushma Swaraj) on 21 December 2009 and retained this position till May 2014 when in Indian general election, 2014 her party got a major victory. Swaraj has been serving as the Indian Minister of External Affairs under Prime Minister Narendra Modi since May 2014, responsible for implementing the foreign policy of Narendra Modi. She is only the second woman to hold this position after Indira Gandhi. In 1977, she became the youngest ever Cabinet Minister in the country at 25 years of age. In 1979, she became State President of Janata Party, Haryana State at the young age of 27. Sushma Swaraj Document [49] (Title: Women in Indian Armed Forces) adding to their role as helicopter pilots in the Indian Air Force. In 2015, there were 1,500 women, including 94 pilots and 14 navigators, in the air force. Dr. Punita Arora, commissioned in 1968, is the first woman in the India Army to reach the second highest rank as the Lieutenant General, and the first female Vice admiral. Padmavathy Bandopadhyay is the first woman Air Marshal of the Indian Air Force and the second woman in the Indian armed forces to be promoted to a three-star rank after Lt. General Punita Arora. Women in Ghatak Force, Garud Commando Force, MARCOS Document [50] (Title: Savita Kovind) post of Chief Section Supervisor. But in 2005, she took a voluntary retirement. Savitha married Ram Nath Kovind on 30 May 1974. They have a son, and a daughter. Kovind became the first lady on 25 July 2017 after nearly 2 years of vacancy since the last first lady died in office. India’s first spouses act as the official hostesses of the Rashtrapati Bhavan. Savita Kovind Savita Kovind is the First Lady of India since 25 July 2017. She is the wife of the President of India Ram Nath Kovind. Previously, Suvra Mukherjee, wife of the former President Pranab Mukherjee Document [51] (Title: Women in Indian Armed Forces) in all roles, including combat and support roles. In 1994, women joined the air force as pilots in support role, among them Gunjan Saxena (Flight Officer ) was the first women to fly support sorties in a combat zone during Kargil War (May–July 1999). In 2006, Deepika Misra became first IAF woman pilot to train for the helicopter aerobatic team. In 2012, Nivedita Choudhary (Flight Lieutenant), a Jat from Rajasthan, became the first woman from the Indian Air Force to summit the Mount Everest. In 2015, Indian Air Force opened new combat air force roles for women as fighter pilots, Document [52] (Title: Mamata Banerjee) Mamata Banerjee Mamata Banerjee (Bengali: also known as "Didi", born 5 January 1955) is an Indian politician serving as the 8th and current Chief Minister of West Bengal since 2011. She is the first woman to hold the office. She founded the party All India Trinamool Congress (AITC or TMC) in 1998 after separating from the Indian National Congress, and became its chairperson. She is often referred to as Didi (meaning: "elder sister" in Hindi and Bengali). Banerjee previously served twice as the Minister of Railways, the first woman to do so. She is also the first female Minister of Document [53] (Title: India–United States relations) year, Manohar Parrikar became the first Indian defence minister to visit the US Pacific Command. In March 2016, India has rejected a proposal by the USA to join naval patrols in the South China Sea alongside Japan and Australia. Defense Minister Manohar Parrikar said: "India has never taken part in any joint patrol; we only do joint exercises. The question of joint patrol does not arise." In January 2017, Peter Lavoy, Senior Director for South Asian Affairs at the U.S. National Security Council, declared that the partnership between India and the United States under Barack Obama's administration had been "incredibly Document [54] (Title: Pratibha Singh) In 2013 (By Poll) elections, she again elected for the same. Pratibha Singh Pratibha Singh (born 16 July 1956) was a member of the 14th Lok Sabha of India. She is wife of Virbhadra Singh who has been the Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh since 2012. She represented the Mandi constituency of Himachal Pradesh and is a member of the Indian National Congress. Pratibha Singh was born on 16 July 1956 in Shimla, Himachal Pradesh. She married Virbhadra Singh in 1985. Pratibha Singh gained a seat in the Lok Sabha which is the lower house of the Parliament of India Document [55] (Title: Bhavna Chauhan) train alongside 400 gentleman cadets (GCs), some of whom believe that having women in the armed forces is a bad idea. Born in Pune, India, Bhavna Chauhan graduated from the School of Planning and Architecture in New Delhi. Chauhan currently lives in Roorkee with her Army engineer husband and son. Bhavna Chauhan "Not to be confused with Bhavna Chauhan who is an actress" Bhavna Chauhan is an Indian novelist, an architect and a former Indian Army major. Chauhan graduated from the Officers Training Academy (OTA) in Chennai, India, in March 2001, standing first in the order of merit and winning Document [56] (Title: Chandi, Bihar) of the famous village in chandi tehsil. It is around 4 km from chandi.India's first female politicians of the country belong from Tulsigarh and she was elected to the 1st Lok Sabha from Patna East constituency in 1952. She was the first female Deputy Finance Minister in the union cabinet led by prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru from 1958-64. Her name is Tarkeshwari Sinha (26 December 1926 – 14 August 2007). It is approx 17 km from harnaut that is native place of chief minister of bihar nitish kumar. The town has one of the best roads in Bihar. Since 2010 Document [57] (Title: Rabri Devi) facto" chief minister with his wife being a ceremonial head. She became the first woman Chief Minister of Bihar on 25 July 1997 after her husband Lalu Prasad Yadav had to resign as the Chief Minister following the arrest warrant issued against him in corruption charges; in an unprecedented move, he appointed Rabri Devi as the new Bihar Chief Minister to hold onto power. In Bihar Legislative Assembly election, 2010, Rabri Devi contested on two seats: Raghopur and Sonpur assembly seats, but lost both while Rashtriya Janata Dal faced massive defeat, winning only 22 seats. She contested from Saran constituency Document [58] (Title: George Fernandes) defence minister, but was reappointed to the post later. Fernandes has been the only defence minister of a nuclear power who has had a picture of Hiroshima bombing in his office. He has made 18 visits to the icy heights of the Siachen glacier in Kashmir, which holds the record of being "the world's highest battlefield". He was known for overseeing a huge increase in India's defence budget as compared to the allocations made by previous governments. The NDA Government lost power to the Congress-led United Progressive Alliance (UPA) in the 2004 general elections. Later, political observers alleged that Fernandes Document [59] (Title: Nirupama Rao) worth 5 million U.S. dollars for the victims. Rao visited the earthquake affected city of Chengdu soon after the earthquake to coincide with the arrival of Indian Air Force aircraft bringing relief supplies. Rao's being summoned to the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs at the early hour of 2 a.m on March 21, 2008 during disturbances in Tibet was the subject of considerable focus and criticism in the Indian media. Rao became India's second woman Foreign Secretary, succeeding Shivshankar Menon, on 1 August 2009. On 21 December 2010, the Government of India approved the extension of Rao's tenure as India's Document [60] (Title: Foreign policy of the Narendra Modi government) and Beijing, China. Even before becoming the Prime Minister Narendra Modi hinted that his foreign policy will actively focus on improving ties with India's immediate neighbours which is being termed as "neighbourhood first" policy in the media and he started well by inviting all heads of state/heads of government of South Asian countries in his inauguration and on the second day on office he held bilateral talks with all of them individually which was dubbed as a mini SAARC summit by the media. Later during a launch event at ISRO he has asked Indian scientists to take the endeavour to Document [61] (Title: Bhavna Chikhalia) Bhavna Chikhalia Bhavna Chikhalia (‎; 14 February 1955 – 28 June 2013) was a former Minister of State of Parliamentary Affairs and of Tourism and Culture in Government of India from 2003 to 2004. She was also a former member of Lok Sabha and the first lady of Gujarat who has won four consecutive term of Lok Sabha from Junagadh constituency, Gujarat (from 1991 to 2004). She was executive secretary of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) Parliamentary Wing from 1993 to 1996, and party Whip and Party Vice President in 1998. She was Chairperson of the Railway Convention Committee during Document [62] (Title: Benazir Bhutto) in Kashmir. During her second term, Benazir Bhutto's relations with the Pakistan Armed Forces took a different and pro-Bhutto approach, when she carefully appointed General Abdul Waheed Kakar as the Chief of Army Staff. General Abdul Waheed was an uptight, strict, and a professional officer with a views of Westernized democracy. Benazir also appointed Admiral Saeed Mohammad Khan as Chief of Naval Staff; General Abbas Khattak as Chief of Air Staff. Whilst, Air Chief Marshal Farooq Feroze Khan was appointed chairman Joint Chiefs who was the first (and to date only) Pakistani air officer to have reached to such 4 Document [63] (Title: Women in Pakistan) Bhutto wife of Prime Minister Zulfikhar Ali Bhutto, led the Pakistani delegation to the United Nations' first women's conference in 1975. Benazir Bhutto was the first female Prime Minister of Pakistan (1988)(1991) and the first woman elected to head a Muslim country. She was elected twice to the office of Prime Minister. Fehmida Mirza is the first female speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan. Other prominent female Pakistani politicians include Begum Nasim Wali Khan, Raja Farzana, Syeda Abida Hussain, Sherry Rehman and Tehmina Daultana. Hina Rabbani Khar became the first Minister of Foreign Affairs of Pakistan in 2011. Mukhtaran Document [64] (Title: Seema Rao) Seema Rao Seema Rao, also known as India's Wonder Woman, is India's first woman commando trainer, having trained Special Forces of India for 18 years without compensation. She is a pioneer in close quarter battle (CQB) — the art of fighting in tight proximity — and is involved in training various Indian forces. Her work was partnered by Major Deepak Rao, who received Presidential rank honor from the Indian President for pioneering close quarter battle training for Indian Army. Born to a freedom fighter of India, Professor Ramakant Sinari, Seema grew up committed to the cause of serving her country. Document [65] (Title: Women in Indian Armed Forces) War II. Females are not allowed to serve in combat units like the Infantry, the Armoured corps and Mechanised infantry (c. 2017). In 1992, the Indian Army began inducting women officers in non-medical roles. On 19 January 2007, the United Nations first all female peacekeeping force made up of 105 Indian policewomen was deployed to Liberia. Priya Jhingan, commissioned in 1993, is the one of the 25 women to join the Indian Army as an officer. Alka Khurana, also commissioned in 1993, is the first woman from Indian Army to participate in Republic Day Parade and Army Day Parade in Document [66] (Title: Hamida Habibullah) founder commandant of National Defence Academy, Khadakvasla. Her son, Wajahat Habibullah, is a bureaucrat and her grandsons Amar Habibullah and Saif Habibullah are prominent businessmen. A Congress supporter, she joined active politics in 1965, after her husband's retirement. She served as an elected Member of Legislative Assembly (MLA) from Haidergarh (District Barabanki), was State Minister of Social and Harijan Welfare, National Integration & Civil Defence from 1971–73, and Tourism Minister from 1971-74. She was also a member of the Executive Committee of Uttar Pradesh Congress Committee (UPCC) until 1980 and a member of (Elected) the All India Congress Committee (AICC) Document [67] (Title: Belawadi Mallamma) Belawadi Mallamma Belawadi Mallamma (Kannada ಬೆಳವಡಿ ಮಲ್ಲಮ್ಮ ) was a warrior queen from Bailhongal, Belgaum District, North Karnataka, Karnataka, India. Belvadi Mallamma is believed by many to be the first woman to form a women's army to fight against the Marathas. She also credited with being the first queen in the history the Indian subcontinent who built and trained a women's army in the 17th century. She was the daughter of Sode King Madhulinga Nayaka and wife of King Ishaprabhu. Belawadi Mallamma, also known as Savitribai, was a Queen of Lingayat community, fought with the Maratha commander Dadaji Raghunath Nedkar Document [68] (Title: Seema Rao) far. Seema Rao Seema Rao, also known as India's Wonder Woman, is India's first woman commando trainer, having trained Special Forces of India for 18 years without compensation. She is a pioneer in close quarter battle (CQB) — the art of fighting in tight proximity — and is involved in training various Indian forces. Her work was partnered by Major Deepak Rao, who received Presidential rank honor from the Indian President for pioneering close quarter battle training for Indian Army. Born to a freedom fighter of India, Professor Ramakant Sinari, Seema grew up committed to the cause of serving her Document [69] (Title: State visit) dignitary first receives the salute fron the President's Bodyguard (PBG), and the Tri-Services Guard of Honour. Heads of State is also given a 21-gun salute, with a 19-gun salute being to Heads of government. The massed bands and the commander of the guard of honour is chosen by a rotation between the Indian Army, Navy, and Air Force. In 2015, Wing Commander Pooja Thakur became the first female officer to lead the guard of honour for a foreign leader. State banquets are also held for foreign dignitaries at the Rashtrapati Bhavan which are hosted by the President of India. Over Document [70] (Title: Lalitha Kumaramangalam) Lalitha Kumaramangalam Lalitha Kumaramangalam (born 1958) is an Indian politician who is a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and former chairperson of the National Commission for Women. She was previously the National Secretary of the BJP. Lalitha Kumaramangalam was born January 14, 1958 in Tamil Nadu, the daughter of Mohan Kumaramangalam, a communist ideologue, politician, and trade union leader. Her paternal grandfather, P. Subbarayan, was the Chief Minister of the Madras Presidency. Her paternal uncle, General P.P. Kumaramangalam, PVSM, DSO, was Chief of the Army Staff of India. Lalitha's mother, Kalyani Mukherjee, was the niece of Ajoy Mukherjee, Document [71] (Title: First Ladies and Gentlemen of India) First Ladies and Gentlemen of India The First Lady or First Gentleman of India is the unofficial title and position traditionally held by the wife or husband of the President of India during that person's term of office. There are no official roles or duties assigned to the spouse but he or she generally attends the official ceremonies and functions held at the Rashtrapati Bhavan along with the President. The position of First Lady of India is currently held by Savita Kovind, wife of President Ram Nath Kovind. She assumed the position after her husband took the oath of office Document [72] (Title: Mayawati) of their views against gender discrimination. When she was Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, she publicly called Bhikkhus to prayer. She is also known as the "Iron Lady Mayawati". In 2008, "Forbes" added Mayawati in the 59th place on its list of the 100 most powerful women in the world. She appeared in "Newsweek"s top woman achievers list in 2007. In 2009 a "Newsweek" article described her as the Barack Obama of India, and a potential candidate for Prime Minister. "Time" magazine included Mayawati in India's 15 Most Influential list for 2007. Mayawati's political career has attracted praise and controversy. Document [73] (Title: Divya Ajith Kumar) also a multi-faceted personality, Divya is also an accomplished Bharatanatyam dancer, percussionist and well-versed in sports like basketball and discus throw. Captain Divya Ajith Kumar was commissioned into Corps of Army Air Defense on September 2010. Captain Divya Ajith Kumar led the first all-women contingent of the Army on Republic Day (26 January 2015).She led a contingent of 154 women officers and cadets during the parade, where US President Barack Obama was present as the chief guest. Nearly 200 women officers from all over the country had come down to the OTA, and after a rigorous selection process, 126 officers, Document [74] (Title: Women in India) provides the vision of the natural, real way of life. We veil ourselves with unnatural masks. On the face of India are the tender expressions which carry the mark of the Creator's hand.""...George Bernard Shaw The Indian Armed Forces began recruiting women to non-medical positions in 1992. The Indian Army began inducting women officers in 1992. The Border Security Force (BSF) began recruiting female officers in 2013. On 25 March 2017, Tanushree Pareek became the first female combat officer commissioned by the BSF. On 24 October 2015, the Indian government announced that women could serve as fighter pilots in the Document [75] (Title: Ministry of Defence (India)) Ministry of Defence (India) The Ministry of Defence (MoD; IAST: ) is charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the government relating directly to national security and the Indian armed forces. The Ministry has the largest budget among the federal departments of India and currently maintains fifth in military expenditure, among countries of the world. The President of India is the ceremonial commander-in-chief of the armed forces of the country. The Ministry of Defence provides policy framework and resources to the armed forces to discharge their responsibility in the context of the defence of the country. The Document [76] (Title: Mitali Madhumita) merit and in February 2015 directed the Ministry of Defence to reinstate her. However the Ministry of Defence appealed against the order of the Armed Forces Tribunal in the Supreme court of India stating that Madhumita had enlisted in the army on a short service commission. In 2016 Supreme court of India rejected the Ministry of Defence's plea against granting her a permanent commission in the Indian army. Mitali Madhumita Mitali Madhumita is the first woman officer in the Indian Army to receive a gallantry award. Lieutenant Colonel Mitali Madhumita received the Sena Medal in 2011 for exemplary courage shown Document [77] (Title: First Ladies and Gentlemen of India) to the post of president on 25th July 2017. Rajvanshi Devi, wife of India's first president, was the country's first First Lady from 1950 until 1962. Devi kept a very low profile during this era and did not attend public events with President Rajendra Prasad. Saraswati Bai, wife of the country's fourth president, V. V. Giri, was the first First Lady to take a more public role. Bai's role marked a change from the lower profile of her predecessors. She attended and hosted public events and became a recognizable figure to the Indian public. Her successor, Begum Abida Ahmed, India's Document [78] (Title: Jayalalithaa) margin. India's first company of female police commandos was set up in Tamil Nadu in 2003. They underwent the same training as their male counterparts, covering the handling of weapons, detection and disposal of bombs, driving, horseriding, and adventure sports. The government led by her in 2003 banned sale of all lotteries, including online, within the territory of the state, despite the risk of the state losing revenue. She gave orders to special task force headed by K.Vijaykumar to conduct secret operation to capture and kill the dreaded poacher and sandalwood smuggler Veerappan by entering Karnataka. In 2004 she declared Document [79] (Title: Robin Fontes) the US War College, graduating in 2007. She had been promoted that year to colonel. She was subsequently assigned as the chief of the American Security Assistance Office in Pakistan. The United States Senate approved Fontes's promotion to brigadier general in 2014. Following her 2014 graduation from the Defense Intelligence Agency's Joint Military Attaché School (where she was class leader), she was assigned as the US Defense Attaché to India. She was the first American general officer sent to India since the 1960s. She was also the first woman to hold that position. In February 2017, then-National Security Advisor Michael Document [80] (Title: Ranee Narah) Union Cabinet of India as Minister of State (MoS) for Tribal Affairs in 2012. Ranee Narah Ranee Narah (born 31 October 1965) is an Indian politician. She held the position of Deputy Chief Whip of the Indian National Congress in the 15th Lok Sabha. On 21 March 2016, she got elected along with Ripun Bora of the INC to the Rajya Sabha, the Upper House of the Indian Parliament securing 47 votes out of 85 (minimum requirement was 38 votes). Ranie Narah, wife of Bharat Narah a congress politician of Assam, graduated from the University of Guwahati with a BA Document [81] (Title: Budget Day) in his second tenure when he was both the Finance Minister and Deputy Prime Minister of India. After Desai's resignation, Indira Gandhi, the then Prime Minister of India, took over the Ministry of Finance to become the only woman to hold the post of the finance minister. Pranab Mukherjee, the first Rajya Sabha member to hold the Finance portfolio, presented the annual budgets for 1982–83, 1983–84 and 1984–85. Rajiv Gandhi presented the budget for 1987–89 after V P Singh quit his government, and in the process became only the third Prime Minister to present a budget after his mother and Document [82] (Title: Janaki Venkataraman) husband on state visits and was the public face of "Indian womanhood" during his presidency. As an active first lady, she was responsible for implementing social welfare programs that came from the president's office. Janaki Venkataraman died on 13 August 2010. Janaki Venkataraman Janaki Venkataraman (1921 – 13 August 2010) was the First Lady of India from 1987 until 1992. She was the wife of Indian President R. Venkataraman who served as India's head of state from 25 July 1987 until 25 July 1992. Janaki was born in Pegu, Burma, to Kamala and Krishna Iyer. Her mother died with she Document [83] (Title: Suvra Mukherjee) Minister of Bangladesh who attended the funeral stated: "Bangladesh has lost a great friend and well-wisher with her passing away and prayed the bereaved family to have the courage and fortitude to bear this irreparable loss." Suvra Mukherjee Suvra Mukherjee (17 September 1937 – 18 August 2015) was a former First Lady of India serving from the year 2012 until her death in 2015. Mukherjee was born on 17 September 1937 in Jessore (now in Bangladesh) as Suvra Ghosh, and moved to Calcutta when she was 10 years old. She married Pranab Mukherjee on 13 July 1957 and the couple Document [84] (Title: Indian Army) Bombers in 1942. In 1992, the Indian Army began inducting women officers in non-medical roles. On 19 January 2007, the United Nations first all female peacekeeping force made up of 105 Indian policewomen was deployed to Liberia. In 2014, India's army had 3 per cent women, the Navy 2.8 per cent and the Air Force, the highest, with 8.5 per cent women. In 2015 India opened new combat air force roles for women as fighter pilots, adding to their role as helicopter pilots in the Indian Air Force. Most of the army equipment is imported, but efforts are being made Document [85] (Title: Sushma Swaraj's tenure as External Affairs Minister) Sushma Swaraj's tenure as External Affairs Minister Sushma Swaraj is the serving Indian External Affairs Minister under Prime Minister Narendra Modi from May 2014, responsible for implementing the foreign policy of Narendra Modi. She is only the second women to hold this position after Indira Gandhi. Swaraj, a lawyer by profession and a seasoned parliamentarian with many 'first-timer' records in her name often considered to be among the best spoken Indian politician and also known for her diplomatic skills. She served as the Leader of the Opposition in the 15th Lok Sabha from 2009 to 2014 and by virtue of Document [86] (Title: Bhavashankari) She took special interest in the military administration of the State. She regularly paid visits to the trainee soldiers and made arrangements for upgradation and modernisation of the military infrastructures. She began to encourage each and every subject to undergo military training. Gradually she made conscription compulsory in Bhurishrestha. She built new garrison fortresses along the boundaries of Bhurishrestha and renovated the existing ones. The "kuladevata" of the Bharadwaj dynasty of Bhurishrestha was Rajvallabhi, an incarnation of Chandi and her statue was made of "ashtadhatu". Bhavashankari used to worship her and once made a wish that no man would ever Document [87] (Title: Divya Ajith Kumar) and 28 women cadets from the academy were selected for the parade. Captain Divya Ajith Kumar was selected to lead the contingent. She now teaches at Officers Training Academy in Chennai she travels to schools and colleges to talk to students and inspire them to consider a life serving the nation by choosing a career in the Armed Forces. She is inspiring many women to join the armed forces. Divya Ajith Kumar Captain Divya Ajith Kumar is an officer of the Indian Army of AAD (Army Air Defense). She passed out from OTA, Chennai. She is the first woman to Document [88] (Title: Punita Arora) Army to the Navy as the AFMS has a common pool which allows officers to migrate from one service to another depending on the requirement. She has been awarded with 15 medals in her 36 years of career in Indian Armed Forces. Punita Arora Punita Arora is the first woman in India to don the second highest rank i.e. Lieutenant General of Indian Armed Forces. and the first female Vice admiral of Indian Navy. She was born into a Punjabi family which hails from Lahore. When she was 01 year old, her family moved to India during partition and got Document [89] (Title: Seema Rao) the first time in India’s history. Times of India featured both Seema & Komal Rao, the mother-daughter wonder women duo via the Times News Network. Rao has co-authored the first "Encyclopedia of Close Combat Ops" training in the world, produced solely for Indian forces as well as the first Indian book on world terrorism — "A Comprehensive Analysis of World Terrorism" and the first book on "Commando Manual of Unarmed Combat". Her books have found a place in the libraries of FBI, INTERPOL, UN, and SWAT Police the world over. She is a prolific author and has eight titles thus Document [90] (Title: M. M. Pallam Raju) tenure as the Minister of State for Defense, in 2008 Pallam Raju visited Lebanon to meet the Indian peacekeepers who were part of the UN Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL). He was the first to do so in five years. India has one infantry battalion deployed in charge of the eastern position of South Lebanon. In May 2008, he headed the delegation from the ministry and addressed the important Shangri La Dialogue (Annual Conference of Defense Ministers from the world) in Singapore. Third term in the 15th Lok Sabha (2009–2014) In May 2009, he was re-elected to the 15th Lok Document [91] (Title: Women in Indian Armed Forces) 1994 . Sapper Shanti Tigga is the first female jawan (private rank) in the Indian Army who joined in 2011. Priya Semwal, joined in 2014, first Army jawan's wife to join as an officer in the armed forces, whose husband had fallen in a counter-insurgency operation near hilly Tawang in Arunachal Pradesh in 2012. Mitali Madhumita (Lieutenant Colonel), commissioned in 2000, is the first woman officer in India to receive a gallantry award, who received the Sena Medal in 2011 for exemplary courage shown during the Attack on the Indian embassy in Kabul by terrorists in Kabul, Afghanistan on 26 Document [92] (Title: First Indian circumnavigation) Maj KS Rao, the Skipper, also received his long delayed promotion to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel here. The home run via Colombo, Sri Lanka was uneventful. "Trishna" received an enthusiastic welcome at the Gateway of India, Mumbai on her arrival there on 10 January 1987 where she was received by General Krishnaswamy Sundarji, the Chief of the Army Staff (India) accompanied by a large gathering of sailors, Service officers, friends and relatives. Ten officers of the Indian Army Corps of Engineers in a sailboat girdled the globe – 30,000 nautical miles – in less than 16 months creating Indian Document [93] (Title: Sushma Swaraj) was the first female Spokesperson of a national political party in India. She has many firsts to her credit as BJPs first female Chief Minister, Union Cabinet Minister, general secretary, Spokesperson, Leader of Opposition and Minister of External Affairs. She is the Indian Parliament's first and the only female MP honoured with the Outstanding Parliamentarian Award. She has contested 11 direct elections from four states. She has served as the President of the Hindi Sahitya Sammelan in Haryana for four years. During the times of Emergency, on 13 July 1975, Sushma Swaraj married Swaraj Kaushal, a peer and fellow advocate Document [94] (Title: Nirupama Rao) as Joint Secretary, East Asia and External Publicity, the latter position making her the first woman spokesperson of the MEA, Chief of Personnel, Ambassador to Peru and China, and High Commissioner to Sri Lanka. Nirupama Rao was born in Malappuram, Kerala. Her father, Lt. Colonel P.V.N Menon, was in the Indian Army. Her mother, Meempat Narayanikutty, was the first woman college graduate in her family, obtaining a BA Mathematics (Honors) degree from Madras University in 1947. Her sisters, Nirmala and Asha, are medical doctors by profession. Nirmala, pursued a career in the Indian Navy, retiring in 2013 as Surgeon Rear Document [95] (Title: Hina Rabbani Khar) In 2009, after switching parties and winning re-election with the Pakistan Peoples Party, she became the Minister of State for Finance and Economic Affairs and the same year became the first woman to present the national budget. She was appointed by Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani as the Foreign Minister of Pakistan in July 2011, and served until shortly before the 2013 election, when she retired from active politics. She has continued to push for stronger ties with India. She remains a member of the Pakistan People's Party, and is a public speaker on foreign policy. As of 2018, she Document [96] (Title: Navika Sagar Parikrama) March 8, 2018 the crew of INSV Tarini that is part of Navika Sagar Parikrama namely Lt Cdr Vartika Joshi, Lt Payal Gupta, Lt Cdr Pratibha Jamwal, Lt Cdr P Swathi, Lt Aishwarya Boddapati, and Lt Shourgrakpam Vijaya Devi were conferred the Nari Shakti Puraskar for outstanding contribution towards women empowerment. The award presented by Ramnath Kovind, the President of India was received by Lieutenant S Vijaya Devi on behalf of the team of INSV Tarini. The expedition was flagged off by Defence Minister Nirmala Sitharaman in Goa on September 10, 2017. The 6 member all women crew includes:- 1. Document [97] (Title: Nirupama Rao) of the MEA, a practice that has since become institutionalized. From 2002 to 2004, Rao served as Additional Secretary, Administration (MEA Chief of Personnel). During this period she was also Foreign Service Inspector. In 2003, on the initiative of the then National Security Advisor and Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister, Brajesh Mishra, Rao became a member of the Special Representative's delegation for border talks with China. She participated in the first three rounds of these talks before her departure for Sri Lanka in 2004. Rao became India's first woman High Commissioner to Sri Lanka in August 2004, replacing Nirupam Document [98] (Title: Mehbooba Mufti) Mehbooba Mufti Mehbooba Mufti (born 22 May 1959) is an Indian politician who served as the Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir, from 4th April 2016 to 19th June 2018. She resigned on June 19 2018 after BJP withdrew support from the coalition government. She was the first woman to hold the office. Mehbooba Mufti is India's second Muslim woman chief minister after Syeda Anwara Taimur of Assam. She is the president of the Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) and was a member of the Indian parliament, representing Anantnag in the 16th Lok Sabha; before she was sworn Document [99] (Title: Mamata Banerjee) as chief minister of West Bengal on 20 May 2011. As the first female chief minister of West Bengal, one of her first decisions was to return 400 acres of land to Singur farmers. "The cabinet has decided to return 400 acres to unwilling farmers in Singur," the chief minister said. "I have instructed the department to prepare the papers for this. If Tata-babu(Ratan Tata) wants, he can set up his factory on the remaining 600 acres, otherwise we will see how to go about it." She has also been credited in resolving the longstanding Gorkhaland related violence by setting Document [100] (Title: First Ladies and Gentlemen of India) first lady from 1974 to 1977, further expanded the public role of the First Lady's position by organizing ceremonies and official functions at the Rashtrapati Bhavan. Before Pratibha Patil was sworn in as the first female President of India, the role of the wives of the President were to act as the chief hostess of the Bhavan. In 2007, the office room meant for the First Lady went for some minor changes to accommodate the husband of Pratibha Patil, Devisingh Shekhawat, the country's inaugural "First Gentleman". Former First Lady Suvra Mukherjee, the wife of President Pranab Mukherjee, died in office Document [101] (Title: Guard of honour) honor guards companies of the aforementioned branches. In India, the Tri-Services Guard of Honour is made up of men or women drawn from three services of the Indian military: the Indian Army, Indian Air Force, and Indian Navy. It is based at New Delhi and is of company size, present only during state visits. In January 2015, during Barack Obama's state visit to India, Wing Commander Pooja Thakur became the first female officer to lead the guard of honour for a foreign leader. In Indonesia, the unit institutionally intended to act as an honour guard for the President of Indonesia Document [102] (Title: Nirupama Pandey) at 1015 hrs (IST), forming one of the first three women IAF officers, to create history. The team of eleven women officers was accompanied by one medical officer and eight male air warriors who were qualified mountaineers. In August, 2011 Bihar CM Sri Nitish Kumar felicitated Squadron leader Nirupama Pandey in Patna for unfurling tricolour at the Mount Everest. She was awarded with Ati Vishisth Khel Samman by the Govt of Bihar. Nirupama Pandey Wing Commander Nirupama Pandey is an Indian mountaineer. She is the first person from Bihar to have scaled Mount Everest on May 25, 2011 at 1015 Document [103] (Title: Rajendra Kumari Bajpai) Union Minister of State with independent charge of Ministry of Social Welfare (1984–86), Minister of State with independent charge of Labour (1986–87) and Minister of State with independent charge of Welfare (1987–89) with Rajiv Gandhi as Prime Minister. She was appointed lieutenant governor of Pondicherry from 2 May 1995 to 22 April 1998. She died on 17 July 1999 at Allahabad after a prolonged kidney-related illness. She was survived by her husband and children. At the time of her death, her son Ashok Bajpai was president of the District Congress committee, while Dr Ranjana Bajpai, her daughter-in-law was president of Document [104] (Title: Sushma Swaraj) Sushma Swaraj Sushma Swaraj () (born 14 February 1952) is an Indian politician and a former Supreme Court lawyer. A senior leader of Bharatiya Janata Party, Swaraj is serving as the Minister of External Affairs of India since 26 May 2014; she is the second woman to hold the office, after Indira Gandhi. She has been elected seven times as a Member of Parliament and three times as a Member of the Legislative Assembly. At the age of 25 in 1977, she became the youngest cabinet minister of north Indian state of Haryana. She also served as 5th Chief Minister Document [105] (Title: Meenakshi Gopinath) training, advocacy and initiatives. Her contributions in Track II diplomacy in the Indian subcontinent also involves "Neemrana Peace Initiative" and "Pakistan India Peoples' Forum for Peace and Democracy" and she is a member of both the organizations. In 2004, she was appointed by the Government of India as a member of the National Security Advisory Board (NSAB), one of the three agencies under the National Security Council of India, the apex agency concerned with internal security in India. She is the first woman to be appointed to the NSAB where she served for four years till 2008. Gopinath is a Document [106] (Title: Usha Narayanan) Usha Narayanan Usha Narayanan, born Tint Tint () was the First Lady of India from 1997 to 2002. She was married to K. R. Narayanan, the tenth President of India. Upon her husband's assumption of the presidency, Narayanan became India's second foreign-born first lady. She played a key role in women social welfare activities initiated by the presidency. Narayanan was born Tint Tint in 1923, in Yamethin, Burma. She attended Rangoon University, earning a Bachelor of Arts degree. Thereafter, she worked as a lecturing tutor at the Department of Burmese Language and Literature. She continued her graduate studies at the Document [107] (Title: Ravi Datt Mehta) with Afghan defense minister Abdul Rahim Wardak. Brig. Mehta had earlier also served as the head of the Indian Army's Intelligence Corps in the state of Jammu and Kashmir. A road in his hometown Simla near his childhood home is now named after him. He is also slated to be posthumously awarded the Kirti Chakra, India's second-highest peacetime gallantry award. His funeral was attended by Chief of Army Staff General Deepak Kapoor, Chief of Naval Staff Admiral Suresh Mehta and Chief of the Air Staff Fali Homi Major. Brigadier Mehta's wife was also working in Afghanistan for empowerment of women Document [108] (Title: Smita Sabharwal) Smita Sabharwal Smita Sabharwal (born 19 June 1977) is an Indian Administrative Service Officer of 2001 batch borne to the Telangana cadre. She is popularly known as "The People’s Officer" for addressing citizen issues by involving people. She is the first lady IAS Officer, in India to be appointed to the Chief Minister’s Office. She is presently working as, Secretary to Cm, Government of Telangana and holds additional charge as Secretary, Rural Water Supply Department and Mission Bhagiratha. Smita was born, in a Bengali family in Darjeeling, West Bengal to an Army officer, Colonel Pranab Das, and Purabi Das. She Document [109] (Title: The Ministry of Utmost Happiness) First. Begum Arifa Yeswi Wife of Musa Yeswi. Musa meets Arifa in a stationery shop where an grenade explosion takes place. Major Amrik Singh A military officer in charge of counter-insurgency operations in Kashmir. Murderer of Jalib Qadri, a well-known lawyer and human rights activist. Amrik Singh, subsequently seeks asylum in the US claiming to be the victim of the tortures he has inflicted on others. Comrade Revathy A Maoist from East Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh who is raped and tortured by policeman. She's the mother of Udaya (Miss Jebeen the Second). Revathy leaves Udaya in Jantar Mantar. Jahanara Document [110] (Title: Pauline Frederick (journalist)) Nations and Imelda Romualdez Marcos of the Republic of the Philippines. Speaking of why she selected these particular woman, Frederick remarked in her introduction, “With the exception of Indira Gandhi who, as Prime Minister of India, is uniquely a first lady in her own right, the women portrayed are wives of men who exercise national power, exert regional political influence, and in some cases, are world shakers”. Pauline was personally aware of the forces working against women through her own experiences, and it is telling that she concluded her first interview with Indira Gandhi with a universal quote applicable to Document [111] (Title: D. Roopa) a court case in Hubballi. In 2008, she arrested Mr Yavagal, who was an ex-minister. During this case, she also got her subordinate DSP Mr Masooti, suspended for being continues touch with Mr Yavagal and tried to protect the guilty. In a first in the country, she became the first lady police officer to head the Cyber-Crime police station/division in 2013. While she was the DCP, City Armed Reserve, Bengaluru, she had withdrawn 216 excess gunmen kept unauthorisedly by 81 politicians. She also had withdrawn 8 new SUVs of the department that unauthorisedly remained with an ex-Chief Minister of Karnataka. Document [112] (Title: Mitali Madhumita) Mitali Madhumita Mitali Madhumita is the first woman officer in the Indian Army to receive a gallantry award. Lieutenant Colonel Mitali Madhumita received the Sena Medal in 2011 for exemplary courage shown during the attack on the Indian embassy by terrorists in Kabul, Afghanistan on 26 February, 2010, and operations in Jammu-Kashmir and the northeast states of India. Lieutenant Colonel Madhumita went into the Indian embassy which had come under attack and rescued several injured civilians and army personnel from the debris. About nineteen people lost their lives in the 2010 Kabul embassy attack including seven Indians. Madhumita joined the Document [113] (Title: Nagma Mallick) She joined the foreign service in 1991 as a career diplomat. She was the first Muslim woman in the Indian Foreign Service. Her first posting was in Paris where she served in the Indian Mission to UNESCO. Thereafter, in New Delhi, she served in various capacities in the Ministry of External Affairs, including on the Western Europe desk. She served as a staff officer to Prime Minister I.K. Gujral. She then served as the first woman Deputy Chief of Protocol (Ceremonial). She served as Head of the Commercial Wing at the Embassy of India in Kathmandu where she was involved Document [114] (Title: 2016 Indian Line of Control strike) adopt a policy on Kashmir "independent of how he deals with Pakistan," though his "strong popularity gives him much room to act." Across India, the military raid was widely praised. Opposition leader Rahul Gandhi lauded Prime Minister Modi commenting- "for the first time in his tenure, he has taken an action that is worthy of the status of a Prime Minister." Following the military raid, in anticipation of cross-border shelling from Pakistan, Indian authorities evacuated 10,000 residents of villages located within ten kilometres of the border, in the states of Punjab and Jammu and Kashmir. Military surveillance was also stepped Document [115] (Title: Kiran Bedi) a batch of 80 men, and became the first woman IPS officer. After a 6-month foundation course, she underwent another 9 months of police training at Mount Abu in Rajasthan, and further training with Punjab Police in 1974. Based on a draw, she was allocated to the union territory cadre (now called AGMUT or Arunachal Pradesh-Goa-Mizoram-Union Territories cadre). Bedi's first posting was to the Chanakyapuri subdivision of Delhi in 1975. The same year, she became the first woman to lead the all-male contingent of the Delhi Police at the Republic Day Parade in 1975. Her daughter Sukriti (later Saina) was Document [116] (Title: Tomomi Inada) military experience, Inada was named Defense Minister by Prime Minister Abe on August 3, 2016. Inada is the first Defense Minister since Akinori Eto to have no record of prior military service. Inada is also the first female defense minister since Yuriko Koike, and the second female Defense Minister in Japanese History. On September 15, 2016, one month after becoming Defense Minister, Inada met with American Secretary of Defense Ash Carter in Washington, D.C. After the meeting, Inada stated that the Japanese military would increase its activity in the South China Sea and increase the number of military drills with Document [117] (Title: Cécile Manorohanta) Cécile Manorohanta Cécile Manorohanta is a Malagasy politician, currently serving in the government of Madagascar as Deputy Prime Minister for the Interior. Previously she was Minister of Defense from 2007 to 2009. Manorohanta was appointed as Defense Minister on 27 October 2007 in the government of Prime Minister Charles Rabemananjara. She was the first female defense minister in her country. On 9 February 2009, Manorohanta announced her resignation, saying that "after all that has happened, I decide as of now to no longer remain part of this government," referring to the shooting on 7 February, during the 2009 Malagasy protests, Document [118] (Title: Pat Nixon) India, the Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand, Pakistan, Romania, and England. On such trips, Pat refused to be serviced by an entourage, feeling that they were an unnecessary barrier and a burden for taxpayers. Soon after, during a trip to South Vietnam, Pat became the first First Lady to enter a combat zone. She had tea with the wife of President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu in a palace, visited an orphanage, and lifted off in an open-door helicopter—armed by military guards with machine guns—to witness U.S. troops fighting in a jungle below. She would later admit to experiencing a "moment of fear going Document [119] (Title: Marie-Noëlle Koyara) 2013, she was appointed the Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development, then held the post of Minister of State of Labor and Public Affaires, becoming the first ever female Minister of State in the country, then Minister of State of Rural Development, and in January 2015 she was appointed the first State Minister of National Defense. Marie-Noëlle Koyara Marie-Noëlle Koyara is the current Minister of National Defense of the Central African Republic, who was also the first female defense minister in the country since it declared its independence in 1960. She previously held a number of ministerial posts and served Document [120] (Title: Women in India) Women in India now participate fully in areas such as education, sports, politics, media, art and culture, service sectors, science and technology, etc. Indira Gandhi, who served as Prime Minister of India for an aggregate period of fifteen years, is the world's longest serving woman Prime Minister. The Constitution of India guarantees to all Indian women equality (Article 14), no discrimination by the State (Article 15(1)), equality of opportunity (Article 16), equal pay for equal work (Article 39(d)) and Article 42. In addition, it allows special provisions to be made by the State in favour of women and children (Article Document [121] (Title: Nirupama Rao) country. In 2006, she became India's first woman Ambassador to China. Her tenure saw state visits by President Hu Jintao to India and Prime Minister Manmohan Singh to China. The Indian Consulate General in Guangzhou was opened during her tenure in October 2007 by the then External Affairs Minister, Pranab Mukherjee. In 2007, Rao took the initiative to expand the Cultural Wing of the Embassy of India, transforming it into a hub for cultural activities including lectures, seminars, music and dance recitals and classes for Chinese students interested in Indian culture. The India-China Business Forum was also set up during Document [122] (Title: Roberta Pinotti) she arrived only third after the leftist Marco Doria and the upcoming Mayor Marta Vincenzi. In 2013 she was appointed undersecretary of state ("sottosegretario di stato") in the Ministry of Defence in the government led by Enrico Letta. When the new Secretary of the Democratic Party Matteo Renzi forced Letta to resign and became the new Prime Minister on 22 February 2014, he appointed Pinotti as Minister of Defence; she is the first woman to have ever hold this office in Italy. Her first act was to met the wives of the two Italian marines detained in India, due to Document [123] (Title: Mayawati) humble beginnings has been called a "miracle of democracy" by P. V. Narasimha Rao, former Prime Minister of India. In 1993 Kanshi Ram formed a coalition with the Samajwadi Party and Mayawati became the Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh in 1995. She was the first female Scheduled Caste/Schedule Chief Minister in India. In 1997 and in 2002 she was Chief Minister with outside support from the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), the second time only for a year up to 26 August 2003 due to BJP withdrawing support. Mayawati's tenure has attracted praise and criticism. Millions of Dalits view her as Document [124] (Title: C. B. Muthamma) she would resign if she got married. Muthamma was first posted to the Indian Embassy at Paris. She also went on to serve as a diplomat in Rangoon, London, and on the Pakistan and America Desks in the Ministry of External Affairs in New Delhi. She was posted as India’s Ambassador to Hungary in 1970. She thus became the first woman from within the service to be appointed Ambassador. Later, she served as ambassador in Accra in Ghana, and afterwards she was made the Indian Ambassador to The Hague in the Netherlands. Muthamma is known for her successful crusade for Document [125] (Title: Bhawana Kanth) Bhawana Kanth Bhawana Kanth is one of the first female pilots of India. She was declared as the first combat pilot along with two of her cohort, Mohana Singh, and Avani Chaturvedi. The trio was inducted into the Indian Air Force fighter squadron in June 2016. They were formally commissioned by Defence Minister Manohar Parrikar. After the government of India decided to open the fighter stream in India Air Force for women on an experimental basis, these three women were the first to be selected for the program. Kanth was born on 1 December 1992 in Barauni, Bihar. Her father Document [126] (Title: Benazir Bhutto) India and campaign in the international community against the Indian nuclear programme. On 1 May 1995, she used harsh language in her public warning to India that "continuation of [Indian] nuclear programme would have terrible consequences". India responded to this saying she was interfering in an "internal matter" of India, and the Indian Army fired a RPG at the Kahuta, which further escalated events, leading to full-fledged war. When this news reached Bhutto, she responded by high-alerting the Air Force Strategic Command. It ordered heavily armed Arrows, Griffins, Black Panthers and the Black Spiders to begin air sorties and to Document [127] (Title: Uma Bharti) also in Coal and Mines during the second as well as third ministry of Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee. After Narendra Modi became the Indian Prime Minister in 2014, she was appointed the Minister for Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation, and held this office until September 2017. Bharti was among the leaders in the controversial Ram Janmabhoomi movement of the 1980s and 1990s, organised by the BJP and the Vishva Hindu Parishad. She was present at the demolition of the Babri Masjid, and was later indicted by the Liberhan Commission for her role in the incident. In the Document [128] (Title: Foreign policy of the Narendra Modi government) height. He assumed office in the US Embassy in New Delhi on 19 December 2014. Modi invited President Obama to be the first US President to grace the 66th Republic Day celebration as Chief guest, an honour typically reserved for India's closest ally. President Obama was the first US President to visit India twice in office and the two leaders now scheduled to hold back to back summits within six months which is being referred as Modi's diplomatic coup by the media. "This Republic Day, we hope to have a friend over… invited President Obama to be the 1st US Document [129] (Title: Women in Indian Armed Forces) (Marine Commandos) and Para (Special Forces). Women are not yet allowed as combatant in the combat specialist forces, such as Ghatak, Garud, MARCOS, para commandos, etc. but they can join paratroopers wings of their respective arms like para EME, para signals, para ASC, etc. (c. 2017). Dr. Seema Rao, also known as "India's Wonder Woman", is India's first woman commando trainer, having trained over 15,000 Special Forces of India (including the NSG Black Cats, MARCOS, GARUD) as full-time guest trainer for 20 years without compensation as a pioneer in close quarter battle (CQB). Women in Indian Coast Guard, Assam Rifles Document [130] (Title: Punita Arora) Punita Arora Punita Arora is the first woman in India to don the second highest rank i.e. Lieutenant General of Indian Armed Forces. and the first female Vice admiral of Indian Navy. She was born into a Punjabi family which hails from Lahore. When she was 01 year old, her family moved to India during partition and got settled in Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh. She studied in Sophia School in Saharanpur till 8th grade. After that she moved to Guru Nanak Girls Inter-College. In 11th Standard while getting admitted to Government school for boys she decided to take science as a Document [131] (Title: Violet Alva) naval sector. She cautioned the government to be careful when dealing with foreign capital and supported linguistic states. After the second Indian General Election in 1957, she became Deputy Minister of State for Home Affairs. In 1962, Alva became the Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, thereby becoming the first female to preside over the Rajya Sabha in its history. She served two consecutive terms in Rajya Sabha. Her first term commenced on 19 April 1962 and continued till 2 April 1966. Her second term began with her election to the office of Deputy Chairman on 7 April 1966 and Document [132] (Title: Women in Indian Armed Forces) Army officer commissioned in the Corps of Military intelligence in 2011, is the first woman to be appointed as a key aide to an Army Commander. Swati Singh (Captain), an engineer and then only female officer in her 63 Brigade of the Indian Army, is the first female officer to be deployed at Nathu La pass as Signals in-charge. Sophia Qureshi (Lt. Colonel) of the Corps of Signals is the first female officer to lead a training contingent of the Indian Army at Force 18, the ASEAN Plus multinational field training exercise held in 2016. Indian Air Force inducts women Document [133] (Title: Anandiben Patel) Anandiben Patel Anandiben Patel (born 21 November 1941) is an Indian politician and the current Governor of Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh and former Chief Minister of Gujarat, a western state of India. She was the first woman chief minister of the state. She is a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) since 1987. She was the Cabinet Minister for Education from 2002 to 2007. She was the cabinet Minister of Road and Building, Revenue, Urban development and Urban Housing, Disaster Management and Capital Projects in the Government of Gujarat from 2007 to 2014. In January 19, 2018, she became Document [134] (Title: Nirmala Deshpande) Mohammad Hamid Ansari. in the presence of Smt. Sonia Gandhi (President UPA), Sh. Pawan Bansal (Cabinet Minister), Sh. Shriprakash Jaiswal (Minister of State), Sh. Bhupinder Singh Hooda (Chief Minister of Haryana), Sh. Santosh Bagrodia (Minister of State), Sh. Deepender Singh Hooda (Member of Parliament), Sh. Naveen Jindal (Member of Parliament), Sh. Ajay Gupta and many other VIPs at Balyogi Hall, Parliament of India, New Delhi. She was conferred the Sitara-i-Imtiaz, one of Pakistan's third highest civilian honours, on 13 August 2009; the eve of Pakistan's Independence Day. On her name, a small museum was established in Panipat (Haryana) with efforts Document [135] (Title: Ravi Shankar Prasad) 2014: Took oath as Union Minister for Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology and Ministry of Law and Justice (India), Government of India. On 3 February 1982, Prasad married Maya Shankar, who is a Historian and Professor of History at Patna University. Prasad's first ministerial assignment was in the capacity of Minister of State for Coal and Mines between 2001 and 2003 under Atal Bihari Vajpayee's Prime-ministership. This was on the backdrop of huge losses suffered by Coal India (CIL). As a first time Minister, its revival was a major challenge before him. In a year's time, it began to Document [136] (Title: Women in the military by country) United Nations first all female peacekeeping force made up of 105 Indian policewomen was deployed to Liberia. In 2014, India's army had 3 per cent women, the Navy 2.8 per cent and the Air Force performed best with 8.5 per cent women. In 2015 India opened new combat air force roles for women as fighter pilots, adding to their role as helicopter pilots in the Indian Air Force. Some women served in various positions in the IDF, including infantry, radio operators and transport pilots in the 1948 war of independence and the Suez Crisis in 1956, but later the Air Document [137] (Title: Sujatha Singh) to any of India's neighbouring nations was seen as a challenge. Singh was the third female officer to head the Indian diplomatic corps after Chokila Iyer and Nirupama Rao. In the normal course, her term as Foreign Secretary would have ended in August 2015; however, it was cut short by a government order on 28 Jan 2015 and she was succeeded by S. Jaishankar, who as Indian Ambassador to United States had played a key role during Indian Prime Minister Modi's visit to the US, and in US President Obama's visit to India. Sujatha Singh Sujatha Singh is an Indian Document [138] (Title: India–Kyrgyzstan relations) Minister Narendra Modi (11-12 July 2015) ii) Vice President Krishan Kant (August 1999) iii) Vice President K.R. Narayanan (September 1996) iv) Prime Minister Narasimha Rao (September 1995) (b) Other Visits: i) A delegation comprising 17 military officers from Army War College led by a Brigadier (11-16 October 2015) ii) A 5-member delegation headed by Shri Avinash Chander, Secretary (Defence R&D), DG(DRDO) and SA to RM (25 to 28 October 2014) iii) A 16-member NDC delegation led by Major General Anurag Gupta (11-16 May 2014) iv) EAM Shri Salman Khurshid (September 2013) v) MoS, Minister for Commerce and Industry Smt. Daggubati Document [139] (Title: Kamla Beniwal) Economics, Political Science & History from Maharani College, Jaipur and MA in History from Banasthali Vidyapeeth, Rajasthan. She was the member of Indian National Congress. At the age of 27, she was the first female minister in Rajasthan. Kamla has been a minister in Congress governments in Rajasthan since 1954, holding various portfolios, including home, education and agriculture. She was the revenue minister in the Ashok Gehlot government. She was appointed Governor of Tripura in October 2009. She was the first female governor of any state of Northeast India. A month later, she was appointed as the Governor of Gujarat Document [140] (Title: Ahilyabai Holkar) appointed Tukojirao Holkar as the Chief of Army. Rani Ahilyabai was a great pioneer and builder of Hindu temples. She built hundreds of temples and Dharmashalas throughout India. Ahilyabai was born on 31 May 1725 in the village of Chaundi, in the present-day Ahmednagar district in Maharashtra. Her father, Mankoji Rao Shinde, was the Patil of the village. Women then did not go to school, but Ahilyabai's father taught her to read and write. Her entrance on to the stage of history was something of an accident: Malhar Rao Holkar, a commander in the service of the Maratha Peshwa Balaji Document [141] (Title: Indira Gandhi) Indira Gandhi Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi (; née Nehru; November 19, 1917 – October 31, 1984), was an Indian politician, stateswoman and a central figure of the Indian National Congress. She was the first and, to date, the only female Prime Minister of India. Indira Gandhi was the daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru, the first prime minister of India. She served as Prime Minister from January 1966 to March 1977 and again from January 1980 until her assassination in October 1984, making her the second longest-serving Indian Prime Minister after her father. Gandhi served as her father's personal assistant and hostess during Document [142] (Title: Gursharan Kaur) Gursharan Kaur Gursharan Kaur () (born 13 September 1937) is the wife of the 13th Prime Minister of India, Manmohan Singh. Gurusharan was born to Sardar Chattar Singh Gujral, an engineer of Burmah-Shell, and Sardarni Bhagwanti Kaur in Jalandhar on 13 September 1937 in British India. Her ancestral village was Dhakkam in Jhelum district (now in Punjab, Pakistan). She has four sisters and a younger brother. Mrs. Singh is known in the Sikh community of Delhi for her "kirtan" singing, and has also appeared on Jalandhar Radio. Since her husband became Prime Minister in 2004, she has accompanied him abroad Document [143] (Title: Hina Rabbani Khar) Saidpur Village. Hina Rabbani Khar Hina Rabbani Khar (Urdu: ; born 19 November 1977) is a Pakistani politician who served as the 21st Foreign Minister of Pakistan from February 2011 until March 2013. Appointed at age 33, she was the youngest person and the first woman to have held the position. Khar is a member of an influential feudal family in Multan. She studied business at LUMS and U Mass - Amherst before entering politics as a member of the national assembly in 2002, representing the PML-Q and becoming a junior minister responsible for economic policy under the Prime Minister Document [144] (Title: Hina Rabbani Khar) Hina Rabbani Khar Hina Rabbani Khar (Urdu: ; born 19 November 1977) is a Pakistani politician who served as the 21st Foreign Minister of Pakistan from February 2011 until March 2013. Appointed at age 33, she was the youngest person and the first woman to have held the position. Khar is a member of an influential feudal family in Multan. She studied business at LUMS and U Mass - Amherst before entering politics as a member of the national assembly in 2002, representing the PML-Q and becoming a junior minister responsible for economic policy under the Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz. Document [145] (Title: Prabodh Chandra Bhardwaj) Cheshire International Centre, both in Dehradun. Prabodh Chandra Bhardwaj Lieutenant General Prabodh Chandra Bhardwaj is the former Vice Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army and assumed office on October 1, 2009 following the retirement of Lieutenant General Noble Thamburaj. He also served as General Officer Commander-in-Chief, Northern Command of the Indian Army. He is one of the most decorated officers of the Indian Army. Lieutenant General PC Bhardwaj was commissioned into First Battalion the Parachute Regiment on 14 June 1970. He is an alumnus of National Defence Academy, Indian Military Academy, Defence Services Staff College, Wellington and National Document [146] (Title: Bidhya Devi Bhandari) Bidhya Devi Bhandari Bidhya Devi Bhandari (; born 19 June 1961) is a Nepalese politician who is the current President of Nepal and commander in chief of Nepalese Army. She is the first woman to hold the office. She was the vice-chairperson of the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist) and chair of the All Nepal Women Association before winning the presidential election on 28 October 2015. She was elected as President in a parliamentary vote, receiving 327 votes out of 549 and defeating Kul Bahadur Gurung. In 2016, Forbes placed her 52 in their list of the world's 100 Document [147] (Title: National Bolivarian Armed Forces of Venezuela) July 5, 2013, also marking 4 months after the sudden death of Hugo Chavez, President of Venezuela Nicolas Maduro shocked everyone by making an historic announcement that Admiral Carmen Teresa Meléndez Rivas, the first-ever Venezuelan female admiral in history and by then the current Presidential Secretary, would be appointed as the first-ever female Minister of Defense in the nation's history as well as in its military history. She was later promoted as the very first female 4-sun flag officer of the Venezuelan Navy and of the National Armed Forces as a whole before officially taking over her ministerial duties. The Document [148] (Title: Jai Vardhan Bahuguna) at Mt Everest in 1984 was in an expedition that is better remembered for putting the first Indian woman, Bachendri Pal on the summit. It was decided that the other members of the expedition, i.e. Maj. Bahuguna, Maj. Kiran Inder Kumar, Magan Bissa and Dr. Minoo Meta would form the second summit party which would make summit only if resources permitted. The second summit party opted to give their reserve oxygen to Bachendri Pal, so that she could summit the peak. The 35 member Army expedition of October 1985, was Maj. Bahuguna's second attempt to scale the peak. The expedition Document [149] (Title: Sushma Swaraj) Party (Haryana) in 1979, at the age of 27 years. She was Education Minister of Haryana state in the Bharatiya Janata Party–Lok Dal coalition government during the period of 1987 to 1990. After a tenure in national level politics, in October 1998 she resigned from the Union Cabinet to take over as the first female Chief Minister of Delhi. However, the BJP had lost the Assembly elections because of rising prices and inflation. She resigned from her Assembly seat and returned to national politics. In April 1990, she was elected as a member of the Rajya Sabha and remained there Document [150] (Title: Women in Indian Armed Forces) Force (NDRF). National Security Guard (NSG) (Black Cat Commandos) inducted female commandos for the first in 2011-12, however the first discrimination they faced was from the then 2 female Chief Ministers, Mayawati and Jayalalitha, who refused to be guarded by the female commandos. In 2015, govt announced that the female NSG Black Cat Commandos, who undergo the same training as their male counterpart, will be deployed in counter-terrorism operations as they also perform VIP protection duties. Special Protection Group (SPG) inducted female commandos in 2013, and then Prime Minister Manmohan Singh's wife Gursharan Kaur became the first SPG protectee to Document [151] (Title: Chokila Iyer) Chokila Iyer Chokila Iyer is India's first female Foreign secretary. She took charge on 14 March 2001 replacing Mr. Lalit Mansingh. She is a 1964 Batch Officer, a native of [Darjeeling, West Bengal] and earlier headed the Indian mission in Ireland. Iyer, after retiring from Foreign Secretary post, worked as vice chairperson of National Commission for Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes. Former Chief Justice of India J.S. Verma was heading the commission, which had started functioning in October 2008. On February 19, 2009 Iyer was appointed as the member of the New Broadcasting Standards Authority(BSA). The authority was commissioned to Document [152] (Title: A. K. Antony) retained the portfolio of Defence for the second term becoming the longest-serving Defence Minister of India in a continuous stint for 8 years. His "Buy and Make Indian" campaign saw the cancellation of billion of dollars in purchases of foreign arms, while at the same time stunting domestic production by restricting investments. The result has been a "critical shortage of ammunition and gaping holes in its air defense systems". He held the post of Chairman of the Indian Statistical Institute in Kolkata (2012 to 2014), President of the Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses and Chancellor of Defence Institute of Document [153] (Title: France–India relations) Minister of India Manmohan Singh was the Guest of Honour for the Bastille Day Celebrations held in Paris. The 2009 Bastille Day military parade opened with a contingent of Indian troops drawn from the three services (Indian Army, Indian Navy and Indian Air Force). Soldiers including Jawans of Maratha Light Infantry Regiment Centre (MLIRC) marched down the "Avenue Champs-Élysées" to the sound of an Indian military band playing Indian martial tunes including "Saare Jahan Se Achcha", "Haste Lushai" and "Kadam Kadam Badaye Ja". French President Sarkozy undertook his second visit to India from 4–7 December 2010. French President Francois Hollande Document [154] (Title: Spouse of the Prime Minister of India) Spouse of the Prime Minister of India The Spouse of the Prime Minister of India is the wife or husband of the Prime Minister of India. The term "First Spouse" is used to refer to either the spouse of the Prime Minister or the President. The Prime Minister's spouse does not have an officially defined role. According to protocol, they attend social functions and gatherings at home and overseas, but have no participatory role. To date there have been 10 women who have been married to Prime Ministers whilst in office. India has also had one bachelor, one estranged, one Document [155] (Title: Kiran Shekhawat) Kiran Shekhawat Kiran Shekhawat was the first Indian(martyr) woman officer to martyr in the line of duty, an observer with the Indian Navy, the woman Naval officer martyr in a Dornier crash off the Goa coast on 24 March 2015. Lt. Shekhawat was the wife of another Naval officer Vivek Chhoker. Shekhawat, an Observer, had taken part in the first all-women marching contingent of the Navy during the Republic Day parade. The maritime surveillance aircraft had crashed south-west off Goa coast on Tuesday night at 2208 hours was flown by Commander Nikhil Kuldip Joshi, who was flying the aircraft and Document [156] (Title: Heo Hwang-ok) to develop the memorial. The proposal was accepted by the Uttar Pradesh chief minister Akhilesh Yadav. On 6 November 2018 on the eve of Deepavali celebration, South Korean first lady Kim Jung-sook laid the foundation stone for the expansion and beautification of the existing memorial. On 6 November 2018, the First Lady of South Korea, Kim Jung-Sook, attended an elaborate celebration at Ayodhya along with the present Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh Yogi Adityanath, India, that included cultural shows and lighting of 300,000+ lights on the banks of Saryu River. Heo Hwang-ok Heo Hwang-ok is a legendary queen mentioned in Document [157] (Title: Foreign policy of the Narendra Modi government) very good bilateral relations with New Delhi. Swaraj made her maiden trip as foreign minister to the island country on 2 November 2014 to attend the celebration of Apravasi Divas, marking 180 years since the first Indian indentured labourers arrived in Mauritius. There she had called on President Rajkeswur Purryag and Prime Minister Navinchandra Ramgoolam to discuss bilateral and regional issues of common interest. On top of her agenda was talk on cooperation between Indian Navy and Mauritian Coast Guard to ensure the safety and security of the strategically vital Indian Ocean region. In support to her stress on the Document [158] (Title: Indian Armed Forces) of India. The Ministry of Defence (MoD) is the ministry charged with the responsibilities of countering insurgency and ensuring external security of India. General Bipin Rawat is the Chief of the Army Staff (COAS), Admiral Sunil Lanba is the Chief of the Naval Staff (CNS) and Air Chief Marshal Birender Singh Dhanoa is the Chief of the Air Staff (CAS). The Indian armed force are split into different groups based on their region of operation. The Indian Army is divided administratively into seven tactical commands, each under the control of different Lieutenant Generals. The Indian Air Force is divided into Document [159] (Title: Meenakshi Gopinath) Meenakshi Gopinath Meenakshi Gopinath is an Indian educationist, political scientist, writer and a former principal of Lady Shri Ram College, New Delhi. She is the founder and incumbent director of the Women in Security Conflict Management and Peace (WISCOMP), a non governmental organization promoting peace and socio-political leadership among the women of South Asia and a former member of the National Security Advisory Board, the first woman to serve the Government of India agency. She has served as a member of the selection panel of the Lokpal, a legal body which has jurisdiction over the legislators and government officials of Document [160] (Title: Mehbooba Mufti) she took the oath and became the first woman Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir. On 25 June 2016 she won an Assembly seat in a by-election in Anantnag with the highest margin in any recent elections there. Mehbooba Mufti Mehbooba Mufti (born 22 May 1959) is an Indian politician who served as the Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir, from 4th April 2016 to 19th June 2018. She resigned on June 19 2018 after BJP withdrew support from the coalition government. She was the first woman to hold the office. Mehbooba Mufti is India's second Muslim woman chief minister Document [161] (Title: Women in the Pakistan Armed Forces) was deployed in hostile areas to support the medical operations only. In 2002, Shahida Malik was promoted to two-star rank and was the first female Major General. Shahida Badshah was the second woman to be promoted to Major General. In 2015, brigadier Nigar Johar, became the first woman to command in the history of the Pakistan Army. She was given command of multidisciplinary tertiary care hospital. In 2017 she became the third woman in Pakistan to reach the rank of major general. She belongs to the Army Medical Corps. She has been appointed as the Vice Principal of Army Medical Document [162] (Title: Indian National Army) Minister of State for Rail in the first Indian cabinet. Lakshmi Sahgal, Minister for Women's Affairs in the "Azad Hind" government, was a well known and widely respected public figure in India. In 1971, she joined the Communist Party of India (Marxist) and was later elected the leader of the All India Democratic Women's Association. Joyce Lebra, an American historian, wrote that the rejuvenation of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam, then a fledgling Tamil political party in southern India, would not have been possible without participation of INA members. Some accounts suggest that the INA veterans were involved in training civilian Document [163] (Title: Padmavathy Bandopadhyay) 1971. Sati Nath and Padma were the first IAF couple to receive a Presidents award in the same investiture parade . In her career she has been first woman to become a Fellow of the Aerospace Medical Society of India and the first Indian woman to have conducted scientific research at the North Pole . She is also the first woman Armed Forces officer to have completed the Defence Service Staff College course in 1978 . She was the Director General Medical Services (Air) at the Air Headquarters . In 2002, she became the first woman to be promoted to Document [164] (Title: Sucheta Kriplani) her reputation as a firm administrator by refusing their demand for a pay hike. She retired from politics in 1971 and remained in seclusion till her death in 1974. Sucheta Kriplani Sucheta Kriplani (née Mazumdar, 25 June 1908 – 1 December 1974) was an Indian freedom fighter and politician. She was India's first woman Chief Minister, serving as the head of the Uttar Pradesh government from 1963 to 1967. She was born in Ambala, Punjab (now in Haryana) to a Bengali Brahmo family. She studied at Indraprastha College and Punjab University before becoming a Professor of Constitutional History at Banaras Document [165] (Title: Tina Khidasheli) Tina Khidasheli Tinatin "Tina" Khidasheli (; born 8 June 1973) is a Georgian jurist and politician. A Republican Party member and former civil society activist, she was appointed as Georgia's Minister of Defense on 1 May 2015, becoming the country's first ever female defense minister. She resigned on 1 August 2016, after her party decided to leave the ruling Georgian Dream coalition. Khidasheli is married to David Usupashvili, the former chairman of the Parliament of Georgia. Born in Tbilisi, Tina Khidasheli graduated from Tbilisi State University with a degree in international law in 1995. She became a Master of Political Document [166] (Title: Padmavathy Bandopadhyay) Air Vice Marshal (two-star rank). Bandopadhyay is an aviation medicine specialist and a member of the New York Academy of Sciences. Padmavathy Bandopadhyay Padmavathy Bandopadhyay (born 4 November 1944) is the first woman Air Marshal of the Indian Air Force. She is the second woman in the Indian armed forces to be promoted to a three-star rank. Bandopadhyay was born in 1944 at Tirupathi, Andhra Pradesh. Her mother was bedridden with tuberculosis, and Padma ended up being her primary caregiver at the age of 4-5 years. In addition, her neighbor in the Gole Market neighborhood in New Delhi was Dr Document [167] (Title: Wahida Prism Khan) Wahida Prism Khan Wahida Prism Khan is a Indian naval surgeon. She was the first woman in India to command the annual parade at the Armed Forces Medical College, Pune in 2006. She is also the first woman from Jammu & Kashmir to join Indian Navy. Khan was born in 1972 in Thanamandi,Rajouri to Gulzar Ahmed and Hajara Kaser who were teachers by profession. Khan is one of five siblings. Her elder sister Jubin is Deputy Superintendent in J&K Police. Khan's father was killed while at work in the school where he was the head master. The school was attacked Document [168] (Title: Ruchira Kamboj) the two Staff Officers of the Commonwealth Secretary General in a multilateral setting, overseeing a wide range of political and economic issues, attending as well in this period the Commonwealth Heads of Government meeting in 2009 at Trinidad and Tobago. Chief of Protocol From 2011-2014, she was India's Chief of Protocol, the first and only lady so far in Government to have held this position. In this capacity, she directed all outgoing visits of the President of India, the Vice President of India, the Prime Minister of India and the External Affairs Minister of India. She also dealt with all Document [169] (Title: Azad Hind) Indian National Army. For a regular Asian army, this women's regiment was quite visionary; it was the first of its kind established on the continent. Dr. Lakshmi was one of the most popular and prosperous gynaecologists in Singapore before she gave up her practice to lead the troops of the Rani of Jhansi Regiment. Other public administration ministers of the Provisional Government of Free India included: The Indian National Army was represented by Armed Forces ministers, including: The Provisional Government was also constituted and administered by a number of Secretaries and Advisors to Subhas Chandra Bose, including: All of these Document [170] (Title: Rukmini Lakshmipathi) was the first (and only) woman minister of the presidency. Marshall's road in Egmore, Chennai has been renamed after her. In her memory, a postage stamp was issued in 1997. Rukmini Lakshmipathi Rukmini Laxmipathi (also spelled as Rukmani Lakshmipathi, ; 6 December 1892 – 6 August 1951) was an Indian independence activist and politician belonging to the Indian National Congress. She was the first woman to be elected to the Madras Legislature and the first to serve as a minister in the Madras Presidency. Rukmini was born in Madras in an agriculturist family. Her grandfather was the landlord Raja T. Document [171] (Title: INS Delhi (C74)) Kumar Chatterji (later Chief of the Naval Staff) became her first Indian commanding officer; the same month she conveyed Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru to Indonesia on an official visit. In 1951 her first lieutenant was JB Simmons and she sailed to Africa and Madagascar, showing the flag for the first time since Independence. In 1953 she took part in the Fleet Review to celebrate the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II. In 1956, she played herself, as "Achilles", in the film "Battle of the River Plate". In 1958 she was moved to a training role. On 18 December 1961, during the Document [172] (Title: Sushma Rana) arranged for her to marry the son of Rajnath Singh, who became one of the top-ranking and most eminent BJP national leaders. He is today serving as Home Minister of India and in the Union Cabinet, his rank is number two, next only to the Prime Minister himself. Sushma is a shooting sportswoman. She competes in 25-metre shooting events. She has held the national record for 25-metre shooting event from 2002 to 2003. She competed in the 2006 Commonwealth Games at Melbourne and won a gold in the 25m women's pair shooting event, and her partner was Saroja Kumari Jhuthu. Document [173] (Title: One Rank, One Pension) in OROP in Govt notification dated 7 Nov 15", which has the 'approval of 200 veteran organization', is addressed to Manohar Parrikar, Raksha Mantri, Mr Arun Jaitley, Finance Minister, Jayant Sinha, Minister of State, Finance, General Dalbir Singh, Chief of Army Staff, Air Chief Marshal Arup Raha, Chief of the Air Staff & Chairman Chiefs of Staffs Committee (CoSC), and Admiral RK Dhowan, Chief of Naval Staff. 26 January 2016 This year in the Republic Day March Past in Delhi, in a break from a venerable tradition, the Ministry of Defence, the organizers of the event, decided to exclude the Document [174] (Title: Wahida Prism Khan) Head Quarter Western Naval Command. Khan has served aboard naval ship INS Amba for 19 months and she is now aiming to become the first woman to work in submarines. Wahida Prism Khan Wahida Prism Khan is a Indian naval surgeon. She was the first woman in India to command the annual parade at the Armed Forces Medical College, Pune in 2006. She is also the first woman from Jammu & Kashmir to join Indian Navy. Khan was born in 1972 in Thanamandi,Rajouri to Gulzar Ahmed and Hajara Kaser who were teachers by profession. Khan is one of five siblings. Document [175] (Title: Savita Kovind) Savita Kovind Savita Kovind is the First Lady of India since 25 July 2017. She is the wife of the President of India Ram Nath Kovind. Previously, Suvra Mukherjee, wife of the former President Pranab Mukherjee had been the occupant of this title, until her death on 18 August 2015. Kovind's parents originally lived near Lahore in present day Pakistan and moved to India post partition and settled in Lajpat Nagar in Delhi. She is a former employee in Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL). She started her career in MTNL as a telephone operator. Gradually she got promoted to the Document [176] (Title: Nargis Sethi) University, defence studies from Quaid-e-Azam University, and a Master of Science in Development Administration from a university in the United States. Sethi is married to Saleem Sethi who is also a retired senior civil service officer. She was the first woman in the country's history to be posted as Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister. Nargis Sethi Nargis Sethi () is a retired Pakistani civil service officer who served in BPS-22 grade. Sethi belonged to the Pakistan Administrative Service. Sethi belonged to the Pakistan Administrative Service and was promoted to the highest rank of Grade 22 in October 2010. Sethi Document [177] (Title: Indian Armed Forces) "no first use" to "no first use against non-nuclear weapon states" in a speech on the occasion of the Golden Jubilee celebrations of the National Defence College in New Delhi on 21 October 2010, a doctrine Menon said reflected India's "strategic culture, with its emphasis on minimal deterrence". However, whether the policy shift actually took place or not is unclear. Some argued that this was not a substantive change but "an innocent typographical or lexical error in the text of the speech". India's current PM Modi has, in the run up to the recent general elections, reiterated commitment to no Document [178] (Title: Savitri Khanolkar) she married Indian Army Captain (later Major General) Vikram Ramji Khanolkar in 1932, and subsequently changed her name to Savitri Bai Khanolkar, became a Hindu and acquired Indian citizenship. Soon after Indian independence, she was asked by the Adjutant General Major General Hira Lal Atal to design India’s highest award for bravery in combat, the Param Vir Chakra. Major General Atal had been given the responsibility of creating and naming independent India's new military decorations. His reasons for choosing Khanolkar were her deep and intimate knowledge of Indian mythology, Sanskrit and Vedas, which he hoped would give the design a Document [179] (Title: India and weapons of mass destruction) Force officer, Air Marshal Asthana, as the Commander-in-Chief. The joint services SNC is the custodian of all of India's nuclear weapons, missiles and assets. It is also responsible for executing all aspects of India's nuclear policy. However, the civil leadership, in the form of the CCS (Cabinet Committee on Security) is the only body authorised to order a nuclear strike against another offending strike. The National Security Advisor Shivshankar Menon signalled a significant shift from "No first use" to "no first use against non-nuclear weapon states" in a speech on the occasion of Golden Jubilee celebrations of National Defence College Document [180] (Title: Vijayalakshmy K. Gupta) Additional Secretary, Ministry of Women and Child Development from November 2008 to September 2009. She was a Member Finance Telecom Commission from September 2009 till March 2011. As Secretary Defence Finance, Dr. Gupta has been involved at the policy-making level in the development of the architecture for fast and transparent adoption of modern weapons and platforms. She was awarded Colonel Pyara Lal Gold Medal for the Best Thesis in the 39th National Defence College (NDC) Course on Defence and Industry Interface in R&D and Production for Achieving Self Reliance in Military Hardware/Software. Her Thesis highlighted many ways to increase indigenous Document [181] (Title: Tina Khidasheli) Tina Khidasheli Tinatin "Tina" Khidasheli (; born 8 June 1973) is a Georgian jurist and politician. A Republican Party member and former civil society activist, she was appointed as Georgia's Minister of Defense on 1 May 2015, becoming the country's first ever female defense minister. She resigned on 1 August 2016, after her party decided to leave the ruling Georgian Dream coalition. Khidasheli is married to David Usupashvili, the former chairman of the Parliament of Georgia. Born in Tbilisi, Tina Khidasheli graduated from Tbilisi State University with a degree in international law in 1995. She became a Master of Political Document [182] (Title: Nirupama Rao) Nirupama Rao Nirupama Menon Rao (born 6 December 1950) is a 1973 batch Indian Foreign Service officer, who served as India's Foreign Secretary from 2009 to 2011, as well as being India's Ambassador to the United States, China and Sri Lanka (High Commissioner) during her career. In July 2009, she became the second woman (after Chokila Iyer) to hold the post of India's Foreign Secretary, the head of the Indian Foreign Service. In her career she served in several capacities including, Minister of Press, Information and Culture in Washington DC, Deputy Chief of Mission in Moscow, stints in the MEA Document [183] (Title: Aatish Taseer) the rest of the world must live with this fact; three, we have no intention of defenestrating our military, even as we would continue to kick them to extract obedience; four, we don’t need advice from across the border, especially because the Indian pundits crawled on their bellies when Mrs Indira Gandhi slapped her two-year emergency rule. We have seen worse without giving up or giving in. Thank you!" but the controversy flamed-out after this last salvo. Taseer divides his time between New Delhi and London. Previously, he was in a relationship with Lady Gabriella Windsor, daughter of the Prince Document [184] (Title: Spouse of the Prime Minister of India) widow, and two widower Prime Ministers. Spouse of the Prime Minister of India The Spouse of the Prime Minister of India is the wife or husband of the Prime Minister of India. The term "First Spouse" is used to refer to either the spouse of the Prime Minister or the President. The Prime Minister's spouse does not have an officially defined role. According to protocol, they attend social functions and gatherings at home and overseas, but have no participatory role. To date there have been 10 women who have been married to Prime Ministers whilst in office. India has also Document [185] (Title: Savitri Jindal) on 29 October 2013. In the previous cabinet, she had served as the Minister of State for Revenue and Disaster Management, Consolidation, Rehabilitation and Housing and also the Minister of State for Urban Local Bodies and Housing. The revenue of the company quadrupled after she took charge of the company. With a background and History from the state of Haryana, she served as the member of Haryana Legislative Assembly and held the office of Minister of Power till 2010. O.P. Jindal group was started in 1952 by Mr. O.P Jindal, an engineer by profession. It became the conglomerate for steel, Document [186] (Title: Ruchira Kamboj) State and Government in New Delhi. The second edition of the India ASEAN car rally covering 8000 km through 8 Asian countries concluding at Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi was a highlight of the Summit. The entire organization of the rally was overseen by her. In 2013, she directed the 11th Asia Europe Foreign Ministers' Meeting held at Gurgaon, Haryana which was attended by 52 Foreign Ministers from Asia and Europe with over 1500 participants. Prime Minister Modi’s Swearing-in Ceremony In her third tryst with multilateralism, she was posted as India's Ambassador to UNESCO Paris in April 2014. In May 2014 Question: who is the first lady defense minister of india

Answer: Nirmala Sitharaman Long Answer: Name Image Country Continent Mandate start Mandate end Term length Sirimavo Bandaranaike Ceylon Asia 1960 - 07 - 21! 21 July 1960 1965 - 03 - 25! 25 March 1965 7003170800000000000 ♠ 4 years, 247 days Sirimavo Bandaranaike Ceylon / Sri Lanka Asia 1970 - 05 - 29! 29 May 1970 1977 - 07 - 23! 23 July 1977 7003261200000000000 ♠ 7 years, 55 days Indira Gandhi India Asia 1975 - 11 - 30! 30 November 1975 1975 - 12 - 20! 20 December 1975 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 days Indira Gandhi India Asia 1980 - 01 - 14! 14 January 1980 1982 - 01 - 15! 15 January 1982 7002732000000000000 ♠ 2 years, 1 day Dame Eugenia Charles Dominica America 1985 - 01 - 01! 1985 1990 - 01 - 01! 1990 7003182600000000000 ♠ 5 years, 0 days Benazir Bhutto Pakistan Asia 1988 - 12 - 04! 4 December 1988 1990 - 08 - 06! 6 August 1990 7002610000000000000 ♠ 1 year, 245 days Violeta Chamorro Nicaragua America 1990 - 04 - 25! 25 April 1990 1997 - 01 - 10! 10 January 1997 7003245200000000000 ♠ 6 years, 260 days Elisabeth Rehn Finland Europe 1990 - 06 - 13! 13 June 1990 1995 - 01 - 01! 1 January 1995 7003166300000000000 ♠ 4 years, 202 days Khaleda Zia Bangladesh Asia 1991 - 02 - 27! 27 February 1991 1996 - 03 - 30! 30 March 1996 7003185800000000000 ♠ 5 years, 32 days Kim Campbell Canada America 1993 - 01 - 04! 4 January 1993 1993 - 06 - 25! 25 June 1993 7002172000000000000 ♠ 172 days Chandrika Kumaratunga Sri Lanka Asia 1994 - 11 - 14! 14 November 1994 2001 - 12 - 12! 12 December 2001 7003258500000000000 ♠ 7 years, 28 days Anneli Taina Finland Europe 1995 - 04 - 13! 13 April 1995 1999 - 04 - 15! 15 April 1999 7003146300000000000 ♠ 4 years, 2 days Sheikh Hasina Bangladesh Asia 1996 - 06 - 12! 12 June 1996 2001 - 07 - 15! 15 July 2001 7003185900000000000 ♠ 5 years, 33 days Regina Ip Hong Kong Asia 1998 - 08 - 31! 31 August 1998 2003 - 07 - 25! 25 July 2003 7003178900000000000 ♠ 4 years, 328 days Eldbjørg Løwer Norway Europe 1999 - 03 - 15! 15 March 1999 2000 - 03 - 10! 10 March 2000 7002361000000000000 ♠ 361 days Joice Mujuru Zimbabwe Africa 2001 - 06 - 08! 8 June 2001 2001 - 08 - 08! 8 August 2001 7001610000000000000 ♠ 61 days Khaleda Zia Bangladesh Asia 2001 - 10 - 01! 1 October 2001 2006 - 10 - 29! 29 October 2006 7003185400000000000 ♠ 5 years, 28 days Kristin Krohn Devold Norway Europe 2001 - 10 - 19! 19 October 2001 2005 - 10 - 17! 17 October 2005 7003145900000000000 ♠ 3 years, 363 days Michelle Bachelet Chile America 2002 - 01 - 07! 7 January 2002 2004 - 10 - 01! 1 October 2004 7002998000000000000 ♠ 2 years, 268 days Cynthia Pratt Bahamas America 2002 - 05 - 07! 7 May 2002 2007 - 05 - 04! 4 May 2007 7003182300000000000 ♠ 4 years, 362 days Michèle Alliot - Marie France Europe 2002 - 05 - 07! 7 May 2002 2007 - 05 - 18! 18 May 2007 7003183700000000000 ♠ 5 years, 11 days Željka Antunović Croatia Europe 2002 - 07 - 30! 30 July 2002 2003 - 12 - 23! 23 December 2003 7002511000000000000 ♠ 1 year, 146 days Marta Lucía Ramírez Colombia America 2002 - 08 - 07! 7 August 2002 2003 - 11 - 09! 9 November 2003 7002459000000000000 ♠ 1 year, 94 days Lena Hjelm - Wallén Sweden Europe 2002 - 09 - 30! 30 September 2002 2002 - 10 - 22! 22 October 2002 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 days Mame Madior Boye Senegal Africa 2002 - 10 - 02! 2 October 2002 2002 - 11 - 04! 4 November 2002 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 days Leni Björklund Sweden Europe 2002 - 11 - 04! 4 November 2002 2006 - 10 - 06! 6 October 2006 7003143200000000000 ♠ 3 years, 336 days Sylvia Flores Belize America 2003 - 03 - 05! 5 March 2003 2004 - 01 - 05! 5 January 2004 7002306000000000000 ♠ 306 days Filomenha Mascarenhas Tipote Guinea - Bissau Africa 2003 - 04 - 23! 23 April 2003 2004 - 05 - 12! 12 May 2004 7002385000000000000 ♠ 1 year, 19 days Gloria Macapagal - Arroyo Philippines Asia 2003 - 09 - 01! 1 September 2003 2003 - 10 - 02! 2 October 2003 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 days Azucena Berrutti Uruguay America 2005 - 03 - 01! 1 March 2005 2008 - 03 - 03! 3 March 2008 7003109800000000000 ♠ 3 years, 2 days Anne - Grete Strøm - Erichsen Norway Europe 2005 - 10 - 17! 17 October 2005 2009 - 10 - 20! 20 October 2009 7003146400000000000 ♠ 4 years, 3 days Nilda Garré Argentina America 2005 - 11 - 28! 28 November 2005 2010 - 12 - 15! 15 December 2010 7003184300000000000 ♠ 5 years, 17 days Solvita Āboltiņa Latvia Europe 2005 - 12 - 23! 23 December 2005 2006 - 01 - 05! 5 January 2006 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 days Linda Abu Meri Latvia Europe 2006 - 01 - 05! 5 January 2006 2006 - 04 - 07! 7 April 2006 7001920000000000000 ♠ 92 days Cristina Fontes Lima Cape Verde Africa 2006 - 03 - 08! 8 March 2006 2011 - 03 - 21! 21 March 2011 7003183900000000000 ♠ 5 years, 13 days Vivianne Blanlot Chile America 2006 - 03 - 11! 11 March 2006 2007 - 03 - 27! 27 March 2007 7002381000000000000 ♠ 1 year, 16 days Portia Simpson - Miller Jamaica America 2006 - 03 - 30! 30 March 2006 2007 - 09 - 11! 11 September 2007 7002530000000000000 ♠ 1 year, 165 days Gloria Macapagal - Arroyo Philippines Asia 2006 - 11 - 30! 30 November 2006 2007 - 02 - 01! 1 February 2007 7001630000000000000 ♠ 63 days Vlasta Parkanová Czech Republic Europe 2007 - 01 - 09! 9 January 2007 2009 - 05 - 08! 8 May 2009 7002119000000000000 ♠ 119 days Guadalupe Larriva Ecuador America 2007 - 01 - 15! 15 January 2007 2007 - 01 - 24! 24 January 2007 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 days Lorena Escudero Ecuador America 2007 - 02 - 02! 2 February 2007 2007 - 08 - 30! 30 August 2007 7002209000000000000 ♠ 209 days Ruth Tapia Roa Nicaragua America 2007 - 05 - 16! 16 May 2007 2012 - 05 - 14! 14 May 2012 7003182500000000000 ♠ 4 years, 364 days Yuriko Koike Japan Asia 2007 - 07 - 04! 4 July 2007 2007 - 08 - 27! 27 August 2007 7001540000000000000 ♠ 54 days Cécile Manorohanta Madagascar Africa 2007 - 10 - 27! 27 October 2007 2009 - 02 - 09! 9 February 2009 7002471000000000000 ♠ 1 year, 105 days Carme Chacón Spain Europe 2008 - 04 - 14! 14 April 2008 2008 - 05 - 20! 20 May 2008 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 days Elsa Teixeira Pinto São Tomé and Príncipe Africa 2008 - 06 - 22! 22 June 2008 2010 - 08 - 14! 14 August 2010 7002783000000000000 ♠ 2 years, 53 days Carme Chacón Spain Europe 2008 - 06 - 30! 30 June 2008 2011 - 12 - 22! 22 December 2011 7003127000000000000 ♠ 3 years, 175 days Ljubica Jelušič Slovenia Europe 2008 - 11 - 21! 21 November 2008 2012 - 02 - 10! 10 February 2012 7003117600000000000 ♠ 3 years, 81 days Rasa Juknevičienė Lithuania Europe 2008 - 12 - 09! 9 December 2008 2012 - 12 - 13! 13 December 2012 7003110000000000000 ♠ 3 years, 4 days Sheikh Hasina Bangladesh Asia 2009 - 01 - 06! 6 January 2009 Incumbent 7003328200000000000 ♠ 8 years, 360 days Lindiwe Sisulu South Africa Africa 2009 - 05 - 10! 10 May 2009 2012 - 06 - 12! 12 June 2012 7003112900000000000 ♠ 3 years, 33 days Bidhya Devi Bhandari Nepal Asia 2009 - 05 - 25! 25 May 2009 2011 - 02 - 06! 6 February 2011 7002622000000000000 ♠ 1 year, 257 days Angélique Ngoma Gabon Africa 2009 - 10 - 17! 17 October 2009 2011 - 01 - 14! 14 January 2011 7002454000000000000 ♠ 1 year, 89 days Grete Faremo Norway Europe 2009 - 10 - 20! 20 October 2009 2011 - 11 - 11! 11 November 2011 7002752000000000000 ♠ 2 years, 22 days Gitte Lillelund Bech Denmark Europe 2010 - 02 - 23! 23 February 2010 2011 - 10 - 03! 3 October 2011 7002587000000000000 ♠ 1 year, 222 days Lesego Motsumi Botswana Africa 2010 - 08 - 30! 30 August 2010 2011 - 02 - 07! 7 February 2011 7002161000000000000 ♠ 161 days María Cecilia Chacón Bolivia America 2011 - 04 - 06! 6 April 2011 2011 - 09 - 26! 26 September 2011 7002173000000000000 ♠ 173 days Iveta Radičová Slovakia Europe 2011 - 11 - 28! 28 November 2011 2012 - 04 - 04! 4 April 2012 7002128000000000000 ♠ 128 days Portia Simpson - Miller Jamaica America 2012 - 01 - 05! 5 January 2012 2016 - 03 - 03! 3 March 2016 7003151900000000000 ♠ 4 years, 58 days Milica Pejanović - Đurišić Montenegro Europe 2012 - 03 - 13! 13 March 2012 2016 - 11 - 28! 28 November 2016 7003172100000000000 ♠ 4 years, 260 days Catharina Elmsäter - Svärd Sweden Europe 2012 - 03 - 29! 29 March 2012 2012 - 04 - 18! 18 April 2012 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 days Karin Enström Sweden Europe 2012 - 04 - 18! 18 April 2012 2014 - 10 - 03! 3 October 2014 7002898000000000000 ♠ 2 years, 168 days Maritza Pastora Membreño Morales Nicaragua America 2012 - 05 - 14! 14 May 2012 2013 - 03 - 04! 4 March 2013 7002294000000000000 ♠ 294 days Nosiviwe Mapisa - Nqakula South Africa Africa 2012 - 06 - 12! 12 June 2012 Incumbent 7003202900000000000 ♠ 5 years, 203 days María Liz García de Arnold Paraguay America 2012 - 06 - 25! 25 June 2012 2013 - 08 - 15! 15 August 2013 7002416000000000000 ♠ 1 year, 51 days Olusola Obada Nigeria Africa 2012 - 06 - 22! 22 June 2012 2013 - 09 - 11! 11 September 2013 7002446000000000000 ♠ 1 year, 81 days Anne - Grete Strøm - Erichsen Norway Europe 2012 - 09 - 21! 21 September 2012 2013 - 10 - 16! 16 October 2013 7002390000000000000 ♠ 1 year, 25 days Jeanine Hennis - Plasschaert Netherlands Europe 2012 - 11 - 05! 5 November 2012 2017 - 10 - 03! 3 October 2017 7003179300000000000 ♠ 4 years, 332 days María Fernanda Espinosa Ecuador America 2012 - 11 - 28! 28 November 2012 2014 - 09 - 23! 23 September 2014 7002664000000000000 ♠ 1 year, 299 days Karolína Peake Czech Republic Europe 2012 - 12 - 12! 12 December 2012 2012 - 12 - 20! 20 December 2012 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 days Martha Elena Ruiz Sevilla Nicaragua America 2013 - 03 - 04! 4 March 2013 Incumbent 7003176400000000000 ♠ 4 years, 303 days Raychelle Omamo Kenya Africa 2013 - 05 - 15! 15 May 2013 Incumbent 7003169200000000000 ♠ 4 years, 231 days Yingluck Shinawatra Thailand Asia 2013 - 06 - 30! 30 June 2013 2014 - 05 - 07! 7 May 2014 7002311000000000000 ♠ 311 days Carmen Meléndez Venezuela America 2013 - 07 - 05! 5 July 2013 2014 - 10 - 25! 25 October 2014 7002477000000000000 ♠ 1 year, 112 days Mimi Kodheli Albania Europe 2013 - 09 - 15! 15 September 2013 2017 - 09 - 11! 11 September 2017 7003145700000000000 ♠ 3 years, 361 days Ine Marie Eriksen Søreide Norway Europe 2013 - 10 - 16! 16 October 2013 2017 - 10 - 20! 20 October 2017 7003146500000000000 ♠ 4 years, 4 days Ursula von der Leyen Germany Europe 2013 - 12 - 17! 17 December 2013 Incumbent 7003147600000000000 ♠ 4 years, 15 days Roberta Pinotti Italy Europe 2014 - 02 - 22! 22 February 2014 Incumbent 7003140900000000000 ♠ 3 years, 313 days Cadi Mané Guinea - Bissau Africa 2014 - 07 - 04! 4 July 2014 2015 - 10 - 13! 13 October 2015 7002466000000000000 ♠ 1 year, 101 days Marie - Noëlle Koyara Central African Republic Africa 2015 - 01 - 17! 17 January 2015 2015 - 10 - 29! 29 October 2015 7002286000000000000 ♠ 286 days Marina Pendeš Bosnia and Herzegovina Europe 2015 - 02 - 11! 11 February 2015 Incumbent 7003105500000000000 ♠ 2 years, 324 days Tina Khidasheli Georgia Asia 2015 - 05 - 01! 1 May 2015 2016 - 07 - 30! 30 July 2016 7002456000000000000 ♠ 1 year, 90 days Andreja Katič Slovenia Europe 2015 - 05 - 13! 13 May 2015 Incumbent 7002964000000000000 ♠ 2 years, 233 days Marise Payne Australia Oceania 2015 - 09 - 21! 21 September 2015 Incumbent 7002833000000000000 ♠ 2 years, 102 days Adiato Djaló Nandigna Guinea - Bissau Africa 2015 - 10 - 13! 13 October 2015 2016 - 06 - 02! 2 June 2016 7002233000000000000 ♠ 233 days Tomomi Inada Japan Asia 2016 - 08 - 03! 3 August 2016 2017 - 07 - 28! 28 July 2017 7002359000000000000 ♠ 359 days María Dolores de Cospedal Spain Europe 2016 - 11 - 04! 4 November 2016 Incumbent 7002423000000000000 ♠ 1 year, 58 days Sylvie Goulard France Europe 2017 - 05 - 17! 17 May 2017 2017 - 06 - 19! 19 June 2017 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 days Radmila Šekerinska Macedonia, Republic of Europe 2017 - 06 - 01! 1 June 2017 Incumbent 7002214000000000000 ♠ 214 days Florence Parly France Europe 2017 - 06 - 21! 21 June 2017 Incumbent 7002194000000000000 ♠ 194 days Nirmala Sitharaman India Asia 2017 - 09 - 03! 3 September 2017 Incumbent 7002120000000000000 ♠ 120 days Olta Xhaçka Albania Europe 2017 - 09 - 11! 11 September 2017 Incumbent 7002112000000000000 ♠ 112 days Marie - Noëlle Koyara Central African Republic Africa 2017 - 09 - 12! 12 September 2017 Incumbent 7002111000000000000 ♠ 111 days Ank Bijleveld Netherlands Europe 2017 - 10 - 26! 26 October 2017 Incumbent 7001670000000000000 ♠ 67 days Karla Šlechtová Czech Republic Europe 2017 - 12 - 13! 13 December 2017 Incumbent 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 days Gold Document ID: 96

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Antipsychotic) Antipsychotic Antipsychotics, also known as neuroleptics or major tranquilizers, are a class of medication primarily used to manage psychosis (including delusions, hallucinations, paranoia or disordered thought), principally in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. They are increasingly being used in the management of non-psychotic disorders. Antipsychotics are usually effective in relieving symptoms of psychosis in the short term. The long-term use of antipsychotics is associated with side effects such as involuntary movement disorders, gynecomastia, and metabolic syndrome. They are also associated with increased mortality in elderly people with dementia. First-generation antipsychotics, known as typical antipsychotics, were discovered in the 1950s. Most second-generation Document [2] (Title: Lunatic asylum) Heinz Lehmann, who was based in Montreal. Also in 1954 another antipsychotic, reserpine, was first used by an American psychiatrist based in New York, Nathan S. Kline. At a Paris-based colloquium on neuroleptics (antipsychotics) in 1955 a series of psychiatric studies were presented by, among others, Hans Hoff (Vienna), Dr. Ihsan Aksel (Istanbul), Felix Labarth (Basle), Linford Rees (London), Sarro (Barcelona), Manfred Bleuler (Zurich), Willi Mayer-Gross (Birmingham), Winford (Washington) and Denber (New York) attesting to the effective and concordant action of the new drugs in the treatment of psychosis. The new antipsychotics had an immense impact on the lives of Document [3] (Title: Management of schizophrenia) of the first antipsychotic chlorpromazine. Others such as haloperidol and trifluoperazine soon followed. It remains unclear whether the newer antipsychotics reduce the chances of developing neuroleptic malignant syndrome, a rare but serious and potentially fatal neurological disorder most often caused by an adverse reaction to neuroleptic or antipsychotic drugs. Most people on antipsychotics get side effects. People on typical antipsychotics tend to have a higher rate of extrapyramidal side effects while some atypicals are associated with considerable weight gain, diabetes, and risk of metabolic syndrome; this is most pronounced with olanzapine, while risperidone and quetiapine are also associated with weight Document [4] (Title: Psychosis) risks, and costs. It is debatable whether, as a class, typical or atypical antipsychotics are better. Tentative evidence supports that amisulpride, olanzapine, risperidone and clozapine may be more effective for positive symptoms but result in more side effects. Typical antipsychotics have equal drop-out and symptom relapse rates to atypicals when used at low to moderate dosages. There is a good response in 40–50%, a partial response in 30–40%, and treatment resistance (failure of symptoms to respond satisfactorily after six weeks to two or three different antipsychotics) in 20% of people. Clozapine is an effective treatment for those who respond poorly Document [5] (Title: Atypical antipsychotic) haloperidol — the most widely used typical antipsychotic — to cause extrapyramidal motor control disabilities in patients such as unsteady Parkinson's disease-type movements, body rigidity, and involuntary tremors. However, only a few of the atypicals have been demonstrated to be superior to lesser-used, low-potency first-generation antipsychotics in this regard. As experience with these agents has grown, several studies have questioned the utility of broadly characterizing antipsychotic drugs as "atypical/second generation" as opposed to "first generation," noting that each agent has its own efficacy and side-effect profile. It has been argued that a more nuanced view in which the needs of Document [6] (Title: Antipsychotic) notwithstanding a greater propensity for metabolic adverse effects in the latter. The UK government organization NICE recently revised its recommendation favoring atypicals, to advise that the choice should be an individual one based on the particular profiles of the individual drug and on the patient's preferences. The re-evaluation of the evidence has not necessarily slowed the bias toward prescribing the atypicals. Generally, more than one antipsychotic drug should not be used at a time because of increased adverse effects. Very rarely antipsychotics may cause tardive psychosis. Some studies have found decreased life expectancy associated with the use of antipsychotics, and Document [7] (Title: Antipsychotic) ("neuron", originally meaning "sinew" but today referring to the nerves) and "λαμβάνω" ("lambanō", meaning "take hold of"). Thus, the word means "taking hold of one's nerves". It was often taken to refer also to common side effects such as reduced activity in general, as well as lethargy and impaired motor control. Although these effects are unpleasant and in some cases harmful, they were at one time, along with akathisia, considered a reliable sign that the drug was working. The term "ataraxy" was coined by the neurologist Howard Fabing and the classicist Alister Cameron to describe the observed effect of psychic Document [8] (Title: Child and adolescent psychiatry) sometimes given antipsychotic drugs as a first-line treatment for mental health problems or behavioral issues other than a psychotic disorder, which is not the ideal treatment approach for these drugs. In the United States, the usage of these drugs in young people has greatly increased since 2000, especially among children from low-income families. More research is needed to specifically assess the efficacy and tolerability of antipsychotic medications in pediatric populations. Because of the risk of weight gain, metabolic side effects, and cardiovascular changes with antipsychotic use, the use of the drugs in pediatric populations is highly scrutinized. In 1947, child Document [9] (Title: Treatment of mental disorders) over conventional antipsychotics because they reduce the prevalence of pseudoparkinsonism which causes tremors and muscular rigidity similar to Parkinson’s disease. The most severe side effect of antipsychotics is agranulocytosis, a depression of white blood cell count with unknown cause, and some patients may also experience photosensitivity. Early antidepressants were discovered through research on treating tuberculosis and yielded the class of antidepressants known as monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAO). Only two MAO inhibitors remain on the market in the United States because they alter the metabolism of the dietary amino acid tyramine which can lead to a hypertensive crisis. Research on improving Document [10] (Title: Typical antipsychotic) Typical antipsychotic Typical antipsychotics are a class of antipsychotic drugs first developed in the 1950s and used to treat psychosis (in particular, schizophrenia). Typical antipsychotics may also be used for the treatment of acute mania, agitation, and other conditions. The first typical antipsychotics to come into medical use were the phenothiazines, namely chlorpromazine which was discovered serendipitously. Another prominent grouping of antipsychotics are the butyrophenones, an example of which would be haloperidol. The newer, second-generation antipsychotics, also known as atypical antipsychotics, have replaced the typical antipsychotics due to the Parkinson-like side effects typicals have. Both generations of medication tend to Document [11] (Title: Psychomotor agitation) if the agitation is suspected to be akathisia, which can be potentially worsened. Also using promethazine may be useful. Recently, three atypical antipsychotics, olanzapine, aripiprazole and ziprasidone, have become available and FDA approved as an instant release intramuscular injection formulations to control acute agitation. The IM formulations of these three atypical antipsychotics to be at least as effective or even more effective than the IM administration of haloperidol alone or haloperidol with lorazepam (which is the standard treatment of agitation in most hospitals) and the atypicals have a dramatically improved tolerability due to a milder side-effect profile. In those with Document [12] (Title: Olanzapine) only clozapine, olanzapine, and risperidone were better than first generation antipsychotics. A 2011 review concluded that neither first- nor second generation antipsychotics produce clinically meaningful changes in Clinical Global Impression scores but found that olanzapine and amisulpride produce larger effects on the PANSS and BPRS batteries than five other second generation antipsychotics or pooled first generation antipsychotics. A 2010 Cochrane systematic review found that olanzapine may have a slight advantage in effectiveness when compared to aripiprazole, quetiapine, risperidone and ziprasidone. No differences in effectiveness was detected when comparing olanzapine to amisulpride and clozapine. A 2014 meta analysis of 9 published Document [13] (Title: Phenothiazine) and their activity was a pioneering example of medicinal chemistry; phenothiazine is often discussed as a prototypical example of a pharmaceutical lead structure. The term "phenothiazines" describes the largest of the five main classes of antipsychotic drugs. These drugs have antipsychotic and, often, antiemetic properties, although they may also cause severe side effects such as extrapyramidal symptoms (including akathisia and tardive dyskinesia), hyperprolactinaemia, and the rare but potentially fatal neuroleptic malignant syndrome, as well as substantial weight gain. Use of phenothiazines has been associated with antiphospholipid syndrome, but no causal relationship has been established. Phenothiazine antipsychotics are classified into three Document [14] (Title: Antipsychotic) control rather than to treat specific symptoms experienced by the patient. Use of this class of drugs has a history of criticism in residential care. As the drugs used can make patients calmer and more compliant, critics claim that the drugs can be overused. Outside doctors can feel under pressure from care home staff. In an official review commissioned by UK government ministers it was reported that the needless use of antipsychotic medication in dementia care was widespread and was linked to 1800 deaths per year. In the US, the government has initiated legal action against the pharmaceutical company Johnson Document [15] (Title: Antipsychotic) bipolar disorder instead. The goals of treatment of these patients include reducing symptoms and potentially improving long-term treatment outcomes. Randomized clinical trials have provided evidence for the efficacy of antipsychotic drugs in achieving the former goal, with first-generation and second generation antipsychotics showing about equal efficacy. Evidence that early treatment has a favorable effect on long term outcomes is equivocal. Placebo-controlled trials of both first and second generation antipsychotic drugs consistently demonstrate the superiority of active drug to placebo in suppressing psychotic symptoms. A large meta-analysis of 38 trials of antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenia acute psychotic episodes showed an effect Document [16] (Title: Schizoaffective disorder) psychosis and mood disorder. Antipsychotic medication is usually required both for acute treatment and the prevention of relapse. There is no single antipsychotic of choice in treating schizoaffective disorder, but atypical antipsychotics should be considered because they have mood-stabilizing activity. Paliperidone is an antipsychotic with FDA approval for the treatment of schizoaffective disorder. Antipsychotics should be used at the minimum dose necessary to control symptoms. Potential side effects include extrapyramidal symptoms, including tremor, muscle stiffness, and restlessness or akathisia. Atypical antipsychotics carry a risk of metabolic syndrome, including weight gain, increased blood sugar, and increased blood cholesterol, so regular monitoring Document [17] (Title: Antipsychotic) use can be replaced or reduced. Elderly persons often have their dementia treated first with antipsychotics and this is not the best management strategy. Antipsychotic Antipsychotics, also known as neuroleptics or major tranquilizers, are a class of medication primarily used to manage psychosis (including delusions, hallucinations, paranoia or disordered thought), principally in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. They are increasingly being used in the management of non-psychotic disorders. Antipsychotics are usually effective in relieving symptoms of psychosis in the short term. The long-term use of antipsychotics is associated with side effects such as involuntary movement disorders, gynecomastia, and metabolic syndrome. They Document [18] (Title: Atypical antipsychotic) the typical antipsychotics. This may explain why relapse into psychosis happens quicker with atypical antipsychotics than with typical antipsychotics, as the drug is excreted faster and is no longer working in the brain. Physical dependence with these drugs is very rare. However, if the drug is abruptly discontinued, psychotic symptoms, movement disorders, and sleep difficulty may be observed. It is possible that withdrawal is rarely seen because the AAP are stored in body fat tissues and slowly released. The first major tranquilizer or antipsychotic medication, chlorpromazine (Thorazine), a typical antipsychotic, was discovered in 1951 and introduced into clinical practice shortly Document [19] (Title: Atypical antipsychotic) individual patients are matched to the properties of individual drugs is more appropriate. Although atypical antipsychotics are thought to be safer than typical antipsychotics, they still have severe side effects, including tardive dyskinesia (a serious movement disorder), neuroleptic malignant syndrome, and increased risk of stroke, sudden cardiac death, blood clots, and diabetes. Significant weight gain may occur. Critics have argued that "the time has come to abandon the terms first-generation and second-generation antipsychotics, as they do not merit this distinction." Atypical antipsychotics are typically used to treat schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. They are also frequently used to treat agitation associated Document [20] (Title: Atypical antipsychotic) antipsychotics are most commonly administered orally. Antipsychotics can also be injected, but this method is not as common. They are lipid-soluble, are readily absorbed from the digestive tract, and can easily pass the blood–brain barrier and placental barriers. Once in the brain, the antipsychotics work at the synapse by binding to the receptor. Antipsychotics are completely metabolized in the body and the metabolites are excreted in urine. These drugs have relatively long half-lives. Each drug has a different half-life, but the occupancy of the D2 receptor falls off within 24 hours with atypical antipsychotics, while lasting over 24 hours for Document [21] (Title: Antipsychotic) those on the autism spectrum. Much of the evidence for the off-label use of antipsychotics (for example, for dementia, OCD, PTSD, Personality Disorders, Tourette's) was of insufficient scientific quality to support such use, especially as there was strong evidence of increased risks of stroke, tremors, significant weight gain, sedation, and gastrointestinal problems. A UK review of unlicensed usage in children and adolescents reported a similar mixture of findings and concerns. A survey of children with pervasive developmental disorder found that 16.5% were taking an antipsychotic drug, most commonly for irritability, aggression, and agitation. Risperidone has been approved by the US Document [22] (Title: Anticonvulsant) Anticonvulsant Anticonvulsants (also commonly known as antiepileptic drugs or as antiseizure drugs) are a diverse group of pharmacological agents used in the treatment of epileptic seizures. Anticonvulsants are also increasingly being used in the treatment of bipolar disorder and borderline personality disorder, since many seem to act as mood stabilizers, and for the treatment of neuropathic pain. Anticonvulsants suppress the excessive rapid firing of neurons during seizures. Anticonvulsants also prevent the spread of the seizure within the brain. Conventional antiepileptic drugs may block sodium channels or enhance γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) function. Several antiepileptic drugs have multiple or uncertain mechanisms of Document [23] (Title: Antipsychotic) around five days after treatment is commenced whereas lithium usually takes at least a week before the full therapeutic effects are seen) and the comparatively rapid antimanic effects of antipsychotic drugs. The antipsychotics have a documented efficacy when used alone in acute mania/mixed episodes. Three atypical antipsychotics (lurasidone, olanzapine and quetiapine) have also been found to possess efficacy in the treatment of bipolar depression as a monotherapy. Whereas only olanzapine and quetiapine have been proven to be effective broad-spectrum (i.e. against all three types of relapse— manic, mixed and depressive) prophylactic (or "maintenance") treatments in patients with bipolar disorder. A Document [24] (Title: Typical antipsychotic) milligrams of chlorpromazine. Agents with a chlorpromazine equivalence ranging from 5 to 10 milligrams would be considered "medium potency", and agents with 2 milligrams would be considered "high potency". Prochlorperazine (Compazine, Buccastem, Stemetil) and Pimozide (Orap) are less commonly used to treat psychotic states, and so are sometimes excluded from this classification. Where: † indicates products that have since been discontinued. Typical antipsychotic Typical antipsychotics are a class of antipsychotic drugs first developed in the 1950s and used to treat psychosis (in particular, schizophrenia). Typical antipsychotics may also be used for the treatment of acute mania, agitation, and other conditions. Document [25] (Title: Antipsychotic switching) Antipsychotic switching Antipsychotic switching refers to the process of switching out one antipsychotic for another antipsychotic. There are multiple indications for switching antipsychotics, including inadequate efficacy and drug intolerance. Contraindications occur when the risks of antipsychotic switching outweigh the benefits. There are several strategies that have been theorized for antipsychotic switching, based upon the timing of discontinuation and tapering of the original antipsychotic and the timing of initiation and titration of the new antipsychotic. Major adverse effects from antipsychotic switching may include supersensitivity syndromes, withdrawal, and rebound syndromes. Antipsychotics may be switched due to inadequate efficacy, drug intolerance, patient/guardian preference, Document [26] (Title: Atypical antipsychotic) are strongest for atypical antipsychotics. Adverse effects in patients with dementia include an increased risk of mortality and cerebrovascular events, as well as metabolic effects, extrapyramidal symptoms, falls, cognitive worsening, cardiac arrhythmia, and pneumonia. Conventional antipsychotics may pose an even greater safety risk. No clear efficacy evidence exists to support the use of alternative psychotropic classes (e.g. antidepressants, anticonvulsants). All of the atypical antipsychotics warn about the possibility of tardive dyskinesia in their package inserts and in the PDR. It is not possible to truly know the risks of tardive dyskinesia when taking atypicals, because tardive dyskinesia can take many Document [27] (Title: Psychiatric medication) are drugs used to treat various symptoms of psychosis, such as those caused by psychotic disorders or schizophrenia. Atypical antipsychotics are also used as mood stabilizers in the treatment of bipolar disorder, and they can augment the action of antidepressants in major depressive disorder. Antipsychotics are sometimes referred to as neuroleptic drugs and some antipsychotics are branded "major tranquilizers". There are two categories of antipsychotics: typical antipsychotics and atypical antipsychotics. Most antipsychotics are available only by prescription. Common antipsychotics: Benzodiazepines are effective as hypnotics, anxiolytics, anticonvulsants, myorelaxants and amnesics. Having less proclivity for overdose and toxicity, they have widely supplanted Document [28] (Title: Melperone) all other clinically-utilized antipsychotics, but it does so with a very low affinity and hence may be liable to rapidly dissociate from the D receptor hence potentially giving it the profile of an atypical antipsychotic. Melperone Melperone (Bunil , Buronil , Eunerpan ) is an atypical antipsychotic of the butyrophenone chemical class, making it structurally related to the typical antipsychotic haloperidol. It first entered clinical use in 1960s. It has been tried in treatment-resistant cases of schizophrenia with some (albeit limited) success. It has also been reported effective in the treatment of L-DOPA and other forms of psychosis in Parkinson's Document [29] (Title: Antipsychotic) drugs, known as atypical antipsychotics, have been developed more recently, although the first atypical antipsychotic, clozapine, was discovered in the 1960s and introduced clinically in the 1970s. Both generations of medication tend to block receptors in the brain's dopamine pathways, but atypicals tend to act on serotonin receptors as well. "Neuroleptic", originating from ("neuron") and ("take hold of") – thus meaning ""which takes the nerve"" – refers to both common neurological effects and side effects. Antipsychotics are most frequently used for the following conditions: They are not recommended for dementia or insomnia unless other treatments have not worked. They are Document [30] (Title: Schizophrenia) stopped. The choice of which antipsychotic to use is based on benefits, risks, and costs. It is debatable whether, as a class, typical or atypical antipsychotics are better. Amisulpride, olanzapine, risperidone, and clozapine may be more effective but are associated with greater side effects. Typical antipsychotics have equal drop-out and symptom relapse rates to atypicals when used at low to moderate dosages. There is a good response in 40–50%, a partial response in 30–40%, and treatment resistance (failure of symptoms to respond satisfactorily after six weeks to two or three different antipsychotics) in 20% of people. Clozapine is an effective Document [31] (Title: Clozapine) Clopin, Clopine, Clopsine, Cloril, Clorilex, Clozamed, Clozapex, Clozapin, Clozapina, Clozapine, Clozapinum, Clozapyl, Clozarem, Clozaril, Denzapine, Dicomex, Elcrit, Excloza, FazaClo, Froidir, Ihope, Klozapol, Lanolept, Lapenax, Leponex, Lodux, Lozapine, Lozatric, Luften, Medazepine, Mezapin, Nemea, Nirva, Ozadep, Ozapim, Refract, Refraxol, Schizonex, Sensipin, Sequax, Sicozapina, Sizoril, Syclop, Syzopin, Tanyl, Uspen, Versacloz, Xenopal, Zaclo, Zapenia, Zapine, Zaponex, Zaporil, Ziproc, and Zopin. Clozapine Clozapine, sold under the brand name Clozaril among others, is an atypical antipsychotic medication. It is mainly used for schizophrenia that does not improve following the use of other antipsychotic medications. In those with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder it may decrease the rate Document [32] (Title: Antipsychotic) dopamine-related side-effects. Atypical antipsychotic drugs have a similar blocking effect on D receptors, however, most also act on serotonin receptors, especially 5-HT and 5-HT receptors. Both clozapine and quetiapine appear to bind just long enough to elicit antipsychotic effects but not long enough to induce extrapyramidal side effects and prolactin hypersecretion. 5-HT antagonism increases dopaminergic activity in the nigrostriatal pathway, leading to a lowered extrapyramidal side effect liability among the atypical antipsychotics. The original antipsychotic drugs were happened upon largely by chance and then tested for their effectiveness. The first, chlorpromazine, was developed as a surgical anesthetic. It was first Document [33] (Title: Science Teams Against Disease) that are targeted by antipsychotic drugs, the serotonin 5-HT2AR and the glutamate mGlu2R receptors, come together to form a complex that is deregulated in schizophrenic patients. The functional consequences of this interaction were revealed in the 2011 Cell paper from Logothetis lab (Virginia Commonwealth University) in which this heteromeric complex was shown to be a convergent site for the activity of anti- or propsychotic drugs. According to the authors, atypical antipsychotics work through this receptor complex (5-HT2AR/ mGlu2R) and signal quite differently through the complex compared to how they signal through one or the other receptor alone. The signaling through Document [34] (Title: Management of borderline personality disorder) to have an improved adverse effect profile than the typical antipsychotics. Antipsychotics are also sometimes used to treat distortions in thinking or false perceptions. One meta-analysis of two randomly controlled trials, four non-controlled open-label studies and eight case reports has suggested that several atypical antipsychotics, including olanzapine, clozapine, quetiapine and risperidone, may help BPD patients with psychotic-like, impulsive or suicidal symptoms. However, there are numerous adverse effects of antipsychotics, notably Tardive dyskinesia (TD). Atypical antipsychotics are known for often causing considerable weight gain, with associated health complications. Mood stabilizers (used primarily to treat Bipolar disorder) such as lithium or lamotrigine Document [35] (Title: Atypical antipsychotic) Atypical antipsychotic The atypical antipsychotics (AAP; also known as second generation antipsychotics (SGAs)) are a group of antipsychotic drugs (antipsychotic drugs in general are also known as major tranquilizers and neuroleptics, although the latter is usually reserved for the "typical antipsychotics") used to treat psychiatric conditions. Some atypical antipsychotics have received regulatory approval (e.g. by the FDA of the US, the TGA of Australia, the MHRA of the UK) for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, autism, and as an adjunct in major depressive disorder. Both generations of medication tend to block receptors in the brain's dopamine pathways. Atypicals are less likely than Document [36] (Title: Psychosis) to other drugs ("treatment-resistant" or "refractory" schizophrenia), but it has the potentially serious side effect of agranulocytosis (lowered white blood cell count) in less than 4% of people. Most people on antipsychotics get side effects. People on typical antipsychotics tend to have a higher rate of extrapyramidal side effects while some atypicals are associated with considerable weight gain, diabetes and risk of metabolic syndrome; this is most pronounced with olanzapine, while risperidone and quetiapine are also associated with weight gain. Risperidone has a similar rate of extrapyramidal symptoms to haloperidol. Psychological treatments such as acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) are Document [37] (Title: Antipsychotic) classes." "# denotes drugs that have been withdrawn worldwide." This category is for drugs that have been called both first and second-generation, depending on the literature being used. Antipsychotic drugs such as haloperidol and chlorpromazine tend to block dopamine D receptors in the dopaminergic pathways of the brain. This means that dopamine released in these pathways has less effect. Excess release of dopamine in the mesolimbic pathway has been linked to psychotic experiences. Decreased dopamine release in the prefrontal cortex, and excess dopamine release in other pathways, are associated with psychotic episodes in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. In addition to Document [38] (Title: Neuroleptic malignant syndrome) been stable for a period of time on antipsychotics, especially in situations where the dose has not been changed and there are no issues of noncompliance or consumption of psychoactive substances known to worsen psychosis. NMS is usually caused by antipsychotic drug use, and a wide range of drugs can result in NMS. Individuals using butyrophenones (such as haloperidol and droperidol) or phenothiazines (such as promethazine and chlorpromazine) are reported to be at greatest risk. However, various atypical antipsychotics such as clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, quetiapine, and ziprasidone have also been implicated in cases. NMS may also occur in people taking Document [39] (Title: Anticonvulsant) The drug class was the 5th-best-selling in the US in 2007. Some anticonvulsants have shown antiepileptogenic effects in animal models of epilepsy. That is, they either prevent the development of epilepsy or can halt or reverse the progression of epilepsy. However, no drug has been shown in human trials to prevent epileptogenesis (the development of epilepsy in an individual at risk, such as after a head injury). Anticonvulsants are more accurately called antiepileptic drugs (abbreviated "AEDs"), and are often referred to as antiseizure drugs because they provide symptomatic treatment only and have not been demonstrated to alter the course of Document [40] (Title: Antipsychotic) diagnosis or treatment. Pharmaceutical companies have also been accused of attempting to set the mental health agenda through activities such as funding consumer advocacy groups. It is recommended that persons with dementia who exhibit behavioral and psychological symptoms should not be given antipsychotics before trying other treatments. When taking antipsychotics this population has increased risk of cerebrovascular effects, parkinsonism or extrapyramidal symptoms, sedation, confusion and other cognitive adverse effects, weight gain, and increased mortality. Physicians and caretakers of persons with dementia should try to address symptoms including agitation, aggression, apathy, anxiety, depression, irritability, and psychosis with alternative treatments whenever antipsychotic Document [41] (Title: Antipsychotic switching) drug regimen simplification, or for economic reasons. In general, contraindications to antipsychotic switching are cases in which the risk of switching outweighs the potential benefit. Contraindications to antipsychotic switching include effective treatment of an acute psychotic episode, patients stable on a LAI antipsychotic with a history of poor adherence, and stable patients with a history of self-injurious behavior, violent behavior, or significant self-neglect or other symptoms. There are multiple strategies available for switching antipsychotics. An abrupt switch involves abruptly switching from one antipsychotic to the other without any titration. A cross-taper is accomplished by gradually discontinuing the pre-switch antipsychotic while Document [42] (Title: Treatment of mental disorders) depression. Antipsychotics are used for psychotic disorders, notably in schizophrenia. However, they are also often used in smaller doses to treat anxiety. Stimulants are commonly used, notably for ADHD. Despite the different conventional names of the drug groups, there can be considerable overlap in the kinds of disorders for which they are actually indicated. There may also be off-label use. There can be problems with adverse effects and adherence. In addition of atypical antipsychotics in cases of inadequate response to antidepressant therapy is an increasingly popular strategy that is well supported in the literature, though these medications may result in Document [43] (Title: Schizoaffective disorder) of weight and bloodwork should be carried out. Some atypical antipsychotics, such as ziprasidone and aripiprazole, are associated with less risk than others, such as olanzapine. Medication choice is based on how effectively it reduces symptoms, how few side effects it causes, and cost. In people with treatment-refractory psychosis, a clozapine trial should be considered. Clozapine is an atypical antipsychotic that is recognized as being particularly effective when other antipsychotic agents have failed. Clozapine should also be considered in people with chronic and persistent suicidal thinking and behaviour, as it has been shown to reduce the risk of suicide in Document [44] (Title: Antipsychotic) to anxiolytic and/or hypnotic drugs such as the benzodiazepines and nonbenzodiazepines, which have some antipsychotic properties and are recommended for concurrent use with antipsychotics, and are useful for insomnia or drug-induced psychosis. They are powerful (and potentially addictive) sedatives. Antipsychotics are broadly divided into two groups, the typical or first-generation antipsychotics and the atypical or second-generation antipsychotics. The typical antipsychotics are classified according to their chemical structure while the atypical antipsychotics are classified according to their pharmacological properties. These include serotonin-dopamine antagonists (see dopamine antagonist and serotonin antagonist), multi-acting receptor-targeted antipsychotics (MARTA, those targeting several systems), and dopamine partial agonists, Document [45] (Title: Antipsychotic) there was considerable debate within psychiatry on the most appropriate term to use to describe the new drugs. In the late 1950s the most widely used term was "neuroleptic", followed by "major tranquilizer" and then "ataraxic". The first recorded use of the term tranquilizer dates from the early nineteenth century. In 1953 Frederik F. Yonkman, a chemist at the Swiss-based Cibapharmaceutical company, first used the term tranquilizer to differentiate reserpine from the older sedatives. The word "neuroleptic" was coined in 1955 by Delay and Deniker after their discovery (1952) of the antipsychotic effects of chlorpromazine. It is derived from the Document [46] (Title: Lurasidone) to be superior in doing this to all of the other antipsychotics examined, including risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, clozapine, aripiprazole, and haloperidol. Lurasidone has activity at several serotonin receptors that are involved in learning and memory, and unlike most other antipsychotics, lacks any anticholinergic effects (which are known to impair cognitive processes and memory). These properties may underlie its improved effectiveness in treating these symptoms relative to older agents. Lurasidone Lurasidone (; trade name Latuda) is an atypical antipsychotic developed by Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma and marketed by Sunovion in the U.S. It has been an FDA approved treatment for schizophrenia since Document [47] (Title: Antipsychotic) argued that more studies are needed. Antipsychotics may also increase the risk of early death in individuals with dementia. Antipsychotics typically worsen symptoms in people who suffer from depersonalisation disorder. Antipsychotic polypharmacy (prescribing two or more antipsychotics at the same time for an individual) is a common practice but not evidence-based or recommended, and there are initiatives to curtail it. Similarly, the use of excessively high doses (often the result of polypharmacy) continues despite clinical guidelines and evidence indicating that it is usually no more effective but is usually more harmful. Loss of grey matter and other brain structural changes Document [48] (Title: Atypical antipsychotic) thereafter. Clozapine (Clozaril), an atypical antipsychotic, fell out of favor due to concerns over drug-induced agranulocytosis. Following research indicating its effectiveness in treatment-resistant schizophrenia and the development of an adverse event monitoring system, clozapine re-emerged as a viable antipsychotic. According to Barker (2003), the three most-accepted atypical drugs are clozapine, risperidone, and olanzapine. However, he goes on to explain that clozapine is usually the last resort when other drugs fail. Clozapine can cause agranulocytosis (a decreased number of white blood cells), requiring blood monitoring for the patient. Despite the effectiveness of clozapine for treatment-resistant schizophrenia, agents with a more favorable Document [49] (Title: Atypical antipsychotic) robustness, and the assumption was increasingly challenged even as atypical prescriptions were soaring. In 2005 the US government body NIMH published the results of a major independent (not funded by the pharmaceutical companies) multi-site, double-blind study (the CATIE project). This study compared several atypical antipsychotics to an older typical antipsychotic, perphenazine, among 1,493 persons with schizophrenia. The study found that only olanzapine outperformed perphenazine in discontinuation rate (the rate at which people stopped taking it due to its effects). The authors noted an apparent superior efficacy of olanzapine to the other drugs in terms of reduction in psychopathology and rate Document [50] (Title: Antipsychotic) FDA for the treatment of irritability in autistic children and adolescents. Aggressive challenging behavior in adults with intellectual disability is often treated with antipsychotic drugs despite lack of an evidence base. A recent randomized controlled trial, however, found no benefit over placebo and recommended that the use of antipsychotics in this way should no longer be regarded as an acceptable routine treatment. It is unclear whether the atypical (second-generation) antipsychotics offer advantages over older, first generation antipsychotics. Amisulpride, olanzapine, risperidone and clozapine may be more effective but are associated with greater side effects. Typical antipsychotics have equal drop-out and symptom Document [51] (Title: Antipsychotic) which are often categorized as atypicals. The term "major tranquilizer" was used for older antipsychotic drugs. The term "neuroleptic" is often used as a synonym for "antipsychotic", even though - strictly speaking - the two terms are not interchangeable. "Antipsychotic" drugs are a subgroup of "neuroleptic" drugs, because the latter have a wider range of effects. Antipsychotics are a type of psychoactive or psychotropic medication. Antipsychotics were once among the biggest selling and most profitable of all drugs, generating $22 billion in global sales in 2008. By 2003 in the US, an estimated 3.21 million patients received antipsychotics, worth an Document [52] (Title: Jeffrey Lieberman) from the National Institutes of Health and the NARSAD, Stanley, and Mental Illness Foundations. Lieberman served as principal investigator for Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) sponsored by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). The investigators compared a, "first-generation antipsychotic, perphenazine, with several newer drugs in a double-blind study". "Probably the biggest surprise of all was that the older medication produced about as good an effect as the newer medications, three of them anyway, and did not produce neurological side effects at greater rates than any of the other drugs," Lieberman told "The New York Times". Lieberman's work Document [53] (Title: Antipsychotic) process of cross-titration involves gradually increasing the dose of the new medication while gradually decreasing the dose of the old medication. Clinically used antipsychotic medications are listed below by drug group. Trade names appear in parentheses. A 2013 review has stated that the division of antipsychotics into first and second generation is perhaps not accurate. Notes: "† indicates drugs that are no longer (or were never) marketed in English-speaking countries. " "‡ denotes drugs that are no longer (or were never to begin with) marketed in the United States. Some antipsychotics are not firmly placed in either first-generation or second-generation Document [54] (Title: Typical antipsychotic) block receptors in the brain's dopamine pathways, but atypicals at the time of marketing were claimed to differ from typical antipsychotics in that they are less likely to cause extrapyramidal motor control disabilities in patients, which include unsteady Parkinson's disease-type movements, body rigidity and involuntary tremors. More recent research has demonstrated the side effect profile of these drugs is similar to older drugs, causing the leading medical journal "The Lancet" to write in its editorial "the time has come to abandon the terms first-generation and second-generation antipsychotics, as they do not merit this distinction." These abnormal body movements can become Document [55] (Title: Antipsychotic) is thought to produce some unwanted side effects that the typical antipsychotics can produce (see above). They were commonly classified on a spectrum of low potency to high potency, where potency referred to the ability of the drug to bind to dopamine receptors, and not to the effectiveness of the drug. High-potency antipsychotics such as haloperidol, in general, have doses of a few milligrams and cause less sleepiness and calming effects than low-potency antipsychotics such as chlorpromazine and thioridazine, which have dosages of several hundred milligrams. The latter have a greater degree of anticholinergic and antihistaminergic activity, which can counteract Document [56] (Title: Neuroleptanalgesic) Neuroleptanalgesic The word neuroleptic originates from the Greek word lepsis ("seizure"). Antipsychotics ( neuroleptics or tranquilizers) were investigated by the anesthesiologists De Castro and Mundeleer who coined the term neuroleptanalgesia, an anesthetic process that involves combining a major neuroleptic tranquilizer/antipsychotic with a potent opioid analgesic to produce a detached, pain-free state. This technique was widely used from the 1960s onwards, initially using a combination of phenoperidine and haloperidol, which was subsequently replaced in the early 1980s by a combination of fentanyl and droperidol. Efforts were also made to develop compounds which combined both types of activity in a single molecule. Document [57] (Title: Psychosis) a Nobel Prize in 1949. Between the late 1930s and early 1970s, the leucotomy was a widely accepted practice, often performed in non-sterile environments such as small outpatient clinics and patient homes. Psychosurgery remained standard practice until the discovery of antipsychotic pharmacology in the 1950s. The first clinical trial of antipsychotics (also commonly known as neuroleptics) for the treatment of psychosis took place in 1952. Chlorpromazine (brand name: Thorazine) passed clinical trials and became the first antipsychotic medication approved for the treatment of both acute and chronic psychosis. Although the mechanism of action was not discovered until 1963, the administration Document [58] (Title: Antipsychotic) physical harm to others. Psychosocial interventions may reduce the need for antipsychotics. A number of atypical antipsychotics have some benefits when used in addition to other treatments in major depressive disorder. Aripiprazole, quetiapine, and olanzapine (when used in conjunction with fluoxetine) have received the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) labelling for this indication. There is, however, a greater risk of side effects with their use. Besides the above uses antipsychotics may be used for obsessive–compulsive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, personality disorders, Tourette syndrome, autism and agitation in those with dementia. Evidence however does not support the use of atypical antipsychotics Document [59] (Title: Antipsychotic) not recommended in children unless other treatments are not effective or unless the child has psychosis. The World Health Organization provides a description of recommendations for the prescription of antipsychotics for the purposes of the treatment of psychosis. Antipsychotic drug treatment is a key component of schizophrenia treatment algorithms recommended by the National Institute of Health and Care Excellence (NICE), the American Psychiatric Association, and the British Society for Psychopharmacology. The main effect of treatment with antipsychotics is to reduce the so-called "positive" symptoms, including delusions and hallucinations. There is mixed evidence to support a significant impact of antipsychotic use Document [60] (Title: Treatment of Tourette syndrome) Another traditional antipsychotic used in treating Tourette's is fluphenazine (brand name Prolixin), although the evidence supporting its use is less than that of haloperidol and pimozide. Newer neuroleptics, the atypical neuroleptics, are an alternative to the traditional medications used for treating tics. These medications have more selective dopamine blocking effects, or block serotonin with some blocking of dopamine. The medications in this class used to treat tics include risperidone (brand name Risperdal), olanzapine (brand name Zyprexa), ziprasidone (brand name Geodon), quetiapine (brand name Seroquel), clozapine (brand name Clozaril), tiapride, and sulpiride. They seem to have lower risks of neurological side Document [61] (Title: Psychopharmacology) one group is given a placebo, and the other is administered a carefully measured therapeutic dose of the drug in question. After all of the testing is completed, the drug is proposed to the concerned regulatory authority (e.g. the U.S. FDA), and is either commercially introduced to the public via prescription, or deemed safe enough for over the counter sale. Though particular drugs are prescribed for specific symptoms or syndromes, they are usually not specific to the treatment of any single mental disorder. Because of their ability to modify the behavior of even the most disturbed patients, the antipsychotic, antianxiety, Document [62] (Title: Typical antipsychotic) antipsychotics may increase the risk of death in elderly patients. A retrospective cohort study from the "New England Journal of Medicine" on Dec. 1, 2005 showed an increase in risk of death with the use of typical antipsychotics that was on par with the increase shown with atypical antipsychotics. This has led some to question the common use of antipsychotics for the treatment of agitation in the elderly, particularly with the availability of alternatives such as mood stabilizing and antiepileptic drugs. Traditional antipsychotics are classified as either "high-potency" or "low-potency": Some of the high-potency antipsychotics have been formulated as the Document [63] (Title: Schizophrenia) the newer antipsychotics reduce the chances of developing neuroleptic malignant syndrome or tardive dyskinesia, a rare but serious neurological disorder. For people who are unwilling or unable to take medication regularly, long-acting depot preparations of antipsychotics may be used to achieve control. They reduce the risk of relapse to a greater degree than oral medications. When used in combination with psychosocial interventions, they may improve long-term adherence to treatment. The American Psychiatric Association suggests considering stopping antipsychotics in some people if there are no symptoms for more than a year. A number of psychosocial interventions may be useful in the Document [64] (Title: Atypical antipsychotic) 20%. Clozapine is considered a first choice treatment for treatment-refactory schizophrenia, especially in the short term; in the longer-terms the risks of adverse effects complicate the choice. The utility of broadly grouping the antipsychotics into first generation and atypical categories has been challenged. It has been argued that a more nuanced view, matching the properties of individual drugs to the needs of specific patients is preferable. While the atypical (second-generation) antipsychotics were marketed as offering greater efficacy in reducing psychotic symptoms while reducing side effects (and extrapyramidal symptoms in particular) than typical medications, the results showing these effects often lacked Document [65] (Title: Atypical antipsychotic) this CATIE study roughly replicated these findings. Compliance has not been shown to be different between the two types. Overall evaluations of the CATIE and other studies have led many researchers to question the first-line prescribing of atypicals over typicals, or even to question the distinction between the two classes. It has been suggested that there is no validity to the term "second-generation antipsychotic drugs" and that the drugs that currently occupy this category are not identical to each other in mechanism, efficacy, and side-effect profiles. In bipolar disorder, SGAs are most commonly used to rapidly control acute mania and Document [66] (Title: Atypical antipsychotic) Manchester University researchers found that typical antipsychotics were no worse than atypical antipsychotics. The research was funded by the National Health Service (NHS) of the UK. Because each medication (whether first or second generation) has its own profile of desirable and adverse effects, a neuropsychopharmacologist may recommend one of the older ("typical" or first generation) or newer ("atypical" or second generation) antipsychotics alone or in combination with other medications, based on the symptom profile, response pattern, and adverse effects history of the individual patient. Stahl: AP Explained 1 Atypical antipsychotic The atypical antipsychotics (AAP; also known as second generation antipsychotics Document [67] (Title: Penfluridol) Penfluridol Penfluridol (Semap, Micefal, Longoperidol) is a highly potent, first generation diphenylbutylpiperidine antipsychotic. It was discovered at Janssen Pharmaceutica in 1968. Related to other diphenylbutylpiperidine antipsychotics, pimozide and fluspirilene, penfluridol has an extremely long elimination half-life and its effects last for many days after single oral dose. Its antipsychotic potency, in terms of dose needed to produce comparable effects, is similar to both haloperidol and pimozide. It is only slightly sedative, but often causes extrapyramidal side-effects, such as akathisia, dyskinesiae and pseudo-Parkinsonism. Penfluridol is indicated for antipsychotic treatment of chronic schizophrenia and similar psychotic disorders, it is, however, like most Document [68] (Title: Atypical antipsychotic) side-effect profile were sought-after for widespread use. During the 1990s, olanzapine, risperidone, and quetiapine were introduced, with ziprasidone and aripiprazole following in the early 2000s. The atypical anti-psychotic paliperidone was approved by the FDA in late 2006. The atypical antipsychotics have found favor among clinicians and are now considered to be first-line treatments for schizophrenia and are gradually replacing the typical antipsychotics. In the past, most researchers have agreed that the defining characteristics of atypical antipsychotics are the decreased incidence of extrapyramidal side effects (EPS) and an absence of sustained prolactin elevation. The terminology can still be imprecise. The definition Document [69] (Title: Amisulpride) receptors to relieve depressive symptoms (in dysthymia) and the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. It was introduced by Sanofi-Aventis in the 1990s. Its patent had expired by 2008 and hence generic formulations are now available. It is marketed in all English-speaking countries except for Canada and the United States. In a 2013 study in a comparison of 15 antipsychotic drugs in effectiveness in treating schizophrenic symptoms, amisulpride was ranked second and demonstrated high effectiveness. 11% more effective than olanzapine (3rd), 32-35% more effective than haloperidol, quetiapine, and aripiprazole, and 25% less effective than clozapine (1st). Although according to other studies it Document [70] (Title: Dopamine) are associated with the drug, such as friends, locations and situations. Association networks in the brain are greatly interlinked. Psychiatrists in the early 1950s discovered that a class of drugs known as typical antipsychotics (also known as major tranquilizers), were often effective at reducing the psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia. The introduction of the first widely used antipsychotic, chlorpromazine (Thorazine), in the 1950s, led to the release of many patients with schizophrenia from institutions in the years that followed. By the 1970s researchers understood that these typical antipsychotics worked as antagonists on the D2 receptors. This realization led to the so-called Document [71] (Title: Atypical antipsychotic) extense Risperdone and paliperidone cause a high increase of prolactin. In April 2005, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued an advisory and subsequent black box warning regarding the risks of atypical anti psychotic use among elderly patients with dementia. The FDA advisory was associated with decreases in the use of atypical antipsychotics, especially among elderly patients with dementia. Subsequent research reports confirmed the mortality risks associated with the use of both conventional and atypical antipsychotics to treat patients with dementia. Consequently, in 2008 the FDA issued although a black box warning for classical neuroleptics. Data on treatment efficacies Question: antipsychotic drugs are also known by what two other names Answer: neuroleptics or major tranquilizers Long Answer: Antipsychotics, also known as neuroleptics or major tranquilizers, are a class of medication primarily used to manage psychosis (including delusions, hallucinations, paranoia or disordered thought), principally in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder . They are increasingly being used in the management of non-psychotic disorders . Antipsychotics are usually effective in relieving symptoms of psychosis in the short term. Gold Document ID: 17

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Antipsychotic) Antipsychotic Antipsychotics, also known as neuroleptics or major tranquilizers, are a class of medication primarily used to manage psychosis (including delusions, hallucinations, paranoia or disordered thought), principally in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. They are increasingly being used in the management of non-psychotic disorders. Antipsychotics are usually effective in relieving symptoms of psychosis in the short term. The long-term use of antipsychotics is associated with side effects such as involuntary movement disorders, gynecomastia, and metabolic syndrome. They are also associated with increased mortality in elderly people with dementia. First-generation antipsychotics, known as typical antipsychotics, were discovered in the 1950s. Most second-generation Document [2] (Title: Lunatic asylum) Heinz Lehmann, who was based in Montreal. Also in 1954 another antipsychotic, reserpine, was first used by an American psychiatrist based in New York, Nathan S. Kline. At a Paris-based colloquium on neuroleptics (antipsychotics) in 1955 a series of psychiatric studies were presented by, among others, Hans Hoff (Vienna), Dr. Ihsan Aksel (Istanbul), Felix Labarth (Basle), Linford Rees (London), Sarro (Barcelona), Manfred Bleuler (Zurich), Willi Mayer-Gross (Birmingham), Winford (Washington) and Denber (New York) attesting to the effective and concordant action of the new drugs in the treatment of psychosis. The new antipsychotics had an immense impact on the lives of Document [3] (Title: Management of schizophrenia) of the first antipsychotic chlorpromazine. Others such as haloperidol and trifluoperazine soon followed. It remains unclear whether the newer antipsychotics reduce the chances of developing neuroleptic malignant syndrome, a rare but serious and potentially fatal neurological disorder most often caused by an adverse reaction to neuroleptic or antipsychotic drugs. Most people on antipsychotics get side effects. People on typical antipsychotics tend to have a higher rate of extrapyramidal side effects while some atypicals are associated with considerable weight gain, diabetes, and risk of metabolic syndrome; this is most pronounced with olanzapine, while risperidone and quetiapine are also associated with weight Document [4] (Title: Psychosis) risks, and costs. It is debatable whether, as a class, typical or atypical antipsychotics are better. Tentative evidence supports that amisulpride, olanzapine, risperidone and clozapine may be more effective for positive symptoms but result in more side effects. Typical antipsychotics have equal drop-out and symptom relapse rates to atypicals when used at low to moderate dosages. There is a good response in 40–50%, a partial response in 30–40%, and treatment resistance (failure of symptoms to respond satisfactorily after six weeks to two or three different antipsychotics) in 20% of people. Clozapine is an effective treatment for those who respond poorly Document [5] (Title: Atypical antipsychotic) haloperidol — the most widely used typical antipsychotic — to cause extrapyramidal motor control disabilities in patients such as unsteady Parkinson's disease-type movements, body rigidity, and involuntary tremors. However, only a few of the atypicals have been demonstrated to be superior to lesser-used, low-potency first-generation antipsychotics in this regard. As experience with these agents has grown, several studies have questioned the utility of broadly characterizing antipsychotic drugs as "atypical/second generation" as opposed to "first generation," noting that each agent has its own efficacy and side-effect profile. It has been argued that a more nuanced view in which the needs of Document [6] (Title: Antipsychotic) notwithstanding a greater propensity for metabolic adverse effects in the latter. The UK government organization NICE recently revised its recommendation favoring atypicals, to advise that the choice should be an individual one based on the particular profiles of the individual drug and on the patient's preferences. The re-evaluation of the evidence has not necessarily slowed the bias toward prescribing the atypicals. Generally, more than one antipsychotic drug should not be used at a time because of increased adverse effects. Very rarely antipsychotics may cause tardive psychosis. Some studies have found decreased life expectancy associated with the use of antipsychotics, and Document [7] (Title: Antipsychotic) ("neuron", originally meaning "sinew" but today referring to the nerves) and "λαμβάνω" ("lambanō", meaning "take hold of"). Thus, the word means "taking hold of one's nerves". It was often taken to refer also to common side effects such as reduced activity in general, as well as lethargy and impaired motor control. Although these effects are unpleasant and in some cases harmful, they were at one time, along with akathisia, considered a reliable sign that the drug was working. The term "ataraxy" was coined by the neurologist Howard Fabing and the classicist Alister Cameron to describe the observed effect of psychic Document [8] (Title: Child and adolescent psychiatry) sometimes given antipsychotic drugs as a first-line treatment for mental health problems or behavioral issues other than a psychotic disorder, which is not the ideal treatment approach for these drugs. In the United States, the usage of these drugs in young people has greatly increased since 2000, especially among children from low-income families. More research is needed to specifically assess the efficacy and tolerability of antipsychotic medications in pediatric populations. Because of the risk of weight gain, metabolic side effects, and cardiovascular changes with antipsychotic use, the use of the drugs in pediatric populations is highly scrutinized. In 1947, child Document [9] (Title: Treatment of mental disorders) over conventional antipsychotics because they reduce the prevalence of pseudoparkinsonism which causes tremors and muscular rigidity similar to Parkinson’s disease. The most severe side effect of antipsychotics is agranulocytosis, a depression of white blood cell count with unknown cause, and some patients may also experience photosensitivity. Early antidepressants were discovered through research on treating tuberculosis and yielded the class of antidepressants known as monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAO). Only two MAO inhibitors remain on the market in the United States because they alter the metabolism of the dietary amino acid tyramine which can lead to a hypertensive crisis. Research on improving Document [10] (Title: Typical antipsychotic) Typical antipsychotic Typical antipsychotics are a class of antipsychotic drugs first developed in the 1950s and used to treat psychosis (in particular, schizophrenia). Typical antipsychotics may also be used for the treatment of acute mania, agitation, and other conditions. The first typical antipsychotics to come into medical use were the phenothiazines, namely chlorpromazine which was discovered serendipitously. Another prominent grouping of antipsychotics are the butyrophenones, an example of which would be haloperidol. The newer, second-generation antipsychotics, also known as atypical antipsychotics, have replaced the typical antipsychotics due to the Parkinson-like side effects typicals have. Both generations of medication tend to Document [11] (Title: Psychomotor agitation) if the agitation is suspected to be akathisia, which can be potentially worsened. Also using promethazine may be useful. Recently, three atypical antipsychotics, olanzapine, aripiprazole and ziprasidone, have become available and FDA approved as an instant release intramuscular injection formulations to control acute agitation. The IM formulations of these three atypical antipsychotics to be at least as effective or even more effective than the IM administration of haloperidol alone or haloperidol with lorazepam (which is the standard treatment of agitation in most hospitals) and the atypicals have a dramatically improved tolerability due to a milder side-effect profile. In those with Document [12] (Title: Olanzapine) only clozapine, olanzapine, and risperidone were better than first generation antipsychotics. A 2011 review concluded that neither first- nor second generation antipsychotics produce clinically meaningful changes in Clinical Global Impression scores but found that olanzapine and amisulpride produce larger effects on the PANSS and BPRS batteries than five other second generation antipsychotics or pooled first generation antipsychotics. A 2010 Cochrane systematic review found that olanzapine may have a slight advantage in effectiveness when compared to aripiprazole, quetiapine, risperidone and ziprasidone. No differences in effectiveness was detected when comparing olanzapine to amisulpride and clozapine. A 2014 meta analysis of 9 published Document [13] (Title: Phenothiazine) and their activity was a pioneering example of medicinal chemistry; phenothiazine is often discussed as a prototypical example of a pharmaceutical lead structure. The term "phenothiazines" describes the largest of the five main classes of antipsychotic drugs. These drugs have antipsychotic and, often, antiemetic properties, although they may also cause severe side effects such as extrapyramidal symptoms (including akathisia and tardive dyskinesia), hyperprolactinaemia, and the rare but potentially fatal neuroleptic malignant syndrome, as well as substantial weight gain. Use of phenothiazines has been associated with antiphospholipid syndrome, but no causal relationship has been established. Phenothiazine antipsychotics are classified into three Document [14] (Title: Antipsychotic) control rather than to treat specific symptoms experienced by the patient. Use of this class of drugs has a history of criticism in residential care. As the drugs used can make patients calmer and more compliant, critics claim that the drugs can be overused. Outside doctors can feel under pressure from care home staff. In an official review commissioned by UK government ministers it was reported that the needless use of antipsychotic medication in dementia care was widespread and was linked to 1800 deaths per year. In the US, the government has initiated legal action against the pharmaceutical company Johnson Document [15] (Title: Antipsychotic) bipolar disorder instead. The goals of treatment of these patients include reducing symptoms and potentially improving long-term treatment outcomes. Randomized clinical trials have provided evidence for the efficacy of antipsychotic drugs in achieving the former goal, with first-generation and second generation antipsychotics showing about equal efficacy. Evidence that early treatment has a favorable effect on long term outcomes is equivocal. Placebo-controlled trials of both first and second generation antipsychotic drugs consistently demonstrate the superiority of active drug to placebo in suppressing psychotic symptoms. A large meta-analysis of 38 trials of antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenia acute psychotic episodes showed an effect Document [16] (Title: Schizoaffective disorder) psychosis and mood disorder. Antipsychotic medication is usually required both for acute treatment and the prevention of relapse. There is no single antipsychotic of choice in treating schizoaffective disorder, but atypical antipsychotics should be considered because they have mood-stabilizing activity. Paliperidone is an antipsychotic with FDA approval for the treatment of schizoaffective disorder. Antipsychotics should be used at the minimum dose necessary to control symptoms. Potential side effects include extrapyramidal symptoms, including tremor, muscle stiffness, and restlessness or akathisia. Atypical antipsychotics carry a risk of metabolic syndrome, including weight gain, increased blood sugar, and increased blood cholesterol, so regular monitoring Document [17] (Title: Antipsychotic) use can be replaced or reduced. Elderly persons often have their dementia treated first with antipsychotics and this is not the best management strategy. Antipsychotic Antipsychotics, also known as neuroleptics or major tranquilizers, are a class of medication primarily used to manage psychosis (including delusions, hallucinations, paranoia or disordered thought), principally in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. They are increasingly being used in the management of non-psychotic disorders. Antipsychotics are usually effective in relieving symptoms of psychosis in the short term. The long-term use of antipsychotics is associated with side effects such as involuntary movement disorders, gynecomastia, and metabolic syndrome. They Document [18] (Title: Atypical antipsychotic) the typical antipsychotics. This may explain why relapse into psychosis happens quicker with atypical antipsychotics than with typical antipsychotics, as the drug is excreted faster and is no longer working in the brain. Physical dependence with these drugs is very rare. However, if the drug is abruptly discontinued, psychotic symptoms, movement disorders, and sleep difficulty may be observed. It is possible that withdrawal is rarely seen because the AAP are stored in body fat tissues and slowly released. The first major tranquilizer or antipsychotic medication, chlorpromazine (Thorazine), a typical antipsychotic, was discovered in 1951 and introduced into clinical practice shortly Document [19] (Title: Atypical antipsychotic) individual patients are matched to the properties of individual drugs is more appropriate. Although atypical antipsychotics are thought to be safer than typical antipsychotics, they still have severe side effects, including tardive dyskinesia (a serious movement disorder), neuroleptic malignant syndrome, and increased risk of stroke, sudden cardiac death, blood clots, and diabetes. Significant weight gain may occur. Critics have argued that "the time has come to abandon the terms first-generation and second-generation antipsychotics, as they do not merit this distinction." Atypical antipsychotics are typically used to treat schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. They are also frequently used to treat agitation associated Document [20] (Title: Atypical antipsychotic) antipsychotics are most commonly administered orally. Antipsychotics can also be injected, but this method is not as common. They are lipid-soluble, are readily absorbed from the digestive tract, and can easily pass the blood–brain barrier and placental barriers. Once in the brain, the antipsychotics work at the synapse by binding to the receptor. Antipsychotics are completely metabolized in the body and the metabolites are excreted in urine. These drugs have relatively long half-lives. Each drug has a different half-life, but the occupancy of the D2 receptor falls off within 24 hours with atypical antipsychotics, while lasting over 24 hours for Document [21] (Title: Antipsychotic) those on the autism spectrum. Much of the evidence for the off-label use of antipsychotics (for example, for dementia, OCD, PTSD, Personality Disorders, Tourette's) was of insufficient scientific quality to support such use, especially as there was strong evidence of increased risks of stroke, tremors, significant weight gain, sedation, and gastrointestinal problems. A UK review of unlicensed usage in children and adolescents reported a similar mixture of findings and concerns. A survey of children with pervasive developmental disorder found that 16.5% were taking an antipsychotic drug, most commonly for irritability, aggression, and agitation. Risperidone has been approved by the US Document [22] (Title: Anticonvulsant) Anticonvulsant Anticonvulsants (also commonly known as antiepileptic drugs or as antiseizure drugs) are a diverse group of pharmacological agents used in the treatment of epileptic seizures. Anticonvulsants are also increasingly being used in the treatment of bipolar disorder and borderline personality disorder, since many seem to act as mood stabilizers, and for the treatment of neuropathic pain. Anticonvulsants suppress the excessive rapid firing of neurons during seizures. Anticonvulsants also prevent the spread of the seizure within the brain. Conventional antiepileptic drugs may block sodium channels or enhance γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) function. Several antiepileptic drugs have multiple or uncertain mechanisms of Document [23] (Title: Antipsychotic) around five days after treatment is commenced whereas lithium usually takes at least a week before the full therapeutic effects are seen) and the comparatively rapid antimanic effects of antipsychotic drugs. The antipsychotics have a documented efficacy when used alone in acute mania/mixed episodes. Three atypical antipsychotics (lurasidone, olanzapine and quetiapine) have also been found to possess efficacy in the treatment of bipolar depression as a monotherapy. Whereas only olanzapine and quetiapine have been proven to be effective broad-spectrum (i.e. against all three types of relapse— manic, mixed and depressive) prophylactic (or "maintenance") treatments in patients with bipolar disorder. A Document [24] (Title: Typical antipsychotic) milligrams of chlorpromazine. Agents with a chlorpromazine equivalence ranging from 5 to 10 milligrams would be considered "medium potency", and agents with 2 milligrams would be considered "high potency". Prochlorperazine (Compazine, Buccastem, Stemetil) and Pimozide (Orap) are less commonly used to treat psychotic states, and so are sometimes excluded from this classification. Where: † indicates products that have since been discontinued. Typical antipsychotic Typical antipsychotics are a class of antipsychotic drugs first developed in the 1950s and used to treat psychosis (in particular, schizophrenia). Typical antipsychotics may also be used for the treatment of acute mania, agitation, and other conditions. Document [25] (Title: Antipsychotic switching) Antipsychotic switching Antipsychotic switching refers to the process of switching out one antipsychotic for another antipsychotic. There are multiple indications for switching antipsychotics, including inadequate efficacy and drug intolerance. Contraindications occur when the risks of antipsychotic switching outweigh the benefits. There are several strategies that have been theorized for antipsychotic switching, based upon the timing of discontinuation and tapering of the original antipsychotic and the timing of initiation and titration of the new antipsychotic. Major adverse effects from antipsychotic switching may include supersensitivity syndromes, withdrawal, and rebound syndromes. Antipsychotics may be switched due to inadequate efficacy, drug intolerance, patient/guardian preference, Document [26] (Title: Atypical antipsychotic) are strongest for atypical antipsychotics. Adverse effects in patients with dementia include an increased risk of mortality and cerebrovascular events, as well as metabolic effects, extrapyramidal symptoms, falls, cognitive worsening, cardiac arrhythmia, and pneumonia. Conventional antipsychotics may pose an even greater safety risk. No clear efficacy evidence exists to support the use of alternative psychotropic classes (e.g. antidepressants, anticonvulsants). All of the atypical antipsychotics warn about the possibility of tardive dyskinesia in their package inserts and in the PDR. It is not possible to truly know the risks of tardive dyskinesia when taking atypicals, because tardive dyskinesia can take many Document [27] (Title: Psychiatric medication) are drugs used to treat various symptoms of psychosis, such as those caused by psychotic disorders or schizophrenia. Atypical antipsychotics are also used as mood stabilizers in the treatment of bipolar disorder, and they can augment the action of antidepressants in major depressive disorder. Antipsychotics are sometimes referred to as neuroleptic drugs and some antipsychotics are branded "major tranquilizers". There are two categories of antipsychotics: typical antipsychotics and atypical antipsychotics. Most antipsychotics are available only by prescription. Common antipsychotics: Benzodiazepines are effective as hypnotics, anxiolytics, anticonvulsants, myorelaxants and amnesics. Having less proclivity for overdose and toxicity, they have widely supplanted Document [28] (Title: Melperone) all other clinically-utilized antipsychotics, but it does so with a very low affinity and hence may be liable to rapidly dissociate from the D receptor hence potentially giving it the profile of an atypical antipsychotic. Melperone Melperone (Bunil , Buronil , Eunerpan ) is an atypical antipsychotic of the butyrophenone chemical class, making it structurally related to the typical antipsychotic haloperidol. It first entered clinical use in 1960s. It has been tried in treatment-resistant cases of schizophrenia with some (albeit limited) success. It has also been reported effective in the treatment of L-DOPA and other forms of psychosis in Parkinson's Document [29] (Title: Antipsychotic) drugs, known as atypical antipsychotics, have been developed more recently, although the first atypical antipsychotic, clozapine, was discovered in the 1960s and introduced clinically in the 1970s. Both generations of medication tend to block receptors in the brain's dopamine pathways, but atypicals tend to act on serotonin receptors as well. "Neuroleptic", originating from ("neuron") and ("take hold of") – thus meaning ""which takes the nerve"" – refers to both common neurological effects and side effects. Antipsychotics are most frequently used for the following conditions: They are not recommended for dementia or insomnia unless other treatments have not worked. They are Document [30] (Title: Schizophrenia) stopped. The choice of which antipsychotic to use is based on benefits, risks, and costs. It is debatable whether, as a class, typical or atypical antipsychotics are better. Amisulpride, olanzapine, risperidone, and clozapine may be more effective but are associated with greater side effects. Typical antipsychotics have equal drop-out and symptom relapse rates to atypicals when used at low to moderate dosages. There is a good response in 40–50%, a partial response in 30–40%, and treatment resistance (failure of symptoms to respond satisfactorily after six weeks to two or three different antipsychotics) in 20% of people. Clozapine is an effective Document [31] (Title: Clozapine) Clopin, Clopine, Clopsine, Cloril, Clorilex, Clozamed, Clozapex, Clozapin, Clozapina, Clozapine, Clozapinum, Clozapyl, Clozarem, Clozaril, Denzapine, Dicomex, Elcrit, Excloza, FazaClo, Froidir, Ihope, Klozapol, Lanolept, Lapenax, Leponex, Lodux, Lozapine, Lozatric, Luften, Medazepine, Mezapin, Nemea, Nirva, Ozadep, Ozapim, Refract, Refraxol, Schizonex, Sensipin, Sequax, Sicozapina, Sizoril, Syclop, Syzopin, Tanyl, Uspen, Versacloz, Xenopal, Zaclo, Zapenia, Zapine, Zaponex, Zaporil, Ziproc, and Zopin. Clozapine Clozapine, sold under the brand name Clozaril among others, is an atypical antipsychotic medication. It is mainly used for schizophrenia that does not improve following the use of other antipsychotic medications. In those with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder it may decrease the rate Document [32] (Title: Antipsychotic) dopamine-related side-effects. Atypical antipsychotic drugs have a similar blocking effect on D receptors, however, most also act on serotonin receptors, especially 5-HT and 5-HT receptors. Both clozapine and quetiapine appear to bind just long enough to elicit antipsychotic effects but not long enough to induce extrapyramidal side effects and prolactin hypersecretion. 5-HT antagonism increases dopaminergic activity in the nigrostriatal pathway, leading to a lowered extrapyramidal side effect liability among the atypical antipsychotics. The original antipsychotic drugs were happened upon largely by chance and then tested for their effectiveness. The first, chlorpromazine, was developed as a surgical anesthetic. It was first Document [33] (Title: Science Teams Against Disease) that are targeted by antipsychotic drugs, the serotonin 5-HT2AR and the glutamate mGlu2R receptors, come together to form a complex that is deregulated in schizophrenic patients. The functional consequences of this interaction were revealed in the 2011 Cell paper from Logothetis lab (Virginia Commonwealth University) in which this heteromeric complex was shown to be a convergent site for the activity of anti- or propsychotic drugs. According to the authors, atypical antipsychotics work through this receptor complex (5-HT2AR/ mGlu2R) and signal quite differently through the complex compared to how they signal through one or the other receptor alone. The signaling through Document [34] (Title: Management of borderline personality disorder) to have an improved adverse effect profile than the typical antipsychotics. Antipsychotics are also sometimes used to treat distortions in thinking or false perceptions. One meta-analysis of two randomly controlled trials, four non-controlled open-label studies and eight case reports has suggested that several atypical antipsychotics, including olanzapine, clozapine, quetiapine and risperidone, may help BPD patients with psychotic-like, impulsive or suicidal symptoms. However, there are numerous adverse effects of antipsychotics, notably Tardive dyskinesia (TD). Atypical antipsychotics are known for often causing considerable weight gain, with associated health complications. Mood stabilizers (used primarily to treat Bipolar disorder) such as lithium or lamotrigine Document [35] (Title: Atypical antipsychotic) Atypical antipsychotic The atypical antipsychotics (AAP; also known as second generation antipsychotics (SGAs)) are a group of antipsychotic drugs (antipsychotic drugs in general are also known as major tranquilizers and neuroleptics, although the latter is usually reserved for the "typical antipsychotics") used to treat psychiatric conditions. Some atypical antipsychotics have received regulatory approval (e.g. by the FDA of the US, the TGA of Australia, the MHRA of the UK) for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, autism, and as an adjunct in major depressive disorder. Both generations of medication tend to block receptors in the brain's dopamine pathways. Atypicals are less likely than Document [36] (Title: Psychosis) to other drugs ("treatment-resistant" or "refractory" schizophrenia), but it has the potentially serious side effect of agranulocytosis (lowered white blood cell count) in less than 4% of people. Most people on antipsychotics get side effects. People on typical antipsychotics tend to have a higher rate of extrapyramidal side effects while some atypicals are associated with considerable weight gain, diabetes and risk of metabolic syndrome; this is most pronounced with olanzapine, while risperidone and quetiapine are also associated with weight gain. Risperidone has a similar rate of extrapyramidal symptoms to haloperidol. Psychological treatments such as acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) are Document [37] (Title: Antipsychotic) classes." "# denotes drugs that have been withdrawn worldwide." This category is for drugs that have been called both first and second-generation, depending on the literature being used. Antipsychotic drugs such as haloperidol and chlorpromazine tend to block dopamine D receptors in the dopaminergic pathways of the brain. This means that dopamine released in these pathways has less effect. Excess release of dopamine in the mesolimbic pathway has been linked to psychotic experiences. Decreased dopamine release in the prefrontal cortex, and excess dopamine release in other pathways, are associated with psychotic episodes in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. In addition to Document [38] (Title: Neuroleptic malignant syndrome) been stable for a period of time on antipsychotics, especially in situations where the dose has not been changed and there are no issues of noncompliance or consumption of psychoactive substances known to worsen psychosis. NMS is usually caused by antipsychotic drug use, and a wide range of drugs can result in NMS. Individuals using butyrophenones (such as haloperidol and droperidol) or phenothiazines (such as promethazine and chlorpromazine) are reported to be at greatest risk. However, various atypical antipsychotics such as clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, quetiapine, and ziprasidone have also been implicated in cases. NMS may also occur in people taking Document [39] (Title: Anticonvulsant) The drug class was the 5th-best-selling in the US in 2007. Some anticonvulsants have shown antiepileptogenic effects in animal models of epilepsy. That is, they either prevent the development of epilepsy or can halt or reverse the progression of epilepsy. However, no drug has been shown in human trials to prevent epileptogenesis (the development of epilepsy in an individual at risk, such as after a head injury). Anticonvulsants are more accurately called antiepileptic drugs (abbreviated "AEDs"), and are often referred to as antiseizure drugs because they provide symptomatic treatment only and have not been demonstrated to alter the course of Document [40] (Title: Antipsychotic) diagnosis or treatment. Pharmaceutical companies have also been accused of attempting to set the mental health agenda through activities such as funding consumer advocacy groups. It is recommended that persons with dementia who exhibit behavioral and psychological symptoms should not be given antipsychotics before trying other treatments. When taking antipsychotics this population has increased risk of cerebrovascular effects, parkinsonism or extrapyramidal symptoms, sedation, confusion and other cognitive adverse effects, weight gain, and increased mortality. Physicians and caretakers of persons with dementia should try to address symptoms including agitation, aggression, apathy, anxiety, depression, irritability, and psychosis with alternative treatments whenever antipsychotic Document [41] (Title: Antipsychotic switching) drug regimen simplification, or for economic reasons. In general, contraindications to antipsychotic switching are cases in which the risk of switching outweighs the potential benefit. Contraindications to antipsychotic switching include effective treatment of an acute psychotic episode, patients stable on a LAI antipsychotic with a history of poor adherence, and stable patients with a history of self-injurious behavior, violent behavior, or significant self-neglect or other symptoms. There are multiple strategies available for switching antipsychotics. An abrupt switch involves abruptly switching from one antipsychotic to the other without any titration. A cross-taper is accomplished by gradually discontinuing the pre-switch antipsychotic while Document [42] (Title: Treatment of mental disorders) depression. Antipsychotics are used for psychotic disorders, notably in schizophrenia. However, they are also often used in smaller doses to treat anxiety. Stimulants are commonly used, notably for ADHD. Despite the different conventional names of the drug groups, there can be considerable overlap in the kinds of disorders for which they are actually indicated. There may also be off-label use. There can be problems with adverse effects and adherence. In addition of atypical antipsychotics in cases of inadequate response to antidepressant therapy is an increasingly popular strategy that is well supported in the literature, though these medications may result in Document [43] (Title: Schizoaffective disorder) of weight and bloodwork should be carried out. Some atypical antipsychotics, such as ziprasidone and aripiprazole, are associated with less risk than others, such as olanzapine. Medication choice is based on how effectively it reduces symptoms, how few side effects it causes, and cost. In people with treatment-refractory psychosis, a clozapine trial should be considered. Clozapine is an atypical antipsychotic that is recognized as being particularly effective when other antipsychotic agents have failed. Clozapine should also be considered in people with chronic and persistent suicidal thinking and behaviour, as it has been shown to reduce the risk of suicide in Document [44] (Title: Antipsychotic) to anxiolytic and/or hypnotic drugs such as the benzodiazepines and nonbenzodiazepines, which have some antipsychotic properties and are recommended for concurrent use with antipsychotics, and are useful for insomnia or drug-induced psychosis. They are powerful (and potentially addictive) sedatives. Antipsychotics are broadly divided into two groups, the typical or first-generation antipsychotics and the atypical or second-generation antipsychotics. The typical antipsychotics are classified according to their chemical structure while the atypical antipsychotics are classified according to their pharmacological properties. These include serotonin-dopamine antagonists (see dopamine antagonist and serotonin antagonist), multi-acting receptor-targeted antipsychotics (MARTA, those targeting several systems), and dopamine partial agonists, Document [45] (Title: Antipsychotic) there was considerable debate within psychiatry on the most appropriate term to use to describe the new drugs. In the late 1950s the most widely used term was "neuroleptic", followed by "major tranquilizer" and then "ataraxic". The first recorded use of the term tranquilizer dates from the early nineteenth century. In 1953 Frederik F. Yonkman, a chemist at the Swiss-based Cibapharmaceutical company, first used the term tranquilizer to differentiate reserpine from the older sedatives. The word "neuroleptic" was coined in 1955 by Delay and Deniker after their discovery (1952) of the antipsychotic effects of chlorpromazine. It is derived from the Document [46] (Title: Lurasidone) to be superior in doing this to all of the other antipsychotics examined, including risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, clozapine, aripiprazole, and haloperidol. Lurasidone has activity at several serotonin receptors that are involved in learning and memory, and unlike most other antipsychotics, lacks any anticholinergic effects (which are known to impair cognitive processes and memory). These properties may underlie its improved effectiveness in treating these symptoms relative to older agents. Lurasidone Lurasidone (; trade name Latuda) is an atypical antipsychotic developed by Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma and marketed by Sunovion in the U.S. It has been an FDA approved treatment for schizophrenia since Document [47] (Title: Antipsychotic) argued that more studies are needed. Antipsychotics may also increase the risk of early death in individuals with dementia. Antipsychotics typically worsen symptoms in people who suffer from depersonalisation disorder. Antipsychotic polypharmacy (prescribing two or more antipsychotics at the same time for an individual) is a common practice but not evidence-based or recommended, and there are initiatives to curtail it. Similarly, the use of excessively high doses (often the result of polypharmacy) continues despite clinical guidelines and evidence indicating that it is usually no more effective but is usually more harmful. Loss of grey matter and other brain structural changes Document [48] (Title: Atypical antipsychotic) thereafter. Clozapine (Clozaril), an atypical antipsychotic, fell out of favor due to concerns over drug-induced agranulocytosis. Following research indicating its effectiveness in treatment-resistant schizophrenia and the development of an adverse event monitoring system, clozapine re-emerged as a viable antipsychotic. According to Barker (2003), the three most-accepted atypical drugs are clozapine, risperidone, and olanzapine. However, he goes on to explain that clozapine is usually the last resort when other drugs fail. Clozapine can cause agranulocytosis (a decreased number of white blood cells), requiring blood monitoring for the patient. Despite the effectiveness of clozapine for treatment-resistant schizophrenia, agents with a more favorable Document [49] (Title: Atypical antipsychotic) robustness, and the assumption was increasingly challenged even as atypical prescriptions were soaring. In 2005 the US government body NIMH published the results of a major independent (not funded by the pharmaceutical companies) multi-site, double-blind study (the CATIE project). This study compared several atypical antipsychotics to an older typical antipsychotic, perphenazine, among 1,493 persons with schizophrenia. The study found that only olanzapine outperformed perphenazine in discontinuation rate (the rate at which people stopped taking it due to its effects). The authors noted an apparent superior efficacy of olanzapine to the other drugs in terms of reduction in psychopathology and rate Document [50] (Title: Antipsychotic) FDA for the treatment of irritability in autistic children and adolescents. Aggressive challenging behavior in adults with intellectual disability is often treated with antipsychotic drugs despite lack of an evidence base. A recent randomized controlled trial, however, found no benefit over placebo and recommended that the use of antipsychotics in this way should no longer be regarded as an acceptable routine treatment. It is unclear whether the atypical (second-generation) antipsychotics offer advantages over older, first generation antipsychotics. Amisulpride, olanzapine, risperidone and clozapine may be more effective but are associated with greater side effects. Typical antipsychotics have equal drop-out and symptom Document [51] (Title: Antipsychotic) which are often categorized as atypicals. The term "major tranquilizer" was used for older antipsychotic drugs. The term "neuroleptic" is often used as a synonym for "antipsychotic", even though - strictly speaking - the two terms are not interchangeable. "Antipsychotic" drugs are a subgroup of "neuroleptic" drugs, because the latter have a wider range of effects. Antipsychotics are a type of psychoactive or psychotropic medication. Antipsychotics were once among the biggest selling and most profitable of all drugs, generating $22 billion in global sales in 2008. By 2003 in the US, an estimated 3.21 million patients received antipsychotics, worth an Document [52] (Title: Jeffrey Lieberman) from the National Institutes of Health and the NARSAD, Stanley, and Mental Illness Foundations. Lieberman served as principal investigator for Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) sponsored by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). The investigators compared a, "first-generation antipsychotic, perphenazine, with several newer drugs in a double-blind study". "Probably the biggest surprise of all was that the older medication produced about as good an effect as the newer medications, three of them anyway, and did not produce neurological side effects at greater rates than any of the other drugs," Lieberman told "The New York Times". Lieberman's work Document [53] (Title: Antipsychotic) process of cross-titration involves gradually increasing the dose of the new medication while gradually decreasing the dose of the old medication. Clinically used antipsychotic medications are listed below by drug group. Trade names appear in parentheses. A 2013 review has stated that the division of antipsychotics into first and second generation is perhaps not accurate. Notes: "† indicates drugs that are no longer (or were never) marketed in English-speaking countries. " "‡ denotes drugs that are no longer (or were never to begin with) marketed in the United States. Some antipsychotics are not firmly placed in either first-generation or second-generation Document [54] (Title: Typical antipsychotic) block receptors in the brain's dopamine pathways, but atypicals at the time of marketing were claimed to differ from typical antipsychotics in that they are less likely to cause extrapyramidal motor control disabilities in patients, which include unsteady Parkinson's disease-type movements, body rigidity and involuntary tremors. More recent research has demonstrated the side effect profile of these drugs is similar to older drugs, causing the leading medical journal "The Lancet" to write in its editorial "the time has come to abandon the terms first-generation and second-generation antipsychotics, as they do not merit this distinction." These abnormal body movements can become Document [55] (Title: Antipsychotic) is thought to produce some unwanted side effects that the typical antipsychotics can produce (see above). They were commonly classified on a spectrum of low potency to high potency, where potency referred to the ability of the drug to bind to dopamine receptors, and not to the effectiveness of the drug. High-potency antipsychotics such as haloperidol, in general, have doses of a few milligrams and cause less sleepiness and calming effects than low-potency antipsychotics such as chlorpromazine and thioridazine, which have dosages of several hundred milligrams. The latter have a greater degree of anticholinergic and antihistaminergic activity, which can counteract Document [56] (Title: Neuroleptanalgesic) Neuroleptanalgesic The word neuroleptic originates from the Greek word lepsis ("seizure"). Antipsychotics ( neuroleptics or tranquilizers) were investigated by the anesthesiologists De Castro and Mundeleer who coined the term neuroleptanalgesia, an anesthetic process that involves combining a major neuroleptic tranquilizer/antipsychotic with a potent opioid analgesic to produce a detached, pain-free state. This technique was widely used from the 1960s onwards, initially using a combination of phenoperidine and haloperidol, which was subsequently replaced in the early 1980s by a combination of fentanyl and droperidol. Efforts were also made to develop compounds which combined both types of activity in a single molecule. Document [57] (Title: Psychosis) a Nobel Prize in 1949. Between the late 1930s and early 1970s, the leucotomy was a widely accepted practice, often performed in non-sterile environments such as small outpatient clinics and patient homes. Psychosurgery remained standard practice until the discovery of antipsychotic pharmacology in the 1950s. The first clinical trial of antipsychotics (also commonly known as neuroleptics) for the treatment of psychosis took place in 1952. Chlorpromazine (brand name: Thorazine) passed clinical trials and became the first antipsychotic medication approved for the treatment of both acute and chronic psychosis. Although the mechanism of action was not discovered until 1963, the administration Document [58] (Title: Antipsychotic) physical harm to others. Psychosocial interventions may reduce the need for antipsychotics. A number of atypical antipsychotics have some benefits when used in addition to other treatments in major depressive disorder. Aripiprazole, quetiapine, and olanzapine (when used in conjunction with fluoxetine) have received the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) labelling for this indication. There is, however, a greater risk of side effects with their use. Besides the above uses antipsychotics may be used for obsessive–compulsive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, personality disorders, Tourette syndrome, autism and agitation in those with dementia. Evidence however does not support the use of atypical antipsychotics Document [59] (Title: Antipsychotic) not recommended in children unless other treatments are not effective or unless the child has psychosis. The World Health Organization provides a description of recommendations for the prescription of antipsychotics for the purposes of the treatment of psychosis. Antipsychotic drug treatment is a key component of schizophrenia treatment algorithms recommended by the National Institute of Health and Care Excellence (NICE), the American Psychiatric Association, and the British Society for Psychopharmacology. The main effect of treatment with antipsychotics is to reduce the so-called "positive" symptoms, including delusions and hallucinations. There is mixed evidence to support a significant impact of antipsychotic use Document [60] (Title: Treatment of Tourette syndrome) Another traditional antipsychotic used in treating Tourette's is fluphenazine (brand name Prolixin), although the evidence supporting its use is less than that of haloperidol and pimozide. Newer neuroleptics, the atypical neuroleptics, are an alternative to the traditional medications used for treating tics. These medications have more selective dopamine blocking effects, or block serotonin with some blocking of dopamine. The medications in this class used to treat tics include risperidone (brand name Risperdal), olanzapine (brand name Zyprexa), ziprasidone (brand name Geodon), quetiapine (brand name Seroquel), clozapine (brand name Clozaril), tiapride, and sulpiride. They seem to have lower risks of neurological side Document [61] (Title: Psychopharmacology) one group is given a placebo, and the other is administered a carefully measured therapeutic dose of the drug in question. After all of the testing is completed, the drug is proposed to the concerned regulatory authority (e.g. the U.S. FDA), and is either commercially introduced to the public via prescription, or deemed safe enough for over the counter sale. Though particular drugs are prescribed for specific symptoms or syndromes, they are usually not specific to the treatment of any single mental disorder. Because of their ability to modify the behavior of even the most disturbed patients, the antipsychotic, antianxiety, Document [62] (Title: Typical antipsychotic) antipsychotics may increase the risk of death in elderly patients. A retrospective cohort study from the "New England Journal of Medicine" on Dec. 1, 2005 showed an increase in risk of death with the use of typical antipsychotics that was on par with the increase shown with atypical antipsychotics. This has led some to question the common use of antipsychotics for the treatment of agitation in the elderly, particularly with the availability of alternatives such as mood stabilizing and antiepileptic drugs. Traditional antipsychotics are classified as either "high-potency" or "low-potency": Some of the high-potency antipsychotics have been formulated as the Document [63] (Title: Schizophrenia) the newer antipsychotics reduce the chances of developing neuroleptic malignant syndrome or tardive dyskinesia, a rare but serious neurological disorder. For people who are unwilling or unable to take medication regularly, long-acting depot preparations of antipsychotics may be used to achieve control. They reduce the risk of relapse to a greater degree than oral medications. When used in combination with psychosocial interventions, they may improve long-term adherence to treatment. The American Psychiatric Association suggests considering stopping antipsychotics in some people if there are no symptoms for more than a year. A number of psychosocial interventions may be useful in the Document [64] (Title: Atypical antipsychotic) 20%. Clozapine is considered a first choice treatment for treatment-refactory schizophrenia, especially in the short term; in the longer-terms the risks of adverse effects complicate the choice. The utility of broadly grouping the antipsychotics into first generation and atypical categories has been challenged. It has been argued that a more nuanced view, matching the properties of individual drugs to the needs of specific patients is preferable. While the atypical (second-generation) antipsychotics were marketed as offering greater efficacy in reducing psychotic symptoms while reducing side effects (and extrapyramidal symptoms in particular) than typical medications, the results showing these effects often lacked Document [65] (Title: Atypical antipsychotic) this CATIE study roughly replicated these findings. Compliance has not been shown to be different between the two types. Overall evaluations of the CATIE and other studies have led many researchers to question the first-line prescribing of atypicals over typicals, or even to question the distinction between the two classes. It has been suggested that there is no validity to the term "second-generation antipsychotic drugs" and that the drugs that currently occupy this category are not identical to each other in mechanism, efficacy, and side-effect profiles. In bipolar disorder, SGAs are most commonly used to rapidly control acute mania and Document [66] (Title: Atypical antipsychotic) Manchester University researchers found that typical antipsychotics were no worse than atypical antipsychotics. The research was funded by the National Health Service (NHS) of the UK. Because each medication (whether first or second generation) has its own profile of desirable and adverse effects, a neuropsychopharmacologist may recommend one of the older ("typical" or first generation) or newer ("atypical" or second generation) antipsychotics alone or in combination with other medications, based on the symptom profile, response pattern, and adverse effects history of the individual patient. Stahl: AP Explained 1 Atypical antipsychotic The atypical antipsychotics (AAP; also known as second generation antipsychotics Document [67] (Title: Penfluridol) Penfluridol Penfluridol (Semap, Micefal, Longoperidol) is a highly potent, first generation diphenylbutylpiperidine antipsychotic. It was discovered at Janssen Pharmaceutica in 1968. Related to other diphenylbutylpiperidine antipsychotics, pimozide and fluspirilene, penfluridol has an extremely long elimination half-life and its effects last for many days after single oral dose. Its antipsychotic potency, in terms of dose needed to produce comparable effects, is similar to both haloperidol and pimozide. It is only slightly sedative, but often causes extrapyramidal side-effects, such as akathisia, dyskinesiae and pseudo-Parkinsonism. Penfluridol is indicated for antipsychotic treatment of chronic schizophrenia and similar psychotic disorders, it is, however, like most Document [68] (Title: Atypical antipsychotic) side-effect profile were sought-after for widespread use. During the 1990s, olanzapine, risperidone, and quetiapine were introduced, with ziprasidone and aripiprazole following in the early 2000s. The atypical anti-psychotic paliperidone was approved by the FDA in late 2006. The atypical antipsychotics have found favor among clinicians and are now considered to be first-line treatments for schizophrenia and are gradually replacing the typical antipsychotics. In the past, most researchers have agreed that the defining characteristics of atypical antipsychotics are the decreased incidence of extrapyramidal side effects (EPS) and an absence of sustained prolactin elevation. The terminology can still be imprecise. The definition Document [69] (Title: Amisulpride) receptors to relieve depressive symptoms (in dysthymia) and the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. It was introduced by Sanofi-Aventis in the 1990s. Its patent had expired by 2008 and hence generic formulations are now available. It is marketed in all English-speaking countries except for Canada and the United States. In a 2013 study in a comparison of 15 antipsychotic drugs in effectiveness in treating schizophrenic symptoms, amisulpride was ranked second and demonstrated high effectiveness. 11% more effective than olanzapine (3rd), 32-35% more effective than haloperidol, quetiapine, and aripiprazole, and 25% less effective than clozapine (1st). Although according to other studies it Document [70] (Title: Dopamine) are associated with the drug, such as friends, locations and situations. Association networks in the brain are greatly interlinked. Psychiatrists in the early 1950s discovered that a class of drugs known as typical antipsychotics (also known as major tranquilizers), were often effective at reducing the psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia. The introduction of the first widely used antipsychotic, chlorpromazine (Thorazine), in the 1950s, led to the release of many patients with schizophrenia from institutions in the years that followed. By the 1970s researchers understood that these typical antipsychotics worked as antagonists on the D2 receptors. This realization led to the so-called Document [71] (Title: Atypical antipsychotic) extense Risperdone and paliperidone cause a high increase of prolactin. In April 2005, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued an advisory and subsequent black box warning regarding the risks of atypical anti psychotic use among elderly patients with dementia. The FDA advisory was associated with decreases in the use of atypical antipsychotics, especially among elderly patients with dementia. Subsequent research reports confirmed the mortality risks associated with the use of both conventional and atypical antipsychotics to treat patients with dementia. Consequently, in 2008 the FDA issued although a black box warning for classical neuroleptics. Data on treatment efficacies Question: antipsychotic drugs are also known by what two other names

Answer: neuroleptics or major tranquilizers Long Answer: Antipsychotics, also known as neuroleptics or major tranquilizers, are a class of medication primarily used to manage psychosis (including delusions, hallucinations, paranoia or disordered thought), principally in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder . They are increasingly being used in the management of non-psychotic disorders . Antipsychotics are usually effective in relieving symptoms of psychosis in the short term. Gold Document ID: 17

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Once Upon a Time (season 5)) and Megara, respectively. On December 3, 2015, the cast of the mid-season finale, "Swan Song", was revealed with Eric Keenleyside returning as Maurice, Belle's father and Oliver Bell being introduced as a Young Killian. On December 4, it was announced that Rachel Shelley would be reprising her role as Milah, Rumplestiltskin's ex-wife and Hook's ex-lover, for at least one episode in the second half of the season. On December 8, it was announced that the character of Dorothy Gale (previously portrayed by Matreya Scarrwener) will be returning midway through the second half of the season to be portrayed by a Document [2] (Title: Into the Deep (Once Upon a Time)) endanger herself for Mary Margaret and Emma's goals; but Aurora insists that every day since she was rescued has been a gift, and that it is right for her to use that gift to help someone else. They make camp so Aurora can sleep in order to meet with Henry again, but the camp is attacked by Cora's corpse army and Aurora is pulled from the netherworld when Mulan must awaken her. Mary Margaret, Emma, and Mulan prevent Cora's servants from taking the compass, but Aurora is abducted. Cora holds Aurora prisoner, revealing that she knew about Aurora's secret ambition Document [3] (Title: Skin Deep (Once Upon a Time)) Ruby (Meghan Ory) and Ashley (Jessy Schram), and a fateful deal made between Rumpelstiltskin (Carlyle) and Belle (Emilie de Ravin) is revealed – in which she gives up her freedom to save her village from the horrors of the Ogre Wars. The episode was written by consulting producer Jane Espenson and directed by Milan Cheylov. It featured the first appearance of de Ravin, who was cast as Belle in November 2011 after being approached by series co-creators Edward Kitsis and Adam Horowitz. Espenson created a love-themed episode; initially its main theme was to focus on Rumpelstiltskin choosing power over love, Document [4] (Title: Into the Deep (Once Upon a Time)) to go to Storybrooke with Emma and Snow, but Aurora is defiant even after Cora offers to help recover Philip's soul, explaining that the souls of wraith victims are transported to another realm. Cora is so angered, she knocks Aurora unconscious. She then sends a raven to inform Mary Margaret that Cora will kill Aurora if they fail to bring her the compass by sundown. Mulan wants to make the trade, but Mary Margaret suggests they re-establish contact with Henry in order to overpower Cora; if Mary Margaret were exposed to Mulan's sleeping powder, it should weaken her mental defenses Document [5] (Title: The Queen Is Dead (Once Upon a Time)) The Queen Is Dead (Once Upon a Time) "The Queen Is Dead" is the 15th episode of the second season of the American ABC fantasy/drama television series "Once Upon a Time", and the show's 37th episode overall. It aired on March 3, 2013. In this episode Mary Margaret has to find the dagger before Cora and Regina, while flashbacks show a young Snow trying to save her mother's life. It was co-written by David H. Goodman and Daniel T. Thomsen, while being directed by Gwyneth Horder-Payton. The Storybrooke clock tower is featured in the forest. Queen Eva (Rena Sofer) makes Document [6] (Title: Once Upon a Time (season 5)) Beverley Elliott and Keegan Connor Tracy confirmed via their Twitter accounts that they would be returning as Widow Lucas / Granny and Blue Fairy / Mother Superior respectively while it was also confirmed that Elliot Knight, Joana Metrass and Andrew Jenkins had been cast as Merlin, Guinevere and Percival respectively. Adam Horowitz announced on Twitter that Amy Manson had been cast in the role of the Scottish archer Princess Merida from "Brave". Addressing rumours surrounding the characters origins Kitsis and Horowitz stated, "we are sticking to the canon of the movie "Brave" in terms of who her parents are and Document [7] (Title: Once Upon a Time (season 4)) fellow cast members Jennifer Morrison as Emma Swan, Josh Dallas as Prince Charming / David Nolan, Colin O'Donoghue as Captain Killian "Hook" Jones and Jared S. Gilmore as Henry Mills, Lana Parrilla as the Evil Queen / Regina Mills and Emilie de Ravin as Belle. De Ravin also confirmed Robert Carlyle's return as Rumpelstiltskin / Mr. Gold, through a photo on her Instagram. On July 1, 2014, it was announced that Scott Michael Foster had been cast as "Frozen" character Kristoff and Elizabeth Lail as Anna. The following day, it was announced Georgina Haig had been cast as Elsa. On Document [8] (Title: Once Upon a Time (season 5)) new actress, as the character will be aged up to her late 20s-early 30s. On December 18, it was revealed that the recurring role had been recast to Teri Reeves, who will be making her first appearance in the 16th episode of the season. On January 8, 2016, it was announced that the character of Gaston from "Beauty and the Beast" will be reappearing in an upcoming episode in the back-half of the 5B arc. This marks his first appearance since the season one episode "Skin Deep." Wes Brown will be taking over the role from Sage Brocklebank. On February Document [9] (Title: Ginnifer Goodwin) in film. Goodwin played Gigi in "He's Just Not That into You", which was released in February 2009. For this role, she received a nomination for the People's Choice Award for Breakout Movie Actress. In April 2009 she began filming "Ramona and Beezus" (playing "Aunt Bea"). From 2011 to 2017, Goodwin played a leading role in the ABC fantasy drama series "Once Upon a Time". She played both the fairy tale heroine Snow White and her real world counterpart, schoolteacher Mary Margaret Blanchard. Goodwin and husband Josh Dallas exited the show at the end of its sixth season to move Document [10] (Title: Rose McIver) and Krysten Ritter. McIver was also cast as a recurring character on Showtime's "Masters of Sex", which is based on the book "Masters of Sex: The Life and Times of William Masters and Virginia Johnson, the Couple Who Taught America How to Love" by Thomas Maier. The drama began filming in New York City in March, and began to air in September 2013. In July 2013, it was announced that McIver landed the role of Tinker Bell for a multi-episode story arc on the series "Once Upon a Time". In January 2017, it was announced that McIver would reprise her Document [11] (Title: Zelena (Once Upon a Time)) Zelena (Once Upon a Time) Zelena, also known as the Wicked Witch of the West and cursed as Kelly West in the seventh season, is a fictional character in ABC's television series "Once Upon a Time". She is portrayed by Rebecca Mader and was first introduced in the second half of the third season. After making recurring appearances in both the third and fourth seasons, Mader was promoted to series regular for the fifth and sixth seasons. She returned as a recurring guest star in the seventh season. The Wicked Witch of the West is based on the character of Document [12] (Title: Pilot (Once Upon a Time)) the Evil Queen/Regina went to Lana Parrilla. She explained the character, "There's always two stories being told when playing Regina. There's the threat of her knowing she's an evil queen and then there's just the pure simple fact that the biological mother has stepped into her world and the threat of losing her son is just enormous. That's a fear that I think any adopted mother would have. I think that's going to really help the audience relate to Regina in some level." The role of Rumpelstiltskin was given to Robert Carlyle; it was written with Carlyle in mind, though Document [13] (Title: Skin Deep (Once Upon a Time)) Beast", series co-creators Edward Kitsis and Adam Horowitz wanted its heroine, Belle, "to exude intelligence and strength and be someone you would immediately love," which led them to approach Emilie de Ravin. Her casting was announced in November 2011. The actress agreed after reading the script, believing that the character was "very courageous" with a playful side that would endear her to Rumpelstiltskin. During their casting meeting, Kitsis and Horowitz told de Ravin that Belle is defined as a strong intelligent woman in a world that disapproves of those characteristics, and that de Ravin was going to be "tak[ing] the Document [14] (Title: The Cricket Game) to live alone with her misery. On Snow White and Prince Charming's wedding day, Rumplestiltskin comes to the Evil Queen and tells her that the protection spell would lose its effect if they traveled to a different land. The Queen calls for a carriage to take her to the wedding. Cora (Barbara Hershey) and Captain Hook (Colin O'Donoghue) moor Hook's ship in Storybrooke. Hook wants them to go their separate ways, but Cora points out that Storybrooke now has magic, and he will be unable to defeat Rumplestiltskin without her help. To hide their presence, Cora makes the ship invisible Document [15] (Title: Regina Mills) Regina Mills Regina Mills ("Latin" for "queen"; alias: Evil Queen in Enchanted Forest; Roni in Hyperion Heights) is a fictional character in ABC's television series "Once Upon a Time". She is portrayed by Lana Parrilla, and has been praised by critics for her role as the series's first major antagonist. She has become a fan favorite since her debut. In the Enchanted Forest, Regina was born to the sorceress Cora and her husband Henry, the son of King Xavier. Despite being terrorized by her tyrannical mother, Regina found love in the form of Daniel Colter. However, after rescuing the princess Document [16] (Title: Queen of Hearts (Once Upon a Time)) unable to exact his revenge, while Cora offers a guarantee of that revenge. Hook agrees to get Cora close enough to Regina to rip her heart out. Hook brings Cora, who is feigning death, to Regina, and leaves them alone. Regina then confesses to her mother's "body" that she still loves her, but needed her dead because of Cora's own advice that "love is weakness," and Regina cannot allow herself to have a weakness if her plans are to succeed. Regina leaves and Hook returns to ask why Cora didn't kill her. She explains that matters have changed and takes Document [17] (Title: Zelena (Once Upon a Time)) the same name from L. Frank Baum's "Land of Oz" book series. In December 2013, Rebecca Mader was cast as the Wicked Witch of the West. She made multiple appearances during the second half of season three and was promoted to a series regular for the show's fifth season. The role of the Wicked Witch of the West was written specifically for Rebecca Mader. It was announced that the writers had chosen not to continue with Zelena's storyline and Mader would not be returning for the seventh season of the show. However, Mader later revealed that she would be returning Document [18] (Title: Freya Tingley) lead as a deaf girl, in the short film "Beneath the Waves" by director Renee Marie. This role required Freya to learn sign language. In 2012 Freya was cast in "Hemlock Grove", the Netflix series produced by Eli Roth in which she plays Christina Wendall. In 2013 Freya was cast in "Once Upon a Time" as Wendy, a 13-year-old girl based on the heroine Wendy Darling from the novel "Peter Pan". It had only taken Freya one audition to get the part of Wendy Darling because Freya could put on a good British accent. Wendy was only seen in a Document [19] (Title: Sisters (Once Upon a Time)) Sisters (Once Upon a Time) "Sisters" is the nineteenth episode of the fifth season of the American fantasy drama series "Once Upon a Time", which aired on April 24, 2016. In this episode, Regina and Cora work together to keep Zelena away from Hades; and James impersonates David. In flashbacks, Cora brings Zelena to the Enchanted Forest to save Regina's life. An Underworld windmill is featured in the red-tinted forest. The Enchanted Forest events take place years after "The Miller's Daughter" and years before "The Stable Boy". The Oz events take place years after the first flashback scene of "It's Document [20] (Title: The Miller's Daughter (Once Upon a Time)) out her choice between love and power. Cora returns to her room carrying a heart in a box. Later, she meets Rumplestilskin and informs him that she did not take the king's heart, and that she is going to marry the prince instead of running away with Rumplestiltskin. The heart she removed was her own, to prevent it from being an obstacle. Rumplestiltskin tries to invoke their contract, but she points out that he only has a claim on his own child, which she will never bear. Some time later, Princess Cora presents her and Henry's daughter to the court Document [21] (Title: Queen of Hearts (Once Upon a Time)) Cora and Hook travel to the dry basin of Lake Nostos, whose waters held the power to restore that which was lost. Cora magically causes water to erupt from underground. Hook pours the magical ashes into the new lake, and a portal opens. Emma, Mary Margaret, and Mulan arrive and a fierce battle ensues over the compass. Hook gives Aurora's heart to Mulan as a ploy to even the odds. Mulan immediately leaves to restore the heart to Aurora, but gives her sword, which is powerful enough to deflect Cora's magic, to Mary Margaret. Emma bests Hook in single combat Document [22] (Title: Bleeding Through (Once Upon a Time)) to her aid, and it's revealed to be Prince Leopold, the future husband of Princess Eva (who he has yet to meet) and the future father of Snow White. As Leopold and Cora start to bond together, this eventually leads the two to get engaged. However, this union would start to unravel when Jonathan visits Cora in the gazebo and threatens to blackmail her because she hid the truth about the unborn baby and he has become greedy by using her. Cora decides to buy his silence by giving him gold in return, not knowing that Eva, who just arrived Document [23] (Title: Once Upon a Time (season 3)) as Tinker Bell. Adam Horowitz and Edward Kitsis teased an unexpected introduction for the well-known character, saying, "It's taking the icon and putting our spin on it. How we introduce her, and who she is, is hopefully going to be surprising because we're going to find she has a surprising connection to someone." For episode five, Bernard Curry played a guest role as Captain Hook's brother Liam, while a member of the Lost Boys called Devin was portrayed by Skyler Gisondo. Joanna Garcia was cast as Ariel from "The Little Mermaid". On September 3, 2013, Gil McKinney was cast in Document [24] (Title: New York City Serenade (Once Upon a Time)) skinned woman (Rebecca Mader) she adds it to a potion as she says she'll get her revenge. She also states that while the Queen may be evil, she is wicked, and wicked always win, revealing herself as the Wicked Witch of the West. "Lost" actress Rebecca Mader's casting as an upcoming villain for the series was announced in December 2013. It was later revealed that she will play The Wicked Witch of the West, despite rumors that she would be playing the "One Hundred and One Dalmatians" antagonist Cruella De Vil. Other casting confirmations for the second half of the Document [25] (Title: The Miller's Daughter (Once Upon a Time)) to the King and accepts Henry's resultant marriage proposal. The day before her wedding, Cora questions her plans; she is unlikely to become queen as Henry is fifth in line to the throne, while Rumplestiltskin, with whom she has been having an affair, offers her love. They agree to amend the contract so Cora owes Rumplestiltskin "his" child. He also agrees to teach her how to take a heart, so that she can kill King Xavier. That night, she confronts the king. He reveals that he knows of her relationship with Rumplestiltskin; telling her that "love is weakness," he lays Document [26] (Title: Once Upon a Time in Wonderland) portray the lead role of Alice. It was also announced that Peter Gadiot would play her love interest, Cyrus, who has "a background". Michael Socha will portray the Knave of Hearts. Barbara Hershey, who has appeared as Cora, the Queen of Hearts, in the main series, may also appear in this spin-off reprising the same role in back stories . Also, during the month of April, Paul Reubens was cast as the voice of the White Rabbit and Emma Rigby was cast as the Red Queen. On May 10, 2013, ABC announced that it had greenlit the spin-off, as well Document [27] (Title: Queen of Hearts (Once Upon a Time)) with the hat's "one goes in, one comes back" rule. In Wonderland, Hook is brought before the Queen of Hearts, who reveals herself to be Cora. Hook attacks her with the enchanted hook, but fails to remove her heart as she does not keep it in her chest. She takes hold of his heart and forces him to divulge everything. After he tells her everything, she does not take control of him, as she knows Regina would detect it. Instead, she convinces him to side with her by explaining that Regina's curse would strip him of his identity, rendering him Document [28] (Title: Once Upon a Time (season 2)) Among them are the cunning Cora and the ruthless Captain Hook, who follow Emma and Mary Margaret to Storybrooke to get even with Regina and Rumplestiltskin. People outside of Storybrooke are also allowed in, including Greg Mendell and Tamara, who both have a secretive past involving magic which leads to Henry's captivity in Neverland. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> On May 10, 2012, ABC renewed "Once Upon a Time" for a second season, which premiered on September 30, 2012. Co-creators Adam Horowitz and Edward Kitsis spoke about the repercussions of the first season finale's events, stating, "Magic as we know always comes with a Document [29] (Title: Lady of the Lake (Once Upon a Time)) as she gloats to Snow/Mary Margaret about her victory, Emma sets the tree on fire using the gunpowder from her bullets. Mulan, who was standing guard outside the room with Aurora, jumps in and deflects Cora's attacks. Cora warns that she is not done with them and disappears. Mulan asks Snow to be the leader of the refugees. Emma and Snow discuss the sacrifices that parents must make for their children's well-being. Emma states that she is not used to people putting her first, but her mother gives her a hug and tells her to get used to it. After Document [30] (Title: Once Upon a Time (TV series)) Heights under a new curse and are caught in a rising conflict involving Cinderella (Dania Ramirez) and Lady Tremaine (Gabrielle Anwar) whose dangerous history with Mother Gothel (Emma Booth) is revealed as well as the agendas of Dr. Facilier (Daniel Francis). Two worlds collide when the arrival of Wish Realm Rumplestiltskin and Wish Henry Mills as they plot and culminates on every characters' happy endings by separating them in a separate realms into their own separate storybooks, leading to someone making the ultimate sacrifice. "Once Upon a Time"s first season received "generally favorable" reviews from critics. Metacritic gave it a Document [31] (Title: Once Upon a Time (TV series)) to wrap up Emma Swan's storyline. Later that week, actress Rebecca Mader announced that she would also be leaving the series after the sixth season wrapped. It was later announced that Ginnifer Goodwin, Josh Dallas, Jared S. Gilmore and Emilie de Ravin would also be leaving the show after the sixth season's finale aired. Along with departures, Andrew J. West and Alison Fernandez were announced to be joining the seventh season of the show as series regulars after guest starring in the previous season's finale. They will portray an older Henry Mills and his daughter Lucy respectively. In July 2017, Document [32] (Title: Sisters (Once Upon a Time)) will make the final stretch of episodes towards the end of the season all the more resonant." Amy Ratcliffe of "IGN" said of the episode, "With the Cora angle played out and worn thin, the success of this episode rested on the bond between Zelena and Regina. Their interactions weren't anything earthshaking, but it was sweet to watch them find some common ground and gain new understandings of each other thanks to restored memories. Their forgiveness and tolerance of Cora was far too kind though." Ratcliffe gave the episode a 7.5 rating out of 10. Christine Orlando of "TV Fanatic" Document [33] (Title: Lacey (Once Upon a Time)) Lacey (Once Upon a Time) "Lacey" is the 19th episode of the second season of the American ABC fantasy/drama television series "Once Upon a Time", and the show's 41st episode overall. It aired on April 21, 2013. In this episode, Mr. Gold goes on a date with Belle. In flashbacks, Rumpelstiltskin forces Belle to accompany him on his search to catch a thief. It was co-written by Edward Kitsis and Adam Horowitz, while being directed by Milan Cheylov. Robin Hood shooting an arrow in the forest is featured. In the Enchanted Forest, soon after Belle has gone to live with Document [34] (Title: Once Upon a Time (season 3)) while the introduction of a young King Leopold as a Prince played by Eric Lange, and the return of Princess Eva (played by Eva Bourne) will also be featured. Charles Mesure was cast as Blackbeard in January 2014, to appear in one episode as an enemy of Captain Hook. In February 2014, a casting call was opened for an actress in her mid to late twenties to recur as Glinda the Good Witch, who is described as elegant, warm and benevolent, as well as wise, clever and shrewd. However, years of isolation have made her lonely and cautious — though Document [35] (Title: Nimue (Once Upon a Time)) first time since the beginning of the season, we barely spent any time in present-day Storybrooke, save for the first and last few moments of the episode. With two halves of the sword now in her possession, Emma can only see power. But Dark One Rumple claims it represents more than that — like any fairytale, it represents history. And it’s time for Excalibur’s promise, given years ago, to be fulfilled." In a review from "Rickey.org", Nick Roman said, "Once Upon A Time served up a compelling story with “Nimue”. Granted, Merlin wasn’t the most fascinating character going into tonight’s Document [36] (Title: Heart of the Matter (Once Upon a Time in Wonderland)) review. She said: Heart of the Matter (Once Upon a Time in Wonderland) "Heart of the Matter" is the eleventh episode of the "Once Upon a Time" spin-off series "Once Upon a Time in Wonderland". Alice and Cyrus discover alarming information involving prisoners Jafar has under his control that changes their priorities. Meanwhile, the Red Queen is in critical danger and no one can help her, except for the Knave, by surrendering information to Jafar that he's been desperately seeking. In flashback, Anastasia is about to marry the Red King and strikes up a friendship with Cora (Queen of Hearts) Document [37] (Title: Once Upon a Time (season 4)) in the fifth episode, "Breaking Glass". On February 28, Adam Horowitz confirmed the return of Barbara Hershey in a later part of the season. The thirteenth episode, "Unforgiven", which aired on March 8, 2015, saw the return of Tony Amendola as Geppetto / Marco and Jakob Davies as young Pinocchio, his older counterpart August Booth, portrayed by Eion Bailey, was reintroduced in the following episode. The episode that aired on March 22, 2015, "Poor Unfortunate Soul", saw the return of Christopher Gauthier as William Smee and introduced Tiffany Boone as a younger version of Ursula. The following episode, "Best Laid Document [38] (Title: Into the Deep (Once Upon a Time)) clear she and Mr. Gold realize something has gone wrong. Captain Hook (Colin O'Donoghue) finishes climbing down the beanstalk, where Cora intercepts him to demand the compass. Upon learning he lost it to Emma, she declares their partnership ended and tells him she will leave him in the Enchanted Forest, his revenge against Rumpelstiltskin not accomplished. Cora returns to the settlement she destroyed, and uses the hearts of the refugees to reanimate the corpses as servants to do her bidding. Emma shows Aurora a photograph of Henry to confirm that he is the boy she met. Mary Margaret reveals that Document [39] (Title: Zelena (Once Upon a Time)) Margot about going back and asks if she wants to come but Margot decides to stay in Hyperion Heights to be with Tilly. Zelena (Once Upon a Time) Zelena, also known as the Wicked Witch of the West and cursed as Kelly West in the seventh season, is a fictional character in ABC's television series "Once Upon a Time". She is portrayed by Rebecca Mader and was first introduced in the second half of the third season. After making recurring appearances in both the third and fourth seasons, Mader was promoted to series regular for the fifth and sixth seasons. Document [40] (Title: Emma Swan) Emma Swan Emma Swan is a fictional character in ABC's television series "Once Upon a Time". She is portrayed by Jennifer Morrison, by Abby Ross as a teenager, and Mckenna Grace as a child. Emma first appeared in the series's pilot as a bail bond agent in Boston, Massachusetts until she meets her biological son Henry, whom she gave up for adoption 10 years before, and learns she is the daughter of Snow White and Prince Charming. Henry urges Emma to go to the fictional town of Storybrooke, Maine, to break a curse enacted by the Evil Queen and to Document [41] (Title: Belle (Once Upon a Time)) or non-acceptance of immortality, which you’d expect to be the reverse in a way. That’s quite beautiful and was lovely to play." Belle (Once Upon a Time) Belle Gold (née French), briefly known as Lacey, is a fictional character in ABC's television series "Once Upon a Time". She is portrayed by Emilie de Ravin, who became a series regular in the second season and onwards after making recurring appearances in the first season, and has become a fan favorite since her debut. She is both based on the character from "Beauty and the Beast" by Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont, and Document [42] (Title: Queen of Hearts (Once Upon a Time)) of the key characters are front and center where they should be (most of the time, anyway!): Emma, Snow (and by extension Charming), Henry, Regina, and Rumple. Each plays a critical role in the episode, driving the story to its intense conclusion, setting up the narrative for the chapter of season two with Hook and Cora poised to make their entrance into Storybrooke — not through the Lake Nostos portal, but by sea. "Entertainment Weekly" critic Hilary Busis gave it a good review, with some reservations: "Did Edward Kitsis and Adam Horowitz consult a checklist of "Unsolved 'Once' Mysteries" while Document [43] (Title: Nurse Ratched) as a mercy killing. Chief then escapes by lifting up the hydrotherapy cart and throwing it through a window. Nurse Ratched was a recurring character in the ABC series "Once Upon a Time". She is portrayed by Ingrid Torrance and works for the Evil Queen as a nurse in the mental hospital in Storybrooke. Although she appears in several episodes, her name is first revealed in the fifth season premiere "The Dark Swan". Actress Sarah Paulson will portray the character in Ryan Murphy's upcoming Netflix adaptation, "Ratched". Louise Fletcher won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her portrayal of Document [44] (Title: The Miller's Daughter (Once Upon a Time)) and names her Regina, "for one day, she will be queen." Everyone bows to Cora. Rumplestiltskin's name is fading from the Dark One's dagger, signifying that Gold is dying. Since Gold's death would cause the Dark One's powers to cease to exist, Cora decides her only option is to kill Gold with the dagger and become the Dark One herself. Regina questions Cora's motives, as Henry would never forgive them if Cora openly murders Emma Swan's family. Cora insists she is protecting their family. Neal (Michael Raymond-James) and Henry (Jared S. Gilmore) pilot the Jolly Roger into Storybrooke, while Emma Document [45] (Title: The Queen Is Dead (Once Upon a Time)) as long as she holds goodness in her heart. She dies. Snow attends her mother's funeral. After Johanna escorts her from the chapel, the Blue Fairy enters but is revealed to actually be Cora (Barbara Hershey) in disguise. She declares that, having poisoned Eva, she will also destroy her legacy by turning Snow White's heart to darkness. On her birthday, Mary Margaret (Ginnifer Goodwin) receives a package containing her mother's tiara, with a card signed by Johanna. Snow goes to see her, and they share a happy reunion. A noise in the woods then leads Mary Margaret to overhear a Document [46] (Title: Once Upon a Time (season 5)) young version of Merlin's Apprentice. On October 27, Glenn Keogh and Caroline Morahan were cast as Merida's parents King Fergus and Queen Elinor respectively. During October and November 2015, multiple recurring characters from previous seasons were confirmed to be returning for the 100th episode, "Souls of the Departed", these include Barbara Hershey as Cora, Robbie Kay as Peter Pan, Giancarlo Esposito would return as Magic Mirror / Sidney Glass, and Emma Caulfield as the Blind Witch who was last seen during the first season episode "True North". The episode will also introduce a recurring character, Hades (initially dubbed "The Distinguished Document [47] (Title: Cora Cross) October 2011, "Inside Soap" readers voted Cora their "favourite soap battleaxe" over Sylvia Goodwin (Stephanie Cole) and Edna Birch (Shirley Stelfox). Kevin O'Sullivan of the "Daily Mirror" rated one of Cora's lines his favourite. Cora said "I used to be able to walk down the street and stop traffic." O'Sullivan replied: "So she was a lollipop lady." In "Heat", Julie Emery called Cora "a bouffanted harridan of a mother". Simon of the "Daily Mirror" later hinted that "Cora has a real soft spot for bad boy Derek Branning." A writer for the "Daily Mirror" called Rose Cotton (Polly Perkins), Patrick Document [48] (Title: Once Upon a Time (TV series)) name. He's still a man with the same emotions as any other man. He's a Prince, but he's a Prince of the people. He gets his hands dirty. He's got a kingdom to run. He has a family to protect. He has an epic, epic love for Snow White. He's like everybody else. He's human." Jennifer Morrison was hired for the part of Emma Swan. The actress explained her character as someone who "help[s] her son Henry whom she abandoned when he was a baby and who seems like he's a little bit emotionally dysfunctional", but noted that Emma does Document [49] (Title: Bleeding Through (Once Upon a Time)) to create a time-travel spell, in which Zelena is planning to go back to the past and prevent Eva from being born so Cora would have never given her up and then eventually be the one Rumplestiltskin tutors for magic and by doing so Snow White/Mary Margaret will never be born, and in the process would mean that not only will Emma and Henry never exist, but Regina will no longer exist as well. David then realizes that Zelena still needs a baby to enact the spell and she believes that's why Zelena is trying to accelerate the pregnancy of Document [50] (Title: Once Upon a Time (TV series)) to May 2016. The characters embark on a quest to Camelot to find the Sorcerer Merlin (Elliot Knight) in order to free Emma from the powers of an ancient darkness that threatens to destroy everything. To complicate matters, King Arthur (Liam Garrigan) is determined to forever alter the balance between light and darkness using the legendary Excalibur. As history and destiny collide, Hook's death makes Emma lead a rescue party to the Underworld in order to bring him back. During their mission, they encounter souls of those with unfinished business and must face Hades (Greg Germann). In an attempt to Document [51] (Title: Mother Gothel) Costumed in a long burgundy gown made of satin, Gothel wears her thick black hair in "a theatrical up-do." Mother Gothel, also known as Mother Nature, appears on the ABC television series "Once Upon a Time", portrayed by actress Emma Booth. She débuts in the seventh season and is one of the main antagonists. She is the mother of Alice with Captain Hook from the Wish Realm, a powerful witch who is the leader of the Coven of the Eight. In Hyperion Heights, she is an accomplice of Drizella and is known as Eloise Gardener. Mother Gothel will make her Document [52] (Title: Once Upon a Time (season 4)) Fischler has been cast in a "Key Recurring Role" as a Peddler named Gorin who first appeared in episode 17, "Best Laid Plans" where he was revealed to also be the "Author". Fischler is also set to reprise his role in the eighteen episode, "Heart of Gold". During a second Q&A on the December 15, Horowitz confirmed the return of Joanna Garcia Swisher as Ariel. On December 18, 2014, Eion Bailey was confirmed to be returning August Booth / Pinocchio for "multiple Season 4 episodes", starting with the fourteenth episode, "Enter the Dragon". It was also revealed that Ernie Hudson Document [53] (Title: Lady of the Lake (Once Upon a Time)) Margaret try to figure out a way to bring the wardrobe back to the safe haven, Lancelot shows up at the last minute. Although initially happy to see him, Snow/Mary Margaret draws out her sword and exposes Lancelot as Cora, who made the mistake of mentioning Henry by name (Emma had mentioned his name to Cora, but not Lancelot). Cora then transforms back into her original form and admits that she killed Lancelot a while back and was waiting for an opportunity to join her daughter and grandson. Cora then unleashes her power on both Snow/Mary Margaret and Emma, but Document [54] (Title: Down the Rabbit Hole (Once Upon a Time in Wonderland)) Regina Mills/Evil Queen character played by Lana Parrilla on the original "Once"", and calling her acting "flat-out awful in the role. Her line delivery completely lacks either conviction or credibility. Worse, there's not the slightest hint of credible villainy in her performance, just an annoying whine of petulance;" he concluded with the comment "The plot is a little overstuffed, but the special effects, crisp direction and high-octane performances keep us interested enough to follow Alice down the rabbit hole." Mike Hale of "The New York Times" gave the premiere a more negative review; he gave the scenes with the doctor Document [55] (Title: Cora Cross) move in with Patrick, but he ends his relationship with Cora in March 2014 due to her insensitive comments that she makes to Dot following the death of her son Nick Cotton (John Altman). He later tells her that she and Dexter have one month to find somewhere else. Cora steals money from the laundrette to rent a flat, but after Dot finds her stealing money from the washing machines, Cora loses hope until Stan Carter (Timothy West), who she has recently befriended agrees to give her some cash. Cora and Dexter later move into a flat together. Lauren and Document [56] (Title: Once Upon a Time (season 4)) for the sixth episode, although appearances later on in the season were also hinted. A new character, Lily, has been cast to Nicole Muñoz, while Sally Pressman was given the role of Helga. It was announced on November 5, 2014 that Victoria Smurfit would be portraying Cruella de Vil in a recurring capacity later on in the season and that hints will be placed in the next few episodes. Another Disney villain was also cast in the form of Ursula from The Little Mermaid who was portrayed by Merrin Dungey, the character portrayed is named after the original sea-goddess who Document [57] (Title: Hook (Once Upon a Time)) Cora in Wonderland. In order to test him for weakness, the Queen revealed to him that his father still lived and ordered Hook to kill him. Though the pirate was at first resistant, he eventually murdered his father in cold blood upon realizing that he had tried to replace the sons he abandoned with a new son, also named Liam. The Queen's test eventually proved pointless, as while in Wonderland, Cora used Hook's own weakness against him. Hook betrayed Regina and forged an alliance with Cora, as Regina's deal would involve amnesia. As Cora points out, it would be difficult Document [58] (Title: Sisters (Once Upon a Time)) before this escelates, Cora restores their childhood memories of each other and she regretted the way she raised them, and apologizes to her daughters. Now that the sisters have made peace, Cora decides that it's time for her to move on from her unfinished business. As they see their mother walk toward the bridge, the flames from the River of Fire erupt and wrap around her. But the flames die down, the bridge forms, and the gate opens, allowing Cora to move on to Mount Olympus to join her husband, Prince Henry Mills. Later on, Regina gives Zelena her blessing Document [59] (Title: Adelaide Kane) key cast members at the end of season six. She played one of the antagonists, Drizella, one of Cinderella's wicked stepsisters. Adelaide's final episode in "Once Upon a Time" was "Sisterhood". Adelaide Kane Adelaide Victoria Kane (born 9 August 1990) is an Australian actress. She gained recognition for her roles as Lolly Allen in the Australian soap opera "Neighbours", Cora Hale in the third season of MTV's "Teen Wolf", Tenaya 7 (later Tenaya 15) in "Power Rangers RPM", Mary Queen of Scots in the CW period drama series "Reign" and Drizella in the ABC series "Once Upon a Time". Kane Document [60] (Title: Once Upon a Time (season 2)) and adept warrior, while "Teen Wolf" actor Sinqua Walls was cast as Sir Lancelot, a former member of the round table. In the same month, it was announced that "The Tudors" star Sarah Bolger and "The Hangover Part II" actress Jamie Chung had joined the recurring cast as Princess Aurora (Sleeping Beauty) and Chinese warrior Mulan. On August 3, 2012, "The Rite" actor Colin O'Donoghue booked the recurring role of Captain Killian "Hook" Jones, the prime antagonist of J. M. Barrie's Peter Pan. O'Donoghue joined the main cast during the second half of the season. The same day, it was Document [61] (Title: The Queen Is Dead (Once Upon a Time)) conversation between Regina (Lana Parrilla) and Cora, revealing that they are working together to find the Dark One's dagger. Meanwhile, David (Josh Dallas) is attacked at the police station by Captain Hook (Colin O'Donoghue), who takes back his hook. Mary Margaret finds David there and revives him, informing him of Regina's duplicity. They resolve to find the dagger first, and Mary Margaret decides to try to drive a wedge between Regina and Cora. She meets with Regina and reveals what she knows, warning her that Cora doesn't care about Regina or Henry (Jared S. Gilmore), but Regina dismisses her. Mary Document [62] (Title: Rebecca Mader) Rebecca Mader Rebecca Leigh Mader (born 24 April 1977) is an English actress, best known for her roles as Charlotte Lewis in the ABC series "Lost", and as Zelena, the Wicked Witch of the West, on ABC's "Once Upon a Time". Mader was born in 1977 in Cambridge, England. She worked as a model in New York City for a year, appearing in adverts for L'Oréal, Colgate and Wella Hair. She began her television career on the ABC daytime soap operas "All My Children" as Morgan Gordon, and "One Life to Live" as Margaret Cochran. She also appeared on the Document [63] (Title: Once Upon a Time (season 5)) 9, it was announced that Ava Acres and Isabella Blake-Thomas were cast as young versions of Regina and Zelena, respectively. They will appear via flashbacks in the nineteenth episode, "Sisters." On February 18, it was announced that Costas Mandylor will be appearing as Captain Silver, a pirate from Hook's past. On February 23, it was announced that Rya Kihlstedt had been cast as Cleo, Emma's former mentor, in a flashback to a time before Emma became a bail bonds woman. On March 15, it was announced that Sam Witwer and Hank Harris will be appearing in the recurring roles of Document [64] (Title: Rose Reynolds) Reynolds received a Commendation at the Ian Charleson Awards for her 2012 performance as Lavinia in "Titus Andronicus" at the Royal Shakespeare Company. In 2017, Reynolds portrayed both Alice and Tilly on the show "Once Upon a Time". Rose Reynolds Rose Alice Reynolds (born 21 February 1991) is a British actress. She is most known for her roles as Sarah Durkin in "Wasted", Betty Carkeek in "Poldark" and Alice in "Once Upon a Time". Reynolds was born in Devon, England, where her family still resides. She graduated from the Guildhall School of music and Drama in 2012. She has also Document [65] (Title: Conchita Núñez) in "Once Upon a Time... Man" (1978), Kira in "Once Upon a Time... Space" (1982), and Tom Sawyer in "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer" (1980). She also dubbed, among hundreds of others, the actresses Carole André (Mariana) on "Sandokan" (1976), Linda Evans (Krystle Carrington) on "Dynasty" (1982), Victoria Principal (Pamela Ewing) on "Dallas" (1989), and Joanna Cassidy (Margaret Chenowith) on "Six Feet Under" (2004). Conchita Núñez María de la Concepción Núñez Garrido (1943 – 26 June 2009) was a Spanish actress. Conchita Núñez began her career on the radio in the 1950s, and in the early 1960s she switched to Document [66] (Title: Bleeding Through (Once Upon a Time)) the dead, but after seeing a gust of wind blowing in, Regina comes to the conclusion that Cora is trying to keep the secrets buried with her. But just as Mary Margaret tries to finally cheer up Regina and finally bond, the two are unaware that the spirit of Cora is in the house. All of a sudden there's a knock from one of the rooms and when Regina opens it, the spirit of Cora pushes Regina aside as she goes after the person who killed her, Mary Margaret. Regina sends the two into another room, where she uses purple Document [67] (Title: Once Upon a Time (season 6)) between Ariel, Jasmine, and Hook. On January 7, Horowitz confirmed that Gil McKinney would also be returning as Prince Eric. Two days later, it was announced that Rose McIver would also be coming back as Tinker Bell. On January 20, it was revealed that Sara Tomko was cast as Tiger Lily. The recurring character appears in at least two episodes starting in episode 17. On January 23, Horowitz announced that Patrick Fischler would return as former author Isaac Heller at some point in the second half of the season. On March 14, it was announced that episode 18 would introduce Document [68] (Title: The Miller's Daughter (Once Upon a Time)) given her years earlier, which can save a life by causing another person's death. He asks her to use it to save him, and she agrees once she realizes she can use the candle to kill Cora. With Gold's guidance, Emma taps into her emotions to cast the protection spell. Cora and Regina arrive at the shop and overcome the protection spell. While David, Neal, and Emma stand against them, Mary Margaret sneaks away to Regina's mausoleum and uses the candle to curse Cora's heart. Regina follows after Cora senses that someone is there. Emma and Neal retreat to the Document [69] (Title: Tiny (Once Upon a Time)) Later, Regina (Lana Parrilla) comes to the apartment to protest her innocence in the murder of Archie. David and Mary Margaret tell her that she was framed by Cora, and Regina pretends not to have been aware of her mother's presence. Regina is aggravated to learn that Emma has taken Henry from Storybrooke. David, Mary Margaret, and Leroy then force Hook (Colin O'Donoghue) to take them aboard his ship. Hook reveals that Cora's plans involve the contents of a tarp-covered cage that proves to contain a sleeping, human-sized Anton. Mary Margaret wakes Anton to ask him about Cora's plans. Anton Document [70] (Title: Will Scarlet) King from "Through the Looking-Glass". He is played by English actor Michael Socha. In 2014, Michael Socha returned to the role as a main cast member in "Once Upon a Time in Wonderland"s parent series, "Once Upon a Time". His appearance in the show's fourth season takes place after "Wonderland", with him ending up in Storybrooke, Maine due to Snow White's curse. Here, he begrudgingly reunites with Robin Hood, until Robin is forced to leave Storybrooke with Maid Marian to save her from the Snow Queen's curse. He later engages in a short-lived dating relationship with Belle. Jamie Dornan portrayed Document [71] (Title: Mary Margaret Blanchard) Mary Margaret Blanchard Snow White, formerly known as Mary Margaret Blanchard in Storybrooke, is a fictional character in ABC's television series "Once Upon a Time". She is portrayed by Ginnifer Goodwin and by Bailee Madison as a child. She is the true love of Prince Charming/David Nolan, mother of Emma Swan and Neal Nolan, and grandmother of Emma's children, Henry and Hope. The character has been one of Goodwin's most well received roles, one she has said she loves playing on the show. Before accepting the role, Goodwin stated in interviews that she'd always wanted to play Snow White and Document [72] (Title: Wicked Witch of the West) Miller's Daughter/Cora (Barbara Hershey/Rose McGowan), making her the older, long-lost half-sister of Regina the Evil Queen (Lana Parrilla). Zelena visited Rumplestiltskin (Robert Carlyle) and learned from him how to control her own powerful magic. Her storyline revolves around her efforts to create a time-travel spell that will allow her to go back and prevent the birth of Snow White's mother, Ava, who informed Prince Leopold (Cora's fiancé) that Cora was with child to sabotage Cora's attempts to infiltrate the royal family (before she can ruin Zelena's life, and thus Zelena would be raised as royalty. But despite Zelena's efforts to Document [73] (Title: Pilot (Once Upon a Time)) a Prince of the people. He gets his hands dirty. He's got a kingdom to run. He has a family to protect. He has an epic, epic love for Snow White. He's like everybody else. He's human." Jennifer Morrison was hired for the part of Emma Swan. The actress explained her character as someone who "help[s] this kid who seems like he's a little bit emotionally dysfunctional," but noted that Emma does not yet believe there is a fairytale universe. Ten-year-old Jared Gilmore, known for his work on "Mad Men", took the role of her son, Henry. The role of Document [74] (Title: Once Upon a Time (season 6)) of Aladdin (Deniz Akdeniz), and his story featuring the return of Jafar, now portrayed by Oded Fehr (the role had been previously played by Naveen Andrews on "Once Upon a Time in Wonderland"). Andrews was unavailable due to his previous commitment to Netflixs "Sense8". It was also announced that "Galavant"s Karen David was cast as Princess Jasmine. She made her debut in the fourth episode of the season. In early July, it was announced that Raphael Sbarge would be reprising his role as Jiminy Cricket / Dr. Archie Hopper in the season premiere. The character's last appearance was in the Document [75] (Title: Once Upon a Time (season 2)) guest starred as Anita, the leader of a pack of werewolves, in "Child of the Moon". "The Christmas Card" actor Chad Michael Collins and "24" veteran Gregory Itzin appeared in "In the Name of the Brother" as Gerhardt/Frankenstein's Monster, Dr. Frankenstein's younger brother and as Alphonse, the boys' father, respectively. "Scream" and "Charmed" actress Rose McGowan portrayed a young Cora in "The Miller's Daughter". Lesley Nicol, of "Downton Abbey" fame, was cast as Johanna in "The Queen is Dead" which also featured "Heroes" vet Rena Sofer as Queen Eva, Snow White's mother. It was implicated that the role has the Document [76] (Title: Rapunzel) brief Rapunzel reference. A second iteration of Rapunzel appears as one of the main antagonists in the seventh season of "Once Upon a Time", portrayed by Gabrielle Anwar and Meegan Warner in flashbacks. In this season, Rapunzel is Lady Tremaine, the wicked stepmother to Cinderella. In the past, Rapunzel had two daughters named Anastasia and Drizella, and made a deal with Mother Gothel to be locked in a tower in exchange for the safety of her family. Six years later, Rapunzel frees herself and when she returns to her family, she discovers she has gained a stepdaughter named Ella. At Document [77] (Title: Elizabeth McGovern) Elizabeth McGovern Elizabeth Lee McGovern (born July 18, 1961) is an American film, television, and theater actress, and musician. She received an Academy Award nomination for her role as Evelyn Nesbit in the 1981 film "Ragtime". She is also known for her performance as Cora Crawley, Countess of Grantham in the British drama series "Downton Abbey", for which she has been nominated for an Emmy Award and Golden Globe Award. Her other films include "Ordinary People" (1980), "Once Upon a Time in America" (1984), "The Handmaid's Tale" (1990) and "The Wings of the Dove" (1997). McGovern was born in Evanston, Document [78] (Title: Rebecca Mader) two were married on 23 November 2016. Rebecca Mader Rebecca Leigh Mader (born 24 April 1977) is an English actress, best known for her roles as Charlotte Lewis in the ABC series "Lost", and as Zelena, the Wicked Witch of the West, on ABC's "Once Upon a Time". Mader was born in 1977 in Cambridge, England. She worked as a model in New York City for a year, appearing in adverts for L'Oréal, Colgate and Wella Hair. She began her television career on the ABC daytime soap operas "All My Children" as Morgan Gordon, and "One Life to Live" as Document [79] (Title: Once Upon a Time (season 3)) duration of two hours. In May 2013, it was revealed that season two regular Meghan Ory (Red Riding Hood/Ruby) would be departing the show to star in CBS's upcoming sci-fi drama "Intelligence". However, Ory stated that she would still be open for more episodes on the show as a guest member. Ory later made appearances in episodes twelve and thirteen of the season. The same month, it was announced that Michael Raymond-James (Baelfire/Neal Cassidy) had been promoted from a recurring cast member to a series regular for the season. In July 2013, it was reported that Giancarlo Esposito (The Genie/Magic Document [80] (Title: Beauty (Once Upon a Time)) Beauty (Once Upon a Time) "Beauty" is the fourth episode of the seventh season and the 137th episode overall of the American fantasy-drama series "Once Upon a Time". Written by Dana Horgan & Leah Fong and directed by Mark Garris, it premiered on ABC in the United States on October 27, 2017. In the episode, Rumpelstiltskin’s life with Belle is explored and the consequences that awaits the couple, while in the Present, Weaver must deal with a suddenly unstable Tilly, when Victoria demands that she be brought back under his control, and Ivy takes Lucy out for a Halloween trick-or-treat Document [81] (Title: Cora Cross) for this award, Cora's sense of humour is so dry. I love her. She's so much fun to play!" Cora Cross Cora Cross is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera "EastEnders", played by Ann Mitchell. Cora is the mother of Tanya Branning (Jo Joyner) and Rainie Cross (Tanya Franks) and the grandmother of Lauren (Jacqueline Jossa) and Abi Branning (Lorna Fitzgerald). Cora initially appeared from 11 to 15 April 2011, and returned as a regular character on 28 July. Cora is described as having "a brash, outspoken attitude and does not care who she offends", deemed "an archetypal Document [82] (Title: Once Upon a Time (season 7)) played by Jessy Schram for the first six seasons. On July 22 at San Diego Comic-Con, it was revealed that Anwar and Kane will be portraying Lady Tremaine and Drizella, respectively. Cox would be portraying Tiana from "The Princess and the Frog", while Reynolds would be playing an alternate version of Alice, a character previously heavily featured in the spin-off "Once Upon a Time in Wonderland." In August 2017, Cox was promoted to series regular. On August 1, it was announced that Giles Matthey would return as an adult Gideon for the season's fourth episode. The episode, also featuring Emilie Document [83] (Title: Emilie de Ravin) fantasy drama, "Once Upon a Time". After sporadic appearances in the first season, she was promoted to a series regular in the second. In May 2017, it was announced that De Ravin would be departing the series after six seasons along with her co-stars Ginnifer Goodwin, Josh Dallas, Jared S. Gilmore and Rebecca Mader. Two months later, it was reported that De Ravin would be guest-starring in at least one episode of the series' seventh season. That episode turned out to be the season's fourth, "Beauty". de Ravin also returned as Belle for the series finale, "Leaving Storybrooke". She was Document [84] (Title: The Evil Queen (Once Upon a Time)) Enchanted Forest events take place after "Child of the Moon" and before "Ariel". The Storybrooke events take place after "Lacey". In the Enchanted Forest, Queen Regina (Lana Parrilla) searches for the fugitive Snow White (Ginnifer Goodwin) and finds that Snow has recently left a village. Regina offers the villagers gold for information on Snow, whom she denounces as the murderer of Leopold, but they remain silent. Regina orders all the villagers killed. She meets with Rumplestiltstkin, asking to learn Cora's shape-shifting spell. He tells her it would take too long to teach it, instead offering to cast it on her Document [85] (Title: Once Upon a Time (season 5)) returning as a series regular as Will Scarlet / Knave of Hearts although further appearances as a recurring or guest star were hinted. Adam Horowitz confirmed via Twitter that Emilie de Ravin would return as Belle, while Vine Report confirmed the return of Jennifer Morrison as Emma Swan. On June 26, 2015, Josh Dallas confirmed his return as Prince Charming / David Nolan and Horowitz confirmed that there would be ten series regulars for the season. During Comic-Con 2015, Ginnifer Goodwin, Lana Parrilla, Colin O'Donoghue and Robert Carlyle were confirmed to return as Snow White / Mary Margaret Blanchard, Evil Document [86] (Title: Once Upon a Time (season 7)) Lucy. After that episode's airing, they were confirmed as series regulars for season 7. West will be taking over the role from Jared S. Gilmore, who has been confirmed to appear in at least the first two episodes of the season. On July 6, 2017, it was announced that Dania Ramirez and Gabrielle Anwar would be two additional series regulars for season 7. Additionally, Adelaide Kane, Mekia Cox, and Rose Reynolds were cast in recurring roles for the upcoming season. On July 15, it was announced that Ramirez would be portraying Cinderella, albeit a different version from the one previously Document [87] (Title: Freya Tingley) number of episodes and helped Peter Pan (Robbie Kay) gain Henry's heart. However she is then reunited with her family. In 2014, Freya had the lead role in "The Choking Game", a movie made for Lifetime. Freya also played Francine Valli, in "Jersey Boys", directed by Clint Eastwood. She has stated that she would love to return to "Once Upon A Time" as Wendy Darling if she was asked. Freya is set to star in the 2016 TV series The Wilding. Freya will be the main role in her new movie, "No Way to Live" , An interracial teenage couple Document [88] (Title: Bleeding Through (Once Upon a Time)) will come back in two weeks with a ring of gold, and proves it by giving Cora a ring he made out of straw. But when Jonathan tells Cora that he has to leave the next day, Cora decides that she is going to sleep with him that evening. Two months later, we find a now-pregnant Cora soaking wet in the rain and her straw ring coming apart, upset that Jonathan never returned. When she reaches the castle, Cora is shocked to learn Jonathan is actually a gardener; She screams in shock and as he takes off, a person comes Document [89] (Title: Lady of the Lake (Once Upon a Time)) a family. Inside the pit, Emma Swan (Jennifer Morrison) comes face to face with Cora (Barbara Hershey), who wants to talk to her. Cora explains to Emma who she is, and claims to be nothing like the Evil Queen/Regina (Lana Parrilla). Snow White/Mary Margaret wakes up and, recognizing Cora, warns Emma not to trust her. Emma, however, believes Cora might be telling the truth. Emma and Snow/Mary Margaret are later released from the pit and meet Sir Lancelot, who immediately recognizes Snow/Mary Margaret and apologizes for their harsh treatment. While Princess Aurora (Sarah Bolger) seethes at Lancelot's warm treatment, Mulan Document [90] (Title: Once Upon a Time (season 6)) she would be returning for the sixth season. Robert Carlyle was confirmed to be returning for the sixth season as Rumplestiltskin along with Rebecca Mader as Zelena and Jared Gilmore as Henry Mills. It was announced that Giles Matthey was cast as Morpheus, who is slated to appear in the first episode of the season. On July 20, it was announced that Craig Horner would be portraying the Count of Monte Cristo, who was introduced in the second episode of the season. At the 2016 San Diego Comic Con International it was revealed that the season would see the introduction Document [91] (Title: Mother (Once Upon a Time)) Enchanted Forest before the first curse, the Evil Queen Regina stumbles upon a wedding being held on land that is off limits on her palace grounds. She makes it clear that she does not tolerate this kind of intrusion, by pulling the heart out of the groom and crushing it in front of his bride, the families, and friends. Regina then noticed a flower on Daniel's grave, and spots Cora, who pays her a visit on the anniversary of Daniel's death. Cora says she is there to apologize and make things right, and that she wants to see Regina happy Document [92] (Title: The Miller's Daughter (Once Upon a Time)) The Miller's Daughter (Once Upon a Time) "The Miller's Daughter" is the 16th episode of the second season of the American ABC fantasy/drama television series "Once Upon a Time", and the show's 38th episode overall. It aired on March 10, 2013. It was written by Jane Espenson and directed by Ralph Hemecker. This episode centers around Cora as she tries to kill Mr. Gold, while flashbacks show her past with Rumplestiltskin. A spinning wheel is featured in the forest. A young Cora (Rose McGowan) admonishes her father, a drunkard miller, and delivers flour to the palace in his stead. Princess Document [93] (Title: Once Upon a Time (TV series)) daughter of Snow White and Prince Charming, is brought to Storybrooke by her biological son Henry Mills in the hopes of breaking the curse cast by his adoptive mother, the Evil Queen Regina. The second season premiered on September 30, 2012. Despite Emma having broken the curse, the characters are not returned to the fairy tale world, and must deal with their own dual identities. With the introduction of magic into Storybrooke by Mr. Gold, the fates of the two worlds become intertwined, and new threats emerge in the form of Captain Hook (Colin O'Donoghue), Regina's mother Cora (Barbara Hershey), Document [94] (Title: Once Upon a Time (season 1)) (Jennifer Morrison) is reunited with Henry Mills (Jared S. Gilmore)—the son she gave up for adoption ten years previous—and takes him back to his hometown of Storybrooke, Maine—a place where nothing is what it seems. Henry has in his possession a large book of fairy tales and is convinced that Emma is the daughter of Snow White (Ginnifer Goodwin) and Prince Charming (Josh Dallas), who sent her away so she would be protected from a powerful curse enacted by the Evil Queen (Lana Parrilla), a curse in which the queen is the only one with a happy ending. It's because Document [95] (Title: Once Upon a Time (season 4)) Jurgen, had been given to Nils Hognestad and Marcus Rosner respectively. Returning recurring cast members include Sean Maguire as Robin Hood, Christie Laing as Maid Marian, Giancarlo Esposito as the Magic Mirror / Sidney Glass, Beverley Elliott as Granny, Lee Arenberg as Dreamy / Grumpy / Leroy, Raphael Sbarge as Jiminy Cricket / Dr. Archie Hopper and Keegan Connor Tracy as the Blue Fairy / Mother Superior. Faustino Di Bauda also returned as Sleepy / Walter and so did Kristin Bauer van Straten as Maleficent. On September 4, it was revealed that Frances O’Connor was cast as Belle's mother, Colette Document [96] (Title: The Doctor (Once Upon a Time)) (Jamie Chung) and Aurora (Sarah Bolger) return to the island from the castle, the foursome discover that everyone at the camp has been killed and their hearts ripped out by Cora. However, they discover Captain Hook/Killian Jones (Colin O'Donoghue) hiding among the bodies. Hook claims that he was the only survivor and pretends to act like a traumatized victim in an effort to gain their trust. However, Emma is suspicious of his claim, and is convinced that he is lying about the attack. She ties him to a tree and threatens to leave him to the ogres if he does Document [97] (Title: Belle (Once Upon a Time)) Hood (Tom Ellis), who the Dark One proceeds to torture for trying to steal from him. Feeling compassion for the thief, Belle releases Robin in her master's absence. When Rumplestiltskin returns, he demands she accompany him on his journey to find and kill the thief for stealing a magic wand from his castle. When Belle and Rumple see that Robin had only stolen the wand to cure his sick and pregnant wife (Christie Laing), Rumple spares the thief's life. Belle embraces Rumplestiltskin in a hug, seeing that there's a man behind the beast, and he later gifts her with a Document [98] (Title: Belle (Once Upon a Time)) what she saw though, sending her into a frenzy, prompting a nurse sedating her. She later learns that she isn't alone in her belief, for she is approached by Greg Mendell (Ethan Embry), who reveals that he saw the same thing at the town line. With Regina and Cora now conspiring together, Regina visits Belle in the hospital in an attempt to learn where Rumple's Dark One dagger is located. Rumple is later poisoned with Dreamshade by Hook, and on his deathbed Rumple calls Belle at the hospital to speak to her one last time, telling her that although she Document [99] (Title: The Miller's Daughter (Once Upon a Time)) (Jennifer Morrison) promises to save Mr. Gold from the poison Hook inflicted on him, as he is now family. Mary Margaret (Ginnifer Goodwin) and David (Josh Dallas) meet them at the dock. Mary Margaret still intends to kill Cora, despite David's insistence that she couldn't live with herself if she did that. Ruby takes Henry to safety, while the others go to Gold's shop. There, Gold instructs Emma on creating a magical barrier with invisible chalk, and she and Neal bicker while she does so. Gold leads Mary Margaret to find that he has the magical candle that Cora had Document [100] (Title: The Miller's Daughter (Once Upon a Time)) Cora's heart, explaining that all of their problems are caused by Cora's inability to love Regina or anyone else without her heart inside her. David later finds Mary Margaret there in a state of shock over her own actions. As Gold nears death, Cora breaks through Emma's spell and magically sends Emma and Neal away. Gold asks Cora if she ever loved him. She admits that she did, and that was why she had to remove her heart; he had become her weakness. Cora is about to kill him with the dagger when Regina restores her heart. Cora experiences a Document [101] (Title: Queen of Hearts (Once Upon a Time)) and feature a cast of tough females, but there’s also an artificiality that makes everything a little bit hokey," but unlike "Charmed", Sava points out that "everything is dead serious in "Once Upon A Time"." Amy Ratcliffe of "IGN" gave the episode an 8.3, proclaiming that "the winter finale of Once Upon a Time delivers with happy endings." She also was impressed with Lana Parrilla's performance in this episode as the conflicted Regina and added that "Cora being the Queen of Hearts was a great touch" to the plotline. Queen of Hearts (Once Upon a Time) "Queen of Hearts" is Document [102] (Title: Bleeding Through (Once Upon a Time)) give her credit for imbuing her witch with not a little sympathy." Bleeding Through (Once Upon a Time) "Bleeding Through" is the eighteenth episode of the third season of the American fantasy drama series "Once Upon a Time", and the show's 62nd episode overall, which aired on April 20, 2014. In this episode, After Zelena steals Regina's heart, Regina casts a spell so that she can speak across the realms to her dead mother, Cora, to discover the truth about why she abandoned Zelena. However, when the spell is cast, not everything goes as planned. Additionally, Belle stumbles across what Document [103] (Title: Zelena (Once Upon a Time)) was not there. " Intending to prove that Cora deserted the wrong daughter, she moves forward with creating a time travel spell, by getting the Scarecrow's brain. Before she can, Dorothy storms the palace to stop her. While Zelena prepares to finish her with a fireball, Dorothy's dog Toto wanders the room without her noticing. Zelena tosses the fireball at Dorothy, who ducks, with the flame incinerating a guard instead. Toto then pulls at a wall string, making the curtains topple onto Zelena, giving Dorothy time to flee with her dog and the Scarecrow. Blaming the munchkins for Dorothy's return, Document [104] (Title: Witch Hunt (Once Upon a Time)) starts pulling a bow on her. It turns out that Regina is planning to put a sleeping spell on herself so Henry will find her one-day and embrace her again, after lowering the protection spell. Regina then freezes Robin so she can go through with it and does lower the protection spell, but just as she is about to take the spell, she is interrupted by Zelena, who then takes the potion pin from Regina and reveals to Regina that they both have one thing in common, besides magic and the fact that Rumplestiltskin trained them, that Cora is their Document [105] (Title: Once Upon a Time (season 5)) Gentleman"), who will be portrayed by Greg Germann. On February 22, it was announced that Michael Raymond-James will also return in the 100th episode as the deceased Neal Cassidy. On November 10, it was announced that Victoria Smurfit would return as Cruella De Vil for numerous episodes during the second half of the season, beginning with the thirteenth episode, "Labor of Love". On November 16, it was announced that Bailee Madison would be returning in the same episode to reprise her role as a young Snow White, joined by newcomers Jonathan Whitesell and Kacey Rohl, who will be portraying Hercules Document [106] (Title: Once Upon a Time (season 6)) Gideon, the Black Fairy, Mary Lydgate, and Robert. The show also reintroduced Jafar and Dr. Arthur Lydgate, who previously appeared in "Once Upon a Time in Wonderland". This season also marks the final appearance of Emma Swan (Jennifer Morrison) as a series regular. Morrison announced she would be departing the series after the sixth-season finale, but if the series receives a seventh season renewal she has agreed to appear in at least one episode. After serving as a series regular for two seasons, Rebecca Mader also announced that season six would be her last on the show as a regular. Document [107] (Title: Once Upon a Time (season 6)) home" but "those struggles have only made her stronger — something which will come in handy when darkness threatens everything she holds dear." On March 8, it was announced that Andrew J. West had been cast in the unidentified male role, later revealed in "The Final Battle" as an adult Henry Mills. On March 9, it was announced that Alison Fernandez had been cast in the unidentified female role, also revealed to be Henry's daughter, Lucy. On May 8, 2017, Jennifer Morrison announced that she had declined an offer to remain on the show through season 7 and would not Document [108] (Title: Manhattan (Once Upon a Time)) magic, but Cora instead asks his help in locating the Dark One's dagger, which will enable them to kill Gold in Storybrooke. Regina visits Belle (Emilie de Ravin) in the hospital; upon determining that Belle doesn't remember anything useful, Regina magically renders her unconscious and levitates the contents of her purse, locating a note with a Dewey decimal number. This leads Regina, Cora, and Hook to a map hidden on a bookshelf in the library. Hook deciphers the map, but Cora then attacks him magically and knocks him unconscious, her use for him at an end. She reveals to Regina Document [109] (Title: Tiny (Once Upon a Time)) is dismayed to discover that Cora has shrunk him, then attacks David after apparently recognizing him. Mary Margaret drives him away with arrows. Mary Margaret surmises that Anton's real enemy was David's twin. Regina, in Cora's stead, meets with Hook, who informs her about Anton. She brings Anton a mushroom that temporarily restores his size. Anton then rampages through the town. David confronts him and explains that the real Prince James is dead. Mary Margaret tells Anton that Emma is their daughter, and Anton asks to have Emma vouch for them. Told that she is out of town, an enraged Document [110] (Title: Laura Prepon) and a grassroots campaign from the show's fanbase to keep the show alive. In April 2007, she starred in a dramatic short film "Once Upon a Time". She also appeared in the 2005 Oxygen romantic comedy "Romancing the Bride". She also was the original voice for Hayley Smith on the Fox animated sitcom "American Dad!" and voiced her in an unaired pilot. She appeared as Lauren, the long-lost sister of Mary Shannon (Mary McCormack) in the USA Network mystery drama "In Plain Sight" in the episode "A Frond in Need". On February 5, 2010, it was announced that Prepon signed Document [111] (Title: Red Queen (Through the Looking-Glass)) on Tarrant. The Red Queen appears in "Once Upon a Time in Wonderland" (a spin-off to "Once Upon a Time") portrayed by Emma Rigby. She is a character distinct from the Queen of Hearts (Barbara Hershey), who was her tutor in magic. Like the Queen of Hearts and the Mad Hatter, the Red Queen is an émigré to Wonderland from the Enchanted Forest, having originally been a young woman named Anastasia, with whom Will Scarlet (the Knave of Hearts) was in love. The Red Queen featured as one of the show's main antagonists, alongside Jafar. Two characters from the manga/anime Document [112] (Title: Once Upon a Time (season 7)) Lady Tremaine's other biological daughter. On November 1, it was announced that Tiera Skovbye would be recurring as an older version of Robin, the daughter of Zelena and Robin Hood. On November 2, it was announced that Nathan Parsons had been cast in a recurring role as Nick, a lawyer and potential love interest for another character. On November 3, it was announced that the show was casting for the role of Naveen from "The Princess and the Frog", who will be recurring in the second half of the season. It was later revealed that the role would be played Document [113] (Title: Once Upon a Time (season 5)) Macario as Bashful, Raphael Alejandro as Roland, Timothy Weber as the Apprentice and Ingrid Torrance as the Severe Nurse who is revealed during the episode to be the show's version of Nurse Ratched from Ken Kesey's One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, and introduced Lee Majdoub as Sir Kay and Mckenna Grace as Young Emma. Towards the end of the month, David Anders was confirmed to be returning as Dr. Victor Frankenstein / Dr. Whale. The second episode of the season, "The Price", introduced Olivia Steele Falconer as Violet, a love interest for Henry. On October 14, it was announced Document [114] (Title: Once Upon a Time (TV series)) their original memories by the Evil Queen Regina (Lana Parrilla) who used a powerful curse obtained from Rumplestiltskin (Robert Carlyle). The residents of Storybrooke, where Regina is mayor, have lived an unchanging existence for 28 years, unaware of their own lack of aging. The town's only hope lies with a bail-bonds person named Emma Swan (Jennifer Morrison), the daughter of Snow White (Ginnifer Goodwin) and Prince Charming (Josh Dallas), who was transported from the Enchanted Forest to the real world via a magic tree as an infant before she could be cursed. As such, she is the only person who Document [115] (Title: Queen of Hearts (Once Upon a Time)) hook by the Evil Queen/Regina who asks for his help in casting the Dark Curse. He agrees after she explains that the Dark One will be rendered an easily killed mortal man by the curse. His assignment is to travel to Wonderland via Jefferson's hat and kill her mother, Cora (Barbara Hershey), whom Regina previously banished to that land. She enchants his hook so that it can be used to remove Cora's heart, and no more than one heart. He is sent with the corpse of the guard he killed, so that he can bring Cora's body back in accordance Document [116] (Title: The Queen Is Dead (Once Upon a Time)) conversation with the Blue Fairy had really been with Cora and that Cora murdered her mother. Despite Johanna's protests, Mary Margaret gives up the dagger. Regina then restores Johanna's heart, but Cora immediately throws the woman to her death out of the clock tower. Regina confronts Cora over murdering Eva and keeping it a secret from her. She realizes that Cora also orchestrated Snow's riding accident. She expresses concerns over Cora's true motivations, and the likelihood that Henry will learn that they are responsible for anything they order Mr. Gold to do now that their possession of the dagger is Document [117] (Title: Swan Song (Once Upon a Time)) meant to be, only to suddenly abandon him and his brother, as he sold his sons into servitude, because Brennan was a wanted man and the ship was stolen. Years later in The Enchanted Forest, Regina recruits Hook to kill Cora, and takes Hook to a tavern, where she requires Hook to kill his father, who is now the tavern's owner. After the tavern closes, Hook confronts Brennan, who explains that his attempt to flee the law failed and was put under a sleeping curse as punishment; Brennan fell in love with the sound of his nurse's voice and she Document [118] (Title: Portrayals of Alice in Wonderland) Seven of the fantasy series "Once Upon a Time", portrayed by Rose Reynolds. She is the daughter of the Wish Realm version of Killian Jones (played by Colin O'Donoghue) and Mother Gothel (played by Emma Booth). Alice is the lover of Robin, played by Tiera Skovbye, who is the daughter of Robin Hood (Sean Maguire) and Zelena (Rebecca Mader). Her cursed identity in Hyperion Heights was "Tilly". Besides the books and the Disney film, Alice has appeared in many other works. In 1987 film "The Care Bears Adventure in Wonderland", she is a young and shy blonde girl with an Document [119] (Title: Once Upon a Time (season 5)) where she came from, but post-movie is where our "Once Upon a Time" spin comes into play". On September 8, Meghan Ory was confirmed to be returning for multiple episodes of the season as Little Red Riding Hood / Ruby, while on September 15, Horowitz revealed that Jamie Chung would be returning as Mulan. Both Chung and Ory will first appear in the season's two-parter on November 15, 2015. The premiere episode of the season, "The Dark Swan", saw the return of David-Paul Grove as Doc, Faustine Di Bauda as Sleepy, Jeffrey Kaiser as Dopey, Michael Coleman as Happy, Mig Document [120] (Title: Sisters (Once Upon a Time)) Consequently, Cora visits Oz to bring back Zelena, who just used her magic to restock the logs she dropped. This angers her abusive adoptive father, who doesn't want Zelena to use her “wicked” magic. Cora immediately freezes the woodcutter as he is about to hit her (her adoptive mother wasn't around to protect Zelena this time), then gives Zelena the opportunity to prove that her magic can be used for good, which she accepts. As Zelena is able to wake Regina, the two are unaware of their being sisters at first, but over time become close, and quickly realize that Document [121] (Title: The Miller's Daughter (Once Upon a Time)) financial woes, and that she has nothing to offer him. Cora boasts that she can turn straw to gold, but will deny the king this gift because of his insults. King Xavier presents her to the ball with her claim. Cora claims she needs time to prepare, so he has her locked in a tower full of straw to spin into gold by morning; she can marry Henry if she succeeds, but will be put to death if she fails. As Cora considers jumping from the tower window, Rumplestiltskin (Robert Carlyle) appears. He demonstrates that he can spin straw into Document [122] (Title: Zelena (Once Upon a Time)) observed during Emma and Killian's wedding. Zelena was also an ally to Rumplestiltskin in Season 4, King Arthur in Season 5 and the Evil Queen in Season 6. Clinging to her dream to being more than a miller's daughter, Cora abandons her child in the woods, where a passing cyclone whisks the babe to Oz. Whilst walking along the yellow brick road, a woodcutter and his wife witness a cyclone and a small baby fall through it. The woman wishes to raise the baby as their own but her husband is more skeptical after seeing the baby move a tree Document [123] (Title: Evil Queen (Disney)) Queen is Regina Mills, the main antagonist in the first season of the 2011 ABC live-action TV series "Once Upon a Time" where she is played by Lana Parrilla. Regina is the mayor of the idyllic town of Storybrooke, Maine, but is secretly the Evil Queen of legend, having cursed many beloved fairy tale characters to live in a land without magic, where they will never get their happy endings. The show is not directly based on the Disney animated films, but is inspired by them and makes many references to them. One of its episodes is titled "The Evil Document [124] (Title: Mother (Once Upon a Time)) by finding her the love that Tinker Bell spoke of. But Regina, having been upset with Tinker Bell previously, says she'll believe it when she sees it. Later on, Cora heads to the bar to find Robin, where she learns from the Sheriff of Nottingham that Robin is a thief and is now married. This gives Cora the idea to make the sheriff the true love for her daughter, by conjuring up a tattoo that is similar to the one Robin Hood had, and dressing him up in clothing similar to Robin"s. Unfortunately, Regina catches on to what Cora did Document [125] (Title: Sisters (Once Upon a Time)) retrieves his hook and brings her to Regina. When she discovers the truth about Zelena's feelings for Hades' from Regina, Cora suspects that her daughter is being played for a fool by Hades, so she makes a potion from the Lethe that would make Zelena forget about Hades. When Cora finally meets Zelena, this mother-daughter reunion doesn't go smoothly as planned, and even Zelena is on to what they did with the water from the River Lethe they put the spell on, as she turns down her mother's false apology. This leads to a fight between Regina and Zelena but Document [126] (Title: Nimue (Once Upon a Time)) and she takes control of the sword, cementing her title as the most powerful Dark One ever. Jared S. Gilmore and Emile de Ravin were listed in the credits but were not featured in this episode. The episode received excellent reviews. Andrea Towers of "Entertainment Weekly" notes in her assessment of the review, "The moral of tonight’s Once Upon A Time might be, “Don’t play with fire.” Or perhaps it’s, “Don’t trust the man behind the curtain.” In any case, Excalibur lives! And unfortunately, so does Dark One Emma — now even more powerful and ruthless than before. For the Document [127] (Title: Barbara Hershey) Christie's "Murder on the Orient Express" for the British television series "Poirot" (starring David Suchet), which aired in the United States on Public Broadcast Service in July 2010. Also in 2010, Hershey co-starred in Darren Aronofsky's acclaimed psychological thriller "Black Swan" (2010) opposite Natalie Portman and Mila Kunis. The following year, she co-starred in the James Wan horror film "Insidious" (2011). From 2012 to 2013, she had a recurring role in the first two seasons of ABC's hit drama "Once Upon a Time" as Cora, the Queen of Hearts and mother of the Evil Queen. In 2014, she reprised the Document [128] (Title: We Are Both) The Storybrooke events take place after "Broken". In the Enchanted Forest, during a horse ride, a young Regina (Lana Parrilla) is prevented from running away by her mother Cora (Barbara Hershey) via magic. Cora wants to make sure that Regina goes through with the wedding to King Leopold and states that Regina is only nervous about having the power that a queen is given, but Regina tells her mother that she wants to be free. Cora replies by saying that power is freedom. After having a daydream in which she strangles a young Snow White (Bailee Madison), Regina tells her Document [129] (Title: Belle (Once Upon a Time)) Belle (Once Upon a Time) Belle Gold (née French), briefly known as Lacey, is a fictional character in ABC's television series "Once Upon a Time". She is portrayed by Emilie de Ravin, who became a series regular in the second season and onwards after making recurring appearances in the first season, and has become a fan favorite since her debut. She is both based on the character from "Beauty and the Beast" by Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont, and the Disney princess of the 1991 film of the same name. Emilie de Ravin remained a series regular until the show’s sixth Document [130] (Title: Regina Mills) of the best roles she has ever played: Regina Mills Regina Mills ("Latin" for "queen"; alias: Evil Queen in Enchanted Forest; Roni in Hyperion Heights) is a fictional character in ABC's television series "Once Upon a Time". She is portrayed by Lana Parrilla, and has been praised by critics for her role as the series's first major antagonist. She has become a fan favorite since her debut. In the Enchanted Forest, Regina was born to the sorceress Cora and her husband Henry, the son of King Xavier. Despite being terrorized by her tyrannical mother, Regina found love in the form Document [131] (Title: Ariel (Once Upon a Time character)) time, Ariel reunites with Jasmine and helps her defeat the sorcerer Jafar (Oded Fehr). Reception for the role has been received positively, with Amy Ratcliffe of "IGN" saying "The mermaid was endearing, and Garcia couldn't have done a better job with her. She had terrific chemistry with everyone, too". Ariel (Once Upon a Time character) Ariel is a fictional character that appears in the ABC television series "Once Upon a Time", where she is played by JoAnna Garcia. Ariel is loosely based on the Disney character of the same name from the 1989 animated film "The Little Mermaid". Showrunners Edward Document [132] (Title: Once Upon a Time (season 3)) the recurring role of Prince Eric. On October 18, 2013, it was revealed that the American musician Marilyn Manson would voice the character of The Shadow. On October 21, British actor Stephen Lord was announced to be playing Rumplestiltskin's father, Malcolm. He featured in the eighth and eleventh episodes of the season. For the second half of the season, Rebecca Mader was cast as the major villain, Zelena, The Wicked Witch of the West. Alexandra Metz was cast as Rapunzel, who will be rescued by Prince Charming. Rose McGowan will return as a young Cora for the season's eighteenth episode, Document [133] (Title: Zelena (Once Upon a Time)) that they're sisters, Cora erased their memories of having met each other because her presence could alter Regina's future as the Queen. Zelena is sent back to Oz with her memories of meeting her mother and Regina wiped. " Time passes as Zelena grows into an adult. Zelena is reduced to helping her father and shaving her father. During one shave, she accidentally cuts him and uses magic to produce a cloth. This angers the woodcutter who declares that she is wicked and that he only looked after her because Zelena's 'mother' wanted the girl. He then reveals that Zelena Document [134] (Title: Once Upon a Time (TV series)) not start out believing in the fairytale universe. Ten-year-old Jared Gilmore, known for his work on "Mad Men", took the role of her son, Henry. The role of The Evil Queen/ Regina was given to Lana Parrilla. For the second season, Meghan Ory and Emilie de Ravin were promoted to series regulars as Red Riding Hood / Ruby and Belle / Lacey respectively, while Bailey made guest appearances in two episodes after departing the series and Sbarge joined the recurring cast. Colin O'Donoghue was cast as Captain Killian "Hook" Jones, and was upped to series regular for the fourteenth episode Document [135] (Title: Once Upon a Time (season 6)) will not be brought back from the dead but would appear in a multi-episode arc in a different capacity. For the second half of the season, Wil Traval would be returning for multiple episodes, starting in episode 11, as the Sheriff of Nottingham. On October 31, it was announced that Mckenna Grace would be returning as a younger version of Emma. On December 11, Robert Carlyle revealed that Brandon Spink would be portraying a young Baelfire in episode 13. On January 6, 2017, it was announced that JoAnna Garcia would be returning as Ariel. The story line involves a team-up Document [136] (Title: Once Upon a Time (season 4)) was portrayed by Yvette Nicole Brown in the season 3 episode, "Ariel". Straten, Smurfit, and Dungey all first appeared in the winter finale, "Heroes and Villains", and are collectively called the "Queens of Darkness". On October 17, 2014, Rebecca Wisocky was revealed to have been cast as the con-artist Madam Faustina for the ninth episode, "Fall", while a few days later on October 22, David Paul Grove, Gabe Khouth, Michael Coleman, Mig Macario and Jeffrey Kaiser were confirmed to be returning as the remaining seven dwarves. On October 25, 2014, Ginnifer Goodwin revealed that Mary Margaret's and David's son, Neal Document [137] (Title: Dark Hollow (Once Upon a Time)) from being felt. Her teaching skills already have Emma starting fires in the middle of windstorms. There's no telling how powerful these two women could be if they ever truly teamed up." Dark Hollow (Once Upon a Time) "Dark Hollow" is the seventh episode of the third season of the American fantasy drama series "Once Upon a Time", and the show's 51st episode overall. In this episode, Ariel (Joanna García Swisher) makes her way to Storybrooke after being sent by Mr. Gold (Robert Carlyle) and Regina Mills (Lana Parrilla) to tell Belle (Emilie De Ravin) and the townspeople of the Document [138] (Title: The Miller's Daughter (Once Upon a Time)) to appear and give Cora a taste of the power that will drive her over the edge." Amy Ratcliffe of IGN rated this episode 9.5 out of 10. The Miller's Daughter (Once Upon a Time) "The Miller's Daughter" is the 16th episode of the second season of the American ABC fantasy/drama television series "Once Upon a Time", and the show's 38th episode overall. It aired on March 10, 2013. It was written by Jane Espenson and directed by Ralph Hemecker. This episode centers around Cora as she tries to kill Mr. Gold, while flashbacks show her past with Rumplestiltskin. A Document [139] (Title: Belle (Once Upon a Time)) in her signature gold ballgown. The two kiss, as Belle says lovingly, “I knew you’d make it home.” The producers had planned to make the Belle only a recurring role in the series, but after sporadic appearances in the first season and an overwhelmingly positive reaction from fans to Belle and Rumplestiltskin's relationship, she was promoted to a series regular in the second season. Had de Ravin not accepted the role of Belle, she would've gone on to star in a television series called "Americana"; ABC decided to pass on the pilot in 2012. de Ravin's return as Belle in Document [140] (Title: Into the Deep (Once Upon a Time)) Margaret (Ginnifer Goodwin) and Emma Swan (Jennifer Morrison) are alive in the Enchanted Forest. When he wakes up, he reveals this to David (Josh Dallas) and Regina (Lana Parrilla), and tells them that his mother and grandmother are now threatened by Cora (Barbara Hershey). Regina finds Mr. Gold (Robert Carlyle) while he is eating with Belle (Emilie de Ravin), and they discuss Cora; they thought her to be dead, and Regina believed she had seen her mother's body. Regina points out that Gold's feelings for Belle are now a weakness Cora can exploit, and he agrees to help prevent Cora Document [141] (Title: David Nolan (Once Upon a Time)) like everybody else. He's human." Dallas subsequently began dating his "Once Upon a Time" co-star Goodwin in fall 2011. Dallas and Goodwin became engaged in October 2013, and married on April 12, 2014 in California. They have one child, a son, born in May 2014. David Nolan (Once Upon a Time) David Nolan, also known as Prince Charming, is a fictional character in ABC's television series "Once Upon a Time". He is portrayed by Josh Dallas, who also happens to be married to series co-star Ginnifer Goodwin, who plays David's wife Snow White/Mary Margaret Blanchard. The leader of the Enchanted Document [142] (Title: Bleeding Through (Once Upon a Time)) to the palace, has been eavesdropping on their conversation. She uses that to her advantage later on at the banquet hall, where after Leopold, who has been hearing rumors of Cora's deception, learns from Eva about her after Cora lies to him about not being pregnant. Eva then tells Leopold to check Cora's pockets, which he discovers is laced with jewelry. Cora is then escorted out of the palace and Eva consoles Leopold, promising that she'll be able to give him an heir that is pure as snow after they are married. Months later, Cora gives birth to Zelena and Document [143] (Title: Bleeding Through (Once Upon a Time)) was, a young Cora is duped by a man claiming to be a prince, and she finds herself alone and pregnant. But a chance meeting with a real prince could lead Cora to the royal life she's always craved, but she must keep her pregnancy a secret or else risk losing everything. The tornado forms in the forest. In the years before the first curse, a young bar girl named Cora is swept off her feet by a gentleman named Jonathan, who tells her that he is a prince. He makes an "I promise you the world"-type vow that he Document [144] (Title: Once Upon a Time (season 4)) had been cast as Poseidon, who is also Ursula's Father, and Sebastian Roche as King Stefan. In February 2015, Rebecca Mader was confirmed to be returning as Wicked Witch of the West / Zelena and Wil Traval was revealed to be returning as the Sheriff of Nottingham / Keith. Both Mader and Traval have been confirmed to be reprising their roles in the seventeenth episode, "Heart of Gold". Agnes Bruckner has been confirmed to appear in a three episode arc in the role of an adult Lily, a friend of Emma from her childhood who was portrayed by Nicole Muñoz Document [145] (Title: Heart of the Matter (Once Upon a Time in Wonderland)) Will. Cora also confronts Will, resulting in him asking her for a shocking demand. Jenny Kao & Katie Wech were the writers for the episode, while David Boyd was its director. The episode was watched by 3.51 million American viewers, and received an 18-49 rating/share of 0.8/3, roughly the same demo as the previous episode but up in the total viewers number. The show placed fifth in its timeslot and twelfth for the night. Christine Orlando of "TV Fanatic" gave the episode a 4.5 out of 5, signaling positive reviews. Ashley B. of "Spoiler TV" gave the episode a positive Document [146] (Title: Tim Phillipps) his character out. Phillipps reprised his role of Prince Thomas during the sixth season of "Once Upon a Time". Tim Phillipps Tim Phillipps is an Australian actor perhaps best known for his roles in the soap opera "Neighbours", drama series "Bed of Roses" and the movie "Animal Kingdom". He has also appeared in the American television series "Once Upon a Time" and "The Secret Circle". He provided the voice and motion capture for Dante in the video game "". Phillipps was born in Adelaide, South Australia. He has a brother Josh, who is a television presenter, and a sister Libby. Document [147] (Title: Once Upon a Time (season 5)) Queen / Regina Mills, Captain Killian "Hook" Jones and Rumplestiltskin / Mr. Gold respectively, while Morrison's character was confirmed to take on the moniker "Dark Swan". Jared S. Gilmore also returned as Henry Mills. On June 26, 2015, it was revealed that Sinqua Walls would return as Lancelot. On July 1, 2015, it was announced that Liam Garrigan would play King Arthur during the first half of the season, while Gabe Khouth and Lee Arenberg confirmed via social media that they would be returning as Sneezy / Tom Clark and as Grumpy / Dreamy / Leroy respectively. On July 10, Document [148] (Title: Bailee Madison) their own lemonade stands. Bailee Madison Bailee Madison (born October 15, 1999) is an American actress. In film, she played May Belle Aarons in "Bridge to Terabithia" (2007), Isabelle in "Brothers" (2009), Sally Hurst in "Don't Be Afraid of the Dark" (2010), Maggie in "Just Go with It" (2011), Harper Simmons in "Parental Guidance" (2012), and Kinsey in "" (2018). On television, she made guest appearances as Maxine Russo in "Wizards of Waverly Place" and young Snow White in "Once Upon a Time". She also has a recurring role as Sophia Quinn in "The Fosters". In 2015, she began starring Document [149] (Title: Queen of Hearts (Once Upon a Time)) him to another part of the Enchanted Forest to erect a magical barrier that will protect them from the curse. Cora explains that the curse is destined to be broken after 28 years, during which they will be frozen. Once the curse is broken, Cora will reconcile with her daughter, who will be distraught over her defeat, and "help her pick up the pieces." Emma Swan (Jennifer Morrison), Mary Margaret (Ginnifer Goodwin), Aurora (Sarah Bolger), and Mulan (Jamie Chung) reach Rumplestiltskin's cell, and Emma learns for the first time that he knew beforehand that she would be the savior. They Document [150] (Title: Sisters (Once Upon a Time)) gave the episode a 3.9 out of 5. Gwen Inhat of "The AV Club" gave the episode a B+. Sisters (Once Upon a Time) "Sisters" is the nineteenth episode of the fifth season of the American fantasy drama series "Once Upon a Time", which aired on April 24, 2016. In this episode, Regina and Cora work together to keep Zelena away from Hades; and James impersonates David. In flashbacks, Cora brings Zelena to the Enchanted Forest to save Regina's life. An Underworld windmill is featured in the red-tinted forest. The Enchanted Forest events take place years after "The Miller's Daughter" Document [151] (Title: Souls of the Departed) favor of. Unknown to Prince Henry and Regina, Cora has managed to enter the realm of the Enchanted Forest through the mirror again. Later on, Prince Henry meets with Snow White in the woods. When she sees the real Prince Henry approaching her, she realizes that the first Prince Henry was actually Cora, who rips out her heart while she is distracted. Cora takes Snow's heart to Regina as a birthday present, only to then learn that Snow switched it out with that of a guard. It turned out that Prince Henry saved Snow White by switching the hearts. A Document [152] (Title: Belle (Once Upon a Time)) to be, as Belle sees the goodness in her heart. Meanwhile, Belle and Rumple grow closer, as they continue to go out on dates like lunch at Granny's Diner and a picnic in Rumple's pawnshop. However, interruptions occur frequently as the town panics due to the arrival of Regina's mother, Cora (Barbara Hershey), who has become a new threat to them all. Belle supports Rumple in his mission to find a loophole around the town line barrier in hopes of going out in search of his long lost son, but ventures out on her own when it is revealed that Document [153] (Title: Once Upon a Time (season 7)) de Ravin, would be centered around Rumple. On that same day, it was also announced that Emma Booth was cast in a major recurring role as the Witch, whose more specific identity would be revealed later on during the season. On August 25, Kevin Ryan announced that he would be making an appearance as a new prince in the upcoming season. On August 30, it was announced that Robin Givens had been cast as Tiana's mother, Eudora. On September 8, it was announced that Meegan Warner would be guest starring as an alternate version of Rapunzel, a character previously featured Document [154] (Title: Once Upon a Time (season 2)) actress Rachel Shelley played the recurring role of Milah, Rumplestiltskin's wife. "Eureka" actor Christopher Gauthier is recurring throughout the season as Mr. William Smee, Captain Hook's right-hand-man. In October 2012, "Can't Hardly Wait" star Ethan Embry joined the recurring cast as an unknown visitor to Storybrooke. Eion Bailey (Pinocchio/August Booth) made guest appearances in episodes six and 18. Tony Perez (Prince Henry) and Alan Dale (King George/Albert Spencer) both made recurring appearances in some capacity throughout the season. Actor Noah Bean reprised his role as Daniel, the Evil Queen's love-interest, during episode five, "The Doctor". "The X-Files" actress Annabeth Gish Document [155] (Title: Lady of the Lake (Once Upon a Time)) the heroines depart, Cora reappears with a potion bottle and fills it with the ashes of the wardrobe. The potion bottle glows red- there was still a little magic left in the wardrobe. As Prince Charming/David attempts to find a way to use the hat to bring back Snow White/Mary Margaret and Emma, Henry (Jared S. Gilmore) insists on helping, but Charming, who says that he'll find magic, wants Henry to concentrate on going to school while he takes care of this situation. Henry, as usual, does the opposite and goes to see the Mad Hatter/Jefferson (Sebastian Stan). When Henry Document [156] (Title: Once Upon a Time (TV series)) actresses Dania Ramirez and Gabrielle Anwar were announced to be joining the cast of the seventh season as series regulars, playing new iterations of Cinderella and Lady Tremaine, respectively. In September 2017, Mekia Cox, who portrays Tiana, was promoted to a series regular. Principal photography for the series takes place in Vancouver, British Columbia. Steveston Village in the adjacent city of Richmond doubles as Storybrooke for the series, with props and exterior sets disguising the existing businesses and buildings. During filming, all brightly colored objects (flowers, etc.) are hidden to reinforce the story village's spell-subdued character. Certain sets are additionally Document [157] (Title: Miranda Richardson) "A Dance to the Music of Time" (1997), Miss Gilchrist in "St. Ives" (1998), Bettina the interior decorator in "Absolutely Fabulous", Queen Elspeth, Snow White's stepmother, in "" (2001), and Queen Mary in "The Lost Prince" (2003). Richardson has appeared in a number of high-profile supporting roles in film, including Vanessa Bell in "The Hours", Lady Van Tassel in "Sleepy Hollow" and Patsy Carpenter in "The Evening Star". She also won acclaim for her performances in "The Crying Game" and "Enchanted April", for which she won a Golden Globe. She received Academy Award nominations for her performances in "Damage" and Document [158] (Title: Once Upon a Time (season 1)) after she did, is from the Enchanted Forest as well and he is Pinocchio, who was sent to our world through the same wardrobe that brought Emma to watch over her. But he abandoned her out of fear and is slowly turning back into a wooden puppet. Emma then makes an attempt to take Henry out of Storybrooke forever, but is then forced to reconsider when he refuses to go. Emma makes a deal with Regina in which she leaves but still visits Henry on ocasinaly. But Regina knows Emma's true identity and has retrieved her poisoned apple (the same Document [159] (Title: The Queen Is Dead (Once Upon a Time)) not a secret. Cora insists that Henry will be Regina's. After Johanna's funeral, David reassures Mary Margaret that they will get the dagger back before Gold returns to Storybrooke. Mary Margaret questions her "good" choices that have caused death and suffering over the years, and reflects that maybe it isn't Regina or Cora who needs to change, but herself. She vows to kill Cora. In New York City, Neal (Michael Raymond-James) and Henry spend time together while Emma and Mr. Gold commiserate over the trouble they are having with their respective sons. Gold asks Emma to convince Neal to come Document [160] (Title: Henry Mills (Once Upon a Time)) the Queen of the United Realms. Gilmore, who had previously starred in "Mad Men" as the third Bobby Draper from 2009 to 2011, was cast in "Once Upon a Time" as Henry Mills, the "biological son of Emma Swan (Jennifer Morrison's character) and Neal/Baelfire. He is the only resident of Storybrooke who is not under the spell of the Evil Queen (Lana Parrilla)." Series creators Adam Horowitz and Eddy Kitsis stated of the role, "One of our emotional centers was an 11-year-old boy who had to be precocious and vulnerable at the same time." Kitsis believed that Gilmore "naturally brought Document [161] (Title: The Miller's Daughter (Once Upon a Time)) "Buffy The Vampire Slayer" and "Battlestar Galactica", but her episodes of this series have been largely lackluster. That is, until 'The Miller’s Daughter,' which is easily one of the strongest episodes OUAT has ever had. Exploring Cora’s past and shutting the door on her present-day exploits, this episode is full of significant plot developments and emotional character moments, with a very strong connection between the fairyback and Storybrooke scenes." He also praised the performance from Rose McGowan calling her "inspired casting as young Cora, and not just because of how much she looks like Barbara Hershey. She has an icy Document [162] (Title: Lady of the Lake (Once Upon a Time)) that they will find a way to get Emma and Snow/Mary Margaret back, together. Later that day, the Mad Hatter is finally reunited with his daughter, Paige/Grace, and Henry watches this from a distance. He is soon joined by Charming, who buys a pair of wooden swords to teach Henry how to defend himself. As they are sword-playing, King George/Albert Spencer secretly watches them in his car from a distance. "Lady of the Lake" was co-written by producers Andrew Chambliss & Ian Goldberg, while being directed by "24" veteran Milan Cheylov. The pit that Emma, Snow White/Mary Margaret, and Cora Document [163] (Title: Queen of Hearts (Once Upon a Time)) and knocks him unconscious. Then Cora renews her attack and declares her intention to give Regina Mary Margaret's heart. Emma interposes herself at the last minute, so Cora reaches into her chest instead. Cora mocks them, reminding them that love is weakness. But when Cora cannot pull Emma's heart out, Emma realizes that love is strength and a burst of magic comes from her and knocks Cora back. Emma and Mary Margaret take the compass and jump into the portal. Mulan restores Aurora's heart to her and frees her from the cell. Aurora then reveals that Cora told her that Document [164] (Title: Heart of the Matter (Once Upon a Time in Wonderland)) Heart of the Matter (Once Upon a Time in Wonderland) "Heart of the Matter" is the eleventh episode of the "Once Upon a Time" spin-off series "Once Upon a Time in Wonderland". Alice and Cyrus discover alarming information involving prisoners Jafar has under his control that changes their priorities. Meanwhile, the Red Queen is in critical danger and no one can help her, except for the Knave, by surrendering information to Jafar that he's been desperately seeking. In flashback, Anastasia is about to marry the Red King and strikes up a friendship with Cora (Queen of Hearts) that directly impacts Document [165] (Title: Queen of Hearts (Once Upon a Time)) Queen of Hearts (Once Upon a Time) "Queen of Hearts" is the ninth episode of the second season of the American ABC fantasy/drama television series "Once Upon a Time", and the show's 31st episode overall, which aired on December 2, 2012. The episode served as the series' winter finale. An enhanced version with additional scenes and trivia aired March 31, 2013. It was co-written by Adam Horowitz and Edward Kitsis, while being directed by Ralph Hemecker. This episode centers around Captain Hook and Cora as they try to steal the compass from Emma Swan and her mother, while flashbacks show Document [166] (Title: The Miller's Daughter (Once Upon a Time)) gold, and offers to do so in exchange for her first-born child; he reveals that "she is very important" in the future he has seen. Cora asks Rumplestiltskin to teach her how to spin gold herself; to which he agrees and she signs his contract. Rumplestiltskin teaches Cora that magic is channeled through emotion rather than thought, and that he uses the anger he felt at being forced to kiss a man's boots in front of his son. As Cora imagines forcing the royals to bow to her, the straw changes to gold in her hands. Cora presents the gold Document [167] (Title: Cora Cross) but Babe, realising that her and Stan were never meant to be, encourages Cora to accept the proposal for his last chance of happiness. Two weeks later, Stan passes away from his cancer, devastating Cora. After his funeral, Cora departs, saying she will stay with Tanya in Exeter, and is then seen calling her and waiting for her to pick her up. A few months later, a dishevelled Cora attends a charity drive for the homeless at the community centre, but ensures nobody sees her. When Abi calls Tanya, she discovers Cora has not visited Tanya. Abi is distressed and Document [168] (Title: The Miller's Daughter (Once Upon a Time)) Eva, a young woman, trips Cora, causing her to spill the flour. King Xavier (Joaquim de Almeida) refuses to pay for the flour and orders Cora to beg forgiveness on her knees. That night, Cora sneaks into a masked ball held for King Xavier's son Prince Henry (Zak Santiago). She criticizes the event as an opportunity for the king to sell his son to a wealthy bride, and is overheard by Henry. The prince invites her to dance, but they are interrupted by the king, who recognizes Cora. He tells her that he is superior to her, despite his kingdom's Document [169] (Title: The Evil Queen (Once Upon a Time)) quite as bad as this one, which combines a gross abuse of magic with far-fetched plot developments and incredibly repetitive storytelling. Dear god, how many variations of Regina hunting down Snow White are we going to see on this show?" The Evil Queen (Once Upon a Time) "The Evil Queen" is the 20th episode of the second season of the American ABC fantasy/drama television series "Once Upon a Time", and the show's 42nd episode overall. It aired on April 28, 2013. In this episode, Hook helps Regina find a way to get her and Henry to the Enchanted Forest; and Document [170] (Title: Pilot (Once Upon a Time)) identities. This includes his therapist Archie Hopper (Raphael Sbarge), who is really Jiminy Cricket, and his teacher Mary Margaret Blanchard (Goodwin), who is really Snow White. Henry claims that time is frozen in Storybrooke and the people are unable to leave, but that the curse will be broken by Emma. A skeptical Emma returns Henry to his adopted mother, the town Mayor, Regina (Parrilla), who is really the Evil Queen. Emma attempts to leave but after having drunk apple cider given to her by the Mayor and nearly hitting a wolf she has a car accident where she is knocked Question: who plays cora in once upon a time Answer: Barbara Hershey Long Answer: Barbara Hershey (born Barbara Lynn Herzstein; February 5, 1948), once known as Barbara Seagull, is an American actress . In a career spanning over 50 years, she has played a variety of roles on television and in cinema in several genres, including Westerns and comedies . She began acting at age 17 in 1965, but did not achieve much critical acclaim until the latter half of the 1980s . By that time, the Chicago Tribune referred to her as "one of America's finest actresses." Gold Document ID: 161

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Once Upon a Time (season 5)) and Megara, respectively. On December 3, 2015, the cast of the mid-season finale, "Swan Song", was revealed with Eric Keenleyside returning as Maurice, Belle's father and Oliver Bell being introduced as a Young Killian. On December 4, it was announced that Rachel Shelley would be reprising her role as Milah, Rumplestiltskin's ex-wife and Hook's ex-lover, for at least one episode in the second half of the season. On December 8, it was announced that the character of Dorothy Gale (previously portrayed by Matreya Scarrwener) will be returning midway through the second half of the season to be portrayed by a Document [2] (Title: Into the Deep (Once Upon a Time)) endanger herself for Mary Margaret and Emma's goals; but Aurora insists that every day since she was rescued has been a gift, and that it is right for her to use that gift to help someone else. They make camp so Aurora can sleep in order to meet with Henry again, but the camp is attacked by Cora's corpse army and Aurora is pulled from the netherworld when Mulan must awaken her. Mary Margaret, Emma, and Mulan prevent Cora's servants from taking the compass, but Aurora is abducted. Cora holds Aurora prisoner, revealing that she knew about Aurora's secret ambition Document [3] (Title: Skin Deep (Once Upon a Time)) Ruby (Meghan Ory) and Ashley (Jessy Schram), and a fateful deal made between Rumpelstiltskin (Carlyle) and Belle (Emilie de Ravin) is revealed – in which she gives up her freedom to save her village from the horrors of the Ogre Wars. The episode was written by consulting producer Jane Espenson and directed by Milan Cheylov. It featured the first appearance of de Ravin, who was cast as Belle in November 2011 after being approached by series co-creators Edward Kitsis and Adam Horowitz. Espenson created a love-themed episode; initially its main theme was to focus on Rumpelstiltskin choosing power over love, Document [4] (Title: Into the Deep (Once Upon a Time)) to go to Storybrooke with Emma and Snow, but Aurora is defiant even after Cora offers to help recover Philip's soul, explaining that the souls of wraith victims are transported to another realm. Cora is so angered, she knocks Aurora unconscious. She then sends a raven to inform Mary Margaret that Cora will kill Aurora if they fail to bring her the compass by sundown. Mulan wants to make the trade, but Mary Margaret suggests they re-establish contact with Henry in order to overpower Cora; if Mary Margaret were exposed to Mulan's sleeping powder, it should weaken her mental defenses Document [5] (Title: The Queen Is Dead (Once Upon a Time)) The Queen Is Dead (Once Upon a Time) "The Queen Is Dead" is the 15th episode of the second season of the American ABC fantasy/drama television series "Once Upon a Time", and the show's 37th episode overall. It aired on March 3, 2013. In this episode Mary Margaret has to find the dagger before Cora and Regina, while flashbacks show a young Snow trying to save her mother's life. It was co-written by David H. Goodman and Daniel T. Thomsen, while being directed by Gwyneth Horder-Payton. The Storybrooke clock tower is featured in the forest. Queen Eva (Rena Sofer) makes Document [6] (Title: Once Upon a Time (season 5)) Beverley Elliott and Keegan Connor Tracy confirmed via their Twitter accounts that they would be returning as Widow Lucas / Granny and Blue Fairy / Mother Superior respectively while it was also confirmed that Elliot Knight, Joana Metrass and Andrew Jenkins had been cast as Merlin, Guinevere and Percival respectively. Adam Horowitz announced on Twitter that Amy Manson had been cast in the role of the Scottish archer Princess Merida from "Brave". Addressing rumours surrounding the characters origins Kitsis and Horowitz stated, "we are sticking to the canon of the movie "Brave" in terms of who her parents are and Document [7] (Title: Once Upon a Time (season 4)) fellow cast members Jennifer Morrison as Emma Swan, Josh Dallas as Prince Charming / David Nolan, Colin O'Donoghue as Captain Killian "Hook" Jones and Jared S. Gilmore as Henry Mills, Lana Parrilla as the Evil Queen / Regina Mills and Emilie de Ravin as Belle. De Ravin also confirmed Robert Carlyle's return as Rumpelstiltskin / Mr. Gold, through a photo on her Instagram. On July 1, 2014, it was announced that Scott Michael Foster had been cast as "Frozen" character Kristoff and Elizabeth Lail as Anna. The following day, it was announced Georgina Haig had been cast as Elsa. On Document [8] (Title: Once Upon a Time (season 5)) new actress, as the character will be aged up to her late 20s-early 30s. On December 18, it was revealed that the recurring role had been recast to Teri Reeves, who will be making her first appearance in the 16th episode of the season. On January 8, 2016, it was announced that the character of Gaston from "Beauty and the Beast" will be reappearing in an upcoming episode in the back-half of the 5B arc. This marks his first appearance since the season one episode "Skin Deep." Wes Brown will be taking over the role from Sage Brocklebank. On February Document [9] (Title: Ginnifer Goodwin) in film. Goodwin played Gigi in "He's Just Not That into You", which was released in February 2009. For this role, she received a nomination for the People's Choice Award for Breakout Movie Actress. In April 2009 she began filming "Ramona and Beezus" (playing "Aunt Bea"). From 2011 to 2017, Goodwin played a leading role in the ABC fantasy drama series "Once Upon a Time". She played both the fairy tale heroine Snow White and her real world counterpart, schoolteacher Mary Margaret Blanchard. Goodwin and husband Josh Dallas exited the show at the end of its sixth season to move Document [10] (Title: Rose McIver) and Krysten Ritter. McIver was also cast as a recurring character on Showtime's "Masters of Sex", which is based on the book "Masters of Sex: The Life and Times of William Masters and Virginia Johnson, the Couple Who Taught America How to Love" by Thomas Maier. The drama began filming in New York City in March, and began to air in September 2013. In July 2013, it was announced that McIver landed the role of Tinker Bell for a multi-episode story arc on the series "Once Upon a Time". In January 2017, it was announced that McIver would reprise her Document [11] (Title: Zelena (Once Upon a Time)) Zelena (Once Upon a Time) Zelena, also known as the Wicked Witch of the West and cursed as Kelly West in the seventh season, is a fictional character in ABC's television series "Once Upon a Time". She is portrayed by Rebecca Mader and was first introduced in the second half of the third season. After making recurring appearances in both the third and fourth seasons, Mader was promoted to series regular for the fifth and sixth seasons. She returned as a recurring guest star in the seventh season. The Wicked Witch of the West is based on the character of Document [12] (Title: Pilot (Once Upon a Time)) the Evil Queen/Regina went to Lana Parrilla. She explained the character, "There's always two stories being told when playing Regina. There's the threat of her knowing she's an evil queen and then there's just the pure simple fact that the biological mother has stepped into her world and the threat of losing her son is just enormous. That's a fear that I think any adopted mother would have. I think that's going to really help the audience relate to Regina in some level." The role of Rumpelstiltskin was given to Robert Carlyle; it was written with Carlyle in mind, though Document [13] (Title: Skin Deep (Once Upon a Time)) Beast", series co-creators Edward Kitsis and Adam Horowitz wanted its heroine, Belle, "to exude intelligence and strength and be someone you would immediately love," which led them to approach Emilie de Ravin. Her casting was announced in November 2011. The actress agreed after reading the script, believing that the character was "very courageous" with a playful side that would endear her to Rumpelstiltskin. During their casting meeting, Kitsis and Horowitz told de Ravin that Belle is defined as a strong intelligent woman in a world that disapproves of those characteristics, and that de Ravin was going to be "tak[ing] the Document [14] (Title: The Cricket Game) to live alone with her misery. On Snow White and Prince Charming's wedding day, Rumplestiltskin comes to the Evil Queen and tells her that the protection spell would lose its effect if they traveled to a different land. The Queen calls for a carriage to take her to the wedding. Cora (Barbara Hershey) and Captain Hook (Colin O'Donoghue) moor Hook's ship in Storybrooke. Hook wants them to go their separate ways, but Cora points out that Storybrooke now has magic, and he will be unable to defeat Rumplestiltskin without her help. To hide their presence, Cora makes the ship invisible Document [15] (Title: Regina Mills) Regina Mills Regina Mills ("Latin" for "queen"; alias: Evil Queen in Enchanted Forest; Roni in Hyperion Heights) is a fictional character in ABC's television series "Once Upon a Time". She is portrayed by Lana Parrilla, and has been praised by critics for her role as the series's first major antagonist. She has become a fan favorite since her debut. In the Enchanted Forest, Regina was born to the sorceress Cora and her husband Henry, the son of King Xavier. Despite being terrorized by her tyrannical mother, Regina found love in the form of Daniel Colter. However, after rescuing the princess Document [16] (Title: Queen of Hearts (Once Upon a Time)) unable to exact his revenge, while Cora offers a guarantee of that revenge. Hook agrees to get Cora close enough to Regina to rip her heart out. Hook brings Cora, who is feigning death, to Regina, and leaves them alone. Regina then confesses to her mother's "body" that she still loves her, but needed her dead because of Cora's own advice that "love is weakness," and Regina cannot allow herself to have a weakness if her plans are to succeed. Regina leaves and Hook returns to ask why Cora didn't kill her. She explains that matters have changed and takes Document [17] (Title: Zelena (Once Upon a Time)) the same name from L. Frank Baum's "Land of Oz" book series. In December 2013, Rebecca Mader was cast as the Wicked Witch of the West. She made multiple appearances during the second half of season three and was promoted to a series regular for the show's fifth season. The role of the Wicked Witch of the West was written specifically for Rebecca Mader. It was announced that the writers had chosen not to continue with Zelena's storyline and Mader would not be returning for the seventh season of the show. However, Mader later revealed that she would be returning Document [18] (Title: Freya Tingley) lead as a deaf girl, in the short film "Beneath the Waves" by director Renee Marie. This role required Freya to learn sign language. In 2012 Freya was cast in "Hemlock Grove", the Netflix series produced by Eli Roth in which she plays Christina Wendall. In 2013 Freya was cast in "Once Upon a Time" as Wendy, a 13-year-old girl based on the heroine Wendy Darling from the novel "Peter Pan". It had only taken Freya one audition to get the part of Wendy Darling because Freya could put on a good British accent. Wendy was only seen in a Document [19] (Title: Sisters (Once Upon a Time)) Sisters (Once Upon a Time) "Sisters" is the nineteenth episode of the fifth season of the American fantasy drama series "Once Upon a Time", which aired on April 24, 2016. In this episode, Regina and Cora work together to keep Zelena away from Hades; and James impersonates David. In flashbacks, Cora brings Zelena to the Enchanted Forest to save Regina's life. An Underworld windmill is featured in the red-tinted forest. The Enchanted Forest events take place years after "The Miller's Daughter" and years before "The Stable Boy". The Oz events take place years after the first flashback scene of "It's Document [20] (Title: The Miller's Daughter (Once Upon a Time)) out her choice between love and power. Cora returns to her room carrying a heart in a box. Later, she meets Rumplestilskin and informs him that she did not take the king's heart, and that she is going to marry the prince instead of running away with Rumplestiltskin. The heart she removed was her own, to prevent it from being an obstacle. Rumplestiltskin tries to invoke their contract, but she points out that he only has a claim on his own child, which she will never bear. Some time later, Princess Cora presents her and Henry's daughter to the court Document [21] (Title: Queen of Hearts (Once Upon a Time)) Cora and Hook travel to the dry basin of Lake Nostos, whose waters held the power to restore that which was lost. Cora magically causes water to erupt from underground. Hook pours the magical ashes into the new lake, and a portal opens. Emma, Mary Margaret, and Mulan arrive and a fierce battle ensues over the compass. Hook gives Aurora's heart to Mulan as a ploy to even the odds. Mulan immediately leaves to restore the heart to Aurora, but gives her sword, which is powerful enough to deflect Cora's magic, to Mary Margaret. Emma bests Hook in single combat Document [22] (Title: Bleeding Through (Once Upon a Time)) to her aid, and it's revealed to be Prince Leopold, the future husband of Princess Eva (who he has yet to meet) and the future father of Snow White. As Leopold and Cora start to bond together, this eventually leads the two to get engaged. However, this union would start to unravel when Jonathan visits Cora in the gazebo and threatens to blackmail her because she hid the truth about the unborn baby and he has become greedy by using her. Cora decides to buy his silence by giving him gold in return, not knowing that Eva, who just arrived Document [23] (Title: Once Upon a Time (season 3)) as Tinker Bell. Adam Horowitz and Edward Kitsis teased an unexpected introduction for the well-known character, saying, "It's taking the icon and putting our spin on it. How we introduce her, and who she is, is hopefully going to be surprising because we're going to find she has a surprising connection to someone." For episode five, Bernard Curry played a guest role as Captain Hook's brother Liam, while a member of the Lost Boys called Devin was portrayed by Skyler Gisondo. Joanna Garcia was cast as Ariel from "The Little Mermaid". On September 3, 2013, Gil McKinney was cast in Document [24] (Title: New York City Serenade (Once Upon a Time)) skinned woman (Rebecca Mader) she adds it to a potion as she says she'll get her revenge. She also states that while the Queen may be evil, she is wicked, and wicked always win, revealing herself as the Wicked Witch of the West. "Lost" actress Rebecca Mader's casting as an upcoming villain for the series was announced in December 2013. It was later revealed that she will play The Wicked Witch of the West, despite rumors that she would be playing the "One Hundred and One Dalmatians" antagonist Cruella De Vil. Other casting confirmations for the second half of the Document [25] (Title: The Miller's Daughter (Once Upon a Time)) to the King and accepts Henry's resultant marriage proposal. The day before her wedding, Cora questions her plans; she is unlikely to become queen as Henry is fifth in line to the throne, while Rumplestiltskin, with whom she has been having an affair, offers her love. They agree to amend the contract so Cora owes Rumplestiltskin "his" child. He also agrees to teach her how to take a heart, so that she can kill King Xavier. That night, she confronts the king. He reveals that he knows of her relationship with Rumplestiltskin; telling her that "love is weakness," he lays Document [26] (Title: Once Upon a Time in Wonderland) portray the lead role of Alice. It was also announced that Peter Gadiot would play her love interest, Cyrus, who has "a background". Michael Socha will portray the Knave of Hearts. Barbara Hershey, who has appeared as Cora, the Queen of Hearts, in the main series, may also appear in this spin-off reprising the same role in back stories . Also, during the month of April, Paul Reubens was cast as the voice of the White Rabbit and Emma Rigby was cast as the Red Queen. On May 10, 2013, ABC announced that it had greenlit the spin-off, as well Document [27] (Title: Queen of Hearts (Once Upon a Time)) with the hat's "one goes in, one comes back" rule. In Wonderland, Hook is brought before the Queen of Hearts, who reveals herself to be Cora. Hook attacks her with the enchanted hook, but fails to remove her heart as she does not keep it in her chest. She takes hold of his heart and forces him to divulge everything. After he tells her everything, she does not take control of him, as she knows Regina would detect it. Instead, she convinces him to side with her by explaining that Regina's curse would strip him of his identity, rendering him Document [28] (Title: Once Upon a Time (season 2)) Among them are the cunning Cora and the ruthless Captain Hook, who follow Emma and Mary Margaret to Storybrooke to get even with Regina and Rumplestiltskin. People outside of Storybrooke are also allowed in, including Greg Mendell and Tamara, who both have a secretive past involving magic which leads to Henry's captivity in Neverland. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> On May 10, 2012, ABC renewed "Once Upon a Time" for a second season, which premiered on September 30, 2012. Co-creators Adam Horowitz and Edward Kitsis spoke about the repercussions of the first season finale's events, stating, "Magic as we know always comes with a Document [29] (Title: Lady of the Lake (Once Upon a Time)) as she gloats to Snow/Mary Margaret about her victory, Emma sets the tree on fire using the gunpowder from her bullets. Mulan, who was standing guard outside the room with Aurora, jumps in and deflects Cora's attacks. Cora warns that she is not done with them and disappears. Mulan asks Snow to be the leader of the refugees. Emma and Snow discuss the sacrifices that parents must make for their children's well-being. Emma states that she is not used to people putting her first, but her mother gives her a hug and tells her to get used to it. After Document [30] (Title: Once Upon a Time (TV series)) Heights under a new curse and are caught in a rising conflict involving Cinderella (Dania Ramirez) and Lady Tremaine (Gabrielle Anwar) whose dangerous history with Mother Gothel (Emma Booth) is revealed as well as the agendas of Dr. Facilier (Daniel Francis). Two worlds collide when the arrival of Wish Realm Rumplestiltskin and Wish Henry Mills as they plot and culminates on every characters' happy endings by separating them in a separate realms into their own separate storybooks, leading to someone making the ultimate sacrifice. "Once Upon a Time"s first season received "generally favorable" reviews from critics. Metacritic gave it a Document [31] (Title: Once Upon a Time (TV series)) to wrap up Emma Swan's storyline. Later that week, actress Rebecca Mader announced that she would also be leaving the series after the sixth season wrapped. It was later announced that Ginnifer Goodwin, Josh Dallas, Jared S. Gilmore and Emilie de Ravin would also be leaving the show after the sixth season's finale aired. Along with departures, Andrew J. West and Alison Fernandez were announced to be joining the seventh season of the show as series regulars after guest starring in the previous season's finale. They will portray an older Henry Mills and his daughter Lucy respectively. In July 2017, Document [32] (Title: Sisters (Once Upon a Time)) will make the final stretch of episodes towards the end of the season all the more resonant." Amy Ratcliffe of "IGN" said of the episode, "With the Cora angle played out and worn thin, the success of this episode rested on the bond between Zelena and Regina. Their interactions weren't anything earthshaking, but it was sweet to watch them find some common ground and gain new understandings of each other thanks to restored memories. Their forgiveness and tolerance of Cora was far too kind though." Ratcliffe gave the episode a 7.5 rating out of 10. Christine Orlando of "TV Fanatic" Document [33] (Title: Lacey (Once Upon a Time)) Lacey (Once Upon a Time) "Lacey" is the 19th episode of the second season of the American ABC fantasy/drama television series "Once Upon a Time", and the show's 41st episode overall. It aired on April 21, 2013. In this episode, Mr. Gold goes on a date with Belle. In flashbacks, Rumpelstiltskin forces Belle to accompany him on his search to catch a thief. It was co-written by Edward Kitsis and Adam Horowitz, while being directed by Milan Cheylov. Robin Hood shooting an arrow in the forest is featured. In the Enchanted Forest, soon after Belle has gone to live with Document [34] (Title: Once Upon a Time (season 3)) while the introduction of a young King Leopold as a Prince played by Eric Lange, and the return of Princess Eva (played by Eva Bourne) will also be featured. Charles Mesure was cast as Blackbeard in January 2014, to appear in one episode as an enemy of Captain Hook. In February 2014, a casting call was opened for an actress in her mid to late twenties to recur as Glinda the Good Witch, who is described as elegant, warm and benevolent, as well as wise, clever and shrewd. However, years of isolation have made her lonely and cautious — though Document [35] (Title: Nimue (Once Upon a Time)) first time since the beginning of the season, we barely spent any time in present-day Storybrooke, save for the first and last few moments of the episode. With two halves of the sword now in her possession, Emma can only see power. But Dark One Rumple claims it represents more than that — like any fairytale, it represents history. And it’s time for Excalibur’s promise, given years ago, to be fulfilled." In a review from "Rickey.org", Nick Roman said, "Once Upon A Time served up a compelling story with “Nimue”. Granted, Merlin wasn’t the most fascinating character going into tonight’s Document [36] (Title: Heart of the Matter (Once Upon a Time in Wonderland)) review. She said: Heart of the Matter (Once Upon a Time in Wonderland) "Heart of the Matter" is the eleventh episode of the "Once Upon a Time" spin-off series "Once Upon a Time in Wonderland". Alice and Cyrus discover alarming information involving prisoners Jafar has under his control that changes their priorities. Meanwhile, the Red Queen is in critical danger and no one can help her, except for the Knave, by surrendering information to Jafar that he's been desperately seeking. In flashback, Anastasia is about to marry the Red King and strikes up a friendship with Cora (Queen of Hearts) Document [37] (Title: Once Upon a Time (season 4)) in the fifth episode, "Breaking Glass". On February 28, Adam Horowitz confirmed the return of Barbara Hershey in a later part of the season. The thirteenth episode, "Unforgiven", which aired on March 8, 2015, saw the return of Tony Amendola as Geppetto / Marco and Jakob Davies as young Pinocchio, his older counterpart August Booth, portrayed by Eion Bailey, was reintroduced in the following episode. The episode that aired on March 22, 2015, "Poor Unfortunate Soul", saw the return of Christopher Gauthier as William Smee and introduced Tiffany Boone as a younger version of Ursula. The following episode, "Best Laid Document [38] (Title: Into the Deep (Once Upon a Time)) clear she and Mr. Gold realize something has gone wrong. Captain Hook (Colin O'Donoghue) finishes climbing down the beanstalk, where Cora intercepts him to demand the compass. Upon learning he lost it to Emma, she declares their partnership ended and tells him she will leave him in the Enchanted Forest, his revenge against Rumpelstiltskin not accomplished. Cora returns to the settlement she destroyed, and uses the hearts of the refugees to reanimate the corpses as servants to do her bidding. Emma shows Aurora a photograph of Henry to confirm that he is the boy she met. Mary Margaret reveals that Document [39] (Title: Zelena (Once Upon a Time)) Margot about going back and asks if she wants to come but Margot decides to stay in Hyperion Heights to be with Tilly. Zelena (Once Upon a Time) Zelena, also known as the Wicked Witch of the West and cursed as Kelly West in the seventh season, is a fictional character in ABC's television series "Once Upon a Time". She is portrayed by Rebecca Mader and was first introduced in the second half of the third season. After making recurring appearances in both the third and fourth seasons, Mader was promoted to series regular for the fifth and sixth seasons. Document [40] (Title: Emma Swan) Emma Swan Emma Swan is a fictional character in ABC's television series "Once Upon a Time". She is portrayed by Jennifer Morrison, by Abby Ross as a teenager, and Mckenna Grace as a child. Emma first appeared in the series's pilot as a bail bond agent in Boston, Massachusetts until she meets her biological son Henry, whom she gave up for adoption 10 years before, and learns she is the daughter of Snow White and Prince Charming. Henry urges Emma to go to the fictional town of Storybrooke, Maine, to break a curse enacted by the Evil Queen and to Document [41] (Title: Belle (Once Upon a Time)) or non-acceptance of immortality, which you’d expect to be the reverse in a way. That’s quite beautiful and was lovely to play." Belle (Once Upon a Time) Belle Gold (née French), briefly known as Lacey, is a fictional character in ABC's television series "Once Upon a Time". She is portrayed by Emilie de Ravin, who became a series regular in the second season and onwards after making recurring appearances in the first season, and has become a fan favorite since her debut. She is both based on the character from "Beauty and the Beast" by Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont, and Document [42] (Title: Queen of Hearts (Once Upon a Time)) of the key characters are front and center where they should be (most of the time, anyway!): Emma, Snow (and by extension Charming), Henry, Regina, and Rumple. Each plays a critical role in the episode, driving the story to its intense conclusion, setting up the narrative for the chapter of season two with Hook and Cora poised to make their entrance into Storybrooke — not through the Lake Nostos portal, but by sea. "Entertainment Weekly" critic Hilary Busis gave it a good review, with some reservations: "Did Edward Kitsis and Adam Horowitz consult a checklist of "Unsolved 'Once' Mysteries" while Document [43] (Title: Nurse Ratched) as a mercy killing. Chief then escapes by lifting up the hydrotherapy cart and throwing it through a window. Nurse Ratched was a recurring character in the ABC series "Once Upon a Time". She is portrayed by Ingrid Torrance and works for the Evil Queen as a nurse in the mental hospital in Storybrooke. Although she appears in several episodes, her name is first revealed in the fifth season premiere "The Dark Swan". Actress Sarah Paulson will portray the character in Ryan Murphy's upcoming Netflix adaptation, "Ratched". Louise Fletcher won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her portrayal of Document [44] (Title: The Miller's Daughter (Once Upon a Time)) and names her Regina, "for one day, she will be queen." Everyone bows to Cora. Rumplestiltskin's name is fading from the Dark One's dagger, signifying that Gold is dying. Since Gold's death would cause the Dark One's powers to cease to exist, Cora decides her only option is to kill Gold with the dagger and become the Dark One herself. Regina questions Cora's motives, as Henry would never forgive them if Cora openly murders Emma Swan's family. Cora insists she is protecting their family. Neal (Michael Raymond-James) and Henry (Jared S. Gilmore) pilot the Jolly Roger into Storybrooke, while Emma Document [45] (Title: The Queen Is Dead (Once Upon a Time)) as long as she holds goodness in her heart. She dies. Snow attends her mother's funeral. After Johanna escorts her from the chapel, the Blue Fairy enters but is revealed to actually be Cora (Barbara Hershey) in disguise. She declares that, having poisoned Eva, she will also destroy her legacy by turning Snow White's heart to darkness. On her birthday, Mary Margaret (Ginnifer Goodwin) receives a package containing her mother's tiara, with a card signed by Johanna. Snow goes to see her, and they share a happy reunion. A noise in the woods then leads Mary Margaret to overhear a Document [46] (Title: Once Upon a Time (season 5)) young version of Merlin's Apprentice. On October 27, Glenn Keogh and Caroline Morahan were cast as Merida's parents King Fergus and Queen Elinor respectively. During October and November 2015, multiple recurring characters from previous seasons were confirmed to be returning for the 100th episode, "Souls of the Departed", these include Barbara Hershey as Cora, Robbie Kay as Peter Pan, Giancarlo Esposito would return as Magic Mirror / Sidney Glass, and Emma Caulfield as the Blind Witch who was last seen during the first season episode "True North". The episode will also introduce a recurring character, Hades (initially dubbed "The Distinguished Document [47] (Title: Cora Cross) October 2011, "Inside Soap" readers voted Cora their "favourite soap battleaxe" over Sylvia Goodwin (Stephanie Cole) and Edna Birch (Shirley Stelfox). Kevin O'Sullivan of the "Daily Mirror" rated one of Cora's lines his favourite. Cora said "I used to be able to walk down the street and stop traffic." O'Sullivan replied: "So she was a lollipop lady." In "Heat", Julie Emery called Cora "a bouffanted harridan of a mother". Simon of the "Daily Mirror" later hinted that "Cora has a real soft spot for bad boy Derek Branning." A writer for the "Daily Mirror" called Rose Cotton (Polly Perkins), Patrick Document [48] (Title: Once Upon a Time (TV series)) name. He's still a man with the same emotions as any other man. He's a Prince, but he's a Prince of the people. He gets his hands dirty. He's got a kingdom to run. He has a family to protect. He has an epic, epic love for Snow White. He's like everybody else. He's human." Jennifer Morrison was hired for the part of Emma Swan. The actress explained her character as someone who "help[s] her son Henry whom she abandoned when he was a baby and who seems like he's a little bit emotionally dysfunctional", but noted that Emma does Document [49] (Title: Bleeding Through (Once Upon a Time)) to create a time-travel spell, in which Zelena is planning to go back to the past and prevent Eva from being born so Cora would have never given her up and then eventually be the one Rumplestiltskin tutors for magic and by doing so Snow White/Mary Margaret will never be born, and in the process would mean that not only will Emma and Henry never exist, but Regina will no longer exist as well. David then realizes that Zelena still needs a baby to enact the spell and she believes that's why Zelena is trying to accelerate the pregnancy of Document [50] (Title: Once Upon a Time (TV series)) to May 2016. The characters embark on a quest to Camelot to find the Sorcerer Merlin (Elliot Knight) in order to free Emma from the powers of an ancient darkness that threatens to destroy everything. To complicate matters, King Arthur (Liam Garrigan) is determined to forever alter the balance between light and darkness using the legendary Excalibur. As history and destiny collide, Hook's death makes Emma lead a rescue party to the Underworld in order to bring him back. During their mission, they encounter souls of those with unfinished business and must face Hades (Greg Germann). In an attempt to Document [51] (Title: Mother Gothel) Costumed in a long burgundy gown made of satin, Gothel wears her thick black hair in "a theatrical up-do." Mother Gothel, also known as Mother Nature, appears on the ABC television series "Once Upon a Time", portrayed by actress Emma Booth. She débuts in the seventh season and is one of the main antagonists. She is the mother of Alice with Captain Hook from the Wish Realm, a powerful witch who is the leader of the Coven of the Eight. In Hyperion Heights, she is an accomplice of Drizella and is known as Eloise Gardener. Mother Gothel will make her Document [52] (Title: Once Upon a Time (season 4)) Fischler has been cast in a "Key Recurring Role" as a Peddler named Gorin who first appeared in episode 17, "Best Laid Plans" where he was revealed to also be the "Author". Fischler is also set to reprise his role in the eighteen episode, "Heart of Gold". During a second Q&A on the December 15, Horowitz confirmed the return of Joanna Garcia Swisher as Ariel. On December 18, 2014, Eion Bailey was confirmed to be returning August Booth / Pinocchio for "multiple Season 4 episodes", starting with the fourteenth episode, "Enter the Dragon". It was also revealed that Ernie Hudson Document [53] (Title: Lady of the Lake (Once Upon a Time)) Margaret try to figure out a way to bring the wardrobe back to the safe haven, Lancelot shows up at the last minute. Although initially happy to see him, Snow/Mary Margaret draws out her sword and exposes Lancelot as Cora, who made the mistake of mentioning Henry by name (Emma had mentioned his name to Cora, but not Lancelot). Cora then transforms back into her original form and admits that she killed Lancelot a while back and was waiting for an opportunity to join her daughter and grandson. Cora then unleashes her power on both Snow/Mary Margaret and Emma, but Document [54] (Title: Down the Rabbit Hole (Once Upon a Time in Wonderland)) Regina Mills/Evil Queen character played by Lana Parrilla on the original "Once"", and calling her acting "flat-out awful in the role. Her line delivery completely lacks either conviction or credibility. Worse, there's not the slightest hint of credible villainy in her performance, just an annoying whine of petulance;" he concluded with the comment "The plot is a little overstuffed, but the special effects, crisp direction and high-octane performances keep us interested enough to follow Alice down the rabbit hole." Mike Hale of "The New York Times" gave the premiere a more negative review; he gave the scenes with the doctor Document [55] (Title: Cora Cross) move in with Patrick, but he ends his relationship with Cora in March 2014 due to her insensitive comments that she makes to Dot following the death of her son Nick Cotton (John Altman). He later tells her that she and Dexter have one month to find somewhere else. Cora steals money from the laundrette to rent a flat, but after Dot finds her stealing money from the washing machines, Cora loses hope until Stan Carter (Timothy West), who she has recently befriended agrees to give her some cash. Cora and Dexter later move into a flat together. Lauren and Document [56] (Title: Once Upon a Time (season 4)) for the sixth episode, although appearances later on in the season were also hinted. A new character, Lily, has been cast to Nicole Muñoz, while Sally Pressman was given the role of Helga. It was announced on November 5, 2014 that Victoria Smurfit would be portraying Cruella de Vil in a recurring capacity later on in the season and that hints will be placed in the next few episodes. Another Disney villain was also cast in the form of Ursula from The Little Mermaid who was portrayed by Merrin Dungey, the character portrayed is named after the original sea-goddess who Document [57] (Title: Hook (Once Upon a Time)) Cora in Wonderland. In order to test him for weakness, the Queen revealed to him that his father still lived and ordered Hook to kill him. Though the pirate was at first resistant, he eventually murdered his father in cold blood upon realizing that he had tried to replace the sons he abandoned with a new son, also named Liam. The Queen's test eventually proved pointless, as while in Wonderland, Cora used Hook's own weakness against him. Hook betrayed Regina and forged an alliance with Cora, as Regina's deal would involve amnesia. As Cora points out, it would be difficult Document [58] (Title: Sisters (Once Upon a Time)) before this escelates, Cora restores their childhood memories of each other and she regretted the way she raised them, and apologizes to her daughters. Now that the sisters have made peace, Cora decides that it's time for her to move on from her unfinished business. As they see their mother walk toward the bridge, the flames from the River of Fire erupt and wrap around her. But the flames die down, the bridge forms, and the gate opens, allowing Cora to move on to Mount Olympus to join her husband, Prince Henry Mills. Later on, Regina gives Zelena her blessing Document [59] (Title: Adelaide Kane) key cast members at the end of season six. She played one of the antagonists, Drizella, one of Cinderella's wicked stepsisters. Adelaide's final episode in "Once Upon a Time" was "Sisterhood". Adelaide Kane Adelaide Victoria Kane (born 9 August 1990) is an Australian actress. She gained recognition for her roles as Lolly Allen in the Australian soap opera "Neighbours", Cora Hale in the third season of MTV's "Teen Wolf", Tenaya 7 (later Tenaya 15) in "Power Rangers RPM", Mary Queen of Scots in the CW period drama series "Reign" and Drizella in the ABC series "Once Upon a Time". Kane Document [60] (Title: Once Upon a Time (season 2)) and adept warrior, while "Teen Wolf" actor Sinqua Walls was cast as Sir Lancelot, a former member of the round table. In the same month, it was announced that "The Tudors" star Sarah Bolger and "The Hangover Part II" actress Jamie Chung had joined the recurring cast as Princess Aurora (Sleeping Beauty) and Chinese warrior Mulan. On August 3, 2012, "The Rite" actor Colin O'Donoghue booked the recurring role of Captain Killian "Hook" Jones, the prime antagonist of J. M. Barrie's Peter Pan. O'Donoghue joined the main cast during the second half of the season. The same day, it was Document [61] (Title: The Queen Is Dead (Once Upon a Time)) conversation between Regina (Lana Parrilla) and Cora, revealing that they are working together to find the Dark One's dagger. Meanwhile, David (Josh Dallas) is attacked at the police station by Captain Hook (Colin O'Donoghue), who takes back his hook. Mary Margaret finds David there and revives him, informing him of Regina's duplicity. They resolve to find the dagger first, and Mary Margaret decides to try to drive a wedge between Regina and Cora. She meets with Regina and reveals what she knows, warning her that Cora doesn't care about Regina or Henry (Jared S. Gilmore), but Regina dismisses her. Mary Document [62] (Title: Rebecca Mader) Rebecca Mader Rebecca Leigh Mader (born 24 April 1977) is an English actress, best known for her roles as Charlotte Lewis in the ABC series "Lost", and as Zelena, the Wicked Witch of the West, on ABC's "Once Upon a Time". Mader was born in 1977 in Cambridge, England. She worked as a model in New York City for a year, appearing in adverts for L'Oréal, Colgate and Wella Hair. She began her television career on the ABC daytime soap operas "All My Children" as Morgan Gordon, and "One Life to Live" as Margaret Cochran. She also appeared on the Document [63] (Title: Once Upon a Time (season 5)) 9, it was announced that Ava Acres and Isabella Blake-Thomas were cast as young versions of Regina and Zelena, respectively. They will appear via flashbacks in the nineteenth episode, "Sisters." On February 18, it was announced that Costas Mandylor will be appearing as Captain Silver, a pirate from Hook's past. On February 23, it was announced that Rya Kihlstedt had been cast as Cleo, Emma's former mentor, in a flashback to a time before Emma became a bail bonds woman. On March 15, it was announced that Sam Witwer and Hank Harris will be appearing in the recurring roles of Document [64] (Title: Rose Reynolds) Reynolds received a Commendation at the Ian Charleson Awards for her 2012 performance as Lavinia in "Titus Andronicus" at the Royal Shakespeare Company. In 2017, Reynolds portrayed both Alice and Tilly on the show "Once Upon a Time". Rose Reynolds Rose Alice Reynolds (born 21 February 1991) is a British actress. She is most known for her roles as Sarah Durkin in "Wasted", Betty Carkeek in "Poldark" and Alice in "Once Upon a Time". Reynolds was born in Devon, England, where her family still resides. She graduated from the Guildhall School of music and Drama in 2012. She has also Document [65] (Title: Conchita Núñez) in "Once Upon a Time... Man" (1978), Kira in "Once Upon a Time... Space" (1982), and Tom Sawyer in "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer" (1980). She also dubbed, among hundreds of others, the actresses Carole André (Mariana) on "Sandokan" (1976), Linda Evans (Krystle Carrington) on "Dynasty" (1982), Victoria Principal (Pamela Ewing) on "Dallas" (1989), and Joanna Cassidy (Margaret Chenowith) on "Six Feet Under" (2004). Conchita Núñez María de la Concepción Núñez Garrido (1943 – 26 June 2009) was a Spanish actress. Conchita Núñez began her career on the radio in the 1950s, and in the early 1960s she switched to Document [66] (Title: Bleeding Through (Once Upon a Time)) the dead, but after seeing a gust of wind blowing in, Regina comes to the conclusion that Cora is trying to keep the secrets buried with her. But just as Mary Margaret tries to finally cheer up Regina and finally bond, the two are unaware that the spirit of Cora is in the house. All of a sudden there's a knock from one of the rooms and when Regina opens it, the spirit of Cora pushes Regina aside as she goes after the person who killed her, Mary Margaret. Regina sends the two into another room, where she uses purple Document [67] (Title: Once Upon a Time (season 6)) between Ariel, Jasmine, and Hook. On January 7, Horowitz confirmed that Gil McKinney would also be returning as Prince Eric. Two days later, it was announced that Rose McIver would also be coming back as Tinker Bell. On January 20, it was revealed that Sara Tomko was cast as Tiger Lily. The recurring character appears in at least two episodes starting in episode 17. On January 23, Horowitz announced that Patrick Fischler would return as former author Isaac Heller at some point in the second half of the season. On March 14, it was announced that episode 18 would introduce Document [68] (Title: The Miller's Daughter (Once Upon a Time)) given her years earlier, which can save a life by causing another person's death. He asks her to use it to save him, and she agrees once she realizes she can use the candle to kill Cora. With Gold's guidance, Emma taps into her emotions to cast the protection spell. Cora and Regina arrive at the shop and overcome the protection spell. While David, Neal, and Emma stand against them, Mary Margaret sneaks away to Regina's mausoleum and uses the candle to curse Cora's heart. Regina follows after Cora senses that someone is there. Emma and Neal retreat to the Document [69] (Title: Tiny (Once Upon a Time)) Later, Regina (Lana Parrilla) comes to the apartment to protest her innocence in the murder of Archie. David and Mary Margaret tell her that she was framed by Cora, and Regina pretends not to have been aware of her mother's presence. Regina is aggravated to learn that Emma has taken Henry from Storybrooke. David, Mary Margaret, and Leroy then force Hook (Colin O'Donoghue) to take them aboard his ship. Hook reveals that Cora's plans involve the contents of a tarp-covered cage that proves to contain a sleeping, human-sized Anton. Mary Margaret wakes Anton to ask him about Cora's plans. Anton Document [70] (Title: Will Scarlet) King from "Through the Looking-Glass". He is played by English actor Michael Socha. In 2014, Michael Socha returned to the role as a main cast member in "Once Upon a Time in Wonderland"s parent series, "Once Upon a Time". His appearance in the show's fourth season takes place after "Wonderland", with him ending up in Storybrooke, Maine due to Snow White's curse. Here, he begrudgingly reunites with Robin Hood, until Robin is forced to leave Storybrooke with Maid Marian to save her from the Snow Queen's curse. He later engages in a short-lived dating relationship with Belle. Jamie Dornan portrayed Document [71] (Title: Mary Margaret Blanchard) Mary Margaret Blanchard Snow White, formerly known as Mary Margaret Blanchard in Storybrooke, is a fictional character in ABC's television series "Once Upon a Time". She is portrayed by Ginnifer Goodwin and by Bailee Madison as a child. She is the true love of Prince Charming/David Nolan, mother of Emma Swan and Neal Nolan, and grandmother of Emma's children, Henry and Hope. The character has been one of Goodwin's most well received roles, one she has said she loves playing on the show. Before accepting the role, Goodwin stated in interviews that she'd always wanted to play Snow White and Document [72] (Title: Wicked Witch of the West) Miller's Daughter/Cora (Barbara Hershey/Rose McGowan), making her the older, long-lost half-sister of Regina the Evil Queen (Lana Parrilla). Zelena visited Rumplestiltskin (Robert Carlyle) and learned from him how to control her own powerful magic. Her storyline revolves around her efforts to create a time-travel spell that will allow her to go back and prevent the birth of Snow White's mother, Ava, who informed Prince Leopold (Cora's fiancé) that Cora was with child to sabotage Cora's attempts to infiltrate the royal family (before she can ruin Zelena's life, and thus Zelena would be raised as royalty. But despite Zelena's efforts to Document [73] (Title: Pilot (Once Upon a Time)) a Prince of the people. He gets his hands dirty. He's got a kingdom to run. He has a family to protect. He has an epic, epic love for Snow White. He's like everybody else. He's human." Jennifer Morrison was hired for the part of Emma Swan. The actress explained her character as someone who "help[s] this kid who seems like he's a little bit emotionally dysfunctional," but noted that Emma does not yet believe there is a fairytale universe. Ten-year-old Jared Gilmore, known for his work on "Mad Men", took the role of her son, Henry. The role of Document [74] (Title: Once Upon a Time (season 6)) of Aladdin (Deniz Akdeniz), and his story featuring the return of Jafar, now portrayed by Oded Fehr (the role had been previously played by Naveen Andrews on "Once Upon a Time in Wonderland"). Andrews was unavailable due to his previous commitment to Netflixs "Sense8". It was also announced that "Galavant"s Karen David was cast as Princess Jasmine. She made her debut in the fourth episode of the season. In early July, it was announced that Raphael Sbarge would be reprising his role as Jiminy Cricket / Dr. Archie Hopper in the season premiere. The character's last appearance was in the Document [75] (Title: Once Upon a Time (season 2)) guest starred as Anita, the leader of a pack of werewolves, in "Child of the Moon". "The Christmas Card" actor Chad Michael Collins and "24" veteran Gregory Itzin appeared in "In the Name of the Brother" as Gerhardt/Frankenstein's Monster, Dr. Frankenstein's younger brother and as Alphonse, the boys' father, respectively. "Scream" and "Charmed" actress Rose McGowan portrayed a young Cora in "The Miller's Daughter". Lesley Nicol, of "Downton Abbey" fame, was cast as Johanna in "The Queen is Dead" which also featured "Heroes" vet Rena Sofer as Queen Eva, Snow White's mother. It was implicated that the role has the Document [76] (Title: Rapunzel) brief Rapunzel reference. A second iteration of Rapunzel appears as one of the main antagonists in the seventh season of "Once Upon a Time", portrayed by Gabrielle Anwar and Meegan Warner in flashbacks. In this season, Rapunzel is Lady Tremaine, the wicked stepmother to Cinderella. In the past, Rapunzel had two daughters named Anastasia and Drizella, and made a deal with Mother Gothel to be locked in a tower in exchange for the safety of her family. Six years later, Rapunzel frees herself and when she returns to her family, she discovers she has gained a stepdaughter named Ella. At Document [77] (Title: Elizabeth McGovern) Elizabeth McGovern Elizabeth Lee McGovern (born July 18, 1961) is an American film, television, and theater actress, and musician. She received an Academy Award nomination for her role as Evelyn Nesbit in the 1981 film "Ragtime". She is also known for her performance as Cora Crawley, Countess of Grantham in the British drama series "Downton Abbey", for which she has been nominated for an Emmy Award and Golden Globe Award. Her other films include "Ordinary People" (1980), "Once Upon a Time in America" (1984), "The Handmaid's Tale" (1990) and "The Wings of the Dove" (1997). McGovern was born in Evanston, Document [78] (Title: Rebecca Mader) two were married on 23 November 2016. Rebecca Mader Rebecca Leigh Mader (born 24 April 1977) is an English actress, best known for her roles as Charlotte Lewis in the ABC series "Lost", and as Zelena, the Wicked Witch of the West, on ABC's "Once Upon a Time". Mader was born in 1977 in Cambridge, England. She worked as a model in New York City for a year, appearing in adverts for L'Oréal, Colgate and Wella Hair. She began her television career on the ABC daytime soap operas "All My Children" as Morgan Gordon, and "One Life to Live" as Document [79] (Title: Once Upon a Time (season 3)) duration of two hours. In May 2013, it was revealed that season two regular Meghan Ory (Red Riding Hood/Ruby) would be departing the show to star in CBS's upcoming sci-fi drama "Intelligence". However, Ory stated that she would still be open for more episodes on the show as a guest member. Ory later made appearances in episodes twelve and thirteen of the season. The same month, it was announced that Michael Raymond-James (Baelfire/Neal Cassidy) had been promoted from a recurring cast member to a series regular for the season. In July 2013, it was reported that Giancarlo Esposito (The Genie/Magic Document [80] (Title: Beauty (Once Upon a Time)) Beauty (Once Upon a Time) "Beauty" is the fourth episode of the seventh season and the 137th episode overall of the American fantasy-drama series "Once Upon a Time". Written by Dana Horgan & Leah Fong and directed by Mark Garris, it premiered on ABC in the United States on October 27, 2017. In the episode, Rumpelstiltskin’s life with Belle is explored and the consequences that awaits the couple, while in the Present, Weaver must deal with a suddenly unstable Tilly, when Victoria demands that she be brought back under his control, and Ivy takes Lucy out for a Halloween trick-or-treat Document [81] (Title: Cora Cross) for this award, Cora's sense of humour is so dry. I love her. She's so much fun to play!" Cora Cross Cora Cross is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera "EastEnders", played by Ann Mitchell. Cora is the mother of Tanya Branning (Jo Joyner) and Rainie Cross (Tanya Franks) and the grandmother of Lauren (Jacqueline Jossa) and Abi Branning (Lorna Fitzgerald). Cora initially appeared from 11 to 15 April 2011, and returned as a regular character on 28 July. Cora is described as having "a brash, outspoken attitude and does not care who she offends", deemed "an archetypal Document [82] (Title: Once Upon a Time (season 7)) played by Jessy Schram for the first six seasons. On July 22 at San Diego Comic-Con, it was revealed that Anwar and Kane will be portraying Lady Tremaine and Drizella, respectively. Cox would be portraying Tiana from "The Princess and the Frog", while Reynolds would be playing an alternate version of Alice, a character previously heavily featured in the spin-off "Once Upon a Time in Wonderland." In August 2017, Cox was promoted to series regular. On August 1, it was announced that Giles Matthey would return as an adult Gideon for the season's fourth episode. The episode, also featuring Emilie Document [83] (Title: Emilie de Ravin) fantasy drama, "Once Upon a Time". After sporadic appearances in the first season, she was promoted to a series regular in the second. In May 2017, it was announced that De Ravin would be departing the series after six seasons along with her co-stars Ginnifer Goodwin, Josh Dallas, Jared S. Gilmore and Rebecca Mader. Two months later, it was reported that De Ravin would be guest-starring in at least one episode of the series' seventh season. That episode turned out to be the season's fourth, "Beauty". de Ravin also returned as Belle for the series finale, "Leaving Storybrooke". She was Document [84] (Title: The Evil Queen (Once Upon a Time)) Enchanted Forest events take place after "Child of the Moon" and before "Ariel". The Storybrooke events take place after "Lacey". In the Enchanted Forest, Queen Regina (Lana Parrilla) searches for the fugitive Snow White (Ginnifer Goodwin) and finds that Snow has recently left a village. Regina offers the villagers gold for information on Snow, whom she denounces as the murderer of Leopold, but they remain silent. Regina orders all the villagers killed. She meets with Rumplestiltstkin, asking to learn Cora's shape-shifting spell. He tells her it would take too long to teach it, instead offering to cast it on her Document [85] (Title: Once Upon a Time (season 5)) returning as a series regular as Will Scarlet / Knave of Hearts although further appearances as a recurring or guest star were hinted. Adam Horowitz confirmed via Twitter that Emilie de Ravin would return as Belle, while Vine Report confirmed the return of Jennifer Morrison as Emma Swan. On June 26, 2015, Josh Dallas confirmed his return as Prince Charming / David Nolan and Horowitz confirmed that there would be ten series regulars for the season. During Comic-Con 2015, Ginnifer Goodwin, Lana Parrilla, Colin O'Donoghue and Robert Carlyle were confirmed to return as Snow White / Mary Margaret Blanchard, Evil Document [86] (Title: Once Upon a Time (season 7)) Lucy. After that episode's airing, they were confirmed as series regulars for season 7. West will be taking over the role from Jared S. Gilmore, who has been confirmed to appear in at least the first two episodes of the season. On July 6, 2017, it was announced that Dania Ramirez and Gabrielle Anwar would be two additional series regulars for season 7. Additionally, Adelaide Kane, Mekia Cox, and Rose Reynolds were cast in recurring roles for the upcoming season. On July 15, it was announced that Ramirez would be portraying Cinderella, albeit a different version from the one previously Document [87] (Title: Freya Tingley) number of episodes and helped Peter Pan (Robbie Kay) gain Henry's heart. However she is then reunited with her family. In 2014, Freya had the lead role in "The Choking Game", a movie made for Lifetime. Freya also played Francine Valli, in "Jersey Boys", directed by Clint Eastwood. She has stated that she would love to return to "Once Upon A Time" as Wendy Darling if she was asked. Freya is set to star in the 2016 TV series The Wilding. Freya will be the main role in her new movie, "No Way to Live" , An interracial teenage couple Document [88] (Title: Bleeding Through (Once Upon a Time)) will come back in two weeks with a ring of gold, and proves it by giving Cora a ring he made out of straw. But when Jonathan tells Cora that he has to leave the next day, Cora decides that she is going to sleep with him that evening. Two months later, we find a now-pregnant Cora soaking wet in the rain and her straw ring coming apart, upset that Jonathan never returned. When she reaches the castle, Cora is shocked to learn Jonathan is actually a gardener; She screams in shock and as he takes off, a person comes Document [89] (Title: Lady of the Lake (Once Upon a Time)) a family. Inside the pit, Emma Swan (Jennifer Morrison) comes face to face with Cora (Barbara Hershey), who wants to talk to her. Cora explains to Emma who she is, and claims to be nothing like the Evil Queen/Regina (Lana Parrilla). Snow White/Mary Margaret wakes up and, recognizing Cora, warns Emma not to trust her. Emma, however, believes Cora might be telling the truth. Emma and Snow/Mary Margaret are later released from the pit and meet Sir Lancelot, who immediately recognizes Snow/Mary Margaret and apologizes for their harsh treatment. While Princess Aurora (Sarah Bolger) seethes at Lancelot's warm treatment, Mulan Document [90] (Title: Once Upon a Time (season 6)) she would be returning for the sixth season. Robert Carlyle was confirmed to be returning for the sixth season as Rumplestiltskin along with Rebecca Mader as Zelena and Jared Gilmore as Henry Mills. It was announced that Giles Matthey was cast as Morpheus, who is slated to appear in the first episode of the season. On July 20, it was announced that Craig Horner would be portraying the Count of Monte Cristo, who was introduced in the second episode of the season. At the 2016 San Diego Comic Con International it was revealed that the season would see the introduction Document [91] (Title: Mother (Once Upon a Time)) Enchanted Forest before the first curse, the Evil Queen Regina stumbles upon a wedding being held on land that is off limits on her palace grounds. She makes it clear that she does not tolerate this kind of intrusion, by pulling the heart out of the groom and crushing it in front of his bride, the families, and friends. Regina then noticed a flower on Daniel's grave, and spots Cora, who pays her a visit on the anniversary of Daniel's death. Cora says she is there to apologize and make things right, and that she wants to see Regina happy Document [92] (Title: The Miller's Daughter (Once Upon a Time)) The Miller's Daughter (Once Upon a Time) "The Miller's Daughter" is the 16th episode of the second season of the American ABC fantasy/drama television series "Once Upon a Time", and the show's 38th episode overall. It aired on March 10, 2013. It was written by Jane Espenson and directed by Ralph Hemecker. This episode centers around Cora as she tries to kill Mr. Gold, while flashbacks show her past with Rumplestiltskin. A spinning wheel is featured in the forest. A young Cora (Rose McGowan) admonishes her father, a drunkard miller, and delivers flour to the palace in his stead. Princess Document [93] (Title: Once Upon a Time (TV series)) daughter of Snow White and Prince Charming, is brought to Storybrooke by her biological son Henry Mills in the hopes of breaking the curse cast by his adoptive mother, the Evil Queen Regina. The second season premiered on September 30, 2012. Despite Emma having broken the curse, the characters are not returned to the fairy tale world, and must deal with their own dual identities. With the introduction of magic into Storybrooke by Mr. Gold, the fates of the two worlds become intertwined, and new threats emerge in the form of Captain Hook (Colin O'Donoghue), Regina's mother Cora (Barbara Hershey), Document [94] (Title: Once Upon a Time (season 1)) (Jennifer Morrison) is reunited with Henry Mills (Jared S. Gilmore)—the son she gave up for adoption ten years previous—and takes him back to his hometown of Storybrooke, Maine—a place where nothing is what it seems. Henry has in his possession a large book of fairy tales and is convinced that Emma is the daughter of Snow White (Ginnifer Goodwin) and Prince Charming (Josh Dallas), who sent her away so she would be protected from a powerful curse enacted by the Evil Queen (Lana Parrilla), a curse in which the queen is the only one with a happy ending. It's because Document [95] (Title: Once Upon a Time (season 4)) Jurgen, had been given to Nils Hognestad and Marcus Rosner respectively. Returning recurring cast members include Sean Maguire as Robin Hood, Christie Laing as Maid Marian, Giancarlo Esposito as the Magic Mirror / Sidney Glass, Beverley Elliott as Granny, Lee Arenberg as Dreamy / Grumpy / Leroy, Raphael Sbarge as Jiminy Cricket / Dr. Archie Hopper and Keegan Connor Tracy as the Blue Fairy / Mother Superior. Faustino Di Bauda also returned as Sleepy / Walter and so did Kristin Bauer van Straten as Maleficent. On September 4, it was revealed that Frances O’Connor was cast as Belle's mother, Colette Document [96] (Title: The Doctor (Once Upon a Time)) (Jamie Chung) and Aurora (Sarah Bolger) return to the island from the castle, the foursome discover that everyone at the camp has been killed and their hearts ripped out by Cora. However, they discover Captain Hook/Killian Jones (Colin O'Donoghue) hiding among the bodies. Hook claims that he was the only survivor and pretends to act like a traumatized victim in an effort to gain their trust. However, Emma is suspicious of his claim, and is convinced that he is lying about the attack. She ties him to a tree and threatens to leave him to the ogres if he does Document [97] (Title: Belle (Once Upon a Time)) Hood (Tom Ellis), who the Dark One proceeds to torture for trying to steal from him. Feeling compassion for the thief, Belle releases Robin in her master's absence. When Rumplestiltskin returns, he demands she accompany him on his journey to find and kill the thief for stealing a magic wand from his castle. When Belle and Rumple see that Robin had only stolen the wand to cure his sick and pregnant wife (Christie Laing), Rumple spares the thief's life. Belle embraces Rumplestiltskin in a hug, seeing that there's a man behind the beast, and he later gifts her with a Document [98] (Title: Belle (Once Upon a Time)) what she saw though, sending her into a frenzy, prompting a nurse sedating her. She later learns that she isn't alone in her belief, for she is approached by Greg Mendell (Ethan Embry), who reveals that he saw the same thing at the town line. With Regina and Cora now conspiring together, Regina visits Belle in the hospital in an attempt to learn where Rumple's Dark One dagger is located. Rumple is later poisoned with Dreamshade by Hook, and on his deathbed Rumple calls Belle at the hospital to speak to her one last time, telling her that although she Document [99] (Title: The Miller's Daughter (Once Upon a Time)) (Jennifer Morrison) promises to save Mr. Gold from the poison Hook inflicted on him, as he is now family. Mary Margaret (Ginnifer Goodwin) and David (Josh Dallas) meet them at the dock. Mary Margaret still intends to kill Cora, despite David's insistence that she couldn't live with herself if she did that. Ruby takes Henry to safety, while the others go to Gold's shop. There, Gold instructs Emma on creating a magical barrier with invisible chalk, and she and Neal bicker while she does so. Gold leads Mary Margaret to find that he has the magical candle that Cora had Document [100] (Title: The Miller's Daughter (Once Upon a Time)) Cora's heart, explaining that all of their problems are caused by Cora's inability to love Regina or anyone else without her heart inside her. David later finds Mary Margaret there in a state of shock over her own actions. As Gold nears death, Cora breaks through Emma's spell and magically sends Emma and Neal away. Gold asks Cora if she ever loved him. She admits that she did, and that was why she had to remove her heart; he had become her weakness. Cora is about to kill him with the dagger when Regina restores her heart. Cora experiences a Document [101] (Title: Queen of Hearts (Once Upon a Time)) and feature a cast of tough females, but there’s also an artificiality that makes everything a little bit hokey," but unlike "Charmed", Sava points out that "everything is dead serious in "Once Upon A Time"." Amy Ratcliffe of "IGN" gave the episode an 8.3, proclaiming that "the winter finale of Once Upon a Time delivers with happy endings." She also was impressed with Lana Parrilla's performance in this episode as the conflicted Regina and added that "Cora being the Queen of Hearts was a great touch" to the plotline. Queen of Hearts (Once Upon a Time) "Queen of Hearts" is Document [102] (Title: Bleeding Through (Once Upon a Time)) give her credit for imbuing her witch with not a little sympathy." Bleeding Through (Once Upon a Time) "Bleeding Through" is the eighteenth episode of the third season of the American fantasy drama series "Once Upon a Time", and the show's 62nd episode overall, which aired on April 20, 2014. In this episode, After Zelena steals Regina's heart, Regina casts a spell so that she can speak across the realms to her dead mother, Cora, to discover the truth about why she abandoned Zelena. However, when the spell is cast, not everything goes as planned. Additionally, Belle stumbles across what Document [103] (Title: Zelena (Once Upon a Time)) was not there. " Intending to prove that Cora deserted the wrong daughter, she moves forward with creating a time travel spell, by getting the Scarecrow's brain. Before she can, Dorothy storms the palace to stop her. While Zelena prepares to finish her with a fireball, Dorothy's dog Toto wanders the room without her noticing. Zelena tosses the fireball at Dorothy, who ducks, with the flame incinerating a guard instead. Toto then pulls at a wall string, making the curtains topple onto Zelena, giving Dorothy time to flee with her dog and the Scarecrow. Blaming the munchkins for Dorothy's return, Document [104] (Title: Witch Hunt (Once Upon a Time)) starts pulling a bow on her. It turns out that Regina is planning to put a sleeping spell on herself so Henry will find her one-day and embrace her again, after lowering the protection spell. Regina then freezes Robin so she can go through with it and does lower the protection spell, but just as she is about to take the spell, she is interrupted by Zelena, who then takes the potion pin from Regina and reveals to Regina that they both have one thing in common, besides magic and the fact that Rumplestiltskin trained them, that Cora is their Document [105] (Title: Once Upon a Time (season 5)) Gentleman"), who will be portrayed by Greg Germann. On February 22, it was announced that Michael Raymond-James will also return in the 100th episode as the deceased Neal Cassidy. On November 10, it was announced that Victoria Smurfit would return as Cruella De Vil for numerous episodes during the second half of the season, beginning with the thirteenth episode, "Labor of Love". On November 16, it was announced that Bailee Madison would be returning in the same episode to reprise her role as a young Snow White, joined by newcomers Jonathan Whitesell and Kacey Rohl, who will be portraying Hercules Document [106] (Title: Once Upon a Time (season 6)) Gideon, the Black Fairy, Mary Lydgate, and Robert. The show also reintroduced Jafar and Dr. Arthur Lydgate, who previously appeared in "Once Upon a Time in Wonderland". This season also marks the final appearance of Emma Swan (Jennifer Morrison) as a series regular. Morrison announced she would be departing the series after the sixth-season finale, but if the series receives a seventh season renewal she has agreed to appear in at least one episode. After serving as a series regular for two seasons, Rebecca Mader also announced that season six would be her last on the show as a regular. Document [107] (Title: Once Upon a Time (season 6)) home" but "those struggles have only made her stronger — something which will come in handy when darkness threatens everything she holds dear." On March 8, it was announced that Andrew J. West had been cast in the unidentified male role, later revealed in "The Final Battle" as an adult Henry Mills. On March 9, it was announced that Alison Fernandez had been cast in the unidentified female role, also revealed to be Henry's daughter, Lucy. On May 8, 2017, Jennifer Morrison announced that she had declined an offer to remain on the show through season 7 and would not Document [108] (Title: Manhattan (Once Upon a Time)) magic, but Cora instead asks his help in locating the Dark One's dagger, which will enable them to kill Gold in Storybrooke. Regina visits Belle (Emilie de Ravin) in the hospital; upon determining that Belle doesn't remember anything useful, Regina magically renders her unconscious and levitates the contents of her purse, locating a note with a Dewey decimal number. This leads Regina, Cora, and Hook to a map hidden on a bookshelf in the library. Hook deciphers the map, but Cora then attacks him magically and knocks him unconscious, her use for him at an end. She reveals to Regina Document [109] (Title: Tiny (Once Upon a Time)) is dismayed to discover that Cora has shrunk him, then attacks David after apparently recognizing him. Mary Margaret drives him away with arrows. Mary Margaret surmises that Anton's real enemy was David's twin. Regina, in Cora's stead, meets with Hook, who informs her about Anton. She brings Anton a mushroom that temporarily restores his size. Anton then rampages through the town. David confronts him and explains that the real Prince James is dead. Mary Margaret tells Anton that Emma is their daughter, and Anton asks to have Emma vouch for them. Told that she is out of town, an enraged Document [110] (Title: Laura Prepon) and a grassroots campaign from the show's fanbase to keep the show alive. In April 2007, she starred in a dramatic short film "Once Upon a Time". She also appeared in the 2005 Oxygen romantic comedy "Romancing the Bride". She also was the original voice for Hayley Smith on the Fox animated sitcom "American Dad!" and voiced her in an unaired pilot. She appeared as Lauren, the long-lost sister of Mary Shannon (Mary McCormack) in the USA Network mystery drama "In Plain Sight" in the episode "A Frond in Need". On February 5, 2010, it was announced that Prepon signed Document [111] (Title: Red Queen (Through the Looking-Glass)) on Tarrant. The Red Queen appears in "Once Upon a Time in Wonderland" (a spin-off to "Once Upon a Time") portrayed by Emma Rigby. She is a character distinct from the Queen of Hearts (Barbara Hershey), who was her tutor in magic. Like the Queen of Hearts and the Mad Hatter, the Red Queen is an émigré to Wonderland from the Enchanted Forest, having originally been a young woman named Anastasia, with whom Will Scarlet (the Knave of Hearts) was in love. The Red Queen featured as one of the show's main antagonists, alongside Jafar. Two characters from the manga/anime Document [112] (Title: Once Upon a Time (season 7)) Lady Tremaine's other biological daughter. On November 1, it was announced that Tiera Skovbye would be recurring as an older version of Robin, the daughter of Zelena and Robin Hood. On November 2, it was announced that Nathan Parsons had been cast in a recurring role as Nick, a lawyer and potential love interest for another character. On November 3, it was announced that the show was casting for the role of Naveen from "The Princess and the Frog", who will be recurring in the second half of the season. It was later revealed that the role would be played Document [113] (Title: Once Upon a Time (season 5)) Macario as Bashful, Raphael Alejandro as Roland, Timothy Weber as the Apprentice and Ingrid Torrance as the Severe Nurse who is revealed during the episode to be the show's version of Nurse Ratched from Ken Kesey's One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, and introduced Lee Majdoub as Sir Kay and Mckenna Grace as Young Emma. Towards the end of the month, David Anders was confirmed to be returning as Dr. Victor Frankenstein / Dr. Whale. The second episode of the season, "The Price", introduced Olivia Steele Falconer as Violet, a love interest for Henry. On October 14, it was announced Document [114] (Title: Once Upon a Time (TV series)) their original memories by the Evil Queen Regina (Lana Parrilla) who used a powerful curse obtained from Rumplestiltskin (Robert Carlyle). The residents of Storybrooke, where Regina is mayor, have lived an unchanging existence for 28 years, unaware of their own lack of aging. The town's only hope lies with a bail-bonds person named Emma Swan (Jennifer Morrison), the daughter of Snow White (Ginnifer Goodwin) and Prince Charming (Josh Dallas), who was transported from the Enchanted Forest to the real world via a magic tree as an infant before she could be cursed. As such, she is the only person who Document [115] (Title: Queen of Hearts (Once Upon a Time)) hook by the Evil Queen/Regina who asks for his help in casting the Dark Curse. He agrees after she explains that the Dark One will be rendered an easily killed mortal man by the curse. His assignment is to travel to Wonderland via Jefferson's hat and kill her mother, Cora (Barbara Hershey), whom Regina previously banished to that land. She enchants his hook so that it can be used to remove Cora's heart, and no more than one heart. He is sent with the corpse of the guard he killed, so that he can bring Cora's body back in accordance Document [116] (Title: The Queen Is Dead (Once Upon a Time)) conversation with the Blue Fairy had really been with Cora and that Cora murdered her mother. Despite Johanna's protests, Mary Margaret gives up the dagger. Regina then restores Johanna's heart, but Cora immediately throws the woman to her death out of the clock tower. Regina confronts Cora over murdering Eva and keeping it a secret from her. She realizes that Cora also orchestrated Snow's riding accident. She expresses concerns over Cora's true motivations, and the likelihood that Henry will learn that they are responsible for anything they order Mr. Gold to do now that their possession of the dagger is Document [117] (Title: Swan Song (Once Upon a Time)) meant to be, only to suddenly abandon him and his brother, as he sold his sons into servitude, because Brennan was a wanted man and the ship was stolen. Years later in The Enchanted Forest, Regina recruits Hook to kill Cora, and takes Hook to a tavern, where she requires Hook to kill his father, who is now the tavern's owner. After the tavern closes, Hook confronts Brennan, who explains that his attempt to flee the law failed and was put under a sleeping curse as punishment; Brennan fell in love with the sound of his nurse's voice and she Document [118] (Title: Portrayals of Alice in Wonderland) Seven of the fantasy series "Once Upon a Time", portrayed by Rose Reynolds. She is the daughter of the Wish Realm version of Killian Jones (played by Colin O'Donoghue) and Mother Gothel (played by Emma Booth). Alice is the lover of Robin, played by Tiera Skovbye, who is the daughter of Robin Hood (Sean Maguire) and Zelena (Rebecca Mader). Her cursed identity in Hyperion Heights was "Tilly". Besides the books and the Disney film, Alice has appeared in many other works. In 1987 film "The Care Bears Adventure in Wonderland", she is a young and shy blonde girl with an Document [119] (Title: Once Upon a Time (season 5)) where she came from, but post-movie is where our "Once Upon a Time" spin comes into play". On September 8, Meghan Ory was confirmed to be returning for multiple episodes of the season as Little Red Riding Hood / Ruby, while on September 15, Horowitz revealed that Jamie Chung would be returning as Mulan. Both Chung and Ory will first appear in the season's two-parter on November 15, 2015. The premiere episode of the season, "The Dark Swan", saw the return of David-Paul Grove as Doc, Faustine Di Bauda as Sleepy, Jeffrey Kaiser as Dopey, Michael Coleman as Happy, Mig Document [120] (Title: Sisters (Once Upon a Time)) Consequently, Cora visits Oz to bring back Zelena, who just used her magic to restock the logs she dropped. This angers her abusive adoptive father, who doesn't want Zelena to use her “wicked” magic. Cora immediately freezes the woodcutter as he is about to hit her (her adoptive mother wasn't around to protect Zelena this time), then gives Zelena the opportunity to prove that her magic can be used for good, which she accepts. As Zelena is able to wake Regina, the two are unaware of their being sisters at first, but over time become close, and quickly realize that Document [121] (Title: The Miller's Daughter (Once Upon a Time)) financial woes, and that she has nothing to offer him. Cora boasts that she can turn straw to gold, but will deny the king this gift because of his insults. King Xavier presents her to the ball with her claim. Cora claims she needs time to prepare, so he has her locked in a tower full of straw to spin into gold by morning; she can marry Henry if she succeeds, but will be put to death if she fails. As Cora considers jumping from the tower window, Rumplestiltskin (Robert Carlyle) appears. He demonstrates that he can spin straw into Document [122] (Title: Zelena (Once Upon a Time)) observed during Emma and Killian's wedding. Zelena was also an ally to Rumplestiltskin in Season 4, King Arthur in Season 5 and the Evil Queen in Season 6. Clinging to her dream to being more than a miller's daughter, Cora abandons her child in the woods, where a passing cyclone whisks the babe to Oz. Whilst walking along the yellow brick road, a woodcutter and his wife witness a cyclone and a small baby fall through it. The woman wishes to raise the baby as their own but her husband is more skeptical after seeing the baby move a tree Document [123] (Title: Evil Queen (Disney)) Queen is Regina Mills, the main antagonist in the first season of the 2011 ABC live-action TV series "Once Upon a Time" where she is played by Lana Parrilla. Regina is the mayor of the idyllic town of Storybrooke, Maine, but is secretly the Evil Queen of legend, having cursed many beloved fairy tale characters to live in a land without magic, where they will never get their happy endings. The show is not directly based on the Disney animated films, but is inspired by them and makes many references to them. One of its episodes is titled "The Evil Document [124] (Title: Mother (Once Upon a Time)) by finding her the love that Tinker Bell spoke of. But Regina, having been upset with Tinker Bell previously, says she'll believe it when she sees it. Later on, Cora heads to the bar to find Robin, where she learns from the Sheriff of Nottingham that Robin is a thief and is now married. This gives Cora the idea to make the sheriff the true love for her daughter, by conjuring up a tattoo that is similar to the one Robin Hood had, and dressing him up in clothing similar to Robin"s. Unfortunately, Regina catches on to what Cora did Document [125] (Title: Sisters (Once Upon a Time)) retrieves his hook and brings her to Regina. When she discovers the truth about Zelena's feelings for Hades' from Regina, Cora suspects that her daughter is being played for a fool by Hades, so she makes a potion from the Lethe that would make Zelena forget about Hades. When Cora finally meets Zelena, this mother-daughter reunion doesn't go smoothly as planned, and even Zelena is on to what they did with the water from the River Lethe they put the spell on, as she turns down her mother's false apology. This leads to a fight between Regina and Zelena but Document [126] (Title: Nimue (Once Upon a Time)) and she takes control of the sword, cementing her title as the most powerful Dark One ever. Jared S. Gilmore and Emile de Ravin were listed in the credits but were not featured in this episode. The episode received excellent reviews. Andrea Towers of "Entertainment Weekly" notes in her assessment of the review, "The moral of tonight’s Once Upon A Time might be, “Don’t play with fire.” Or perhaps it’s, “Don’t trust the man behind the curtain.” In any case, Excalibur lives! And unfortunately, so does Dark One Emma — now even more powerful and ruthless than before. For the Document [127] (Title: Barbara Hershey) Christie's "Murder on the Orient Express" for the British television series "Poirot" (starring David Suchet), which aired in the United States on Public Broadcast Service in July 2010. Also in 2010, Hershey co-starred in Darren Aronofsky's acclaimed psychological thriller "Black Swan" (2010) opposite Natalie Portman and Mila Kunis. The following year, she co-starred in the James Wan horror film "Insidious" (2011). From 2012 to 2013, she had a recurring role in the first two seasons of ABC's hit drama "Once Upon a Time" as Cora, the Queen of Hearts and mother of the Evil Queen. In 2014, she reprised the Document [128] (Title: We Are Both) The Storybrooke events take place after "Broken". In the Enchanted Forest, during a horse ride, a young Regina (Lana Parrilla) is prevented from running away by her mother Cora (Barbara Hershey) via magic. Cora wants to make sure that Regina goes through with the wedding to King Leopold and states that Regina is only nervous about having the power that a queen is given, but Regina tells her mother that she wants to be free. Cora replies by saying that power is freedom. After having a daydream in which she strangles a young Snow White (Bailee Madison), Regina tells her Document [129] (Title: Belle (Once Upon a Time)) Belle (Once Upon a Time) Belle Gold (née French), briefly known as Lacey, is a fictional character in ABC's television series "Once Upon a Time". She is portrayed by Emilie de Ravin, who became a series regular in the second season and onwards after making recurring appearances in the first season, and has become a fan favorite since her debut. She is both based on the character from "Beauty and the Beast" by Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont, and the Disney princess of the 1991 film of the same name. Emilie de Ravin remained a series regular until the show’s sixth Document [130] (Title: Regina Mills) of the best roles she has ever played: Regina Mills Regina Mills ("Latin" for "queen"; alias: Evil Queen in Enchanted Forest; Roni in Hyperion Heights) is a fictional character in ABC's television series "Once Upon a Time". She is portrayed by Lana Parrilla, and has been praised by critics for her role as the series's first major antagonist. She has become a fan favorite since her debut. In the Enchanted Forest, Regina was born to the sorceress Cora and her husband Henry, the son of King Xavier. Despite being terrorized by her tyrannical mother, Regina found love in the form Document [131] (Title: Ariel (Once Upon a Time character)) time, Ariel reunites with Jasmine and helps her defeat the sorcerer Jafar (Oded Fehr). Reception for the role has been received positively, with Amy Ratcliffe of "IGN" saying "The mermaid was endearing, and Garcia couldn't have done a better job with her. She had terrific chemistry with everyone, too". Ariel (Once Upon a Time character) Ariel is a fictional character that appears in the ABC television series "Once Upon a Time", where she is played by JoAnna Garcia. Ariel is loosely based on the Disney character of the same name from the 1989 animated film "The Little Mermaid". Showrunners Edward Document [132] (Title: Once Upon a Time (season 3)) the recurring role of Prince Eric. On October 18, 2013, it was revealed that the American musician Marilyn Manson would voice the character of The Shadow. On October 21, British actor Stephen Lord was announced to be playing Rumplestiltskin's father, Malcolm. He featured in the eighth and eleventh episodes of the season. For the second half of the season, Rebecca Mader was cast as the major villain, Zelena, The Wicked Witch of the West. Alexandra Metz was cast as Rapunzel, who will be rescued by Prince Charming. Rose McGowan will return as a young Cora for the season's eighteenth episode, Document [133] (Title: Zelena (Once Upon a Time)) that they're sisters, Cora erased their memories of having met each other because her presence could alter Regina's future as the Queen. Zelena is sent back to Oz with her memories of meeting her mother and Regina wiped. " Time passes as Zelena grows into an adult. Zelena is reduced to helping her father and shaving her father. During one shave, she accidentally cuts him and uses magic to produce a cloth. This angers the woodcutter who declares that she is wicked and that he only looked after her because Zelena's 'mother' wanted the girl. He then reveals that Zelena Document [134] (Title: Once Upon a Time (TV series)) not start out believing in the fairytale universe. Ten-year-old Jared Gilmore, known for his work on "Mad Men", took the role of her son, Henry. The role of The Evil Queen/ Regina was given to Lana Parrilla. For the second season, Meghan Ory and Emilie de Ravin were promoted to series regulars as Red Riding Hood / Ruby and Belle / Lacey respectively, while Bailey made guest appearances in two episodes after departing the series and Sbarge joined the recurring cast. Colin O'Donoghue was cast as Captain Killian "Hook" Jones, and was upped to series regular for the fourteenth episode Document [135] (Title: Once Upon a Time (season 6)) will not be brought back from the dead but would appear in a multi-episode arc in a different capacity. For the second half of the season, Wil Traval would be returning for multiple episodes, starting in episode 11, as the Sheriff of Nottingham. On October 31, it was announced that Mckenna Grace would be returning as a younger version of Emma. On December 11, Robert Carlyle revealed that Brandon Spink would be portraying a young Baelfire in episode 13. On January 6, 2017, it was announced that JoAnna Garcia would be returning as Ariel. The story line involves a team-up Document [136] (Title: Once Upon a Time (season 4)) was portrayed by Yvette Nicole Brown in the season 3 episode, "Ariel". Straten, Smurfit, and Dungey all first appeared in the winter finale, "Heroes and Villains", and are collectively called the "Queens of Darkness". On October 17, 2014, Rebecca Wisocky was revealed to have been cast as the con-artist Madam Faustina for the ninth episode, "Fall", while a few days later on October 22, David Paul Grove, Gabe Khouth, Michael Coleman, Mig Macario and Jeffrey Kaiser were confirmed to be returning as the remaining seven dwarves. On October 25, 2014, Ginnifer Goodwin revealed that Mary Margaret's and David's son, Neal Document [137] (Title: Dark Hollow (Once Upon a Time)) from being felt. Her teaching skills already have Emma starting fires in the middle of windstorms. There's no telling how powerful these two women could be if they ever truly teamed up." Dark Hollow (Once Upon a Time) "Dark Hollow" is the seventh episode of the third season of the American fantasy drama series "Once Upon a Time", and the show's 51st episode overall. In this episode, Ariel (Joanna García Swisher) makes her way to Storybrooke after being sent by Mr. Gold (Robert Carlyle) and Regina Mills (Lana Parrilla) to tell Belle (Emilie De Ravin) and the townspeople of the Document [138] (Title: The Miller's Daughter (Once Upon a Time)) to appear and give Cora a taste of the power that will drive her over the edge." Amy Ratcliffe of IGN rated this episode 9.5 out of 10. The Miller's Daughter (Once Upon a Time) "The Miller's Daughter" is the 16th episode of the second season of the American ABC fantasy/drama television series "Once Upon a Time", and the show's 38th episode overall. It aired on March 10, 2013. It was written by Jane Espenson and directed by Ralph Hemecker. This episode centers around Cora as she tries to kill Mr. Gold, while flashbacks show her past with Rumplestiltskin. A Document [139] (Title: Belle (Once Upon a Time)) in her signature gold ballgown. The two kiss, as Belle says lovingly, “I knew you’d make it home.” The producers had planned to make the Belle only a recurring role in the series, but after sporadic appearances in the first season and an overwhelmingly positive reaction from fans to Belle and Rumplestiltskin's relationship, she was promoted to a series regular in the second season. Had de Ravin not accepted the role of Belle, she would've gone on to star in a television series called "Americana"; ABC decided to pass on the pilot in 2012. de Ravin's return as Belle in Document [140] (Title: Into the Deep (Once Upon a Time)) Margaret (Ginnifer Goodwin) and Emma Swan (Jennifer Morrison) are alive in the Enchanted Forest. When he wakes up, he reveals this to David (Josh Dallas) and Regina (Lana Parrilla), and tells them that his mother and grandmother are now threatened by Cora (Barbara Hershey). Regina finds Mr. Gold (Robert Carlyle) while he is eating with Belle (Emilie de Ravin), and they discuss Cora; they thought her to be dead, and Regina believed she had seen her mother's body. Regina points out that Gold's feelings for Belle are now a weakness Cora can exploit, and he agrees to help prevent Cora Document [141] (Title: David Nolan (Once Upon a Time)) like everybody else. He's human." Dallas subsequently began dating his "Once Upon a Time" co-star Goodwin in fall 2011. Dallas and Goodwin became engaged in October 2013, and married on April 12, 2014 in California. They have one child, a son, born in May 2014. David Nolan (Once Upon a Time) David Nolan, also known as Prince Charming, is a fictional character in ABC's television series "Once Upon a Time". He is portrayed by Josh Dallas, who also happens to be married to series co-star Ginnifer Goodwin, who plays David's wife Snow White/Mary Margaret Blanchard. The leader of the Enchanted Document [142] (Title: Bleeding Through (Once Upon a Time)) to the palace, has been eavesdropping on their conversation. She uses that to her advantage later on at the banquet hall, where after Leopold, who has been hearing rumors of Cora's deception, learns from Eva about her after Cora lies to him about not being pregnant. Eva then tells Leopold to check Cora's pockets, which he discovers is laced with jewelry. Cora is then escorted out of the palace and Eva consoles Leopold, promising that she'll be able to give him an heir that is pure as snow after they are married. Months later, Cora gives birth to Zelena and Document [143] (Title: Bleeding Through (Once Upon a Time)) was, a young Cora is duped by a man claiming to be a prince, and she finds herself alone and pregnant. But a chance meeting with a real prince could lead Cora to the royal life she's always craved, but she must keep her pregnancy a secret or else risk losing everything. The tornado forms in the forest. In the years before the first curse, a young bar girl named Cora is swept off her feet by a gentleman named Jonathan, who tells her that he is a prince. He makes an "I promise you the world"-type vow that he Document [144] (Title: Once Upon a Time (season 4)) had been cast as Poseidon, who is also Ursula's Father, and Sebastian Roche as King Stefan. In February 2015, Rebecca Mader was confirmed to be returning as Wicked Witch of the West / Zelena and Wil Traval was revealed to be returning as the Sheriff of Nottingham / Keith. Both Mader and Traval have been confirmed to be reprising their roles in the seventeenth episode, "Heart of Gold". Agnes Bruckner has been confirmed to appear in a three episode arc in the role of an adult Lily, a friend of Emma from her childhood who was portrayed by Nicole Muñoz Document [145] (Title: Heart of the Matter (Once Upon a Time in Wonderland)) Will. Cora also confronts Will, resulting in him asking her for a shocking demand. Jenny Kao & Katie Wech were the writers for the episode, while David Boyd was its director. The episode was watched by 3.51 million American viewers, and received an 18-49 rating/share of 0.8/3, roughly the same demo as the previous episode but up in the total viewers number. The show placed fifth in its timeslot and twelfth for the night. Christine Orlando of "TV Fanatic" gave the episode a 4.5 out of 5, signaling positive reviews. Ashley B. of "Spoiler TV" gave the episode a positive Document [146] (Title: Tim Phillipps) his character out. Phillipps reprised his role of Prince Thomas during the sixth season of "Once Upon a Time". Tim Phillipps Tim Phillipps is an Australian actor perhaps best known for his roles in the soap opera "Neighbours", drama series "Bed of Roses" and the movie "Animal Kingdom". He has also appeared in the American television series "Once Upon a Time" and "The Secret Circle". He provided the voice and motion capture for Dante in the video game "". Phillipps was born in Adelaide, South Australia. He has a brother Josh, who is a television presenter, and a sister Libby. Document [147] (Title: Once Upon a Time (season 5)) Queen / Regina Mills, Captain Killian "Hook" Jones and Rumplestiltskin / Mr. Gold respectively, while Morrison's character was confirmed to take on the moniker "Dark Swan". Jared S. Gilmore also returned as Henry Mills. On June 26, 2015, it was revealed that Sinqua Walls would return as Lancelot. On July 1, 2015, it was announced that Liam Garrigan would play King Arthur during the first half of the season, while Gabe Khouth and Lee Arenberg confirmed via social media that they would be returning as Sneezy / Tom Clark and as Grumpy / Dreamy / Leroy respectively. On July 10, Document [148] (Title: Bailee Madison) their own lemonade stands. Bailee Madison Bailee Madison (born October 15, 1999) is an American actress. In film, she played May Belle Aarons in "Bridge to Terabithia" (2007), Isabelle in "Brothers" (2009), Sally Hurst in "Don't Be Afraid of the Dark" (2010), Maggie in "Just Go with It" (2011), Harper Simmons in "Parental Guidance" (2012), and Kinsey in "" (2018). On television, she made guest appearances as Maxine Russo in "Wizards of Waverly Place" and young Snow White in "Once Upon a Time". She also has a recurring role as Sophia Quinn in "The Fosters". In 2015, she began starring Document [149] (Title: Queen of Hearts (Once Upon a Time)) him to another part of the Enchanted Forest to erect a magical barrier that will protect them from the curse. Cora explains that the curse is destined to be broken after 28 years, during which they will be frozen. Once the curse is broken, Cora will reconcile with her daughter, who will be distraught over her defeat, and "help her pick up the pieces." Emma Swan (Jennifer Morrison), Mary Margaret (Ginnifer Goodwin), Aurora (Sarah Bolger), and Mulan (Jamie Chung) reach Rumplestiltskin's cell, and Emma learns for the first time that he knew beforehand that she would be the savior. They Document [150] (Title: Sisters (Once Upon a Time)) gave the episode a 3.9 out of 5. Gwen Inhat of "The AV Club" gave the episode a B+. Sisters (Once Upon a Time) "Sisters" is the nineteenth episode of the fifth season of the American fantasy drama series "Once Upon a Time", which aired on April 24, 2016. In this episode, Regina and Cora work together to keep Zelena away from Hades; and James impersonates David. In flashbacks, Cora brings Zelena to the Enchanted Forest to save Regina's life. An Underworld windmill is featured in the red-tinted forest. The Enchanted Forest events take place years after "The Miller's Daughter" Document [151] (Title: Souls of the Departed) favor of. Unknown to Prince Henry and Regina, Cora has managed to enter the realm of the Enchanted Forest through the mirror again. Later on, Prince Henry meets with Snow White in the woods. When she sees the real Prince Henry approaching her, she realizes that the first Prince Henry was actually Cora, who rips out her heart while she is distracted. Cora takes Snow's heart to Regina as a birthday present, only to then learn that Snow switched it out with that of a guard. It turned out that Prince Henry saved Snow White by switching the hearts. A Document [152] (Title: Belle (Once Upon a Time)) to be, as Belle sees the goodness in her heart. Meanwhile, Belle and Rumple grow closer, as they continue to go out on dates like lunch at Granny's Diner and a picnic in Rumple's pawnshop. However, interruptions occur frequently as the town panics due to the arrival of Regina's mother, Cora (Barbara Hershey), who has become a new threat to them all. Belle supports Rumple in his mission to find a loophole around the town line barrier in hopes of going out in search of his long lost son, but ventures out on her own when it is revealed that Document [153] (Title: Once Upon a Time (season 7)) de Ravin, would be centered around Rumple. On that same day, it was also announced that Emma Booth was cast in a major recurring role as the Witch, whose more specific identity would be revealed later on during the season. On August 25, Kevin Ryan announced that he would be making an appearance as a new prince in the upcoming season. On August 30, it was announced that Robin Givens had been cast as Tiana's mother, Eudora. On September 8, it was announced that Meegan Warner would be guest starring as an alternate version of Rapunzel, a character previously featured Document [154] (Title: Once Upon a Time (season 2)) actress Rachel Shelley played the recurring role of Milah, Rumplestiltskin's wife. "Eureka" actor Christopher Gauthier is recurring throughout the season as Mr. William Smee, Captain Hook's right-hand-man. In October 2012, "Can't Hardly Wait" star Ethan Embry joined the recurring cast as an unknown visitor to Storybrooke. Eion Bailey (Pinocchio/August Booth) made guest appearances in episodes six and 18. Tony Perez (Prince Henry) and Alan Dale (King George/Albert Spencer) both made recurring appearances in some capacity throughout the season. Actor Noah Bean reprised his role as Daniel, the Evil Queen's love-interest, during episode five, "The Doctor". "The X-Files" actress Annabeth Gish Document [155] (Title: Lady of the Lake (Once Upon a Time)) the heroines depart, Cora reappears with a potion bottle and fills it with the ashes of the wardrobe. The potion bottle glows red- there was still a little magic left in the wardrobe. As Prince Charming/David attempts to find a way to use the hat to bring back Snow White/Mary Margaret and Emma, Henry (Jared S. Gilmore) insists on helping, but Charming, who says that he'll find magic, wants Henry to concentrate on going to school while he takes care of this situation. Henry, as usual, does the opposite and goes to see the Mad Hatter/Jefferson (Sebastian Stan). When Henry Document [156] (Title: Once Upon a Time (TV series)) actresses Dania Ramirez and Gabrielle Anwar were announced to be joining the cast of the seventh season as series regulars, playing new iterations of Cinderella and Lady Tremaine, respectively. In September 2017, Mekia Cox, who portrays Tiana, was promoted to a series regular. Principal photography for the series takes place in Vancouver, British Columbia. Steveston Village in the adjacent city of Richmond doubles as Storybrooke for the series, with props and exterior sets disguising the existing businesses and buildings. During filming, all brightly colored objects (flowers, etc.) are hidden to reinforce the story village's spell-subdued character. Certain sets are additionally Document [157] (Title: Miranda Richardson) "A Dance to the Music of Time" (1997), Miss Gilchrist in "St. Ives" (1998), Bettina the interior decorator in "Absolutely Fabulous", Queen Elspeth, Snow White's stepmother, in "" (2001), and Queen Mary in "The Lost Prince" (2003). Richardson has appeared in a number of high-profile supporting roles in film, including Vanessa Bell in "The Hours", Lady Van Tassel in "Sleepy Hollow" and Patsy Carpenter in "The Evening Star". She also won acclaim for her performances in "The Crying Game" and "Enchanted April", for which she won a Golden Globe. She received Academy Award nominations for her performances in "Damage" and Document [158] (Title: Once Upon a Time (season 1)) after she did, is from the Enchanted Forest as well and he is Pinocchio, who was sent to our world through the same wardrobe that brought Emma to watch over her. But he abandoned her out of fear and is slowly turning back into a wooden puppet. Emma then makes an attempt to take Henry out of Storybrooke forever, but is then forced to reconsider when he refuses to go. Emma makes a deal with Regina in which she leaves but still visits Henry on ocasinaly. But Regina knows Emma's true identity and has retrieved her poisoned apple (the same Document [159] (Title: The Queen Is Dead (Once Upon a Time)) not a secret. Cora insists that Henry will be Regina's. After Johanna's funeral, David reassures Mary Margaret that they will get the dagger back before Gold returns to Storybrooke. Mary Margaret questions her "good" choices that have caused death and suffering over the years, and reflects that maybe it isn't Regina or Cora who needs to change, but herself. She vows to kill Cora. In New York City, Neal (Michael Raymond-James) and Henry spend time together while Emma and Mr. Gold commiserate over the trouble they are having with their respective sons. Gold asks Emma to convince Neal to come Document [160] (Title: Henry Mills (Once Upon a Time)) the Queen of the United Realms. Gilmore, who had previously starred in "Mad Men" as the third Bobby Draper from 2009 to 2011, was cast in "Once Upon a Time" as Henry Mills, the "biological son of Emma Swan (Jennifer Morrison's character) and Neal/Baelfire. He is the only resident of Storybrooke who is not under the spell of the Evil Queen (Lana Parrilla)." Series creators Adam Horowitz and Eddy Kitsis stated of the role, "One of our emotional centers was an 11-year-old boy who had to be precocious and vulnerable at the same time." Kitsis believed that Gilmore "naturally brought Document [161] (Title: The Miller's Daughter (Once Upon a Time)) "Buffy The Vampire Slayer" and "Battlestar Galactica", but her episodes of this series have been largely lackluster. That is, until 'The Miller’s Daughter,' which is easily one of the strongest episodes OUAT has ever had. Exploring Cora’s past and shutting the door on her present-day exploits, this episode is full of significant plot developments and emotional character moments, with a very strong connection between the fairyback and Storybrooke scenes." He also praised the performance from Rose McGowan calling her "inspired casting as young Cora, and not just because of how much she looks like Barbara Hershey. She has an icy Document [162] (Title: Lady of the Lake (Once Upon a Time)) that they will find a way to get Emma and Snow/Mary Margaret back, together. Later that day, the Mad Hatter is finally reunited with his daughter, Paige/Grace, and Henry watches this from a distance. He is soon joined by Charming, who buys a pair of wooden swords to teach Henry how to defend himself. As they are sword-playing, King George/Albert Spencer secretly watches them in his car from a distance. "Lady of the Lake" was co-written by producers Andrew Chambliss & Ian Goldberg, while being directed by "24" veteran Milan Cheylov. The pit that Emma, Snow White/Mary Margaret, and Cora Document [163] (Title: Queen of Hearts (Once Upon a Time)) and knocks him unconscious. Then Cora renews her attack and declares her intention to give Regina Mary Margaret's heart. Emma interposes herself at the last minute, so Cora reaches into her chest instead. Cora mocks them, reminding them that love is weakness. But when Cora cannot pull Emma's heart out, Emma realizes that love is strength and a burst of magic comes from her and knocks Cora back. Emma and Mary Margaret take the compass and jump into the portal. Mulan restores Aurora's heart to her and frees her from the cell. Aurora then reveals that Cora told her that Document [164] (Title: Heart of the Matter (Once Upon a Time in Wonderland)) Heart of the Matter (Once Upon a Time in Wonderland) "Heart of the Matter" is the eleventh episode of the "Once Upon a Time" spin-off series "Once Upon a Time in Wonderland". Alice and Cyrus discover alarming information involving prisoners Jafar has under his control that changes their priorities. Meanwhile, the Red Queen is in critical danger and no one can help her, except for the Knave, by surrendering information to Jafar that he's been desperately seeking. In flashback, Anastasia is about to marry the Red King and strikes up a friendship with Cora (Queen of Hearts) that directly impacts Document [165] (Title: Queen of Hearts (Once Upon a Time)) Queen of Hearts (Once Upon a Time) "Queen of Hearts" is the ninth episode of the second season of the American ABC fantasy/drama television series "Once Upon a Time", and the show's 31st episode overall, which aired on December 2, 2012. The episode served as the series' winter finale. An enhanced version with additional scenes and trivia aired March 31, 2013. It was co-written by Adam Horowitz and Edward Kitsis, while being directed by Ralph Hemecker. This episode centers around Captain Hook and Cora as they try to steal the compass from Emma Swan and her mother, while flashbacks show Document [166] (Title: The Miller's Daughter (Once Upon a Time)) gold, and offers to do so in exchange for her first-born child; he reveals that "she is very important" in the future he has seen. Cora asks Rumplestiltskin to teach her how to spin gold herself; to which he agrees and she signs his contract. Rumplestiltskin teaches Cora that magic is channeled through emotion rather than thought, and that he uses the anger he felt at being forced to kiss a man's boots in front of his son. As Cora imagines forcing the royals to bow to her, the straw changes to gold in her hands. Cora presents the gold Document [167] (Title: Cora Cross) but Babe, realising that her and Stan were never meant to be, encourages Cora to accept the proposal for his last chance of happiness. Two weeks later, Stan passes away from his cancer, devastating Cora. After his funeral, Cora departs, saying she will stay with Tanya in Exeter, and is then seen calling her and waiting for her to pick her up. A few months later, a dishevelled Cora attends a charity drive for the homeless at the community centre, but ensures nobody sees her. When Abi calls Tanya, she discovers Cora has not visited Tanya. Abi is distressed and Document [168] (Title: The Miller's Daughter (Once Upon a Time)) Eva, a young woman, trips Cora, causing her to spill the flour. King Xavier (Joaquim de Almeida) refuses to pay for the flour and orders Cora to beg forgiveness on her knees. That night, Cora sneaks into a masked ball held for King Xavier's son Prince Henry (Zak Santiago). She criticizes the event as an opportunity for the king to sell his son to a wealthy bride, and is overheard by Henry. The prince invites her to dance, but they are interrupted by the king, who recognizes Cora. He tells her that he is superior to her, despite his kingdom's Document [169] (Title: The Evil Queen (Once Upon a Time)) quite as bad as this one, which combines a gross abuse of magic with far-fetched plot developments and incredibly repetitive storytelling. Dear god, how many variations of Regina hunting down Snow White are we going to see on this show?" The Evil Queen (Once Upon a Time) "The Evil Queen" is the 20th episode of the second season of the American ABC fantasy/drama television series "Once Upon a Time", and the show's 42nd episode overall. It aired on April 28, 2013. In this episode, Hook helps Regina find a way to get her and Henry to the Enchanted Forest; and Document [170] (Title: Pilot (Once Upon a Time)) identities. This includes his therapist Archie Hopper (Raphael Sbarge), who is really Jiminy Cricket, and his teacher Mary Margaret Blanchard (Goodwin), who is really Snow White. Henry claims that time is frozen in Storybrooke and the people are unable to leave, but that the curse will be broken by Emma. A skeptical Emma returns Henry to his adopted mother, the town Mayor, Regina (Parrilla), who is really the Evil Queen. Emma attempts to leave but after having drunk apple cider given to her by the Mayor and nearly hitting a wolf she has a car accident where she is knocked Question: who plays cora in once upon a time

Answer: Barbara Hershey Long Answer: Barbara Hershey (born Barbara Lynn Herzstein; February 5, 1948), once known as Barbara Seagull, is an American actress . In a career spanning over 50 years, she has played a variety of roles on television and in cinema in several genres, including Westerns and comedies . She began acting at age 17 in 1965, but did not achieve much critical acclaim until the latter half of the 1980s . By that time, the Chicago Tribune referred to her as "one of America's finest actresses." Gold Document ID: 161

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Wuthering Heights (2011 film)) of 100, based on 24 critics. Andrew O'Hehir of "Salon" placed the film at number one on his list of the top 10 best films of 2012. Wuthering Heights (2011 film) Wuthering Heights is a 2011 British romantic gothic, period drama film directed by Andrea Arnold and starring Kaya Scodelario as Catherine and James Howson as Heathcliff. The screenplay, written by Andrea Arnold and Olivia Hetreed, is based on Emily Brontë's 1847 novel of the same name Announced in April 2008, Natalie Portman was originally set to star as Cathy in a new film adaptation of the novel, but she Document [2] (Title: Heathcliff (Wuthering Heights)) After Catherine Earnshaw's death, Heathcliff's vindictive cruelty intensifies, aimed at destroying not only his enemies but also their heirs — Hareton, son of Hindley and Frances Earnshaw, and Catherine, daughter of Edgar Linton and Catherine the elder. Heathcliff forces his sickly son, Linton, who entirely resembles his mother, Isabella, into marriage with Catherine Linton, daughter of Cathy and Edgar, in a bid to gain control of "Thrushcross Grange". Shortly after the two are married in their nearly loveless match, the insipid Linton dies, hardly a surprise to either his father or his widow. Heathcliff treats Catherine with relative mercy, turning Document [3] (Title: Catherine Earnshaw) Catherine and her choice to marry Edgar rather than Heathcliff are central to the issues of nature versus nurture, self versus society, class division, and violence in "Wuthering Heights", as well as to the antitheses of good and evil, and physical existence and spiritual existence, which pervade the novel. Catherine Earnshaw Cathy Earnshaw is a fictional character and the female protagonist of the novel "Wuthering Heights" written by Emily Brontë. Cathy Earnshaw is the younger sibling of Hindley, and is born and raised at Wuthering Heights. She becomes the foster sister of the orphan, Heathcliff, at the age of six, Document [4] (Title: Wuthering Heights (2011 film)) as the new director, with Ed Westwick and Gemma Arterton attached to play Heathcliff and Cathy respectively. However, the film did not get off the ground and in January 2010, it was announced that Andrea Arnold would direct the adaptation. In April, she cast Kaya Scodelario as Catherine, a more age-appropriate choice than previous adaptations. Due to Brontë's description of Heathcliff as a "dark-skinned gypsy in aspect" and "a little Lascar", Arnold searched for an actor from the UK's Romani community. However, the community had some doubts. The search was then expanded to Yorkshire actors aged 16 to 21 of Document [5] (Title: Wuthering Heights) whom she cannot marry because of his low social status and lack of education. She hopes to use her position as Edgar's wife to raise Heathcliff's standing. Heathcliff overhears her say that it would "degrade" her to marry him (but not how much she loves him), and he runs away and disappears without a trace. Distraught over Heathcliff's departure, Catherine makes herself ill. Nelly and Edgar begin to pander to her every whim to prevent her from becoming ill again. Three years pass. Edgar and Catherine marry and go to live together at Thrushcross Grange, where Catherine enjoys being "lady Document [6] (Title: Wuthering Heights) the funeral, Isabella leaves Heathcliff and finds refuge in the South of England. She gives birth to a son, Linton. Hindley dies six months after Catherine, and Heathcliff thus finds himself master of Wuthering Heights. Twelve years pass. Catherine's daughter, Cathy, has become a beautiful, high-spirited girl. Edgar learns that his sister Isabella is dying, so he leaves to retrieve her son Linton in order to adopt and educate him. Cathy, who has rarely left home, takes advantage of her father's absence to venture further afield. She rides over the moors to Wuthering Heights and discovers that she has not Document [7] (Title: Wuthering Heights) humiliates Heathcliff by locking him in the attic. Catherine tries to comfort Heathcliff, but he vows revenge on Hindley. The following year, Frances Earnshaw gives birth to a son, named Hareton, but she dies a few months later. Hindley descends into drunkenness. Two more years pass, and Catherine and Edgar Linton become friends, while she becomes more distant from Heathcliff. Edgar visits Catherine while Hindley is away, and they declare themselves lovers soon afterwards. Catherine confesses to Nelly that Edgar has proposed marriage and she has accepted, although her love for Edgar is not comparable to her love for Heathcliff, Document [8] (Title: Catherine of Austria, Queen of Poland) of the illness is unknown as she would not allow Polish doctors near her. When her father sent a couple of Austrian doctors, they reported only high fever and chills. She recovered somewhat only in spring 1559 but her recovery was interrupted by frequent travels in summer 1559 to avoid a plague outbreak. Catherine returned to Vilnius only in early 1560 and became ill again. Sigismund was convinced that it was epilepsy, the same disease that tormented his first wife and Catherine's sister. Their marriage became very distant. In October 1562, at the wedding of Catherine Jagiellon and Duke John Document [9] (Title: Catherine Earnshaw) of Thrushcross Grange at Edgar's death, and trapping her in an abusive and terrifying marriage. Cathy falls into a state of psychological insanity, although it is partly feigned in her desire to provoke her husband and "break his heart" because of the pain that she feels. Soon she refuses to eat, never leaves her chamber, and falls prey to countless delusions and declarations of madness. Heathcliff and Cathy share one final meeting, about halfway through the story, which is aided reluctantly by Nelly because of Edgar's banishment of Heathcliff from the Grange. The lovers pour out their passions to one Document [10] (Title: Wuthering Heights) suffers from the violence of his feelings, and at the end is entangled by his thwarted passion". At one stage Heathcliff is described as a vampire, and it has been suggested that both he and Catherine are in fact meant to be seen as vampire like personalities. The original text, as published by Thomas Cautley Newby in 1847, is available online in two parts. The novel was first published together with Anne Brontë's "Agnes Grey" in a three-volume format: "Wuthering Heights" occupied the first two volumes, while "Agnes Grey" made up the third. In 1850, when a second edition of Document [11] (Title: Catherine Earnshaw) Catherine Earnshaw Cathy Earnshaw is a fictional character and the female protagonist of the novel "Wuthering Heights" written by Emily Brontë. Cathy Earnshaw is the younger sibling of Hindley, and is born and raised at Wuthering Heights. She becomes the foster sister of the orphan, Heathcliff, at the age of six, and the two become close companions. They are separated when Hindley becomes jealous of his father's affection towards Heathcliff and reduces him to servant-boy status after the death of Mr Earnshaw, who took Heathcliff in as a Liverpool foundling. Cathy and Heathcliff's strong characters do not part them; rather, Document [12] (Title: Heathcliff (Wuthering Heights)) ends with the death of Heathcliff, who has become a broken, tormented man, haunted by the ghost of the elder Catherine, next to whom he demands to be buried. His corpse is initially found by Nelly Dean, who, peeping into his room, spots him. Heathcliff grows restless towards the very end of the novel and stops eating. Nelly Dean does not believe that he had the intention to commit suicide, but that his starvation may have been the cause of his death. He wanted to be with Cathy in eternal life. laid on his back. His eyes met mine so Document [13] (Title: Wuthering Heights) his time gambling with Hindley and teaching Hareton bad habits. Hindley dissipates his wealth and mortgages the farmhouse to Heathcliff to pay his debts. Heathcliff elopes with Isabella Linton. Two months after their elopement, Heathcliff and Isabella return to Wuthering Heights, where Heathcliff discovers that Catherine is dying. With Nelly's help, he visits Catherine secretly. The following day, she gives birth to a daughter, Cathy, shortly before dying. While Catherine is lying in her coffin overnight, prior to the funeral, Heathcliff returns and replaces the lock of Edgar's hair in her necklace with a lock of his own. Shortly after Document [14] (Title: Catherine Earnshaw) — but as my own being — so, don't talk of our separation again — it is impracticable. — and the famous ghostly utterance, "Let me in your window - I'm so cold!", was later used by Kate Bush in her 1978 hit "Wuthering Heights". The entertainment world, indeed, has been so intrigued by the love between Catherine and Heathcliff that many film adaptations of the novel, particularly the 1939 version with Laurence Olivier and Merle Oberon, cover only half of the story, ending with Catherine's death rather than the lives of the younger Cathy, Hareton, and Linton Heathcliff. Thematically, Document [15] (Title: Catherine Linton) Heights in their stead. Edgar presently falls ill with distress, and Heathcliff keeps Cathy and Nelly at the Heights until Catherine finally agrees to marry Linton. Desperate to see her father once more before he dies, she consents, and her fate at Wuthering Heights is sealed. Edgar dies, kissing his daughter on the cheek, knowing that Thrushcross Grange, the Linton household, is now in the hands of his enemy. Linton, who does not at all resemble his father, but is in almost every way like his mother, falls ill as well and dies shortly after his marriage. Heathcliff forces him Document [16] (Title: Wuthering Heights) of the manor". Six months later, Heathcliff returns, now a wealthy gentleman. Catherine is delighted, but Edgar is not. Edgar's sister, Isabella, soon falls in love with Heathcliff, who despises her, but encourages the infatuation as a means of revenge. This leads to an argument with Catherine at Thrushcross Grange, which Edgar overhears. Finally, enraged by Heathcliff's constant appearance and foul parlance, he forbids Heathcliff from visiting Catherine altogether. Upset, Catherine locks herself in her room and begins to make herself ill again. She is also now pregnant with Edgar's child. Heathcliff takes up residence at Wuthering Heights and spends Document [17] (Title: Wuthering Heights (2011 film)) Wuthering Heights (2011 film) Wuthering Heights is a 2011 British romantic gothic, period drama film directed by Andrea Arnold and starring Kaya Scodelario as Catherine and James Howson as Heathcliff. The screenplay, written by Andrea Arnold and Olivia Hetreed, is based on Emily Brontë's 1847 novel of the same name Announced in April 2008, Natalie Portman was originally set to star as Cathy in a new film adaptation of the novel, but she withdrew in May. In May 2008, director John Maybury cast Michael Fassbender as Heathcliff and Abbie Cornish as Cathy. However, in May 2009, Peter Webber was announced Document [18] (Title: Catherine Linton) Catherine Linton Catherine Linton (also known as "Young Catherine" or Cathy Linton and later as Catherine Heathcliff then as Catherine Earnshaw) is a character in Emily Brontë's novel "Wuthering Heights". She is the daughter of Edgar Linton and Cathy Earnshaw, and, despite Heathcliff's attempts at exacting revenge on her for the indiscretions of her family, she eventually marries her true love, Hareton Earnshaw, re-establishing long-lost equilibrium in the story. Cathy is the only child of Catherine and Edgar. Her mother dies a few hours after giving premature birth to her, about half-way through the novel. Her father, Edgar, calls her Document [19] (Title: Nelly Dean) a marriage with his weak and quickly-dying son Linton. Cathy's misery at Wuthering Heights is one of the few sequences of events that Nelly does not witness for herself: She has been ordered by Heathcliff to remain at the Grange, but inveterate gossip that she is, she manages to hear of it from Zillah, the housekeeper at Wuthering Heights. Nelly continues to fight to restore peace at Wuthering Heights and, at the conclusion of the novel, is asked by Heathcliff to come back to work there. She is the one who finds Heathcliff dead in his chamber, enabling the New Document [20] (Title: Wuthering Heights) that she moved to Wuthering Heights to replace the housekeeper, Zillah, who had left. Hareton has an accident and is confined to the farmhouse. During his convalescence, he and Cathy overcome their mutual antipathy and become close. While their friendship develops, Heathcliff begins to act strangely and has visions of Catherine. He stops eating and, after four days of increasingly bad health, is found dead in Catherine's old room. He is buried next to Catherine. Lockwood learns that Hareton and Cathy plan to marry on New Year's Day. As he gets ready to leave, he passes the graves of Catherine, Question: what illness did catherine have in wuthering heights Answer: psychological insanity Long Answer: In an awkward set of visits to the Grange, Heathcliff begins to exact his revenge, seducing Isabella Linton in order to gain control of Thrushcross Grange at Edgar's death, and trapping her in an abusive and terrifying marriage . Cathy falls into a state of psychological insanity, although it is partly feigned in her desire to provoke her husband and "break his heart" because of the pain that she feels . Soon she refuses to eat, never leaves her chamber, and falls prey to countless delusions and declarations of madness. Gold Document ID: 9

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Wuthering Heights (2011 film)) of 100, based on 24 critics. Andrew O'Hehir of "Salon" placed the film at number one on his list of the top 10 best films of 2012. Wuthering Heights (2011 film) Wuthering Heights is a 2011 British romantic gothic, period drama film directed by Andrea Arnold and starring Kaya Scodelario as Catherine and James Howson as Heathcliff. The screenplay, written by Andrea Arnold and Olivia Hetreed, is based on Emily Brontë's 1847 novel of the same name Announced in April 2008, Natalie Portman was originally set to star as Cathy in a new film adaptation of the novel, but she Document [2] (Title: Heathcliff (Wuthering Heights)) After Catherine Earnshaw's death, Heathcliff's vindictive cruelty intensifies, aimed at destroying not only his enemies but also their heirs — Hareton, son of Hindley and Frances Earnshaw, and Catherine, daughter of Edgar Linton and Catherine the elder. Heathcliff forces his sickly son, Linton, who entirely resembles his mother, Isabella, into marriage with Catherine Linton, daughter of Cathy and Edgar, in a bid to gain control of "Thrushcross Grange". Shortly after the two are married in their nearly loveless match, the insipid Linton dies, hardly a surprise to either his father or his widow. Heathcliff treats Catherine with relative mercy, turning Document [3] (Title: Catherine Earnshaw) Catherine and her choice to marry Edgar rather than Heathcliff are central to the issues of nature versus nurture, self versus society, class division, and violence in "Wuthering Heights", as well as to the antitheses of good and evil, and physical existence and spiritual existence, which pervade the novel. Catherine Earnshaw Cathy Earnshaw is a fictional character and the female protagonist of the novel "Wuthering Heights" written by Emily Brontë. Cathy Earnshaw is the younger sibling of Hindley, and is born and raised at Wuthering Heights. She becomes the foster sister of the orphan, Heathcliff, at the age of six, Document [4] (Title: Wuthering Heights (2011 film)) as the new director, with Ed Westwick and Gemma Arterton attached to play Heathcliff and Cathy respectively. However, the film did not get off the ground and in January 2010, it was announced that Andrea Arnold would direct the adaptation. In April, she cast Kaya Scodelario as Catherine, a more age-appropriate choice than previous adaptations. Due to Brontë's description of Heathcliff as a "dark-skinned gypsy in aspect" and "a little Lascar", Arnold searched for an actor from the UK's Romani community. However, the community had some doubts. The search was then expanded to Yorkshire actors aged 16 to 21 of Document [5] (Title: Wuthering Heights) whom she cannot marry because of his low social status and lack of education. She hopes to use her position as Edgar's wife to raise Heathcliff's standing. Heathcliff overhears her say that it would "degrade" her to marry him (but not how much she loves him), and he runs away and disappears without a trace. Distraught over Heathcliff's departure, Catherine makes herself ill. Nelly and Edgar begin to pander to her every whim to prevent her from becoming ill again. Three years pass. Edgar and Catherine marry and go to live together at Thrushcross Grange, where Catherine enjoys being "lady Document [6] (Title: Wuthering Heights) the funeral, Isabella leaves Heathcliff and finds refuge in the South of England. She gives birth to a son, Linton. Hindley dies six months after Catherine, and Heathcliff thus finds himself master of Wuthering Heights. Twelve years pass. Catherine's daughter, Cathy, has become a beautiful, high-spirited girl. Edgar learns that his sister Isabella is dying, so he leaves to retrieve her son Linton in order to adopt and educate him. Cathy, who has rarely left home, takes advantage of her father's absence to venture further afield. She rides over the moors to Wuthering Heights and discovers that she has not Document [7] (Title: Wuthering Heights) humiliates Heathcliff by locking him in the attic. Catherine tries to comfort Heathcliff, but he vows revenge on Hindley. The following year, Frances Earnshaw gives birth to a son, named Hareton, but she dies a few months later. Hindley descends into drunkenness. Two more years pass, and Catherine and Edgar Linton become friends, while she becomes more distant from Heathcliff. Edgar visits Catherine while Hindley is away, and they declare themselves lovers soon afterwards. Catherine confesses to Nelly that Edgar has proposed marriage and she has accepted, although her love for Edgar is not comparable to her love for Heathcliff, Document [8] (Title: Catherine of Austria, Queen of Poland) of the illness is unknown as she would not allow Polish doctors near her. When her father sent a couple of Austrian doctors, they reported only high fever and chills. She recovered somewhat only in spring 1559 but her recovery was interrupted by frequent travels in summer 1559 to avoid a plague outbreak. Catherine returned to Vilnius only in early 1560 and became ill again. Sigismund was convinced that it was epilepsy, the same disease that tormented his first wife and Catherine's sister. Their marriage became very distant. In October 1562, at the wedding of Catherine Jagiellon and Duke John Document [9] (Title: Catherine Earnshaw) of Thrushcross Grange at Edgar's death, and trapping her in an abusive and terrifying marriage. Cathy falls into a state of psychological insanity, although it is partly feigned in her desire to provoke her husband and "break his heart" because of the pain that she feels. Soon she refuses to eat, never leaves her chamber, and falls prey to countless delusions and declarations of madness. Heathcliff and Cathy share one final meeting, about halfway through the story, which is aided reluctantly by Nelly because of Edgar's banishment of Heathcliff from the Grange. The lovers pour out their passions to one Document [10] (Title: Wuthering Heights) suffers from the violence of his feelings, and at the end is entangled by his thwarted passion". At one stage Heathcliff is described as a vampire, and it has been suggested that both he and Catherine are in fact meant to be seen as vampire like personalities. The original text, as published by Thomas Cautley Newby in 1847, is available online in two parts. The novel was first published together with Anne Brontë's "Agnes Grey" in a three-volume format: "Wuthering Heights" occupied the first two volumes, while "Agnes Grey" made up the third. In 1850, when a second edition of Document [11] (Title: Catherine Earnshaw) Catherine Earnshaw Cathy Earnshaw is a fictional character and the female protagonist of the novel "Wuthering Heights" written by Emily Brontë. Cathy Earnshaw is the younger sibling of Hindley, and is born and raised at Wuthering Heights. She becomes the foster sister of the orphan, Heathcliff, at the age of six, and the two become close companions. They are separated when Hindley becomes jealous of his father's affection towards Heathcliff and reduces him to servant-boy status after the death of Mr Earnshaw, who took Heathcliff in as a Liverpool foundling. Cathy and Heathcliff's strong characters do not part them; rather, Document [12] (Title: Heathcliff (Wuthering Heights)) ends with the death of Heathcliff, who has become a broken, tormented man, haunted by the ghost of the elder Catherine, next to whom he demands to be buried. His corpse is initially found by Nelly Dean, who, peeping into his room, spots him. Heathcliff grows restless towards the very end of the novel and stops eating. Nelly Dean does not believe that he had the intention to commit suicide, but that his starvation may have been the cause of his death. He wanted to be with Cathy in eternal life. laid on his back. His eyes met mine so Document [13] (Title: Wuthering Heights) his time gambling with Hindley and teaching Hareton bad habits. Hindley dissipates his wealth and mortgages the farmhouse to Heathcliff to pay his debts. Heathcliff elopes with Isabella Linton. Two months after their elopement, Heathcliff and Isabella return to Wuthering Heights, where Heathcliff discovers that Catherine is dying. With Nelly's help, he visits Catherine secretly. The following day, she gives birth to a daughter, Cathy, shortly before dying. While Catherine is lying in her coffin overnight, prior to the funeral, Heathcliff returns and replaces the lock of Edgar's hair in her necklace with a lock of his own. Shortly after Document [14] (Title: Catherine Earnshaw) — but as my own being — so, don't talk of our separation again — it is impracticable. — and the famous ghostly utterance, "Let me in your window - I'm so cold!", was later used by Kate Bush in her 1978 hit "Wuthering Heights". The entertainment world, indeed, has been so intrigued by the love between Catherine and Heathcliff that many film adaptations of the novel, particularly the 1939 version with Laurence Olivier and Merle Oberon, cover only half of the story, ending with Catherine's death rather than the lives of the younger Cathy, Hareton, and Linton Heathcliff. Thematically, Document [15] (Title: Catherine Linton) Heights in their stead. Edgar presently falls ill with distress, and Heathcliff keeps Cathy and Nelly at the Heights until Catherine finally agrees to marry Linton. Desperate to see her father once more before he dies, she consents, and her fate at Wuthering Heights is sealed. Edgar dies, kissing his daughter on the cheek, knowing that Thrushcross Grange, the Linton household, is now in the hands of his enemy. Linton, who does not at all resemble his father, but is in almost every way like his mother, falls ill as well and dies shortly after his marriage. Heathcliff forces him Document [16] (Title: Wuthering Heights) of the manor". Six months later, Heathcliff returns, now a wealthy gentleman. Catherine is delighted, but Edgar is not. Edgar's sister, Isabella, soon falls in love with Heathcliff, who despises her, but encourages the infatuation as a means of revenge. This leads to an argument with Catherine at Thrushcross Grange, which Edgar overhears. Finally, enraged by Heathcliff's constant appearance and foul parlance, he forbids Heathcliff from visiting Catherine altogether. Upset, Catherine locks herself in her room and begins to make herself ill again. She is also now pregnant with Edgar's child. Heathcliff takes up residence at Wuthering Heights and spends Document [17] (Title: Wuthering Heights (2011 film)) Wuthering Heights (2011 film) Wuthering Heights is a 2011 British romantic gothic, period drama film directed by Andrea Arnold and starring Kaya Scodelario as Catherine and James Howson as Heathcliff. The screenplay, written by Andrea Arnold and Olivia Hetreed, is based on Emily Brontë's 1847 novel of the same name Announced in April 2008, Natalie Portman was originally set to star as Cathy in a new film adaptation of the novel, but she withdrew in May. In May 2008, director John Maybury cast Michael Fassbender as Heathcliff and Abbie Cornish as Cathy. However, in May 2009, Peter Webber was announced Document [18] (Title: Catherine Linton) Catherine Linton Catherine Linton (also known as "Young Catherine" or Cathy Linton and later as Catherine Heathcliff then as Catherine Earnshaw) is a character in Emily Brontë's novel "Wuthering Heights". She is the daughter of Edgar Linton and Cathy Earnshaw, and, despite Heathcliff's attempts at exacting revenge on her for the indiscretions of her family, she eventually marries her true love, Hareton Earnshaw, re-establishing long-lost equilibrium in the story. Cathy is the only child of Catherine and Edgar. Her mother dies a few hours after giving premature birth to her, about half-way through the novel. Her father, Edgar, calls her Document [19] (Title: Nelly Dean) a marriage with his weak and quickly-dying son Linton. Cathy's misery at Wuthering Heights is one of the few sequences of events that Nelly does not witness for herself: She has been ordered by Heathcliff to remain at the Grange, but inveterate gossip that she is, she manages to hear of it from Zillah, the housekeeper at Wuthering Heights. Nelly continues to fight to restore peace at Wuthering Heights and, at the conclusion of the novel, is asked by Heathcliff to come back to work there. She is the one who finds Heathcliff dead in his chamber, enabling the New Document [20] (Title: Wuthering Heights) that she moved to Wuthering Heights to replace the housekeeper, Zillah, who had left. Hareton has an accident and is confined to the farmhouse. During his convalescence, he and Cathy overcome their mutual antipathy and become close. While their friendship develops, Heathcliff begins to act strangely and has visions of Catherine. He stops eating and, after four days of increasingly bad health, is found dead in Catherine's old room. He is buried next to Catherine. Lockwood learns that Hareton and Cathy plan to marry on New Year's Day. As he gets ready to leave, he passes the graves of Catherine, Question: what illness did catherine have in wuthering heights

Answer: psychological insanity Long Answer: In an awkward set of visits to the Grange, Heathcliff begins to exact his revenge, seducing Isabella Linton in order to gain control of Thrushcross Grange at Edgar's death, and trapping her in an abusive and terrifying marriage . Cathy falls into a state of psychological insanity, although it is partly feigned in her desire to provoke her husband and "break his heart" because of the pain that she feels . Soon she refuses to eat, never leaves her chamber, and falls prey to countless delusions and declarations of madness. Gold Document ID: 9

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Handle with Care (The Vampire Diaries)) Elena decides to go to Tessa’s house to check up on Stefan and when she walks through the front door she also falls victim to the spell. Silas, Damon and Jeremy arrive in New Jersey and start searching for the anchor but Silas does not know exactly where it is or what it looks like. While they are searching, Tessa calls Damon and demands he kill Silas before Silas can destroy the anchor, otherwise she will kill Elena. Damon, even though he promised Elena to bring Bonnie back, decides to do what Tessa asks of him so Elena won’t die. Document [2] (Title: Pilot (The Vampire Diaries)) because of Elena, who looks similar to a girl named Katherine whom Stefan keeps a picture of from 1864. Damon tells Stefan to feed on Elena and the siblings get into a fight. Damon, who is much stronger than his brother because he is feeding on human blood, beats Stefan. Damon takes Stefan's ring which seems important for their survival though its features still seem mysterious, but he then gives it back. In the meantime, Vicki wakes up at the hospital and tells Matt that she was not attacked by an animal, but by a vampire. Initially Kevin Williamson had Document [3] (Title: The Killer (The Vampire Diaries)) vampire, decides to do whatever it takes to adapt in order to be there to protect Jeremy. When Connor takes Jeremy, Matt, and April hostage at the Grill, Stefan and Damon have a serious disagreement about the best course of action, and Elena is again caught between the two brothers. The situation quickly turns violent when Klaus sends one of his hybrids, Dean, to stand up to Connor. Things come to an end when Elena decides to take matters into her own hands to rescue her brother, leading to a dramatic and violent confrontation with Connor. Meanwhile, Caroline is surprised Document [4] (Title: The Vampire Diaries (season 5)) Ian Somerhalder as Damon Salvatore; Steven R. McQueen as Jeremy Gilbert; Candice Accola as Caroline Forbes; Zach Roerig as Matt Donovan; Kat Graham as Bonnie Bennett and Michael Trevino as Tyler Lockwood, who is still under contract. Within the first three episodes, four new characters were introduced: Nadia, a girl with a mission of revenge who has traveled around the world, Jesse, an upper-class boy who goes to college, Actors Olga Fonda and Kendrick Sampson were cast in the roles of Nadia and Jesse, respectively. On August 2, 2013, it was announced that Janina Gavankar will play Tessa. The Vampire Document [5] (Title: Handle with Care (The Vampire Diaries)) the Other Side - and Bonnie - existing. If Amara dies, the Other Side will be destroyed and Bonnie will never come back to life. Back in the cabin, Stefan is trying to cook something and he is very cozy with Tessa despite Elena's presence. Elena cannot understand why Stefan is acting that way. Stefan, in a moment where Tessa is not close enough to hear him, tells Elena he is trying to help her and he will not let Tessa kill her. He stabs Tessa at sundown and he and Elena manage to escape and return home. Damon and Document [6] (Title: Damon Salvatore) However, Elena breaks up with Stefan at the end of the episode after confessing her gradually growing feelings for Damon. In the following episode "My Brother's Keeper", Elena tells Damon he is the reason she and Stefan broke up and at the end of the episode Damon and Elena finally have sex. After that it turns out Elena is sired with Damon, first they think it is the reason why Elena loves Damon, but in episode "We'll Always Have Bourbon Street" they found out that it only affects how you act, not how you feel. The sire-bond can only be Document [7] (Title: Handle with Care (The Vampire Diaries)) But when she tries to leave the cabin she cannot because Silas cast a spell on it. Tessa and Stefan are trapped in the cabin until the sundown. Elena does not know where Stefan is and tries to find him. She keeps calling him until Tessa answers his phone while he is in another room. Tessa tells Elena she slept with Stefan. Elena does not understand why Stefan prefers to be with Tessa, and Damon is forced to tell her what he and Silas did to him in order Silas get his power back so he can read Tessa's mind. Document [8] (Title: Haunted (The Vampire Diaries)) everything that happened. Everyone in town searches for the vanished Vicki, including Jeremy (Steven R. McQueen) who wants to skip school and join the search team. Elena (Nina Dobrev) knows the truth but she cannot tell him and she tries to argue him out of the search with no result. Vicki is at the Salvatore's house trying to adjust to her new nature. Stefan gives her some animal blood and explains her why she should not feed on humans while Damon disagrees with him and wonders why the newspapers did not mention Logan's (Chris Johnson) death at all. Elena shows Document [9] (Title: The Vampire Diaries (season 2)) Originals (the first generation of vampires). Rose reveals to Elena that she is the Petrova doppelgänger and needs to be sacrificed to break the sun and moon curse. Katherine was also a Petrova doppelgänger, who used Trevor to help her escape from the Originals and Rose to turn her into a vampire to save herself. Elena is rescued by Stefan and Damon by stabbing Elijah with a sharp wooden pole and they escape. Klaus, one of the original vampires, arrives and is now hunting Elena. His brother Elijah has made a deal with Elena to protect her loved ones, because Document [10] (Title: Rescue Me (The Vampire Diaries)) at the Atlanta Metropolitan Hospital, something that will help Caroline (Candice Accola) and Enzo (Michael Malarkey) find Tom easier and kill him. Elena (Nina Dobrev) wakes up next to Damon (Ian Somerhalder) after their break up sex. She realizes that it is Jeremy's (Steven R. McQueen) parent-teacher conference and she tries to sneak out without waking up Damon. Damon though is already awake and Elena reassures him that they are still broken up and what happened the previous night was a mistake before she leaves. Caroline and Enzo are already in Atlanta trying to find Tom when Sloan calls to Document [11] (Title: The Vampire Diaries (season 2)) curse is on Klaus, who therefore wants to kill her. But Elijah says he has an elixir that can save Elena from dying. Elena believes Elijah, but Damon says that there is another way to save her life and feeds her his blood. Stefan tries to stop him, but he stabs in the chest with the wooden dagger. Elena then cries that she will be a vampire against her will. Maddox kidnaps Tyler and Caroline. Damon frees them and is bitten. Then he goes to Klaus to tell him that he does not have a werewolf and witch, as he Document [12] (Title: Bloodlines (The Vampire Diaries)) Georgia and despite Elena's demands to take her back to Mystic Falls he declines and pulls over. Elena's phone rings, Damon answers it and it is Stefan (Paul Wesley) who worries about her especially since she does not have her vervain necklace anymore. Elena does not want to talk to him and Damon hangs up on him. He promises Elena he will not compel her and she agrees to continue traveling with him. Stefan finds Bonnie (Kat Graham) and asks her to help him find Elena. He gives her Elena's necklace to make a spell but when she tries nothing Document [13] (Title: Total Eclipse of the Heart (The Vampire Diaries)) about Enzo from Matt (Zach Roerig). Nadia is at the bar where Matt works and the moment she gets the text from Katherine, Tyler (Michael Trevino) shows up. Tyler is suspicious about Nadia being there but Matt reassures him that she is fine. The three of them start drinking shots and at the moment Tyler leaves, Nadia compels Matt to tell her about Enzo. Tyler hears the conversation from across the bar. Back at the college, Bonnie tells Jeremy (Steven R. McQueen) about the Ball when Damon appears to ask for Bonnie's help about a locator spell. Bonnie reminds him Document [14] (Title: The Vampire Diaries (season 2)) for the moonstone, a family heirloom. Tyler later learns of his family's werewolf curse. Meanwhile, Caroline Forbes (Candice Accola) is killed by Katherine while having Damon Salvatore's (Ian Somerhalder) blood in her system, turning her into a vampire. The arrival of the original vampires, Elijah (Daniel Gillies) and Klaus Mikaelson (Joseph Morgan), also bring about complications. Klaus is a vampire-werewolf hybrid, but his werewolf side had been forced into dormancy by witches, as nature would not stand for such an imbalance in power. Therefore, Klaus arrives in town with plans to break the curse and unleash his werewolf side by Document [15] (Title: The Vampire Diaries (season 4)) as Damon Salvatore, Steven R. McQueen as Jeremy Gilbert, Kat Graham as Bonnie Bennett, Candice Accola as Caroline Forbes, Zach Roerig as Matt Donovan, Michael Trevino as Tyler Lockwood, Joseph Morgan as Klaus Mikaelson and Claire Holt as Rebekah Mikaelson. On August 7, 2012 it was announced that Phoebe Tonkin and Todd Williams will join the show as recurring characters in the fourth season. Phoebe Tonkin will portray Hayley, a friend of Tyler's. Todd Williams will portray Connor, a vampire hunter. The Olympic gymnast Gabby Douglas made an appearance in "My Brother's Keeper" as a volunteer decorator for the Miss Document [16] (Title: Promised Land (The Vampire Diaries)) (Tamara Austin), one of the travelers and the one who freed Stefan. Elena and Stefan wonder why she is helping them and Maria tells them that her husband, Julian, is inside Tyler's (Michael Trevino) body permanently and that means when Markos finish the spell, Julian will die since Tyler's body is a hybrid. She wants to find her husband and run away. Enzo (Michael Malarkey) keeps bothering Damon to keep his promise and bring him back to life. He also pesters Bonnie (Kat Graham) since she is the one who is able to do it. Bonnie asks Damon to make Document [17] (Title: Rescue Me (The Vampire Diaries)) Jeremy was neither home or with Bonnie and they wonder where he was. Elena has to hung up because it is her turn to go to the guidance counselor while Bonnie spots Luke (Chris Brochu) sitting across the room. The counselor informs Elena that she is not Jeremy's primary contact when Damon appears and tells her that she asked him to take care of Jeremy while she was at Whitmore. The two of them spend the day together attending classes and with Damon trying to make her change her mind about their break up. Back in Atlanta, Caroline and Enzo Document [18] (Title: Elena Gilbert) meets the Salvatores. In April 2015, Nina Dobrev announced that she would be departing the series after the sixth season finale. Much of Elena's story revolves around her relationships with vampires Stefan Salvatore and his older brother, Damon. It is revealed that Elena is a Petrova Doppelgänger, which is thus responsible for her being identical to her ancestor, Katherine Pierce (née Katerina Petrova). This also has the implication of making her a supernatural creature. Dobrev portrayed the "conniving" Katherine as well, who is opposite of Elena. The actress stated that it has been a challenge distinguishing the two, and enjoys Document [19] (Title: The Vampire Diaries (season 2)) Damon's protection. Elena is "killed" in the ritual but is shown to have survived. Regardless, Klaus's werewolf side is unleashed and he becomes the first hybrid, half vampire half werewolf. Bonnie arrives and subdues Klaus with her powers, giving Elijah the opportunity to strike, but Klaus talks him down offering to help find their siblings. Elena's survival is revealed as John had Bonnie cast a spell that had him die in Elena's place. The next morning John succumbs and dies. At his funeral, Elena reads a note from John saying he will always love her and she will always be Document [20] (Title: The Vampire Diaries (season 1)) where he is burnt alive and killed by the vampires. Richard's wife, Carol goes to the station to rescue the sheriff but they are unable to save Richard. John also kills Anna, so Jeremy, not wanting to deal with the pain tries to become a vampire via Anna's blood. During the fiasco, Caroline is in a car accident, Elena also confronts John with the knowledge that he's her father and Bonnie rescues the Salvatore brothers, letting them off with a warning so Damon doesn't kill anyone innocent. Sheriff Forbes finds her daughter has been injured and goes to the hospital Document [21] (Title: Gone Girl (The Vampire Diaries)) no to. Katherine finds excuses for everything, and the persistence of everyone trying to see her makes her figure out that they have figured out her identity. She tests this by calling Damon (Ian Somerhalder), who falls into her trap and practically begs her to come over to the Salvatore house, which she realizes he would not do to Elena, as the previous day he tried to kill her. Katherine confirms her suspicions but the phone call also makes Stefan realize that she knows that they know. Bonnie (Kat Graham) and Jeremy (Steven R. McQueen) go to college to find Document [22] (Title: Rescue Me (The Vampire Diaries)) male doppelganger, the travelers will come for Elena to use her. Jeremy arrives and demands from Damon to free Liv because she knows more than she admits about the travelers and that he will not let her hurt Elena. Damon unwillingly does it because Elena says that she can trust her brother. Caroline goes back to the traveler's camp and tells Stefan what happened and realizes that Stefan let her go purposely knowing that she would never hurt Tom or anyone because that's just who she is. At the Salvatore house, Elena tells Damon that she will go back to Document [23] (Title: The Vampire Diaries (season 1)) vampires and wish to kill them. The Council is led by Tyler's abusive father, Richard Lockwood. Caroline's mother, Sheriff Elizabeth Forbes is also a member, despite being friends with Damon, unknown that he is a vampire. Anna also starts a relationship with Jeremy. Jenna also starts dating a man named Logan, who cheated on her in the past. Soon, Logan is turned into a vampire by Anna, and is killed by Alaric, who tells her he left town. From that point Jenna starts dating Alaric. It isn't long before Elena and Jeremy's uncle John, who they grew up hating shows Document [24] (Title: Rose (The Vampire Diaries)) is. When she refuses to tell him unless he lets her free, Elijah tears off her vervain necklace and compels her to tell him. In the meantime, Stefan and Damon have arrived and they enter the house to save Elena. They distract Elijah and take Elena and Rose to safety. They attack him and Damon manages to impale him on the front door with a wooden stake and kills him. Elena is relieved, hugs Stefan and thanks Damon while Rose runs away. They all return home, Elena reunites with Jeremy and Bonnie and the Salvatore brothers agree to set aside Document [25] (Title: Isobel (The Vampire Diaries)) Isobel came with her two friends for back-up. Elena does not want to hand over the device until she knows Jeremy is fine. Isobel tells her to call home and she does. Jeremy answers the phone and says that everything is fine. Elena believes that Isobel was never going to hurt Jeremy, but Isobel tells her that she was sure Elena would get the device from Damon because Damon is in love with her. She hands over the device and Isobel leaves warning her that as long as she has the Salvatores in her life she is doomed. Back at Document [26] (Title: Original Sin (The Vampire Diaries)) Fonda) tries to convince him that she is on his side and wants to help him find her. Nadia goes to Matt (Zach Roerig) and with a ritual brings back her friend Gregor, whom she killed in the previous episode, into Matt's body. Gregor, as Matt, calls Elena so they can find out where Katherine is. Elena, Damon and Katherine get to the bar where Stefan was but while they are talking to the bar tender, Nadia appears. Elena distracts her so Katherine can escape but Nadia reaches her and leads her to her car where Silas waits for her. Document [27] (Title: The Vampire Diaries (season 1)) It is revealed Damon didn't kill Isobel, but turned her into a vampire on her own account. Later, Alaric and Damon become friends. At one point, Damon finds the tomb under the church, and has Bonnie and her grandmother help open it to find Katherine. During the search, a number of vampires escape, and it is discovered Katherine already escaped long ago. The tomb vampires are led by a female vampire named Pearl and her daughter Anna. Bonnie's grand mother dies and Bonnie begins to resent vampires. It also turns out a group called the Founder's Council know of the Document [28] (Title: The Vampire Diaries (season 1)) is the doppelganger of Katherine Pierce, a woman who, centuries ago, seduced the Salvatore brothers and turned them into vampires, turning their vampire hunting father against them, though Stefan ends up killing him. Katherine was presumably trapped in a tomb beneath the church and Damon is planning on releasing her. Lexi, a friend of Stefan's shows up and befriends Elena, but is killed by Damon, driving a wedge between brothers. Jeremy falls in love with Vicki Donovan, Matt's sister, who uses drugs like him, but she was dating Tyler and starts a rivalry between the boys. Vicki breaks up with Document [29] (Title: Lost Girls (The Vampire Diaries)) is a vampire and Elena freaks out running away even though Stefan tries to explain. He follows her to her home to promise he will not hurt her and he lets her know that he drinks animal blood and it was Damon (Ian Somerhalder) who killed all those people. Elena is still freaked out though and she asks him to leave. Damon is at the cemetery trying to cover his tracks after killing Vicki's (Kayla Ewell) friends. He calls Stefan asking for his ring while he douses the bodies with alcohol to burn them. Stefan says he will give Damon Document [30] (Title: Promised Land (The Vampire Diaries)) and that she lied about it, something that Enzo also hears and he is mad about it. He demands from Bonnie to find a way and when she tells him to give up he says he will never give up as long as the Other Side still exists and he is there. Meanwhile, Damon tries to make Markos appear and he steals all the travelers' bodies from the cave, leaving a note to Markos to come and find him. Markos does and he appears at the Salvatore house where he explains Damon his plan and that by threatening him that Document [31] (Title: Isobel (The Vampire Diaries)) kidnaps Jeremy. She promises Elena to kill him if she will not bring her the device. Elena, Stefan and Bonnie try to figure out how to get the device from Damon who does not want to hand it over, especially now that he knows what it does. Bonnie convinces them that she can remove the spell Emily put on it and that way, Isobel or anyone else won't be able to use it to kill vampires. Damon has his doubts but he eventually gives in and hands the device over to Elena. Bonnie works on the device and few moments Document [32] (Title: The Birthday (The Vampire Diaries)) to Elena’s birthday party, something that makes Caroline jealous and she ends up kissing him. The two of them go to Tyler’s place and after having sex, Caroline tries to sneak out. Tyler’s mother, Carol (Susan Walters), who suspects that Caroline must be a vampire, catches her on her way out and when Caroline tries to get her bag she burns out from vervain. Carol shoots her with more vervain injections and Caroline collapses. Damon and Alaric go to the werewolf’s house after their last clues about where Stefan and Klaus might be, and find the two girls dead with Document [33] (Title: O Come, All Ye Faithful (The Vampire Diaries)) to make out with her again. But they are "saved" by the cellphone: Elena needs to meet Bonnie because she is teaching Jeremy how to not kill her. But she asks him if he wants to come. Meanwhile, Elena and Damon go to the Gilbert Lake House to help Jeremy face some dangerous inner demons with the help of Bonnie and Professor Shane, who shares a piece of ancient history that leaves them all speechless. Hayley reveals to Tyler that there is no witch, and that she made a deal that could help her find her family which included a Document [34] (Title: The Vampire Diaries (season 1)) begins to get over her parents' death and two vampire brothers, Stefan and Damon Salvatore, portrayed by Paul Wesley and Ian Somerhalder, respectively. Kayla Ewell portrayed Vicki Donovan for the first seven episodes until her character was killed off. Matt Davis was later cast as a history teacher in a recurring role to fill the void. He was later upgraded to series regular status. The season concluded on May 13, 2010, comprising 22 episodes. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> On February 6, 2009, "Variety" announced that The CW had greenlit the pilot for "The Vampire Diaries" with Kevin Williamson and Julie Plec set as Document [35] (Title: Total Eclipse of the Heart (The Vampire Diaries)) figured out that he loved that Damon and he did not want to lose him. Katherine tells him that she will not go back to Damon but she will help him save him. Tyler wakes up and asks Matt about Nadia. Matt tries to convince him that it was a misunderstanding but Tyler warns him to stay away from her. When Tyler leaves, Matt gets in the car where Nadia is waiting. She tells Matt that if Tyler follows them, she will kill both. Matt figures out what Nadia and Katherine did and that Katherine is now in Elena's body. Document [36] (Title: The Sacrifice (The Vampire Diaries)) gets into Elena's bedroom and steals some of Elena's personal items. Jonas manages to get out before Elena sees him. Stefan (Paul Wesley) and Damon (Ian Somerhalder) go to see Katherine at the tomb and ask for the moonstone. Katherine refuses to give it to them unless they get a witch to get her out of the tomb with the promise that she'll leave Mystic Falls and never come back. The brothers go to Elena's house to inform her about their plan: de-spell the moonstone so Klaus will not be able to use it to break the curse. They just Document [37] (Title: There Goes the Neighborhood (The Vampire Diaries)) try. She goes to the bar but she is stood up for the interview when Damon comes and sits next to her. A little later Jenna (Sara Canning) gets into the bar and the three of them start drinking together having fun. Jeremy (Steven R. McQueen) searches in the Internet information about vampires when the doorbell rings and it is Anna. Jeremy looks surprised since he thinks that Anna left with her mother. The two of them talk and Jeremy opens a subject about vampires saying that maybe they do exist and some of them might be misunderstood. Anna looks Document [38] (Title: Children of the Damned (The Vampire Diaries)) left at the carriage and then the other one. Her "husband" gets up and it is revealed to be Damon (Ian Somerhalder) who is still human and Katherine teaches him how a vampire acts. "Present day": Damon enters Stefan's (Paul Wesley) room without caring he is with Elena. He wants to start looking for the Grimoire and Stefan promised to help him, which for him means Elena is also helping. He asks her to find Jonathan Gilbert's journal that is the key of where the Grimoire is. Anna (Malese Jow) calls Jeremy (Steven R. McQueen) trying to arrange a date Document [39] (Title: Elena Gilbert) up in a car accident, with their car driving off a bridge. Stefan Salvatore finds them, and saves Elena, but it was too late to save Grayson and Miranda, who died. It remained unknown for months who saved Elena, and it was considered a miracle that she lived. Her relationship with Matt ended when they broke up. Elena, still empty after losing her parents, begins to fit back into school. She meets a mysterious new student named Stefan Salvatore. They connect instantly, and begin dating. She meets his older and malevolent brother, Damon. After researching, Elena realizes Stefan was alive Document [40] (Title: The New Deal (The Vampire Diaries)) finds Stefan (Paul Wesley). Meanwhile, Klaus gets back to Mystic Falls looking for Rebekah (Claire Holt) and Stefan. He tells Elena and Damon (Ian Somerhalder) what Stefan did and demands to tell him where he is but they tell him that they have no idea where Stefan or Rebekah is. Alaric (Matt Davis) worries about Jeremy (Steven R. McQueen) when he finds out that he got fired from the Grill a week ago. Along with Elena, they try to talk to him but he is not listening to them. Jeremy starts hanging out with Tyler (Michael Trevino) despite Elena and Document [41] (Title: I'll Remember (The Vampire Diaries)) Elena calls him to ask him how the research for bringing Damon and Bonnie back is going, Stefan tells her that he gave up because there is no way to do it, he said his goodbye and moves on with his life. Sheriff Forbes (Marguerite MacIntyre) gets a phone call about two people submitted to the hospital with marks on their necks and tries to find the vampire who attacked them. It is later revealed that the vampire who attacked them was Elena as a result of the herbs Luke has been giving her so she can see Damon and Document [42] (Title: The Vampire Diaries (season 2)) is introduced as a friend of Elijah. He is a warlock who, in order to save his daughter Greta, is willing and able to help defeat Klaus. He is later killed by Katherine, who is protecting the Salvatore brothers. Gino Anthony Pesi portrays Maddox at the end of season two, a warlock who works for Klaus. Matt shoots him to death when he tries to overcome Damon. On February 18, 2011, it was announced that British actor Joseph Morgan had signed on to play original vampire Klaus. The second season focuses mainly on the arrival of Elena's doppelgänger Katherine Pierce Document [43] (Title: Katerina (The Vampire Diaries)) family and friends if he cannot get to her. Katherine offers them the moonstone but Stefan accuses her that she only gives it to them to trade it with her freedom but Katherine points out that her being trapped in the tomb makes her the safest vampire in town when Klaus comes to kill everyone, since he won't want to get into a tomb where he will not be able to get out. Damon and Rose are back at the Salvatore house and they end up kissing and have sex. Later, while they talk, Slater calls Rose to tell her Document [44] (Title: The Vampire Diaries (season 2)) role as Tyler's uncle Mason, a werewolf who comes to town after his brother dies. Katherine sends Mason to Mystic Falls to get the moonstone for her. He succeeds, but Damon and Stefan find out that he works with Katherine, and Damon kills him. Mason has been described as a "cool" uncle, sexy and athletic. Lauren Cohan joined the cast as Rose, a 500-year-old vampire and possible love interest for Damon. She kidnaps Elena to hand her over to Elijah, but Elena is saved by Stefan and Damon. She then becomes their ally and even starts a small romantic relationship Document [45] (Title: The Vampire Diaries (season 2)) killed Maddox. Klaus says that he has backups. Klaus takes Elena from Stefan. Elena sees Jenna, who thinks she is dead, but Greta tells her she is transitioning. Damon asks Katherine about the vampire, and she says that Jenna is the backup vampire. He then checks his arm and sees that Tyler has bitten him. In the season's finale, Klaus is working on the ritual out in the woods and is near completion when he is about to kill Elena, but Stefan tries to work a deal with him. Klaus agrees to have Stefan work for him in exchange for Document [46] (Title: The Departed (The Vampire Diaries)) and Tyler Lockwood (Michael Trevino) take care of her. In the harsh reality of the present situation, Elena longs for simpler times when her parents, Grayson (Jason MacDonald) and Miranda Gilbert (Erin Beute), and aunt Jenna Sommers (Sara Canning) were still alive, and her biggest concern was her relationship with Matt. In a conversation with Matt, Elena tells him that Stefan was there at a time in her life when she had nothing, but that when she is with Damon, she feels a passion for him that consumes her. As this is happening, Damon Salvatore (Ian Somerhalder) and Stefan Salvatore Document [47] (Title: Dangerous Liaisons (The Vampire Diaries)) to Caroline (Candice Accola) and invites her as his date. Damon (Ian Somerhalder) and Stefan (Paul Wesley) do not agree with Elena going to the ball and she tells them that she will not go but she eventually does because she wants to know what Esther wants from her. Finn (Casper Zafer) introduces himself to Elena and tells her that his mother would like to see her alone. Damon does not want to let Elena out of his sight, so Elena asks Stefan's help. Stefan snaps Damon's neck and Elena meets Esther. Esther explains to Elena why she is not Document [48] (Title: Fool Me Once (The Vampire Diaries)) go away. Back at the motel room, Anna explains Elena that she wants to get into the tomb to free her mother Pearl (Kelly Hu) who's trapped in there. Anna calls Stefan and asks him to bring her the Grimoire otherwise she will kill Elena. Stefan does not have it but promises he can get it and they arrange to meet Damon at a public place. While Anna goes to meet Damon, she runs into Jeremy (Steven R. McQueen) who invites her to a party. Anna tries to avoid him at the beginning but she changes her mind when she Document [49] (Title: The End of the Affair (The Vampire Diaries)) In flashbacks, we can see that the two men were friends and Stefan also had a relationship with Klaus’ sister, Rebekah (Claire Holt). Klaus takes Stefan to his old apartment and when Elena hears them, she hides in the closet. Stefan sees her while being there but he covers her so Klaus will not know she is there. In the meantime, Damon goes to the bar and Gloria tells him that Stefan and Klaus were there but they left and will be back later. Damon gets back to the apartment to get Elena and go at the bar. He tells Document [50] (Title: Rose (The Vampire Diaries)) the fights and protect Elena together. Rose appears at the Salvatore house to offer her help because, as she says, Elijah might be dead but the rest of the Originals will come for Elena because they all work for him; Klaus. In the meantime, Damon pays a visit to Elena to give her back her vervain necklace but before he does it, he admits to her that he loves her and then compels her to forget about it. He leaves the room and Elena stays behind with the necklace, wondering what happened. The episode ends with Elijah coming back to Document [51] (Title: For Whom the Bell Tolls (The Vampire Diaries)) with Elena. Elena tries to help Stefan remember by taking him to the school where they reenact the moment they met. Stefan still cannot remember, so Elena takes him to the bridge where he saved Matt's (Zach Roerig) life and she became a vampire. He does not recall any of the events. The two of them come very close, but before they kiss, Elena tells him that she is with Damon, something that makes Stefan angry and leaves. Matt experiences episodes of losing time, so he sets up cameras all over the house to discover what is happening. He also Document [52] (Title: Monster's Ball (The Vampire Diaries)) (Olga Fonda) still has Katherine captured and Silas (Paul Wesley) commences to try to find them but is unable to without his mental power. Katherine consistently asks Nadia what she wants from her and Nadia reveals to her that she is her daughter whom she left behind in 1492 and the only reason she became a vampire was to find her. In the meantime, Damon (Ian Somerhalder) tells Jeremy (Steven R. McQueen) his plan about how they can bring Bonnie back to life. Because someone has to die to bring another back, Damon says that they should take advantage of Document [53] (Title: Total Eclipse of the Heart (The Vampire Diaries)) that she is not a witch anymore. Damon and Enzo kidnap Jeremy and threatened to kill him to make her find them a witch who can make the spell. Bonnie agrees to help and she tries to find the girl she saw earlier in class spinning the pen. Stefan arrives at the Ball right after Katherine gets a text from Nadia about who is Enzo. Stefan and Katherine dance while he tells her about that Damon is into some bad stuff but she does not seem surprised or caring. Caroline appears as they dance and takes her away with an Document [54] (Title: Rescue Me (The Vampire Diaries)) with Elena by drinking while Matt (Zach Roerig) and Tyler (Michael Trevino) see him and figure out that something is wrong between him and Elena. The three of them talk when Liv (Penelope Mitchell) walks into the bar and meets with Jeremy. They are surprised seeing them together, Damon leaves and Tyler tries to hear what Liv and Jeremy talk about but he cannot hear anything. Elena is on the phone with Bonnie (Kat Graham) while waiting in the line to the guidance counselor at Jeremy's school and tells her about her break up with Damon. They also realize that Document [55] (Title: History Repeating (The Vampire Diaries)) turns around and sees Emily sitting right next to her and Bonnie wakes up again, this time for real, in the woods. A new history teacher, Alaric Saltzman (Matt Davis) walks into the class and introduces himself. After class, Bonnie describes Elena her dream thinking that she is haunted by Emily and that it might have something to do with the crystal she is wearing. Damon (Ian Somerhalder) tries to make nice for killing Lexi (Arielle Kebbel) and he explains Stefan (Paul Wesley) that he did it for them. He also promises not to feed on human for a week Document [56] (Title: After School Special (The Vampire Diaries)) mark. Klaus gets impatient and Damon shoots him several times for killing Carol. Regardless, Klaus offers to provide vampires for Jeremy to kill starting with a pizza delivery woman; she attacks them, forcing Jeremy to kill her. Bonnie talks to Shane, who gives her an amulet made from human bone. Kol soon shows up and abducts Shane, taking him to the school's library. Rebekah talks to them about the cure and more personally, to Elena about her break up with Stefan and her feelings for Damon, in an effort to torment Stefan. Tyler gets a call from Rebekah to rescue Document [57] (Title: The Sacrifice (The Vampire Diaries)) want to help but she changes her mind when Elena tells her that if she does, Rose will turn her into a vampire. With Alice's help, they find another contact of Slater's, Cody (James Harvey Ward), and Elena sends him a message to deliver to Klaus: that the doppelganger is alive and wants to surrender. Rose realizes that this was Elena's plan since the beginning and not to learn more about the moonstone. She tries to change her mind but Elena does not want to hear it, so Rose calls Damon. In the meantime, Elijah (Daniel Gillies) wants to find Document [58] (Title: Original Vampires (The Vampire Diaries)) and teams up with his siblings to force the Salvatore brothers to prevent his mother from killing the family by kidnapping Elena and threatening to kill her if the Salvatores do not stop Esther's endeavors. Damon ends up turning Bonnie's mother into a vampire, which ends her witch abilities and thus destroys the spell. Esther then flees from Mystic Falls to avoid her family. In the season three episode, "Heart of Darkness", Esther returns to Mystic Falls. She tells Rebekah that she was dying, and wanted to see her daughter one last time; however, she had ulterior motives for returning. Document [59] (Title: Katerina (The Vampire Diaries)) Stefan busy so he won't go out searching for Elena by telling him that she told Tyler (Michael Trevino) about her being a vampire. Stefan is mad at her because she put herself in danger and also because Damon will kill her if he finds out. Caroline does everything to keep Stefan with her but he can figure out that she is doing it to cover Elena. He asks her where Elena is but Caroline keeps her promise to Elena and does not tell him. Stefan leaves upset to find Elena. At the Salvatore house, Damon asks Rose how they Document [60] (Title: The Vampire Diaries) parents in a car accident, as she falls in love with a 162-year-old vampire named Stefan Salvatore (Paul Wesley). Their relationship becomes increasingly complicated as Stefan's mysterious older brother Damon Salvatore (Ian Somerhalder) returns, with a plan to bring back their past love Katherine Pierce, a vampire who looks exactly like Elena. Although Damon is initially the villain and harbors a grudge against his brother for forcing him to become a vampire, he later reconciles with Stefan and falls in love with Elena, creating a love triangle among the three. Both brothers protect Elena as they face various villains and Document [61] (Title: The Descent (The Vampire Diaries)) her that she was the one who made the deal and not him and leaves to find Alaric (Matt Davis) at the Grill where Stefan asks his help to find Isobel. Alaric gives him a former phone number of Isobel's and Stefan starts searching for her. Rose is at the Salvatore house and she is getting worse after the werewolf bite. Damon tries to convince her that everything will be fine and he will find a way to cure her but he knows that this will be difficult. He leaves Elena to take care of her while he goes to Document [62] (Title: No Exit (The Vampire Diaries)) but he reassures her that they are just friends. Before Stefan and Katherine go, Caroline gets a phone call from Tyler (Michael Trevino) who tells her that he worries about Matt (Zach Roerig), who has vanished for two days, and that Nadia (Olga Fonda) was compelling him. Katherine hears Caroline's conversation with Tyler and she calls Nadia to ask if everything is fine. When Nadia tells her that Matt found out that she is not Elena, Katherine asks her to kill him. Caroline leaves to go to Tyler's while Katherine and Stefan leave to find Damon. Caroline gets to Tyler's Document [63] (Title: Family Ties (The Vampire Diaries)) down because he was the reason she left Mystic Falls in the first place. He is persistent and at the end of the Ball, Jenna accepts to go out with him for lunch. Damon wants to stay alone with Elena so he asks Caroline to ask Stefan for a dance. When they stay alone, he apologizes for his behavior at the game and explains that the Salvatore brothers are cursed with sibling rivalry. He shares with her the history of the "first" Salvatore brothers and the woman they both loved. Elena tells Damon that she does not want to be Document [64] (Title: Damon Salvatore) long road trip to Oregon to seek the Gemini Coven, and also compelling Alaric to steal the Ascendant from Jo. They finally reunite at the Salvatore Boarding House with a hug after Sheriff Forbes's funeral. It's shown that Damon and Bonnie genuinely care about each other and have made sacrifices for each other. Damon Salvatore Damon Salvatore is a fictional character in "The Vampire Diaries" novel series. He is portrayed by Ian Somerhalder in the television series. Initially, Damon is the main antagonist in the beginning of the show and later became a protagonist. After the first few episodes, Damon Document [65] (Title: Elena Gilbert) a "conniving, narcissistic, bitch". Describing Elena years later, Dobrev said she evolved from a "younger, naive, sad, young girl" to a "strong woman". Before "The Vampire Diaries", Elena dated Matt Donovan (Zach Roerig), who was unable to move past his feelings for her initially after their break-up. Elena began dating Stefan Salvatore (Paul Wesley), and later discovered he was a vampire. As the episodes progressed, she developed a connection with Stefan's adventurous brother Damon Salvatore (Ian Somerhalder), who consumes human blood, unlike Stefan, who has an animal blood diet. Speaking about the different qualities Stefan and Damon bring to Elena, Document [66] (Title: The Departed (The Vampire Diaries)) body, meaning Klaus is still alive. She did this to save her friends and her mother (Persia White) who also stems from the same bloodline. Matt forces Elena to leave Mystic Falls with him to keep her away from the vampire attacks that have recently put her in harm's way. On the way, Elena realizes she loves Stefan and between her love for him and for Damon, she chooses Stefan, claiming that perhaps if she had met Damon first, things would be different (however, in a flashback it is revealed she did meet Damon first although he compelled her to Document [67] (Title: Let the Right One In (The Vampire Diaries)) from Jeremy sending him a text to explain that her mother walked in. On their way out they run into Mayor Lockwood (Robert Pralgo) and Tyler (Michael Trevino). Mayor asks them not to go out in the storm and invites them to join them for dinner but Pearl declines. She hears his name on her way out and changes her mind coming back. Meanwhile, Stefan is weakened by the fight with Frederick and Bethanne and goes out for hunting alone. Frederick and the other vampires find him, they stab him in the gut and take him to their house. Damon Document [68] (Title: Total Eclipse of the Heart (The Vampire Diaries)) the dance and run into Stefan and Caroline and Damon tells them that Bonnie is helping him find a witch to find Wes. Caroline tells him to let Bonnie go but Bonnie informs Stefan and Caroline that Enzo holds Jeremy as a hostage and he will kill him if she does not help them. She shows them a photo of Jeremy being tied when Katherine approaches. She pretends to be panicked and rushes away looking upset. She later comes back to beg Stefan help her find Jeremy. Bonnie finds Liv (Penelope Mitchell) asking for her help. Liv acts like she Document [69] (Title: The Vampire Diaries (season 2)) casts a spell so that when Katherine is hurt, it also affects Elena. When Lucy finds out that another Bennett is at the party and that Katherine had deceived her, she puts a spell on the moonstone, injuring Katherine. Damon then leaves her in the original tomb where she is trapped until the spell has been removed from the tomb. She tells him that her reason for not killing Elena is that she is in danger. Elena is later kidnapped by a masked individual and held hostage by vampires Rose and Trevor, who have been on the run from the Document [70] (Title: Rescue Me (The Vampire Diaries)) who informs her about Hazel and she leaves in a hurry. Jeremy calls Bonnie to ask about Elena and when Bonnie tells him that she is at school, he says that Elena might be in danger. Liv finds Elena at school and attacks her. Liv and her coven did everything they could to protect her but since now she is dangerous they have to kill her. Damon gets there in time and stops her. Damon ties her and threatens to kill her if she will not tell him what she wants. Liv says that now that there is only one Document [71] (Title: Elena Gilbert) as well but that she never stopped loving Stefan. While in Denver together, Elena kisses Damon, later telling him that she doesn't know how she feels about him. It is eventually revealed that Elena met Damon the night of her parent's death, though he compelled her to forget. She eventually chooses Stefan in the season finale but before she can tell him, Elena drowns while having vampire blood in her system. During the last moments of season three, she awakens as a vampire in transition. In season four, Elena is faced with the tough decision of whether to die or Document [72] (Title: The Cell (The Vampire Diaries)) named Sara few months ago. Sara was Aaron's aunt and the last family he had left. Elena gets upset hearing that since few months ago she and Damon were together and happy and she cannot believe that he did that. Aaron, hearing the news about his aunt, he shoots Damon in the head and Damon drops unconscious. Meanwhile, in Mystic Falls, Stefan (Paul Wesley) watches Katherine so she will not try to kill herself again but Katherine is tired of his PTSD and she calls Caroline (Candice Accola) to come and help Stefan get over it. Caroline arrives with the Document [73] (Title: Elena Gilbert) Elena or she wanted. In the show's third season, Elena has a brain hemorrhage which was initially thought to be a concussion, and begins to die. In what was described by the "International Business Times" as "the moment Vampire Diaries fans have been waiting for", Elena had to choose whether to be driven to Damon or Stefan to say goodbye to. At the time, Klaus was killed, meaning all vampires sprouting from his bloodline also die, which includes Damon and Stefan. She picks to say goodbye to Stefan. However, all these vampires end up surviving when Klaus never really dies. Document [74] (Title: Stefan Salvatore) waiting for", Elena had to pick to say goodbye to Stefan or Damon. She ended up choosing Stefan. When Elena became a vampire, her feelings for Damon heightened, and it was later revealed that she had a sired bond to him. Elena and Stefan broke up, and she began a romance with Damon. Stefan became heartbroken, feeling angry and betrayed, and lashed out at Damon and Elena. Wesley urged fans of Stefan and Elena not to lose hope, stating: "The fans should definitely maintain some hope. The thing to remember is that Stefan and Elena have this love that is Document [75] (Title: Let the Right One In (The Vampire Diaries)) that he made a deal with her. Damon leaves and Stefan promises Elena to handle the situation. Anna and Jeremy meet at the Grill where Jeremy tries once again to convince Anna to turn him. She asks him to keep her secret from everyone and she sees his bracelet with the vervain that Elena gave him. Jeremy offers to give it to her since she likes it so much but she gives it back to him and asks him to keep wearing it. Pearl gets into the Grill to find and take Anna and Anna gets up to walk away Document [76] (Title: Elena Gilbert) John, who she grew up hating, were. In season two, she learns that she is a Petrova doppelgänger, having an appearance just like Katherine Pierce, which means that she has to be sacrificed to release Klaus' werewolf side. The sacrifice later happens, but Elena is saved, because John sacrificed himself for her after being put under a spell by Bonnie. However, her aunt Jenna is turned into a vampire and, as part of the sacrifice, is killed by Klaus, leaving Elena without a guardian. In the season two finale, while Damon is dying due to a werewolf bite, she forgives Document [77] (Title: Yellow Ledbetter (The Vampire Diaries)) over two months while everyone thought he was investigating a way to save Damon and Bonnie. Enzo causes a scene in front of Ivy, forcing Caroline to compel her. While fighting, Stefan snaps Enzo's neck. At the time, Caroline was on the phone with Alaric, who was asking her to help figure out when exactly Elena fell in love with Damon. Caroline says that she did while she was still with Stefan, and realizes that Stefan heard her. Caroline apologizes, but while they talk she discovers that Stefan never heard any of her messages and she leaves. Enzo joins her Document [78] (Title: Bloodlines (The Vampire Diaries)) him. In an attempt to save her life, she tells him that Emily's spell book holds the secret to reverse the spell. He apologizes and then rips her heart out. Elena and Damon are back to Mystic Falls and Elena finally talks to Stefan asking him the truth and if he was with her because of her resemblance to Katherine. Stefan explains that she is nothing like Katherine and he noticed that before they even met. He reveals to her that he was there the night she had the accident with her parents and that he was the one who Document [79] (Title: Crying Wolf (The Vampire Diaries)) for a romantic weekend at her parents' house near the lake. When they get there, Elena remembers her parents and memories of them at the house come back to her mind. Stefan is there for her and they later find out a secret place where Elena's parents were hiding vampire weapons as well as other Gilbert journals. Damon (Ian Somerhalder) meets Elijah (Daniel Gillies) at the tea party Carol (Susan Walters) is organizing and tries to find out his plans and why he wants to keep Elena safe at the moment but Elijah does not seem willing to share his Document [80] (Title: Original Sin (The Vampire Diaries)) out, he burns in the sun. After the dream, Elena and Damon (Ian Somerhalder) try to find where the bar they saw in the dream is so they can find Stefan. Katherine goes with them on the road trip because they cannot leave her behind while Silas is looking for her. Stefan is found and saved by Qetsiyah (Tessa in present time played by Janina Gavankar) who is later revealed that she is a powerful witch from Silas' past. Stefan asks her to tell him who she is and Tessa tells him the story of her and Silas when they Document [81] (Title: Rose (The Vampire Diaries)) tries another spell to find Elena's location. The spell works and Stefan and Damon leave to find her while Jeremy stays behind with Bonnie, whose nose started bleeding after the spell but she hides it and no one sees it. At High School, Tyler tries to talk to Caroline and asks her how does she know about him, but Caroline pretends that she doesn't know what he is talking about. Tyler does not believe her and he later goes to her house to confront her. He thinks she is also a werewolf and he will not leave until she admits Document [82] (Title: The Dinner Party (The Vampire Diaries)) to keep her family and friends safe. Elijah does not seem to agree and Elena threatens to kill herself and become a vampire, just like Katherine did, something the will make her useless for him. Elijah calls her bluff but Elena moves on and stabs herself in the stomach. Elijah freaks out, accepts the deal and asks her to let him heal her. When he gets close enough, Elena stabs him with the dagger and Elijah falls dead. Stefan gives Elena his blood to heal her and Damon is also there reminding to not remove the dagger from the body. Document [83] (Title: Memorial (The Vampire Diaries)) up with a gun. During the memorial, Elena tries to take her place when she does not come up, but April's blood is dripping, which Stefan, Damon, Elena, Caroline, and Tyler can hear. Stefan gets Elena before she loses it, but she clearly needs fresh blood. Matt, still feeling guilty about her death, allows her to feed off him under the guise that he is comforting her, which helps her. Tyler, to distract Conner, steps up and is shot. Panicked, everyone runs out. Carol and Caroline help Tyler while Damon and Stefan go after Conner. Elena sets off to find Document [84] (Title: Promised Land (The Vampire Diaries)) with the Other Side falling apart, Maria is drawn away by the force that draws away the people from the Other Side. Enzo and Bonnie lose their only chance to manage to bring the ones they need back in life. Jeremy (Steven R. McQueen) finds Damon running in the street and picks him up and they go and find Stefan, Elena, Caroline and Matt (Zach Roerig). Matt and Jeremy decided to go back to Mystic Falls while the rest should try to get as far away as they can. Damon and Elena leave with Jeremy's car while Stefan and Caroline Document [85] (Title: The Departed (The Vampire Diaries)) (Paul Wesley) transport a neutralized Klaus (Joseph Morgan) away from Mystic Falls. Jeremy calls them and tells them about Elena's injury and her being in the hospital. Since one of them has to continue on to dispose of Klaus, only Stefan can return to Mystic Falls. Alaric Saltzman (Matt Davis) tries to convince Jeremy to tell him the location of Klaus, believing that Jeremy will also want to get rid of all vampires to protect his sister. Jeremy instead leaks false information to Alaric from Damon. When Elijah Mikaelson (Daniel Gillies) comes back into town, he strikes a deal with Document [86] (Title: Rose (The Vampire Diaries)) Rose (The Vampire Diaries) "Rose" is the 8th episode of the second season of The CW television series, "The Vampire Diaries" and the 30th episode of the series overall. It originally aired on November 4, 2010. The episode was written by Brian Young and directed by Liz Friedlander. The man who kidnapped Elena (Nina Dobrev) meets Trevor (Trent Ford), the vampire who asked him to kidnap her, and transports her into his car. Right after Elena is in Trevor's car, Trevor kills the man and leaves with the unconscious Elena. Damon (Ian Somerhalder) talks with Caroline (Candice Accola) about Tyler Document [87] (Title: Rose (The Vampire Diaries)) (Michael Trevino) and how she covered him killing Sarah in the previous episode, something that triggered the curse and he will now turn into a werewolf to the next full moon. Damon warns her to stay away from him and not let him know about her being vampire or other vampires because a bite of his can kill them. Caroline says she will stay away from Tyler and leaves for school. Jeremy (Steven R. McQueen) runs into Stefan (Paul Wesley) and thinks that Elena slept over at his house since she did not sleep at her bed the previous night. Document [88] (Title: The Vampire Diaries (season 1)) a loner and Elena starts dating a boy named Stefan Salvatore. It is soon revealed that Stefan is a vampire and his brother Damon shows up in Mystic Falls and kills people at random. Another supernatural revelation occurs when Elena's friend Bonnie Bennett discovers she is born into a line of witches and is a witch herself. She gets help from her grandmother to use her powers. Elena's friends and acquaintances also become involved such as Tyler Lockwood, son of the mayor, and Matt Donovan, Elena's ex-boyfriend and Caroline Forbes, daughter of the sheriff. It also turns out that Elena Document [89] (Title: The Vampire Diaries (season 3)) premiered on Thursday, September 15, 2011. The series stars Nina Dobrev as Elena Gilbert and Katherine Pierce, Paul Wesley as Stefan Salvatore and Silas, Ian Somerhalder as Damon Salvatore, Steven R. McQueen as Jeremy Gilbert, Kat Graham as Bonnie Bennett, Candice Accola as Caroline Forbes, Zach Roerig as Matt Donovan, Michael Trevino as Tyler Lockwood, Matt Davis as Alaric Saltzman and Joseph Morgan as Klaus. 7th Heaven's David Gallagher was cast as werewolf Ray Sutton who has a run-in with Klaus in Tennessee. Australian actress, Claire Holt has been cast as Rebekah the sister of Klaus and Elijah, a beautiful Document [90] (Title: Memorial (The Vampire Diaries)) She has a close run-in with Conner, though Damon arrives on time to save her as she cleans the bathroom. Damon gives her a human blood bag to help her, but even this does not work, as she can barely drink it. Damon can only guess Elena's Doppelganger side will not allow her to drink a substitute. Though this supports Damon's theory of her needing fresh blood, Elena still refuses for fear that she will kill a person by accident. Conner kidnaps April by stabbing her and tying her up. He waits on the balcony for a vampire to step Document [91] (Title: Resident Evil (The Vampire Diaries)) a cafe with Caroline (Candice Accola) where Elena has another vision. She talks to Caroline about it, and Caroline explains that now that Elena has broken up with Damon (Ian Somerhalder), the universe is trying to get her and Stefan back together. Stefan calls Caroline to tell her that he has visions as well, and they realize that something is not right. Liv (Penelope Mitchell) agrees to work with Tyler (Michael Trevino) and Matt (Zach Roerig), but she cannot trust them not being possessed by travelers. So, she tells them that they have to stab themselves with the traveler's knife Document [92] (Title: Children of the Damned (The Vampire Diaries)) follows her to the bathroom and kidnaps her. In the meantime, Damon is at Elena's house cooking and talking with Jenna (Sara Canning) while Stefan is with Alaric. Elena is surprised to see him there. Jenna leaves them alone and Damon asks Elena straight if he can trust Stefan, something that Elena reassures him that he can. The night continues with Damon and Jeremy playing video games and Jeremy telling him about Anna. Stefan arrives, also surprised to see Damon there, and tells them what happened and that someone else took the journal. In the question who else knew about Document [93] (Title: Lost Girls (The Vampire Diaries)) his ring back but not right away. They hang up and when he goes to Vicki to douse her too, she wakes up. The next day Elena meets Stefan at a public place to talk things over. Stefan answers her questions referring to vampires but she is mad at how he let Damon play with Caroline (Candice Accola) like that. Stefan agrees that it was not right but it is more dangerous to forbid Damon to do something. He also tells her that years ago, people in Mystic Falls knew about vampires but because it did not end well he Document [94] (Title: The Vampire Diaries (season 1)) Tyler for Jeremy. She is later turned into a vampire by Damon, but her bloodlust was out of control and she is killed by Stefan. Jeremy witnesses this and Elena asks Damon to make Jeremy forget this to spare him the pain. Matt on the other hand is devastated. After the history teacher is killed, a man named Alaric is hired to take his place. Alaric came to town to kill Damon, believing him to have killed his wife, Isobel. Damon tries to kill him in self-defense, but Alaric wears a ring that keeps him from dying at supernatural hands. Document [95] (Title: Bloodlines (The Vampire Diaries)) like her" and faints. Damon picks her up and goes to his car. Alaric (Matt Davis) stares at a picture of his wife Isobel (Mia Kirshner) as he remembers moments he lived with her. He knows that there is evil in Mystic Falls and that he was right to come here. He later meets Jeremy (Steven R. McQueen) at the school's parking lot. Jeremy informs him that he found a journal from the 1800s, something that seems to be interested in. Elena wakes up in Damon's car wondering what happened and where they are. Damon takes her with him to Document [96] (Title: The Vampire Diaries (season 2)) he wants to use her as bait to lure Klaus and kill him. Jules, a friend of Mason, tells the Lockwoods that Mason never came back to Florida and is missing. Alaric is suspicious of Jules and calls Damon to the Grill (local town hangout). Jules reveals that she is a werewolf. Damon tells Jules she won't find Mason and to leave town. Jules breaks into the Salvatore mansion in wolf form and attacks Damon, but Rose pushes him out of the way, getting bitten on the shoulder instead (werewolf bites are lethal to vampires). As Rose succumbs to the Document [97] (Title: Let the Right One In (The Vampire Diaries)) and Caroline is at the door with her mom, Liz (Marguerite MacIntyre). They ask to see Kelly and they inform her, and Matt, that they found Vicky's body. Liz calls the Mayor to let him know. When he tells Tyler they have to go, he tells him about Vicky and Jeremy also hears. Tyler and Jeremy head to Matt's house and Jeremy also calls Elena to tell her. Elena and Jeremy return home where Jeremy finds Anna waiting on his room. Anna realizes that Jeremy only wanted to turn to find Vicky and she takes off before Jeremy apologizes. Damon Document [98] (Title: No Exit (The Vampire Diaries)) and cuts himself to distract Damon. Damon leaves Katherine and Stefan snaps his neck. Katherine and Stefan bring Damon back to Mystic Falls and Katherine arranges immediately to meet Nadia. Katherine is happy because, despite her plan to kill Damon not working, she had a moment with Stefan. She stops smiling when Nadia tells her that she was bitten by Tyler Lockwood. Damon wakes up chained on the Salvatore house's basement. Stefan is there and Damon tries to warn him that because of his cravings, one day he will kill him but Stefan tells him that they will find a Document [99] (Title: Handle with Care (The Vampire Diaries)) Jeremy are there too and Damon tells Elena and Jeremy that they have to protect Amara from now on. In the meantime, Katherine celebrates the fact that she is still alive, when she is surprised to discover a gray lock of hair. She does not know where to go for help since Damon does not want her and Stefan does not remember her, so she goes to Elena and Caroline's dorm room. Caroline (Candice Accola) is packing to leave when she realizes that the woman she is talking to is not Elena but Katherine. Katherine offers to help her discover Question: who ends up with elena in the vampire diaries Answer: Damon Long Answer: In the final episode, Elena makes an appearance . When a weakened Bonnie dies from the sounding bell, she meets Elena in a dream - like forest . Elena hugs her and wonders if she really has died . Enzo appears and says it isn't her time and takes Bonnie back to the world of the living . When Bonnie wakes up, it was Stefan who resuscitated her . Elena, asleep, is then taken to the Mystic Falls High School by Katherine and places her in the boiler room . Stefan tries to rescue Elena, but Katherine had Kai spell the boiler room, so that Elena can't be taken out of the room . After Bonnie had deflected the hellfire back into the bell, Bonnie passes out . Elena wakes up and wanders the school . Stefan meets up with her . It looks like Bonnie has died, but in fact Elena is still sleeping and Stefan's ghost came to visit her in her dream . He had taken the place of killing Katherine instead of Damon, since Damon is human after Stefan gave him the cure . He came to say goodbye . After a tearful hug and saying goodbye, Stefan goes into afterlife . Elena finally wakes up because Bonnie has broken the spell over her . Elena reunites with Damon and the rest of the gang . Elena gives Caroline the message Stefan whispered into her ear, saying he did hear her voice message and will love her forever . In the epilogue, Elena continued to studying medical school . After finishing her education, she went back to Mystic Falls and lived together with Damon, happily married for a long time . After living out her life, she crosses over to the afterlife where she finally reunites with her parents, Aunt Jenna and Uncle John. Gold Document ID: 99

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Handle with Care (The Vampire Diaries)) Elena decides to go to Tessa’s house to check up on Stefan and when she walks through the front door she also falls victim to the spell. Silas, Damon and Jeremy arrive in New Jersey and start searching for the anchor but Silas does not know exactly where it is or what it looks like. While they are searching, Tessa calls Damon and demands he kill Silas before Silas can destroy the anchor, otherwise she will kill Elena. Damon, even though he promised Elena to bring Bonnie back, decides to do what Tessa asks of him so Elena won’t die. Document [2] (Title: Pilot (The Vampire Diaries)) because of Elena, who looks similar to a girl named Katherine whom Stefan keeps a picture of from 1864. Damon tells Stefan to feed on Elena and the siblings get into a fight. Damon, who is much stronger than his brother because he is feeding on human blood, beats Stefan. Damon takes Stefan's ring which seems important for their survival though its features still seem mysterious, but he then gives it back. In the meantime, Vicki wakes up at the hospital and tells Matt that she was not attacked by an animal, but by a vampire. Initially Kevin Williamson had Document [3] (Title: The Killer (The Vampire Diaries)) vampire, decides to do whatever it takes to adapt in order to be there to protect Jeremy. When Connor takes Jeremy, Matt, and April hostage at the Grill, Stefan and Damon have a serious disagreement about the best course of action, and Elena is again caught between the two brothers. The situation quickly turns violent when Klaus sends one of his hybrids, Dean, to stand up to Connor. Things come to an end when Elena decides to take matters into her own hands to rescue her brother, leading to a dramatic and violent confrontation with Connor. Meanwhile, Caroline is surprised Document [4] (Title: The Vampire Diaries (season 5)) Ian Somerhalder as Damon Salvatore; Steven R. McQueen as Jeremy Gilbert; Candice Accola as Caroline Forbes; Zach Roerig as Matt Donovan; Kat Graham as Bonnie Bennett and Michael Trevino as Tyler Lockwood, who is still under contract. Within the first three episodes, four new characters were introduced: Nadia, a girl with a mission of revenge who has traveled around the world, Jesse, an upper-class boy who goes to college, Actors Olga Fonda and Kendrick Sampson were cast in the roles of Nadia and Jesse, respectively. On August 2, 2013, it was announced that Janina Gavankar will play Tessa. The Vampire Document [5] (Title: Handle with Care (The Vampire Diaries)) the Other Side - and Bonnie - existing. If Amara dies, the Other Side will be destroyed and Bonnie will never come back to life. Back in the cabin, Stefan is trying to cook something and he is very cozy with Tessa despite Elena's presence. Elena cannot understand why Stefan is acting that way. Stefan, in a moment where Tessa is not close enough to hear him, tells Elena he is trying to help her and he will not let Tessa kill her. He stabs Tessa at sundown and he and Elena manage to escape and return home. Damon and Document [6] (Title: Damon Salvatore) However, Elena breaks up with Stefan at the end of the episode after confessing her gradually growing feelings for Damon. In the following episode "My Brother's Keeper", Elena tells Damon he is the reason she and Stefan broke up and at the end of the episode Damon and Elena finally have sex. After that it turns out Elena is sired with Damon, first they think it is the reason why Elena loves Damon, but in episode "We'll Always Have Bourbon Street" they found out that it only affects how you act, not how you feel. The sire-bond can only be Document [7] (Title: Handle with Care (The Vampire Diaries)) But when she tries to leave the cabin she cannot because Silas cast a spell on it. Tessa and Stefan are trapped in the cabin until the sundown. Elena does not know where Stefan is and tries to find him. She keeps calling him until Tessa answers his phone while he is in another room. Tessa tells Elena she slept with Stefan. Elena does not understand why Stefan prefers to be with Tessa, and Damon is forced to tell her what he and Silas did to him in order Silas get his power back so he can read Tessa's mind. Document [8] (Title: Haunted (The Vampire Diaries)) everything that happened. Everyone in town searches for the vanished Vicki, including Jeremy (Steven R. McQueen) who wants to skip school and join the search team. Elena (Nina Dobrev) knows the truth but she cannot tell him and she tries to argue him out of the search with no result. Vicki is at the Salvatore's house trying to adjust to her new nature. Stefan gives her some animal blood and explains her why she should not feed on humans while Damon disagrees with him and wonders why the newspapers did not mention Logan's (Chris Johnson) death at all. Elena shows Document [9] (Title: The Vampire Diaries (season 2)) Originals (the first generation of vampires). Rose reveals to Elena that she is the Petrova doppelgänger and needs to be sacrificed to break the sun and moon curse. Katherine was also a Petrova doppelgänger, who used Trevor to help her escape from the Originals and Rose to turn her into a vampire to save herself. Elena is rescued by Stefan and Damon by stabbing Elijah with a sharp wooden pole and they escape. Klaus, one of the original vampires, arrives and is now hunting Elena. His brother Elijah has made a deal with Elena to protect her loved ones, because Document [10] (Title: Rescue Me (The Vampire Diaries)) at the Atlanta Metropolitan Hospital, something that will help Caroline (Candice Accola) and Enzo (Michael Malarkey) find Tom easier and kill him. Elena (Nina Dobrev) wakes up next to Damon (Ian Somerhalder) after their break up sex. She realizes that it is Jeremy's (Steven R. McQueen) parent-teacher conference and she tries to sneak out without waking up Damon. Damon though is already awake and Elena reassures him that they are still broken up and what happened the previous night was a mistake before she leaves. Caroline and Enzo are already in Atlanta trying to find Tom when Sloan calls to Document [11] (Title: The Vampire Diaries (season 2)) curse is on Klaus, who therefore wants to kill her. But Elijah says he has an elixir that can save Elena from dying. Elena believes Elijah, but Damon says that there is another way to save her life and feeds her his blood. Stefan tries to stop him, but he stabs in the chest with the wooden dagger. Elena then cries that she will be a vampire against her will. Maddox kidnaps Tyler and Caroline. Damon frees them and is bitten. Then he goes to Klaus to tell him that he does not have a werewolf and witch, as he Document [12] (Title: Bloodlines (The Vampire Diaries)) Georgia and despite Elena's demands to take her back to Mystic Falls he declines and pulls over. Elena's phone rings, Damon answers it and it is Stefan (Paul Wesley) who worries about her especially since she does not have her vervain necklace anymore. Elena does not want to talk to him and Damon hangs up on him. He promises Elena he will not compel her and she agrees to continue traveling with him. Stefan finds Bonnie (Kat Graham) and asks her to help him find Elena. He gives her Elena's necklace to make a spell but when she tries nothing Document [13] (Title: Total Eclipse of the Heart (The Vampire Diaries)) about Enzo from Matt (Zach Roerig). Nadia is at the bar where Matt works and the moment she gets the text from Katherine, Tyler (Michael Trevino) shows up. Tyler is suspicious about Nadia being there but Matt reassures him that she is fine. The three of them start drinking shots and at the moment Tyler leaves, Nadia compels Matt to tell her about Enzo. Tyler hears the conversation from across the bar. Back at the college, Bonnie tells Jeremy (Steven R. McQueen) about the Ball when Damon appears to ask for Bonnie's help about a locator spell. Bonnie reminds him Document [14] (Title: The Vampire Diaries (season 2)) for the moonstone, a family heirloom. Tyler later learns of his family's werewolf curse. Meanwhile, Caroline Forbes (Candice Accola) is killed by Katherine while having Damon Salvatore's (Ian Somerhalder) blood in her system, turning her into a vampire. The arrival of the original vampires, Elijah (Daniel Gillies) and Klaus Mikaelson (Joseph Morgan), also bring about complications. Klaus is a vampire-werewolf hybrid, but his werewolf side had been forced into dormancy by witches, as nature would not stand for such an imbalance in power. Therefore, Klaus arrives in town with plans to break the curse and unleash his werewolf side by Document [15] (Title: The Vampire Diaries (season 4)) as Damon Salvatore, Steven R. McQueen as Jeremy Gilbert, Kat Graham as Bonnie Bennett, Candice Accola as Caroline Forbes, Zach Roerig as Matt Donovan, Michael Trevino as Tyler Lockwood, Joseph Morgan as Klaus Mikaelson and Claire Holt as Rebekah Mikaelson. On August 7, 2012 it was announced that Phoebe Tonkin and Todd Williams will join the show as recurring characters in the fourth season. Phoebe Tonkin will portray Hayley, a friend of Tyler's. Todd Williams will portray Connor, a vampire hunter. The Olympic gymnast Gabby Douglas made an appearance in "My Brother's Keeper" as a volunteer decorator for the Miss Document [16] (Title: Promised Land (The Vampire Diaries)) (Tamara Austin), one of the travelers and the one who freed Stefan. Elena and Stefan wonder why she is helping them and Maria tells them that her husband, Julian, is inside Tyler's (Michael Trevino) body permanently and that means when Markos finish the spell, Julian will die since Tyler's body is a hybrid. She wants to find her husband and run away. Enzo (Michael Malarkey) keeps bothering Damon to keep his promise and bring him back to life. He also pesters Bonnie (Kat Graham) since she is the one who is able to do it. Bonnie asks Damon to make Document [17] (Title: Rescue Me (The Vampire Diaries)) Jeremy was neither home or with Bonnie and they wonder where he was. Elena has to hung up because it is her turn to go to the guidance counselor while Bonnie spots Luke (Chris Brochu) sitting across the room. The counselor informs Elena that she is not Jeremy's primary contact when Damon appears and tells her that she asked him to take care of Jeremy while she was at Whitmore. The two of them spend the day together attending classes and with Damon trying to make her change her mind about their break up. Back in Atlanta, Caroline and Enzo Document [18] (Title: Elena Gilbert) meets the Salvatores. In April 2015, Nina Dobrev announced that she would be departing the series after the sixth season finale. Much of Elena's story revolves around her relationships with vampires Stefan Salvatore and his older brother, Damon. It is revealed that Elena is a Petrova Doppelgänger, which is thus responsible for her being identical to her ancestor, Katherine Pierce (née Katerina Petrova). This also has the implication of making her a supernatural creature. Dobrev portrayed the "conniving" Katherine as well, who is opposite of Elena. The actress stated that it has been a challenge distinguishing the two, and enjoys Document [19] (Title: The Vampire Diaries (season 2)) Damon's protection. Elena is "killed" in the ritual but is shown to have survived. Regardless, Klaus's werewolf side is unleashed and he becomes the first hybrid, half vampire half werewolf. Bonnie arrives and subdues Klaus with her powers, giving Elijah the opportunity to strike, but Klaus talks him down offering to help find their siblings. Elena's survival is revealed as John had Bonnie cast a spell that had him die in Elena's place. The next morning John succumbs and dies. At his funeral, Elena reads a note from John saying he will always love her and she will always be Document [20] (Title: The Vampire Diaries (season 1)) where he is burnt alive and killed by the vampires. Richard's wife, Carol goes to the station to rescue the sheriff but they are unable to save Richard. John also kills Anna, so Jeremy, not wanting to deal with the pain tries to become a vampire via Anna's blood. During the fiasco, Caroline is in a car accident, Elena also confronts John with the knowledge that he's her father and Bonnie rescues the Salvatore brothers, letting them off with a warning so Damon doesn't kill anyone innocent. Sheriff Forbes finds her daughter has been injured and goes to the hospital Document [21] (Title: Gone Girl (The Vampire Diaries)) no to. Katherine finds excuses for everything, and the persistence of everyone trying to see her makes her figure out that they have figured out her identity. She tests this by calling Damon (Ian Somerhalder), who falls into her trap and practically begs her to come over to the Salvatore house, which she realizes he would not do to Elena, as the previous day he tried to kill her. Katherine confirms her suspicions but the phone call also makes Stefan realize that she knows that they know. Bonnie (Kat Graham) and Jeremy (Steven R. McQueen) go to college to find Document [22] (Title: Rescue Me (The Vampire Diaries)) male doppelganger, the travelers will come for Elena to use her. Jeremy arrives and demands from Damon to free Liv because she knows more than she admits about the travelers and that he will not let her hurt Elena. Damon unwillingly does it because Elena says that she can trust her brother. Caroline goes back to the traveler's camp and tells Stefan what happened and realizes that Stefan let her go purposely knowing that she would never hurt Tom or anyone because that's just who she is. At the Salvatore house, Elena tells Damon that she will go back to Document [23] (Title: The Vampire Diaries (season 1)) vampires and wish to kill them. The Council is led by Tyler's abusive father, Richard Lockwood. Caroline's mother, Sheriff Elizabeth Forbes is also a member, despite being friends with Damon, unknown that he is a vampire. Anna also starts a relationship with Jeremy. Jenna also starts dating a man named Logan, who cheated on her in the past. Soon, Logan is turned into a vampire by Anna, and is killed by Alaric, who tells her he left town. From that point Jenna starts dating Alaric. It isn't long before Elena and Jeremy's uncle John, who they grew up hating shows Document [24] (Title: Rose (The Vampire Diaries)) is. When she refuses to tell him unless he lets her free, Elijah tears off her vervain necklace and compels her to tell him. In the meantime, Stefan and Damon have arrived and they enter the house to save Elena. They distract Elijah and take Elena and Rose to safety. They attack him and Damon manages to impale him on the front door with a wooden stake and kills him. Elena is relieved, hugs Stefan and thanks Damon while Rose runs away. They all return home, Elena reunites with Jeremy and Bonnie and the Salvatore brothers agree to set aside Document [25] (Title: Isobel (The Vampire Diaries)) Isobel came with her two friends for back-up. Elena does not want to hand over the device until she knows Jeremy is fine. Isobel tells her to call home and she does. Jeremy answers the phone and says that everything is fine. Elena believes that Isobel was never going to hurt Jeremy, but Isobel tells her that she was sure Elena would get the device from Damon because Damon is in love with her. She hands over the device and Isobel leaves warning her that as long as she has the Salvatores in her life she is doomed. Back at Document [26] (Title: Original Sin (The Vampire Diaries)) Fonda) tries to convince him that she is on his side and wants to help him find her. Nadia goes to Matt (Zach Roerig) and with a ritual brings back her friend Gregor, whom she killed in the previous episode, into Matt's body. Gregor, as Matt, calls Elena so they can find out where Katherine is. Elena, Damon and Katherine get to the bar where Stefan was but while they are talking to the bar tender, Nadia appears. Elena distracts her so Katherine can escape but Nadia reaches her and leads her to her car where Silas waits for her. Document [27] (Title: The Vampire Diaries (season 1)) It is revealed Damon didn't kill Isobel, but turned her into a vampire on her own account. Later, Alaric and Damon become friends. At one point, Damon finds the tomb under the church, and has Bonnie and her grandmother help open it to find Katherine. During the search, a number of vampires escape, and it is discovered Katherine already escaped long ago. The tomb vampires are led by a female vampire named Pearl and her daughter Anna. Bonnie's grand mother dies and Bonnie begins to resent vampires. It also turns out a group called the Founder's Council know of the Document [28] (Title: The Vampire Diaries (season 1)) is the doppelganger of Katherine Pierce, a woman who, centuries ago, seduced the Salvatore brothers and turned them into vampires, turning their vampire hunting father against them, though Stefan ends up killing him. Katherine was presumably trapped in a tomb beneath the church and Damon is planning on releasing her. Lexi, a friend of Stefan's shows up and befriends Elena, but is killed by Damon, driving a wedge between brothers. Jeremy falls in love with Vicki Donovan, Matt's sister, who uses drugs like him, but she was dating Tyler and starts a rivalry between the boys. Vicki breaks up with Document [29] (Title: Lost Girls (The Vampire Diaries)) is a vampire and Elena freaks out running away even though Stefan tries to explain. He follows her to her home to promise he will not hurt her and he lets her know that he drinks animal blood and it was Damon (Ian Somerhalder) who killed all those people. Elena is still freaked out though and she asks him to leave. Damon is at the cemetery trying to cover his tracks after killing Vicki's (Kayla Ewell) friends. He calls Stefan asking for his ring while he douses the bodies with alcohol to burn them. Stefan says he will give Damon Document [30] (Title: Promised Land (The Vampire Diaries)) and that she lied about it, something that Enzo also hears and he is mad about it. He demands from Bonnie to find a way and when she tells him to give up he says he will never give up as long as the Other Side still exists and he is there. Meanwhile, Damon tries to make Markos appear and he steals all the travelers' bodies from the cave, leaving a note to Markos to come and find him. Markos does and he appears at the Salvatore house where he explains Damon his plan and that by threatening him that Document [31] (Title: Isobel (The Vampire Diaries)) kidnaps Jeremy. She promises Elena to kill him if she will not bring her the device. Elena, Stefan and Bonnie try to figure out how to get the device from Damon who does not want to hand it over, especially now that he knows what it does. Bonnie convinces them that she can remove the spell Emily put on it and that way, Isobel or anyone else won't be able to use it to kill vampires. Damon has his doubts but he eventually gives in and hands the device over to Elena. Bonnie works on the device and few moments Document [32] (Title: The Birthday (The Vampire Diaries)) to Elena’s birthday party, something that makes Caroline jealous and she ends up kissing him. The two of them go to Tyler’s place and after having sex, Caroline tries to sneak out. Tyler’s mother, Carol (Susan Walters), who suspects that Caroline must be a vampire, catches her on her way out and when Caroline tries to get her bag she burns out from vervain. Carol shoots her with more vervain injections and Caroline collapses. Damon and Alaric go to the werewolf’s house after their last clues about where Stefan and Klaus might be, and find the two girls dead with Document [33] (Title: O Come, All Ye Faithful (The Vampire Diaries)) to make out with her again. But they are "saved" by the cellphone: Elena needs to meet Bonnie because she is teaching Jeremy how to not kill her. But she asks him if he wants to come. Meanwhile, Elena and Damon go to the Gilbert Lake House to help Jeremy face some dangerous inner demons with the help of Bonnie and Professor Shane, who shares a piece of ancient history that leaves them all speechless. Hayley reveals to Tyler that there is no witch, and that she made a deal that could help her find her family which included a Document [34] (Title: The Vampire Diaries (season 1)) begins to get over her parents' death and two vampire brothers, Stefan and Damon Salvatore, portrayed by Paul Wesley and Ian Somerhalder, respectively. Kayla Ewell portrayed Vicki Donovan for the first seven episodes until her character was killed off. Matt Davis was later cast as a history teacher in a recurring role to fill the void. He was later upgraded to series regular status. The season concluded on May 13, 2010, comprising 22 episodes. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> On February 6, 2009, "Variety" announced that The CW had greenlit the pilot for "The Vampire Diaries" with Kevin Williamson and Julie Plec set as Document [35] (Title: Total Eclipse of the Heart (The Vampire Diaries)) figured out that he loved that Damon and he did not want to lose him. Katherine tells him that she will not go back to Damon but she will help him save him. Tyler wakes up and asks Matt about Nadia. Matt tries to convince him that it was a misunderstanding but Tyler warns him to stay away from her. When Tyler leaves, Matt gets in the car where Nadia is waiting. She tells Matt that if Tyler follows them, she will kill both. Matt figures out what Nadia and Katherine did and that Katherine is now in Elena's body. Document [36] (Title: The Sacrifice (The Vampire Diaries)) gets into Elena's bedroom and steals some of Elena's personal items. Jonas manages to get out before Elena sees him. Stefan (Paul Wesley) and Damon (Ian Somerhalder) go to see Katherine at the tomb and ask for the moonstone. Katherine refuses to give it to them unless they get a witch to get her out of the tomb with the promise that she'll leave Mystic Falls and never come back. The brothers go to Elena's house to inform her about their plan: de-spell the moonstone so Klaus will not be able to use it to break the curse. They just Document [37] (Title: There Goes the Neighborhood (The Vampire Diaries)) try. She goes to the bar but she is stood up for the interview when Damon comes and sits next to her. A little later Jenna (Sara Canning) gets into the bar and the three of them start drinking together having fun. Jeremy (Steven R. McQueen) searches in the Internet information about vampires when the doorbell rings and it is Anna. Jeremy looks surprised since he thinks that Anna left with her mother. The two of them talk and Jeremy opens a subject about vampires saying that maybe they do exist and some of them might be misunderstood. Anna looks Document [38] (Title: Children of the Damned (The Vampire Diaries)) left at the carriage and then the other one. Her "husband" gets up and it is revealed to be Damon (Ian Somerhalder) who is still human and Katherine teaches him how a vampire acts. "Present day": Damon enters Stefan's (Paul Wesley) room without caring he is with Elena. He wants to start looking for the Grimoire and Stefan promised to help him, which for him means Elena is also helping. He asks her to find Jonathan Gilbert's journal that is the key of where the Grimoire is. Anna (Malese Jow) calls Jeremy (Steven R. McQueen) trying to arrange a date Document [39] (Title: Elena Gilbert) up in a car accident, with their car driving off a bridge. Stefan Salvatore finds them, and saves Elena, but it was too late to save Grayson and Miranda, who died. It remained unknown for months who saved Elena, and it was considered a miracle that she lived. Her relationship with Matt ended when they broke up. Elena, still empty after losing her parents, begins to fit back into school. She meets a mysterious new student named Stefan Salvatore. They connect instantly, and begin dating. She meets his older and malevolent brother, Damon. After researching, Elena realizes Stefan was alive Document [40] (Title: The New Deal (The Vampire Diaries)) finds Stefan (Paul Wesley). Meanwhile, Klaus gets back to Mystic Falls looking for Rebekah (Claire Holt) and Stefan. He tells Elena and Damon (Ian Somerhalder) what Stefan did and demands to tell him where he is but they tell him that they have no idea where Stefan or Rebekah is. Alaric (Matt Davis) worries about Jeremy (Steven R. McQueen) when he finds out that he got fired from the Grill a week ago. Along with Elena, they try to talk to him but he is not listening to them. Jeremy starts hanging out with Tyler (Michael Trevino) despite Elena and Document [41] (Title: I'll Remember (The Vampire Diaries)) Elena calls him to ask him how the research for bringing Damon and Bonnie back is going, Stefan tells her that he gave up because there is no way to do it, he said his goodbye and moves on with his life. Sheriff Forbes (Marguerite MacIntyre) gets a phone call about two people submitted to the hospital with marks on their necks and tries to find the vampire who attacked them. It is later revealed that the vampire who attacked them was Elena as a result of the herbs Luke has been giving her so she can see Damon and Document [42] (Title: The Vampire Diaries (season 2)) is introduced as a friend of Elijah. He is a warlock who, in order to save his daughter Greta, is willing and able to help defeat Klaus. He is later killed by Katherine, who is protecting the Salvatore brothers. Gino Anthony Pesi portrays Maddox at the end of season two, a warlock who works for Klaus. Matt shoots him to death when he tries to overcome Damon. On February 18, 2011, it was announced that British actor Joseph Morgan had signed on to play original vampire Klaus. The second season focuses mainly on the arrival of Elena's doppelgänger Katherine Pierce Document [43] (Title: Katerina (The Vampire Diaries)) family and friends if he cannot get to her. Katherine offers them the moonstone but Stefan accuses her that she only gives it to them to trade it with her freedom but Katherine points out that her being trapped in the tomb makes her the safest vampire in town when Klaus comes to kill everyone, since he won't want to get into a tomb where he will not be able to get out. Damon and Rose are back at the Salvatore house and they end up kissing and have sex. Later, while they talk, Slater calls Rose to tell her Document [44] (Title: The Vampire Diaries (season 2)) role as Tyler's uncle Mason, a werewolf who comes to town after his brother dies. Katherine sends Mason to Mystic Falls to get the moonstone for her. He succeeds, but Damon and Stefan find out that he works with Katherine, and Damon kills him. Mason has been described as a "cool" uncle, sexy and athletic. Lauren Cohan joined the cast as Rose, a 500-year-old vampire and possible love interest for Damon. She kidnaps Elena to hand her over to Elijah, but Elena is saved by Stefan and Damon. She then becomes their ally and even starts a small romantic relationship Document [45] (Title: The Vampire Diaries (season 2)) killed Maddox. Klaus says that he has backups. Klaus takes Elena from Stefan. Elena sees Jenna, who thinks she is dead, but Greta tells her she is transitioning. Damon asks Katherine about the vampire, and she says that Jenna is the backup vampire. He then checks his arm and sees that Tyler has bitten him. In the season's finale, Klaus is working on the ritual out in the woods and is near completion when he is about to kill Elena, but Stefan tries to work a deal with him. Klaus agrees to have Stefan work for him in exchange for Document [46] (Title: The Departed (The Vampire Diaries)) and Tyler Lockwood (Michael Trevino) take care of her. In the harsh reality of the present situation, Elena longs for simpler times when her parents, Grayson (Jason MacDonald) and Miranda Gilbert (Erin Beute), and aunt Jenna Sommers (Sara Canning) were still alive, and her biggest concern was her relationship with Matt. In a conversation with Matt, Elena tells him that Stefan was there at a time in her life when she had nothing, but that when she is with Damon, she feels a passion for him that consumes her. As this is happening, Damon Salvatore (Ian Somerhalder) and Stefan Salvatore Document [47] (Title: Dangerous Liaisons (The Vampire Diaries)) to Caroline (Candice Accola) and invites her as his date. Damon (Ian Somerhalder) and Stefan (Paul Wesley) do not agree with Elena going to the ball and she tells them that she will not go but she eventually does because she wants to know what Esther wants from her. Finn (Casper Zafer) introduces himself to Elena and tells her that his mother would like to see her alone. Damon does not want to let Elena out of his sight, so Elena asks Stefan's help. Stefan snaps Damon's neck and Elena meets Esther. Esther explains to Elena why she is not Document [48] (Title: Fool Me Once (The Vampire Diaries)) go away. Back at the motel room, Anna explains Elena that she wants to get into the tomb to free her mother Pearl (Kelly Hu) who's trapped in there. Anna calls Stefan and asks him to bring her the Grimoire otherwise she will kill Elena. Stefan does not have it but promises he can get it and they arrange to meet Damon at a public place. While Anna goes to meet Damon, she runs into Jeremy (Steven R. McQueen) who invites her to a party. Anna tries to avoid him at the beginning but she changes her mind when she Document [49] (Title: The End of the Affair (The Vampire Diaries)) In flashbacks, we can see that the two men were friends and Stefan also had a relationship with Klaus’ sister, Rebekah (Claire Holt). Klaus takes Stefan to his old apartment and when Elena hears them, she hides in the closet. Stefan sees her while being there but he covers her so Klaus will not know she is there. In the meantime, Damon goes to the bar and Gloria tells him that Stefan and Klaus were there but they left and will be back later. Damon gets back to the apartment to get Elena and go at the bar. He tells Document [50] (Title: Rose (The Vampire Diaries)) the fights and protect Elena together. Rose appears at the Salvatore house to offer her help because, as she says, Elijah might be dead but the rest of the Originals will come for Elena because they all work for him; Klaus. In the meantime, Damon pays a visit to Elena to give her back her vervain necklace but before he does it, he admits to her that he loves her and then compels her to forget about it. He leaves the room and Elena stays behind with the necklace, wondering what happened. The episode ends with Elijah coming back to Document [51] (Title: For Whom the Bell Tolls (The Vampire Diaries)) with Elena. Elena tries to help Stefan remember by taking him to the school where they reenact the moment they met. Stefan still cannot remember, so Elena takes him to the bridge where he saved Matt's (Zach Roerig) life and she became a vampire. He does not recall any of the events. The two of them come very close, but before they kiss, Elena tells him that she is with Damon, something that makes Stefan angry and leaves. Matt experiences episodes of losing time, so he sets up cameras all over the house to discover what is happening. He also Document [52] (Title: Monster's Ball (The Vampire Diaries)) (Olga Fonda) still has Katherine captured and Silas (Paul Wesley) commences to try to find them but is unable to without his mental power. Katherine consistently asks Nadia what she wants from her and Nadia reveals to her that she is her daughter whom she left behind in 1492 and the only reason she became a vampire was to find her. In the meantime, Damon (Ian Somerhalder) tells Jeremy (Steven R. McQueen) his plan about how they can bring Bonnie back to life. Because someone has to die to bring another back, Damon says that they should take advantage of Document [53] (Title: Total Eclipse of the Heart (The Vampire Diaries)) that she is not a witch anymore. Damon and Enzo kidnap Jeremy and threatened to kill him to make her find them a witch who can make the spell. Bonnie agrees to help and she tries to find the girl she saw earlier in class spinning the pen. Stefan arrives at the Ball right after Katherine gets a text from Nadia about who is Enzo. Stefan and Katherine dance while he tells her about that Damon is into some bad stuff but she does not seem surprised or caring. Caroline appears as they dance and takes her away with an Document [54] (Title: Rescue Me (The Vampire Diaries)) with Elena by drinking while Matt (Zach Roerig) and Tyler (Michael Trevino) see him and figure out that something is wrong between him and Elena. The three of them talk when Liv (Penelope Mitchell) walks into the bar and meets with Jeremy. They are surprised seeing them together, Damon leaves and Tyler tries to hear what Liv and Jeremy talk about but he cannot hear anything. Elena is on the phone with Bonnie (Kat Graham) while waiting in the line to the guidance counselor at Jeremy's school and tells her about her break up with Damon. They also realize that Document [55] (Title: History Repeating (The Vampire Diaries)) turns around and sees Emily sitting right next to her and Bonnie wakes up again, this time for real, in the woods. A new history teacher, Alaric Saltzman (Matt Davis) walks into the class and introduces himself. After class, Bonnie describes Elena her dream thinking that she is haunted by Emily and that it might have something to do with the crystal she is wearing. Damon (Ian Somerhalder) tries to make nice for killing Lexi (Arielle Kebbel) and he explains Stefan (Paul Wesley) that he did it for them. He also promises not to feed on human for a week Document [56] (Title: After School Special (The Vampire Diaries)) mark. Klaus gets impatient and Damon shoots him several times for killing Carol. Regardless, Klaus offers to provide vampires for Jeremy to kill starting with a pizza delivery woman; she attacks them, forcing Jeremy to kill her. Bonnie talks to Shane, who gives her an amulet made from human bone. Kol soon shows up and abducts Shane, taking him to the school's library. Rebekah talks to them about the cure and more personally, to Elena about her break up with Stefan and her feelings for Damon, in an effort to torment Stefan. Tyler gets a call from Rebekah to rescue Document [57] (Title: The Sacrifice (The Vampire Diaries)) want to help but she changes her mind when Elena tells her that if she does, Rose will turn her into a vampire. With Alice's help, they find another contact of Slater's, Cody (James Harvey Ward), and Elena sends him a message to deliver to Klaus: that the doppelganger is alive and wants to surrender. Rose realizes that this was Elena's plan since the beginning and not to learn more about the moonstone. She tries to change her mind but Elena does not want to hear it, so Rose calls Damon. In the meantime, Elijah (Daniel Gillies) wants to find Document [58] (Title: Original Vampires (The Vampire Diaries)) and teams up with his siblings to force the Salvatore brothers to prevent his mother from killing the family by kidnapping Elena and threatening to kill her if the Salvatores do not stop Esther's endeavors. Damon ends up turning Bonnie's mother into a vampire, which ends her witch abilities and thus destroys the spell. Esther then flees from Mystic Falls to avoid her family. In the season three episode, "Heart of Darkness", Esther returns to Mystic Falls. She tells Rebekah that she was dying, and wanted to see her daughter one last time; however, she had ulterior motives for returning. Document [59] (Title: Katerina (The Vampire Diaries)) Stefan busy so he won't go out searching for Elena by telling him that she told Tyler (Michael Trevino) about her being a vampire. Stefan is mad at her because she put herself in danger and also because Damon will kill her if he finds out. Caroline does everything to keep Stefan with her but he can figure out that she is doing it to cover Elena. He asks her where Elena is but Caroline keeps her promise to Elena and does not tell him. Stefan leaves upset to find Elena. At the Salvatore house, Damon asks Rose how they Document [60] (Title: The Vampire Diaries) parents in a car accident, as she falls in love with a 162-year-old vampire named Stefan Salvatore (Paul Wesley). Their relationship becomes increasingly complicated as Stefan's mysterious older brother Damon Salvatore (Ian Somerhalder) returns, with a plan to bring back their past love Katherine Pierce, a vampire who looks exactly like Elena. Although Damon is initially the villain and harbors a grudge against his brother for forcing him to become a vampire, he later reconciles with Stefan and falls in love with Elena, creating a love triangle among the three. Both brothers protect Elena as they face various villains and Document [61] (Title: The Descent (The Vampire Diaries)) her that she was the one who made the deal and not him and leaves to find Alaric (Matt Davis) at the Grill where Stefan asks his help to find Isobel. Alaric gives him a former phone number of Isobel's and Stefan starts searching for her. Rose is at the Salvatore house and she is getting worse after the werewolf bite. Damon tries to convince her that everything will be fine and he will find a way to cure her but he knows that this will be difficult. He leaves Elena to take care of her while he goes to Document [62] (Title: No Exit (The Vampire Diaries)) but he reassures her that they are just friends. Before Stefan and Katherine go, Caroline gets a phone call from Tyler (Michael Trevino) who tells her that he worries about Matt (Zach Roerig), who has vanished for two days, and that Nadia (Olga Fonda) was compelling him. Katherine hears Caroline's conversation with Tyler and she calls Nadia to ask if everything is fine. When Nadia tells her that Matt found out that she is not Elena, Katherine asks her to kill him. Caroline leaves to go to Tyler's while Katherine and Stefan leave to find Damon. Caroline gets to Tyler's Document [63] (Title: Family Ties (The Vampire Diaries)) down because he was the reason she left Mystic Falls in the first place. He is persistent and at the end of the Ball, Jenna accepts to go out with him for lunch. Damon wants to stay alone with Elena so he asks Caroline to ask Stefan for a dance. When they stay alone, he apologizes for his behavior at the game and explains that the Salvatore brothers are cursed with sibling rivalry. He shares with her the history of the "first" Salvatore brothers and the woman they both loved. Elena tells Damon that she does not want to be Document [64] (Title: Damon Salvatore) long road trip to Oregon to seek the Gemini Coven, and also compelling Alaric to steal the Ascendant from Jo. They finally reunite at the Salvatore Boarding House with a hug after Sheriff Forbes's funeral. It's shown that Damon and Bonnie genuinely care about each other and have made sacrifices for each other. Damon Salvatore Damon Salvatore is a fictional character in "The Vampire Diaries" novel series. He is portrayed by Ian Somerhalder in the television series. Initially, Damon is the main antagonist in the beginning of the show and later became a protagonist. After the first few episodes, Damon Document [65] (Title: Elena Gilbert) a "conniving, narcissistic, bitch". Describing Elena years later, Dobrev said she evolved from a "younger, naive, sad, young girl" to a "strong woman". Before "The Vampire Diaries", Elena dated Matt Donovan (Zach Roerig), who was unable to move past his feelings for her initially after their break-up. Elena began dating Stefan Salvatore (Paul Wesley), and later discovered he was a vampire. As the episodes progressed, she developed a connection with Stefan's adventurous brother Damon Salvatore (Ian Somerhalder), who consumes human blood, unlike Stefan, who has an animal blood diet. Speaking about the different qualities Stefan and Damon bring to Elena, Document [66] (Title: The Departed (The Vampire Diaries)) body, meaning Klaus is still alive. She did this to save her friends and her mother (Persia White) who also stems from the same bloodline. Matt forces Elena to leave Mystic Falls with him to keep her away from the vampire attacks that have recently put her in harm's way. On the way, Elena realizes she loves Stefan and between her love for him and for Damon, she chooses Stefan, claiming that perhaps if she had met Damon first, things would be different (however, in a flashback it is revealed she did meet Damon first although he compelled her to Document [67] (Title: Let the Right One In (The Vampire Diaries)) from Jeremy sending him a text to explain that her mother walked in. On their way out they run into Mayor Lockwood (Robert Pralgo) and Tyler (Michael Trevino). Mayor asks them not to go out in the storm and invites them to join them for dinner but Pearl declines. She hears his name on her way out and changes her mind coming back. Meanwhile, Stefan is weakened by the fight with Frederick and Bethanne and goes out for hunting alone. Frederick and the other vampires find him, they stab him in the gut and take him to their house. Damon Document [68] (Title: Total Eclipse of the Heart (The Vampire Diaries)) the dance and run into Stefan and Caroline and Damon tells them that Bonnie is helping him find a witch to find Wes. Caroline tells him to let Bonnie go but Bonnie informs Stefan and Caroline that Enzo holds Jeremy as a hostage and he will kill him if she does not help them. She shows them a photo of Jeremy being tied when Katherine approaches. She pretends to be panicked and rushes away looking upset. She later comes back to beg Stefan help her find Jeremy. Bonnie finds Liv (Penelope Mitchell) asking for her help. Liv acts like she Document [69] (Title: The Vampire Diaries (season 2)) casts a spell so that when Katherine is hurt, it also affects Elena. When Lucy finds out that another Bennett is at the party and that Katherine had deceived her, she puts a spell on the moonstone, injuring Katherine. Damon then leaves her in the original tomb where she is trapped until the spell has been removed from the tomb. She tells him that her reason for not killing Elena is that she is in danger. Elena is later kidnapped by a masked individual and held hostage by vampires Rose and Trevor, who have been on the run from the Document [70] (Title: Rescue Me (The Vampire Diaries)) who informs her about Hazel and she leaves in a hurry. Jeremy calls Bonnie to ask about Elena and when Bonnie tells him that she is at school, he says that Elena might be in danger. Liv finds Elena at school and attacks her. Liv and her coven did everything they could to protect her but since now she is dangerous they have to kill her. Damon gets there in time and stops her. Damon ties her and threatens to kill her if she will not tell him what she wants. Liv says that now that there is only one Document [71] (Title: Elena Gilbert) as well but that she never stopped loving Stefan. While in Denver together, Elena kisses Damon, later telling him that she doesn't know how she feels about him. It is eventually revealed that Elena met Damon the night of her parent's death, though he compelled her to forget. She eventually chooses Stefan in the season finale but before she can tell him, Elena drowns while having vampire blood in her system. During the last moments of season three, she awakens as a vampire in transition. In season four, Elena is faced with the tough decision of whether to die or Document [72] (Title: The Cell (The Vampire Diaries)) named Sara few months ago. Sara was Aaron's aunt and the last family he had left. Elena gets upset hearing that since few months ago she and Damon were together and happy and she cannot believe that he did that. Aaron, hearing the news about his aunt, he shoots Damon in the head and Damon drops unconscious. Meanwhile, in Mystic Falls, Stefan (Paul Wesley) watches Katherine so she will not try to kill herself again but Katherine is tired of his PTSD and she calls Caroline (Candice Accola) to come and help Stefan get over it. Caroline arrives with the Document [73] (Title: Elena Gilbert) Elena or she wanted. In the show's third season, Elena has a brain hemorrhage which was initially thought to be a concussion, and begins to die. In what was described by the "International Business Times" as "the moment Vampire Diaries fans have been waiting for", Elena had to choose whether to be driven to Damon or Stefan to say goodbye to. At the time, Klaus was killed, meaning all vampires sprouting from his bloodline also die, which includes Damon and Stefan. She picks to say goodbye to Stefan. However, all these vampires end up surviving when Klaus never really dies. Document [74] (Title: Stefan Salvatore) waiting for", Elena had to pick to say goodbye to Stefan or Damon. She ended up choosing Stefan. When Elena became a vampire, her feelings for Damon heightened, and it was later revealed that she had a sired bond to him. Elena and Stefan broke up, and she began a romance with Damon. Stefan became heartbroken, feeling angry and betrayed, and lashed out at Damon and Elena. Wesley urged fans of Stefan and Elena not to lose hope, stating: "The fans should definitely maintain some hope. The thing to remember is that Stefan and Elena have this love that is Document [75] (Title: Let the Right One In (The Vampire Diaries)) that he made a deal with her. Damon leaves and Stefan promises Elena to handle the situation. Anna and Jeremy meet at the Grill where Jeremy tries once again to convince Anna to turn him. She asks him to keep her secret from everyone and she sees his bracelet with the vervain that Elena gave him. Jeremy offers to give it to her since she likes it so much but she gives it back to him and asks him to keep wearing it. Pearl gets into the Grill to find and take Anna and Anna gets up to walk away Document [76] (Title: Elena Gilbert) John, who she grew up hating, were. In season two, she learns that she is a Petrova doppelgänger, having an appearance just like Katherine Pierce, which means that she has to be sacrificed to release Klaus' werewolf side. The sacrifice later happens, but Elena is saved, because John sacrificed himself for her after being put under a spell by Bonnie. However, her aunt Jenna is turned into a vampire and, as part of the sacrifice, is killed by Klaus, leaving Elena without a guardian. In the season two finale, while Damon is dying due to a werewolf bite, she forgives Document [77] (Title: Yellow Ledbetter (The Vampire Diaries)) over two months while everyone thought he was investigating a way to save Damon and Bonnie. Enzo causes a scene in front of Ivy, forcing Caroline to compel her. While fighting, Stefan snaps Enzo's neck. At the time, Caroline was on the phone with Alaric, who was asking her to help figure out when exactly Elena fell in love with Damon. Caroline says that she did while she was still with Stefan, and realizes that Stefan heard her. Caroline apologizes, but while they talk she discovers that Stefan never heard any of her messages and she leaves. Enzo joins her Document [78] (Title: Bloodlines (The Vampire Diaries)) him. In an attempt to save her life, she tells him that Emily's spell book holds the secret to reverse the spell. He apologizes and then rips her heart out. Elena and Damon are back to Mystic Falls and Elena finally talks to Stefan asking him the truth and if he was with her because of her resemblance to Katherine. Stefan explains that she is nothing like Katherine and he noticed that before they even met. He reveals to her that he was there the night she had the accident with her parents and that he was the one who Document [79] (Title: Crying Wolf (The Vampire Diaries)) for a romantic weekend at her parents' house near the lake. When they get there, Elena remembers her parents and memories of them at the house come back to her mind. Stefan is there for her and they later find out a secret place where Elena's parents were hiding vampire weapons as well as other Gilbert journals. Damon (Ian Somerhalder) meets Elijah (Daniel Gillies) at the tea party Carol (Susan Walters) is organizing and tries to find out his plans and why he wants to keep Elena safe at the moment but Elijah does not seem willing to share his Document [80] (Title: Original Sin (The Vampire Diaries)) out, he burns in the sun. After the dream, Elena and Damon (Ian Somerhalder) try to find where the bar they saw in the dream is so they can find Stefan. Katherine goes with them on the road trip because they cannot leave her behind while Silas is looking for her. Stefan is found and saved by Qetsiyah (Tessa in present time played by Janina Gavankar) who is later revealed that she is a powerful witch from Silas' past. Stefan asks her to tell him who she is and Tessa tells him the story of her and Silas when they Document [81] (Title: Rose (The Vampire Diaries)) tries another spell to find Elena's location. The spell works and Stefan and Damon leave to find her while Jeremy stays behind with Bonnie, whose nose started bleeding after the spell but she hides it and no one sees it. At High School, Tyler tries to talk to Caroline and asks her how does she know about him, but Caroline pretends that she doesn't know what he is talking about. Tyler does not believe her and he later goes to her house to confront her. He thinks she is also a werewolf and he will not leave until she admits Document [82] (Title: The Dinner Party (The Vampire Diaries)) to keep her family and friends safe. Elijah does not seem to agree and Elena threatens to kill herself and become a vampire, just like Katherine did, something the will make her useless for him. Elijah calls her bluff but Elena moves on and stabs herself in the stomach. Elijah freaks out, accepts the deal and asks her to let him heal her. When he gets close enough, Elena stabs him with the dagger and Elijah falls dead. Stefan gives Elena his blood to heal her and Damon is also there reminding to not remove the dagger from the body. Document [83] (Title: Memorial (The Vampire Diaries)) up with a gun. During the memorial, Elena tries to take her place when she does not come up, but April's blood is dripping, which Stefan, Damon, Elena, Caroline, and Tyler can hear. Stefan gets Elena before she loses it, but she clearly needs fresh blood. Matt, still feeling guilty about her death, allows her to feed off him under the guise that he is comforting her, which helps her. Tyler, to distract Conner, steps up and is shot. Panicked, everyone runs out. Carol and Caroline help Tyler while Damon and Stefan go after Conner. Elena sets off to find Document [84] (Title: Promised Land (The Vampire Diaries)) with the Other Side falling apart, Maria is drawn away by the force that draws away the people from the Other Side. Enzo and Bonnie lose their only chance to manage to bring the ones they need back in life. Jeremy (Steven R. McQueen) finds Damon running in the street and picks him up and they go and find Stefan, Elena, Caroline and Matt (Zach Roerig). Matt and Jeremy decided to go back to Mystic Falls while the rest should try to get as far away as they can. Damon and Elena leave with Jeremy's car while Stefan and Caroline Document [85] (Title: The Departed (The Vampire Diaries)) (Paul Wesley) transport a neutralized Klaus (Joseph Morgan) away from Mystic Falls. Jeremy calls them and tells them about Elena's injury and her being in the hospital. Since one of them has to continue on to dispose of Klaus, only Stefan can return to Mystic Falls. Alaric Saltzman (Matt Davis) tries to convince Jeremy to tell him the location of Klaus, believing that Jeremy will also want to get rid of all vampires to protect his sister. Jeremy instead leaks false information to Alaric from Damon. When Elijah Mikaelson (Daniel Gillies) comes back into town, he strikes a deal with Document [86] (Title: Rose (The Vampire Diaries)) Rose (The Vampire Diaries) "Rose" is the 8th episode of the second season of The CW television series, "The Vampire Diaries" and the 30th episode of the series overall. It originally aired on November 4, 2010. The episode was written by Brian Young and directed by Liz Friedlander. The man who kidnapped Elena (Nina Dobrev) meets Trevor (Trent Ford), the vampire who asked him to kidnap her, and transports her into his car. Right after Elena is in Trevor's car, Trevor kills the man and leaves with the unconscious Elena. Damon (Ian Somerhalder) talks with Caroline (Candice Accola) about Tyler Document [87] (Title: Rose (The Vampire Diaries)) (Michael Trevino) and how she covered him killing Sarah in the previous episode, something that triggered the curse and he will now turn into a werewolf to the next full moon. Damon warns her to stay away from him and not let him know about her being vampire or other vampires because a bite of his can kill them. Caroline says she will stay away from Tyler and leaves for school. Jeremy (Steven R. McQueen) runs into Stefan (Paul Wesley) and thinks that Elena slept over at his house since she did not sleep at her bed the previous night. Document [88] (Title: The Vampire Diaries (season 1)) a loner and Elena starts dating a boy named Stefan Salvatore. It is soon revealed that Stefan is a vampire and his brother Damon shows up in Mystic Falls and kills people at random. Another supernatural revelation occurs when Elena's friend Bonnie Bennett discovers she is born into a line of witches and is a witch herself. She gets help from her grandmother to use her powers. Elena's friends and acquaintances also become involved such as Tyler Lockwood, son of the mayor, and Matt Donovan, Elena's ex-boyfriend and Caroline Forbes, daughter of the sheriff. It also turns out that Elena Document [89] (Title: The Vampire Diaries (season 3)) premiered on Thursday, September 15, 2011. The series stars Nina Dobrev as Elena Gilbert and Katherine Pierce, Paul Wesley as Stefan Salvatore and Silas, Ian Somerhalder as Damon Salvatore, Steven R. McQueen as Jeremy Gilbert, Kat Graham as Bonnie Bennett, Candice Accola as Caroline Forbes, Zach Roerig as Matt Donovan, Michael Trevino as Tyler Lockwood, Matt Davis as Alaric Saltzman and Joseph Morgan as Klaus. 7th Heaven's David Gallagher was cast as werewolf Ray Sutton who has a run-in with Klaus in Tennessee. Australian actress, Claire Holt has been cast as Rebekah the sister of Klaus and Elijah, a beautiful Document [90] (Title: Memorial (The Vampire Diaries)) She has a close run-in with Conner, though Damon arrives on time to save her as she cleans the bathroom. Damon gives her a human blood bag to help her, but even this does not work, as she can barely drink it. Damon can only guess Elena's Doppelganger side will not allow her to drink a substitute. Though this supports Damon's theory of her needing fresh blood, Elena still refuses for fear that she will kill a person by accident. Conner kidnaps April by stabbing her and tying her up. He waits on the balcony for a vampire to step Document [91] (Title: Resident Evil (The Vampire Diaries)) a cafe with Caroline (Candice Accola) where Elena has another vision. She talks to Caroline about it, and Caroline explains that now that Elena has broken up with Damon (Ian Somerhalder), the universe is trying to get her and Stefan back together. Stefan calls Caroline to tell her that he has visions as well, and they realize that something is not right. Liv (Penelope Mitchell) agrees to work with Tyler (Michael Trevino) and Matt (Zach Roerig), but she cannot trust them not being possessed by travelers. So, she tells them that they have to stab themselves with the traveler's knife Document [92] (Title: Children of the Damned (The Vampire Diaries)) follows her to the bathroom and kidnaps her. In the meantime, Damon is at Elena's house cooking and talking with Jenna (Sara Canning) while Stefan is with Alaric. Elena is surprised to see him there. Jenna leaves them alone and Damon asks Elena straight if he can trust Stefan, something that Elena reassures him that he can. The night continues with Damon and Jeremy playing video games and Jeremy telling him about Anna. Stefan arrives, also surprised to see Damon there, and tells them what happened and that someone else took the journal. In the question who else knew about Document [93] (Title: Lost Girls (The Vampire Diaries)) his ring back but not right away. They hang up and when he goes to Vicki to douse her too, she wakes up. The next day Elena meets Stefan at a public place to talk things over. Stefan answers her questions referring to vampires but she is mad at how he let Damon play with Caroline (Candice Accola) like that. Stefan agrees that it was not right but it is more dangerous to forbid Damon to do something. He also tells her that years ago, people in Mystic Falls knew about vampires but because it did not end well he Document [94] (Title: The Vampire Diaries (season 1)) Tyler for Jeremy. She is later turned into a vampire by Damon, but her bloodlust was out of control and she is killed by Stefan. Jeremy witnesses this and Elena asks Damon to make Jeremy forget this to spare him the pain. Matt on the other hand is devastated. After the history teacher is killed, a man named Alaric is hired to take his place. Alaric came to town to kill Damon, believing him to have killed his wife, Isobel. Damon tries to kill him in self-defense, but Alaric wears a ring that keeps him from dying at supernatural hands. Document [95] (Title: Bloodlines (The Vampire Diaries)) like her" and faints. Damon picks her up and goes to his car. Alaric (Matt Davis) stares at a picture of his wife Isobel (Mia Kirshner) as he remembers moments he lived with her. He knows that there is evil in Mystic Falls and that he was right to come here. He later meets Jeremy (Steven R. McQueen) at the school's parking lot. Jeremy informs him that he found a journal from the 1800s, something that seems to be interested in. Elena wakes up in Damon's car wondering what happened and where they are. Damon takes her with him to Document [96] (Title: The Vampire Diaries (season 2)) he wants to use her as bait to lure Klaus and kill him. Jules, a friend of Mason, tells the Lockwoods that Mason never came back to Florida and is missing. Alaric is suspicious of Jules and calls Damon to the Grill (local town hangout). Jules reveals that she is a werewolf. Damon tells Jules she won't find Mason and to leave town. Jules breaks into the Salvatore mansion in wolf form and attacks Damon, but Rose pushes him out of the way, getting bitten on the shoulder instead (werewolf bites are lethal to vampires). As Rose succumbs to the Document [97] (Title: Let the Right One In (The Vampire Diaries)) and Caroline is at the door with her mom, Liz (Marguerite MacIntyre). They ask to see Kelly and they inform her, and Matt, that they found Vicky's body. Liz calls the Mayor to let him know. When he tells Tyler they have to go, he tells him about Vicky and Jeremy also hears. Tyler and Jeremy head to Matt's house and Jeremy also calls Elena to tell her. Elena and Jeremy return home where Jeremy finds Anna waiting on his room. Anna realizes that Jeremy only wanted to turn to find Vicky and she takes off before Jeremy apologizes. Damon Document [98] (Title: No Exit (The Vampire Diaries)) and cuts himself to distract Damon. Damon leaves Katherine and Stefan snaps his neck. Katherine and Stefan bring Damon back to Mystic Falls and Katherine arranges immediately to meet Nadia. Katherine is happy because, despite her plan to kill Damon not working, she had a moment with Stefan. She stops smiling when Nadia tells her that she was bitten by Tyler Lockwood. Damon wakes up chained on the Salvatore house's basement. Stefan is there and Damon tries to warn him that because of his cravings, one day he will kill him but Stefan tells him that they will find a Document [99] (Title: Handle with Care (The Vampire Diaries)) Jeremy are there too and Damon tells Elena and Jeremy that they have to protect Amara from now on. In the meantime, Katherine celebrates the fact that she is still alive, when she is surprised to discover a gray lock of hair. She does not know where to go for help since Damon does not want her and Stefan does not remember her, so she goes to Elena and Caroline's dorm room. Caroline (Candice Accola) is packing to leave when she realizes that the woman she is talking to is not Elena but Katherine. Katherine offers to help her discover Question: who ends up with elena in the vampire diaries

Answer: Damon Long Answer: In the final episode, Elena makes an appearance . When a weakened Bonnie dies from the sounding bell, she meets Elena in a dream - like forest . Elena hugs her and wonders if she really has died . Enzo appears and says it isn't her time and takes Bonnie back to the world of the living . When Bonnie wakes up, it was Stefan who resuscitated her . Elena, asleep, is then taken to the Mystic Falls High School by Katherine and places her in the boiler room . Stefan tries to rescue Elena, but Katherine had Kai spell the boiler room, so that Elena can't be taken out of the room . After Bonnie had deflected the hellfire back into the bell, Bonnie passes out . Elena wakes up and wanders the school . Stefan meets up with her . It looks like Bonnie has died, but in fact Elena is still sleeping and Stefan's ghost came to visit her in her dream . He had taken the place of killing Katherine instead of Damon, since Damon is human after Stefan gave him the cure . He came to say goodbye . After a tearful hug and saying goodbye, Stefan goes into afterlife . Elena finally wakes up because Bonnie has broken the spell over her . Elena reunites with Damon and the rest of the gang . Elena gives Caroline the message Stefan whispered into her ear, saying he did hear her voice message and will love her forever . In the epilogue, Elena continued to studying medical school . After finishing her education, she went back to Mystic Falls and lived together with Damon, happily married for a long time . After living out her life, she crosses over to the afterlife where she finally reunites with her parents, Aunt Jenna and Uncle John. Gold Document ID: 99

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Don Nigro) Sonnets Of The Lady" (about Sigmund Freud and his patient Dora), "Seduction" (inspired by Søren Kierkegaard's "Diary of a Seducer"), "Rainy Night At Lindy's" (about the last night of gangster Arnold Rothstein), "What Shall I Do For Pretty Girls?" (about the tangled relationship of William Butler Yeats to Maud Gonne, her daughter Iseult Gonne, and Yeats' automatic writing wife Georgie Hyde-Lees), "Maelstrom" (about Edgar Allan Poe), "Traitors" (about the Alger Hiss case) and "My Sweetheart's the Man in the Moon" (about Evelyn Nesbit and Stanford White). He is also known for his cult work "The Curate Shakespeare As You Like Document [2] (Title: The Shadow of Night) the poem as "full of loud and angry complaints of neglect and slight, endured at the hands of an unthankful and besotted generation." The poem appears to contain an autobiographical reference, indicating that Chapman served in a military campaign in the Dutch Republic under Sir Francis Vere, in the 1591-2 period. Part of the poem was written about the siege of Knodsenburg just outside of Nijmegen that took place between 15–25 July 1591. There Vere helped defeat the Spanish force under the Duke of Parma: The modern composer Harrison Birtwistle composed an orchestral piece (2001) which he titled "The Shadow Document [3] (Title: So, we'll go no more a roving) the track, "The Wedding Night". The poem is also featured in John Wyndham's post-holocaust book, "The Day of the Triffids", where it occurs when a blinded pianist commits suicide. So, we'll go no more a roving "So, we'll go no more a roving" is a poem, written by (George Gordon) Lord Byron (1788–1824), and included in a letter to Thomas Moore on 28 February 1817. Moore published the poem in 1830 as part of "Letters and Journals of Lord Byron". It evocatively describes the fatigue of age conquering the restlessness of youth. Byron wrote the poem at the age of Document [4] (Title: Acquainted with the Night) The Night" is one of the most famous examples of an American poem written in terza rima. Acquainted with the Night “Acquainted with the Night” is a poem by Robert Frost. It first appeared in the "Virginia Quarterly Review" and was published in 1928 in his collection "West-Running Brook". The poem is most often read as the poet/narrator's admission of having experienced depression and a vivid description of what that experience feels like. In this particular reading of the poem, "the night" is the depression itself, and the narrator describes how he views the world around him in this state Document [5] (Title: Beyond Sleep) Within a few years the book was widely accepted as a masterpiece. In 1967 the Jan Campert Foundation (Jan Campertstichting) awarded the author the Vijverberg Prize of 2,500 guilders for "Beyond Sleep". In characteristic sarcastic fashion, Hermans wrote a letter requesting the jury "to be so good to donate this small sum to Food for India", adding: "I will write a novel about [the jury] entitled "Good Night, Sleep Tight"." The Swedish translation of 1977 led literary critic Rolf Yrlid to wonder out loud when the Nobel Prize for Literature would go to the Netherlands. The German translation of 1982 Document [6] (Title: Dying of the Light) have all faced their fears of death and of life. The novel's title is drawn from Dylan Thomas' 1947 poem about his dying father, "Do not go gentle into that good night", which contains the lines: Do not go gentle into that good night.<br> Rage, rage against the dying of the light. It mentions a race of beings called the "githyanki". This name was taken from the novel for use with a much different race in the "Advanced Dungeons & Dragons" game. Dying of the Light Dying of the Light is American author George R. R. Martin's first novel, published Document [7] (Title: Laurie Lee) October 1934 his poem 'Life' won a prize from, and publication in, the "Sunday Referee", a national paper. Another poem was published in Cyril Connolly's "Horizon" magazine in 1940 and his first volume of poems, "The Sun My Monument," was launched in 1944. This was followed by "The Bloom of Candles" (1947) and "My Many-coated Man" (1955). Several poems written in the early 1940s reflect the atmosphere of the war, but also capture the beauty of the English countryside. The poem "Twelfth Night" from "My Many-coated Man" was set for unaccompanied mixed choir by American composer Samuel Barber in 1968. Document [8] (Title: Fanny Crosby) Me Not, O Gentle Saviour” after speaking at a service at the Manhattan prison in spring 1868, from comments by some prisoners for the Lord not to pass them by. Doane set it to music and published it in "Songs of Devotion" in 1870. “Pass Me Not” became her first hymn to have global appeal, after it was used by Sankey in his crusades with Moody in Britain in 1874. Sankey said, “No hymn was more popular at the meetings in London in 1875 (sic) than this one.” In April 1868, Crosby wrote "Fifty Years Ago" for the semi-centennial of Document [9] (Title: If He Can Fight Like He Can Love, Good Night Germany!) If He Can Fight Like He Can Love, Good Night Germany! "If He Can Fight Like He Can Love, Good Night Germany!" is a World War I song from the perspective of a woman confident that her boyfriend will be a good soldier because he was a good lover. It became a hit after it was released by The Farber Sisters in 1918. The lyrics and cover art are in the public domain. The song was composed by George W. Meyer, with words by Grant Clarke and Howard E. Rogers. It was published by Leo Feist Inc in New York Document [10] (Title: Cat on a Hot Tin Roof) and again in the 1974 version. The ways in which humans deal with death are also at the focus of this play, as are the futility and nihilism some encounter when confronted with imminent mortality. Similar ideas are found in Dylan Thomas's "Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night", which Williams excerpted and added as an epigraph to his 1974 version. These lines are appropriate, as Thomas wrote the poem to his own dying father. Additionally, in one of his many drafts, in a footnote on Big Daddy's action in the third act, Williams deems "Cat on a Hot Document [11] (Title: Pass Me Not, O Gentle Saviour) Pass Me Not, O Gentle Saviour "Pass Me Not, O Gentle Savior" is a 19th-century American hymn written by Fanny Crosby in 1868, set to music by William H. Doane in 1870. The hymn has been recorded by singers including Reggie Houston, Cyrus Chestnut, Bill Gaither, and Lyle Lovett. Bob Dylan performed this song live to open five concerts in his 2002 American tour. In 1991 hip hop artist MC Hammer released a version of the hymn entitled "Do Not Pass Me By" on his fourth album, "Too Legit to Quit". Gospel artist Tramaine Hawkins appeared on the song as Document [12] (Title: Jan Palach) to him, titled Jan Palach. A Pakistani poet Qazi Zafar Iqbal paid tribute to Jan Palach in the form of a Poem in Urdu. The poem is included in his book named "Ghurfa-e-Shab (The Window of Night)" published in 2006 in the city of Lahore. The Luxembourg-based Welsh composer Dafydd Bullock was commissioned to write "Requiem for Jan Palach" (op 182) to commemorate the fortieth anniversary of Palach's suicide. It includes a setting of words which appeared briefly on a statue in Wenceslas Square after the event, before being erased by the authorities: "Do not be indifferent to the day Document [13] (Title: Do not go gentle into that good night) before Christmas 1952. It has no title other than its first line, "Do not go gentle into that good night", a line that appears as a refrain throughout the poem along with its other refrain, "Rage, rage against the dying of the light". The poem currently remains under copyright, although the text is available online. The villanelle consists of five stanzas of three lines (tercets) followed by a single stanza of four lines (a quatrain) for a total of nineteen lines. It is structured by two repeating rhymes and two refrains: the first line of the first stanza serves as Document [14] (Title: Khosrow Golsorkhi) because he wished not to be blind-folded. The cell in which they spent their last night [February 17, 1974] in Jamshidiyeh prison was covered with slogans. They sang revolutionary songs all night, ate their supper quietly, shouted slogans to the soldiers in the lorry which took them to the Chitgar execution field, refused blindfolds so that they could see the red dawn and sang together in firm voice: "O comrades! Heroes! We will give our life for our country without fear ... They then themselves gave the order to fire! Golesorkhi had written: "A person has an artistic eye whose Document [15] (Title: Richard Francis Burton) the Shaykh Nefzawi" (1886) and "The Supplemental Nights to the Thousand Nights and a Night" (seventeen volumes 1886–98). Published in this period, but composed on his return journey from Mecca, "The Kasidah" has been cited as evidence of Burton's status as a Bektashi Sufi. Deliberately presented by Burton as a translation, the poem and his notes and commentary on it contain layers of Sufic meaning, that seem to have been designed to project Sufi teaching in the West. ""Do what thy manhood bids thee do/ from none but self expect applause;/ He noblest lives and noblest dies/ who makes and Document [16] (Title: United Kingdom) in character. Daniel Owen is credited as the first Welsh-language novelist, publishing "Rhys Lewis" in 1885. The best-known of the Anglo-Welsh poets are both Thomases. Dylan Thomas became famous on both sides of the Atlantic in the mid-20th century. He is remembered for his poetry—his "Do not go gentle into that good night; Rage, rage against the dying of the light" is one of the most quoted couplets of English language verse—and for his "play for voices", "Under Milk Wood". The influential Church in Wales "poet-priest" and Welsh nationalist R. S. Thomas was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature Document [17] (Title: That Good Night) That Good Night That Good Night is a play by NJ Crisp, written with the intention of it being performed by Donald Sinden and his son Marc Sinden playing the central characters of the father and son. However Marc, who in 1991 had starred in Crisps' psychological thriller "Dangerous Obsession", decided to produce it instead and so it became his first play as a Theatrical Producer. The title is taken from the poem by Dylan Thomas: ""Do not go gentle into that good night,<br> "Old age should burn and rave at close of day;<br> "Rage, rage against the dying of Document [18] (Title: W. H. Auden) later rewrote the poem as a "Cabaret Song" about lost love (written to be sung by the soprano Hedli Anderson, for whom he wrote many lyrics in the 1930s). In 1935, he worked briefly on documentary films with the GPO Film Unit, writing his famous verse commentary for "Night Mail" and lyrics for other films that were among his attempts in the 1930s to create a widely accessible, socially conscious art. In 1936 Auden's publisher chose the title "Look, Stranger!" for a collection of political odes, love poems, comic songs, meditative lyrics, and a variety of intellectually intense but emotionally Document [19] (Title: Hubert Creekmore) of the Night" (1946). "The Long Reprieve and Other Poems of New Caledonia" (1946). "Formula" (1947). "The Welcome" (1948). "Erotic Elegies of Albius [Albius Tibullus], with Poems of Sulpicius Arranged as a Sequence Called No Harm to Lovers" (1950). "A Little Treasury of World Poetry: Translations from the Great Poets of Other Languages" (1952). "The Chain in the Heart" (1953). "Lyrics of the Middle Ages" (1959). "Satires of Decimus Junius Juvenalis" (1963). "Daffodils Are Dangerous" (1966). Hubert Creekmore Hubert Creekmore (16 January 1907 – 23 May 1966) was an American poet and author from the small Mississippi town of Water Document [20] (Title: Good Morrow) holder of that post) to write an appropriate work to be performed by the choir of St. George's at their Annual Concert in Windsor on 9 December 1929. Elgar conducted the choir, and the performance was broadcast to the nation. Elgar found the poem, called ""You that have spent the silent night"" in a volume of poems by George Gascoigne entitled ""A hundreth Sundrie Floures bound up in one small Posie"". from which he extracted five verses. He gave the poem a hymn-like setting, possibly from music he had written in his youth, which he called 'just a simple tune'. Document [21] (Title: The Magician's Apprentice (Doctor Who)) episode is a blue-and-silver model as first seen in 1963. Clara, upon deducing the Doctor's location and intent, says "Do not go gentle into that good night", the first line of the titular poem by Dylan Thomas. When the Doctor spies Clara and Missy, he plays the opening notes to Roy Orbison's "Oh, Pretty Woman". The Doctor's playing electric guitar and teaching medieval people the term "dude" echoes the movies "Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure" and "Bill & Ted's Bogus Journey", films featuring two rocker teens who travel back in time – in a telephone call box – and teach Document [22] (Title: Aileen Fisher) Life" magazine in 1927, was "Otherwise". This nine-line poem, opening "There must be magic, Otherwise, How could day turn into night?", has been reprinted in a number of anthologies and is still used in schools. Fisher continued to sell to poetry magazines after the publication of her first volume, "The Coffee-Pot Face", in 1933. A collection of poems about everyday things like lady bugs, tummy aches and icicles, it was illustrated by her own silhouette drawings, and became a Junior Literary Guild Selection. More than twenty poetry collections followed, including "Up the Windy Hill: A Book of Merry Verses with Document [23] (Title: William Fuller (bishop)) the Earls of Darnley. Several poems by Fuller were set by Henry Purcell. His 1688 song An Evening Hymn (Z.193) is one of the most well known. Now that the sun has veil'd his Light, And bid the World good Night; To the soft Bed my Body I dispose, But where shall my Soul repose? Dear God, even in thy Arms, and can there be Any so sweet Security? Then to thy Rest, O my Soul, and singing, praise The Mercy that prolongs thy Days. Hallelujah. The first four lines were also used by the 1980s punk band Crass as Document [24] (Title: Good Night (Beatles song)) Good Night (Beatles song) "Good Night" is a song by the Beatles, composed by John Lennon, but credited to Lennon–McCartney. It is sung by Ringo Starr, the only Beatle to appear on the track. The music was provided by an orchestra arranged and conducted by George Martin. It is the last song on the Beatles' 1968 album "The Beatles" (also known as the "White Album"). John Lennon wrote the song as a lullaby for his five-year-old son Julian. The original version of "Good Night" featured George Harrison and John Lennon playing the melody on guitars with them and Paul McCartney Document [25] (Title: Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep) Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep "Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep" is a poem written in 1932 by Mary Elizabeth Frye. Although the origin of the poem was disputed until later in her life, Mary Frye's authorship was confirmed in 1998 after research by Abigail Van Buren, a newspaper columnist. There have been many claimants to the poem's authorship, including attributions to traditional and Native American origins. "Dear Abby" author Abigail Van Buren researched the poem's history and concluded in 1998 that Mary Elizabeth Frye, who was living in Baltimore at the time, had written Document [26] (Title: Do not go gentle into that good night) Do not go gentle into that good night "Do not go gentle into that good night" is a poem in the form of a villanelle, and the most famous work of Welsh poet Dylan Thomas (1914–1953). Though first published in the journal "Botteghe Oscure" in 1951, it was written in 1947 when Thomas was in Florence with his family. It was published, along with other stories previously written, as part of Thomas' "In Country Sleep, And Other Poems" of 1952. It has been suggested that the poem was written for Thomas' dying father, although he did not die until just Document [27] (Title: Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep) I am the sunlight, I am the rain / Do not stand on my grave and cry / I am not there / I did not die". Several notable choral compositions, pop songs, and other creative works have been based on "Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep", adapting lines from Frye's poem as lyrics. Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep "Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep" is a poem written in 1932 by Mary Elizabeth Frye. Although the origin of the poem was disputed until later in her life, Mary Frye's authorship was confirmed Document [28] (Title: Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep) the poem in 1932. According to Van Buren's research, Frye had never written any poetry, but the plight of a German Jewish woman, Margaret Schwarzkopf, who was staying with her and her husband, had inspired the poem. Margaret Schwarzkopf was concerned about her mother, who was ill in Germany, but she had been warned not to return home because of increasing unrest. When her mother died, the heartbroken young woman told Frye that she never had the chance to "stand by my mother's grave and shed a tear". Frye, according to Van Buren's research, found herself composing a piece of Document [29] (Title: Ethel Lynn Beers) poem, "All Quiet Along the Potomac Tonight", first appeared in "Harper's Weekly" on November 30, 1861, under the title "The Picket Guard". Her poems — including other notable works like "Weighing the Baby", "Which Shall It Be?", and "Baby Looking Out For Me" — appeared in many publications, most frequently the "New York Ledger". In 1863 she published "General Frankie: a Story for Little Folks". She feared publishing her collected works as she thought she would die after its publication, a premonition which came true. The day after the publication of "All Quiet Along the Potomac and Other Poems" she Document [30] (Title: Do not go gentle festival) and the poets former home at 5 Cwmdonkin Drive. The festival concentrates on literature and music, but also features theatre, film and art. The program is mainly made up of Welsh musicians, poets and writers but has also featured acts from as far afield as Ireland, Denmark and Brittany. Headline acts have included comedian Jo Brand, Twin Town director Kevin Allen, poet John Hegley, comedian Phil Kay and Hollywood actor Rhys Ifans Do not go gentle festival Do Not Go Gentle festival is an annual arts festival, founded in 2012, that takes place in Swansea, Wales. The festival is held Document [31] (Title: Eliot Zborowski) had been an exceptional night that would be remembered for decades. The following Sunday, the Vicar of Melton chose as his text for a sermon, Ephesians 5:11 ‘Have no fellowship with the unfruitful works of darkness, but rather reprove them’. After discussion it was decided not to take him to task over the matter, as he was thought to have already made a sufficient fool of himself. And despite all, that room-full of 25 had written an entry in Melton’s history – the night of the Midnight Steeplechase. In 1898, following a friend’s motorised visit, Eliot bought a de Dion Document [32] (Title: George Matheson) his hymns, "O Love That Wilt Not Let Me Go," has passed into the popular hymnology of the Christian Church. Matheson himself wrote of the composition: "O Love That Wilt Not Let Me Go" was written on the evening of Matheson’s sister’s marriage. Years before, he had been engaged, until his fiancée learned that he was going blind—that there was nothing the doctors could do—and she told him that she could not go through life with a blind man. He went blind while studying for the ministry, and his sister had been the one to care for him through the Document [33] (Title: Come, Gentle Night!) Come, Gentle Night! "Come, Gentle Night!" is a poem by Clifton Bingham set to music by the English composer Edward Elgar in 1901. It is a song for soprano voice, the title page advertising that it was sung by Madame Clara Butt. The song was written at the same time as Elgar's "Cockaigne", and published in 1901 by Boosey & Co. in London and New York. In his book on Elgar, Thomas Dunhill criticised this and others of his songs, finding it "...almost unbelievable that a composer of such power and distinction should have been willing to attach his name Document [34] (Title: Prussian Nights) . . At such moments I was both free and happy . . . Some prisoners tried to escape by smashing a car through the barbed wire. For me there was no barbed wire. The head count of prisoners remained unchanged, but I was actually away on a distant flight." He wrote down the poem between the 1950s and 1970s. He made a recording of it in 1969; it was not published in Russian until 1974 when it was published in Paris, France. A German translation was done by Nikolaus Ehlert in 1976, and it was officially first translated into Document [35] (Title: Dangerous Minds) to introduce them to poetry, LouAnne uses the lyrics of Bob Dylan's "Mr. Tambourine Man" to teach symbolism and metaphor; once this is achieved, she progresses on to Dylan Thomas's "Do not go gentle into that good night". LouAnne rewards the students liberally, using candy bars, reward incentives, and a trip to a theme park. Her methods attract the anger of the school authorities, George Grandey and Carla Nichols, who try to force her to remain within the curriculum. Particular individual students attract LouAnne's attention for their personal problems. Raul Sanchero is a well-meaning boy who is frequently involved in Document [36] (Title: One Art) or published. Bishop's life was marked by loss and instability, which is reflected in many of the poems of "Geography III". "One Art" is narrated by a speaker who details losing small items, which gradually become more significant, moving, for example, from the misplacement of "door keys" to the loss of "two cities" where the speaker presumably lived. The poem is a villanelle, an originally French poetic form known for generally dealing with pastoral themes. Brad Leithauser wrote of the poem that, in addition to "Do not go gentle into that good night" by Dylan Thomas, that it "...might have Document [37] (Title: Let America be America Again) living. Selling a poem or a story every few months, he called himself a "literary sharecropper." Fate, he said, "never intended for me to have a full pocket of anything but manuscripts." Hughes finished the poem in a night but did not regard it as one of his best. It did not appear in his early anthologies and was only revived in the 1990s, first in a public reading by Supreme Court justice Thurgood Marshall, later as a title for museum shows. The title of this poem was used by Democratic United States senator John Kerry as a campaign slogan Document [38] (Title: The Shakespeare Code) by Terrance Dicks. The planet Rexel 4 is named in an episode of "The Tomorrow People" from 1974. The Doctor quotes the line, "Rage, rage against the dying of the light," from "Do not go gentle into that good night" by Dylan Thomas — but warns Shakespeare he cannot use it as it is "somebody else's". The episode was Gareth Roberts' first writing credit proper on the show, however he had written for Doctor Who many times before. He started writing some Virgin New Adventures, a series of "Doctor Who" novels, with "The Highest Science" (1993). He went on to Document [39] (Title: Good Night (Beatles song)) A one-second clip of the song is heard on the Paul McCartney album "Liverpool Sound Collage" at 3:38 on the track "Plastic Beetle". Good Night (Beatles song) "Good Night" is a song by the Beatles, composed by John Lennon, but credited to Lennon–McCartney. It is sung by Ringo Starr, the only Beatle to appear on the track. The music was provided by an orchestra arranged and conducted by George Martin. It is the last song on the Beatles' 1968 album "The Beatles" (also known as the "White Album"). John Lennon wrote the song as a lullaby for his five-year-old son Document [40] (Title: Wiegenlied (Brahms)) Clara Schumann (piano). The lyrics of the first verse are from the collection of German folk poems, "Des Knaben Wunderhorn" and the second stanza was written by (1824–1909) in 1849. <poem> Brahms version Guten Abend, gut' Nacht, mit Rosen bedacht, mit Näglein besteckt, schlupf unter die Deck': Morgen früh, wenn Gott will, wirst du wieder geweckt. Guten Abend, gut' Nacht, von Englein bewacht, die zeigen im Traum dir Christkindleins Baum: schlaf nun selig und süss, schau im Traum 's Paradies.</poem> <poem> English literal translation Good evening, good night, With roses covered, With cloves adorned, Slip under the covers. Tomorrow morning, Document [41] (Title: So, we'll go no more a roving) the latter part of it, and sitting up late o' nights--had knocked me up a little. But it is over--and it is now Lent, with all its abstinence and sacred music... Though I did not dissipate much upon the whole, yet I find 'the sword wearing out the scabbard,' though I have but just turned the corner of twenty nine." The poem seems to have been suggested in part by the refrain of a Scottish song known as "The Jolly Beggar." The Jolly Beggar was published in Herd's "Scots Songs" in 1776, 41 years before Byron's letter, and goes partially Document [42] (Title: George Kline) Muddy Roads, “Exhaustion now is a more frequent guest,” Evening, “Refusing to catalogue all of one’s woes,” Einem alten Architekten in Rom] (with introductory note), Antaeus, No. 6 (1972): 99-113. Three Poems by Joseph Brodsky [Two Hours in an Empty Tank, September the First, “ Quilt-jacketed, a tree-surgeon”], New Leader, Vol. 55, No. 24 (Dec. 11, 1972): 3-4. “Joseph Brodsky’s ‘The tenant finds his new house wholly strange’,” The Nation, Vol. 216, No. 1 (Jan. 1, 1973), 28. Three Poems by Joseph Brodsky [“The days glide over me,” “In villages God does not live only,” and, From Gorbunov and Gorchakov, Document [43] (Title: Loring Mandel) first Emmy for "Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night" on "CBS Playhouse". In 1971–72, he was head writer on the CBS Daytime serial "Love of Life", for which he won the 1973 . His best known and most acclaimed work was the 2001 TV film "Conspiracy", which dramatized the 1942 Wannsee Conference and featured an ensemble cast, including Kenneth Branagh, Stanley Tucci, and Colin Firth. The film was nominated for multiple awards and Mandel personally won the 2001 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing For a Miniseries or a Movie. In 2004, Mandel received the Paddy Chayefsky lifetime Document [44] (Title: The Song of the Cheerful (but slightly Sarcastic) Jesus) The Song of the Cheerful (but slightly Sarcastic) Jesus "The Song of the Cheerful (but slightly Sarcastic) Jesus" is a poem by Oliver St. John Gogarty. It was written around Christmas of 1904 and was later published in modified form as "The Ballad of Joking Jesus" in James Joyce's "Ulysses". The poem, like many of Oliver Gogarty's humorous verses, was written for the private amusement of his friends. In the summer of 1905, he sent a copy to James Joyce, then living in Trieste, via their mutual acquaintance Vincent Cosgrave. Joyce and Gogarty had quarreled the previous autumn, and Cosgrave Document [45] (Title: A Visit from St. Nicholas) concludes that Livingston is the true author of the classic work. Notes Further reading A Visit from St. Nicholas "A Visit from St. Nicholas", more commonly known as "The Night Before Christmas" and "Twas the Night Before Christmas" from its first line, is a poem first published anonymously in 1823 and later attributed to Clement Clarke Moore, who claimed authorship in 1837. Some commentators now believe the poem was written by Henry Livingston Jr.. The poem has been called "arguably the best-known verses ever written by an American" and is largely responsible for some of the conceptions of Santa Claus Document [46] (Title: Thomas Burke (author)) middle class boys who were "[r]espectably descended but without adequate means to their support." When Burke turned sixteen he started working as an office boy, a job that he deeply detested. In 1901, he published his first professional written work entitled "The Bellamy Diamonds" in the magazine "Spare Moments". He also edited some anthologies of children's poetry that were published in 1910–1913. In 1915, Burke published "Nights in Town: A London Autobiography," which featured his descriptions of working-class London nightlife including the essay, 'A Chinese Night, Limehouse' However, it was not until the publication of "Limehouse Nights" in 1916 that Document [47] (Title: Aslaug Låstad Lygre) first poetry collection was 1943's "No blømer alle rosene" ("Now All the Roses Bloom"). In her next collection, "Eld av steinar" ("Fire From Rocks", 1948) she coined the phrase "Vi skal ikkje sova bort sumarnatta" ("We shall not sleep away the summer night"), widely used today even out of its context. The poem was also given melody by Geirr Tveitt. Her next releases were "Den einsame roaren" (1952), "Rit di rune" (1957), "Fest i september" (1960) and "Primulakveld" (1964). In 1964 she won the Gyldendal's Endowment. She died on 20 December 1966 in Bergen. A monument to her was erected Document [48] (Title: Richard Lovelace) he wrote almost 200 poems. His first work was a drama, "The Scholars", never published but performed at college and then in London. In 1640, he wrote a tragedy, "The Soldier" based on his military experience. When serving in the Bishops' Wars, he wrote the sonnet "To Generall Goring", a poem of Bacchanalian celebration rather than a glorification of military action. "To Lucasta, Going to the Warres", written in 1640, concerned his first political action. "To Althea, From Prison" was written during his first imprisonment in 1642. Later that year, during his travels to Holland with General Goring, he wrote Document [49] (Title: Elizabeth Akers Allen) women's club Sorosis, which had many writer members. Allen is best known for the first couplet of her sentimental poem "Rock Me to Sleep, Mother" (1859), which was written during her European sojourn and first published in the "Saturday Evening Post" of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Though it is not considered her finest work, it was very popular during the American Civil War, and for some years, she was forced to dispute its authorship with a number of claimants. The first couplet runs: Backward, turn backward, O time, in thy flight; Make me a child again, just for to-night. During the Civil Document [50] (Title: Dylan Thomas) Paul Ferris describes as "unusually blunt"; the ribald "Lament" and an ode, in the form of a villanelle, to his dying father "Do not go gentle into that good night". Despite a range of wealthy patrons, including Margaret Taylor, Princess Marguerite Caetani and Marged Howard-Stepney, Thomas was still in financial difficulty, and he wrote several begging letters to notable literary figures including the likes of T. S. Eliot. Taylor was not keen on Thomas taking another trip to the United States, and thought that if Thomas had a permanent address in London he would be able to gain steady work Document [51] (Title: Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep) bomb in Northern Ireland. The soldier's father read the poem on BBC radio in 1995 in remembrance of his son, who had left the poem among his personal effects in an envelope addressed 'To all my loved ones'. The poem is common reading for funerals. To coincide with National Poetry Day 1995, the British television programme "The Bookworm" conducted a poll to discover the nation's favourite poems, and subsequently published the winning poems in book form. The book's preface stated that "Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep" was "the unexpected poetry success of the year from Bookworm's point Document [52] (Title: Rose Hartwick Thorpe) fire trucks and city website show the symbol of a bell reading "Curfew Shall Not Ring Tonight." A bell in the center of Litchfield commemorates the poem and Thorpe's time spent in the town. Rose Hartwick Thorpe Rose Hartwick Thorpe (July 18, 1850 – July 19, 1939) was an American poet and writer, remembered largely for the narrative poem, "Curfew Must Not Ring Tonight" (1867), which gained national popularity. It was translated into nearly every language of the world, and was universally recognized as a veritable classic. Other poems followed, among them being "The Station Agent's Story," "Red Cross," and Document [53] (Title: The American Night) poetry, a storeowner admitted that "[t]hey sell better." The American Night The American Night is a volume of poetry written by Jim Morrison, front-man for the 1960s psychedelic rock group, The Doors, and published posthumously in 1991, 20 years after his death (to the month) by Random House under the trade name imprint Villard Publishing. The book is structured into 10 sections. The title is eponymous with a poem that appears on the album "American Prayer", itself a collection of spoken word and musical vignettes released in 1978. The book consists of his theories on night which the publisher describes Document [54] (Title: Hamid Mosadegh) all life's night, Prowl for searching twilight. Remember us kindly and by heart." The words are from one of his last poems in "Shir-e-Sorkh" (the Red Lion) book, which talks mostly with Iranian youth, giving them hope for a better future, asking them to remember those who had worked for a better future in the country but did not make it to see the upcoming bright days. He has also published other books in the field of Law. Hamid Mosadegh Hamid Mosadegh (also spelled Mosaddegh and Mosadeq, , January 31, 1940, Shahreza, Isfahan, Iran – 28 November 1998, Tehran, Iran) Document [55] (Title: Charles Tory Bruce) accompanying the Royal Air Force into the ill-fated Battle of Arnhem, but was located safe and alive several days later. By 1945, he was general superintendent of the news agency, holding that role until his retirement in 1963. As a creative writer, he published the poetry collections "Wild Apples" (1927), "Tomorrow's Tide" (1932), "Personal Note" (1941), "Grey Ship Moving" (1945), "The Flowing Summer" (1947) and "The Mulgrave Road" (1951), the novel "The Channel Shore" (1954) and the short story collection "The Township of Time" (1959). His poetry also appeared in magazines such as "Harper's", "Saturday Night", "Canadian Poetry" and "The Document [56] (Title: Lawrence Dobkin) "Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night" (1967). In 1991, Dobkin appeared in an episode of the television series "Night Court" as State Supreme Court Justice Welch. As a writer, Dobkin created the title character for the 1974 film and the 1977–1978 NBC series "The Life and Times of Grizzly Adams". He began directing for television in 1960, and his work in this area included the pilot and episodes of "The Munsters" (1964), 16 episodes of "The Waltons" (1972–1981), and an episode of "Sara" (1976). Dobkin also appeared in several episodes of "I Love Lucy": ("Ricky and Fred Are Document [57] (Title: Do not go gentle festival) Do not go gentle festival Do Not Go Gentle festival is an annual arts festival, founded in 2012, that takes place in Swansea, Wales. The festival is held over 3 days around the Edwardian suburb of Uplands. Uplands is famous for being the birthplace of Welsh poet Dylan Thomas, and the festival has taken its name from the poets poem "Do not go gentle into that goodnight". According to founder Pierre Donahue the event is curated with the idea "It's a festival Dylan might have liked". The events are held in a collection of small venues that includes bars, cafes Document [58] (Title: William Henry Ogilvie) life: It was accepted he wrote about the Australian bush with romanticism. The poem "A Scotch night" (also known as "The wee Scotch night" and "A braw Scotch nicht") is well-associated with Ogilvie, first published under his own name in "The Bulletin" in Australia. There was an attempt by one person to 'pirate it in Scotland, but Mr. Ogilvie promptly exposed the dishonest trick'. Despite all this, the poem was the one for which he sought not to be remembered. Thinking it more suited to the traditional music halls, Will H. Ogilvie desired something more serious. Some of his work Document [59] (Title: Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun) late T'ang", translated by A.C. Graham). Among the borrowed lines from Chinese poetry (as translated by Graham) were those written by Li He, whose poem "Don't Go Out of the Door" contains the line ""Witness the man who raved at the wall as he wrote his questions to Heaven"", Li Shangyin, whose poetry contained the lines ""watch little by little the night turns around"", "countless the twigs which tremble in dawn" and "one inch of love is one inch of ashes", and Du Mu, whose poetry contained the line ""Lotuses lean on each other in yearning"" (多少綠荷相倚恨). In a negative Document [60] (Title: Red Cotton Night-Cap Country) he had not read the poem through: It is not necessary to traverse every square mile of the Great Desert to know that its scenery is tame. We have read enough to know both the story and the manner in which it is told, and to enter our strong protest against the endeavour to glorify an illicit love with one who had been in succession a profligate woman and an unfaithful wife…It can only be characterized as harmless because the class of people who would be liable to be harmed by it will not understand nor even read it. Thomas Document [61] (Title: Edward Powys Mathers) Asiatic Love Poems" (1920); and of the Kashmiri poet Bilhana in "Bilhana: Black Marigolds" (1919), a free interpretation in the tradition of Edward FitzGerald, quoted at length in John Steinbeck’s novel “Cannery Row”. These are not scholarly works, and are in some cases based on intermediate versions in European languages. Some of his translations were set to music by Aaron Copland. He was also a composer of cryptic crosswords for "The Observer" under the pseudonym "Torquemada" from 1926 until his death. Under this pseudonym, he reviewed detective stories from 1934 to 1939. Edward Powys Mathers Edward Powys Mathers (28 August Document [62] (Title: Night-Thoughts) Night-Thoughts The Complaint: or, Night-Thoughts on Life, Death, & Immortality, better known simply as Night-Thoughts, is a long poem by Edward Young published in nine parts (or "nights") between 1742 and 1745. The poem is written in blank verse. It describes the poet's musings on death over a series of nine "nights" in which he ponders the loss of his wife and friends, and laments human frailties. The best-known line in the poem (at the end of "Night I") is the adage "procrastination is the thief of time", which is part of a passage in which the poet discusses how Document [63] (Title: Clear Light of Day) (Now Sleeps the Crimson Petal, Now the White), Lord Byron (Isles of Greece) Sir Muhammad Iqbal ("Thou didst create...into an antidote", and "Your world is the world...over my world you have dominion") Algernon Charles Swinburne (The Garden of Proserpine) and D. H. Lawrence (Ship of Death). The poetry each serves to convey not only a particular aspect involved in the poem, but also the importance of education. In 1980 "Clear Light of Day" was shortlisted for the Man Booker Prize, although it did not win. Clear Light of Day Clear Light of Day is a novel published in 1980 by Document [64] (Title: Dylan Thomas) Dylan Thomas Dylan Marlais Thomas (27 October 1914 – 9 November 1953) was a Welsh poet and writer whose works include the poems "Do not go gentle into that good night" and "And death shall have no dominion"; the 'play for voices' "Under Milk Wood"; and stories and radio broadcasts such as "A Child's Christmas in Wales" and "Portrait of the Artist as a Young Dog". He became widely popular in his lifetime and remained so after his premature death at the age of 39 in New York City. By then he had acquired a reputation, which he had encouraged, Document [65] (Title: Anne Mary Lawler) for the "Public Ledger" and in her personal time wrote radio scripts, short stories, and novelettes. Lawler's most famous poem, "October," first appeared in "The American Book of Days" by George William Douglas, published by H. W. Wilson Company in 1937. Other Lawler poems within the book introduced the monthly chapters of January, February, April, June, August, and November (as well as October). In 1938 Theodore Roosevelt and Alice Roosevelt Longworth compiled and selected poetry for their book "The Desk Drawer Anthology: Poems for the American People", published by Doubleday. In this book Lawler's famous poem "Lines for Insomnia" appeared Document [66] (Title: It is a beauteous evening, calm and free) by to the East. It must have been a beautiful sight and Dorothy, a knowledgeable observer of the night sky, must have been aware of it, possibly prevented from recording it earlier in her journal by the poor weather they had experienced journeying down from the North. Some forty years later, six weeks as it happened after the death of Annette Vallon on 10 January the preceding month, Wordsworth composed these lines which were published in 1842: It is a beauteous evening, calm and free "It is a beauteous evening, calm and free" is a sonnet by William Wordsworth written Document [67] (Title: Into That Good Night) Into That Good Night Into That Good Night is the season 9 finale of "Roseanne" and was the original show's series finale until the revival and the tenth season premiered in 2018. The episode aired May 20, 1997 on ABC. After a panned season, this episode undid all the plot progressions since the Conners winning the lottery by claiming it was all a fictionalization. This confused and annoyed many critics, and it remains one of the most controversial finales of all time. The title refers to the poem "Do not go gentle into that good night" by Dylan Thomas. The Document [68] (Title: The Good-Morrow) map showing two worlds, while Walker maintains that the reference is to a map showing only one. The Good-Morrow "The Good-Morrow" is a poem by John Donne, published in his 1633 collection "Songs and Sonnets". Written while Donne was a student at Lincoln's Inn, the poem is one of his earliest works and is thematically considered to be the "first" work in "Songs and Sonnets". Although referred to as a sonnet, the work does not follow the most common rhyming scheme of such works—a 14-line poem, consisting of an eight-line stanza followed by a six-line conclusion—but is instead 21 lines Document [69] (Title: Against the Dying of the Light) Jewers described his approach to the film as: The title of the film comes from a villanelle written for his dying father by the twentieth century Welsh poet Dylan Thomas, "Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night". Against the Dying of the Light Against the Dying of the Light is a documentary film about the work of the National Screen and Sound Archive of Wales. Consisting of interviews with Welsh directors, actors and public figures about the significance that film (particularly amateur film) has played in their lives, it achieved a limited UK cinema release in 2001. The film Document [70] (Title: Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night (film)) actor Lawrence Dobkin and a win in the category of best actor for Melvyn Douglas in the lead role. Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night (film) Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night is a 1967 television play broadcast as part of the "CBS Playhouse" series. The teleplay, its title taken from the first line of a Dylan Thomas poem, tells the story of a carpenter who has built his own home, but is now too old and infirm to live on his own and is sent to live in an old age home against his desires. Document [71] (Title: Curfew Must Not Ring Tonight) Curfew Must Not Ring Tonight Curfew Must Not Ring Tonight is a narrative poem by Rose Hartwick Thorpe, written in 1867 and set in the 17th century. It was written when she was 16 years old and first published in "Detroit Commercial Advertiser". The story involves Bessie, a young woman whose lover, Basil Underwood, has been arrested, thrown in prison by the Puritans and sentenced to die that night when the curfew bell rings. Knowing that Oliver Cromwell will be late in arriving, the young woman begs the old sexton to prevent the ringing of the curfew bell. When he Document [72] (Title: Silent Night) priest John Freeman Young, then serving at Trinity Church, New York City, wrote and published the English translation that is most frequently sung today, translated from three of Mohr's original six verses. The version of the melody that is generally used today is a slow, meditative lullaby or pastorale, differing slightly (particularly in the final strain) from Gruber's original, which was a "moderato" tune in time and siciliana rhythm. Today, the lyrics and melody are in the public domain, although newer translations usually are not. In 1998 the Silent Night Museum (Saltzburg, Austria), commissioned a new English translation by Bettina Document [73] (Title: The Red Wheelbarrow) doctor). The story goes that as he sat there, deeply concerned about the child, he looked out the window, saw that image, and penned those words. I remember well the sneer associated with sentimentality in the university English classes of the early 70s. William Carlos Williams' celebrated red wheelbarrow poem was written after a night at the bedside of a desperately sick child, but to directly mention the child and describe that situation would have been to court pathos. Such a poem would have been fit only for greeting cards or the poor souls who didn't know any better than Document [74] (Title: Philomela) of love / And joyance!" (lines 40–42). At the poem's conclusion, Coleridge writes of a father taking his crying son outside in the night: <poem> And he beheld the moon, and, hushed at once, Suspends his sobs, and laughs most silently, While his fair eyes, that swam with undropped tears,' Did glitter in the yellow moon-beam! Well!— It is a father’s tale: But if that Heaven Should give me life, his childhood shall grow up Familiar with these songs, that with the night He may associate joy.— </poem> Coleridge, and his friend William Wordsworth (1770–1850) who called the nightingale a Document [75] (Title: Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep) verse on a brown paper shopping bag. Later she said that the words "just came to her" and expressed what she felt about life and death. Frye circulated the poem privately, never publishing or copyrighting it. She wrote other poems, but this, her first, endured. Her obituary in "The Times" stated that she was the author of the famous poem, which has been recited at funerals and on other appropriate occasions around the world for 60 years. The poem was introduced to many in the United Kingdom when it was read by the father of a soldier killed by a Document [76] (Title: God Bless America) the political right, so he substituted "through the night" instead. He also provided an introduction that is now rarely heard but which Smith always used: "While the storm clouds gather far across the sea / Let us swear allegiance to a land that's free / Let us all be grateful for a land so fair, / As we raise our voices in a solemn prayer." (In her first broadcast of the song, Kate Smith sang "that we're far from there" rather than "for a land so fair".) This was changed when Berlin published the sheet music in March 1939. Woody Document [77] (Title: It is a beauteous evening, calm and free) It is a beauteous evening, calm and free "It is a beauteous evening, calm and free" is a sonnet by William Wordsworth written at Calais in August 1802. It was first published in the collection "Poems, in Two Volumes" in 1807, appearing as the nineteenth poem in a section entitled 'Miscellaneous sonnets'. The sonnet describes an evening walk on the beach with his nine-year-old daughter Caroline Vallon. Wordsworth reflects that if his young daughter is seemingly unaffected by the majesty of the scene it is because, being young, she is naturally at one with nature. Until that Friday 21 May Document [78] (Title: Pass Me Not, O Gentle Saviour) a guest vocalist. A music video was produced for this single which charted as well. Pass Me Not, O Gentle Saviour "Pass Me Not, O Gentle Savior" is a 19th-century American hymn written by Fanny Crosby in 1868, set to music by William H. Doane in 1870. The hymn has been recorded by singers including Reggie Houston, Cyrus Chestnut, Bill Gaither, and Lyle Lovett. Bob Dylan performed this song live to open five concerts in his 2002 American tour. In 1991 hip hop artist MC Hammer released a version of the hymn entitled "Do Not Pass Me By" on his Document [79] (Title: Do not go gentle into that good night) the last line of the second and fourth stanzas, and the third line of the first stanza serves as the last line of the third and fifth stanzas. The rhyme-and-refrain pattern of the villanelle can be schematized as AbA abA abA abA abA abAA where letters ("a" and "b") indicate the two rhyme sounds, upper case indicates a refrain ("A"), and superscript numerals ( and ) indicate Refrain 1 and Refrain 2. The pattern is below set against the poem: Do not go gentle into that good night "Do not go gentle into that good night" is a poem in Document [80] (Title: Works of Rabindranath Tagore) Harding's 2008 viral video. In 1917 his words were translated adeptly and set to music by Anglo-Dutch composer Richard Hageman to produce a highly regarded art song: "Do Not Go, My Love". The second movement of Jonathan Harvey's "One Evening" (1994) sets an excerpt beginning "As I was watching the sunrise ..." from a letter of Tagore's, this composer having previously chosen a text by the poet for his piece "Song Offerings" (1985). Song VII of "Gitanjali": Tagore's free-verse translation: "Klanti" (; "Weariness"): Gloss by Tagore scholar Reba Som: Tagore was a prolific composer, with 2,230 songs to his credit. Document [81] (Title: Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night (film)) Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night (film) Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night is a 1967 television play broadcast as part of the "CBS Playhouse" series. The teleplay, its title taken from the first line of a Dylan Thomas poem, tells the story of a carpenter who has built his own home, but is now too old and infirm to live on his own and is sent to live in an old age home against his desires. It was broadcast in October 1967, and was eventually nominated for five Emmy awards, including a nomination for supporting Document [82] (Title: The World's Last Night and Other Essays) line and title of a poem by seventh-century poet John Donne (1572-1631). That poem, "Holy Sonnet XIII: What If This Present Were The World's Last Night?" raises the question of how we should live if the world were ending today. Originally entitled "Christian Hope--Its Meaning for Today," this essay was first printed in the periodical "Religion in Life" (Winter 1952-53). Its purpose is stated in the first paragraph of the essay: "I shall endeavor to deal with some of the thoughts that may deter modern men from a firm belief in, or a due attention to, the return or Second Document [83] (Title: Curfew Must Not Ring Tonight) 1843. In this account, the young woman, Blanche Heriot, has a lover known as Neville Audley, and the action takes place during the Wars of the Roses in 1471. Thorpe wrote her poem in 1867 while living in Litchfield, Michigan. She traded the manuscript to a Detroit newspaper in exchange for a subscription. The poem, a favorite of Queen Victoria's, was one of the most popular of the 19th century, but later faded into obscurity. An 8-foot monument in Litchfield, Michigan along State Highway 99 honors the connection to that town and the poem and author. In the 1890s, playwright Document [84] (Title: A Child's Christmas in Wales) 22 February 1952, Thomas recorded five of his poems: "In the white giant's thigh", "Fern Hill", "Do not go gentle into that good night", "Ballad of the Long-legged Bait", and "Ceremony After a Fire Raid". When they asked him what he would use to fill up the LP's B-side, rather than more poetry, Thomas preferred a story. He could not remember its actual title and said that he wanted to read, as he phrased it, ""A Child's Christmas in Wales"". On the day of recording, Thomas arrived at the studio without a copy of his story. A copy of "Harper's Document [85] (Title: Dylan Thomas) unclassifiable." Olson continued that in a postmodern age that continually attempted to demand that poetry have social reference, none could be found in Thomas's work, and that his work was so obscure that critics could not explicate it. Thomas's verbal style played against strict verse forms, such as in the villanelle "Do not go gentle into that good night". His images were carefully ordered in a patterned sequence, and his major theme was the unity of all life, the continuing process of life and death and new life that linked the generations. Thomas saw biology as a magical transformation producing Document [86] (Title: Eugene O'Neill) where he was recovering from tuberculosis, he decided to devote himself full-time to writing plays (the events immediately prior to going to the sanatorium are dramatized in his masterpiece, "Long Day's Journey into Night"). O'Neill had previously been employed by the "New London Telegraph", writing poetry as well as reporting. In the fall of 1914, he entered Harvard University to attend a course in dramatic technique given by Professor George Baker. He left after one year and did not complete the course. During the 1910s O'Neill was a regular on the Greenwich Village literary scene, where he also befriended many Document [87] (Title: Go to Sleep (Loïc Nottet song)) countries, in celebration of Christmas. A minimally produced piano ballad, Nottet's vocal delivery is set in piano. According to Roy Knoops of ESCToday, "Go to Sleep" lyrically discusses "the power of love and friendship, even in difficult times". Lyrics include: "Don't you worry babe so go to sleep/And save your tears/I know the dreamer last within/Let's wish to fly/Just you and I/So close your eyes to stop your cries/Baby go to sleep". Music critics met "Go to Sleep" with favourable reviews upon its release. ESCToday's Roy Knoops called the song "gentle yet poignant", while noting that it "captures the true Document [88] (Title: Days of Wine and Roses (film)) and looks through the window down the dark street as she walks away. When Debbie asks "Is she going to get well?" he answers gently, "I did, didn't I?" Again Joe looks down the street, the bar's flashing sign reflecting in his window. JP Miller found his title in the 1896 poem "Vitae Summa Brevis Spem Nos Vetat Incohare Longam" by the English writer Ernest Dowson (1867–1900): It also inspired the title song devised by Henry Mancini and Johnny Mercer. Coincidentally, Johnny Mercer, who wrote the lyrics for the title tune, had also written the lyrics for the theme from Document [89] (Title: Villanelle) protagonist Stephen Dedalus. William Empson revived the villanelle more seriously in the 1930s, and his contemporaries and friends W. H. Auden and Dylan Thomas also picked up the form. Dylan Thomas's "Do not go gentle into that good night" is perhaps the most renowned villanelle of all. Theodore Roethke and Sylvia Plath wrote villanelles in the 1950s and 1960s, and Elizabeth Bishop wrote a particularly famous and influential villanelle, "One Art," in 1976. The villanelle reached an unprecedented level of popularity in the 1980s and 1990s with the rise of the New Formalism. Since then, many contemporary poets have written Document [90] (Title: The City of Dreadful Night) The City of Dreadful Night The City of Dreadful Night is a long poem by the Scottish poet James "B.V." Thomson, written between 1870 and 1873, and published in the "National Reformer" in 1874, then in 1880 in a book entitled "The City of Dreadful Night and Other Poems." Thomson, who sometimes used the pseudonym "Bysshe Vanolis" — in honour of Percy Bysshe Shelley and Novalis — was a thorough pessimist, suffering from lifelong melancholia and clinical depression, as well as a wanderlust that took him to Colorado and to Spain, among other places. The "City of Dreadful Night" that Document [91] (Title: Acquainted with the Night) poem is written in strict iambic pentameter, with 14 lines like a sonnet, and with a terza rima rhyme scheme, which follows the complex pattern, aba bcb cdc dad aa. Terza rima ("third rhyme") was invented by the Italian poet Dante Alighieri for his epic poem "The Divine Comedy". Because Italian is a language in which many words have vowel endings, terza rima is much less difficult to write in Italian than it is in English. Because of its difficulty, very few writers in English have attempted the form. However, Frost was a master of many forms, and "Acquainted With Document [92] (Title: Lines on an Autumnal Evening) poem was included in Coleridge's 1796 collection with publications following in 1797, 1803, 1828, 1829, and 1834. It is documented that, on 7 November 1793, Coleridge read the poem to his friends from college. Of those hearing the poem was Christopher Wordsworth, William Wordsworth's younger brother, that later described Coleridge's poem "sickly diction". Coleridge was accused of taking from Samuel Roger's "The Pleasures of Memory". In notes included to the 1796 edition of Coleridge's poems, line 57 has written: I entreat the Public's pardon for having carelessly suffered to be printed such intolerable stuff as this and the thirteen following Document [93] (Title: The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock in popular culture) taxi. The film "It Follows" (2014) features a diegetic reading of the poem. Novels that reference the poem include "The Long Goodbye" (1953) by Raymond Chandler, the young-adult novel "The Chocolate War" (1974) by Robert Cormier, "The Eternal Footman" (1999, the title of which also comes from the poem) by James K. Morrow, and "When Beauty Tamed the Beast" (2011) by Eloisa James. The August 1972 issue of "National Lampoon" featured an article by Sean Kelly entitled "The Love Song of J. Edgar Hoover" which began "We'd better go quietly, you and I." Humorist Kinky Friedman also wrote a novel Document [94] (Title: Good Night, Sleep Tight) published by Scholastic and Scholastic Inc (USA) and has sold over a hundred thousand copies in hardback. The book contains many major poems, including "I Met At Eve" by Walter de la Mare, "Will There Really Be a Morning" by Emily Dickinson, "Last Night I Dreamed of Chickens" by Jack Prelutsky, and "Escape at Bedtime" by Robert Louis Stevenson. Good Night, Sleep Tight Good Night, Sleep Tight is a major children's poetry anthology collated by Ivan Jones and Mal Lewis Jones. It contains 366 poems by world famous and lesser known poets, including some of the editors' own poems. There Document [95] (Title: Good Night, Sleep Tight) Good Night, Sleep Tight Good Night, Sleep Tight is a major children's poetry anthology collated by Ivan Jones and Mal Lewis Jones. It contains 366 poems by world famous and lesser known poets, including some of the editors' own poems. There is one poem for each night of the year. The book is divided into twelve sections with each month illustrated by a well-known illustrator. The idea of the book is for busy parents to read their children a poem every night - and to pick out special ones for birthdays, religious festivals and other significant events. The book is Document [96] (Title: Come, Gentle Night!) to productions like "After", "The Pipes of Pan", "Come, Gentle Night!" and "Pleading"". Dunhill considered some "...scarcely distinguishable from pot-boilers turned out by baser English composers in the days of ballad concerts." Come, Gentle Night! "Come, Gentle Night!" is a poem by Clifton Bingham set to music by the English composer Edward Elgar in 1901. It is a song for soprano voice, the title page advertising that it was sung by Madame Clara Butt. The song was written at the same time as Elgar's "Cockaigne", and published in 1901 by Boosey & Co. in London and New York. In his Document [97] (Title: Malvern, Worcestershire) He wrote many poems there, including: "This Lunar Beauty"; "Let Your Sleeping Head"; "My Love, Fish in the Unruffled Lakes"; and "Out on the Lawn I Lie in Bed". He also wrote the long poem about the hills and their views, called simply "The Malverns". In his 1941 novel "Mr Lucton's Freedom" Halesowen-born novelist Francis Brett Young describes sleeping out on the Malvern Hills and seeing the sunrise over the town. Works of art in Malvern include fountains, statues, and Malvern water spouts by the sculptor Rose Garrard. Among her sculptures are the statue of Sir Edward Elgar and the Document [98] (Title: Midnight poem) in the South". It also influenced A. E. Housman, who wrote three different poems based on the fragment: "The weeping Pleiads wester" and "The rainy Pleiads wester" from "More Poems" and "The half-moon westers low, my love" from "Last Poems". Other poems apparently alluding to the "midnight poem" include Elizabeth Bishop's "Insomnia" – whose first line fits the meter used in the Greek fragment, and which shares setting and tone with it – and H.D.'s "Night", which is thematically linked with the poem, also concerned with the passage of time and isolation. Midnight poem The midnight poem is a fragment Question: who wrote the poem do not go gently into that good night Answer: Welsh poet Dylan Thomas Long Answer: "Do not go gentle into that good night" is a poem in the form of a villanelle, and the most famous work of Welsh poet Dylan Thomas (1914--1953). Though first published in the journal Botteghe Oscure in 1951, it was written in 1947 when he was in Florence with his family . It was published, along with other stories previously written, as part of his In Country Sleep, And Other Poems in 1952. Gold Document ID: 69

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Don Nigro) Sonnets Of The Lady" (about Sigmund Freud and his patient Dora), "Seduction" (inspired by Søren Kierkegaard's "Diary of a Seducer"), "Rainy Night At Lindy's" (about the last night of gangster Arnold Rothstein), "What Shall I Do For Pretty Girls?" (about the tangled relationship of William Butler Yeats to Maud Gonne, her daughter Iseult Gonne, and Yeats' automatic writing wife Georgie Hyde-Lees), "Maelstrom" (about Edgar Allan Poe), "Traitors" (about the Alger Hiss case) and "My Sweetheart's the Man in the Moon" (about Evelyn Nesbit and Stanford White). He is also known for his cult work "The Curate Shakespeare As You Like Document [2] (Title: The Shadow of Night) the poem as "full of loud and angry complaints of neglect and slight, endured at the hands of an unthankful and besotted generation." The poem appears to contain an autobiographical reference, indicating that Chapman served in a military campaign in the Dutch Republic under Sir Francis Vere, in the 1591-2 period. Part of the poem was written about the siege of Knodsenburg just outside of Nijmegen that took place between 15–25 July 1591. There Vere helped defeat the Spanish force under the Duke of Parma: The modern composer Harrison Birtwistle composed an orchestral piece (2001) which he titled "The Shadow Document [3] (Title: So, we'll go no more a roving) the track, "The Wedding Night". The poem is also featured in John Wyndham's post-holocaust book, "The Day of the Triffids", where it occurs when a blinded pianist commits suicide. So, we'll go no more a roving "So, we'll go no more a roving" is a poem, written by (George Gordon) Lord Byron (1788–1824), and included in a letter to Thomas Moore on 28 February 1817. Moore published the poem in 1830 as part of "Letters and Journals of Lord Byron". It evocatively describes the fatigue of age conquering the restlessness of youth. Byron wrote the poem at the age of Document [4] (Title: Acquainted with the Night) The Night" is one of the most famous examples of an American poem written in terza rima. Acquainted with the Night “Acquainted with the Night” is a poem by Robert Frost. It first appeared in the "Virginia Quarterly Review" and was published in 1928 in his collection "West-Running Brook". The poem is most often read as the poet/narrator's admission of having experienced depression and a vivid description of what that experience feels like. In this particular reading of the poem, "the night" is the depression itself, and the narrator describes how he views the world around him in this state Document [5] (Title: Beyond Sleep) Within a few years the book was widely accepted as a masterpiece. In 1967 the Jan Campert Foundation (Jan Campertstichting) awarded the author the Vijverberg Prize of 2,500 guilders for "Beyond Sleep". In characteristic sarcastic fashion, Hermans wrote a letter requesting the jury "to be so good to donate this small sum to Food for India", adding: "I will write a novel about [the jury] entitled "Good Night, Sleep Tight"." The Swedish translation of 1977 led literary critic Rolf Yrlid to wonder out loud when the Nobel Prize for Literature would go to the Netherlands. The German translation of 1982 Document [6] (Title: Dying of the Light) have all faced their fears of death and of life. The novel's title is drawn from Dylan Thomas' 1947 poem about his dying father, "Do not go gentle into that good night", which contains the lines: Do not go gentle into that good night.<br> Rage, rage against the dying of the light. It mentions a race of beings called the "githyanki". This name was taken from the novel for use with a much different race in the "Advanced Dungeons & Dragons" game. Dying of the Light Dying of the Light is American author George R. R. Martin's first novel, published Document [7] (Title: Laurie Lee) October 1934 his poem 'Life' won a prize from, and publication in, the "Sunday Referee", a national paper. Another poem was published in Cyril Connolly's "Horizon" magazine in 1940 and his first volume of poems, "The Sun My Monument," was launched in 1944. This was followed by "The Bloom of Candles" (1947) and "My Many-coated Man" (1955). Several poems written in the early 1940s reflect the atmosphere of the war, but also capture the beauty of the English countryside. The poem "Twelfth Night" from "My Many-coated Man" was set for unaccompanied mixed choir by American composer Samuel Barber in 1968. Document [8] (Title: Fanny Crosby) Me Not, O Gentle Saviour” after speaking at a service at the Manhattan prison in spring 1868, from comments by some prisoners for the Lord not to pass them by. Doane set it to music and published it in "Songs of Devotion" in 1870. “Pass Me Not” became her first hymn to have global appeal, after it was used by Sankey in his crusades with Moody in Britain in 1874. Sankey said, “No hymn was more popular at the meetings in London in 1875 (sic) than this one.” In April 1868, Crosby wrote "Fifty Years Ago" for the semi-centennial of Document [9] (Title: If He Can Fight Like He Can Love, Good Night Germany!) If He Can Fight Like He Can Love, Good Night Germany! "If He Can Fight Like He Can Love, Good Night Germany!" is a World War I song from the perspective of a woman confident that her boyfriend will be a good soldier because he was a good lover. It became a hit after it was released by The Farber Sisters in 1918. The lyrics and cover art are in the public domain. The song was composed by George W. Meyer, with words by Grant Clarke and Howard E. Rogers. It was published by Leo Feist Inc in New York Document [10] (Title: Cat on a Hot Tin Roof) and again in the 1974 version. The ways in which humans deal with death are also at the focus of this play, as are the futility and nihilism some encounter when confronted with imminent mortality. Similar ideas are found in Dylan Thomas's "Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night", which Williams excerpted and added as an epigraph to his 1974 version. These lines are appropriate, as Thomas wrote the poem to his own dying father. Additionally, in one of his many drafts, in a footnote on Big Daddy's action in the third act, Williams deems "Cat on a Hot Document [11] (Title: Pass Me Not, O Gentle Saviour) Pass Me Not, O Gentle Saviour "Pass Me Not, O Gentle Savior" is a 19th-century American hymn written by Fanny Crosby in 1868, set to music by William H. Doane in 1870. The hymn has been recorded by singers including Reggie Houston, Cyrus Chestnut, Bill Gaither, and Lyle Lovett. Bob Dylan performed this song live to open five concerts in his 2002 American tour. In 1991 hip hop artist MC Hammer released a version of the hymn entitled "Do Not Pass Me By" on his fourth album, "Too Legit to Quit". Gospel artist Tramaine Hawkins appeared on the song as Document [12] (Title: Jan Palach) to him, titled Jan Palach. A Pakistani poet Qazi Zafar Iqbal paid tribute to Jan Palach in the form of a Poem in Urdu. The poem is included in his book named "Ghurfa-e-Shab (The Window of Night)" published in 2006 in the city of Lahore. The Luxembourg-based Welsh composer Dafydd Bullock was commissioned to write "Requiem for Jan Palach" (op 182) to commemorate the fortieth anniversary of Palach's suicide. It includes a setting of words which appeared briefly on a statue in Wenceslas Square after the event, before being erased by the authorities: "Do not be indifferent to the day Document [13] (Title: Do not go gentle into that good night) before Christmas 1952. It has no title other than its first line, "Do not go gentle into that good night", a line that appears as a refrain throughout the poem along with its other refrain, "Rage, rage against the dying of the light". The poem currently remains under copyright, although the text is available online. The villanelle consists of five stanzas of three lines (tercets) followed by a single stanza of four lines (a quatrain) for a total of nineteen lines. It is structured by two repeating rhymes and two refrains: the first line of the first stanza serves as Document [14] (Title: Khosrow Golsorkhi) because he wished not to be blind-folded. The cell in which they spent their last night [February 17, 1974] in Jamshidiyeh prison was covered with slogans. They sang revolutionary songs all night, ate their supper quietly, shouted slogans to the soldiers in the lorry which took them to the Chitgar execution field, refused blindfolds so that they could see the red dawn and sang together in firm voice: "O comrades! Heroes! We will give our life for our country without fear ... They then themselves gave the order to fire! Golesorkhi had written: "A person has an artistic eye whose Document [15] (Title: Richard Francis Burton) the Shaykh Nefzawi" (1886) and "The Supplemental Nights to the Thousand Nights and a Night" (seventeen volumes 1886–98). Published in this period, but composed on his return journey from Mecca, "The Kasidah" has been cited as evidence of Burton's status as a Bektashi Sufi. Deliberately presented by Burton as a translation, the poem and his notes and commentary on it contain layers of Sufic meaning, that seem to have been designed to project Sufi teaching in the West. ""Do what thy manhood bids thee do/ from none but self expect applause;/ He noblest lives and noblest dies/ who makes and Document [16] (Title: United Kingdom) in character. Daniel Owen is credited as the first Welsh-language novelist, publishing "Rhys Lewis" in 1885. The best-known of the Anglo-Welsh poets are both Thomases. Dylan Thomas became famous on both sides of the Atlantic in the mid-20th century. He is remembered for his poetry—his "Do not go gentle into that good night; Rage, rage against the dying of the light" is one of the most quoted couplets of English language verse—and for his "play for voices", "Under Milk Wood". The influential Church in Wales "poet-priest" and Welsh nationalist R. S. Thomas was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature Document [17] (Title: That Good Night) That Good Night That Good Night is a play by NJ Crisp, written with the intention of it being performed by Donald Sinden and his son Marc Sinden playing the central characters of the father and son. However Marc, who in 1991 had starred in Crisps' psychological thriller "Dangerous Obsession", decided to produce it instead and so it became his first play as a Theatrical Producer. The title is taken from the poem by Dylan Thomas: ""Do not go gentle into that good night,<br> "Old age should burn and rave at close of day;<br> "Rage, rage against the dying of Document [18] (Title: W. H. Auden) later rewrote the poem as a "Cabaret Song" about lost love (written to be sung by the soprano Hedli Anderson, for whom he wrote many lyrics in the 1930s). In 1935, he worked briefly on documentary films with the GPO Film Unit, writing his famous verse commentary for "Night Mail" and lyrics for other films that were among his attempts in the 1930s to create a widely accessible, socially conscious art. In 1936 Auden's publisher chose the title "Look, Stranger!" for a collection of political odes, love poems, comic songs, meditative lyrics, and a variety of intellectually intense but emotionally Document [19] (Title: Hubert Creekmore) of the Night" (1946). "The Long Reprieve and Other Poems of New Caledonia" (1946). "Formula" (1947). "The Welcome" (1948). "Erotic Elegies of Albius [Albius Tibullus], with Poems of Sulpicius Arranged as a Sequence Called No Harm to Lovers" (1950). "A Little Treasury of World Poetry: Translations from the Great Poets of Other Languages" (1952). "The Chain in the Heart" (1953). "Lyrics of the Middle Ages" (1959). "Satires of Decimus Junius Juvenalis" (1963). "Daffodils Are Dangerous" (1966). Hubert Creekmore Hubert Creekmore (16 January 1907 – 23 May 1966) was an American poet and author from the small Mississippi town of Water Document [20] (Title: Good Morrow) holder of that post) to write an appropriate work to be performed by the choir of St. George's at their Annual Concert in Windsor on 9 December 1929. Elgar conducted the choir, and the performance was broadcast to the nation. Elgar found the poem, called ""You that have spent the silent night"" in a volume of poems by George Gascoigne entitled ""A hundreth Sundrie Floures bound up in one small Posie"". from which he extracted five verses. He gave the poem a hymn-like setting, possibly from music he had written in his youth, which he called 'just a simple tune'. Document [21] (Title: The Magician's Apprentice (Doctor Who)) episode is a blue-and-silver model as first seen in 1963. Clara, upon deducing the Doctor's location and intent, says "Do not go gentle into that good night", the first line of the titular poem by Dylan Thomas. When the Doctor spies Clara and Missy, he plays the opening notes to Roy Orbison's "Oh, Pretty Woman". The Doctor's playing electric guitar and teaching medieval people the term "dude" echoes the movies "Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure" and "Bill & Ted's Bogus Journey", films featuring two rocker teens who travel back in time – in a telephone call box – and teach Document [22] (Title: Aileen Fisher) Life" magazine in 1927, was "Otherwise". This nine-line poem, opening "There must be magic, Otherwise, How could day turn into night?", has been reprinted in a number of anthologies and is still used in schools. Fisher continued to sell to poetry magazines after the publication of her first volume, "The Coffee-Pot Face", in 1933. A collection of poems about everyday things like lady bugs, tummy aches and icicles, it was illustrated by her own silhouette drawings, and became a Junior Literary Guild Selection. More than twenty poetry collections followed, including "Up the Windy Hill: A Book of Merry Verses with Document [23] (Title: William Fuller (bishop)) the Earls of Darnley. Several poems by Fuller were set by Henry Purcell. His 1688 song An Evening Hymn (Z.193) is one of the most well known. Now that the sun has veil'd his Light, And bid the World good Night; To the soft Bed my Body I dispose, But where shall my Soul repose? Dear God, even in thy Arms, and can there be Any so sweet Security? Then to thy Rest, O my Soul, and singing, praise The Mercy that prolongs thy Days. Hallelujah. The first four lines were also used by the 1980s punk band Crass as Document [24] (Title: Good Night (Beatles song)) Good Night (Beatles song) "Good Night" is a song by the Beatles, composed by John Lennon, but credited to Lennon–McCartney. It is sung by Ringo Starr, the only Beatle to appear on the track. The music was provided by an orchestra arranged and conducted by George Martin. It is the last song on the Beatles' 1968 album "The Beatles" (also known as the "White Album"). John Lennon wrote the song as a lullaby for his five-year-old son Julian. The original version of "Good Night" featured George Harrison and John Lennon playing the melody on guitars with them and Paul McCartney Document [25] (Title: Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep) Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep "Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep" is a poem written in 1932 by Mary Elizabeth Frye. Although the origin of the poem was disputed until later in her life, Mary Frye's authorship was confirmed in 1998 after research by Abigail Van Buren, a newspaper columnist. There have been many claimants to the poem's authorship, including attributions to traditional and Native American origins. "Dear Abby" author Abigail Van Buren researched the poem's history and concluded in 1998 that Mary Elizabeth Frye, who was living in Baltimore at the time, had written Document [26] (Title: Do not go gentle into that good night) Do not go gentle into that good night "Do not go gentle into that good night" is a poem in the form of a villanelle, and the most famous work of Welsh poet Dylan Thomas (1914–1953). Though first published in the journal "Botteghe Oscure" in 1951, it was written in 1947 when Thomas was in Florence with his family. It was published, along with other stories previously written, as part of Thomas' "In Country Sleep, And Other Poems" of 1952. It has been suggested that the poem was written for Thomas' dying father, although he did not die until just Document [27] (Title: Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep) I am the sunlight, I am the rain / Do not stand on my grave and cry / I am not there / I did not die". Several notable choral compositions, pop songs, and other creative works have been based on "Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep", adapting lines from Frye's poem as lyrics. Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep "Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep" is a poem written in 1932 by Mary Elizabeth Frye. Although the origin of the poem was disputed until later in her life, Mary Frye's authorship was confirmed Document [28] (Title: Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep) the poem in 1932. According to Van Buren's research, Frye had never written any poetry, but the plight of a German Jewish woman, Margaret Schwarzkopf, who was staying with her and her husband, had inspired the poem. Margaret Schwarzkopf was concerned about her mother, who was ill in Germany, but she had been warned not to return home because of increasing unrest. When her mother died, the heartbroken young woman told Frye that she never had the chance to "stand by my mother's grave and shed a tear". Frye, according to Van Buren's research, found herself composing a piece of Document [29] (Title: Ethel Lynn Beers) poem, "All Quiet Along the Potomac Tonight", first appeared in "Harper's Weekly" on November 30, 1861, under the title "The Picket Guard". Her poems — including other notable works like "Weighing the Baby", "Which Shall It Be?", and "Baby Looking Out For Me" — appeared in many publications, most frequently the "New York Ledger". In 1863 she published "General Frankie: a Story for Little Folks". She feared publishing her collected works as she thought she would die after its publication, a premonition which came true. The day after the publication of "All Quiet Along the Potomac and Other Poems" she Document [30] (Title: Do not go gentle festival) and the poets former home at 5 Cwmdonkin Drive. The festival concentrates on literature and music, but also features theatre, film and art. The program is mainly made up of Welsh musicians, poets and writers but has also featured acts from as far afield as Ireland, Denmark and Brittany. Headline acts have included comedian Jo Brand, Twin Town director Kevin Allen, poet John Hegley, comedian Phil Kay and Hollywood actor Rhys Ifans Do not go gentle festival Do Not Go Gentle festival is an annual arts festival, founded in 2012, that takes place in Swansea, Wales. The festival is held Document [31] (Title: Eliot Zborowski) had been an exceptional night that would be remembered for decades. The following Sunday, the Vicar of Melton chose as his text for a sermon, Ephesians 5:11 ‘Have no fellowship with the unfruitful works of darkness, but rather reprove them’. After discussion it was decided not to take him to task over the matter, as he was thought to have already made a sufficient fool of himself. And despite all, that room-full of 25 had written an entry in Melton’s history – the night of the Midnight Steeplechase. In 1898, following a friend’s motorised visit, Eliot bought a de Dion Document [32] (Title: George Matheson) his hymns, "O Love That Wilt Not Let Me Go," has passed into the popular hymnology of the Christian Church. Matheson himself wrote of the composition: "O Love That Wilt Not Let Me Go" was written on the evening of Matheson’s sister’s marriage. Years before, he had been engaged, until his fiancée learned that he was going blind—that there was nothing the doctors could do—and she told him that she could not go through life with a blind man. He went blind while studying for the ministry, and his sister had been the one to care for him through the Document [33] (Title: Come, Gentle Night!) Come, Gentle Night! "Come, Gentle Night!" is a poem by Clifton Bingham set to music by the English composer Edward Elgar in 1901. It is a song for soprano voice, the title page advertising that it was sung by Madame Clara Butt. The song was written at the same time as Elgar's "Cockaigne", and published in 1901 by Boosey & Co. in London and New York. In his book on Elgar, Thomas Dunhill criticised this and others of his songs, finding it "...almost unbelievable that a composer of such power and distinction should have been willing to attach his name Document [34] (Title: Prussian Nights) . . At such moments I was both free and happy . . . Some prisoners tried to escape by smashing a car through the barbed wire. For me there was no barbed wire. The head count of prisoners remained unchanged, but I was actually away on a distant flight." He wrote down the poem between the 1950s and 1970s. He made a recording of it in 1969; it was not published in Russian until 1974 when it was published in Paris, France. A German translation was done by Nikolaus Ehlert in 1976, and it was officially first translated into Document [35] (Title: Dangerous Minds) to introduce them to poetry, LouAnne uses the lyrics of Bob Dylan's "Mr. Tambourine Man" to teach symbolism and metaphor; once this is achieved, she progresses on to Dylan Thomas's "Do not go gentle into that good night". LouAnne rewards the students liberally, using candy bars, reward incentives, and a trip to a theme park. Her methods attract the anger of the school authorities, George Grandey and Carla Nichols, who try to force her to remain within the curriculum. Particular individual students attract LouAnne's attention for their personal problems. Raul Sanchero is a well-meaning boy who is frequently involved in Document [36] (Title: One Art) or published. Bishop's life was marked by loss and instability, which is reflected in many of the poems of "Geography III". "One Art" is narrated by a speaker who details losing small items, which gradually become more significant, moving, for example, from the misplacement of "door keys" to the loss of "two cities" where the speaker presumably lived. The poem is a villanelle, an originally French poetic form known for generally dealing with pastoral themes. Brad Leithauser wrote of the poem that, in addition to "Do not go gentle into that good night" by Dylan Thomas, that it "...might have Document [37] (Title: Let America be America Again) living. Selling a poem or a story every few months, he called himself a "literary sharecropper." Fate, he said, "never intended for me to have a full pocket of anything but manuscripts." Hughes finished the poem in a night but did not regard it as one of his best. It did not appear in his early anthologies and was only revived in the 1990s, first in a public reading by Supreme Court justice Thurgood Marshall, later as a title for museum shows. The title of this poem was used by Democratic United States senator John Kerry as a campaign slogan Document [38] (Title: The Shakespeare Code) by Terrance Dicks. The planet Rexel 4 is named in an episode of "The Tomorrow People" from 1974. The Doctor quotes the line, "Rage, rage against the dying of the light," from "Do not go gentle into that good night" by Dylan Thomas — but warns Shakespeare he cannot use it as it is "somebody else's". The episode was Gareth Roberts' first writing credit proper on the show, however he had written for Doctor Who many times before. He started writing some Virgin New Adventures, a series of "Doctor Who" novels, with "The Highest Science" (1993). He went on to Document [39] (Title: Good Night (Beatles song)) A one-second clip of the song is heard on the Paul McCartney album "Liverpool Sound Collage" at 3:38 on the track "Plastic Beetle". Good Night (Beatles song) "Good Night" is a song by the Beatles, composed by John Lennon, but credited to Lennon–McCartney. It is sung by Ringo Starr, the only Beatle to appear on the track. The music was provided by an orchestra arranged and conducted by George Martin. It is the last song on the Beatles' 1968 album "The Beatles" (also known as the "White Album"). John Lennon wrote the song as a lullaby for his five-year-old son Document [40] (Title: Wiegenlied (Brahms)) Clara Schumann (piano). The lyrics of the first verse are from the collection of German folk poems, "Des Knaben Wunderhorn" and the second stanza was written by (1824–1909) in 1849. <poem> Brahms version Guten Abend, gut' Nacht, mit Rosen bedacht, mit Näglein besteckt, schlupf unter die Deck': Morgen früh, wenn Gott will, wirst du wieder geweckt. Guten Abend, gut' Nacht, von Englein bewacht, die zeigen im Traum dir Christkindleins Baum: schlaf nun selig und süss, schau im Traum 's Paradies.</poem> <poem> English literal translation Good evening, good night, With roses covered, With cloves adorned, Slip under the covers. Tomorrow morning, Document [41] (Title: So, we'll go no more a roving) the latter part of it, and sitting up late o' nights--had knocked me up a little. But it is over--and it is now Lent, with all its abstinence and sacred music... Though I did not dissipate much upon the whole, yet I find 'the sword wearing out the scabbard,' though I have but just turned the corner of twenty nine." The poem seems to have been suggested in part by the refrain of a Scottish song known as "The Jolly Beggar." The Jolly Beggar was published in Herd's "Scots Songs" in 1776, 41 years before Byron's letter, and goes partially Document [42] (Title: George Kline) Muddy Roads, “Exhaustion now is a more frequent guest,” Evening, “Refusing to catalogue all of one’s woes,” Einem alten Architekten in Rom] (with introductory note), Antaeus, No. 6 (1972): 99-113. Three Poems by Joseph Brodsky [Two Hours in an Empty Tank, September the First, “ Quilt-jacketed, a tree-surgeon”], New Leader, Vol. 55, No. 24 (Dec. 11, 1972): 3-4. “Joseph Brodsky’s ‘The tenant finds his new house wholly strange’,” The Nation, Vol. 216, No. 1 (Jan. 1, 1973), 28. Three Poems by Joseph Brodsky [“The days glide over me,” “In villages God does not live only,” and, From Gorbunov and Gorchakov, Document [43] (Title: Loring Mandel) first Emmy for "Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night" on "CBS Playhouse". In 1971–72, he was head writer on the CBS Daytime serial "Love of Life", for which he won the 1973 . His best known and most acclaimed work was the 2001 TV film "Conspiracy", which dramatized the 1942 Wannsee Conference and featured an ensemble cast, including Kenneth Branagh, Stanley Tucci, and Colin Firth. The film was nominated for multiple awards and Mandel personally won the 2001 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing For a Miniseries or a Movie. In 2004, Mandel received the Paddy Chayefsky lifetime Document [44] (Title: The Song of the Cheerful (but slightly Sarcastic) Jesus) The Song of the Cheerful (but slightly Sarcastic) Jesus "The Song of the Cheerful (but slightly Sarcastic) Jesus" is a poem by Oliver St. John Gogarty. It was written around Christmas of 1904 and was later published in modified form as "The Ballad of Joking Jesus" in James Joyce's "Ulysses". The poem, like many of Oliver Gogarty's humorous verses, was written for the private amusement of his friends. In the summer of 1905, he sent a copy to James Joyce, then living in Trieste, via their mutual acquaintance Vincent Cosgrave. Joyce and Gogarty had quarreled the previous autumn, and Cosgrave Document [45] (Title: A Visit from St. Nicholas) concludes that Livingston is the true author of the classic work. Notes Further reading A Visit from St. Nicholas "A Visit from St. Nicholas", more commonly known as "The Night Before Christmas" and "Twas the Night Before Christmas" from its first line, is a poem first published anonymously in 1823 and later attributed to Clement Clarke Moore, who claimed authorship in 1837. Some commentators now believe the poem was written by Henry Livingston Jr.. The poem has been called "arguably the best-known verses ever written by an American" and is largely responsible for some of the conceptions of Santa Claus Document [46] (Title: Thomas Burke (author)) middle class boys who were "[r]espectably descended but without adequate means to their support." When Burke turned sixteen he started working as an office boy, a job that he deeply detested. In 1901, he published his first professional written work entitled "The Bellamy Diamonds" in the magazine "Spare Moments". He also edited some anthologies of children's poetry that were published in 1910–1913. In 1915, Burke published "Nights in Town: A London Autobiography," which featured his descriptions of working-class London nightlife including the essay, 'A Chinese Night, Limehouse' However, it was not until the publication of "Limehouse Nights" in 1916 that Document [47] (Title: Aslaug Låstad Lygre) first poetry collection was 1943's "No blømer alle rosene" ("Now All the Roses Bloom"). In her next collection, "Eld av steinar" ("Fire From Rocks", 1948) she coined the phrase "Vi skal ikkje sova bort sumarnatta" ("We shall not sleep away the summer night"), widely used today even out of its context. The poem was also given melody by Geirr Tveitt. Her next releases were "Den einsame roaren" (1952), "Rit di rune" (1957), "Fest i september" (1960) and "Primulakveld" (1964). In 1964 she won the Gyldendal's Endowment. She died on 20 December 1966 in Bergen. A monument to her was erected Document [48] (Title: Richard Lovelace) he wrote almost 200 poems. His first work was a drama, "The Scholars", never published but performed at college and then in London. In 1640, he wrote a tragedy, "The Soldier" based on his military experience. When serving in the Bishops' Wars, he wrote the sonnet "To Generall Goring", a poem of Bacchanalian celebration rather than a glorification of military action. "To Lucasta, Going to the Warres", written in 1640, concerned his first political action. "To Althea, From Prison" was written during his first imprisonment in 1642. Later that year, during his travels to Holland with General Goring, he wrote Document [49] (Title: Elizabeth Akers Allen) women's club Sorosis, which had many writer members. Allen is best known for the first couplet of her sentimental poem "Rock Me to Sleep, Mother" (1859), which was written during her European sojourn and first published in the "Saturday Evening Post" of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Though it is not considered her finest work, it was very popular during the American Civil War, and for some years, she was forced to dispute its authorship with a number of claimants. The first couplet runs: Backward, turn backward, O time, in thy flight; Make me a child again, just for to-night. During the Civil Document [50] (Title: Dylan Thomas) Paul Ferris describes as "unusually blunt"; the ribald "Lament" and an ode, in the form of a villanelle, to his dying father "Do not go gentle into that good night". Despite a range of wealthy patrons, including Margaret Taylor, Princess Marguerite Caetani and Marged Howard-Stepney, Thomas was still in financial difficulty, and he wrote several begging letters to notable literary figures including the likes of T. S. Eliot. Taylor was not keen on Thomas taking another trip to the United States, and thought that if Thomas had a permanent address in London he would be able to gain steady work Document [51] (Title: Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep) bomb in Northern Ireland. The soldier's father read the poem on BBC radio in 1995 in remembrance of his son, who had left the poem among his personal effects in an envelope addressed 'To all my loved ones'. The poem is common reading for funerals. To coincide with National Poetry Day 1995, the British television programme "The Bookworm" conducted a poll to discover the nation's favourite poems, and subsequently published the winning poems in book form. The book's preface stated that "Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep" was "the unexpected poetry success of the year from Bookworm's point Document [52] (Title: Rose Hartwick Thorpe) fire trucks and city website show the symbol of a bell reading "Curfew Shall Not Ring Tonight." A bell in the center of Litchfield commemorates the poem and Thorpe's time spent in the town. Rose Hartwick Thorpe Rose Hartwick Thorpe (July 18, 1850 – July 19, 1939) was an American poet and writer, remembered largely for the narrative poem, "Curfew Must Not Ring Tonight" (1867), which gained national popularity. It was translated into nearly every language of the world, and was universally recognized as a veritable classic. Other poems followed, among them being "The Station Agent's Story," "Red Cross," and Document [53] (Title: The American Night) poetry, a storeowner admitted that "[t]hey sell better." The American Night The American Night is a volume of poetry written by Jim Morrison, front-man for the 1960s psychedelic rock group, The Doors, and published posthumously in 1991, 20 years after his death (to the month) by Random House under the trade name imprint Villard Publishing. The book is structured into 10 sections. The title is eponymous with a poem that appears on the album "American Prayer", itself a collection of spoken word and musical vignettes released in 1978. The book consists of his theories on night which the publisher describes Document [54] (Title: Hamid Mosadegh) all life's night, Prowl for searching twilight. Remember us kindly and by heart." The words are from one of his last poems in "Shir-e-Sorkh" (the Red Lion) book, which talks mostly with Iranian youth, giving them hope for a better future, asking them to remember those who had worked for a better future in the country but did not make it to see the upcoming bright days. He has also published other books in the field of Law. Hamid Mosadegh Hamid Mosadegh (also spelled Mosaddegh and Mosadeq, , January 31, 1940, Shahreza, Isfahan, Iran – 28 November 1998, Tehran, Iran) Document [55] (Title: Charles Tory Bruce) accompanying the Royal Air Force into the ill-fated Battle of Arnhem, but was located safe and alive several days later. By 1945, he was general superintendent of the news agency, holding that role until his retirement in 1963. As a creative writer, he published the poetry collections "Wild Apples" (1927), "Tomorrow's Tide" (1932), "Personal Note" (1941), "Grey Ship Moving" (1945), "The Flowing Summer" (1947) and "The Mulgrave Road" (1951), the novel "The Channel Shore" (1954) and the short story collection "The Township of Time" (1959). His poetry also appeared in magazines such as "Harper's", "Saturday Night", "Canadian Poetry" and "The Document [56] (Title: Lawrence Dobkin) "Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night" (1967). In 1991, Dobkin appeared in an episode of the television series "Night Court" as State Supreme Court Justice Welch. As a writer, Dobkin created the title character for the 1974 film and the 1977–1978 NBC series "The Life and Times of Grizzly Adams". He began directing for television in 1960, and his work in this area included the pilot and episodes of "The Munsters" (1964), 16 episodes of "The Waltons" (1972–1981), and an episode of "Sara" (1976). Dobkin also appeared in several episodes of "I Love Lucy": ("Ricky and Fred Are Document [57] (Title: Do not go gentle festival) Do not go gentle festival Do Not Go Gentle festival is an annual arts festival, founded in 2012, that takes place in Swansea, Wales. The festival is held over 3 days around the Edwardian suburb of Uplands. Uplands is famous for being the birthplace of Welsh poet Dylan Thomas, and the festival has taken its name from the poets poem "Do not go gentle into that goodnight". According to founder Pierre Donahue the event is curated with the idea "It's a festival Dylan might have liked". The events are held in a collection of small venues that includes bars, cafes Document [58] (Title: William Henry Ogilvie) life: It was accepted he wrote about the Australian bush with romanticism. The poem "A Scotch night" (also known as "The wee Scotch night" and "A braw Scotch nicht") is well-associated with Ogilvie, first published under his own name in "The Bulletin" in Australia. There was an attempt by one person to 'pirate it in Scotland, but Mr. Ogilvie promptly exposed the dishonest trick'. Despite all this, the poem was the one for which he sought not to be remembered. Thinking it more suited to the traditional music halls, Will H. Ogilvie desired something more serious. Some of his work Document [59] (Title: Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun) late T'ang", translated by A.C. Graham). Among the borrowed lines from Chinese poetry (as translated by Graham) were those written by Li He, whose poem "Don't Go Out of the Door" contains the line ""Witness the man who raved at the wall as he wrote his questions to Heaven"", Li Shangyin, whose poetry contained the lines ""watch little by little the night turns around"", "countless the twigs which tremble in dawn" and "one inch of love is one inch of ashes", and Du Mu, whose poetry contained the line ""Lotuses lean on each other in yearning"" (多少綠荷相倚恨). In a negative Document [60] (Title: Red Cotton Night-Cap Country) he had not read the poem through: It is not necessary to traverse every square mile of the Great Desert to know that its scenery is tame. We have read enough to know both the story and the manner in which it is told, and to enter our strong protest against the endeavour to glorify an illicit love with one who had been in succession a profligate woman and an unfaithful wife…It can only be characterized as harmless because the class of people who would be liable to be harmed by it will not understand nor even read it. Thomas Document [61] (Title: Edward Powys Mathers) Asiatic Love Poems" (1920); and of the Kashmiri poet Bilhana in "Bilhana: Black Marigolds" (1919), a free interpretation in the tradition of Edward FitzGerald, quoted at length in John Steinbeck’s novel “Cannery Row”. These are not scholarly works, and are in some cases based on intermediate versions in European languages. Some of his translations were set to music by Aaron Copland. He was also a composer of cryptic crosswords for "The Observer" under the pseudonym "Torquemada" from 1926 until his death. Under this pseudonym, he reviewed detective stories from 1934 to 1939. Edward Powys Mathers Edward Powys Mathers (28 August Document [62] (Title: Night-Thoughts) Night-Thoughts The Complaint: or, Night-Thoughts on Life, Death, & Immortality, better known simply as Night-Thoughts, is a long poem by Edward Young published in nine parts (or "nights") between 1742 and 1745. The poem is written in blank verse. It describes the poet's musings on death over a series of nine "nights" in which he ponders the loss of his wife and friends, and laments human frailties. The best-known line in the poem (at the end of "Night I") is the adage "procrastination is the thief of time", which is part of a passage in which the poet discusses how Document [63] (Title: Clear Light of Day) (Now Sleeps the Crimson Petal, Now the White), Lord Byron (Isles of Greece) Sir Muhammad Iqbal ("Thou didst create...into an antidote", and "Your world is the world...over my world you have dominion") Algernon Charles Swinburne (The Garden of Proserpine) and D. H. Lawrence (Ship of Death). The poetry each serves to convey not only a particular aspect involved in the poem, but also the importance of education. In 1980 "Clear Light of Day" was shortlisted for the Man Booker Prize, although it did not win. Clear Light of Day Clear Light of Day is a novel published in 1980 by Document [64] (Title: Dylan Thomas) Dylan Thomas Dylan Marlais Thomas (27 October 1914 – 9 November 1953) was a Welsh poet and writer whose works include the poems "Do not go gentle into that good night" and "And death shall have no dominion"; the 'play for voices' "Under Milk Wood"; and stories and radio broadcasts such as "A Child's Christmas in Wales" and "Portrait of the Artist as a Young Dog". He became widely popular in his lifetime and remained so after his premature death at the age of 39 in New York City. By then he had acquired a reputation, which he had encouraged, Document [65] (Title: Anne Mary Lawler) for the "Public Ledger" and in her personal time wrote radio scripts, short stories, and novelettes. Lawler's most famous poem, "October," first appeared in "The American Book of Days" by George William Douglas, published by H. W. Wilson Company in 1937. Other Lawler poems within the book introduced the monthly chapters of January, February, April, June, August, and November (as well as October). In 1938 Theodore Roosevelt and Alice Roosevelt Longworth compiled and selected poetry for their book "The Desk Drawer Anthology: Poems for the American People", published by Doubleday. In this book Lawler's famous poem "Lines for Insomnia" appeared Document [66] (Title: It is a beauteous evening, calm and free) by to the East. It must have been a beautiful sight and Dorothy, a knowledgeable observer of the night sky, must have been aware of it, possibly prevented from recording it earlier in her journal by the poor weather they had experienced journeying down from the North. Some forty years later, six weeks as it happened after the death of Annette Vallon on 10 January the preceding month, Wordsworth composed these lines which were published in 1842: It is a beauteous evening, calm and free "It is a beauteous evening, calm and free" is a sonnet by William Wordsworth written Document [67] (Title: Into That Good Night) Into That Good Night Into That Good Night is the season 9 finale of "Roseanne" and was the original show's series finale until the revival and the tenth season premiered in 2018. The episode aired May 20, 1997 on ABC. After a panned season, this episode undid all the plot progressions since the Conners winning the lottery by claiming it was all a fictionalization. This confused and annoyed many critics, and it remains one of the most controversial finales of all time. The title refers to the poem "Do not go gentle into that good night" by Dylan Thomas. The Document [68] (Title: The Good-Morrow) map showing two worlds, while Walker maintains that the reference is to a map showing only one. The Good-Morrow "The Good-Morrow" is a poem by John Donne, published in his 1633 collection "Songs and Sonnets". Written while Donne was a student at Lincoln's Inn, the poem is one of his earliest works and is thematically considered to be the "first" work in "Songs and Sonnets". Although referred to as a sonnet, the work does not follow the most common rhyming scheme of such works—a 14-line poem, consisting of an eight-line stanza followed by a six-line conclusion—but is instead 21 lines Document [69] (Title: Against the Dying of the Light) Jewers described his approach to the film as: The title of the film comes from a villanelle written for his dying father by the twentieth century Welsh poet Dylan Thomas, "Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night". Against the Dying of the Light Against the Dying of the Light is a documentary film about the work of the National Screen and Sound Archive of Wales. Consisting of interviews with Welsh directors, actors and public figures about the significance that film (particularly amateur film) has played in their lives, it achieved a limited UK cinema release in 2001. The film Document [70] (Title: Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night (film)) actor Lawrence Dobkin and a win in the category of best actor for Melvyn Douglas in the lead role. Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night (film) Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night is a 1967 television play broadcast as part of the "CBS Playhouse" series. The teleplay, its title taken from the first line of a Dylan Thomas poem, tells the story of a carpenter who has built his own home, but is now too old and infirm to live on his own and is sent to live in an old age home against his desires. Document [71] (Title: Curfew Must Not Ring Tonight) Curfew Must Not Ring Tonight Curfew Must Not Ring Tonight is a narrative poem by Rose Hartwick Thorpe, written in 1867 and set in the 17th century. It was written when she was 16 years old and first published in "Detroit Commercial Advertiser". The story involves Bessie, a young woman whose lover, Basil Underwood, has been arrested, thrown in prison by the Puritans and sentenced to die that night when the curfew bell rings. Knowing that Oliver Cromwell will be late in arriving, the young woman begs the old sexton to prevent the ringing of the curfew bell. When he Document [72] (Title: Silent Night) priest John Freeman Young, then serving at Trinity Church, New York City, wrote and published the English translation that is most frequently sung today, translated from three of Mohr's original six verses. The version of the melody that is generally used today is a slow, meditative lullaby or pastorale, differing slightly (particularly in the final strain) from Gruber's original, which was a "moderato" tune in time and siciliana rhythm. Today, the lyrics and melody are in the public domain, although newer translations usually are not. In 1998 the Silent Night Museum (Saltzburg, Austria), commissioned a new English translation by Bettina Document [73] (Title: The Red Wheelbarrow) doctor). The story goes that as he sat there, deeply concerned about the child, he looked out the window, saw that image, and penned those words. I remember well the sneer associated with sentimentality in the university English classes of the early 70s. William Carlos Williams' celebrated red wheelbarrow poem was written after a night at the bedside of a desperately sick child, but to directly mention the child and describe that situation would have been to court pathos. Such a poem would have been fit only for greeting cards or the poor souls who didn't know any better than Document [74] (Title: Philomela) of love / And joyance!" (lines 40–42). At the poem's conclusion, Coleridge writes of a father taking his crying son outside in the night: <poem> And he beheld the moon, and, hushed at once, Suspends his sobs, and laughs most silently, While his fair eyes, that swam with undropped tears,' Did glitter in the yellow moon-beam! Well!— It is a father’s tale: But if that Heaven Should give me life, his childhood shall grow up Familiar with these songs, that with the night He may associate joy.— </poem> Coleridge, and his friend William Wordsworth (1770–1850) who called the nightingale a Document [75] (Title: Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep) verse on a brown paper shopping bag. Later she said that the words "just came to her" and expressed what she felt about life and death. Frye circulated the poem privately, never publishing or copyrighting it. She wrote other poems, but this, her first, endured. Her obituary in "The Times" stated that she was the author of the famous poem, which has been recited at funerals and on other appropriate occasions around the world for 60 years. The poem was introduced to many in the United Kingdom when it was read by the father of a soldier killed by a Document [76] (Title: God Bless America) the political right, so he substituted "through the night" instead. He also provided an introduction that is now rarely heard but which Smith always used: "While the storm clouds gather far across the sea / Let us swear allegiance to a land that's free / Let us all be grateful for a land so fair, / As we raise our voices in a solemn prayer." (In her first broadcast of the song, Kate Smith sang "that we're far from there" rather than "for a land so fair".) This was changed when Berlin published the sheet music in March 1939. Woody Document [77] (Title: It is a beauteous evening, calm and free) It is a beauteous evening, calm and free "It is a beauteous evening, calm and free" is a sonnet by William Wordsworth written at Calais in August 1802. It was first published in the collection "Poems, in Two Volumes" in 1807, appearing as the nineteenth poem in a section entitled 'Miscellaneous sonnets'. The sonnet describes an evening walk on the beach with his nine-year-old daughter Caroline Vallon. Wordsworth reflects that if his young daughter is seemingly unaffected by the majesty of the scene it is because, being young, she is naturally at one with nature. Until that Friday 21 May Document [78] (Title: Pass Me Not, O Gentle Saviour) a guest vocalist. A music video was produced for this single which charted as well. Pass Me Not, O Gentle Saviour "Pass Me Not, O Gentle Savior" is a 19th-century American hymn written by Fanny Crosby in 1868, set to music by William H. Doane in 1870. The hymn has been recorded by singers including Reggie Houston, Cyrus Chestnut, Bill Gaither, and Lyle Lovett. Bob Dylan performed this song live to open five concerts in his 2002 American tour. In 1991 hip hop artist MC Hammer released a version of the hymn entitled "Do Not Pass Me By" on his Document [79] (Title: Do not go gentle into that good night) the last line of the second and fourth stanzas, and the third line of the first stanza serves as the last line of the third and fifth stanzas. The rhyme-and-refrain pattern of the villanelle can be schematized as AbA abA abA abA abA abAA where letters ("a" and "b") indicate the two rhyme sounds, upper case indicates a refrain ("A"), and superscript numerals ( and ) indicate Refrain 1 and Refrain 2. The pattern is below set against the poem: Do not go gentle into that good night "Do not go gentle into that good night" is a poem in Document [80] (Title: Works of Rabindranath Tagore) Harding's 2008 viral video. In 1917 his words were translated adeptly and set to music by Anglo-Dutch composer Richard Hageman to produce a highly regarded art song: "Do Not Go, My Love". The second movement of Jonathan Harvey's "One Evening" (1994) sets an excerpt beginning "As I was watching the sunrise ..." from a letter of Tagore's, this composer having previously chosen a text by the poet for his piece "Song Offerings" (1985). Song VII of "Gitanjali": Tagore's free-verse translation: "Klanti" (; "Weariness"): Gloss by Tagore scholar Reba Som: Tagore was a prolific composer, with 2,230 songs to his credit. Document [81] (Title: Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night (film)) Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night (film) Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night is a 1967 television play broadcast as part of the "CBS Playhouse" series. The teleplay, its title taken from the first line of a Dylan Thomas poem, tells the story of a carpenter who has built his own home, but is now too old and infirm to live on his own and is sent to live in an old age home against his desires. It was broadcast in October 1967, and was eventually nominated for five Emmy awards, including a nomination for supporting Document [82] (Title: The World's Last Night and Other Essays) line and title of a poem by seventh-century poet John Donne (1572-1631). That poem, "Holy Sonnet XIII: What If This Present Were The World's Last Night?" raises the question of how we should live if the world were ending today. Originally entitled "Christian Hope--Its Meaning for Today," this essay was first printed in the periodical "Religion in Life" (Winter 1952-53). Its purpose is stated in the first paragraph of the essay: "I shall endeavor to deal with some of the thoughts that may deter modern men from a firm belief in, or a due attention to, the return or Second Document [83] (Title: Curfew Must Not Ring Tonight) 1843. In this account, the young woman, Blanche Heriot, has a lover known as Neville Audley, and the action takes place during the Wars of the Roses in 1471. Thorpe wrote her poem in 1867 while living in Litchfield, Michigan. She traded the manuscript to a Detroit newspaper in exchange for a subscription. The poem, a favorite of Queen Victoria's, was one of the most popular of the 19th century, but later faded into obscurity. An 8-foot monument in Litchfield, Michigan along State Highway 99 honors the connection to that town and the poem and author. In the 1890s, playwright Document [84] (Title: A Child's Christmas in Wales) 22 February 1952, Thomas recorded five of his poems: "In the white giant's thigh", "Fern Hill", "Do not go gentle into that good night", "Ballad of the Long-legged Bait", and "Ceremony After a Fire Raid". When they asked him what he would use to fill up the LP's B-side, rather than more poetry, Thomas preferred a story. He could not remember its actual title and said that he wanted to read, as he phrased it, ""A Child's Christmas in Wales"". On the day of recording, Thomas arrived at the studio without a copy of his story. A copy of "Harper's Document [85] (Title: Dylan Thomas) unclassifiable." Olson continued that in a postmodern age that continually attempted to demand that poetry have social reference, none could be found in Thomas's work, and that his work was so obscure that critics could not explicate it. Thomas's verbal style played against strict verse forms, such as in the villanelle "Do not go gentle into that good night". His images were carefully ordered in a patterned sequence, and his major theme was the unity of all life, the continuing process of life and death and new life that linked the generations. Thomas saw biology as a magical transformation producing Document [86] (Title: Eugene O'Neill) where he was recovering from tuberculosis, he decided to devote himself full-time to writing plays (the events immediately prior to going to the sanatorium are dramatized in his masterpiece, "Long Day's Journey into Night"). O'Neill had previously been employed by the "New London Telegraph", writing poetry as well as reporting. In the fall of 1914, he entered Harvard University to attend a course in dramatic technique given by Professor George Baker. He left after one year and did not complete the course. During the 1910s O'Neill was a regular on the Greenwich Village literary scene, where he also befriended many Document [87] (Title: Go to Sleep (Loïc Nottet song)) countries, in celebration of Christmas. A minimally produced piano ballad, Nottet's vocal delivery is set in piano. According to Roy Knoops of ESCToday, "Go to Sleep" lyrically discusses "the power of love and friendship, even in difficult times". Lyrics include: "Don't you worry babe so go to sleep/And save your tears/I know the dreamer last within/Let's wish to fly/Just you and I/So close your eyes to stop your cries/Baby go to sleep". Music critics met "Go to Sleep" with favourable reviews upon its release. ESCToday's Roy Knoops called the song "gentle yet poignant", while noting that it "captures the true Document [88] (Title: Days of Wine and Roses (film)) and looks through the window down the dark street as she walks away. When Debbie asks "Is she going to get well?" he answers gently, "I did, didn't I?" Again Joe looks down the street, the bar's flashing sign reflecting in his window. JP Miller found his title in the 1896 poem "Vitae Summa Brevis Spem Nos Vetat Incohare Longam" by the English writer Ernest Dowson (1867–1900): It also inspired the title song devised by Henry Mancini and Johnny Mercer. Coincidentally, Johnny Mercer, who wrote the lyrics for the title tune, had also written the lyrics for the theme from Document [89] (Title: Villanelle) protagonist Stephen Dedalus. William Empson revived the villanelle more seriously in the 1930s, and his contemporaries and friends W. H. Auden and Dylan Thomas also picked up the form. Dylan Thomas's "Do not go gentle into that good night" is perhaps the most renowned villanelle of all. Theodore Roethke and Sylvia Plath wrote villanelles in the 1950s and 1960s, and Elizabeth Bishop wrote a particularly famous and influential villanelle, "One Art," in 1976. The villanelle reached an unprecedented level of popularity in the 1980s and 1990s with the rise of the New Formalism. Since then, many contemporary poets have written Document [90] (Title: The City of Dreadful Night) The City of Dreadful Night The City of Dreadful Night is a long poem by the Scottish poet James "B.V." Thomson, written between 1870 and 1873, and published in the "National Reformer" in 1874, then in 1880 in a book entitled "The City of Dreadful Night and Other Poems." Thomson, who sometimes used the pseudonym "Bysshe Vanolis" — in honour of Percy Bysshe Shelley and Novalis — was a thorough pessimist, suffering from lifelong melancholia and clinical depression, as well as a wanderlust that took him to Colorado and to Spain, among other places. The "City of Dreadful Night" that Document [91] (Title: Acquainted with the Night) poem is written in strict iambic pentameter, with 14 lines like a sonnet, and with a terza rima rhyme scheme, which follows the complex pattern, aba bcb cdc dad aa. Terza rima ("third rhyme") was invented by the Italian poet Dante Alighieri for his epic poem "The Divine Comedy". Because Italian is a language in which many words have vowel endings, terza rima is much less difficult to write in Italian than it is in English. Because of its difficulty, very few writers in English have attempted the form. However, Frost was a master of many forms, and "Acquainted With Document [92] (Title: Lines on an Autumnal Evening) poem was included in Coleridge's 1796 collection with publications following in 1797, 1803, 1828, 1829, and 1834. It is documented that, on 7 November 1793, Coleridge read the poem to his friends from college. Of those hearing the poem was Christopher Wordsworth, William Wordsworth's younger brother, that later described Coleridge's poem "sickly diction". Coleridge was accused of taking from Samuel Roger's "The Pleasures of Memory". In notes included to the 1796 edition of Coleridge's poems, line 57 has written: I entreat the Public's pardon for having carelessly suffered to be printed such intolerable stuff as this and the thirteen following Document [93] (Title: The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock in popular culture) taxi. The film "It Follows" (2014) features a diegetic reading of the poem. Novels that reference the poem include "The Long Goodbye" (1953) by Raymond Chandler, the young-adult novel "The Chocolate War" (1974) by Robert Cormier, "The Eternal Footman" (1999, the title of which also comes from the poem) by James K. Morrow, and "When Beauty Tamed the Beast" (2011) by Eloisa James. The August 1972 issue of "National Lampoon" featured an article by Sean Kelly entitled "The Love Song of J. Edgar Hoover" which began "We'd better go quietly, you and I." Humorist Kinky Friedman also wrote a novel Document [94] (Title: Good Night, Sleep Tight) published by Scholastic and Scholastic Inc (USA) and has sold over a hundred thousand copies in hardback. The book contains many major poems, including "I Met At Eve" by Walter de la Mare, "Will There Really Be a Morning" by Emily Dickinson, "Last Night I Dreamed of Chickens" by Jack Prelutsky, and "Escape at Bedtime" by Robert Louis Stevenson. Good Night, Sleep Tight Good Night, Sleep Tight is a major children's poetry anthology collated by Ivan Jones and Mal Lewis Jones. It contains 366 poems by world famous and lesser known poets, including some of the editors' own poems. There Document [95] (Title: Good Night, Sleep Tight) Good Night, Sleep Tight Good Night, Sleep Tight is a major children's poetry anthology collated by Ivan Jones and Mal Lewis Jones. It contains 366 poems by world famous and lesser known poets, including some of the editors' own poems. There is one poem for each night of the year. The book is divided into twelve sections with each month illustrated by a well-known illustrator. The idea of the book is for busy parents to read their children a poem every night - and to pick out special ones for birthdays, religious festivals and other significant events. The book is Document [96] (Title: Come, Gentle Night!) to productions like "After", "The Pipes of Pan", "Come, Gentle Night!" and "Pleading"". Dunhill considered some "...scarcely distinguishable from pot-boilers turned out by baser English composers in the days of ballad concerts." Come, Gentle Night! "Come, Gentle Night!" is a poem by Clifton Bingham set to music by the English composer Edward Elgar in 1901. It is a song for soprano voice, the title page advertising that it was sung by Madame Clara Butt. The song was written at the same time as Elgar's "Cockaigne", and published in 1901 by Boosey & Co. in London and New York. In his Document [97] (Title: Malvern, Worcestershire) He wrote many poems there, including: "This Lunar Beauty"; "Let Your Sleeping Head"; "My Love, Fish in the Unruffled Lakes"; and "Out on the Lawn I Lie in Bed". He also wrote the long poem about the hills and their views, called simply "The Malverns". In his 1941 novel "Mr Lucton's Freedom" Halesowen-born novelist Francis Brett Young describes sleeping out on the Malvern Hills and seeing the sunrise over the town. Works of art in Malvern include fountains, statues, and Malvern water spouts by the sculptor Rose Garrard. Among her sculptures are the statue of Sir Edward Elgar and the Document [98] (Title: Midnight poem) in the South". It also influenced A. E. Housman, who wrote three different poems based on the fragment: "The weeping Pleiads wester" and "The rainy Pleiads wester" from "More Poems" and "The half-moon westers low, my love" from "Last Poems". Other poems apparently alluding to the "midnight poem" include Elizabeth Bishop's "Insomnia" – whose first line fits the meter used in the Greek fragment, and which shares setting and tone with it – and H.D.'s "Night", which is thematically linked with the poem, also concerned with the passage of time and isolation. Midnight poem The midnight poem is a fragment Question: who wrote the poem do not go gently into that good night

Answer: Welsh poet Dylan Thomas Long Answer: "Do not go gentle into that good night" is a poem in the form of a villanelle, and the most famous work of Welsh poet Dylan Thomas (1914--1953). Though first published in the journal Botteghe Oscure in 1951, it was written in 1947 when he was in Florence with his family . It was published, along with other stories previously written, as part of his In Country Sleep, And Other Poems in 1952. Gold Document ID: 69

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Press Maravich) to his father immediately after his death; Pete Maravich died nine months later on January 5, 1988. Both "Press" and his son became born-again Christians late in their lives. Press Maravich Petar "Press" Maravich (August 29, 1915 – April 15, 1987) was an American college and professional basketball coach. He received the nickname "Press" as a boy, when one of his jobs was selling the "Pittsburgh Press" on the streets of his hometown of Aliquippa, Pennsylvania, an industrial city outside of Pittsburgh. Maravich, Sr. also served in the United States Naval Air Corps during World War II. Despite a long Document [2] (Title: 1969–70 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team) Maravich. Although Maravich was averaging 45.2 points per game and had scored over 50 points in a game 28 times, Georgetown guard Mike Laska held him to 20 points in a man-to-man defense and Art White scored 28 points, helping Georgetown to come back from seven points down with 3:08 left in the game to close to 81-80 with 17 seconds left. But the Hoyas had to foul Maravich immediately to stop the clock, and he sank both his free throws to give Louisiana State an 83-80 lead. Georgetown closed to 83-82, but ran out of time and was knocked Document [3] (Title: John Drew (basketball)) until the 1987-88 season. Drew played for the Wyoming Wildcatters of the Continental Basketball Association in 1985-86, becoming an All-Star in the CBA. Drew opined that the NBA's drug policy "will keep guys from coming forward and admitting they still have a problem." The Washington Bullets expressed interest in signing him that season but were prohibited from doing so by the league due to his past infractions. Drew's career ended in 1986 after he was arrested in Atlanta twice in less than three months, first on October 2 for selling cocaine to an undercover agent and then on December 17 Document [4] (Title: Pete Mickeal) appearing in five games. On May 9, 2016, he re-signed with Atenas. After he retired from playing professional basketball, Mickeal became a scout, for the NBA's Minnesota Timberwolves. Pete Mickeal Fenton Pete Mickeal (born February 22, 1978) is an American former professional basketball player, currently serving as an NBA scout for the Minnesota Timberwolves. He was selected by the Dallas Mavericks in the second round, with the 58th pick of the 2000 NBA draft. Born in Rock Island, Illinois, Mickeal attended Rock Island High School, the same school attended by former NBA player and coach Don Nelson. In two full Document [5] (Title: Adrian Dantley) to the Detroit Pistons after the 1986 season. Dantley was still an effective scorer but did not get as many shots with Isiah Thomas, Joe Dumars, Vinnie Johnson, and Bill Laimbeer all averaging at least 10 points per game. Midway through the 1989 season Detroit traded Dantley to the Dallas Mavericks for Mark Aguirre. Dantley played two more seasons in the NBA before retiring after a 13-game stint with the Milwaukee Bucks in 1991. Dantley finished his career with an average of 24.3 points per game. He scored his points with a mix of flat-footed mid-range jump shots, high-percentage opportunities Document [6] (Title: Pete Mickeal) Makedonikos, with a brief 2004 interlude in the Russian SuperLeague with Dynamo Moscow. In 2005, he moved to the Spanish League club Breogán. After a season there, he went to the South Korean League for the 2006–07 season, playing with Daegu Orions, before returning to the Spain to play with the Spanish League club TAU Cerámica. On June 29, 2009, he signed with the Spanish League club FC Barcelona. During the EuroLeague 2009–10 season, Mickeal played at small forward for FC Barcelona, and he helped them win the EuroLeague 2010 Final. In 2012, he was named to the All-ACB Finals Document [7] (Title: Pete Retzlaff) Pete Retzlaff Palmer Edward "Pete" Retzlaff, nicknamed "Pistol Pete" and "The Baron", (born August 21, 1931) is a former professional American football player and general manager. Retzlaff played football at Ellendale High School in Ellendale, North Dakota and he starred in track and field and football at South Dakota State College. In 1952, he rushed for 1,016 yards. He was selected in the 1953 NFL Draft by the Detroit Lions of the National Football League but he did not make the team. After two years in the army he was sold to the Philadelphia Eagles, where he played running back, Document [8] (Title: Mike Todorovich) Mike Todorovich Marko John Todorovich (June 11, 1923 – June 24, 2000) was an American basketball player and coach of Serbian descent born in St. Louis, Missouri. He played college basketball at the University of Wyoming. He also played college football at Washington University in St. Louis and the University of Notre Dame. Todorovich began his professional career with the Sheboygan Red Skins of the National Basketball League (NBL). He was named NBL rookie of the year and chosen a first-team pick after a 1947–48 season in which he scored 777 points in 60 games. The other four first-team selections Document [9] (Title: Pistol Pete: The Life and Times of Pete Maravich) Federman is interviewed throughout and also served as a film consultant. Pistol Pete: The Life and Times of Pete Maravich Pistol Pete: The Life and Times of Pete Maravich is a documentary of "Pistol" Pete Maravich. It first aired on CBS during the Final Four Tournament on April 1, 2001. It was produced by George Roy, written by Steven Stern, and narrated by Harry Connick, Jr. It is considered the most comprehensive documentary about Maravich ever produced. It notched a 6.8 rating and a 12 share. "Pistol Pete" featured never-before-broadcast game footage, plus a host of rare interviews, including Julius Document [10] (Title: Rick Mount) Freedom Hall in Louisville, Kentucky. He went through the same procedure earlier in the season before a game at Iowa. He led Purdue to a 23-5 record on the season. He shot 51.5 percent on the season, whereas well-known scorers such as Pete Maravich and Calvin Murphy shot no better than 46 percent. He was selected as a First Team All-American and the Big Ten Player Of The Year. In his senior year, Mount had two 53-point games plus a 61-point game against conference champ Iowa, which was the NCAA Division I single-game record at the time. Thirty-two of his Document [11] (Title: Pete Myers) Pete Myers Peter Eddie Myers (born September 15, 1963) is an American former professional basketball player, and a current assistant coach for the Chicago Bulls. Born in Mobile, Alabama, Myers graduated from Williamson High School of Mobile in 1981. Myers then attended Faulkner State Community College. At Faulkner State, Myers averaged nearly 14 points per game in his two-year career and was named to the 1983 All-Southern Division team. Myers transferred to the University of Arkansas at Little Rock in 1983 and played two seasons on the Arkansas–Little Rock Trojans men's basketball team after redshirting one year. At Arkansas–Little Rock, Document [12] (Title: Pistol Pete: The Life and Times of Pete Maravich) Pistol Pete: The Life and Times of Pete Maravich Pistol Pete: The Life and Times of Pete Maravich is a documentary of "Pistol" Pete Maravich. It first aired on CBS during the Final Four Tournament on April 1, 2001. It was produced by George Roy, written by Steven Stern, and narrated by Harry Connick, Jr. It is considered the most comprehensive documentary about Maravich ever produced. It notched a 6.8 rating and a 12 share. "Pistol Pete" featured never-before-broadcast game footage, plus a host of rare interviews, including Julius Erving, Les Robinson, and the camera-shy Jackie Maravich. MARAVICH biographer Wayne Document [13] (Title: Spencer Haywood) 1975, the SuperSonics traded him to the New York Knicks where he later teamed with Bob McAdoo. Haywood later played for the New Orleans Jazz, Los Angeles Lakers, and Washington Bullets. During the late 1970s, Haywood became addicted to cocaine. He was dismissed from the Lakers by then-coach Paul Westhead during the 1980 NBA Finals for falling asleep during practice due to his addiction. The next season Haywood played in Italy for Reyer Venezia Mestre (then under the name "Carrera di Venezia") along with Dražen Dalipagić before returning to the NBA to play two seasons with the Washington Bullets. Haywood's Document [14] (Title: Mike James (basketball, born 1975)) NBA team, but remained positive and opted for a start in the European professional leagues instead. Mike enjoyed several stellar seasons as an integral player with both French and Austrian teams. James began his NBA career when he signed as a free agent with the Miami Heat during the 2001–02 season. He has since played for the Boston Celtics, the Detroit Pistons, the Milwaukee Bucks, the Houston Rockets, the Toronto Raptors, the Minnesota Timberwolves, the New Orleans Hornets, the Washington Wizards, the Chicago Bulls, and the Dallas Mavericks, averaging 10.0 points per game for his career. James was a member Document [15] (Title: Pete Tillotson) Milan to a second-place finish for the European championship while averaging 18 points and 11 rebounds. He played for Syracuse in 1960, but his playing career ended after he sustained a knee injury. After retiring from basketball, Tillotson worked for nearly 40 years for Ford Motor Company, Paine Webber, Goldman Sachs and General Electric. He retired in 2001. He was included in the inaugural class of seven athletes inducted into the Mason County Sports Hall of Fame in 2005. Pete Tillotson Peter S. Tillotson (born March 23, 1936) is an American former basketball player. He grew up in Ludington, Michigan, Document [16] (Title: Shandon Anderson) (54th overall) of the 1996 NBA draft by the Utah Jazz, and played for the Jazz, the Houston Rockets, the New York Knicks and the Heat. His best season was in 1999–2000, when he averaged 12.3 points per game with the Rockets. His career average is 7.8 points per game. He is the younger brother of former Knicks and Heat player Willie Anderson. Anderson won an NBA championship in 2006 with the Miami Heat as a backup, and subsequently retired. Shandon Anderson Shandon Rodriguez Anderson (born December 31, 1973) is an American retired professional basketball player who played in the Document [17] (Title: Tony Massenburg) able to play alongside NBA legend David Robinson. He played in 35 games with the Spurs during the 1990–91 NBA season. As part of his first career NBA injury's rehabilitation program, Massenburg went to the Italian League in 1991, where he averaged almost 23 points and 10 rebounds per game in four games with the Italian club Pallacanestro Reggiana. After playing in only one game with the San Antonio Spurs in the 1991-1992 season, Massenburg was traded to the Charlotte Hornets where he played for three games before moving on to the Boston Celtics for seven games, and then also Document [18] (Title: Pete Trgovich) round of the 1975 NBA Draft. Trgovich coached East Chicago Central High School to the Indiana AAAA state championship in 2007. He resigned afterwards and accepted the head coach position at Indiana University Northwest, where he coached from 2007 to 2010. Trgovich was inducted into the Indiana Basketball Hall of Fame in 2011. Pete Trgovich Pete Trgovich is an American former college basketball player. He played for the UCLA Bruins, who won two national championships during his career. Trgovich was a member of the 1971 East Chicago Washington High School Senators basketball team, which went undefeated (29-0) and won the Document [19] (Title: Pete Maravich Assembly Center) may be named after a living person). Maravich never played in the arena as a collegian but played in it as a member of the Atlanta Hawks in a preseason game. But his exploits while at LSU led the University to build a larger home for the basketball team, which languished for decades in the shadow of the school's football program. The Maravich Center is known to locals as "The PMAC" or "Pete's Palace", or by its more nationally known nickname, "The Deaf Dome", coined by Dick Vitale. The Maravich Center's neighbor, Tiger Stadium is known as "Death Valley". The Document [20] (Title: Petey Sessoms) 2004, he retired from basketball and began working for the United States Postal Service in North Hollywood, California. As of August 2010, he continues to work there as a supervisor. He's married to Bridgette Wright and has two sons, Paul Jr. and Brixton. Petey Sessoms Petey Sessoms (born June 10, 1972) is an American retired professional basketball player. He played in six different countries in his career that spanned between 1995–96 and 2003–04. He is best known in the United States for his college career at Old Dominion University in which he was named the Colonial Athletic Association Men's Basketball Document [21] (Title: Pete Lalich) Pete Lalich Peter T. Lalich (June 23, 1920 – February 1, 2008) was an American professional basketball player. He played for the Cleveland Rebels of the Basketball Association of America (now known as the National Basketball Association). Pete played basketball and baseball at Ohio University and in 1987 was inducted into the Ohio University Athletics Hall of Fame. Pete played in one game for the Cleveland Rebels where he attempted one field goal and was credited with one personal foul. He also played in the National Basketball League with the Sheboygan Redskins, the Cleveland Chase Brassmen, the Pittsburgh Raiders and Document [22] (Title: Marshall Terrill) new beginning and end chapter. That same year, Terrill met McQueen's last wife and widow, Barbara, and the two began working on a photo book. In October 2006, Terrill released "Maravich", co-authored by Wayne Federman, an exhaustively researched biography on the basketball great, who died on January 5, 1988 from a heart defect. The book took seven years to research and write and was done with the cooperation of Jackie Maravich, the athlete’s widow. Focus on the Family/Tyndale Publishing released the paperback version of the book in September 2008 called "Pete Maravich: The Authorized Biography of Pistol Pete Maravich." Terrill Document [23] (Title: Fred Roberts) especially impressive considering it came against Dennis Rodman, one of the best defenders in the league. The tough, defense-minded Pistons would eventually win the NBA championship later that season. Roberts was released by the Bucks when his contract expired after the 1992-93 NBA season. He played one season of basketball in Spain after his contract was not renewed. After his second stint in Europe, he played for the Chicago Rockers of the Continental Basketball Association. He then signed a 10-day contract with the Cleveland Cavaliers, and was immediately put to work due to starting power forward Tyrone Hill going down Document [24] (Title: Pete Maravich) ball from his career-high 68 point night on February 25, 1977, sold for $131,450 in a 2009 Heritage auction. Free throws made, quarter: 14, Pete Maravich, third quarter, Atlanta Hawks vs. Buffalo Braves, Free throw attempts, quarter: 16, Pete Maravich, second quarter, Atlanta Hawks at Chicago Bulls, Second pair of teammates in NBA history to score 2,000 or more points in a season: 2, Atlanta Hawks () <br> Maravich: 2,063 <br> Lou Hudson: 2,029 Third pair of teammates in NBA history to score 40 or more points in the same game: New Orleans Jazz vs. Denver Nuggets, <br> Maravich: 45 Document [25] (Title: Johnny Newman) Hornets, an expansion franchise in its 3rd year of existence. Newman was traded by the New Jersey Nets along with Stephon Marbury after the 2000–01 NBA season in exchange for Jason Kidd. Newman scored 12,740 points in his NBA career. Newman was inducted into the Virginia Sports Hall of Fame in 2011. Played in the 1997 film "Shadow Conspiracy" with Charlie Sheen, Linda Hamilton, Donald Sutherland and Gore Vidal. Johnny Newman John Sylvester Newman, Jr. (born November 28, 1963) is an American retired professional basketball player. A 6' 7" and shooting guard/small forward, Newman starred at the University of Richmond, Document [26] (Title: Pete Maravich) age 40 while playing in a pickup basketball game in the gym at First Church of the Nazarene in Pasadena, California, with a group that included evangelical author James Dobson. Maravich had flown out from his home in Louisiana to tape a segment for Dobson's radio show that aired later that day. Dobson has said that Maravich's last words, less than a minute before he died, were "I feel great. I just feel great." An autopsy revealed the cause of death to be a rare congenital defect; he had been born with a missing left coronary artery, a vessel that Document [27] (Title: Pete Brennan) 8, 2012 in Durham, North Carolina. Pete Brennan Peter Joseph Brennan (September 23, 1936 – June 8, 2012) was an American basketball player. Brennan was born in Brooklyn, New York. He played collegiately for the University of North Carolina, where he was chosen ACC Men's Basketball Player of the Year in the 1957–58 season. He was selected by the New York Knicks in the first round (4th pick overall) of the 1958 NBA Draft. He played for the Knicks (1958–59) in the NBA for 16 games. He was inducted into the North Carolina Sports Hall of Fame in 2007. Brennan Document [28] (Title: Pete Mickeal) but he was soon signed as a free agent by the New York Knicks. He was on the injured reserve his entire time as a Knick, and was waived later in the season. In the 2002–03 season, he drew attention again from the NBA, being signed to a practice-squad contract with the Houston Rockets, before being waived a week later. He also played with the Orlando Magic in the Orlando Summer League and the Las Vegas Summer League in 2004. After his unsuccessful run in the NBA, Mickeal went on to have great success in the ABA with the Tampa Document [29] (Title: Tony Dumas) seasons in the NBA, mainly for the Mavericks. He did have two brief stints with the Phoenix Suns and Cleveland Cavaliers. His best year as a pro came during the 1995-96 season as a member of the Mavericks, appearing in 67 games (12 starts) and averaging 11.6 ppg, including a 39-point effort against the Suns on January 12, 1996. In 1995, he appeared in the NBA Slam Dunk Contest, finishing last (6th) after three unsuccessful dunks in the first round. In 1998, he played for La Crosse Bobcats (CBA). In 2001, he moved to Greece playing for Sporting BC. In Document [30] (Title: Pete Maravich) Still, the Hawks qualified for the playoffs, where they lost to the New York Knicks in the first round. Maravich struggled somewhat during his second season. His scoring average dipped to 19.3 points per game, and the Hawks finished with another disappointing 36–46 record. Once again they qualified for the playoffs, and once again they were eliminated in the first round. However, Atlanta fought hard against the Boston Celtics, with Maravich averaging 27.7 points in the series. Maravich erupted in his third season, averaging 26.1 points (5th in the NBA) and dishing out 6.9 assists per game (6th in the Document [31] (Title: Press Maravich) Alpha Sigma Phi fraternity. Maravich was the son of Serbian immigrants. After college, he played professional basketball with the Youngstown Bears (1945–1946) of the National Basketball League, and the Pittsburgh Ironmen (1946–1947) of the Basketball Association of America. Press Maravich's first head coaching job at the college level was West Virginia Wesleyan College, 1949–1950. From there he went on to become head coach of his alma mater, Davis & Elkins, from 1950 to 1952. He had previously served as an assistant under Red Brown from 1947 to 1949. Maravich was head coach of the Tigers of Clemson University from 1956 Document [32] (Title: Vassilis Spanoulis) to play for Panathinaikos Athens, as he had requested. This was officially announced on August 23, 2007. Allegedly, due to "family reasons," Spanoulis decided that he would not remain in the NBA, with his agent going as far as, comparing the Rockets reluctance to break his contract to slavery. Spanoulis, instead opted to return to Panathinaikos, to once again play in the Greek Basket League and the EuroLeague. In June 2013, Spanoulis claimed that Rockets coach Jeff Van Gundy told him on the first day he arrived at Houston that since he was a rookie, and unfamiliar to Van Gundy, Document [33] (Title: Pete Perini) played for the Hagerstown Braves of the Interstate League as an outfielder from 1950 to 1951. Perini played in fourteen games for the Chicago Bears from 1954 to 1955. He played in six games for the Cleveland Browns during the 1955 season. His career was cut short due to a knee injury. Perini served in the United States Army during the Korean War. He worked in the Ohio Department of Corrections for nearly three decades. He was also the superintendent of the Marion Correctional Institution until his retirement. Pete Perini Evo Peter Perini (February 10, 1928 – September 11, 2008) Document [34] (Title: Pete Maravich) games. Thus, Maravich was parked on the bench for 24 straight games, much to the dismay of Utah fans and to Maravich himself. During that time, Adrian Dantley emerged as the team's franchise player. The Jazz placed Maravich on waivers in January 1980. He signed with the Celtics, the top team in the league that year, led by rookie superstar Larry Bird. Maravich adjusted to a new role as part-time contributor, giving Boston a "hired gun" off the bench. He helped the team post a 61–21 record in the regular season, best in the league. And, for the first time Document [35] (Title: Pete Tillotson) Pete Tillotson Peter S. Tillotson (born March 23, 1936) is an American former basketball player. He grew up in Ludington, Michigan, and played basketball for Ludington High School from 1951 to 1954. In three years at Ludington High, he scored 1,176 points -- 179 points as a sophomore, 433 points as a junior and 564 points as a senior. During the 1953–54 season, he averaged 25.6 points per game. He led Ludington to a 21–2 record and the state finals in 1952 and an 18–4 record in 1953. As a student at the University of Michigan, he played center for Document [36] (Title: Pete Maravich) a recluse for two years. Through it all, Maravich said he was searching "for life". He tried the practices of yoga and Hinduism, read Trappist monk Thomas Merton's "The Seven Storey Mountain" and took an interest in the field of ufology, the study of unidentified flying objects. He also explored vegetarianism and macrobiotics. Eventually, he embraced evangelical Christianity. A few years before his death, Maravich said, "I want to be remembered as a Christian, a person that serves Him [Jesus] to the utmost, not as a basketball player." On January 5, 1988, Maravich collapsed and died of heart failure at Document [37] (Title: Pete Maravich Assembly Center) of the volunteers were themselves displaced from New Orleans due to the hurricane. Helicopters with injured evacuees landed on the infield of LSU's Bernie Moore Track Stadium, which is adjacent to the arena, while ambulances from around the region lined up with other patients that needed treatment. Those deemed healthy enough were either transferred to out-of-state facilities or to LSU's Carl Maddox Field House which had been transformed into a large emergency shelter. Pete Maravich Assembly Center The Pete Maravich Assembly Center is a 13,215-seat multi-purpose arena in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. The arena opened in 1972. It is home to Document [38] (Title: Pistol Pete (New Mexico State University)) depict Pistol Pete carrying pistols, and this is now the official athletics logo. In 2009, Pistol Pete was suspended for one game by the Western Athletic Conference for fighting with Utah State's mascot, Big Blue, during a 2009 WAC Men's Basketball Tournament game. Pistol Pete (New Mexico State University) Pistol Pete is the mascot for the New Mexico State Aggies, the athletic teams of New Mexico State University in Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA. Pistol Pete is portrayed by a NMSU student dressed in traditional cowboy attire, including a cowboy hat, a vest, and chaps, and armed with twirling pistols. Document [39] (Title: Mike Taylor (basketball)) Angeles D-Fenders. Mike Taylor (basketball) Michael Rene Taylor (born January 21, 1986) is an American professional basketball player who last played for Anyang KGC of the Korean Basketball League. He played college basketball for Chipola College and Iowa State. Collegiately, Taylor played three seasons for Chipola College (NJCAA-FCCAA, 2004-05 to 2005-06) and Iowa State University (2006–07), leading the latter team in scoring with 16.0 points per game. However, he was dismissed from the team in July 2007 after a series of brushes with the law. During 2007–08, he played for the Idaho Stampede of the NBA Development League, averaging 14.5 Document [40] (Title: Jeff Teague (basketball)) history (Pete Maravich – 12 in 1972–73, and Eddie Johnson – 11 in 1984–85). On January 16, 2013, he scored a career-high 28 points in a 109–95 win over the Brooklyn Nets. Teague later participated in the Taco Bell Skills Challenge during NBA All-Star Weekend. The Hawks were once again knocked out in the first round of the playoffs, losing 4–2 to the Indiana Pacers. On July 10, 2013, Teague was extended a four-year, $32 million offer sheet by the Milwaukee Bucks; however, three days later, the Hawks matched the offer. On December 26, 2013, he scored a career-high 34 Document [41] (Title: Mo Layton) he appeared in only 3 games. He would later sign with the Detroit Pistons prior to the 1974–75 NBA season, and again with the Suns prior to the 1975–76 NBA season, but was waived by both teams before the start of the respective season. Layton would return to the NBA in the 1976–77 and 1977–78 seasons, playing with the New York Knicks and the San Antonio Spurs, respectively. He was waived by the Spurs on October 2, 1978. Mo Layton Dennis "Mo" Layton (born December 24, 1948) is a retired American professional basketball player. A 6'1" point guard from USC, Document [42] (Title: Pete Maravich) since his early career in Atlanta, Maravich was able to participate in the NBA playoffs. He appeared in nine games during that postseason, but the Celtics were upended by Julius Erving and the Philadelphia 76ers in the Eastern Conference finals, four games to one. Realizing that his knee problems would never go away, Maravich retired at the end of that season. The NBA instituted the 3-point shot just in time for Maravich's last season in the league. He had always been famous for his long-range shooting, and his final year provided an official statistical gauge of his abilities. Between his Document [43] (Title: Pete Reiser) at 62, and was buried at Desert Memorial Park in Cathedral City, California. Pete Reiser Harold Patrick Reiser (March 17, 1919 – October 25, 1981), nicknamed "Pistol Pete", was an outfielder in Major League Baseball during the 1940s and early 1950s. He played primarily for the Brooklyn Dodgers, and later for the Boston Braves, Pittsburgh Pirates and Cleveland Indians. A native of St. Louis, Missouri, Reiser originally signed with his hometown Cardinals, but at age 19 he was among a group of minor league players declared free agents by Commissioner of Baseball Kenesaw Mountain Landis. Reportedly, Cardinal general manager Branch Document [44] (Title: Cozell McQueen) nearly 33 minutes per game. He finished his career in the American minor leagues, retiring in 1996. Cozell McQueen Cozell McQueen (born January 18, 1962) is an American former professional basketball player. He was part of the NC State side that surprisingly won the 1983 NCAA Tournament. Though he briefly played in the NBA for the Detroit Pistons, the majority of his professional career took place in the minor leagues and in Europe. He played as a Center. As a sophomore, McQueen took part in North Carolina State's 1983 NCAA title. He sunk an off-balance shot to tie the overtime Document [45] (Title: Pete Maravich) antics. He was elected to the All-NBA First Team that year. The following season (1976–77) was his most productive in the NBA. He led the league in scoring with an average of 31.1 points per game. He scored 40 points or more in 13 different games, and 50 or more in 4 games. His 68-point masterpiece against the Knicks was at the time the most points ever scored by a guard in a single game, and only two players at any position had ever scored more: Wilt Chamberlain and Elgin Baylor. Baylor was head coach of the Jazz at that Document [46] (Title: The Pistol: The Birth of a Legend) talks, Press gave Pete a range of drills and technique advice. At school, Pete perceives himself as an outcast even on the basketball team, where at one point he was benched for ten games. Pete believed in himself and his father stood behind him. Pete begins dribbling the basketball regularly and in strange situations such as during his bike rides while he keeps it with him around the clock. Pete's coach looks down on Pete's fancy basketball skills as the kind of thing that the Blacks from the bad part of town do. Eventually, when Pete is given the chance, Document [47] (Title: Ralph Drollinger) Maravich. That morning Maravich collapsed in the middle of the game from a massive heart attack. Dobson and Drollinger administered CPR, but to no avail; Maravich was pronounced dead upon arrival at the hospital. He was selected as one of the Fabulous 50 Basketball Players by the San Diego Hall of Champions in 2011. After his brief injury-plagued professional career, Drollinger founded and participated in a variety of sports related ministries. He helped found and was the Executive Director of "Sports Outreach America", an umbrella trade organization of American church and parachurch sports ministries, such as the Fellowship of Christian Document [48] (Title: Arijan Komazec) preparing to make the fling at European level, and in the summer he was loaned to Cagiva Varese, where he played the next two seasons (1993–94 in A2 & 1994–95 A1), and made impressive performances. The impression that he made by his performance in Varese, caused Buckler Beer Bologna, which was the dominant team of the Italian League the previous years, to buy his contract from Panathinaikos, and close a deal with him for the next two years, in an effort to replace the large void left in the team by Saša Danilović leaving for the NBA's Miami Heat. The Document [49] (Title: Muggsy Bogues) of the ball. Bogues reportedly had a measured vertical leap, but his hands were too small to hold on to a ball to dunk one-handed. It has been claimed that Bogues once successfully dunked during pregame practice in December 1990, but that has never been confirmed. The Miami Heat and Charlotte Hornets were set to enter the NBA for the 1988–89 NBA season. Despite their weakness at the point guard, Bogues was left unprotected by the Bullets. On June 22, 1988 the Hornets selected him in the expansion draft. As Bogues settled in Charlotte, he established himself as an exceptional Document [50] (Title: Pat Williams (basketball)) roster, trading with the Sixers for Chet Walker, and invested on the promotion, including the creation of mascot Benny the Bull. The Bulls had become a force in the league as the Atlanta Hawks brought Williams to be their GM in 1973. He spent just one year in Atlanta, where his most notable action was trading star Pete Maravich for two players and five draft picks. As the Sixers had become one of the worst teams in the NBA, owner Irv Kosloff invited Williams to return in 1974. Williams then remained in Philadelphia for 12 years as their general manager, Document [51] (Title: LSU Tigers basketball) for the exploits of Press Maravich's son, Pete "Pistol Pete" Maravich whom he coached from 1967–1970. Pete dominated at the collegiate level averaging 44.2 points per game and was named National Player of the Year in 1970. Collis Temple Jr. of Kentwood became LSU's first African-American varsity athlete during Press' final season of 1971–1972. Dale Brown was head LSU basketball coach for 25 years from 1972–1997. During his time at LSU, he led the basketball team to two Final Fours, four Elite Eights, five Sweet Sixteens, and thirteen NCAA Tournament appearances. He also led the Tigers to four regular season Document [52] (Title: Lou Tsioropoulos) Lou Tsioropoulos Louis Charles "Lou" Tsioropoulos (Greek: Λουδοβίκος "Λου" Τσιωρόπουλος; August 31, 1930 – August 22, 2015) was a Greek-American professional basketball player who played for the NBA's Boston Celtics for three seasons from 1956–1959. He was born in Lynn, Massachusetts. Tsioropoulos played college basketball at the University of Kentucky under legendary coach Adolph Rupp. As a sophomore in 1951, he was a member of Kentucky's NCAA Championship team, which defeated Kansas State 68-58 in the Championship game. In the fall of 1952, a point shaving scandal involving three Kentucky players (a fourth player, Bill Spivey, a teammate of Tsioropoulos Document [53] (Title: 1973–74 NBA season) as well. Second in minutes played and in the new blocked shots category, Abdul-Jabbar was a peerless presence all season long. One player, Atlanta's high-scoring Pete Maravich, tried more shots, but Kareem sank his tries at a 53.9% clip, second best in the NBA. The rest of the Bucks lineup provided good support for Abdul-Jabbar, but age and injuries remained a concern into the playoffs. The Boston Celtics cast a very determined shadow across the East with 56 wins, willed by 33-year-old captain John Havlicek. The swingman star was again All-Defense while scoring 22.8 points per game. Hondo even leaked Document [54] (Title: 1970 National Invitation Tournament) It was LSU's only postseason appearance between 1954 and 1979. 1970 National Invitation Tournament The 1970 National Invitation Tournament was unique in that coach Al McGuire of Marquette University, unhappy with his team's placement, turned down a bid to the NCAA tournament and elected to play in the NIT instead. His Marquette Warriors went on to claim the championship. This tournament represented the final college games for LSU great Pete Maravich, the NCAA's all-time leading scorer. Maravich finished his three-year career with 3,667 points, 44.2 per game, records which stand through the 2017-18 season, despite the reinstitution of freshman eligibility Document [55] (Title: Pete Retzlaff) general manager. In 1973 and 1974, he worked as a color analyst for NFL coverage on CBS television. Retzlaff's number 44 jersey has been retired by the Eagles. Pete Retzlaff Palmer Edward "Pete" Retzlaff, nicknamed "Pistol Pete" and "The Baron", (born August 21, 1931) is a former professional American football player and general manager. Retzlaff played football at Ellendale High School in Ellendale, North Dakota and he starred in track and field and football at South Dakota State College. In 1952, he rushed for 1,016 yards. He was selected in the 1953 NFL Draft by the Detroit Lions of the Document [56] (Title: Akron Wingfoots) between 1967 and 1968. Pete McCaffrey played for the gold medal-winning United States men's national basketball team at the 1964 Summer Olympics. He also played at the 1963 FIBA World Championship where the United States finished fourth. After playing for the Wingfoots in 1961 Adrian Smith signed for Cincinnati Royals where he stayed for 8 seasons. He was selected to the 1966 NBA All-Star Game and, he was named MVP after he scored 24 points in 26 minutes. In the 1969–70 season, after 32 games with the Royals, Smith was traded to the San Francisco Warriors, In 1971–72 he played Document [57] (Title: Pete Matevich) to play three qualifying games for the 1950 FIFA World Cup. He scored two goals in the last U.S. game, a 5–2 victory over Cuba. Despite that contribution, he was not selected for the World Cup roster. Pete Matevich Pete Matevich is a former American soccer player who earned four caps, scoring two goals, as a member of the U.S. national team in 1949. Matevich was a member of the Chicago Maroons of the North American Soccer Football League. In 1946, he was the league’s second leading scorer behind Gil Heron with seven goals. After the league folded in the Document [58] (Title: Martin Müürsepp) who had competed in the Soviet Basketball League for Kalev. In 1989 after successful games for Estonian SSR youth teams in Finland, Latvia and Moscow, he caught Stanislav Eremin´s eye and was added to the shortlist of the Soviet national youth team alongside Vitaly Potapenko, Zakhar Pashutin, Roberts Štelmahers and Dainius Adomaitis. In the 1996 NBA Draft he was selected in the 1st round (25th overall) by the Utah Jazz. After the draft, Müürsepp was traded to Miami Heat for a future draft pick (no. 23 in the 2000 draft). He has played 83 games in the NBA for the Document [59] (Title: LSU Tigers basketball) SEC championships and one SEC Tournament championship. In 1996–97, Dale Brown signed Baton Rouge high school phenom Lester Earl, who led Glen Oaks High School to three consecutive Louisiana High School Athletic Association state championships (two in Class 4A, one in Class 5A, the highest classification), with all championship games played at the Pete Maravich Assembly Center. Earl played just 11 games at LSU before he was suspended and transferred to the University of Kansas soon afterward (ironically, Earl played for LSU in an 82-53 loss to Kansas in that season's Maui Invitational). While at Kansas, Earl said that an Document [60] (Title: Pete Maravich) thing." Despite some setbacks coping with their father's death and without the benefit that his tutelage might have provided, both sons eventually were inspired to play high school and collegiate basketball—Josh at his father's alma mater, LSU. On June 27, 2014, Governor Bobby Jindal proposed that LSU erect a statue of Maravich outside the Assembly Center which already bears the basketball star's name. Former coach Dale Brown opposes such a monument, but Maravich's widow, Jackie McLachlan, said that she had been promised a statue after the passing of her husband. McLachlan said that she has noticed how fans struggle to Document [61] (Title: Pete Maravich) time. Maravich earned his third all-star game appearance and was honored as All-NBA First Team for the second consecutive season. The following season, injuries to both knees forced him to miss 32 games during the 1977–78 season. Despite being robbed of some quickness and athleticism, he still managed to score 27.0 points per game, and he also added 6.7 assists per contest, his highest average as a member of the Jazz. Many of those assists went to new teammate Truck Robinson, who had joined the franchise as a free agent during the off-season. In his first year in New Orleans, Document [62] (Title: Press Maravich) for 11 days; symptoms such as coughing subsided while the treatment had no effect on the cancer. Through the next two months, Press's condition deteriorated while Pete took constant care of him with his sister, Diana. Press Maravich lived his last days in Highland Park Hospital in Covington, Louisiana, where he died on April 15, 1987. "Press" Maravich lived just long enough to see Pete selected as a possible member of the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame, but not long enough to see him officially inducted in May 1987. Pete Maravich is quoted as saying "I'll see you soon" Document [63] (Title: Mike Penberthy) season, Penberthy was the shooting coach for the New Orleans Pelicans. Penberthy married Wendy Jones, who attended The Master's College with him and played volleyball for the college. They have three children. Ty, Jaden and Kate. Mike Penberthy Michael Dunkin Penberthy (born November 29, 1974) is an American former professional basketball player, and a current assistant coach for the New Orleans Pelicans, A 6'3" (1.90 m) point guard from The Master's College (now The Master's University), Penberthy went undrafted in the 1997 NBA Draft but did manage to play for the Los Angeles Lakers for two seasons (2000-01 to 2001–02). Document [64] (Title: Mychal Thompson) the Spurs, before he was traded again, this time to Los Angeles for center/forward Frank Brickowski, center Pétur Guðmundsson and a 1990 first-round draft choice. He was brought to the Lakers in February 1987 to back up Kareem Abdul-Jabbar and defend Boston Celtics forward Kevin McHale. This gave the Pat Riley coached Lakers a team that had four players who were overall #1 selections in the NBA draft, the others being Abdul-Jabbar (1969), Magic Johnson (1979), and James Worthy (1982). Of those four, Thompson is the only one not enshrined in the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame or to Document [65] (Title: Pete Kozma) RBIs. He resigned a minor league deal with the Tigers on November 9, 2018, which includes an invitation to spring training. He also played winter baseball with the Perth Heat of the Australian Baseball League for their 2018-19 season, crediting teammate Warwick Saupold for persuading him to join the Heat. Pete Kozma Peter Michael Kozma (born April 11, 1988) is an American professional baseball shortstop in the Detroit Tigers organization. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the St. Louis Cardinals, New York Yankees, Texas Rangers and Detroit Tigers. The Cardinals selected him in the first round of Document [66] (Title: Pistol Pete (Oklahoma State University)) his likeness is a visible reminder of the Old West to literally millions of people yearly as a symbol of colleges whose mascots pay homage to the cowboy. However, it was not until 1958 that "Pistol Pete" was adopted as the school's mascot. The familiar caricature of "Pistol Pete" was officially sanctioned in 1984 by Oklahoma State University as a licensed symbol. Each year, an average of 15 Oklahoma State students audition to portray Pistol Pete. A panel of former "Petes" conduct the tryouts and select two replacements based largely on an interview. Candidates are also asked to exhibit themselves Document [67] (Title: Vassilis Spanoulis) games played off the bench. During Spanoulis' first NBA season, there was a dispute between him and Rockets head coach, Jeff Van Gundy, over playing time. There was an issue between the team's management, Spanoulis, and the coach as well, over the contract that Spanoulis had signed. In order to sign with the Rockets, and fulfill his dreams of playing in the NBA, Spanoulis took a considerably smaller contract than the one that was being offered to him by his Greek team, Panathinaikos Athens. He still had two years under his contract with Panathinaikos, but his buyout was small, and Document [68] (Title: Mark Kriegel) acts?” “He’s been a part of three Emmy-winning teams for the NFL Network and Showtime. Kriegel lives in Santa Monica, California, with his daughter, Holiday. Mark Kriegel Mark Kriegel is an American author, journalist, and television commentator. He is the son of author and essayist, Leonard Kriegel. He grew up in New York City, and attended Stuyvesant High School, Swarthmore College, and the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism. Kriegel is the author of critically acclaimed "New York Times" bestsellers, "Namath: A Biography," about Hall of Fame quarterback Joe Namath, and "Pistol: the Life of Pete Maravich". His 2012 book, Document [69] (Title: NBA on CBS) Rudolph officiating. 32 players, including Rick Barry, Pete Maravich, George Gervin, JoJo White, Doug Collins, Paul Westphal and Bob McAdoo, competed in a round-robin single-elimination tournament each week. Barry was eliminated in the first round by journeyman Earl Tatum of the Los Angeles Lakers. Maravich and Westphal made it all the way to the final, which was scheduled to take place at halftime of Game 2 of the 1978 NBA Finals. However, Maravich was injured and unavailable, so CBS instead had Westphal shoot a free-throw against "Bag-Man" (who was actually Rick Barry, who was on the announcing team, wearing a Document [70] (Title: Pete Trgovich) Pete Trgovich Pete Trgovich is an American former college basketball player. He played for the UCLA Bruins, who won two national championships during his career. Trgovich was a member of the 1971 East Chicago Washington High School Senators basketball team, which went undefeated (29-0) and won the Indiana state high school championship. In the final two tournament wins that season, he scored a combined 68 points. Among his teammates were Junior Bridgeman, who later played professionally in the National Basketball Association (NBA), and Tim Stoddard, who played basketball at North Carolina State University and went on to have success as Document [71] (Title: Tony Delk) while at Kentucky. Tony Delk was picked 16th overall in the 1996 NBA draft by the Charlotte Hornets. He was traded by the Hornets along with Muggsy Bogues to the Golden State Warriors for B. J. Armstrong on November 7, 1997, where he played for two seasons before signing with the Sacramento Kings on August 16, 1999. He appeared in 46 games in 1999-00, subsequently joining the Phoenix Suns on August 1, 2000. In a January 2, 2001 overtime game against his former Kings team, he scored a career-high 53 points on 20-for-27 field goal shooting. This was the only Document [72] (Title: Jay McCreary) Rouge as an assistant in 1966, he served in this capacity for Truitt and Press Maravich until Maravich's firing in 1972. Jay McCreary died on April 17, 1995. Jay McCreary Lawrence J. "Jay" McCreary (February 6, 1918 - April 17, 1995) was an American basketball player and coach. He won championships as a player in both high school and college, and as a high school coach in Indiana. McCreary also served as head coach at Louisiana State University. Jay McCreary was an Indiana state All-Star as a guard at Frankfort High School, where he led the team to a State Document [73] (Title: Pistol Pete (New Mexico State University)) that of Oklahoma State. Pistol Pete was disarmed in 2005 as part of a controversial plan to rebrand the university on the national stage. Pete's pistol was replaced with a lasso, and his name was briefly officially abbreviated to simply "Pete." The costumed mascot seen at games also lost his six shooters and holster belt in favor of a lasso. The disarming of Pete led to a massive uproar among students, alumni and outsiders demanding the return of Pete's guns. Popular T-shirts worn around campus featured the old Pistol Pete logo modified to show an oversized gun in his hand, Document [74] (Title: The Pistol: The Birth of a Legend) the film as subtle with emphasis on the value of sharing of special moments in life. The Pistol: The Birth of a Legend The Pistol: The Birth of a Legend is a 1991 biographical sports film about the 1959 8th grade basketball season of Pete Maravich and his father Press Maravich. The film, which presents his early beginnings and the origin of the "Pistol" nickname, is set in Clemson, SC, where the elder Maravich served as head coach for Clemson Tigers men's basketball. The film is regarded as a family film that is listed by several Christian book and film Document [75] (Title: Press Maravich) to go to the West Virginia University but finally agreed to go to LSU if his dad bought him a car. (Pistol: The Life of Pete Maravich.) In spite of coaching his prolific son for half of his coaching career at LSU, Maravich had an overall losing record at the school. Maravich was replaced at LSU by Dale Brown in 1972. He then went on to coach the Mountaineers of Appalachian State, shepherding them through their early years in Division I, before retiring from coaching in 1975. Maravich returned to coaching in the early 1980s as associate head coach at Document [76] (Title: Karl Tilleman) his best games against the United States. For example, in the 1983 Pan American Games, Tilleman scored 28 points in a head-to-head showdown with Michael Jordan; Tilleman's "excellent shooting" kept Canada in that tight game, which was tied 15 times. In the 1987 World University Games, where "Canada challenged the U.S. men all the way," Tilleman again led Canada (and all players) scoring 21 points against a talented U.S. team led by future NBA stars B.J. Armstrong (Chicago Bulls) and Mitch Richmond (Golden State), and coached by the iconic Mike Krzyzewski. Tilleman has also excelled as an attorney. He clerked Document [77] (Title: Wayne Federman) commercials, portraying a fish, a deer, a boulder, and slab of ice. This ad was eventually pulled and re-edited when viewers complained of the implied vulgarity. In 2015, Federman voiced a camel (Phil) in a GEICO insurance commercial. In 2000, Federman began co-authoring (with Marshall Terrill) a new, authorized biography of NBA basketball legend Pete Maravich. Working closely with the Maravich family, the book, "Maravich", was released on January 3, 2007. It became an Amazon Sports Bestseller. In 2000, Federman was interviewed for, and served as senior consultant on, the Emmy award-winning CBS Sports documentary, "". He was also featured Document [78] (Title: Pete Reiser) Pete Reiser Harold Patrick Reiser (March 17, 1919 – October 25, 1981), nicknamed "Pistol Pete", was an outfielder in Major League Baseball during the 1940s and early 1950s. He played primarily for the Brooklyn Dodgers, and later for the Boston Braves, Pittsburgh Pirates and Cleveland Indians. A native of St. Louis, Missouri, Reiser originally signed with his hometown Cardinals, but at age 19 he was among a group of minor league players declared free agents by Commissioner of Baseball Kenesaw Mountain Landis. Reportedly, Cardinal general manager Branch Rickey—mortified at losing a player of Reiser's caliber—arranged for the Dodgers to sign Document [79] (Title: Ralph Drollinger) new NBA franchise. He signed with the Dallas Mavericks in June 1980 as a free agent before they had hired Dick Motta as the head coach, motivated by his desire to attend Dallas Theological Seminary during his playing days. He played in only six games due to a knee injury which led to his retirement from basketball in March 1981. In the Mavs' inaugural season in 1980–81, he averaged 2.5 points, 3.2 rebounds and 2.3 assists per game. Some years later after his retirement, Dr. James Dobson invited Drollinger to play in an early morning pick up game with Pete Document [80] (Title: Ernie DiGregorio) then-NBA record 94.5%. In 1977, he joined fellow NBA stars Julius Erving, Rick Barry, Wilt Chamberlain, and Pete Maravich, in endorsing Spalding's line of rubber basketballs, with a signature "Ernie D." ball making up part of the collection. Before the 1977–78 season, DiGregorio was traded to the Los Angeles Lakers, and played in a Lakers' uniform in only 25 games before being waived. The Boston Celtics signed him as a free agent but he played only sparingly for the rest of the season. He would not play in the NBA again, although he did not formally retire until 1981. In Document [81] (Title: Pete Maravich) NBA). With 2,063 points, he combined with Hudson (2,029 points) to become only the second set of teammates in league history to each score over 2,000 points in a single season. The Hawks soared to a 46–36 record, but again bowed out in the first round of the playoffs. However, the season was good enough to earn Maravich his first-ever appearance in the NBA All-Star Game, and also All-NBA Second Team honors. The following season (1973–74) was his best yet—at least in terms of individual accomplishments. Maravich posted 27.7 points per game—second in the league behind Bob McAdoo—and earned his Document [82] (Title: Pete McCaffrey) named an AAU All-American three times – in 1962, 1963 and 1964 – while playing for the Wingfoots. He also played 16 times for the United States. Pete McCaffrey John Paul McCaffrey (December 24, 1938 – March 4, 2012) was an American basketball player. He played for the gold medal-winning United States men's national basketball team at the 1964 Summer Olympics. He also played for the fourth place squad at the 1963 FIBA World Championship. McCaffrey was born in Tucson, Arizona and played collegiately at Saint Louis. Later, in 1994, he was inducted into the school's hall of fame. Aside Document [83] (Title: NC State Wolfpack men's basketball) the championship game, 91–85, Case, by then using a wheelchair, was rolled on court to cut the final strand from the net. Maravich had originally been hired in part because of his son Pete Maravich, who at the time was a highly touted high school player. After Pete failed to qualify academically at NC State, he accepted a scholarship to play at LSU. After the 1965–66 season, Press Maravich resigned as head coach of the Wolfpack to follow Pete to LSU. NC state finished eighth in the ACC in Maravich's final year. On April 30, 1966, the day after Maravich Document [84] (Title: Pete Maravich) introduced him to Michael Jordan. Since Maravich's children were very young when he died, Jackie Maravich initially shielded them from unwanted media attention, not even allowing Jaeson and Josh to attend their father's funeral. However, a proclivity to basketball seemed to be an inherited trait. During a 2003 interview, Jaeson told "USA Today" that, when he was still only a toddler, "My dad passed me a (Nerf) basketball, and I've been hooked ever since... . My dad said I shot and missed, and I got mad and I kept shooting. He said his dad told him he did the same Document [85] (Title: Pistol Pete (New Mexico State University)) Pistol Pete (New Mexico State University) Pistol Pete is the mascot for the New Mexico State Aggies, the athletic teams of New Mexico State University in Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA. Pistol Pete is portrayed by a NMSU student dressed in traditional cowboy attire, including a cowboy hat, a vest, and chaps, and armed with twirling pistols. NMSU licenses Pistol Pete from Oklahoma State University for $10/year as part of a settlement of a copyright infringement lawsuit. For many years, NMSU's athletics logo was a caricature of Old West gunfighter and lawman Frank "Pistol Pete" Eaton which was identical to Document [86] (Title: Tony Dumas) 2001, he played for Rimini in Italy. Tony Dumas Tony Dumas (born August 25, 1972) is an American retired professional basketball player. Born in Chicago, Illinois, Dumas played collegiately at the University of Missouri-Kansas City (UMKC). He was the all-time leading scorer in UMKC history upon the completion of his career, with 2,459 career points. His senior season, he finished seventh in the NCAA in scoring at 27.0 points per game. He is also the only player in UMKC history to be drafted into the NBA. Dumas was selected by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1st round (19th overall) of Document [87] (Title: Jon Scheyer) assists. His coach David Weber said: "I call him a combination of Larry Bird and 'Pistol' Pete (Maravich). He's got the flair, the passing abilities. He's got good size. He's a rare player in this day and age." Scheyer rose to national fame in his senior year by scoring 21 points in 75 seconds of play during a one-man comeback effort in the last minute and a half of a high school game against Proviso West High School, in an effort to keep alive his team's 35-game winning streak. It has been called one of the best performances ever on Document [88] (Title: Jon Scheyer) shooting back across his body. He can drive and finish in acrobatic ways. His offensive repertoire of ways to score is like a magician's bag of tricks. Offensively, he is a modern-day 'Pistol' Pete Maravich. Scheyer's final four college choices were Arizona, Duke, Illinois, and Wisconsin. On the one hand, his connection with Illinois was strengthened by the fact that his high school coach was Illinois coach Bruce Weber's brother. In addition, when he had been in junior high school, he had really disliked Duke's team, because all his friends liked Duke and he wanted to be different. Militating in Document [89] (Title: LSU Lady Tigers basketball) have won the SEC regular season championship 3 times, and the SEC Tournament championship twice. The Pete Maravich Assembly Center is a 13,215-seat multi-purpose arena in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. The arena opened in 1972 and is home of the LSU Lady Tigers basketball team. It was originally known as the LSU Assembly Center, but was renamed in honor of Pete Maravich, a Tiger basketball legend, shortly after his death in 1988. The Maravich Center is known to locals as "The PMAC" or "The Palace that Pete Built," or by its more nationally known nickname, "The Deaf Dome," coined by Dick Document [90] (Title: Calbert Cheaney) (including a playoff appearance in 1997). He would go on to play for the Boston Celtics, Denver Nuggets, and Utah Jazz, before closing his career out with three years with the Golden State Warriors, retiring after the 2005–06 season. During his thirteen-year NBA career, Cheaney played for five different teams, averaging 9.5 points and 3.2 rebounds. Off the court, Cheaney appeared along with many of his 1997 Bullet teammates (Juwan Howard, Ben Wallace, and Ashraf Amaya) in singer Crystal Waters' 1996 video "Say If You Feel Alright". He also appeared in the 1994 film Blue Chips as a player for Document [91] (Title: Rex Chapman) Chapman was traded to the Washington Bullets in exchange for Tom Hammonds on February 19, 1992. He played 60 games during the 1993–94 season and 45 games during the 1994–95 season. He had his second major injury during the latter season, after which he was traded to the Miami Heat. Chapman had what started out as a great season, and averaged 14.8 points per game that year. On February 23, 1996, he scored 39 points (converting 9 of 10 3-point attempts) and lead an injury-plagued Miami Heat team with an 8-man roster to a 113-104 victory over the Chicago Bulls, Document [92] (Title: Pete Matevich) Pete Matevich Pete Matevich is a former American soccer player who earned four caps, scoring two goals, as a member of the U.S. national team in 1949. Matevich was a member of the Chicago Maroons of the North American Soccer Football League. In 1946, he was the league’s second leading scorer behind Gil Heron with seven goals. After the league folded in the fall of 1947, he moved to Chicago Slovak of the National Soccer League of Chicago. Matevich played earned his first cap with the U.S. national team in a June 19, 1949 loss to Scotland. He went on Document [93] (Title: Byron Dinkins) Dinkins never played for an NBA team after 1991, he did have a prosperous basketball career playing professionally in the Greek League for Peristeri Athens, Panionios Athens, Panathinaikos Athens (1996–1997), and Iraklis Thessaloniki. In the 1996–97 season he played with Panathinaikos and in September 1996, he helped them win the FIBA Intercontinental Cup. He led the Greek League in assists per game in 1996 and 2000. Dinkins returned to his birthplace of Charlotte, North Carolina and now serves as the head coach of the Carmel Christian School varsity boys basketball team, and the middle school Gym Teacher. Byron Dinkins Byron Document [94] (Title: Karl Tilleman) points in Canada's initial game against the United States, which was his first rematch against Michael Jordan after the 1983 Pan American Games. After interrupting his basketball career to serve a mission for his church, Tilleman continued to represent Canada from 1986 through the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul Korea, where he averaged 11.9 ppg and 1.6 rpg, which points per game was second highest on the Canadian team in that Olympics. He had exceptional performances against Egypt and Spain where he scored 29 and 37 points respectively, with his shooting performance against Spain setting an Olympic record for three-point Document [95] (Title: Pete Maravich) get the Maravich name on the Assembly Center into a camera frame. In February 2016, the LSU Athletic Hall of Fame Committee unanimously approved a proposal that a statue honoring Maravich be installed on the campus. Maravich's untimely death and mystique have made memorabilia associated with him among the most highly prized of any basketball collectibles. Game-used Maravich jerseys bring more money at auction than similar items from anybody other than George Mikan, with the most common items selling for $10,000 and up and a game-used LSU jersey selling for $94,300 in a 2001 Grey Flannel auction. The signed game Document [96] (Title: Pete McCaffrey) Pete McCaffrey John Paul McCaffrey (December 24, 1938 – March 4, 2012) was an American basketball player. He played for the gold medal-winning United States men's national basketball team at the 1964 Summer Olympics. He also played for the fourth place squad at the 1963 FIBA World Championship. McCaffrey was born in Tucson, Arizona and played collegiately at Saint Louis. Later, in 1994, he was inducted into the school's hall of fame. Aside from playing for the national team, McCaffrey played in the Amateur Athletic Union, first for the Buchan Bakers and then for the Akron Goodyear Wingfoots. He was Document [97] (Title: The Pistol: The Birth of a Legend) a low budget movie. In 2014, "Complex" named it the 19th best basketball movie of all time. Hal Erickson of AllMovie said that "The film is for the most part an exercise in joie de vivre" and he lauded the film for making the most of a small budget. Using words like "uplifting" and "heartwarming", CD Universe says the film depicts the devotion of a father to his son and of a boy to the game of basketball. Ted Baehr's Movieguide depicts Maravich as a misfit at school, while his father attempts to give him dreams at home. Movieguide describes Document [98] (Title: Mike Gminski) others were sporting diamond earrings to commemorate the feat. Gminski was an exceptional free throw shooter, especially compared to other big men (Gminski is 6'11"/2.11 m). During his career, he converted over 84% of his attempts. Mike Gminski Michael Thomas Gminski (born August 3, 1959) is a retired American college and professional basketball player and a college basketball TV analyst for CBS Sports. In 2003, Gminski was inducted into the National Polish American Sports Hall of Fame. Gminski played his high school ball for Masuk High School in Monroe, CT, where he graduated in three years. From there he played Document [99] (Title: Mike Brown (basketball, born 1963)) as a member of the Bulls, the Utah Jazz, the Minnesota Timberwolves, the Philadelphia 76ers, and the Phoenix Suns. He retired with NBA career totals of 3,130 points and 2,762 rebounds. He also played professionally in Italy for Aurora Desio (1985–1986), Teamsystem Bologna (1995) and Viola Reggio Calabria (1996–1998). Brown was an assistant coach for the Las Vegas Slam of the ABA for the 2001-02 season. From 2002 through 2004, he was an assistant coach for the National Basketball Development League's Roanoke Dazzle. In 2004, he replaced Jeff Capel as head coach of the D-League's Fayetteville Patriots. During the 2007-08 Document [100] (Title: Pete Maravich) in stark contrast to the conservative play of Hudson and star center Walt Bellamy. And it did not help that many of the veteran players resented the $1.9 million contract that Maravich received from the team—a very large salary at that time. Maravich appeared in 81 games and averaged 23.2 points per contest—good enough to earn NBA All-Rookie Team honors. And he managed to blend his style with his teammates, so much so that Hudson set a career high by scoring 26.8 points per game. But the team stumbled to a 36–46 record—12 wins fewer than in the previous season. Document [101] (Title: Pete Lalich) the Youngstown Bears. He was the son of Serbian immigrants and his older brother, Nick Lalich, was also a professional basketball player for the 1945–46 Youngstown Bears in the NBL and was the leader of the OSS team that rescued about 550 downed air crews during World War II Operation Halyard, without losing a single life or a single plane. Pete Lalich Peter T. Lalich (June 23, 1920 – February 1, 2008) was an American professional basketball player. He played for the Cleveland Rebels of the Basketball Association of America (now known as the National Basketball Association). Pete played basketball Document [102] (Title: Pete Brennan) Pete Brennan Peter Joseph Brennan (September 23, 1936 – June 8, 2012) was an American basketball player. Brennan was born in Brooklyn, New York. He played collegiately for the University of North Carolina, where he was chosen ACC Men's Basketball Player of the Year in the 1957–58 season. He was selected by the New York Knicks in the first round (4th pick overall) of the 1958 NBA Draft. He played for the Knicks (1958–59) in the NBA for 16 games. He was inducted into the North Carolina Sports Hall of Fame in 2007. Brennan died of prostate cancer on June Document [103] (Title: Fred Roberts) in the 1988 NBA expansion draft. However, Roberts was traded to the Milwaukee Bucks before ever playing a game for the Heat. He played for the Bucks for five seasons, where he had his best years as a professional, reaching the 10 points per game mark and playing more minutes than he ever had in his career. The highlight of his time in Milwaukee came in Game 4 of the Eastern Conference semi-finals in 1989, in which Roberts replaced injured forward Terry Cummings and scored a career-high 33 points in a 96-94 loss to the Detroit Pistons. The performance was Document [104] (Title: Pete Trgovich) a Major League Baseball (MLB) pitcher. Trgovich played college basketball at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). On their freshman team in 1971–72, he led the team in scoring, averaging 23.4 points per game with a game high of 47. The following 1972–73 season, UCLA was 30–0 won the national championship. In 1974–75, Trgovich helped lead UCLA to another NCAA championship, facing off against his old high school teammate Bridgeman in the national semifinals. Trgovich was drafted by the San Diego Sails in the fourth round of the 1975 ABA draft. and by the Detroit Pistons in the third Document [105] (Title: 1970 National Invitation Tournament) 1970 National Invitation Tournament The 1970 National Invitation Tournament was unique in that coach Al McGuire of Marquette University, unhappy with his team's placement, turned down a bid to the NCAA tournament and elected to play in the NIT instead. His Marquette Warriors went on to claim the championship. This tournament represented the final college games for LSU great Pete Maravich, the NCAA's all-time leading scorer. Maravich finished his three-year career with 3,667 points, 44.2 per game, records which stand through the 2017-18 season, despite the reinstitution of freshman eligibility and the introduction of the shot clock and 3-point shot. Document [106] (Title: Pete Maravich) <br> Nate Williams: 41 <br> David Thompson of the Denver Nuggets also scored 40 points in this game. Ranks 4th in NBA history – Free throws made, none missed, game: 18–18, Pete Maravich, Atlanta Hawks vs. Buffalo Braves, Ranks 5th in NBA history – Free throws made, game: 23, Pete Maravich, New Orleans Jazz vs. New York Knicks, (2 OT) Pete Maravich Peter Press Maravich (June 22, 1947 – January 5, 1988), known by his nickname Pistol Pete, was an American professional basketball player. Maravich was born in Aliquippa, Pennsylvania, part of the Pittsburgh metropolitan area, and raised in the Document [107] (Title: Pete Maravich) on the varsity team (and under his father's coaching) at LSU, Maravich scored 3,667 points—1,138 of those in 1967-68, 1,148 in 1968-69, and 1,381 in 1969-70—while averaging 43.8, 44.2, and 44.5 points per game. For his collegiate career, the 6'5" (1.96 m) guard averaged 44.2 points per game in 83 contests and led the NCAA in scoring for each of his three seasons. Maravich's long-standing collegiate scoring record is particularly notable when three factors are taken into account: More than 40 years later, however, many of his NCAA and LSU records still stand. Maravich was a three-time All-American. Though he Document [108] (Title: Richie Guerin) 3 assists, but it wasn't enough for his team to avoid a four-game sweep. Guerin stayed on as head coach for two more seasons, and Atlanta went 36–46 each year. He finally left the Hawks after the 1971–72 campaign, having compiled a 327–291 career coaching record. Notably, Guerin was Pete Maravich's first pro head coach during those final two pro seasons. Guerin enlisted in the Marine Corps Reserve and served from 1947 to 1954. While a reservist Guerin attended Iona College from 1950 to 1954, and upon graduation was commissioned a second lieutenant. He served on active duty with the Document [109] (Title: Pete Maravich) limited playing time in Utah and Boston, he made 10 of 15 3-point shots, giving him a career 66% completion rate behind the arc. During his ten-year career in the NBA, Maravich played in 658 games, averaging 24.2 points and 5.4 assists per contest. In 1987, he was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame, and his No. 7 jersey has been retired by both the Jazz and the New Orleans Pelicans, as well as his No. 44 jersey by the Atlanta Hawks. After injuries forced his retirement from the game in the fall of 1980, Maravich became Document [110] (Title: Wayne Federman) on "ESPN" "SportsCentury": Pete Maravich. In 2007, Federman edited a highlight montage entitled "The Ultimate Pistol Pete Maravich MIX". This a mixture of clips from Maravich's college and pro career was posted on YouTube, Yahoo Video, and Google video. It garnered over one million hits in its first month, and featured in both "Sports Illustrated" and "Dime" magazines. In the 1990s Federman was a founding member of the group Truck Stop Harrys, along with Tudor Sherrard and Matthew Porretta. Federman co-wrote several songs for the film "Dill Scallion" and was the music director and keyboardist for Maria Bamford's critically acclaimed Document [111] (Title: Mamadou N'Diaye (basketball, born 1975)) with Keon Clark and Tracy Murray to the Toronto Raptors in exchange for Kevin Willis, Aleksandar Radojević, Garth Joseph, a second round draft pick and a $564,603 trade exception. N'Diaye appeared in his first NBA game during the 2000-01 season with the Raptors. He played in Toronto through the 2002-03 season. His tenure in Toronto coincided with that of the tail-end of that of veteran All-Star Hakeem Olajuwon's. Mamadou admits, "practicing against Hakeem helped me tremendously." He signed with the Dallas Mavericks in January 2004 but was released later that month. He signed with the Atlanta Hawks in February 2004 Document [112] (Title: Coleman Coliseum) points against a Division I opponent. Maravich broke the record of 68 established by Niagara's Calvin Murphy 14 months earlier. Maravich completed 26 of 57 field goals (45.6 percent) and completed 17 of 21 free throws (81.0 percent). After the game, Maravich pursued a fan before being restrained. Press Maravich, LSU's coach and Pete's father, stated that the fan had hit Pete on the back. Maravich's record lasted almost 21 years, until Kevin Bradshaw of US International scored 72 against Loyola Marymount on January 5, 1991. Effective with the 2016–17 school year, Coleman Coliseum is home to both Crimson Tide Document [113] (Title: Jack McClinton) He did not appear in a game for them. McClinton together with Carlos Boozer co-founded a men's swimwear company, Loaded Dock. Jack McClinton Jack Paul McClinton (born January 19, 1985) is an American former professional basketball player. McClinton played shooting guard for the University of Miami Hurricanes men's basketball team. He was selected in the second round by the San Antonio Spurs in the 2009 NBA draft. After being waived by the Spurs, he played for Aliağa Petkim (Turkey), Gilboa Galil (Israel), BC Budivelnik (Ukraine), and the Reno Bighorns (D-League). McClinton attended South Kent School in Connecticut for one season, Document [114] (Title: Martin Müürsepp) Dallas Mavericks and the Heat, averaging 4.7 points, 2.2 rebounds in 11.5 minutes per game. His career highs include 24 points, 14 rebounds and 37 minutes played. He was involved when the Phoenix Suns traded Steve Nash to Dallas, but he never played for Phoenix, as they would get rid of him soon afterwards. , he still stands as the only Estonian to have ever played basketball in the NBA. After the NBA he spent three years playing in Greece for Aris and AEK. With AEK he won the 2000 FIBA Saporta Cup and the 2000 and 2001 Greek Basketball Document [115] (Title: Cozell McQueen) an injury replacement for Rick Mahorn. Though he posted 6 points (on 3 for 3 shooting) and 8 rebounds in 7 minutes, he could not find space in a roster containing Adrian Dantley, John Salley and Dennis Rodman and left after 3 games, finishing the season with the Catbirds. McQueen then moved abroad, returning to his birth country, France, to play for Tours in the Pro A. He had 12 points, 10.6 rebounds and 1.5 blocks in 37.3 minutes per game for 1987-88. For the next season, he moved to the Italian Serie A, signing with Paini Napoli. He led Document [116] (Title: Pete Maravich) The expansion team struggled mightily in its first season. Maravich managed to score 21.5 points per game, but shot a career-worst 41.9 percent from the floor. The Jazz posted a 23–59 record, worst in the NBA. Jazz management did its best to give Maravich a better supporting cast. The team posted a 38–44 record in its second season (1975–76) but did not qualify for postseason play, despite the dramatic improvement. Maravich struggled with injuries that limited him to just 62 games that season, but he averaged 25.9 points per contest (third behind McAdoo and Kareem Abdul-Jabbar) and continued his crowd-pleasing Document [117] (Title: Maciej Lampe) in his NBA career, this time to the New Orleans/Oklahoma City Hornets. On February 13, 2006, he was traded to the Houston Rockets for point guard Moochie Norris, making the Rockets his fourth NBA club. He holds NBA career averages of 3.4 points per game, 2.2 rebounds per game, and 0.3 assists per game. In 2010, he was selected by the Cleveland Cavaliers to play on the Summer League team. Lampe signed a one-year deal with the ULEB Cup (now called EuroCup) club Dynamo Saint Petersburg, however the team went bankrupt shortly thereafter. The bankrupt Dynamo squad was thrown out Document [118] (Title: The Franchise (novel)) one. The Pistols have a five-year plan to turn the team into champions, and getting Taylor Rusk ready is the key. But Rusk is on to the corruption and refuses to be a victim. With his college coach at the helm and "old league" legends mentoring him, Taylor Rusk plays The League's game until it's time for him to make his most daring move to bring it down. But along the way, Rusk is betrayed. One teammate, a chronic con man, becomes the Pistols' general manager and ultimately betrays him. Another teammate suffers a devastating knee injury. However, the surgery Document [119] (Title: Pete Myers) and 2.1 assists. On March 15, 1995, Myers scored a season-high 14 points. However, Myers faced the possibility of being replaced as Michael Jordan was considering a comeback to the NBA. Myers signed with the Charlotte Hornets on October 3, 1995 but was traded to the Miami Heat on November 3 before playing a game for the Hornets. With the Heat, Myers started 1 of 39 games played and averaged 4.7 points, 1.9 rebounds, and 2.5 assists. After the Heat waived him, Myers returned to the Hornets on February 16, 1996. In 32 games and 1 start, Myers averaged 2.9 Document [120] (Title: NBA All-Star Weekend H–O–R–S–E Competition) Criqui and the NBA official was retired referee Mendy Rudolph. There were a total of 32 players and the finals had a match up of Pete Maravich verse Paul Westphal. Maravich was injured and replaced by Rick Barry who lost to Westphal. During halftime of those games, they showed a pre-taped H–O–R–S–E tournament pitting players from the NBA against each other. It featured, among others, Pete Maravich, Bob McAdoo, Kevin Grevey, and George Gervin. There was also a Battle of the Sexes match where Karen Logan, a female, beat Jerry West in 1975 and was matched against Oscar Robertson where Document [121] (Title: Pete Newell) After his coaching career ended he ran a world-famous instructional basketball camp and served as a consultant and scout for several National Basketball Association (NBA) teams. He is often considered to be one of the most influential figures in the history of basketball. He was born in Vancouver and grew up in Los Angeles. Encouraged by his mother, he had small roles in several movies before he turned ten. It is even said that Charlie Chaplin considered him for the title role in his film "The Kid" (1921), which was later played by Jackie Coogan. Newell attended both high school Document [122] (Title: John Vallely) junior. He was selected to the twelve man 1968 Olympic trials team coached by Jerry Tarkanian which competed in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Vallely was selected by the Atlanta Hawks in the first round of the 1970 NBA Draft. He sat on the bench much of the time, playing behind Pete Maravich, Lou Hudson, Walt Hazzard, and Herm Gilliam. Vallely was acquired by the Houston Rockets in November 1971 along with 6'7" forward Jim Davis. He served as player-coach for the Belgium Lions of the European Professional Basketball League in 1975. Vallely married Karen, a woman he met at Orange Coast Document [123] (Title: Pete Padgett) during the Korean War, and later served as the head coach at Cal and Nevada. Pete Padgett's mother is Nancy Padgett, who was married to his late father for fifty-eight years. Pete and his wife, Debra A. Padgett, have one daughter, Melissa, and one son, David C. Padgett. David played basketball for Kansas and Louisville; he later went on to become an assistant at IUPUI and Louisville before being named interim head coach at Louisville in 2017 following revelations of the possible involvement of previous Louisville head coach Rick Pitino in a pay-for-play scandal. Pete Padgett Peter L. "Pete" Padgett Document [124] (Title: The Pistol Shrimps) The Pistol Shrimps The Pistol Shrimps is a 2016 Canadian-American documentary film about the all-female recreational basketball team of the same name, written and directed by Brent Hodge. The film stars Aubrey Plaza, Molly Hawkey, Angela Trimbur, Melissa Stetten, Maria Blasucci, and Jesse Thomas. The film had its world premiere at the Tribeca Film Festival on April 14, 2016. The film was released on June 16, 2016 by Seeso. The film follows the Los Angeles-based all-female recreational basketball team the Pistol Shrimps (which includes members Aubrey Plaza, Molly Hawkey, and Angela Trimbur) during their 2015 season. "The Pistol Shrimps" had Document [125] (Title: Pete Pederson) Pete Pederson Willard Merrill "Pete" Pederson (October 28, 1910 – September 8, 1982) was an American college football and basketball coach as well as professional basketball player. Professionally, he played in the National Basketball League for the Oshkosh All-Stars and Toledo Jim White Chevrolets and averaged 3.1 points per game for his career. In 1939–40 he served as player-coach for the All-Stars before resuming full-time head coaching duties in 1940–41. His collegiate basketball coaching experience includes a stint at his alma mater, Western State Colorado University, from 1935 to 1939. Pederson played football at Western State Colorado in addition to Document [126] (Title: Pete Cross) Pete Cross Peter Michael Cross (March 28, 1948 – January 2, 1977) was an American basketball player. A 6'9" center, Cross played collegiately for San Francisco. He was selected by the Seattle SuperSonics in the second round of the 1970 NBA draft and the Kentucky Colonels in the 1970 American Basketball Association draft. Cross played three seasons (1970–1973) in the National Basketball Association (NBA) as a member of the Seattle SuperSonics and . His best NBA season was his first, in which he averaged eight points and twelve rebounds per game. His 12 rebounds per game in 1970–71 is still Document [127] (Title: The Pistol: The Birth of a Legend) The Pistol: The Birth of a Legend The Pistol: The Birth of a Legend is a 1991 biographical sports film about the 1959 8th grade basketball season of Pete Maravich and his father Press Maravich. The film, which presents his early beginnings and the origin of the "Pistol" nickname, is set in Clemson, SC, where the elder Maravich served as head coach for Clemson Tigers men's basketball. The film is regarded as a family film that is listed by several Christian book and film clubs. The film was originally released on January 17, 1991 in theatres, on November 8, 2005 Document [128] (Title: Richie Niemiera) Richie Niemiera John Richard Niemiera (May 26, 1921 – December 27, 2003) was an American professional basketball player and coach. He spent two season in the National Basketball League (NBL) and one season in the Basketball Association of America (BAA) and one season in the National Basketball Association (NBA). During his NBL career he played for the Fort Wayne Zollner Pistons during the 1946–47 and 1947–48 seasons. He continued playing for the Pistons once they joined the BAA. During his final season in the NBA, Niemiera played for Anderson Packers after being traded by the Pistons along with Charles B. Document [129] (Title: Lee Feinswog) conversations with Jaeson and Josh Maravich, sons of Pete Maravich and grandsons of Press Maravich; Georgetown head coach John Thompson III, his brother Ronny Thompson and their Hall of Famer father John Thompson (basketball). Lee Feinswog Lee Feinswog (born August 12, 1954, in West Long Branch, New Jersey) is an American author and journalist noted for being the executive producer and host of the TV shows Sports Monday and Sports 225 in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. He also contributes regularly to "NCAA.com" and is a regular contributor the Baton Rouge magazine "225" and writes a column for "BayouBengalsInsider.com". His books include Document [130] (Title: Pete Maravich) supplies blood to the muscle fibers of the heart. His right coronary artery was grossly enlarged and had been compensating for the defect. Maravich died the year after his father's passing and a number of years after his mother, who had committed suicide with a self-inflicted gunshot. Maravich is buried at Resthaven Gardens of Memory and Mausoleum in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Maravich was survived by his wife Jackie and his two sons Jaeson, who was 8 years old, and Josh, aged 5. Only the previous year, Maravich had taken Jaeson to the 1987 NBA All-Star Game in Seattle, Washington, and Document [131] (Title: Clyde Bradshaw) its all-time assist leader. After leaving DePaul, Bradshaw was drafted in the second round of the 1981 NBA Draft (38th pick overall) by the Atlanta Hawks. He played a season in Italy for Lattesole Bologna, where he averaged 16.8 points per game. He also played for two seasons in the Continental Basketball Association for the Lancaster Lightning, Cincinnati Slammers and Evansville Thunder. He averaged 6.5 points and 2.5 assists in 76 games. Clyde Bradshaw Clyde Bradshaw Jr. (born December 28, 1959) is a retired American basketball player. He is known both for his All-American college years at DePaul University and Document [132] (Title: Stephon Marbury) one of the subjects of Darcy Frey's book "The Last Shot", which followed three seniors and Marbury, a freshman, through the early months of his first season with the school's team. In high school, he played for the renowned AAU team the New York Gauchos. He was named a 1995 McDonald's All-American along with future NBA All-Stars Kevin Garnett, Paul Pierce, Shareef Abdur-Rahim, and Antawn Jamison. Marbury was listed as one of the top five recruits in the country that year and heavily pursued by Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets coach Bobby Cremins, with whom he eventually committed. At Georgia Tech, Document [133] (Title: Pistol Pete (Oklahoma State University)) Pistol Pete (Oklahoma State University) Pistol Pete is the athletics mascot of Oklahoma State University. The Pistol Pete mascot costume features traditional cowboy attire and a headpiece resembling Frank Eaton. Pistol Pete has been the mascot for the Oklahoma State Cowboys since 1923. From the 1890s on, Oklahoma A&M sports teams had been referred to as the Agriculturists or Aggies, the Farmers, and officially but unpopularly, the Tigers. By 1924 Charles Saulsberry, sports editor of the Oklahoma City Times, and other writers who regularly covered college events had begun to refer to Stillwater's teams as the A&M Cowboys. The Athletic Document [134] (Title: Don Redden) Resthaven Gardens of Memory in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, near former LSU star Pete Maravich, a member of the NBA Hall of Fame. A native of Monroe, Louisiana, Redden was a two-time All-State player at Ouachita Parish High School (Monroe, Louisiana). His high school jersey number (44) has been retired. Don Redden Don Redden (died March 8, 1988) was an American basketball player. Redden, a 6-foot-5 guard/forward for Louisiana State University (LSU) who averaged 13 points and five rebounds as a senior in 1985–86, was captain of the LSU team that reached the 1986 Final Four. During the 1986 NCAA tournament, Document [135] (Title: The Pistol: The Birth of a Legend) on DVD, and on November 11, 2013 on Blu-ray. The film was produced soon after Pete Maravich's 1988 death. The film shows Maravich's efforts to make the D. W. Daniel High School varsity team as an eighth grader as he deals with racially charged issues in the deep south of the 1950s. Press Maravich serves as his son's drill sergeant, motivator, coach and cheerleader. Set in 1959 Clemson, SC, the film begins with Pete Maravich shooting in the back yard as his father, Press, impresses the importance of focusing on a goal with dedication and diligence. In addition to motivational Document [136] (Title: Louisiana State University) to share, play, and inspire one another." Although the gardeners are not required to plant certified organic seeds and plants, the Farm does require that gardeners use organic farming methods. LSU athletes have gone on to recognition for their prominence in their respective sports. "Pistol" Pete Maravich played basketball for LSU and was three-time consensus first team All-American and 1970 National 'Player of the Year'. Shaquille O'Neal ("Shaq") also played basketball for LSU and received many honors, including being named twice as a first team Men's Basketball All-American and twice as the SEC Player Of The Year. Billy Cannon played Document [137] (Title: Eddie Mast) basketball head coach at Louis E. Dieruff High School in Allentown, Pennsylvania from 1983 to 1985. He also coached Easton Catholic Youth Organization boys and girls basketball teams. Mast of a heart attack on 18 October 1994 while playing a pick-up game of basketball at the Kirby Field House on the campus of Lafayette College. He was said to suffer from Pete Maravich syndrome. Aged 46 at the time of his passing, he had a wife and five children. Real GM profile Retrieved on 20 November 2017 Eddie Mast Eddie Mast (October 3, 1948 – October 18, 1994) was an Document [138] (Title: Press Maravich) Campbell University. In the spring of 1985, Maravich was diagnosed with prostate cancer. During a basketball clinic in Israel, signs of his condition appeared when he had begun to urinate blood. Due to son Pete Maravich's strong belief in holistic healing and herbal medication, proper cancer treatment was delayed for too long to have a significant effect. Press eventually was persuaded to receive proper treatment for his condition at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York, but he canceled before being admitted. On February 11, 1987, Press and son Pete flew to Hanover, Germany, for an experimental treatment that lasted Document [139] (Title: Ah Chew Goo) player tried to dribble it, it wouldn't bounce, and the other to tie fishing line around a ball so he could pull it back after faking shooting a free throw. Saperstein said no; but the next year when the Globetrotters returned to Hawaii, they used those both tricks as part of their showtime repertoire. "I originated that, I take credit for that," Goo said. Press Maravich, father of basketball great Pete Maravich and a future college coach, was stationed in Hawaii during World War II and saw Goo perform his tricks with a basketball. The elder Maravich told Goo that Document [140] (Title: Pete Maravich Assembly Center) direction. The courts are exact replicas of the Maravich Center game court and have two portable goals and four retractable goals. The gymnasiums are equipped with a scoreboard, video filming balcony and scorer's table with video and data connection. The facility also houses team locker rooms, a team lounge, training rooms, a coach's locker room and coach's offices. The building also includes a two-story lobby and staircase that ascends to the second level where a club room is used for pre-game and post-game events and is connected to the Pete Maravich Assembly Center concourse. The lobby includes team displays and Document [141] (Title: Pete Maravich) his basketball abilities from an early age. He enjoyed a close but demanding father-son relationship that motivated him toward achievement and fame in the sport. Maravich's father was the son of Serbian immigrants and a former professional player-turned-coach. He showed him the fundamentals starting when he was seven years old. Obsessively, Maravich spent hours practicing ball control tricks, passes, head fakes, and long-range shots. Maravich played high school varsity ball at Daniel High School in Central, South Carolina, a year before being old enough to attend the school. While at Daniel from 1961 to 1963, Maravich participated in the school's Document [142] (Title: LSU Tigers basketball) Dance Association (UDA) The Pete Maravich Assembly Center is a 13,215-seat multi-purpose arena in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. The arena opened in 1972 and is home of the LSU Tigers basketball team. It was originally known as the LSU Assembly Center, but was renamed in honor of Pete Maravich, a Tiger basketball legend, shortly after his death in 1988. The Maravich Center is known to locals as "The PMAC" or "The Palace that Pete Built", or by its more nationally known nickname, "The Deaf Dome", coined by Dick Vitale. The slightly oval building is located directly to the north of Tiger Document [143] (Title: Pete Maravich) Pete Maravich Peter Press Maravich (June 22, 1947 – January 5, 1988), known by his nickname Pistol Pete, was an American professional basketball player. Maravich was born in Aliquippa, Pennsylvania, part of the Pittsburgh metropolitan area, and raised in the Carolinas. Maravich starred in college at Louisiana State University (LSU) and played for three NBA teams until injuries forced his retirement in 1980. He is the all-time leading NCAA Division I scorer with 3,667 points scored and an average of 44.2 points per game. All of his accomplishments were achieved before the adoption of the three point line and shot Document [144] (Title: Pete Maravich Assembly Center) arena has also hosted comedy shows by Eddie Murphy and George Carlin. After the NBA's New Orleans Hornets (now New Orleans Pelicans) were displaced by Hurricane Katrina in 2005, the arena was under consideration as a possible temporary home for the team. The Hornets played just one of six scheduled home games at the Maravich Assembly Center during the 2005-06 season. In 1998, the arena played host to the Louisiana Bayou Beast of the Professional Indoor Football League. The Beast played 2 preseason games, 8 regular season games, and the PIFL Championship Game on August 15, 1998 in the Maravich Document [145] (Title: Pete Maravich Assembly Center) graphics, trophy cases and memorabilia of LSU basketball. A 900-pound bronze statue of LSU legend Shaquille O'Neal is located in front of the facility. The LSU Tigers Volleyball Practice Facility is located in the arena. It includes a state-of-the-art locker room facility, film room, equipment room and training rooms off the arenas southwest corridor. The auxiliary gym located underneath the north section of the arena is a volleyball-only practice facility. The Maravich Assembly Center has been a host site for both the men's and women's NCAA Basketball Tournament. It played host to the NCAA Men's Basketball Tournament twice, in 1976 Document [146] (Title: The Pistol: The Birth of a Legend) he wins the game. Because he shot the basketball from the hip, he earned the nickname "Pistol Pete". Even after winning the state championship, Press convinced the coach and team that they can't really be champions without beating the all black Cleveland High School in an unofficial contest. Press concluded the film with the advice to "give the fans a show they'll never forget, and they'll come back again and again." "The Pistol: The Birth of a Legend" was produced soon after Pete Maravich's January 5, 1988 death when producers decided to capture the story of his legend. It was Document [147] (Title: Press Maravich) to 1962. He then went to North Carolina State University to be an assistant coach under Everett Case. Maravich took over the head coaching duties when health problems, primarily cancer, forced Case to retire early in the 1964–1965 season. Maravich led the Wolfpack to the Atlantic Coast Conference title that season. Maravich left for Louisiana State University in April 1966 where he coached his son, Pete Maravich. Upon offering the LSU scholarship to "Pistol", "Press" told his boy that "If you don't sign this ... don't ever come into my house again."{Pistol: The Life of Pete Maravich}. Pete, originally wanted Document [148] (Title: Pete Myers) Myers played for Scavolini Pesaro of Serie A in the 1992–1993 season. Myers averaged 16.1 points, 6.4 rebounds, and 2.1 assists per game. Myers returned to the NBA in by signing with the Chicago Bulls and replaced the retiring Michael Jordan as starting shooting guard. Myers played all 82 regular season games for the first time in his NBA career and started 81. Myers made career-high averages of 24.8 minutes, 7.9 points, 1.0 steal, and 3.0 assists per game as well as 2.2 rebounds. The following season, Myers played 71 games with 14 starts and averaged 4.5 points, 2.0 rebounds, Document [149] (Title: Pete Myers) 2 starts for the first starts in his NBA career. On December 10, 1990, Myers signed as a free agent with the San Antonio Spurs and played 8 games with 1 start before being waived on December 24. Myers averaged 3.6 points, 2.3 rebounds, and 1.8 assists. Myers then played for Fortitudo Pallacanestro Bologna (sponsorship name Aprimatic Bologna) of the Italian Lega Basket Serie A and signed with the CBA team Albany Patroons in April 1991. Myers returned to Fortitudo Bologna (new sponsorship name Mangiaebevi Bologna) after the CBA season ended. After spending the NBA preseason with the Washington Bullets, Document [150] (Title: Earl Manigault) deadly long-range shooter as well. Manigault played with some of the best players of his day, such as Earl Monroe, Connie Hawkins, and Kareem Abdul-Jabbar. When Abdul-Jabbar finished his career with the Los Angeles Lakers and had his number retired at the Los Angeles Forum, he was asked who was the greatest player he had played with or against and he responded by saying Manigault. Earl is featured in the 2012 documentary film "Doin' it in the Park" about New York City street basketball. Manigault returned to Harlem and developed a heroin addiction. He served sixteen months in prison in Document [151] (Title: Tony Dawson) NBA games with them, averaging 2.3 points and 0.5 rebounds per game. On January 25, 1995, as a member of the CBA's Rockford Lightning, he was named the Most Valuable Player of the CBA All-Star Game, which was held at Hartford Civic Center, in Hartford, Connecticut, after he scored 26 points. He was signed to a 10-day contract by the Boston Celtics on March 28, 1995, but he did not play in an NBA game for them. He was signed to a second contract on April 7, and then played in 2 NBA games for them, averaging four points and Document [152] (Title: Basketball in Greece) Wilkins, who scored more than 26,000 points in the NBA, and is a member of the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. He left the Boston Celtics in 1995, and signed with Panathinaikos. Another well-known American player that moved to the Greek League, was the three-time NBA champion with the Los Angeles Lakers, Byron Scott, who later became a head coach in the NBA. A super talent who moved to Greece from the NBA was Roy Tarpley. In 1986, Tarpley was selected by the Dallas Mavericks, in the first round, with the seventh (7th) overall pick of the 1986 NBA Document [153] (Title: Dave Minor) Dave Minor Davage "Dave" Minor (February 23, 1922 – March 14, 1998) was a player in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played with the Baltimore Bullets before being traded along with Stan Miasek to the Milwaukee Hawks for Don Boven, Pete Darcey and George McLeod. He began his college career at Toledo, it was interrupted by World War II; following the war, he enrolled at UCLA. In 1947–1948, Minor was honored as an All-Conference guard basketball player at UCLA. His full name was Davage Minor, but Gary, Indiana sportswriters called him "The Wheelhorse of Steel City." He began shooting Document [154] (Title: Pete Loncarevich) Pete Loncarevich Peter Loncarevich (born April 8, 1966) is a former Bicycle Motocross (BMX) racer. Loncarevich was an "Old School" professional BMX racer whose prime competitive years were from 1980 to 1994. Nickname: "Pistol Pete" Loncarevich. He received the moniker the way many racers did with the announcer choosing one for him. In 1984 at an American Bicycle Association national, Merl Mennenga, the founder and then President of the ABA, who often also announced "play by play" for the audience at ABA nationals called him "The Pistol" for his penchant in getting the "holeshot" out of the starting gate like Document [155] (Title: Pete Maravich) never appeared in the NCAA tournament, Maravich played a key role in turning around a lackluster program that had posted a 3–20 record in the season prior to his arrival. Pete Maravich finished his college career in the 1970 National Invitation Tournament, where LSU finished fourth. The Atlanta Hawks selected Maravich with the third pick in the first round of the 1970 NBA draft, where he played for coach Richie Guerin. He was not a natural fit in Atlanta, as the Hawks already boasted a top-notch scorer at the guard position in Lou Hudson. In fact, Maravich's flamboyant style stood Document [156] (Title: Pete Maravich) first-ever game against a team from an all-black school. In 1963 his father departed from his position as head basketball coach at Clemson University and joined the coaching staff at North Carolina State University. The Maravich family's subsequent move to Raleigh, North Carolina, allowed Pete to attend Needham B. Broughton High School. His high school years also saw the birth of his famous moniker. From his habit of shooting the ball from his side, as if he were holding a revolver, Maravich became known as "Pistol" Pete Maravich. He graduated from Needham B. Broughton High School in 1965 and then Document [157] (Title: Vladimir Radmanović) seasons in the NBA as a stretch 4, he shot 37.8 percent from 3 and averaged 8.0 points. Vladimir Radmanović Vladimir Radmanović (Serbian Cyrillic: Владимир Радмановић; born November 19, 1980) is a retired Serbian professional basketball player. In Serbia he played for Crvena zvezda and FMP, and in NBA he was a member of the Seattle SuperSonics, Los Angeles Clippers, Los Angeles Lakers, Charlotte Bobcats, Golden State Warriors, Atlanta Hawks and Chicago Bulls. Radmanović has represented the Yugoslavian national basketball team and the Serbia and Montenegro national basketball team. He earned gold medal at the 2002 FIBA World Championships with Document [158] (Title: Dale Brown (basketball)) to LSU in 1972, replacing Press Maravich as head coach. The LSU program had received great notoriety during the Press Maravich era because of his All-American son, Pete. In spite of the publicity, however, LSU was still a losing program, not making any NCAA basketball tournaments, and only one NIT appearance during the Maravich Era. Brown took over a team that finished 10–16 in the 1971–1972 season and a program which had not been to the NCAA tournament since 1954, and had only four winning seasons in 18 years prior to his arrival. Brown had a winning record in his Document [159] (Title: Larry Drew) Larry Drew Larry Donnell Drew (born April 2, 1958) is an American professional basketball coach and former player who is the head coach for the Cleveland Cavaliers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). The point guard played college basketball for the Missouri Tigers before being selected by the Detroit Pistons in the first round of the 1980 NBA draft with the 17th overall pick. He played 10 seasons in the NBA for the Pistons, Kansas City/Sacramento Kings, Los Angeles Clippers and Los Angeles Lakers. In 1988–89, Drew played in the Italian League with Scavolini. In his NBA career, Drew played Document [160] (Title: Pete Maravich) Management became desperate to make some changes. The Jazz traded Robinson to the Phoenix Suns, receiving draft picks and some cash in return. However, in 1979, team owner Sam Battistone moved the Jazz to Salt Lake City. The Utah Jazz began play in the 1979–80 season. Maravich moved with the team to Salt Lake City, but his knee problems were worse than ever. He appeared in 17 games early in the season, but his injuries prevented him from practicing much, and new coach Tom Nissalke had a strict rule that players who didn't practice were not allowed to play in Document [161] (Title: Pete Maravich) attended Edwards Military Institute, where he averaged 33 points per game. Later in life Maravich would tell friends he always desired to play basketball for West Virginia University and was originally ready to be a Mountaineer, but his father was the head coach for LSU Men's Basketball and offered him a spot at the school. At that time NCAA rules prohibited first-year students from playing at varsity level, which forced Maravich to play on the freshman team. In his first game, Maravich put up 50 points, 14 rebounds and 11 assists against Southeastern Louisiana College. In only three years playing Document [162] (Title: LSU Tigers women's volleyball) LSU. <small> The Pete Maravich Assembly Center is a 13,215-seat multi-purpose arena in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. The arena opened in 1972 and is home of the LSU Tigers volleyball team. It was originally known as the LSU Assembly Center, but was renamed in honor of Pete Maravich, a Tiger basketball legend, shortly after his death in 1988. The Maravich Center is known to locals as "The PMAC" or "The Palace that Pete Built", or by its more nationally known nickname, "The Deaf Dome", coined by Dick Vitale. The slightly oval building is located directly to the north of Tiger Stadium, Document [163] (Title: Johnny Green (basketball)) third time. He had a season-high 33 points on December 30, 1964 against the San Francisco Warriors. In 1965–66, his seventh with the Knicks, after seven games he was traded to the Baltimore Bullets. For the season, he averaged 11.6 points and 8.2 rebounds per game and his .536 field goal percentage ranked second in the league. In 1966–67 with the Bullets, in a part-time role he averaged 8.2 points and 6.5 rebounds. On May 1, 1967, he was drafted by the Houston Rockets in the NBA expansion draft. During the 1967–68 season, he played in 42 games for the Document [164] (Title: Ah Chew Goo) if he ever had a son he was going to teach him all the tricks he saw Goo perform. His eventual son, "Pistol" Pete Maravich, was renowned for his ball-handling and passing skills and became the highest scoring player in college basketball history. Maravich called Goo "the best ball-handler I've ever seen." Goo coached the University of Hawaii men’s basketball team from 1954–1957, compiling a 31-46 (.402 winning percentage) record over three seasons. He later served at boxing matches, where he was the official knockdown timer. The University of Hawaii women’s basketball team designates a player each season as the Document [165] (Title: Charlie Paulk) That same year, he was drafted by the Army. In his first season, he played just 17 games, scoring three points per game and garnering 4.6 rebounds per game. He sat out the 1969-70 season due to military service, serving a tour of duty in Vietnam. In 1970, the Bucks traded him along with Flynn Robinson to the Cincinnati Royals for Oscar Robertson. The following year, he was traded to the Chicago Bulls for Matt Guokas and a future draft pick. Later that year, he was again traded, this time to the New York Knicks for a second-round draft pick. Document [166] (Title: Herb White) round (133rd overall) of the 1970 NBA Draft by the Atlanta Hawks. He played in 38 games, starting five, serving primarily as a backup to fellow rookie and future Hall-of-Famer Pete Maravich. He was also Maravich's roommate on the road. For the season, his only one in the NBA, he averaged 2.4 points, 1.3 rebounds and 1.2 assists per game. His most productive game came on December 29, 1970 as he scored 10 points against the Detroit Pistons. Known for his great leaping ability, White's nickname was "The Elevator from Decatur". He was cited by Hall-of-Famer Wilt Chamberlain as the Document [167] (Title: Pete Maravich) he averaged 22.7 points and a league-best 15.7 rebounds per game. His presence prevented opponents from focusing their defensive efforts entirely on Maravich, and it lifted the Jazz to a 39–43 record—just short of making the club's first-ever appearance in the playoffs. Knee problems plagued Maravich for the rest of his career. He played in just 49 games during the 1978–79 season. He scored 22.6 points per game that season and earned his fifth and final All-Star appearance. But his scoring and passing abilities were severely impaired. The team struggled on the court, and faced serious financial trouble as well. Document [168] (Title: Henry Walker (basketball)) Trotamundos de Carabobo of Venezuela. On October 31, 2013, Walker was reacquired by the Sioux Falls Skyforce. In April 2014, he signed with the Alaska Aces for the 2014 Governors’ Cup. On November 3, 2014, Walker was again reacquired by the Sioux Falls Skyforce. On February 21, 2015, he signed a 10-day contract with the Miami Heat.. In his first game with the Heat, Walker recorded 11 points, and made 3 out of his 4 3-pointers in a 119-108 win over the Philadelphia 76ers. He then signed a second 10-day contract with the Heat on March 3, and for the Document [169] (Title: Mike Smrek) his career totals. Smrek went on to play two seasons with the Los Angeles Lakers, with whom he earned NBA championship rings in 1987 and 1988. He then had a year with the San Antonio Spurs, parts of three seasons with the Golden State Warriors and a brief stint with the Los Angeles Clippers. He has also played for the Toronto Raptors in the 1996 preseason (but not in regular season games). He played in Italy for Fulgor Libertas Forlì (1989–90), in the Greek League for Dafni BC (1992–93) and in Croatia for KK Split (1996–97). Currently, Mike Smrek is Document [170] (Title: Utah Jazz) collective improvisation. The team began its inaugural season in New Orleans in the 1974–75 season. The team's first major move was to trade for star player Pete Maravich (who had played collegiately at LSU) from the Atlanta Hawks for two first-round draft picks, three second-round picks and one third-round pick over the next three years. Although he was considered one of the most entertaining players in the league and won the scoring championship for the 1976-77 season with 31.1 points per game, the Jazz's best record while in New Orleans was 39–43 in the 1977–78 season. Maravich struggled with knee Document [171] (Title: Bill Newton (basketball)) participated in 1972 U.S. Olympic trials and selected as an alternate. He was named to LSU’s 1970s All-Decade Team. He played for coach Press Maravich. In 2013, he was inducted into the Indiana Basketball Hall of Fame He attended Rockville, Indiana High School, leading the Rox to a record of 19-3 and a Wabash River Conference title his senior season (1967–68). He led the state of Indiana in rebounding (22.0 rbs/game) his senior season. Bill Newton (basketball) Bill R. Newton (born December 22, 1950) is an American retired power forward–center who played two seasons in the American Basketball Association (NBA) Document [172] (Title: Pete Loncarevich) a bullet out of a gun. It was also a simultaneous allusion to Loncarevich's similar-sounding name to former professional National Basketball Association (NBA) Guard Pete Maravich who had the moniker of "Pistol Pete". Note: Professional first are at the national level until otherwise indicated. Note: This listing only denotes the racer's primary sponsors. At any given time a racer could have numerous co-sponsors. Primary sponsorships can be verified by BMX press coverage and sponsor's advertisements at the time in question. When possible exact dates are given. Side Note: "CW" never stood for "Coast Wheels" as it is widely thought. Coast Document [173] (Title: Alvin Gentry) NBA star David Thompson. Gentry played college basketball at Appalachian State University, where he was a point guard under Press Maravich and Bobby Cremins. In 1978 he spent one year as a graduate assistant at the University of Colorado. After one year working in private business, he returned to the bench when he received his first full-time collegiate assistant coaching job at Baylor University under Jim Haller in 1980. After one year at Baylor, Gentry returned to the University of Colorado as an assistant coach from 1981-1986 under Tom Apke. From 1986-1989, Gentry served as an assistant at the University Document [174] (Title: 1970 NBA draft) pick Dave Cowens from Florida State University and eighth pick Geoff Petrie from Princeton University went on to be named as joint winners of the Rookie of the Year Award in their first season. Six players from this draft, Lanier, Maravich, Cowens, 18th pick Calvin Murphy, 19th pick Nate Archibald and 122nd pick Dan Issel, have been inducted to the Basketball Hall of Fame. Maravich, Cowens and Archibald were also named to the list of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History announced at the league's 50th anniversary in 1996. Maravich had four All-NBA Team selections and five All-Star Game Document [175] (Title: Pete Carril) Lehigh, was 525–273. He was enshrined in both the National Collegiate Basketball Hall of Fame and the Naismith Basketball Hall of Fame in 1997, following his retirement from Princeton. Carril is married to Dolores L. ("Dilly") Halteman. They have a daughter, Lisa, and a son, Peter. Pete Carril Peter Joseph Carril (born July 10, 1930) is an American former basketball coach. He is best known for his time as head coach of Princeton University for 30 years and his use of the 'Princeton offense'. He also coached at Lehigh University and in the NBA as an assistant with the Sacramento Document [176] (Title: Pete Maravich) clock, and despite being unable to play varsity as a freshman under then-NCAA rules. One of the youngest players ever inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame, Maravich was cited by the Hall as "perhaps the greatest creative offensive talent in history". In an April 2010 interview, Hall of Fame player John Havlicek said that "the best ball-handler of all time was Pete Maravich". Pete Maravich was born to Petar "Press" Maravich (1915–1987) and Helen Gravor Maravich (1925–1974) in Aliquippa, a steel town in Beaver County in western Pennsylvania, near Pittsburgh. Maravich amazed his family and friends with Document [177] (Title: History of the New Orleans Pelicans) against New Orleans' original NBA franchise, the now-Utah Jazz. In the first regular season NBA game played in New Orleans in over 17 years, the Hornets defeated the Jazz 100–75, and posthumously retired #7 of "Pistol" Pete Maravich during halftime. Despite nagging injuries to the teams's starting Point guard, Baron Davis, the Hornets finished the season with a 47–35 record, allowing the franchise to qualify for the playoffs. They were defeated by Philadelphia, however, 4 games to 2 in the first round. Following the season, the team unexpectedly fired head coach Paul Silas and replaced him with Tim Floyd. In Document [178] (Title: Pete Maravich) second appearance in the All-Star Game. However, Atlanta sank to a disappointing 35–47 record and missed the postseason entirely. In the summer of 1974, an expansion franchise was preparing for its first season of competition in the NBA. The New Orleans Jazz were looking for something or someone to generate excitement among their new basketball fans. With his exciting style of play, Maravich was seen as the perfect man for the job. Additionally, he was already a celebrity in the state due to accomplishments at LSU. To acquire Maravich, the Jazz traded two players and four draft picks to Atlanta. Document [179] (Title: Larry Drew) in 2011. He now plays in the NBA for the New Orleans Pelicans. His middle son, Landon, played for the California State University, Northridge Matadors men's basketball team. Finally, his youngest son, Lindsey, plays for the University of Nevada Wolf Pack. Larry Drew Larry Donnell Drew (born April 2, 1958) is an American professional basketball coach and former player who is the head coach for the Cleveland Cavaliers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). The point guard played college basketball for the Missouri Tigers before being selected by the Detroit Pistons in the first round of the 1980 NBA draft Document [180] (Title: Press Maravich) Press Maravich Petar "Press" Maravich (August 29, 1915 – April 15, 1987) was an American college and professional basketball coach. He received the nickname "Press" as a boy, when one of his jobs was selling the "Pittsburgh Press" on the streets of his hometown of Aliquippa, Pennsylvania, an industrial city outside of Pittsburgh. Maravich, Sr. also served in the United States Naval Air Corps during World War II. Despite a long career as a coach, Maravich may best be remembered as "Pistol" Pete Maravich's father. Maravich graduated from Davis & Elkins College in 1941 and was a member of the Document [181] (Title: Rasual Butler) in NBA history. The four-team trade involved the Memphis Grizzlies, Miami Heat, Boston Celtics, and Utah Jazz, and featured 13 players, most notably Eddie Jones, Antoine Walker, Jason Williams and James Posey. His outside shooting was considered to be his greatest strength, shooting 36 percent over the course of his career and even 46 percent (50 total) during the 2003–04 season from behind the three-point line. His career-high total were 134 made three-point shots (37 percent) during the 2006–07 NBA season. During the 2007–08 regular season (still with the New Orleans Hornets), he averaged 17 minutes of action, 4.9 points Document [182] (Title: Rich Niemann) now helps coach and instruct the girls varsity team for Kennedy Catholic High School. Rich Niemann Richard W. "Rich" Niemann (born July 2, 1946) is a former American basketball player who played at center in the National Basketball Association and American Basketball Association. Niemann was originally drafted in the fourth round of the 1968 NBA draft by the Detroit Pistons. That season, he was traded from the Pistons to the Milwaukee Bucks along with cash for Dave Gambee. Later that year, he was claimed by the Boston Celtics after he was waived by the Bucks. After his time with the Document [183] (Title: Darrell Griffith) selected Griffith with the second overall pick in the 1980 NBA draft. The Jazz had recently moved to Salt Lake City from New Orleans, and the team needed a star to replace legendary shooting guard Pete Maravich. Griffith accepted the challenge, averaging 20.6 points per game in his first season and earning the NBA's Rookie of the Year award. For the next four seasons, Griffith teamed with small forward Adrian Dantley to form one of the highest-scoring duos in the league. With defensive support from center Mark Eaton and point guard Rickey Green, the Jazz improved dramatically, winning the Midwest Document [184] (Title: Cotton Fitzsimmons) the Hawks. According to Fitzsimmons, one of the main reasons he accepted a job as Hawks coach was the opportunity to coach Pete Maravich. In 1976, he became the player personnel director for the 1975 NBA champion Golden State Warriors. In 1977, Cotton Fitzsimmons was hired as head coach by the Buffalo Braves. He lasted there one season, the team's last before relocating to San Diego. Fitzsimmons was then hired by the Kansas City Kings to be their head coach for the next season. With the Kings, he won the NBA "Coach of the Year" award in 1979. In 1984, Document [185] (Title: Jermaine Jackson (basketball)) going on to play for the Toronto Raptors (2002–03), Atlanta Hawks (2003) and New York Knicks (2005), averaging 2.2 points, 1.1 rebounds and 1.5 assists per game in his NBA career. The Knicks included Jackson in a trade along with Mike Sweetney and Tim Thomas in exchange for Antonio Davis and Eddy Curry of the Chicago Bulls. He was cut by the Bulls on October 18, 2005, and was signed by the Milwaukee Bucks on December 15, 2005. He played for the Bucks in the 2005-06 season, with the team renouncing their NBA rights to him on July 19, 2007. Document [186] (Title: Pete Maravich Assembly Center) Pete Maravich Assembly Center The Pete Maravich Assembly Center is a 13,215-seat multi-purpose arena in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. The arena opened in 1972. It is home to the Louisiana State University Tigers and Lady Tigers basketball teams, the LSU Tigers women's gymnastics team and the LSU Tigers women's volleyball team. It was originally known as the LSU Assembly Center, but was renamed in honor of Pete Maravich, a Tiger basketball legend, shortly after his death in 1988. Louisiana Governor Buddy Roemer signed an act to rename the building in Maravich's honor (under Louisiana law, no LSU or state owned building Question: who did pistol pete maravich play for in the nba Answer: Atlanta Hawks Long Answer: Pete Maravich Maravich in 1977 (1947 - 06 - 22) June 22, 1947 Aliquippa, Pennsylvania January 5, 1988 (1988 - 01 - 05) (aged 40) Pasadena, California Nationality American Listed height 6 ft 5 in (1.96 m) Listed weight 197 lb (89 kg) Career information High school Daniel (Central, South Carolina) Broughton (Raleigh, North Carolina) Edwards Military Institute (Salemburg, North Carolina) College LSU (1967--1970) NBA draft 1970 / Round: 1 / Pick: 3rd overall Selected by the Atlanta Hawks Playing career 1970--1980 Position Shooting guard Number 44, 7 Career history 1970--1974 Atlanta Hawks 1974--1980 New Orleans / Utah Jazz 1980 Boston Celtics Career highlights and awards 5 × NBA All - Star (1973, 1974, 1977--1979) 2 × All - NBA First Team (1976, 1977) 2 × All - NBA Second Team (1973, 1978) NBA All - Rookie First Team (1971) NBA scoring champion (1977) No. 44 retired by Atlanta Hawks No. 7 retired by Utah Jazz No. 7 retired by New Orleans Pelicans NBA's 50th Anniversary All - Time Team 2 × College national player of the year (1969, 1970) 3 × Consensus first - team All - American (1968--1970) 3 × SEC Player of the Year (1968--1970) 3 × NCAA Division I scoring leader (1968--1970) NCAA Division I all - time scoring leader No. 23 retired by LSU Career statistics Points 15,948 (24.2 ppg) Rebounds 2,747 (4.2 rpg) Assists 3,563 (5.4 apg) Stats at Basketball-Reference.com Basketball Hall of Fame as player College Basketball Hall of Fame Inducted in 2006 Gold Document ID: 185

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Press Maravich) to his father immediately after his death; Pete Maravich died nine months later on January 5, 1988. Both "Press" and his son became born-again Christians late in their lives. Press Maravich Petar "Press" Maravich (August 29, 1915 – April 15, 1987) was an American college and professional basketball coach. He received the nickname "Press" as a boy, when one of his jobs was selling the "Pittsburgh Press" on the streets of his hometown of Aliquippa, Pennsylvania, an industrial city outside of Pittsburgh. Maravich, Sr. also served in the United States Naval Air Corps during World War II. Despite a long Document [2] (Title: 1969–70 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team) Maravich. Although Maravich was averaging 45.2 points per game and had scored over 50 points in a game 28 times, Georgetown guard Mike Laska held him to 20 points in a man-to-man defense and Art White scored 28 points, helping Georgetown to come back from seven points down with 3:08 left in the game to close to 81-80 with 17 seconds left. But the Hoyas had to foul Maravich immediately to stop the clock, and he sank both his free throws to give Louisiana State an 83-80 lead. Georgetown closed to 83-82, but ran out of time and was knocked Document [3] (Title: John Drew (basketball)) until the 1987-88 season. Drew played for the Wyoming Wildcatters of the Continental Basketball Association in 1985-86, becoming an All-Star in the CBA. Drew opined that the NBA's drug policy "will keep guys from coming forward and admitting they still have a problem." The Washington Bullets expressed interest in signing him that season but were prohibited from doing so by the league due to his past infractions. Drew's career ended in 1986 after he was arrested in Atlanta twice in less than three months, first on October 2 for selling cocaine to an undercover agent and then on December 17 Document [4] (Title: Pete Mickeal) appearing in five games. On May 9, 2016, he re-signed with Atenas. After he retired from playing professional basketball, Mickeal became a scout, for the NBA's Minnesota Timberwolves. Pete Mickeal Fenton Pete Mickeal (born February 22, 1978) is an American former professional basketball player, currently serving as an NBA scout for the Minnesota Timberwolves. He was selected by the Dallas Mavericks in the second round, with the 58th pick of the 2000 NBA draft. Born in Rock Island, Illinois, Mickeal attended Rock Island High School, the same school attended by former NBA player and coach Don Nelson. In two full Document [5] (Title: Adrian Dantley) to the Detroit Pistons after the 1986 season. Dantley was still an effective scorer but did not get as many shots with Isiah Thomas, Joe Dumars, Vinnie Johnson, and Bill Laimbeer all averaging at least 10 points per game. Midway through the 1989 season Detroit traded Dantley to the Dallas Mavericks for Mark Aguirre. Dantley played two more seasons in the NBA before retiring after a 13-game stint with the Milwaukee Bucks in 1991. Dantley finished his career with an average of 24.3 points per game. He scored his points with a mix of flat-footed mid-range jump shots, high-percentage opportunities Document [6] (Title: Pete Mickeal) Makedonikos, with a brief 2004 interlude in the Russian SuperLeague with Dynamo Moscow. In 2005, he moved to the Spanish League club Breogán. After a season there, he went to the South Korean League for the 2006–07 season, playing with Daegu Orions, before returning to the Spain to play with the Spanish League club TAU Cerámica. On June 29, 2009, he signed with the Spanish League club FC Barcelona. During the EuroLeague 2009–10 season, Mickeal played at small forward for FC Barcelona, and he helped them win the EuroLeague 2010 Final. In 2012, he was named to the All-ACB Finals Document [7] (Title: Pete Retzlaff) Pete Retzlaff Palmer Edward "Pete" Retzlaff, nicknamed "Pistol Pete" and "The Baron", (born August 21, 1931) is a former professional American football player and general manager. Retzlaff played football at Ellendale High School in Ellendale, North Dakota and he starred in track and field and football at South Dakota State College. In 1952, he rushed for 1,016 yards. He was selected in the 1953 NFL Draft by the Detroit Lions of the National Football League but he did not make the team. After two years in the army he was sold to the Philadelphia Eagles, where he played running back, Document [8] (Title: Mike Todorovich) Mike Todorovich Marko John Todorovich (June 11, 1923 – June 24, 2000) was an American basketball player and coach of Serbian descent born in St. Louis, Missouri. He played college basketball at the University of Wyoming. He also played college football at Washington University in St. Louis and the University of Notre Dame. Todorovich began his professional career with the Sheboygan Red Skins of the National Basketball League (NBL). He was named NBL rookie of the year and chosen a first-team pick after a 1947–48 season in which he scored 777 points in 60 games. The other four first-team selections Document [9] (Title: Pistol Pete: The Life and Times of Pete Maravich) Federman is interviewed throughout and also served as a film consultant. Pistol Pete: The Life and Times of Pete Maravich Pistol Pete: The Life and Times of Pete Maravich is a documentary of "Pistol" Pete Maravich. It first aired on CBS during the Final Four Tournament on April 1, 2001. It was produced by George Roy, written by Steven Stern, and narrated by Harry Connick, Jr. It is considered the most comprehensive documentary about Maravich ever produced. It notched a 6.8 rating and a 12 share. "Pistol Pete" featured never-before-broadcast game footage, plus a host of rare interviews, including Julius Document [10] (Title: Rick Mount) Freedom Hall in Louisville, Kentucky. He went through the same procedure earlier in the season before a game at Iowa. He led Purdue to a 23-5 record on the season. He shot 51.5 percent on the season, whereas well-known scorers such as Pete Maravich and Calvin Murphy shot no better than 46 percent. He was selected as a First Team All-American and the Big Ten Player Of The Year. In his senior year, Mount had two 53-point games plus a 61-point game against conference champ Iowa, which was the NCAA Division I single-game record at the time. Thirty-two of his Document [11] (Title: Pete Myers) Pete Myers Peter Eddie Myers (born September 15, 1963) is an American former professional basketball player, and a current assistant coach for the Chicago Bulls. Born in Mobile, Alabama, Myers graduated from Williamson High School of Mobile in 1981. Myers then attended Faulkner State Community College. At Faulkner State, Myers averaged nearly 14 points per game in his two-year career and was named to the 1983 All-Southern Division team. Myers transferred to the University of Arkansas at Little Rock in 1983 and played two seasons on the Arkansas–Little Rock Trojans men's basketball team after redshirting one year. At Arkansas–Little Rock, Document [12] (Title: Pistol Pete: The Life and Times of Pete Maravich) Pistol Pete: The Life and Times of Pete Maravich Pistol Pete: The Life and Times of Pete Maravich is a documentary of "Pistol" Pete Maravich. It first aired on CBS during the Final Four Tournament on April 1, 2001. It was produced by George Roy, written by Steven Stern, and narrated by Harry Connick, Jr. It is considered the most comprehensive documentary about Maravich ever produced. It notched a 6.8 rating and a 12 share. "Pistol Pete" featured never-before-broadcast game footage, plus a host of rare interviews, including Julius Erving, Les Robinson, and the camera-shy Jackie Maravich. MARAVICH biographer Wayne Document [13] (Title: Spencer Haywood) 1975, the SuperSonics traded him to the New York Knicks where he later teamed with Bob McAdoo. Haywood later played for the New Orleans Jazz, Los Angeles Lakers, and Washington Bullets. During the late 1970s, Haywood became addicted to cocaine. He was dismissed from the Lakers by then-coach Paul Westhead during the 1980 NBA Finals for falling asleep during practice due to his addiction. The next season Haywood played in Italy for Reyer Venezia Mestre (then under the name "Carrera di Venezia") along with Dražen Dalipagić before returning to the NBA to play two seasons with the Washington Bullets. Haywood's Document [14] (Title: Mike James (basketball, born 1975)) NBA team, but remained positive and opted for a start in the European professional leagues instead. Mike enjoyed several stellar seasons as an integral player with both French and Austrian teams. James began his NBA career when he signed as a free agent with the Miami Heat during the 2001–02 season. He has since played for the Boston Celtics, the Detroit Pistons, the Milwaukee Bucks, the Houston Rockets, the Toronto Raptors, the Minnesota Timberwolves, the New Orleans Hornets, the Washington Wizards, the Chicago Bulls, and the Dallas Mavericks, averaging 10.0 points per game for his career. James was a member Document [15] (Title: Pete Tillotson) Milan to a second-place finish for the European championship while averaging 18 points and 11 rebounds. He played for Syracuse in 1960, but his playing career ended after he sustained a knee injury. After retiring from basketball, Tillotson worked for nearly 40 years for Ford Motor Company, Paine Webber, Goldman Sachs and General Electric. He retired in 2001. He was included in the inaugural class of seven athletes inducted into the Mason County Sports Hall of Fame in 2005. Pete Tillotson Peter S. Tillotson (born March 23, 1936) is an American former basketball player. He grew up in Ludington, Michigan, Document [16] (Title: Shandon Anderson) (54th overall) of the 1996 NBA draft by the Utah Jazz, and played for the Jazz, the Houston Rockets, the New York Knicks and the Heat. His best season was in 1999–2000, when he averaged 12.3 points per game with the Rockets. His career average is 7.8 points per game. He is the younger brother of former Knicks and Heat player Willie Anderson. Anderson won an NBA championship in 2006 with the Miami Heat as a backup, and subsequently retired. Shandon Anderson Shandon Rodriguez Anderson (born December 31, 1973) is an American retired professional basketball player who played in the Document [17] (Title: Tony Massenburg) able to play alongside NBA legend David Robinson. He played in 35 games with the Spurs during the 1990–91 NBA season. As part of his first career NBA injury's rehabilitation program, Massenburg went to the Italian League in 1991, where he averaged almost 23 points and 10 rebounds per game in four games with the Italian club Pallacanestro Reggiana. After playing in only one game with the San Antonio Spurs in the 1991-1992 season, Massenburg was traded to the Charlotte Hornets where he played for three games before moving on to the Boston Celtics for seven games, and then also Document [18] (Title: Pete Trgovich) round of the 1975 NBA Draft. Trgovich coached East Chicago Central High School to the Indiana AAAA state championship in 2007. He resigned afterwards and accepted the head coach position at Indiana University Northwest, where he coached from 2007 to 2010. Trgovich was inducted into the Indiana Basketball Hall of Fame in 2011. Pete Trgovich Pete Trgovich is an American former college basketball player. He played for the UCLA Bruins, who won two national championships during his career. Trgovich was a member of the 1971 East Chicago Washington High School Senators basketball team, which went undefeated (29-0) and won the Document [19] (Title: Pete Maravich Assembly Center) may be named after a living person). Maravich never played in the arena as a collegian but played in it as a member of the Atlanta Hawks in a preseason game. But his exploits while at LSU led the University to build a larger home for the basketball team, which languished for decades in the shadow of the school's football program. The Maravich Center is known to locals as "The PMAC" or "Pete's Palace", or by its more nationally known nickname, "The Deaf Dome", coined by Dick Vitale. The Maravich Center's neighbor, Tiger Stadium is known as "Death Valley". The Document [20] (Title: Petey Sessoms) 2004, he retired from basketball and began working for the United States Postal Service in North Hollywood, California. As of August 2010, he continues to work there as a supervisor. He's married to Bridgette Wright and has two sons, Paul Jr. and Brixton. Petey Sessoms Petey Sessoms (born June 10, 1972) is an American retired professional basketball player. He played in six different countries in his career that spanned between 1995–96 and 2003–04. He is best known in the United States for his college career at Old Dominion University in which he was named the Colonial Athletic Association Men's Basketball Document [21] (Title: Pete Lalich) Pete Lalich Peter T. Lalich (June 23, 1920 – February 1, 2008) was an American professional basketball player. He played for the Cleveland Rebels of the Basketball Association of America (now known as the National Basketball Association). Pete played basketball and baseball at Ohio University and in 1987 was inducted into the Ohio University Athletics Hall of Fame. Pete played in one game for the Cleveland Rebels where he attempted one field goal and was credited with one personal foul. He also played in the National Basketball League with the Sheboygan Redskins, the Cleveland Chase Brassmen, the Pittsburgh Raiders and Document [22] (Title: Marshall Terrill) new beginning and end chapter. That same year, Terrill met McQueen's last wife and widow, Barbara, and the two began working on a photo book. In October 2006, Terrill released "Maravich", co-authored by Wayne Federman, an exhaustively researched biography on the basketball great, who died on January 5, 1988 from a heart defect. The book took seven years to research and write and was done with the cooperation of Jackie Maravich, the athlete’s widow. Focus on the Family/Tyndale Publishing released the paperback version of the book in September 2008 called "Pete Maravich: The Authorized Biography of Pistol Pete Maravich." Terrill Document [23] (Title: Fred Roberts) especially impressive considering it came against Dennis Rodman, one of the best defenders in the league. The tough, defense-minded Pistons would eventually win the NBA championship later that season. Roberts was released by the Bucks when his contract expired after the 1992-93 NBA season. He played one season of basketball in Spain after his contract was not renewed. After his second stint in Europe, he played for the Chicago Rockers of the Continental Basketball Association. He then signed a 10-day contract with the Cleveland Cavaliers, and was immediately put to work due to starting power forward Tyrone Hill going down Document [24] (Title: Pete Maravich) ball from his career-high 68 point night on February 25, 1977, sold for $131,450 in a 2009 Heritage auction. Free throws made, quarter: 14, Pete Maravich, third quarter, Atlanta Hawks vs. Buffalo Braves, Free throw attempts, quarter: 16, Pete Maravich, second quarter, Atlanta Hawks at Chicago Bulls, Second pair of teammates in NBA history to score 2,000 or more points in a season: 2, Atlanta Hawks () <br> Maravich: 2,063 <br> Lou Hudson: 2,029 Third pair of teammates in NBA history to score 40 or more points in the same game: New Orleans Jazz vs. Denver Nuggets, <br> Maravich: 45 Document [25] (Title: Johnny Newman) Hornets, an expansion franchise in its 3rd year of existence. Newman was traded by the New Jersey Nets along with Stephon Marbury after the 2000–01 NBA season in exchange for Jason Kidd. Newman scored 12,740 points in his NBA career. Newman was inducted into the Virginia Sports Hall of Fame in 2011. Played in the 1997 film "Shadow Conspiracy" with Charlie Sheen, Linda Hamilton, Donald Sutherland and Gore Vidal. Johnny Newman John Sylvester Newman, Jr. (born November 28, 1963) is an American retired professional basketball player. A 6' 7" and shooting guard/small forward, Newman starred at the University of Richmond, Document [26] (Title: Pete Maravich) age 40 while playing in a pickup basketball game in the gym at First Church of the Nazarene in Pasadena, California, with a group that included evangelical author James Dobson. Maravich had flown out from his home in Louisiana to tape a segment for Dobson's radio show that aired later that day. Dobson has said that Maravich's last words, less than a minute before he died, were "I feel great. I just feel great." An autopsy revealed the cause of death to be a rare congenital defect; he had been born with a missing left coronary artery, a vessel that Document [27] (Title: Pete Brennan) 8, 2012 in Durham, North Carolina. Pete Brennan Peter Joseph Brennan (September 23, 1936 – June 8, 2012) was an American basketball player. Brennan was born in Brooklyn, New York. He played collegiately for the University of North Carolina, where he was chosen ACC Men's Basketball Player of the Year in the 1957–58 season. He was selected by the New York Knicks in the first round (4th pick overall) of the 1958 NBA Draft. He played for the Knicks (1958–59) in the NBA for 16 games. He was inducted into the North Carolina Sports Hall of Fame in 2007. Brennan Document [28] (Title: Pete Mickeal) but he was soon signed as a free agent by the New York Knicks. He was on the injured reserve his entire time as a Knick, and was waived later in the season. In the 2002–03 season, he drew attention again from the NBA, being signed to a practice-squad contract with the Houston Rockets, before being waived a week later. He also played with the Orlando Magic in the Orlando Summer League and the Las Vegas Summer League in 2004. After his unsuccessful run in the NBA, Mickeal went on to have great success in the ABA with the Tampa Document [29] (Title: Tony Dumas) seasons in the NBA, mainly for the Mavericks. He did have two brief stints with the Phoenix Suns and Cleveland Cavaliers. His best year as a pro came during the 1995-96 season as a member of the Mavericks, appearing in 67 games (12 starts) and averaging 11.6 ppg, including a 39-point effort against the Suns on January 12, 1996. In 1995, he appeared in the NBA Slam Dunk Contest, finishing last (6th) after three unsuccessful dunks in the first round. In 1998, he played for La Crosse Bobcats (CBA). In 2001, he moved to Greece playing for Sporting BC. In Document [30] (Title: Pete Maravich) Still, the Hawks qualified for the playoffs, where they lost to the New York Knicks in the first round. Maravich struggled somewhat during his second season. His scoring average dipped to 19.3 points per game, and the Hawks finished with another disappointing 36–46 record. Once again they qualified for the playoffs, and once again they were eliminated in the first round. However, Atlanta fought hard against the Boston Celtics, with Maravich averaging 27.7 points in the series. Maravich erupted in his third season, averaging 26.1 points (5th in the NBA) and dishing out 6.9 assists per game (6th in the Document [31] (Title: Press Maravich) Alpha Sigma Phi fraternity. Maravich was the son of Serbian immigrants. After college, he played professional basketball with the Youngstown Bears (1945–1946) of the National Basketball League, and the Pittsburgh Ironmen (1946–1947) of the Basketball Association of America. Press Maravich's first head coaching job at the college level was West Virginia Wesleyan College, 1949–1950. From there he went on to become head coach of his alma mater, Davis & Elkins, from 1950 to 1952. He had previously served as an assistant under Red Brown from 1947 to 1949. Maravich was head coach of the Tigers of Clemson University from 1956 Document [32] (Title: Vassilis Spanoulis) to play for Panathinaikos Athens, as he had requested. This was officially announced on August 23, 2007. Allegedly, due to "family reasons," Spanoulis decided that he would not remain in the NBA, with his agent going as far as, comparing the Rockets reluctance to break his contract to slavery. Spanoulis, instead opted to return to Panathinaikos, to once again play in the Greek Basket League and the EuroLeague. In June 2013, Spanoulis claimed that Rockets coach Jeff Van Gundy told him on the first day he arrived at Houston that since he was a rookie, and unfamiliar to Van Gundy, Document [33] (Title: Pete Perini) played for the Hagerstown Braves of the Interstate League as an outfielder from 1950 to 1951. Perini played in fourteen games for the Chicago Bears from 1954 to 1955. He played in six games for the Cleveland Browns during the 1955 season. His career was cut short due to a knee injury. Perini served in the United States Army during the Korean War. He worked in the Ohio Department of Corrections for nearly three decades. He was also the superintendent of the Marion Correctional Institution until his retirement. Pete Perini Evo Peter Perini (February 10, 1928 – September 11, 2008) Document [34] (Title: Pete Maravich) games. Thus, Maravich was parked on the bench for 24 straight games, much to the dismay of Utah fans and to Maravich himself. During that time, Adrian Dantley emerged as the team's franchise player. The Jazz placed Maravich on waivers in January 1980. He signed with the Celtics, the top team in the league that year, led by rookie superstar Larry Bird. Maravich adjusted to a new role as part-time contributor, giving Boston a "hired gun" off the bench. He helped the team post a 61–21 record in the regular season, best in the league. And, for the first time Document [35] (Title: Pete Tillotson) Pete Tillotson Peter S. Tillotson (born March 23, 1936) is an American former basketball player. He grew up in Ludington, Michigan, and played basketball for Ludington High School from 1951 to 1954. In three years at Ludington High, he scored 1,176 points -- 179 points as a sophomore, 433 points as a junior and 564 points as a senior. During the 1953–54 season, he averaged 25.6 points per game. He led Ludington to a 21–2 record and the state finals in 1952 and an 18–4 record in 1953. As a student at the University of Michigan, he played center for Document [36] (Title: Pete Maravich) a recluse for two years. Through it all, Maravich said he was searching "for life". He tried the practices of yoga and Hinduism, read Trappist monk Thomas Merton's "The Seven Storey Mountain" and took an interest in the field of ufology, the study of unidentified flying objects. He also explored vegetarianism and macrobiotics. Eventually, he embraced evangelical Christianity. A few years before his death, Maravich said, "I want to be remembered as a Christian, a person that serves Him [Jesus] to the utmost, not as a basketball player." On January 5, 1988, Maravich collapsed and died of heart failure at Document [37] (Title: Pete Maravich Assembly Center) of the volunteers were themselves displaced from New Orleans due to the hurricane. Helicopters with injured evacuees landed on the infield of LSU's Bernie Moore Track Stadium, which is adjacent to the arena, while ambulances from around the region lined up with other patients that needed treatment. Those deemed healthy enough were either transferred to out-of-state facilities or to LSU's Carl Maddox Field House which had been transformed into a large emergency shelter. Pete Maravich Assembly Center The Pete Maravich Assembly Center is a 13,215-seat multi-purpose arena in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. The arena opened in 1972. It is home to Document [38] (Title: Pistol Pete (New Mexico State University)) depict Pistol Pete carrying pistols, and this is now the official athletics logo. In 2009, Pistol Pete was suspended for one game by the Western Athletic Conference for fighting with Utah State's mascot, Big Blue, during a 2009 WAC Men's Basketball Tournament game. Pistol Pete (New Mexico State University) Pistol Pete is the mascot for the New Mexico State Aggies, the athletic teams of New Mexico State University in Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA. Pistol Pete is portrayed by a NMSU student dressed in traditional cowboy attire, including a cowboy hat, a vest, and chaps, and armed with twirling pistols. Document [39] (Title: Mike Taylor (basketball)) Angeles D-Fenders. Mike Taylor (basketball) Michael Rene Taylor (born January 21, 1986) is an American professional basketball player who last played for Anyang KGC of the Korean Basketball League. He played college basketball for Chipola College and Iowa State. Collegiately, Taylor played three seasons for Chipola College (NJCAA-FCCAA, 2004-05 to 2005-06) and Iowa State University (2006–07), leading the latter team in scoring with 16.0 points per game. However, he was dismissed from the team in July 2007 after a series of brushes with the law. During 2007–08, he played for the Idaho Stampede of the NBA Development League, averaging 14.5 Document [40] (Title: Jeff Teague (basketball)) history (Pete Maravich – 12 in 1972–73, and Eddie Johnson – 11 in 1984–85). On January 16, 2013, he scored a career-high 28 points in a 109–95 win over the Brooklyn Nets. Teague later participated in the Taco Bell Skills Challenge during NBA All-Star Weekend. The Hawks were once again knocked out in the first round of the playoffs, losing 4–2 to the Indiana Pacers. On July 10, 2013, Teague was extended a four-year, $32 million offer sheet by the Milwaukee Bucks; however, three days later, the Hawks matched the offer. On December 26, 2013, he scored a career-high 34 Document [41] (Title: Mo Layton) he appeared in only 3 games. He would later sign with the Detroit Pistons prior to the 1974–75 NBA season, and again with the Suns prior to the 1975–76 NBA season, but was waived by both teams before the start of the respective season. Layton would return to the NBA in the 1976–77 and 1977–78 seasons, playing with the New York Knicks and the San Antonio Spurs, respectively. He was waived by the Spurs on October 2, 1978. Mo Layton Dennis "Mo" Layton (born December 24, 1948) is a retired American professional basketball player. A 6'1" point guard from USC, Document [42] (Title: Pete Maravich) since his early career in Atlanta, Maravich was able to participate in the NBA playoffs. He appeared in nine games during that postseason, but the Celtics were upended by Julius Erving and the Philadelphia 76ers in the Eastern Conference finals, four games to one. Realizing that his knee problems would never go away, Maravich retired at the end of that season. The NBA instituted the 3-point shot just in time for Maravich's last season in the league. He had always been famous for his long-range shooting, and his final year provided an official statistical gauge of his abilities. Between his Document [43] (Title: Pete Reiser) at 62, and was buried at Desert Memorial Park in Cathedral City, California. Pete Reiser Harold Patrick Reiser (March 17, 1919 – October 25, 1981), nicknamed "Pistol Pete", was an outfielder in Major League Baseball during the 1940s and early 1950s. He played primarily for the Brooklyn Dodgers, and later for the Boston Braves, Pittsburgh Pirates and Cleveland Indians. A native of St. Louis, Missouri, Reiser originally signed with his hometown Cardinals, but at age 19 he was among a group of minor league players declared free agents by Commissioner of Baseball Kenesaw Mountain Landis. Reportedly, Cardinal general manager Branch Document [44] (Title: Cozell McQueen) nearly 33 minutes per game. He finished his career in the American minor leagues, retiring in 1996. Cozell McQueen Cozell McQueen (born January 18, 1962) is an American former professional basketball player. He was part of the NC State side that surprisingly won the 1983 NCAA Tournament. Though he briefly played in the NBA for the Detroit Pistons, the majority of his professional career took place in the minor leagues and in Europe. He played as a Center. As a sophomore, McQueen took part in North Carolina State's 1983 NCAA title. He sunk an off-balance shot to tie the overtime Document [45] (Title: Pete Maravich) antics. He was elected to the All-NBA First Team that year. The following season (1976–77) was his most productive in the NBA. He led the league in scoring with an average of 31.1 points per game. He scored 40 points or more in 13 different games, and 50 or more in 4 games. His 68-point masterpiece against the Knicks was at the time the most points ever scored by a guard in a single game, and only two players at any position had ever scored more: Wilt Chamberlain and Elgin Baylor. Baylor was head coach of the Jazz at that Document [46] (Title: The Pistol: The Birth of a Legend) talks, Press gave Pete a range of drills and technique advice. At school, Pete perceives himself as an outcast even on the basketball team, where at one point he was benched for ten games. Pete believed in himself and his father stood behind him. Pete begins dribbling the basketball regularly and in strange situations such as during his bike rides while he keeps it with him around the clock. Pete's coach looks down on Pete's fancy basketball skills as the kind of thing that the Blacks from the bad part of town do. Eventually, when Pete is given the chance, Document [47] (Title: Ralph Drollinger) Maravich. That morning Maravich collapsed in the middle of the game from a massive heart attack. Dobson and Drollinger administered CPR, but to no avail; Maravich was pronounced dead upon arrival at the hospital. He was selected as one of the Fabulous 50 Basketball Players by the San Diego Hall of Champions in 2011. After his brief injury-plagued professional career, Drollinger founded and participated in a variety of sports related ministries. He helped found and was the Executive Director of "Sports Outreach America", an umbrella trade organization of American church and parachurch sports ministries, such as the Fellowship of Christian Document [48] (Title: Arijan Komazec) preparing to make the fling at European level, and in the summer he was loaned to Cagiva Varese, where he played the next two seasons (1993–94 in A2 & 1994–95 A1), and made impressive performances. The impression that he made by his performance in Varese, caused Buckler Beer Bologna, which was the dominant team of the Italian League the previous years, to buy his contract from Panathinaikos, and close a deal with him for the next two years, in an effort to replace the large void left in the team by Saša Danilović leaving for the NBA's Miami Heat. The Document [49] (Title: Muggsy Bogues) of the ball. Bogues reportedly had a measured vertical leap, but his hands were too small to hold on to a ball to dunk one-handed. It has been claimed that Bogues once successfully dunked during pregame practice in December 1990, but that has never been confirmed. The Miami Heat and Charlotte Hornets were set to enter the NBA for the 1988–89 NBA season. Despite their weakness at the point guard, Bogues was left unprotected by the Bullets. On June 22, 1988 the Hornets selected him in the expansion draft. As Bogues settled in Charlotte, he established himself as an exceptional Document [50] (Title: Pat Williams (basketball)) roster, trading with the Sixers for Chet Walker, and invested on the promotion, including the creation of mascot Benny the Bull. The Bulls had become a force in the league as the Atlanta Hawks brought Williams to be their GM in 1973. He spent just one year in Atlanta, where his most notable action was trading star Pete Maravich for two players and five draft picks. As the Sixers had become one of the worst teams in the NBA, owner Irv Kosloff invited Williams to return in 1974. Williams then remained in Philadelphia for 12 years as their general manager, Document [51] (Title: LSU Tigers basketball) for the exploits of Press Maravich's son, Pete "Pistol Pete" Maravich whom he coached from 1967–1970. Pete dominated at the collegiate level averaging 44.2 points per game and was named National Player of the Year in 1970. Collis Temple Jr. of Kentwood became LSU's first African-American varsity athlete during Press' final season of 1971–1972. Dale Brown was head LSU basketball coach for 25 years from 1972–1997. During his time at LSU, he led the basketball team to two Final Fours, four Elite Eights, five Sweet Sixteens, and thirteen NCAA Tournament appearances. He also led the Tigers to four regular season Document [52] (Title: Lou Tsioropoulos) Lou Tsioropoulos Louis Charles "Lou" Tsioropoulos (Greek: Λουδοβίκος "Λου" Τσιωρόπουλος; August 31, 1930 – August 22, 2015) was a Greek-American professional basketball player who played for the NBA's Boston Celtics for three seasons from 1956–1959. He was born in Lynn, Massachusetts. Tsioropoulos played college basketball at the University of Kentucky under legendary coach Adolph Rupp. As a sophomore in 1951, he was a member of Kentucky's NCAA Championship team, which defeated Kansas State 68-58 in the Championship game. In the fall of 1952, a point shaving scandal involving three Kentucky players (a fourth player, Bill Spivey, a teammate of Tsioropoulos Document [53] (Title: 1973–74 NBA season) as well. Second in minutes played and in the new blocked shots category, Abdul-Jabbar was a peerless presence all season long. One player, Atlanta's high-scoring Pete Maravich, tried more shots, but Kareem sank his tries at a 53.9% clip, second best in the NBA. The rest of the Bucks lineup provided good support for Abdul-Jabbar, but age and injuries remained a concern into the playoffs. The Boston Celtics cast a very determined shadow across the East with 56 wins, willed by 33-year-old captain John Havlicek. The swingman star was again All-Defense while scoring 22.8 points per game. Hondo even leaked Document [54] (Title: 1970 National Invitation Tournament) It was LSU's only postseason appearance between 1954 and 1979. 1970 National Invitation Tournament The 1970 National Invitation Tournament was unique in that coach Al McGuire of Marquette University, unhappy with his team's placement, turned down a bid to the NCAA tournament and elected to play in the NIT instead. His Marquette Warriors went on to claim the championship. This tournament represented the final college games for LSU great Pete Maravich, the NCAA's all-time leading scorer. Maravich finished his three-year career with 3,667 points, 44.2 per game, records which stand through the 2017-18 season, despite the reinstitution of freshman eligibility Document [55] (Title: Pete Retzlaff) general manager. In 1973 and 1974, he worked as a color analyst for NFL coverage on CBS television. Retzlaff's number 44 jersey has been retired by the Eagles. Pete Retzlaff Palmer Edward "Pete" Retzlaff, nicknamed "Pistol Pete" and "The Baron", (born August 21, 1931) is a former professional American football player and general manager. Retzlaff played football at Ellendale High School in Ellendale, North Dakota and he starred in track and field and football at South Dakota State College. In 1952, he rushed for 1,016 yards. He was selected in the 1953 NFL Draft by the Detroit Lions of the Document [56] (Title: Akron Wingfoots) between 1967 and 1968. Pete McCaffrey played for the gold medal-winning United States men's national basketball team at the 1964 Summer Olympics. He also played at the 1963 FIBA World Championship where the United States finished fourth. After playing for the Wingfoots in 1961 Adrian Smith signed for Cincinnati Royals where he stayed for 8 seasons. He was selected to the 1966 NBA All-Star Game and, he was named MVP after he scored 24 points in 26 minutes. In the 1969–70 season, after 32 games with the Royals, Smith was traded to the San Francisco Warriors, In 1971–72 he played Document [57] (Title: Pete Matevich) to play three qualifying games for the 1950 FIFA World Cup. He scored two goals in the last U.S. game, a 5–2 victory over Cuba. Despite that contribution, he was not selected for the World Cup roster. Pete Matevich Pete Matevich is a former American soccer player who earned four caps, scoring two goals, as a member of the U.S. national team in 1949. Matevich was a member of the Chicago Maroons of the North American Soccer Football League. In 1946, he was the league’s second leading scorer behind Gil Heron with seven goals. After the league folded in the Document [58] (Title: Martin Müürsepp) who had competed in the Soviet Basketball League for Kalev. In 1989 after successful games for Estonian SSR youth teams in Finland, Latvia and Moscow, he caught Stanislav Eremin´s eye and was added to the shortlist of the Soviet national youth team alongside Vitaly Potapenko, Zakhar Pashutin, Roberts Štelmahers and Dainius Adomaitis. In the 1996 NBA Draft he was selected in the 1st round (25th overall) by the Utah Jazz. After the draft, Müürsepp was traded to Miami Heat for a future draft pick (no. 23 in the 2000 draft). He has played 83 games in the NBA for the Document [59] (Title: LSU Tigers basketball) SEC championships and one SEC Tournament championship. In 1996–97, Dale Brown signed Baton Rouge high school phenom Lester Earl, who led Glen Oaks High School to three consecutive Louisiana High School Athletic Association state championships (two in Class 4A, one in Class 5A, the highest classification), with all championship games played at the Pete Maravich Assembly Center. Earl played just 11 games at LSU before he was suspended and transferred to the University of Kansas soon afterward (ironically, Earl played for LSU in an 82-53 loss to Kansas in that season's Maui Invitational). While at Kansas, Earl said that an Document [60] (Title: Pete Maravich) thing." Despite some setbacks coping with their father's death and without the benefit that his tutelage might have provided, both sons eventually were inspired to play high school and collegiate basketball—Josh at his father's alma mater, LSU. On June 27, 2014, Governor Bobby Jindal proposed that LSU erect a statue of Maravich outside the Assembly Center which already bears the basketball star's name. Former coach Dale Brown opposes such a monument, but Maravich's widow, Jackie McLachlan, said that she had been promised a statue after the passing of her husband. McLachlan said that she has noticed how fans struggle to Document [61] (Title: Pete Maravich) time. Maravich earned his third all-star game appearance and was honored as All-NBA First Team for the second consecutive season. The following season, injuries to both knees forced him to miss 32 games during the 1977–78 season. Despite being robbed of some quickness and athleticism, he still managed to score 27.0 points per game, and he also added 6.7 assists per contest, his highest average as a member of the Jazz. Many of those assists went to new teammate Truck Robinson, who had joined the franchise as a free agent during the off-season. In his first year in New Orleans, Document [62] (Title: Press Maravich) for 11 days; symptoms such as coughing subsided while the treatment had no effect on the cancer. Through the next two months, Press's condition deteriorated while Pete took constant care of him with his sister, Diana. Press Maravich lived his last days in Highland Park Hospital in Covington, Louisiana, where he died on April 15, 1987. "Press" Maravich lived just long enough to see Pete selected as a possible member of the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame, but not long enough to see him officially inducted in May 1987. Pete Maravich is quoted as saying "I'll see you soon" Document [63] (Title: Mike Penberthy) season, Penberthy was the shooting coach for the New Orleans Pelicans. Penberthy married Wendy Jones, who attended The Master's College with him and played volleyball for the college. They have three children. Ty, Jaden and Kate. Mike Penberthy Michael Dunkin Penberthy (born November 29, 1974) is an American former professional basketball player, and a current assistant coach for the New Orleans Pelicans, A 6'3" (1.90 m) point guard from The Master's College (now The Master's University), Penberthy went undrafted in the 1997 NBA Draft but did manage to play for the Los Angeles Lakers for two seasons (2000-01 to 2001–02). Document [64] (Title: Mychal Thompson) the Spurs, before he was traded again, this time to Los Angeles for center/forward Frank Brickowski, center Pétur Guðmundsson and a 1990 first-round draft choice. He was brought to the Lakers in February 1987 to back up Kareem Abdul-Jabbar and defend Boston Celtics forward Kevin McHale. This gave the Pat Riley coached Lakers a team that had four players who were overall #1 selections in the NBA draft, the others being Abdul-Jabbar (1969), Magic Johnson (1979), and James Worthy (1982). Of those four, Thompson is the only one not enshrined in the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame or to Document [65] (Title: Pete Kozma) RBIs. He resigned a minor league deal with the Tigers on November 9, 2018, which includes an invitation to spring training. He also played winter baseball with the Perth Heat of the Australian Baseball League for their 2018-19 season, crediting teammate Warwick Saupold for persuading him to join the Heat. Pete Kozma Peter Michael Kozma (born April 11, 1988) is an American professional baseball shortstop in the Detroit Tigers organization. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the St. Louis Cardinals, New York Yankees, Texas Rangers and Detroit Tigers. The Cardinals selected him in the first round of Document [66] (Title: Pistol Pete (Oklahoma State University)) his likeness is a visible reminder of the Old West to literally millions of people yearly as a symbol of colleges whose mascots pay homage to the cowboy. However, it was not until 1958 that "Pistol Pete" was adopted as the school's mascot. The familiar caricature of "Pistol Pete" was officially sanctioned in 1984 by Oklahoma State University as a licensed symbol. Each year, an average of 15 Oklahoma State students audition to portray Pistol Pete. A panel of former "Petes" conduct the tryouts and select two replacements based largely on an interview. Candidates are also asked to exhibit themselves Document [67] (Title: Vassilis Spanoulis) games played off the bench. During Spanoulis' first NBA season, there was a dispute between him and Rockets head coach, Jeff Van Gundy, over playing time. There was an issue between the team's management, Spanoulis, and the coach as well, over the contract that Spanoulis had signed. In order to sign with the Rockets, and fulfill his dreams of playing in the NBA, Spanoulis took a considerably smaller contract than the one that was being offered to him by his Greek team, Panathinaikos Athens. He still had two years under his contract with Panathinaikos, but his buyout was small, and Document [68] (Title: Mark Kriegel) acts?” “He’s been a part of three Emmy-winning teams for the NFL Network and Showtime. Kriegel lives in Santa Monica, California, with his daughter, Holiday. Mark Kriegel Mark Kriegel is an American author, journalist, and television commentator. He is the son of author and essayist, Leonard Kriegel. He grew up in New York City, and attended Stuyvesant High School, Swarthmore College, and the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism. Kriegel is the author of critically acclaimed "New York Times" bestsellers, "Namath: A Biography," about Hall of Fame quarterback Joe Namath, and "Pistol: the Life of Pete Maravich". His 2012 book, Document [69] (Title: NBA on CBS) Rudolph officiating. 32 players, including Rick Barry, Pete Maravich, George Gervin, JoJo White, Doug Collins, Paul Westphal and Bob McAdoo, competed in a round-robin single-elimination tournament each week. Barry was eliminated in the first round by journeyman Earl Tatum of the Los Angeles Lakers. Maravich and Westphal made it all the way to the final, which was scheduled to take place at halftime of Game 2 of the 1978 NBA Finals. However, Maravich was injured and unavailable, so CBS instead had Westphal shoot a free-throw against "Bag-Man" (who was actually Rick Barry, who was on the announcing team, wearing a Document [70] (Title: Pete Trgovich) Pete Trgovich Pete Trgovich is an American former college basketball player. He played for the UCLA Bruins, who won two national championships during his career. Trgovich was a member of the 1971 East Chicago Washington High School Senators basketball team, which went undefeated (29-0) and won the Indiana state high school championship. In the final two tournament wins that season, he scored a combined 68 points. Among his teammates were Junior Bridgeman, who later played professionally in the National Basketball Association (NBA), and Tim Stoddard, who played basketball at North Carolina State University and went on to have success as Document [71] (Title: Tony Delk) while at Kentucky. Tony Delk was picked 16th overall in the 1996 NBA draft by the Charlotte Hornets. He was traded by the Hornets along with Muggsy Bogues to the Golden State Warriors for B. J. Armstrong on November 7, 1997, where he played for two seasons before signing with the Sacramento Kings on August 16, 1999. He appeared in 46 games in 1999-00, subsequently joining the Phoenix Suns on August 1, 2000. In a January 2, 2001 overtime game against his former Kings team, he scored a career-high 53 points on 20-for-27 field goal shooting. This was the only Document [72] (Title: Jay McCreary) Rouge as an assistant in 1966, he served in this capacity for Truitt and Press Maravich until Maravich's firing in 1972. Jay McCreary died on April 17, 1995. Jay McCreary Lawrence J. "Jay" McCreary (February 6, 1918 - April 17, 1995) was an American basketball player and coach. He won championships as a player in both high school and college, and as a high school coach in Indiana. McCreary also served as head coach at Louisiana State University. Jay McCreary was an Indiana state All-Star as a guard at Frankfort High School, where he led the team to a State Document [73] (Title: Pistol Pete (New Mexico State University)) that of Oklahoma State. Pistol Pete was disarmed in 2005 as part of a controversial plan to rebrand the university on the national stage. Pete's pistol was replaced with a lasso, and his name was briefly officially abbreviated to simply "Pete." The costumed mascot seen at games also lost his six shooters and holster belt in favor of a lasso. The disarming of Pete led to a massive uproar among students, alumni and outsiders demanding the return of Pete's guns. Popular T-shirts worn around campus featured the old Pistol Pete logo modified to show an oversized gun in his hand, Document [74] (Title: The Pistol: The Birth of a Legend) the film as subtle with emphasis on the value of sharing of special moments in life. The Pistol: The Birth of a Legend The Pistol: The Birth of a Legend is a 1991 biographical sports film about the 1959 8th grade basketball season of Pete Maravich and his father Press Maravich. The film, which presents his early beginnings and the origin of the "Pistol" nickname, is set in Clemson, SC, where the elder Maravich served as head coach for Clemson Tigers men's basketball. The film is regarded as a family film that is listed by several Christian book and film Document [75] (Title: Press Maravich) to go to the West Virginia University but finally agreed to go to LSU if his dad bought him a car. (Pistol: The Life of Pete Maravich.) In spite of coaching his prolific son for half of his coaching career at LSU, Maravich had an overall losing record at the school. Maravich was replaced at LSU by Dale Brown in 1972. He then went on to coach the Mountaineers of Appalachian State, shepherding them through their early years in Division I, before retiring from coaching in 1975. Maravich returned to coaching in the early 1980s as associate head coach at Document [76] (Title: Karl Tilleman) his best games against the United States. For example, in the 1983 Pan American Games, Tilleman scored 28 points in a head-to-head showdown with Michael Jordan; Tilleman's "excellent shooting" kept Canada in that tight game, which was tied 15 times. In the 1987 World University Games, where "Canada challenged the U.S. men all the way," Tilleman again led Canada (and all players) scoring 21 points against a talented U.S. team led by future NBA stars B.J. Armstrong (Chicago Bulls) and Mitch Richmond (Golden State), and coached by the iconic Mike Krzyzewski. Tilleman has also excelled as an attorney. He clerked Document [77] (Title: Wayne Federman) commercials, portraying a fish, a deer, a boulder, and slab of ice. This ad was eventually pulled and re-edited when viewers complained of the implied vulgarity. In 2015, Federman voiced a camel (Phil) in a GEICO insurance commercial. In 2000, Federman began co-authoring (with Marshall Terrill) a new, authorized biography of NBA basketball legend Pete Maravich. Working closely with the Maravich family, the book, "Maravich", was released on January 3, 2007. It became an Amazon Sports Bestseller. In 2000, Federman was interviewed for, and served as senior consultant on, the Emmy award-winning CBS Sports documentary, "". He was also featured Document [78] (Title: Pete Reiser) Pete Reiser Harold Patrick Reiser (March 17, 1919 – October 25, 1981), nicknamed "Pistol Pete", was an outfielder in Major League Baseball during the 1940s and early 1950s. He played primarily for the Brooklyn Dodgers, and later for the Boston Braves, Pittsburgh Pirates and Cleveland Indians. A native of St. Louis, Missouri, Reiser originally signed with his hometown Cardinals, but at age 19 he was among a group of minor league players declared free agents by Commissioner of Baseball Kenesaw Mountain Landis. Reportedly, Cardinal general manager Branch Rickey—mortified at losing a player of Reiser's caliber—arranged for the Dodgers to sign Document [79] (Title: Ralph Drollinger) new NBA franchise. He signed with the Dallas Mavericks in June 1980 as a free agent before they had hired Dick Motta as the head coach, motivated by his desire to attend Dallas Theological Seminary during his playing days. He played in only six games due to a knee injury which led to his retirement from basketball in March 1981. In the Mavs' inaugural season in 1980–81, he averaged 2.5 points, 3.2 rebounds and 2.3 assists per game. Some years later after his retirement, Dr. James Dobson invited Drollinger to play in an early morning pick up game with Pete Document [80] (Title: Ernie DiGregorio) then-NBA record 94.5%. In 1977, he joined fellow NBA stars Julius Erving, Rick Barry, Wilt Chamberlain, and Pete Maravich, in endorsing Spalding's line of rubber basketballs, with a signature "Ernie D." ball making up part of the collection. Before the 1977–78 season, DiGregorio was traded to the Los Angeles Lakers, and played in a Lakers' uniform in only 25 games before being waived. The Boston Celtics signed him as a free agent but he played only sparingly for the rest of the season. He would not play in the NBA again, although he did not formally retire until 1981. In Document [81] (Title: Pete Maravich) NBA). With 2,063 points, he combined with Hudson (2,029 points) to become only the second set of teammates in league history to each score over 2,000 points in a single season. The Hawks soared to a 46–36 record, but again bowed out in the first round of the playoffs. However, the season was good enough to earn Maravich his first-ever appearance in the NBA All-Star Game, and also All-NBA Second Team honors. The following season (1973–74) was his best yet—at least in terms of individual accomplishments. Maravich posted 27.7 points per game—second in the league behind Bob McAdoo—and earned his Document [82] (Title: Pete McCaffrey) named an AAU All-American three times – in 1962, 1963 and 1964 – while playing for the Wingfoots. He also played 16 times for the United States. Pete McCaffrey John Paul McCaffrey (December 24, 1938 – March 4, 2012) was an American basketball player. He played for the gold medal-winning United States men's national basketball team at the 1964 Summer Olympics. He also played for the fourth place squad at the 1963 FIBA World Championship. McCaffrey was born in Tucson, Arizona and played collegiately at Saint Louis. Later, in 1994, he was inducted into the school's hall of fame. Aside Document [83] (Title: NC State Wolfpack men's basketball) the championship game, 91–85, Case, by then using a wheelchair, was rolled on court to cut the final strand from the net. Maravich had originally been hired in part because of his son Pete Maravich, who at the time was a highly touted high school player. After Pete failed to qualify academically at NC State, he accepted a scholarship to play at LSU. After the 1965–66 season, Press Maravich resigned as head coach of the Wolfpack to follow Pete to LSU. NC state finished eighth in the ACC in Maravich's final year. On April 30, 1966, the day after Maravich Document [84] (Title: Pete Maravich) introduced him to Michael Jordan. Since Maravich's children were very young when he died, Jackie Maravich initially shielded them from unwanted media attention, not even allowing Jaeson and Josh to attend their father's funeral. However, a proclivity to basketball seemed to be an inherited trait. During a 2003 interview, Jaeson told "USA Today" that, when he was still only a toddler, "My dad passed me a (Nerf) basketball, and I've been hooked ever since... . My dad said I shot and missed, and I got mad and I kept shooting. He said his dad told him he did the same Document [85] (Title: Pistol Pete (New Mexico State University)) Pistol Pete (New Mexico State University) Pistol Pete is the mascot for the New Mexico State Aggies, the athletic teams of New Mexico State University in Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA. Pistol Pete is portrayed by a NMSU student dressed in traditional cowboy attire, including a cowboy hat, a vest, and chaps, and armed with twirling pistols. NMSU licenses Pistol Pete from Oklahoma State University for $10/year as part of a settlement of a copyright infringement lawsuit. For many years, NMSU's athletics logo was a caricature of Old West gunfighter and lawman Frank "Pistol Pete" Eaton which was identical to Document [86] (Title: Tony Dumas) 2001, he played for Rimini in Italy. Tony Dumas Tony Dumas (born August 25, 1972) is an American retired professional basketball player. Born in Chicago, Illinois, Dumas played collegiately at the University of Missouri-Kansas City (UMKC). He was the all-time leading scorer in UMKC history upon the completion of his career, with 2,459 career points. His senior season, he finished seventh in the NCAA in scoring at 27.0 points per game. He is also the only player in UMKC history to be drafted into the NBA. Dumas was selected by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1st round (19th overall) of Document [87] (Title: Jon Scheyer) assists. His coach David Weber said: "I call him a combination of Larry Bird and 'Pistol' Pete (Maravich). He's got the flair, the passing abilities. He's got good size. He's a rare player in this day and age." Scheyer rose to national fame in his senior year by scoring 21 points in 75 seconds of play during a one-man comeback effort in the last minute and a half of a high school game against Proviso West High School, in an effort to keep alive his team's 35-game winning streak. It has been called one of the best performances ever on Document [88] (Title: Jon Scheyer) shooting back across his body. He can drive and finish in acrobatic ways. His offensive repertoire of ways to score is like a magician's bag of tricks. Offensively, he is a modern-day 'Pistol' Pete Maravich. Scheyer's final four college choices were Arizona, Duke, Illinois, and Wisconsin. On the one hand, his connection with Illinois was strengthened by the fact that his high school coach was Illinois coach Bruce Weber's brother. In addition, when he had been in junior high school, he had really disliked Duke's team, because all his friends liked Duke and he wanted to be different. Militating in Document [89] (Title: LSU Lady Tigers basketball) have won the SEC regular season championship 3 times, and the SEC Tournament championship twice. The Pete Maravich Assembly Center is a 13,215-seat multi-purpose arena in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. The arena opened in 1972 and is home of the LSU Lady Tigers basketball team. It was originally known as the LSU Assembly Center, but was renamed in honor of Pete Maravich, a Tiger basketball legend, shortly after his death in 1988. The Maravich Center is known to locals as "The PMAC" or "The Palace that Pete Built," or by its more nationally known nickname, "The Deaf Dome," coined by Dick Document [90] (Title: Calbert Cheaney) (including a playoff appearance in 1997). He would go on to play for the Boston Celtics, Denver Nuggets, and Utah Jazz, before closing his career out with three years with the Golden State Warriors, retiring after the 2005–06 season. During his thirteen-year NBA career, Cheaney played for five different teams, averaging 9.5 points and 3.2 rebounds. Off the court, Cheaney appeared along with many of his 1997 Bullet teammates (Juwan Howard, Ben Wallace, and Ashraf Amaya) in singer Crystal Waters' 1996 video "Say If You Feel Alright". He also appeared in the 1994 film Blue Chips as a player for Document [91] (Title: Rex Chapman) Chapman was traded to the Washington Bullets in exchange for Tom Hammonds on February 19, 1992. He played 60 games during the 1993–94 season and 45 games during the 1994–95 season. He had his second major injury during the latter season, after which he was traded to the Miami Heat. Chapman had what started out as a great season, and averaged 14.8 points per game that year. On February 23, 1996, he scored 39 points (converting 9 of 10 3-point attempts) and lead an injury-plagued Miami Heat team with an 8-man roster to a 113-104 victory over the Chicago Bulls, Document [92] (Title: Pete Matevich) Pete Matevich Pete Matevich is a former American soccer player who earned four caps, scoring two goals, as a member of the U.S. national team in 1949. Matevich was a member of the Chicago Maroons of the North American Soccer Football League. In 1946, he was the league’s second leading scorer behind Gil Heron with seven goals. After the league folded in the fall of 1947, he moved to Chicago Slovak of the National Soccer League of Chicago. Matevich played earned his first cap with the U.S. national team in a June 19, 1949 loss to Scotland. He went on Document [93] (Title: Byron Dinkins) Dinkins never played for an NBA team after 1991, he did have a prosperous basketball career playing professionally in the Greek League for Peristeri Athens, Panionios Athens, Panathinaikos Athens (1996–1997), and Iraklis Thessaloniki. In the 1996–97 season he played with Panathinaikos and in September 1996, he helped them win the FIBA Intercontinental Cup. He led the Greek League in assists per game in 1996 and 2000. Dinkins returned to his birthplace of Charlotte, North Carolina and now serves as the head coach of the Carmel Christian School varsity boys basketball team, and the middle school Gym Teacher. Byron Dinkins Byron Document [94] (Title: Karl Tilleman) points in Canada's initial game against the United States, which was his first rematch against Michael Jordan after the 1983 Pan American Games. After interrupting his basketball career to serve a mission for his church, Tilleman continued to represent Canada from 1986 through the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul Korea, where he averaged 11.9 ppg and 1.6 rpg, which points per game was second highest on the Canadian team in that Olympics. He had exceptional performances against Egypt and Spain where he scored 29 and 37 points respectively, with his shooting performance against Spain setting an Olympic record for three-point Document [95] (Title: Pete Maravich) get the Maravich name on the Assembly Center into a camera frame. In February 2016, the LSU Athletic Hall of Fame Committee unanimously approved a proposal that a statue honoring Maravich be installed on the campus. Maravich's untimely death and mystique have made memorabilia associated with him among the most highly prized of any basketball collectibles. Game-used Maravich jerseys bring more money at auction than similar items from anybody other than George Mikan, with the most common items selling for $10,000 and up and a game-used LSU jersey selling for $94,300 in a 2001 Grey Flannel auction. The signed game Document [96] (Title: Pete McCaffrey) Pete McCaffrey John Paul McCaffrey (December 24, 1938 – March 4, 2012) was an American basketball player. He played for the gold medal-winning United States men's national basketball team at the 1964 Summer Olympics. He also played for the fourth place squad at the 1963 FIBA World Championship. McCaffrey was born in Tucson, Arizona and played collegiately at Saint Louis. Later, in 1994, he was inducted into the school's hall of fame. Aside from playing for the national team, McCaffrey played in the Amateur Athletic Union, first for the Buchan Bakers and then for the Akron Goodyear Wingfoots. He was Document [97] (Title: The Pistol: The Birth of a Legend) a low budget movie. In 2014, "Complex" named it the 19th best basketball movie of all time. Hal Erickson of AllMovie said that "The film is for the most part an exercise in joie de vivre" and he lauded the film for making the most of a small budget. Using words like "uplifting" and "heartwarming", CD Universe says the film depicts the devotion of a father to his son and of a boy to the game of basketball. Ted Baehr's Movieguide depicts Maravich as a misfit at school, while his father attempts to give him dreams at home. Movieguide describes Document [98] (Title: Mike Gminski) others were sporting diamond earrings to commemorate the feat. Gminski was an exceptional free throw shooter, especially compared to other big men (Gminski is 6'11"/2.11 m). During his career, he converted over 84% of his attempts. Mike Gminski Michael Thomas Gminski (born August 3, 1959) is a retired American college and professional basketball player and a college basketball TV analyst for CBS Sports. In 2003, Gminski was inducted into the National Polish American Sports Hall of Fame. Gminski played his high school ball for Masuk High School in Monroe, CT, where he graduated in three years. From there he played Document [99] (Title: Mike Brown (basketball, born 1963)) as a member of the Bulls, the Utah Jazz, the Minnesota Timberwolves, the Philadelphia 76ers, and the Phoenix Suns. He retired with NBA career totals of 3,130 points and 2,762 rebounds. He also played professionally in Italy for Aurora Desio (1985–1986), Teamsystem Bologna (1995) and Viola Reggio Calabria (1996–1998). Brown was an assistant coach for the Las Vegas Slam of the ABA for the 2001-02 season. From 2002 through 2004, he was an assistant coach for the National Basketball Development League's Roanoke Dazzle. In 2004, he replaced Jeff Capel as head coach of the D-League's Fayetteville Patriots. During the 2007-08 Document [100] (Title: Pete Maravich) in stark contrast to the conservative play of Hudson and star center Walt Bellamy. And it did not help that many of the veteran players resented the $1.9 million contract that Maravich received from the team—a very large salary at that time. Maravich appeared in 81 games and averaged 23.2 points per contest—good enough to earn NBA All-Rookie Team honors. And he managed to blend his style with his teammates, so much so that Hudson set a career high by scoring 26.8 points per game. But the team stumbled to a 36–46 record—12 wins fewer than in the previous season. Document [101] (Title: Pete Lalich) the Youngstown Bears. He was the son of Serbian immigrants and his older brother, Nick Lalich, was also a professional basketball player for the 1945–46 Youngstown Bears in the NBL and was the leader of the OSS team that rescued about 550 downed air crews during World War II Operation Halyard, without losing a single life or a single plane. Pete Lalich Peter T. Lalich (June 23, 1920 – February 1, 2008) was an American professional basketball player. He played for the Cleveland Rebels of the Basketball Association of America (now known as the National Basketball Association). Pete played basketball Document [102] (Title: Pete Brennan) Pete Brennan Peter Joseph Brennan (September 23, 1936 – June 8, 2012) was an American basketball player. Brennan was born in Brooklyn, New York. He played collegiately for the University of North Carolina, where he was chosen ACC Men's Basketball Player of the Year in the 1957–58 season. He was selected by the New York Knicks in the first round (4th pick overall) of the 1958 NBA Draft. He played for the Knicks (1958–59) in the NBA for 16 games. He was inducted into the North Carolina Sports Hall of Fame in 2007. Brennan died of prostate cancer on June Document [103] (Title: Fred Roberts) in the 1988 NBA expansion draft. However, Roberts was traded to the Milwaukee Bucks before ever playing a game for the Heat. He played for the Bucks for five seasons, where he had his best years as a professional, reaching the 10 points per game mark and playing more minutes than he ever had in his career. The highlight of his time in Milwaukee came in Game 4 of the Eastern Conference semi-finals in 1989, in which Roberts replaced injured forward Terry Cummings and scored a career-high 33 points in a 96-94 loss to the Detroit Pistons. The performance was Document [104] (Title: Pete Trgovich) a Major League Baseball (MLB) pitcher. Trgovich played college basketball at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). On their freshman team in 1971–72, he led the team in scoring, averaging 23.4 points per game with a game high of 47. The following 1972–73 season, UCLA was 30–0 won the national championship. In 1974–75, Trgovich helped lead UCLA to another NCAA championship, facing off against his old high school teammate Bridgeman in the national semifinals. Trgovich was drafted by the San Diego Sails in the fourth round of the 1975 ABA draft. and by the Detroit Pistons in the third Document [105] (Title: 1970 National Invitation Tournament) 1970 National Invitation Tournament The 1970 National Invitation Tournament was unique in that coach Al McGuire of Marquette University, unhappy with his team's placement, turned down a bid to the NCAA tournament and elected to play in the NIT instead. His Marquette Warriors went on to claim the championship. This tournament represented the final college games for LSU great Pete Maravich, the NCAA's all-time leading scorer. Maravich finished his three-year career with 3,667 points, 44.2 per game, records which stand through the 2017-18 season, despite the reinstitution of freshman eligibility and the introduction of the shot clock and 3-point shot. Document [106] (Title: Pete Maravich) <br> Nate Williams: 41 <br> David Thompson of the Denver Nuggets also scored 40 points in this game. Ranks 4th in NBA history – Free throws made, none missed, game: 18–18, Pete Maravich, Atlanta Hawks vs. Buffalo Braves, Ranks 5th in NBA history – Free throws made, game: 23, Pete Maravich, New Orleans Jazz vs. New York Knicks, (2 OT) Pete Maravich Peter Press Maravich (June 22, 1947 – January 5, 1988), known by his nickname Pistol Pete, was an American professional basketball player. Maravich was born in Aliquippa, Pennsylvania, part of the Pittsburgh metropolitan area, and raised in the Document [107] (Title: Pete Maravich) on the varsity team (and under his father's coaching) at LSU, Maravich scored 3,667 points—1,138 of those in 1967-68, 1,148 in 1968-69, and 1,381 in 1969-70—while averaging 43.8, 44.2, and 44.5 points per game. For his collegiate career, the 6'5" (1.96 m) guard averaged 44.2 points per game in 83 contests and led the NCAA in scoring for each of his three seasons. Maravich's long-standing collegiate scoring record is particularly notable when three factors are taken into account: More than 40 years later, however, many of his NCAA and LSU records still stand. Maravich was a three-time All-American. Though he Document [108] (Title: Richie Guerin) 3 assists, but it wasn't enough for his team to avoid a four-game sweep. Guerin stayed on as head coach for two more seasons, and Atlanta went 36–46 each year. He finally left the Hawks after the 1971–72 campaign, having compiled a 327–291 career coaching record. Notably, Guerin was Pete Maravich's first pro head coach during those final two pro seasons. Guerin enlisted in the Marine Corps Reserve and served from 1947 to 1954. While a reservist Guerin attended Iona College from 1950 to 1954, and upon graduation was commissioned a second lieutenant. He served on active duty with the Document [109] (Title: Pete Maravich) limited playing time in Utah and Boston, he made 10 of 15 3-point shots, giving him a career 66% completion rate behind the arc. During his ten-year career in the NBA, Maravich played in 658 games, averaging 24.2 points and 5.4 assists per contest. In 1987, he was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame, and his No. 7 jersey has been retired by both the Jazz and the New Orleans Pelicans, as well as his No. 44 jersey by the Atlanta Hawks. After injuries forced his retirement from the game in the fall of 1980, Maravich became Document [110] (Title: Wayne Federman) on "ESPN" "SportsCentury": Pete Maravich. In 2007, Federman edited a highlight montage entitled "The Ultimate Pistol Pete Maravich MIX". This a mixture of clips from Maravich's college and pro career was posted on YouTube, Yahoo Video, and Google video. It garnered over one million hits in its first month, and featured in both "Sports Illustrated" and "Dime" magazines. In the 1990s Federman was a founding member of the group Truck Stop Harrys, along with Tudor Sherrard and Matthew Porretta. Federman co-wrote several songs for the film "Dill Scallion" and was the music director and keyboardist for Maria Bamford's critically acclaimed Document [111] (Title: Mamadou N'Diaye (basketball, born 1975)) with Keon Clark and Tracy Murray to the Toronto Raptors in exchange for Kevin Willis, Aleksandar Radojević, Garth Joseph, a second round draft pick and a $564,603 trade exception. N'Diaye appeared in his first NBA game during the 2000-01 season with the Raptors. He played in Toronto through the 2002-03 season. His tenure in Toronto coincided with that of the tail-end of that of veteran All-Star Hakeem Olajuwon's. Mamadou admits, "practicing against Hakeem helped me tremendously." He signed with the Dallas Mavericks in January 2004 but was released later that month. He signed with the Atlanta Hawks in February 2004 Document [112] (Title: Coleman Coliseum) points against a Division I opponent. Maravich broke the record of 68 established by Niagara's Calvin Murphy 14 months earlier. Maravich completed 26 of 57 field goals (45.6 percent) and completed 17 of 21 free throws (81.0 percent). After the game, Maravich pursued a fan before being restrained. Press Maravich, LSU's coach and Pete's father, stated that the fan had hit Pete on the back. Maravich's record lasted almost 21 years, until Kevin Bradshaw of US International scored 72 against Loyola Marymount on January 5, 1991. Effective with the 2016–17 school year, Coleman Coliseum is home to both Crimson Tide Document [113] (Title: Jack McClinton) He did not appear in a game for them. McClinton together with Carlos Boozer co-founded a men's swimwear company, Loaded Dock. Jack McClinton Jack Paul McClinton (born January 19, 1985) is an American former professional basketball player. McClinton played shooting guard for the University of Miami Hurricanes men's basketball team. He was selected in the second round by the San Antonio Spurs in the 2009 NBA draft. After being waived by the Spurs, he played for Aliağa Petkim (Turkey), Gilboa Galil (Israel), BC Budivelnik (Ukraine), and the Reno Bighorns (D-League). McClinton attended South Kent School in Connecticut for one season, Document [114] (Title: Martin Müürsepp) Dallas Mavericks and the Heat, averaging 4.7 points, 2.2 rebounds in 11.5 minutes per game. His career highs include 24 points, 14 rebounds and 37 minutes played. He was involved when the Phoenix Suns traded Steve Nash to Dallas, but he never played for Phoenix, as they would get rid of him soon afterwards. , he still stands as the only Estonian to have ever played basketball in the NBA. After the NBA he spent three years playing in Greece for Aris and AEK. With AEK he won the 2000 FIBA Saporta Cup and the 2000 and 2001 Greek Basketball Document [115] (Title: Cozell McQueen) an injury replacement for Rick Mahorn. Though he posted 6 points (on 3 for 3 shooting) and 8 rebounds in 7 minutes, he could not find space in a roster containing Adrian Dantley, John Salley and Dennis Rodman and left after 3 games, finishing the season with the Catbirds. McQueen then moved abroad, returning to his birth country, France, to play for Tours in the Pro A. He had 12 points, 10.6 rebounds and 1.5 blocks in 37.3 minutes per game for 1987-88. For the next season, he moved to the Italian Serie A, signing with Paini Napoli. He led Document [116] (Title: Pete Maravich) The expansion team struggled mightily in its first season. Maravich managed to score 21.5 points per game, but shot a career-worst 41.9 percent from the floor. The Jazz posted a 23–59 record, worst in the NBA. Jazz management did its best to give Maravich a better supporting cast. The team posted a 38–44 record in its second season (1975–76) but did not qualify for postseason play, despite the dramatic improvement. Maravich struggled with injuries that limited him to just 62 games that season, but he averaged 25.9 points per contest (third behind McAdoo and Kareem Abdul-Jabbar) and continued his crowd-pleasing Document [117] (Title: Maciej Lampe) in his NBA career, this time to the New Orleans/Oklahoma City Hornets. On February 13, 2006, he was traded to the Houston Rockets for point guard Moochie Norris, making the Rockets his fourth NBA club. He holds NBA career averages of 3.4 points per game, 2.2 rebounds per game, and 0.3 assists per game. In 2010, he was selected by the Cleveland Cavaliers to play on the Summer League team. Lampe signed a one-year deal with the ULEB Cup (now called EuroCup) club Dynamo Saint Petersburg, however the team went bankrupt shortly thereafter. The bankrupt Dynamo squad was thrown out Document [118] (Title: The Franchise (novel)) one. The Pistols have a five-year plan to turn the team into champions, and getting Taylor Rusk ready is the key. But Rusk is on to the corruption and refuses to be a victim. With his college coach at the helm and "old league" legends mentoring him, Taylor Rusk plays The League's game until it's time for him to make his most daring move to bring it down. But along the way, Rusk is betrayed. One teammate, a chronic con man, becomes the Pistols' general manager and ultimately betrays him. Another teammate suffers a devastating knee injury. However, the surgery Document [119] (Title: Pete Myers) and 2.1 assists. On March 15, 1995, Myers scored a season-high 14 points. However, Myers faced the possibility of being replaced as Michael Jordan was considering a comeback to the NBA. Myers signed with the Charlotte Hornets on October 3, 1995 but was traded to the Miami Heat on November 3 before playing a game for the Hornets. With the Heat, Myers started 1 of 39 games played and averaged 4.7 points, 1.9 rebounds, and 2.5 assists. After the Heat waived him, Myers returned to the Hornets on February 16, 1996. In 32 games and 1 start, Myers averaged 2.9 Document [120] (Title: NBA All-Star Weekend H–O–R–S–E Competition) Criqui and the NBA official was retired referee Mendy Rudolph. There were a total of 32 players and the finals had a match up of Pete Maravich verse Paul Westphal. Maravich was injured and replaced by Rick Barry who lost to Westphal. During halftime of those games, they showed a pre-taped H–O–R–S–E tournament pitting players from the NBA against each other. It featured, among others, Pete Maravich, Bob McAdoo, Kevin Grevey, and George Gervin. There was also a Battle of the Sexes match where Karen Logan, a female, beat Jerry West in 1975 and was matched against Oscar Robertson where Document [121] (Title: Pete Newell) After his coaching career ended he ran a world-famous instructional basketball camp and served as a consultant and scout for several National Basketball Association (NBA) teams. He is often considered to be one of the most influential figures in the history of basketball. He was born in Vancouver and grew up in Los Angeles. Encouraged by his mother, he had small roles in several movies before he turned ten. It is even said that Charlie Chaplin considered him for the title role in his film "The Kid" (1921), which was later played by Jackie Coogan. Newell attended both high school Document [122] (Title: John Vallely) junior. He was selected to the twelve man 1968 Olympic trials team coached by Jerry Tarkanian which competed in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Vallely was selected by the Atlanta Hawks in the first round of the 1970 NBA Draft. He sat on the bench much of the time, playing behind Pete Maravich, Lou Hudson, Walt Hazzard, and Herm Gilliam. Vallely was acquired by the Houston Rockets in November 1971 along with 6'7" forward Jim Davis. He served as player-coach for the Belgium Lions of the European Professional Basketball League in 1975. Vallely married Karen, a woman he met at Orange Coast Document [123] (Title: Pete Padgett) during the Korean War, and later served as the head coach at Cal and Nevada. Pete Padgett's mother is Nancy Padgett, who was married to his late father for fifty-eight years. Pete and his wife, Debra A. Padgett, have one daughter, Melissa, and one son, David C. Padgett. David played basketball for Kansas and Louisville; he later went on to become an assistant at IUPUI and Louisville before being named interim head coach at Louisville in 2017 following revelations of the possible involvement of previous Louisville head coach Rick Pitino in a pay-for-play scandal. Pete Padgett Peter L. "Pete" Padgett Document [124] (Title: The Pistol Shrimps) The Pistol Shrimps The Pistol Shrimps is a 2016 Canadian-American documentary film about the all-female recreational basketball team of the same name, written and directed by Brent Hodge. The film stars Aubrey Plaza, Molly Hawkey, Angela Trimbur, Melissa Stetten, Maria Blasucci, and Jesse Thomas. The film had its world premiere at the Tribeca Film Festival on April 14, 2016. The film was released on June 16, 2016 by Seeso. The film follows the Los Angeles-based all-female recreational basketball team the Pistol Shrimps (which includes members Aubrey Plaza, Molly Hawkey, and Angela Trimbur) during their 2015 season. "The Pistol Shrimps" had Document [125] (Title: Pete Pederson) Pete Pederson Willard Merrill "Pete" Pederson (October 28, 1910 – September 8, 1982) was an American college football and basketball coach as well as professional basketball player. Professionally, he played in the National Basketball League for the Oshkosh All-Stars and Toledo Jim White Chevrolets and averaged 3.1 points per game for his career. In 1939–40 he served as player-coach for the All-Stars before resuming full-time head coaching duties in 1940–41. His collegiate basketball coaching experience includes a stint at his alma mater, Western State Colorado University, from 1935 to 1939. Pederson played football at Western State Colorado in addition to Document [126] (Title: Pete Cross) Pete Cross Peter Michael Cross (March 28, 1948 – January 2, 1977) was an American basketball player. A 6'9" center, Cross played collegiately for San Francisco. He was selected by the Seattle SuperSonics in the second round of the 1970 NBA draft and the Kentucky Colonels in the 1970 American Basketball Association draft. Cross played three seasons (1970–1973) in the National Basketball Association (NBA) as a member of the Seattle SuperSonics and . His best NBA season was his first, in which he averaged eight points and twelve rebounds per game. His 12 rebounds per game in 1970–71 is still Document [127] (Title: The Pistol: The Birth of a Legend) The Pistol: The Birth of a Legend The Pistol: The Birth of a Legend is a 1991 biographical sports film about the 1959 8th grade basketball season of Pete Maravich and his father Press Maravich. The film, which presents his early beginnings and the origin of the "Pistol" nickname, is set in Clemson, SC, where the elder Maravich served as head coach for Clemson Tigers men's basketball. The film is regarded as a family film that is listed by several Christian book and film clubs. The film was originally released on January 17, 1991 in theatres, on November 8, 2005 Document [128] (Title: Richie Niemiera) Richie Niemiera John Richard Niemiera (May 26, 1921 – December 27, 2003) was an American professional basketball player and coach. He spent two season in the National Basketball League (NBL) and one season in the Basketball Association of America (BAA) and one season in the National Basketball Association (NBA). During his NBL career he played for the Fort Wayne Zollner Pistons during the 1946–47 and 1947–48 seasons. He continued playing for the Pistons once they joined the BAA. During his final season in the NBA, Niemiera played for Anderson Packers after being traded by the Pistons along with Charles B. Document [129] (Title: Lee Feinswog) conversations with Jaeson and Josh Maravich, sons of Pete Maravich and grandsons of Press Maravich; Georgetown head coach John Thompson III, his brother Ronny Thompson and their Hall of Famer father John Thompson (basketball). Lee Feinswog Lee Feinswog (born August 12, 1954, in West Long Branch, New Jersey) is an American author and journalist noted for being the executive producer and host of the TV shows Sports Monday and Sports 225 in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. He also contributes regularly to "NCAA.com" and is a regular contributor the Baton Rouge magazine "225" and writes a column for "BayouBengalsInsider.com". His books include Document [130] (Title: Pete Maravich) supplies blood to the muscle fibers of the heart. His right coronary artery was grossly enlarged and had been compensating for the defect. Maravich died the year after his father's passing and a number of years after his mother, who had committed suicide with a self-inflicted gunshot. Maravich is buried at Resthaven Gardens of Memory and Mausoleum in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Maravich was survived by his wife Jackie and his two sons Jaeson, who was 8 years old, and Josh, aged 5. Only the previous year, Maravich had taken Jaeson to the 1987 NBA All-Star Game in Seattle, Washington, and Document [131] (Title: Clyde Bradshaw) its all-time assist leader. After leaving DePaul, Bradshaw was drafted in the second round of the 1981 NBA Draft (38th pick overall) by the Atlanta Hawks. He played a season in Italy for Lattesole Bologna, where he averaged 16.8 points per game. He also played for two seasons in the Continental Basketball Association for the Lancaster Lightning, Cincinnati Slammers and Evansville Thunder. He averaged 6.5 points and 2.5 assists in 76 games. Clyde Bradshaw Clyde Bradshaw Jr. (born December 28, 1959) is a retired American basketball player. He is known both for his All-American college years at DePaul University and Document [132] (Title: Stephon Marbury) one of the subjects of Darcy Frey's book "The Last Shot", which followed three seniors and Marbury, a freshman, through the early months of his first season with the school's team. In high school, he played for the renowned AAU team the New York Gauchos. He was named a 1995 McDonald's All-American along with future NBA All-Stars Kevin Garnett, Paul Pierce, Shareef Abdur-Rahim, and Antawn Jamison. Marbury was listed as one of the top five recruits in the country that year and heavily pursued by Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets coach Bobby Cremins, with whom he eventually committed. At Georgia Tech, Document [133] (Title: Pistol Pete (Oklahoma State University)) Pistol Pete (Oklahoma State University) Pistol Pete is the athletics mascot of Oklahoma State University. The Pistol Pete mascot costume features traditional cowboy attire and a headpiece resembling Frank Eaton. Pistol Pete has been the mascot for the Oklahoma State Cowboys since 1923. From the 1890s on, Oklahoma A&M sports teams had been referred to as the Agriculturists or Aggies, the Farmers, and officially but unpopularly, the Tigers. By 1924 Charles Saulsberry, sports editor of the Oklahoma City Times, and other writers who regularly covered college events had begun to refer to Stillwater's teams as the A&M Cowboys. The Athletic Document [134] (Title: Don Redden) Resthaven Gardens of Memory in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, near former LSU star Pete Maravich, a member of the NBA Hall of Fame. A native of Monroe, Louisiana, Redden was a two-time All-State player at Ouachita Parish High School (Monroe, Louisiana). His high school jersey number (44) has been retired. Don Redden Don Redden (died March 8, 1988) was an American basketball player. Redden, a 6-foot-5 guard/forward for Louisiana State University (LSU) who averaged 13 points and five rebounds as a senior in 1985–86, was captain of the LSU team that reached the 1986 Final Four. During the 1986 NCAA tournament, Document [135] (Title: The Pistol: The Birth of a Legend) on DVD, and on November 11, 2013 on Blu-ray. The film was produced soon after Pete Maravich's 1988 death. The film shows Maravich's efforts to make the D. W. Daniel High School varsity team as an eighth grader as he deals with racially charged issues in the deep south of the 1950s. Press Maravich serves as his son's drill sergeant, motivator, coach and cheerleader. Set in 1959 Clemson, SC, the film begins with Pete Maravich shooting in the back yard as his father, Press, impresses the importance of focusing on a goal with dedication and diligence. In addition to motivational Document [136] (Title: Louisiana State University) to share, play, and inspire one another." Although the gardeners are not required to plant certified organic seeds and plants, the Farm does require that gardeners use organic farming methods. LSU athletes have gone on to recognition for their prominence in their respective sports. "Pistol" Pete Maravich played basketball for LSU and was three-time consensus first team All-American and 1970 National 'Player of the Year'. Shaquille O'Neal ("Shaq") also played basketball for LSU and received many honors, including being named twice as a first team Men's Basketball All-American and twice as the SEC Player Of The Year. Billy Cannon played Document [137] (Title: Eddie Mast) basketball head coach at Louis E. Dieruff High School in Allentown, Pennsylvania from 1983 to 1985. He also coached Easton Catholic Youth Organization boys and girls basketball teams. Mast of a heart attack on 18 October 1994 while playing a pick-up game of basketball at the Kirby Field House on the campus of Lafayette College. He was said to suffer from Pete Maravich syndrome. Aged 46 at the time of his passing, he had a wife and five children. Real GM profile Retrieved on 20 November 2017 Eddie Mast Eddie Mast (October 3, 1948 – October 18, 1994) was an Document [138] (Title: Press Maravich) Campbell University. In the spring of 1985, Maravich was diagnosed with prostate cancer. During a basketball clinic in Israel, signs of his condition appeared when he had begun to urinate blood. Due to son Pete Maravich's strong belief in holistic healing and herbal medication, proper cancer treatment was delayed for too long to have a significant effect. Press eventually was persuaded to receive proper treatment for his condition at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York, but he canceled before being admitted. On February 11, 1987, Press and son Pete flew to Hanover, Germany, for an experimental treatment that lasted Document [139] (Title: Ah Chew Goo) player tried to dribble it, it wouldn't bounce, and the other to tie fishing line around a ball so he could pull it back after faking shooting a free throw. Saperstein said no; but the next year when the Globetrotters returned to Hawaii, they used those both tricks as part of their showtime repertoire. "I originated that, I take credit for that," Goo said. Press Maravich, father of basketball great Pete Maravich and a future college coach, was stationed in Hawaii during World War II and saw Goo perform his tricks with a basketball. The elder Maravich told Goo that Document [140] (Title: Pete Maravich Assembly Center) direction. The courts are exact replicas of the Maravich Center game court and have two portable goals and four retractable goals. The gymnasiums are equipped with a scoreboard, video filming balcony and scorer's table with video and data connection. The facility also houses team locker rooms, a team lounge, training rooms, a coach's locker room and coach's offices. The building also includes a two-story lobby and staircase that ascends to the second level where a club room is used for pre-game and post-game events and is connected to the Pete Maravich Assembly Center concourse. The lobby includes team displays and Document [141] (Title: Pete Maravich) his basketball abilities from an early age. He enjoyed a close but demanding father-son relationship that motivated him toward achievement and fame in the sport. Maravich's father was the son of Serbian immigrants and a former professional player-turned-coach. He showed him the fundamentals starting when he was seven years old. Obsessively, Maravich spent hours practicing ball control tricks, passes, head fakes, and long-range shots. Maravich played high school varsity ball at Daniel High School in Central, South Carolina, a year before being old enough to attend the school. While at Daniel from 1961 to 1963, Maravich participated in the school's Document [142] (Title: LSU Tigers basketball) Dance Association (UDA) The Pete Maravich Assembly Center is a 13,215-seat multi-purpose arena in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. The arena opened in 1972 and is home of the LSU Tigers basketball team. It was originally known as the LSU Assembly Center, but was renamed in honor of Pete Maravich, a Tiger basketball legend, shortly after his death in 1988. The Maravich Center is known to locals as "The PMAC" or "The Palace that Pete Built", or by its more nationally known nickname, "The Deaf Dome", coined by Dick Vitale. The slightly oval building is located directly to the north of Tiger Document [143] (Title: Pete Maravich) Pete Maravich Peter Press Maravich (June 22, 1947 – January 5, 1988), known by his nickname Pistol Pete, was an American professional basketball player. Maravich was born in Aliquippa, Pennsylvania, part of the Pittsburgh metropolitan area, and raised in the Carolinas. Maravich starred in college at Louisiana State University (LSU) and played for three NBA teams until injuries forced his retirement in 1980. He is the all-time leading NCAA Division I scorer with 3,667 points scored and an average of 44.2 points per game. All of his accomplishments were achieved before the adoption of the three point line and shot Document [144] (Title: Pete Maravich Assembly Center) arena has also hosted comedy shows by Eddie Murphy and George Carlin. After the NBA's New Orleans Hornets (now New Orleans Pelicans) were displaced by Hurricane Katrina in 2005, the arena was under consideration as a possible temporary home for the team. The Hornets played just one of six scheduled home games at the Maravich Assembly Center during the 2005-06 season. In 1998, the arena played host to the Louisiana Bayou Beast of the Professional Indoor Football League. The Beast played 2 preseason games, 8 regular season games, and the PIFL Championship Game on August 15, 1998 in the Maravich Document [145] (Title: Pete Maravich Assembly Center) graphics, trophy cases and memorabilia of LSU basketball. A 900-pound bronze statue of LSU legend Shaquille O'Neal is located in front of the facility. The LSU Tigers Volleyball Practice Facility is located in the arena. It includes a state-of-the-art locker room facility, film room, equipment room and training rooms off the arenas southwest corridor. The auxiliary gym located underneath the north section of the arena is a volleyball-only practice facility. The Maravich Assembly Center has been a host site for both the men's and women's NCAA Basketball Tournament. It played host to the NCAA Men's Basketball Tournament twice, in 1976 Document [146] (Title: The Pistol: The Birth of a Legend) he wins the game. Because he shot the basketball from the hip, he earned the nickname "Pistol Pete". Even after winning the state championship, Press convinced the coach and team that they can't really be champions without beating the all black Cleveland High School in an unofficial contest. Press concluded the film with the advice to "give the fans a show they'll never forget, and they'll come back again and again." "The Pistol: The Birth of a Legend" was produced soon after Pete Maravich's January 5, 1988 death when producers decided to capture the story of his legend. It was Document [147] (Title: Press Maravich) to 1962. He then went to North Carolina State University to be an assistant coach under Everett Case. Maravich took over the head coaching duties when health problems, primarily cancer, forced Case to retire early in the 1964–1965 season. Maravich led the Wolfpack to the Atlantic Coast Conference title that season. Maravich left for Louisiana State University in April 1966 where he coached his son, Pete Maravich. Upon offering the LSU scholarship to "Pistol", "Press" told his boy that "If you don't sign this ... don't ever come into my house again."{Pistol: The Life of Pete Maravich}. Pete, originally wanted Document [148] (Title: Pete Myers) Myers played for Scavolini Pesaro of Serie A in the 1992–1993 season. Myers averaged 16.1 points, 6.4 rebounds, and 2.1 assists per game. Myers returned to the NBA in by signing with the Chicago Bulls and replaced the retiring Michael Jordan as starting shooting guard. Myers played all 82 regular season games for the first time in his NBA career and started 81. Myers made career-high averages of 24.8 minutes, 7.9 points, 1.0 steal, and 3.0 assists per game as well as 2.2 rebounds. The following season, Myers played 71 games with 14 starts and averaged 4.5 points, 2.0 rebounds, Document [149] (Title: Pete Myers) 2 starts for the first starts in his NBA career. On December 10, 1990, Myers signed as a free agent with the San Antonio Spurs and played 8 games with 1 start before being waived on December 24. Myers averaged 3.6 points, 2.3 rebounds, and 1.8 assists. Myers then played for Fortitudo Pallacanestro Bologna (sponsorship name Aprimatic Bologna) of the Italian Lega Basket Serie A and signed with the CBA team Albany Patroons in April 1991. Myers returned to Fortitudo Bologna (new sponsorship name Mangiaebevi Bologna) after the CBA season ended. After spending the NBA preseason with the Washington Bullets, Document [150] (Title: Earl Manigault) deadly long-range shooter as well. Manigault played with some of the best players of his day, such as Earl Monroe, Connie Hawkins, and Kareem Abdul-Jabbar. When Abdul-Jabbar finished his career with the Los Angeles Lakers and had his number retired at the Los Angeles Forum, he was asked who was the greatest player he had played with or against and he responded by saying Manigault. Earl is featured in the 2012 documentary film "Doin' it in the Park" about New York City street basketball. Manigault returned to Harlem and developed a heroin addiction. He served sixteen months in prison in Document [151] (Title: Tony Dawson) NBA games with them, averaging 2.3 points and 0.5 rebounds per game. On January 25, 1995, as a member of the CBA's Rockford Lightning, he was named the Most Valuable Player of the CBA All-Star Game, which was held at Hartford Civic Center, in Hartford, Connecticut, after he scored 26 points. He was signed to a 10-day contract by the Boston Celtics on March 28, 1995, but he did not play in an NBA game for them. He was signed to a second contract on April 7, and then played in 2 NBA games for them, averaging four points and Document [152] (Title: Basketball in Greece) Wilkins, who scored more than 26,000 points in the NBA, and is a member of the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. He left the Boston Celtics in 1995, and signed with Panathinaikos. Another well-known American player that moved to the Greek League, was the three-time NBA champion with the Los Angeles Lakers, Byron Scott, who later became a head coach in the NBA. A super talent who moved to Greece from the NBA was Roy Tarpley. In 1986, Tarpley was selected by the Dallas Mavericks, in the first round, with the seventh (7th) overall pick of the 1986 NBA Document [153] (Title: Dave Minor) Dave Minor Davage "Dave" Minor (February 23, 1922 – March 14, 1998) was a player in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played with the Baltimore Bullets before being traded along with Stan Miasek to the Milwaukee Hawks for Don Boven, Pete Darcey and George McLeod. He began his college career at Toledo, it was interrupted by World War II; following the war, he enrolled at UCLA. In 1947–1948, Minor was honored as an All-Conference guard basketball player at UCLA. His full name was Davage Minor, but Gary, Indiana sportswriters called him "The Wheelhorse of Steel City." He began shooting Document [154] (Title: Pete Loncarevich) Pete Loncarevich Peter Loncarevich (born April 8, 1966) is a former Bicycle Motocross (BMX) racer. Loncarevich was an "Old School" professional BMX racer whose prime competitive years were from 1980 to 1994. Nickname: "Pistol Pete" Loncarevich. He received the moniker the way many racers did with the announcer choosing one for him. In 1984 at an American Bicycle Association national, Merl Mennenga, the founder and then President of the ABA, who often also announced "play by play" for the audience at ABA nationals called him "The Pistol" for his penchant in getting the "holeshot" out of the starting gate like Document [155] (Title: Pete Maravich) never appeared in the NCAA tournament, Maravich played a key role in turning around a lackluster program that had posted a 3–20 record in the season prior to his arrival. Pete Maravich finished his college career in the 1970 National Invitation Tournament, where LSU finished fourth. The Atlanta Hawks selected Maravich with the third pick in the first round of the 1970 NBA draft, where he played for coach Richie Guerin. He was not a natural fit in Atlanta, as the Hawks already boasted a top-notch scorer at the guard position in Lou Hudson. In fact, Maravich's flamboyant style stood Document [156] (Title: Pete Maravich) first-ever game against a team from an all-black school. In 1963 his father departed from his position as head basketball coach at Clemson University and joined the coaching staff at North Carolina State University. The Maravich family's subsequent move to Raleigh, North Carolina, allowed Pete to attend Needham B. Broughton High School. His high school years also saw the birth of his famous moniker. From his habit of shooting the ball from his side, as if he were holding a revolver, Maravich became known as "Pistol" Pete Maravich. He graduated from Needham B. Broughton High School in 1965 and then Document [157] (Title: Vladimir Radmanović) seasons in the NBA as a stretch 4, he shot 37.8 percent from 3 and averaged 8.0 points. Vladimir Radmanović Vladimir Radmanović (Serbian Cyrillic: Владимир Радмановић; born November 19, 1980) is a retired Serbian professional basketball player. In Serbia he played for Crvena zvezda and FMP, and in NBA he was a member of the Seattle SuperSonics, Los Angeles Clippers, Los Angeles Lakers, Charlotte Bobcats, Golden State Warriors, Atlanta Hawks and Chicago Bulls. Radmanović has represented the Yugoslavian national basketball team and the Serbia and Montenegro national basketball team. He earned gold medal at the 2002 FIBA World Championships with Document [158] (Title: Dale Brown (basketball)) to LSU in 1972, replacing Press Maravich as head coach. The LSU program had received great notoriety during the Press Maravich era because of his All-American son, Pete. In spite of the publicity, however, LSU was still a losing program, not making any NCAA basketball tournaments, and only one NIT appearance during the Maravich Era. Brown took over a team that finished 10–16 in the 1971–1972 season and a program which had not been to the NCAA tournament since 1954, and had only four winning seasons in 18 years prior to his arrival. Brown had a winning record in his Document [159] (Title: Larry Drew) Larry Drew Larry Donnell Drew (born April 2, 1958) is an American professional basketball coach and former player who is the head coach for the Cleveland Cavaliers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). The point guard played college basketball for the Missouri Tigers before being selected by the Detroit Pistons in the first round of the 1980 NBA draft with the 17th overall pick. He played 10 seasons in the NBA for the Pistons, Kansas City/Sacramento Kings, Los Angeles Clippers and Los Angeles Lakers. In 1988–89, Drew played in the Italian League with Scavolini. In his NBA career, Drew played Document [160] (Title: Pete Maravich) Management became desperate to make some changes. The Jazz traded Robinson to the Phoenix Suns, receiving draft picks and some cash in return. However, in 1979, team owner Sam Battistone moved the Jazz to Salt Lake City. The Utah Jazz began play in the 1979–80 season. Maravich moved with the team to Salt Lake City, but his knee problems were worse than ever. He appeared in 17 games early in the season, but his injuries prevented him from practicing much, and new coach Tom Nissalke had a strict rule that players who didn't practice were not allowed to play in Document [161] (Title: Pete Maravich) attended Edwards Military Institute, where he averaged 33 points per game. Later in life Maravich would tell friends he always desired to play basketball for West Virginia University and was originally ready to be a Mountaineer, but his father was the head coach for LSU Men's Basketball and offered him a spot at the school. At that time NCAA rules prohibited first-year students from playing at varsity level, which forced Maravich to play on the freshman team. In his first game, Maravich put up 50 points, 14 rebounds and 11 assists against Southeastern Louisiana College. In only three years playing Document [162] (Title: LSU Tigers women's volleyball) LSU. <small> The Pete Maravich Assembly Center is a 13,215-seat multi-purpose arena in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. The arena opened in 1972 and is home of the LSU Tigers volleyball team. It was originally known as the LSU Assembly Center, but was renamed in honor of Pete Maravich, a Tiger basketball legend, shortly after his death in 1988. The Maravich Center is known to locals as "The PMAC" or "The Palace that Pete Built", or by its more nationally known nickname, "The Deaf Dome", coined by Dick Vitale. The slightly oval building is located directly to the north of Tiger Stadium, Document [163] (Title: Johnny Green (basketball)) third time. He had a season-high 33 points on December 30, 1964 against the San Francisco Warriors. In 1965–66, his seventh with the Knicks, after seven games he was traded to the Baltimore Bullets. For the season, he averaged 11.6 points and 8.2 rebounds per game and his .536 field goal percentage ranked second in the league. In 1966–67 with the Bullets, in a part-time role he averaged 8.2 points and 6.5 rebounds. On May 1, 1967, he was drafted by the Houston Rockets in the NBA expansion draft. During the 1967–68 season, he played in 42 games for the Document [164] (Title: Ah Chew Goo) if he ever had a son he was going to teach him all the tricks he saw Goo perform. His eventual son, "Pistol" Pete Maravich, was renowned for his ball-handling and passing skills and became the highest scoring player in college basketball history. Maravich called Goo "the best ball-handler I've ever seen." Goo coached the University of Hawaii men’s basketball team from 1954–1957, compiling a 31-46 (.402 winning percentage) record over three seasons. He later served at boxing matches, where he was the official knockdown timer. The University of Hawaii women’s basketball team designates a player each season as the Document [165] (Title: Charlie Paulk) That same year, he was drafted by the Army. In his first season, he played just 17 games, scoring three points per game and garnering 4.6 rebounds per game. He sat out the 1969-70 season due to military service, serving a tour of duty in Vietnam. In 1970, the Bucks traded him along with Flynn Robinson to the Cincinnati Royals for Oscar Robertson. The following year, he was traded to the Chicago Bulls for Matt Guokas and a future draft pick. Later that year, he was again traded, this time to the New York Knicks for a second-round draft pick. Document [166] (Title: Herb White) round (133rd overall) of the 1970 NBA Draft by the Atlanta Hawks. He played in 38 games, starting five, serving primarily as a backup to fellow rookie and future Hall-of-Famer Pete Maravich. He was also Maravich's roommate on the road. For the season, his only one in the NBA, he averaged 2.4 points, 1.3 rebounds and 1.2 assists per game. His most productive game came on December 29, 1970 as he scored 10 points against the Detroit Pistons. Known for his great leaping ability, White's nickname was "The Elevator from Decatur". He was cited by Hall-of-Famer Wilt Chamberlain as the Document [167] (Title: Pete Maravich) he averaged 22.7 points and a league-best 15.7 rebounds per game. His presence prevented opponents from focusing their defensive efforts entirely on Maravich, and it lifted the Jazz to a 39–43 record—just short of making the club's first-ever appearance in the playoffs. Knee problems plagued Maravich for the rest of his career. He played in just 49 games during the 1978–79 season. He scored 22.6 points per game that season and earned his fifth and final All-Star appearance. But his scoring and passing abilities were severely impaired. The team struggled on the court, and faced serious financial trouble as well. Document [168] (Title: Henry Walker (basketball)) Trotamundos de Carabobo of Venezuela. On October 31, 2013, Walker was reacquired by the Sioux Falls Skyforce. In April 2014, he signed with the Alaska Aces for the 2014 Governors’ Cup. On November 3, 2014, Walker was again reacquired by the Sioux Falls Skyforce. On February 21, 2015, he signed a 10-day contract with the Miami Heat.. In his first game with the Heat, Walker recorded 11 points, and made 3 out of his 4 3-pointers in a 119-108 win over the Philadelphia 76ers. He then signed a second 10-day contract with the Heat on March 3, and for the Document [169] (Title: Mike Smrek) his career totals. Smrek went on to play two seasons with the Los Angeles Lakers, with whom he earned NBA championship rings in 1987 and 1988. He then had a year with the San Antonio Spurs, parts of three seasons with the Golden State Warriors and a brief stint with the Los Angeles Clippers. He has also played for the Toronto Raptors in the 1996 preseason (but not in regular season games). He played in Italy for Fulgor Libertas Forlì (1989–90), in the Greek League for Dafni BC (1992–93) and in Croatia for KK Split (1996–97). Currently, Mike Smrek is Document [170] (Title: Utah Jazz) collective improvisation. The team began its inaugural season in New Orleans in the 1974–75 season. The team's first major move was to trade for star player Pete Maravich (who had played collegiately at LSU) from the Atlanta Hawks for two first-round draft picks, three second-round picks and one third-round pick over the next three years. Although he was considered one of the most entertaining players in the league and won the scoring championship for the 1976-77 season with 31.1 points per game, the Jazz's best record while in New Orleans was 39–43 in the 1977–78 season. Maravich struggled with knee Document [171] (Title: Bill Newton (basketball)) participated in 1972 U.S. Olympic trials and selected as an alternate. He was named to LSU’s 1970s All-Decade Team. He played for coach Press Maravich. In 2013, he was inducted into the Indiana Basketball Hall of Fame He attended Rockville, Indiana High School, leading the Rox to a record of 19-3 and a Wabash River Conference title his senior season (1967–68). He led the state of Indiana in rebounding (22.0 rbs/game) his senior season. Bill Newton (basketball) Bill R. Newton (born December 22, 1950) is an American retired power forward–center who played two seasons in the American Basketball Association (NBA) Document [172] (Title: Pete Loncarevich) a bullet out of a gun. It was also a simultaneous allusion to Loncarevich's similar-sounding name to former professional National Basketball Association (NBA) Guard Pete Maravich who had the moniker of "Pistol Pete". Note: Professional first are at the national level until otherwise indicated. Note: This listing only denotes the racer's primary sponsors. At any given time a racer could have numerous co-sponsors. Primary sponsorships can be verified by BMX press coverage and sponsor's advertisements at the time in question. When possible exact dates are given. Side Note: "CW" never stood for "Coast Wheels" as it is widely thought. Coast Document [173] (Title: Alvin Gentry) NBA star David Thompson. Gentry played college basketball at Appalachian State University, where he was a point guard under Press Maravich and Bobby Cremins. In 1978 he spent one year as a graduate assistant at the University of Colorado. After one year working in private business, he returned to the bench when he received his first full-time collegiate assistant coaching job at Baylor University under Jim Haller in 1980. After one year at Baylor, Gentry returned to the University of Colorado as an assistant coach from 1981-1986 under Tom Apke. From 1986-1989, Gentry served as an assistant at the University Document [174] (Title: 1970 NBA draft) pick Dave Cowens from Florida State University and eighth pick Geoff Petrie from Princeton University went on to be named as joint winners of the Rookie of the Year Award in their first season. Six players from this draft, Lanier, Maravich, Cowens, 18th pick Calvin Murphy, 19th pick Nate Archibald and 122nd pick Dan Issel, have been inducted to the Basketball Hall of Fame. Maravich, Cowens and Archibald were also named to the list of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History announced at the league's 50th anniversary in 1996. Maravich had four All-NBA Team selections and five All-Star Game Document [175] (Title: Pete Carril) Lehigh, was 525–273. He was enshrined in both the National Collegiate Basketball Hall of Fame and the Naismith Basketball Hall of Fame in 1997, following his retirement from Princeton. Carril is married to Dolores L. ("Dilly") Halteman. They have a daughter, Lisa, and a son, Peter. Pete Carril Peter Joseph Carril (born July 10, 1930) is an American former basketball coach. He is best known for his time as head coach of Princeton University for 30 years and his use of the 'Princeton offense'. He also coached at Lehigh University and in the NBA as an assistant with the Sacramento Document [176] (Title: Pete Maravich) clock, and despite being unable to play varsity as a freshman under then-NCAA rules. One of the youngest players ever inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame, Maravich was cited by the Hall as "perhaps the greatest creative offensive talent in history". In an April 2010 interview, Hall of Fame player John Havlicek said that "the best ball-handler of all time was Pete Maravich". Pete Maravich was born to Petar "Press" Maravich (1915–1987) and Helen Gravor Maravich (1925–1974) in Aliquippa, a steel town in Beaver County in western Pennsylvania, near Pittsburgh. Maravich amazed his family and friends with Document [177] (Title: History of the New Orleans Pelicans) against New Orleans' original NBA franchise, the now-Utah Jazz. In the first regular season NBA game played in New Orleans in over 17 years, the Hornets defeated the Jazz 100–75, and posthumously retired #7 of "Pistol" Pete Maravich during halftime. Despite nagging injuries to the teams's starting Point guard, Baron Davis, the Hornets finished the season with a 47–35 record, allowing the franchise to qualify for the playoffs. They were defeated by Philadelphia, however, 4 games to 2 in the first round. Following the season, the team unexpectedly fired head coach Paul Silas and replaced him with Tim Floyd. In Document [178] (Title: Pete Maravich) second appearance in the All-Star Game. However, Atlanta sank to a disappointing 35–47 record and missed the postseason entirely. In the summer of 1974, an expansion franchise was preparing for its first season of competition in the NBA. The New Orleans Jazz were looking for something or someone to generate excitement among their new basketball fans. With his exciting style of play, Maravich was seen as the perfect man for the job. Additionally, he was already a celebrity in the state due to accomplishments at LSU. To acquire Maravich, the Jazz traded two players and four draft picks to Atlanta. Document [179] (Title: Larry Drew) in 2011. He now plays in the NBA for the New Orleans Pelicans. His middle son, Landon, played for the California State University, Northridge Matadors men's basketball team. Finally, his youngest son, Lindsey, plays for the University of Nevada Wolf Pack. Larry Drew Larry Donnell Drew (born April 2, 1958) is an American professional basketball coach and former player who is the head coach for the Cleveland Cavaliers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). The point guard played college basketball for the Missouri Tigers before being selected by the Detroit Pistons in the first round of the 1980 NBA draft Document [180] (Title: Press Maravich) Press Maravich Petar "Press" Maravich (August 29, 1915 – April 15, 1987) was an American college and professional basketball coach. He received the nickname "Press" as a boy, when one of his jobs was selling the "Pittsburgh Press" on the streets of his hometown of Aliquippa, Pennsylvania, an industrial city outside of Pittsburgh. Maravich, Sr. also served in the United States Naval Air Corps during World War II. Despite a long career as a coach, Maravich may best be remembered as "Pistol" Pete Maravich's father. Maravich graduated from Davis & Elkins College in 1941 and was a member of the Document [181] (Title: Rasual Butler) in NBA history. The four-team trade involved the Memphis Grizzlies, Miami Heat, Boston Celtics, and Utah Jazz, and featured 13 players, most notably Eddie Jones, Antoine Walker, Jason Williams and James Posey. His outside shooting was considered to be his greatest strength, shooting 36 percent over the course of his career and even 46 percent (50 total) during the 2003–04 season from behind the three-point line. His career-high total were 134 made three-point shots (37 percent) during the 2006–07 NBA season. During the 2007–08 regular season (still with the New Orleans Hornets), he averaged 17 minutes of action, 4.9 points Document [182] (Title: Rich Niemann) now helps coach and instruct the girls varsity team for Kennedy Catholic High School. Rich Niemann Richard W. "Rich" Niemann (born July 2, 1946) is a former American basketball player who played at center in the National Basketball Association and American Basketball Association. Niemann was originally drafted in the fourth round of the 1968 NBA draft by the Detroit Pistons. That season, he was traded from the Pistons to the Milwaukee Bucks along with cash for Dave Gambee. Later that year, he was claimed by the Boston Celtics after he was waived by the Bucks. After his time with the Document [183] (Title: Darrell Griffith) selected Griffith with the second overall pick in the 1980 NBA draft. The Jazz had recently moved to Salt Lake City from New Orleans, and the team needed a star to replace legendary shooting guard Pete Maravich. Griffith accepted the challenge, averaging 20.6 points per game in his first season and earning the NBA's Rookie of the Year award. For the next four seasons, Griffith teamed with small forward Adrian Dantley to form one of the highest-scoring duos in the league. With defensive support from center Mark Eaton and point guard Rickey Green, the Jazz improved dramatically, winning the Midwest Document [184] (Title: Cotton Fitzsimmons) the Hawks. According to Fitzsimmons, one of the main reasons he accepted a job as Hawks coach was the opportunity to coach Pete Maravich. In 1976, he became the player personnel director for the 1975 NBA champion Golden State Warriors. In 1977, Cotton Fitzsimmons was hired as head coach by the Buffalo Braves. He lasted there one season, the team's last before relocating to San Diego. Fitzsimmons was then hired by the Kansas City Kings to be their head coach for the next season. With the Kings, he won the NBA "Coach of the Year" award in 1979. In 1984, Document [185] (Title: Jermaine Jackson (basketball)) going on to play for the Toronto Raptors (2002–03), Atlanta Hawks (2003) and New York Knicks (2005), averaging 2.2 points, 1.1 rebounds and 1.5 assists per game in his NBA career. The Knicks included Jackson in a trade along with Mike Sweetney and Tim Thomas in exchange for Antonio Davis and Eddy Curry of the Chicago Bulls. He was cut by the Bulls on October 18, 2005, and was signed by the Milwaukee Bucks on December 15, 2005. He played for the Bucks in the 2005-06 season, with the team renouncing their NBA rights to him on July 19, 2007. Document [186] (Title: Pete Maravich Assembly Center) Pete Maravich Assembly Center The Pete Maravich Assembly Center is a 13,215-seat multi-purpose arena in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. The arena opened in 1972. It is home to the Louisiana State University Tigers and Lady Tigers basketball teams, the LSU Tigers women's gymnastics team and the LSU Tigers women's volleyball team. It was originally known as the LSU Assembly Center, but was renamed in honor of Pete Maravich, a Tiger basketball legend, shortly after his death in 1988. Louisiana Governor Buddy Roemer signed an act to rename the building in Maravich's honor (under Louisiana law, no LSU or state owned building Question: who did pistol pete maravich play for in the nba

Answer: Atlanta Hawks Long Answer: Pete Maravich Maravich in 1977 (1947 - 06 - 22) June 22, 1947 Aliquippa, Pennsylvania January 5, 1988 (1988 - 01 - 05) (aged 40) Pasadena, California Nationality American Listed height 6 ft 5 in (1.96 m) Listed weight 197 lb (89 kg) Career information High school Daniel (Central, South Carolina) Broughton (Raleigh, North Carolina) Edwards Military Institute (Salemburg, North Carolina) College LSU (1967--1970) NBA draft 1970 / Round: 1 / Pick: 3rd overall Selected by the Atlanta Hawks Playing career 1970--1980 Position Shooting guard Number 44, 7 Career history 1970--1974 Atlanta Hawks 1974--1980 New Orleans / Utah Jazz 1980 Boston Celtics Career highlights and awards 5 × NBA All - Star (1973, 1974, 1977--1979) 2 × All - NBA First Team (1976, 1977) 2 × All - NBA Second Team (1973, 1978) NBA All - Rookie First Team (1971) NBA scoring champion (1977) No. 44 retired by Atlanta Hawks No. 7 retired by Utah Jazz No. 7 retired by New Orleans Pelicans NBA's 50th Anniversary All - Time Team 2 × College national player of the year (1969, 1970) 3 × Consensus first - team All - American (1968--1970) 3 × SEC Player of the Year (1968--1970) 3 × NCAA Division I scoring leader (1968--1970) NCAA Division I all - time scoring leader No. 23 retired by LSU Career statistics Points 15,948 (24.2 ppg) Rebounds 2,747 (4.2 rpg) Assists 3,563 (5.4 apg) Stats at Basketball-Reference.com Basketball Hall of Fame as player College Basketball Hall of Fame Inducted in 2006 Gold Document ID: 185

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Chandler Massey) to do so in consecutive years. Massey is also the first actor from "Days of Our Lives" ever to win three Emmys, consecutive or otherwise. Chandler Massey Chandler Abit Massey (born September 10, 1990) is an American actor, best known for his portrayal of Will Horton on the daytime soap opera "Days of Our Lives". Massey was awarded the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Actor in a Drama Series three years in a row – in 2012, 2013, and 2014, and is the first actor ever to receive a Daytime Emmy Award for playing a gay character. In 2018, Document [2] (Title: Bryan Dattilo) on a variety of television programs including "Saved by the Bell", "", "California Dreams", "Doogie Howser, M.D.", "In the Heat of the Night", and "Charles In Charge". He returned to the role of Lucas Horton on "Days Of Our Lives" in February 2012. Bryan Dattilo Bryan Ronald Dattilo (born July 29, 1971) is an American actor. He is best known for his role as Lucas Horton on the NBC daytime soap opera "Days of Our Lives". Dattilo was born in Kankakee, Illinois, subsequently moving to West Palm Beach, Florida after his parents' divorce. He later moved to Los Angeles. At Document [3] (Title: Tony DiMera) Tony DiMera Tony DiMera is a fictional character from the American soap opera "Days of Our Lives", played by actor Thaao Penghlis on and off from November 6, 1981 until October 24, 1985, and from July 19, 2007 till April 1, 2009. One of the character's main storylines includes being impersonated by fellow character André DiMera, at various points in the character's tenure. However, both roles were played by Penghlis. Count Tony DiMera arrived in Salem in 1981 with two purposes. He wanted to win back his wife, Liz Chandler, whom he had never officially divorced. He also wanted to Document [4] (Title: Days of Our Lives characters (2000s)) stairs during an argument with Chad. Days of Our Lives characters (2000s) A list of notable characters from the NBC soap opera "Days of Our Lives" that significantly impacted storylines and debuted between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2009, in order of first appearance. J.T. Reiber, born on June 9, 2000, is introduced as the child intended to be adopted by Abe Carver (James Reynolds) and Lexie Carver (Renée Jones). However, Lexie's father Stefano DiMera (Joseph Mascolo) switches the infant at birth with Bo and Hope's (Peter Reckell and Kristian Alfonso) son. After years of trying for a baby Document [5] (Title: Chad DiMera) difficult. However, Stefano is not easily turned away. Deidrick expected the role to be short lived thinking the character was only to wrap up the baby switch storyline. However, he accredited Gary Tomlin with fighting for the character and believing in him as an actor. Deidrick said that it was Tomlin's idea to attach him to a main family, "So they made [Chad] a DiMera." In the spring of 2011, "Entertainment Weekly" announced that the series had plans for a Gay storyline with one of the current characters. There was much speculation that Chandler Massey's Will Horton would be the Document [6] (Title: Liz Chandler) whom she hated because Marie was married to her great love, Neil Curtis. Liz was sent to prison but was later released on parole. In 1986, she left Salem. Liz Chandler Liz Chandler (formerly Courtney, DiMera, Craig, and Curtis) is a fictional character on the soap opera, "Days of Our Lives", and was played by actress Gloria Loring from 1980 to 1986. Liz came to Salem in 1980. She is the daughter of the former governor of the unknown state where Salem is located. She is also a singer. One of the memorable songs performed by Liz was "Friends and Document [7] (Title: Kristen DiMera) was introduced on May 17, 1993. During Davidson's run on the soap, she also portrayed four other characters; Susan Banks (1996–98, 2014, 2017), Sister Mary Moira Banks (1997–98, 2017), Thomas Banks (1997) and Penelope Kent (1998). Davidson departed the role of Kristen on April 24, 1998. Davidson's five roles earned her a Daytime Emmy nomination for Outstanding Lead Actress in 1998. After five years on "Days", Davidson was re-introduced as Ashley Abbott in 1999 on "The Young and the Restless", a role she originated from 1982-1988. She took over the role from Shari Shattuck who portrayed the character from 1996-1999. Document [8] (Title: Days of Our Lives characters (2010s)) on February 24, 2016 and departed on January 9, 2017. Gabrielle Haugh took over the role on January 17, 2017. She is friends with Joey Johnson and soon learns from Joey that he murdered Ava Vitali. Jade later becomes pregnant with Joey's child, but has a miscarriage and loses the baby. Thomas Jack DiMera is the son of Chad DiMera and Abigail Deveraux. He is also the nephew of JJ Deveraux, and the grandson of Stefano DiMera, Madeline Peterson Woods, Jennifer Horton, and Jack Deveraux. Holly Jonas is the biological daughter of Nicole Walker and Daniel Jonas, but was carried Document [9] (Title: Stefano DiMera) body in an abandoned building and framing André. Stefano's spirit lingers as he appears to Chad and they say their goodbyes. Stefano last appears to Chad in July 2016 when they were talking about him trusting André. In February 2017, it appears that Stefano has been captured in Prague having supposedly faked his death at the hands of Hope. However, it is later revealed that Steve Johnson and Shane Donovan (Charles Shaughnessy) have orchestrated Stefano's appearance to exonerate Hope of his murder, with Shane posing as Stefano using a bodysuit and makeup. Later as Steve and Shane reminisce about the Document [10] (Title: Days of Our Lives characters (2000s)) full sister in Sydney DiMera. In 2013, Johnny becomes an uncle to Will's daughter Arianna Horton. After witnessing a murder, Johnny's mom Sami is taken into protection by the federal government as a vulnerable witness. Whilst in witness protection, Sami allows Johnny to live with EJ and his wife Nicole Walker, in the DiMera mansion, with Johnny's paternal grandfather, Stefano DiMera. When Sami is released from witness protection, Johnny returns to live with Sami. However, Stefano insists that EJ raises Johnny as a DiMera, against Sami's wishes. EJ first resists this notion because he does not want to betray his Document [11] (Title: Will Horton) backlash, the decision was highly criticized by professionals, and there was a feeling "Days of Our Lives" was pandering to anti-gay sentiment in its audience base. In January 2017 "Days of Our Lives" announced a new head-writer in Ron Carlivati; and in May 2017 "Entertainment Weekly" reported that Massey was reprising the role of Will. Carlivati indicated, via social media, that Will may not have died after all, and the ensuing storyline showed how Will survived. Massey's first new episode was broadcast on September 15, 2017. Patton and Massey have both been nominated for Daytime Emmy Awards for their portrayal Document [12] (Title: Daphne DiMera) actual father. Daphne died in 1984 when a plane carrying a number of Salemites crashed in Haiti. Daphne's real surname is unknown. She was always referred to as a DiMera, because her marriage was a common law marriage to Stefano. She is the aunt of Lawrence Alamain via her sister, Philomena. Daphne DiMera Daphne DiMera is a fictional character on the NBC soap opera "Days of Our Lives". She was played by Madlyn Rhue from 1982 to 1984. Daphne was the common law wife of Stefano DiMera, who fled from him while pregnant with her son, Antony. She raised Tony Document [13] (Title: Days of Our Lives characters (1980s)) 1988, Campanella was upgraded to contract status when Harper was revealed to be the Riverfront Knifer, a serial killer who murdered women in Salem including Janice Barnes (Elizabeth Storm) and Grace Forrester (Camilla More). Among his other victims, Eve Donovan (Charlotte Ross), Kayla Brady (Mary Beth Evans), Kimberly Brady (Patsy Pease) and several others managed to survive. Campanella briefly departed the role on July 5, 1988, when he was downgraded back to recurring from August 9, 1988 until October 21, 1988. Campanella later returned as Harper one last time to thwart the second wedding of Steve Johnson and Kayla Brady Document [14] (Title: André DiMera) keep him in line with Stefano's schemes. Meanwhile, André clashes with Stefano's youngest son Chad (Billy Flynn) who is being framed for murder. André publicly announces himself at the wake of Will Horton (Guy Wilson) in October 2015 where his apology for his past misdeeds falls on deaf ears. He also publicly announces that a letter from his mother revealed that Stefano is his biological father. André orders Aiden to kill Hope Brady on their wedding night and collect the insurance money to repay his debt. André's scheme is also to help clear Chad's name despite Chad's disapproval. André later Document [15] (Title: Vivian Jovanni) Vivian Jovanni Vivian Jovanni (born August 17, 1995) is an American actress and former model. She is known for portraying the role of Ciara Brady on the NBC soap opera, "Days of Our Lives". Jovanni was born in Houston, Texas to Laura and Edward Pupo, Cuban immigrants of Spanish and Italian descent. She has two brothers, Daniel and Christian who is her twin. Jovanni is managed by Dreamscope Entertainment. Before moving to Los Angeles to pursue her acting career, she worked as a model, and in 2013 was named Female Fitness Model of the Year by International Modeling and Talent Document [16] (Title: Stefano DiMera) December 8, 2016 in Los Angeles, California at the age of 87 after years of battling Alzheimer's disease. In early 2017, it was announced that Mascolo had filmed scenes prior to his death. Mascolo last appeared onscreen on February 9, 2017. However, it was later revealed that Mascolo appeared as Shane Donovan who was posing as Stefano. Stefano first appears on-screen in January 1982 with his son Tony DiMera (Thaao Penghlis) surveying the citizens of Salem. Stefano travels to Salem shortly after being introduced as the friend of Lee DuMonde (Brenda Benet) and it is soon revealed he is the Document [17] (Title: Sami Brady and EJ DiMera) an interesting story choice. Now the story focus has shifted to her pregnancy and the classic soap story of paternity. Having said that, I chose to believe that EJ is in love with Samantha — he just can’t communicate it. In an article about the Santo DiMera/Colleen Brady storyline in the July 17, 2007 edition of "Soap Opera Digest", "Days of our Lives" former Co-Executive Producer Stephen Wyman referred to the December 29, 2006 incident between EJ and Sami as rape. "Naturally, we don’t expect anyone to forget about the rape, nor do we expect anyone to take EJ’s rape Document [18] (Title: Mark Hapka) and "Ghost Whisperer". He won the role when producers Kim Moses and Ian Sander chose him as a 'fresh face' with an 'It Guy' quality. Following this, he appeared in the television series "Greek" and had a minor role on "Days of Our Lives" as an older Johnny DiMera. In 2009, he appeared in the films "Second Sight" and "Midgets Vs. Mascots". Also in 2009, he had a recurring role in the television series "Hannah Montana" and also appeared on "Cold Case". In June 2009, Hapka returned to "Days of Our Lives" when he was cast in the contract role Document [19] (Title: Chad DiMera) then executive producer Gary Tomlin fought to keep the actor and the character on canvas. In 2010, the series introduced Chad's parents, including his mother, Madeline Peterson Woods and Chad is revealed to be the illegitimate son of crime boss Stefano DiMera. Chad struggles to accept his new family but eventually forms strong bonds with his father, sister Lexie Carver and brother, EJ. Chad is also known for his relationships with Abigail Deveraux and Melanie Jonas and his friendship with gay supercouple, Will Horton and Sonny Kiriakis. In 2012, Chad takes a dark turn when he feuds with Gabi Hernandez, Document [20] (Title: Stefano DiMera) impregnates her and plans to pass the baby off as Kristen's baby, which she actually miscarried; Susan gives birth in February 1997 to Elvis and flees after discovering Stefano's plan. After recovering from a heart attack, Stefano marries Vivian Alamain (Louise Sorel) on December 16, 1998, and plots to kill her to get back all of his belongings left to Vivian by her late husband–who was also Stefano's employee–Steven "Jonesy" Jones (Robert Mandan). In 1999, Stefano brainwashes Hope Brady into thinking she is Princess Gina Von Amberg (Alfonso) and Gina, now in love with John, kidnaps him; feeling betrayed, Stefano Document [21] (Title: André DiMera) John is cleared. André, still under the guise of Tony returned in 2002 having developed an obsession with John's wife Marlena Evans (Deidre Hall) and between 2003 and 2004, he masterminds the Salem Stalker murders in which he fakes the deaths of several Salem citizens, himself included, and holds the "victims" captive on an island; the character is written out in 2005, and sent to prison. The character returns in 2007 and after several dangerous and sometimes lethal schemes, his true identity is revealed. With his cover blown, André's treachery continues and Stefano disowns him and the character commits suicide Document [22] (Title: Days of Our Lives) (Laura Horton) and Eileen Davidson (Kristen DiMera) won Best Actress in 1975 and 2014, respectively. Suzanne Rogers (Maggie Horton), Leann Hunley (Anna DiMera), and Tamara Braun (Ava Vitali) won Best Supporting Actress for, respectively, 1979, 1986, and 2009 and Billy Warlock (Frankie Brady) won Best Younger Actor for 1988. In 2009, Darin Brooks (Max Brady) took home the Emmy for Best Younger Actor", and Tamara Braun (Ava Vitali) won for Best Supporting Actress, the show's first acting victories in over 21 and 23 years, respectively As with all other network programming, "Days of Our Lives" ratings have declined somewhat since Document [23] (Title: André DiMera) Salem but to build up the dynasty," Penghlis said of the writers' decision to revive André instead of Tony (who historically is not a biological DiMera). André is back to watch over his father who has recently suffered a heart attack and he isn't happy with how Stefano has been treated lately. With the reveal of his true paternity, André develops a "Cain and Abel" like dynamic with Stefano's youngest son, Chad (Billy Flynn) due to Stefano favoring Chad. André DiMera André DiMera is a fictional character from the NBC Daytime soap opera, "Days of Our Lives". The role was Document [24] (Title: Stefano DiMera) the role specifically for Mascolo after seeing his performance as real-life crime boss, Salvatore Maranzano on the NBC miniseries, "The Gangster Chronicles" in 1981. Mascolo first appeared as Stefano on January 18, 1982. He departed from the series on March 8, 1983, and returned a year later on March 2, 1984 before briefly departing on May 11, 1984 only to return on October 19 and depart again on February 22, 1985. Mascolo briefly returned to the series from November 4 to December 19, 1988. Actor Frank Fata appeared in the role of Stefano for two episodes which aired on December Document [25] (Title: Stefano DiMera) and Stefano files for divorce, taking everything from her. Stefano also turns John and Hope back into the Pawn and Princess Gina after revealing they are married; he forces them to retrieve a precious coin from Alamainia for him. Several other schemes continue to backfire on Stefano, including his attempt to sabotage EJ's mayoral campaign and him blackmailing Will Horton (Chandler Massey). Having angered many of his enemies, Stefano is shot and presumably killed in early June 2012. Suspicion for the murder quickly falls upon EJ, who continuously professes his innocence, but no one, save for Will or Sami, seems Document [26] (Title: James Scott (actor)) to Los Angeles. He studied acting for two more years before being cast on "All My Children." Scott originated the role of Ethan Cambias in August 2004 and played it until February 2006. He then moved on to "Days of Our Lives" where he took on the role of EJ DiMera in May 2006. On 2 May 2014 it was announced that Scott would be leaving "Days of Our Lives" to pursue other endeavours. On 27 September 2015, he reprised his role as EJ DiMera of "Days of Our Lives" on "Last Week Tonight with John Oliver", reuniting with Alison Document [27] (Title: Santo DiMera) Santo DiMera Santo DiMera is a fictional character on the soap opera "Days of Our Lives". He was portrayed by James Scott from July 9, 2007 to September 28, 2007. Scott reprised the role on August 20, 2008 as a figment of John's imagination. He is the father of Stefano DiMera and established the wealth and power of the DiMera family. Santo is a traveling salesman and the father of crime lord Stefano DiMera. Victor Kiriakis described Santo as "brilliant, wealthy, charming and utterly crooked" with "operations all over the world". While doing business in Galway, Ireland, he becomes involved Document [28] (Title: Tyler Christopher (actor)) between Christopher and the serial had fallen apart, and that he would not be reprising his portrayal of Nikolas. Christopher made his last appearance on June 16, 2016. In August 2017, it was announced that Christopher had joined the cast of "Days of Our Lives" in a newly created role. Christopher previously made a one-episode guest appearance on the soap in 2001. He made his first appearance as Stefan DiMera on December 29, 2017. Christopher was married to Eva Longoria from 2002 to 2004. He was previously engaged to "General Hospital" co-star Vanessa Marcil and dated Natalia Livingston. He and Document [29] (Title: Days of Our Lives characters (2010s)) Victor the DiMeras are extremely cruel and ruthless with their enemies. Stefano uncovers Ben's past activities with illegal gambling in Florida and ensures the club manager testifies against Ben. Clyde uses his contacts in the drug business to have the manager killed in prison before he can testify against Ben. Clyde finds out Abby cheated on Ben with Chad and discovers she is pregnant. Clyde forces a lab technician to make the tests say Ben is the father. When Stefano returns to Salem Clyde visits him and secretly places a bug in the DiMera house but Stefano orders him to Document [30] (Title: Days of Our Lives characters (1980s)) Calliope briefly returned in 2010, when she was hired by Rafe Hernandez to collect evidence to prove that Anna Dimera was hired by EJ to kidnap Sami and EJ's daughter Sydney Dimera. Shane Donovan is an agent of the ISA and husband to Kimberly Brady Donovan. Donovan and Brady were a supercouple. In 1984, Shane came to Salem to keep an eye on Stefano DiMera's illegal dealings. He posed as Larry Welche's butler, and eventually learned of Stefano's acquisitions of two of three rare prisms designed by Larry's father. Shane teamed up with Bo, and the two intended on taking Document [31] (Title: Drew Donovan) in a storyline surrounding the disappearance and supposed death of Stefano DiMera. Drew Donovan Drew Donovan is a fictional character from the soap opera "Days of Our Lives". He was played by Charles Shaughnessy from September 8 to December 21, 1988. In February 2017, Shaughnessy reprised his role as Drew. Drew Donovan was the identical twin brother of Shane Donovan, and the son of Andrew and Margaret Donovan. During his early twenties after he finished the military force he eventually joined the ISA along with his brother. Drew Donovan was first seen in 1988, kidnapping Roman Brady's daughter, Carrie. He Document [32] (Title: Stefano DiMera) success of their plan they review some pictures the ISA took from afar of Shane pretending to be Stefano. Yet the setting of one of the pictures is a place Shane never recalls posing at. This leads the men to wonder if the man in the photograph could actually be Stefano, leaving the two men wondering fearfully if Stefano is really alive and is out there somewhere. The following list is a timeline of Stefano's fake "deaths"; he either faked them himself, was presumed dead, or was reported dead by others. Stefano DiMera Stefano DiMera is a fictional character from Document [33] (Title: Stefano DiMera) father of Lee's daughter, Renée (Philece Sampler), which adds complications to her relationship with Tony. Stefano attempts to help Tony win back his wife, Liz Chandler while Stuart Whyland begins blackmailing him and Stefano kills him. In 1983, Stefano is sent to prison thanks to Detective Roman Brady (Wayne Northrop). Before his death, Stefano's wife, Daphne (Madlyn Rhue), reveals that Tony isn't his biological son. Stefano returns in 1984 with his nephew, André, who has gotten plastic surgery to look like Tony. Together they plan to frame Roman for a string of murders; meanwhile Stefano discovers another daughter, Megan Hathaway. Document [34] (Title: Days of Our Lives) spelled backwards). 2007's "Bradys and DiMeras: The Reveal", told the story regarding how the Brady/DiMera feud started. Past characters returned in June 2010 to honor the passing of matriarch Alice Horton, whose character died on June 23, 2010. On June 23, 2011, "Days of Our Lives" introduced Sonny Kiriakis, the show's first contract gay character onto the canvas to be featured in the show's first gay story line. Freddie Smith (Sonny) said in an interview, "He’s very confident and mature, he’s traveled the world and is very open-minded. I’m very excited to portray him." Subsequent to Sonny's arrival, Will Horton Document [35] (Title: Days of Our Lives) DiMera after a fourteen-year absence. In mid 2013, the show debuted new characters such as JJ Deveraux and Theresa Donovan to appeal to younger viewers. In celebration of the soap's fiftieth anniversary in 2015, several cast members returned to the soap, including Peter Reckell, Stephen Nichols and Penghlis. The co-creator and original executive producer, Ted Corday, was only at the helm for eight months before dying of cancer in 1966. His widow, Betty, was named executive producer upon his death. She continued in that role, with the help of H. Wesley Kenney and Al Rabin as supervising producers, before she Document [36] (Title: Days of Our Lives characters (1980s)) and André DiMera, Petrov was already in the car. But Roman and Abe were ready as well and chased them. After struggling to shake off the police, and a drunk Alex Marshall caused some problem, the car drove off a bridge and fell down into a river. Alex was found but neither Petrov or Stefano. A few months later, Stefano was seen very much alive looking for the three prisms, and soon Petrov was seen taking orders from Stefano. He kidnapped Hope Williams for Stefano in an attempt to faster lure Roman into Stefano's trap. He also got instructions from Document [37] (Title: Robert DiMera) Robert DiMera EJ DiMera is a fictional character from the original NBC Daytime soap opera, "Days of Our Lives", portrayed by James Scott. Originally portrayed by child actors, Avalon, Dillon and Vincent Ragone from 1997 to April 1998, the character was rapidly aged in 2006 as Scott took over the role of the adult EJ. Scott departed the role on-screen in October 2014, resulting in the character's on-screen death. Created by head writer, James E. Reilly, and introduced under executive producers, Ken Corday and Tom Langan, EJ is the son of crime lord Stefano DiMera and Susan Banks. However, Stefano Document [38] (Title: Renée DuMonde) Renee's actual murder. Clearly, this was NOT in Stefano's plans, as he loved his daughter Renee. He vowed André would die once he delivered all of Stefano's plans. André was known as the "Salem Slasher." Renée DuMonde Renée DuMonde is a fictional character on the television soap opera "Days of Our Lives". The role was portrayed by Philece Sampler from 1981-1983. She is the daughter of Stefano DiMera and Lee DuMonde. Renée first appeared in Salem, as the feisty younger sister of Lee DuMonde - the evil home wrecker of Doug & Julie Williams. While looked down upon by the Document [39] (Title: Kristen DiMera) the role on-screen on November 13, 2013. In late November, it was confirmed that Davidson would return for an episode scheduled to air on December 3, 2013. On January 28, 2014, Michael Logan of "TV Guide" announced that Davidson would return to "Days" with filming beginning in March, with an on-screen return sometime during the summer. Davidson will return for what is described as a "powerful Kristen DiMera story arc". "Days" co-executive producer Greg Meng added: "The writers have some great things cooking for Kristen and we can’t wait for the fans to see what this will mean for Salem. Document [40] (Title: Victor Kiriakis) Stefano DiMera by his daughter-in-law, Hope Brady. Victor Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis is a fictional character on NBC's "Days of Our Lives". The role has been portrayed by John Aniston since 1985. His time on the show has been since 1985 with a brief storyline driven absence in 2004 when his character was "killed off" but found alive on the island of Melaswen. Victor came to Salem in 1985 as an old friend of the Brady clan. As time went on, it was revealed that he was not only a former paramour of Brady matriarch Caroline, and the biological father of Document [41] (Title: Thaao Penghlis) in the of "", which was filmed in his native Australia. Penghlis' role as actor, makeup artist, and voice impersonator Nicholas Black in the revival was a counterpart to Martin Landau's Rollin Hand and Leonard Nimoy's The Great Paris. In 2003, Penghlis was nominated for the Soap Opera Digest Award for Favorite Return for his return to the cast of "Days of our Lives". He left the show in fall 2005. Penghlis returned to "Days" on 24 May 2007 to reprise the role of André DiMera. He also began reprising the role of nice guy Tony DiMera on 17 July Document [42] (Title: André DiMera) by unplugging his own life support in October 2007. Penghlis would reprise the role in 2015 when André is revealed to be Stefano's biological son. In January 2018, Andre is murdered via blunt force trauma by an unknown person, which was later revealed to be Abigail Deveraux in self-defence. In 1983, André is summoned to Salem by his uncle Stefano DiMera (Joseph Mascolo) having recently undergone plastic surgery to look like Stefano's son Tony (Thaao Penghlis). With Tony unwilling to cooperate with his demands, Stefano enlisted the ruthless André to help him run the DiMera Empire. Their first order of Document [43] (Title: Chad DiMera) departure, Deidrick said, "I basically wanted to pursue other opportunities." However, Deidrick was grateful for all he learned. In June 2014, a picture of a script autographed by the "Days of our Lives" cast members was auctioned off at a charity event, and Billy Flynn was one of the signatures. On August 12, 2014, the producers officially announced Flynn's casting to "Soap Opera Digest"; he made his first appearance on September 12, 2014. In May 2018, Flynn announced he would remain on the soap for the foreseeable future. Deidrick had to come up with a lot of Chad's back story Document [44] (Title: Kate Roberts (Days of Our Lives)) enough money to start her own business called "Kate's Hearth and Home", a Martha Stewart-like brand of housewares. She hires Stefano's son Tony DiMera (Thaao Penghis) to do the advertising. Kate no longer worries about Lucas and Sami, because Stefano has blackmailed Sami into a marriage with EJ, and Sami has fallen for him. Kate turns her attention back to Philip, who is in trouble with John Black, and to her granddaughter Chelsea Brady (Rachel Melvin), who is recovering from surgery. Chelsea's surgery is successful, and soon starts dating her surgeon Daniel Jonas (Shawn Cristian). In November 2008, Kate is Document [45] (Title: Casey Deidrick) Casey Deidrick Casey Jon Deidrick (born April 25, 1987) is an American actor and heavy metal/rock singer. Deidrick is best known for originating the role of Chad DiMera on the NBC soap opera "Days of Our Lives". Deidrick was born in Santa Clara, California to parents Barry Jon Deidrick, an electrician, and Denise Deck, a nurse. At the age of 3 years old, his parents divorced. When Deidrick was 7 years old, his mother relocated moved to Arizona and Deidrick resided with his father in Hollister, California. He later took up skateboarding. After his freshman year in high school, Deidrick Document [46] (Title: Renée DuMonde) Renée DuMonde Renée DuMonde is a fictional character on the television soap opera "Days of Our Lives". The role was portrayed by Philece Sampler from 1981-1983. She is the daughter of Stefano DiMera and Lee DuMonde. Renée first appeared in Salem, as the feisty younger sister of Lee DuMonde - the evil home wrecker of Doug & Julie Williams. While looked down upon by the Horton's for this reason, she was taken under the wings by Chris Kostichek and Dr. Marlena Evans. She eventually warmed to the Horton's through her friendship with Jessica Fallon. Renee tried very hard to be Document [47] (Title: Tony DiMera) in Salem University Hospital after falling and becoming impaled, following a fight with Philip Kiriakis over a fuels project that Tony acquired from Titan Industries. The fight was witnessed by Tony's then sister-in-law Nicole Walker. Before her death, Daphne DiMera claimed that her lover Enrico, the DiMera family gardener, was Tony's real father and blood tests in the early 1980s supported this as fact. Tony DiMera Tony DiMera is a fictional character from the American soap opera "Days of Our Lives", played by actor Thaao Penghlis on and off from November 6, 1981 until October 24, 1985, and from July Document [48] (Title: EJ DiMera) earned him a Daytime Emmy nomination for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series in 2010 and 2011. EJ DiMera EJ DiMera is a fictional character from the original NBC Daytime soap opera, "Days of Our Lives", portrayed by James Scott. Originally portrayed by child actors, Avalon, Dillon, and Vincent Ragone from 1997 to April 1998, the character was rapidly aged in 2006 when Scott took over the role. Scott departed the role in October 2014, resulting in the character's on-screen death. Created by head writer, James E. Reilly, and introduced under executive producers, Ken Corday and Tom Langan, EJ Document [49] (Title: Stefano DiMera) Her adoptive father, Maxwell, had access to the ""Three Prisms"" that could cure Stefano's brain tumor. In November 1984, in his quest to obtain one of the prisms, Stefano apparently kills Roman after pushing him off a cliff. In February 1985, Bo Brady's (Peter Reckell) wife Hope (Kristian Alfonso) is framed for Megan's murder and Stefano vows revenge on the entire family. He kidnaps Roman's twins, Sami and Eric, and Roman's widow Dr. Marlena Evans (Deidre Hall) shoots him, apparently killing him. Stefano resurfaces in 1988 to claim his son Benjy who is about to be adopted by Kayla Brady Document [50] (Title: Steve Johnson (Days of Our Lives)) and to kill the man who was controlling him: Stefano's son, EJ DiMera. This has proved difficult and EJ managed to force Steve into kidnapping John Black—so that he could steal his kidney—and in committing other illegal acts. Steve began pushing Kayla away to protect her and went in and out of mental hospitals where he was still at the mercy of EJ and his agents. Later, Steve helped Hope Brady get out of the DiMera house by telling Stefano DiMera that they were having an affair. Stefano believed it and let Steve and Hope leave. Steve has been involved Document [51] (Title: Stefano DiMera) to have Stefano turn out to be alive, but he didn't agree with how the previous writing regime had scripted the story. With the return of former show runners Gary Tomlin and Christopher Whitesell, Mascolo seemed more "intrigued" with their plans for his character. Mascolo's return also coincides with Eileen Davidson's return as Stefano's daughter Kristen. Mascolo reappeared as Stefano on October 8, 2012. Due to Mascolo's own failing health, he departed the soap, last appearing on January 11, 2016. Mascolo made guest appearances on March 1, March 2, May 20, June 8 and July 7, 2016. Mascolo died on Document [52] (Title: Anna DiMera) Anna DiMera Anna Brady DiMera is a fictional character on the NBC daytime drama "Days of Our Lives". She is the ex-wife of Roman Brady, and the biological mother of Carrie Brady. Created by head writers Margaret DePriest and Sheri Anderson, Anna is portrayed by Leann Hunley. Anna is known for being a member of the powerful, upper class, DiMera family. She was married to Count Antony DiMera until his death in 2009. Hunley initially portrayed Anna from 1982–86. After a twenty-one year absence, Hunley reprised the role of Anna beginning on June 20, 2007, and remained on contract with Document [53] (Title: Matthew Ashford) Matthew Ashford Matthew Nile Ashford (born January 29, 1960) is an American actor best known for the role of Jack Deveraux on the NBC soap opera "Days of Our Lives". After graduation, Ashford moved to New York City, where he was cast as Drew Ralston on "One Life to Live", a role he played from 1982 to 1983. He also appeared on "Search for Tomorrow" as Cagney McCleary from 1984 to 1986, as Tom Hardy on "General Hospital" from 1995 to 1997, and the serial killer Dr. Stephen Haver on "One Life to Live" from 2003 to 2004 and also Document [54] (Title: Stefano DiMera) 3 and 4, 1991.<ref name="Mascolo Exit/Recast"></ref> Mascolo reclaimed the role on a contractual basis on September 17, 1993. He departed from the show on December 24, 1996, and re-appeared for a few episodes from February 7 to 13, 1997. Mascolo returned to the show full-time once again on June 13, 1997. In late February 2001, a post on Mascolo's official website revealed that contract negotiations were not going well and Mascolo was expected to last appear in May. However, a representative of Mascolo's took to the website to deny the reports. In April 2001, rumors of Mascolo's exit due to Document [55] (Title: Joseph Mascolo) Mascolo portrayed Massimo Marone on CBS's "The Bold and the Beautiful" beginning August 2001. He decided not to renew his contract with the show in July 2006, due to a lack of storyline and decided to return to "Days of Our Lives", where his character Stefano DiMera was resurrected after six years. Mascolo also appeared in "The Incredible Hulk" in October 1979, as Mr. Arnold in the episode "Brain Child". 10 years later, he would appear again in NBC's "The Trial of the Incredible Hulk", as Albert G. Tendelli, a police confidant of Daredevil. He also appeared in an episode Document [56] (Title: Colin Murphy (Days of Our Lives)) When Stefano died, Colin was at the reading of the will. Not long after that, he got a silver bullet with Bo Brady's name engraved on it. In addition to André DiMera, Colin was also Chloe Lane's doctor after she was diagnosed with cancer. He also operated on Nicole after she was shot by an assassin working for Stefano. Colin broke into the hospital basement where Cassie and Rex were being held. Later on, Colin started to blackmail several inhabitants of Salem: Sami Brady for switching Lexie's DNA test results for her baby, and Nicole Walker with a tape of Document [57] (Title: Stefano DiMera) (Mary Beth Evans) and her husband Steve Johnson (Stephen Nichols), as well as to attempt to "reprogram" Roman, whom he had brainwashed in 1984–85, to serve as one of his assassins (Stefano actually got the idea about brainwashing his "agents" from former daughter-in-law Anna DiMera (Leann Hunley), who had hypnotized her own daughter Carrie into acting out against Roman as part of a plot to discredit him in the eyes of polite society). He traps several of Salem's citizens on his island but his plans for revenge are foiled and he escapes. In this iteration, Stefano is presented as more Document [58] (Title: Cameron Davis (Days of Our Lives)) kept him away in boarding schools, so he grew very lonely. Upon the character's introduction, he and Celeste have recently reconnected. Initial speculation point to Lexie's father, Stefano DiMera (Joseph Mascolo). Schuyler Yancey revealed in an interview that his original uncredited role as Bryan, the bartender at "The Brady Pub" which began airing on July 22, 2010 and appears on a recurring basis until September 2011 was retconned into the role of Cameron. In February 2012, Schuyler Yancey was cast in the role of Dr. Cameron Davis. Yancey made his debut on the April 5, 2012 episode. Supermodel, turned actor, Document [59] (Title: Days of Our Lives characters (1990s)) saved when Lucas and Franco's old mob boss, Roberto, both confessed to the murder at the last minute. Although Lucas was the real shooter, the police believed a dying Roberto's confession. The truth of Franco's real murderer was never revealed except to Sami and Brandon Walker. Eliana, played by Ann Werner, was the long-time housekeeper of Stefano Dimera at the DiMera mansion. Ann Werner left the show to pursue a writing career, and the character of Eliana was said to have retired. Played by three different actors from 1996–2008, Father Jansen has been a consistent figure for the church going Document [60] (Title: Bryan Dattilo) Bryan Dattilo Bryan Ronald Dattilo (born July 29, 1971) is an American actor. He is best known for his role as Lucas Horton on the NBC daytime soap opera "Days of Our Lives". Dattilo was born in Kankakee, Illinois, subsequently moving to West Palm Beach, Florida after his parents' divorce. He later moved to Los Angeles. At the age of 9, he began taking acting lessons with his sister, Kristin. A short time later, he landed his first acting job in a re-curring role on HBO's "Not Necessarily The News". Dattilo has one brother, Brent, one sister, Kristin, and three Document [61] (Title: Days of Our Lives characters (1980s)) a dress for Anna DiMera. One of her trademarks was her endless collections of hats, which were very creative and sometimes very outlandish. However, Calliope soon came to possess a diamond necklace which was originally owned by Daphne DiMera. She claimed it as her own, but didn't realize that Stefano DiMera was after it, for it contained one of three prisms he was after. Her white lie unknowingly thrust her into a major storyline. Calliope went on to co-host a daytime talk show with Jennifer Horton-Deveraux. The show was a success, but Calliope would eventually turn over the show over Document [62] (Title: Carrie Brady) out. Carrie decides to return to Switzerland with Austin, and says an emotional farewell to Rafe. But before leaving, Carrie urges Rafe to reconcile with Sami, because Carrie knows that they still love each other deep down. In 2014, Carrie supports Sami and Kate's decision to control DiMera's company. Carrie Brady Carrie Brady is a fictional character from the NBC soap opera, "Days of Our Lives", a long-running serial set in the fictional town of Salem. Created by head writer Margaret DePriest, the role of Carrie has been most notably portrayed by Christie Clark, who took over the role in Document [63] (Title: Days of Our Lives) (Steve Johnson), Austin Peck (Austin Reed), Mary Beth Evans (Kayla Brady), Joseph Mascolo (Stefano DiMera), and Thaao Penghlis (Tony DiMera) have been brought back to "Days of Our Lives". More additions to the show include the returns of Crystal Chappell (Dr. Carly Manning), and Louise Sorel (Vivian Alamain). In June 2010, characters such as Jennifer Horton, Bill Horton, Shane Donovan, and Kimberly Brady returned for a short time and were featured heavily in a tribute to Alice Horton. Guest cast members have included Elizabeth Alley. In late 2012, the show reintroduced actress Eileen Davidson in the role of Kristen Blake Document [64] (Title: Casey Deidrick) who also happens to be a hundred-year-old Hellhound with mysterious ties to an ancient evil now threatening Beacon Hills in the aftermath of the Ghost Riders and the Wild Hunt. Casey Deidrick Casey Jon Deidrick (born April 25, 1987) is an American actor and heavy metal/rock singer. Deidrick is best known for originating the role of Chad DiMera on the NBC soap opera "Days of Our Lives". Deidrick was born in Santa Clara, California to parents Barry Jon Deidrick, an electrician, and Denise Deck, a nurse. At the age of 3 years old, his parents divorced. When Deidrick was 7 Document [65] (Title: Stephen Nichols) diary, in the old mansion, and then it would flash to the characters.” Stephen also portrayed Stefan Cassadine on the soap "General Hospital" (1996–2002-03). This role reunited him with Evans, while his character was later paired with Laura Spencer, played by Genie Francis. Other TV appearances have included "Matlock", "L.A. Law", "", "The Nanny" (with former "Days of our Lives" co-star Charles Shaughnessy), "Second Chances", Sisters, a recurring role on "Empty Nest", and playing Jesse James opposite Pierce Brosnan in the NBC mini-series "Around the World in 80 Days", to name a few. Nichols has appeared in several feature films, Document [66] (Title: André DiMera) André DiMera André DiMera is a fictional character from the NBC Daytime soap opera, "Days of Our Lives". The role was originated in 1983 by Thaao Penghlis when André was introduced as the nephew of Stefano DiMera (Joseph Mascolo). Having undergone plastic surgery to look identical to Stefano's stepson, Tony (also Penghlis), André—on Stefano's behalf—sets out to frame Roman Brady (Wayne Northrop) for a series of murders. However, plans go awry as André claims several victims including Stefano's daughter Renée DuMonde (Philece Sampler). André's later plans to help Stefano heal his brain tumor and get revenge on their enemies culminates Document [67] (Title: Chad DiMera) new found father Stefano appears to be a bit more volatile. The nature of the relationship is first displayed in November 2010 when Chad confronts Stefano with a knife and demands blood for a DNA test. Chad has no idea how to react to the DNA results. According to Deidrick, "[Chad] struggles to find the courage to be able to love [Stefano] who had a relationship with his mother and never knew he existed." Deidrick explained that Chad rejects Stefano based on instinct. It is all he knows thanks to D.A. Woods who always pushes him away when things get Document [68] (Title: Joseph Campanella) Joseph Campanella Joseph Anthony Campanella (November 21, 1924 – May 16, 2018) was an American character actor. He appeared in more than 200 television and film roles from the early 1950s to 2009. He was best remembered for his role as Joe Turino in "Guiding Light" and as Harper Deveraux on the soap opera "Days of Our Lives", a role he starred in from 1987 to 1988, and his later recurring roles on "General Hospital" from 1991 to 1992 and "The Bold and the Beautiful" from 1996 to 2005. Campanella voiced the character of Dr. Curt Connors/The Lizard on "Spider-Man: Document [69] (Title: Days of Our Lives characters (1990s)) Daytime soap opera "Days of Our Lives", portrayed by Jason Brooks. Brooks joined the cast of "Days of Our Lives" in 1993, airing on September 1, 1993 until November 23, 1993 on a recurring status until upgrading to contract status from December 1, 1993 till December 24, 1996, when the character was presumed dead after being shot by Jack Deveraux. Brooks returned to the role nearly a year later on November 21, 1997 until his departure on February 23, 1998. Peter and his sister Kristen were raised but not legally adopted by super villain Stefano DiMera at a very young Document [70] (Title: Ben Weston (Days of Our Lives)) is apprehended by JJ and Lani Price (Sal Stowers) and taken back to Salem. When Chad and Abigail confront him, Ben has seemingly lost his grip on reality. Despite his condition, Ben tells Abby where he left the baby and he is then put on a 24-hour suicide watch and taken to jail. In April 2016, Ben breaks into the DiMera mansion and he is shocked when Abigail professes her love for him. When Ben lets his guard down, Abigail stabs him and knocks him out. Ben wakes up tied to the bed and a deranged Abigail sets him on Document [71] (Title: Anna DiMera) Anna in a conversation to Austin during the Christmas season of December 2011. In January 2017, Anna is seen when Marlena bumps into her in Europe, after Anna let loose with a gun at a Prague café, following Marlena's trail in finding Stefano. Anna DiMera Anna Brady DiMera is a fictional character on the NBC daytime drama "Days of Our Lives". She is the ex-wife of Roman Brady, and the biological mother of Carrie Brady. Created by head writers Margaret DePriest and Sheri Anderson, Anna is portrayed by Leann Hunley. Anna is known for being a member of the powerful, Document [72] (Title: Joseph Mascolo) Joseph Mascolo Joseph Peter Mascolo (March 13, 1929 – December 8, 2016) was an American musician and dramatic actor. During his long career, he acted in numerous motion pictures and television series. He was best known for playing supervillain Stefano DiMera, a role he originated in 1982 on NBC's "Days of Our Lives". Mascolo was born on March 13, 1929, and raised in West Hartford, Connecticut. His parents, Anna Mascolo (née DeTuccio; 1910–2010) and Peter Mascolo (1901–2008), were immigrants from Naples, Italy, and had their 80th wedding anniversary shortly before his father died. Mascolo had one sister, Marie LaVoie. He Document [73] (Title: The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills (season 5)) and "Broken Badges". Davidson's most famous roles, however, are playing Ashley Abbott on the daytime soap "The Young and the Restless", and also as Kristen DiMera on "Days of Our Lives". She later went to win an Emmy for Outstanding Lead Actress, after three nominations, for her portrayal of Kristen DiMera. Davidson has also had success with writing; she has written four novels with prolific mystery writer Robert Randisi, three of which were published by Penguin Paperback. When Davidson isn't writing or acting she lives in her Malibu home raising her 12-year-old son Jesse, and bonding with her two step Document [74] (Title: Steve Blackwood) nearly two years. However, on August 3, 2007, he left the show after his character Bart was caught in the crossfire of a sword fight between Andre and Tony Dimera (both played by Thaao Penghlis). Steve Blackwood Steve Blackwood (born May 13, 1956) is an American actor. He joined the show "Days of Our Lives" in 1997 in the recurring role of Bart Beiderbecke. He portrayed Henry Gein in the 2000 film, In the Light of the Moon. Finally, in early 2005, Blackwood was offered a contract to continue in the role. Although he was under contract with the show, Document [75] (Title: EJ DiMera) EJ DiMera EJ DiMera is a fictional character from the original NBC Daytime soap opera, "Days of Our Lives", portrayed by James Scott. Originally portrayed by child actors, Avalon, Dillon, and Vincent Ragone from 1997 to April 1998, the character was rapidly aged in 2006 when Scott took over the role. Scott departed the role in October 2014, resulting in the character's on-screen death. Created by head writer, James E. Reilly, and introduced under executive producers, Ken Corday and Tom Langan, EJ is the son of crime boss Stefano DiMera and Susan Banks. However, Stefano plans to pass off the Document [76] (Title: John Black (Days of Our Lives)) in January 2008, John was discovered alive in Stefano's basement, with his memory wiped and programmed into a super soldier. Marlena found him, but he was not able to remember her, and continuously committed crimes ordered by Stefano. Stefano ordered him to kill Colleen Brady, but John found out that he was Colleen's son with Santo DiMera, Ryan Brady, making him Stefano's half-brother. He went after the DiMera empire and Stefano after discovering his identity. Frustrated in her inability to reach the old John, Marlena filed for divorce. John tried to recommit himself to Marlena and remembering their life together. Document [77] (Title: Eileen Davidson) after a year as Kristen. Davidson exited the role on-screen on November 13, 2013. In late November, it was confirmed that Davidson would return for an episode scheduled to air on December 3, 2013. On January 28, 2014, it was announced that Davidson would return to the role of Kristen DiMera in the summer of 2014. On May 1, 2014, it was formally announced that Davidson was nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award in the category of Outstanding Lead Actress In A Drama Series for "Days of Our Lives". It's her third Daytime Emmy Award nomination, her second for "Days". Document [78] (Title: Stefano DiMera) Though Mascolo initially denied the reports, he did indeed debut in the role of Massimo Marone on "The Bold and the Beautiful" in August 2001. In the fall of 2006, following Mascolo's exit from "B&B" due to lack of storyline, reports began to surface claiming that Mascolo was going to reprise his role as Stefano. The series' producers later confirmed plans to revive the DiMera family in order to stop a decline in ratings. A deathly ill, comatose Stefano began appearing on December 19, 2006. Though some sources list Mascolo in the cast credits for the episodes, neither Mascolo nor Document [79] (Title: Chad DiMera) enjoyed Abigail and Chad's new dynamic displayed in their snooping around Cameron. Giddens said that while he wasn't a fan of their initial romance, "Abby and Chad’s scenes were fun, and made me wish I could see more." Chad DiMera Chad DiMera is a fictional character from the original NBC Daytime soap opera, "Days of Our Lives". The role was originated by Casey Deidrick on June 19, 2009. Deidrick vacated the role in 2013. Billy Flynn currently portrays the role, making his first appearance on September 12, 2014. Introduced by head writer Dena Higley and co-head writer Christopher Whitesell in Document [80] (Title: James Scott (actor)) done. I came back a very different person." James Scott (actor) James Scott (born 14 January 1979) is a British actor. He is best known for playing Ethan Cambias on the ABC drama "All My Children" and EJ DiMera/Santo DiMera on the NBC drama "Days of Our Lives." Scott was born in Jesmond, Newcastle Upon Tyne, England. The eldest of four children, he has two brothers and a sister. Initially schooled in Newcastle, Scott moved to an all-boys boarding school in Lancaster. After school, Scott moved to Edinburgh, Scotland on a voyage of self-discovery. His mother is Scottish and he Document [81] (Title: Will Horton) (2011), Chandler Massey was nominated. Massey went on to win the Daytime Emmy for Outstanding Younger Actor in a Drama Series – never before won for a gay character – three years in a row, in 2012, 2013, and 2014. Massey earned a nomination in 2018 for the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series. "Days of Our Lives" won the GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Daily Drama in 2012, 2013, 2014, and 2015, in recognition of the characters and stories of Sonny Kiriakis and Will Horton and related characters. After Will's revival, "Days" received a Document [82] (Title: Stefano DiMera) the deaths of EJ and Kristen, Stefano forges a strong bond with Chad (Billy Flynn). He encourages him to pursue Abigail Deveraux (Kate Mansi) with a secret agenda to obtain Abigail's inheritance but Chad foils his plans. In 2015, Stefano suffers a stroke and is left in a wheelchair which leads to André's return and the reveal that they are father and son. Stefano advises André as he takes over running the family's daily operations. In January 2016, a grief-stricken Hope kills Stefano believing he is responsible for Bo's recent death. Rafe helps Hope cover it up by hiding Stefano's Document [83] (Title: Kate Roberts (Days of Our Lives)) help of EJ DiMera (James Scott), who is using the alias EJ Wells, to seduce Sami away from Lucas. Her efforts fail when EJ is revealed to be the son of Stefano DiMera. Lucas and Sami are deeply in love, and are set to marry again, and this time Kate fails to stop it, despite her best effforts. Sami and Lucas start their life together despite Kate's interference. In retaliation their scheming, Lucas turns Kate and EJ in to the FTC for their questionable financial records. Kate turns to Stefano DiMera after learning she is broke. Stefano provides her with Document [84] (Title: John Black (Days of Our Lives)) the Alliance for a period and worked full-time for Stefano. Petrov taught Stefano how to "program" John using the Alliance's brainwashing methods, creating DiMera's long-sought-after "super-soldier". John eventually became Stefano's "pawn", and was involved in a myriad of schemes and operations on DiMera's behalf. In 1986, Stefano (through Petrov) staked his "pawn" in a three-way wager in Miami with the ruthless Salem business tycoon and underworld figure Victor Kiriakis and the equally corrupt ISA Director George Nickerson. The stakes were a "Purse" (staked by Victor -- a treasure that he didn't actually yet possess and so "securitized" through a large Document [85] (Title: John Black (Days of Our Lives)) recast as Roman Brady and the character that Hogestyn had been portraying for five years was retconned to be a soldier of Stefano DiMera who was brainwashed into believing he was Roman. Still suffering from a lack of memories, the character returned to the "John Black" name that he first used. Marlena reunited with the real Roman, and John resumed his relationship with Isabella. John then discovered that he was Forrest Alamain, brother to the evil Lawrence Alamain. Stefano had brainwashed Forrest into believing he was Roman as part of Stefano's vendetta against the Brady family. During this time, John Document [86] (Title: Curtis Reed (Days of Our Lives)) seemingly conclusive pieces of evidence, the most important being the gun from which the bullet came having been found in a dresser drawer during a search warrant at her apartment, Billie was originally arrested for his murder. It was not until the March 31, 1994 episode that Stefano was revealed as the shooter. After this, he appeared as a ghost multiple times between May 2, 1995 and June 5, 2001. Curtis Reed (Days of Our Lives) Curtis Reed is a fictional character from the soap opera, "Days of Our Lives". He was played by Nick Benedict. He is the deadbeat Document [87] (Title: James Scott (actor)) James Scott (actor) James Scott (born 14 January 1979) is a British actor. He is best known for playing Ethan Cambias on the ABC drama "All My Children" and EJ DiMera/Santo DiMera on the NBC drama "Days of Our Lives." Scott was born in Jesmond, Newcastle Upon Tyne, England. The eldest of four children, he has two brothers and a sister. Initially schooled in Newcastle, Scott moved to an all-boys boarding school in Lancaster. After school, Scott moved to Edinburgh, Scotland on a voyage of self-discovery. His mother is Scottish and he spent a lot of time in Scotland as Document [88] (Title: Stefano DiMera) became identical to Antony. In 2015, André was revealed to be Stefano's son. Stefano is the ex-husband of Kate Roberts and Vivian Alamain. Stefano first entered the show as a wealthy European businessman who relocated to Salem, and gradually revealed substantial ties to organized crime, both at home and abroad. Over the years Stefano's character has fluctuated between that of a syndicate boss (both on local and international scales), political terrorist, ruthless business tycoon, and loving (albeit heavy-handed) family man. "Soap Opera Digest" named him the all-time best villain. In the early 1980s, then head writer, Pat Falken Smith created Document [89] (Title: Stefano DiMera) Stefano DiMera Stefano DiMera is a fictional character from the American soap opera, "Days of Our Lives". Created by head writer Pat Falken Smith, he was portrayed by actor Joseph Mascolo. Stefano is the patriarch of the DiMera family and the father of Renée DuMonde, Megan Hathaway, Benjy Hawk, Lexie Carver (née Brooks), EJ DiMera and Chad DiMera and the stepfather of Antony DiMera; He is also the adoptive father of Peter and Kristen Blake. For a brief period, he believed he was the half-brother of longtime nemesis John Black. He had a nephew, André DiMera, who through plastic surgery Document [90] (Title: Days of Our Lives characters (1980s)) was portrayed by Kai Wulff from 1983 to 1986 and for a few episodes in 1991. With the exception of Bart and Rolf, Petrov is the most well known henchman of Stefano. In comparison to Bart, he mostly succeeded and completed his assignments. Petrov assisted Stefano in a few of his many schemes. When Stefano kidnapped Marlena Evans & Liz Chandler in early 1983, Petrov was the one who kept an eye of them so they wouldn't escape. He then had small assignments in Stefano's devilish Salem Slasher plot. When Stefano had to escape after some failures of both himself Document [91] (Title: Days of Our Lives characters (1980s)) in the ISA, returned to warn Theresa that her ex-boyfriend, a Mexican drug cartel boss, was back in town and wanting to reunite with her. The man was apparently so powerful that even Victor Kiriakis as afraid to cross him. Theresa relented and staged her disappearance to return to Mexico with him in order to protect her friends and family, who the man had threatened. In January 2017, agent Shane was back in town to inform the Salem gang that Stefano DiMera, for whose murder Hope Brady was serving a life sentence, was actually seen alive and well in Prague Document [92] (Title: Stefano DiMera) NBC have ever stated that he portrayed comatose Stefano. It was later confirmed that Mascolo would reappear in the role officially in 2007, along with costars Thaao Penghlis (Tony DiMera) and Leann Hunley (Anna DiMera). Mascolo made his first official appearance as Stefano on June 6, 2007. However the stint proved to be short-lived with Mascolo last appearing on February 29, 2008 and the character of Stefano was written out to allow the writers to come up with more story for him. In May 2008, the tabloid "Globe" confirmed that Mascolo had been fired and Stefano was written into another Document [93] (Title: Daphne DiMera) Daphne DiMera Daphne DiMera is a fictional character on the NBC soap opera "Days of Our Lives". She was played by Madlyn Rhue from 1982 to 1984. Daphne was the common law wife of Stefano DiMera, who fled from him while pregnant with her son, Antony. She raised Tony in Australia. When Daphne learned that Tony was in love with Renée DuMonde, whom he believed to be his half-sister, she told him that he was not Stefano's son after all, but belonged to a man named Enrico. This led to a brief romantic reunion between Tony and Renée, but Renée Document [94] (Title: Stefano DiMera) failed contract negotiations began to surface once again and the producers were apparently considering recasting the role. Days later, Mascolo was spotted at CBS's "The Bold and the Beautiful"; despite the reports, neither Mascolo, NBC or CBS would comment on the rumors. In May 2001, Mascolo took to his website to confirm the news: Though Mascolo seemed disappointed with the show's decision to write the character out briefly, executive producer Ken Corday revealed plans to bring the character back by the fall of 2001 whether Mascolo was available or not. Mascolo made his last official appearance on June 14, 2001. Document [95] (Title: Stefano DiMera) reappeared on August 5, 2008 just before "Days" went on hiatus for the Summer Olympics. In 2012, after breaking up the character's marriage to Lauren Koslow's Kate Roberts, making him responsible for his own daughter Lexie Carver's (Renée Jones) death and undoing his father/son relationship with James Scott's EJ DiMera, the character appeared to have been written into a corner. With nearly the entire town gunning for Stefano, several sources later confirmed that Stefano was indeed being killed off with Mascolo last appearing alive on June 4, 2012. Mascolo discussed his disapproval in an interview with "Soap Opera Digest": Every Document [96] (Title: Days of Our Lives characters (2010s)) territory in Salem. Clyde's relationships with Ben and Kate improve but when he donates a large sum of money to the local hospital to fund Jordan's project she leaves town and moves to New York. Clyde continues to advise Ben on his relationship with Abigail Deveraux and plots against Ben's new rival Chad DiMera. Kate fails in her scheme to permanently takeover DiMera Enterprises from Stefano and seeks comfort from Clyde. Clyde dismisses Stefano saying he beat Victor Kiriakis and that he can beat the DiMeras. Kate warns Clyde that Stefano has enormous patience and cunning for revenge and unlike Document [97] (Title: Lauren Koslow) DiMera (Joseph Mascolo), her rocky marriage with mogul Victor Kiriakis (John Aniston), and her rivalries with crazed socialite Vivian Alamain (Louise Sorel) and Nicole Walker DiMera. Kate is the mother of Lucas Horton, Rex Brady, Cassie Brady, Philip Kiriakis, Billie Reed, and Austin Reed. Presently, she remains a cast member of "Days of Our Lives". Lauren Koslow Lauren Alice Koslow (born March 9, 1953) is an American actress, best known for her long-running portrayal of Kate Roberts on the NBC dramatic serial "Days of Our Lives", which she has played continuously since 1996. She previously appeared in the soaps "The Document [98] (Title: Stefano DiMera) Walker (Arianne Zucker) hide the fact that she switched another baby with Sami's at birth. EJ is furious when he learns the truth and he kidnaps his daughter, Sydney and fakes her death, leaving everyone devastated, including Stefano. Stefano learns from Anna DiMera that EJ paid her to care for Sydney while everyone believed she was dead; he uses the information to rebuild his relationship with EJ. In September 2009, Stefano blackmails Kate Roberts (Lauren Koslow) into marrying him after helping her get out from under attempted murder charges. In 2010, Madeline Peterson Woods (Jessica Tuck) returns to Salem and Document [99] (Title: EJ DiMera) slated to join the cast of "Days" in the role of E.J. The character's surname remained secret to keep his connections to other characters on canvas a secret. Scott filmed his first scenes on May 3, and made his debut on May 30, 2006. Kola Boof revealed that Justin Hartley, formerly of "Passions" was also considered for the role. After Scott's character was killed off of "All My Children", Scott stayed in New York City until the end of pilot season when he was contacted by the casting department from "Days". They told Scott that he would definitely fit in Document [100] (Title: Chad DiMera) Chad DiMera Chad DiMera is a fictional character from the original NBC Daytime soap opera, "Days of Our Lives". The role was originated by Casey Deidrick on June 19, 2009. Deidrick vacated the role in 2013. Billy Flynn currently portrays the role, making his first appearance on September 12, 2014. Introduced by head writer Dena Higley and co-head writer Christopher Whitesell in 2009 as Chad Peterson, Chad is the troubled ex-boyfriend of Mia McCormick and father to their daughter, Grace Brady. Chad factors into a romantic triangle between himself, Mia and her new boyfriend, Will Horton. After the baby storyline, Document [101] (Title: Stefano DiMera) of an assassin and international terrorist than a simple gangster. In December 1991, John Black (Drake Hogestyn) and Roman Brady discover Stefano in a Mayan pyramid in Mexico. The pyramid collapses and Stefano is once again believed to have perished. Though he survives the collapse, his brain tumor is slowly killing him. Stefano returns to Salem in 1993 and he is taken hostage by Curtis Reed (Nick Benedict) in his weakened state; Curtis's attempt to extort money from Stefano's adopted daughter, Kristen Blake (Eileen Davidson), is foiled after Stefano kills him. He then convinces Tony and Kristen to marry but Document [102] (Title: Stefano DiMera) Stefano nor EJ would have had wanted it that way. As a matter of fact when James Scott (EJ) saw the business that Elvis wasn’t Stefano’s son, we both went, "No, that’s wrong." We didn’t want it that way. On June 13, 2012, Mascolo goes off-screen following the character's funeral. Despite what was happening on-screen, certain sources reported that Mascolo could possibly reprise his role very soon. Following the change in head writers, it was confirmed that Mascolo was indeed on his way back; he made his first appearance on August 21, 2012. Mascolo discussed that the plan was always Document [103] (Title: Santo DiMera) affair with Ian McAllister, Stefano reveals that he isn't EJ's real father, and disinherits him and Lexie Carver dies from a brain tumor which is an after effect of André DiMera holding her captive in an underground tunnel years prior. In June 2012, Stefano appears to have been murdered and EJ is arrested for the crime. After he is released, EJ is kidnapped by Ian who reveals that Stefano is alive, and the man who died was a lookalike. Ian's mother, Yvette was an employee and lover of Santo's. Santo was also a father figure to Ian. According to Ian, Document [104] (Title: Stefano DiMera) coma. This decision did not sit well with Mascolo who gave a heated interview to "Soap Opera Digest" accusing the executives of "double crossing" him. In the summer of 2008, it was confirmed that Mascolo would once again reprise his role as Stefano in August 2008. Mascolo later revealed in an interview that his initial anger was fueled by emotion following the death of his father. Following his initial ousting, fans took to his website to express how much they missed the character. The fan fervor allowed for Mascolo's return upon a mutual agreement with executive producer, Ken Corday. Mascolo Document [105] (Title: Sami Brady and EJ DiMera) Sami Brady and EJ DiMera Elvis "EJ" Aaron DiMera and Samantha "Sami" Gene Brady DiMera (also known by the portmanteau EJami for EJ and Sami) are fictional characters and a Supercouple from the American soap opera "Days of Our Lives". Since 1993, the role of Sami Brady has been portrayed by actress Alison Sweeney. James Scott has portrayed the role of EJ DiMera since the character was introduced as an adult on the show on May 30, 2006. The pairing is noted for a controversial storyline in which EJ is considered to have raped Sami. They are also noted for Document [106] (Title: Sami Brady and EJ DiMera) the week of September 10, 2007. In a September 10, 2007 "Soap Opera Weekly" interview with Bryan Dattilo, portrayer of "Days of our Lives"' Lucas Roberts, the popularity and appeal of the EJ and Sami storyline was discussed. The interviewer stated that "Soap Opera Weekly" receives more fan mail from EJ and Sami fans than from Lucas and Sami fans. When asked if he would be okay if Sami and EJ became a supercouple, Dattilo responded, "Yeah. I think Sami and EJ have the ability to be a supercouple like Luke and Laura." EJ and Sami's popularity has proved formidable Document [107] (Title: Joseph Mascolo) (Hollywood Hills). Joseph Mascolo Joseph Peter Mascolo (March 13, 1929 – December 8, 2016) was an American musician and dramatic actor. During his long career, he acted in numerous motion pictures and television series. He was best known for playing supervillain Stefano DiMera, a role he originated in 1982 on NBC's "Days of Our Lives". Mascolo was born on March 13, 1929, and raised in West Hartford, Connecticut. His parents, Anna Mascolo (née DeTuccio; 1910–2010) and Peter Mascolo (1901–2008), were immigrants from Naples, Italy, and had their 80th wedding anniversary shortly before his father died. Mascolo had one sister, Marie Document [108] (Title: Theo Carver) Ciara to Sami/Austin and Carrie. "That is not a compliment" she stated. Theo Carver Theo Carver is a fictional character from the long running American NBC daytime soap opera, "Days of Our Lives". The character was created by then head writer Dena Higley and introduced as the newborn son of Salem's mayor Abe Carver and his doctor wife, Lexie Carver. Child actors, Chase and Tyler Johnson appeared in the role from 2003 to 2004, Kavi Faquir from 2006 to 2007, and Amyrh Harris in 2007. In 2008, child actor Terrell Ransom, Jr. stepped into the role as the character was Document [109] (Title: Charles Shaughnessy) first airing on 17 August 2011. Shaughnessy returned to "Days of Our Lives" for a limited run in May 2012 as Shane Donovan, in a story line involving his return to the ISA and interacting with Hope and Bo Brady and Stefano DiMera. His co-star, Patsy Pease did not appear as Shane's wife, Kimberly, in this story arc; nor did Charlotte Ross, who had played Shane's daughter, Eve. He also returned in November 2013 for a three-episode arc, in which his character Shane, and his wife Kimberly, deal with their daughter's drug use. On 23 January 2014, it was announced Document [110] (Title: Drake Hogestyn) really dead at all, but had been abducted by long-time nemesis Stefano DiMera. As of January 8, 2008, Drake was back on "Days of our Lives" in the role he created. Confirmed on November 17, 2008, Drake, along with his long-time co-star, Deidre Hall, were let go from "Days of our Lives" due to budget cuts. Days of Our Lives brought back the characters of John and Marlena starting September 26, 2011. Hogestyn married his childhood sweetheart Victoria. The couple have four children: three daughters, Whitney, Alexandra and Rachael; and one son, Ben. Drake Hogestyn Donald Drake Hogestyn ( (born Document [111] (Title: Days of Our Lives characters (2000s)) Carver decide that they will adopt a child. When Lexie's father Stefano DiMera hears about the news, he is over joyed at the prospect of finally becoming a grandfather and asks that Abe and Lexie adopt the child of one of his distant relatives. The birth mother Marlo is in fact the niece of Dr. Rolf, Stefano's longtime assistant. However none the wiser to Lexie and Abe, Stefano is planning a plot whereby Marlo's baby would be switched with the baby of Bo and Hope's who Stefano at the time thought might be his or John Black's. After the births Document [112] (Title: Days of Our Lives) Her main character, the villainous Kristen DiMera, suffers a miscarriage in secret, and in a panic to keep her love John Black away from Marlena, Kristen pretends to still be pregnant with John's child. Stefano hires a doppelganger, Susan Banks to conceive and bear a child for her (which resulted in the birth of EJ DiMera). Eileen Davidson portrayed the entire Banks family clan, four in total (including one male), as well as her main character. The year 2000 saw the departures of cast members, Louise Sorel as Vivian Alamain and Jensen Ackles as Eric Brady. Ken Corday and NBC Document [113] (Title: DiMera family) DiMera family The DiMeras are an upper-class Italian Catholic family on the NBC soap opera "Days of Our Lives". Seated at 430 Lakeview Drive in Salem, Illinois, over the years, the nature of the family itself has been retconned several times; although never directly and overtly, it has been represented as old-line Italian nobility, a relatively self-made European business dynasty, and a stereotypical Mafia family. Its current incarnation appears to be a sort of combination of these: a fairly wealthy Tuscan family with roots in ancient Italian nobility, which according to Stefano goes back centuries and includes kings and popes, Document [114] (Title: Cameron Davis (Days of Our Lives)) and "Days" as a whole. Cameron wants a relationship with his late sister, Lexie's family, the DiMeras because he longs for familial acceptance, something he did not grow up with. According to Owens, Cameron has strong feelings for Abigail and does not see her ex, Chad DiMera (Casey Jon Deidrick) as an obstacle. Owens revealed that he hoped for the chance to work with the veteran Mascolo as Stefano. Cameron arrives in Salem in April 2012 and bumps into Abigail Deveraux who helps him track down his half-sister, Lexie Carver at the hospital. Cameron is shocked to learn that Lexie Document [115] (Title: Stefano DiMera) After they steal John's kidney, Stefano proposes that Sami and EJ marry and raise the child together so they can end the feud between the families. In 2008, the origins of the feud are known and it is revealed that Stefano's father Santo DiMera had an affair, and fathered a child with Colleen Brady (Shirley Jones) -- Ryan. Ryan was initially believed to be John Black, but it was later revealed that Ryan died in childhood. Stefano had once again erased John's memory in an attempt to turn him to the Pawn again. In 2009 Stefano EJ's then wife Nicole Document [116] (Title: Santo DiMera) the heart to tell an already-heartbroken Colleen that hers and Santo's "love child" had passed, so they switched him with John. Colleen raised John as her own until she was no longer able to, and he was adopted by Leopold and Philomena Alamain. Philomena was the sister of Daphne DiMera, Stefano's future common-law wife and biological mother of Leopold and Philomena's other son, Lawrence Alamain. John's parents were eventually revealed to be Maude and Tim Robicheaux (aka Yo Ling). Santo DiMera Santo DiMera is a fictional character on the soap opera "Days of Our Lives". He was portrayed by James Document [117] (Title: DiMera family) live in the mansion until Stefano says otherwise. Stefano loses control of DiMera enterprises in July 2014, when Sami and Kate successfully forged his signature on documents that make them Co-CEOs of DiMera enterprise. He later regains control with the help of Chad and Victor Kiriakis, who help Stefano set Kate up for a fall. After Stefano's death in 2016, Chad was named Stefano's successor as Chairman and CEO. Andre and Kate returned to the company to help Chad bring back DiMera to its former glory. On March 2017, Chad hires his wife Abigail as the new publicity director in Document [118] (Title: Nick Benedict) Philip Brent on the ABC soap opera "All My Children". He appeared on The Dukes Of Hazzard, as Frank James, in the seventh-season episode Go West, Young Dukes. In 1990 he starred alongside Nancy Allen in the TV film "Memories of a Murder". In the 1990s he mainly appeared in films aside from his ongoing role in "Days of our Lives". His last screen appearance was minor role in George Santo Pietro's "Kept" in 2001. Nick Benedict Nick Benedict (born July 14, 1947 in Los Angeles) is an American actor. He played the role of Curtis Reed in "Days of Document [119] (Title: Rafe Hernandez) as a "fan favorite." Hayley Farb said "Galen Gering has portrayed every woman's prince charming." Farb also praised Gering's portrayal of Rafe's doppelgänger. "His underestimated talent reached new heights through his dual role." Rafe Hernandez Rafe Hernandez is a fictional character on "Days of Our Lives", an American soap opera on the NBC network. Portrayed by Galen Gering and created by Dena Higley, Rafe is introduced in 2008 as the FBI agent assigned to protect the troublesome Sami Brady (Alison Sweeney) during her stay in witness protection. Sami and Rafe's contentious dynamic later develops into romance and the two fall Document [120] (Title: Kristen DiMera) Kristen DiMera Kristen DiMera is a fictional character from "Days of Our Lives", an American soap opera on the NBC network, portrayed by Eileen Davidson. Davidson joined the cast of "Days of Our Lives" in 1993, and departed in 1998 after a five-year stint. After a 14-year absence, Davidson returned to the role of Kristen in the fall of 2012. Kristen and her brother Peter were raised but not legally adopted by super villain Stefano DiMera at a very young age following the deaths of their parents; however, their mother Rachel was later revealed to be alive. Davidson's performance has Document [121] (Title: Kate Roberts (Days of Our Lives)) and is merely using Kate to take the DiMera fortune. Kate ends their relationship, and he is sent to jail; but it is revealed that only an imposter of Stefano died, and that Stefano was really alive and held captive by Ian. Stefano fails to make amends with his son, EJ, and heads to Europe for business. Kate tracks down Stefano, insisting he give her another chance, but they finalize the divorce, and Kate realizes that she and Stefano are finished. Kate takes Chad DiMera (Casey Deidrick) under her wing, kind of as a proxy mother, after his own mother Document [122] (Title: Sami Brady) Series (in the 42nd Daytime Emmy Awards) for her portrayal of Sami. Sami Brady Sami Brady (also called by her married names of Reed, Walker, Roberts, Hernandez, and DiMera) is a fictional character from the American NBC daytime soap opera, "Days of Our Lives", portrayed by Alison Sweeney since 1993. The character was born on-screen during the episode of October 16, 1984, along with her twin brother Eric Brady. Initially played by a series of child actresses, Sweeney took over the role of Sami when the character was rapidly-aged from a pre-teen to a teenager, in January 1993, under the Document [123] (Title: Days of Our Lives characters (1990s)) England, with Susan Banks and Edmund Crumb standing up for them. Jonesy died of a heart attack after consummating the marriage. Vivian inherited all of Jonesy's treasures which forced Stefano, the original owner of the townhouse, to marry Vivian in order to reclaim his possessions. Wilhelm Rolf has been portrayed by William Utay from September 19, 1997, to June 12, 2003, and June 4, 2007, to September 24, 2008, and again briefly from October 20 to November 21, 2017. Introduced in September 1997, Dr. Wilhelm Rolf was the DiMera family's jack-of-all-trades and was responsible for: saving Roman's life from jungle Document [124] (Title: Liz Chandler) Liz Chandler Liz Chandler (formerly Courtney, DiMera, Craig, and Curtis) is a fictional character on the soap opera, "Days of Our Lives", and was played by actress Gloria Loring from 1980 to 1986. Liz came to Salem in 1980. She is the daughter of the former governor of the unknown state where Salem is located. She is also a singer. One of the memorable songs performed by Liz was "Friends and Lovers", which was recorded as a duet by Loring with singer Carl Anderson and became a hit single on the US pop chart. In 1983, she shot Marie Horton, Document [125] (Title: Leann Hunley) Leann Hunley Leann Hunley (born February 25, 1955) is an American television actress. Although she has worked in numerous productions, she is perhaps best known for portraying Anna DiMera on NBC's "Days of Our Lives" and Dana Waring on the ABC primetime soap opera, "Dynasty". Hunley was born in Forks, Washington (located 120 miles NW of Seattle near the Washington Coast), and later attended the University of Washington in Seattle. Her first television appearance was on "Hawaii Five-O". She was a regular on "The Misadventures of Sheriff Lobo" in 1979 and 1980. Her role as Anna DiMera on "Days of Document [126] (Title: DiMera family) the company but she soon quits her job. On New Year's Eve 2017, Stefano's unknown long lost son with Vivian Alamain, Stefan DiMera, announced the board had named him the new CEO. DiMera family The DiMeras are an upper-class Italian Catholic family on the NBC soap opera "Days of Our Lives". Seated at 430 Lakeview Drive in Salem, Illinois, over the years, the nature of the family itself has been retconned several times; although never directly and overtly, it has been represented as old-line Italian nobility, a relatively self-made European business dynasty, and a stereotypical Mafia family. Its current incarnation Document [127] (Title: Roman Brady) Marlena Evans from a serial killer. He slept on her floor. The chemistry between the actors, and the characters, led to love. In 1983 on Days of Our Lives, Roman and Marlena were married. Over the next year Roman became embroiled in a storyline with Stefano DiMera. Stefano was a powerful and ruthless business tycoon (and organized crime figure) from Europe who had come to town to set up shop in Salem, and Roman being the city's top cop had gone after him. Subsequently Stefano framed Roman for serial killings that were being committed by his nephew Andre DiMera. At Document [128] (Title: Days of Our Lives characters (2000s)) played by John Callahan (2008–2009; 2010), is a doctor Nicole blackmails into posing as her OB/GYN while she fakes pregnancy after miscarrying her baby. Though he claims to have altruistic motives in the running of his free clinic, he's involved in shady black market baby brokering in order to pay off his substantial debts, a fact Nicole uses to her advantage. He frequently goes to Nicole for money in exchange for keeping her secret until he is murdered by men Stefano DiMera hires. Stefano also attempts to frame Rafe Hernandez for the murder. In his last frugal efforts to tell Document [129] (Title: Kristen DiMera) up at the Horton family cabin where they make love for the first time. John soon discovers that Stefano raised Kristen and is a father figure to her, but he is still very much in love with Kristen. However, Kristen had promised her ailing father that she would marry Tony DiMera (Thaao Penghlis). When Roman (Wayne Northrop) and Marlena Evans (Deidre Hall)'s daughter Belle is kidnapped by their oldest daughter Sami (Alison Sweeney), Kristen and John pose as a married couple to help get her back. Stefano quickly breaks them up by revealing that John is actually Belle's father. Realizing Document [130] (Title: André DiMera) in André's presumed death in November 1984. While Penghlis would return to the series for several stints, between 1993 and 2007, it was in the role of Tony. However, in 2007, the character's history is retconned and it is revealed that André was very much alive and had been masquerading as Tony since 1993. The character's return in 1993 saw him feud with John Black (Drake Hogestyn) for the affections of Stefano's adopted daughter Kristen Blake (Eileen Davidson). Hoping to destroy John forever, André fakes his death and frames John landing him on death row—but André's schemes are exposed and Document [131] (Title: Days of Our Lives characters (2000s)) own with no success, until Lexie's father, Stefano, got them in touch with Marlo, a young pregnant woman. Abe and Lexie adopt the baby that Marlo has given birth to, unaware that Stefano had switched Marlo and Hope's sons. Zack dies on January 1, 2006, after being run over by Bo's SUV, which is driven by his daughter, Chelsea. Upon his death, his liver is donated to his niece, Claire Brady, and his corneas are donated to Abe Carver; Claire's life is saved and Abe regains his eyesight. Zack's death and the revelation of Chelsea as the SUV driver drive Document [132] (Title: Leann Hunley) June 21, 2007, recurring on the series until early 2017. Leann Hunley Leann Hunley (born February 25, 1955) is an American television actress. Although she has worked in numerous productions, she is perhaps best known for portraying Anna DiMera on NBC's "Days of Our Lives" and Dana Waring on the ABC primetime soap opera, "Dynasty". Hunley was born in Forks, Washington (located 120 miles NW of Seattle near the Washington Coast), and later attended the University of Washington in Seattle. Her first television appearance was on "Hawaii Five-O". She was a regular on "The Misadventures of Sheriff Lobo" in 1979 Document [133] (Title: Curtis Reed (Days of Our Lives)) told her that their children had died in a car wreck. Years later he would appear in Salem and shoot John Black under orders from Stefano DiMera. Since Curtis didn't kill John, DiMera refused to pay him. An angry Curtis kidnapped Stefano and held him on Smith Island until Kristen Blake paid him ransom for Stefano. He was shot to death by Stefano DiMera on November 10, 1993 in a back alley behind Billie's apartment. He was discovered in the morning by Bo Brady and Wendy Reardon when they went to the alley to get some crates. Due to multiple Document [134] (Title: Cameron Davis (Days of Our Lives)) Cameron Davis (Days of Our Lives) Cameron Davis is a fictional character from the original daytime soap opera, "Days of Our Lives", portrayed by Nathan Owens. The character was created by then head writers Marlene McPherson and Darrell Ray Thomas, Jr. Introduced under executive producers, Lisa De Cazotte and Greg Meng in 2012 as the previously unmentioned son of Celeste Perrault, and younger half-brother of popular character Dr. Lexie Carver. The role was originated by Schuyler Yancey, but was quickly recast with Owens who made his debut in late 2012. In addition to joining the staff at the local hospital, Document [135] (Title: Lee DuMonde) her to stay away from him. When Renée read her diary she found out that Lee wasn't her sister but her mother and that her father was Stefano DiMera. Now that Tony was her brother she married someone else, but then Daphne DiMera revealed that Tony wasn't really Stefano's son. Renée resented Lee for lying to her and she couldn't bear that and left town. Lee DuMonde Lee DuMonde is a fictional character from "Days of Our Lives" portrayed by Brenda Benet from 1979 to 1982. After Benet's 1982 suicide, the character of Lee was written out. Lee is a Document [136] (Title: Days of Our Lives characters (2000s)) Days of Our Lives characters (2000s) A list of notable characters from the NBC soap opera "Days of Our Lives" that significantly impacted storylines and debuted between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2009, in order of first appearance. J.T. Reiber, born on June 9, 2000, is introduced as the child intended to be adopted by Abe Carver (James Reynolds) and Lexie Carver (Renée Jones). However, Lexie's father Stefano DiMera (Joseph Mascolo) switches the infant at birth with Bo and Hope's (Peter Reckell and Kristian Alfonso) son. After years of trying for a baby the natural way, Abe and Lexie Document [137] (Title: Stefano DiMera) In December 1995, Tony fakes his death and frames John. Stefano is later struck by lightning and becomes so obsessed with Marlena that he bribes the judge presiding over John's murder trial to issue the death penalty. In August 1996 Stefano's plans to frame John are soon revealed and he skips town with Marlena to Paris, where he is shot by his former lover Rachel Blake. Later, his longtime confidante, Celeste Perrault (Tanya Boyd) reveals that he fathered her daughter, Dr. Lexie Carver (Renée Jones) the wife of Salem's police commissioner. Stefano brings Kristen's lookalike, Susan Banks (Davidson) to town, Document [138] (Title: Robert DiMera) convenience allowing EJ to stay in the country when he begins having problems with immigration. EJ also has a chaotic relationship with Sami's nemesis, Nicole Walker. EJ and Sami's relationship is also rivaled by Sami's relationship with Rafe Hernandez. EJ reunites with Sami but dies after being shot by his disloyal bodyguard that was hired by rival Clyde Weston. Robert DiMera EJ DiMera is a fictional character from the original NBC Daytime soap opera, "Days of Our Lives", portrayed by James Scott. Originally portrayed by child actors, Avalon, Dillon and Vincent Ragone from 1997 to April 1998, the character was Document [139] (Title: Ben Weston (Days of Our Lives)) 2015, the romantic triangle between Ben, Abigail and Chad DiMera (Billy Flynn) culminates in Ben becoming a serial killer, known as the "Necktie Killer," claiming several victims, including legacy character Will Horton (Guy Wilson). Wilson vacated the role in late 2015 and would reprise the role for multiple guest stints. In 2016, he returned to the role to help facilitate the departure of Kate Mansi as Abigail. Wilson returned again in 2017 when Will was reintroduced with former cast member, Chandler Massey in the role. Wilson made a one episode guest appearance on May 4, 2018 and returned to the Document [140] (Title: Steve Johnson (Days of Our Lives)) mysterious father turned out to be the nefarious Stefano DiMera but, to ease their burden, Benjy's grandfather, Orion, arrived to take him away to live in secrecy. Danger ended up coming at Steve and Kayla from another source soon after. Harper had escaped prison and kidnapped her once again, but Steve managed to save her and put Harper back in prison. The next year, Steve became mixed up with Nick Corelli after he found his severely burned body. Steve hid Nick while he recovered and had to bring Kayla into the fold to help out. When Nick was sufficiently recovered, Document [141] (Title: Kristian Alfonso) now elderly and in a wheelchair, by shooting him in cold blood in his own study at the Dimera mansion. She and Detective Raphael "Rafe" Hernandez hid his body in a condemned building. Stefano appeared several times as a ghost as the actor Joseph Mascolo had retired, until Mascolo's death in late 2016. Hope's decision to kill Stefano (and the subsequent visitations) would have repercussions that will be weighed heavily on her conscience in the years to come. She also played in Season 6 of "Friends" in an episode titled "The One That Could Have Been, Part 1" as Hope Document [142] (Title: Kate Roberts (Days of Our Lives)) betrays them, selling them out to her old rival Vivian Alamain and her ill-begotten son with Stefano DiMera: Stefan O. DiMera (Tyler Christopher). And then André is killed by Chad's wife Abigail when she learns he has betrayed them all. Kate finds out that Vivian is framing Sonny Kiriakis (Freddie Smith), the current CEO of "Titan Industries" for sexual harassment. When Kate confronts her, Vivian, cornered, pulls a gun on her, and they scuffle for possession. Vivian is killed, and Kate claims the gun went off accidentally, but Salem PD are not so sure, but they do not have enough Document [143] (Title: Days of Our Lives characters (1990s)) DiMera. Stefano mourned Bart's death and is now concerned that Bart may not have made sure that the key to ending the vendetta was kept out of Tony's possession. Jonesy, played by Robert Mandan from 1997–1998, was Vivian's bizarre husband and caretaker of the DiMera townhouse in Salem. Vivian was first interested in Jonesy because she thought he owned the expensive townhouse and all of its treasures. Vivian accomplished this by hosting a mock séance in which the real Flora Dora told Jonesy to move on with Vivian. Jonesy was not a well man and Vivian and he married in Document [144] (Title: Chad DiMera) to expose that Chad is Madeline's son with Kate's husband, Stefano DiMera (Joseph Mascolo) born on March 3, 1990, making him a whole year older than was initially said to be. The storyline showcased two very distinct sides to Chad's personality. According to Deidrick, during scenes with Kate, he intentionally emphasized Chad's vulnerabilities due to his mother's recent death; he is in desperate need of a mother figure at the moment, and Kate fills that void. Chad does not show that side of his personality too often for fear of getting hurt. On the other hand, Chad's relationship with his Document [145] (Title: Thaao Penghlis) stage, performing in "Jockeys" under Milton Katselas's direction. Penghlis first appeared to daytime audiences in 1981 on "General Hospital" during the Ice Princess saga when he played the role of Victor Cassadine, brother of Mikkos and Anthony Cassadine. After his character was written out of the show by being taken to prison, he was cast as the villainous Count Tony DiMera, the son of villain Stefano DiMera in the NBC daytime drama "Days of Our Lives". Penghlis returned to daytime in his one-time role of Victor Cassadine on "General Hospital" from 30 January 2014 to 4 March 2014. Penghlis starred Document [146] (Title: André DiMera) secures his release to take care of Stefano who is dying. To save his father, "Tony" kidnaps a comatose John and steals his kidney. However, when Stefano doesn't recover, "Tony" on Stefano's orders goes after Sami's unborn child fathered by Stefano's other son EJ Wells (James Scott). EJ foils their plans and kidnaps Stefano in exchange for "Tony" agreeing to end the feud between the Brady and DiMera families. Stefano reluctantly agrees to end the feud but "Tony" has other plans. However, it isn't until "Tony" fakes his half sister Lexie (Renée Jones)'s death and tries to kill Bo and Document [147] (Title: Justin Kiriakis) Will Horton. He hadn't been seen since until returning in February 2015. In 2015, Justin and Adrienne divorce following his affair during a business trip to Mumbai. They decide not reconcile and instead begin seeing other people. While being the prosecutor against Chad DiMera during the necktie serial killings, he and Eve Donovan form a relationship. Justin Kiriakis Justin Kiriakis is a fictional character on the NBC daytime soap opera "Days of Our Lives". Created by head writer Leah Laiman, he is portrayed by actor Wally Kurth from February 3, 1987 to February 5, 1991. From 2007–2008, Justin was mentioned Document [148] (Title: Kristen DiMera) behind. One of the patients, EJ DiMera, is rescued by Sami. A firefighter reports that no survivors were found. Davidson has received a number of honors for her portrayal of Kristen, including a Daytime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series in 1998, winning the award in 2014. Davidson also earned Soap Opera Digest Award nomination for Outstanding Lead Actress in 1997 and 1998. Kristen's return storyline was also voted the best of 2013 in several soap publications, such as Daytime Confidential. Kristen DiMera Kristen DiMera is a fictional character from "Days of Our Lives", an Document [149] (Title: Stefano DiMera) after she dies, it is revealed that her son, Chad (Casey Deidrick), was fathered by Stefano, and Madeline convinced Kate to keep the secret. In 2011, Stefano helps EJ kidnap Sami's husband, Rafe Hernandez (Galen Gering) and imprison him in the DiMera basement while putting a lookalike in his place. In 2012, the DiMera empire begins to crumble when Stefano learns EJ isn't really his son and Lexie is diagnosed with an inoperable brain tumor caused by exposure to toxic gasses when Stefano had André kidnap her. Meanwhile, Kate has an affair with Ian McAllister (Ian Buchanan), a past lover, Document [150] (Title: Frankie Brady) little while longer to help with some court cases, he soon left on Thanksgiving night 2006, to work at a firm in Washington, D.C. Frankie Brady Frankie Brady (Born Francois Von Leuschner) is a fictional character on the American soap opera "Days of Our Lives". The role of Frankie was played by veteran Emmy Award-winning actor Billy Warlock from July 25, 1986 to October 5, 1988, from November 2, 1990 to July 12, 1991 and from June 26, 2005 to November 24, 2006. In 1990, Christopher Saavedra played the character in a flashback sequence. Frankie, along with his younger "brother" Document [151] (Title: Billy Flynn (actor)) Billy Flynn (actor) William "Billy" Flynn (born May 29, 1985) is an American actor and producer. He is known for portraying the role of Chad DiMera on the NBC soap opera, "Days of Our Lives". Flynn was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Flynn graduated from St. Cloud State University in 2007, earning a Finance degree and minor in Economics. In the same year, Flynn did his internship and worked at Accenture as a Financial analyst. In 2010, Flynn got a job at Warner Bros. Studios, where he worked for four years, as an analyst. Flynn became engaged to girlfriend Gina Comparetto Document [152] (Title: Days of Our Lives characters (1990s)) citizens of Salem at weddings, funerals and death-beds. He has been played by Michael O'Neil (1996), Jim Beaver (96-97, 2000, 2002–03), and James Lancaster (2003–2005, 2008). Bart Beiderbecke is a longtime DiMera family associate portrayed by Steve Blackwood. Introduced in 1997, he was originally the right-hand man of Dr. Wilhelm Rolf. Following his death, Bart became Tony's loyal assistant. He appears to be the only member of the DiMera organization who feels any remorse for the pain that is inflicted upon the citizens of Salem as a result of the DiMeras' influence. However, he is smart enough to keep his Question: actor who played stefano dimera on days of our lives Answer: Joseph Peter Mascolo Long Answer: Joseph Peter Mascolo (March 13, 1929--December 8, 2016) was an American musician and dramatic actor . During his long career, he acted in numerous motion pictures and television series . He was best known for playing supervillain Stefano DiMera, a role he originated in 1982 on NBC's Days of Our Lives. Gold Document ID: 107

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Chandler Massey) to do so in consecutive years. Massey is also the first actor from "Days of Our Lives" ever to win three Emmys, consecutive or otherwise. Chandler Massey Chandler Abit Massey (born September 10, 1990) is an American actor, best known for his portrayal of Will Horton on the daytime soap opera "Days of Our Lives". Massey was awarded the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Actor in a Drama Series three years in a row – in 2012, 2013, and 2014, and is the first actor ever to receive a Daytime Emmy Award for playing a gay character. In 2018, Document [2] (Title: Bryan Dattilo) on a variety of television programs including "Saved by the Bell", "", "California Dreams", "Doogie Howser, M.D.", "In the Heat of the Night", and "Charles In Charge". He returned to the role of Lucas Horton on "Days Of Our Lives" in February 2012. Bryan Dattilo Bryan Ronald Dattilo (born July 29, 1971) is an American actor. He is best known for his role as Lucas Horton on the NBC daytime soap opera "Days of Our Lives". Dattilo was born in Kankakee, Illinois, subsequently moving to West Palm Beach, Florida after his parents' divorce. He later moved to Los Angeles. At Document [3] (Title: Tony DiMera) Tony DiMera Tony DiMera is a fictional character from the American soap opera "Days of Our Lives", played by actor Thaao Penghlis on and off from November 6, 1981 until October 24, 1985, and from July 19, 2007 till April 1, 2009. One of the character's main storylines includes being impersonated by fellow character André DiMera, at various points in the character's tenure. However, both roles were played by Penghlis. Count Tony DiMera arrived in Salem in 1981 with two purposes. He wanted to win back his wife, Liz Chandler, whom he had never officially divorced. He also wanted to Document [4] (Title: Days of Our Lives characters (2000s)) stairs during an argument with Chad. Days of Our Lives characters (2000s) A list of notable characters from the NBC soap opera "Days of Our Lives" that significantly impacted storylines and debuted between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2009, in order of first appearance. J.T. Reiber, born on June 9, 2000, is introduced as the child intended to be adopted by Abe Carver (James Reynolds) and Lexie Carver (Renée Jones). However, Lexie's father Stefano DiMera (Joseph Mascolo) switches the infant at birth with Bo and Hope's (Peter Reckell and Kristian Alfonso) son. After years of trying for a baby Document [5] (Title: Chad DiMera) difficult. However, Stefano is not easily turned away. Deidrick expected the role to be short lived thinking the character was only to wrap up the baby switch storyline. However, he accredited Gary Tomlin with fighting for the character and believing in him as an actor. Deidrick said that it was Tomlin's idea to attach him to a main family, "So they made [Chad] a DiMera." In the spring of 2011, "Entertainment Weekly" announced that the series had plans for a Gay storyline with one of the current characters. There was much speculation that Chandler Massey's Will Horton would be the Document [6] (Title: Liz Chandler) whom she hated because Marie was married to her great love, Neil Curtis. Liz was sent to prison but was later released on parole. In 1986, she left Salem. Liz Chandler Liz Chandler (formerly Courtney, DiMera, Craig, and Curtis) is a fictional character on the soap opera, "Days of Our Lives", and was played by actress Gloria Loring from 1980 to 1986. Liz came to Salem in 1980. She is the daughter of the former governor of the unknown state where Salem is located. She is also a singer. One of the memorable songs performed by Liz was "Friends and Document [7] (Title: Kristen DiMera) was introduced on May 17, 1993. During Davidson's run on the soap, she also portrayed four other characters; Susan Banks (1996–98, 2014, 2017), Sister Mary Moira Banks (1997–98, 2017), Thomas Banks (1997) and Penelope Kent (1998). Davidson departed the role of Kristen on April 24, 1998. Davidson's five roles earned her a Daytime Emmy nomination for Outstanding Lead Actress in 1998. After five years on "Days", Davidson was re-introduced as Ashley Abbott in 1999 on "The Young and the Restless", a role she originated from 1982-1988. She took over the role from Shari Shattuck who portrayed the character from 1996-1999. Document [8] (Title: Days of Our Lives characters (2010s)) on February 24, 2016 and departed on January 9, 2017. Gabrielle Haugh took over the role on January 17, 2017. She is friends with Joey Johnson and soon learns from Joey that he murdered Ava Vitali. Jade later becomes pregnant with Joey's child, but has a miscarriage and loses the baby. Thomas Jack DiMera is the son of Chad DiMera and Abigail Deveraux. He is also the nephew of JJ Deveraux, and the grandson of Stefano DiMera, Madeline Peterson Woods, Jennifer Horton, and Jack Deveraux. Holly Jonas is the biological daughter of Nicole Walker and Daniel Jonas, but was carried Document [9] (Title: Stefano DiMera) body in an abandoned building and framing André. Stefano's spirit lingers as he appears to Chad and they say their goodbyes. Stefano last appears to Chad in July 2016 when they were talking about him trusting André. In February 2017, it appears that Stefano has been captured in Prague having supposedly faked his death at the hands of Hope. However, it is later revealed that Steve Johnson and Shane Donovan (Charles Shaughnessy) have orchestrated Stefano's appearance to exonerate Hope of his murder, with Shane posing as Stefano using a bodysuit and makeup. Later as Steve and Shane reminisce about the Document [10] (Title: Days of Our Lives characters (2000s)) full sister in Sydney DiMera. In 2013, Johnny becomes an uncle to Will's daughter Arianna Horton. After witnessing a murder, Johnny's mom Sami is taken into protection by the federal government as a vulnerable witness. Whilst in witness protection, Sami allows Johnny to live with EJ and his wife Nicole Walker, in the DiMera mansion, with Johnny's paternal grandfather, Stefano DiMera. When Sami is released from witness protection, Johnny returns to live with Sami. However, Stefano insists that EJ raises Johnny as a DiMera, against Sami's wishes. EJ first resists this notion because he does not want to betray his Document [11] (Title: Will Horton) backlash, the decision was highly criticized by professionals, and there was a feeling "Days of Our Lives" was pandering to anti-gay sentiment in its audience base. In January 2017 "Days of Our Lives" announced a new head-writer in Ron Carlivati; and in May 2017 "Entertainment Weekly" reported that Massey was reprising the role of Will. Carlivati indicated, via social media, that Will may not have died after all, and the ensuing storyline showed how Will survived. Massey's first new episode was broadcast on September 15, 2017. Patton and Massey have both been nominated for Daytime Emmy Awards for their portrayal Document [12] (Title: Daphne DiMera) actual father. Daphne died in 1984 when a plane carrying a number of Salemites crashed in Haiti. Daphne's real surname is unknown. She was always referred to as a DiMera, because her marriage was a common law marriage to Stefano. She is the aunt of Lawrence Alamain via her sister, Philomena. Daphne DiMera Daphne DiMera is a fictional character on the NBC soap opera "Days of Our Lives". She was played by Madlyn Rhue from 1982 to 1984. Daphne was the common law wife of Stefano DiMera, who fled from him while pregnant with her son, Antony. She raised Tony Document [13] (Title: Days of Our Lives characters (1980s)) 1988, Campanella was upgraded to contract status when Harper was revealed to be the Riverfront Knifer, a serial killer who murdered women in Salem including Janice Barnes (Elizabeth Storm) and Grace Forrester (Camilla More). Among his other victims, Eve Donovan (Charlotte Ross), Kayla Brady (Mary Beth Evans), Kimberly Brady (Patsy Pease) and several others managed to survive. Campanella briefly departed the role on July 5, 1988, when he was downgraded back to recurring from August 9, 1988 until October 21, 1988. Campanella later returned as Harper one last time to thwart the second wedding of Steve Johnson and Kayla Brady Document [14] (Title: André DiMera) keep him in line with Stefano's schemes. Meanwhile, André clashes with Stefano's youngest son Chad (Billy Flynn) who is being framed for murder. André publicly announces himself at the wake of Will Horton (Guy Wilson) in October 2015 where his apology for his past misdeeds falls on deaf ears. He also publicly announces that a letter from his mother revealed that Stefano is his biological father. André orders Aiden to kill Hope Brady on their wedding night and collect the insurance money to repay his debt. André's scheme is also to help clear Chad's name despite Chad's disapproval. André later Document [15] (Title: Vivian Jovanni) Vivian Jovanni Vivian Jovanni (born August 17, 1995) is an American actress and former model. She is known for portraying the role of Ciara Brady on the NBC soap opera, "Days of Our Lives". Jovanni was born in Houston, Texas to Laura and Edward Pupo, Cuban immigrants of Spanish and Italian descent. She has two brothers, Daniel and Christian who is her twin. Jovanni is managed by Dreamscope Entertainment. Before moving to Los Angeles to pursue her acting career, she worked as a model, and in 2013 was named Female Fitness Model of the Year by International Modeling and Talent Document [16] (Title: Stefano DiMera) December 8, 2016 in Los Angeles, California at the age of 87 after years of battling Alzheimer's disease. In early 2017, it was announced that Mascolo had filmed scenes prior to his death. Mascolo last appeared onscreen on February 9, 2017. However, it was later revealed that Mascolo appeared as Shane Donovan who was posing as Stefano. Stefano first appears on-screen in January 1982 with his son Tony DiMera (Thaao Penghlis) surveying the citizens of Salem. Stefano travels to Salem shortly after being introduced as the friend of Lee DuMonde (Brenda Benet) and it is soon revealed he is the Document [17] (Title: Sami Brady and EJ DiMera) an interesting story choice. Now the story focus has shifted to her pregnancy and the classic soap story of paternity. Having said that, I chose to believe that EJ is in love with Samantha — he just can’t communicate it. In an article about the Santo DiMera/Colleen Brady storyline in the July 17, 2007 edition of "Soap Opera Digest", "Days of our Lives" former Co-Executive Producer Stephen Wyman referred to the December 29, 2006 incident between EJ and Sami as rape. "Naturally, we don’t expect anyone to forget about the rape, nor do we expect anyone to take EJ’s rape Document [18] (Title: Mark Hapka) and "Ghost Whisperer". He won the role when producers Kim Moses and Ian Sander chose him as a 'fresh face' with an 'It Guy' quality. Following this, he appeared in the television series "Greek" and had a minor role on "Days of Our Lives" as an older Johnny DiMera. In 2009, he appeared in the films "Second Sight" and "Midgets Vs. Mascots". Also in 2009, he had a recurring role in the television series "Hannah Montana" and also appeared on "Cold Case". In June 2009, Hapka returned to "Days of Our Lives" when he was cast in the contract role Document [19] (Title: Chad DiMera) then executive producer Gary Tomlin fought to keep the actor and the character on canvas. In 2010, the series introduced Chad's parents, including his mother, Madeline Peterson Woods and Chad is revealed to be the illegitimate son of crime boss Stefano DiMera. Chad struggles to accept his new family but eventually forms strong bonds with his father, sister Lexie Carver and brother, EJ. Chad is also known for his relationships with Abigail Deveraux and Melanie Jonas and his friendship with gay supercouple, Will Horton and Sonny Kiriakis. In 2012, Chad takes a dark turn when he feuds with Gabi Hernandez, Document [20] (Title: Stefano DiMera) impregnates her and plans to pass the baby off as Kristen's baby, which she actually miscarried; Susan gives birth in February 1997 to Elvis and flees after discovering Stefano's plan. After recovering from a heart attack, Stefano marries Vivian Alamain (Louise Sorel) on December 16, 1998, and plots to kill her to get back all of his belongings left to Vivian by her late husband–who was also Stefano's employee–Steven "Jonesy" Jones (Robert Mandan). In 1999, Stefano brainwashes Hope Brady into thinking she is Princess Gina Von Amberg (Alfonso) and Gina, now in love with John, kidnaps him; feeling betrayed, Stefano Document [21] (Title: André DiMera) John is cleared. André, still under the guise of Tony returned in 2002 having developed an obsession with John's wife Marlena Evans (Deidre Hall) and between 2003 and 2004, he masterminds the Salem Stalker murders in which he fakes the deaths of several Salem citizens, himself included, and holds the "victims" captive on an island; the character is written out in 2005, and sent to prison. The character returns in 2007 and after several dangerous and sometimes lethal schemes, his true identity is revealed. With his cover blown, André's treachery continues and Stefano disowns him and the character commits suicide Document [22] (Title: Days of Our Lives) (Laura Horton) and Eileen Davidson (Kristen DiMera) won Best Actress in 1975 and 2014, respectively. Suzanne Rogers (Maggie Horton), Leann Hunley (Anna DiMera), and Tamara Braun (Ava Vitali) won Best Supporting Actress for, respectively, 1979, 1986, and 2009 and Billy Warlock (Frankie Brady) won Best Younger Actor for 1988. In 2009, Darin Brooks (Max Brady) took home the Emmy for Best Younger Actor", and Tamara Braun (Ava Vitali) won for Best Supporting Actress, the show's first acting victories in over 21 and 23 years, respectively As with all other network programming, "Days of Our Lives" ratings have declined somewhat since Document [23] (Title: André DiMera) Salem but to build up the dynasty," Penghlis said of the writers' decision to revive André instead of Tony (who historically is not a biological DiMera). André is back to watch over his father who has recently suffered a heart attack and he isn't happy with how Stefano has been treated lately. With the reveal of his true paternity, André develops a "Cain and Abel" like dynamic with Stefano's youngest son, Chad (Billy Flynn) due to Stefano favoring Chad. André DiMera André DiMera is a fictional character from the NBC Daytime soap opera, "Days of Our Lives". The role was Document [24] (Title: Stefano DiMera) the role specifically for Mascolo after seeing his performance as real-life crime boss, Salvatore Maranzano on the NBC miniseries, "The Gangster Chronicles" in 1981. Mascolo first appeared as Stefano on January 18, 1982. He departed from the series on March 8, 1983, and returned a year later on March 2, 1984 before briefly departing on May 11, 1984 only to return on October 19 and depart again on February 22, 1985. Mascolo briefly returned to the series from November 4 to December 19, 1988. Actor Frank Fata appeared in the role of Stefano for two episodes which aired on December Document [25] (Title: Stefano DiMera) and Stefano files for divorce, taking everything from her. Stefano also turns John and Hope back into the Pawn and Princess Gina after revealing they are married; he forces them to retrieve a precious coin from Alamainia for him. Several other schemes continue to backfire on Stefano, including his attempt to sabotage EJ's mayoral campaign and him blackmailing Will Horton (Chandler Massey). Having angered many of his enemies, Stefano is shot and presumably killed in early June 2012. Suspicion for the murder quickly falls upon EJ, who continuously professes his innocence, but no one, save for Will or Sami, seems Document [26] (Title: James Scott (actor)) to Los Angeles. He studied acting for two more years before being cast on "All My Children." Scott originated the role of Ethan Cambias in August 2004 and played it until February 2006. He then moved on to "Days of Our Lives" where he took on the role of EJ DiMera in May 2006. On 2 May 2014 it was announced that Scott would be leaving "Days of Our Lives" to pursue other endeavours. On 27 September 2015, he reprised his role as EJ DiMera of "Days of Our Lives" on "Last Week Tonight with John Oliver", reuniting with Alison Document [27] (Title: Santo DiMera) Santo DiMera Santo DiMera is a fictional character on the soap opera "Days of Our Lives". He was portrayed by James Scott from July 9, 2007 to September 28, 2007. Scott reprised the role on August 20, 2008 as a figment of John's imagination. He is the father of Stefano DiMera and established the wealth and power of the DiMera family. Santo is a traveling salesman and the father of crime lord Stefano DiMera. Victor Kiriakis described Santo as "brilliant, wealthy, charming and utterly crooked" with "operations all over the world". While doing business in Galway, Ireland, he becomes involved Document [28] (Title: Tyler Christopher (actor)) between Christopher and the serial had fallen apart, and that he would not be reprising his portrayal of Nikolas. Christopher made his last appearance on June 16, 2016. In August 2017, it was announced that Christopher had joined the cast of "Days of Our Lives" in a newly created role. Christopher previously made a one-episode guest appearance on the soap in 2001. He made his first appearance as Stefan DiMera on December 29, 2017. Christopher was married to Eva Longoria from 2002 to 2004. He was previously engaged to "General Hospital" co-star Vanessa Marcil and dated Natalia Livingston. He and Document [29] (Title: Days of Our Lives characters (2010s)) Victor the DiMeras are extremely cruel and ruthless with their enemies. Stefano uncovers Ben's past activities with illegal gambling in Florida and ensures the club manager testifies against Ben. Clyde uses his contacts in the drug business to have the manager killed in prison before he can testify against Ben. Clyde finds out Abby cheated on Ben with Chad and discovers she is pregnant. Clyde forces a lab technician to make the tests say Ben is the father. When Stefano returns to Salem Clyde visits him and secretly places a bug in the DiMera house but Stefano orders him to Document [30] (Title: Days of Our Lives characters (1980s)) Calliope briefly returned in 2010, when she was hired by Rafe Hernandez to collect evidence to prove that Anna Dimera was hired by EJ to kidnap Sami and EJ's daughter Sydney Dimera. Shane Donovan is an agent of the ISA and husband to Kimberly Brady Donovan. Donovan and Brady were a supercouple. In 1984, Shane came to Salem to keep an eye on Stefano DiMera's illegal dealings. He posed as Larry Welche's butler, and eventually learned of Stefano's acquisitions of two of three rare prisms designed by Larry's father. Shane teamed up with Bo, and the two intended on taking Document [31] (Title: Drew Donovan) in a storyline surrounding the disappearance and supposed death of Stefano DiMera. Drew Donovan Drew Donovan is a fictional character from the soap opera "Days of Our Lives". He was played by Charles Shaughnessy from September 8 to December 21, 1988. In February 2017, Shaughnessy reprised his role as Drew. Drew Donovan was the identical twin brother of Shane Donovan, and the son of Andrew and Margaret Donovan. During his early twenties after he finished the military force he eventually joined the ISA along with his brother. Drew Donovan was first seen in 1988, kidnapping Roman Brady's daughter, Carrie. He Document [32] (Title: Stefano DiMera) success of their plan they review some pictures the ISA took from afar of Shane pretending to be Stefano. Yet the setting of one of the pictures is a place Shane never recalls posing at. This leads the men to wonder if the man in the photograph could actually be Stefano, leaving the two men wondering fearfully if Stefano is really alive and is out there somewhere. The following list is a timeline of Stefano's fake "deaths"; he either faked them himself, was presumed dead, or was reported dead by others. Stefano DiMera Stefano DiMera is a fictional character from Document [33] (Title: Stefano DiMera) father of Lee's daughter, Renée (Philece Sampler), which adds complications to her relationship with Tony. Stefano attempts to help Tony win back his wife, Liz Chandler while Stuart Whyland begins blackmailing him and Stefano kills him. In 1983, Stefano is sent to prison thanks to Detective Roman Brady (Wayne Northrop). Before his death, Stefano's wife, Daphne (Madlyn Rhue), reveals that Tony isn't his biological son. Stefano returns in 1984 with his nephew, André, who has gotten plastic surgery to look like Tony. Together they plan to frame Roman for a string of murders; meanwhile Stefano discovers another daughter, Megan Hathaway. Document [34] (Title: Days of Our Lives) spelled backwards). 2007's "Bradys and DiMeras: The Reveal", told the story regarding how the Brady/DiMera feud started. Past characters returned in June 2010 to honor the passing of matriarch Alice Horton, whose character died on June 23, 2010. On June 23, 2011, "Days of Our Lives" introduced Sonny Kiriakis, the show's first contract gay character onto the canvas to be featured in the show's first gay story line. Freddie Smith (Sonny) said in an interview, "He’s very confident and mature, he’s traveled the world and is very open-minded. I’m very excited to portray him." Subsequent to Sonny's arrival, Will Horton Document [35] (Title: Days of Our Lives) DiMera after a fourteen-year absence. In mid 2013, the show debuted new characters such as JJ Deveraux and Theresa Donovan to appeal to younger viewers. In celebration of the soap's fiftieth anniversary in 2015, several cast members returned to the soap, including Peter Reckell, Stephen Nichols and Penghlis. The co-creator and original executive producer, Ted Corday, was only at the helm for eight months before dying of cancer in 1966. His widow, Betty, was named executive producer upon his death. She continued in that role, with the help of H. Wesley Kenney and Al Rabin as supervising producers, before she Document [36] (Title: Days of Our Lives characters (1980s)) and André DiMera, Petrov was already in the car. But Roman and Abe were ready as well and chased them. After struggling to shake off the police, and a drunk Alex Marshall caused some problem, the car drove off a bridge and fell down into a river. Alex was found but neither Petrov or Stefano. A few months later, Stefano was seen very much alive looking for the three prisms, and soon Petrov was seen taking orders from Stefano. He kidnapped Hope Williams for Stefano in an attempt to faster lure Roman into Stefano's trap. He also got instructions from Document [37] (Title: Robert DiMera) Robert DiMera EJ DiMera is a fictional character from the original NBC Daytime soap opera, "Days of Our Lives", portrayed by James Scott. Originally portrayed by child actors, Avalon, Dillon and Vincent Ragone from 1997 to April 1998, the character was rapidly aged in 2006 as Scott took over the role of the adult EJ. Scott departed the role on-screen in October 2014, resulting in the character's on-screen death. Created by head writer, James E. Reilly, and introduced under executive producers, Ken Corday and Tom Langan, EJ is the son of crime lord Stefano DiMera and Susan Banks. However, Stefano Document [38] (Title: Renée DuMonde) Renee's actual murder. Clearly, this was NOT in Stefano's plans, as he loved his daughter Renee. He vowed André would die once he delivered all of Stefano's plans. André was known as the "Salem Slasher." Renée DuMonde Renée DuMonde is a fictional character on the television soap opera "Days of Our Lives". The role was portrayed by Philece Sampler from 1981-1983. She is the daughter of Stefano DiMera and Lee DuMonde. Renée first appeared in Salem, as the feisty younger sister of Lee DuMonde - the evil home wrecker of Doug & Julie Williams. While looked down upon by the Document [39] (Title: Kristen DiMera) the role on-screen on November 13, 2013. In late November, it was confirmed that Davidson would return for an episode scheduled to air on December 3, 2013. On January 28, 2014, Michael Logan of "TV Guide" announced that Davidson would return to "Days" with filming beginning in March, with an on-screen return sometime during the summer. Davidson will return for what is described as a "powerful Kristen DiMera story arc". "Days" co-executive producer Greg Meng added: "The writers have some great things cooking for Kristen and we can’t wait for the fans to see what this will mean for Salem. Document [40] (Title: Victor Kiriakis) Stefano DiMera by his daughter-in-law, Hope Brady. Victor Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis is a fictional character on NBC's "Days of Our Lives". The role has been portrayed by John Aniston since 1985. His time on the show has been since 1985 with a brief storyline driven absence in 2004 when his character was "killed off" but found alive on the island of Melaswen. Victor came to Salem in 1985 as an old friend of the Brady clan. As time went on, it was revealed that he was not only a former paramour of Brady matriarch Caroline, and the biological father of Document [41] (Title: Thaao Penghlis) in the of "", which was filmed in his native Australia. Penghlis' role as actor, makeup artist, and voice impersonator Nicholas Black in the revival was a counterpart to Martin Landau's Rollin Hand and Leonard Nimoy's The Great Paris. In 2003, Penghlis was nominated for the Soap Opera Digest Award for Favorite Return for his return to the cast of "Days of our Lives". He left the show in fall 2005. Penghlis returned to "Days" on 24 May 2007 to reprise the role of André DiMera. He also began reprising the role of nice guy Tony DiMera on 17 July Document [42] (Title: André DiMera) by unplugging his own life support in October 2007. Penghlis would reprise the role in 2015 when André is revealed to be Stefano's biological son. In January 2018, Andre is murdered via blunt force trauma by an unknown person, which was later revealed to be Abigail Deveraux in self-defence. In 1983, André is summoned to Salem by his uncle Stefano DiMera (Joseph Mascolo) having recently undergone plastic surgery to look like Stefano's son Tony (Thaao Penghlis). With Tony unwilling to cooperate with his demands, Stefano enlisted the ruthless André to help him run the DiMera Empire. Their first order of Document [43] (Title: Chad DiMera) departure, Deidrick said, "I basically wanted to pursue other opportunities." However, Deidrick was grateful for all he learned. In June 2014, a picture of a script autographed by the "Days of our Lives" cast members was auctioned off at a charity event, and Billy Flynn was one of the signatures. On August 12, 2014, the producers officially announced Flynn's casting to "Soap Opera Digest"; he made his first appearance on September 12, 2014. In May 2018, Flynn announced he would remain on the soap for the foreseeable future. Deidrick had to come up with a lot of Chad's back story Document [44] (Title: Kate Roberts (Days of Our Lives)) enough money to start her own business called "Kate's Hearth and Home", a Martha Stewart-like brand of housewares. She hires Stefano's son Tony DiMera (Thaao Penghis) to do the advertising. Kate no longer worries about Lucas and Sami, because Stefano has blackmailed Sami into a marriage with EJ, and Sami has fallen for him. Kate turns her attention back to Philip, who is in trouble with John Black, and to her granddaughter Chelsea Brady (Rachel Melvin), who is recovering from surgery. Chelsea's surgery is successful, and soon starts dating her surgeon Daniel Jonas (Shawn Cristian). In November 2008, Kate is Document [45] (Title: Casey Deidrick) Casey Deidrick Casey Jon Deidrick (born April 25, 1987) is an American actor and heavy metal/rock singer. Deidrick is best known for originating the role of Chad DiMera on the NBC soap opera "Days of Our Lives". Deidrick was born in Santa Clara, California to parents Barry Jon Deidrick, an electrician, and Denise Deck, a nurse. At the age of 3 years old, his parents divorced. When Deidrick was 7 years old, his mother relocated moved to Arizona and Deidrick resided with his father in Hollister, California. He later took up skateboarding. After his freshman year in high school, Deidrick Document [46] (Title: Renée DuMonde) Renée DuMonde Renée DuMonde is a fictional character on the television soap opera "Days of Our Lives". The role was portrayed by Philece Sampler from 1981-1983. She is the daughter of Stefano DiMera and Lee DuMonde. Renée first appeared in Salem, as the feisty younger sister of Lee DuMonde - the evil home wrecker of Doug & Julie Williams. While looked down upon by the Horton's for this reason, she was taken under the wings by Chris Kostichek and Dr. Marlena Evans. She eventually warmed to the Horton's through her friendship with Jessica Fallon. Renee tried very hard to be Document [47] (Title: Tony DiMera) in Salem University Hospital after falling and becoming impaled, following a fight with Philip Kiriakis over a fuels project that Tony acquired from Titan Industries. The fight was witnessed by Tony's then sister-in-law Nicole Walker. Before her death, Daphne DiMera claimed that her lover Enrico, the DiMera family gardener, was Tony's real father and blood tests in the early 1980s supported this as fact. Tony DiMera Tony DiMera is a fictional character from the American soap opera "Days of Our Lives", played by actor Thaao Penghlis on and off from November 6, 1981 until October 24, 1985, and from July Document [48] (Title: EJ DiMera) earned him a Daytime Emmy nomination for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series in 2010 and 2011. EJ DiMera EJ DiMera is a fictional character from the original NBC Daytime soap opera, "Days of Our Lives", portrayed by James Scott. Originally portrayed by child actors, Avalon, Dillon, and Vincent Ragone from 1997 to April 1998, the character was rapidly aged in 2006 when Scott took over the role. Scott departed the role in October 2014, resulting in the character's on-screen death. Created by head writer, James E. Reilly, and introduced under executive producers, Ken Corday and Tom Langan, EJ Document [49] (Title: Stefano DiMera) Her adoptive father, Maxwell, had access to the ""Three Prisms"" that could cure Stefano's brain tumor. In November 1984, in his quest to obtain one of the prisms, Stefano apparently kills Roman after pushing him off a cliff. In February 1985, Bo Brady's (Peter Reckell) wife Hope (Kristian Alfonso) is framed for Megan's murder and Stefano vows revenge on the entire family. He kidnaps Roman's twins, Sami and Eric, and Roman's widow Dr. Marlena Evans (Deidre Hall) shoots him, apparently killing him. Stefano resurfaces in 1988 to claim his son Benjy who is about to be adopted by Kayla Brady Document [50] (Title: Steve Johnson (Days of Our Lives)) and to kill the man who was controlling him: Stefano's son, EJ DiMera. This has proved difficult and EJ managed to force Steve into kidnapping John Black—so that he could steal his kidney—and in committing other illegal acts. Steve began pushing Kayla away to protect her and went in and out of mental hospitals where he was still at the mercy of EJ and his agents. Later, Steve helped Hope Brady get out of the DiMera house by telling Stefano DiMera that they were having an affair. Stefano believed it and let Steve and Hope leave. Steve has been involved Document [51] (Title: Stefano DiMera) to have Stefano turn out to be alive, but he didn't agree with how the previous writing regime had scripted the story. With the return of former show runners Gary Tomlin and Christopher Whitesell, Mascolo seemed more "intrigued" with their plans for his character. Mascolo's return also coincides with Eileen Davidson's return as Stefano's daughter Kristen. Mascolo reappeared as Stefano on October 8, 2012. Due to Mascolo's own failing health, he departed the soap, last appearing on January 11, 2016. Mascolo made guest appearances on March 1, March 2, May 20, June 8 and July 7, 2016. Mascolo died on Document [52] (Title: Anna DiMera) Anna DiMera Anna Brady DiMera is a fictional character on the NBC daytime drama "Days of Our Lives". She is the ex-wife of Roman Brady, and the biological mother of Carrie Brady. Created by head writers Margaret DePriest and Sheri Anderson, Anna is portrayed by Leann Hunley. Anna is known for being a member of the powerful, upper class, DiMera family. She was married to Count Antony DiMera until his death in 2009. Hunley initially portrayed Anna from 1982–86. After a twenty-one year absence, Hunley reprised the role of Anna beginning on June 20, 2007, and remained on contract with Document [53] (Title: Matthew Ashford) Matthew Ashford Matthew Nile Ashford (born January 29, 1960) is an American actor best known for the role of Jack Deveraux on the NBC soap opera "Days of Our Lives". After graduation, Ashford moved to New York City, where he was cast as Drew Ralston on "One Life to Live", a role he played from 1982 to 1983. He also appeared on "Search for Tomorrow" as Cagney McCleary from 1984 to 1986, as Tom Hardy on "General Hospital" from 1995 to 1997, and the serial killer Dr. Stephen Haver on "One Life to Live" from 2003 to 2004 and also Document [54] (Title: Stefano DiMera) 3 and 4, 1991.<ref name="Mascolo Exit/Recast"></ref> Mascolo reclaimed the role on a contractual basis on September 17, 1993. He departed from the show on December 24, 1996, and re-appeared for a few episodes from February 7 to 13, 1997. Mascolo returned to the show full-time once again on June 13, 1997. In late February 2001, a post on Mascolo's official website revealed that contract negotiations were not going well and Mascolo was expected to last appear in May. However, a representative of Mascolo's took to the website to deny the reports. In April 2001, rumors of Mascolo's exit due to Document [55] (Title: Joseph Mascolo) Mascolo portrayed Massimo Marone on CBS's "The Bold and the Beautiful" beginning August 2001. He decided not to renew his contract with the show in July 2006, due to a lack of storyline and decided to return to "Days of Our Lives", where his character Stefano DiMera was resurrected after six years. Mascolo also appeared in "The Incredible Hulk" in October 1979, as Mr. Arnold in the episode "Brain Child". 10 years later, he would appear again in NBC's "The Trial of the Incredible Hulk", as Albert G. Tendelli, a police confidant of Daredevil. He also appeared in an episode Document [56] (Title: Colin Murphy (Days of Our Lives)) When Stefano died, Colin was at the reading of the will. Not long after that, he got a silver bullet with Bo Brady's name engraved on it. In addition to André DiMera, Colin was also Chloe Lane's doctor after she was diagnosed with cancer. He also operated on Nicole after she was shot by an assassin working for Stefano. Colin broke into the hospital basement where Cassie and Rex were being held. Later on, Colin started to blackmail several inhabitants of Salem: Sami Brady for switching Lexie's DNA test results for her baby, and Nicole Walker with a tape of Document [57] (Title: Stefano DiMera) (Mary Beth Evans) and her husband Steve Johnson (Stephen Nichols), as well as to attempt to "reprogram" Roman, whom he had brainwashed in 1984–85, to serve as one of his assassins (Stefano actually got the idea about brainwashing his "agents" from former daughter-in-law Anna DiMera (Leann Hunley), who had hypnotized her own daughter Carrie into acting out against Roman as part of a plot to discredit him in the eyes of polite society). He traps several of Salem's citizens on his island but his plans for revenge are foiled and he escapes. In this iteration, Stefano is presented as more Document [58] (Title: Cameron Davis (Days of Our Lives)) kept him away in boarding schools, so he grew very lonely. Upon the character's introduction, he and Celeste have recently reconnected. Initial speculation point to Lexie's father, Stefano DiMera (Joseph Mascolo). Schuyler Yancey revealed in an interview that his original uncredited role as Bryan, the bartender at "The Brady Pub" which began airing on July 22, 2010 and appears on a recurring basis until September 2011 was retconned into the role of Cameron. In February 2012, Schuyler Yancey was cast in the role of Dr. Cameron Davis. Yancey made his debut on the April 5, 2012 episode. Supermodel, turned actor, Document [59] (Title: Days of Our Lives characters (1990s)) saved when Lucas and Franco's old mob boss, Roberto, both confessed to the murder at the last minute. Although Lucas was the real shooter, the police believed a dying Roberto's confession. The truth of Franco's real murderer was never revealed except to Sami and Brandon Walker. Eliana, played by Ann Werner, was the long-time housekeeper of Stefano Dimera at the DiMera mansion. Ann Werner left the show to pursue a writing career, and the character of Eliana was said to have retired. Played by three different actors from 1996–2008, Father Jansen has been a consistent figure for the church going Document [60] (Title: Bryan Dattilo) Bryan Dattilo Bryan Ronald Dattilo (born July 29, 1971) is an American actor. He is best known for his role as Lucas Horton on the NBC daytime soap opera "Days of Our Lives". Dattilo was born in Kankakee, Illinois, subsequently moving to West Palm Beach, Florida after his parents' divorce. He later moved to Los Angeles. At the age of 9, he began taking acting lessons with his sister, Kristin. A short time later, he landed his first acting job in a re-curring role on HBO's "Not Necessarily The News". Dattilo has one brother, Brent, one sister, Kristin, and three Document [61] (Title: Days of Our Lives characters (1980s)) a dress for Anna DiMera. One of her trademarks was her endless collections of hats, which were very creative and sometimes very outlandish. However, Calliope soon came to possess a diamond necklace which was originally owned by Daphne DiMera. She claimed it as her own, but didn't realize that Stefano DiMera was after it, for it contained one of three prisms he was after. Her white lie unknowingly thrust her into a major storyline. Calliope went on to co-host a daytime talk show with Jennifer Horton-Deveraux. The show was a success, but Calliope would eventually turn over the show over Document [62] (Title: Carrie Brady) out. Carrie decides to return to Switzerland with Austin, and says an emotional farewell to Rafe. But before leaving, Carrie urges Rafe to reconcile with Sami, because Carrie knows that they still love each other deep down. In 2014, Carrie supports Sami and Kate's decision to control DiMera's company. Carrie Brady Carrie Brady is a fictional character from the NBC soap opera, "Days of Our Lives", a long-running serial set in the fictional town of Salem. Created by head writer Margaret DePriest, the role of Carrie has been most notably portrayed by Christie Clark, who took over the role in Document [63] (Title: Days of Our Lives) (Steve Johnson), Austin Peck (Austin Reed), Mary Beth Evans (Kayla Brady), Joseph Mascolo (Stefano DiMera), and Thaao Penghlis (Tony DiMera) have been brought back to "Days of Our Lives". More additions to the show include the returns of Crystal Chappell (Dr. Carly Manning), and Louise Sorel (Vivian Alamain). In June 2010, characters such as Jennifer Horton, Bill Horton, Shane Donovan, and Kimberly Brady returned for a short time and were featured heavily in a tribute to Alice Horton. Guest cast members have included Elizabeth Alley. In late 2012, the show reintroduced actress Eileen Davidson in the role of Kristen Blake Document [64] (Title: Casey Deidrick) who also happens to be a hundred-year-old Hellhound with mysterious ties to an ancient evil now threatening Beacon Hills in the aftermath of the Ghost Riders and the Wild Hunt. Casey Deidrick Casey Jon Deidrick (born April 25, 1987) is an American actor and heavy metal/rock singer. Deidrick is best known for originating the role of Chad DiMera on the NBC soap opera "Days of Our Lives". Deidrick was born in Santa Clara, California to parents Barry Jon Deidrick, an electrician, and Denise Deck, a nurse. At the age of 3 years old, his parents divorced. When Deidrick was 7 Document [65] (Title: Stephen Nichols) diary, in the old mansion, and then it would flash to the characters.” Stephen also portrayed Stefan Cassadine on the soap "General Hospital" (1996–2002-03). This role reunited him with Evans, while his character was later paired with Laura Spencer, played by Genie Francis. Other TV appearances have included "Matlock", "L.A. Law", "", "The Nanny" (with former "Days of our Lives" co-star Charles Shaughnessy), "Second Chances", Sisters, a recurring role on "Empty Nest", and playing Jesse James opposite Pierce Brosnan in the NBC mini-series "Around the World in 80 Days", to name a few. Nichols has appeared in several feature films, Document [66] (Title: André DiMera) André DiMera André DiMera is a fictional character from the NBC Daytime soap opera, "Days of Our Lives". The role was originated in 1983 by Thaao Penghlis when André was introduced as the nephew of Stefano DiMera (Joseph Mascolo). Having undergone plastic surgery to look identical to Stefano's stepson, Tony (also Penghlis), André—on Stefano's behalf—sets out to frame Roman Brady (Wayne Northrop) for a series of murders. However, plans go awry as André claims several victims including Stefano's daughter Renée DuMonde (Philece Sampler). André's later plans to help Stefano heal his brain tumor and get revenge on their enemies culminates Document [67] (Title: Chad DiMera) new found father Stefano appears to be a bit more volatile. The nature of the relationship is first displayed in November 2010 when Chad confronts Stefano with a knife and demands blood for a DNA test. Chad has no idea how to react to the DNA results. According to Deidrick, "[Chad] struggles to find the courage to be able to love [Stefano] who had a relationship with his mother and never knew he existed." Deidrick explained that Chad rejects Stefano based on instinct. It is all he knows thanks to D.A. Woods who always pushes him away when things get Document [68] (Title: Joseph Campanella) Joseph Campanella Joseph Anthony Campanella (November 21, 1924 – May 16, 2018) was an American character actor. He appeared in more than 200 television and film roles from the early 1950s to 2009. He was best remembered for his role as Joe Turino in "Guiding Light" and as Harper Deveraux on the soap opera "Days of Our Lives", a role he starred in from 1987 to 1988, and his later recurring roles on "General Hospital" from 1991 to 1992 and "The Bold and the Beautiful" from 1996 to 2005. Campanella voiced the character of Dr. Curt Connors/The Lizard on "Spider-Man: Document [69] (Title: Days of Our Lives characters (1990s)) Daytime soap opera "Days of Our Lives", portrayed by Jason Brooks. Brooks joined the cast of "Days of Our Lives" in 1993, airing on September 1, 1993 until November 23, 1993 on a recurring status until upgrading to contract status from December 1, 1993 till December 24, 1996, when the character was presumed dead after being shot by Jack Deveraux. Brooks returned to the role nearly a year later on November 21, 1997 until his departure on February 23, 1998. Peter and his sister Kristen were raised but not legally adopted by super villain Stefano DiMera at a very young Document [70] (Title: Ben Weston (Days of Our Lives)) is apprehended by JJ and Lani Price (Sal Stowers) and taken back to Salem. When Chad and Abigail confront him, Ben has seemingly lost his grip on reality. Despite his condition, Ben tells Abby where he left the baby and he is then put on a 24-hour suicide watch and taken to jail. In April 2016, Ben breaks into the DiMera mansion and he is shocked when Abigail professes her love for him. When Ben lets his guard down, Abigail stabs him and knocks him out. Ben wakes up tied to the bed and a deranged Abigail sets him on Document [71] (Title: Anna DiMera) Anna in a conversation to Austin during the Christmas season of December 2011. In January 2017, Anna is seen when Marlena bumps into her in Europe, after Anna let loose with a gun at a Prague café, following Marlena's trail in finding Stefano. Anna DiMera Anna Brady DiMera is a fictional character on the NBC daytime drama "Days of Our Lives". She is the ex-wife of Roman Brady, and the biological mother of Carrie Brady. Created by head writers Margaret DePriest and Sheri Anderson, Anna is portrayed by Leann Hunley. Anna is known for being a member of the powerful, Document [72] (Title: Joseph Mascolo) Joseph Mascolo Joseph Peter Mascolo (March 13, 1929 – December 8, 2016) was an American musician and dramatic actor. During his long career, he acted in numerous motion pictures and television series. He was best known for playing supervillain Stefano DiMera, a role he originated in 1982 on NBC's "Days of Our Lives". Mascolo was born on March 13, 1929, and raised in West Hartford, Connecticut. His parents, Anna Mascolo (née DeTuccio; 1910–2010) and Peter Mascolo (1901–2008), were immigrants from Naples, Italy, and had their 80th wedding anniversary shortly before his father died. Mascolo had one sister, Marie LaVoie. He Document [73] (Title: The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills (season 5)) and "Broken Badges". Davidson's most famous roles, however, are playing Ashley Abbott on the daytime soap "The Young and the Restless", and also as Kristen DiMera on "Days of Our Lives". She later went to win an Emmy for Outstanding Lead Actress, after three nominations, for her portrayal of Kristen DiMera. Davidson has also had success with writing; she has written four novels with prolific mystery writer Robert Randisi, three of which were published by Penguin Paperback. When Davidson isn't writing or acting she lives in her Malibu home raising her 12-year-old son Jesse, and bonding with her two step Document [74] (Title: Steve Blackwood) nearly two years. However, on August 3, 2007, he left the show after his character Bart was caught in the crossfire of a sword fight between Andre and Tony Dimera (both played by Thaao Penghlis). Steve Blackwood Steve Blackwood (born May 13, 1956) is an American actor. He joined the show "Days of Our Lives" in 1997 in the recurring role of Bart Beiderbecke. He portrayed Henry Gein in the 2000 film, In the Light of the Moon. Finally, in early 2005, Blackwood was offered a contract to continue in the role. Although he was under contract with the show, Document [75] (Title: EJ DiMera) EJ DiMera EJ DiMera is a fictional character from the original NBC Daytime soap opera, "Days of Our Lives", portrayed by James Scott. Originally portrayed by child actors, Avalon, Dillon, and Vincent Ragone from 1997 to April 1998, the character was rapidly aged in 2006 when Scott took over the role. Scott departed the role in October 2014, resulting in the character's on-screen death. Created by head writer, James E. Reilly, and introduced under executive producers, Ken Corday and Tom Langan, EJ is the son of crime boss Stefano DiMera and Susan Banks. However, Stefano plans to pass off the Document [76] (Title: John Black (Days of Our Lives)) in January 2008, John was discovered alive in Stefano's basement, with his memory wiped and programmed into a super soldier. Marlena found him, but he was not able to remember her, and continuously committed crimes ordered by Stefano. Stefano ordered him to kill Colleen Brady, but John found out that he was Colleen's son with Santo DiMera, Ryan Brady, making him Stefano's half-brother. He went after the DiMera empire and Stefano after discovering his identity. Frustrated in her inability to reach the old John, Marlena filed for divorce. John tried to recommit himself to Marlena and remembering their life together. Document [77] (Title: Eileen Davidson) after a year as Kristen. Davidson exited the role on-screen on November 13, 2013. In late November, it was confirmed that Davidson would return for an episode scheduled to air on December 3, 2013. On January 28, 2014, it was announced that Davidson would return to the role of Kristen DiMera in the summer of 2014. On May 1, 2014, it was formally announced that Davidson was nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award in the category of Outstanding Lead Actress In A Drama Series for "Days of Our Lives". It's her third Daytime Emmy Award nomination, her second for "Days". Document [78] (Title: Stefano DiMera) Though Mascolo initially denied the reports, he did indeed debut in the role of Massimo Marone on "The Bold and the Beautiful" in August 2001. In the fall of 2006, following Mascolo's exit from "B&B" due to lack of storyline, reports began to surface claiming that Mascolo was going to reprise his role as Stefano. The series' producers later confirmed plans to revive the DiMera family in order to stop a decline in ratings. A deathly ill, comatose Stefano began appearing on December 19, 2006. Though some sources list Mascolo in the cast credits for the episodes, neither Mascolo nor Document [79] (Title: Chad DiMera) enjoyed Abigail and Chad's new dynamic displayed in their snooping around Cameron. Giddens said that while he wasn't a fan of their initial romance, "Abby and Chad’s scenes were fun, and made me wish I could see more." Chad DiMera Chad DiMera is a fictional character from the original NBC Daytime soap opera, "Days of Our Lives". The role was originated by Casey Deidrick on June 19, 2009. Deidrick vacated the role in 2013. Billy Flynn currently portrays the role, making his first appearance on September 12, 2014. Introduced by head writer Dena Higley and co-head writer Christopher Whitesell in Document [80] (Title: James Scott (actor)) done. I came back a very different person." James Scott (actor) James Scott (born 14 January 1979) is a British actor. He is best known for playing Ethan Cambias on the ABC drama "All My Children" and EJ DiMera/Santo DiMera on the NBC drama "Days of Our Lives." Scott was born in Jesmond, Newcastle Upon Tyne, England. The eldest of four children, he has two brothers and a sister. Initially schooled in Newcastle, Scott moved to an all-boys boarding school in Lancaster. After school, Scott moved to Edinburgh, Scotland on a voyage of self-discovery. His mother is Scottish and he Document [81] (Title: Will Horton) (2011), Chandler Massey was nominated. Massey went on to win the Daytime Emmy for Outstanding Younger Actor in a Drama Series – never before won for a gay character – three years in a row, in 2012, 2013, and 2014. Massey earned a nomination in 2018 for the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series. "Days of Our Lives" won the GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Daily Drama in 2012, 2013, 2014, and 2015, in recognition of the characters and stories of Sonny Kiriakis and Will Horton and related characters. After Will's revival, "Days" received a Document [82] (Title: Stefano DiMera) the deaths of EJ and Kristen, Stefano forges a strong bond with Chad (Billy Flynn). He encourages him to pursue Abigail Deveraux (Kate Mansi) with a secret agenda to obtain Abigail's inheritance but Chad foils his plans. In 2015, Stefano suffers a stroke and is left in a wheelchair which leads to André's return and the reveal that they are father and son. Stefano advises André as he takes over running the family's daily operations. In January 2016, a grief-stricken Hope kills Stefano believing he is responsible for Bo's recent death. Rafe helps Hope cover it up by hiding Stefano's Document [83] (Title: Kate Roberts (Days of Our Lives)) help of EJ DiMera (James Scott), who is using the alias EJ Wells, to seduce Sami away from Lucas. Her efforts fail when EJ is revealed to be the son of Stefano DiMera. Lucas and Sami are deeply in love, and are set to marry again, and this time Kate fails to stop it, despite her best effforts. Sami and Lucas start their life together despite Kate's interference. In retaliation their scheming, Lucas turns Kate and EJ in to the FTC for their questionable financial records. Kate turns to Stefano DiMera after learning she is broke. Stefano provides her with Document [84] (Title: John Black (Days of Our Lives)) the Alliance for a period and worked full-time for Stefano. Petrov taught Stefano how to "program" John using the Alliance's brainwashing methods, creating DiMera's long-sought-after "super-soldier". John eventually became Stefano's "pawn", and was involved in a myriad of schemes and operations on DiMera's behalf. In 1986, Stefano (through Petrov) staked his "pawn" in a three-way wager in Miami with the ruthless Salem business tycoon and underworld figure Victor Kiriakis and the equally corrupt ISA Director George Nickerson. The stakes were a "Purse" (staked by Victor -- a treasure that he didn't actually yet possess and so "securitized" through a large Document [85] (Title: John Black (Days of Our Lives)) recast as Roman Brady and the character that Hogestyn had been portraying for five years was retconned to be a soldier of Stefano DiMera who was brainwashed into believing he was Roman. Still suffering from a lack of memories, the character returned to the "John Black" name that he first used. Marlena reunited with the real Roman, and John resumed his relationship with Isabella. John then discovered that he was Forrest Alamain, brother to the evil Lawrence Alamain. Stefano had brainwashed Forrest into believing he was Roman as part of Stefano's vendetta against the Brady family. During this time, John Document [86] (Title: Curtis Reed (Days of Our Lives)) seemingly conclusive pieces of evidence, the most important being the gun from which the bullet came having been found in a dresser drawer during a search warrant at her apartment, Billie was originally arrested for his murder. It was not until the March 31, 1994 episode that Stefano was revealed as the shooter. After this, he appeared as a ghost multiple times between May 2, 1995 and June 5, 2001. Curtis Reed (Days of Our Lives) Curtis Reed is a fictional character from the soap opera, "Days of Our Lives". He was played by Nick Benedict. He is the deadbeat Document [87] (Title: James Scott (actor)) James Scott (actor) James Scott (born 14 January 1979) is a British actor. He is best known for playing Ethan Cambias on the ABC drama "All My Children" and EJ DiMera/Santo DiMera on the NBC drama "Days of Our Lives." Scott was born in Jesmond, Newcastle Upon Tyne, England. The eldest of four children, he has two brothers and a sister. Initially schooled in Newcastle, Scott moved to an all-boys boarding school in Lancaster. After school, Scott moved to Edinburgh, Scotland on a voyage of self-discovery. His mother is Scottish and he spent a lot of time in Scotland as Document [88] (Title: Stefano DiMera) became identical to Antony. In 2015, André was revealed to be Stefano's son. Stefano is the ex-husband of Kate Roberts and Vivian Alamain. Stefano first entered the show as a wealthy European businessman who relocated to Salem, and gradually revealed substantial ties to organized crime, both at home and abroad. Over the years Stefano's character has fluctuated between that of a syndicate boss (both on local and international scales), political terrorist, ruthless business tycoon, and loving (albeit heavy-handed) family man. "Soap Opera Digest" named him the all-time best villain. In the early 1980s, then head writer, Pat Falken Smith created Document [89] (Title: Stefano DiMera) Stefano DiMera Stefano DiMera is a fictional character from the American soap opera, "Days of Our Lives". Created by head writer Pat Falken Smith, he was portrayed by actor Joseph Mascolo. Stefano is the patriarch of the DiMera family and the father of Renée DuMonde, Megan Hathaway, Benjy Hawk, Lexie Carver (née Brooks), EJ DiMera and Chad DiMera and the stepfather of Antony DiMera; He is also the adoptive father of Peter and Kristen Blake. For a brief period, he believed he was the half-brother of longtime nemesis John Black. He had a nephew, André DiMera, who through plastic surgery Document [90] (Title: Days of Our Lives characters (1980s)) was portrayed by Kai Wulff from 1983 to 1986 and for a few episodes in 1991. With the exception of Bart and Rolf, Petrov is the most well known henchman of Stefano. In comparison to Bart, he mostly succeeded and completed his assignments. Petrov assisted Stefano in a few of his many schemes. When Stefano kidnapped Marlena Evans & Liz Chandler in early 1983, Petrov was the one who kept an eye of them so they wouldn't escape. He then had small assignments in Stefano's devilish Salem Slasher plot. When Stefano had to escape after some failures of both himself Document [91] (Title: Days of Our Lives characters (1980s)) in the ISA, returned to warn Theresa that her ex-boyfriend, a Mexican drug cartel boss, was back in town and wanting to reunite with her. The man was apparently so powerful that even Victor Kiriakis as afraid to cross him. Theresa relented and staged her disappearance to return to Mexico with him in order to protect her friends and family, who the man had threatened. In January 2017, agent Shane was back in town to inform the Salem gang that Stefano DiMera, for whose murder Hope Brady was serving a life sentence, was actually seen alive and well in Prague Document [92] (Title: Stefano DiMera) NBC have ever stated that he portrayed comatose Stefano. It was later confirmed that Mascolo would reappear in the role officially in 2007, along with costars Thaao Penghlis (Tony DiMera) and Leann Hunley (Anna DiMera). Mascolo made his first official appearance as Stefano on June 6, 2007. However the stint proved to be short-lived with Mascolo last appearing on February 29, 2008 and the character of Stefano was written out to allow the writers to come up with more story for him. In May 2008, the tabloid "Globe" confirmed that Mascolo had been fired and Stefano was written into another Document [93] (Title: Daphne DiMera) Daphne DiMera Daphne DiMera is a fictional character on the NBC soap opera "Days of Our Lives". She was played by Madlyn Rhue from 1982 to 1984. Daphne was the common law wife of Stefano DiMera, who fled from him while pregnant with her son, Antony. She raised Tony in Australia. When Daphne learned that Tony was in love with Renée DuMonde, whom he believed to be his half-sister, she told him that he was not Stefano's son after all, but belonged to a man named Enrico. This led to a brief romantic reunion between Tony and Renée, but Renée Document [94] (Title: Stefano DiMera) failed contract negotiations began to surface once again and the producers were apparently considering recasting the role. Days later, Mascolo was spotted at CBS's "The Bold and the Beautiful"; despite the reports, neither Mascolo, NBC or CBS would comment on the rumors. In May 2001, Mascolo took to his website to confirm the news: Though Mascolo seemed disappointed with the show's decision to write the character out briefly, executive producer Ken Corday revealed plans to bring the character back by the fall of 2001 whether Mascolo was available or not. Mascolo made his last official appearance on June 14, 2001. Document [95] (Title: Stefano DiMera) reappeared on August 5, 2008 just before "Days" went on hiatus for the Summer Olympics. In 2012, after breaking up the character's marriage to Lauren Koslow's Kate Roberts, making him responsible for his own daughter Lexie Carver's (Renée Jones) death and undoing his father/son relationship with James Scott's EJ DiMera, the character appeared to have been written into a corner. With nearly the entire town gunning for Stefano, several sources later confirmed that Stefano was indeed being killed off with Mascolo last appearing alive on June 4, 2012. Mascolo discussed his disapproval in an interview with "Soap Opera Digest": Every Document [96] (Title: Days of Our Lives characters (2010s)) territory in Salem. Clyde's relationships with Ben and Kate improve but when he donates a large sum of money to the local hospital to fund Jordan's project she leaves town and moves to New York. Clyde continues to advise Ben on his relationship with Abigail Deveraux and plots against Ben's new rival Chad DiMera. Kate fails in her scheme to permanently takeover DiMera Enterprises from Stefano and seeks comfort from Clyde. Clyde dismisses Stefano saying he beat Victor Kiriakis and that he can beat the DiMeras. Kate warns Clyde that Stefano has enormous patience and cunning for revenge and unlike Document [97] (Title: Lauren Koslow) DiMera (Joseph Mascolo), her rocky marriage with mogul Victor Kiriakis (John Aniston), and her rivalries with crazed socialite Vivian Alamain (Louise Sorel) and Nicole Walker DiMera. Kate is the mother of Lucas Horton, Rex Brady, Cassie Brady, Philip Kiriakis, Billie Reed, and Austin Reed. Presently, she remains a cast member of "Days of Our Lives". Lauren Koslow Lauren Alice Koslow (born March 9, 1953) is an American actress, best known for her long-running portrayal of Kate Roberts on the NBC dramatic serial "Days of Our Lives", which she has played continuously since 1996. She previously appeared in the soaps "The Document [98] (Title: Stefano DiMera) Walker (Arianne Zucker) hide the fact that she switched another baby with Sami's at birth. EJ is furious when he learns the truth and he kidnaps his daughter, Sydney and fakes her death, leaving everyone devastated, including Stefano. Stefano learns from Anna DiMera that EJ paid her to care for Sydney while everyone believed she was dead; he uses the information to rebuild his relationship with EJ. In September 2009, Stefano blackmails Kate Roberts (Lauren Koslow) into marrying him after helping her get out from under attempted murder charges. In 2010, Madeline Peterson Woods (Jessica Tuck) returns to Salem and Document [99] (Title: EJ DiMera) slated to join the cast of "Days" in the role of E.J. The character's surname remained secret to keep his connections to other characters on canvas a secret. Scott filmed his first scenes on May 3, and made his debut on May 30, 2006. Kola Boof revealed that Justin Hartley, formerly of "Passions" was also considered for the role. After Scott's character was killed off of "All My Children", Scott stayed in New York City until the end of pilot season when he was contacted by the casting department from "Days". They told Scott that he would definitely fit in Document [100] (Title: Chad DiMera) Chad DiMera Chad DiMera is a fictional character from the original NBC Daytime soap opera, "Days of Our Lives". The role was originated by Casey Deidrick on June 19, 2009. Deidrick vacated the role in 2013. Billy Flynn currently portrays the role, making his first appearance on September 12, 2014. Introduced by head writer Dena Higley and co-head writer Christopher Whitesell in 2009 as Chad Peterson, Chad is the troubled ex-boyfriend of Mia McCormick and father to their daughter, Grace Brady. Chad factors into a romantic triangle between himself, Mia and her new boyfriend, Will Horton. After the baby storyline, Document [101] (Title: Stefano DiMera) of an assassin and international terrorist than a simple gangster. In December 1991, John Black (Drake Hogestyn) and Roman Brady discover Stefano in a Mayan pyramid in Mexico. The pyramid collapses and Stefano is once again believed to have perished. Though he survives the collapse, his brain tumor is slowly killing him. Stefano returns to Salem in 1993 and he is taken hostage by Curtis Reed (Nick Benedict) in his weakened state; Curtis's attempt to extort money from Stefano's adopted daughter, Kristen Blake (Eileen Davidson), is foiled after Stefano kills him. He then convinces Tony and Kristen to marry but Document [102] (Title: Stefano DiMera) Stefano nor EJ would have had wanted it that way. As a matter of fact when James Scott (EJ) saw the business that Elvis wasn’t Stefano’s son, we both went, "No, that’s wrong." We didn’t want it that way. On June 13, 2012, Mascolo goes off-screen following the character's funeral. Despite what was happening on-screen, certain sources reported that Mascolo could possibly reprise his role very soon. Following the change in head writers, it was confirmed that Mascolo was indeed on his way back; he made his first appearance on August 21, 2012. Mascolo discussed that the plan was always Document [103] (Title: Santo DiMera) affair with Ian McAllister, Stefano reveals that he isn't EJ's real father, and disinherits him and Lexie Carver dies from a brain tumor which is an after effect of André DiMera holding her captive in an underground tunnel years prior. In June 2012, Stefano appears to have been murdered and EJ is arrested for the crime. After he is released, EJ is kidnapped by Ian who reveals that Stefano is alive, and the man who died was a lookalike. Ian's mother, Yvette was an employee and lover of Santo's. Santo was also a father figure to Ian. According to Ian, Document [104] (Title: Stefano DiMera) coma. This decision did not sit well with Mascolo who gave a heated interview to "Soap Opera Digest" accusing the executives of "double crossing" him. In the summer of 2008, it was confirmed that Mascolo would once again reprise his role as Stefano in August 2008. Mascolo later revealed in an interview that his initial anger was fueled by emotion following the death of his father. Following his initial ousting, fans took to his website to express how much they missed the character. The fan fervor allowed for Mascolo's return upon a mutual agreement with executive producer, Ken Corday. Mascolo Document [105] (Title: Sami Brady and EJ DiMera) Sami Brady and EJ DiMera Elvis "EJ" Aaron DiMera and Samantha "Sami" Gene Brady DiMera (also known by the portmanteau EJami for EJ and Sami) are fictional characters and a Supercouple from the American soap opera "Days of Our Lives". Since 1993, the role of Sami Brady has been portrayed by actress Alison Sweeney. James Scott has portrayed the role of EJ DiMera since the character was introduced as an adult on the show on May 30, 2006. The pairing is noted for a controversial storyline in which EJ is considered to have raped Sami. They are also noted for Document [106] (Title: Sami Brady and EJ DiMera) the week of September 10, 2007. In a September 10, 2007 "Soap Opera Weekly" interview with Bryan Dattilo, portrayer of "Days of our Lives"' Lucas Roberts, the popularity and appeal of the EJ and Sami storyline was discussed. The interviewer stated that "Soap Opera Weekly" receives more fan mail from EJ and Sami fans than from Lucas and Sami fans. When asked if he would be okay if Sami and EJ became a supercouple, Dattilo responded, "Yeah. I think Sami and EJ have the ability to be a supercouple like Luke and Laura." EJ and Sami's popularity has proved formidable Document [107] (Title: Joseph Mascolo) (Hollywood Hills). Joseph Mascolo Joseph Peter Mascolo (March 13, 1929 – December 8, 2016) was an American musician and dramatic actor. During his long career, he acted in numerous motion pictures and television series. He was best known for playing supervillain Stefano DiMera, a role he originated in 1982 on NBC's "Days of Our Lives". Mascolo was born on March 13, 1929, and raised in West Hartford, Connecticut. His parents, Anna Mascolo (née DeTuccio; 1910–2010) and Peter Mascolo (1901–2008), were immigrants from Naples, Italy, and had their 80th wedding anniversary shortly before his father died. Mascolo had one sister, Marie Document [108] (Title: Theo Carver) Ciara to Sami/Austin and Carrie. "That is not a compliment" she stated. Theo Carver Theo Carver is a fictional character from the long running American NBC daytime soap opera, "Days of Our Lives". The character was created by then head writer Dena Higley and introduced as the newborn son of Salem's mayor Abe Carver and his doctor wife, Lexie Carver. Child actors, Chase and Tyler Johnson appeared in the role from 2003 to 2004, Kavi Faquir from 2006 to 2007, and Amyrh Harris in 2007. In 2008, child actor Terrell Ransom, Jr. stepped into the role as the character was Document [109] (Title: Charles Shaughnessy) first airing on 17 August 2011. Shaughnessy returned to "Days of Our Lives" for a limited run in May 2012 as Shane Donovan, in a story line involving his return to the ISA and interacting with Hope and Bo Brady and Stefano DiMera. His co-star, Patsy Pease did not appear as Shane's wife, Kimberly, in this story arc; nor did Charlotte Ross, who had played Shane's daughter, Eve. He also returned in November 2013 for a three-episode arc, in which his character Shane, and his wife Kimberly, deal with their daughter's drug use. On 23 January 2014, it was announced Document [110] (Title: Drake Hogestyn) really dead at all, but had been abducted by long-time nemesis Stefano DiMera. As of January 8, 2008, Drake was back on "Days of our Lives" in the role he created. Confirmed on November 17, 2008, Drake, along with his long-time co-star, Deidre Hall, were let go from "Days of our Lives" due to budget cuts. Days of Our Lives brought back the characters of John and Marlena starting September 26, 2011. Hogestyn married his childhood sweetheart Victoria. The couple have four children: three daughters, Whitney, Alexandra and Rachael; and one son, Ben. Drake Hogestyn Donald Drake Hogestyn ( (born Document [111] (Title: Days of Our Lives characters (2000s)) Carver decide that they will adopt a child. When Lexie's father Stefano DiMera hears about the news, he is over joyed at the prospect of finally becoming a grandfather and asks that Abe and Lexie adopt the child of one of his distant relatives. The birth mother Marlo is in fact the niece of Dr. Rolf, Stefano's longtime assistant. However none the wiser to Lexie and Abe, Stefano is planning a plot whereby Marlo's baby would be switched with the baby of Bo and Hope's who Stefano at the time thought might be his or John Black's. After the births Document [112] (Title: Days of Our Lives) Her main character, the villainous Kristen DiMera, suffers a miscarriage in secret, and in a panic to keep her love John Black away from Marlena, Kristen pretends to still be pregnant with John's child. Stefano hires a doppelganger, Susan Banks to conceive and bear a child for her (which resulted in the birth of EJ DiMera). Eileen Davidson portrayed the entire Banks family clan, four in total (including one male), as well as her main character. The year 2000 saw the departures of cast members, Louise Sorel as Vivian Alamain and Jensen Ackles as Eric Brady. Ken Corday and NBC Document [113] (Title: DiMera family) DiMera family The DiMeras are an upper-class Italian Catholic family on the NBC soap opera "Days of Our Lives". Seated at 430 Lakeview Drive in Salem, Illinois, over the years, the nature of the family itself has been retconned several times; although never directly and overtly, it has been represented as old-line Italian nobility, a relatively self-made European business dynasty, and a stereotypical Mafia family. Its current incarnation appears to be a sort of combination of these: a fairly wealthy Tuscan family with roots in ancient Italian nobility, which according to Stefano goes back centuries and includes kings and popes, Document [114] (Title: Cameron Davis (Days of Our Lives)) and "Days" as a whole. Cameron wants a relationship with his late sister, Lexie's family, the DiMeras because he longs for familial acceptance, something he did not grow up with. According to Owens, Cameron has strong feelings for Abigail and does not see her ex, Chad DiMera (Casey Jon Deidrick) as an obstacle. Owens revealed that he hoped for the chance to work with the veteran Mascolo as Stefano. Cameron arrives in Salem in April 2012 and bumps into Abigail Deveraux who helps him track down his half-sister, Lexie Carver at the hospital. Cameron is shocked to learn that Lexie Document [115] (Title: Stefano DiMera) After they steal John's kidney, Stefano proposes that Sami and EJ marry and raise the child together so they can end the feud between the families. In 2008, the origins of the feud are known and it is revealed that Stefano's father Santo DiMera had an affair, and fathered a child with Colleen Brady (Shirley Jones) -- Ryan. Ryan was initially believed to be John Black, but it was later revealed that Ryan died in childhood. Stefano had once again erased John's memory in an attempt to turn him to the Pawn again. In 2009 Stefano EJ's then wife Nicole Document [116] (Title: Santo DiMera) the heart to tell an already-heartbroken Colleen that hers and Santo's "love child" had passed, so they switched him with John. Colleen raised John as her own until she was no longer able to, and he was adopted by Leopold and Philomena Alamain. Philomena was the sister of Daphne DiMera, Stefano's future common-law wife and biological mother of Leopold and Philomena's other son, Lawrence Alamain. John's parents were eventually revealed to be Maude and Tim Robicheaux (aka Yo Ling). Santo DiMera Santo DiMera is a fictional character on the soap opera "Days of Our Lives". He was portrayed by James Document [117] (Title: DiMera family) live in the mansion until Stefano says otherwise. Stefano loses control of DiMera enterprises in July 2014, when Sami and Kate successfully forged his signature on documents that make them Co-CEOs of DiMera enterprise. He later regains control with the help of Chad and Victor Kiriakis, who help Stefano set Kate up for a fall. After Stefano's death in 2016, Chad was named Stefano's successor as Chairman and CEO. Andre and Kate returned to the company to help Chad bring back DiMera to its former glory. On March 2017, Chad hires his wife Abigail as the new publicity director in Document [118] (Title: Nick Benedict) Philip Brent on the ABC soap opera "All My Children". He appeared on The Dukes Of Hazzard, as Frank James, in the seventh-season episode Go West, Young Dukes. In 1990 he starred alongside Nancy Allen in the TV film "Memories of a Murder". In the 1990s he mainly appeared in films aside from his ongoing role in "Days of our Lives". His last screen appearance was minor role in George Santo Pietro's "Kept" in 2001. Nick Benedict Nick Benedict (born July 14, 1947 in Los Angeles) is an American actor. He played the role of Curtis Reed in "Days of Document [119] (Title: Rafe Hernandez) as a "fan favorite." Hayley Farb said "Galen Gering has portrayed every woman's prince charming." Farb also praised Gering's portrayal of Rafe's doppelgänger. "His underestimated talent reached new heights through his dual role." Rafe Hernandez Rafe Hernandez is a fictional character on "Days of Our Lives", an American soap opera on the NBC network. Portrayed by Galen Gering and created by Dena Higley, Rafe is introduced in 2008 as the FBI agent assigned to protect the troublesome Sami Brady (Alison Sweeney) during her stay in witness protection. Sami and Rafe's contentious dynamic later develops into romance and the two fall Document [120] (Title: Kristen DiMera) Kristen DiMera Kristen DiMera is a fictional character from "Days of Our Lives", an American soap opera on the NBC network, portrayed by Eileen Davidson. Davidson joined the cast of "Days of Our Lives" in 1993, and departed in 1998 after a five-year stint. After a 14-year absence, Davidson returned to the role of Kristen in the fall of 2012. Kristen and her brother Peter were raised but not legally adopted by super villain Stefano DiMera at a very young age following the deaths of their parents; however, their mother Rachel was later revealed to be alive. Davidson's performance has Document [121] (Title: Kate Roberts (Days of Our Lives)) and is merely using Kate to take the DiMera fortune. Kate ends their relationship, and he is sent to jail; but it is revealed that only an imposter of Stefano died, and that Stefano was really alive and held captive by Ian. Stefano fails to make amends with his son, EJ, and heads to Europe for business. Kate tracks down Stefano, insisting he give her another chance, but they finalize the divorce, and Kate realizes that she and Stefano are finished. Kate takes Chad DiMera (Casey Deidrick) under her wing, kind of as a proxy mother, after his own mother Document [122] (Title: Sami Brady) Series (in the 42nd Daytime Emmy Awards) for her portrayal of Sami. Sami Brady Sami Brady (also called by her married names of Reed, Walker, Roberts, Hernandez, and DiMera) is a fictional character from the American NBC daytime soap opera, "Days of Our Lives", portrayed by Alison Sweeney since 1993. The character was born on-screen during the episode of October 16, 1984, along with her twin brother Eric Brady. Initially played by a series of child actresses, Sweeney took over the role of Sami when the character was rapidly-aged from a pre-teen to a teenager, in January 1993, under the Document [123] (Title: Days of Our Lives characters (1990s)) England, with Susan Banks and Edmund Crumb standing up for them. Jonesy died of a heart attack after consummating the marriage. Vivian inherited all of Jonesy's treasures which forced Stefano, the original owner of the townhouse, to marry Vivian in order to reclaim his possessions. Wilhelm Rolf has been portrayed by William Utay from September 19, 1997, to June 12, 2003, and June 4, 2007, to September 24, 2008, and again briefly from October 20 to November 21, 2017. Introduced in September 1997, Dr. Wilhelm Rolf was the DiMera family's jack-of-all-trades and was responsible for: saving Roman's life from jungle Document [124] (Title: Liz Chandler) Liz Chandler Liz Chandler (formerly Courtney, DiMera, Craig, and Curtis) is a fictional character on the soap opera, "Days of Our Lives", and was played by actress Gloria Loring from 1980 to 1986. Liz came to Salem in 1980. She is the daughter of the former governor of the unknown state where Salem is located. She is also a singer. One of the memorable songs performed by Liz was "Friends and Lovers", which was recorded as a duet by Loring with singer Carl Anderson and became a hit single on the US pop chart. In 1983, she shot Marie Horton, Document [125] (Title: Leann Hunley) Leann Hunley Leann Hunley (born February 25, 1955) is an American television actress. Although she has worked in numerous productions, she is perhaps best known for portraying Anna DiMera on NBC's "Days of Our Lives" and Dana Waring on the ABC primetime soap opera, "Dynasty". Hunley was born in Forks, Washington (located 120 miles NW of Seattle near the Washington Coast), and later attended the University of Washington in Seattle. Her first television appearance was on "Hawaii Five-O". She was a regular on "The Misadventures of Sheriff Lobo" in 1979 and 1980. Her role as Anna DiMera on "Days of Document [126] (Title: DiMera family) the company but she soon quits her job. On New Year's Eve 2017, Stefano's unknown long lost son with Vivian Alamain, Stefan DiMera, announced the board had named him the new CEO. DiMera family The DiMeras are an upper-class Italian Catholic family on the NBC soap opera "Days of Our Lives". Seated at 430 Lakeview Drive in Salem, Illinois, over the years, the nature of the family itself has been retconned several times; although never directly and overtly, it has been represented as old-line Italian nobility, a relatively self-made European business dynasty, and a stereotypical Mafia family. Its current incarnation Document [127] (Title: Roman Brady) Marlena Evans from a serial killer. He slept on her floor. The chemistry between the actors, and the characters, led to love. In 1983 on Days of Our Lives, Roman and Marlena were married. Over the next year Roman became embroiled in a storyline with Stefano DiMera. Stefano was a powerful and ruthless business tycoon (and organized crime figure) from Europe who had come to town to set up shop in Salem, and Roman being the city's top cop had gone after him. Subsequently Stefano framed Roman for serial killings that were being committed by his nephew Andre DiMera. At Document [128] (Title: Days of Our Lives characters (2000s)) played by John Callahan (2008–2009; 2010), is a doctor Nicole blackmails into posing as her OB/GYN while she fakes pregnancy after miscarrying her baby. Though he claims to have altruistic motives in the running of his free clinic, he's involved in shady black market baby brokering in order to pay off his substantial debts, a fact Nicole uses to her advantage. He frequently goes to Nicole for money in exchange for keeping her secret until he is murdered by men Stefano DiMera hires. Stefano also attempts to frame Rafe Hernandez for the murder. In his last frugal efforts to tell Document [129] (Title: Kristen DiMera) up at the Horton family cabin where they make love for the first time. John soon discovers that Stefano raised Kristen and is a father figure to her, but he is still very much in love with Kristen. However, Kristen had promised her ailing father that she would marry Tony DiMera (Thaao Penghlis). When Roman (Wayne Northrop) and Marlena Evans (Deidre Hall)'s daughter Belle is kidnapped by their oldest daughter Sami (Alison Sweeney), Kristen and John pose as a married couple to help get her back. Stefano quickly breaks them up by revealing that John is actually Belle's father. Realizing Document [130] (Title: André DiMera) in André's presumed death in November 1984. While Penghlis would return to the series for several stints, between 1993 and 2007, it was in the role of Tony. However, in 2007, the character's history is retconned and it is revealed that André was very much alive and had been masquerading as Tony since 1993. The character's return in 1993 saw him feud with John Black (Drake Hogestyn) for the affections of Stefano's adopted daughter Kristen Blake (Eileen Davidson). Hoping to destroy John forever, André fakes his death and frames John landing him on death row—but André's schemes are exposed and Document [131] (Title: Days of Our Lives characters (2000s)) own with no success, until Lexie's father, Stefano, got them in touch with Marlo, a young pregnant woman. Abe and Lexie adopt the baby that Marlo has given birth to, unaware that Stefano had switched Marlo and Hope's sons. Zack dies on January 1, 2006, after being run over by Bo's SUV, which is driven by his daughter, Chelsea. Upon his death, his liver is donated to his niece, Claire Brady, and his corneas are donated to Abe Carver; Claire's life is saved and Abe regains his eyesight. Zack's death and the revelation of Chelsea as the SUV driver drive Document [132] (Title: Leann Hunley) June 21, 2007, recurring on the series until early 2017. Leann Hunley Leann Hunley (born February 25, 1955) is an American television actress. Although she has worked in numerous productions, she is perhaps best known for portraying Anna DiMera on NBC's "Days of Our Lives" and Dana Waring on the ABC primetime soap opera, "Dynasty". Hunley was born in Forks, Washington (located 120 miles NW of Seattle near the Washington Coast), and later attended the University of Washington in Seattle. Her first television appearance was on "Hawaii Five-O". She was a regular on "The Misadventures of Sheriff Lobo" in 1979 Document [133] (Title: Curtis Reed (Days of Our Lives)) told her that their children had died in a car wreck. Years later he would appear in Salem and shoot John Black under orders from Stefano DiMera. Since Curtis didn't kill John, DiMera refused to pay him. An angry Curtis kidnapped Stefano and held him on Smith Island until Kristen Blake paid him ransom for Stefano. He was shot to death by Stefano DiMera on November 10, 1993 in a back alley behind Billie's apartment. He was discovered in the morning by Bo Brady and Wendy Reardon when they went to the alley to get some crates. Due to multiple Document [134] (Title: Cameron Davis (Days of Our Lives)) Cameron Davis (Days of Our Lives) Cameron Davis is a fictional character from the original daytime soap opera, "Days of Our Lives", portrayed by Nathan Owens. The character was created by then head writers Marlene McPherson and Darrell Ray Thomas, Jr. Introduced under executive producers, Lisa De Cazotte and Greg Meng in 2012 as the previously unmentioned son of Celeste Perrault, and younger half-brother of popular character Dr. Lexie Carver. The role was originated by Schuyler Yancey, but was quickly recast with Owens who made his debut in late 2012. In addition to joining the staff at the local hospital, Document [135] (Title: Lee DuMonde) her to stay away from him. When Renée read her diary she found out that Lee wasn't her sister but her mother and that her father was Stefano DiMera. Now that Tony was her brother she married someone else, but then Daphne DiMera revealed that Tony wasn't really Stefano's son. Renée resented Lee for lying to her and she couldn't bear that and left town. Lee DuMonde Lee DuMonde is a fictional character from "Days of Our Lives" portrayed by Brenda Benet from 1979 to 1982. After Benet's 1982 suicide, the character of Lee was written out. Lee is a Document [136] (Title: Days of Our Lives characters (2000s)) Days of Our Lives characters (2000s) A list of notable characters from the NBC soap opera "Days of Our Lives" that significantly impacted storylines and debuted between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2009, in order of first appearance. J.T. Reiber, born on June 9, 2000, is introduced as the child intended to be adopted by Abe Carver (James Reynolds) and Lexie Carver (Renée Jones). However, Lexie's father Stefano DiMera (Joseph Mascolo) switches the infant at birth with Bo and Hope's (Peter Reckell and Kristian Alfonso) son. After years of trying for a baby the natural way, Abe and Lexie Document [137] (Title: Stefano DiMera) In December 1995, Tony fakes his death and frames John. Stefano is later struck by lightning and becomes so obsessed with Marlena that he bribes the judge presiding over John's murder trial to issue the death penalty. In August 1996 Stefano's plans to frame John are soon revealed and he skips town with Marlena to Paris, where he is shot by his former lover Rachel Blake. Later, his longtime confidante, Celeste Perrault (Tanya Boyd) reveals that he fathered her daughter, Dr. Lexie Carver (Renée Jones) the wife of Salem's police commissioner. Stefano brings Kristen's lookalike, Susan Banks (Davidson) to town, Document [138] (Title: Robert DiMera) convenience allowing EJ to stay in the country when he begins having problems with immigration. EJ also has a chaotic relationship with Sami's nemesis, Nicole Walker. EJ and Sami's relationship is also rivaled by Sami's relationship with Rafe Hernandez. EJ reunites with Sami but dies after being shot by his disloyal bodyguard that was hired by rival Clyde Weston. Robert DiMera EJ DiMera is a fictional character from the original NBC Daytime soap opera, "Days of Our Lives", portrayed by James Scott. Originally portrayed by child actors, Avalon, Dillon and Vincent Ragone from 1997 to April 1998, the character was Document [139] (Title: Ben Weston (Days of Our Lives)) 2015, the romantic triangle between Ben, Abigail and Chad DiMera (Billy Flynn) culminates in Ben becoming a serial killer, known as the "Necktie Killer," claiming several victims, including legacy character Will Horton (Guy Wilson). Wilson vacated the role in late 2015 and would reprise the role for multiple guest stints. In 2016, he returned to the role to help facilitate the departure of Kate Mansi as Abigail. Wilson returned again in 2017 when Will was reintroduced with former cast member, Chandler Massey in the role. Wilson made a one episode guest appearance on May 4, 2018 and returned to the Document [140] (Title: Steve Johnson (Days of Our Lives)) mysterious father turned out to be the nefarious Stefano DiMera but, to ease their burden, Benjy's grandfather, Orion, arrived to take him away to live in secrecy. Danger ended up coming at Steve and Kayla from another source soon after. Harper had escaped prison and kidnapped her once again, but Steve managed to save her and put Harper back in prison. The next year, Steve became mixed up with Nick Corelli after he found his severely burned body. Steve hid Nick while he recovered and had to bring Kayla into the fold to help out. When Nick was sufficiently recovered, Document [141] (Title: Kristian Alfonso) now elderly and in a wheelchair, by shooting him in cold blood in his own study at the Dimera mansion. She and Detective Raphael "Rafe" Hernandez hid his body in a condemned building. Stefano appeared several times as a ghost as the actor Joseph Mascolo had retired, until Mascolo's death in late 2016. Hope's decision to kill Stefano (and the subsequent visitations) would have repercussions that will be weighed heavily on her conscience in the years to come. She also played in Season 6 of "Friends" in an episode titled "The One That Could Have Been, Part 1" as Hope Document [142] (Title: Kate Roberts (Days of Our Lives)) betrays them, selling them out to her old rival Vivian Alamain and her ill-begotten son with Stefano DiMera: Stefan O. DiMera (Tyler Christopher). And then André is killed by Chad's wife Abigail when she learns he has betrayed them all. Kate finds out that Vivian is framing Sonny Kiriakis (Freddie Smith), the current CEO of "Titan Industries" for sexual harassment. When Kate confronts her, Vivian, cornered, pulls a gun on her, and they scuffle for possession. Vivian is killed, and Kate claims the gun went off accidentally, but Salem PD are not so sure, but they do not have enough Document [143] (Title: Days of Our Lives characters (1990s)) DiMera. Stefano mourned Bart's death and is now concerned that Bart may not have made sure that the key to ending the vendetta was kept out of Tony's possession. Jonesy, played by Robert Mandan from 1997–1998, was Vivian's bizarre husband and caretaker of the DiMera townhouse in Salem. Vivian was first interested in Jonesy because she thought he owned the expensive townhouse and all of its treasures. Vivian accomplished this by hosting a mock séance in which the real Flora Dora told Jonesy to move on with Vivian. Jonesy was not a well man and Vivian and he married in Document [144] (Title: Chad DiMera) to expose that Chad is Madeline's son with Kate's husband, Stefano DiMera (Joseph Mascolo) born on March 3, 1990, making him a whole year older than was initially said to be. The storyline showcased two very distinct sides to Chad's personality. According to Deidrick, during scenes with Kate, he intentionally emphasized Chad's vulnerabilities due to his mother's recent death; he is in desperate need of a mother figure at the moment, and Kate fills that void. Chad does not show that side of his personality too often for fear of getting hurt. On the other hand, Chad's relationship with his Document [145] (Title: Thaao Penghlis) stage, performing in "Jockeys" under Milton Katselas's direction. Penghlis first appeared to daytime audiences in 1981 on "General Hospital" during the Ice Princess saga when he played the role of Victor Cassadine, brother of Mikkos and Anthony Cassadine. After his character was written out of the show by being taken to prison, he was cast as the villainous Count Tony DiMera, the son of villain Stefano DiMera in the NBC daytime drama "Days of Our Lives". Penghlis returned to daytime in his one-time role of Victor Cassadine on "General Hospital" from 30 January 2014 to 4 March 2014. Penghlis starred Document [146] (Title: André DiMera) secures his release to take care of Stefano who is dying. To save his father, "Tony" kidnaps a comatose John and steals his kidney. However, when Stefano doesn't recover, "Tony" on Stefano's orders goes after Sami's unborn child fathered by Stefano's other son EJ Wells (James Scott). EJ foils their plans and kidnaps Stefano in exchange for "Tony" agreeing to end the feud between the Brady and DiMera families. Stefano reluctantly agrees to end the feud but "Tony" has other plans. However, it isn't until "Tony" fakes his half sister Lexie (Renée Jones)'s death and tries to kill Bo and Document [147] (Title: Justin Kiriakis) Will Horton. He hadn't been seen since until returning in February 2015. In 2015, Justin and Adrienne divorce following his affair during a business trip to Mumbai. They decide not reconcile and instead begin seeing other people. While being the prosecutor against Chad DiMera during the necktie serial killings, he and Eve Donovan form a relationship. Justin Kiriakis Justin Kiriakis is a fictional character on the NBC daytime soap opera "Days of Our Lives". Created by head writer Leah Laiman, he is portrayed by actor Wally Kurth from February 3, 1987 to February 5, 1991. From 2007–2008, Justin was mentioned Document [148] (Title: Kristen DiMera) behind. One of the patients, EJ DiMera, is rescued by Sami. A firefighter reports that no survivors were found. Davidson has received a number of honors for her portrayal of Kristen, including a Daytime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series in 1998, winning the award in 2014. Davidson also earned Soap Opera Digest Award nomination for Outstanding Lead Actress in 1997 and 1998. Kristen's return storyline was also voted the best of 2013 in several soap publications, such as Daytime Confidential. Kristen DiMera Kristen DiMera is a fictional character from "Days of Our Lives", an Document [149] (Title: Stefano DiMera) after she dies, it is revealed that her son, Chad (Casey Deidrick), was fathered by Stefano, and Madeline convinced Kate to keep the secret. In 2011, Stefano helps EJ kidnap Sami's husband, Rafe Hernandez (Galen Gering) and imprison him in the DiMera basement while putting a lookalike in his place. In 2012, the DiMera empire begins to crumble when Stefano learns EJ isn't really his son and Lexie is diagnosed with an inoperable brain tumor caused by exposure to toxic gasses when Stefano had André kidnap her. Meanwhile, Kate has an affair with Ian McAllister (Ian Buchanan), a past lover, Document [150] (Title: Frankie Brady) little while longer to help with some court cases, he soon left on Thanksgiving night 2006, to work at a firm in Washington, D.C. Frankie Brady Frankie Brady (Born Francois Von Leuschner) is a fictional character on the American soap opera "Days of Our Lives". The role of Frankie was played by veteran Emmy Award-winning actor Billy Warlock from July 25, 1986 to October 5, 1988, from November 2, 1990 to July 12, 1991 and from June 26, 2005 to November 24, 2006. In 1990, Christopher Saavedra played the character in a flashback sequence. Frankie, along with his younger "brother" Document [151] (Title: Billy Flynn (actor)) Billy Flynn (actor) William "Billy" Flynn (born May 29, 1985) is an American actor and producer. He is known for portraying the role of Chad DiMera on the NBC soap opera, "Days of Our Lives". Flynn was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Flynn graduated from St. Cloud State University in 2007, earning a Finance degree and minor in Economics. In the same year, Flynn did his internship and worked at Accenture as a Financial analyst. In 2010, Flynn got a job at Warner Bros. Studios, where he worked for four years, as an analyst. Flynn became engaged to girlfriend Gina Comparetto Document [152] (Title: Days of Our Lives characters (1990s)) citizens of Salem at weddings, funerals and death-beds. He has been played by Michael O'Neil (1996), Jim Beaver (96-97, 2000, 2002–03), and James Lancaster (2003–2005, 2008). Bart Beiderbecke is a longtime DiMera family associate portrayed by Steve Blackwood. Introduced in 1997, he was originally the right-hand man of Dr. Wilhelm Rolf. Following his death, Bart became Tony's loyal assistant. He appears to be the only member of the DiMera organization who feels any remorse for the pain that is inflicted upon the citizens of Salem as a result of the DiMeras' influence. However, he is smart enough to keep his Question: actor who played stefano dimera on days of our lives

Answer: Joseph Peter Mascolo Long Answer: Joseph Peter Mascolo (March 13, 1929--December 8, 2016) was an American musician and dramatic actor . During his long career, he acted in numerous motion pictures and television series . He was best known for playing supervillain Stefano DiMera, a role he originated in 1982 on NBC's Days of Our Lives. Gold Document ID: 107

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Sussex in the High Middle Ages) monasteries in the High Middle Ages. The Cistercian abbey at Robertsbridge was the third of Sussex's 'great monasteries'. 1094 saw the completion of the Benedictine Battle Abbey, which had been founded by a team of monks from Marmoutier Abbey on the River Loire. The abbey was built on the site of the Battle of Hastings after Pope Alexander II had ordered the Normans to do penance for killing so many people during their conquest of England. Monks also planned out the nearby town of Battle shortly after the conquest. Around 1081, the lord of Lewes Rape, William de Warenne and Document [2] (Title: Leges Edwardi Confessoris) dead, dispossed or outlawed English nobility. Contemporary chroniclers were divided, with Henry of Huntingdon writing that the English people had been "delivered [up] for destruction by the violent and cunning Norman people", while William of Poitiers lauded the Norman victory at the Battle of Hastings and said the slaughter of the English had been just punishment for Harold Godwinson "perjury". The "Leges Edwardi" served the purpose of legitimizing the legacy of William the Conquerors rule and distancing the 12th-century ruling class of England from their violent origins as conquerors. The treatise is believed to have been written sometime between 1130 Document [3] (Title: Harold Godwinson) fleet to take shelter at Saint-Valery-sur-Somme and to wait for the wind to change. On 27 September the Norman fleet set sail for England, arriving the following day at Pevensey on the coast of East Sussex. Harold's army marched 241 miles (386 kilometres) to intercept William, who had landed perhaps 7,000 men in Sussex, southern England. Harold established his army in hastily built earthworks near Hastings. The two armies clashed at the Battle of Hastings, at Senlac Hill (near the present town of Battle) close by Hastings on 14 October, where after nine hours of hard fighting, Harold was killed Document [4] (Title: History of the horse in Britain) across the English Channel when he invaded England in 1066, and the outcome of the subsequent Battle of Hastings has been described as "the inevitable victory of stirruped cavalry over helpless infantry". The Battle of Hastings took place in King Harold of England's former earldom, at the centre of his property and connections; but it came less than three weeks after he had taken an army north and defeated Norwegian invaders, under King Harald Hardrada, at the Battle of Stamford Bridge, near York. Harold of England had then been "strong in cavalry". However, that battle had seriously depleted the English Document [5] (Title: Battle, East Sussex) Battle, East Sussex Battle is a small town and civil parish in the local government district of Rother in East Sussex, England. It lies south-south-east of London, east of Brighton and east of Lewes. Also nearby are Hastings to the south-east and Bexhill-on-Sea to the south. It was the site of the Battle of Hastings, where William, Duke of Normandy, defeated King Harold II to become William I in 1066. It lies in the designated High Weald Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The parish population was 6,048 according to the 2001 census, increasing to 6,673 with the 2011 Census. It Document [6] (Title: Robert, Count of Mortain) the landing in England. When granting the monastery of St Michael's Mount to the Norman monastery on the Mont Saint-Michel Robert recorded that he had fought at the Battle of Hastings under the banner of St Michel ("habens in bello Sancti Michaelis vexillum"). Robert's contribution to the success of the invasion was clearly regarded as highly significant by the Conqueror, who awarded him a large share of the spoils; in total 797 manors at the time of Domesday. The greatest concentration of his honours lay in Cornwall where he held virtually all of that county and was considered by some Document [7] (Title: Francophobia) Hastings, when William the Conqueror claimed the English throne. Before becoming King of England, William found conflict with his liege several times and conquered some neighbouring fiefs. The relationship between the countries continued to be filled with conflict, even during the Third Crusade. The medieval era of conflict climaxed during the Hundred Years' War, when the House of Plantagenet fought unsuccessfully for control of the French throne and lost almost all French holdings, which resulted in future English kings being more culturally English. (Previously, they had largely spoken French and lived in French castles much of the time. Richard the Document [8] (Title: History of Europe) Conqueror, a Duke of Normandy, invaded England in 1066. The Norman Conquest was a pivotal event in English history for several reasons. This linked England more closely with continental Europe through the introduction of a Norman aristocracy, thereby lessening Scandinavian influence. It created one of the most powerful monarchies in Europe and engendered a sophisticated governmental system. Being based on an island, moreover, England was to develop a powerful navy and trade relationships that would come to encompass a vast proportion of the world including India, Australia, New Zealand, Canada and many key naval strategic points like Bermuda, Suez, Hong Document [9] (Title: Battle of Fulford) now called Battle just outside Hastings. It is probable that Harold's intention was to repeat his success at Stamford Bridge by catching Duke William unawares. The Anglo-Norman chronicler Florence of Worcester commented that although the king [Harold] was aware that some of the bravest men in England had fallen in two recent battles and that half of his troops were not assembled, he did not hesitate to meet the enemy in Sussex. It is likely that the engagements at Fulford Gate and at the Battle of Stamford Bridge, fought within a week of each other, seriously affected Harold's strength at Document [10] (Title: Battle of Hastings) to cross the English Channel by about 12 August. But the crossing was delayed, either because of unfavourable weather or to avoid being intercepted by the powerful English fleet. The Normans crossed to England a few days after Harold's victory over the Norwegians, following the dispersal of Harold's naval force, and landed at Pevensey in Sussex on 28 September. A few ships were blown off course and landed at Romney, where the Normans fought the local "fyrd". After landing, William's forces built a wooden castle at Hastings, from which they raided the surrounding area. More fortifications were erected at Pevensey. Document [11] (Title: Haestingas) as having been harried by the Danes in 1011. The 19th century writer, Grant Allen argued that the Hastings region was predestined to be a separate region between the rest of Sussex and Kent, to later join with Sussex. Effectively isolated, the region was separated from the rest of Sussex and England by the marshland of the Pevensey Levels lying to the west and the forest of the Weald to the north, while Romney Marsh separates the region from Kent to the east. The kingdom of the Haestingas went on to join Sussex and become the rape of Hastings. It Document [12] (Title: France–United Kingdom relations) ruler, England acquired the foreign policy of the Norman dukes, which was based on protecting and expanding Norman interests at the expense of the French Kings. Although William's rule over Normandy had initially had the backing of King Henry I of France, William's success had soon created hostility, and in 1054 and 1057 King Henry had twice attacked Normandy. However, in the mid-eleventh century there was a dispute over the English throne, and the French-speaking Normans, who were of Viking stock, invaded England under their duke William the Conqueror and took over following the Battle of Hastings in 1066, and Document [13] (Title: Companions of William the Conqueror) Duke William in the Battle of Hastings. This article is concerned with the latter narrow definition. Over the centuries since the Battle of Hastings, many people in England have claimed that an ancestor fought on the Norman side. While there is sound evidence of extensive settlement in England by people of Norman, Breton and Flemish origin after 1066, the fact remains that the names of only 15 men who were with Duke William at the battle can be found in reliable sources. This group is sometimes called the "proven companions," Many lists and so-called "rolls" of other alleged companions have Document [14] (Title: William the Conqueror) powerful English earl Harold Godwinson, who was named the next king by Edward on the latter's deathbed in January 1066. William argued that Edward had previously promised the throne to him and that Harold had sworn to support William's claim. William built a large fleet and invaded England in September 1066, decisively defeating and killing Harold at the Battle of Hastings on 14 October 1066. After further military efforts William was crowned king on Christmas Day 1066, in London. He made arrangements for the governance of England in early 1067 before returning to Normandy. Several unsuccessful rebellions followed, but by Document [15] (Title: Kingdom of Sussex) family. In 1064 Harold sailed from Bosham, from where a storm cast him up in Normandy. Here he was apparently tricked into pledging his support for William of Normandy as the next king of England On 14 October 1066, Harold II, the last Saxon king of England was killed at the Battle of Hastings and the English army defeated, by William the Conqueror and his army. It is likely that all the fighting men of Sussex were at the battle, as the county's thegns were decimated and any that survived had their lands confiscated. At least 353 of the 387 Document [16] (Title: 1066 Country Walk) 1066 Country Walk The 1066 Country Walk is a waymarked long-distance footpath or recreational walk in southern England, United Kingdom. The 1066 Country Walk runs for . The route commemorates 1066, the year of the Battle of Hastings, and seeks to link the places and the people of that important year. It runs through East Sussex from Pevensey where William of Normandy gathered his invading army of Normans and prepared to meet King Harold to Rye, East Sussex, passing through Battle, East Sussex. The walk is mainly low level and passes through rolling countryside beside oast houses, windmills and parts Document [17] (Title: Battle of Alnwick (1093)) Battle of Alnwick (1093) The Battle of Alnwick is one of two battles fought near the town of Alnwick, in Northumberland, England. In the battle, which occurred on 13 November 1093, Malcolm III of Scotland, also known as Malcolm Canmore, was killed together with his son Edward, by an army of knights led by Robert de Mowbray. At the time that William II of England, known as William Rufus, came to power, the control of northern Northumbria was still an open question. William set about rectifying this by appointing strong barons who would control the border and prevent Scottish incursions. Document [18] (Title: Companions of William the Conqueror) Companions of William the Conqueror William the Conqueror had men of diverse standing and origins under his command at the Battle of Hastings in 1066. With these and other men he went on in the five succeeding years to conduct the Harrying of the North and complete the Norman conquest of England. The term "Companions of the Conqueror" in the widest sense signifies those who planned, organised and joined with William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy, in the great adventure which was the Norman Conquest (1066-1071). The term is however more narrowly defined as those nobles who actually fought with Document [19] (Title: Treaty of Abernethy) Malcolm invaded the northern counties of England numerous times. The counties of Northumberland, Cumberland and Westmorland were historically claimed by Scotland. In England after the defeat and death of Harold Godwinson at the Battle of Hastings in 1066, English resistance to their Norman conquerors was centred on Edgar Ætheling, the grandson of Edmund Ironside. Ironside was half-brother to Edward the Confessor. Copsi, a supporter of Tostig (a previous Anglo-Saxon earl of Northumbria who had been banished by Edward the Confessor), was a native of Northumbria and his family had a history of being rulers of Bernicia, and at times Northumbria. Document [20] (Title: Hastings) to the east. That "New Burgh" was founded in 1069 and is mentioned in the Domesday Book as such. William defeated and killed Harold Godwinson, the last Saxon King of England, and destroyed his army, thus opening England to the Norman conquest. William caused a castle to be built at Hastings probably using the earthworks of the existing Saxon castle. Hastings was shown as a borough by the time of the Domesday Book (1086); it had also given its name to the Rape of Hastings, one of the six administrative divisions of Sussex. As a borough, Hastings had a corporation Document [21] (Title: Viking expansion) defeated Harold Godwinson and his army at the Battle of Hastings in October 1066. As king of England, he retained the fiefdom of Normandy for himself and his descendants. The kings of England made claim to Normandy, as well as their other possessions in France, which led to various disputes with the French. This culminated in the French confiscation of Gascony that precipitated what became known as the Hundred Years' War, in 1337. West Francia and Middle Francia suffered more severely than East Francia during the Viking raids of the 9th century. The reign of Charles the Bald coincided with Document [22] (Title: Battle of Brémule) Battle of Brémule The Battle of Brémule was fought on 20 August 1119 between Henry I of England and Louis VI the Fat of France. Henry I had to defend his holdings in Normandy several times and defeated a French invasion at the Battle of Brémule in 1119. The defeat at Brémule effectively crippled the baron's rebellion and led to King Louis having to accept William Adelin as Duke of Normandy. William was officially invested with the duchy in 1120, even though King Louis continued to support William Clito's claim to the honour. This battle is the result of a Document [23] (Title: Norman conquest of England) Norman conquest of England The Norman Conquest of England (in Britain, often called the Norman Conquest or the Conquest) was the 11th-century invasion and occupation of England by an army of Norman, Breton, Flemish, and French soldiers led by Duke William II of Normandy, later styled William the Conqueror. William's claim to the English throne derived from his familial relationship with the childless Anglo-Saxon King Edward the Confessor, who may have encouraged William's hopes for the throne. Edward died in January 1066 and was succeeded by his brother-in-law Harold Godwinson. The Norwegian king Harald Hardrada invaded northern England in September Document [24] (Title: Invasions of the British Isles) unanimously embraced. To the north, the Norwegian king Harald Hardrada invaded England. In the late summer of 1066, the invaders sailed up the Ouse before advancing on York. Outside the city they defeated a northern English army led by Edwin, Earl of Mercia and his brother Morcar, Earl of Northumbria at the Battle of Fulford on 20 September. On hearing of the northern army's defeat Harold Godwinson marched the southern army north and met and defeated Hardrada at Stamford Bridge. While Godwinson was busy up north, William the Bastard (later to be known as William the Conqueror), landed his army Document [25] (Title: Norman conquest of England) Mercia, fighting Norman forces based in Hereford. These events forced William to return to England at the end of 1067. In 1068 William besieged rebels in Exeter, including Harold's mother Gytha, and after suffering heavy losses managed to negotiate the town's surrender. In May, William's wife Matilda was crowned queen at Westminster, an important symbol of William's growing international stature. Later in the year Edwin and Morcar raised a revolt in Mercia with Welsh assistance, while Gospatric, the newly appointed Earl of Northumbria, led a rising in Northumbria, which had not yet been occupied by the Normans. These rebellions rapidly Document [26] (Title: Senlac Hill) suggested that Senlac was the correct name of the Battle of Hastings site since the name of the hill was Senlac and was near a stream called Santlache. Orderic describes Harold's forces as assembling for the battle "ad locum, qui Senlac antiquitus vocabatur" and the battle itself as being fought " in campo Senlac ". Orderic was born in Atcham, Shropshire, England, the eldest son of a French priest, Odeler of Orléans and an English mother. When Orderic was five, his parents sent him to an English monk with the name of Siward, who kept a school in the Abbey Document [27] (Title: Laws of William the Conqueror) violated then they shall pay a fine to William. Laws of William the Conqueror William the Conqueror, the first Norman King of England who reigned from 1066 until his death in 1087, created 10 laws for the English people to abide by after the Battle of Hastings. The first law stated that "First that above all things he wishes one God to be revered throughout his whole realm, one faith in Christ to be kept ever inviolate, and peace and security to be preserved between English and Normans." The second law stated that every freeman shall make an oath that Document [28] (Title: Sussex in the High Middle Ages) land as William I founded Battle Abbey, which although within the rape of Hastings, lay outside the count's jurisdiction, as the abbot of Battle answered only to the king. William built Battle Abbey at the site of the battle of Hastings, and the exact spot where Harold fell was marked by the high altar. In 1070, Pope Alexander II ordered the Normans to do penance for killing so many people during their conquest of England. In response, William the Conqueror vowed to build an abbey where the Battle of Hastings had taken place, with the high altar of its church Document [29] (Title: Battle of Brunanburh) the battle was "the moment when Englishness came of age" and "one of the most significant battles in the long history not just of England but of the whole of the British isles". The battle has been called "the greatest single battle in Anglo-Saxon history before Hastings" by Alfred Smyth, but he also states that its consequences beyond Æthelstan's reign have been overstated. Alex Woolf describes it a "pyrrhic victory" for Æthelstan: the campaign seems to have ended in a stalemate, his power appears to have declined, and after he died Olaf acceded to the Kingdom of Northumbria without resistance. Document [30] (Title: Battle Abbey) playground. In 1070, Pope Alexander II ordered the Normans to do penance for killing so many people during their conquest of England. In response, William the Conqueror vowed to build an abbey where the Battle of Hastings had taken place, with the high altar of its church on the supposed spot where King Harold fell in that battle on Saturday, 14 October 1066. William started building it, dedicating it to St. Martin, sometimes known as "the Apostle of the Gauls," but died before it was completed. Its church was finished in about 1094 and consecrated during the reign of his Document [31] (Title: Anglo-Saxon military organization) of burghs that provided supply bases and mustering points. It was this system that allowed Alfred and his successors to conquer England and for Harold to move his army rapidly against the Danes and defeat them at Stamford Bridge then move elements 250 miles south to Hastings. There are some battles in which scholars generally agree on which tactics and methods were used. The Battle of Hastings, in 1066, the soldiers were organized with the best in the front line and the less adequate fighters in the following lines. They formed a tightly packed shield wall, with spears projecting from Document [32] (Title: Breton–Norman War) Conan promptly informed the duke that he would take the opportunity to invade the latter's Duchy. William's army set out for battle. While outside the monastery of Mont Saint-Michel, two Norman soldiers became mired in quicksand, and Harold Godwinson, future King of England saved them. The Battle of Dinan occurred in 1065. Harold fought on the side of William whose army chased Conan from Dol-de-Bretagne to Rennes and he finally surrendered at Château de Dinan, Brittany. The battle is recalled in the Bayeux Tapestry (see illustration). During Conan's 1066 campaign against Anjou, he took Pouancé and Segré, and arrived in Document [33] (Title: History of Anglo-Saxon England) of Normandy's invasion fleet set sail for England on the morning of 27 September 1066. Harold marched his army back down to the south coast, where he met William's army, at a place now called Battle just outside Hastings. Harold was killed when he fought and lost the Battle of Hastings on 14 October 1066. The Battle of Hastings virtually destroyed the Godwin dynasty. Harold and his brothers Gyrth and Leofwine were dead on the battlefield, as was their uncle , Abbot of Newminster. Tostig had been killed at Stamford Bridge. Wulfnoth was a hostage of William the Conqueror. The Document [34] (Title: Urse d'Abetot) ruler in northern France. Harold, the most powerful English noble, took the initiative and was crowned king on 6 January. William, lacking Harold's proximity to the centres of English royal government, gathered troops and prepared an invasion fleet. He invaded England in October, and subsequently defeated and killed Harold at the Battle of Hastings on 14 October 1066. William was crowned on Christmas Day at Westminster, becoming William I. Between his coronation and 1071, William consolidated his hold over England, defeating a number of rebellions that arose particularly in the north and west of the country. Immediately after Hastings, only Document [35] (Title: Battle of Hastings) encouraged Duke William of Normandy's ambitions for the English throne. King Edward's death on 5 January 1066 left no clear heir, and several contenders laid claim to the throne of England. Edward's immediate successor was the Earl of Wessex, Harold Godwinson, the richest and most powerful of the English aristocrats and son of Godwin, Edward's earlier opponent. Harold was elected king by the Witenagemot of England and crowned by Ealdred, the Archbishop of York, although Norman propaganda claimed that the ceremony was performed by Stigand, the uncanonically elected Archbishop of Canterbury. Harold was at once challenged by two powerful neighbouring Document [36] (Title: Danelaw) the North Sea Empire. Harthacnut lived only another two years, and from his death in 1042 until 1066 the monarchy reverted to the English line in the form of Edward the Confessor. Edward died in January 1066 without an obvious successor, and an English nobleman, Harold Godwinson, took the throne. In the autumn of that same year, two rival claimants to the throne led invasions of England in short succession. First, Harald Hardrada of Norway took York in September, but was defeated by Harold at the Battle of Stamford Bridge, in Yorkshire. Then, three weeks later, William of Normandy defeated Document [37] (Title: Lincoln Castle) and possible to walk around the walls from which there are views of the castle complex, cathedral, the city, and surrounding countryside. After William the Conqueror defeated Harold Godwinson and the English at the Battle of Hastings on 14 October 1066, he continued to face resistance to his rule in the north of England. For a number of years, William's position was very insecure. In order to project his influence northwards to control the people of the Danelaw (an area that had for a time been under the control of Scandinavian settlers), he constructed a number of major castles in Document [38] (Title: Ermenfrid Penitential) Ermenfrid Penitential The Ermenfrid Penitential is an ordinance composed by the Bishops of Normandy following the Battle of Hastings (1066) calling for atonement to be completed by the perpetrators of violence in William the Conqueror’s invading army during the Norman Conquest of England. The date of issue is, probably, 1067, although some historians have dated it to 1070. Papal authority was given to the document by Ermenfrid of Sion, papal legate to Pope Alexander II (1063-1073). The ordinance is split into three distinct time periods, with corresponding penances described for homicides committed at the Battle of Hastings itself, those occurring Document [39] (Title: Battle of Hastings) rulers. Duke William claimed that he had been promised the throne by King Edward and that Harold had sworn agreement to this. Harald Hardrada of Norway also contested the succession. His claim to the throne was based on an agreement between his predecessor Magnus the Good and the earlier King of England Harthacnut, whereby, if either died without heir, the other would inherit both England and Norway. William and Harald Hardrada immediately set about assembling troops and ships for separate invasions. In early 1066, Harold's exiled brother Tostig Godwinson raided southeastern England with a fleet he had recruited in Flanders, Document [40] (Title: Hastings) Hastings Hastings is a town and borough in East Sussex on the south coast of England, Hastings gives its name to the Battle of Hastings, which took place to the north at Senlac Hill in 1066. The town later became one of the medieval Cinque Ports, and a popular seaside resort in the 19th century with the coming of the railway. Today, Hastings is a fishing port with a beach-based fishing fleet. The first mention of Hastings is found in the late 8th century in the form "Hastingas". This is derived from the Old English tribal name "Hæstingas", meaning `the Document [41] (Title: Yorkshire) amount of autonomy as an almost-independent earldom rather than a separate kingdom. The Wessex Kings of England were reputed to have respected the Norse customs in Yorkshire and left law-making in the hands of the local aristocracy. In the weeks immediately leading up to the Battle of Hastings in 1066 AD, Harold II of England was distracted by events in Yorkshire. His brother Tostig and Harold Hardrada, King of Norway, attempted a takeover in the North, having won the Battle of Fulford. The King of England marched north where the two armies met at the Battle of Stamford Bridge. Tostig Document [42] (Title: Battle of Hastings) faced invasions by William, his own brother Tostig, and the Norwegian King Harald Hardrada (Harold III of Norway). Hardrada and Tostig defeated a hastily gathered army of Englishmen at the Battle of Fulford on 20 September 1066, and were in turn defeated by Harold at the Battle of Stamford Bridge five days later. The deaths of Tostig and Hardrada at Stamford Bridge left William as Harold's only serious opponent. While Harold and his forces were recovering, William landed his invasion forces in the south of England at Pevensey on 28 September 1066 and established a beachhead for his conquest of Document [43] (Title: Maritime history of England) In the spring of 1066 northern Britain was attacked by King Harald of Norway and Tostig Godwinson in 300-500 ships. The Norman conquest of England, in the autumn of 1066, which occurred after a seaborne invasion at Hastings, was unopposed as the English fleet had returned to base. After this the Kings of England were also rulers of much of France so presumably there was much trade across the English Channel. Various wars were fought against the French requiring transport of armies and their support. In 1120 the "White Ship" was wrecked and the sons of Henry I drowned, while Document [44] (Title: Cnut the Great's invasion of England) went before the main army with a design to plunder.("Anglo-Saxon Chronicle")" The Battle of Assandun (or Essendune) was fought between Danish and English armies on 18 October 1016. There is disagreement whether Assandun may be Ashdon near Saffron Walden in north Essex or, as long supposed, Ashingdon near Rochford in southeast Essex, England. It ended in victory for the Danes, led by Canute the Great, who triumphed over the English army led by King Edmund Ironside. The battle was the conclusion to the Danish reconquest of England. The battle is mentioned briefly in "Knýtlinga saga" which quotes a verse of Document [45] (Title: England in the High Middle Ages) 1087, England formed the largest part of an Anglo-Norman empire, ruled over by a network of nobles with landholdings across England, Normandy, and Wales. England's growing wealth was critical in allowing the Norman kings to project power across the region, including funding campaigns along the frontiers of Normandy. At Christmas 1085, William ordered the compilation of a survey of the landholdings held by himself and by his vassals throughout the kingdom, organised by counties, a work now known as the Domesday Book. The listing for each county gives the holdings of each landholder, grouped by owners. The listings describe the Document [46] (Title: Norman conquest of England) 1066 and was victorious at the Battle of Fulford, but Harold defeated and killed him at the Battle of Stamford Bridge on 25 September. Within days, William landed in southern England. Harold marched south to oppose him, leaving a significant portion of his army in the north. Harold's army confronted William's invaders on 14 October at the Battle of Hastings; William's force defeated Harold, who was killed in the engagement. Although William's main rivals were gone, he still faced rebellions over the following years and was not secure on his throne until after 1072. The lands of the resisting English Document [47] (Title: England in the High Middle Ages) was defeated and killed at the battle of Hastings on 14 October and William's forces rapidly occupied the south of England. Major revolts followed, which William suppressed before intervening in the north-east of England, establishing Norman control of York and devastating the region. Once England had been conquered, the Normans faced many challenges in maintaining control. They were few in number compared to the native English population; including those from other parts of France, historians estimate the number of Norman settlers at around 8,000. William's followers expected and received lands and titles in return for their service in the invasion, Document [48] (Title: Norman conquest of England) Count of Penthièvre. In August or September 1069 a large fleet sent by Sweyn II of Denmark arrived off the coast of England, sparking a new wave of rebellions across the country. After abortive raids in the south, the Danes joined forces with a new Northumbrian uprising, which was also joined by Edgar, Gospatric and the other exiles from Scotland as well as Waltheof. The combined Danish and English forces defeated the Norman garrison at York, seized the castles and took control of Northumbria, although a raid into Lincolnshire led by Edgar was defeated by the Norman garrison of Lincoln. Document [49] (Title: History of Yorkshire) Battle of Hastings where the English army was defeated and Harold Godwinson killed, allowing William to become King of England. King William I and the Normans did not immediately gain control over the whole of the country, and rebellions in the north of England, including Yorkshire, led to the Harrying of the North. The Anglo-Norman chronicler Orderic Vitalis condemned William the Conqueror for his cruelty in conducting a scorched earth campaign during the winter of 1069-70. Those who escaped initially hid in Yorkshire's woodland but many (some sources say 100,000) then died of famine or exposure when William salted the Document [50] (Title: Northern England) marked the beginning of the end of Viking rule in England, and the almost immediate defeat of Godwinson at the hands of the Norman William the Conqueror at the Battle of Hastings was in turn the overthrow of the Anglo-Saxon order. The Northumbrian and Danish aristocracy resisted the Norman Conquest, and to put an end to the rebellion, William ordered the Harrying of the North. In the winter of 1069–1070, towns, villages and farms were systematically destroyed across much of Yorkshire as well as northern Lancashire and County Durham. The region was gripped by famine and much of Northern England Document [51] (Title: Battle of Hastings) confront Harold. The battle lasted from about 9 am to dusk. Early efforts of the invaders to break the English battle lines had little effect; therefore, the Normans adopted the tactic of pretending to flee in panic and then turning on their pursuers. Harold's death, probably near the end of the battle, led to the retreat and defeat of most of his army. After further marching and some skirmishes, William was crowned as king on Christmas Day 1066. There continued to be rebellions and resistance to William's rule, but Hastings effectively marked the culmination of William's conquest of England. Casualty Document [52] (Title: History of Sussex) bretwalda, or ‘Britain ruler’. Under St Wilfrid, Sussex became the last of the seven traditional kingdoms of the heptarchy to undergo Christianisation. By the 8th century the kingdom had expanded to include the territory of the Haestingas. Around 827 in the aftermath of the battle of Ellandun, Sussex was annexed by the kingdom of Wessex, a kingdom that with further expansion became the kingdom of England. In 1066 Norman forces arrived in Sussex, the heartland of King Harold Godwinson. Defeating Harold at the Battle of Hastings, William the Conqueror established five (later six) semi-independent territories known as rapes. The South Document [53] (Title: Merionethshire) the early 7th century), and before. The Norman presence in England, after 1066, was the most significant factor which disrupted this pattern. In 1067, the rulers of Gwynedd and Powys invaded England, in support of Eadric the Wild, a leader of continued Saxon resistance against the Normans. When Northern England revolted against in 1080, the Normans responded by preemptively attacking, and then occupying Wales, to prevent any further Welsh assistance to the English. In 1094, the Welsh decided to revolt, but Hugh of Chester, the nearest Norman magnate, successfully re-captured North Wales by the end of 1098 (with Norwegian assistance). Document [54] (Title: Battle of Hastings) years. There were rebellions in Exeter in late 1067, an invasion by Harold's sons in mid-1068, and an uprising in Northumbria in 1068. In 1069 William faced more troubles from Northumbrian rebels, an invading Danish fleet, and rebellions in the south and west of England. He ruthlessly put down the various risings, culminating in the Harrying of the North in late 1069 and early 1070 that devastated parts of northern England. A further rebellion in 1070 by Hereward the Wake was also defeated by the king, at Ely. Battle Abbey was founded by William at the site of the battle. Document [55] (Title: Battle of Hastings) southern England on 8 September also contributed to the defeat. Many historians fault Harold for hurrying south and not gathering more forces before confronting William at Hastings, although it is not clear that the English forces were insufficient to deal with William's forces. Against these arguments for an exhausted English army, the length of the battle, which lasted an entire day, shows that the English forces were not tired by their long march. Tied in with the speed of Harold's advance to Hastings is the possibility Harold may not have trusted Earls Edwin of Mercia and Morcar of Northumbria once Document [56] (Title: Sussex) came increasingly under Mercian rule. Mercia's grip was shattered in 825 at the battle of Ellendun, after which Sussex and the other southern kingdoms came under the control of Wessex, which later grew into the kingdom of England. Sussex was the venue for the momentous Battle of Hastings, the decisive victory in the Norman conquest of England. In September 1066, William of Normandy landed with his forces at Pevensey and erected a wooden castle at Hastings, from which they raided the surrounding area. The battle was fought between Duke William of Normandy and the English king, Harold Godwinson, who had Document [57] (Title: Anglo-Normans) Battle of Hastings. The invading Normans came from the duchy of Normandy in the kingdom of France. They formed a ruling class in Britain, distinct from (although inter-marrying with) the native populations. Over time their language evolved from the continental Old Norman to the distinct Anglo-Norman language. Anglo-Normans quickly established control over all of England, as well as parts of Wales (the Cambro-Normans). After 1130, parts of southern and eastern Scotland came under Anglo-Norman rule (the Scoto-Normans), in return for their support of David I's conquest. The Norman conquest of Ireland in 1169 saw Anglo-Normans (or Cambro-Normans) settle vast swaths Document [58] (Title: Sussex in the High Middle Ages) England, was captured by the French. Louis continued to London where he was proclaimed king of England. Pevensey Castle was also probably ordered to be made indefensible by King John. It is estimated that in the immediate aftermath of the Normans' landing at Pevensey and the Battle of Hastings, wealth in Sussex fell by 40 per cent as the Normans sought to assert control by destroying estates or capital. From Hastings to London, estates fell in value wherever the Normans marched William assigned large tracts of land amongst the Norman elite, creating vast estates in some areas, particularly in Sussex Document [59] (Title: Tower of London) in a building in the outer ward near Salt Tower. Between 1348 and 1355, a second water-gate, Cradle Tower, was added east of St Thomas's Tower for the king's private use. Victorious at the Battle of Hastings on 14 October 1066, the invading Duke of Normandy, William the Conqueror, spent the rest of the year securing his holdings by fortifying key positions. He founded several castles along the way, but took a circuitous route toward London; only when he reached Canterbury did he turn towards England's largest city. As the fortified bridge into London was held by Saxon troops, he Document [60] (Title: Stenkil) 1047 and 1062. Historian Aksel E. Christensen has concluded that the Norwegian-Danish peace treaty of 1064 was a success for the Swedish policy to prevent one king from ruling the kingdoms to the north and the south of Skagerrak. Strangely, the "Knytlinga Saga" tells that "King Sweyn also had a dispute with the Swedish King Stenkil, who went with his army against King Sweyn, although he did not appropriate any of his territories". Adam of Bremen, Snorri Sturluson and the "Hervarar saga" all state that Stenkil passed away at the time of the Battle of Hastings in England (1066). His Document [61] (Title: History of the British Isles) even managed to re-conquer and unify England for much of the 10th century, before a new series of Danish raids in the late 10th century and early 11th century culminated in the wholesale subjugation of England to Denmark under Canute the Great. Danish rule was overthrown and the local House of Wessex was restored to power under Edward the Confessor for about two decades until his death in 1066. In 1066, William, Duke of Normandy said he was the rightful heir to the English throne, invaded England, and defeated King Harold II at the Battle of Hastings. Proclaiming himself to Document [62] (Title: Battlefield Britain) what really happened when Boudicca stood up against the mighty Roman Empire in 60AD. Heralding the beginning of the Norman Conquest, the Battle of Hastings in 1066, when William the Conqueror faced King Harold on the south coast, was one of the bloodiest and most important battles ever fought on British soil. A look at the Battle for Wales in 1403 and the leader of the Welsh rebellion, Owain Glyndwr. England's defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 was a victory against one of the great seagoing nations. The dramatic events helped seal the British reputation as a seafaring people. Document [63] (Title: Battle of Stamford Bridge) Battle of Stamford Bridge The Battle of Stamford Bridge took place at the village of Stamford Bridge, East Riding of Yorkshire, in England on 25 September 1066, between an English army under King Harold Godwinson and an invading Norwegian force led by King Harald Hardrada and the English king's brother Tostig Godwinson. After a bloody battle, both Hardrada and Tostig along with most of the Norwegians were killed. Although Harold Godwinson repelled the Norwegian invaders, his army was defeated by the Normans at Hastings less than three weeks later. The battle has traditionally been presented as symbolising the end of Document [64] (Title: Treaty of Abernethy) Treaty of Abernethy The Treaty of Abernethy was signed at the Scottish village of Abernethy in 1072 where king Malcolm III of Scotland paid homage to William I, King of England, acknowledging William as his feudal overlord. William had started his conquest of England when he and his army landed in Sussex, defeating and killing the English king Harold, at the Battle of Hastings, in 1066. Most of the English nobility were also either killed at Hastings or replaced by Norman lords in the years following the battle. The battle of Hastings was not the end of the fighting, William's Document [65] (Title: Walter Giffard, Lord of Longueville) 1064, one of the more famous exploits of that time. By the time of the Conquest, Walter had returned to Normandy bearing a gift of the King of Spain for Duke William, a magnificent war-horse. The same Spanish war-horse duke William called for on the morning of the Battle of Hastings. The Spanish king in question was in all probability Sancho Ramírez of Aragon (1063–94) who was known for making friends and recruiting knights and soldiers from Northern France. Walter was also one of the first, if not "the" first in England to go on pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela, Document [66] (Title: Sussex) strong connections with Sussex and whose chief seat was probably in Bosham. After having marched his exhausted army all the way from Yorkshire, Harold fought the Normans at the Battle of Hastings, where England's army was defeated and Harold was killed. It is likely that all the fighting men of Sussex were at the battle, as the county's thegns were decimated and any that survived had their lands confiscated. William built Battle Abbey at the site of the battle, with the exact spot where Harold fell marked by the high altar. Sussex experienced some of the greatest changes of any Document [67] (Title: Norman and Medieval London) Norman and Medieval London This article covers the history of London from the Norman conquest of England in 1066 to the late 15th century. The Norman invasion of Britain in 1066 is usually considered to be the beginning of a new era in English history. William, Duke of Normandy, defeated English king Harold Godwinson at the Battle of Hastings. Having conquered Hampshire and Kent, William and his army turned to London. Having failed to cross London bridge at Southwark, William's army marched clockwise around London and waited to the north-west at Berkhamsted. Where, having realised that resistance was pointless, a Document [68] (Title: Norman and Medieval London) in the city. Norman and Medieval London This article covers the history of London from the Norman conquest of England in 1066 to the late 15th century. The Norman invasion of Britain in 1066 is usually considered to be the beginning of a new era in English history. William, Duke of Normandy, defeated English king Harold Godwinson at the Battle of Hastings. Having conquered Hampshire and Kent, William and his army turned to London. Having failed to cross London bridge at Southwark, William's army marched clockwise around London and waited to the north-west at Berkhamsted. Where, having realised that resistance Document [69] (Title: Battle of Hastings) Battle of Hastings The Battle of Hastings was fought on 14 October 1066 between the Norman-French army of William, the Duke of Normandy, and an English army under the Anglo-Saxon King Harold Godwinson, beginning the Norman conquest of England. It took place approximately northwest of Hastings, close to the present-day town of Battle, East Sussex, and was a decisive Norman victory. The background to the battle was the death of the childless King Edward the Confessor in January 1066, which set up a succession struggle between several claimants to his throne. Harold was crowned king shortly after Edward's death, but Document [70] (Title: History of Yorkshire) his army as he went to face the invasion. Within five days, on 25 September 1066, Harold Godwinson had reached Stamford Bridge and defeated the Norwegian Army in a battle in which both Harold Hardrada and Tostig Godwinson were killed. The battle at Stamford Bridge can be seen as one of the pivotal battles in English history, it was the last time a Scandinavian army was able to seriously threaten England. On 28 September William Duke of Normandy landed on the south coast of England forcing Harold Godwinson to rush south from Yorkshire with his army. They met at the Document [71] (Title: Duchy of Normandy) 1014. In 1066, Duke William defeated Harold II of England at the Battle of Hastings and was subsequently crowned King of England, through the Norman conquest of England. Anglo-Norman and French relations became complicated after the Norman Conquest. The Norman dukes retained control of their holdings in Normandy as vassals owing fealty to the King of France, but they were his equals as kings of England. From 1154 until 1214, with the creation of the Angevin Empire, the Angevin kings of England controlled half of France and all of England, dwarfing the power of the French king, yet the Angevins Document [72] (Title: Battle of Brunanburh) were "never yet as many people killed before this with sword's edge ... since the east Angles and Saxons came up over the broad sea". Æthelstan's victory preserved the unity of England. The historian Æthelweard wrote around 975 that "[t]he fields of Britain were consolidated into one, there was peace everywhere, and abundance of all things". Alfred Smuth has called the battle "the greatest single battle in Anglo-Saxon history before Hastings". The site of the battle is unknown and scholars have proposed many places. After Æthelstan defeated the Vikings at York in 927, King Constantine of Scotland, King Hywel Dda Document [73] (Title: England in the Middle Ages) of the Danish killings to acquire huge wealth. When Edward died in 1066, Harold Godwinson claimed the throne, defeating his rival Norwegian claimant, Harald Hardrada, at the battle of Stamford Bridge. In 1066, William, the Duke of Normandy, took advantage of the English succession crisis to invade. With an army of Norman followers and mercenaries, he defeated Harold at the battle of Hastings and rapidly occupied the south of England. William used a network of castles to control the major centres of power, granting extensive lands to his main Norman followers and co-opting or eliminating the former Anglo-Saxon elite. Major Document [74] (Title: Lyre Abbey) Breteuil, in Normandy who is one of the very few proven companions of William the Conqueror known to have fought at the Battle of Hastings in 1066. He was a relative and close counsellor of William, being later made Earl of Wessex and Earl of Hereford. From its founder the abbey received important grants in its immediate vicinity, but also further afield.. In the wake of the Norman conquest FitzObern became one of the great magnates of early Norman England, acquiring extensive lands there, from which he made generous donations to Lyre Abbey, which emerges in the Domesday Book as Document [75] (Title: Carmen de Hastingae Proelio) Carmen de Hastingae Proelio The Carmen de Hastingae Proelio ("Song of the Battle of Hastings") is a 20th century name for the Carmen Widonis, the earliest history of the Norman invasion of England from September to December 1066, in Latin. It is attributed to Bishop Guy of Amiens, a noble of Ponthieu and monastically-trained bishop and administrator close to the French court, who eventually served as a chaplain for Matilda of Flanders, William the Conqueror's queen. Guy was an uncle to Count Guy of Ponthieu, who figures rather prominently in the Bayeux Tapestry as the vassal of Duke William of Document [76] (Title: Yorkshire) and Hardrada were both killed and their army was defeated decisively. However, Harold Godwinson was forced immediately to march his army back down to the South where William the Conqueror was landing. The King was defeated at Hastings, which led to the Norman conquest of England. The people of the North rebelled against the Normans in September 1069 AD, enlisting Sweyn II of Denmark. They tried to take back York, but the Normans burnt it before they could. What followed was the Harrying of the North ordered by William. From York to Durham, crops, domestic animals, and farming tools were Document [77] (Title: Castles in Great Britain and Ireland) Ewyas Harold Castle and Dover. William, Duke of Normandy, invaded England in 1066 and one of his first actions after landing was to build Hastings Castle to protect his supply routes. Following their victory at the battle of Hastings the Normans began three phases of castle building. The first of these was the establishment, by the new king, of a number of royal castles in key strategic locations. This royal castle programme focused on controlling the towns and cities of England and the associated lines of communication, including Cambridge, Huntingdon, Lincoln, Norwich, Nottingham, Wallingford, Warwick and York. Of the castles Document [78] (Title: Bayeux Tapestry) the backing which broadly enumerate each scene and which are still commonly used for reference. In a series of pictures supported by a written commentary the tapestry tells the story of the events of 1064–1066 culminating in the Battle of Hastings. The two main protagonists are Harold Godwinson, recently crowned King of England, leading the Anglo-Saxon English, and William, Duke of Normandy, leading a mainly Norman army, sometimes called the companions of William the Conqueror. William was the illegitimate son of Robert the Magnificent, Duke of Normandy, and Herleva (or Arlette), a tanner's daughter. William became Duke of Normandy at Document [79] (Title: William de Warenne, 1st Earl of Surrey) Duke William when the decision was made to oppose King Harold II's accession to the throne of England. He fought at the Battle of Hastings and was well rewarded with numerous holdings. The Domesday book records his lands stretched over thirteen counties and included the important Rape of Lewes in Sussex, several manors in Norfolk, Suffolk and Essex, the significant manor of Conisbrough in Yorkshire and Castle Acre in Norfolk, which became his caput (see below). He is one of very few proven companions of William the Conqueror known to have fought at the Battle of Hastings in 1066. He Document [80] (Title: North East England) of north-east England with a raiding party from Norway who attacked the monastic settlement on Lindisfarne . The monks fled or were slaughtered, and Bishop Higbald sought refuge on the mainland. A chronicler recorded: "On the 8th June, the harrying of the heathen miserably destroyed God's church by rapine and slaughter." There were three hundred years of Viking raids, battles and settlement until William the Conqueror defeated King Harold at Hastings in 1066. The "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" notes the change from raiding to settlement when it records that in 876 the Vikings "Shared out the land of the Northumbrians and they Document [81] (Title: Battle of Fulford) the Battle of Hastings some three weeks later. There is no doubt that if Harold had not been diverted by the battles in the north, then he would have been better prepared to fight William at Hastings and the result might have been different. Battle of Fulford The Battle of Fulford was fought on the outskirts of the village of Fulford near York in England, on 20 September 1066, when King Harald III of Norway, also known as "Harald Hardrada" ("harðráði" in Old Norse, meaning "hard ruler"), and Tostig Godwinson, his English ally, fought and defeated the Northern Earls Edwin Document [82] (Title: Berkhamsted) name had changed to "North Church", later "Northchurch", to distinguish the village from the town of Berkhamsted. The Anglo-Saxons surrendered the crown of England to William the Conqueror at Berkhamsted in early December 1066. After William defeated and killed Harold II at the Battle of Hastings in October, he failed in an attempt to capture London from the south. William led his army around London, crossing the River Thames at Wallingford, "laying waste" while travelling through southeast England. At Berkhamsted, he received the surrender of Edgar the Ætheling (heir to the English throne), Archbishop Ealdred, Earl Edwin, Earl Morcar and Document [83] (Title: The Normans (TV series)) - land of the northmen - in northern France. They went on to build some of the finest churches in Europe and turned into an unstoppable force of Christian knights and warriors, whose legacy is all around us to this day. Under the leadership of Duke William, the Normans expanded into the neighbouring provinces of northern France. But William's greatest achievement was the conquest of England in 1066. The Battle of Hastings marked the end of the Anglo-Saxon aristocracy and monarchy. The culture and politics of England would now be transformed by the Normans. In the second of this three-part Document [84] (Title: Hastings) of Haestingas to Ine as part of the treaty. In 771 King Offa of Mercia invaded Southern England, and over the next decade gradually seized control of Sussex and Kent. Symeon of Durham records a battle fought at an unidentified location near Hastings in 771, at which Offa defeated the Haestingas tribe, effectively ending its existence as a separate kingdom. By 790, Offa controlled Hastings effectively enough to confirm grants of land in Hastings to the Abbey of St Denis, in Paris. But, the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" for 1011 relates that Vikings overran "all Kent, Sussex, Surrey and Haestingas", indicating the Document [85] (Title: France–United Kingdom relations) Normandy, so relations were somewhat complicated between the countries. Though they were dukes ostensibly under the king of France, their higher level of organisation in Normandy gave them more de facto power. In addition, they were kings of England in their own right; England was not officially a province of France, nor a province of Normandy. This war was fought between the years 1076 to 1077. In 1087, following the monastic retirement of its last count, William and Philip partitioned between themselves the Vexin, a small but strategically important county on the middle Seine that controlled the traffic between Paris Document [86] (Title: Remigius de Fécamp) Remigius' possible descent from an earlier ducal concubine. The medieval writer Henry of Huntingdon states that Remigius was a participant in the Norman Conquest of England, and was at the Battle of Hastings in 1066. The Ship List states that Remigius contributed one ship and 20 knights to the invasion force used by William the Conqueror in addition to his presence at Hastings. However, as mentioned earlier, this list only survives from a 12th-century copy which originates from Battle Abbey, the monastery founded by King William to commemorate his victory at Hastings. Battle was known to have manufactured documentary evidence Document [87] (Title: Assize of Arms of 1181) inheritance, and prohibition of exports of arms, ships and timber. The Act reads as follows: Henry II came from a Norman line of kings and inherited the kingship of England which had fallen into Norman hands after the Battle of Hastings in 1066. England had been a unified nation for only a short time prior to this. It had been successfully invaded and conquered with military power from Roman Empire, with periodic incursions from Gaul, over about 400 years. This was followed with periodic waves of Viking invasions. It was not until the end of the first millennium that England Document [88] (Title: William the Conqueror) appointed to replace the deposed bishops and abbots, and at the end of the process, only two native English bishops remained in office, along with several continental prelates appointed by Edward the Confessor. In 1070 William also founded Battle Abbey, a new monastery at the site of the Battle of Hastings, partly as a penance for the deaths in the battle and partly as a memorial to the dead. Although Sweyn had promised to leave England, he returned in spring 1070, raiding along the Humber and East Anglia toward the Isle of Ely, where he joined up with Hereward the Document [89] (Title: Danelaw) the Battle of Hastings. 800 − Waves of Danish assaults on the coastlines of the British Isles. 865 − Danish raiders first began to settle in England. Led by the brothers Halfdan and Ivar the Boneless, they wintered in East Anglia, where they demanded and received tribute in exchange for a temporary peace. From there, they moved north and attacked Northumbria, which was in the midst of a civil war between the deposed king Osberht and a usurper Ælla. The Danes used the civil turmoil as an opportunity to capture York, which they sacked and burned. 867 − Following the Document [90] (Title: Carmen de Hastingae Proelio) doubt about his faithfulness and piety (two core political values for the Carolingians and the Capetians). This indicates that the contradictions and early weaknesses of William's conquest and regime were already apparent in 1067, even as Guy could praise William for his achievement. Carmen de Hastingae Proelio The Carmen de Hastingae Proelio ("Song of the Battle of Hastings") is a 20th century name for the Carmen Widonis, the earliest history of the Norman invasion of England from September to December 1066, in Latin. It is attributed to Bishop Guy of Amiens, a noble of Ponthieu and monastically-trained bishop and administrator Document [91] (Title: Battle of Mortemer) Battle of Mortemer The Battle of Mortemer was a defeat for Henry I of France when he led an army against his vassal, William the Bastard, Duke of Normandy in 1054. William was eventually to become known as William the Conqueror after his successful invasion and conquest of England. William the Bastard became Duke of Normandy as a boy. His reign did not start well, and he had to experience twenty years of internal strife. The chronicler William of Jumièges reported that the duke's guardian, his teacher and his steward were all killed by rebels. Members of William's extended family Document [92] (Title: Battle of Hastings) the Battle of Hastings have drawn thousands of participants and spectators to the site of the original battle. Battle of Hastings The Battle of Hastings was fought on 14 October 1066 between the Norman-French army of William, the Duke of Normandy, and an English army under the Anglo-Saxon King Harold Godwinson, beginning the Norman conquest of England. It took place approximately northwest of Hastings, close to the present-day town of Battle, East Sussex, and was a decisive Norman victory. The background to the battle was the death of the childless King Edward the Confessor in January 1066, which set up Document [93] (Title: Battle of Winchelsea) their entire fleet in return for only minor losses. Since the Norman Conquest of 1066, English monarchs had held titles and lands within France, the possession of which made them vassals of the kings of France. Over the centuries, English holdings in France had varied in size, but by 1337 only Gascony in south western France and Ponthieu in northern France were left. Following a series of disagreements between Philip VI of France and Edward III of England, on 24 May 1337 Philip's Great Council in Paris agreed that the Duchy of Aquitaine, effectively Gascony, should be taken back into Document [94] (Title: Hastings Castle) Hastings Castle Hastings Castle is a keep and bailey castle ruin situated in the town of Hastings, East Sussex. Immediately after landing in England in 1066, William of Normandy ordered three fortifications to be built, Pevensey Castle in September 1066, Hastings (before the Battle of Hastings) and Dover. Hastings Castle was originally built as a motte-and-bailey castle near the sea. Later that year, the famous Battle of Hastings took place near the Hastings castle, in which William was victorious. In 1070, William issued orders for the Castle to be rebuilt in stone, along with the St Mary's Chapel. The Count Document [95] (Title: Battle of Hastings) as he had to construct a fleet from nothing. According to some Norman chronicles, he also secured diplomatic support, although the accuracy of the reports has been a matter of historical debate. The most famous claim is that Pope Alexander II gave a papal banner as a token of support, which only appears in William of Poitiers's account, and not in more contemporary narratives. In April 1066 Halley's Comet appeared in the sky, and was widely reported throughout Europe. Contemporary accounts connected the comet's appearance with the succession crisis in England. William mustered his forces at Saint-Valery-sur-Somme, and was ready Document [96] (Title: Battle of Dyrrhachium (1081)) this point, the Varangians (mainly Anglo-Saxons who had left England after the Norman Conquest) joined in the pursuit of the Norman right. With their massive battle axes, the Varangians attacked the Norman knights, who were driven away after their horses panicked. The Varangians soon became separated from the main force and exhausted so they were in no position to resist an assault. Guiscard sent a strong force of spearmen and crossbowmen against the Varangian flank and inflicted heavy casualties on them. The few remaining Varangians fled into the church of the Archangel Michael. The Normans immediately set the church on Document [97] (Title: Invasions of the British Isles) relics, making the promise especially binding. When Harold was crowned king of England, William was angered by Harold's accession, and set about gathering an invasion army. William, having gathered together an army and a fleet to transport it, landed in Pevensey Bay in the late summer of 1066. Harold, having just defeated Hardrada in the north, marched his troops back south, where, exhausted, they encountered William near Hastings. During the battle that followed, William's forces suffered heavy casualties but managed to rout Harold's infantry. However, Harold and his housecarls stood firm, despite a torrent of arrows shot at them by Document [98] (Title: Bayeux Tapestry) Bayeux Tapestry The Bayeux Tapestry (, ; or ; ) is an embroidered cloth nearly long and tall, which depicts the events leading up to the Norman conquest of England concerning William, Duke of Normandy, and Harold, Earl of Wessex, later King of England, and culminating in the Battle of Hastings. It is thought to date to the 11th century, within a few years after the battle. It tells the story from the point of view of the conquering Normans, but is now agreed to have been made in England. According to Sylvette Lemagnen, conservator of the tapestry, in her Document [99] (Title: Norse activity in the British Isles) 1042 when Cnut's son Harthacnut ascended the English throne. The Battle of Fulford took place at Fulford near York, on 20 September 1066, when an invading Norwegian force led by King Harald Hardrada of Norway and Tostig Godwinson, his English ally, fought and defeated the Northern Earls Edwin and Morcar. When King Harold II of England heard of this defeat he marched his English army from the south coast of England to meet the Norwegians at Stamford Bridge. The Battle of Stamford Bridge took place near the village of Stamford, East Riding of Yorkshire in England on 25 September 1066. Document [100] (Title: 1066 Country Walk) of the South Downs. It links with the Saxon Shore Way. 1066 Country Walk The 1066 Country Walk is a waymarked long-distance footpath or recreational walk in southern England, United Kingdom. The 1066 Country Walk runs for . The route commemorates 1066, the year of the Battle of Hastings, and seeks to link the places and the people of that important year. It runs through East Sussex from Pevensey where William of Normandy gathered his invading army of Normans and prepared to meet King Harold to Rye, East Sussex, passing through Battle, East Sussex. The walk is mainly low level Document [101] (Title: Battle of Crécy) yew. Upon Edward's accession in 1327, he inherited a kingdom beset with two zones of conflict: Aquitaine and Scotland. England had not been a dominant military force in Europe: the French dominated in Aquitaine, and Scotland had all but achieved its independence since the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314. Previously, pitched battles in the medieval era had largely been decided by the massed charge of heavily armoured mounted knights, a widely feared force in their heyday. However, battles such as Manzikert had demonstrated their vulnerability to nimble mounted archers on fast horses, while engagements such as the Golden Spurs, Stirling, Document [102] (Title: Sussex in the High Middle Ages) of England through the 12th century. Other populous areas of England at this time included eastern East Anglia, parts of Kent and a series of districts between Somerset and the Humber Estuary in Yorkshire. William the Conqueror set out compact lordships across Sussex in what were termed 'rapes'. Shortly after 1066 there were four rapes: Arundel, Lewes, Pevensey and Hastings. By the time of the Domesday Book, William the Conqueror had created the rape of Bramber out of parts of the Arundel and Lewes rapes, so that the Adur estuary could be better defended. The rape of Arundel was much Document [103] (Title: Battle, East Sussex) May 2010 elections. At European level, Battle is represented by the South-East region, which holds ten seats in the European Parliament. The June 2004 election returned four Conservatives, two Liberal Democrats, two UK Independence, one Labour and one Green, none of whom lives in East Sussex. Telham Hill is about one mile (1.6 km) south-east of Senlac Hill, in East Sussex, England. It was from Telham Hill that William the Conqueror's army first caught sight of the English army forming up on Senlac Hill, for the battle of Hastings, 14 October 1066. In the later 19th century it was owned Document [104] (Title: England in the High Middle Ages) assembling troops and ships to invade England. Tostig Godwinson, brother of Harold, made a series of attacks in the north of England in early 1066 that may have been the beginning of a bid for the throne, but after defeat at the hands of Edwin and Morcar and the desertion of most of his followers he threw his lot in with Harald Hardrada, who invaded northern England in early September. Harold defeated and killed Hardrada and Tostig at the battle of Stamford Bridge. William invaded with an army of Norman followers and mercenaries. Harold marched south to meet him, but Document [105] (Title: English nationalism) if not most were conversant in English from the second generation onwards. William of Malmesbury, a chronicler of mixed Anglo-Norman descent writing in the twelfth century, described the Battle of Hastings as: "That fatal day for England, the sad destruction of our dear country ["dulcis patrie"]". He also lamented: "England has become the habitation of outsiders and the dominion of foreigners. Today, no Englishman is earl, bishop, or abbot, and newcomers gnaw away at the riches and very innards of England; nor is there any hope for an end of this misery". Another chronicler, Robert of Gloucester, speaking in part Document [106] (Title: Battle of Hastings) attacked him at Southwark but was unable to storm London Bridge, forcing him to reach the capital by a more circuitous route. William moved up the Thames valley to cross the river at Wallingford, where he received the submission of Stigand. He then travelled north-east along the Chilterns, before advancing towards London from the north-west, fighting further engagements against forces from the city. The English leaders surrendered to William at Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire. William was acclaimed King of England and crowned by Ealdred on 25 December 1066, in Westminster Abbey. Despite the submission of the English nobles, resistance continued for several Document [107] (Title: Pevensey Castle) Roman city wall and constructing Colchester Castle on top of the ruins of the Temple of Claudius. Following William's victory at Hastings, the county of Sussex came to be seen by the new regime as being of essential military value. It was both a frontier zone and an essential link between England and Normandy. The existing tenurial arrangements in the county were swept away and replaced by five subdivisions, or rapes, each of which was given to one of William's most important followers. Each rape was associated with a major castle, Pevensey being one of them. In 1067 William left Document [108] (Title: Battle of Mercredesburne) Battle of Mercredesburne The Battle of Mercredesburne was one of three battles fought as part of the conquest of what became the Kingdom of Sussex in southern England. The battles were fought between the Saxon leader Ælle's army and the local Britons. The "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle", states that Ælle arrived in Sussex with three ships and went on to fight at Cymenshore in AD 477, Mercredesburne in 485, and Pevensey in 491. Ælle became the first king of the South Saxons. The Kingdom of Sussex was eventually annexed by the Kingdom of Wessex in the 9th century and went on to Document [109] (Title: Norman invasion of Wales) of Hastings, with England and Normandy. In addition, it was not William’s goal to conquer Wales; he had come to inherit what he believed to be his birthright, the English throne, which entailed taking on the responsibilities of Edward and the Anglo-Saxon kings, including their relationships with Wales and Scotland. However, Wales had begun to force the matter, supporting English rebellions against the Normans. In response to Welsh advances, William established a series of earldoms in the borderlands, specifically at Chester, under Hugh d'Avranches; Shrewsbury, under Roger de Montgomerie; and Hereford, under William FitzOsbern. He instilled a great deal of Document [110] (Title: Normans) II, Count of Boulogne to his court in 1051, an event that resulted in the greatest of early conflicts between Saxon and Norman and ultimately resulted in the exile of Earl Godwin of Wessex. On 14 October 1066, William the Conqueror gained a decisive victory at the Battle of Hastings, which led to the conquest of England three years later; this can be seen on the Bayeux tapestry (a linen, embroidered cloth). The invading Normans and their descendants replaced the Anglo-Saxons as the ruling class of England. The nobility of England were part of a single Norman culture and many Document [111] (Title: Normans) and invasion of England in 1066, Normandy had been exporting fighting horsemen for more than a generation. Many Normans of Italy, France and England eventually served as avid Crusaders soldiers under the Italo-Norman prince Bohemund I of Antioch and the Anglo-Norman king Richard the Lion-Heart, one of the more famous and illustrious Kings of England. Opportunistic bands of Normans successfully established a foothold in southern Italy. Probably as the result of returning pilgrims' stories, the Normans entered southern Italy as warriors in 1017 at the latest. In 999, according to Amatus of Montecassino, Norman pilgrims returning from Jerusalem called in Document [112] (Title: William, Count of Évreux) the lists only anachronism "as far as Norman names are concerned." William is one of the few known companions of William the Conqueror at the Battle of Hastings in 1066. For his participation he was rewarded with a modest tenancy-in-chiefdom. However, he was probably not yet of age in 1066 which might have prevented him from taking a more profitable share in England. Another indicator of his youth in 1066 was that he fought for King Henry I at the Battle of Tinchebray in 1106, some 40 years later. William was taken prisoner during the siege of the castle of Document [113] (Title: Portskewett) by a force under Caradog ap Gruffydd, King of Gwent. Harold never had the opportunity to take his revenge; in January 1066 he became king of England, and later that year was killed at the Battle of Hastings. Archaeologists consider it likely that the hunting lodge would have been built on the same site as Caradog Freichfras' earlier court. A geophysical survey carried out at the end of 2005 revealed extensive remains in the area. In May 2007, an excavation was carried out for the Channel 4 TV programme "Time Team", broadcast on 30 March 2008. The excavation revealed that Document [114] (Title: Battle of Hastings) hundred was the main organising unit for the "fyrd". As a whole, England could furnish about 14,000 men for the "fyrd", when it was called out. The "fyrd" usually served for two months, except in emergencies. It was rare for the whole national "fyrd" to be called out; between 1046 and 1065 it was only done three times, in 1051, 1052, and 1065. The king also had a group of personal armsmen, known as housecarls, who formed the backbone of the royal forces. Some earls also had their own forces of housecarls. Thegns, the local landowning elites, either fought with Document [115] (Title: William of Poitiers) being both trained as a military knight and serving as a chaplain within Duke William's household. There are no surviving manuscripts of the 'Gesta Guillemi'. André Duchesne published an edition in 1619, although even his (now lost) manuscript was missing its beginning and end. Its present form covers the period from 1047 to 1068, and both starts and finishes mid-sentence. There is also some retrospective material concerning affairs in England after Cnut's death (1035). Orderic Vitalis says that it originally finished in 1071. The Gesta Guillelmi is most valuable as a source for the Battle of Hastings, probably based on Document [116] (Title: William the Conqueror) with the arrival of the harvest season he disbanded his army on 8 September. Harold's brother Tostig and Harald Hardrada invaded Northumbria in September 1066 and defeated the local forces under Morcar and Edwin at the Battle of Fulford near York. King Harold received word of their invasion and marched north, defeating the invaders and killing Tostig and Hardrada on 25 September at the Battle of Stamford Bridge. The Norman fleet finally set sail two days later, landing in England at Pevensey Bay on 28 September. William then moved to Hastings, a few miles to the east, where he built Document [117] (Title: Battle of Fulford) Battle of Fulford The Battle of Fulford was fought on the outskirts of the village of Fulford near York in England, on 20 September 1066, when King Harald III of Norway, also known as "Harald Hardrada" ("harðráði" in Old Norse, meaning "hard ruler"), and Tostig Godwinson, his English ally, fought and defeated the Northern Earls Edwin and Morcar. Tostig was Harold Godwinson's banished brother. He had allied with King Harald of Norway and possibly Duke William of Normandy but there is no record of the reasoning behind his invasions. The battle was a decisive victory for the Viking army. The Document [118] (Title: History of the East Riding of Yorkshire) may have been used to carry stones to Stonehenge. The Battle of Stamford Bridge took place at the village of Stamford Bridge, East Riding of Yorkshire on 25 September 1066. In the battle the majority of the invading Norwegian forces were killed by the forces of King Harold Godwinson of England. It was the final fall of the Vikings in England. A fortnight after the battle, on 14 October 1066, after having marched his forces to the south coast of England, Harold was defeated and killed by Norman forces under William the Conqueror at the Battle of Hastings. This began Document [119] (Title: Battle of Stamford Bridge) battle, on 28 September, a second invasion army led by William, Duke of Normandy, landed in Pevensey Bay, Sussex, on the south coast of England. Harold had to immediately turn his troops around and force-march them southwards to intercept the Norman army. Less than three weeks after Stamford Bridge, on 14 October 1066, the English army was decisively defeated and King Harold II fell in action at the Battle of Hastings, beginning the Norman conquest of England, a process facilitated by the heavy losses amongst the English military commanders. Two monuments to the battle have been erected in and around Document [120] (Title: History of England) 28 September 1066, William of Normandy invaded England in a campaign called the Norman Conquest. After marching from Yorkshire, Harold's exhausted army was defeated and Harold was killed at the Battle of Hastings on 14 October. Further opposition to William in support of Edgar the Ætheling soon collapsed, and William was crowned king on Christmas Day 1066. For five years, he faced a series of rebellions in various parts of England and a half-hearted Danish invasion, but he subdued them and established an enduring regime. The Norman Conquest led to a profound change in the history of the English state. Document [121] (Title: Influence of French on English) with significantly different speeches, most of them Germanic, with multiple influences. It was therefore a linguistically disunited people that the Normans got massively in contact with, from 1066. William II of Normandy, supported by his King, Philip I of France, and his blood legitimacy to the throne of England, landed at Hastings, in Sussex, on 29 September 1066. His men were deployed around the city waiting for the king Harold II's troops. On October 14, exhausted by the long journey to Hastings, Harold II's troops lost the battle after a day. Following the defeat of the English, Duke William II Question: the battle of hastings in 1066 was fought in which country Answer: England Long Answer: The background to the battle was the death of the childless King Edward the Confessor in January 1066, which set up a succession struggle between several claimants to his throne . Harold was crowned king shortly after Edward's death, but faced invasions by William, his own brother Tostig, and the Norwegian King Harald Hardrada (Harold III of Norway). Hardrada and Tostig defeated a hastily gathered army of Englishmen at the Battle of Fulford on 20 September 1066, and were in turn defeated by Harold at the Battle of Stamford Bridge five days later . The deaths of Tostig and Hardrada at Stamford Bridge left William as Harold's only serious opponent . While Harold and his forces were recovering, William landed his invasion forces in the south of England at Pevensey on 28 September 1066 and established a beachhead for his conquest of the kingdom . Harold was forced to march south swiftly, gathering forces as he went. Gold Document ID: 121

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Sussex in the High Middle Ages) monasteries in the High Middle Ages. The Cistercian abbey at Robertsbridge was the third of Sussex's 'great monasteries'. 1094 saw the completion of the Benedictine Battle Abbey, which had been founded by a team of monks from Marmoutier Abbey on the River Loire. The abbey was built on the site of the Battle of Hastings after Pope Alexander II had ordered the Normans to do penance for killing so many people during their conquest of England. Monks also planned out the nearby town of Battle shortly after the conquest. Around 1081, the lord of Lewes Rape, William de Warenne and Document [2] (Title: Leges Edwardi Confessoris) dead, dispossed or outlawed English nobility. Contemporary chroniclers were divided, with Henry of Huntingdon writing that the English people had been "delivered [up] for destruction by the violent and cunning Norman people", while William of Poitiers lauded the Norman victory at the Battle of Hastings and said the slaughter of the English had been just punishment for Harold Godwinson "perjury". The "Leges Edwardi" served the purpose of legitimizing the legacy of William the Conquerors rule and distancing the 12th-century ruling class of England from their violent origins as conquerors. The treatise is believed to have been written sometime between 1130 Document [3] (Title: Harold Godwinson) fleet to take shelter at Saint-Valery-sur-Somme and to wait for the wind to change. On 27 September the Norman fleet set sail for England, arriving the following day at Pevensey on the coast of East Sussex. Harold's army marched 241 miles (386 kilometres) to intercept William, who had landed perhaps 7,000 men in Sussex, southern England. Harold established his army in hastily built earthworks near Hastings. The two armies clashed at the Battle of Hastings, at Senlac Hill (near the present town of Battle) close by Hastings on 14 October, where after nine hours of hard fighting, Harold was killed Document [4] (Title: History of the horse in Britain) across the English Channel when he invaded England in 1066, and the outcome of the subsequent Battle of Hastings has been described as "the inevitable victory of stirruped cavalry over helpless infantry". The Battle of Hastings took place in King Harold of England's former earldom, at the centre of his property and connections; but it came less than three weeks after he had taken an army north and defeated Norwegian invaders, under King Harald Hardrada, at the Battle of Stamford Bridge, near York. Harold of England had then been "strong in cavalry". However, that battle had seriously depleted the English Document [5] (Title: Battle, East Sussex) Battle, East Sussex Battle is a small town and civil parish in the local government district of Rother in East Sussex, England. It lies south-south-east of London, east of Brighton and east of Lewes. Also nearby are Hastings to the south-east and Bexhill-on-Sea to the south. It was the site of the Battle of Hastings, where William, Duke of Normandy, defeated King Harold II to become William I in 1066. It lies in the designated High Weald Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The parish population was 6,048 according to the 2001 census, increasing to 6,673 with the 2011 Census. It Document [6] (Title: Robert, Count of Mortain) the landing in England. When granting the monastery of St Michael's Mount to the Norman monastery on the Mont Saint-Michel Robert recorded that he had fought at the Battle of Hastings under the banner of St Michel ("habens in bello Sancti Michaelis vexillum"). Robert's contribution to the success of the invasion was clearly regarded as highly significant by the Conqueror, who awarded him a large share of the spoils; in total 797 manors at the time of Domesday. The greatest concentration of his honours lay in Cornwall where he held virtually all of that county and was considered by some Document [7] (Title: Francophobia) Hastings, when William the Conqueror claimed the English throne. Before becoming King of England, William found conflict with his liege several times and conquered some neighbouring fiefs. The relationship between the countries continued to be filled with conflict, even during the Third Crusade. The medieval era of conflict climaxed during the Hundred Years' War, when the House of Plantagenet fought unsuccessfully for control of the French throne and lost almost all French holdings, which resulted in future English kings being more culturally English. (Previously, they had largely spoken French and lived in French castles much of the time. Richard the Document [8] (Title: History of Europe) Conqueror, a Duke of Normandy, invaded England in 1066. The Norman Conquest was a pivotal event in English history for several reasons. This linked England more closely with continental Europe through the introduction of a Norman aristocracy, thereby lessening Scandinavian influence. It created one of the most powerful monarchies in Europe and engendered a sophisticated governmental system. Being based on an island, moreover, England was to develop a powerful navy and trade relationships that would come to encompass a vast proportion of the world including India, Australia, New Zealand, Canada and many key naval strategic points like Bermuda, Suez, Hong Document [9] (Title: Battle of Fulford) now called Battle just outside Hastings. It is probable that Harold's intention was to repeat his success at Stamford Bridge by catching Duke William unawares. The Anglo-Norman chronicler Florence of Worcester commented that although the king [Harold] was aware that some of the bravest men in England had fallen in two recent battles and that half of his troops were not assembled, he did not hesitate to meet the enemy in Sussex. It is likely that the engagements at Fulford Gate and at the Battle of Stamford Bridge, fought within a week of each other, seriously affected Harold's strength at Document [10] (Title: Battle of Hastings) to cross the English Channel by about 12 August. But the crossing was delayed, either because of unfavourable weather or to avoid being intercepted by the powerful English fleet. The Normans crossed to England a few days after Harold's victory over the Norwegians, following the dispersal of Harold's naval force, and landed at Pevensey in Sussex on 28 September. A few ships were blown off course and landed at Romney, where the Normans fought the local "fyrd". After landing, William's forces built a wooden castle at Hastings, from which they raided the surrounding area. More fortifications were erected at Pevensey. Document [11] (Title: Haestingas) as having been harried by the Danes in 1011. The 19th century writer, Grant Allen argued that the Hastings region was predestined to be a separate region between the rest of Sussex and Kent, to later join with Sussex. Effectively isolated, the region was separated from the rest of Sussex and England by the marshland of the Pevensey Levels lying to the west and the forest of the Weald to the north, while Romney Marsh separates the region from Kent to the east. The kingdom of the Haestingas went on to join Sussex and become the rape of Hastings. It Document [12] (Title: France–United Kingdom relations) ruler, England acquired the foreign policy of the Norman dukes, which was based on protecting and expanding Norman interests at the expense of the French Kings. Although William's rule over Normandy had initially had the backing of King Henry I of France, William's success had soon created hostility, and in 1054 and 1057 King Henry had twice attacked Normandy. However, in the mid-eleventh century there was a dispute over the English throne, and the French-speaking Normans, who were of Viking stock, invaded England under their duke William the Conqueror and took over following the Battle of Hastings in 1066, and Document [13] (Title: Companions of William the Conqueror) Duke William in the Battle of Hastings. This article is concerned with the latter narrow definition. Over the centuries since the Battle of Hastings, many people in England have claimed that an ancestor fought on the Norman side. While there is sound evidence of extensive settlement in England by people of Norman, Breton and Flemish origin after 1066, the fact remains that the names of only 15 men who were with Duke William at the battle can be found in reliable sources. This group is sometimes called the "proven companions," Many lists and so-called "rolls" of other alleged companions have Document [14] (Title: William the Conqueror) powerful English earl Harold Godwinson, who was named the next king by Edward on the latter's deathbed in January 1066. William argued that Edward had previously promised the throne to him and that Harold had sworn to support William's claim. William built a large fleet and invaded England in September 1066, decisively defeating and killing Harold at the Battle of Hastings on 14 October 1066. After further military efforts William was crowned king on Christmas Day 1066, in London. He made arrangements for the governance of England in early 1067 before returning to Normandy. Several unsuccessful rebellions followed, but by Document [15] (Title: Kingdom of Sussex) family. In 1064 Harold sailed from Bosham, from where a storm cast him up in Normandy. Here he was apparently tricked into pledging his support for William of Normandy as the next king of England On 14 October 1066, Harold II, the last Saxon king of England was killed at the Battle of Hastings and the English army defeated, by William the Conqueror and his army. It is likely that all the fighting men of Sussex were at the battle, as the county's thegns were decimated and any that survived had their lands confiscated. At least 353 of the 387 Document [16] (Title: 1066 Country Walk) 1066 Country Walk The 1066 Country Walk is a waymarked long-distance footpath or recreational walk in southern England, United Kingdom. The 1066 Country Walk runs for . The route commemorates 1066, the year of the Battle of Hastings, and seeks to link the places and the people of that important year. It runs through East Sussex from Pevensey where William of Normandy gathered his invading army of Normans and prepared to meet King Harold to Rye, East Sussex, passing through Battle, East Sussex. The walk is mainly low level and passes through rolling countryside beside oast houses, windmills and parts Document [17] (Title: Battle of Alnwick (1093)) Battle of Alnwick (1093) The Battle of Alnwick is one of two battles fought near the town of Alnwick, in Northumberland, England. In the battle, which occurred on 13 November 1093, Malcolm III of Scotland, also known as Malcolm Canmore, was killed together with his son Edward, by an army of knights led by Robert de Mowbray. At the time that William II of England, known as William Rufus, came to power, the control of northern Northumbria was still an open question. William set about rectifying this by appointing strong barons who would control the border and prevent Scottish incursions. Document [18] (Title: Companions of William the Conqueror) Companions of William the Conqueror William the Conqueror had men of diverse standing and origins under his command at the Battle of Hastings in 1066. With these and other men he went on in the five succeeding years to conduct the Harrying of the North and complete the Norman conquest of England. The term "Companions of the Conqueror" in the widest sense signifies those who planned, organised and joined with William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy, in the great adventure which was the Norman Conquest (1066-1071). The term is however more narrowly defined as those nobles who actually fought with Document [19] (Title: Treaty of Abernethy) Malcolm invaded the northern counties of England numerous times. The counties of Northumberland, Cumberland and Westmorland were historically claimed by Scotland. In England after the defeat and death of Harold Godwinson at the Battle of Hastings in 1066, English resistance to their Norman conquerors was centred on Edgar Ætheling, the grandson of Edmund Ironside. Ironside was half-brother to Edward the Confessor. Copsi, a supporter of Tostig (a previous Anglo-Saxon earl of Northumbria who had been banished by Edward the Confessor), was a native of Northumbria and his family had a history of being rulers of Bernicia, and at times Northumbria. Document [20] (Title: Hastings) to the east. That "New Burgh" was founded in 1069 and is mentioned in the Domesday Book as such. William defeated and killed Harold Godwinson, the last Saxon King of England, and destroyed his army, thus opening England to the Norman conquest. William caused a castle to be built at Hastings probably using the earthworks of the existing Saxon castle. Hastings was shown as a borough by the time of the Domesday Book (1086); it had also given its name to the Rape of Hastings, one of the six administrative divisions of Sussex. As a borough, Hastings had a corporation Document [21] (Title: Viking expansion) defeated Harold Godwinson and his army at the Battle of Hastings in October 1066. As king of England, he retained the fiefdom of Normandy for himself and his descendants. The kings of England made claim to Normandy, as well as their other possessions in France, which led to various disputes with the French. This culminated in the French confiscation of Gascony that precipitated what became known as the Hundred Years' War, in 1337. West Francia and Middle Francia suffered more severely than East Francia during the Viking raids of the 9th century. The reign of Charles the Bald coincided with Document [22] (Title: Battle of Brémule) Battle of Brémule The Battle of Brémule was fought on 20 August 1119 between Henry I of England and Louis VI the Fat of France. Henry I had to defend his holdings in Normandy several times and defeated a French invasion at the Battle of Brémule in 1119. The defeat at Brémule effectively crippled the baron's rebellion and led to King Louis having to accept William Adelin as Duke of Normandy. William was officially invested with the duchy in 1120, even though King Louis continued to support William Clito's claim to the honour. This battle is the result of a Document [23] (Title: Norman conquest of England) Norman conquest of England The Norman Conquest of England (in Britain, often called the Norman Conquest or the Conquest) was the 11th-century invasion and occupation of England by an army of Norman, Breton, Flemish, and French soldiers led by Duke William II of Normandy, later styled William the Conqueror. William's claim to the English throne derived from his familial relationship with the childless Anglo-Saxon King Edward the Confessor, who may have encouraged William's hopes for the throne. Edward died in January 1066 and was succeeded by his brother-in-law Harold Godwinson. The Norwegian king Harald Hardrada invaded northern England in September Document [24] (Title: Invasions of the British Isles) unanimously embraced. To the north, the Norwegian king Harald Hardrada invaded England. In the late summer of 1066, the invaders sailed up the Ouse before advancing on York. Outside the city they defeated a northern English army led by Edwin, Earl of Mercia and his brother Morcar, Earl of Northumbria at the Battle of Fulford on 20 September. On hearing of the northern army's defeat Harold Godwinson marched the southern army north and met and defeated Hardrada at Stamford Bridge. While Godwinson was busy up north, William the Bastard (later to be known as William the Conqueror), landed his army Document [25] (Title: Norman conquest of England) Mercia, fighting Norman forces based in Hereford. These events forced William to return to England at the end of 1067. In 1068 William besieged rebels in Exeter, including Harold's mother Gytha, and after suffering heavy losses managed to negotiate the town's surrender. In May, William's wife Matilda was crowned queen at Westminster, an important symbol of William's growing international stature. Later in the year Edwin and Morcar raised a revolt in Mercia with Welsh assistance, while Gospatric, the newly appointed Earl of Northumbria, led a rising in Northumbria, which had not yet been occupied by the Normans. These rebellions rapidly Document [26] (Title: Senlac Hill) suggested that Senlac was the correct name of the Battle of Hastings site since the name of the hill was Senlac and was near a stream called Santlache. Orderic describes Harold's forces as assembling for the battle "ad locum, qui Senlac antiquitus vocabatur" and the battle itself as being fought " in campo Senlac ". Orderic was born in Atcham, Shropshire, England, the eldest son of a French priest, Odeler of Orléans and an English mother. When Orderic was five, his parents sent him to an English monk with the name of Siward, who kept a school in the Abbey Document [27] (Title: Laws of William the Conqueror) violated then they shall pay a fine to William. Laws of William the Conqueror William the Conqueror, the first Norman King of England who reigned from 1066 until his death in 1087, created 10 laws for the English people to abide by after the Battle of Hastings. The first law stated that "First that above all things he wishes one God to be revered throughout his whole realm, one faith in Christ to be kept ever inviolate, and peace and security to be preserved between English and Normans." The second law stated that every freeman shall make an oath that Document [28] (Title: Sussex in the High Middle Ages) land as William I founded Battle Abbey, which although within the rape of Hastings, lay outside the count's jurisdiction, as the abbot of Battle answered only to the king. William built Battle Abbey at the site of the battle of Hastings, and the exact spot where Harold fell was marked by the high altar. In 1070, Pope Alexander II ordered the Normans to do penance for killing so many people during their conquest of England. In response, William the Conqueror vowed to build an abbey where the Battle of Hastings had taken place, with the high altar of its church Document [29] (Title: Battle of Brunanburh) the battle was "the moment when Englishness came of age" and "one of the most significant battles in the long history not just of England but of the whole of the British isles". The battle has been called "the greatest single battle in Anglo-Saxon history before Hastings" by Alfred Smyth, but he also states that its consequences beyond Æthelstan's reign have been overstated. Alex Woolf describes it a "pyrrhic victory" for Æthelstan: the campaign seems to have ended in a stalemate, his power appears to have declined, and after he died Olaf acceded to the Kingdom of Northumbria without resistance. Document [30] (Title: Battle Abbey) playground. In 1070, Pope Alexander II ordered the Normans to do penance for killing so many people during their conquest of England. In response, William the Conqueror vowed to build an abbey where the Battle of Hastings had taken place, with the high altar of its church on the supposed spot where King Harold fell in that battle on Saturday, 14 October 1066. William started building it, dedicating it to St. Martin, sometimes known as "the Apostle of the Gauls," but died before it was completed. Its church was finished in about 1094 and consecrated during the reign of his Document [31] (Title: Anglo-Saxon military organization) of burghs that provided supply bases and mustering points. It was this system that allowed Alfred and his successors to conquer England and for Harold to move his army rapidly against the Danes and defeat them at Stamford Bridge then move elements 250 miles south to Hastings. There are some battles in which scholars generally agree on which tactics and methods were used. The Battle of Hastings, in 1066, the soldiers were organized with the best in the front line and the less adequate fighters in the following lines. They formed a tightly packed shield wall, with spears projecting from Document [32] (Title: Breton–Norman War) Conan promptly informed the duke that he would take the opportunity to invade the latter's Duchy. William's army set out for battle. While outside the monastery of Mont Saint-Michel, two Norman soldiers became mired in quicksand, and Harold Godwinson, future King of England saved them. The Battle of Dinan occurred in 1065. Harold fought on the side of William whose army chased Conan from Dol-de-Bretagne to Rennes and he finally surrendered at Château de Dinan, Brittany. The battle is recalled in the Bayeux Tapestry (see illustration). During Conan's 1066 campaign against Anjou, he took Pouancé and Segré, and arrived in Document [33] (Title: History of Anglo-Saxon England) of Normandy's invasion fleet set sail for England on the morning of 27 September 1066. Harold marched his army back down to the south coast, where he met William's army, at a place now called Battle just outside Hastings. Harold was killed when he fought and lost the Battle of Hastings on 14 October 1066. The Battle of Hastings virtually destroyed the Godwin dynasty. Harold and his brothers Gyrth and Leofwine were dead on the battlefield, as was their uncle , Abbot of Newminster. Tostig had been killed at Stamford Bridge. Wulfnoth was a hostage of William the Conqueror. The Document [34] (Title: Urse d'Abetot) ruler in northern France. Harold, the most powerful English noble, took the initiative and was crowned king on 6 January. William, lacking Harold's proximity to the centres of English royal government, gathered troops and prepared an invasion fleet. He invaded England in October, and subsequently defeated and killed Harold at the Battle of Hastings on 14 October 1066. William was crowned on Christmas Day at Westminster, becoming William I. Between his coronation and 1071, William consolidated his hold over England, defeating a number of rebellions that arose particularly in the north and west of the country. Immediately after Hastings, only Document [35] (Title: Battle of Hastings) encouraged Duke William of Normandy's ambitions for the English throne. King Edward's death on 5 January 1066 left no clear heir, and several contenders laid claim to the throne of England. Edward's immediate successor was the Earl of Wessex, Harold Godwinson, the richest and most powerful of the English aristocrats and son of Godwin, Edward's earlier opponent. Harold was elected king by the Witenagemot of England and crowned by Ealdred, the Archbishop of York, although Norman propaganda claimed that the ceremony was performed by Stigand, the uncanonically elected Archbishop of Canterbury. Harold was at once challenged by two powerful neighbouring Document [36] (Title: Danelaw) the North Sea Empire. Harthacnut lived only another two years, and from his death in 1042 until 1066 the monarchy reverted to the English line in the form of Edward the Confessor. Edward died in January 1066 without an obvious successor, and an English nobleman, Harold Godwinson, took the throne. In the autumn of that same year, two rival claimants to the throne led invasions of England in short succession. First, Harald Hardrada of Norway took York in September, but was defeated by Harold at the Battle of Stamford Bridge, in Yorkshire. Then, three weeks later, William of Normandy defeated Document [37] (Title: Lincoln Castle) and possible to walk around the walls from which there are views of the castle complex, cathedral, the city, and surrounding countryside. After William the Conqueror defeated Harold Godwinson and the English at the Battle of Hastings on 14 October 1066, he continued to face resistance to his rule in the north of England. For a number of years, William's position was very insecure. In order to project his influence northwards to control the people of the Danelaw (an area that had for a time been under the control of Scandinavian settlers), he constructed a number of major castles in Document [38] (Title: Ermenfrid Penitential) Ermenfrid Penitential The Ermenfrid Penitential is an ordinance composed by the Bishops of Normandy following the Battle of Hastings (1066) calling for atonement to be completed by the perpetrators of violence in William the Conqueror’s invading army during the Norman Conquest of England. The date of issue is, probably, 1067, although some historians have dated it to 1070. Papal authority was given to the document by Ermenfrid of Sion, papal legate to Pope Alexander II (1063-1073). The ordinance is split into three distinct time periods, with corresponding penances described for homicides committed at the Battle of Hastings itself, those occurring Document [39] (Title: Battle of Hastings) rulers. Duke William claimed that he had been promised the throne by King Edward and that Harold had sworn agreement to this. Harald Hardrada of Norway also contested the succession. His claim to the throne was based on an agreement between his predecessor Magnus the Good and the earlier King of England Harthacnut, whereby, if either died without heir, the other would inherit both England and Norway. William and Harald Hardrada immediately set about assembling troops and ships for separate invasions. In early 1066, Harold's exiled brother Tostig Godwinson raided southeastern England with a fleet he had recruited in Flanders, Document [40] (Title: Hastings) Hastings Hastings is a town and borough in East Sussex on the south coast of England, Hastings gives its name to the Battle of Hastings, which took place to the north at Senlac Hill in 1066. The town later became one of the medieval Cinque Ports, and a popular seaside resort in the 19th century with the coming of the railway. Today, Hastings is a fishing port with a beach-based fishing fleet. The first mention of Hastings is found in the late 8th century in the form "Hastingas". This is derived from the Old English tribal name "Hæstingas", meaning `the Document [41] (Title: Yorkshire) amount of autonomy as an almost-independent earldom rather than a separate kingdom. The Wessex Kings of England were reputed to have respected the Norse customs in Yorkshire and left law-making in the hands of the local aristocracy. In the weeks immediately leading up to the Battle of Hastings in 1066 AD, Harold II of England was distracted by events in Yorkshire. His brother Tostig and Harold Hardrada, King of Norway, attempted a takeover in the North, having won the Battle of Fulford. The King of England marched north where the two armies met at the Battle of Stamford Bridge. Tostig Document [42] (Title: Battle of Hastings) faced invasions by William, his own brother Tostig, and the Norwegian King Harald Hardrada (Harold III of Norway). Hardrada and Tostig defeated a hastily gathered army of Englishmen at the Battle of Fulford on 20 September 1066, and were in turn defeated by Harold at the Battle of Stamford Bridge five days later. The deaths of Tostig and Hardrada at Stamford Bridge left William as Harold's only serious opponent. While Harold and his forces were recovering, William landed his invasion forces in the south of England at Pevensey on 28 September 1066 and established a beachhead for his conquest of Document [43] (Title: Maritime history of England) In the spring of 1066 northern Britain was attacked by King Harald of Norway and Tostig Godwinson in 300-500 ships. The Norman conquest of England, in the autumn of 1066, which occurred after a seaborne invasion at Hastings, was unopposed as the English fleet had returned to base. After this the Kings of England were also rulers of much of France so presumably there was much trade across the English Channel. Various wars were fought against the French requiring transport of armies and their support. In 1120 the "White Ship" was wrecked and the sons of Henry I drowned, while Document [44] (Title: Cnut the Great's invasion of England) went before the main army with a design to plunder.("Anglo-Saxon Chronicle")" The Battle of Assandun (or Essendune) was fought between Danish and English armies on 18 October 1016. There is disagreement whether Assandun may be Ashdon near Saffron Walden in north Essex or, as long supposed, Ashingdon near Rochford in southeast Essex, England. It ended in victory for the Danes, led by Canute the Great, who triumphed over the English army led by King Edmund Ironside. The battle was the conclusion to the Danish reconquest of England. The battle is mentioned briefly in "Knýtlinga saga" which quotes a verse of Document [45] (Title: England in the High Middle Ages) 1087, England formed the largest part of an Anglo-Norman empire, ruled over by a network of nobles with landholdings across England, Normandy, and Wales. England's growing wealth was critical in allowing the Norman kings to project power across the region, including funding campaigns along the frontiers of Normandy. At Christmas 1085, William ordered the compilation of a survey of the landholdings held by himself and by his vassals throughout the kingdom, organised by counties, a work now known as the Domesday Book. The listing for each county gives the holdings of each landholder, grouped by owners. The listings describe the Document [46] (Title: Norman conquest of England) 1066 and was victorious at the Battle of Fulford, but Harold defeated and killed him at the Battle of Stamford Bridge on 25 September. Within days, William landed in southern England. Harold marched south to oppose him, leaving a significant portion of his army in the north. Harold's army confronted William's invaders on 14 October at the Battle of Hastings; William's force defeated Harold, who was killed in the engagement. Although William's main rivals were gone, he still faced rebellions over the following years and was not secure on his throne until after 1072. The lands of the resisting English Document [47] (Title: England in the High Middle Ages) was defeated and killed at the battle of Hastings on 14 October and William's forces rapidly occupied the south of England. Major revolts followed, which William suppressed before intervening in the north-east of England, establishing Norman control of York and devastating the region. Once England had been conquered, the Normans faced many challenges in maintaining control. They were few in number compared to the native English population; including those from other parts of France, historians estimate the number of Norman settlers at around 8,000. William's followers expected and received lands and titles in return for their service in the invasion, Document [48] (Title: Norman conquest of England) Count of Penthièvre. In August or September 1069 a large fleet sent by Sweyn II of Denmark arrived off the coast of England, sparking a new wave of rebellions across the country. After abortive raids in the south, the Danes joined forces with a new Northumbrian uprising, which was also joined by Edgar, Gospatric and the other exiles from Scotland as well as Waltheof. The combined Danish and English forces defeated the Norman garrison at York, seized the castles and took control of Northumbria, although a raid into Lincolnshire led by Edgar was defeated by the Norman garrison of Lincoln. Document [49] (Title: History of Yorkshire) Battle of Hastings where the English army was defeated and Harold Godwinson killed, allowing William to become King of England. King William I and the Normans did not immediately gain control over the whole of the country, and rebellions in the north of England, including Yorkshire, led to the Harrying of the North. The Anglo-Norman chronicler Orderic Vitalis condemned William the Conqueror for his cruelty in conducting a scorched earth campaign during the winter of 1069-70. Those who escaped initially hid in Yorkshire's woodland but many (some sources say 100,000) then died of famine or exposure when William salted the Document [50] (Title: Northern England) marked the beginning of the end of Viking rule in England, and the almost immediate defeat of Godwinson at the hands of the Norman William the Conqueror at the Battle of Hastings was in turn the overthrow of the Anglo-Saxon order. The Northumbrian and Danish aristocracy resisted the Norman Conquest, and to put an end to the rebellion, William ordered the Harrying of the North. In the winter of 1069–1070, towns, villages and farms were systematically destroyed across much of Yorkshire as well as northern Lancashire and County Durham. The region was gripped by famine and much of Northern England Document [51] (Title: Battle of Hastings) confront Harold. The battle lasted from about 9 am to dusk. Early efforts of the invaders to break the English battle lines had little effect; therefore, the Normans adopted the tactic of pretending to flee in panic and then turning on their pursuers. Harold's death, probably near the end of the battle, led to the retreat and defeat of most of his army. After further marching and some skirmishes, William was crowned as king on Christmas Day 1066. There continued to be rebellions and resistance to William's rule, but Hastings effectively marked the culmination of William's conquest of England. Casualty Document [52] (Title: History of Sussex) bretwalda, or ‘Britain ruler’. Under St Wilfrid, Sussex became the last of the seven traditional kingdoms of the heptarchy to undergo Christianisation. By the 8th century the kingdom had expanded to include the territory of the Haestingas. Around 827 in the aftermath of the battle of Ellandun, Sussex was annexed by the kingdom of Wessex, a kingdom that with further expansion became the kingdom of England. In 1066 Norman forces arrived in Sussex, the heartland of King Harold Godwinson. Defeating Harold at the Battle of Hastings, William the Conqueror established five (later six) semi-independent territories known as rapes. The South Document [53] (Title: Merionethshire) the early 7th century), and before. The Norman presence in England, after 1066, was the most significant factor which disrupted this pattern. In 1067, the rulers of Gwynedd and Powys invaded England, in support of Eadric the Wild, a leader of continued Saxon resistance against the Normans. When Northern England revolted against in 1080, the Normans responded by preemptively attacking, and then occupying Wales, to prevent any further Welsh assistance to the English. In 1094, the Welsh decided to revolt, but Hugh of Chester, the nearest Norman magnate, successfully re-captured North Wales by the end of 1098 (with Norwegian assistance). Document [54] (Title: Battle of Hastings) years. There were rebellions in Exeter in late 1067, an invasion by Harold's sons in mid-1068, and an uprising in Northumbria in 1068. In 1069 William faced more troubles from Northumbrian rebels, an invading Danish fleet, and rebellions in the south and west of England. He ruthlessly put down the various risings, culminating in the Harrying of the North in late 1069 and early 1070 that devastated parts of northern England. A further rebellion in 1070 by Hereward the Wake was also defeated by the king, at Ely. Battle Abbey was founded by William at the site of the battle. Document [55] (Title: Battle of Hastings) southern England on 8 September also contributed to the defeat. Many historians fault Harold for hurrying south and not gathering more forces before confronting William at Hastings, although it is not clear that the English forces were insufficient to deal with William's forces. Against these arguments for an exhausted English army, the length of the battle, which lasted an entire day, shows that the English forces were not tired by their long march. Tied in with the speed of Harold's advance to Hastings is the possibility Harold may not have trusted Earls Edwin of Mercia and Morcar of Northumbria once Document [56] (Title: Sussex) came increasingly under Mercian rule. Mercia's grip was shattered in 825 at the battle of Ellendun, after which Sussex and the other southern kingdoms came under the control of Wessex, which later grew into the kingdom of England. Sussex was the venue for the momentous Battle of Hastings, the decisive victory in the Norman conquest of England. In September 1066, William of Normandy landed with his forces at Pevensey and erected a wooden castle at Hastings, from which they raided the surrounding area. The battle was fought between Duke William of Normandy and the English king, Harold Godwinson, who had Document [57] (Title: Anglo-Normans) Battle of Hastings. The invading Normans came from the duchy of Normandy in the kingdom of France. They formed a ruling class in Britain, distinct from (although inter-marrying with) the native populations. Over time their language evolved from the continental Old Norman to the distinct Anglo-Norman language. Anglo-Normans quickly established control over all of England, as well as parts of Wales (the Cambro-Normans). After 1130, parts of southern and eastern Scotland came under Anglo-Norman rule (the Scoto-Normans), in return for their support of David I's conquest. The Norman conquest of Ireland in 1169 saw Anglo-Normans (or Cambro-Normans) settle vast swaths Document [58] (Title: Sussex in the High Middle Ages) England, was captured by the French. Louis continued to London where he was proclaimed king of England. Pevensey Castle was also probably ordered to be made indefensible by King John. It is estimated that in the immediate aftermath of the Normans' landing at Pevensey and the Battle of Hastings, wealth in Sussex fell by 40 per cent as the Normans sought to assert control by destroying estates or capital. From Hastings to London, estates fell in value wherever the Normans marched William assigned large tracts of land amongst the Norman elite, creating vast estates in some areas, particularly in Sussex Document [59] (Title: Tower of London) in a building in the outer ward near Salt Tower. Between 1348 and 1355, a second water-gate, Cradle Tower, was added east of St Thomas's Tower for the king's private use. Victorious at the Battle of Hastings on 14 October 1066, the invading Duke of Normandy, William the Conqueror, spent the rest of the year securing his holdings by fortifying key positions. He founded several castles along the way, but took a circuitous route toward London; only when he reached Canterbury did he turn towards England's largest city. As the fortified bridge into London was held by Saxon troops, he Document [60] (Title: Stenkil) 1047 and 1062. Historian Aksel E. Christensen has concluded that the Norwegian-Danish peace treaty of 1064 was a success for the Swedish policy to prevent one king from ruling the kingdoms to the north and the south of Skagerrak. Strangely, the "Knytlinga Saga" tells that "King Sweyn also had a dispute with the Swedish King Stenkil, who went with his army against King Sweyn, although he did not appropriate any of his territories". Adam of Bremen, Snorri Sturluson and the "Hervarar saga" all state that Stenkil passed away at the time of the Battle of Hastings in England (1066). His Document [61] (Title: History of the British Isles) even managed to re-conquer and unify England for much of the 10th century, before a new series of Danish raids in the late 10th century and early 11th century culminated in the wholesale subjugation of England to Denmark under Canute the Great. Danish rule was overthrown and the local House of Wessex was restored to power under Edward the Confessor for about two decades until his death in 1066. In 1066, William, Duke of Normandy said he was the rightful heir to the English throne, invaded England, and defeated King Harold II at the Battle of Hastings. Proclaiming himself to Document [62] (Title: Battlefield Britain) what really happened when Boudicca stood up against the mighty Roman Empire in 60AD. Heralding the beginning of the Norman Conquest, the Battle of Hastings in 1066, when William the Conqueror faced King Harold on the south coast, was one of the bloodiest and most important battles ever fought on British soil. A look at the Battle for Wales in 1403 and the leader of the Welsh rebellion, Owain Glyndwr. England's defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 was a victory against one of the great seagoing nations. The dramatic events helped seal the British reputation as a seafaring people. Document [63] (Title: Battle of Stamford Bridge) Battle of Stamford Bridge The Battle of Stamford Bridge took place at the village of Stamford Bridge, East Riding of Yorkshire, in England on 25 September 1066, between an English army under King Harold Godwinson and an invading Norwegian force led by King Harald Hardrada and the English king's brother Tostig Godwinson. After a bloody battle, both Hardrada and Tostig along with most of the Norwegians were killed. Although Harold Godwinson repelled the Norwegian invaders, his army was defeated by the Normans at Hastings less than three weeks later. The battle has traditionally been presented as symbolising the end of Document [64] (Title: Treaty of Abernethy) Treaty of Abernethy The Treaty of Abernethy was signed at the Scottish village of Abernethy in 1072 where king Malcolm III of Scotland paid homage to William I, King of England, acknowledging William as his feudal overlord. William had started his conquest of England when he and his army landed in Sussex, defeating and killing the English king Harold, at the Battle of Hastings, in 1066. Most of the English nobility were also either killed at Hastings or replaced by Norman lords in the years following the battle. The battle of Hastings was not the end of the fighting, William's Document [65] (Title: Walter Giffard, Lord of Longueville) 1064, one of the more famous exploits of that time. By the time of the Conquest, Walter had returned to Normandy bearing a gift of the King of Spain for Duke William, a magnificent war-horse. The same Spanish war-horse duke William called for on the morning of the Battle of Hastings. The Spanish king in question was in all probability Sancho Ramírez of Aragon (1063–94) who was known for making friends and recruiting knights and soldiers from Northern France. Walter was also one of the first, if not "the" first in England to go on pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela, Document [66] (Title: Sussex) strong connections with Sussex and whose chief seat was probably in Bosham. After having marched his exhausted army all the way from Yorkshire, Harold fought the Normans at the Battle of Hastings, where England's army was defeated and Harold was killed. It is likely that all the fighting men of Sussex were at the battle, as the county's thegns were decimated and any that survived had their lands confiscated. William built Battle Abbey at the site of the battle, with the exact spot where Harold fell marked by the high altar. Sussex experienced some of the greatest changes of any Document [67] (Title: Norman and Medieval London) Norman and Medieval London This article covers the history of London from the Norman conquest of England in 1066 to the late 15th century. The Norman invasion of Britain in 1066 is usually considered to be the beginning of a new era in English history. William, Duke of Normandy, defeated English king Harold Godwinson at the Battle of Hastings. Having conquered Hampshire and Kent, William and his army turned to London. Having failed to cross London bridge at Southwark, William's army marched clockwise around London and waited to the north-west at Berkhamsted. Where, having realised that resistance was pointless, a Document [68] (Title: Norman and Medieval London) in the city. Norman and Medieval London This article covers the history of London from the Norman conquest of England in 1066 to the late 15th century. The Norman invasion of Britain in 1066 is usually considered to be the beginning of a new era in English history. William, Duke of Normandy, defeated English king Harold Godwinson at the Battle of Hastings. Having conquered Hampshire and Kent, William and his army turned to London. Having failed to cross London bridge at Southwark, William's army marched clockwise around London and waited to the north-west at Berkhamsted. Where, having realised that resistance Document [69] (Title: Battle of Hastings) Battle of Hastings The Battle of Hastings was fought on 14 October 1066 between the Norman-French army of William, the Duke of Normandy, and an English army under the Anglo-Saxon King Harold Godwinson, beginning the Norman conquest of England. It took place approximately northwest of Hastings, close to the present-day town of Battle, East Sussex, and was a decisive Norman victory. The background to the battle was the death of the childless King Edward the Confessor in January 1066, which set up a succession struggle between several claimants to his throne. Harold was crowned king shortly after Edward's death, but Document [70] (Title: History of Yorkshire) his army as he went to face the invasion. Within five days, on 25 September 1066, Harold Godwinson had reached Stamford Bridge and defeated the Norwegian Army in a battle in which both Harold Hardrada and Tostig Godwinson were killed. The battle at Stamford Bridge can be seen as one of the pivotal battles in English history, it was the last time a Scandinavian army was able to seriously threaten England. On 28 September William Duke of Normandy landed on the south coast of England forcing Harold Godwinson to rush south from Yorkshire with his army. They met at the Document [71] (Title: Duchy of Normandy) 1014. In 1066, Duke William defeated Harold II of England at the Battle of Hastings and was subsequently crowned King of England, through the Norman conquest of England. Anglo-Norman and French relations became complicated after the Norman Conquest. The Norman dukes retained control of their holdings in Normandy as vassals owing fealty to the King of France, but they were his equals as kings of England. From 1154 until 1214, with the creation of the Angevin Empire, the Angevin kings of England controlled half of France and all of England, dwarfing the power of the French king, yet the Angevins Document [72] (Title: Battle of Brunanburh) were "never yet as many people killed before this with sword's edge ... since the east Angles and Saxons came up over the broad sea". Æthelstan's victory preserved the unity of England. The historian Æthelweard wrote around 975 that "[t]he fields of Britain were consolidated into one, there was peace everywhere, and abundance of all things". Alfred Smuth has called the battle "the greatest single battle in Anglo-Saxon history before Hastings". The site of the battle is unknown and scholars have proposed many places. After Æthelstan defeated the Vikings at York in 927, King Constantine of Scotland, King Hywel Dda Document [73] (Title: England in the Middle Ages) of the Danish killings to acquire huge wealth. When Edward died in 1066, Harold Godwinson claimed the throne, defeating his rival Norwegian claimant, Harald Hardrada, at the battle of Stamford Bridge. In 1066, William, the Duke of Normandy, took advantage of the English succession crisis to invade. With an army of Norman followers and mercenaries, he defeated Harold at the battle of Hastings and rapidly occupied the south of England. William used a network of castles to control the major centres of power, granting extensive lands to his main Norman followers and co-opting or eliminating the former Anglo-Saxon elite. Major Document [74] (Title: Lyre Abbey) Breteuil, in Normandy who is one of the very few proven companions of William the Conqueror known to have fought at the Battle of Hastings in 1066. He was a relative and close counsellor of William, being later made Earl of Wessex and Earl of Hereford. From its founder the abbey received important grants in its immediate vicinity, but also further afield.. In the wake of the Norman conquest FitzObern became one of the great magnates of early Norman England, acquiring extensive lands there, from which he made generous donations to Lyre Abbey, which emerges in the Domesday Book as Document [75] (Title: Carmen de Hastingae Proelio) Carmen de Hastingae Proelio The Carmen de Hastingae Proelio ("Song of the Battle of Hastings") is a 20th century name for the Carmen Widonis, the earliest history of the Norman invasion of England from September to December 1066, in Latin. It is attributed to Bishop Guy of Amiens, a noble of Ponthieu and monastically-trained bishop and administrator close to the French court, who eventually served as a chaplain for Matilda of Flanders, William the Conqueror's queen. Guy was an uncle to Count Guy of Ponthieu, who figures rather prominently in the Bayeux Tapestry as the vassal of Duke William of Document [76] (Title: Yorkshire) and Hardrada were both killed and their army was defeated decisively. However, Harold Godwinson was forced immediately to march his army back down to the South where William the Conqueror was landing. The King was defeated at Hastings, which led to the Norman conquest of England. The people of the North rebelled against the Normans in September 1069 AD, enlisting Sweyn II of Denmark. They tried to take back York, but the Normans burnt it before they could. What followed was the Harrying of the North ordered by William. From York to Durham, crops, domestic animals, and farming tools were Document [77] (Title: Castles in Great Britain and Ireland) Ewyas Harold Castle and Dover. William, Duke of Normandy, invaded England in 1066 and one of his first actions after landing was to build Hastings Castle to protect his supply routes. Following their victory at the battle of Hastings the Normans began three phases of castle building. The first of these was the establishment, by the new king, of a number of royal castles in key strategic locations. This royal castle programme focused on controlling the towns and cities of England and the associated lines of communication, including Cambridge, Huntingdon, Lincoln, Norwich, Nottingham, Wallingford, Warwick and York. Of the castles Document [78] (Title: Bayeux Tapestry) the backing which broadly enumerate each scene and which are still commonly used for reference. In a series of pictures supported by a written commentary the tapestry tells the story of the events of 1064–1066 culminating in the Battle of Hastings. The two main protagonists are Harold Godwinson, recently crowned King of England, leading the Anglo-Saxon English, and William, Duke of Normandy, leading a mainly Norman army, sometimes called the companions of William the Conqueror. William was the illegitimate son of Robert the Magnificent, Duke of Normandy, and Herleva (or Arlette), a tanner's daughter. William became Duke of Normandy at Document [79] (Title: William de Warenne, 1st Earl of Surrey) Duke William when the decision was made to oppose King Harold II's accession to the throne of England. He fought at the Battle of Hastings and was well rewarded with numerous holdings. The Domesday book records his lands stretched over thirteen counties and included the important Rape of Lewes in Sussex, several manors in Norfolk, Suffolk and Essex, the significant manor of Conisbrough in Yorkshire and Castle Acre in Norfolk, which became his caput (see below). He is one of very few proven companions of William the Conqueror known to have fought at the Battle of Hastings in 1066. He Document [80] (Title: North East England) of north-east England with a raiding party from Norway who attacked the monastic settlement on Lindisfarne . The monks fled or were slaughtered, and Bishop Higbald sought refuge on the mainland. A chronicler recorded: "On the 8th June, the harrying of the heathen miserably destroyed God's church by rapine and slaughter." There were three hundred years of Viking raids, battles and settlement until William the Conqueror defeated King Harold at Hastings in 1066. The "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" notes the change from raiding to settlement when it records that in 876 the Vikings "Shared out the land of the Northumbrians and they Document [81] (Title: Battle of Fulford) the Battle of Hastings some three weeks later. There is no doubt that if Harold had not been diverted by the battles in the north, then he would have been better prepared to fight William at Hastings and the result might have been different. Battle of Fulford The Battle of Fulford was fought on the outskirts of the village of Fulford near York in England, on 20 September 1066, when King Harald III of Norway, also known as "Harald Hardrada" ("harðráði" in Old Norse, meaning "hard ruler"), and Tostig Godwinson, his English ally, fought and defeated the Northern Earls Edwin Document [82] (Title: Berkhamsted) name had changed to "North Church", later "Northchurch", to distinguish the village from the town of Berkhamsted. The Anglo-Saxons surrendered the crown of England to William the Conqueror at Berkhamsted in early December 1066. After William defeated and killed Harold II at the Battle of Hastings in October, he failed in an attempt to capture London from the south. William led his army around London, crossing the River Thames at Wallingford, "laying waste" while travelling through southeast England. At Berkhamsted, he received the surrender of Edgar the Ætheling (heir to the English throne), Archbishop Ealdred, Earl Edwin, Earl Morcar and Document [83] (Title: The Normans (TV series)) - land of the northmen - in northern France. They went on to build some of the finest churches in Europe and turned into an unstoppable force of Christian knights and warriors, whose legacy is all around us to this day. Under the leadership of Duke William, the Normans expanded into the neighbouring provinces of northern France. But William's greatest achievement was the conquest of England in 1066. The Battle of Hastings marked the end of the Anglo-Saxon aristocracy and monarchy. The culture and politics of England would now be transformed by the Normans. In the second of this three-part Document [84] (Title: Hastings) of Haestingas to Ine as part of the treaty. In 771 King Offa of Mercia invaded Southern England, and over the next decade gradually seized control of Sussex and Kent. Symeon of Durham records a battle fought at an unidentified location near Hastings in 771, at which Offa defeated the Haestingas tribe, effectively ending its existence as a separate kingdom. By 790, Offa controlled Hastings effectively enough to confirm grants of land in Hastings to the Abbey of St Denis, in Paris. But, the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" for 1011 relates that Vikings overran "all Kent, Sussex, Surrey and Haestingas", indicating the Document [85] (Title: France–United Kingdom relations) Normandy, so relations were somewhat complicated between the countries. Though they were dukes ostensibly under the king of France, their higher level of organisation in Normandy gave them more de facto power. In addition, they were kings of England in their own right; England was not officially a province of France, nor a province of Normandy. This war was fought between the years 1076 to 1077. In 1087, following the monastic retirement of its last count, William and Philip partitioned between themselves the Vexin, a small but strategically important county on the middle Seine that controlled the traffic between Paris Document [86] (Title: Remigius de Fécamp) Remigius' possible descent from an earlier ducal concubine. The medieval writer Henry of Huntingdon states that Remigius was a participant in the Norman Conquest of England, and was at the Battle of Hastings in 1066. The Ship List states that Remigius contributed one ship and 20 knights to the invasion force used by William the Conqueror in addition to his presence at Hastings. However, as mentioned earlier, this list only survives from a 12th-century copy which originates from Battle Abbey, the monastery founded by King William to commemorate his victory at Hastings. Battle was known to have manufactured documentary evidence Document [87] (Title: Assize of Arms of 1181) inheritance, and prohibition of exports of arms, ships and timber. The Act reads as follows: Henry II came from a Norman line of kings and inherited the kingship of England which had fallen into Norman hands after the Battle of Hastings in 1066. England had been a unified nation for only a short time prior to this. It had been successfully invaded and conquered with military power from Roman Empire, with periodic incursions from Gaul, over about 400 years. This was followed with periodic waves of Viking invasions. It was not until the end of the first millennium that England Document [88] (Title: William the Conqueror) appointed to replace the deposed bishops and abbots, and at the end of the process, only two native English bishops remained in office, along with several continental prelates appointed by Edward the Confessor. In 1070 William also founded Battle Abbey, a new monastery at the site of the Battle of Hastings, partly as a penance for the deaths in the battle and partly as a memorial to the dead. Although Sweyn had promised to leave England, he returned in spring 1070, raiding along the Humber and East Anglia toward the Isle of Ely, where he joined up with Hereward the Document [89] (Title: Danelaw) the Battle of Hastings. 800 − Waves of Danish assaults on the coastlines of the British Isles. 865 − Danish raiders first began to settle in England. Led by the brothers Halfdan and Ivar the Boneless, they wintered in East Anglia, where they demanded and received tribute in exchange for a temporary peace. From there, they moved north and attacked Northumbria, which was in the midst of a civil war between the deposed king Osberht and a usurper Ælla. The Danes used the civil turmoil as an opportunity to capture York, which they sacked and burned. 867 − Following the Document [90] (Title: Carmen de Hastingae Proelio) doubt about his faithfulness and piety (two core political values for the Carolingians and the Capetians). This indicates that the contradictions and early weaknesses of William's conquest and regime were already apparent in 1067, even as Guy could praise William for his achievement. Carmen de Hastingae Proelio The Carmen de Hastingae Proelio ("Song of the Battle of Hastings") is a 20th century name for the Carmen Widonis, the earliest history of the Norman invasion of England from September to December 1066, in Latin. It is attributed to Bishop Guy of Amiens, a noble of Ponthieu and monastically-trained bishop and administrator Document [91] (Title: Battle of Mortemer) Battle of Mortemer The Battle of Mortemer was a defeat for Henry I of France when he led an army against his vassal, William the Bastard, Duke of Normandy in 1054. William was eventually to become known as William the Conqueror after his successful invasion and conquest of England. William the Bastard became Duke of Normandy as a boy. His reign did not start well, and he had to experience twenty years of internal strife. The chronicler William of Jumièges reported that the duke's guardian, his teacher and his steward were all killed by rebels. Members of William's extended family Document [92] (Title: Battle of Hastings) the Battle of Hastings have drawn thousands of participants and spectators to the site of the original battle. Battle of Hastings The Battle of Hastings was fought on 14 October 1066 between the Norman-French army of William, the Duke of Normandy, and an English army under the Anglo-Saxon King Harold Godwinson, beginning the Norman conquest of England. It took place approximately northwest of Hastings, close to the present-day town of Battle, East Sussex, and was a decisive Norman victory. The background to the battle was the death of the childless King Edward the Confessor in January 1066, which set up Document [93] (Title: Battle of Winchelsea) their entire fleet in return for only minor losses. Since the Norman Conquest of 1066, English monarchs had held titles and lands within France, the possession of which made them vassals of the kings of France. Over the centuries, English holdings in France had varied in size, but by 1337 only Gascony in south western France and Ponthieu in northern France were left. Following a series of disagreements between Philip VI of France and Edward III of England, on 24 May 1337 Philip's Great Council in Paris agreed that the Duchy of Aquitaine, effectively Gascony, should be taken back into Document [94] (Title: Hastings Castle) Hastings Castle Hastings Castle is a keep and bailey castle ruin situated in the town of Hastings, East Sussex. Immediately after landing in England in 1066, William of Normandy ordered three fortifications to be built, Pevensey Castle in September 1066, Hastings (before the Battle of Hastings) and Dover. Hastings Castle was originally built as a motte-and-bailey castle near the sea. Later that year, the famous Battle of Hastings took place near the Hastings castle, in which William was victorious. In 1070, William issued orders for the Castle to be rebuilt in stone, along with the St Mary's Chapel. The Count Document [95] (Title: Battle of Hastings) as he had to construct a fleet from nothing. According to some Norman chronicles, he also secured diplomatic support, although the accuracy of the reports has been a matter of historical debate. The most famous claim is that Pope Alexander II gave a papal banner as a token of support, which only appears in William of Poitiers's account, and not in more contemporary narratives. In April 1066 Halley's Comet appeared in the sky, and was widely reported throughout Europe. Contemporary accounts connected the comet's appearance with the succession crisis in England. William mustered his forces at Saint-Valery-sur-Somme, and was ready Document [96] (Title: Battle of Dyrrhachium (1081)) this point, the Varangians (mainly Anglo-Saxons who had left England after the Norman Conquest) joined in the pursuit of the Norman right. With their massive battle axes, the Varangians attacked the Norman knights, who were driven away after their horses panicked. The Varangians soon became separated from the main force and exhausted so they were in no position to resist an assault. Guiscard sent a strong force of spearmen and crossbowmen against the Varangian flank and inflicted heavy casualties on them. The few remaining Varangians fled into the church of the Archangel Michael. The Normans immediately set the church on Document [97] (Title: Invasions of the British Isles) relics, making the promise especially binding. When Harold was crowned king of England, William was angered by Harold's accession, and set about gathering an invasion army. William, having gathered together an army and a fleet to transport it, landed in Pevensey Bay in the late summer of 1066. Harold, having just defeated Hardrada in the north, marched his troops back south, where, exhausted, they encountered William near Hastings. During the battle that followed, William's forces suffered heavy casualties but managed to rout Harold's infantry. However, Harold and his housecarls stood firm, despite a torrent of arrows shot at them by Document [98] (Title: Bayeux Tapestry) Bayeux Tapestry The Bayeux Tapestry (, ; or ; ) is an embroidered cloth nearly long and tall, which depicts the events leading up to the Norman conquest of England concerning William, Duke of Normandy, and Harold, Earl of Wessex, later King of England, and culminating in the Battle of Hastings. It is thought to date to the 11th century, within a few years after the battle. It tells the story from the point of view of the conquering Normans, but is now agreed to have been made in England. According to Sylvette Lemagnen, conservator of the tapestry, in her Document [99] (Title: Norse activity in the British Isles) 1042 when Cnut's son Harthacnut ascended the English throne. The Battle of Fulford took place at Fulford near York, on 20 September 1066, when an invading Norwegian force led by King Harald Hardrada of Norway and Tostig Godwinson, his English ally, fought and defeated the Northern Earls Edwin and Morcar. When King Harold II of England heard of this defeat he marched his English army from the south coast of England to meet the Norwegians at Stamford Bridge. The Battle of Stamford Bridge took place near the village of Stamford, East Riding of Yorkshire in England on 25 September 1066. Document [100] (Title: 1066 Country Walk) of the South Downs. It links with the Saxon Shore Way. 1066 Country Walk The 1066 Country Walk is a waymarked long-distance footpath or recreational walk in southern England, United Kingdom. The 1066 Country Walk runs for . The route commemorates 1066, the year of the Battle of Hastings, and seeks to link the places and the people of that important year. It runs through East Sussex from Pevensey where William of Normandy gathered his invading army of Normans and prepared to meet King Harold to Rye, East Sussex, passing through Battle, East Sussex. The walk is mainly low level Document [101] (Title: Battle of Crécy) yew. Upon Edward's accession in 1327, he inherited a kingdom beset with two zones of conflict: Aquitaine and Scotland. England had not been a dominant military force in Europe: the French dominated in Aquitaine, and Scotland had all but achieved its independence since the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314. Previously, pitched battles in the medieval era had largely been decided by the massed charge of heavily armoured mounted knights, a widely feared force in their heyday. However, battles such as Manzikert had demonstrated their vulnerability to nimble mounted archers on fast horses, while engagements such as the Golden Spurs, Stirling, Document [102] (Title: Sussex in the High Middle Ages) of England through the 12th century. Other populous areas of England at this time included eastern East Anglia, parts of Kent and a series of districts between Somerset and the Humber Estuary in Yorkshire. William the Conqueror set out compact lordships across Sussex in what were termed 'rapes'. Shortly after 1066 there were four rapes: Arundel, Lewes, Pevensey and Hastings. By the time of the Domesday Book, William the Conqueror had created the rape of Bramber out of parts of the Arundel and Lewes rapes, so that the Adur estuary could be better defended. The rape of Arundel was much Document [103] (Title: Battle, East Sussex) May 2010 elections. At European level, Battle is represented by the South-East region, which holds ten seats in the European Parliament. The June 2004 election returned four Conservatives, two Liberal Democrats, two UK Independence, one Labour and one Green, none of whom lives in East Sussex. Telham Hill is about one mile (1.6 km) south-east of Senlac Hill, in East Sussex, England. It was from Telham Hill that William the Conqueror's army first caught sight of the English army forming up on Senlac Hill, for the battle of Hastings, 14 October 1066. In the later 19th century it was owned Document [104] (Title: England in the High Middle Ages) assembling troops and ships to invade England. Tostig Godwinson, brother of Harold, made a series of attacks in the north of England in early 1066 that may have been the beginning of a bid for the throne, but after defeat at the hands of Edwin and Morcar and the desertion of most of his followers he threw his lot in with Harald Hardrada, who invaded northern England in early September. Harold defeated and killed Hardrada and Tostig at the battle of Stamford Bridge. William invaded with an army of Norman followers and mercenaries. Harold marched south to meet him, but Document [105] (Title: English nationalism) if not most were conversant in English from the second generation onwards. William of Malmesbury, a chronicler of mixed Anglo-Norman descent writing in the twelfth century, described the Battle of Hastings as: "That fatal day for England, the sad destruction of our dear country ["dulcis patrie"]". He also lamented: "England has become the habitation of outsiders and the dominion of foreigners. Today, no Englishman is earl, bishop, or abbot, and newcomers gnaw away at the riches and very innards of England; nor is there any hope for an end of this misery". Another chronicler, Robert of Gloucester, speaking in part Document [106] (Title: Battle of Hastings) attacked him at Southwark but was unable to storm London Bridge, forcing him to reach the capital by a more circuitous route. William moved up the Thames valley to cross the river at Wallingford, where he received the submission of Stigand. He then travelled north-east along the Chilterns, before advancing towards London from the north-west, fighting further engagements against forces from the city. The English leaders surrendered to William at Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire. William was acclaimed King of England and crowned by Ealdred on 25 December 1066, in Westminster Abbey. Despite the submission of the English nobles, resistance continued for several Document [107] (Title: Pevensey Castle) Roman city wall and constructing Colchester Castle on top of the ruins of the Temple of Claudius. Following William's victory at Hastings, the county of Sussex came to be seen by the new regime as being of essential military value. It was both a frontier zone and an essential link between England and Normandy. The existing tenurial arrangements in the county were swept away and replaced by five subdivisions, or rapes, each of which was given to one of William's most important followers. Each rape was associated with a major castle, Pevensey being one of them. In 1067 William left Document [108] (Title: Battle of Mercredesburne) Battle of Mercredesburne The Battle of Mercredesburne was one of three battles fought as part of the conquest of what became the Kingdom of Sussex in southern England. The battles were fought between the Saxon leader Ælle's army and the local Britons. The "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle", states that Ælle arrived in Sussex with three ships and went on to fight at Cymenshore in AD 477, Mercredesburne in 485, and Pevensey in 491. Ælle became the first king of the South Saxons. The Kingdom of Sussex was eventually annexed by the Kingdom of Wessex in the 9th century and went on to Document [109] (Title: Norman invasion of Wales) of Hastings, with England and Normandy. In addition, it was not William’s goal to conquer Wales; he had come to inherit what he believed to be his birthright, the English throne, which entailed taking on the responsibilities of Edward and the Anglo-Saxon kings, including their relationships with Wales and Scotland. However, Wales had begun to force the matter, supporting English rebellions against the Normans. In response to Welsh advances, William established a series of earldoms in the borderlands, specifically at Chester, under Hugh d'Avranches; Shrewsbury, under Roger de Montgomerie; and Hereford, under William FitzOsbern. He instilled a great deal of Document [110] (Title: Normans) II, Count of Boulogne to his court in 1051, an event that resulted in the greatest of early conflicts between Saxon and Norman and ultimately resulted in the exile of Earl Godwin of Wessex. On 14 October 1066, William the Conqueror gained a decisive victory at the Battle of Hastings, which led to the conquest of England three years later; this can be seen on the Bayeux tapestry (a linen, embroidered cloth). The invading Normans and their descendants replaced the Anglo-Saxons as the ruling class of England. The nobility of England were part of a single Norman culture and many Document [111] (Title: Normans) and invasion of England in 1066, Normandy had been exporting fighting horsemen for more than a generation. Many Normans of Italy, France and England eventually served as avid Crusaders soldiers under the Italo-Norman prince Bohemund I of Antioch and the Anglo-Norman king Richard the Lion-Heart, one of the more famous and illustrious Kings of England. Opportunistic bands of Normans successfully established a foothold in southern Italy. Probably as the result of returning pilgrims' stories, the Normans entered southern Italy as warriors in 1017 at the latest. In 999, according to Amatus of Montecassino, Norman pilgrims returning from Jerusalem called in Document [112] (Title: William, Count of Évreux) the lists only anachronism "as far as Norman names are concerned." William is one of the few known companions of William the Conqueror at the Battle of Hastings in 1066. For his participation he was rewarded with a modest tenancy-in-chiefdom. However, he was probably not yet of age in 1066 which might have prevented him from taking a more profitable share in England. Another indicator of his youth in 1066 was that he fought for King Henry I at the Battle of Tinchebray in 1106, some 40 years later. William was taken prisoner during the siege of the castle of Document [113] (Title: Portskewett) by a force under Caradog ap Gruffydd, King of Gwent. Harold never had the opportunity to take his revenge; in January 1066 he became king of England, and later that year was killed at the Battle of Hastings. Archaeologists consider it likely that the hunting lodge would have been built on the same site as Caradog Freichfras' earlier court. A geophysical survey carried out at the end of 2005 revealed extensive remains in the area. In May 2007, an excavation was carried out for the Channel 4 TV programme "Time Team", broadcast on 30 March 2008. The excavation revealed that Document [114] (Title: Battle of Hastings) hundred was the main organising unit for the "fyrd". As a whole, England could furnish about 14,000 men for the "fyrd", when it was called out. The "fyrd" usually served for two months, except in emergencies. It was rare for the whole national "fyrd" to be called out; between 1046 and 1065 it was only done three times, in 1051, 1052, and 1065. The king also had a group of personal armsmen, known as housecarls, who formed the backbone of the royal forces. Some earls also had their own forces of housecarls. Thegns, the local landowning elites, either fought with Document [115] (Title: William of Poitiers) being both trained as a military knight and serving as a chaplain within Duke William's household. There are no surviving manuscripts of the 'Gesta Guillemi'. André Duchesne published an edition in 1619, although even his (now lost) manuscript was missing its beginning and end. Its present form covers the period from 1047 to 1068, and both starts and finishes mid-sentence. There is also some retrospective material concerning affairs in England after Cnut's death (1035). Orderic Vitalis says that it originally finished in 1071. The Gesta Guillelmi is most valuable as a source for the Battle of Hastings, probably based on Document [116] (Title: William the Conqueror) with the arrival of the harvest season he disbanded his army on 8 September. Harold's brother Tostig and Harald Hardrada invaded Northumbria in September 1066 and defeated the local forces under Morcar and Edwin at the Battle of Fulford near York. King Harold received word of their invasion and marched north, defeating the invaders and killing Tostig and Hardrada on 25 September at the Battle of Stamford Bridge. The Norman fleet finally set sail two days later, landing in England at Pevensey Bay on 28 September. William then moved to Hastings, a few miles to the east, where he built Document [117] (Title: Battle of Fulford) Battle of Fulford The Battle of Fulford was fought on the outskirts of the village of Fulford near York in England, on 20 September 1066, when King Harald III of Norway, also known as "Harald Hardrada" ("harðráði" in Old Norse, meaning "hard ruler"), and Tostig Godwinson, his English ally, fought and defeated the Northern Earls Edwin and Morcar. Tostig was Harold Godwinson's banished brother. He had allied with King Harald of Norway and possibly Duke William of Normandy but there is no record of the reasoning behind his invasions. The battle was a decisive victory for the Viking army. The Document [118] (Title: History of the East Riding of Yorkshire) may have been used to carry stones to Stonehenge. The Battle of Stamford Bridge took place at the village of Stamford Bridge, East Riding of Yorkshire on 25 September 1066. In the battle the majority of the invading Norwegian forces were killed by the forces of King Harold Godwinson of England. It was the final fall of the Vikings in England. A fortnight after the battle, on 14 October 1066, after having marched his forces to the south coast of England, Harold was defeated and killed by Norman forces under William the Conqueror at the Battle of Hastings. This began Document [119] (Title: Battle of Stamford Bridge) battle, on 28 September, a second invasion army led by William, Duke of Normandy, landed in Pevensey Bay, Sussex, on the south coast of England. Harold had to immediately turn his troops around and force-march them southwards to intercept the Norman army. Less than three weeks after Stamford Bridge, on 14 October 1066, the English army was decisively defeated and King Harold II fell in action at the Battle of Hastings, beginning the Norman conquest of England, a process facilitated by the heavy losses amongst the English military commanders. Two monuments to the battle have been erected in and around Document [120] (Title: History of England) 28 September 1066, William of Normandy invaded England in a campaign called the Norman Conquest. After marching from Yorkshire, Harold's exhausted army was defeated and Harold was killed at the Battle of Hastings on 14 October. Further opposition to William in support of Edgar the Ætheling soon collapsed, and William was crowned king on Christmas Day 1066. For five years, he faced a series of rebellions in various parts of England and a half-hearted Danish invasion, but he subdued them and established an enduring regime. The Norman Conquest led to a profound change in the history of the English state. Document [121] (Title: Influence of French on English) with significantly different speeches, most of them Germanic, with multiple influences. It was therefore a linguistically disunited people that the Normans got massively in contact with, from 1066. William II of Normandy, supported by his King, Philip I of France, and his blood legitimacy to the throne of England, landed at Hastings, in Sussex, on 29 September 1066. His men were deployed around the city waiting for the king Harold II's troops. On October 14, exhausted by the long journey to Hastings, Harold II's troops lost the battle after a day. Following the defeat of the English, Duke William II Question: the battle of hastings in 1066 was fought in which country

Answer: England Long Answer: The background to the battle was the death of the childless King Edward the Confessor in January 1066, which set up a succession struggle between several claimants to his throne . Harold was crowned king shortly after Edward's death, but faced invasions by William, his own brother Tostig, and the Norwegian King Harald Hardrada (Harold III of Norway). Hardrada and Tostig defeated a hastily gathered army of Englishmen at the Battle of Fulford on 20 September 1066, and were in turn defeated by Harold at the Battle of Stamford Bridge five days later . The deaths of Tostig and Hardrada at Stamford Bridge left William as Harold's only serious opponent . While Harold and his forces were recovering, William landed his invasion forces in the south of England at Pevensey on 28 September 1066 and established a beachhead for his conquest of the kingdom . Harold was forced to march south swiftly, gathering forces as he went. Gold Document ID: 121

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Pac-Man (character)) who enjoys adventure but often prefers a quiet family life. His first platforming title, Pac-Land, illustrating him taking frequent breaks between levels at signs that said "Break Time" while ending three-level arcs by returning to his home, leading to cutscenes where he is seen sitting with his family at dinner and sleeping in his bed. "Pac-Man 2" begins with Pac-Man doing chores for his family, with various elements of the game causing him to abruptly change his mood from happy, to sad, to angry, to silly, and even flaky. It culminates with the Ghost Witch's plot to create a monster Document [2] (Title: Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures) school located within the city of Pacopolis. They help to protect citizens from the threat of Ghosts after the seal that locked up the Netherworld was accidentally opened by Pac at the time he was avoiding the school bully Skeebo. Ghosts are able to possess Pac-Worlder bodies although only for a time limit of a few minutes unless aided by Dr. Buttocks technology. Victims of possession usually are apparent by a red-eyed glow although this too can be prevented with Buttocks technology. Pac-Man also has four friendly ghosts (Blinky, Pinky, Inky and Clyde) that surrendered and vowed to help him Document [3] (Title: Pac-Man 2: The New Adventures) or mine-carts, and the player must keep Pac-Man from crashing into obstacles or ghosts. These and other parts of the game are focused more on action and reflexes, and require good use of the slingshot to keep Pac-Man alive. After an introductory sequence in which Pac-Man introduces himself and the game's mechanics, the plot unfolds as a loosely connected series of misadventures stemming from Pac-Man's quest to complete tasks for his family, all while the ghosts and their mysterious leader plot to destroy him. Pac-Man is first tasked with finding milk for Pac-Baby, which he procures from the local farm. Document [4] (Title: Pac-Man: Adventures in Time) ability to see the short intermission videos that come before a new level and allow for an option of non-storyline play on specific levels. The game also has the ability to connect over the Internet for multiplayer mini-games. In the introductory scene, under orders from the villainous Mollusc, Ghosts Inky and Clyde steal a magical power pellet known as the Artifact that has kept Pac-Land free from evil. The Mollusc smashes the Artifact and in a mighty explosion of power, its four fragmented pieces are scattered across time and space. The player's challenge as Pac-Man is to retrieve the Artifact's Document [5] (Title: Pac-Man Pinball Advance) and continues to collect pellets much like they did in earlier notes. Like the other games in the "Pac-Man" series, there are four ghosts which wander the pinball tables after Pac-Man eats a power pellet. The plot of the game focuses on the kidnapping of all the residents of Pac-Land by the four ghosts from the "Pac-Man" series, Blinky, Pinky, Inky, and Clyde. The plot is secondary to the gameplay of the game though, and mostly exists just as a premise to explain why Pac-Man is playing on a pinball table. The game does not contain a high scores table. Document [6] (Title: Pac-Attack) Wii U Virtual Console on February 26, 2015. On a "Tetris"-like board the player drops blocks consisting of Ghosts, Blocks, Pac-Man, and one Fairy (if the Fairy Meter is full) to the ground. The objective is to not let the blocks overflow, let Pac-Man eat the ghosts, and make lines to shorten the amount of blocks on the board. When Pac-Man eats a ghost, the Fairy Meter goes up. Once full, a fairy will eventually be dropped. Once the fairy comes to a stop by landing on anything, it waves its wand and every ghost in the eight lines below Document [7] (Title: Pac-Man Championship Edition DX) the maze until Pac-Man moves past it and begins to follow him. By passing several sleeping ghosts, they form a large rainbow-colored trail that can offer massive bonus points once Pac-Man is able to get a power pellet and eat them. Some ghosts may also have additional power pellets that can prolong the powered-up state if eaten in time. Getting close enough to the regular ghosts turns them rainbow-colored and they may also be added to the trail. A slow-motion effect automatically kicks in whenever a ghost gets too close to Pac-Man, which offers players the chance to make a Document [8] (Title: Pac-Mania) along with 17 other Namco arcade games and six remix games, five of which appeared in "Namco Museum Remix". In 2010, the design of Pac-Man and the ghosts from "Pac-Mania" appear in "Pac-Man Championship Edition DX" and the game itself is released as an app in the App Store for iOS devices. "Pac-Mania" was also re-released as part of the "Pac-Man's Arcade Party" arcade machine in 2010 for Pac-Man's 30th anniversary. In February 2014 it was included in the "Pac-Man Museum" on the PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 and Windows PC Via Steam. The music from Pac-Man's Park was later used Document [9] (Title: Pac-Man World 3) Pac-Man World 3 In a search for power, a short evil genius called Erwin has found a way to suck raw energy out of the world of the Ghosts (the Spectral Realm). He has created a syphon that can penetrate into the Spectral Realm. This is causing the Spectral Realm to collapse into the real world (Pac-Land), bringing about an environmental catastrophe. Meanwhile, Pac-Man is celebrating his 25th birthday with his family when he is teleported by Orson, a former nemesis of Pac-Man from the original "Pac-Man World". Orson communicates to him and tells him about the Spectral Realm (after Document [10] (Title: Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures 2) from it. Those at the older end of the kids' game scene might instead find the game too simple at times and justifiably frustrating to control. Kids who really enjoy the television program will no doubt want (and probably enjoy) this game based on its subject matter alone. Those who aren't in love with modern Pac-Man might want to let this game give up the ghost." The Guardian gave the game a negative review, saying "In some ways, the game’s simple ambitions would not have been a problem if the recipe had been respectfully crafted. But to a modern audience Document [11] (Title: Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures 2) Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures 2 Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures 2, also known in Japan as , is a 2014 video game for the Wii U, Nintendo 3DS, Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3, released on October 14, 2014. It is the sequel to "Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures". The game was first announced on March 1, 2014. Just like the original game, "Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures 2" uses the same features as its predecessor. "Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures 2" features new story lines, characters and worlds. Just like its predecessor, "Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures 2" received Document [12] (Title: Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures) aired on Disney Channel on March 3 and ended on October 30, 2014, to give way for the special programming of "Monstober". It returned to air on March 2, 2015. Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures, also known as , is an American/Japanese/Canadian computer-animated comedy-adventure television series featuring Namco's classic video game character Pac-Man. It is produced by 41 Entertainment, Arad Productions and Bandai Namco Entertainment for Tokyo MX (stereo version), BS11 (stereo version) and Disney XD (bilingual version). The series first aired on June 15, 2013, on Disney XD, and debuted July 1, 2017 on Document [13] (Title: Pac-Mania) Pac-Mania As in "Pac-Man", the objective of "Pac-Mania" is to score as many points as possible. The player controls Pac-Man and attempts to eat all the pellets in a maze, while avoiding being caught by the ghosts who chase him around it. The player can eat power pellets that cause the ghosts to turn dark blue and become vulnerable; the player can then go to eat the ghosts for extra points, sending them back to their regenerator to return to their original colour and behaviour. "Pac-Mania" contains several new features and significant differences from its original counterpart. The most noticeable Document [14] (Title: Pac 'n Roll) save the Pacs, Pac-Master chomped on a power pellet. But while the other ghosts turned blue, Golvis remained his normal colour with only the end of his tail blue. Golvis and his alive guitar sidekick (named Jack) turned the Pac-People into spheres (they are the same just without arms or legs), and kidnaps them all. With the help of Pac-Land's guardian fairy, Krystal, Pac-Man managed to escape before getting kidnapped. This explains why Golvis' guitar is always out of tune, because he was using it to smash Pac-Man into the ground. Now with the help of Krystal, Pac-Man (who has Document [15] (Title: Pac-Man 256) maze, collecting dots and power-ups while avoiding enemy ghosts. The game ends if Pac-Man comes into contact with a ghost or falls behind and is consumed by a chasing glitch at the bottom of the maze. Eating 256 dots in a row awards the player a blast that clears all on-screen enemies. Along with power pellets, which enable Pac-Man to eat ghosts, Pac-Man can equip and obtain various power-ups such as lasers, tornadoes, and clones to attack the ghosts, as well as collect score-multiplying fruit. Additional power-ups are unlocked by collecting enough dots. Clearing certain missions unlock coins, also obtained Document [16] (Title: Pac-Man (TV series)) place in which the geography and architecture seem to revolve primarily around sphere-like shapes. Most episodes of the series center around the ongoing battle between the Pac family and their only known enemies, the Ghost Monsters: Blinky, Inky, Pinky, Clyde, and Sue. They work for Mezmaron, a mysterious figure who resembles Darth Vader and acts similarly to Gargamel (from another Hanna-Barbera show "The Smurfs"). His sole mission is to locate and control the source of "Power Pellets", which serve as the primary food and power source for the city, and also as the "deus ex machina" in virtually every episode. Document [17] (Title: Pac-Man) awareness of any video game character among American consumers, recognized by 94 percent of them. "Pac-Man" is one of the longest-running video game franchises from the golden age of video arcade games. The Google Doodle version was estimated to have been played by over 1 billion people worldwide in 2010. "Pac-Man" is part of the collection of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. and New York's Museum of Modern Art. The player navigates Pac-Man through a maze containing dots, known as Pac-Dots, and four multi-colored ghosts: Blinky, Pinky, Inky and Clyde. The goal of the game is to accumulate points Document [18] (Title: Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures) Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures, also known as , is an American/Japanese/Canadian computer-animated comedy-adventure television series featuring Namco's classic video game character Pac-Man. It is produced by 41 Entertainment, Arad Productions and Bandai Namco Entertainment for Tokyo MX (stereo version), BS11 (stereo version) and Disney XD (bilingual version). The series first aired on June 15, 2013, on Disney XD, and debuted July 1, 2017 on KidsClick in the US, on March 17, 2014, on Family Chrgd (as Disney XD) in Canada and premiered on April 5, 2014, on Tokyo MX and BS11 in Japan, and Document [19] (Title: Pac-Man World 2) Pac-Man World 2 Back in medieval times, the evil ghost king Spooky constantly terrorized Pac Land and the Pac People. To stop him, the Great Wizard Pac created a powerful potion to transform five ordinary fruit from Pac Land into magical Golden Fruit. Then, a brave, young Knight named Sir Pac-A-Lot battled and defeated Spooky and used the Golden Fruit to seal him under a tree in the center of Pac Village. In present time, the Ghost Gang decides to pick the Golden Fruit off of the tree without knowing Spooky is under it. Spooky escapes from the tree and Document [20] (Title: Pac-Man World) The only non-Pac-Man Namco character that made it into the story was Pooka (from Dig Dug), and holdovers from the original vision were Ms. Pac-Man and Professor Pac-Man. "Pac-Man World" is a platform game played in 3D graphics that plays heavily into the history of the character; every non-boss level features a maze that plays by the rules of Pac-Man (though the Pac-Symbol still shows, letting the player survive being touched by ghosts up to four times). Every level is littered with Pac-Dots, fruits and ghosts, much of the music is modified from early entries into the series (one of Document [21] (Title: Pac-Man 2: The New Adventures) Some time after, Pac-Man is asked by Ms. Pac-Man to pick a special flower for Lucy, a friend of Pac-Jr's for her birthday. Pac-Man is given a trolley ticket which he uses to venture into the nearby mountains, hang-gliding and dodging ghosts and boulders as he searches for the flower. Upon returning home with the flower, Pac-Man is exasperated to find that Lucy's party has already started, and that she has already been given another flower. Some time after, Pac-Jr comes home crying, and tells his dad that his guitar was stolen by ghosts while he was in Pac-City. Pac-Man Document [22] (Title: Pac-In-Time) Pac-Man will run into many enemies — most of which are just native to the environment of the level, such as bats, birds, rats, worms, carnivorous plants, ram-like creatures, etc. Pac-Man also runs across his long-time enemies, the ghosts, who appear frequently in every level and chase after Pac-Man. Fortunately, there are Power Pellets along the way, and Pac-Man can use these to devour the ghosts in his typical fashion. Unique to this game, Pac-Man can also acquire four different abilities that will help him finish his quest and defeat his enemies. Each of these abilities can be obtained by Document [23] (Title: Pac-Man 2: The New Adventures) ghosts. The SNES version of "Pac-Man 2" was re-released on the Wii U Virtual Console on 3 March 2016. "Pac-Man 2" carries a style of gameplay similar to that of traditional Point-and-click adventures, but with a few key differences that set it apart from other games in the genre. Unlike most Point-and-click games where the player can interact with the environment via various commands, "the player has no direct control over Pac-Man". Instead, he independently moves and interacts with the world, characters, and sometimes the player. The player's main ability is to influence, rather than control, the character's actions. The Document [24] (Title: Ghosts (Pac-Man)) that were exclusive to the TV series like Cyclops Ghosts (a race of heavyset, horned Ghosts with one eye), Fire Ghosts (a race of orange Ghosts who can emit fire from their body), Tentacle Ghosts (a race of 4-eyed purple-black Ghosts who look similar to jellyfish), Guardian Ghosts (a race of large Ghosts who guard the Netherworld), and Aqua Ghosts (a race of light blue Ghosts with fins on their head). Below is the description of each Ghost. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> "Shadow," better known by his nickname, Blinky, is a red ghost who, in the original arcade game, follows behind Pac-Man. He Document [25] (Title: Pac-Man (Atari 2600)) an extra life and the omnipresent siren sound during gameplay. The most significant and obvious difference is the constant flicker of the ghosts. In the late 1970s, Atari acquired the rights to produce home versions of Namco's arcade games. After "Pac-Man" proved to be a success in the United States, Atari decided to produce the game for its Atari 2600 console. The company believed the conversion would be simple because the arcade's success was attributed to the gameplay rather than impressive visuals. Development took around four months; the process started in May 1981 and finished in September. At the time, Document [26] (Title: Pac-Man World) the common themes in all the levels is the intermission music from "Pac-Man" modified according to the theme of the level) and the original Pac-Man arcade game was available for play from the menu screen. In addition, Pac-Man is given a handful of standard platform maneuvers, including a "butt-bounce", reminiscent of Mario's ground pound and the Rev-Roll, reminiscent of Sonic's spin dash. Also, he'd gained the ability to use the dots offensively, throwing them at non-ghost enemies. Like in the original game, Pac-Man can collect Power Pellets allowing him to eat ghosts for a short amount of time. The level Document [27] (Title: Ghosts (Pac-Man)) arcade game, positions in front of Pac-Man. In the "Pac-Man" cartoon, Pinky (voiced by Chuck McCann) is depicted as male dimwitted shape shifter. In recent games, and "Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures", Pinky (voiced by Ashleigh Ball in the TV series and by Julia Kliewer in the video game and sequel) is depicted as a female with a crush on Pac-Man, which often puts her at odds with Cylindria. "Bashful", or, Inky is a baby blue ghost who, in the original arcade game, has a fickle mood. He can be unpredictable. Sometimes he chases Pac-Man aggressively like Blinky; other times Document [28] (Title: Pac-Man World 3) Pac-Man complains to Orson about messing up his party and throwing him into a trash pit). Pac-Man is attacked by fiery Spectral monsters of the orange, green, and purple varieties which have been driven mad by Erwin's hypnosis with Inky and Blinky (Clyde) have been kidnapped as part of Erwin's evil scheme, but Pinky and Clyde (Blinky) managed to escape. Now Pac-Man must join forces with the ghosts, Orson, Pinky, and Clyde (Blinky) to stop Erwin before he destroys both the Real World and the Spectral Realm. The game features numerous differences from the previous Pac-Man World games, placing an Document [29] (Title: Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures) episode, whereas the other three DVDs contain four episodes each: Two additional DVDs each with three episodes, were released exclusively to Redbox: Another DVD titled "Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures: Pac To The Future" was released exclusively to Redbox Canada. Several video games based on the show have been developed. An endless runner for iOS and Android titled "Pac-Man Dash!" was released in July 2013. This is also hosted for free in Canada on the CHRGD website. In 2017 "Bandai Namco Entertainment" decided to discontinue Pac-Man Dash & remove it permanently from the Apple Store & Android Market A 3D Document [30] (Title: Little Ghost Q-Taro) series as inspiration for the character design in the Pac-Man video game series. Little Ghost Q-Taro , by Fujiko Fujio, is a Japanese manga about an obake, "Q-Taro" who lives with the Ōhara family. Q-Taro, also known as Q-chan or Oba-Q, is a mischief-maker who likes to fly around scaring people and stealing food, though he is deathly afraid of dogs. The story is usually focused on the antics of Q-Taro and his friends. The manga was drawn in 1964–1966 by Fujiko Fujio (Fujiko F. Fujio and Fujiko Fujio A) and in 1971–1974 by Fujiko F. Fujio. An English manga Document [31] (Title: Ghosts (Pac-Man)) He will chase after Pac-Man in Blinky's manner, but will wander off to his home corner when he gets too close. In "Ms. Pac-Man", this ghost is named Sue, and in "Jr. Pac-Man", this ghost is named Tim. In the animated series, Clyde (voiced by Neil Ross) is the leader of the group. In recent games and "Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures", Clyde (voiced by Brian Drummond in the TV series and by Orion Acaba in the video game) is depicted as a large ghost who is simple, but not unintelligent and has an appetite equal to Pac-Man's. He lacks Document [32] (Title: Pac-Man World 3) the enemies, such as Electro-Shock Pellet, which replaces Pac-Man's punch attack with the ability to generate electricity from his hands, and the Ribbon Loop Pellet, which has Pac-Man leave a trail that can be enclosed to greatly damage enemies within. Two sequences involve Pac-Man piloting a new Toc-Man, reimagined from the first game from being an attempt at imitating Pac-Man to now being a mecha. Toc-Man is used to defend from Erwin's forces, and has an ability to punch, as well as do a spin-based attack. The second sequence also features Clyde helming a blaster. Accessible from the main menu Document [33] (Title: World's Biggest Pac-Man) chased by the ghosts. In the original game the ghosts are hunted in a very defined pattern of Scatter, Chase and Repeat. Unlike the original, the time the ghosts remain vulnerable does not diminish as the game progresses to the point where the ghosts will only merely reverse direction. If the player leaves a board without completing it, the ghosts will remain immobile in that maze until Pac-Man returns, in which they will begin chasing him again. The fruits on World’s Biggest Pac-Man give the player the opportunity to earn additional points. The fruits appear upon consuming a certain number Document [34] (Title: Pac & Pal) Pac & Pal Introduced in this game is an exclusive character: , the "Pal" of the title. She is a small green female ghost (denoted by her hair bow), that looks like a gooseberry with legs. When an item is unlocked, she will wander around, giving Pac-Man some time to try to reach the item. After some time, she will take it into the ghost house, where it will be lost forever. This might help in clearing the round, however, and if she brings the last one there, it automatically finishes the round. Due to the ability of using this Document [35] (Title: Baby Pac-Man) with a metal ball using two button-operated flippers. The player may earn energizers, gain new fruit bonuses, and increase tunnel speed, all used in the video mode. When the player fails to keep the ball in play, the game resumes on the video screen, but with the chutes closed. The player must then be caught by a ghost to reopen the chutes. The game ends when the player runs out of lives. Baby Pac-Man Baby Pac-Man is a hybrid arcade/pinball game released by Bally Midway on October 11, 1982. The cabinet consists of a 13-inch video screen seated above an Document [36] (Title: Pac & Pal) them and yields the familiar point value of 200, 400, 800, and 1600 for each ghost shot. While ghosts are stunned, Pac-Man can pass right through them. If the stunning effect wears off before the ray-shooting ability wears off, Pac-Man can shoot the ghost again for 1600 more points. The point value won't reset if Pac-Man eats the other bonus item before the effect wears off. The third round and every fourth round thereafter is a bonus round, in which the maze only contains cards that will yield an increasing number of points when turned over. When Pac-Man turns over Document [37] (Title: Ghosts (Pac-Man)) "The Greatest Show in Pacland" featured the Ghost Monsters' 3-year-old cousin named Dinky who was bratty, which greatly annoyed all the male ghost monsters. In the 2013 TV series "Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures", the four Ghosts come from the Netherworld. Though they are ruled by Lord Betrayus, they are actually good-natured spirits and often supply Pac-Man with information about Lord Betrayus' plots, while ensuring Betrayus doesn't catch them in the act. It is also suggested that they could be reunited with their bodies and brought back to life, though their 'living' forms are unknown. There were also some Ghosts Document [38] (Title: Pac-Man) At one time, a feature film based on the game was in development. In Weird Al Yankovic's music video for "White & Nerdy", there are several scenes of Weird Al dancing in a black room, in front of road flares shaped like the arcade version of Pac-Man (which itself is a parody of Chamillionaire rapping in front of a lizard made of road flares is his music video for "Ridin'"). The Pac-Man character appears in the film "Pixels" (2015), with Denis Akiyama playing series creator Toru Iwatani. "Pac-Man" is referenced and makes an appearance in the 2017 film "Guardians of Document [39] (Title: Pac-Man Plus) short period of time, allowing Pac-Man to eat them for extra points. Once the maze has been cleared, it will be refilled as the gameplay continues. The most noticeable differences between the original game and "Plus" are various tweaks to the graphics: the maze is green instead of blue, vulnerable ghosts are shorter and have a stem and leaf sticking out of their heads, the fruits have been replaced by new items (including a can of Coca-Cola) and the ghosts' eyes are now a pixel closer to each other. In addition to these cosmetic changes, "Plus" also changes the gameplay Document [40] (Title: Cutie Q) VIC-20 and Commodore 64 home computers. The VIC-20 version features a board layout which is almost identical to that for "Cutie Q" (it even includes the ghost rollover), while the C64 version is slightly altered, including some aspects of the board for "Bomb Bee" (most notably, the two 10/100-point bumpers in the top-left and top-right corners of the screen), and replaces the ghost rollover with the Commodore logo. This game was featured in the Japanese release of "Namco Museum Volume 2" for the PlayStation. For the American version of "Namco Museum Volume 2", "Super Pac-Man" was featured in place of Document [41] (Title: Kamen Rider Ghost) game character, Pac-Man. A "Movie War" film, titled was announced to be released on December 9, 2017. Along the casts of "Kamen Rider Build" and "Kamen Rider Ex-Aid", Shu Watanabe and Ryosuke Miura ("Kamen Rider OOO"), Sota Fukushi ("Kamen Rider Fourze"), Gaku Sano ("Kamen Rider Gaim"), and Shun Nishime ("Kamen Rider Ghost") will reprise their respective roles. is a V-Cinema release that focuses on a side story of Makoto Fukami as Kamen Rider Specter, it is set after the end of the series and also features flashback when Makoto first meet Alain. It features both final forms of both Specter Document [42] (Title: Jr. Pac-Man) animated propeller beanie), and scores points by eating all of the dots in the maze, while four ghosts chase him around the maze and attempt to kill him. The player can eat an energizer to turn the ghosts blue, making them vulnerable for a short period of time, and allowing the player to eat them for extra points. Once the maze is cleared, a new maze is presented and the gameplay continues. The mazes are now two times the width of the monitor, and scrolls horizontally. A total of seven mazes appear throughout the game, and five of them have Document [43] (Title: Ghosts (Pac-Man)) hats and partnered with a new ghost named Sue (who was purple and wore earrings), the Ghost Monsters work for Mezmaron who assigns them the job of finding the Power Pellet Forest. Just as Pac-Man could "chomp" the Ghost Monsters to devour their "suits" after gulping down a power pellet and thus turning the Ghost Monsters blue — with their disembodied "eyes" floating back to Mezmaron's lair — the Ghost Monsters themselves, whenever Pac-Man hadn't been able to consume a power pellet for a time, could likewise "chomp" Pac-Man to defeat him. The episodes "Chomp-Out at the O.K. Corral" and Document [44] (Title: Pac-Man) video game with power-ups, and the individual ghosts had deterministic artificial intelligence which react to player actions. It is also frequently credited as the first game to feature cut scenes, in the form of brief comical interludes about Pac-Man and Blinky chasing each other around during those interludes, though "Space Invaders Part II" employed a similar technique that same year. "Pac-Man" is also credited for laying the foundations for the stealth game genre, as it emphasized avoiding enemies rather than fighting them, and had an influence on the early stealth game "Metal Gear", where guards chase Solid Snake in a Document [45] (Title: Pac-Man) by eating all the Pac-Dots in the maze, completing that 'stage' of the game and starting the next stage and maze of Pac-dots. Between some stages, one of three intermission animations plays. The four ghosts roam the maze hunting for Pac-Man. If any one of the ghosts touches him, a life is lost; when all lives have been lost, the game is over. Pac-Man is awarded a single bonus life at 10,000 points by default—DIP switches inside the machine can change the required points to 15,000 or 20,000, or disable the bonus life altogether. The number of lives can be Document [46] (Title: Pac-Man World 2) giant machine (the fifth machine holds all four ghosts), excluding the final boss. There are many items to collect in this game including fruit, the traditional dots, and tokens. Each of the levels has eight tokens, as well as a single bonus token for achieving one-hundred percent completion on the level and another bonus token for completing the time trial. Because there are nineteen non-boss levels, and because the Pac-Village doesn't have a time trial, the player has to beat every part of the game with one-hundred percent completion except for possibly the last level if you accumulate one-hundred-eighty-nine tokens. Document [47] (Title: Ghosts (Pac-Man)) Ghosts (Pac-Man) Blinky, Pinky, Inky and Clyde, are the primary group of fictional ghosts ( "monsutā", "monsters") who serve as the main antagonists in the "Pac-Man" franchise. Several different ghosts have appeared throughout the franchise, aside from the ones in the main aforementioned group. The enemies in "Pac-Man" are known variously as "ghosts", "goblins", and "monsters". Despite the seemingly random nature of the enemies, their movements are strictly deterministic, which players have used to their advantage. In an interview, creator Toru Iwatani stated that he had designed each enemy with its own distinct personality in order to keep the game Document [48] (Title: Jr. Pac-Man) self-destruct, taking the energizer with it. If Jr. Pac-Man should die, all larger dots will disappear from the maze, except if there are only a few left—those revert to their original smaller size. The game's intermissions center around the developing relationship between Jr. Pac-Man and a small red (female) ghost named Yum-Yum (who is apparently the daughter of Blinky). The ghost Clyde has been renamed Tim. "Jr. Pac-Man" has a kill screen: reaching the 146th round causes the game to display an invisible maze that does not contain any dots, making the screen black, which will effectively end the game. Document [49] (Title: Pac-Man Battle Royale) Pac-Man opponent. The players move throughout a maze, avoiding ghosts and attempting to eat dots and power pellets scattered throughout. New dots and pellets appear whenever the players eat them all. In addition; if any player eats a bonus item that appears next to the ghosts' cage, all remaining dots and pellets are immediately removed and replaced. When a Pac-Man eats a power pellet, he grows in size and can eat the ghosts and any un-powered Pac-Men until the pellet wears off. During this time, the un-powered Pac-Men turn blue but retain an outline of their original colour, and they Document [50] (Title: Pac-Man) the Galaxy 2". In "" where Kirito and his friends beat a VR Pac-Man game called "PAC-Man 2024". Iwatani makes a cameo at the beginning of the film as an arcade technician. In the Japanese tokusatsu film "", a Pac-Man-like character was introduced as the main villain. In 1982, Milton Bradley released a board game based on "Pac-Man". In this game, players move up to four Pac-Man characters (traditional yellow plus red, green, and blue) plus two ghosts as per the throws of a pair of dice. Sticker manufacturer Fleer included rub-off game cards with their "Pac-Man" stickers. The card Document [51] (Title: Pac-Man Championship Edition) "Pac-Man Championship Edition" received two successors—an indirect follow-up, "Pac-Man Championship Edition DX", which was released in 2010, featuring new gameplay elements—and a direct sequel, "Pac-Man Championship Edition 2", which was released for PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and PC in 2016. Like the original "Pac-Man", the basic game play of "Pac-Man Championship Edition" consists entirely of navigating Pac-Man through a maze, eating dots, power pellets and bonus items (such as fruits, keys, and other objects), and avoiding the four ghosts that roam the maze as well. If Pac-Man is caught by a ghost, the player loses a life. Eating a power Document [52] (Title: Jr. Pac-Man) six energizers instead of four, but none of them have tunnels that wrap around from one side of the screen to the other. As in the previous games, bonus items (such as tricycles, kites, and balloons) appear in each round, starting above the ghost regenerator and moving around the maze like in "Ms. Pac-Man". As an item encounters dots, it changes them into larger dots that are worth 50 points instead of 10, but also slow Jr. Pac-Man down as he is eating them. If an item has been out for long enough and then encounters an energizer, it will Document [53] (Title: Pac & Pal) advantage, this may be the reason why she is known as "Pal". She is not affected by the other ghosts. In order to get the maximum amount of points from the items on each round (and a perfect bonus at the end), Pac-Man must either eat them first or intercept them from Mil. An alternate version of this game features Chomp-Chomp, Pac-Man's dog from the animated cartoon series, in place of Mil, and the game's name is changed to "Pac-Man & Chomp-Chomp". Another new feature for a "Pac-Man" game (besides Mil) is a shooting capability. Instead of having energizers, two Document [54] (Title: Pac-Man (Atari 2600)) being used for all four ghosts, with the result that each ghost only appears once out of every four frames, which creates a flickering effect. This effect takes advantage of the slow phosphorescent fade of CRT monitors and the concept of persistence of vision, resulting in the image appearing to linger on screen longer, but the flickering remains noticeable, and makes each individual ghost's color nearly impossible to discern. Frye chose to abandon plans for a flicker-management system to minimize the flashing in part because Atari didn't seem to care about that issue in its zeal to have the game Document [55] (Title: Ghosts (Pac-Man)) is considered the leader of the ghosts. In the "Pac-Man" cartoon, Blinky (voiced by Chuck McCann) is slow-witted and cowardly with grammar problems. In "Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures", Blinky (voiced by Ian James Corlett in the TV series and by Lucien Dodge in the video game) is the default leader of the Ghost Gang Family and tends to help the winning side. Blinky receives a speed boost after a number of pac-pellets have been cleared. This mode has been informally referred to as "Cruise Elroy". "Speedy", known better as Pinky, is a pink ghost, who is in the original Document [56] (Title: Wangan Midnight) "Wangan Midnight" games that are published by Bandai Namco, some vans trucks and cars have the Pac-Man character on it. Also, Pac-Man is used as one of the decals when you tune your car after the race. In Maximum Tune 4, a level features two "Racer Wannabees" driving a Toyota AE86 and a yellow modified Mazda RX-7 which resemble Takumi Fujiwara's AE86 and Keisuke Takahashi's FD3S which both drivers in Maximum Tune 4 & 5 are the same impersonators of Keisuke and Takumi during the later Project D from Initial D Fifth Stage in the anime series. Wangan Midnight The Document [57] (Title: Namco Museum) the respective game. All material is from the Japanese releases, as none of the volumes contain any American materials. For this reason, the games themselves are based on the Japanese releases, although for the United States, the games retain their American changes. For example, Pac-Man is still "Pac-Man" and not "Puckman", while the ghosts still have their American names. There is a glitch in "Namco Museum Volume 2" that prevents Dragon Buster from displaying the proper high score, showing 10,000 at all times. The actual high score is shown in the record book, but not in-game. Two unique versions of Document [58] (Title: Pac-Man Party) it was like a "stale pack of Jammie Dodgers with a best before date that expired in the late 1990s." GamesMaster (magazine) also gave the 3DS version a negative review, giving it a score of 40. Pac-Man Party Pac-Man Party is a party game by Namco Bandai Games for the Wii and Nintendo 3DS. It is similar to the Mario Party series and Monopoly games for the Wii. In the game's story mode, players must retrieve a stolen cookie recipe from Pac-Man's enemies Blinky, Pinky, Inky, and Clyde by going to a location called Mirage Oasis and return the recipe Document [59] (Title: Pac-Man Championship Edition 2) add them to a trail behind the other ghosts, allowing for large point bonuses when eaten. Players can also use jump pads to jump over parts of a maze and bombs to instantly return to the start of a maze. The game features two main modes: Score Attack, in which players must try and rack up a high score within a time limit, and Adventure, which requires players to clear several objectives, including fighting giant bosses. The Nintendo Switch 'Plus' version also features a co-op mode. "Pac-Man Championship Edition 2" received "generally favorable" reviews from critics according to Metacritic. A Document [60] (Title: Pac-Man Vs.) points wins, and the game ends. While both Pac-Man and the Ghosts can score points by eating fruit, Pac-Man has the advantage of having more ways to score points. Pac-Man can score points by eating pellets on the board. For eating all the pellets on the board, Pac-Man receives a 1600-point bonus and gets to continue playing on a new board. If Pac-Man eats a Power Pellet, all of the Ghosts turn blue, and Pac-Man can eat them for bonus points (which, if possible, are subtracted from the eaten ghost's score). In addition, simply being Pac-Man is worth 1600 points, Document [61] (Title: Pac-Man (character)) Mezmaron hopes to infiltrate and steal power pellets for energy to use in his evil schemes. In the games, he is often portrayed as not having a job, but is recognized throughout Pac-Land as a hero who constantly rids them from the threat of ghosts. Pac-Man World indicates that he has a job, since he is seen walking home from work with a lunchbox in hand, but it is never specified exactly what his job is. Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures portrays Pac-Man as a student. Pac-Man has had a variety of arch enemies through the years. The mysterious Mezmaron, Document [62] (Title: Pac-Man (character)) In many incarnations he also has a pet dog, named Chomp-Chomp in his most famous depiction in the cartoon and Pac-Land. They are often seen living inside of a house shaped like Pac-Man's face with windows for eyes and a door in place of his mouth. In the cartoon series, this house was painted white, while often in the games it is painted yellow. "Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures", the new 2013 cartoon, portrays Pac-Man as being a high schooler who goes to school with friends Cylindria and Spiral. In the Hanna-Barbera cartoon series, he nicknames Ms. Pac-Man "Pepper", Baby Document [63] (Title: Pac-Man Championship Edition DX) 2016. "Pac-Man Championship Edition DX" builds upon the gameplay of "Pac-Man Championship Edition", in which players control Pac-Man as he travels through a maze collecting dots and avoiding ghosts, which can be eaten by collecting power pellets. Collecting all the dots on one side of the maze makes a fruit appear on the other side, which adds a new layout of dots on that side and so on. The game's speed increases as the player gets more points and drops when the player loses a life. "DX" introduces a new type of ghost that sleeps in a stationary spot on Document [64] (Title: Pac-Man Plus) slightly: eating a bonus item will cause the ghosts to turn both vulnerable and invisible, and doubles their point value while they are vulnerable. Eating a Power Pellet also sometimes has unpredictable results, such as turning the maze invisible or turning only three of the four ghosts blue (the latter of which makes it impossible to clear a round by using a pattern). The ghosts are also faster and more aggressive than they were in the original "Pac-Man", which makes the game seem overall faster-paced and more difficult by comparison. Midway advertised the game as "the only legal PAC-MAN conversion Document [65] (Title: Pac-Man (character)) that as too graphic for children, later seasons instead stated that Pac-Man would be temporarily weakened after being chomped. "Pac-Man 2" indicated that the Ghosts were actually adept at scaring Pac-Man, often by making funny faces, and Pac-Man was powerless against them unless he had a Power Pellet. "Pac-Man World" simply indicates that when Pac-Man touches a ghost, it is similar to them coming to blows with one another. The 2011 cartoon pilot suggests that Pac-Man could actually eat the ghosts without the aid of a power-pellet, but if he does the ghost turns into tasteless goo in Pac-Man's mouth Document [66] (Title: Pac-Attack) of the ghosts on the board with the limited number of Pac-Man's for each stage. In the event of a Game Over, all the regular blocks appear with red crosses on them. Players can then retry the level. SNES/Genesis/Game Gear/Game Boy The original releases on the SNES, Genesis/Mega Drive, Game Gear, and Game Boy all share a similar interface and graphics (although these vary slightly due to different console's technical limitations) and they all have the same soundtrack (except for puzzle mode on SNES version). Philips CD-I The CD-I version features enhanced graphics, a new interface (wordless menu screens) and Document [67] (Title: Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures (video game)) Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures (video game) Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures, also known in Japan as , is a 3D platform video game based on the TV series of the same name. The console and PC versions were developed by Monkey Bar Games and the 3DS version was developed by Inti Creates. Both versions were published by Namco Bandai Games. On April 22, 2014, Bandai Namco announced a sequel called "Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures 2". The game begins with Pac-Man and his friends walk into Sir Cumference's lab. Three golden orbs are on a table, and while Sir Document [68] (Title: Pac-Attack) it will disappear, often resulting in numerous lines being completed and simplifying the board. Once the fairy disappears, the score bonus is given, and gameplay continues. Pac-Attack can also be played in 2-player mode. Player 1 must eat Blinky, while Player 2 must eat Sue, the purple ghost from Pac-Mania. As players eat ghosts and complete lines, they will drop ghosts on their opponent's board, messing up their board and bringing them closer to the top. This game can even be played in puzzle mode. The object of this mode is to smash all 100 stages by getting rid all Document [69] (Title: Pac & Pal) of the edible items are the round's particular bonus item, which are displayed at the bottom of the screen after each new round is reached. The first two are the "Galaxian" flagship. Later items include: a red car from "Rally-X", a trumpet, a snowman, and even other Pac-Men. When Pac-Man eats these, instead of the ghosts turning blue, he himself becomes blue, and momentarily has the power to spit a ray, smoke, musical notes, freezing rays and miniaturized versions of himself at the ghosts (who turn purple and sometimes blue, depending on the item used to stun them). This stuns Document [70] (Title: Wreck-It Ralph) synthesized gibberish and word-balloon symbols from his game, called Q*bert-ese). Scenes in Game Central Station and Tapper's bar include Chun-Li, Cammy and Blanka from "Street Fighter", Pac-Man, Blinky, Pinky, and Inky from "Pac-Man", the Paperboy from "Paperboy", the two paddles and the ball from "Pong", Dig Dug, a Pooka, and a Fygar from "Dig Dug", The Qix from "Qix", Frogger from "Frogger", and Peter Pepper from "BurgerTime". Lara Croft and Mario are also mentioned. Additional references are based on sight gags. The residents of Niceland and the bartender from "Tapper" are animated using a jerky motion that spoofs the limited Document [71] (Title: Pac-Mania) and Clyde from the original "Pac-Man", and Sue (from "Ms. Pac-Man" and "Pac-Land") who is now purple instead of orange. Unlike her original appearance (where she was a replacement of Clyde), she now homes in on Pac-Man's direction and will follow him around. There are two new ghosts (green and steel gray) that bounce whenever Pac-Man bounces. (It is hinted in the game's intermissions that the names of the two new ghosts are "Funky" and "Spunky", or "Common" and "Gray Common" in the Japanese version, though this is never made completely clear). In later rounds, up to nine ghosts can Document [72] (Title: Pac & Pal) History Vol. 3. Pac & Pal Introduced in this game is an exclusive character: , the "Pal" of the title. She is a small green female ghost (denoted by her hair bow), that looks like a gooseberry with legs. When an item is unlocked, she will wander around, giving Pac-Man some time to try to reach the item. After some time, she will take it into the ghost house, where it will be lost forever. This might help in clearing the round, however, and if she brings the last one there, it automatically finishes the round. Due to the ability Document [73] (Title: CatChum) CatChum CatChum is a text-only clone of "Pac-Man" written for the CP/M operating system and made to be operated on the early Kaypro line of luggable computers. CatChum was made within the limitations of Kaypro's early text-only computers. As a result, the maze is made from a series of dashes and other punctuation marks. The Pac-Man character is a letter C, which goes from upper to lower case intermittently (to simulate a chomping Pac-Man). The four ghosts are capital As (which turn to lowercase Ms when the CatChum Pac-Man chomps a power-pellet), and the "fruits" are represented by dollar signs. Document [74] (Title: 3-Demon) at any point (which can be used to avoid ghosts when trapped), being automatically advanced upon eating all pellets in the level. The music is by Scott Joplin. 3-Demon 3-Demon (also known as Monster Maze) is a wire-frame 1983 MS-DOS computer game based on "Pac-Man". The player wanders through a wire-frame 3-D maze in first-person perspective, eating pellets and avoiding red ghosts. Eating a power pellet turns the ghosts green and gives the player the ability to eat them for extra points. The difficulty increases for each level completed. Unlike "Pac-Man", the player isn't required to eat all the pellets, Document [75] (Title: Pac-Man World Rally) Pac-dots are also available on the racetrack. Each Pac-dot collected helps the player's meter go up. Once it is full, the player can press the specified button and turn into Pac-Man, and all the other players turn into blue (vulnerable) ghosts. If the Pac-Man eats any of the blue ghosts, the blue ghosts will stop for a while and get a major disadvantage on the track. This event only lasts eight seconds. A fruit activation button is on the racetrack. When the player runs over the button, fruit is scattered around the racetrack. When you run over the fruit, it Document [76] (Title: Pac-Man Dash!) of "Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures" merchandise. The game had received mixed to positive reviews. "Metacritic" gave the game a positive rating of 67 out of 100 based on 11 reviews. The game has been complimented for its entertaining value and well-polished gameplay, while some reviews have criticized its simplicity and lack of more content, but it's still marked as fun to play nonetheless. Pac-Man Dash! Pac-Man Dash! is a side-scrolling endless runner-style game released for iOS and Android devices, by Namco Bandai Games as part of the "Pac-Man" series of games. The game's setting and design is primarily based Document [77] (Title: Ms. Pac-Man) successful American-produced arcade game of 1982, selling 115,000 arcade cabinets. The gameplay of "Ms. Pac-Man" is very similar to that of the original "Pac-Man". The player earns points by eating pellets and avoiding ghosts (contact with one causes Ms. Pac-Man to lose a life). Eating an energizer (or "power pellet") causes the ghosts to turn blue, allowing them to be eaten for extra points. Bonus fruits can be eaten for increasing point values, twice per round. As the rounds increase, the speed increases, and energizers generally lessen the duration of the ghosts' vulnerability, eventually stopping altogether. There are also some Document [78] (Title: Ghosts (Pac-Man)) from becoming impossibly difficult or boring to play. More recently, Iwatani described the enemy behaviors in more detail at the 2011 Game Developers Conference. He stated that the red enemy chases Pac-Man, and the pink and blue enemies try to position themselves in front of Pac-Man's mouth. Although he claimed that the orange enemy's behavior is random, the game's code reveals that it actually chases Pac-Man most of the time, but also moves toward the lower-left corner of the maze when it gets too close to Pac-Man. In the "Pac-Man" cartoon, with the male Ghost Monsters wearing various styles of Document [79] (Title: Pac-Man World 2) commands the gang to follow him in a plan to eliminate all Pac People. The ghosts agree and steal the Golden Fruit. The next morning, after Pac-Man wakes up, Professor Pac tells Pac-Man to retrieve the stolen Golden Fruit from each of the ghosts and imprison Spooky again or else Pac Land will be doomed. Pac-Man travels through all four regions of Pac Land and across the ocean to Ghost Island, defeating ghosts and retrieving golden fruit along the way. He defeats the four Ghost Gang members, in which they individually use four machines and a submarine with all of Document [80] (Title: Pac-Man Dash!) Pac-Man Dash! Pac-Man Dash! is a side-scrolling endless runner-style game released for iOS and Android devices, by Namco Bandai Games as part of the "Pac-Man" series of games. The game's setting and design is primarily based on the CGI animated series "Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures" and contains many characters, references, and music tracks from it. The game was later removed from the App Store in March 2017. The game has over 70 playable missions to run through and contains many unlockable transformations and vehicles for Pac-Man which can be obtained by collecting enough cookies in-game or from scanning bar-codes Document [81] (Title: Pac-Man (Atari 2600)) upon successful completion of each level, up to a maximum of nine lives in reserve at any given time. Near the corners of the maze are four larger, flashing consumables known as Power Pills that provide Pac-Man with the temporary ability to eat the ghosts and earn bonus points. When a Power Pill is in effect the enemies turn blue and try to evade Pac-Man. When a ghost is eaten its disembodied eyes return to the nest (center box) to respawn. The blue ghosts turn reddish during the last moments of a Power Pill's effect, signaling that they are about Document [82] (Title: Pac-Man (character)) to a time warp. The "Pac-Man World" games' main villain was Orson, an ordinary ghost who was also an inventive genius. Orson was the villain in the first title, but assisted Pac-Man in the third game against a greater threat to the both of them, Erwin. Spooky, a ghost once vanished by Pac-a-Lot, that was freed (albeit unintentionally) by Blinky, Inky, Pinky and Clyde. In Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures, the villain is Betrayus, the dead brother of President Spheros. Pac-Man's relationship to the original four ghosts who appeared in his game is usually one of friendly antagonism. In virtually Document [83] (Title: Pac-Man (character)) the RIAA that same month. In the late 2000s, a feature film was reported to be in development. The character was the main mascot of the children's play area Pac-Man Land which was located in Six Flags Over Texas from 1983–1985, before it was changed to Looney Tunes Land. Pac-Man starred in the 1982–1983 "Pac-Man" cartoon voiced by Marty Ingels. In the series, Pac-Man works to keep Mezmaron and the Ghost Monsters from finding the Power Pellet Forest. In 2010, a computer-generated animated series was reported to be in the works. It was later revealed as "Pac-Man and the Ghostly Document [84] (Title: Pac & Pal) the card with Mil under it, players receive a bonus multiplying twice as their bonus score when the round is over. The card with Blinky under it causes the round to be over. Pac-Man will not lose a life hence the notability of having no ghosts in the round. Each round also has a simple musical background, unlike in any of the previous "Pac-Man" games. The game was included in the 2007 Wii compilation Namco Museum Remix as well as its 2010 update (also on Wii), Namco Museum Megamix. The game was also featured in the 1998 Windows compilation Namco Document [85] (Title: Ghosts (Pac-Man)) the devious natures of his brothers and sister and is considerate towards others. With the release of further Pac-Man games, more ghosts have been added. Ghosts (Pac-Man) Blinky, Pinky, Inky and Clyde, are the primary group of fictional ghosts ( "monsutā", "monsters") who serve as the main antagonists in the "Pac-Man" franchise. Several different ghosts have appeared throughout the franchise, aside from the ones in the main aforementioned group. The enemies in "Pac-Man" are known variously as "ghosts", "goblins", and "monsters". Despite the seemingly random nature of the enemies, their movements are strictly deterministic, which players have used to their Document [86] (Title: Pac-Man (Atari 2600)) of travel. The maze contains 126 wafers, just over half of the arcade's 244 dots. The nest from which the ghosts emerge has its entrance on its right side instead of the top, and the arcade's eight distinct and different-valued bonus items (mostly fruits) are replaced by the nondescript single-value Vitamin. Ghost behaviors are different from the original and dispense with the brief "rest" states whereby the ghosts periodically do not track Pac-Man, but each ghost still features a distinct individual method of tracking Pac-Man, with one pair being "smarter" in their pursuit choices, and one member of each pair Document [87] (Title: Pac-Man World 3) fans. Critics praised the inclusion of elements from the previous two games, while criticism focused on the repetition and lower difficulty. The plot-driven elements, especially a speaking Pac-Man (voiced by Martin T. Sherman), as well as the ability to punch, has also sparked controversy among fans. The Nintendo DS release, in particular, was poorly received for glitches. Pac-Man World 3 In a search for power, a short evil genius called Erwin has found a way to suck raw energy out of the world of the Ghosts (the Spectral Realm). He has created a syphon that can penetrate into the Spectral Document [88] (Title: Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures) them. It is kept hidden to deny them this freedom and only President Spheros and Pac-Man are aware of its location. The ghosts also attack the Tree of Life to prevent Pac-Man from gaining powers to fight them. Without the power-berries, Pac-Man is not able to fly, breathe in the Netherworld, or enjoy the taste of ghosts. There have been two DVD releases in Australia. These were released in Australia on October 2, 2013. The current releases in Australia are: On January 7, 2014, in North America, there were four DVD releases. "The Adventure Begins" DVD only contains the first Document [89] (Title: Pac-Land) left back home. For assistance he uses the magic boots, which allow him to jump repeatedly while in mid-air. Once Pac-Man completes the trip, he is greeted by Ms. Pac-Man and Baby Pac-Man. In the US release of the game, Pac-Man's cat and dog in the cartoon series, Sour Puss and Chomp-Chomp, are also there to welcome Pac-Man home. Pac-Man then begins his next trip following the same objectives as before, although the difficulty increases. As in the original Pac-Man, there are fruit which appear to eat for bonus points and power pellets to turn the ghosts blue and vulnerable. Document [90] (Title: Pac-Man (shogi)) Pac-Man (shogi) In shogi, the Pac-Man (パックマン "pakkuman" or 4四歩パックマン "yon-yon-fu pakkuman") is a trap opening. It is named after the video game Pac-Man. The opening was called 4四歩パックリ "yon-yon-fu pakkuri" on the NHK shogi television show Shogi Focus (将棋フォーカス). The opening has an early pawn gambit made by White on the fourth file which may be metaphorically eaten by Black's bishop as if by Pac-Man. If Black takes the pawn with their bishop without careful thought, then the trap may succeed. Six professional shogi players – Yoshiharu Habu, Yasumitsu Satō, Toshiyuki Moriuchi, Kōji Tanigawa, Akira Watanabe, Takeshi Fujii – Document [91] (Title: Pac-Man (Atari 2600)) walls were drawn with the 2600's Playfield graphics, which have a fixed width. To achieve the visual effect of wafers disappearing as Pac-Man eats them, the actual map of the maze was updated as the data was written into the Playfield registers, excluding those pellets that had been eaten. The 2600's Player-Missile graphics system (sprites) were used for the remaining objects, the one bit-wide Missiles were used to render the flashing power pills and the center of the vitamin. Pac-Man and ghost characters were implemented using the 2600's two Player objects, with one being used for Pac-Man and the other Document [92] (Title: Pac-Man (character)) the villain of the Hanna-Barbera series, used the five main "ghost-monsters" (as they were called in the television series) from the game — Inky, Blinky, Pinky, Clyde and Sue — as henchmen in his plot to steal the power pellets from the Power Pellet forest. His second nemesis, the Ghost Witch, appeared in "Pac-Man 2" and "Pac-In-Time", also using the main five ghosts from the games as henchmen. In the first game, she attempted to take over Pac-Man's city by creating a monster out of pre-chewed gum. In the second, she attempted to rid herself of Pac-Man by banishing him Document [93] (Title: Sky Kid) an end-of-mission bonus. Occasionally, performing a loop over a billboard will reveal one of four hidden Namco characters: "Pac-Man", Inky, the Special Flag from "Rally-X" (which, like the "Galaxian" flagship, has appeared in several other Namco games) or Pooka from "Dig Dug". If the player performs a loop in front of the three dancing girls which appear at the end of each mission, the girls will send out hearts representing kisses. If the player should shoot the girls, or hearts, they will turn into pink powder puffs and waving dogs respectively. After Namco ended its partnerships with both Midway and Document [94] (Title: Pac-Man Vs.) other systems using DS Download Play. The Nintendo Switch version requires two systems to facilitate traditional multiplayer: one to act as the main screen for ghost players, and one to act as the sub-screen for the Pac-Man player in place of the GBA. Again, only one player has to own the game, a client-only version of the game can be downloaded from the Nintendo eShop to run on the other Switch. An additional mode for one to three players is featured for users with only a single console; this mode only allows players to control the ghosts, and challenges them Document [95] (Title: Pac-Man 256) involved in gameplay are the traditional foursome of Blinky (red), Pinky (pink), Inky (cyan), and Clyde (orange); Sue (purple), Funky (green), and Spunky (gray); and a new ghost aptly named Glitchy that glitches like the game itself. Pac-Man 256 Pac-Man 256 is an endless running video game co-developed by Hipster Whale and 3 Sprockets and published by Bandai Namco Entertainment. The game is part of the "Pac-Man" series and is inspired by the original "Pac-Man" game's infamous Level 256 glitch. The game was originally released as a free-to-play title for iOS and Android on August 20, 2015. A port of Document [96] (Title: Pac-Man 256) use the power-ups. There are also themes which change the look of the game. The console and PC versions of the game adds 4-player co-operative play and removes the free-to-play elements from the game. In the co-operative play mode players first select their character such as a robot, the chicken from "Crossy Road", the regular Pac-Man and others. The goal is for every player to get as far as possible and contribute to the group score as much as possible. If a player dies a respawn power up appears and if collected brings back one player into play. The ghosts Document [97] (Title: 41 Entertainment) "Pac-Man 3D", which later became known as "Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures". 41E collaborated with Avi Arad, Rick Ungar, Tom Ruegger, and Paul Rugg for the project. In May 2012, 41E entered into partnerships with Striker Entertainment and The CDM Company to begin a licensing program for "Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures". Throughout 2012 and into 2013, 41E expanded their licensing program and partnered with licensees and agents worldwide for the "Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventure" series. In June 2013 Bandai Namco Games Inc. commissioned the production of an additional 13 episodes for Season II. With the additional seasons, many Document [98] (Title: Snapper (video game)) the first). Also, in "Pac-Man", the main character slows when eating dots (so ghosts can catch up to him) but this does not happen in "Snapper". These changes lead to a game which is much easier in the early levels but gets progressively more difficult so games tend to last longer. The game ran very smoothly, making it a popular release of the time. As it was written in machine code, rather than BASIC, it was much closer to the arcade version than earlier commercial releases on the BBC Micro such as Micro Power's "Munchyman". Snapper was also noted for Document [99] (Title: World's Biggest Pac-Man) via country rankings. The player also has the option to display high scores online via Facebook. One aim of the game besides eating all the Pac-Dots is avoiding being defeated by any of the four ghosts. Running into a ghost will kill Pac-Man on contact, unless Pac-Man consumes a Power Pellet. These pellets, which can be more or less strategically placed when creating a maze (a minimum of 0 and a maximum of 10 per maze), will make ghosts edible to Pac-Man and turns the table completely, since now the ghosts are running away from Pac-Man instead of him being Document [100] (Title: Snapper (video game)) version had to be withdrawn and re-released with the characters changed. The player's character became a round yellow face with very short legs wearing a green cowboy hat and the ghosts became skinny humanoid monsters. As in "Pac-Man", bonus items such as fruit would sometimes appear in the centre of the screen. The highest-scoring bonus item was an acorn, a reference to the publishers. When Snapper was killed, he would shrink and turn into small lines pointing in all directions. The main difference in gameplay between "Pac-Man" and "Snapper" is the behaviour of the ghosts (or monsters). In "Pac-Man", each Document [101] (Title: Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures) is being produced by Avi Arad. It premiered on Disney XD UK on 11 January 2014. On October 5, 2015, the series premiered on Discovery Kids in Latin America (exception Brazil, which aired on Gloob instead). A video game based on the series was released on October 29, 2013. The series takes place on and around the planet Pac-World as well as its Nether-World, where time passes at an Earth-like rate of 24 hours a day and 365 days a year, also having a 7-day week. Pac-Man and his best friends Spiral and Cylindria attend Maze High School, a boarding Document [102] (Title: Pac-Pix) succeed in turning all the ghosts back into harmless ghost ink, he himself was also captured in a piece of paper! With help from Pac-Man himself, the player must take control of the magic pen, turn all the ghosts back into ghost ink and free Pac-Man. Only then will peace and harmony return to the world. "Pac-Pix" was developed and published by Namco. The game was debuted at the Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3) in 2004 as a technology demonstration for the newly unveiled Nintendo DS hardware. According to producer Hideo Yoshizawa, "Pac-Pix" was conceived as an arcade game by director Document [103] (Title: Pixels (2015 film)) dog from "Duck Hunt" to an old woman (who appeared earlier at the London attack). Ludlow and Cooper retrieve Eddie, who had been serving a prison sentence for fraud. In New York City, the team discovers it must participate as the ghosts against Pac-Man. Toru Iwatani, the creator of "Pac-Man", tries to confront him, but he gets his hand bitten off and flees. Using Mini Cooper cars, Brenner, Ludlow, and Eddie overcome the task, but Violet notices that something about Eddie is off, as he moved at supersonic speeds around the board. They win Q*Bert as a trophy. Later during Document [104] (Title: Pac-Man) stage to the next, generally becoming shorter as the game progresses. In later stages, the enemies go straight to flashing, bypassing blue, which means that they can only be eaten for a short amount of time, although they still reverse direction when a Power Pellet is eaten. Starting at stage nineteen, the ghosts do not become edible, but they still reverse direction. There are also fruits, located directly below the center box, that appear twice per level; eating one of them results in bonus points (100–5,000). The enemies in "Pac-Man" are known variously as "monsters" or "ghosts". In an interview, Document [105] (Title: Pac-Man) Jones. On August 21, 2016, in the 2016 Summer Olympics closing ceremony, during a video which showcased Tokyo as the host of the 2020 Summer Olympics, a small segment shows Pac-Man and the ghosts racing against each other eating pac-dots on a running track. The Pac-Man character and game series became an icon of video game culture during the 1980s, and a wide variety of "Pac-Man" merchandise has been marketed with the character's image, from t-shirts and toys to hand-held video game imitations and even specially shaped pasta. General Mills manufactured a cereal by the Pac-Man name in 1983. Over Document [106] (Title: Pac-Pix) industry, many of which requested it be made into a full game. Namco obliged by putting together a development team, which implemented more effective use of the hardware's two screens. According to Yoshizawa, the most difficult aspect of production on "Pac-Pix" was allowing the player to determine size, shape, and place of their own sketches within the gameplay environment. Pac-Pix A mischievous wizard one day came up with an invention called Ghost Ink that held great power. Whatever was drawn with the use of this ghost ink instantly turned into a ghost. These trickster ghosts then began to jump into Document [107] (Title: Munchman (tabletop electronic game)) superimpose one another, which is not ideal for a Pac-Man clone, as in the arcade version, the Pac-Man and ghosts do collide. As with most Pac-Man derived games, the player must guide the "Pac-Man" character around a maze, eating all the dots whilst avoiding the ghosts. Notable features of this version are that the maze is small, containing only eighteen dots plus two power pills. Also, dots are only eaten if the player happens to move over them from right to left. There is a bonus cherry item sometimes available near the centre of the maze and horizontal warp tunnels Document [108] (Title: Pac-Man (character)) States they changed it to "Pac-Man", fearing that vandals would change the P in Puck to an F. The arcade art on the original Pac-Man portrayed him as a yellow circle with a large mouth as well as hands, feet, eyes and a long nose. In-game Pac-Man was represented as a two-dimensional sprite of a simple yellow circle with a mouth, which is his current design as of 2018. 1984's "Pac-Land" was the first game (of many) to use his arcade art in-game. More recently Pac-Man appears as a full three-dimensional polygonal model. His design went through two minor changes Document [109] (Title: Pac-Man 2: The New Adventures) Pac-Man is repeatedly harassed by Inky, Blinky, Pinky, and Clyde, the recurring ghosts of the Pac-Man series. When he encounters them, Pac-Man becomes paralyzed by fear and eventually faints, unless he is fed a power pellet by the player, of which 3 can be held at a time. If he eats one, Pac-Man briefly becomes Super Pac-Man and flies across the screen, eating any ghosts he sees. In some cases, the ghosts may be guarding important objects needed to advance further. In addition to the standard gameplay, there are certain sections of the game in which Pac-Man rides in hang-gliders Document [110] (Title: Pac-Man Vs.) tagged by the Ghosts. The Ghosts' goal is to catch Pac-Man, merely by touching him. These players each see a 3D-rendered limited view of the surroundings of their own Ghosts on the television screen as well as the area around the other players' Ghosts, since they are all displayed on the same screen. Ghost players can temporarily extend their view by eating fruit. If a Ghost player catches Pac-Man, the two players switch controllers, with the successful Ghost player taking the GBA and playing as Pac-Man until he or she suffers the same fate of being caught. A small radar Document [111] (Title: Pac 'n Roll) version's final boss is also different from the DS version's final boss. This version also doesn't include the "Pac-Moon" or the original "Pac-Man" within it since this version is already part of an arcade compilation. In North America, this version was also re-released again in 2010 as part of "Namco Museum Megamix", also for Wii. Pac 'n Roll Once when Pac-Man was still young, he spent a summer at the home of the great Pac-Master for training to fight the ghosts in Pac-Land. During Pac-Man's training, Pac-Master's family went to the Power Pellet Harvest Festival with Pac-Man. The Ghosts (possibly Document [112] (Title: Pac-Man (Atari 2600)) being faster than the other. In the arcade when a ghost is eaten its eyes return to the nest and it respawns and exits immediately in its normal (not vulnerable) state, but in this version the eyes remain in the nest until any Power Pill effects expire before they respawn and reemerge. The scoring for the home version is proportionally identical to the original except that each item is worth 1/10th its arcade value, with the bonus Vitamins as the only variation, being worth 100 points, which is the equivalent of the 1000 point scoring melon bonus item that appears Document [113] (Title: Super Pac-Man) open faraway doors. Pac-Man can enter the ghost house at any time without a key. In addition to the original power pellets which allow Pac-Man to eat the ghosts, two "Super" pellets are available and will turn Pac-Man into Super Pac-Man for a short time. In this form, he becomes much larger, can move with increased speed when the "Super Speed" button is held down, and has the ability to eat through doors without unlocking them. He is also invulnerable to the ghosts, who appear thin and flat in order to give the illusion of Super Pac-Man "flying" over them. Document [114] (Title: Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures (video game)) with a level of care and polish not often seen in games aimed at this audience." GameZone's David Sanchez gave "Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures" a 4.5/10, writing that "Ghostly Adventures looks okay — it's certainly nicer to look at than it is to play, that's for sure." On April 22, 2014, Bandai Namco announced a sequel called "Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures 2". Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures (video game) Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures, also known in Japan as , is a 3D platform video game based on the TV series of the same name. The console and Document [115] (Title: Bakutotsu Kijūtei) original game, the players again take control of Takky (Player 1) and Hommy (Player 2) while fighting the strange-looking Octy and saving the one-eyed Paccets. Several new enemies have also been introduced (one of which, the "Block Brain", first appeared in "Beraboh Man", and another, the "Black Paccet", is an evil version of the Paccets). There are now four different types of capsules; as a general rule, the yellow ones contain Paccets, while the red ones contain Baganns (the "Pac-Man"-like aliens from the original title), the blue ones contain shot powerups, and the green ones contain speed powerups. It is Document [116] (Title: Pac-Man (character)) made of chewed bubble-gum sparking a sense of heroism in Pac-Man causing him to seek out the witch and put a stop to her plot. The "Pac-Man World" series portrays Pac-Man as being generally happy, though slightly sarcastic, protecting his family, and ultimately his whole world from an evil-doing ghost named Orson and his plans to take over Pac-Land from the spectral zone, where the Ghosts from his games are said to come from. Pac-Man's job varies from game-to-game. In the Hanna-Barbera animated series he is said to be the protector of the Power Pellet Forest, which the main villain Document [117] (Title: Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures 2) spolied for choice when it comes to excellent family games, it is something of a travesty." Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures 2 Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures 2, also known in Japan as , is a 2014 video game for the Wii U, Nintendo 3DS, Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3, released on October 14, 2014. It is the sequel to "Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures". The game was first announced on March 1, 2014. Just like the original game, "Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures 2" uses the same features as its predecessor. "Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures 2" features new Document [118] (Title: Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures 2) mixed to positive reviews upon release. Hardcore Gamer gave the game a 3 out of 5, saying "While the first title burst onto the scene brimming with creativity not usually seen in a television cartoon adaption, the sequel is content to emulate everything that title did without adding anything notable of its own." News10 gave the game a 1.5 out of 4, saying "Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures 2 is in a weird place for a kids' video game. Younger and more novice gamers might find the game too difficult to play at times, and it may turn them off Document [119] (Title: Pac-Man Championship Edition 2) faster gameplay to the traditional "Pac-Man" formula. Taking control of Pac-Man, players go through various mazes collecting pellets while avoiding roaming ghosts. Collecting enough pellets reveals either a piece of fruit that sends Pac-Man to the next maze, or a Power Pellet that can be used to eat ghosts. Unlike previous iterations of "Pac-Man", in which touching ghosts would instantly kill Pac-Man, ghosts can now be bumped into up to three times in succession before they enter an Angry state, during which touching them will cause Pac-Man to lose a life. Similar to "Championship DX", passing by sleeping ghosts will Document [120] (Title: Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures (video game)) C is explaining what they are to Pac-Man, four ghosts from the netherworld (Blinky, Inky, Pinky and Clyde) come and tell Pac-Man that Pacopolis is under attack by the forces of Betrayus, king of the netherworld. They do so to steal the Frigidigitator, a device Sir C made for when Betrayus would make another heat-wave device like the one from Season 1's "Betrayus Turns the Heat Up". "Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures" received mixed to positive reviews. Nintendo Life gave 7.0/10, writing "Pac-Man's latest adventure is kid-friendly in the best way: this is a solid, enjoyable 3D platformer that's built Document [121] (Title: Pac-Man World 2) defeated and re-sealed under the Golden Fruit Tree, Pac-Man is congratulated by the residents of Pac Village, during which Chomp Chomp overhears the Ghost Gang planning to free Spooky again and gives chase. The player begins with six lives. The game has 25 levels and 16 Galaxian mazes in six different environments. The plot involves Pac-Man finding five golden fruits that were stolen by ghosts. These fruits were vital to his town. Pac-Man must sometimes fight and defeat enemies in order to progress. At the end of each area is a boss. The boss is always a ghost in a Document [122] (Title: Pac-Man (Atari 2600)) to become dangerous again, and the length of time for which the enemies remain vulnerable varies from one level to the next, becoming shorter as the game progresses. The final consumable items are the Vitamins, which appear periodically directly below the nest. The game has eight variations, offering two different starting speeds for Pac-Man and four different starting speeds for the ghosts. The ghosts get slightly faster each subsequent round, but Pac-Man stays at the same speed. The console's A–B difficulty switches can also be used to handicap one or both players: in the A (hard) position, the power pills' Document [123] (Title: Pac 'n Roll) Pac 'n Roll Once when Pac-Man was still young, he spent a summer at the home of the great Pac-Master for training to fight the ghosts in Pac-Land. During Pac-Man's training, Pac-Master's family went to the Power Pellet Harvest Festival with Pac-Man. The Ghosts (possibly young too) decided to summon the legendary ghost, Golvis. He was said to be so strong that he was sent to space by the ghosts themselves. Castle Pac were celebrating the large crop of power pellets gathered, when the Harvest Festival was suddenly disturbed by a UFO from which Golvis comes. In an attempt to Document [124] (Title: Pac-Man (Atari 2600)) identical—gameplay. The player uses a joystick to control Pac-Man, navigating him through a maze of consumable dashes called Video Wafers, opposed by a quartet of multi-colored ghosts. The goal of the game is to consume all the wafers in each level in order to proceed to the next one in search of the highest possible score. The four ghosts roam the maze, trying to kill Pac-Man. If any of the ghosts touches Pac-Man, he loses a life; when all lives have been lost, the game ends. Each game starts with four lives, and the player is awarded a bonus life Document [125] (Title: Baraduke) reference to the "Mr. Driller" series). Tron Bonne, from Capcom's "Mega Man Legends" game, mistakes her for a boy. A Paccet (which is a small, round yellow alien with only one eye) appears in the background as a painting in "Tales of Destiny". Elle Mel Marta's backpack in "Tales of Xillia 2" is also a Paccet, with a small charm shaped like Kissy attached to it. Paccet makes a cameo in "Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U" as part of Pac-Man's Taunt, "Namco Roulette". Baraduke , also known as Alien Sector, is a scrolling shooter arcade game Document [126] (Title: Level Up (comics)) medical school. However the angels get angry and lock him in his bedroom. Dennis however manages to escape but the angels follow him. Dennis notices that the angels are actually Pac-Man ghosts and he is the yellow man. Dennis begins to devour the ghosts and realizes what they really are, his father's broken promises. He had promised to his mother, father and uncle he would become a doctor, and finally he promised him when he was a baby that he would make him a better man. During the final vision, Dennis briefly speaks with his father who tells him that Document [127] (Title: Pac-Man (character)) every game and cartoon Pac-Man sees the ghosts as a nuisance rather than a threat, and often has a power pellet handy to dispatch their bullying attempts in an instant. The ghosts in turn are often portrayed as being crude, boorish, and bullying but ultimately bumbling and useless in their attempts to get the better of Pac-Man. In "Ghostly Adventures", the girl ghost Pinky has a crush on Pac. What happens to Pac-Man when he is caught by the ghosts varies. The cartoon made stated that if the ghosts "chomped" Pac-Man, he would temporarily lose his skeleton. However, after seeing Document [128] (Title: Pac-Man Vs.) helps show the ghosts their relative positions to each other so they may attempt to team up to trap Pac-Man. Once there are less than 25 Pellets left on screen, they become invisible to the Ghosts. If there are fewer than four players, any uncontrolled Ghosts start grey and are harmless to Pac-Man. However, a Ghost player can touch a gray Ghost and tag it with his or her own color. If a computer-controlled colored Ghost touches Pac-Man, it kills him and counts toward its owner’s score. The first player to reach a predetermined score of 7,000, 10,000, or 15,000 Document [129] (Title: Super Pac-Man) throughout the stage, and there are no ghosts. Based on the Namco Galaga hardware, this is the first of the "Pac-Man" games to use the Motorola 6809 processor, unlike the earlier "Pac-Man" games which used the older Z80, and fell into the conversion class of the Namco Galaxian. The new gameplay mechanics were considered by many to be confusing, and too much of a change from the original two games. In particular, when Pac-Man transforms into Super Pac-Man, he was thought by some to be much more difficult to control. Midway also went on to create "Jr. Pac-Man", also based Document [130] (Title: Pac-Man (character)) his right arm pixelated upon it being bitten by Pac-Man. In Japan, the 2016 tokusatsu film "Kamen Rider Heisei Generations: Dr. Pac-Man vs. Ex-Aid & Ghost with Legend Riders" features Pac-Man, as well as a villain character named Dr. Pac-Man portrayed by Shirō Sano. A transformation based on Pac-Man also appears in the "Kamen Rider Ex-Aid" side series, "Kamen Rider Genm". Pac-Man is often portrayed as a family man, as a result of the multiple spin-offs of his games which star family members. He is often seen married to Ms. Pac-Man, and the father to either one or two children. Document [131] (Title: Mini-Munchman) called Pocket Pac-Man. The game employs a low consumption LCD-based screen, allowing for a small form factor design incorporating alkaline button power cells. The game requires two LR-44 or equivalent cells. In-game objects are displayed on fixed, immovable LCD elements. The main score display (which doubles up as a date/time and stopwatch display) consists of a three-and-a-half digit display and an extra small digit for tenths of a second, or lives remaining. Like most Pac-Man clones, the object of the game is to move a Pac-Man type character around a maze, eating all the dots and avoiding ghosts. However, in Document [132] (Title: Video game localization) Japanese title would be “Puck-Man,” but the decision was made to change the name when the game was imported to the United States out of fear that the word ‘Puck’ would be vandalized into an obscenity. In addition, the names of the ghosts were originally based on colors - roughly translating to “Reddie,” “Pinky,” “Bluey,” and “Slowly.” Rather than translate these names exactly, they were renamed to Blinky, Pinky, Inky, and Clyde. This choice maintained the odd-man-out style of the original names without adhering to their exact meaning. The change in cultural context between the two countries provoked a change Document [133] (Title: Pac-Mania) in "Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures" as the "power up" theme for "Pac" (the show's version of Pac-Man). The same theme, along with Block Town's music would be remixed and used in "Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U." Pac-Mania As in "Pac-Man", the objective of "Pac-Mania" is to score as many points as possible. The player controls Pac-Man and attempts to eat all the pellets in a maze, while avoiding being caught by the ghosts who chase him around it. The player can eat power pellets that cause the ghosts to turn dark blue and become vulnerable; Document [134] (Title: Pac-Mania) change was the view used in cabinet projection, an oblique pseudo-3D format, in which Pac-Man always occupied the center of the screen (and a virtual camera moves around the round to follow him). In addition, the player can press a button to cause Pac-Man to jump, allowing him to evade most ghosts by jumping over them. However, Pac-Man cannot as easily jump over the two new green and gray ghosts because they will jump whenever the player presses the jump button; in fact, he can't jump over the gray one at all. The ghosts include the returning Blinky, Pinky, Inky Document [135] (Title: Pac-Pix) Pac-Pix A mischievous wizard one day came up with an invention called Ghost Ink that held great power. Whatever was drawn with the use of this ghost ink instantly turned into a ghost. These trickster ghosts then began to jump into different pictures and books, pulling pranks and causing general havoc and mayhem across the world. Hearing of the crisis, Pac-Man rushed to defeat all the ghosts using the only thing that was powerful enough—the mighty magic pen. After a while, Pac-Man succeeded in trapping all the ghosts into one book, which was then promptly locked. But, before he could Document [136] (Title: Pac-Man 2: The New Adventures) is given a train ticket to travel to the city, where he meets a man selling balloons, and takes on a disgruntled security guard to get the guitar back. In the final segment of the game, Pac-Man discovers from a news report that the ghosts are stealing ABC gum from children all over Pac-City, at which point the Ghost Witch of Netor takes over the broadcast and challenges Pac-Man to face her and her newly created Gum Monster. He sets off to work his way through the abandoned factory where the monster is being created. The game culminates in a Document [137] (Title: Pac-Man (Atari 2600)) the conversion is a lesson in maintaining the social and cultural context of the original source. Montfort and Bogost commented that players were disappointed with the flickering visual effect, which made the ghosts difficult to track and tired the players' eyes. The two further said that the effect diminishes the ghosts' personalities present in the arcade version. Chris Kohler of "Wired" commented that the game was poorly received upon its release and in contemporary times because of the poor quality. However, he further described the game as an impressive technical achievement given its console's limitations. Initially, the excitement generated by Document [138] (Title: Pac-Mania) be present in a single round. Also, bonus objects in this game not only include traditional point-scoring fruits, but also power-up items which can have random effects, such as doubling the point values of ghosts (until death) or causing Pac-Man to move much faster than normal (until a power pellet wears off). The game takes place in four environments: Block Town (made up of Lego-like building blocks), Pac-Man's Park (an oblique version of the original "Pac-Man" maze), Sandbox Land (walls are made up from pyramids), and Jungly Steps (appearing as pathways with no railings, resembling a set of steps that Document [139] (Title: Pac-Land) A hidden item (sometimes accidentally dropped by the ghosts) is a Flagship from "Galaxian", which rewards 7650 points when collected (a reference to Namco's goroawase number of 765). The "Galaxian" Flagship is a long running cameo that appears in the Bandai Namco-made "Pac-Man" games. There are also hidden bonuses in the game, eating ghosts in a certain order will give extra time and pushing a fire hydrant in the opposite direction can give extra lives, invincibility, and balloons to collect for points and warps. The arcade cabinet version of the game was unique, in that instead of a joystick, it Document [140] (Title: Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures) along his voyage (in exchange for being restored to the living world). Pac-Man vows to stop Betrayus and the ghosts (or any other bad guy) from taking over Pac-World while searching for his long-lost parents. He has the unique ability to eat ghosts and destroy the ectoplasm that makes up most of their bodies. Only their eyeballs survive, which he spits out. They reform their bodies using a regeneration chamber. The ghosts continually attack the city to locate the Repository, a storage chamber for the corporeal bodies of the ghosts which would allow them to live again if they possessed Document [141] (Title: Pac-Man Championship Edition) pellet causes the ghosts to turn blue, allowing Pac-Man to eat them and send them back to their home, where they re-emerge in their original form. However, there are several major differences from its original counterpart, making "Pac-Man C.E." a faster paced game. Each maze is divided into two halves. Eating all the dots on one half causes a bonus item to appear on the other side, and eating the item causes a new maze to appear on the other half. Players can also collect additional power pellets to increase their powered up time and continue earning maximum points for Document [142] (Title: CatChum) Yahoo Software of Los Angeles, California. CatChum CatChum is a text-only clone of "Pac-Man" written for the CP/M operating system and made to be operated on the early Kaypro line of luggable computers. CatChum was made within the limitations of Kaypro's early text-only computers. As a result, the maze is made from a series of dashes and other punctuation marks. The Pac-Man character is a letter C, which goes from upper to lower case intermittently (to simulate a chomping Pac-Man). The four ghosts are capital As (which turn to lowercase Ms when the CatChum Pac-Man chomps a power-pellet), and the Document [143] (Title: Pac-Man World) of Namco's defunct console game division backwards), a giant robot Pac-Man impersonator that was created by Blinky, Inky, Pinky & Clyde's friend, Orson, who is bent on stealing Pac-Man's identity. Pac-Man sets off to Ghost Island and works to free them while battling various ghosts and monsters. The original storyboards of this game included other Namco IP including Dig Dug, Mappy, and . The idea was changed at the last minute (to the point of modeling and animation) to the other Pac-Man game family members such as Ms. Pac-Man, Baby Pac-Man, Jr. Pac-Man, Pac-Man's dog Chomp Chomp and Professor Pac-Man. Document [144] (Title: Pac-Man) set to one life only or up to five lives maximum. Near the corners of the maze are four flashing Power Pellets that provide Pac-Man with the temporary ability to eat the ghosts and earn bonus points. The enemies turn deep blue, reverse direction and usually move more slowly. When an enemy is eaten, its eyes remain and return to the center box where the ghost is regenerated in its normal color. Blue enemies flash white to signal that they are about to become dangerous again and the length of time for which the enemies remain vulnerable varies from one Document [145] (Title: Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures) platformer with the same name as the TV series was released for Wii U, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, and Windows PC in late 2013, accompanied by a 2D platformer for the Nintendo 3DS shortly after. A sequel was released in October 2014. Characters from the show have also appeared in the compilation release for PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, and Windows PC, titled "Pac-Man Museum". "Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures" debuted on June 15, 2013, on Disney XD USA and March 17, 2014, on Disney XD Canada. It moved over to Family Chrgd on October 9, 2015. In the Philippines, it Document [146] (Title: Pac-Man Championship Edition DX) last-minute attempt to avoid being killed. Players can also use a limited supply of bombs that return all the ghosts to the center of the maze, although it lowers the dot multiplier and game speed. Gameplay revolves around three main modes: Score Attack, in which players attempt to get the highest score within 5 or 10 minutes; Time Attack, consisting of several short trials and one long one in which players must obtain a certain amount of fruit as quickly as possible; and Ghost Combo, where players must try to stay powered up and eat as many ghosts as possible. Document [147] (Title: Pac-Man Vs.) gameplay. The game is included in the "Namco Museum DS" game collection and supports single-cartridge multiplayer. The game was also released for Nintendo Switch as part of the "Namco Museum" compilation in July 2017. One player controls Pac-Man with the Game Boy Advance, which displays the entire maze, while the other players control each of the Ghosts with the GameCube controller. The game cannot be played as a one-player game. One player must be Pac-Man, and at least one more must be a Ghost. Pac-Man's goal is to eat all of the pellets on the game board while avoiding being Document [148] (Title: Pac-Man World 2) the ghosts inside to try and defeat Pac-Man, who gets all five Golden Fruit. When he arrives at the Ghost Bayou on Ghost Island, he meets the Wormwood; the evil brother of the Golden Fruit Tree, and he goes through a maze that Wormwood had created to stop him from defeating Spooky. Pac-Man makes it through the maze, and as a result, Wormwood's fire inside of the hollow mouth of his trunk burns out and he dies. Upon returning to Pac Village, Pac-Man learns the true power of the Golden Fruit and uses it to defeat Spooky himself. With Spooky Document [149] (Title: Pac-Man Championship Edition) eating ghosts. The longer the player stays alive, the faster the game gets and the more points can be earned. As opposed to levels, the game is played within a certain time limit, with players attempting to get the highest score possible. The game features six modes: Championship, which is the basic five-minute mode, two Challenge modes which affect the stage (such as increasing power pellet pickups or putting the maze in darkness) and three Extra modes featuring different mazes. The game also supports online leader boards. The game was originally released on the Xbox Live Arcade service on June Document [150] (Title: Pac-In-Time) PC, Macintosh and Game Boy versions are almost identical to the original, while the Super NES game, despite using the same basic gameplay mechanics, is an entirely new game using a different game engine and aesthetic. Versions of "Pac-In-Time" for the Genesis and Game Gear were planned before being canceled. A ROM image of the Game Gear version has since surfaced online. Pac-Man's nemesis, the Ghost Witch (returning from ""), has cast a spell on Pac-Man that has transported him back in time to the days of his youth in the year 1975 (5 years before the debut of the Document [151] (Title: Pac-Man (Atari 2600)) effects do not last as long. Overall the game follows the format of the original, but it differs in a number of key respects, including a landscape orientation of the screen, that the wraparound Warp Tunnel is located at the top and bottom as opposed to the sides. The maze layout and overall color scheme also differ from the original. Pac-Man himself features an eye and he only faces left and right, never turning to face up or down when traveling in those directions. The ghosts' eyes constantly cycle through four directions rather than being fixed in their current direction Document [152] (Title: Ghosts (Pac-Man)) he jumps ahead of Pac-Man as Pinky would. He might even wander off like Clyde on occasion. In the "Pac-Man" cartoon, Inky (voiced by Barry Gordon) is depicted as dim and loony. In "Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures", Inky (voiced by Lee Tockar in the TV series and by Bryce Papenbrook in the video game) is the youngest member. Though the smartest, he lacks focus most of the time. In "Pac-Man", Inky likes to appear in front of Pac-Man's face. Clyde, whose original name is listed as "Pokey", is an orange ghost who, in the original arcade game, acts stupid. Document [153] (Title: Pac-Man Battle Royale) cannot eat ghosts. Un-powered Pac-Men are eliminated from the round when they either run into a ghost or are eaten by a powered Pac-Man. If two Pac-Men of equal strength run into each other, they are knocked backward a short distance but suffer no harm otherwise. Blue Pac-Men cannot knock or pass through each other. Each round lasts a maximum of two minutes, with an on-screen countdown for the last 10 seconds. The last remaining Pac-Man wins the round. All players are brought back into the game at the start of each new round; after the final round, the player Question: what are the names of the ghost in pac man Answer: Blinky Long Answer: Blinky, Pinky, Inky and Clyde, are the primary group of fictional ghosts (Japanese: モンスター monsutā, "monsters") who serve as the main antagonists in the Pac - Man franchise . Several different ghosts have appeared throughout the franchise, aside from the ones in the main aforementioned group. Gold Document ID: 152

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Pac-Man (character)) who enjoys adventure but often prefers a quiet family life. His first platforming title, Pac-Land, illustrating him taking frequent breaks between levels at signs that said "Break Time" while ending three-level arcs by returning to his home, leading to cutscenes where he is seen sitting with his family at dinner and sleeping in his bed. "Pac-Man 2" begins with Pac-Man doing chores for his family, with various elements of the game causing him to abruptly change his mood from happy, to sad, to angry, to silly, and even flaky. It culminates with the Ghost Witch's plot to create a monster Document [2] (Title: Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures) school located within the city of Pacopolis. They help to protect citizens from the threat of Ghosts after the seal that locked up the Netherworld was accidentally opened by Pac at the time he was avoiding the school bully Skeebo. Ghosts are able to possess Pac-Worlder bodies although only for a time limit of a few minutes unless aided by Dr. Buttocks technology. Victims of possession usually are apparent by a red-eyed glow although this too can be prevented with Buttocks technology. Pac-Man also has four friendly ghosts (Blinky, Pinky, Inky and Clyde) that surrendered and vowed to help him Document [3] (Title: Pac-Man 2: The New Adventures) or mine-carts, and the player must keep Pac-Man from crashing into obstacles or ghosts. These and other parts of the game are focused more on action and reflexes, and require good use of the slingshot to keep Pac-Man alive. After an introductory sequence in which Pac-Man introduces himself and the game's mechanics, the plot unfolds as a loosely connected series of misadventures stemming from Pac-Man's quest to complete tasks for his family, all while the ghosts and their mysterious leader plot to destroy him. Pac-Man is first tasked with finding milk for Pac-Baby, which he procures from the local farm. Document [4] (Title: Pac-Man: Adventures in Time) ability to see the short intermission videos that come before a new level and allow for an option of non-storyline play on specific levels. The game also has the ability to connect over the Internet for multiplayer mini-games. In the introductory scene, under orders from the villainous Mollusc, Ghosts Inky and Clyde steal a magical power pellet known as the Artifact that has kept Pac-Land free from evil. The Mollusc smashes the Artifact and in a mighty explosion of power, its four fragmented pieces are scattered across time and space. The player's challenge as Pac-Man is to retrieve the Artifact's Document [5] (Title: Pac-Man Pinball Advance) and continues to collect pellets much like they did in earlier notes. Like the other games in the "Pac-Man" series, there are four ghosts which wander the pinball tables after Pac-Man eats a power pellet. The plot of the game focuses on the kidnapping of all the residents of Pac-Land by the four ghosts from the "Pac-Man" series, Blinky, Pinky, Inky, and Clyde. The plot is secondary to the gameplay of the game though, and mostly exists just as a premise to explain why Pac-Man is playing on a pinball table. The game does not contain a high scores table. Document [6] (Title: Pac-Attack) Wii U Virtual Console on February 26, 2015. On a "Tetris"-like board the player drops blocks consisting of Ghosts, Blocks, Pac-Man, and one Fairy (if the Fairy Meter is full) to the ground. The objective is to not let the blocks overflow, let Pac-Man eat the ghosts, and make lines to shorten the amount of blocks on the board. When Pac-Man eats a ghost, the Fairy Meter goes up. Once full, a fairy will eventually be dropped. Once the fairy comes to a stop by landing on anything, it waves its wand and every ghost in the eight lines below Document [7] (Title: Pac-Man Championship Edition DX) the maze until Pac-Man moves past it and begins to follow him. By passing several sleeping ghosts, they form a large rainbow-colored trail that can offer massive bonus points once Pac-Man is able to get a power pellet and eat them. Some ghosts may also have additional power pellets that can prolong the powered-up state if eaten in time. Getting close enough to the regular ghosts turns them rainbow-colored and they may also be added to the trail. A slow-motion effect automatically kicks in whenever a ghost gets too close to Pac-Man, which offers players the chance to make a Document [8] (Title: Pac-Mania) along with 17 other Namco arcade games and six remix games, five of which appeared in "Namco Museum Remix". In 2010, the design of Pac-Man and the ghosts from "Pac-Mania" appear in "Pac-Man Championship Edition DX" and the game itself is released as an app in the App Store for iOS devices. "Pac-Mania" was also re-released as part of the "Pac-Man's Arcade Party" arcade machine in 2010 for Pac-Man's 30th anniversary. In February 2014 it was included in the "Pac-Man Museum" on the PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 and Windows PC Via Steam. The music from Pac-Man's Park was later used Document [9] (Title: Pac-Man World 3) Pac-Man World 3 In a search for power, a short evil genius called Erwin has found a way to suck raw energy out of the world of the Ghosts (the Spectral Realm). He has created a syphon that can penetrate into the Spectral Realm. This is causing the Spectral Realm to collapse into the real world (Pac-Land), bringing about an environmental catastrophe. Meanwhile, Pac-Man is celebrating his 25th birthday with his family when he is teleported by Orson, a former nemesis of Pac-Man from the original "Pac-Man World". Orson communicates to him and tells him about the Spectral Realm (after Document [10] (Title: Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures 2) from it. Those at the older end of the kids' game scene might instead find the game too simple at times and justifiably frustrating to control. Kids who really enjoy the television program will no doubt want (and probably enjoy) this game based on its subject matter alone. Those who aren't in love with modern Pac-Man might want to let this game give up the ghost." The Guardian gave the game a negative review, saying "In some ways, the game’s simple ambitions would not have been a problem if the recipe had been respectfully crafted. But to a modern audience Document [11] (Title: Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures 2) Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures 2 Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures 2, also known in Japan as , is a 2014 video game for the Wii U, Nintendo 3DS, Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3, released on October 14, 2014. It is the sequel to "Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures". The game was first announced on March 1, 2014. Just like the original game, "Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures 2" uses the same features as its predecessor. "Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures 2" features new story lines, characters and worlds. Just like its predecessor, "Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures 2" received Document [12] (Title: Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures) aired on Disney Channel on March 3 and ended on October 30, 2014, to give way for the special programming of "Monstober". It returned to air on March 2, 2015. Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures, also known as , is an American/Japanese/Canadian computer-animated comedy-adventure television series featuring Namco's classic video game character Pac-Man. It is produced by 41 Entertainment, Arad Productions and Bandai Namco Entertainment for Tokyo MX (stereo version), BS11 (stereo version) and Disney XD (bilingual version). The series first aired on June 15, 2013, on Disney XD, and debuted July 1, 2017 on Document [13] (Title: Pac-Mania) Pac-Mania As in "Pac-Man", the objective of "Pac-Mania" is to score as many points as possible. The player controls Pac-Man and attempts to eat all the pellets in a maze, while avoiding being caught by the ghosts who chase him around it. The player can eat power pellets that cause the ghosts to turn dark blue and become vulnerable; the player can then go to eat the ghosts for extra points, sending them back to their regenerator to return to their original colour and behaviour. "Pac-Mania" contains several new features and significant differences from its original counterpart. The most noticeable Document [14] (Title: Pac 'n Roll) save the Pacs, Pac-Master chomped on a power pellet. But while the other ghosts turned blue, Golvis remained his normal colour with only the end of his tail blue. Golvis and his alive guitar sidekick (named Jack) turned the Pac-People into spheres (they are the same just without arms or legs), and kidnaps them all. With the help of Pac-Land's guardian fairy, Krystal, Pac-Man managed to escape before getting kidnapped. This explains why Golvis' guitar is always out of tune, because he was using it to smash Pac-Man into the ground. Now with the help of Krystal, Pac-Man (who has Document [15] (Title: Pac-Man 256) maze, collecting dots and power-ups while avoiding enemy ghosts. The game ends if Pac-Man comes into contact with a ghost or falls behind and is consumed by a chasing glitch at the bottom of the maze. Eating 256 dots in a row awards the player a blast that clears all on-screen enemies. Along with power pellets, which enable Pac-Man to eat ghosts, Pac-Man can equip and obtain various power-ups such as lasers, tornadoes, and clones to attack the ghosts, as well as collect score-multiplying fruit. Additional power-ups are unlocked by collecting enough dots. Clearing certain missions unlock coins, also obtained Document [16] (Title: Pac-Man (TV series)) place in which the geography and architecture seem to revolve primarily around sphere-like shapes. Most episodes of the series center around the ongoing battle between the Pac family and their only known enemies, the Ghost Monsters: Blinky, Inky, Pinky, Clyde, and Sue. They work for Mezmaron, a mysterious figure who resembles Darth Vader and acts similarly to Gargamel (from another Hanna-Barbera show "The Smurfs"). His sole mission is to locate and control the source of "Power Pellets", which serve as the primary food and power source for the city, and also as the "deus ex machina" in virtually every episode. Document [17] (Title: Pac-Man) awareness of any video game character among American consumers, recognized by 94 percent of them. "Pac-Man" is one of the longest-running video game franchises from the golden age of video arcade games. The Google Doodle version was estimated to have been played by over 1 billion people worldwide in 2010. "Pac-Man" is part of the collection of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. and New York's Museum of Modern Art. The player navigates Pac-Man through a maze containing dots, known as Pac-Dots, and four multi-colored ghosts: Blinky, Pinky, Inky and Clyde. The goal of the game is to accumulate points Document [18] (Title: Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures) Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures, also known as , is an American/Japanese/Canadian computer-animated comedy-adventure television series featuring Namco's classic video game character Pac-Man. It is produced by 41 Entertainment, Arad Productions and Bandai Namco Entertainment for Tokyo MX (stereo version), BS11 (stereo version) and Disney XD (bilingual version). The series first aired on June 15, 2013, on Disney XD, and debuted July 1, 2017 on KidsClick in the US, on March 17, 2014, on Family Chrgd (as Disney XD) in Canada and premiered on April 5, 2014, on Tokyo MX and BS11 in Japan, and Document [19] (Title: Pac-Man World 2) Pac-Man World 2 Back in medieval times, the evil ghost king Spooky constantly terrorized Pac Land and the Pac People. To stop him, the Great Wizard Pac created a powerful potion to transform five ordinary fruit from Pac Land into magical Golden Fruit. Then, a brave, young Knight named Sir Pac-A-Lot battled and defeated Spooky and used the Golden Fruit to seal him under a tree in the center of Pac Village. In present time, the Ghost Gang decides to pick the Golden Fruit off of the tree without knowing Spooky is under it. Spooky escapes from the tree and Document [20] (Title: Pac-Man World) The only non-Pac-Man Namco character that made it into the story was Pooka (from Dig Dug), and holdovers from the original vision were Ms. Pac-Man and Professor Pac-Man. "Pac-Man World" is a platform game played in 3D graphics that plays heavily into the history of the character; every non-boss level features a maze that plays by the rules of Pac-Man (though the Pac-Symbol still shows, letting the player survive being touched by ghosts up to four times). Every level is littered with Pac-Dots, fruits and ghosts, much of the music is modified from early entries into the series (one of Document [21] (Title: Pac-Man 2: The New Adventures) Some time after, Pac-Man is asked by Ms. Pac-Man to pick a special flower for Lucy, a friend of Pac-Jr's for her birthday. Pac-Man is given a trolley ticket which he uses to venture into the nearby mountains, hang-gliding and dodging ghosts and boulders as he searches for the flower. Upon returning home with the flower, Pac-Man is exasperated to find that Lucy's party has already started, and that she has already been given another flower. Some time after, Pac-Jr comes home crying, and tells his dad that his guitar was stolen by ghosts while he was in Pac-City. Pac-Man Document [22] (Title: Pac-In-Time) Pac-Man will run into many enemies — most of which are just native to the environment of the level, such as bats, birds, rats, worms, carnivorous plants, ram-like creatures, etc. Pac-Man also runs across his long-time enemies, the ghosts, who appear frequently in every level and chase after Pac-Man. Fortunately, there are Power Pellets along the way, and Pac-Man can use these to devour the ghosts in his typical fashion. Unique to this game, Pac-Man can also acquire four different abilities that will help him finish his quest and defeat his enemies. Each of these abilities can be obtained by Document [23] (Title: Pac-Man 2: The New Adventures) ghosts. The SNES version of "Pac-Man 2" was re-released on the Wii U Virtual Console on 3 March 2016. "Pac-Man 2" carries a style of gameplay similar to that of traditional Point-and-click adventures, but with a few key differences that set it apart from other games in the genre. Unlike most Point-and-click games where the player can interact with the environment via various commands, "the player has no direct control over Pac-Man". Instead, he independently moves and interacts with the world, characters, and sometimes the player. The player's main ability is to influence, rather than control, the character's actions. The Document [24] (Title: Ghosts (Pac-Man)) that were exclusive to the TV series like Cyclops Ghosts (a race of heavyset, horned Ghosts with one eye), Fire Ghosts (a race of orange Ghosts who can emit fire from their body), Tentacle Ghosts (a race of 4-eyed purple-black Ghosts who look similar to jellyfish), Guardian Ghosts (a race of large Ghosts who guard the Netherworld), and Aqua Ghosts (a race of light blue Ghosts with fins on their head). Below is the description of each Ghost. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> "Shadow," better known by his nickname, Blinky, is a red ghost who, in the original arcade game, follows behind Pac-Man. He Document [25] (Title: Pac-Man (Atari 2600)) an extra life and the omnipresent siren sound during gameplay. The most significant and obvious difference is the constant flicker of the ghosts. In the late 1970s, Atari acquired the rights to produce home versions of Namco's arcade games. After "Pac-Man" proved to be a success in the United States, Atari decided to produce the game for its Atari 2600 console. The company believed the conversion would be simple because the arcade's success was attributed to the gameplay rather than impressive visuals. Development took around four months; the process started in May 1981 and finished in September. At the time, Document [26] (Title: Pac-Man World) the common themes in all the levels is the intermission music from "Pac-Man" modified according to the theme of the level) and the original Pac-Man arcade game was available for play from the menu screen. In addition, Pac-Man is given a handful of standard platform maneuvers, including a "butt-bounce", reminiscent of Mario's ground pound and the Rev-Roll, reminiscent of Sonic's spin dash. Also, he'd gained the ability to use the dots offensively, throwing them at non-ghost enemies. Like in the original game, Pac-Man can collect Power Pellets allowing him to eat ghosts for a short amount of time. The level Document [27] (Title: Ghosts (Pac-Man)) arcade game, positions in front of Pac-Man. In the "Pac-Man" cartoon, Pinky (voiced by Chuck McCann) is depicted as male dimwitted shape shifter. In recent games, and "Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures", Pinky (voiced by Ashleigh Ball in the TV series and by Julia Kliewer in the video game and sequel) is depicted as a female with a crush on Pac-Man, which often puts her at odds with Cylindria. "Bashful", or, Inky is a baby blue ghost who, in the original arcade game, has a fickle mood. He can be unpredictable. Sometimes he chases Pac-Man aggressively like Blinky; other times Document [28] (Title: Pac-Man World 3) Pac-Man complains to Orson about messing up his party and throwing him into a trash pit). Pac-Man is attacked by fiery Spectral monsters of the orange, green, and purple varieties which have been driven mad by Erwin's hypnosis with Inky and Blinky (Clyde) have been kidnapped as part of Erwin's evil scheme, but Pinky and Clyde (Blinky) managed to escape. Now Pac-Man must join forces with the ghosts, Orson, Pinky, and Clyde (Blinky) to stop Erwin before he destroys both the Real World and the Spectral Realm. The game features numerous differences from the previous Pac-Man World games, placing an Document [29] (Title: Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures) episode, whereas the other three DVDs contain four episodes each: Two additional DVDs each with three episodes, were released exclusively to Redbox: Another DVD titled "Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures: Pac To The Future" was released exclusively to Redbox Canada. Several video games based on the show have been developed. An endless runner for iOS and Android titled "Pac-Man Dash!" was released in July 2013. This is also hosted for free in Canada on the CHRGD website. In 2017 "Bandai Namco Entertainment" decided to discontinue Pac-Man Dash & remove it permanently from the Apple Store & Android Market A 3D Document [30] (Title: Little Ghost Q-Taro) series as inspiration for the character design in the Pac-Man video game series. Little Ghost Q-Taro , by Fujiko Fujio, is a Japanese manga about an obake, "Q-Taro" who lives with the Ōhara family. Q-Taro, also known as Q-chan or Oba-Q, is a mischief-maker who likes to fly around scaring people and stealing food, though he is deathly afraid of dogs. The story is usually focused on the antics of Q-Taro and his friends. The manga was drawn in 1964–1966 by Fujiko Fujio (Fujiko F. Fujio and Fujiko Fujio A) and in 1971–1974 by Fujiko F. Fujio. An English manga Document [31] (Title: Ghosts (Pac-Man)) He will chase after Pac-Man in Blinky's manner, but will wander off to his home corner when he gets too close. In "Ms. Pac-Man", this ghost is named Sue, and in "Jr. Pac-Man", this ghost is named Tim. In the animated series, Clyde (voiced by Neil Ross) is the leader of the group. In recent games and "Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures", Clyde (voiced by Brian Drummond in the TV series and by Orion Acaba in the video game) is depicted as a large ghost who is simple, but not unintelligent and has an appetite equal to Pac-Man's. He lacks Document [32] (Title: Pac-Man World 3) the enemies, such as Electro-Shock Pellet, which replaces Pac-Man's punch attack with the ability to generate electricity from his hands, and the Ribbon Loop Pellet, which has Pac-Man leave a trail that can be enclosed to greatly damage enemies within. Two sequences involve Pac-Man piloting a new Toc-Man, reimagined from the first game from being an attempt at imitating Pac-Man to now being a mecha. Toc-Man is used to defend from Erwin's forces, and has an ability to punch, as well as do a spin-based attack. The second sequence also features Clyde helming a blaster. Accessible from the main menu Document [33] (Title: World's Biggest Pac-Man) chased by the ghosts. In the original game the ghosts are hunted in a very defined pattern of Scatter, Chase and Repeat. Unlike the original, the time the ghosts remain vulnerable does not diminish as the game progresses to the point where the ghosts will only merely reverse direction. If the player leaves a board without completing it, the ghosts will remain immobile in that maze until Pac-Man returns, in which they will begin chasing him again. The fruits on World’s Biggest Pac-Man give the player the opportunity to earn additional points. The fruits appear upon consuming a certain number Document [34] (Title: Pac & Pal) Pac & Pal Introduced in this game is an exclusive character: , the "Pal" of the title. She is a small green female ghost (denoted by her hair bow), that looks like a gooseberry with legs. When an item is unlocked, she will wander around, giving Pac-Man some time to try to reach the item. After some time, she will take it into the ghost house, where it will be lost forever. This might help in clearing the round, however, and if she brings the last one there, it automatically finishes the round. Due to the ability of using this Document [35] (Title: Baby Pac-Man) with a metal ball using two button-operated flippers. The player may earn energizers, gain new fruit bonuses, and increase tunnel speed, all used in the video mode. When the player fails to keep the ball in play, the game resumes on the video screen, but with the chutes closed. The player must then be caught by a ghost to reopen the chutes. The game ends when the player runs out of lives. Baby Pac-Man Baby Pac-Man is a hybrid arcade/pinball game released by Bally Midway on October 11, 1982. The cabinet consists of a 13-inch video screen seated above an Document [36] (Title: Pac & Pal) them and yields the familiar point value of 200, 400, 800, and 1600 for each ghost shot. While ghosts are stunned, Pac-Man can pass right through them. If the stunning effect wears off before the ray-shooting ability wears off, Pac-Man can shoot the ghost again for 1600 more points. The point value won't reset if Pac-Man eats the other bonus item before the effect wears off. The third round and every fourth round thereafter is a bonus round, in which the maze only contains cards that will yield an increasing number of points when turned over. When Pac-Man turns over Document [37] (Title: Ghosts (Pac-Man)) "The Greatest Show in Pacland" featured the Ghost Monsters' 3-year-old cousin named Dinky who was bratty, which greatly annoyed all the male ghost monsters. In the 2013 TV series "Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures", the four Ghosts come from the Netherworld. Though they are ruled by Lord Betrayus, they are actually good-natured spirits and often supply Pac-Man with information about Lord Betrayus' plots, while ensuring Betrayus doesn't catch them in the act. It is also suggested that they could be reunited with their bodies and brought back to life, though their 'living' forms are unknown. There were also some Ghosts Document [38] (Title: Pac-Man) At one time, a feature film based on the game was in development. In Weird Al Yankovic's music video for "White & Nerdy", there are several scenes of Weird Al dancing in a black room, in front of road flares shaped like the arcade version of Pac-Man (which itself is a parody of Chamillionaire rapping in front of a lizard made of road flares is his music video for "Ridin'"). The Pac-Man character appears in the film "Pixels" (2015), with Denis Akiyama playing series creator Toru Iwatani. "Pac-Man" is referenced and makes an appearance in the 2017 film "Guardians of Document [39] (Title: Pac-Man Plus) short period of time, allowing Pac-Man to eat them for extra points. Once the maze has been cleared, it will be refilled as the gameplay continues. The most noticeable differences between the original game and "Plus" are various tweaks to the graphics: the maze is green instead of blue, vulnerable ghosts are shorter and have a stem and leaf sticking out of their heads, the fruits have been replaced by new items (including a can of Coca-Cola) and the ghosts' eyes are now a pixel closer to each other. In addition to these cosmetic changes, "Plus" also changes the gameplay Document [40] (Title: Cutie Q) VIC-20 and Commodore 64 home computers. The VIC-20 version features a board layout which is almost identical to that for "Cutie Q" (it even includes the ghost rollover), while the C64 version is slightly altered, including some aspects of the board for "Bomb Bee" (most notably, the two 10/100-point bumpers in the top-left and top-right corners of the screen), and replaces the ghost rollover with the Commodore logo. This game was featured in the Japanese release of "Namco Museum Volume 2" for the PlayStation. For the American version of "Namco Museum Volume 2", "Super Pac-Man" was featured in place of Document [41] (Title: Kamen Rider Ghost) game character, Pac-Man. A "Movie War" film, titled was announced to be released on December 9, 2017. Along the casts of "Kamen Rider Build" and "Kamen Rider Ex-Aid", Shu Watanabe and Ryosuke Miura ("Kamen Rider OOO"), Sota Fukushi ("Kamen Rider Fourze"), Gaku Sano ("Kamen Rider Gaim"), and Shun Nishime ("Kamen Rider Ghost") will reprise their respective roles. is a V-Cinema release that focuses on a side story of Makoto Fukami as Kamen Rider Specter, it is set after the end of the series and also features flashback when Makoto first meet Alain. It features both final forms of both Specter Document [42] (Title: Jr. Pac-Man) animated propeller beanie), and scores points by eating all of the dots in the maze, while four ghosts chase him around the maze and attempt to kill him. The player can eat an energizer to turn the ghosts blue, making them vulnerable for a short period of time, and allowing the player to eat them for extra points. Once the maze is cleared, a new maze is presented and the gameplay continues. The mazes are now two times the width of the monitor, and scrolls horizontally. A total of seven mazes appear throughout the game, and five of them have Document [43] (Title: Ghosts (Pac-Man)) hats and partnered with a new ghost named Sue (who was purple and wore earrings), the Ghost Monsters work for Mezmaron who assigns them the job of finding the Power Pellet Forest. Just as Pac-Man could "chomp" the Ghost Monsters to devour their "suits" after gulping down a power pellet and thus turning the Ghost Monsters blue — with their disembodied "eyes" floating back to Mezmaron's lair — the Ghost Monsters themselves, whenever Pac-Man hadn't been able to consume a power pellet for a time, could likewise "chomp" Pac-Man to defeat him. The episodes "Chomp-Out at the O.K. Corral" and Document [44] (Title: Pac-Man) video game with power-ups, and the individual ghosts had deterministic artificial intelligence which react to player actions. It is also frequently credited as the first game to feature cut scenes, in the form of brief comical interludes about Pac-Man and Blinky chasing each other around during those interludes, though "Space Invaders Part II" employed a similar technique that same year. "Pac-Man" is also credited for laying the foundations for the stealth game genre, as it emphasized avoiding enemies rather than fighting them, and had an influence on the early stealth game "Metal Gear", where guards chase Solid Snake in a Document [45] (Title: Pac-Man) by eating all the Pac-Dots in the maze, completing that 'stage' of the game and starting the next stage and maze of Pac-dots. Between some stages, one of three intermission animations plays. The four ghosts roam the maze hunting for Pac-Man. If any one of the ghosts touches him, a life is lost; when all lives have been lost, the game is over. Pac-Man is awarded a single bonus life at 10,000 points by default—DIP switches inside the machine can change the required points to 15,000 or 20,000, or disable the bonus life altogether. The number of lives can be Document [46] (Title: Pac-Man World 2) giant machine (the fifth machine holds all four ghosts), excluding the final boss. There are many items to collect in this game including fruit, the traditional dots, and tokens. Each of the levels has eight tokens, as well as a single bonus token for achieving one-hundred percent completion on the level and another bonus token for completing the time trial. Because there are nineteen non-boss levels, and because the Pac-Village doesn't have a time trial, the player has to beat every part of the game with one-hundred percent completion except for possibly the last level if you accumulate one-hundred-eighty-nine tokens. Document [47] (Title: Ghosts (Pac-Man)) Ghosts (Pac-Man) Blinky, Pinky, Inky and Clyde, are the primary group of fictional ghosts ( "monsutā", "monsters") who serve as the main antagonists in the "Pac-Man" franchise. Several different ghosts have appeared throughout the franchise, aside from the ones in the main aforementioned group. The enemies in "Pac-Man" are known variously as "ghosts", "goblins", and "monsters". Despite the seemingly random nature of the enemies, their movements are strictly deterministic, which players have used to their advantage. In an interview, creator Toru Iwatani stated that he had designed each enemy with its own distinct personality in order to keep the game Document [48] (Title: Jr. Pac-Man) self-destruct, taking the energizer with it. If Jr. Pac-Man should die, all larger dots will disappear from the maze, except if there are only a few left—those revert to their original smaller size. The game's intermissions center around the developing relationship between Jr. Pac-Man and a small red (female) ghost named Yum-Yum (who is apparently the daughter of Blinky). The ghost Clyde has been renamed Tim. "Jr. Pac-Man" has a kill screen: reaching the 146th round causes the game to display an invisible maze that does not contain any dots, making the screen black, which will effectively end the game. Document [49] (Title: Pac-Man Battle Royale) Pac-Man opponent. The players move throughout a maze, avoiding ghosts and attempting to eat dots and power pellets scattered throughout. New dots and pellets appear whenever the players eat them all. In addition; if any player eats a bonus item that appears next to the ghosts' cage, all remaining dots and pellets are immediately removed and replaced. When a Pac-Man eats a power pellet, he grows in size and can eat the ghosts and any un-powered Pac-Men until the pellet wears off. During this time, the un-powered Pac-Men turn blue but retain an outline of their original colour, and they Document [50] (Title: Pac-Man) the Galaxy 2". In "" where Kirito and his friends beat a VR Pac-Man game called "PAC-Man 2024". Iwatani makes a cameo at the beginning of the film as an arcade technician. In the Japanese tokusatsu film "", a Pac-Man-like character was introduced as the main villain. In 1982, Milton Bradley released a board game based on "Pac-Man". In this game, players move up to four Pac-Man characters (traditional yellow plus red, green, and blue) plus two ghosts as per the throws of a pair of dice. Sticker manufacturer Fleer included rub-off game cards with their "Pac-Man" stickers. The card Document [51] (Title: Pac-Man Championship Edition) "Pac-Man Championship Edition" received two successors—an indirect follow-up, "Pac-Man Championship Edition DX", which was released in 2010, featuring new gameplay elements—and a direct sequel, "Pac-Man Championship Edition 2", which was released for PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and PC in 2016. Like the original "Pac-Man", the basic game play of "Pac-Man Championship Edition" consists entirely of navigating Pac-Man through a maze, eating dots, power pellets and bonus items (such as fruits, keys, and other objects), and avoiding the four ghosts that roam the maze as well. If Pac-Man is caught by a ghost, the player loses a life. Eating a power Document [52] (Title: Jr. Pac-Man) six energizers instead of four, but none of them have tunnels that wrap around from one side of the screen to the other. As in the previous games, bonus items (such as tricycles, kites, and balloons) appear in each round, starting above the ghost regenerator and moving around the maze like in "Ms. Pac-Man". As an item encounters dots, it changes them into larger dots that are worth 50 points instead of 10, but also slow Jr. Pac-Man down as he is eating them. If an item has been out for long enough and then encounters an energizer, it will Document [53] (Title: Pac & Pal) advantage, this may be the reason why she is known as "Pal". She is not affected by the other ghosts. In order to get the maximum amount of points from the items on each round (and a perfect bonus at the end), Pac-Man must either eat them first or intercept them from Mil. An alternate version of this game features Chomp-Chomp, Pac-Man's dog from the animated cartoon series, in place of Mil, and the game's name is changed to "Pac-Man & Chomp-Chomp". Another new feature for a "Pac-Man" game (besides Mil) is a shooting capability. Instead of having energizers, two Document [54] (Title: Pac-Man (Atari 2600)) being used for all four ghosts, with the result that each ghost only appears once out of every four frames, which creates a flickering effect. This effect takes advantage of the slow phosphorescent fade of CRT monitors and the concept of persistence of vision, resulting in the image appearing to linger on screen longer, but the flickering remains noticeable, and makes each individual ghost's color nearly impossible to discern. Frye chose to abandon plans for a flicker-management system to minimize the flashing in part because Atari didn't seem to care about that issue in its zeal to have the game Document [55] (Title: Ghosts (Pac-Man)) is considered the leader of the ghosts. In the "Pac-Man" cartoon, Blinky (voiced by Chuck McCann) is slow-witted and cowardly with grammar problems. In "Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures", Blinky (voiced by Ian James Corlett in the TV series and by Lucien Dodge in the video game) is the default leader of the Ghost Gang Family and tends to help the winning side. Blinky receives a speed boost after a number of pac-pellets have been cleared. This mode has been informally referred to as "Cruise Elroy". "Speedy", known better as Pinky, is a pink ghost, who is in the original Document [56] (Title: Wangan Midnight) "Wangan Midnight" games that are published by Bandai Namco, some vans trucks and cars have the Pac-Man character on it. Also, Pac-Man is used as one of the decals when you tune your car after the race. In Maximum Tune 4, a level features two "Racer Wannabees" driving a Toyota AE86 and a yellow modified Mazda RX-7 which resemble Takumi Fujiwara's AE86 and Keisuke Takahashi's FD3S which both drivers in Maximum Tune 4 & 5 are the same impersonators of Keisuke and Takumi during the later Project D from Initial D Fifth Stage in the anime series. Wangan Midnight The Document [57] (Title: Namco Museum) the respective game. All material is from the Japanese releases, as none of the volumes contain any American materials. For this reason, the games themselves are based on the Japanese releases, although for the United States, the games retain their American changes. For example, Pac-Man is still "Pac-Man" and not "Puckman", while the ghosts still have their American names. There is a glitch in "Namco Museum Volume 2" that prevents Dragon Buster from displaying the proper high score, showing 10,000 at all times. The actual high score is shown in the record book, but not in-game. Two unique versions of Document [58] (Title: Pac-Man Party) it was like a "stale pack of Jammie Dodgers with a best before date that expired in the late 1990s." GamesMaster (magazine) also gave the 3DS version a negative review, giving it a score of 40. Pac-Man Party Pac-Man Party is a party game by Namco Bandai Games for the Wii and Nintendo 3DS. It is similar to the Mario Party series and Monopoly games for the Wii. In the game's story mode, players must retrieve a stolen cookie recipe from Pac-Man's enemies Blinky, Pinky, Inky, and Clyde by going to a location called Mirage Oasis and return the recipe Document [59] (Title: Pac-Man Championship Edition 2) add them to a trail behind the other ghosts, allowing for large point bonuses when eaten. Players can also use jump pads to jump over parts of a maze and bombs to instantly return to the start of a maze. The game features two main modes: Score Attack, in which players must try and rack up a high score within a time limit, and Adventure, which requires players to clear several objectives, including fighting giant bosses. The Nintendo Switch 'Plus' version also features a co-op mode. "Pac-Man Championship Edition 2" received "generally favorable" reviews from critics according to Metacritic. A Document [60] (Title: Pac-Man Vs.) points wins, and the game ends. While both Pac-Man and the Ghosts can score points by eating fruit, Pac-Man has the advantage of having more ways to score points. Pac-Man can score points by eating pellets on the board. For eating all the pellets on the board, Pac-Man receives a 1600-point bonus and gets to continue playing on a new board. If Pac-Man eats a Power Pellet, all of the Ghosts turn blue, and Pac-Man can eat them for bonus points (which, if possible, are subtracted from the eaten ghost's score). In addition, simply being Pac-Man is worth 1600 points, Document [61] (Title: Pac-Man (character)) Mezmaron hopes to infiltrate and steal power pellets for energy to use in his evil schemes. In the games, he is often portrayed as not having a job, but is recognized throughout Pac-Land as a hero who constantly rids them from the threat of ghosts. Pac-Man World indicates that he has a job, since he is seen walking home from work with a lunchbox in hand, but it is never specified exactly what his job is. Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures portrays Pac-Man as a student. Pac-Man has had a variety of arch enemies through the years. The mysterious Mezmaron, Document [62] (Title: Pac-Man (character)) In many incarnations he also has a pet dog, named Chomp-Chomp in his most famous depiction in the cartoon and Pac-Land. They are often seen living inside of a house shaped like Pac-Man's face with windows for eyes and a door in place of his mouth. In the cartoon series, this house was painted white, while often in the games it is painted yellow. "Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures", the new 2013 cartoon, portrays Pac-Man as being a high schooler who goes to school with friends Cylindria and Spiral. In the Hanna-Barbera cartoon series, he nicknames Ms. Pac-Man "Pepper", Baby Document [63] (Title: Pac-Man Championship Edition DX) 2016. "Pac-Man Championship Edition DX" builds upon the gameplay of "Pac-Man Championship Edition", in which players control Pac-Man as he travels through a maze collecting dots and avoiding ghosts, which can be eaten by collecting power pellets. Collecting all the dots on one side of the maze makes a fruit appear on the other side, which adds a new layout of dots on that side and so on. The game's speed increases as the player gets more points and drops when the player loses a life. "DX" introduces a new type of ghost that sleeps in a stationary spot on Document [64] (Title: Pac-Man Plus) slightly: eating a bonus item will cause the ghosts to turn both vulnerable and invisible, and doubles their point value while they are vulnerable. Eating a Power Pellet also sometimes has unpredictable results, such as turning the maze invisible or turning only three of the four ghosts blue (the latter of which makes it impossible to clear a round by using a pattern). The ghosts are also faster and more aggressive than they were in the original "Pac-Man", which makes the game seem overall faster-paced and more difficult by comparison. Midway advertised the game as "the only legal PAC-MAN conversion Document [65] (Title: Pac-Man (character)) that as too graphic for children, later seasons instead stated that Pac-Man would be temporarily weakened after being chomped. "Pac-Man 2" indicated that the Ghosts were actually adept at scaring Pac-Man, often by making funny faces, and Pac-Man was powerless against them unless he had a Power Pellet. "Pac-Man World" simply indicates that when Pac-Man touches a ghost, it is similar to them coming to blows with one another. The 2011 cartoon pilot suggests that Pac-Man could actually eat the ghosts without the aid of a power-pellet, but if he does the ghost turns into tasteless goo in Pac-Man's mouth Document [66] (Title: Pac-Attack) of the ghosts on the board with the limited number of Pac-Man's for each stage. In the event of a Game Over, all the regular blocks appear with red crosses on them. Players can then retry the level. SNES/Genesis/Game Gear/Game Boy The original releases on the SNES, Genesis/Mega Drive, Game Gear, and Game Boy all share a similar interface and graphics (although these vary slightly due to different console's technical limitations) and they all have the same soundtrack (except for puzzle mode on SNES version). Philips CD-I The CD-I version features enhanced graphics, a new interface (wordless menu screens) and Document [67] (Title: Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures (video game)) Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures (video game) Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures, also known in Japan as , is a 3D platform video game based on the TV series of the same name. The console and PC versions were developed by Monkey Bar Games and the 3DS version was developed by Inti Creates. Both versions were published by Namco Bandai Games. On April 22, 2014, Bandai Namco announced a sequel called "Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures 2". The game begins with Pac-Man and his friends walk into Sir Cumference's lab. Three golden orbs are on a table, and while Sir Document [68] (Title: Pac-Attack) it will disappear, often resulting in numerous lines being completed and simplifying the board. Once the fairy disappears, the score bonus is given, and gameplay continues. Pac-Attack can also be played in 2-player mode. Player 1 must eat Blinky, while Player 2 must eat Sue, the purple ghost from Pac-Mania. As players eat ghosts and complete lines, they will drop ghosts on their opponent's board, messing up their board and bringing them closer to the top. This game can even be played in puzzle mode. The object of this mode is to smash all 100 stages by getting rid all Document [69] (Title: Pac & Pal) of the edible items are the round's particular bonus item, which are displayed at the bottom of the screen after each new round is reached. The first two are the "Galaxian" flagship. Later items include: a red car from "Rally-X", a trumpet, a snowman, and even other Pac-Men. When Pac-Man eats these, instead of the ghosts turning blue, he himself becomes blue, and momentarily has the power to spit a ray, smoke, musical notes, freezing rays and miniaturized versions of himself at the ghosts (who turn purple and sometimes blue, depending on the item used to stun them). This stuns Document [70] (Title: Wreck-It Ralph) synthesized gibberish and word-balloon symbols from his game, called Q*bert-ese). Scenes in Game Central Station and Tapper's bar include Chun-Li, Cammy and Blanka from "Street Fighter", Pac-Man, Blinky, Pinky, and Inky from "Pac-Man", the Paperboy from "Paperboy", the two paddles and the ball from "Pong", Dig Dug, a Pooka, and a Fygar from "Dig Dug", The Qix from "Qix", Frogger from "Frogger", and Peter Pepper from "BurgerTime". Lara Croft and Mario are also mentioned. Additional references are based on sight gags. The residents of Niceland and the bartender from "Tapper" are animated using a jerky motion that spoofs the limited Document [71] (Title: Pac-Mania) and Clyde from the original "Pac-Man", and Sue (from "Ms. Pac-Man" and "Pac-Land") who is now purple instead of orange. Unlike her original appearance (where she was a replacement of Clyde), she now homes in on Pac-Man's direction and will follow him around. There are two new ghosts (green and steel gray) that bounce whenever Pac-Man bounces. (It is hinted in the game's intermissions that the names of the two new ghosts are "Funky" and "Spunky", or "Common" and "Gray Common" in the Japanese version, though this is never made completely clear). In later rounds, up to nine ghosts can Document [72] (Title: Pac & Pal) History Vol. 3. Pac & Pal Introduced in this game is an exclusive character: , the "Pal" of the title. She is a small green female ghost (denoted by her hair bow), that looks like a gooseberry with legs. When an item is unlocked, she will wander around, giving Pac-Man some time to try to reach the item. After some time, she will take it into the ghost house, where it will be lost forever. This might help in clearing the round, however, and if she brings the last one there, it automatically finishes the round. Due to the ability Document [73] (Title: CatChum) CatChum CatChum is a text-only clone of "Pac-Man" written for the CP/M operating system and made to be operated on the early Kaypro line of luggable computers. CatChum was made within the limitations of Kaypro's early text-only computers. As a result, the maze is made from a series of dashes and other punctuation marks. The Pac-Man character is a letter C, which goes from upper to lower case intermittently (to simulate a chomping Pac-Man). The four ghosts are capital As (which turn to lowercase Ms when the CatChum Pac-Man chomps a power-pellet), and the "fruits" are represented by dollar signs. Document [74] (Title: 3-Demon) at any point (which can be used to avoid ghosts when trapped), being automatically advanced upon eating all pellets in the level. The music is by Scott Joplin. 3-Demon 3-Demon (also known as Monster Maze) is a wire-frame 1983 MS-DOS computer game based on "Pac-Man". The player wanders through a wire-frame 3-D maze in first-person perspective, eating pellets and avoiding red ghosts. Eating a power pellet turns the ghosts green and gives the player the ability to eat them for extra points. The difficulty increases for each level completed. Unlike "Pac-Man", the player isn't required to eat all the pellets, Document [75] (Title: Pac-Man World Rally) Pac-dots are also available on the racetrack. Each Pac-dot collected helps the player's meter go up. Once it is full, the player can press the specified button and turn into Pac-Man, and all the other players turn into blue (vulnerable) ghosts. If the Pac-Man eats any of the blue ghosts, the blue ghosts will stop for a while and get a major disadvantage on the track. This event only lasts eight seconds. A fruit activation button is on the racetrack. When the player runs over the button, fruit is scattered around the racetrack. When you run over the fruit, it Document [76] (Title: Pac-Man Dash!) of "Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures" merchandise. The game had received mixed to positive reviews. "Metacritic" gave the game a positive rating of 67 out of 100 based on 11 reviews. The game has been complimented for its entertaining value and well-polished gameplay, while some reviews have criticized its simplicity and lack of more content, but it's still marked as fun to play nonetheless. Pac-Man Dash! Pac-Man Dash! is a side-scrolling endless runner-style game released for iOS and Android devices, by Namco Bandai Games as part of the "Pac-Man" series of games. The game's setting and design is primarily based Document [77] (Title: Ms. Pac-Man) successful American-produced arcade game of 1982, selling 115,000 arcade cabinets. The gameplay of "Ms. Pac-Man" is very similar to that of the original "Pac-Man". The player earns points by eating pellets and avoiding ghosts (contact with one causes Ms. Pac-Man to lose a life). Eating an energizer (or "power pellet") causes the ghosts to turn blue, allowing them to be eaten for extra points. Bonus fruits can be eaten for increasing point values, twice per round. As the rounds increase, the speed increases, and energizers generally lessen the duration of the ghosts' vulnerability, eventually stopping altogether. There are also some Document [78] (Title: Ghosts (Pac-Man)) from becoming impossibly difficult or boring to play. More recently, Iwatani described the enemy behaviors in more detail at the 2011 Game Developers Conference. He stated that the red enemy chases Pac-Man, and the pink and blue enemies try to position themselves in front of Pac-Man's mouth. Although he claimed that the orange enemy's behavior is random, the game's code reveals that it actually chases Pac-Man most of the time, but also moves toward the lower-left corner of the maze when it gets too close to Pac-Man. In the "Pac-Man" cartoon, with the male Ghost Monsters wearing various styles of Document [79] (Title: Pac-Man World 2) commands the gang to follow him in a plan to eliminate all Pac People. The ghosts agree and steal the Golden Fruit. The next morning, after Pac-Man wakes up, Professor Pac tells Pac-Man to retrieve the stolen Golden Fruit from each of the ghosts and imprison Spooky again or else Pac Land will be doomed. Pac-Man travels through all four regions of Pac Land and across the ocean to Ghost Island, defeating ghosts and retrieving golden fruit along the way. He defeats the four Ghost Gang members, in which they individually use four machines and a submarine with all of Document [80] (Title: Pac-Man Dash!) Pac-Man Dash! Pac-Man Dash! is a side-scrolling endless runner-style game released for iOS and Android devices, by Namco Bandai Games as part of the "Pac-Man" series of games. The game's setting and design is primarily based on the CGI animated series "Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures" and contains many characters, references, and music tracks from it. The game was later removed from the App Store in March 2017. The game has over 70 playable missions to run through and contains many unlockable transformations and vehicles for Pac-Man which can be obtained by collecting enough cookies in-game or from scanning bar-codes Document [81] (Title: Pac-Man (Atari 2600)) upon successful completion of each level, up to a maximum of nine lives in reserve at any given time. Near the corners of the maze are four larger, flashing consumables known as Power Pills that provide Pac-Man with the temporary ability to eat the ghosts and earn bonus points. When a Power Pill is in effect the enemies turn blue and try to evade Pac-Man. When a ghost is eaten its disembodied eyes return to the nest (center box) to respawn. The blue ghosts turn reddish during the last moments of a Power Pill's effect, signaling that they are about Document [82] (Title: Pac-Man (character)) to a time warp. The "Pac-Man World" games' main villain was Orson, an ordinary ghost who was also an inventive genius. Orson was the villain in the first title, but assisted Pac-Man in the third game against a greater threat to the both of them, Erwin. Spooky, a ghost once vanished by Pac-a-Lot, that was freed (albeit unintentionally) by Blinky, Inky, Pinky and Clyde. In Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures, the villain is Betrayus, the dead brother of President Spheros. Pac-Man's relationship to the original four ghosts who appeared in his game is usually one of friendly antagonism. In virtually Document [83] (Title: Pac-Man (character)) the RIAA that same month. In the late 2000s, a feature film was reported to be in development. The character was the main mascot of the children's play area Pac-Man Land which was located in Six Flags Over Texas from 1983–1985, before it was changed to Looney Tunes Land. Pac-Man starred in the 1982–1983 "Pac-Man" cartoon voiced by Marty Ingels. In the series, Pac-Man works to keep Mezmaron and the Ghost Monsters from finding the Power Pellet Forest. In 2010, a computer-generated animated series was reported to be in the works. It was later revealed as "Pac-Man and the Ghostly Document [84] (Title: Pac & Pal) the card with Mil under it, players receive a bonus multiplying twice as their bonus score when the round is over. The card with Blinky under it causes the round to be over. Pac-Man will not lose a life hence the notability of having no ghosts in the round. Each round also has a simple musical background, unlike in any of the previous "Pac-Man" games. The game was included in the 2007 Wii compilation Namco Museum Remix as well as its 2010 update (also on Wii), Namco Museum Megamix. The game was also featured in the 1998 Windows compilation Namco Document [85] (Title: Ghosts (Pac-Man)) the devious natures of his brothers and sister and is considerate towards others. With the release of further Pac-Man games, more ghosts have been added. Ghosts (Pac-Man) Blinky, Pinky, Inky and Clyde, are the primary group of fictional ghosts ( "monsutā", "monsters") who serve as the main antagonists in the "Pac-Man" franchise. Several different ghosts have appeared throughout the franchise, aside from the ones in the main aforementioned group. The enemies in "Pac-Man" are known variously as "ghosts", "goblins", and "monsters". Despite the seemingly random nature of the enemies, their movements are strictly deterministic, which players have used to their Document [86] (Title: Pac-Man (Atari 2600)) of travel. The maze contains 126 wafers, just over half of the arcade's 244 dots. The nest from which the ghosts emerge has its entrance on its right side instead of the top, and the arcade's eight distinct and different-valued bonus items (mostly fruits) are replaced by the nondescript single-value Vitamin. Ghost behaviors are different from the original and dispense with the brief "rest" states whereby the ghosts periodically do not track Pac-Man, but each ghost still features a distinct individual method of tracking Pac-Man, with one pair being "smarter" in their pursuit choices, and one member of each pair Document [87] (Title: Pac-Man World 3) fans. Critics praised the inclusion of elements from the previous two games, while criticism focused on the repetition and lower difficulty. The plot-driven elements, especially a speaking Pac-Man (voiced by Martin T. Sherman), as well as the ability to punch, has also sparked controversy among fans. The Nintendo DS release, in particular, was poorly received for glitches. Pac-Man World 3 In a search for power, a short evil genius called Erwin has found a way to suck raw energy out of the world of the Ghosts (the Spectral Realm). He has created a syphon that can penetrate into the Spectral Document [88] (Title: Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures) them. It is kept hidden to deny them this freedom and only President Spheros and Pac-Man are aware of its location. The ghosts also attack the Tree of Life to prevent Pac-Man from gaining powers to fight them. Without the power-berries, Pac-Man is not able to fly, breathe in the Netherworld, or enjoy the taste of ghosts. There have been two DVD releases in Australia. These were released in Australia on October 2, 2013. The current releases in Australia are: On January 7, 2014, in North America, there were four DVD releases. "The Adventure Begins" DVD only contains the first Document [89] (Title: Pac-Land) left back home. For assistance he uses the magic boots, which allow him to jump repeatedly while in mid-air. Once Pac-Man completes the trip, he is greeted by Ms. Pac-Man and Baby Pac-Man. In the US release of the game, Pac-Man's cat and dog in the cartoon series, Sour Puss and Chomp-Chomp, are also there to welcome Pac-Man home. Pac-Man then begins his next trip following the same objectives as before, although the difficulty increases. As in the original Pac-Man, there are fruit which appear to eat for bonus points and power pellets to turn the ghosts blue and vulnerable. Document [90] (Title: Pac-Man (shogi)) Pac-Man (shogi) In shogi, the Pac-Man (パックマン "pakkuman" or 4四歩パックマン "yon-yon-fu pakkuman") is a trap opening. It is named after the video game Pac-Man. The opening was called 4四歩パックリ "yon-yon-fu pakkuri" on the NHK shogi television show Shogi Focus (将棋フォーカス). The opening has an early pawn gambit made by White on the fourth file which may be metaphorically eaten by Black's bishop as if by Pac-Man. If Black takes the pawn with their bishop without careful thought, then the trap may succeed. Six professional shogi players – Yoshiharu Habu, Yasumitsu Satō, Toshiyuki Moriuchi, Kōji Tanigawa, Akira Watanabe, Takeshi Fujii – Document [91] (Title: Pac-Man (Atari 2600)) walls were drawn with the 2600's Playfield graphics, which have a fixed width. To achieve the visual effect of wafers disappearing as Pac-Man eats them, the actual map of the maze was updated as the data was written into the Playfield registers, excluding those pellets that had been eaten. The 2600's Player-Missile graphics system (sprites) were used for the remaining objects, the one bit-wide Missiles were used to render the flashing power pills and the center of the vitamin. Pac-Man and ghost characters were implemented using the 2600's two Player objects, with one being used for Pac-Man and the other Document [92] (Title: Pac-Man (character)) the villain of the Hanna-Barbera series, used the five main "ghost-monsters" (as they were called in the television series) from the game — Inky, Blinky, Pinky, Clyde and Sue — as henchmen in his plot to steal the power pellets from the Power Pellet forest. His second nemesis, the Ghost Witch, appeared in "Pac-Man 2" and "Pac-In-Time", also using the main five ghosts from the games as henchmen. In the first game, she attempted to take over Pac-Man's city by creating a monster out of pre-chewed gum. In the second, she attempted to rid herself of Pac-Man by banishing him Document [93] (Title: Sky Kid) an end-of-mission bonus. Occasionally, performing a loop over a billboard will reveal one of four hidden Namco characters: "Pac-Man", Inky, the Special Flag from "Rally-X" (which, like the "Galaxian" flagship, has appeared in several other Namco games) or Pooka from "Dig Dug". If the player performs a loop in front of the three dancing girls which appear at the end of each mission, the girls will send out hearts representing kisses. If the player should shoot the girls, or hearts, they will turn into pink powder puffs and waving dogs respectively. After Namco ended its partnerships with both Midway and Document [94] (Title: Pac-Man Vs.) other systems using DS Download Play. The Nintendo Switch version requires two systems to facilitate traditional multiplayer: one to act as the main screen for ghost players, and one to act as the sub-screen for the Pac-Man player in place of the GBA. Again, only one player has to own the game, a client-only version of the game can be downloaded from the Nintendo eShop to run on the other Switch. An additional mode for one to three players is featured for users with only a single console; this mode only allows players to control the ghosts, and challenges them Document [95] (Title: Pac-Man 256) involved in gameplay are the traditional foursome of Blinky (red), Pinky (pink), Inky (cyan), and Clyde (orange); Sue (purple), Funky (green), and Spunky (gray); and a new ghost aptly named Glitchy that glitches like the game itself. Pac-Man 256 Pac-Man 256 is an endless running video game co-developed by Hipster Whale and 3 Sprockets and published by Bandai Namco Entertainment. The game is part of the "Pac-Man" series and is inspired by the original "Pac-Man" game's infamous Level 256 glitch. The game was originally released as a free-to-play title for iOS and Android on August 20, 2015. A port of Document [96] (Title: Pac-Man 256) use the power-ups. There are also themes which change the look of the game. The console and PC versions of the game adds 4-player co-operative play and removes the free-to-play elements from the game. In the co-operative play mode players first select their character such as a robot, the chicken from "Crossy Road", the regular Pac-Man and others. The goal is for every player to get as far as possible and contribute to the group score as much as possible. If a player dies a respawn power up appears and if collected brings back one player into play. The ghosts Document [97] (Title: 41 Entertainment) "Pac-Man 3D", which later became known as "Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures". 41E collaborated with Avi Arad, Rick Ungar, Tom Ruegger, and Paul Rugg for the project. In May 2012, 41E entered into partnerships with Striker Entertainment and The CDM Company to begin a licensing program for "Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures". Throughout 2012 and into 2013, 41E expanded their licensing program and partnered with licensees and agents worldwide for the "Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventure" series. In June 2013 Bandai Namco Games Inc. commissioned the production of an additional 13 episodes for Season II. With the additional seasons, many Document [98] (Title: Snapper (video game)) the first). Also, in "Pac-Man", the main character slows when eating dots (so ghosts can catch up to him) but this does not happen in "Snapper". These changes lead to a game which is much easier in the early levels but gets progressively more difficult so games tend to last longer. The game ran very smoothly, making it a popular release of the time. As it was written in machine code, rather than BASIC, it was much closer to the arcade version than earlier commercial releases on the BBC Micro such as Micro Power's "Munchyman". Snapper was also noted for Document [99] (Title: World's Biggest Pac-Man) via country rankings. The player also has the option to display high scores online via Facebook. One aim of the game besides eating all the Pac-Dots is avoiding being defeated by any of the four ghosts. Running into a ghost will kill Pac-Man on contact, unless Pac-Man consumes a Power Pellet. These pellets, which can be more or less strategically placed when creating a maze (a minimum of 0 and a maximum of 10 per maze), will make ghosts edible to Pac-Man and turns the table completely, since now the ghosts are running away from Pac-Man instead of him being Document [100] (Title: Snapper (video game)) version had to be withdrawn and re-released with the characters changed. The player's character became a round yellow face with very short legs wearing a green cowboy hat and the ghosts became skinny humanoid monsters. As in "Pac-Man", bonus items such as fruit would sometimes appear in the centre of the screen. The highest-scoring bonus item was an acorn, a reference to the publishers. When Snapper was killed, he would shrink and turn into small lines pointing in all directions. The main difference in gameplay between "Pac-Man" and "Snapper" is the behaviour of the ghosts (or monsters). In "Pac-Man", each Document [101] (Title: Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures) is being produced by Avi Arad. It premiered on Disney XD UK on 11 January 2014. On October 5, 2015, the series premiered on Discovery Kids in Latin America (exception Brazil, which aired on Gloob instead). A video game based on the series was released on October 29, 2013. The series takes place on and around the planet Pac-World as well as its Nether-World, where time passes at an Earth-like rate of 24 hours a day and 365 days a year, also having a 7-day week. Pac-Man and his best friends Spiral and Cylindria attend Maze High School, a boarding Document [102] (Title: Pac-Pix) succeed in turning all the ghosts back into harmless ghost ink, he himself was also captured in a piece of paper! With help from Pac-Man himself, the player must take control of the magic pen, turn all the ghosts back into ghost ink and free Pac-Man. Only then will peace and harmony return to the world. "Pac-Pix" was developed and published by Namco. The game was debuted at the Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3) in 2004 as a technology demonstration for the newly unveiled Nintendo DS hardware. According to producer Hideo Yoshizawa, "Pac-Pix" was conceived as an arcade game by director Document [103] (Title: Pixels (2015 film)) dog from "Duck Hunt" to an old woman (who appeared earlier at the London attack). Ludlow and Cooper retrieve Eddie, who had been serving a prison sentence for fraud. In New York City, the team discovers it must participate as the ghosts against Pac-Man. Toru Iwatani, the creator of "Pac-Man", tries to confront him, but he gets his hand bitten off and flees. Using Mini Cooper cars, Brenner, Ludlow, and Eddie overcome the task, but Violet notices that something about Eddie is off, as he moved at supersonic speeds around the board. They win Q*Bert as a trophy. Later during Document [104] (Title: Pac-Man) stage to the next, generally becoming shorter as the game progresses. In later stages, the enemies go straight to flashing, bypassing blue, which means that they can only be eaten for a short amount of time, although they still reverse direction when a Power Pellet is eaten. Starting at stage nineteen, the ghosts do not become edible, but they still reverse direction. There are also fruits, located directly below the center box, that appear twice per level; eating one of them results in bonus points (100–5,000). The enemies in "Pac-Man" are known variously as "monsters" or "ghosts". In an interview, Document [105] (Title: Pac-Man) Jones. On August 21, 2016, in the 2016 Summer Olympics closing ceremony, during a video which showcased Tokyo as the host of the 2020 Summer Olympics, a small segment shows Pac-Man and the ghosts racing against each other eating pac-dots on a running track. The Pac-Man character and game series became an icon of video game culture during the 1980s, and a wide variety of "Pac-Man" merchandise has been marketed with the character's image, from t-shirts and toys to hand-held video game imitations and even specially shaped pasta. General Mills manufactured a cereal by the Pac-Man name in 1983. Over Document [106] (Title: Pac-Pix) industry, many of which requested it be made into a full game. Namco obliged by putting together a development team, which implemented more effective use of the hardware's two screens. According to Yoshizawa, the most difficult aspect of production on "Pac-Pix" was allowing the player to determine size, shape, and place of their own sketches within the gameplay environment. Pac-Pix A mischievous wizard one day came up with an invention called Ghost Ink that held great power. Whatever was drawn with the use of this ghost ink instantly turned into a ghost. These trickster ghosts then began to jump into Document [107] (Title: Munchman (tabletop electronic game)) superimpose one another, which is not ideal for a Pac-Man clone, as in the arcade version, the Pac-Man and ghosts do collide. As with most Pac-Man derived games, the player must guide the "Pac-Man" character around a maze, eating all the dots whilst avoiding the ghosts. Notable features of this version are that the maze is small, containing only eighteen dots plus two power pills. Also, dots are only eaten if the player happens to move over them from right to left. There is a bonus cherry item sometimes available near the centre of the maze and horizontal warp tunnels Document [108] (Title: Pac-Man (character)) States they changed it to "Pac-Man", fearing that vandals would change the P in Puck to an F. The arcade art on the original Pac-Man portrayed him as a yellow circle with a large mouth as well as hands, feet, eyes and a long nose. In-game Pac-Man was represented as a two-dimensional sprite of a simple yellow circle with a mouth, which is his current design as of 2018. 1984's "Pac-Land" was the first game (of many) to use his arcade art in-game. More recently Pac-Man appears as a full three-dimensional polygonal model. His design went through two minor changes Document [109] (Title: Pac-Man 2: The New Adventures) Pac-Man is repeatedly harassed by Inky, Blinky, Pinky, and Clyde, the recurring ghosts of the Pac-Man series. When he encounters them, Pac-Man becomes paralyzed by fear and eventually faints, unless he is fed a power pellet by the player, of which 3 can be held at a time. If he eats one, Pac-Man briefly becomes Super Pac-Man and flies across the screen, eating any ghosts he sees. In some cases, the ghosts may be guarding important objects needed to advance further. In addition to the standard gameplay, there are certain sections of the game in which Pac-Man rides in hang-gliders Document [110] (Title: Pac-Man Vs.) tagged by the Ghosts. The Ghosts' goal is to catch Pac-Man, merely by touching him. These players each see a 3D-rendered limited view of the surroundings of their own Ghosts on the television screen as well as the area around the other players' Ghosts, since they are all displayed on the same screen. Ghost players can temporarily extend their view by eating fruit. If a Ghost player catches Pac-Man, the two players switch controllers, with the successful Ghost player taking the GBA and playing as Pac-Man until he or she suffers the same fate of being caught. A small radar Document [111] (Title: Pac 'n Roll) version's final boss is also different from the DS version's final boss. This version also doesn't include the "Pac-Moon" or the original "Pac-Man" within it since this version is already part of an arcade compilation. In North America, this version was also re-released again in 2010 as part of "Namco Museum Megamix", also for Wii. Pac 'n Roll Once when Pac-Man was still young, he spent a summer at the home of the great Pac-Master for training to fight the ghosts in Pac-Land. During Pac-Man's training, Pac-Master's family went to the Power Pellet Harvest Festival with Pac-Man. The Ghosts (possibly Document [112] (Title: Pac-Man (Atari 2600)) being faster than the other. In the arcade when a ghost is eaten its eyes return to the nest and it respawns and exits immediately in its normal (not vulnerable) state, but in this version the eyes remain in the nest until any Power Pill effects expire before they respawn and reemerge. The scoring for the home version is proportionally identical to the original except that each item is worth 1/10th its arcade value, with the bonus Vitamins as the only variation, being worth 100 points, which is the equivalent of the 1000 point scoring melon bonus item that appears Document [113] (Title: Super Pac-Man) open faraway doors. Pac-Man can enter the ghost house at any time without a key. In addition to the original power pellets which allow Pac-Man to eat the ghosts, two "Super" pellets are available and will turn Pac-Man into Super Pac-Man for a short time. In this form, he becomes much larger, can move with increased speed when the "Super Speed" button is held down, and has the ability to eat through doors without unlocking them. He is also invulnerable to the ghosts, who appear thin and flat in order to give the illusion of Super Pac-Man "flying" over them. Document [114] (Title: Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures (video game)) with a level of care and polish not often seen in games aimed at this audience." GameZone's David Sanchez gave "Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures" a 4.5/10, writing that "Ghostly Adventures looks okay — it's certainly nicer to look at than it is to play, that's for sure." On April 22, 2014, Bandai Namco announced a sequel called "Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures 2". Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures (video game) Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures, also known in Japan as , is a 3D platform video game based on the TV series of the same name. The console and Document [115] (Title: Bakutotsu Kijūtei) original game, the players again take control of Takky (Player 1) and Hommy (Player 2) while fighting the strange-looking Octy and saving the one-eyed Paccets. Several new enemies have also been introduced (one of which, the "Block Brain", first appeared in "Beraboh Man", and another, the "Black Paccet", is an evil version of the Paccets). There are now four different types of capsules; as a general rule, the yellow ones contain Paccets, while the red ones contain Baganns (the "Pac-Man"-like aliens from the original title), the blue ones contain shot powerups, and the green ones contain speed powerups. It is Document [116] (Title: Pac-Man (character)) made of chewed bubble-gum sparking a sense of heroism in Pac-Man causing him to seek out the witch and put a stop to her plot. The "Pac-Man World" series portrays Pac-Man as being generally happy, though slightly sarcastic, protecting his family, and ultimately his whole world from an evil-doing ghost named Orson and his plans to take over Pac-Land from the spectral zone, where the Ghosts from his games are said to come from. Pac-Man's job varies from game-to-game. In the Hanna-Barbera animated series he is said to be the protector of the Power Pellet Forest, which the main villain Document [117] (Title: Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures 2) spolied for choice when it comes to excellent family games, it is something of a travesty." Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures 2 Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures 2, also known in Japan as , is a 2014 video game for the Wii U, Nintendo 3DS, Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3, released on October 14, 2014. It is the sequel to "Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures". The game was first announced on March 1, 2014. Just like the original game, "Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures 2" uses the same features as its predecessor. "Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures 2" features new Document [118] (Title: Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures 2) mixed to positive reviews upon release. Hardcore Gamer gave the game a 3 out of 5, saying "While the first title burst onto the scene brimming with creativity not usually seen in a television cartoon adaption, the sequel is content to emulate everything that title did without adding anything notable of its own." News10 gave the game a 1.5 out of 4, saying "Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures 2 is in a weird place for a kids' video game. Younger and more novice gamers might find the game too difficult to play at times, and it may turn them off Document [119] (Title: Pac-Man Championship Edition 2) faster gameplay to the traditional "Pac-Man" formula. Taking control of Pac-Man, players go through various mazes collecting pellets while avoiding roaming ghosts. Collecting enough pellets reveals either a piece of fruit that sends Pac-Man to the next maze, or a Power Pellet that can be used to eat ghosts. Unlike previous iterations of "Pac-Man", in which touching ghosts would instantly kill Pac-Man, ghosts can now be bumped into up to three times in succession before they enter an Angry state, during which touching them will cause Pac-Man to lose a life. Similar to "Championship DX", passing by sleeping ghosts will Document [120] (Title: Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures (video game)) C is explaining what they are to Pac-Man, four ghosts from the netherworld (Blinky, Inky, Pinky and Clyde) come and tell Pac-Man that Pacopolis is under attack by the forces of Betrayus, king of the netherworld. They do so to steal the Frigidigitator, a device Sir C made for when Betrayus would make another heat-wave device like the one from Season 1's "Betrayus Turns the Heat Up". "Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures" received mixed to positive reviews. Nintendo Life gave 7.0/10, writing "Pac-Man's latest adventure is kid-friendly in the best way: this is a solid, enjoyable 3D platformer that's built Document [121] (Title: Pac-Man World 2) defeated and re-sealed under the Golden Fruit Tree, Pac-Man is congratulated by the residents of Pac Village, during which Chomp Chomp overhears the Ghost Gang planning to free Spooky again and gives chase. The player begins with six lives. The game has 25 levels and 16 Galaxian mazes in six different environments. The plot involves Pac-Man finding five golden fruits that were stolen by ghosts. These fruits were vital to his town. Pac-Man must sometimes fight and defeat enemies in order to progress. At the end of each area is a boss. The boss is always a ghost in a Document [122] (Title: Pac-Man (Atari 2600)) to become dangerous again, and the length of time for which the enemies remain vulnerable varies from one level to the next, becoming shorter as the game progresses. The final consumable items are the Vitamins, which appear periodically directly below the nest. The game has eight variations, offering two different starting speeds for Pac-Man and four different starting speeds for the ghosts. The ghosts get slightly faster each subsequent round, but Pac-Man stays at the same speed. The console's A–B difficulty switches can also be used to handicap one or both players: in the A (hard) position, the power pills' Document [123] (Title: Pac 'n Roll) Pac 'n Roll Once when Pac-Man was still young, he spent a summer at the home of the great Pac-Master for training to fight the ghosts in Pac-Land. During Pac-Man's training, Pac-Master's family went to the Power Pellet Harvest Festival with Pac-Man. The Ghosts (possibly young too) decided to summon the legendary ghost, Golvis. He was said to be so strong that he was sent to space by the ghosts themselves. Castle Pac were celebrating the large crop of power pellets gathered, when the Harvest Festival was suddenly disturbed by a UFO from which Golvis comes. In an attempt to Document [124] (Title: Pac-Man (Atari 2600)) identical—gameplay. The player uses a joystick to control Pac-Man, navigating him through a maze of consumable dashes called Video Wafers, opposed by a quartet of multi-colored ghosts. The goal of the game is to consume all the wafers in each level in order to proceed to the next one in search of the highest possible score. The four ghosts roam the maze, trying to kill Pac-Man. If any of the ghosts touches Pac-Man, he loses a life; when all lives have been lost, the game ends. Each game starts with four lives, and the player is awarded a bonus life Document [125] (Title: Baraduke) reference to the "Mr. Driller" series). Tron Bonne, from Capcom's "Mega Man Legends" game, mistakes her for a boy. A Paccet (which is a small, round yellow alien with only one eye) appears in the background as a painting in "Tales of Destiny". Elle Mel Marta's backpack in "Tales of Xillia 2" is also a Paccet, with a small charm shaped like Kissy attached to it. Paccet makes a cameo in "Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U" as part of Pac-Man's Taunt, "Namco Roulette". Baraduke , also known as Alien Sector, is a scrolling shooter arcade game Document [126] (Title: Level Up (comics)) medical school. However the angels get angry and lock him in his bedroom. Dennis however manages to escape but the angels follow him. Dennis notices that the angels are actually Pac-Man ghosts and he is the yellow man. Dennis begins to devour the ghosts and realizes what they really are, his father's broken promises. He had promised to his mother, father and uncle he would become a doctor, and finally he promised him when he was a baby that he would make him a better man. During the final vision, Dennis briefly speaks with his father who tells him that Document [127] (Title: Pac-Man (character)) every game and cartoon Pac-Man sees the ghosts as a nuisance rather than a threat, and often has a power pellet handy to dispatch their bullying attempts in an instant. The ghosts in turn are often portrayed as being crude, boorish, and bullying but ultimately bumbling and useless in their attempts to get the better of Pac-Man. In "Ghostly Adventures", the girl ghost Pinky has a crush on Pac. What happens to Pac-Man when he is caught by the ghosts varies. The cartoon made stated that if the ghosts "chomped" Pac-Man, he would temporarily lose his skeleton. However, after seeing Document [128] (Title: Pac-Man Vs.) helps show the ghosts their relative positions to each other so they may attempt to team up to trap Pac-Man. Once there are less than 25 Pellets left on screen, they become invisible to the Ghosts. If there are fewer than four players, any uncontrolled Ghosts start grey and are harmless to Pac-Man. However, a Ghost player can touch a gray Ghost and tag it with his or her own color. If a computer-controlled colored Ghost touches Pac-Man, it kills him and counts toward its owner’s score. The first player to reach a predetermined score of 7,000, 10,000, or 15,000 Document [129] (Title: Super Pac-Man) throughout the stage, and there are no ghosts. Based on the Namco Galaga hardware, this is the first of the "Pac-Man" games to use the Motorola 6809 processor, unlike the earlier "Pac-Man" games which used the older Z80, and fell into the conversion class of the Namco Galaxian. The new gameplay mechanics were considered by many to be confusing, and too much of a change from the original two games. In particular, when Pac-Man transforms into Super Pac-Man, he was thought by some to be much more difficult to control. Midway also went on to create "Jr. Pac-Man", also based Document [130] (Title: Pac-Man (character)) his right arm pixelated upon it being bitten by Pac-Man. In Japan, the 2016 tokusatsu film "Kamen Rider Heisei Generations: Dr. Pac-Man vs. Ex-Aid & Ghost with Legend Riders" features Pac-Man, as well as a villain character named Dr. Pac-Man portrayed by Shirō Sano. A transformation based on Pac-Man also appears in the "Kamen Rider Ex-Aid" side series, "Kamen Rider Genm". Pac-Man is often portrayed as a family man, as a result of the multiple spin-offs of his games which star family members. He is often seen married to Ms. Pac-Man, and the father to either one or two children. Document [131] (Title: Mini-Munchman) called Pocket Pac-Man. The game employs a low consumption LCD-based screen, allowing for a small form factor design incorporating alkaline button power cells. The game requires two LR-44 or equivalent cells. In-game objects are displayed on fixed, immovable LCD elements. The main score display (which doubles up as a date/time and stopwatch display) consists of a three-and-a-half digit display and an extra small digit for tenths of a second, or lives remaining. Like most Pac-Man clones, the object of the game is to move a Pac-Man type character around a maze, eating all the dots and avoiding ghosts. However, in Document [132] (Title: Video game localization) Japanese title would be “Puck-Man,” but the decision was made to change the name when the game was imported to the United States out of fear that the word ‘Puck’ would be vandalized into an obscenity. In addition, the names of the ghosts were originally based on colors - roughly translating to “Reddie,” “Pinky,” “Bluey,” and “Slowly.” Rather than translate these names exactly, they were renamed to Blinky, Pinky, Inky, and Clyde. This choice maintained the odd-man-out style of the original names without adhering to their exact meaning. The change in cultural context between the two countries provoked a change Document [133] (Title: Pac-Mania) in "Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures" as the "power up" theme for "Pac" (the show's version of Pac-Man). The same theme, along with Block Town's music would be remixed and used in "Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U." Pac-Mania As in "Pac-Man", the objective of "Pac-Mania" is to score as many points as possible. The player controls Pac-Man and attempts to eat all the pellets in a maze, while avoiding being caught by the ghosts who chase him around it. The player can eat power pellets that cause the ghosts to turn dark blue and become vulnerable; Document [134] (Title: Pac-Mania) change was the view used in cabinet projection, an oblique pseudo-3D format, in which Pac-Man always occupied the center of the screen (and a virtual camera moves around the round to follow him). In addition, the player can press a button to cause Pac-Man to jump, allowing him to evade most ghosts by jumping over them. However, Pac-Man cannot as easily jump over the two new green and gray ghosts because they will jump whenever the player presses the jump button; in fact, he can't jump over the gray one at all. The ghosts include the returning Blinky, Pinky, Inky Document [135] (Title: Pac-Pix) Pac-Pix A mischievous wizard one day came up with an invention called Ghost Ink that held great power. Whatever was drawn with the use of this ghost ink instantly turned into a ghost. These trickster ghosts then began to jump into different pictures and books, pulling pranks and causing general havoc and mayhem across the world. Hearing of the crisis, Pac-Man rushed to defeat all the ghosts using the only thing that was powerful enough—the mighty magic pen. After a while, Pac-Man succeeded in trapping all the ghosts into one book, which was then promptly locked. But, before he could Document [136] (Title: Pac-Man 2: The New Adventures) is given a train ticket to travel to the city, where he meets a man selling balloons, and takes on a disgruntled security guard to get the guitar back. In the final segment of the game, Pac-Man discovers from a news report that the ghosts are stealing ABC gum from children all over Pac-City, at which point the Ghost Witch of Netor takes over the broadcast and challenges Pac-Man to face her and her newly created Gum Monster. He sets off to work his way through the abandoned factory where the monster is being created. The game culminates in a Document [137] (Title: Pac-Man (Atari 2600)) the conversion is a lesson in maintaining the social and cultural context of the original source. Montfort and Bogost commented that players were disappointed with the flickering visual effect, which made the ghosts difficult to track and tired the players' eyes. The two further said that the effect diminishes the ghosts' personalities present in the arcade version. Chris Kohler of "Wired" commented that the game was poorly received upon its release and in contemporary times because of the poor quality. However, he further described the game as an impressive technical achievement given its console's limitations. Initially, the excitement generated by Document [138] (Title: Pac-Mania) be present in a single round. Also, bonus objects in this game not only include traditional point-scoring fruits, but also power-up items which can have random effects, such as doubling the point values of ghosts (until death) or causing Pac-Man to move much faster than normal (until a power pellet wears off). The game takes place in four environments: Block Town (made up of Lego-like building blocks), Pac-Man's Park (an oblique version of the original "Pac-Man" maze), Sandbox Land (walls are made up from pyramids), and Jungly Steps (appearing as pathways with no railings, resembling a set of steps that Document [139] (Title: Pac-Land) A hidden item (sometimes accidentally dropped by the ghosts) is a Flagship from "Galaxian", which rewards 7650 points when collected (a reference to Namco's goroawase number of 765). The "Galaxian" Flagship is a long running cameo that appears in the Bandai Namco-made "Pac-Man" games. There are also hidden bonuses in the game, eating ghosts in a certain order will give extra time and pushing a fire hydrant in the opposite direction can give extra lives, invincibility, and balloons to collect for points and warps. The arcade cabinet version of the game was unique, in that instead of a joystick, it Document [140] (Title: Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures) along his voyage (in exchange for being restored to the living world). Pac-Man vows to stop Betrayus and the ghosts (or any other bad guy) from taking over Pac-World while searching for his long-lost parents. He has the unique ability to eat ghosts and destroy the ectoplasm that makes up most of their bodies. Only their eyeballs survive, which he spits out. They reform their bodies using a regeneration chamber. The ghosts continually attack the city to locate the Repository, a storage chamber for the corporeal bodies of the ghosts which would allow them to live again if they possessed Document [141] (Title: Pac-Man Championship Edition) pellet causes the ghosts to turn blue, allowing Pac-Man to eat them and send them back to their home, where they re-emerge in their original form. However, there are several major differences from its original counterpart, making "Pac-Man C.E." a faster paced game. Each maze is divided into two halves. Eating all the dots on one half causes a bonus item to appear on the other side, and eating the item causes a new maze to appear on the other half. Players can also collect additional power pellets to increase their powered up time and continue earning maximum points for Document [142] (Title: CatChum) Yahoo Software of Los Angeles, California. CatChum CatChum is a text-only clone of "Pac-Man" written for the CP/M operating system and made to be operated on the early Kaypro line of luggable computers. CatChum was made within the limitations of Kaypro's early text-only computers. As a result, the maze is made from a series of dashes and other punctuation marks. The Pac-Man character is a letter C, which goes from upper to lower case intermittently (to simulate a chomping Pac-Man). The four ghosts are capital As (which turn to lowercase Ms when the CatChum Pac-Man chomps a power-pellet), and the Document [143] (Title: Pac-Man World) of Namco's defunct console game division backwards), a giant robot Pac-Man impersonator that was created by Blinky, Inky, Pinky & Clyde's friend, Orson, who is bent on stealing Pac-Man's identity. Pac-Man sets off to Ghost Island and works to free them while battling various ghosts and monsters. The original storyboards of this game included other Namco IP including Dig Dug, Mappy, and . The idea was changed at the last minute (to the point of modeling and animation) to the other Pac-Man game family members such as Ms. Pac-Man, Baby Pac-Man, Jr. Pac-Man, Pac-Man's dog Chomp Chomp and Professor Pac-Man. Document [144] (Title: Pac-Man) set to one life only or up to five lives maximum. Near the corners of the maze are four flashing Power Pellets that provide Pac-Man with the temporary ability to eat the ghosts and earn bonus points. The enemies turn deep blue, reverse direction and usually move more slowly. When an enemy is eaten, its eyes remain and return to the center box where the ghost is regenerated in its normal color. Blue enemies flash white to signal that they are about to become dangerous again and the length of time for which the enemies remain vulnerable varies from one Document [145] (Title: Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures) platformer with the same name as the TV series was released for Wii U, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, and Windows PC in late 2013, accompanied by a 2D platformer for the Nintendo 3DS shortly after. A sequel was released in October 2014. Characters from the show have also appeared in the compilation release for PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, and Windows PC, titled "Pac-Man Museum". "Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures" debuted on June 15, 2013, on Disney XD USA and March 17, 2014, on Disney XD Canada. It moved over to Family Chrgd on October 9, 2015. In the Philippines, it Document [146] (Title: Pac-Man Championship Edition DX) last-minute attempt to avoid being killed. Players can also use a limited supply of bombs that return all the ghosts to the center of the maze, although it lowers the dot multiplier and game speed. Gameplay revolves around three main modes: Score Attack, in which players attempt to get the highest score within 5 or 10 minutes; Time Attack, consisting of several short trials and one long one in which players must obtain a certain amount of fruit as quickly as possible; and Ghost Combo, where players must try to stay powered up and eat as many ghosts as possible. Document [147] (Title: Pac-Man Vs.) gameplay. The game is included in the "Namco Museum DS" game collection and supports single-cartridge multiplayer. The game was also released for Nintendo Switch as part of the "Namco Museum" compilation in July 2017. One player controls Pac-Man with the Game Boy Advance, which displays the entire maze, while the other players control each of the Ghosts with the GameCube controller. The game cannot be played as a one-player game. One player must be Pac-Man, and at least one more must be a Ghost. Pac-Man's goal is to eat all of the pellets on the game board while avoiding being Document [148] (Title: Pac-Man World 2) the ghosts inside to try and defeat Pac-Man, who gets all five Golden Fruit. When he arrives at the Ghost Bayou on Ghost Island, he meets the Wormwood; the evil brother of the Golden Fruit Tree, and he goes through a maze that Wormwood had created to stop him from defeating Spooky. Pac-Man makes it through the maze, and as a result, Wormwood's fire inside of the hollow mouth of his trunk burns out and he dies. Upon returning to Pac Village, Pac-Man learns the true power of the Golden Fruit and uses it to defeat Spooky himself. With Spooky Document [149] (Title: Pac-Man Championship Edition) eating ghosts. The longer the player stays alive, the faster the game gets and the more points can be earned. As opposed to levels, the game is played within a certain time limit, with players attempting to get the highest score possible. The game features six modes: Championship, which is the basic five-minute mode, two Challenge modes which affect the stage (such as increasing power pellet pickups or putting the maze in darkness) and three Extra modes featuring different mazes. The game also supports online leader boards. The game was originally released on the Xbox Live Arcade service on June Document [150] (Title: Pac-In-Time) PC, Macintosh and Game Boy versions are almost identical to the original, while the Super NES game, despite using the same basic gameplay mechanics, is an entirely new game using a different game engine and aesthetic. Versions of "Pac-In-Time" for the Genesis and Game Gear were planned before being canceled. A ROM image of the Game Gear version has since surfaced online. Pac-Man's nemesis, the Ghost Witch (returning from ""), has cast a spell on Pac-Man that has transported him back in time to the days of his youth in the year 1975 (5 years before the debut of the Document [151] (Title: Pac-Man (Atari 2600)) effects do not last as long. Overall the game follows the format of the original, but it differs in a number of key respects, including a landscape orientation of the screen, that the wraparound Warp Tunnel is located at the top and bottom as opposed to the sides. The maze layout and overall color scheme also differ from the original. Pac-Man himself features an eye and he only faces left and right, never turning to face up or down when traveling in those directions. The ghosts' eyes constantly cycle through four directions rather than being fixed in their current direction Document [152] (Title: Ghosts (Pac-Man)) he jumps ahead of Pac-Man as Pinky would. He might even wander off like Clyde on occasion. In the "Pac-Man" cartoon, Inky (voiced by Barry Gordon) is depicted as dim and loony. In "Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures", Inky (voiced by Lee Tockar in the TV series and by Bryce Papenbrook in the video game) is the youngest member. Though the smartest, he lacks focus most of the time. In "Pac-Man", Inky likes to appear in front of Pac-Man's face. Clyde, whose original name is listed as "Pokey", is an orange ghost who, in the original arcade game, acts stupid. Document [153] (Title: Pac-Man Battle Royale) cannot eat ghosts. Un-powered Pac-Men are eliminated from the round when they either run into a ghost or are eaten by a powered Pac-Man. If two Pac-Men of equal strength run into each other, they are knocked backward a short distance but suffer no harm otherwise. Blue Pac-Men cannot knock or pass through each other. Each round lasts a maximum of two minutes, with an on-screen countdown for the last 10 seconds. The last remaining Pac-Man wins the round. All players are brought back into the game at the start of each new round; after the final round, the player Question: what are the names of the ghost in pac man

Answer: Blinky Long Answer: Blinky, Pinky, Inky and Clyde, are the primary group of fictional ghosts (Japanese: モンスター monsutā, "monsters") who serve as the main antagonists in the Pac - Man franchise . Several different ghosts have appeared throughout the franchise, aside from the ones in the main aforementioned group. Gold Document ID: 152

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Into the Blue (book)) Into the Blue (book) Into the Blue: Family Secrets and the Search for a Great Lakes Shipwreck is a non-fiction book, written by Canadian writer Andrea Curtis, first published in April 2003 by Random House Canada. In the book, the author narrates her family history and their connection to the 1906 shipwreck of the SS "J.H. Jones", lost to the late-November swells of Ontario's Georgian Bay, claiming the lives of all on board. The ship's captain, Jim Crawford, left his one-year-old daughter, Eleanor, an orphan who faced a future of poverty. Curtis did not know the stigma her grandmother endured Document [2] (Title: Blue men of the Minch) shape and some have long arms, which are also grey, and they favour blue headgear; at least one account claims that they also have wings. The tempestuous water around the Shiant Isles to the north of Skye, an area subject to rapid tides in all weathers, flows beside the caves inhabited by the blue men, a stretch of water known as the Current of Destruction owing to the number of ships wrecked there. Although other storm kelpies are reported as inhabiting the Gulf of Corrievreckan, described by poet, writer and folklorist Alasdair Alpin MacGregor as "the fiercest of the Highland Document [3] (Title: Gwydion) keeper against the enemy". The bluebells combine and cause a "consternation" but the hero is the holly, tinted with green. A warrior fighting alongside Arawn cannot be vanquished unless his enemies can guess his name. Gwydion guesses the warrior's name, identifying him from the sprigs of alder on his shield, and sings two englyns: Caer Wydion, the castle of Gwydion, was the traditional Welsh name for the Milky Way. In the 10th century, Old Welsh "Harleian" genealogies (Harleian MS 3859), mention is made of Lou Hen ("Lou the old") map Guidgen, who most scholars identify with Lleu and Gwydion (who Document [4] (Title: The King of the Sea) this the end for the Tigers of Mompracem? Novels in the Sandokan Series: Novels in The Black Corsair series The King of the Sea The King of the Sea (original title: Il re del mare) is an exotic adventure novel written by Italian author Emilio Salgari, published in 1906. It features his most famous character, Sandokan. Malaysia, 1868. A mysterious figure has armed the Dyaks and led them into battle against Tremal-Naik. Yanez De Gomera races to the rescue but soon learns that Sandokan and his Tigers are also under threat. Despite eleven years of peace, the new Rajah of Document [5] (Title: Arpeggio of Blue Steel) overcome their lack of creative thinking of tactics that humans possessed, which at the same time made the Mental Models develop their own unique personality. In 2056, 17 years after the blockade began, Gunzō Chihaya, a former student of the Japanese National Marine Academy, is the captain of a small group of privateers called the 'Blue Steel'. The Blue Steel are infamous for possessing a Fog submarine, the I-401, along with its Mental Model Iona, who defected to the human side. Due to I-401's technology and Gunzō's tactical skills, the Blue Steel have not only survived several encounters with the Document [6] (Title: Hero of Many) Blue explains the start of the war. Black fishes were once white but they came across to black mass. It turned them to black and made them aggressive. It also turned Grey to Black. He then initiated the campaign to exterminate white fishes. Hero returns to the Kingdom of Red where he meets Red Queen. They are attacked by Black and forced to overcome a "race" with him. In the end they escape. Together they get to the center of the kingdom where Red Queen gains new power so they launch attack which pushes black fishes from a local nest. Document [7] (Title: Bluebeard) and moves on from her horrible experience with Bluebeard. Although best known as a folktale, the character of Bluebeard appears to derive from legends related to historical individuals in Brittany. One source is believed to have been the 15th-century Breton and convicted serial killer Gilles de Rais, a nobleman who fought alongside Joan of Arc and became both Marshal of France and her official protector, then, was burned as a murderous witch. However, Gilles de Rais did not kill his wife, nor were any bodies found on his property, and the crimes for which he was convicted involved the sexually-driven, Document [8] (Title: Blue men of the Minch) vessel, the blue men returned to their underwater caves, allowing the vessel free passage through the strait. The blue men may alternatively board a passing vessel and demand tribute from its crew, threatening that if it is not forthcoming they will raise up a storm. No surviving tales mention attempts to kill the demons, but a Gregorson Campbell story tells of the capture of a blue man. Sailors seize a blue man and tie him up on board their ship after he is discovered "sleeping on the waters". Two fellow blue men give chase, calling out to each other as Document [9] (Title: King's Legend) he had a mansion built at the site where the last remaining treasure was believed to be buried. He named the mansion Kings' Legend as well. Upon his death in the late nineteenth century, the mansion was bought by the Ratcliff family. When the young Nick Ratcliff bought a sailing yacht to compete in the Whitbread Race, he expected to need all the luck he could get. He named the ship Kings' Legend. Over the years, the apostrophe in the name was accidentally shifted from "Kings' Legend" to "King's Legend", yielding the ship's current name. King's Legend King's Legend is Document [10] (Title: Dragon King) and they share the surname Ao (敖, meaning "playing" or "proud"). The Azure Dragon or Blue-Green Dragon (青龍 "Qīnglóng"), or Green Dragon (蒼龍 "Cānglóng"), is the Dragon God of the east, and of the essence of spring. His proper name is Ao Guang (敖廣), and he is the patron of the East China Sea. The Red Dragon (赤龍 "Chìlóng" or 朱龍 "Zhūlóng", literally "Cinnabar Dragon", "Vermilion Dragon") is the Dragon God of the south and of the essence of summer. He is the patron of the South China Sea and his proper name is Ao Qin (敖欽). The White Dragon Document [11] (Title: The Legend of Heroes III: Song of the Ocean) The Legend of Heroes III: Song of the Ocean The Legend of Heroes III: Song of the Ocean is a role-playing video game originally developed by Nihon Falcom Corporation. It is the fifth game in "The Legend of Heroes" series, and the third and final title in the "Gagharv Trilogy." It was originally released for Microsoft Windows in 1999 and was remade for PlayStation Portable in 2006. This takes place in Weltluna, the third realm in Gagharv, seven years after "A Tear of Vermillion" and forty-nine years before "Moonlight Witch". It centers around Forte, Una and McBain and their quest Document [12] (Title: Blue Jay (comics)) Blue Jay (comics) Blue Jay (real name Jay Abrams) is a DC Comics superhero and a former member of the Champions of Angor, also known as the Justifiers. He has the ability to shrink to seven inches tall and grow blue wings that allow him to fly. Blue Jay is a homage to the Marvel Comics character Yellowjacket. He first appeared in "Justice League of America" #87 (February 1971). The three primary members of the Champions of Angor who survive the trip to Earth were Blue Jay, Silver Sorceress (an homage to the Scarlet Witch), and Wandjina (an homage to Document [13] (Title: Welsh mythology) in battle, and heaven and earth tremble before the oak, a "valiant door keeper against the enemy". The bluebells combine and cause a "consternation" but the hero is the holly, tinted with green. A warrior fighting alongside Arawn cannot be vanquished unless his enemies can guess his name. Gwydion guesses the warrior's name, identifying him from the sprigs of alder on his shield, and sings two englyns: This account is so different from Geoffrey of Monmouth's account of Maximian (as Geoffrey calls him) in Historia regum Britanniae that scholars agree the Dream cannot be based purely on Geoffrey's version. The Document [14] (Title: Acoetes (Bacchic myth)) name of the Tyrrhenian Sea from them. Acoetes (Bacchic myth) In Greek mythology, Acoetes (from Greek , via Latin "Ăcoetēs") was the fisherman known for helping the god Bacchus. This Acoetes was, according to Ovid, the son of a poor fisherman in Maeonia, who served as pilot in a ship. After landing at the island of Naxos, some of the sailors brought a beautiful sleeping boy on board with them. They had found him on the island and wished to take him with them. Acoetes, who recognized in the boy the god Bacchus, was unable to dissuade them from it. Document [15] (Title: The 13½ Lives of Captain Bluebear) sailor is called an (old) "seabear", and that sailors are prejudiced to be quite often "blue", i.e. drunk. The novel was originally written in German, an English translation was published in the United Kingdom in 2000 and in the United States in 2005, an Italian translation in 2000, a Chinese translation in 2002, and a French translation in 2005. The novel attained considerable popularity in Germany and the United Kingdom while experiencing relative obscurity in the United States. "The 13 Lives of Captain Bluebear" follow the adventures of the character Bluebear in the first half of his 27 lives (the Document [16] (Title: Peix Nicolau) Peix Nicolau The Peix Nicolau (fish Nicolau) is a creature that, just like mermaids, is half man, half fish. The different legends and tales of the Mediterranean contain diverse stories about enchantments and marine mysteries. Nicolau was a boy that always wanted to soak himself in the sea. His mother, tired of this, one day said a curse, which changed him from the waist down. The sea brought on Tresco every corner, which allowed him to create the letters to navigate. But he had never toiled the Saluet between Santa Margarita and Arta and although it was dangerous, he wanted Document [17] (Title: Legend of the Blue Sea) lack of chemistry. However, Jun's performance as a mermaid was met with overall high praise; with "The Straits Times" saying that she is "brilliant as the otherworldly goofball who is blissfully unaware of the mission to save her self-worth" and "Yonhap News Agency" highlighting her "trademark lanky, slender yet at times powerful and dramatic performance". In the table below, the blue numbers represent the lowest ratings and the red numbers represent the highest ratings. Legend of the Blue Sea Legend of the Blue Sea () is a 2016-2017 South Korean television series starring Jun Ji-hyun and Lee Min-ho. Inspired by Document [18] (Title: Blue Marvel) was the first person to discover and enter into the Negative Zone). Both the Chinese and American forces blamed the other, and they seemed on the brink of war. Blue Marvel managed to save his anti-matter samples from being exposed to water, and relations between the Chinese and Americans returned to normal. Blue Marvel wondered where the submarine came from, and he soon discovered that the sea dragon guarding the Serpent's undersea prison was responsible for sending the submarine into his base. During the 2013 "Infinity" storyline, Uatu visited Blue Marvel in his Undersea Science Fortress which he had previously Document [19] (Title: Blue Blue Sea) thrive. In 2011, Prather started a Facebook page for Blue Blue Sea, which linked thousands of followers from around the world, some who suffered from an illness as well. These friends banded together to raise funds to fly Gran Huracan, Blue Blue Sea's half-brother, from Puerto Rico to a rescue in Florida. On the evening of February 8, 2013, Prather went to the barn where Blue Blue Sea was his usual energetic self. The next morning, February 9, 2013, the horse was found dead. There were no signs to suggest that Blue Blue Sea colicked in the night. It appeared Document [20] (Title: Adamastor) Ocean, which was Adamastor's domain. Adamastor became the Spirit of the Cape of Good Hope, a hideous phantom of unearthly pallor: The Portuguese expedition, led by Vasco da Gama, confronts the creature by asking "Who are you?", prompting Adamastor to tell his story. Deeply moved, the giant vanishes, dispersing the clouds and calming the sea, leaving the path towards India open. Adamastor represented the dangers Portuguese sailors faced when trying to round the Cape of Storms – "Cabo das Tormentas" – henceforth called the Cape of Good Hope. Adamastor, both the mythological character and the sculpture, are mentioned several times Document [21] (Title: Legend of the Blue Sea) the people she met in Seoul, except that of her child friend named Yoo-na (Shin Rin-ah), and returns to the ocean. Three years passed since Shim Cheong left. Joon-jae becomes a prosecutor, Jo Nam-doo works as a lecturer, and Tae-oh is engaged to Cha Shi-ah (Shin Hye-sun). Shim Cheong fully recovers her health and returns to Seoul. Despite his lost memories, Joon-jae recognizes Shim Cheong and it is revealed that he has been recording his life with Shim Cheong in case his memories are lost again. With this, Joon-jae had ultimately accomplished Kim Dam-ryeong’s reminder to protect Shim Cheong from Document [22] (Title: Sea Legends) the Caribbean in the 17th century. The game features rather complex models of ship management and trading system. Though it received little recognition at the time of its release, with years it grew into a cult classic. In "Sea Legends" the player takes the role of Captain Richard Grey, a British sailor of noble heritage who has to use his knowledge to accomplish a series of different sea-based missions aboard his Frigate, the Hefestus. However, it is possible for the player to deviate from linear gameplay and become a pirate. As a pirate the player can freely explore the Caribbean Document [23] (Title: Bluefish) were included, but these are now grouped in a separate family, Scombropidae. One extinct relative of the bluefish is "Lophar miocaenius", from the Late Miocene of Southern California. The Bridgeport Bluefish were a team in America’s Atlantic League of Professional Baseball representing Bridgeport, Connecticut from 1997-2017. The teams mascot and logo is an anthropomorphic Bluefish named B.B. who was born off Cape Hatteras. Bluefish The bluefish ("Pomatomus saltatrix") is the only extant species of the family Pomatomidae. It is a marine pelagic fish found around the world in temperate and subtropical waters, except for the northern Pacific Ocean. Bluefish are Document [24] (Title: Victor Blue) Rear Admiral Blue was retired in June, 1919, because of disability received in line of duty. He died 22 January 1928. In 1937, the destroyer was named in his honor. Victor Blue Victor Blue, a brother of Rupert Blue, was born in Richmond County, North Carolina, 6 December 1865 and graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1887. Lieutenant Blue was advanced five numbers for intelligence missions in Cuba during the Spanish–American War. He served on the "Suwanee", and attracted general attention in June, 1898, by penetrating 72 miles (116 km) within the Spanish lines in the vicinity of Document [25] (Title: Legend of the Blue Sea) saving Se-hwa. To end both of their lives, Se-hwa thrusts the harpoon deeper and stabs herself. The boats sink, carrying Dam-ryeong’s belongings with them, and Dam-ryeong’s jadeite bracelet apparently slides off from the dying Se-hwa’s arm. Yang and his concubine were executed by sword and monkshood poison, respectively, for their crimes. In the modern days, young Heo Joon-jae runs away from home after the divorce of his parents. His father Heo Il-joong (Choi Jung-woo) adopts stepson Chi-hyun (Lee Ji-hoon) and marries Kang Seo-hee (Hwang Shin-hye). Joon-jae’s mother Mo Yoo-ran (Na Young-hee) works as a housekeeper. In his search for his Document [26] (Title: The Blue Lotus) known as the S.S. "City of Doodlecastle" was renamed the S.S. "Harika Maru". Both Rastapopoulos and Dawson reappeared in the series 20 years later in "The Red Sea Sharks". Casterman republished the original black-and-white version in 1979 in a French-language collected volume with "Cigars of the Pharaoh" and "The Broken Ear", the second part of the collection. In 1985, Casterman published a facsimile version of the original. Meanwhile, Methuen, the British publisher of "The Adventures of Tintin", felt that the story was dated, and only published "The Blue Lotus" in 1983, the year of Hergé's death. The translation into English Document [27] (Title: Legend of the Blue Sea) incarnation, Mr. Yang, and Yang’s concubine, revealed to be by the hands of Park Moo, Jo Nam-doo's incarnation. Just as Professor Jin Kyung-won was about to be murdered, Joon-jae arrives, and Ma Dae-young is seized by the police. Shim Cheong is discharged afterwards, but she still feels pain in her heart due to the gunshot. In order to fully recover, she has to go back into the water. Shim Cheong has to erase the memories of Joon-jae and of everyone who knew her. Before returning to the sea to recover, she was able to wipe out the memories of all Document [28] (Title: Proto-Indo-European mythology) Armenian poem, a small reed in the middle of the sea spontaneously catches fire and the hero Vahagn springs forth from it with fiery hair and a fiery beard and eyes that blaze as suns. In a ninth-century Norwegian poem by the poet Thiodolf, the name "sǣvar niþr", meaning "grandson of the sea," is used as a kenning for fire. Even the Greek tradition contains possible allusions to the myth of a fire-god dwelling deep beneath the sea. The phrase ""νέποδες καλῆς Ἁλοσύδνης"," meaning "descendants of the beautiful seas," is used in "The Odyssey" 4.404 as an epithet for the Document [29] (Title: The 13½ Lives of Captain Bluebear) forgetfulness that totally annihilates anything thrown in, 1600H pushes Insanity into the lake himself. Bluebear escapes the head and enters Atlantis just as the roaming cyclops returns to put his head back on his shoulders and approaches the city. In Life 12, Bluebear meets a Brazilian tobacco dwarf named Chemluth Havanna who becomes his new best friend. He works his way up the Atlantean professions tree, starting as a sweeper in a spitting tavern all the way up to the coveted King of Lies in the Megathon's Congladiator tournaments. The King of Lies and the challenger must exchange fictitious stories Document [30] (Title: Blue men of the Minch) gorm", one of the blue men's Gaelic names, literally translates as "stream of the blue men", or "river, tide or stream of the black man". Around the 9th century the Vikings took Moors they had captured and were using as slaves to Ireland. The Vikings spent winter months near the Shiant Isles, and Mackenzie attributes the story of the blue men to "marooned foreign slaves". He quotes an excerpt from historian Alan Orr Anderson's "Early sources of Scottish history, A.D. 500 to 1286": More recent newspaper reports have repeated Mackenzie's hypothesis. Historian Malcolm Archibald agrees the legend originates from the Document [31] (Title: Blue Cruise) southwest Turkey was called in ancient times. The term "Blue Voyage", which is used in Turkey's tourism industry, has its origins in Turkish literature, deriving from the title of a book by Azra Erhat, and was first introduced into Turkish literature by a handful of writers, such as Cevat Şakir Kabaağaçlı (alias "The Fisherman of Halicarnassus"). The author, who had been exiled to Bodrum in 1925, began taking trips with his friends on the local sponge divers' sailing boats, called gulets, and was deeply moved and inspired by the local culture and natural beauty. These excursions became known as "Blue Document [32] (Title: The Thirteenth Son of the King of Erin) the hairs. He threw the brown apple, and the sea serpent melted away into jelly. The princess grabbed his boots and one came off. He had to leave it with her. Many men claimed to be the hero, but a seer said they must all try on the boot. Finally, every man had tried it except the cowherd. They sent twenty men for him, but he overpowered them; when they sent another twenty, he overpowered them as well; finally, the seer told the king to go himself, and when the king asked and told him not to mind his work, Document [33] (Title: Blue men of the Minch) they swim towards the ship: On hearing his companions' voices the captured spirit breaks free of his bonds and jumps overboard as he answers: Sailors thus believed that all blue men have names by which they address each other. Mackenzie's explanation of the legend of the blue men was based partly on research into the Annals of Ireland and goes back to the times of Harald Fairhair, the first Norse king, and his battles against the Vikings. The Scottish Gaelic term "fear gorm", meaning "blue men", is the descriptor for a black man according to Dwelly. Thus "sruth nam fear Document [34] (Title: Blue Ben) Blue Ben Blue Ben is a Legendary Dragon from Kilve in West Somerset, England. The skull of a fossilised Ichthyosaur on display in a local museum is sometimes pointed out as belonging to Blue Ben. Blue Ben is also the name of a promontory near East Quantoxhead approximately from Kilve. Various versions of the story exist, but the account usually features Blue Ben as dwelling in the shale caves along the Somerset coast, regularly bathing in the nearby waters to cool himself after breathing fire. In order to avoid getting stuck in the extensive mud flats between the water and Document [35] (Title: Blue men of the Minch) or "colt". The mythical blue men may have been part of a tribe of "fallen angels" that split into three; the first became the ground dwelling fairies, the second evolved to become the sea inhabiting blue men, and the remainder the "Merry Dancers" of the Northern Lights in the sky. The legendary creatures are the same size as humans but, as the name implies, blue in colour. Writer and journalist Lewis Spence thought they were the "personifications of the sea itself" as they took their blue colouration from the hue of the sea. Their faces are grey and long in Document [36] (Title: The 13½ Lives of Captain Bluebear) mysterious and giant whirlpool that all the world's sailors take care to avoid. Bluebear is saved by a diminutive crew of Minipirates, who are very mysterious, and who subsequently adopt the bear as their good-luck charm. He grows up on seaweed and water exclusively, and begins to apprentice the nautical way of life from scratch. Aboard their tiny craft he learns much of waves, sailing and knot tying, but before long he has grown too large to remain aboard, and the Minipirates must set him ashore on an island. In Life 2, Bluebear discovers a group of Hobgoblins on the Document [37] (Title: Aquaman) reinvented Ocean Master as a sorcerer. Aquaman reappeared in his blue costume in the "Aquaman Special" #1 (1988). In late 1988, the character appeared in the "Invasion!" storyline, guest starring with the Doom Patrol, again in the orange and green costume. In 1989, the "Legend of Aquaman Special" (officially titled as "Aquaman Special" #1 in the comic's legal indicia, the second "Special" in back-to-back years) rewrote Aquaman's mythos and origin, though keeping most of his Silver Age history intact. The special was written by writer Robert Loren Fleming, with plots/breakdown art by Keith Giffen and full pencil art by artist Document [38] (Title: Conomor) Conomor/Mark and the son Tristan. However, it has also been argued that this Cornish Conomor was probably the Breton leader's great grandfather. Conomor Conomor ( ), also known as Conomerus or Conomor the Cursed, was an early medieval ruler of Brittany. His name, which has the Welsh cognate Cynfawr, means "Great Dog", but could also indicate "Sea Dog" in early Brythonic. Conomor was notorious for his cruelty, becoming a legendary villain in Breton culture. He is widely regarded as one of the probable sources for the myth of Bluebeard and possibly also of Tristan's uncle King Mark of Cornwall. The Document [39] (Title: The King of the Sea) The King of the Sea The King of the Sea (original title: Il re del mare) is an exotic adventure novel written by Italian author Emilio Salgari, published in 1906. It features his most famous character, Sandokan. Malaysia, 1868. A mysterious figure has armed the Dyaks and led them into battle against Tremal-Naik. Yanez De Gomera races to the rescue but soon learns that Sandokan and his Tigers are also under threat. Despite eleven years of peace, the new Rajah of Sarawak, James Brooke's nephew, has ordered the pirates to leave their island home or face all out war. Is Document [40] (Title: Legend of the Blue Sea) bewitched by a wicked mermaid, allowing him to capture Se-hwa as the village falls into panic. Dam-ryeong arrives too late to save Se-hwa, who has been tortured by Yang and his concubine to extract her tears, which turn into rare sea pearls. Dam-ryeong, who has been experiencing dreams of himself, Se-hwa, and their foes in the future, fears that the same ill-fate that afflicts himself and Se-hwa will replay itself. To warn his future self, he commissions a soon-to-be artifact—a time capsule containing a portrait of himself with a message to his future self that “everything is repeating itself” and Document [41] (Title: Legend of the Blue Sea) of the woman with the jadeite and confirms over the phone that the jadeite is genuine and of high price. Meanwhile, Joon-jae is being chased by gunmen being hired by a rich businesswoman who has fallen for Joon-jae’s scams. He brings the mysterious woman with him throughout the pursuit, until they end up cornered on a cliff facing the sea. They jump into the water, and the woman, who was revealed to be a mermaid unbeknownst to Joon-jae, kisses him to erase his memories of her but promises to follow him to Seoul. Joon-jae returns to Seoul and is tormented Document [42] (Title: Legend of the Blue Sea) the Star". Due to the star power of Jun and Lee, the series maintained the first place ranking for its timeslot and surpassed 20% viewership ratings. The series also fared well overseas, having been exported to all major regions around the world, including Southeast Asia, the Americas and Europe. Despite the show's success, it was criticized for lack of originality, as many viewers felt that the 'parallel timeline' and 'romance between a human and supernatural being' were recycled elements of writer Park's previous series "My Love From the Star" (2013-2014). Additionally, it was slammed for bad editing, loose plot and Document [43] (Title: Blue Devil (DC Comics)) "Kingdom Come", there is a background character named Blue Devil II, an indigo-skinned demon with wings who was visually based on Chernabog, the demon from the Disney film "Fantasia". In the 1997 Tangent Comics one-shot "Sea Devils" Blue Devil lends his name to the brand of beer served at The Black Pirate pub in New Atlantis. There is also a patron of the pub seen wearing a Blue Devil T-shirt. Blue Devil (DC Comics) Blue Devil (Dan Cassidy) is a fictional character, a superhero featured in material published by DC Comics. He first appeared in a special insert published in Document [44] (Title: Legend of the Blue Sea) Dong-il) to kill Joon-jae as part of her scheme to inherit Heo Il-joong's fortune. She also has secretly introduced Heo Il-joong with small yet potent doses of anticholinergic and monkshood extract, contributing to his failing health, particularly his vision. Chi-hyun dutifully nurses him, completely unaware of his mother's treachery. Ma Dae-young attempts several times to finish both Joon-jae and Shim Cheong but failed. Shim Cheong uses her power to erase Ma Dae-young's memories and, in the process, learns the sad fate of their Joseon era incarnations Kim Dam-ryeong and Se-hwa. Linked by dreams, mysterious artifacts, including the jadeite bracelet, a Document [45] (Title: Legend of the Sea Wolf) Legend of the Sea Wolf Legend of the Sea Wolf (, also known as "Larsen, Wolf of the Seven Seas") is a 1975 Italian adventure film directed by Giuseppe Vari. It is based on the novel "The Sea-Wolf" by Jack London. Author and gentleman Humphrey Van Weyden is shanghaied and wakes up aboard Captain Larsen's ship on a seal hunting voyage of indeterminate length. Captain Larsen runs a tight ship using "hands on" techniques to quell on–board dissension. With seamanship unknown to Humphrey, he is assigned to the ship's cook as a Scullery maid. The Captain informs Humphrey that the Document [46] (Title: Blue star tattoo legend) Blue star tattoo legend The blue star tattoo legend states that a temporary lick-and-stick tattoo soaked in LSD and made in the form of a blue star, or of popular children's cartoon characters, is being distributed to children in the area in order to get them 'addicted to LSD'. It commonly surfaces in American elementary and middle schools in the form of a flyer which is distributed to parents by concerned school officials. In the past it was often in the form of poor quality photocopy, clearly many generations old, but it has now also become popular on Internet mailing Document [47] (Title: Blue Ben) 19th century the Blue Lias shale formation outside of Kilve was quarried, during which process the fossilized skull of an Ichthyosaur was uncovered, which was said to be the remains of Blue Ben. The skull is now on permanent display in the Wells and Mendip Museum at Wells, Somerset, or the Museum of Somerset at Taunton. Blue Ben Blue Ben is a Legendary Dragon from Kilve in West Somerset, England. The skull of a fossilised Ichthyosaur on display in a local museum is sometimes pointed out as belonging to Blue Ben. Blue Ben is also the name of a promontory Document [48] (Title: The 13½ Lives of Captain Bluebear) among them Gryphons, Maenads, Trolls, Yetis, and Pterodactyls. Nearing the end of the novel, the mythical city of Atlantis disappears from Earth, an event witnessed by Bluebear. The plot is supplemented by Moers' drawings of the characters interspersed throughout the book. These illustrations are done in a cartoonish style: Moers is a noted German cartoonist. While the drawings are colored in the German hardcover version, they remain in black-and-white in most other versions. In Bluebear's Life 1, where he is a tiny baby, he is floating in a walnut shell in the north Zamonian sea, next to the Malmstrom, a Document [49] (Title: Legend of the Blue Sea) by the gaps in his memories and by Jo Nam-doo’s claims of him being with a girl with an expensive jadeite. After months of swimming and traveling, the mermaid also arrives in Seoul wandering around the city, until she runs into Joon-jae. He recognizes her to be the woman Nam-doo is referring to and interrogates her on her identity and why he cannot remember her, although the mermaid hesitates to answer. He brings her to his home and names her Shim Cheong. They live together and steadily gets closer with each other. Kang Seo-hee hires the fugitive Ma Dae-young (Sung Document [50] (Title: Blue Fin) Ocean, the boy is called on to become a man in a rites of sea passage to reconcile is past mishaps and save both his father and the ship from certain disaster. Twelve-year-old Steve Pascoe is nicknamed 'Snook' by everyone in Port Lincoln. He's thin and long-faced, like the fish he's named after. At school he's no good at sport and, at home, his father scorns him. Snook joins his father and fellow crewmen on a tuna-fishing expedition, when disaster strikes. It is up to Snook to save himself and his father from a desperate situation. The film is an Document [51] (Title: Legend of the Blue Sea) and police officer-detective Hong Dong-pyo (Park Hae-soo), busts Kang Seo-hee, revealing her real name to be "Kang Ji-hyun" and her schemes finally revealed. A maddened Chi-hyun steals a gun and aims at Joon-jae but Shim Cheong takes the shot to save him. Kang Seo-hee is detained while Chi-hyun killed himself with monkshood poison. As Shim Cheong, being a mermaid, survives the fatal injury, Joon-jae learns that Ma Dae-young is visiting Professor Jin Kyung-won. As Joon-jae, Jo Nam-doo, and Officer Hong Dong-pyo rush to get him, Ma Dae-young recovers his memories of his past life and learns the death of his Document [52] (Title: Space Carrier Blue Noah) Colin spoke the word "Thundersub". Blue Noah was activated and broke free of the island research center N1. Near where Blue Noah was drifting after being activated, Blue Noah's sister submarine - the Tempest Junior - was returning from a test being conducted by Ei Domon (Captain Noah in the English dub) and his crew when they spotted Blue Noah afloat. They discovered that a group of teenagers are aboard the submarine. After the Tempest docked at the bow of Blue Noah, the crew met the youngsters and the Captain learned that Colin's father was Dr. Cromwell Collins who designed Document [53] (Title: Alexander the Great) figure. The colloquial form of his name in modern Greek ("O Megalexandros") is a household name, and he is the only ancient hero to appear in the Karagiozis shadow play. One well-known fable among Greek seamen involves a solitary mermaid who would grasp a ship's prow during a storm and ask the captain "Is King Alexander alive?" The correct answer is "He is alive and well and rules the world!" causing the mermaid to vanish and the sea to calm. Any other answer would cause the mermaid to turn into a raging Gorgon who would drag the ship to the Document [54] (Title: Japanese mythology) and peeped inside to discover her transformed into a crawling 8-fathom "croc-fish" (shark, dragon), and scuttered away in fright. Ashamed and disgusted by her husband's breach of trust, she abandoned the newborn and returned to sea. The infant prince was named Ugaya meaning "cormorant house". Ugaya married his aunt, the sea princess Tamayori and had five children, including Yamatobiko, who was later to become Emperor Jimmu. In the "Nihongi", the "Age of the Gods" () section ends here, and is followed by sections under the titles of the reigns of each Emperor. The first legendary Emperor of Japan, best known Document [55] (Title: The Lost Charts of Columbus) saying he's learned there's another purpose for the trip: recovering valuable objects from the sea. One of them turns to be The Golden Helmet. The fisherman said he had spent a lot of time and money trying to get it and Gladstone just got it by luck and then he tells the history behind the helmet. Donald asks how he knows about it and the fisherman reveals himself to be Azure Blue. Donald then tells Gladstone a very summarized version of their original adventures and asks him to throw the helmet back at sea. Blue suggests Gladstone throw something else Document [56] (Title: Billy Blue) became a boatman, ferrying passengers across Sydney Harbour. He was also made a water bailiff and watched boat traffic on Port Jackson from a special tower. Despite being a bailiff, it seems Billy didn't do everything by the book. It was said that his law infringements were frequent, but due to his colourful personality, they were looked upon with a "benevolent air" by the authorities. Billy Blue's name has been preserved in place names such as Blues Point on Sydney Harbour, Blue Street and Blues Point Road in North Sydney, as well as commercial names like the Billy Blue College Document [57] (Title: Blue Blue Sea) that he had simply fallen over dead, possibly from an aneurysm. Prather had him cremated in Boonsboro, Maryland. In 2015, Shoo-Fly Publications published "Blue Blue Sea Finds His Cape," a children's book based on the life of Blue Blue Sea, written by Prather and featuring illustrations by Hayley Mullins. Since the book's release, Prather and Mullins have attended a variety of events from The Gaithersburg Book Festival, the Secretariat Festival, book signings at Turfway Park and Pimlico for the Black-Eyed Susan Day and events benefiting non-profits such as the Equines in the Vines Event for the Foxie G. Foundation. Currently, Document [58] (Title: Blue Jay (comics)) birth to a new villain calling himself Omega Man. During the subsequent battle between the JLA and Omega Man, Blue Jay was rescued from his prison by Supergirl, who humorously stated to have never heard of him. Once freed, Blue Jay attacked and defeated Owlman, one of his former captors. After the Syndicate members were defeated and sent back to their home universe, Blue Jay chose to fly off into the Multiverse, telling Batman that while he was never respected or considered useful on that world, there might be another Earth out there where he could finally become a true Document [59] (Title: The Blue Peter (1955 film)) The Blue Peter (1955 film) The Blue Peter is a 1955 British film (copyright 1954). The film was retitled Navy Heroes and released in the United States in December 1957. The film is about youth seamanship at the original Outward Bound in Aberdovey, Wales, a program similar to Sea Scouting or Sea Cadets. Shellshocked following his experiences as a POW, naval war hero Mike Merriworth (Kieron Moore) enrols as a physical instructor at an Outward Bound sea school in Wales, and discovers new purpose shaping the lives of the boys in his charge. "TV Guide" wrote, "Several humorous scenes of Document [60] (Title: Legend of the Blue Sea) returns to the sea, her heart will harden and stop beating if he will not love her. Joon-jae and Shim-cheong lived comfortably with each other despite conflicts and the fear of the impending ill-fate. Joon-jae also finds his mother Mo Yoo-ran, who quit her job as housekeeper. On the other hand, Chi-hyun learns that his real father is Ma Dae-young and he is Kang Seo-hee's lover. He also learns of Kang Seo-hee's crimes and reluctantly consents to them. Kang Seo-hee finally kills Heo Il-joong, using a strong dose of monkshood. Joon-jae, with the help of Shim Cheong, Jo Nam-doo, Tae-oh, Document [61] (Title: Redbeard (comics)) admiral Hayreddin Barbarossa (1483–1546), whose Italian name "Barbarossa" means "Red Beard". Parts of his cruel appearance might be based on the notorious Blackbeard, active in the Caribbean Sea, and his fame and successes in the series resembles that of Bartholomew Roberts, who successfully conquered over 450 ships. A lot of what is going on in the stories is based on real history: However, starting from the 31st album, "The War Of The Pirates" (1997), historical errors start to appear. Writer Jean Ollivier brings Henry Morgan to the series as a living character, becoming the new governor of Jamaica. But the Document [62] (Title: John S. Blue) cruiser as navigator. Lieutenant Commander Blue was killed in action 13 November 1942 when "Juneau" sank during the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal. In 1944, the destroyer was named in his honor. John S. Blue John Stuart Blue was born in New York City on 29 August 1902 and was known during his younger years for his fascination of naval ships, going on to graduate from the United States Naval Academy in 1925. During 1933 he commanded the Presidential yacht and served as Aide to President Franklin D. Roosevelt. He married Helen J. Blue in 1936 and went on to have Document [63] (Title: Blue Demon) "Leyenda de Azul" ("The Blue Legend") tournament in honor of Blue Demon. The tournament has been held on a semi-regular basis ever since, first endorsed by Blue Demon Jr. and later endorsed by Muñoz' son Alfredo Muñoz after Blue Demon Jr. stopped working for CMLL. In 2018 Blue Demon Jr. announced that his son was training for a wrestling career and would be known as "Blue Demon III", but was still at least a year away from making his debut. Blue Demon Alejandro Muñoz Moreno (April 24, 1922 – December 16, 2000), better known by the ring name Blue Demon Document [64] (Title: Blue Jay (comics)) Heroes by Polar Boy and taken to their first meeting, where absolutely nothing is planned to happen. Blue Jay (comics) Blue Jay (real name Jay Abrams) is a DC Comics superhero and a former member of the Champions of Angor, also known as the Justifiers. He has the ability to shrink to seven inches tall and grow blue wings that allow him to fly. Blue Jay is a homage to the Marvel Comics character Yellowjacket. He first appeared in "Justice League of America" #87 (February 1971). The three primary members of the Champions of Angor who survive the trip to Document [65] (Title: Legend of the Blue Sea) Legend of the Blue Sea Legend of the Blue Sea () is a 2016-2017 South Korean television series starring Jun Ji-hyun and Lee Min-ho. Inspired by a classic Joseon legend from Korea's first collection of unofficial historical tales about a fisherman who captures and releases a mermaid, this drama tells the love story of a con-artist and a mermaid who travels across the ocean to find him. It aired on SBS every Wednesday and Thursday at 22:00 (KST) started from 16 November 2016 until 25 January 2017. The television series centers on the love story of Heo Joon-jae (Lee Min-ho), Document [66] (Title: Aquaman) finally learns all about the history of his people through the "Atlantis Chronicles", which are presented as historical texts passed down and updated through the centuries. Aquaman learns that his birth name was Orin and that he and his enemy Ocean Master share the same father, "an ancient Atlantean wizard" named Atlan. This revelation sends Orin into a bout of rage and depression, setting the stage for later confrontations between the two, as it is said in the "Chronicles" that "two brothers will also battle for control of Atlantis". This is in contrast to the Silver Age Aquaman, who had Document [67] (Title: The Legend of Heroes III: Song of the Ocean) in seeking Leone's Resonance Stones. The Legend of Heroes III: Song of the Ocean The Legend of Heroes III: Song of the Ocean is a role-playing video game originally developed by Nihon Falcom Corporation. It is the fifth game in "The Legend of Heroes" series, and the third and final title in the "Gagharv Trilogy." It was originally released for Microsoft Windows in 1999 and was remade for PlayStation Portable in 2006. This takes place in Weltluna, the third realm in Gagharv, seven years after "A Tear of Vermillion" and forty-nine years before "Moonlight Witch". It centers around Forte, Una Document [68] (Title: Bluebeard) Bluebeard "Bluebeard" (French: "Barbe bleue") is a French folktale, the most famous surviving version of which was written by Charles Perrault and first published by Barbin in Paris in 1697 in "Histoires ou contes du temps passé". The tale tells the story of a wealthy violent man in the habit of murdering his wives and the attempts of one wife to avoid the fate of her predecessors. "The White Dove", "The Robber Bridegroom" and "Fitcher's Bird" (also called "Fowler's Fowl") are tales similar to "Bluebeard". The notoriety of the tale is such that Merriam-Webster gives the word "Bluebeard" the definition Document [69] (Title: The Sea Prince and the Fire Child) eye (the source of his power), and damned him to the deepest abyss of the oceans, entrusting the eye to Glacus and keeping the seas calm. Themis at that same time created a Holy Flame near the sea that would, in her opinion, keep the seas calm so that her children of Fire would live forever and never be extinguished. From that point on, the two elemental siblings were forever parted to keep peace between them. Years later, Prince Syrius (voiced by Tony Oliver in the U.S. release), the son of Glacus, becomes heir to the Sea Kingdom and is Document [70] (Title: The Blue Sword) Rider, and heir to the Blue Sword, Gonturan, that no woman had wielded since the Lady Aerin herself bore it into battle. The story introduces Angharad Crewe, usually referred to as Harry, the daughter of a recently deceased nobleman from the Homeland. The orphaned Harry crosses the ocean to join her brother Richard in Istan, the Homeland's remotest colonial town and military outpost in the Royal Province of Daria. Soon after her arrival, the outpost receives a visit from Corlath, king of the native hill-folk who still view the land as their own, the ancient country they have always called Document [71] (Title: Blue Giant (band)) Southern heritage. The band name is a reference to a blue giant star, a transitory phase in the life cycle of a star, and one of the brightest types of stars in the universe. Blue Giant played their first show in June 2008 headlining the Wonder Ballroom in Portland. The band gave each audience member a free download of their first recording. Blue Giant has recorded and performed with Corin Tucker of Sleater Kinney. Tucker's distinct voice is featured on a duet with Kevin Robinson on Blue Giant's debut EP. Delving further in their collaborative spirit, Blue Giant went on Document [72] (Title: Blue Ben) his lair, he built the limestone causeway there to provide him safe passage. The devil used to watch Blue Ben, and one day decided to capture him for use as a mount. The devil rode him mercilessly through the fires of hell until the dragon escaped, and, in the hurry to get back to the security of his lair, he made the mistake of tramping through the mud flats, and getting stuck in the mud, which gradually consumed him. An alternative version of the story says that he lived inland but went to Kilve to cool off. In the early Document [73] (Title: The Big Blue) the Greek island of Amorgos in the 1960s. Enzo challenges Jacques to collect a coin on the sea floor but Jacques refuses. Later, Jacques' father — who harvests shellfish from the seabed using a pump-supplied air hose and helmet — goes diving. His breathing apparatus and rope gets caught and punctured by rocks on the reef and weighed down by water, he drowns. Jacques and Enzo can do nothing but watch in horror as he is killed. By the 1980s, both are well known freedivers, swimmers who can remain underwater for great times and at great depths. Enzo (Jean Reno) Document [74] (Title: The Blue Sword) The Blue Sword The Blue Sword is a fantasy novel written by American author Robin McKinley and published by Greenwillow Books in 1982. The novel "The Hero and the Crown" serves as a prequel. "The Blue Sword" has received several awards, including: Newbery Honor Award, ALA Best Book for Young Adults and the ALA Notable Children's Book. The story, told in the third-person omniscient perspective, is of a young woman named Angharad Crewe, called Harry, who becomes a warrior in her adopted homeland of Damar. This is the story of Harry Crewe, the Homelander orphan girl who became Harimad-sol, King's Document [75] (Title: Legend of the Blue Sea) the son of a rich businessman who becomes a handsome and clever con-man after his parents' divorce, and a mermaid named Shim Cheong (Jun Ji-hyun). Focusing on rebirth, fate, and unrequited love, their tale is juxtaposed with the parallel story of their Joseon era incarnations, town head Kim Dam-ryeong and the mermaid Se-hwa. During the Joseon era, a mermaid saves the son of a nobleman, Kim Dam-ryeong, from drowning. Following the incident, the two children become close friends and Dam-ryeong names her Se-hwa, meaning 'a bright, shining child', after his deceased younger sister. Despite being from two different worlds, they Document [76] (Title: Sea Legends) Sea looting ships, attacking town ports and hunting for treasure. Sea Legends Sea Legends () is an MS-DOS based game developed by the Russian company Mir Dialogue (later Nival), published by New Media Generation (in Russia) and Ocean of America, Inc. (North America) and distributed by GTE Entertainment. First big project by the veteran of the Russian gaming industry Sergey Orlovskiy, it was among the pioneers of the voxel technology in video games, combining 3D environment with 2D sprites, which allowed for an open world sea basin and real-time naval battles. "Sea Legends" was inspired by "Sid Meier's Pirates", although Document [77] (Title: Sea Legends) Sea Legends Sea Legends () is an MS-DOS based game developed by the Russian company Mir Dialogue (later Nival), published by New Media Generation (in Russia) and Ocean of America, Inc. (North America) and distributed by GTE Entertainment. First big project by the veteran of the Russian gaming industry Sergey Orlovskiy, it was among the pioneers of the voxel technology in video games, combining 3D environment with 2D sprites, which allowed for an open world sea basin and real-time naval battles. "Sea Legends" was inspired by "Sid Meier's Pirates", although it follows an original plot which also takes place in Document [78] (Title: The Thirteenth Son of the King of Erin) was the same knight as the first one. He cut the sea serpent in half, but the halves joined again, and it threatened that no one would save her the third day. The third day, he wore the many-colored clothing of the third giant, with its blue glass boots, and rode its red horse. When he was dressed the housekeeper told him that no one could fight the sea serpent that day; the only way to defeat him was to throw the brown apple she gave him down its open mouth. He took it. Again, the princess knew him by Document [79] (Title: Captain Barbell) into the sea. In the succeeding series, the magical barbell re-emerged and found new rightful owners: Captain Barbel hence became the alter-ego of the limping Dario (“Captain Barbell Kontra Captain Bakal,” Pinoy Komiks, July 2, 1964), and the legless cigarette vendor Gomer (“Captain Barbell Versus Flash Fifita,” Liwayway, December 26, 1966). There have actually been more than one person to assume the hero's identity throughout the years. Tenteng The first and most well-known of Captain Barbell's alter-egos, Tenteng is the name that we identify with the hero to this very day. However, we've been getting his story wrong all along. Document [80] (Title: Legend of the Blue Sea) he has to protect the mermaid from danger, particularly the reincarnations of Yang and anyone related to him. A furious Dam-ryeong is determined to kill Yang and expose all his crimes, until he is exiled and removed from his position by the court. While escorted on boat for his exile, Yang and his associates renew search for Se-hwa. Urged by his suspicions, he requests the boat to turn around and a fight ensues with Yang and his gang. As men aim their harpoons, Dam-ryeong plunges into the water just as a harpoon, hurled by Yang’s son, hits him from behind, Document [81] (Title: Legend of the Blue Sea) danger and they had evaded the bad fate that had been in store for them. The couple were finally married and lived happily in a home by the sea with a baby on his way. Filming began on August 19, 2016 in Goesan, North Chungcheong Province, South Korea. The production team then flew to Palau to film underwater scenes. The cast and crew flew to Spain on September 11 where they filmed in A Coruña, Ribadeo, Lugo, Tossa de Mar and Castell de Santa Florentina in Canet de Mar, as well as Begur (Es Cau Swimming Pool), Sitges (Town Hall Document [82] (Title: Blue Jay (comics)) becomes involved in power struggles involving the Rocket Reds and the villain known as Sonar. He is kidnapped by acquisitive aliens, along with dozens of other superhumans. The stowaways, Nightwing and Firestorm, work to release Superman. Their efforts free the hero, along with a few others imprisoned in his specific energy cage. This group includes the hero-for-hire Skyrocket, the mildly mentally unstable Livewire, the invulnerable strategist called the Veteran, and Aquaman II. Doubts about Superman's identity cause a schism in the makeshift team, but they work together to restore their powers, damage the facilities of their alien captors, and free Document [83] (Title: The Sea Prince and the Fire Child) As Syrius climbs on to a rock to get a closer look, the flame burns brightly and forces Syrius back into the water where he falls unconscious. Teak finds him and rescues him from being pulled into the whirlpool where Algorac is kept. As Syrius is made ruler of the Sea Kingdom, a jealous and bullying Japanese giant salamander named Mabuse (named Mugwug in the English adaptation), attempts to take the eye of Algorac away from Syrius and get the creatures of the deep to make him the king of the sea, but Syrius deals with him easily and sends Document [84] (Title: Victor Blue) Victor Blue Victor Blue, a brother of Rupert Blue, was born in Richmond County, North Carolina, 6 December 1865 and graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1887. Lieutenant Blue was advanced five numbers for intelligence missions in Cuba during the Spanish–American War. He served on the "Suwanee", and attracted general attention in June, 1898, by penetrating 72 miles (116 km) within the Spanish lines in the vicinity of Santiago, Cuba, and definitely determining for the first time the presence of the Spanish fleet in Santiago harbor. He commanded the "Alvarado", a gunboat captured from the Spanish, in the Document [85] (Title: Blue Blue Sea) Prather is finalizing the writing for volume 2, tentatively titled: Team Blue Blue Sea Saves the Day, about the rescue of Blue Blue Sea's younger brother, Gran Huracan, from Puerto Rico. Blue Blue Sea Blue Blue Sea (January 22, 1999 – February 9, 2013) was a chestnut gelding and an American Thoroughbred race horse foaled in Paris, Kentucky. He ran in claiming races with modest success. Purchased in 2004 by Miranda Prather, he was to be her show jumper, but in 2006, he colicked multiple times and was diagnosed with a malabsorption disorder. Given 1–2 years to live, with careful Document [86] (Title: Bluebeard) kill him. Conomor is a historical figure, known locally as a werewolf, and various local churches are dedicated to Saint Tryphine and her son, Saint Tremeur. The character's blue beard stands for the marvelous and the exotic, for aristocracy (Bluebeard was a wealthy nobleman with blue blood), and for Bluebeard's status as an outsider, a libertine, and a ruffian ("barbe," the French word for beard, relates to "barbarian"). The fatal effects of female curiosity have long been the subject of story and legend. Eve, Lot's wife, Pandora, and Psyche are all examples of mythic stories where women's curiosity is punished Question: the legend of the blue sea hero name Answer: Heo Joon - jae Long Answer: The television series centers on the love story of Heo Joon - jae (Lee Min - ho), the son of a rich businessman who becomes a handsome and clever con - man after his parents' divorce, and a mermaid named Shim Cheong (Jun Ji - hyun). Focusing on rebirth, fate, and unrequited love, their tale is juxtaposed with the parallel story of their Joseon era incarnations, town head Kim Dam - ryeong and the mermaid Se - hwa. Gold Document ID: 65

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Into the Blue (book)) Into the Blue (book) Into the Blue: Family Secrets and the Search for a Great Lakes Shipwreck is a non-fiction book, written by Canadian writer Andrea Curtis, first published in April 2003 by Random House Canada. In the book, the author narrates her family history and their connection to the 1906 shipwreck of the SS "J.H. Jones", lost to the late-November swells of Ontario's Georgian Bay, claiming the lives of all on board. The ship's captain, Jim Crawford, left his one-year-old daughter, Eleanor, an orphan who faced a future of poverty. Curtis did not know the stigma her grandmother endured Document [2] (Title: Blue men of the Minch) shape and some have long arms, which are also grey, and they favour blue headgear; at least one account claims that they also have wings. The tempestuous water around the Shiant Isles to the north of Skye, an area subject to rapid tides in all weathers, flows beside the caves inhabited by the blue men, a stretch of water known as the Current of Destruction owing to the number of ships wrecked there. Although other storm kelpies are reported as inhabiting the Gulf of Corrievreckan, described by poet, writer and folklorist Alasdair Alpin MacGregor as "the fiercest of the Highland Document [3] (Title: Gwydion) keeper against the enemy". The bluebells combine and cause a "consternation" but the hero is the holly, tinted with green. A warrior fighting alongside Arawn cannot be vanquished unless his enemies can guess his name. Gwydion guesses the warrior's name, identifying him from the sprigs of alder on his shield, and sings two englyns: Caer Wydion, the castle of Gwydion, was the traditional Welsh name for the Milky Way. In the 10th century, Old Welsh "Harleian" genealogies (Harleian MS 3859), mention is made of Lou Hen ("Lou the old") map Guidgen, who most scholars identify with Lleu and Gwydion (who Document [4] (Title: The King of the Sea) this the end for the Tigers of Mompracem? Novels in the Sandokan Series: Novels in The Black Corsair series The King of the Sea The King of the Sea (original title: Il re del mare) is an exotic adventure novel written by Italian author Emilio Salgari, published in 1906. It features his most famous character, Sandokan. Malaysia, 1868. A mysterious figure has armed the Dyaks and led them into battle against Tremal-Naik. Yanez De Gomera races to the rescue but soon learns that Sandokan and his Tigers are also under threat. Despite eleven years of peace, the new Rajah of Document [5] (Title: Arpeggio of Blue Steel) overcome their lack of creative thinking of tactics that humans possessed, which at the same time made the Mental Models develop their own unique personality. In 2056, 17 years after the blockade began, Gunzō Chihaya, a former student of the Japanese National Marine Academy, is the captain of a small group of privateers called the 'Blue Steel'. The Blue Steel are infamous for possessing a Fog submarine, the I-401, along with its Mental Model Iona, who defected to the human side. Due to I-401's technology and Gunzō's tactical skills, the Blue Steel have not only survived several encounters with the Document [6] (Title: Hero of Many) Blue explains the start of the war. Black fishes were once white but they came across to black mass. It turned them to black and made them aggressive. It also turned Grey to Black. He then initiated the campaign to exterminate white fishes. Hero returns to the Kingdom of Red where he meets Red Queen. They are attacked by Black and forced to overcome a "race" with him. In the end they escape. Together they get to the center of the kingdom where Red Queen gains new power so they launch attack which pushes black fishes from a local nest. Document [7] (Title: Bluebeard) and moves on from her horrible experience with Bluebeard. Although best known as a folktale, the character of Bluebeard appears to derive from legends related to historical individuals in Brittany. One source is believed to have been the 15th-century Breton and convicted serial killer Gilles de Rais, a nobleman who fought alongside Joan of Arc and became both Marshal of France and her official protector, then, was burned as a murderous witch. However, Gilles de Rais did not kill his wife, nor were any bodies found on his property, and the crimes for which he was convicted involved the sexually-driven, Document [8] (Title: Blue men of the Minch) vessel, the blue men returned to their underwater caves, allowing the vessel free passage through the strait. The blue men may alternatively board a passing vessel and demand tribute from its crew, threatening that if it is not forthcoming they will raise up a storm. No surviving tales mention attempts to kill the demons, but a Gregorson Campbell story tells of the capture of a blue man. Sailors seize a blue man and tie him up on board their ship after he is discovered "sleeping on the waters". Two fellow blue men give chase, calling out to each other as Document [9] (Title: King's Legend) he had a mansion built at the site where the last remaining treasure was believed to be buried. He named the mansion Kings' Legend as well. Upon his death in the late nineteenth century, the mansion was bought by the Ratcliff family. When the young Nick Ratcliff bought a sailing yacht to compete in the Whitbread Race, he expected to need all the luck he could get. He named the ship Kings' Legend. Over the years, the apostrophe in the name was accidentally shifted from "Kings' Legend" to "King's Legend", yielding the ship's current name. King's Legend King's Legend is Document [10] (Title: Dragon King) and they share the surname Ao (敖, meaning "playing" or "proud"). The Azure Dragon or Blue-Green Dragon (青龍 "Qīnglóng"), or Green Dragon (蒼龍 "Cānglóng"), is the Dragon God of the east, and of the essence of spring. His proper name is Ao Guang (敖廣), and he is the patron of the East China Sea. The Red Dragon (赤龍 "Chìlóng" or 朱龍 "Zhūlóng", literally "Cinnabar Dragon", "Vermilion Dragon") is the Dragon God of the south and of the essence of summer. He is the patron of the South China Sea and his proper name is Ao Qin (敖欽). The White Dragon Document [11] (Title: The Legend of Heroes III: Song of the Ocean) The Legend of Heroes III: Song of the Ocean The Legend of Heroes III: Song of the Ocean is a role-playing video game originally developed by Nihon Falcom Corporation. It is the fifth game in "The Legend of Heroes" series, and the third and final title in the "Gagharv Trilogy." It was originally released for Microsoft Windows in 1999 and was remade for PlayStation Portable in 2006. This takes place in Weltluna, the third realm in Gagharv, seven years after "A Tear of Vermillion" and forty-nine years before "Moonlight Witch". It centers around Forte, Una and McBain and their quest Document [12] (Title: Blue Jay (comics)) Blue Jay (comics) Blue Jay (real name Jay Abrams) is a DC Comics superhero and a former member of the Champions of Angor, also known as the Justifiers. He has the ability to shrink to seven inches tall and grow blue wings that allow him to fly. Blue Jay is a homage to the Marvel Comics character Yellowjacket. He first appeared in "Justice League of America" #87 (February 1971). The three primary members of the Champions of Angor who survive the trip to Earth were Blue Jay, Silver Sorceress (an homage to the Scarlet Witch), and Wandjina (an homage to Document [13] (Title: Welsh mythology) in battle, and heaven and earth tremble before the oak, a "valiant door keeper against the enemy". The bluebells combine and cause a "consternation" but the hero is the holly, tinted with green. A warrior fighting alongside Arawn cannot be vanquished unless his enemies can guess his name. Gwydion guesses the warrior's name, identifying him from the sprigs of alder on his shield, and sings two englyns: This account is so different from Geoffrey of Monmouth's account of Maximian (as Geoffrey calls him) in Historia regum Britanniae that scholars agree the Dream cannot be based purely on Geoffrey's version. The Document [14] (Title: Acoetes (Bacchic myth)) name of the Tyrrhenian Sea from them. Acoetes (Bacchic myth) In Greek mythology, Acoetes (from Greek , via Latin "Ăcoetēs") was the fisherman known for helping the god Bacchus. This Acoetes was, according to Ovid, the son of a poor fisherman in Maeonia, who served as pilot in a ship. After landing at the island of Naxos, some of the sailors brought a beautiful sleeping boy on board with them. They had found him on the island and wished to take him with them. Acoetes, who recognized in the boy the god Bacchus, was unable to dissuade them from it. Document [15] (Title: The 13½ Lives of Captain Bluebear) sailor is called an (old) "seabear", and that sailors are prejudiced to be quite often "blue", i.e. drunk. The novel was originally written in German, an English translation was published in the United Kingdom in 2000 and in the United States in 2005, an Italian translation in 2000, a Chinese translation in 2002, and a French translation in 2005. The novel attained considerable popularity in Germany and the United Kingdom while experiencing relative obscurity in the United States. "The 13 Lives of Captain Bluebear" follow the adventures of the character Bluebear in the first half of his 27 lives (the Document [16] (Title: Peix Nicolau) Peix Nicolau The Peix Nicolau (fish Nicolau) is a creature that, just like mermaids, is half man, half fish. The different legends and tales of the Mediterranean contain diverse stories about enchantments and marine mysteries. Nicolau was a boy that always wanted to soak himself in the sea. His mother, tired of this, one day said a curse, which changed him from the waist down. The sea brought on Tresco every corner, which allowed him to create the letters to navigate. But he had never toiled the Saluet between Santa Margarita and Arta and although it was dangerous, he wanted Document [17] (Title: Legend of the Blue Sea) lack of chemistry. However, Jun's performance as a mermaid was met with overall high praise; with "The Straits Times" saying that she is "brilliant as the otherworldly goofball who is blissfully unaware of the mission to save her self-worth" and "Yonhap News Agency" highlighting her "trademark lanky, slender yet at times powerful and dramatic performance". In the table below, the blue numbers represent the lowest ratings and the red numbers represent the highest ratings. Legend of the Blue Sea Legend of the Blue Sea () is a 2016-2017 South Korean television series starring Jun Ji-hyun and Lee Min-ho. Inspired by Document [18] (Title: Blue Marvel) was the first person to discover and enter into the Negative Zone). Both the Chinese and American forces blamed the other, and they seemed on the brink of war. Blue Marvel managed to save his anti-matter samples from being exposed to water, and relations between the Chinese and Americans returned to normal. Blue Marvel wondered where the submarine came from, and he soon discovered that the sea dragon guarding the Serpent's undersea prison was responsible for sending the submarine into his base. During the 2013 "Infinity" storyline, Uatu visited Blue Marvel in his Undersea Science Fortress which he had previously Document [19] (Title: Blue Blue Sea) thrive. In 2011, Prather started a Facebook page for Blue Blue Sea, which linked thousands of followers from around the world, some who suffered from an illness as well. These friends banded together to raise funds to fly Gran Huracan, Blue Blue Sea's half-brother, from Puerto Rico to a rescue in Florida. On the evening of February 8, 2013, Prather went to the barn where Blue Blue Sea was his usual energetic self. The next morning, February 9, 2013, the horse was found dead. There were no signs to suggest that Blue Blue Sea colicked in the night. It appeared Document [20] (Title: Adamastor) Ocean, which was Adamastor's domain. Adamastor became the Spirit of the Cape of Good Hope, a hideous phantom of unearthly pallor: The Portuguese expedition, led by Vasco da Gama, confronts the creature by asking "Who are you?", prompting Adamastor to tell his story. Deeply moved, the giant vanishes, dispersing the clouds and calming the sea, leaving the path towards India open. Adamastor represented the dangers Portuguese sailors faced when trying to round the Cape of Storms – "Cabo das Tormentas" – henceforth called the Cape of Good Hope. Adamastor, both the mythological character and the sculpture, are mentioned several times Document [21] (Title: Legend of the Blue Sea) the people she met in Seoul, except that of her child friend named Yoo-na (Shin Rin-ah), and returns to the ocean. Three years passed since Shim Cheong left. Joon-jae becomes a prosecutor, Jo Nam-doo works as a lecturer, and Tae-oh is engaged to Cha Shi-ah (Shin Hye-sun). Shim Cheong fully recovers her health and returns to Seoul. Despite his lost memories, Joon-jae recognizes Shim Cheong and it is revealed that he has been recording his life with Shim Cheong in case his memories are lost again. With this, Joon-jae had ultimately accomplished Kim Dam-ryeong’s reminder to protect Shim Cheong from Document [22] (Title: Sea Legends) the Caribbean in the 17th century. The game features rather complex models of ship management and trading system. Though it received little recognition at the time of its release, with years it grew into a cult classic. In "Sea Legends" the player takes the role of Captain Richard Grey, a British sailor of noble heritage who has to use his knowledge to accomplish a series of different sea-based missions aboard his Frigate, the Hefestus. However, it is possible for the player to deviate from linear gameplay and become a pirate. As a pirate the player can freely explore the Caribbean Document [23] (Title: Bluefish) were included, but these are now grouped in a separate family, Scombropidae. One extinct relative of the bluefish is "Lophar miocaenius", from the Late Miocene of Southern California. The Bridgeport Bluefish were a team in America’s Atlantic League of Professional Baseball representing Bridgeport, Connecticut from 1997-2017. The teams mascot and logo is an anthropomorphic Bluefish named B.B. who was born off Cape Hatteras. Bluefish The bluefish ("Pomatomus saltatrix") is the only extant species of the family Pomatomidae. It is a marine pelagic fish found around the world in temperate and subtropical waters, except for the northern Pacific Ocean. Bluefish are Document [24] (Title: Victor Blue) Rear Admiral Blue was retired in June, 1919, because of disability received in line of duty. He died 22 January 1928. In 1937, the destroyer was named in his honor. Victor Blue Victor Blue, a brother of Rupert Blue, was born in Richmond County, North Carolina, 6 December 1865 and graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1887. Lieutenant Blue was advanced five numbers for intelligence missions in Cuba during the Spanish–American War. He served on the "Suwanee", and attracted general attention in June, 1898, by penetrating 72 miles (116 km) within the Spanish lines in the vicinity of Document [25] (Title: Legend of the Blue Sea) saving Se-hwa. To end both of their lives, Se-hwa thrusts the harpoon deeper and stabs herself. The boats sink, carrying Dam-ryeong’s belongings with them, and Dam-ryeong’s jadeite bracelet apparently slides off from the dying Se-hwa’s arm. Yang and his concubine were executed by sword and monkshood poison, respectively, for their crimes. In the modern days, young Heo Joon-jae runs away from home after the divorce of his parents. His father Heo Il-joong (Choi Jung-woo) adopts stepson Chi-hyun (Lee Ji-hoon) and marries Kang Seo-hee (Hwang Shin-hye). Joon-jae’s mother Mo Yoo-ran (Na Young-hee) works as a housekeeper. In his search for his Document [26] (Title: The Blue Lotus) known as the S.S. "City of Doodlecastle" was renamed the S.S. "Harika Maru". Both Rastapopoulos and Dawson reappeared in the series 20 years later in "The Red Sea Sharks". Casterman republished the original black-and-white version in 1979 in a French-language collected volume with "Cigars of the Pharaoh" and "The Broken Ear", the second part of the collection. In 1985, Casterman published a facsimile version of the original. Meanwhile, Methuen, the British publisher of "The Adventures of Tintin", felt that the story was dated, and only published "The Blue Lotus" in 1983, the year of Hergé's death. The translation into English Document [27] (Title: Legend of the Blue Sea) incarnation, Mr. Yang, and Yang’s concubine, revealed to be by the hands of Park Moo, Jo Nam-doo's incarnation. Just as Professor Jin Kyung-won was about to be murdered, Joon-jae arrives, and Ma Dae-young is seized by the police. Shim Cheong is discharged afterwards, but she still feels pain in her heart due to the gunshot. In order to fully recover, she has to go back into the water. Shim Cheong has to erase the memories of Joon-jae and of everyone who knew her. Before returning to the sea to recover, she was able to wipe out the memories of all Document [28] (Title: Proto-Indo-European mythology) Armenian poem, a small reed in the middle of the sea spontaneously catches fire and the hero Vahagn springs forth from it with fiery hair and a fiery beard and eyes that blaze as suns. In a ninth-century Norwegian poem by the poet Thiodolf, the name "sǣvar niþr", meaning "grandson of the sea," is used as a kenning for fire. Even the Greek tradition contains possible allusions to the myth of a fire-god dwelling deep beneath the sea. The phrase ""νέποδες καλῆς Ἁλοσύδνης"," meaning "descendants of the beautiful seas," is used in "The Odyssey" 4.404 as an epithet for the Document [29] (Title: The 13½ Lives of Captain Bluebear) forgetfulness that totally annihilates anything thrown in, 1600H pushes Insanity into the lake himself. Bluebear escapes the head and enters Atlantis just as the roaming cyclops returns to put his head back on his shoulders and approaches the city. In Life 12, Bluebear meets a Brazilian tobacco dwarf named Chemluth Havanna who becomes his new best friend. He works his way up the Atlantean professions tree, starting as a sweeper in a spitting tavern all the way up to the coveted King of Lies in the Megathon's Congladiator tournaments. The King of Lies and the challenger must exchange fictitious stories Document [30] (Title: Blue men of the Minch) gorm", one of the blue men's Gaelic names, literally translates as "stream of the blue men", or "river, tide or stream of the black man". Around the 9th century the Vikings took Moors they had captured and were using as slaves to Ireland. The Vikings spent winter months near the Shiant Isles, and Mackenzie attributes the story of the blue men to "marooned foreign slaves". He quotes an excerpt from historian Alan Orr Anderson's "Early sources of Scottish history, A.D. 500 to 1286": More recent newspaper reports have repeated Mackenzie's hypothesis. Historian Malcolm Archibald agrees the legend originates from the Document [31] (Title: Blue Cruise) southwest Turkey was called in ancient times. The term "Blue Voyage", which is used in Turkey's tourism industry, has its origins in Turkish literature, deriving from the title of a book by Azra Erhat, and was first introduced into Turkish literature by a handful of writers, such as Cevat Şakir Kabaağaçlı (alias "The Fisherman of Halicarnassus"). The author, who had been exiled to Bodrum in 1925, began taking trips with his friends on the local sponge divers' sailing boats, called gulets, and was deeply moved and inspired by the local culture and natural beauty. These excursions became known as "Blue Document [32] (Title: The Thirteenth Son of the King of Erin) the hairs. He threw the brown apple, and the sea serpent melted away into jelly. The princess grabbed his boots and one came off. He had to leave it with her. Many men claimed to be the hero, but a seer said they must all try on the boot. Finally, every man had tried it except the cowherd. They sent twenty men for him, but he overpowered them; when they sent another twenty, he overpowered them as well; finally, the seer told the king to go himself, and when the king asked and told him not to mind his work, Document [33] (Title: Blue men of the Minch) they swim towards the ship: On hearing his companions' voices the captured spirit breaks free of his bonds and jumps overboard as he answers: Sailors thus believed that all blue men have names by which they address each other. Mackenzie's explanation of the legend of the blue men was based partly on research into the Annals of Ireland and goes back to the times of Harald Fairhair, the first Norse king, and his battles against the Vikings. The Scottish Gaelic term "fear gorm", meaning "blue men", is the descriptor for a black man according to Dwelly. Thus "sruth nam fear Document [34] (Title: Blue Ben) Blue Ben Blue Ben is a Legendary Dragon from Kilve in West Somerset, England. The skull of a fossilised Ichthyosaur on display in a local museum is sometimes pointed out as belonging to Blue Ben. Blue Ben is also the name of a promontory near East Quantoxhead approximately from Kilve. Various versions of the story exist, but the account usually features Blue Ben as dwelling in the shale caves along the Somerset coast, regularly bathing in the nearby waters to cool himself after breathing fire. In order to avoid getting stuck in the extensive mud flats between the water and Document [35] (Title: Blue men of the Minch) or "colt". The mythical blue men may have been part of a tribe of "fallen angels" that split into three; the first became the ground dwelling fairies, the second evolved to become the sea inhabiting blue men, and the remainder the "Merry Dancers" of the Northern Lights in the sky. The legendary creatures are the same size as humans but, as the name implies, blue in colour. Writer and journalist Lewis Spence thought they were the "personifications of the sea itself" as they took their blue colouration from the hue of the sea. Their faces are grey and long in Document [36] (Title: The 13½ Lives of Captain Bluebear) mysterious and giant whirlpool that all the world's sailors take care to avoid. Bluebear is saved by a diminutive crew of Minipirates, who are very mysterious, and who subsequently adopt the bear as their good-luck charm. He grows up on seaweed and water exclusively, and begins to apprentice the nautical way of life from scratch. Aboard their tiny craft he learns much of waves, sailing and knot tying, but before long he has grown too large to remain aboard, and the Minipirates must set him ashore on an island. In Life 2, Bluebear discovers a group of Hobgoblins on the Document [37] (Title: Aquaman) reinvented Ocean Master as a sorcerer. Aquaman reappeared in his blue costume in the "Aquaman Special" #1 (1988). In late 1988, the character appeared in the "Invasion!" storyline, guest starring with the Doom Patrol, again in the orange and green costume. In 1989, the "Legend of Aquaman Special" (officially titled as "Aquaman Special" #1 in the comic's legal indicia, the second "Special" in back-to-back years) rewrote Aquaman's mythos and origin, though keeping most of his Silver Age history intact. The special was written by writer Robert Loren Fleming, with plots/breakdown art by Keith Giffen and full pencil art by artist Document [38] (Title: Conomor) Conomor/Mark and the son Tristan. However, it has also been argued that this Cornish Conomor was probably the Breton leader's great grandfather. Conomor Conomor ( ), also known as Conomerus or Conomor the Cursed, was an early medieval ruler of Brittany. His name, which has the Welsh cognate Cynfawr, means "Great Dog", but could also indicate "Sea Dog" in early Brythonic. Conomor was notorious for his cruelty, becoming a legendary villain in Breton culture. He is widely regarded as one of the probable sources for the myth of Bluebeard and possibly also of Tristan's uncle King Mark of Cornwall. The Document [39] (Title: The King of the Sea) The King of the Sea The King of the Sea (original title: Il re del mare) is an exotic adventure novel written by Italian author Emilio Salgari, published in 1906. It features his most famous character, Sandokan. Malaysia, 1868. A mysterious figure has armed the Dyaks and led them into battle against Tremal-Naik. Yanez De Gomera races to the rescue but soon learns that Sandokan and his Tigers are also under threat. Despite eleven years of peace, the new Rajah of Sarawak, James Brooke's nephew, has ordered the pirates to leave their island home or face all out war. Is Document [40] (Title: Legend of the Blue Sea) bewitched by a wicked mermaid, allowing him to capture Se-hwa as the village falls into panic. Dam-ryeong arrives too late to save Se-hwa, who has been tortured by Yang and his concubine to extract her tears, which turn into rare sea pearls. Dam-ryeong, who has been experiencing dreams of himself, Se-hwa, and their foes in the future, fears that the same ill-fate that afflicts himself and Se-hwa will replay itself. To warn his future self, he commissions a soon-to-be artifact—a time capsule containing a portrait of himself with a message to his future self that “everything is repeating itself” and Document [41] (Title: Legend of the Blue Sea) of the woman with the jadeite and confirms over the phone that the jadeite is genuine and of high price. Meanwhile, Joon-jae is being chased by gunmen being hired by a rich businesswoman who has fallen for Joon-jae’s scams. He brings the mysterious woman with him throughout the pursuit, until they end up cornered on a cliff facing the sea. They jump into the water, and the woman, who was revealed to be a mermaid unbeknownst to Joon-jae, kisses him to erase his memories of her but promises to follow him to Seoul. Joon-jae returns to Seoul and is tormented Document [42] (Title: Legend of the Blue Sea) the Star". Due to the star power of Jun and Lee, the series maintained the first place ranking for its timeslot and surpassed 20% viewership ratings. The series also fared well overseas, having been exported to all major regions around the world, including Southeast Asia, the Americas and Europe. Despite the show's success, it was criticized for lack of originality, as many viewers felt that the 'parallel timeline' and 'romance between a human and supernatural being' were recycled elements of writer Park's previous series "My Love From the Star" (2013-2014). Additionally, it was slammed for bad editing, loose plot and Document [43] (Title: Blue Devil (DC Comics)) "Kingdom Come", there is a background character named Blue Devil II, an indigo-skinned demon with wings who was visually based on Chernabog, the demon from the Disney film "Fantasia". In the 1997 Tangent Comics one-shot "Sea Devils" Blue Devil lends his name to the brand of beer served at The Black Pirate pub in New Atlantis. There is also a patron of the pub seen wearing a Blue Devil T-shirt. Blue Devil (DC Comics) Blue Devil (Dan Cassidy) is a fictional character, a superhero featured in material published by DC Comics. He first appeared in a special insert published in Document [44] (Title: Legend of the Blue Sea) Dong-il) to kill Joon-jae as part of her scheme to inherit Heo Il-joong's fortune. She also has secretly introduced Heo Il-joong with small yet potent doses of anticholinergic and monkshood extract, contributing to his failing health, particularly his vision. Chi-hyun dutifully nurses him, completely unaware of his mother's treachery. Ma Dae-young attempts several times to finish both Joon-jae and Shim Cheong but failed. Shim Cheong uses her power to erase Ma Dae-young's memories and, in the process, learns the sad fate of their Joseon era incarnations Kim Dam-ryeong and Se-hwa. Linked by dreams, mysterious artifacts, including the jadeite bracelet, a Document [45] (Title: Legend of the Sea Wolf) Legend of the Sea Wolf Legend of the Sea Wolf (, also known as "Larsen, Wolf of the Seven Seas") is a 1975 Italian adventure film directed by Giuseppe Vari. It is based on the novel "The Sea-Wolf" by Jack London. Author and gentleman Humphrey Van Weyden is shanghaied and wakes up aboard Captain Larsen's ship on a seal hunting voyage of indeterminate length. Captain Larsen runs a tight ship using "hands on" techniques to quell on–board dissension. With seamanship unknown to Humphrey, he is assigned to the ship's cook as a Scullery maid. The Captain informs Humphrey that the Document [46] (Title: Blue star tattoo legend) Blue star tattoo legend The blue star tattoo legend states that a temporary lick-and-stick tattoo soaked in LSD and made in the form of a blue star, or of popular children's cartoon characters, is being distributed to children in the area in order to get them 'addicted to LSD'. It commonly surfaces in American elementary and middle schools in the form of a flyer which is distributed to parents by concerned school officials. In the past it was often in the form of poor quality photocopy, clearly many generations old, but it has now also become popular on Internet mailing Document [47] (Title: Blue Ben) 19th century the Blue Lias shale formation outside of Kilve was quarried, during which process the fossilized skull of an Ichthyosaur was uncovered, which was said to be the remains of Blue Ben. The skull is now on permanent display in the Wells and Mendip Museum at Wells, Somerset, or the Museum of Somerset at Taunton. Blue Ben Blue Ben is a Legendary Dragon from Kilve in West Somerset, England. The skull of a fossilised Ichthyosaur on display in a local museum is sometimes pointed out as belonging to Blue Ben. Blue Ben is also the name of a promontory Document [48] (Title: The 13½ Lives of Captain Bluebear) among them Gryphons, Maenads, Trolls, Yetis, and Pterodactyls. Nearing the end of the novel, the mythical city of Atlantis disappears from Earth, an event witnessed by Bluebear. The plot is supplemented by Moers' drawings of the characters interspersed throughout the book. These illustrations are done in a cartoonish style: Moers is a noted German cartoonist. While the drawings are colored in the German hardcover version, they remain in black-and-white in most other versions. In Bluebear's Life 1, where he is a tiny baby, he is floating in a walnut shell in the north Zamonian sea, next to the Malmstrom, a Document [49] (Title: Legend of the Blue Sea) by the gaps in his memories and by Jo Nam-doo’s claims of him being with a girl with an expensive jadeite. After months of swimming and traveling, the mermaid also arrives in Seoul wandering around the city, until she runs into Joon-jae. He recognizes her to be the woman Nam-doo is referring to and interrogates her on her identity and why he cannot remember her, although the mermaid hesitates to answer. He brings her to his home and names her Shim Cheong. They live together and steadily gets closer with each other. Kang Seo-hee hires the fugitive Ma Dae-young (Sung Document [50] (Title: Blue Fin) Ocean, the boy is called on to become a man in a rites of sea passage to reconcile is past mishaps and save both his father and the ship from certain disaster. Twelve-year-old Steve Pascoe is nicknamed 'Snook' by everyone in Port Lincoln. He's thin and long-faced, like the fish he's named after. At school he's no good at sport and, at home, his father scorns him. Snook joins his father and fellow crewmen on a tuna-fishing expedition, when disaster strikes. It is up to Snook to save himself and his father from a desperate situation. The film is an Document [51] (Title: Legend of the Blue Sea) and police officer-detective Hong Dong-pyo (Park Hae-soo), busts Kang Seo-hee, revealing her real name to be "Kang Ji-hyun" and her schemes finally revealed. A maddened Chi-hyun steals a gun and aims at Joon-jae but Shim Cheong takes the shot to save him. Kang Seo-hee is detained while Chi-hyun killed himself with monkshood poison. As Shim Cheong, being a mermaid, survives the fatal injury, Joon-jae learns that Ma Dae-young is visiting Professor Jin Kyung-won. As Joon-jae, Jo Nam-doo, and Officer Hong Dong-pyo rush to get him, Ma Dae-young recovers his memories of his past life and learns the death of his Document [52] (Title: Space Carrier Blue Noah) Colin spoke the word "Thundersub". Blue Noah was activated and broke free of the island research center N1. Near where Blue Noah was drifting after being activated, Blue Noah's sister submarine - the Tempest Junior - was returning from a test being conducted by Ei Domon (Captain Noah in the English dub) and his crew when they spotted Blue Noah afloat. They discovered that a group of teenagers are aboard the submarine. After the Tempest docked at the bow of Blue Noah, the crew met the youngsters and the Captain learned that Colin's father was Dr. Cromwell Collins who designed Document [53] (Title: Alexander the Great) figure. The colloquial form of his name in modern Greek ("O Megalexandros") is a household name, and he is the only ancient hero to appear in the Karagiozis shadow play. One well-known fable among Greek seamen involves a solitary mermaid who would grasp a ship's prow during a storm and ask the captain "Is King Alexander alive?" The correct answer is "He is alive and well and rules the world!" causing the mermaid to vanish and the sea to calm. Any other answer would cause the mermaid to turn into a raging Gorgon who would drag the ship to the Document [54] (Title: Japanese mythology) and peeped inside to discover her transformed into a crawling 8-fathom "croc-fish" (shark, dragon), and scuttered away in fright. Ashamed and disgusted by her husband's breach of trust, she abandoned the newborn and returned to sea. The infant prince was named Ugaya meaning "cormorant house". Ugaya married his aunt, the sea princess Tamayori and had five children, including Yamatobiko, who was later to become Emperor Jimmu. In the "Nihongi", the "Age of the Gods" () section ends here, and is followed by sections under the titles of the reigns of each Emperor. The first legendary Emperor of Japan, best known Document [55] (Title: The Lost Charts of Columbus) saying he's learned there's another purpose for the trip: recovering valuable objects from the sea. One of them turns to be The Golden Helmet. The fisherman said he had spent a lot of time and money trying to get it and Gladstone just got it by luck and then he tells the history behind the helmet. Donald asks how he knows about it and the fisherman reveals himself to be Azure Blue. Donald then tells Gladstone a very summarized version of their original adventures and asks him to throw the helmet back at sea. Blue suggests Gladstone throw something else Document [56] (Title: Billy Blue) became a boatman, ferrying passengers across Sydney Harbour. He was also made a water bailiff and watched boat traffic on Port Jackson from a special tower. Despite being a bailiff, it seems Billy didn't do everything by the book. It was said that his law infringements were frequent, but due to his colourful personality, they were looked upon with a "benevolent air" by the authorities. Billy Blue's name has been preserved in place names such as Blues Point on Sydney Harbour, Blue Street and Blues Point Road in North Sydney, as well as commercial names like the Billy Blue College Document [57] (Title: Blue Blue Sea) that he had simply fallen over dead, possibly from an aneurysm. Prather had him cremated in Boonsboro, Maryland. In 2015, Shoo-Fly Publications published "Blue Blue Sea Finds His Cape," a children's book based on the life of Blue Blue Sea, written by Prather and featuring illustrations by Hayley Mullins. Since the book's release, Prather and Mullins have attended a variety of events from The Gaithersburg Book Festival, the Secretariat Festival, book signings at Turfway Park and Pimlico for the Black-Eyed Susan Day and events benefiting non-profits such as the Equines in the Vines Event for the Foxie G. Foundation. Currently, Document [58] (Title: Blue Jay (comics)) birth to a new villain calling himself Omega Man. During the subsequent battle between the JLA and Omega Man, Blue Jay was rescued from his prison by Supergirl, who humorously stated to have never heard of him. Once freed, Blue Jay attacked and defeated Owlman, one of his former captors. After the Syndicate members were defeated and sent back to their home universe, Blue Jay chose to fly off into the Multiverse, telling Batman that while he was never respected or considered useful on that world, there might be another Earth out there where he could finally become a true Document [59] (Title: The Blue Peter (1955 film)) The Blue Peter (1955 film) The Blue Peter is a 1955 British film (copyright 1954). The film was retitled Navy Heroes and released in the United States in December 1957. The film is about youth seamanship at the original Outward Bound in Aberdovey, Wales, a program similar to Sea Scouting or Sea Cadets. Shellshocked following his experiences as a POW, naval war hero Mike Merriworth (Kieron Moore) enrols as a physical instructor at an Outward Bound sea school in Wales, and discovers new purpose shaping the lives of the boys in his charge. "TV Guide" wrote, "Several humorous scenes of Document [60] (Title: Legend of the Blue Sea) returns to the sea, her heart will harden and stop beating if he will not love her. Joon-jae and Shim-cheong lived comfortably with each other despite conflicts and the fear of the impending ill-fate. Joon-jae also finds his mother Mo Yoo-ran, who quit her job as housekeeper. On the other hand, Chi-hyun learns that his real father is Ma Dae-young and he is Kang Seo-hee's lover. He also learns of Kang Seo-hee's crimes and reluctantly consents to them. Kang Seo-hee finally kills Heo Il-joong, using a strong dose of monkshood. Joon-jae, with the help of Shim Cheong, Jo Nam-doo, Tae-oh, Document [61] (Title: Redbeard (comics)) admiral Hayreddin Barbarossa (1483–1546), whose Italian name "Barbarossa" means "Red Beard". Parts of his cruel appearance might be based on the notorious Blackbeard, active in the Caribbean Sea, and his fame and successes in the series resembles that of Bartholomew Roberts, who successfully conquered over 450 ships. A lot of what is going on in the stories is based on real history: However, starting from the 31st album, "The War Of The Pirates" (1997), historical errors start to appear. Writer Jean Ollivier brings Henry Morgan to the series as a living character, becoming the new governor of Jamaica. But the Document [62] (Title: John S. Blue) cruiser as navigator. Lieutenant Commander Blue was killed in action 13 November 1942 when "Juneau" sank during the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal. In 1944, the destroyer was named in his honor. John S. Blue John Stuart Blue was born in New York City on 29 August 1902 and was known during his younger years for his fascination of naval ships, going on to graduate from the United States Naval Academy in 1925. During 1933 he commanded the Presidential yacht and served as Aide to President Franklin D. Roosevelt. He married Helen J. Blue in 1936 and went on to have Document [63] (Title: Blue Demon) "Leyenda de Azul" ("The Blue Legend") tournament in honor of Blue Demon. The tournament has been held on a semi-regular basis ever since, first endorsed by Blue Demon Jr. and later endorsed by Muñoz' son Alfredo Muñoz after Blue Demon Jr. stopped working for CMLL. In 2018 Blue Demon Jr. announced that his son was training for a wrestling career and would be known as "Blue Demon III", but was still at least a year away from making his debut. Blue Demon Alejandro Muñoz Moreno (April 24, 1922 – December 16, 2000), better known by the ring name Blue Demon Document [64] (Title: Blue Jay (comics)) Heroes by Polar Boy and taken to their first meeting, where absolutely nothing is planned to happen. Blue Jay (comics) Blue Jay (real name Jay Abrams) is a DC Comics superhero and a former member of the Champions of Angor, also known as the Justifiers. He has the ability to shrink to seven inches tall and grow blue wings that allow him to fly. Blue Jay is a homage to the Marvel Comics character Yellowjacket. He first appeared in "Justice League of America" #87 (February 1971). The three primary members of the Champions of Angor who survive the trip to Document [65] (Title: Legend of the Blue Sea) Legend of the Blue Sea Legend of the Blue Sea () is a 2016-2017 South Korean television series starring Jun Ji-hyun and Lee Min-ho. Inspired by a classic Joseon legend from Korea's first collection of unofficial historical tales about a fisherman who captures and releases a mermaid, this drama tells the love story of a con-artist and a mermaid who travels across the ocean to find him. It aired on SBS every Wednesday and Thursday at 22:00 (KST) started from 16 November 2016 until 25 January 2017. The television series centers on the love story of Heo Joon-jae (Lee Min-ho), Document [66] (Title: Aquaman) finally learns all about the history of his people through the "Atlantis Chronicles", which are presented as historical texts passed down and updated through the centuries. Aquaman learns that his birth name was Orin and that he and his enemy Ocean Master share the same father, "an ancient Atlantean wizard" named Atlan. This revelation sends Orin into a bout of rage and depression, setting the stage for later confrontations between the two, as it is said in the "Chronicles" that "two brothers will also battle for control of Atlantis". This is in contrast to the Silver Age Aquaman, who had Document [67] (Title: The Legend of Heroes III: Song of the Ocean) in seeking Leone's Resonance Stones. The Legend of Heroes III: Song of the Ocean The Legend of Heroes III: Song of the Ocean is a role-playing video game originally developed by Nihon Falcom Corporation. It is the fifth game in "The Legend of Heroes" series, and the third and final title in the "Gagharv Trilogy." It was originally released for Microsoft Windows in 1999 and was remade for PlayStation Portable in 2006. This takes place in Weltluna, the third realm in Gagharv, seven years after "A Tear of Vermillion" and forty-nine years before "Moonlight Witch". It centers around Forte, Una Document [68] (Title: Bluebeard) Bluebeard "Bluebeard" (French: "Barbe bleue") is a French folktale, the most famous surviving version of which was written by Charles Perrault and first published by Barbin in Paris in 1697 in "Histoires ou contes du temps passé". The tale tells the story of a wealthy violent man in the habit of murdering his wives and the attempts of one wife to avoid the fate of her predecessors. "The White Dove", "The Robber Bridegroom" and "Fitcher's Bird" (also called "Fowler's Fowl") are tales similar to "Bluebeard". The notoriety of the tale is such that Merriam-Webster gives the word "Bluebeard" the definition Document [69] (Title: The Sea Prince and the Fire Child) eye (the source of his power), and damned him to the deepest abyss of the oceans, entrusting the eye to Glacus and keeping the seas calm. Themis at that same time created a Holy Flame near the sea that would, in her opinion, keep the seas calm so that her children of Fire would live forever and never be extinguished. From that point on, the two elemental siblings were forever parted to keep peace between them. Years later, Prince Syrius (voiced by Tony Oliver in the U.S. release), the son of Glacus, becomes heir to the Sea Kingdom and is Document [70] (Title: The Blue Sword) Rider, and heir to the Blue Sword, Gonturan, that no woman had wielded since the Lady Aerin herself bore it into battle. The story introduces Angharad Crewe, usually referred to as Harry, the daughter of a recently deceased nobleman from the Homeland. The orphaned Harry crosses the ocean to join her brother Richard in Istan, the Homeland's remotest colonial town and military outpost in the Royal Province of Daria. Soon after her arrival, the outpost receives a visit from Corlath, king of the native hill-folk who still view the land as their own, the ancient country they have always called Document [71] (Title: Blue Giant (band)) Southern heritage. The band name is a reference to a blue giant star, a transitory phase in the life cycle of a star, and one of the brightest types of stars in the universe. Blue Giant played their first show in June 2008 headlining the Wonder Ballroom in Portland. The band gave each audience member a free download of their first recording. Blue Giant has recorded and performed with Corin Tucker of Sleater Kinney. Tucker's distinct voice is featured on a duet with Kevin Robinson on Blue Giant's debut EP. Delving further in their collaborative spirit, Blue Giant went on Document [72] (Title: Blue Ben) his lair, he built the limestone causeway there to provide him safe passage. The devil used to watch Blue Ben, and one day decided to capture him for use as a mount. The devil rode him mercilessly through the fires of hell until the dragon escaped, and, in the hurry to get back to the security of his lair, he made the mistake of tramping through the mud flats, and getting stuck in the mud, which gradually consumed him. An alternative version of the story says that he lived inland but went to Kilve to cool off. In the early Document [73] (Title: The Big Blue) the Greek island of Amorgos in the 1960s. Enzo challenges Jacques to collect a coin on the sea floor but Jacques refuses. Later, Jacques' father — who harvests shellfish from the seabed using a pump-supplied air hose and helmet — goes diving. His breathing apparatus and rope gets caught and punctured by rocks on the reef and weighed down by water, he drowns. Jacques and Enzo can do nothing but watch in horror as he is killed. By the 1980s, both are well known freedivers, swimmers who can remain underwater for great times and at great depths. Enzo (Jean Reno) Document [74] (Title: The Blue Sword) The Blue Sword The Blue Sword is a fantasy novel written by American author Robin McKinley and published by Greenwillow Books in 1982. The novel "The Hero and the Crown" serves as a prequel. "The Blue Sword" has received several awards, including: Newbery Honor Award, ALA Best Book for Young Adults and the ALA Notable Children's Book. The story, told in the third-person omniscient perspective, is of a young woman named Angharad Crewe, called Harry, who becomes a warrior in her adopted homeland of Damar. This is the story of Harry Crewe, the Homelander orphan girl who became Harimad-sol, King's Document [75] (Title: Legend of the Blue Sea) the son of a rich businessman who becomes a handsome and clever con-man after his parents' divorce, and a mermaid named Shim Cheong (Jun Ji-hyun). Focusing on rebirth, fate, and unrequited love, their tale is juxtaposed with the parallel story of their Joseon era incarnations, town head Kim Dam-ryeong and the mermaid Se-hwa. During the Joseon era, a mermaid saves the son of a nobleman, Kim Dam-ryeong, from drowning. Following the incident, the two children become close friends and Dam-ryeong names her Se-hwa, meaning 'a bright, shining child', after his deceased younger sister. Despite being from two different worlds, they Document [76] (Title: Sea Legends) Sea looting ships, attacking town ports and hunting for treasure. Sea Legends Sea Legends () is an MS-DOS based game developed by the Russian company Mir Dialogue (later Nival), published by New Media Generation (in Russia) and Ocean of America, Inc. (North America) and distributed by GTE Entertainment. First big project by the veteran of the Russian gaming industry Sergey Orlovskiy, it was among the pioneers of the voxel technology in video games, combining 3D environment with 2D sprites, which allowed for an open world sea basin and real-time naval battles. "Sea Legends" was inspired by "Sid Meier's Pirates", although Document [77] (Title: Sea Legends) Sea Legends Sea Legends () is an MS-DOS based game developed by the Russian company Mir Dialogue (later Nival), published by New Media Generation (in Russia) and Ocean of America, Inc. (North America) and distributed by GTE Entertainment. First big project by the veteran of the Russian gaming industry Sergey Orlovskiy, it was among the pioneers of the voxel technology in video games, combining 3D environment with 2D sprites, which allowed for an open world sea basin and real-time naval battles. "Sea Legends" was inspired by "Sid Meier's Pirates", although it follows an original plot which also takes place in Document [78] (Title: The Thirteenth Son of the King of Erin) was the same knight as the first one. He cut the sea serpent in half, but the halves joined again, and it threatened that no one would save her the third day. The third day, he wore the many-colored clothing of the third giant, with its blue glass boots, and rode its red horse. When he was dressed the housekeeper told him that no one could fight the sea serpent that day; the only way to defeat him was to throw the brown apple she gave him down its open mouth. He took it. Again, the princess knew him by Document [79] (Title: Captain Barbell) into the sea. In the succeeding series, the magical barbell re-emerged and found new rightful owners: Captain Barbel hence became the alter-ego of the limping Dario (“Captain Barbell Kontra Captain Bakal,” Pinoy Komiks, July 2, 1964), and the legless cigarette vendor Gomer (“Captain Barbell Versus Flash Fifita,” Liwayway, December 26, 1966). There have actually been more than one person to assume the hero's identity throughout the years. Tenteng The first and most well-known of Captain Barbell's alter-egos, Tenteng is the name that we identify with the hero to this very day. However, we've been getting his story wrong all along. Document [80] (Title: Legend of the Blue Sea) he has to protect the mermaid from danger, particularly the reincarnations of Yang and anyone related to him. A furious Dam-ryeong is determined to kill Yang and expose all his crimes, until he is exiled and removed from his position by the court. While escorted on boat for his exile, Yang and his associates renew search for Se-hwa. Urged by his suspicions, he requests the boat to turn around and a fight ensues with Yang and his gang. As men aim their harpoons, Dam-ryeong plunges into the water just as a harpoon, hurled by Yang’s son, hits him from behind, Document [81] (Title: Legend of the Blue Sea) danger and they had evaded the bad fate that had been in store for them. The couple were finally married and lived happily in a home by the sea with a baby on his way. Filming began on August 19, 2016 in Goesan, North Chungcheong Province, South Korea. The production team then flew to Palau to film underwater scenes. The cast and crew flew to Spain on September 11 where they filmed in A Coruña, Ribadeo, Lugo, Tossa de Mar and Castell de Santa Florentina in Canet de Mar, as well as Begur (Es Cau Swimming Pool), Sitges (Town Hall Document [82] (Title: Blue Jay (comics)) becomes involved in power struggles involving the Rocket Reds and the villain known as Sonar. He is kidnapped by acquisitive aliens, along with dozens of other superhumans. The stowaways, Nightwing and Firestorm, work to release Superman. Their efforts free the hero, along with a few others imprisoned in his specific energy cage. This group includes the hero-for-hire Skyrocket, the mildly mentally unstable Livewire, the invulnerable strategist called the Veteran, and Aquaman II. Doubts about Superman's identity cause a schism in the makeshift team, but they work together to restore their powers, damage the facilities of their alien captors, and free Document [83] (Title: The Sea Prince and the Fire Child) As Syrius climbs on to a rock to get a closer look, the flame burns brightly and forces Syrius back into the water where he falls unconscious. Teak finds him and rescues him from being pulled into the whirlpool where Algorac is kept. As Syrius is made ruler of the Sea Kingdom, a jealous and bullying Japanese giant salamander named Mabuse (named Mugwug in the English adaptation), attempts to take the eye of Algorac away from Syrius and get the creatures of the deep to make him the king of the sea, but Syrius deals with him easily and sends Document [84] (Title: Victor Blue) Victor Blue Victor Blue, a brother of Rupert Blue, was born in Richmond County, North Carolina, 6 December 1865 and graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1887. Lieutenant Blue was advanced five numbers for intelligence missions in Cuba during the Spanish–American War. He served on the "Suwanee", and attracted general attention in June, 1898, by penetrating 72 miles (116 km) within the Spanish lines in the vicinity of Santiago, Cuba, and definitely determining for the first time the presence of the Spanish fleet in Santiago harbor. He commanded the "Alvarado", a gunboat captured from the Spanish, in the Document [85] (Title: Blue Blue Sea) Prather is finalizing the writing for volume 2, tentatively titled: Team Blue Blue Sea Saves the Day, about the rescue of Blue Blue Sea's younger brother, Gran Huracan, from Puerto Rico. Blue Blue Sea Blue Blue Sea (January 22, 1999 – February 9, 2013) was a chestnut gelding and an American Thoroughbred race horse foaled in Paris, Kentucky. He ran in claiming races with modest success. Purchased in 2004 by Miranda Prather, he was to be her show jumper, but in 2006, he colicked multiple times and was diagnosed with a malabsorption disorder. Given 1–2 years to live, with careful Document [86] (Title: Bluebeard) kill him. Conomor is a historical figure, known locally as a werewolf, and various local churches are dedicated to Saint Tryphine and her son, Saint Tremeur. The character's blue beard stands for the marvelous and the exotic, for aristocracy (Bluebeard was a wealthy nobleman with blue blood), and for Bluebeard's status as an outsider, a libertine, and a ruffian ("barbe," the French word for beard, relates to "barbarian"). The fatal effects of female curiosity have long been the subject of story and legend. Eve, Lot's wife, Pandora, and Psyche are all examples of mythic stories where women's curiosity is punished Question: the legend of the blue sea hero name

Answer: Heo Joon - jae Long Answer: The television series centers on the love story of Heo Joon - jae (Lee Min - ho), the son of a rich businessman who becomes a handsome and clever con - man after his parents' divorce, and a mermaid named Shim Cheong (Jun Ji - hyun). Focusing on rebirth, fate, and unrequited love, their tale is juxtaposed with the parallel story of their Joseon era incarnations, town head Kim Dam - ryeong and the mermaid Se - hwa. Gold Document ID: 65

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Avery Research Center for African American History and Culture) to establish the College of Charleston’s Avery Research Center for African American History and Culture. In 1985, The Avery Research Center for African American History and Culture was established as part of the academic program of the College of Charleston. Despite delays caused by Hurricane Hugo (September 21, 1989), the grand opening of the building took place on October 6, 1990. Today the Avery Institute is a separate nonprofit organization that provides support to the Avery Research Center’s museum, education, and public history outreach programs and operations, as well as assisting the Avery Research Center in acquiring archival collections. The Document [2] (Title: African American and African Diaspora Studies Program at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro) substantial number of mirrors relative to other similarly situated interdisciplinary programs. The annual CACE conference, which was in its 10th year, “has taken the lead in exploring issues of diversity which embrace all students as it provides opportunities to discuss and analyze race, class, culture, and ethnicity.” It was expressed that due to the tremendous growth of the program and strong student enrollment, it was a goal of the program and the university to implement a bachelor's degree in African American Studies. As a long-standing goal of the program, Dr. Woods was instrumental in the process as that goal was Document [3] (Title: Fourah Bay College) Sierra Leonean administrator in 1966. Work began on the building of the Institute of African Studies in 1966 with half the £40,000 being provided by the UK Technical Assistance Programme. The first Director was Michael Crowder with J. G. Edowu-Hyde as secretary. The journal "Sierra Leone Studies" was also relaunched at this time. As of 1998/1999, the student enrollment was around 2,000 in four faculties and five institutes. It had consistently expanded in the 10 previous years. "See also " Fourah Bay College Fourah Bay College is a public university in the neighbourhood of Mount Aureol in Freetown, Sierra Leone. Document [4] (Title: African American and African Diaspora Studies Program at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro) change, from “Black Studies” to “African American Studies.” It was agreed upon by the committee that the decision would be left up to the students themselves. Later in the year, after feedback from students the proposition was voted on and passed to adopt “African American Studies” as the new program title. This change would officially take place late 1992. It was decided that “African American” more accurately expressed the cultural heritage of the people it represents: the roots of Blacks throughout the world exist in African soil, but “African American” also connotes an international context which is more consistent with Document [5] (Title: African-American studies) Program was implemented by UC Berkeley administration on January 13, 1969. In 1969, St. Clair Drake was named the first chair of the degree granting, "Program in African and Afro-American Studies" at Stanford University. Many Black Studies Programs and departments and programs around the nation were created in subsequent years. At University of California, Santa Barbara, similarly, student activism led to the establishment of a Black Studies department, amidst great targeting and discrimination of student leaders of color on the University of California campuses. In the fall of 1968, black students from UCSB joined the national civil rights movement to Document [6] (Title: African Studies Association) African Studies Association, and was founded in 1968 by the ASA's Black Caucus and led by John Henrik Clarke. African Studies Association The African Studies Association (ASA) is an association of scholars and professionals in the United States and Canada with an interest in the continent of Africa. Started in 1957, the ASA is the leading organization of African Studies in North America. The associations headquarters are Rutgers University in New Jersey. The ASA holds annual conferences As a result of racial and political disputes over exclusion from leadership positions of black academics and ASA leaders' ties with the US Document [7] (Title: Richard A. Long) Center for African and African American Studies. In 1968 he became a Professor of English at Atlanta University (now Clark Atlanta University), where he was founder of the African American Studies program. From 1971 to 1973 he was visiting lecturer at Harvard University. In 1973 he went as adjunct professor to Emory University, where in 1987 he joined the faculty as Atticus Haygood Professor of Interdisciplinary Studies in the Graduate Institute of the Liberal Arts. Long served as a consultant and as a committee member of many cultural organizations and institutions, including the Second World Black and African Festival of Document [8] (Title: Latino studies) plan. While Chicano studies programs proliferated across campuses in California, Texas-based institutions also played pivotal roles in development of early Chicano Studies programs, including the Center for Mexican American Studies at the University of Texas at Austin in 1970 and the Center for Mexican American Studies (CMAS) at the University of Texas at Arlington founded in 1993. In 1969, a parallel wave of student activism took place at City University of New York (CUNY) south campus, spearheaded by the efforts of Puerto Rican and African American Students. These efforts culminated in the spring of 1969 when students staged the Open Document [9] (Title: African American and African Diaspora Studies Program at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro) minor. Additionally that year, two part-time faculty were hired to teach courses in Black Studies/African American Studies. The students also began to contribute to the Carolina Peacemaker, Greensboro’s Black newspaper and it was used as a teaching tool in all BKS/AFS classes. A number of special events were implemented that engaged students and the community. “African Americans and the 1992 Election” featured a variety of guest speakers, as well as the AFS Program Film and Lecture series that featured a number of prominent African American historical figures, and addressed key issues such as racism in America and how Blacks are Document [10] (Title: African American and African Diaspora Studies Program at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro) achieved and the African American Studies program began to offer a bachelor's degree in the field, beginning in 2002. Additionally, longtime lecturer, Michael Cauthen, assisted with the process of developing the degree program. In 2008, the Program hired its first tenured faculty and Director, Dr. Tara T. Green (2008–2016). Building off a process that began when Dr. Woods was director, AFS was approved for a graduate post-baccalaureate certificate in African American Studies. The program is also available online to graduate students currently enrolled in a graduate degree program at UNCG. Within the certificate program, students study the historical and political Document [11] (Title: Africana studies) since 1992, published by the National Council for Black Studies. Africana studies Africana studies, black studies, African-American studies or Africology, in US education, is the multidisciplinary study of the histories, politics and cultures of peoples of African origin in both Africa and the African diaspora. It is to be distinguished from African studies, as its focus combines Africa and the African diaspora into a concept of an "African experience" with a Pan-African perspective. In essence, Africana studies and black studies are interchangeable terms stressing black studies in a global and comparative sense, whereas African-American studies frequently emphasizes the U.S. African-American Document [12] (Title: Department of African American Studies – Syracuse University) also address Africa's silencing, marginalization and stereotyping. It also aims to revitalize interest in Africa as an area of study after the decline of the East African Studies Program at Syracuse University which initiated projects including the Eduardo Mondlane Lecture Series. The East African program had also been instrumental in spearheading an east African library collection at Syracuse's Bird Library that includes the Kenyan and Tanzanian national archives (one of the few collections of these archives in the United States). AI administers the "Eduardo Mondlane Memorial Lecture Series". The lecture series was named after the founder of Front for the Document [13] (Title: Negro Academy) among African Americans, but that due to efforts to unseat Grimké as ANA president, he was more concerned with self-serving interests. Negro Academy The American Negro Academy (ANA) was the first organization in the United States to support African-American academic scholarship. It operated from 1897 to 1928, and encouraged classical academic studies and liberal arts. It was formed to provide support to classic scholarship, in contrast to Booker T. Washington's approach to education. Washington's Tuskegee University emphasized vocational and industrial training for southern blacks, as he thought this was more practical for the lives most would live in the segregated Document [14] (Title: Ethnic studies) followed by the establishment of the nation's first College of Ethnic Studies at San Francisco State University on March 20, 1969. Courses in ethnic studies address perceptions that, because of the Eurocentric bias and racial and ethnic prejudice of those in power, American historians have systematically ignored or undervalued the roles of such ethnic minorities as Asian Americans, Blacks, Mexicans, Latinos and Native Americans. Ethnic studies also often encompasses issues of intersectionality, where gender, class, and sexuality also come into play. There are now hundreds of African American, Asian American, Mexican American and Chicano/Latino Studies departments in the US, approximately Document [15] (Title: Asian American studies) several universities, including University of North Carolina, University of Virginia, Syracuse University, and many others are in the process of developing Asian American Studies departments. Master of Arts in Asian American Studies programs are available at UCLA and SFSU. At the time of its founding in 1987, the Asian American Studies Program at Cornell University was the first such program in the Ivy League and on the east coast. Today it has four core faculty members in the humanities and social sciences in a variety of departments and colleges. This cross-college, university-wide position accommodates the extensive teaching and research interests Document [16] (Title: National Council for Black Studies) Black Studies education at UNC Charlotte, and although not originally a program that conferred an undergraduate or graduate degree, the Black Studies program at UNC Charlotte was integral to the creation of NCBS. Dr. Maxwell Roddey was the first black teacher at UNC Charlotte and also a co-founder of the Afro-American Cultural Center in North Carolina, now the Harvey B. Gantt Center for African-American Arts + Culture. She was also the president of the Delta Sigma Theta sorority from 1992-1996. The Black Studies program at UNC Charlotte was conceptualized to address the "academic, intellectual, social, and economic life of the Document [17] (Title: African American and African Diaspora Studies Program at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro) They proposed the creation of one or two courses on Black Studies, a re-evaluation of current and new course offerings, an independent research project in Black Studies, and the use of courses offered at the other four Greensboro colleges/universities to supplement the program’s listings. However, it wasn’t until 1986 that the first Black Studies specific courses were offered to be used towards a minor in Black Studies: BKS 100 – Blacks in America, and BKS 110 – Blacks in American Society: Social Economic, and Political Perspectives. In the following years, it was still a concern of the BSC and Committee Document [18] (Title: Africana Cultures and Policy Studies Institute) life for all African people in the Diaspora. ACPSI began in a series of meeting held by the Intellectual Society that occurred from 1999-2001. These meeting were inspired by Babacar M'Baye, Robert Smith, Zachery Williams at Bowling Green State University. The earliest discussion revolved around an integration of cultural theory, policy studies, international relations and history. The next major development leading to ACPSI occurred during the summer of 2000-2001. After traveling to Ghana and Benin to study Africanisms with Lillian Ashcraft-Eason and Djisovi Ikukomi Eason. Robert Smith had visited the continent the previous year to complete studies in Ghana and Document [19] (Title: Afro-American Cultural Center at Yale) relations with the African-American community of New Haven, and the establishment of a cultural center for black students on Yale’s campus. In 1968, undergraduate students founded the Urban Improvement Corps, an organization that aimed to help local New Haven students through tutoring and mentoring. In the spring of 1968, the Yale Corporation approved the establishment of a center for black Students and community members. The center was named Afro-America and opened in the fall of 1969 in a house on Chapel Street, a block from its current location. For the next year, students would use “the House” as it quickly Document [20] (Title: Russell L. Adams) the North Carolina Central University in Durham, North Carolina. In 1969, Adams became an associate professor at the University of the District of Columbia. In 1971, Adams was hired as chair of the Department of Afro-American Studies at Howard University. Throughout his work, Adams focused on the emergence of the Afro-American Studies as an academic field in addition to his long interest in cultural and curriculum diversity. Adams has published and edited several books, articles, and collections. He is the author of the biographical reference book "Great Negroes Past and Present" (1963), "leading American Negroes", a series of film strips Document [21] (Title: African American and African Diaspora Studies Program at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro) a “student designed” minor, there was no formal Black Studies Program created. Instead, UNCG administrators and faculty decided that courses related to Black Studies would become part of a flexible interdepartmental program. The 1983-84 course catalog featured 11 classes that students could use for a designed minor in Black Studies. However, the minor would have to be approved by the Ad Hoc Committee on Black Studies (BCS). It was reported by the Black Studies Committee, that owing to a lack of consensus toward the design of the minor, inadequate staff resources, and too few relevant courses available, the University did Document [22] (Title: Regents of the Univ. of Cal. v. Bakke) stemmed from them, remained almost all white. Many African-Americans had attended inferior schools and were ill-prepared to compete in the admissions process. This was unsatisfactory to many activists of the late 1960s, who protested that given the African-American's history of discrimination and poverty, some preference should be given to minorities. This became a commonly held liberal position, and large numbers of public and private universities began affirmative action programs. Among these were the University of California, Davis School of Medicine (UC Davis or "the university"), which was founded in 1968 and had an all-white inaugural class. The faculty was concerned Document [23] (Title: Edward W. Crosby) of Pan-African Studies (DPAS); thus Dr. Crosby served for 18 years as the Department's first chair. The IAAA still exists, as a community development and research institute. The Department offers a multifaceted and holistic Africana Studies curriculum with a full-service educational world view, in Oscar W. Ritchie Hall, home of The Center of Pan-African Culture, which consists of The Henry Dumas Library, Mbari Mbayo Theatre and the Garrett Morgan Computer Lab, as well as a number of classrooms. The Institute for African American Affairs (IAAA), now known as the Department of Pan-African Studies (1976), used a holistic curriculum model based Document [24] (Title: Department of African American Studies – Syracuse University) also advocated for a program that allowed all students (not just those of African-American descent) to learn about the contribution of African Americans in American history. The students were concerned with preserving Black identity and saw their dedication towards African studies as a collective struggle. Throughout the 1980s, students continued to play an active role on the university campus. It has now grown into a national and international renowned program that explores linkages between Africa and the African Diaspora. It continues to pioneer revolutionary thinking in its projects, programs, and academics. CFAC is an extension (unit) of AAS founded deain Document [25] (Title: Department of African American Studies – Syracuse University) Liberation of Mozambique (FRELIMO), Eduardo Mondlane, who was also a former professor at Syracuse University. In recent years, it has become more important in keeping a focus on topical issue on Africa in academia. The lecture series was originally administered by the East African Studies Program at Syracuse University that is now dissolved For several years, this interactive series has brought scholars, students, and the community together to discuss pertinent issues concerning Africa to the university. It is during one of these lecture series on February 20, 1970, that Guinea-Bissau nationalist Amílcar Cabral delivered his famous speech "National Liberation and Document [26] (Title: African American and African Diaspora Studies Program at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro) and Dr. E Patrick Johnson as well as a host of students, faculty, and community members dedicated to social justice, education, and equality. CACE was initiated in 1990 by the UNCG Department of Religious Studies (originally known as the Conference on African-American Religion in American Culture) in conjunction with other academic units, interested staff, students, faculty, and members of the larger community. The conference seeks to promote a better understanding within the university and the Greensboro community of the various facets of African American culture and experience. To that end, each conference has sought to examine critical and timely African-American Document [27] (Title: Syracuse University College of Arts and Sciences) The College sponsors the Africa Initiative. Departments within the College include African American Studies, Biology, Chemistry, Economics, English and Textual Studies, International Relations, Languages, Linguistics, and Literatures, Mathematics, Philosophy, Physics, Political Science, Public Affairs, Religion, Sociology, Writing, Women's and Gender Studies. Syracuse University College of Arts and Sciences The Syracuse College of Arts and Sciences was established in 1870 as the founding college at Syracuse University. It houses three academic divisions: Sciences and Mathematics, the Humanities, and the Social Sciences. The Social Science division is jointly administered with Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs. Syracuse University's College of Arts Document [28] (Title: Africana studies) from graduate school at Northwestern on the heels of the student rebellions of 1969, first used the term to describe a global approach to Black studies and name the "Africana Studies and Research Center" at Cornell, where he acted as the founding director. "Studia Africana", subtitled "An International Journal of Africana Studies" was published by the Department for African American Studies at the University of Cincinnati in a single issue in 1977 (an unrelated journal called "Studia Africana" is published by the Centro de Estudios Africanos, Barcelona, since 1990). The "International Journal of Africana Studies" (ISSN 1056-8689) has been appearing Document [29] (Title: Department of African American Studies – Syracuse University) American, and Afro-European studies. The AAS department was created in the spirit of revolutionary thinking. Syracuse students were among the first in the United States to rebel against institutionalized injustices in education in the 1960s. When Ernie Davis became the first Black football player to win the Heisman trophy in 1961, it was a major landmark for progress for African Americans in higher education. Syracuse alumnus Joe Biden noted in a tribute speech in 2011, that Ernie Davis "gave a whole group of people hope". Subsequently, racial discord in the football program began to be highlighted, which resulted in an Document [30] (Title: National Council for Black Studies) Studies movement (1968-1969) and the Black University concept (late 1960s) helped create more African and African diaspora-centered courses on various campuses. In April 1968, a national conference for Black teachers took place. Dr. Bertha Maxwell Roddey spearheaded NCBS in 1975 as part of this larger movement for African American studies. However, before its inception, Dr. Maxwell Roddey's pioneering work at UNC Charlotte included a Black Studies program that served as the inspiration and backdrop for the NCBS's structure, philosophy, and aims, in addition to the meetings and conferences that Dr. Maxwell Roddey organized. Dr. Maxwell Roddey realized the need for Document [31] (Title: African American and African Diaspora Studies Program at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro) of critical inquiry. The extended name allows the Program to retain its identity, as it has been for over ten years, and to augment it by including studies of people and cultures of the African diaspora who do not identify as American or who are new to America. AADS was said to reflect the diverse course offerings in comparative African history and literature. Program Director, Dr. Green implemented a number of forums, discussions, and lecture series that have featured notable scholars related in the field of African American, African, and Latin American Studies, including author and poet Brenda Marie Osbey Document [32] (Title: History of Cornell University) recruit and mentor minority students. In 1969, Cornell established its Africana Studies and Research Center, one of the first such black studies programs in the Ivy League. On April 1, 1970, during a period of heightened racial tension, the building that housed the Africana Studies center burned down. Since 1972, Ujamaa, a special interest program dormitory located in North Campus Low Rise No. 10, provides housing for many minority students. However, in 1974, the New York State Board of Regents ordered it desegregated, and its status remained controversial for years. On April 19, 1969, during a parents' weekend, over 80 Document [33] (Title: Ethnic studies) of a School of Ethnic Studies. President S. I. Hayakawa ended the strike after taking a hardline approach,when he appointed Dr. James Hirabayashi the first dean of the School (now College) of Ethnic Studies at San Francisco State University, and increased recruiting and admissions of students of color in response to the strike's demands. In 1972, The National Association for Ethnic Studies was founded to foster interdisciplinary discussions for scholars and activists concerned with the national and international dimensions of ethnicity encouraging conversations related to anthropology, Africana Studies, Native Studies, Sociology and American Studies among other fields. Minority students at Document [34] (Title: African-American studies) dates back to W.E.B. Dubois in his analysis of black male training in his book Souls of Black Folk. Though African-American studies as its own discipline has been in decline, its perpetuation as a sub-discipline in various social science fields (e.g., education, sociology, cultural anthropology, urban studies) has risen. This rise has coincided with the emergence of men's studies (also referred to as masculine studies). Since the early 1980s increasing interest in Black males among scholars and policy makers has resulted in a marked rise in the sub-discipline Black Male Studies. Today, numerous books, research articles, conferences, foundations, research centers Document [35] (Title: Association for the Study of Classical African Civilizations) Los Angeles, California, on February 26, 1984, by: Association for the Study of Classical African Civilizations The Association for the Study of Classical African Civilizations (ASCAC) is an independent study group organization founded in 1984 by Drs. John Henrik Clark, Asa Grant Hilliard, Leonard Jeffries, Jacob H. Carruthers, Rkhty Amen, Yosef Ben-Jochannan, and Maulana Karenga that is devoted to the rescue, reconstruction, and restoration of African history and culture. It is an organization that provides the opportunity for "African peoples to educate other African peoples about their culture." ASCAC was founded by scholars with ties to African-American communities in New Document [36] (Title: Africana studies) departments, and are offered from the undergraduate through the doctoral levels. In many institutions, Africana studies research and study takes place in departments combining African and African-American studies. Africana studies departments at many major universities grew out of the black studies programs and departments formed in the late 1960s in the context of the US Civil Rights Movement, as black studies programs were reformed and renamed "Africana studies," with an aim to encompass the continent of Africa and all of the African diaspora using terminology rooted in geography and history rather than race. The first "Africana" studies department was formed Document [37] (Title: Georgy Danilov) which resulted in the creation of НИАНКП(the Research Association for the Study of National and Colonial Problems). Soviet African studies emerged from the late 1920s to the late 1930s. During that period none of Soviet Africanist scholars travelled to Africa.In the early 1930s a Department of Africa was created at one of Comintern’s universities, the Communist University of Eastern Toilers. There was also an African Department, or the African Laboratory (“Kabinet”) in the Academic Research Association for National and Colonial Problems. Its main task was collecting materials on Africa.The activities of both these centres were vibrant and diverse. Not only Document [38] (Title: African-American upper class) Civil War in the 1860s, organizations like the American Missionary Association, which had sponsored elementary schools for Southern blacks, established some of the first historically black colleges and universities. These include Fisk University, founded in 1866; Hampton University, Howard University, Spelman College and Morehouse College. Those who attended these schools, as well as such other black colleges as Hampton University, Howard University, Morehouse College and Spelman College, were able to acquire skills and academic knowledge that put them in a distinctly different class. Cheyney University, Lincoln University, PA founded in 1854, and Wilberforce University founded in 1856, were the only Document [39] (Title: African-American studies) as Caribbean, African, and Afro-European) literature, history, politics, and religion as well as those from disciplines such as: sociology, anthropology, cultural studies, psychology, education, and many other disciplines within the humanities and social sciences. And, increasingly, African American Studies departments are hiring and partnering with STEM scholars. Intensive academic efforts to reconstruct African-American history began in the late 19th century (W. E. B. Du Bois, "The Suppression of the African Slave Trade to the United States of America", 1896). Among the pioneers in the first half of the 20th century were Carter G. Woodson, Herbert Aptheker, Melville Herskovits, and Lorenzo Document [40] (Title: Africana studies) to help students broaden their knowledge of the worldwide human experience by presenting an aspect of that experience—the Black Experience—which has traditionally been neglected or distorted by educational institutions. Additionally, this course of study strives to introduce an Afro-centric perspective including phenomena related to the culture. According to Robert Harris Jr, an emeritus professor of history at the Africana Studies Research Center at Cornell, there have been four stages in the development of Africana studies: from the 1890s until the Second World War numerous organizations developed to analyze the culture and history of African peoples (African studies). In the second Document [41] (Title: African-American studies) Some critics claim that racism perpetrated by many administrators hinders the institutionalization of Black Studies at major universities. As with the case of UC Berkeley most of the Black Studies programs across the country were instituted because of the urging and demanding of black students to create the program. In many instances black students also called for the increased enrollment of black students and offer financial assistance to these students. Also seen in the case of UC Berkeley is the constant demand to have such a program, but place the power of control in the hands of black people. The Document [42] (Title: Africana studies) stage the focus turned to African Americans (Afro-American studies). In the third stage a bevy of newly conceived academic programs were established as Black studies. Unlike the other stages, Black studies grew out of mass rebellions of black college students and faculty in search of a scholarship of change. The fourth stage, the new name "Africana studies" involved a theoretical elaboration of the discipline of black studies according to African cultural reclamation and disparate tenets in the historical and cultural issues of Africanity within a professorial interpretation of the interactions between these fields and college administrations. Thus Africana studies reflected Document [43] (Title: Nubian Message) knowledge and understanding of African American culture. The Black Awareness Council, a student group at UNC, led the charge in Chapel Hill, calling for a permanent stand alone building that could be used for the study of African-American culture. Students at NCSU did the same, claiming that administration in Raleigh had promised the building of a cultural center in 1987, a fact which campus officials never disputed. With these calls for cultural awareness as the backdrop, the actual event that set in motion the formation of the Nubian Message came on Sept. 23, 1992 when the Technician ran a controversial Document [44] (Title: African American and African Diaspora Studies Program at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro) in meaningful learning activities that provide them with an integrated and critical understanding of the experiences and contributions of peoples of African descent throughout the Americas. The program offers students the opportunity to examine experiences of Africans and African descendants by using theories and methods stemming from African American Studies and other fields. The interdisciplinary nature of the program allows its students to employ and combine the methods of traditional disciplines (e.g. literature, history, music, the visual arts, art history, religion, economics, philosophy, gender studies, political science, and sociology) in analyzing problems, issues, and questions that lie at the center Document [45] (Title: Association of African Universities) Association of African Universities The Association of African Universities (AAU), whose headquarters is in Accra, Ghana, was founded in Rabat, Morocco on November 12, 1967, following recommendations made at an earlier conference organized by the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in Antananarivo, Madagascar in September 1962 for the formation of such an apex organization. The Antananarivo recommendations were taken up by a preparatory Committee of the heads of African institutions of higher education, which met in Khartoum in September 1963 and drafted the founding constitution of the association. With an initial membership of 34, the association now Document [46] (Title: Melville J. Herskovits) to do research on abolition of slavery there. She introduced to them Stanley J. Stein, a graduate student in Latin American history at Harvard. With advice from Herkovits, Stein and Stein recorded black songs called "jongos", which have recently received considerable scholarly attention. Herskovits also influenced Alan Lomax, who collected African American songs. In 1948, Herskovits founded the first major interdisciplinary American program in African studies at Northwestern University with aid of a three-year, $30,000 grant from the Carnegie Foundation, followed by a five-year $100,000 grant from the Ford Foundation in 1951. The Program of African Studies was the first Document [47] (Title: African-American studies) to us, or otherwise miss-educate us will be accepted." AASU members asserted that “The young people of America are the inheritors of what is undoubtedly one of the most challenging, and threatening set of social circumstances that has ever fallen upon a generation of young people in history..." AASU used these claims to gain ground on their proposal to create a black studies department. Nathan Hare, a sociology professor at San Francisco State University, created what was known as the “A Conceptual Proposal for Black Studies” and AASU used Hare’s framework to create a set of criteria. A Black Studies Document [48] (Title: University of California, Irvine School of Humanities) opportunity to study those societies and cultures established by the people of the African diaspora. The program focuses and encourages students to explore the African American experience from a variety of disciplinary perspectives and theoretical approaches. Some topics explored in this program is the process of colonization and the forced migration of African people, the position of African people in the western hemisphere, the rhetoric produced by and about African people, and the cultural and aesthetic values associated with "blackness" and "Africanness." This program offers a B.A. degree program in African American studies and a minor. The Academic English is Document [49] (Title: National Council for Black Studies) National Council for Black Studies National Council for Black Studies (NCBS) is a student established organization dedicated to the advancement of the field of Africana/African American/Black Studies. It is a not for profit organization established in 1975. The National Council for Black Studies was founded and first housed at the campus of the University of North Carolina at Charlotte (UNC Charlotte) by the UNC Charlotte Black Student Union. Within the context of the Civil Rights Movement, a growing recognition of the need for the study of African-American world experience spurred student movements on several campuses for inclusive educations. The Black Document [50] (Title: Eastern Nazarene College) 1923. He served African-American youths at that location for decades. The trustees of the college were incorporated by the state in 1920, by which time its liberal arts identity had been "quite firmly established." It did not gain Bachelor of Arts degree-granting power from the commonwealth for another decade, after the curriculum and faculty were established. On January 28, 1930, President Floyd W. Nease appealed directly to the General Court of Massachusetts for degree-granting authority, defending ed his petition before the Joint Committee on Education and the state House and Senate. He cited financial records, campus improvement plans, and prominent Document [51] (Title: Afro-Academic, Cultural, Technological and Scientific Olympics) sustains approximately 200 programs nationally. Over the past 30 years, over 200,000 black high school students have participated in the program at local and national levels. For over thirty years the mission of ACT-SO has been to prepare, recognize and reward youth of African descent who exemplify scholastic and artistic excellence. Original goals (1977): According to the NAACP, the program’s goals are: Annual academic competitions are conducted for students of African descent who are U.S. citizens enrolled in grades 9–12 and are amateurs in the categories of competition. Winners of the competition at each local branch are eligible for awards Document [52] (Title: African-American studies) to win the Heisman trophy in College football, it renewed debates about race in college campuses in the country. Inspired by the Davis win, civil rights movement and nationwide student activism, in 1969 Black and White students led by the Student African American Society (SAS) at Syracuse University marched in front of the building at Newhouse and demanded Black studies be taught at Syracuse. It existed as an independent, underfunded non-degree offering program from 1971 until 1979. In 1979 the program became the Department of African American Studies, offering degrees within the College of Arts and Sciences. One of the Document [53] (Title: Department of African American Studies – Syracuse University) The Program has an experiential component through affiliations that the department has with institutions abroad that leads to all students studying in Africa, the Caribbean, Canada, or African American sites. The AAS department views Africa as an integral part of its scholarly vision and mission. The Africa Initiative (AI) is located in the department of African American studies and was launched in 2001 with a goal of focusing on Africa. AI aims at spearheading revitalized interest in Africa, which has declined in many United States institutions of higher learning since the end of the "Cold War. Its aim is to Document [54] (Title: African American and African Diaspora Studies Program at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro) African American and African Diaspora Studies Program at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro The African American and African Diaspora Studies Program (AADS) at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro (UNCG) was established in 1981 as a “student designed” minor in Black Studies. Located in Greensboro, North Carolina, the AADS program at UNCG shares a rich history with the city of Greensboro a location in the Underground Railroad, a hotbed for Civil Rights activism, and home of the Greensboro sit-ins that originated in downtown Greensboro. The AADS program is committed to enabling all of its students to engage Document [55] (Title: Cornell Africana Studies and Research Center) Center, focuses on the social, economic, and political dimensions of the history and cultures of peoples of African descent. It has more than 17,000 volumes. The ASRC occupies 310 Triphammer Rd in the Village of Cayuga Heights, New York. Its director is Gerard Aching. In the late 1960s, the Black Community began to ask for academic programs and funding for ethnic studies, including the establishment of an Africana studies program. By the spring of 1969, the Administration had recruited James Turner to be the first director of the ASRC. The ASRC offered its first classes in the fall of 1969 Document [56] (Title: African Studies Association) African Studies Association The African Studies Association (ASA) is an association of scholars and professionals in the United States and Canada with an interest in the continent of Africa. Started in 1957, the ASA is the leading organization of African Studies in North America. The associations headquarters are Rutgers University in New Jersey. The ASA holds annual conferences As a result of racial and political disputes over exclusion from leadership positions of black academics and ASA leaders' ties with the US intelligence and military, the ASA split in 1968, when the Black Caucus of the ASA, led by John Henrik Document [57] (Title: Cornell Africana Studies and Research Center) established the first Ph.D. program in Africana Studies in New York State and is expecting its first cohort Fall 2014. Cornell Africana Studies and Research Center The Africana Studies and Research Center (ASRC) at Cornell University is an academic unit devoted to the study of the global migrations and reconstruction of African peoples, as well as patterns of linkages to the African continent (and among the peoples of the African Diaspora). The Africana Studies program offers around 23 graduate and undergraduate courses each semester. Africana offers an undergraduate major for students in the Cornell University College of Arts and Sciences Document [58] (Title: Ethnic studies) across the country and have grown to encompass African American Studies, Asian American Studies, Raza Studies, Chicano Studies, Mexican American Studies, and Native American Studies, as well as Jewish-American Studies and Italian-American Studies. The first strike demanding the establishment of an Ethnic Studies department occurred in 1968, led by the Third World Liberation Front (TWLF), a joint effort of the Black Student Union, Latin American Students Organization, Asian American Political Alliance, Pilipino American Collegiate Endeavor, and Native American Students Union at San Francisco State University. This was the longest student strike in the nation's history, and resulted in the establishment Document [59] (Title: Malcolm X Liberation University) the university's administration, most of which reflected the black students' dissatisfaction with the inadequacy of civil rights on campus. The organization negotiated at first with the university's president, Dr. Douglas Knight, who reluctantly agreed to consider the implementation of an Afro-American Studies program. President Knight was away on a trip to procure funds for a black studies program, one of the "Black Demands", but the AAS grew impatient and decided to stage a protest. On the morning of February 13, 1969, the AAS organized an occupation of the Allen Building, the location of all the records of previous students. Knight Document [60] (Title: National Center of Afro-American Artists) National Center of Afro-American Artists The National Center of Afro-American Artists (NCAAA) is an institution founded in 1968 by Elma Lewis to "preserv[e] and foster[] the cultural arts heritage of black peoples worldwide through arts teaching, and the presentation of professional works in all fine arts disciplines." Although the organization's name specifies African American artists, the organizational mandate includes all African diasporic art. The museum subsumed Lewis' previously launched "Elma Lewis School of Fine Arts" (ELSFA). The NCAAA is the largest independent black cultural arts institution in New England, United States. At its founding, the NCAAA was housed in a Document [61] (Title: Doris Derby) College on African art and culture. Derby left Mississippi in 1972 and focused on African and African-American Studies, for which she earned an M.A., as well as a Ph.D. in Social Anthropology from the University of Illinois. She also worked in the University System of Wisconsin for ten years. In 1990, she joined the University System of Georgia at Georgia State University (G.S.U.) as an Adjunct Associate Professor of Anthropology and the Founding Director of the Office of African-American Student Services and Programs (O.A.A.S.S.P.). Her department's achievements included the retention and graduation of a vast number of African-American students, as Document [62] (Title: Molefi Kete Asante) the graduate program. Temple became known as the leader among the African-American Studies departments; it was 10 years before the next doctoral program was introduced in this field, at the University of Massachusetts Amherst in 1997. Alumni from the Temple program are found in every continent, many nations, and many direct African American Studies programs at major universities. In 1980 Asante published "Afrocentricity: The Theory of Social Change", which initiated a discourse around the issue of African agency and subject place in historical and cultural phenomena. He maintained that Africans had been moved off-center in terms on most questions of Document [63] (Title: African American and African Diaspora Studies Program at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro) portrayed in the media. In 1992, BKS/AFS courses (100,110, and 200) were approved to fulfill All-University Liberal Education Requirements (AULER), which was designed to promote a broad, liberal education for all students at the university. The first objective of the African American Studies curriculum was to “signify to the university community that teaching and learning about the history and experiences of Blacks in American society is an integral part of a university education.” Enrollment in AFS courses steadily increased in the intervening years (1992–1995) and that trend has continued. Meanwhile, the Program still continued to fight for the hiring of Document [64] (Title: Afrocentric education) and the Harlem Renaissance, many writers and historians gathered in major cities, where they began to work on documenting achievements of Africans throughout history, in United States and Western life. They began to set up institutions to support scholarly work in African-American history and literature, such as the American Negro Academy (now the Black Academy of Letters and Arts), founded in Washington, DC, in 1874. Some men were self-taught; others rose through the academic system. Creative writers and artists claimed space for African-American perspectives. Leaders included bibliophile Arthur Schomburg, who devoted his life to collecting literature, art, slave narratives, and Document [65] (Title: African-American studies) and institutes, academic journals, initiatives, and scholarly collectives emphasize or focus entirely on the status of Black boys and men in society. University of South Carolina Non-African-American specific: African-American studies African American Studies (alternately named Black Studies, Africana Studies, African Diaspora Studies, or Afroamerican Studies) is an interdisciplinary academic field that is primarily devoted to the study of the history, culture, and politics of Black people from the United States. However, in some cases, the field includes peoples from the rest of the Americas and from other parts of the world. The field has been defined in different ways but, Document [66] (Title: African American and African Diaspora Studies Program at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro) not approve an official Black Studies Program with specifically designed courses. The BSC decided that in order to become recognized on campus they needed to spread awareness to current and entering students about designing a minor and to evaluate and develop new course offerings. The aim was to create a solid foundation of course offerings to become an established program, develop a strong case for additional Black faculty, and to promote a better understanding of what Black Studies really constitutes. In 1983, Dr. Lee Bernick, Chair of the BSC, put forth the first proposal to formalize the Black Studies minor. Document [67] (Title: Amherst College) of an inter-college exchange program were admitted as transfer students. In June 1976, they became the first female graduates of the college. The college established the Black Studies Department in 1969. In 1973, it launched the nation's first undergraduate neuroscience program. In 1983, it established a Department of Asian Languages and Literatures, which was later to become the Department of Asian Languages and Civilizations. In 1984, on-campus fraternities were abolished. The former fraternity buildings, which were owned by the college, were converted into residence halls. The Department of Women's and Gender Studies, which later became the Department of Sexuality, Women's, Document [68] (Title: Black psychology) Freedman societies. Federal government land grants such as the Morrill Act of 1862 helped to support these institutions and the additional aid of religious denominations allowed for the support of these schools. The years following saw the founding of Black colleges across the country including notable institutions such as the first historically black college Lincoln University (1854), Fisk University (1865), Howard University (1867), Morehouse College (1867) and Spelman College (1881). By 1940 there were more than one hundred Black colleges in the seventeen southern states offering a variety of degrees with many of the earned degrees in social sciences and Document [69] (Title: Doris E. Saunders) School of Public Communication and the Master of Arts in Afro-American Studies from the graduate school in one year. These degrees were awarded in 1977. From 1983 to 1984 she studied toward a Ph.D. in history at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee. At the same time, she commuted to Chicago on weekends to continue work on the books in progress at Johnson Publishing. Saunders was involved in many organizations. She served as a board member of the Black Academy of Arts and letters, board member of the American Civil Liberties Union Illinois Chapter, member of the Chicago Leadership Resource Program, Document [70] (Title: Makila James) with a bachelor's degree with a double major Africana Studies and American History in 1979. There she was one of a relatively few African-American members of the Quill and Dagger society. She has said that her dual study program and her involvement at the Cornell Africana Studies and Research Center had a strong impact on the direction her career took, that from the beginning of her time at Cornell she wanted to be "a woman in front of the train," and that she finds it encouraging that the Africana program was still going strong. She then attended Columbia University Law Document [71] (Title: Institute of African Studies) Review of the Institute of African Studies". The current Director is Professor Dzodzi Tsikata. Institute of African Studies The Institute of African Studies on the Anne Jiagee road on campus of the University of Ghana at Legon is an interdisciplinary research institute in the humanities and social sciences. It was established by President Kwame Nkrumah in 1962 to encourage African studies. Thomas Lionel Hodgkin served as the first Director, from 1962 to 1965. On 25 October 1963 President Kwame Nkrumah gave an inaugural address at the Institute, entitled "The African Genius", in which he called for the recovery of African Document [72] (Title: Africana Cultures and Policy Studies Institute) developed the Organizational Diagram. Robert Smith developed the mission statement and an initial conceptual agenda of relative subject matter to the Institute. Zachery Williams was elected as the first executive director of the Institute largely stemming from the promotion of his vision of an integrated think-tank and policy advocacy institution and his background in black intellectualism. On June 10–12, the 2005-Second Annual Meeting was held in Charlotte, NC. This session was hosted by Robert Smith in the University of North Carolina—Charlotte Department of African and African American Studies. The Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies, TransAfrica Forum, Institute of Document [73] (Title: Asian American studies) the United States told from their perspectives. The demand for Ethnic Studies was a critical response to the Eurocentric bias in university curriculum. As a result, a College of Ethnic Studies (the only such "college" at any American university at the time) became established at San Francisco State University with American Indian Studies, Asian American Studies, Africana Studies, and Latino/a Studies as its four units, and four ethnic studies programs became established at the University of California, Berkeley. The Association for Asian American Studies, a professional organization designed to promote teaching and research in the field, was established in 1979. Document [74] (Title: University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences) the talent of university faculty and other members of the academic community. Sociology major William Augustus Jones, Jr., and English minor Doris Wilkinson represented A&S in UK's first graduating class of African-Americans in 1958. Joseph Walter Scott, UK's first African-American professor, was hired by the Sociology Department in 1965 and was joined later in 1967 by Doris Wilkinson, who became the first female African-American professor in the school's history. During the same time – and in response to an increasingly tense political climate – the College of Arts and Sciences opened the Patterson School for Diplomacy. The college's location on Document [75] (Title: Arturo Alfonso Schomburg) political equality, and publish the history and sociology of African American life. This was a period of the founding of societies to encourage scholarship in African-American history. In 1915, Dr. Carter G. Woodson co-founded the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History (now called the Association for the Study of African American Life and History) and began publishing the "Journal of Negro History". Schomburg became involved in the Harlem Renaissance movement, which spread to other African-American communities in the U.S. The concentration of blacks in Harlem from across the US and Caribbean led to a flowering of arts, Document [76] (Title: Africana studies) after the Willard Straight Hall takeover at Cornell University, an Ivy League School located in Ithaca, New York. The African-American historian and emeritus professor from this department, Robert L. Harris, offers a useful definition of the field in Jacqueline Bobo, Cynthia Hudley and Claudine Michel's anthology "The Black Studies Reader": "Africana Studies is the multidisciplinary analysis of the lives and thought of people of African ancestry on the African continent and throughout the world. It embraces Africa, Afro-America, and the Caribbean, but does not confine itself to those three geographical areas. Africana studies examines people of African ancestry wherever they Document [77] (Title: African-American studies) African-American studies African American Studies (alternately named Black Studies, Africana Studies, African Diaspora Studies, or Afroamerican Studies) is an interdisciplinary academic field that is primarily devoted to the study of the history, culture, and politics of Black people from the United States. However, in some cases, the field includes peoples from the rest of the Americas and from other parts of the world. The field has been defined in different ways but, taken broadly, it not only studies slave descendants in the United States, but any community of the African Diaspora. The field includes scholars of African American (as well Document [78] (Title: National Council for Black Studies) African Studies to various communities. NCBS is currently housed at The University of Cincinnati in Cincinnati, Ohio, with its previous base in Atlanta, Georgia. National Council for Black Studies National Council for Black Studies (NCBS) is a student established organization dedicated to the advancement of the field of Africana/African American/Black Studies. It is a not for profit organization established in 1975. The National Council for Black Studies was founded and first housed at the campus of the University of North Carolina at Charlotte (UNC Charlotte) by the UNC Charlotte Black Student Union. Within the context of the Civil Rights Movement, Document [79] (Title: Afrocentric education) street lectures and political activism, influencing early generations of Black Socialists and Black Nationalists. Dr. Carter G. Woodson co-founded the Association for the Study of African American Life and History (as it is now called) in 1915, as well as "The Journal of Negro History", so that scholars of black history could be supported and find venues for their work. Among their topics, editors of publications such as NAACP's "The Crisis" and "Journal of Negro History" sought to include articles that countered the prevailing view that Sub-Saharan Africa had contributed little of value to human history that was not the Document [80] (Title: Afro-American Cultural Center at Yale) in memory of three of the principle founders of the House and African-American Studies. The endowment is used to support leadership programming at the center and sponsors the Higher Education Initiative, a weeklong annual public service trip held in conjunction with the Yale Black Alumni Association. In the spring of 1968, students from the Black Student Alliance at Yale submitted a proposal to the Yale College administration calling for the creation of an Afro-American Studies major at the university. Yale College Dean Georges May appointed a planning committee, chaired by political science professor Robert A. Dahl composed of both undergraduates Document [81] (Title: University of Massachusetts Boston) opening of both the Urban Harbors Institute and The Mauricio Gastón Institute for Latino Community Development and Public Policy, and later oversaw the separation of the College of Arts and Sciences into the College of Science and Mathematics and the College of Liberal Arts. In 1990, the university launched PhD programs in clinical psychology, gerontology, and environmental biology. In 1993, the College of Public and Community Service established the Labor Resource Center and the College of Liberal Arts established the Institute for Asian American Studies, the College of Education began its partnership with The Mather School (the oldest public elementary Document [82] (Title: University of Georgia Graduate School) and Chancellor David Barrow formally established the Graduate School and appointed Dr. Willis Henry Bocock as its dean. Seven male students enrolled that fall. It would be nearly a decade later before women gained formal admittance; fifty years for African-Americans. The newly formed Graduate School oversaw 12 fields of study. The Master of Arts alone included philosophy, math, education, history, political science, rhetoric, English literature, German, Latin, Greek, and Romance languages. By 1913, the four degree programs offered included the Master of Arts, Master of Science, Master of Science in Agriculture, and Civil Engineering, and the first formal master's degrees Document [83] (Title: Edward W. Crosby) On arriving at Kent, knowing the value of this kind of symbiosis, Crosby took on the task of developing an academic program modeled after the one he had previously spearheaded in East St. Louis and also took on the task of creating a cultural center that could work in tandem with the newly formed Institute for African American Affairs (IAAA). For 23 years this dual institution functioned with one purpose in mind, which was to provide an environment that reaffirmed the value of African-American culture while helping their students learn to use the academic skills necessary to graduate from a Document [84] (Title: African American and African Diaspora Studies Program at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro) related issues and perspectives, and to engage both members of the Greensboro community and the university in the exploration and discussion of those issues and perspectives. African American and African Diaspora Studies Program at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro The African American and African Diaspora Studies Program (AADS) at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro (UNCG) was established in 1981 as a “student designed” minor in Black Studies. Located in Greensboro, North Carolina, the AADS program at UNCG shares a rich history with the city of Greensboro a location in the Underground Railroad, a hotbed for Civil Document [85] (Title: African Studies Center, Boston University) African Studies Center, Boston University The African Studies Center (ASC) at Boston University is among the oldest and most respected African studies programs in the United States. Founded in 1953, BU's African Studies Center provides language and area studies training to students throughout Boston University. The ASC has been a long-time recipient of federal funding from the Title VI grant. A group of Boston University faculty with an interest in Africa, including George Lewis (geography), Zeb Reyna (psychology), William Newman (political science), Lyn Watson (anthropology), Al Zalinger (sociology), and Adelaide Cromwell (Sociology), began to meet in 1951 and approached the Document [86] (Title: Meharry Medical College) as he Medical Association of Colored Physicians, Surgeons, Dentists, and Pharmacists (later renamed the National Medical Association) helped to found medical schools specifically for African Americans. Since its foundation, Meharry Medical College has added several graduate programs in the areas of science, medicine, and public health. In 1938, the School of Graduate Studies and Research was founded. The first master's degree program, a Master of Science in Public Health Degree, was established in 1947. In 1972, a Ph.D. program was implemented, and in 1982 Meharry established an M.D/Ph.D. program. In more recent years Meharry has created a Master's of Science Document [87] (Title: Amistad Research Center) in any aspect of African American history. The UCBHM eventually closed the Race Relations Department but chose to keep the ARC and it was incorporated into an independent non-profit archive in 1969. After incorporation in 1969, the first meeting of the ARC's board members was held in the New York City office of the AMA. Dr. Albert W. Dent, retired president of Dillard University, approached Johnson, with an open invitation from Dr. T.S. Lawless, chairman of the university's board of trustees, about moving the ARC to the campus of Dillard University. In 1970 the ARC moved to Dillard University. The Document [88] (Title: African-American studies) end racial segregation and exclusion of Black history and studies from college campuses.Triggered by the insensitivity of the administration and general campus life, they occupied North Hall and presented the administration with a set of demands. Such efforts led to the eventual creation of the Black Studies department and the Center for Black Studies. Similar activism was happening outside of California. At Yale University, a committee headed by political scientist Robert Dahl recommended establishing an undergraduate major in African-American culture, one of the first such at an American university. When Ernie Davis from Syracuse University became the first African American Document [89] (Title: Florida A&M University) then-Tallahassee Memorial Hospital started serving African Americans. In 1963, FAMU students demonstrated against segregation in the city. In 1992, 1995, and 1997, FAMU successfully recruited more National Achievement Scholars than Harvard. In the fall of 1997, FAMU was selected as the TIME Magazine-Princeton Review "College of the Year" and was cited in 1999 by Black Issues in Higher Education for awarding more baccalaureate degrees to African-Americans than any institutions in the nation. In 2017, FAMU became the first university to launch an African-American news network through its School of Journalism and Graphic Communications. The network is named "The Black Television Document [90] (Title: University of Southern Mississippi) male homosexuals, were targeted and expelled. McCain's intentions were to purge the campus of all sexual impurities. In 1969, the Afro-American Cultural Society (AACS) was founded. Alvin Williams, an early member of the organization and professor emeritus of media at the university, described AACS as an "instrumental part of student life for black students" attending the university in the late 1960s. The organization was later renamed as the African American Student Organization (AASO) in the 1990s. The transition of the 1960s to the 1970s gave way to a surge of social activism and major changes within the university. In response Document [91] (Title: National Council for Black Studies) Black student." This was realized through a series of phases, which were levels of academic courses through which students would complete; they are as follows: Each phase included community service projects and the higher levels or phases also included research projects while the lower levels or phases were intro-level or survey classes concerning African American history and other disciplines. The Black Studies committee envisioned the program to both benefit the community and work in tandem with the entire university through an interdisciplinary approach. Several organizations were affiliated with the Black Studies program including: the Black Student Union, Black Gospel Choir, Document [92] (Title: Association for the Study of African American Life and History) such example is the Association of Black Women Historians (ABWH) founded at the 1977 ASALH convention in Washington, D.C. ABWH was founded by three women participants, Rosalyn Terbong-Penn, Eleanor Smith, and Elizabeth Parker. The National Council of Black Studies was also conceptualized at an ASALH convention. Association for the Study of African American Life and History The Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH) is an organization dedicated to the study and appreciation of African-American History. It is a non-profit organization founded in Chicago, Illinois, on September 9, 1915, and incorporated in Washington, D.C. on October Document [93] (Title: Department of African American Studies – Syracuse University) in 1982 as a non-profit performing arts company. It was founded as a non-profit performing arts company in Syracuse. It was named after African-American concert singer, recording artist, athlete, actor, and activist Paul Robeson. It became a part of the university and AAS in 1989 and has worked at improving art education on the Syracuse university campus and in the Syracuse community. AAS offers students opportunities for academic study, research, community involvement and study abroad. The department's interdisciplinary curriculum enables students to engage, analyze and create knowledge involving African Americans, and make linkages with areas of Latin America, the Caribbean Document [94] (Title: State University of New York at New Paltz) later. A March 1974 sit-in at the Haggerty Building reacted against perceived discriminatory hiring practices, the state-mandated reintegration of Shango Hall (which then housed underrepresented students), and the threatened cessation of the Experimental Studies Program in the wake of a budget shortfall. Amid this tumult, the college's general education program (including then-vanguard introductory surveys of African and Asian cultures) was eliminated in 1971; a distribution requirement was re-instituted in 1993. A program in African American studies was established in 1968. Three years later, the Experimental Studies Program (reorganized as the Innovative Studies Program in 1975) began to enroll students, instructors, Document [95] (Title: African American and African Diaspora Studies Program at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro) not go unnoticed by the university during their review of the Program. The university review of the African American Studies Program was conducted in 1999. It was stated that the administration was “impressed by the institutional commitment and assiduous leadership of both faculty and staff.” Dr. Woods was also recognized for his efforts in stimulating the growth of the Program. Additionally, at this point in the program there was overwhelming enthusiasm and support from students that garnered the attention of the university. The students expressed a desire to major in African American Studies that already celebrated impressive enrollment and a Document [96] (Title: African American and African Diaspora Studies Program at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro) Black students, to develop more courses that pertain to minorities in all areas of study, to revise the current curriculum to reflect the achievements and to accomplishments of Blacks in all academic disciplines, and to use more sensitivity in administrative practices concerning minorities. In December 1982, a formal petition was filed and signed by faculty and students urging the administration at UNCG to support and implement a Black Studies Program and to integrate Black Studies into existing courses. Students renewed interest in previous demands made in 1982 by the coalition of Black campus organizations after a white student called a Document [97] (Title: African American and African Diaspora Studies Program at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro) Black student dorm employee by a racial slur. As a result, Black students urged the administration to support the establishment of a Black Studies Program. They argued that additional Black faculty would unify Black and white students. They also argued that courses with a Black or an African emphasis would help to broaden white students’ understanding of Blacks and that more Black faculty would give the school’s 1,292 Black students (10.1 percent) needed role models. Before the new hiring, in 1983, only 15 or 2.39 percent of UNCG’s 628 full and part-time faculty were black. Yet despite the implementation of Document [98] (Title: Johnnetta Cole) 1960–1961 through Northwestern University as part of their economic survey of the country. Cole served as a professor at Washington State University from 1962 to 1970, where she cofounded one of the US's first black studies programs. In 1970 Cole began working in the Department of Anthropology at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, where she served until 1982. While at the University of Massachusetts, she played a pivotal role in the development of the university's W.E.B. Du Bois Department of African-American Studies. Cole then moved to Hunter College in 1982, and became director of the Latin American and Caribbean Studies Document [99] (Title: Liberal arts college) Morocco, American University of Cairo in Egypt, and American University of Nigeria. The Egyptian and Nigerian schools are universities with a liberal arts component, but Al Akhawayn was founded on the model of an American liberal arts college. Ashesi University is a liberal arts college located in Berekuso, Ghana, established in 2002. The school's president, Patrick Awuah, described the school's mission as "educating a new generation of leaders in Africa who think ethically and who are problem solvers and have the ability and the desire to confront problems on the continent." Campion College is a Roman Catholic dedicated liberal arts Document [100] (Title: African-American studies) Dow Turner. Programs and departments of African-American studies were first created in the 1960s and 1970s as a result of inter-ethnic student and faculty activism at many universities, sparked by a five-month strike for black studies at San Francisco State. In February 1968, San Francisco State hired sociologist Nathan Hare to coordinate the first black studies program and write a proposal for the first Department of Black Studies; the department was created in September 1968 and gained official status at the end of the five-months strike in the spring of 1969. The creation of programs and departments in black studies Document [101] (Title: African American and African Diaspora Studies Program at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro) origins and foundations of African American Studies. In 2009, Dr. Green was instrumental in the process of helping the university sign an agreement with the University of Botswana, for a study abroad trip for AADS students, and extended an agreement with the University of Ghana. Two AADS majors studied abroad in Botswana in Spring, 2009. In 2012-2013 UNCG’s African American Studies program garnered national recognition as one of the top 10 programs of its kind in the country, according to Academic Analytics. During this year, as the Program celebrated its 30th anniversary, AFS graduated its largest class to date, nearly Document [102] (Title: African American and African Diaspora Studies Program at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro) community and university an opportunity to examine the critical and timely issues that persons of African descent face globally, nationally, and locally. Between 1981-82, due to concerns expressed by a number of student groups on campus as well as the faculty-led Black Studies Committee (BSC), changes were requested from the university administration to address race relations on campus and the representation of minority students and faculty. It was argued that the present administration and social programming agencies on campus were not sensitive to the academic and social needs of minorities, specifically Black students. The Black Student Alliance (BSA) noted that Document [103] (Title: Edward W. Crosby) ending up in the Old Student Union, now Oscar Ritchie Hall. Dr. Crosby visualized the center and the Institute as institutions that should work in tandem with each other. The Center of Pan-African Culture was established in 1970, through the combined efforts of Crosby, his staff and the leaders of the Black United Students at Kent State, providing a home for students to engage in cultural activities and a home for IAAA. Today, the Center of Pan-African Culture still exists in a newly renovated Oscar Ritchie Hall, but the level of activities has seriously diminished, with the demise of the Document [104] (Title: Afro-American Cultural Center at Yale) and faculty. The planning committee reached an agreement by the fall of 1968. On December 12 of the same year, the establishment of the new major was unanimously approved by the entire faculty and was officially offered to students in September 1969. This feat made Yale the first major university in the country to offer a degree conferring Afro-American studies major. Originally, the building at 211 Park Street was home to the Yale chapter of Chi Psi fraternity. The building still contains small elements left over from the fraternity. Most noticeably, Greek lettering can be found in the foundational stonework Document [105] (Title: Association for the Study of African American Life and History) Association for the Study of African American Life and History The Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH) is an organization dedicated to the study and appreciation of African-American History. It is a non-profit organization founded in Chicago, Illinois, on September 9, 1915, and incorporated in Washington, D.C. on October 2, 1915, as the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History (ASNLH) by Carter G. Woodson, William D. Hartgrove, George Cleveland Hall, Alexander L. Jackson, and James E. Stamps. The association is based in Washington, D.C. ASNLH was renamed the Association for the Study Document [106] (Title: Ivan Allen College of Liberal Arts) College. In 1968, a new core curriculum was approved that included both humanities and social sciences. The History and Technology program was created in the Department of Social Sciences, with a (then) controversial use of engineering, science, and technology as a lens for history studies. Georgia Tech's first African American professor, William Peace, was hired in the college's Department of Social Sciences in 1968. The College awarded its first baccalaureate degree in Economics in 1971. In 1975, the General College was renamed the College of Science and Liberal Studies (COSALS) and the Master of Science degree in Technology and Science Document [107] (Title: Edward W. Crosby) direction of Crosby, Hyman Frankel and Don Henderson has been cited as the first African-centered collegiate curriculum in the U.S.<ref name="English Studies/Culture Studies"></ref> Black Studies programs, departments and institutes were developed at the behest of Black communities across the nation. East St. Louis, with its Black community of 70,000 was no exception. EHE's influence on the development of Black Studies in universities across the nation was due in part to the amount of resources, time and brain power they had at hand to forge a pedagogy that put the student at the center of their learning. This Black Studies consortium Document [108] (Title: Third World Liberation Front strikes of 1968) Afro-American Studies Union (AASU) at University of California, Berkeley submitted a proposal to institute a Black Studies Program. The proposal was passed around the administration, from Chancellor Roger Heyn to professors to the Dean of the College of Letters and Sciences, Walker Knight. In December, when a committee was assembled to discuss the students' proposal without a student representative, no conclusion could be made as to whether or not a Black Studies should be a program within a larger department or a department itself. In August, the Mexican-American Student Confederation (MASC) to ask the university to withhold the purchase of Document [109] (Title: Black Ivy League) of African-Americans holding graduate and professional degrees, attended these colleges as undergraduates. From 1897 – 1909, W.E.B Dubois conducted the Atlanta University Studies, a “systematic, social-scientific inquiries into the condition and lives of African Americans” and penned The Souls of Black Folk (1903) “ perhaps the most influential work of his generation on the African American experience” during his first term as a professor of economics, history and sociology at what was at the time Atlanta University (now Clark Atlanta University). Dubois left Atlanta University in 1909, the same year that he co-founded the NAACP and returned to Atlanta University Document [110] (Title: Roy Bryce-Laporte) CUNY and then at Yale, before becoming the founding director of Yale's department of African-American studies, established in 1969. The Yale department's approach to African-American studies, and Bryce-Laporte's as well, centered not just on African-American history in the United States but on African experience in the entire Western hemisphere (the hemispheric studies approach) and what has come to be called the African diaspora. Bryce-Laporte's research centered on the experiences of Black immigrants in the United States. After Yale, Bryce-Laporte taught at a variety of institutions including College of Staten Island at CUNY, Syracuse University, Catholic University of America, Howard University, Document [111] (Title: Afrocentric education) Houston. After reading his work "The Negro" (1915), Houston embarked upon writing her "Wonderful Ethiopians of the Ancient Cushite Empire" (1926). The book was a compilation of evidence related to the historic origins of Cush and Ethiopia, and assessed their influences on Greece. The 1960s and 1970s were times of social and political ferment. In the U.S. were born new forms of Black Nationalism, Black Power and the Black Arts Movements, all began to be driven, to a degree, driven to some degree by an identification with "Mother Africa." Afrocentric scholars and Black youth also challenged Eurocentric ideas in academia. Document [112] (Title: Africana studies) the mellowing and institutionalization of the black studies movement in the course of its integration into the mainstream academic curriculum. Black studies and Africana studies differ primarily in that Africana studies focuses on Africanity and the historical and cultural issues of Africa and its descendants while Black studies was designed to deal with the uplift and development of the black (African-American)community in relationship to education and its "relevance" to the black community. The adaptation of the term "Africana studies" appears to have derived from the encyclopedia work of W.E.B. Du Bois and Carter G. Woodson. James Turner, who was recruited Document [113] (Title: African American and African Diaspora Studies Program at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro) 20 students earning more than $250,000 in grants and scholarships to continue their studies at universities such as Duke, Vanderbilt, Rutgers, and UC Berkeley. Also during this year, the Program established its first scholarship, made possible by the generosity of UNCG alumna Whitney “Whitty” Ransome, who served for almost two decades as co-executive director of the National Coalition of Girls’ Schools, and co-founded the coalition in 1991. In 2014 the Program succeeded in amending the name of “African American Studies” to the “African American and African Diaspora Studies Program” (AADS). The name change marked the beginning of a new phase Document [114] (Title: Cornell Africana Studies and Research Center) Cornell "revisit this arrangement." On December 1, 2010, Cornell Provost Kent Fuchs announced that the Center would become a department in the Cornell University College of Arts and Sciences effective July 1, 2011. Fuchs said that the shift would facilitate the start of an Africana PhD program. In response, Robert L. Harris, Jr resigned as ASRC's director. Elizabeth Adkins-Regan and David Harris served as interim co-directors until July 2012. Gerard Aching subsequently served as director for the 2012-13 academic year before current interim director Salah Hassan filled in. In Fall 2013, the Graduate Field of Africana Studies at Cornell University Document [115] (Title: African American and African Diaspora Studies Program at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro) of social, cultural, and political thought and action. This approach not only requires students to understand the interconnectedness of artistic and social phenomena but also the need for interdisciplinary study in order to comprehend them. In effect, AADS students are able to apply these theories and methodologies to better understand the social, political, and economic problems facing African Americans and peoples of African descent throughout the world. The program currently offers a bachelor's degree, and a post-baccalaureate certificate (PBC). Each year the program hosts its annual Conference on African American and African Diasporic Culture and Experiences (CACE) which offers the Document [116] (Title: African American and African Diaspora Studies Program at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro) on Minority Affairs that the low level of racial diversity on campus was associated with the need to recruit and retain Black faculty and the need to see that more Black students were enrolled in and graduated from the university. These issues, it was felt by both committees, could be addressed through the curriculum, at least in part. Therefore, the Black Studies Program at UNCG was viewed as one approach (among others) to cultivate multiculturalism and understanding. Originally proposed by program Chair, Dr. Willie Barber, in the early 1990s members of the BSC debated on the possibility of a name Document [117] (Title: Department of African American Studies – Syracuse University) Studies classes that highlighted and included the intellectual, historical and cultural contributions of African Americans. The administration at Syracuse University subsequently began to make concessions by offering Black Studies classes as an elective. African American Studies (AAS) began as a program in 1972 and then became a department as part of the College of Arts and Sciences in 1979. The 1960s student protests also resulted in an Afro-American Cultural center and marked the beginning of the MLK library collection. The first conference on Critical Issues in Afro-American and African Studies was held at Syracuse University in 1976. During the 1980s, Document [118] (Title: Department of African American Studies – Syracuse University) both its design and delivery. It began in 2005 as a uniquely innovative program that has an emphasis in the area studies of Africa, the Caribbean and the United States. Whereas most programs concentrate on history and biographies, it focuses on the linkages between Africa and the African Diaspora from a multi-disciplinary approach involving cultural, social scientific, political, economic and environmental perspectives. It also provides for intellectual inquiry into philosophy of Pan Africanism and Pan Africanism as a historical, cultural, and contemporary movement. It is the only masters program in Pan African studies that focuses on field research and theory. Document [119] (Title: National Council for Black Studies) of African diaspora peoples and other marginalized peoples. NCBS actively: The California Bill ACR-71 Africana studies programs, led to success with the efforts of former NCBS member and president Dr. Shirley Weber, is a testament to the continuing need for the African studies academic disciplines' support by state legislatures. Current NCBS board member and department chair of the Africana Studies program at California State University at Long Beach, Dr. Maulana Karenga is the founder of the Pan-African holiday Kwanzaa. NCBS also has a community grant available for members to apply for. The funding has helped new leaders and scholars bring Document [120] (Title: African American and African Diaspora Studies Program at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro) the multi-cultural awareness and contemporary educational demands. The curriculum itself reflects this cultural diversity: courses range from treatments of African Caribbeans to Black Americans and aim to incorporate the many areas of the African American experience. Dr. Angela Rhone assumed the Chair position in 1991-92. Under her leadership the Program focused on ways to establish a well-defined program for the minor degree. In order to generate more interest and support for the program the BSC advertised to students and spread awareness on campus. In 1991, a minor in Black Studies (BKS) was approved and several students selected BKS as their Document [121] (Title: Delores P. Aldridge) her postgraduate study at Georgetown University. Aldridge became a faculty member at Emory University in 1971. She was the first tenure-track African American faculty member at the institution. In 1971, she went on to found the first African American and African studies program, then called the Black Studies Program, in the southern United States. She was a member of Clark College's board of trustees. In 1988, she became a member of Clark Atlanta University's board of trustees after the university was founded. She was the director of the program until 1990. In 1998 and 1992, Aldridge studied issues of gender Document [122] (Title: Their Eyes Were Watching God) is about every one, or at least every one who isn't so civilized that he has lost the capacity for glory." As universities across the country developed Black Studies programs in the 1970s and 1980s, they created greater space for Black literature and academia. Several prominent academics, including Henry Louis Gates, Jr. and Addison Gayle, Jr., established a new "Black Aesthetic" that "placed the sources of contemporary black literature and culture in the communal music and oral folk tradition". This new respect coupled with a growing Black feminism led by Mary Helen Washington, Audre Lorde, Alice Walker, and others would Document [123] (Title: Department of African American Studies – Syracuse University) Photovoice Research project, and symposiums for Black women and other minorities. The department offers a major and minor in African American studies that is interdisciplinary and focuses on international studies. The undergraduate studies program focuses on community involvement and on building an international experience for students. It has pioneered groundbreaking study abroad programs like "Paris Noir", "Beyond the Beach:The Caribbean as a Place, Not just Playground", and a study abroad programs centered on Black Austria (University of Graz) and Zimbabwe. The Masters in Pan African Studies Program began as a unique program in Black Studies in the United States in Document [124] (Title: Oscar Dathorne) continuing changes in the black American psyche, African culture and heritage were viewed as a past in which to take great pride. As a result, universities throughout the US were becoming interested in forming African and African-American study departments. Having specialist knowledge within this area, Dathorne became professor of African studies at Howard University in Washington, D.C. He was a pioneer of Black Studies in the United States teaching African-American studies at the University of Wisconsin–Madison and then spent 15 years working at Ohio State and the University of Miami, establishing and directing African, Caribbean, and African-American study programs. In Document [125] (Title: Cornell Africana Studies and Research Center) Cornell Africana Studies and Research Center The Africana Studies and Research Center (ASRC) at Cornell University is an academic unit devoted to the study of the global migrations and reconstruction of African peoples, as well as patterns of linkages to the African continent (and among the peoples of the African Diaspora). The Africana Studies program offers around 23 graduate and undergraduate courses each semester. Africana offers an undergraduate major for students in the Cornell University College of Arts and Sciences as well as a Ph.D through the Cornell University Graduate School. The John Henrik Clarke Africana Library, located at the Document [126] (Title: Africana studies) Africana studies Africana studies, black studies, African-American studies or Africology, in US education, is the multidisciplinary study of the histories, politics and cultures of peoples of African origin in both Africa and the African diaspora. It is to be distinguished from African studies, as its focus combines Africa and the African diaspora into a concept of an "African experience" with a Pan-African perspective. In essence, Africana studies and black studies are interchangeable terms stressing black studies in a global and comparative sense, whereas African-American studies frequently emphasizes the U.S. African-American experience. Programs of study range from interdepartmental programs to autonomous Document [127] (Title: Negro Academy) Negro Academy The American Negro Academy (ANA) was the first organization in the United States to support African-American academic scholarship. It operated from 1897 to 1928, and encouraged classical academic studies and liberal arts. It was formed to provide support to classic scholarship, in contrast to Booker T. Washington's approach to education. Washington's Tuskegee University emphasized vocational and industrial training for southern blacks, as he thought this was more practical for the lives most would live in the segregated South, where most blacks lived in rural areas. The founders of the ANA were primarily authors, scholars, and artists. They included Document [128] (Title: African Studies Center, Boston University) dean of the Graduate School about creating a program in African studies. William O. Brown, a State Department specialist in Africa, was recruited as the first director, and the center was launched in 1953. As director, Brown successfully secured funding from the Ford Foundation, which continued to support the ASC until the creation of the federal Title VI program in the 1970s. An early focus for the ASC was training officers for the US State Department. The ASC has been a regular recipient of National Resource Center (NRC) and Foreign Language and Area Studies (FLAS) grants from the Title VI Document [129] (Title: Elma Lewis School of Fine Arts) year, Lewis started the National Center of Afro-American Artists. Elma Lewis founded the National Center of Afro-American Artists (NCAAA) in 1968 to "preserv[e] and foster[] the cultural arts heritage of black peoples worldwide through arts teaching, and the presentation of professional works in all fine arts disciplines." After its founding, the NCAAA assumed administrative responsibilities for the ELSFA and became its "intellectual dimension". The NCAAA runs a variety of cultural programs and exhibitions, and it opened the Museum of the National Center of Afro-American Artists in 1980. In 1966, the same year that the ELSFA was incorporated as a non-profit, Document [130] (Title: Institute of African Studies) Institute of African Studies The Institute of African Studies on the Anne Jiagee road on campus of the University of Ghana at Legon is an interdisciplinary research institute in the humanities and social sciences. It was established by President Kwame Nkrumah in 1962 to encourage African studies. Thomas Lionel Hodgkin served as the first Director, from 1962 to 1965. On 25 October 1963 President Kwame Nkrumah gave an inaugural address at the Institute, entitled "The African Genius", in which he called for the recovery of African traditions and an African-centered approach to knowledge. The Institute issues a peer-reviewed journal, "Research Document [131] (Title: African-American studies) As the minority student population increased tension between activists clubs and minorities rose, because minority wanted the reigns of the movement that affected them directly. One student asserted that it was “backward to educate white people about Black Power when many black people are still uneducated on the matter. ”The members of the Afro-American Student Union (AASU) proposed an academic department called “Black Studies” in April 1968. "We demand a program of “Black Studies,” a program that will be of and for black people. We demand to be educated realistically and that no form of education which attempts to lie Document [132] (Title: Africana Cultures and Policy Studies Institute) Nigeria, in the same Africana Studies sponsored program. Coupled with Babacar M'Baye's roots in Dakar, Senegal and each of their abiding interests in Pan-Africanism, these events further fueled the early gestation period of the concept which would become Africana Cultures and Policy Studies. Sometime in October 2005, ACPSI addressed their paradigm first collective panel at the Association for the Study of African-American Life and History (ASALH) Conference in Pittsburgh and made plans from that point forward on continuing the collectivization and organization of the Institute. Interspersed between conference sessions and presentations, we held working sessions on the Institute. Floyd Beachum Question: when were afro-american and africana studies programs founded in colleges and universities Answer: 1960s and 1970s Long Answer: Programs and departments of African - American studies were first created in the 1960s and 1970s as a result of inter-ethnic student and faculty activism at many universities, sparked by a five - month strike for black studies at San Francisco State . In February 1968, San Francisco State hired sociologist Nathan Hare to coordinate the first black studies program and write a proposal for the first Department of Black Studies; the department was created in September 1968 and gained official status at the end of the five - months strike in the spring of 1969 . The creation of programs and departments in Black studies was a common demand of protests and sit - ins by minority students and their allies, who felt that their cultures and interests were underserved by the traditional academic structures. Gold Document ID: 111

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Avery Research Center for African American History and Culture) to establish the College of Charleston’s Avery Research Center for African American History and Culture. In 1985, The Avery Research Center for African American History and Culture was established as part of the academic program of the College of Charleston. Despite delays caused by Hurricane Hugo (September 21, 1989), the grand opening of the building took place on October 6, 1990. Today the Avery Institute is a separate nonprofit organization that provides support to the Avery Research Center’s museum, education, and public history outreach programs and operations, as well as assisting the Avery Research Center in acquiring archival collections. The Document [2] (Title: African American and African Diaspora Studies Program at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro) substantial number of mirrors relative to other similarly situated interdisciplinary programs. The annual CACE conference, which was in its 10th year, “has taken the lead in exploring issues of diversity which embrace all students as it provides opportunities to discuss and analyze race, class, culture, and ethnicity.” It was expressed that due to the tremendous growth of the program and strong student enrollment, it was a goal of the program and the university to implement a bachelor's degree in African American Studies. As a long-standing goal of the program, Dr. Woods was instrumental in the process as that goal was Document [3] (Title: Fourah Bay College) Sierra Leonean administrator in 1966. Work began on the building of the Institute of African Studies in 1966 with half the £40,000 being provided by the UK Technical Assistance Programme. The first Director was Michael Crowder with J. G. Edowu-Hyde as secretary. The journal "Sierra Leone Studies" was also relaunched at this time. As of 1998/1999, the student enrollment was around 2,000 in four faculties and five institutes. It had consistently expanded in the 10 previous years. "See also " Fourah Bay College Fourah Bay College is a public university in the neighbourhood of Mount Aureol in Freetown, Sierra Leone. Document [4] (Title: African American and African Diaspora Studies Program at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro) change, from “Black Studies” to “African American Studies.” It was agreed upon by the committee that the decision would be left up to the students themselves. Later in the year, after feedback from students the proposition was voted on and passed to adopt “African American Studies” as the new program title. This change would officially take place late 1992. It was decided that “African American” more accurately expressed the cultural heritage of the people it represents: the roots of Blacks throughout the world exist in African soil, but “African American” also connotes an international context which is more consistent with Document [5] (Title: African-American studies) Program was implemented by UC Berkeley administration on January 13, 1969. In 1969, St. Clair Drake was named the first chair of the degree granting, "Program in African and Afro-American Studies" at Stanford University. Many Black Studies Programs and departments and programs around the nation were created in subsequent years. At University of California, Santa Barbara, similarly, student activism led to the establishment of a Black Studies department, amidst great targeting and discrimination of student leaders of color on the University of California campuses. In the fall of 1968, black students from UCSB joined the national civil rights movement to Document [6] (Title: African Studies Association) African Studies Association, and was founded in 1968 by the ASA's Black Caucus and led by John Henrik Clarke. African Studies Association The African Studies Association (ASA) is an association of scholars and professionals in the United States and Canada with an interest in the continent of Africa. Started in 1957, the ASA is the leading organization of African Studies in North America. The associations headquarters are Rutgers University in New Jersey. The ASA holds annual conferences As a result of racial and political disputes over exclusion from leadership positions of black academics and ASA leaders' ties with the US Document [7] (Title: Richard A. Long) Center for African and African American Studies. In 1968 he became a Professor of English at Atlanta University (now Clark Atlanta University), where he was founder of the African American Studies program. From 1971 to 1973 he was visiting lecturer at Harvard University. In 1973 he went as adjunct professor to Emory University, where in 1987 he joined the faculty as Atticus Haygood Professor of Interdisciplinary Studies in the Graduate Institute of the Liberal Arts. Long served as a consultant and as a committee member of many cultural organizations and institutions, including the Second World Black and African Festival of Document [8] (Title: Latino studies) plan. While Chicano studies programs proliferated across campuses in California, Texas-based institutions also played pivotal roles in development of early Chicano Studies programs, including the Center for Mexican American Studies at the University of Texas at Austin in 1970 and the Center for Mexican American Studies (CMAS) at the University of Texas at Arlington founded in 1993. In 1969, a parallel wave of student activism took place at City University of New York (CUNY) south campus, spearheaded by the efforts of Puerto Rican and African American Students. These efforts culminated in the spring of 1969 when students staged the Open Document [9] (Title: African American and African Diaspora Studies Program at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro) minor. Additionally that year, two part-time faculty were hired to teach courses in Black Studies/African American Studies. The students also began to contribute to the Carolina Peacemaker, Greensboro’s Black newspaper and it was used as a teaching tool in all BKS/AFS classes. A number of special events were implemented that engaged students and the community. “African Americans and the 1992 Election” featured a variety of guest speakers, as well as the AFS Program Film and Lecture series that featured a number of prominent African American historical figures, and addressed key issues such as racism in America and how Blacks are Document [10] (Title: African American and African Diaspora Studies Program at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro) achieved and the African American Studies program began to offer a bachelor's degree in the field, beginning in 2002. Additionally, longtime lecturer, Michael Cauthen, assisted with the process of developing the degree program. In 2008, the Program hired its first tenured faculty and Director, Dr. Tara T. Green (2008–2016). Building off a process that began when Dr. Woods was director, AFS was approved for a graduate post-baccalaureate certificate in African American Studies. The program is also available online to graduate students currently enrolled in a graduate degree program at UNCG. Within the certificate program, students study the historical and political Document [11] (Title: Africana studies) since 1992, published by the National Council for Black Studies. Africana studies Africana studies, black studies, African-American studies or Africology, in US education, is the multidisciplinary study of the histories, politics and cultures of peoples of African origin in both Africa and the African diaspora. It is to be distinguished from African studies, as its focus combines Africa and the African diaspora into a concept of an "African experience" with a Pan-African perspective. In essence, Africana studies and black studies are interchangeable terms stressing black studies in a global and comparative sense, whereas African-American studies frequently emphasizes the U.S. African-American Document [12] (Title: Department of African American Studies – Syracuse University) also address Africa's silencing, marginalization and stereotyping. It also aims to revitalize interest in Africa as an area of study after the decline of the East African Studies Program at Syracuse University which initiated projects including the Eduardo Mondlane Lecture Series. The East African program had also been instrumental in spearheading an east African library collection at Syracuse's Bird Library that includes the Kenyan and Tanzanian national archives (one of the few collections of these archives in the United States). AI administers the "Eduardo Mondlane Memorial Lecture Series". The lecture series was named after the founder of Front for the Document [13] (Title: Negro Academy) among African Americans, but that due to efforts to unseat Grimké as ANA president, he was more concerned with self-serving interests. Negro Academy The American Negro Academy (ANA) was the first organization in the United States to support African-American academic scholarship. It operated from 1897 to 1928, and encouraged classical academic studies and liberal arts. It was formed to provide support to classic scholarship, in contrast to Booker T. Washington's approach to education. Washington's Tuskegee University emphasized vocational and industrial training for southern blacks, as he thought this was more practical for the lives most would live in the segregated Document [14] (Title: Ethnic studies) followed by the establishment of the nation's first College of Ethnic Studies at San Francisco State University on March 20, 1969. Courses in ethnic studies address perceptions that, because of the Eurocentric bias and racial and ethnic prejudice of those in power, American historians have systematically ignored or undervalued the roles of such ethnic minorities as Asian Americans, Blacks, Mexicans, Latinos and Native Americans. Ethnic studies also often encompasses issues of intersectionality, where gender, class, and sexuality also come into play. There are now hundreds of African American, Asian American, Mexican American and Chicano/Latino Studies departments in the US, approximately Document [15] (Title: Asian American studies) several universities, including University of North Carolina, University of Virginia, Syracuse University, and many others are in the process of developing Asian American Studies departments. Master of Arts in Asian American Studies programs are available at UCLA and SFSU. At the time of its founding in 1987, the Asian American Studies Program at Cornell University was the first such program in the Ivy League and on the east coast. Today it has four core faculty members in the humanities and social sciences in a variety of departments and colleges. This cross-college, university-wide position accommodates the extensive teaching and research interests Document [16] (Title: National Council for Black Studies) Black Studies education at UNC Charlotte, and although not originally a program that conferred an undergraduate or graduate degree, the Black Studies program at UNC Charlotte was integral to the creation of NCBS. Dr. Maxwell Roddey was the first black teacher at UNC Charlotte and also a co-founder of the Afro-American Cultural Center in North Carolina, now the Harvey B. Gantt Center for African-American Arts + Culture. She was also the president of the Delta Sigma Theta sorority from 1992-1996. The Black Studies program at UNC Charlotte was conceptualized to address the "academic, intellectual, social, and economic life of the Document [17] (Title: African American and African Diaspora Studies Program at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro) They proposed the creation of one or two courses on Black Studies, a re-evaluation of current and new course offerings, an independent research project in Black Studies, and the use of courses offered at the other four Greensboro colleges/universities to supplement the program’s listings. However, it wasn’t until 1986 that the first Black Studies specific courses were offered to be used towards a minor in Black Studies: BKS 100 – Blacks in America, and BKS 110 – Blacks in American Society: Social Economic, and Political Perspectives. In the following years, it was still a concern of the BSC and Committee Document [18] (Title: Africana Cultures and Policy Studies Institute) life for all African people in the Diaspora. ACPSI began in a series of meeting held by the Intellectual Society that occurred from 1999-2001. These meeting were inspired by Babacar M'Baye, Robert Smith, Zachery Williams at Bowling Green State University. The earliest discussion revolved around an integration of cultural theory, policy studies, international relations and history. The next major development leading to ACPSI occurred during the summer of 2000-2001. After traveling to Ghana and Benin to study Africanisms with Lillian Ashcraft-Eason and Djisovi Ikukomi Eason. Robert Smith had visited the continent the previous year to complete studies in Ghana and Document [19] (Title: Afro-American Cultural Center at Yale) relations with the African-American community of New Haven, and the establishment of a cultural center for black students on Yale’s campus. In 1968, undergraduate students founded the Urban Improvement Corps, an organization that aimed to help local New Haven students through tutoring and mentoring. In the spring of 1968, the Yale Corporation approved the establishment of a center for black Students and community members. The center was named Afro-America and opened in the fall of 1969 in a house on Chapel Street, a block from its current location. For the next year, students would use “the House” as it quickly Document [20] (Title: Russell L. Adams) the North Carolina Central University in Durham, North Carolina. In 1969, Adams became an associate professor at the University of the District of Columbia. In 1971, Adams was hired as chair of the Department of Afro-American Studies at Howard University. Throughout his work, Adams focused on the emergence of the Afro-American Studies as an academic field in addition to his long interest in cultural and curriculum diversity. Adams has published and edited several books, articles, and collections. He is the author of the biographical reference book "Great Negroes Past and Present" (1963), "leading American Negroes", a series of film strips Document [21] (Title: African American and African Diaspora Studies Program at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro) a “student designed” minor, there was no formal Black Studies Program created. Instead, UNCG administrators and faculty decided that courses related to Black Studies would become part of a flexible interdepartmental program. The 1983-84 course catalog featured 11 classes that students could use for a designed minor in Black Studies. However, the minor would have to be approved by the Ad Hoc Committee on Black Studies (BCS). It was reported by the Black Studies Committee, that owing to a lack of consensus toward the design of the minor, inadequate staff resources, and too few relevant courses available, the University did Document [22] (Title: Regents of the Univ. of Cal. v. Bakke) stemmed from them, remained almost all white. Many African-Americans had attended inferior schools and were ill-prepared to compete in the admissions process. This was unsatisfactory to many activists of the late 1960s, who protested that given the African-American's history of discrimination and poverty, some preference should be given to minorities. This became a commonly held liberal position, and large numbers of public and private universities began affirmative action programs. Among these were the University of California, Davis School of Medicine (UC Davis or "the university"), which was founded in 1968 and had an all-white inaugural class. The faculty was concerned Document [23] (Title: Edward W. Crosby) of Pan-African Studies (DPAS); thus Dr. Crosby served for 18 years as the Department's first chair. The IAAA still exists, as a community development and research institute. The Department offers a multifaceted and holistic Africana Studies curriculum with a full-service educational world view, in Oscar W. Ritchie Hall, home of The Center of Pan-African Culture, which consists of The Henry Dumas Library, Mbari Mbayo Theatre and the Garrett Morgan Computer Lab, as well as a number of classrooms. The Institute for African American Affairs (IAAA), now known as the Department of Pan-African Studies (1976), used a holistic curriculum model based Document [24] (Title: Department of African American Studies – Syracuse University) also advocated for a program that allowed all students (not just those of African-American descent) to learn about the contribution of African Americans in American history. The students were concerned with preserving Black identity and saw their dedication towards African studies as a collective struggle. Throughout the 1980s, students continued to play an active role on the university campus. It has now grown into a national and international renowned program that explores linkages between Africa and the African Diaspora. It continues to pioneer revolutionary thinking in its projects, programs, and academics. CFAC is an extension (unit) of AAS founded deain Document [25] (Title: Department of African American Studies – Syracuse University) Liberation of Mozambique (FRELIMO), Eduardo Mondlane, who was also a former professor at Syracuse University. In recent years, it has become more important in keeping a focus on topical issue on Africa in academia. The lecture series was originally administered by the East African Studies Program at Syracuse University that is now dissolved For several years, this interactive series has brought scholars, students, and the community together to discuss pertinent issues concerning Africa to the university. It is during one of these lecture series on February 20, 1970, that Guinea-Bissau nationalist Amílcar Cabral delivered his famous speech "National Liberation and Document [26] (Title: African American and African Diaspora Studies Program at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro) and Dr. E Patrick Johnson as well as a host of students, faculty, and community members dedicated to social justice, education, and equality. CACE was initiated in 1990 by the UNCG Department of Religious Studies (originally known as the Conference on African-American Religion in American Culture) in conjunction with other academic units, interested staff, students, faculty, and members of the larger community. The conference seeks to promote a better understanding within the university and the Greensboro community of the various facets of African American culture and experience. To that end, each conference has sought to examine critical and timely African-American Document [27] (Title: Syracuse University College of Arts and Sciences) The College sponsors the Africa Initiative. Departments within the College include African American Studies, Biology, Chemistry, Economics, English and Textual Studies, International Relations, Languages, Linguistics, and Literatures, Mathematics, Philosophy, Physics, Political Science, Public Affairs, Religion, Sociology, Writing, Women's and Gender Studies. Syracuse University College of Arts and Sciences The Syracuse College of Arts and Sciences was established in 1870 as the founding college at Syracuse University. It houses three academic divisions: Sciences and Mathematics, the Humanities, and the Social Sciences. The Social Science division is jointly administered with Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs. Syracuse University's College of Arts Document [28] (Title: Africana studies) from graduate school at Northwestern on the heels of the student rebellions of 1969, first used the term to describe a global approach to Black studies and name the "Africana Studies and Research Center" at Cornell, where he acted as the founding director. "Studia Africana", subtitled "An International Journal of Africana Studies" was published by the Department for African American Studies at the University of Cincinnati in a single issue in 1977 (an unrelated journal called "Studia Africana" is published by the Centro de Estudios Africanos, Barcelona, since 1990). The "International Journal of Africana Studies" (ISSN 1056-8689) has been appearing Document [29] (Title: Department of African American Studies – Syracuse University) American, and Afro-European studies. The AAS department was created in the spirit of revolutionary thinking. Syracuse students were among the first in the United States to rebel against institutionalized injustices in education in the 1960s. When Ernie Davis became the first Black football player to win the Heisman trophy in 1961, it was a major landmark for progress for African Americans in higher education. Syracuse alumnus Joe Biden noted in a tribute speech in 2011, that Ernie Davis "gave a whole group of people hope". Subsequently, racial discord in the football program began to be highlighted, which resulted in an Document [30] (Title: National Council for Black Studies) Studies movement (1968-1969) and the Black University concept (late 1960s) helped create more African and African diaspora-centered courses on various campuses. In April 1968, a national conference for Black teachers took place. Dr. Bertha Maxwell Roddey spearheaded NCBS in 1975 as part of this larger movement for African American studies. However, before its inception, Dr. Maxwell Roddey's pioneering work at UNC Charlotte included a Black Studies program that served as the inspiration and backdrop for the NCBS's structure, philosophy, and aims, in addition to the meetings and conferences that Dr. Maxwell Roddey organized. Dr. Maxwell Roddey realized the need for Document [31] (Title: African American and African Diaspora Studies Program at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro) of critical inquiry. The extended name allows the Program to retain its identity, as it has been for over ten years, and to augment it by including studies of people and cultures of the African diaspora who do not identify as American or who are new to America. AADS was said to reflect the diverse course offerings in comparative African history and literature. Program Director, Dr. Green implemented a number of forums, discussions, and lecture series that have featured notable scholars related in the field of African American, African, and Latin American Studies, including author and poet Brenda Marie Osbey Document [32] (Title: History of Cornell University) recruit and mentor minority students. In 1969, Cornell established its Africana Studies and Research Center, one of the first such black studies programs in the Ivy League. On April 1, 1970, during a period of heightened racial tension, the building that housed the Africana Studies center burned down. Since 1972, Ujamaa, a special interest program dormitory located in North Campus Low Rise No. 10, provides housing for many minority students. However, in 1974, the New York State Board of Regents ordered it desegregated, and its status remained controversial for years. On April 19, 1969, during a parents' weekend, over 80 Document [33] (Title: Ethnic studies) of a School of Ethnic Studies. President S. I. Hayakawa ended the strike after taking a hardline approach,when he appointed Dr. James Hirabayashi the first dean of the School (now College) of Ethnic Studies at San Francisco State University, and increased recruiting and admissions of students of color in response to the strike's demands. In 1972, The National Association for Ethnic Studies was founded to foster interdisciplinary discussions for scholars and activists concerned with the national and international dimensions of ethnicity encouraging conversations related to anthropology, Africana Studies, Native Studies, Sociology and American Studies among other fields. Minority students at Document [34] (Title: African-American studies) dates back to W.E.B. Dubois in his analysis of black male training in his book Souls of Black Folk. Though African-American studies as its own discipline has been in decline, its perpetuation as a sub-discipline in various social science fields (e.g., education, sociology, cultural anthropology, urban studies) has risen. This rise has coincided with the emergence of men's studies (also referred to as masculine studies). Since the early 1980s increasing interest in Black males among scholars and policy makers has resulted in a marked rise in the sub-discipline Black Male Studies. Today, numerous books, research articles, conferences, foundations, research centers Document [35] (Title: Association for the Study of Classical African Civilizations) Los Angeles, California, on February 26, 1984, by: Association for the Study of Classical African Civilizations The Association for the Study of Classical African Civilizations (ASCAC) is an independent study group organization founded in 1984 by Drs. John Henrik Clark, Asa Grant Hilliard, Leonard Jeffries, Jacob H. Carruthers, Rkhty Amen, Yosef Ben-Jochannan, and Maulana Karenga that is devoted to the rescue, reconstruction, and restoration of African history and culture. It is an organization that provides the opportunity for "African peoples to educate other African peoples about their culture." ASCAC was founded by scholars with ties to African-American communities in New Document [36] (Title: Africana studies) departments, and are offered from the undergraduate through the doctoral levels. In many institutions, Africana studies research and study takes place in departments combining African and African-American studies. Africana studies departments at many major universities grew out of the black studies programs and departments formed in the late 1960s in the context of the US Civil Rights Movement, as black studies programs were reformed and renamed "Africana studies," with an aim to encompass the continent of Africa and all of the African diaspora using terminology rooted in geography and history rather than race. The first "Africana" studies department was formed Document [37] (Title: Georgy Danilov) which resulted in the creation of НИАНКП(the Research Association for the Study of National and Colonial Problems). Soviet African studies emerged from the late 1920s to the late 1930s. During that period none of Soviet Africanist scholars travelled to Africa.In the early 1930s a Department of Africa was created at one of Comintern’s universities, the Communist University of Eastern Toilers. There was also an African Department, or the African Laboratory (“Kabinet”) in the Academic Research Association for National and Colonial Problems. Its main task was collecting materials on Africa.The activities of both these centres were vibrant and diverse. Not only Document [38] (Title: African-American upper class) Civil War in the 1860s, organizations like the American Missionary Association, which had sponsored elementary schools for Southern blacks, established some of the first historically black colleges and universities. These include Fisk University, founded in 1866; Hampton University, Howard University, Spelman College and Morehouse College. Those who attended these schools, as well as such other black colleges as Hampton University, Howard University, Morehouse College and Spelman College, were able to acquire skills and academic knowledge that put them in a distinctly different class. Cheyney University, Lincoln University, PA founded in 1854, and Wilberforce University founded in 1856, were the only Document [39] (Title: African-American studies) as Caribbean, African, and Afro-European) literature, history, politics, and religion as well as those from disciplines such as: sociology, anthropology, cultural studies, psychology, education, and many other disciplines within the humanities and social sciences. And, increasingly, African American Studies departments are hiring and partnering with STEM scholars. Intensive academic efforts to reconstruct African-American history began in the late 19th century (W. E. B. Du Bois, "The Suppression of the African Slave Trade to the United States of America", 1896). Among the pioneers in the first half of the 20th century were Carter G. Woodson, Herbert Aptheker, Melville Herskovits, and Lorenzo Document [40] (Title: Africana studies) to help students broaden their knowledge of the worldwide human experience by presenting an aspect of that experience—the Black Experience—which has traditionally been neglected or distorted by educational institutions. Additionally, this course of study strives to introduce an Afro-centric perspective including phenomena related to the culture. According to Robert Harris Jr, an emeritus professor of history at the Africana Studies Research Center at Cornell, there have been four stages in the development of Africana studies: from the 1890s until the Second World War numerous organizations developed to analyze the culture and history of African peoples (African studies). In the second Document [41] (Title: African-American studies) Some critics claim that racism perpetrated by many administrators hinders the institutionalization of Black Studies at major universities. As with the case of UC Berkeley most of the Black Studies programs across the country were instituted because of the urging and demanding of black students to create the program. In many instances black students also called for the increased enrollment of black students and offer financial assistance to these students. Also seen in the case of UC Berkeley is the constant demand to have such a program, but place the power of control in the hands of black people. The Document [42] (Title: Africana studies) stage the focus turned to African Americans (Afro-American studies). In the third stage a bevy of newly conceived academic programs were established as Black studies. Unlike the other stages, Black studies grew out of mass rebellions of black college students and faculty in search of a scholarship of change. The fourth stage, the new name "Africana studies" involved a theoretical elaboration of the discipline of black studies according to African cultural reclamation and disparate tenets in the historical and cultural issues of Africanity within a professorial interpretation of the interactions between these fields and college administrations. Thus Africana studies reflected Document [43] (Title: Nubian Message) knowledge and understanding of African American culture. The Black Awareness Council, a student group at UNC, led the charge in Chapel Hill, calling for a permanent stand alone building that could be used for the study of African-American culture. Students at NCSU did the same, claiming that administration in Raleigh had promised the building of a cultural center in 1987, a fact which campus officials never disputed. With these calls for cultural awareness as the backdrop, the actual event that set in motion the formation of the Nubian Message came on Sept. 23, 1992 when the Technician ran a controversial Document [44] (Title: African American and African Diaspora Studies Program at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro) in meaningful learning activities that provide them with an integrated and critical understanding of the experiences and contributions of peoples of African descent throughout the Americas. The program offers students the opportunity to examine experiences of Africans and African descendants by using theories and methods stemming from African American Studies and other fields. The interdisciplinary nature of the program allows its students to employ and combine the methods of traditional disciplines (e.g. literature, history, music, the visual arts, art history, religion, economics, philosophy, gender studies, political science, and sociology) in analyzing problems, issues, and questions that lie at the center Document [45] (Title: Association of African Universities) Association of African Universities The Association of African Universities (AAU), whose headquarters is in Accra, Ghana, was founded in Rabat, Morocco on November 12, 1967, following recommendations made at an earlier conference organized by the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in Antananarivo, Madagascar in September 1962 for the formation of such an apex organization. The Antananarivo recommendations were taken up by a preparatory Committee of the heads of African institutions of higher education, which met in Khartoum in September 1963 and drafted the founding constitution of the association. With an initial membership of 34, the association now Document [46] (Title: Melville J. Herskovits) to do research on abolition of slavery there. She introduced to them Stanley J. Stein, a graduate student in Latin American history at Harvard. With advice from Herkovits, Stein and Stein recorded black songs called "jongos", which have recently received considerable scholarly attention. Herskovits also influenced Alan Lomax, who collected African American songs. In 1948, Herskovits founded the first major interdisciplinary American program in African studies at Northwestern University with aid of a three-year, $30,000 grant from the Carnegie Foundation, followed by a five-year $100,000 grant from the Ford Foundation in 1951. The Program of African Studies was the first Document [47] (Title: African-American studies) to us, or otherwise miss-educate us will be accepted." AASU members asserted that “The young people of America are the inheritors of what is undoubtedly one of the most challenging, and threatening set of social circumstances that has ever fallen upon a generation of young people in history..." AASU used these claims to gain ground on their proposal to create a black studies department. Nathan Hare, a sociology professor at San Francisco State University, created what was known as the “A Conceptual Proposal for Black Studies” and AASU used Hare’s framework to create a set of criteria. A Black Studies Document [48] (Title: University of California, Irvine School of Humanities) opportunity to study those societies and cultures established by the people of the African diaspora. The program focuses and encourages students to explore the African American experience from a variety of disciplinary perspectives and theoretical approaches. Some topics explored in this program is the process of colonization and the forced migration of African people, the position of African people in the western hemisphere, the rhetoric produced by and about African people, and the cultural and aesthetic values associated with "blackness" and "Africanness." This program offers a B.A. degree program in African American studies and a minor. The Academic English is Document [49] (Title: National Council for Black Studies) National Council for Black Studies National Council for Black Studies (NCBS) is a student established organization dedicated to the advancement of the field of Africana/African American/Black Studies. It is a not for profit organization established in 1975. The National Council for Black Studies was founded and first housed at the campus of the University of North Carolina at Charlotte (UNC Charlotte) by the UNC Charlotte Black Student Union. Within the context of the Civil Rights Movement, a growing recognition of the need for the study of African-American world experience spurred student movements on several campuses for inclusive educations. The Black Document [50] (Title: Eastern Nazarene College) 1923. He served African-American youths at that location for decades. The trustees of the college were incorporated by the state in 1920, by which time its liberal arts identity had been "quite firmly established." It did not gain Bachelor of Arts degree-granting power from the commonwealth for another decade, after the curriculum and faculty were established. On January 28, 1930, President Floyd W. Nease appealed directly to the General Court of Massachusetts for degree-granting authority, defending ed his petition before the Joint Committee on Education and the state House and Senate. He cited financial records, campus improvement plans, and prominent Document [51] (Title: Afro-Academic, Cultural, Technological and Scientific Olympics) sustains approximately 200 programs nationally. Over the past 30 years, over 200,000 black high school students have participated in the program at local and national levels. For over thirty years the mission of ACT-SO has been to prepare, recognize and reward youth of African descent who exemplify scholastic and artistic excellence. Original goals (1977): According to the NAACP, the program’s goals are: Annual academic competitions are conducted for students of African descent who are U.S. citizens enrolled in grades 9–12 and are amateurs in the categories of competition. Winners of the competition at each local branch are eligible for awards Document [52] (Title: African-American studies) to win the Heisman trophy in College football, it renewed debates about race in college campuses in the country. Inspired by the Davis win, civil rights movement and nationwide student activism, in 1969 Black and White students led by the Student African American Society (SAS) at Syracuse University marched in front of the building at Newhouse and demanded Black studies be taught at Syracuse. It existed as an independent, underfunded non-degree offering program from 1971 until 1979. In 1979 the program became the Department of African American Studies, offering degrees within the College of Arts and Sciences. One of the Document [53] (Title: Department of African American Studies – Syracuse University) The Program has an experiential component through affiliations that the department has with institutions abroad that leads to all students studying in Africa, the Caribbean, Canada, or African American sites. The AAS department views Africa as an integral part of its scholarly vision and mission. The Africa Initiative (AI) is located in the department of African American studies and was launched in 2001 with a goal of focusing on Africa. AI aims at spearheading revitalized interest in Africa, which has declined in many United States institutions of higher learning since the end of the "Cold War. Its aim is to Document [54] (Title: African American and African Diaspora Studies Program at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro) African American and African Diaspora Studies Program at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro The African American and African Diaspora Studies Program (AADS) at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro (UNCG) was established in 1981 as a “student designed” minor in Black Studies. Located in Greensboro, North Carolina, the AADS program at UNCG shares a rich history with the city of Greensboro a location in the Underground Railroad, a hotbed for Civil Rights activism, and home of the Greensboro sit-ins that originated in downtown Greensboro. The AADS program is committed to enabling all of its students to engage Document [55] (Title: Cornell Africana Studies and Research Center) Center, focuses on the social, economic, and political dimensions of the history and cultures of peoples of African descent. It has more than 17,000 volumes. The ASRC occupies 310 Triphammer Rd in the Village of Cayuga Heights, New York. Its director is Gerard Aching. In the late 1960s, the Black Community began to ask for academic programs and funding for ethnic studies, including the establishment of an Africana studies program. By the spring of 1969, the Administration had recruited James Turner to be the first director of the ASRC. The ASRC offered its first classes in the fall of 1969 Document [56] (Title: African Studies Association) African Studies Association The African Studies Association (ASA) is an association of scholars and professionals in the United States and Canada with an interest in the continent of Africa. Started in 1957, the ASA is the leading organization of African Studies in North America. The associations headquarters are Rutgers University in New Jersey. The ASA holds annual conferences As a result of racial and political disputes over exclusion from leadership positions of black academics and ASA leaders' ties with the US intelligence and military, the ASA split in 1968, when the Black Caucus of the ASA, led by John Henrik Document [57] (Title: Cornell Africana Studies and Research Center) established the first Ph.D. program in Africana Studies in New York State and is expecting its first cohort Fall 2014. Cornell Africana Studies and Research Center The Africana Studies and Research Center (ASRC) at Cornell University is an academic unit devoted to the study of the global migrations and reconstruction of African peoples, as well as patterns of linkages to the African continent (and among the peoples of the African Diaspora). The Africana Studies program offers around 23 graduate and undergraduate courses each semester. Africana offers an undergraduate major for students in the Cornell University College of Arts and Sciences Document [58] (Title: Ethnic studies) across the country and have grown to encompass African American Studies, Asian American Studies, Raza Studies, Chicano Studies, Mexican American Studies, and Native American Studies, as well as Jewish-American Studies and Italian-American Studies. The first strike demanding the establishment of an Ethnic Studies department occurred in 1968, led by the Third World Liberation Front (TWLF), a joint effort of the Black Student Union, Latin American Students Organization, Asian American Political Alliance, Pilipino American Collegiate Endeavor, and Native American Students Union at San Francisco State University. This was the longest student strike in the nation's history, and resulted in the establishment Document [59] (Title: Malcolm X Liberation University) the university's administration, most of which reflected the black students' dissatisfaction with the inadequacy of civil rights on campus. The organization negotiated at first with the university's president, Dr. Douglas Knight, who reluctantly agreed to consider the implementation of an Afro-American Studies program. President Knight was away on a trip to procure funds for a black studies program, one of the "Black Demands", but the AAS grew impatient and decided to stage a protest. On the morning of February 13, 1969, the AAS organized an occupation of the Allen Building, the location of all the records of previous students. Knight Document [60] (Title: National Center of Afro-American Artists) National Center of Afro-American Artists The National Center of Afro-American Artists (NCAAA) is an institution founded in 1968 by Elma Lewis to "preserv[e] and foster[] the cultural arts heritage of black peoples worldwide through arts teaching, and the presentation of professional works in all fine arts disciplines." Although the organization's name specifies African American artists, the organizational mandate includes all African diasporic art. The museum subsumed Lewis' previously launched "Elma Lewis School of Fine Arts" (ELSFA). The NCAAA is the largest independent black cultural arts institution in New England, United States. At its founding, the NCAAA was housed in a Document [61] (Title: Doris Derby) College on African art and culture. Derby left Mississippi in 1972 and focused on African and African-American Studies, for which she earned an M.A., as well as a Ph.D. in Social Anthropology from the University of Illinois. She also worked in the University System of Wisconsin for ten years. In 1990, she joined the University System of Georgia at Georgia State University (G.S.U.) as an Adjunct Associate Professor of Anthropology and the Founding Director of the Office of African-American Student Services and Programs (O.A.A.S.S.P.). Her department's achievements included the retention and graduation of a vast number of African-American students, as Document [62] (Title: Molefi Kete Asante) the graduate program. Temple became known as the leader among the African-American Studies departments; it was 10 years before the next doctoral program was introduced in this field, at the University of Massachusetts Amherst in 1997. Alumni from the Temple program are found in every continent, many nations, and many direct African American Studies programs at major universities. In 1980 Asante published "Afrocentricity: The Theory of Social Change", which initiated a discourse around the issue of African agency and subject place in historical and cultural phenomena. He maintained that Africans had been moved off-center in terms on most questions of Document [63] (Title: African American and African Diaspora Studies Program at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro) portrayed in the media. In 1992, BKS/AFS courses (100,110, and 200) were approved to fulfill All-University Liberal Education Requirements (AULER), which was designed to promote a broad, liberal education for all students at the university. The first objective of the African American Studies curriculum was to “signify to the university community that teaching and learning about the history and experiences of Blacks in American society is an integral part of a university education.” Enrollment in AFS courses steadily increased in the intervening years (1992–1995) and that trend has continued. Meanwhile, the Program still continued to fight for the hiring of Document [64] (Title: Afrocentric education) and the Harlem Renaissance, many writers and historians gathered in major cities, where they began to work on documenting achievements of Africans throughout history, in United States and Western life. They began to set up institutions to support scholarly work in African-American history and literature, such as the American Negro Academy (now the Black Academy of Letters and Arts), founded in Washington, DC, in 1874. Some men were self-taught; others rose through the academic system. Creative writers and artists claimed space for African-American perspectives. Leaders included bibliophile Arthur Schomburg, who devoted his life to collecting literature, art, slave narratives, and Document [65] (Title: African-American studies) and institutes, academic journals, initiatives, and scholarly collectives emphasize or focus entirely on the status of Black boys and men in society. University of South Carolina Non-African-American specific: African-American studies African American Studies (alternately named Black Studies, Africana Studies, African Diaspora Studies, or Afroamerican Studies) is an interdisciplinary academic field that is primarily devoted to the study of the history, culture, and politics of Black people from the United States. However, in some cases, the field includes peoples from the rest of the Americas and from other parts of the world. The field has been defined in different ways but, Document [66] (Title: African American and African Diaspora Studies Program at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro) not approve an official Black Studies Program with specifically designed courses. The BSC decided that in order to become recognized on campus they needed to spread awareness to current and entering students about designing a minor and to evaluate and develop new course offerings. The aim was to create a solid foundation of course offerings to become an established program, develop a strong case for additional Black faculty, and to promote a better understanding of what Black Studies really constitutes. In 1983, Dr. Lee Bernick, Chair of the BSC, put forth the first proposal to formalize the Black Studies minor. Document [67] (Title: Amherst College) of an inter-college exchange program were admitted as transfer students. In June 1976, they became the first female graduates of the college. The college established the Black Studies Department in 1969. In 1973, it launched the nation's first undergraduate neuroscience program. In 1983, it established a Department of Asian Languages and Literatures, which was later to become the Department of Asian Languages and Civilizations. In 1984, on-campus fraternities were abolished. The former fraternity buildings, which were owned by the college, were converted into residence halls. The Department of Women's and Gender Studies, which later became the Department of Sexuality, Women's, Document [68] (Title: Black psychology) Freedman societies. Federal government land grants such as the Morrill Act of 1862 helped to support these institutions and the additional aid of religious denominations allowed for the support of these schools. The years following saw the founding of Black colleges across the country including notable institutions such as the first historically black college Lincoln University (1854), Fisk University (1865), Howard University (1867), Morehouse College (1867) and Spelman College (1881). By 1940 there were more than one hundred Black colleges in the seventeen southern states offering a variety of degrees with many of the earned degrees in social sciences and Document [69] (Title: Doris E. Saunders) School of Public Communication and the Master of Arts in Afro-American Studies from the graduate school in one year. These degrees were awarded in 1977. From 1983 to 1984 she studied toward a Ph.D. in history at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee. At the same time, she commuted to Chicago on weekends to continue work on the books in progress at Johnson Publishing. Saunders was involved in many organizations. She served as a board member of the Black Academy of Arts and letters, board member of the American Civil Liberties Union Illinois Chapter, member of the Chicago Leadership Resource Program, Document [70] (Title: Makila James) with a bachelor's degree with a double major Africana Studies and American History in 1979. There she was one of a relatively few African-American members of the Quill and Dagger society. She has said that her dual study program and her involvement at the Cornell Africana Studies and Research Center had a strong impact on the direction her career took, that from the beginning of her time at Cornell she wanted to be "a woman in front of the train," and that she finds it encouraging that the Africana program was still going strong. She then attended Columbia University Law Document [71] (Title: Institute of African Studies) Review of the Institute of African Studies". The current Director is Professor Dzodzi Tsikata. Institute of African Studies The Institute of African Studies on the Anne Jiagee road on campus of the University of Ghana at Legon is an interdisciplinary research institute in the humanities and social sciences. It was established by President Kwame Nkrumah in 1962 to encourage African studies. Thomas Lionel Hodgkin served as the first Director, from 1962 to 1965. On 25 October 1963 President Kwame Nkrumah gave an inaugural address at the Institute, entitled "The African Genius", in which he called for the recovery of African Document [72] (Title: Africana Cultures and Policy Studies Institute) developed the Organizational Diagram. Robert Smith developed the mission statement and an initial conceptual agenda of relative subject matter to the Institute. Zachery Williams was elected as the first executive director of the Institute largely stemming from the promotion of his vision of an integrated think-tank and policy advocacy institution and his background in black intellectualism. On June 10–12, the 2005-Second Annual Meeting was held in Charlotte, NC. This session was hosted by Robert Smith in the University of North Carolina—Charlotte Department of African and African American Studies. The Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies, TransAfrica Forum, Institute of Document [73] (Title: Asian American studies) the United States told from their perspectives. The demand for Ethnic Studies was a critical response to the Eurocentric bias in university curriculum. As a result, a College of Ethnic Studies (the only such "college" at any American university at the time) became established at San Francisco State University with American Indian Studies, Asian American Studies, Africana Studies, and Latino/a Studies as its four units, and four ethnic studies programs became established at the University of California, Berkeley. The Association for Asian American Studies, a professional organization designed to promote teaching and research in the field, was established in 1979. Document [74] (Title: University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences) the talent of university faculty and other members of the academic community. Sociology major William Augustus Jones, Jr., and English minor Doris Wilkinson represented A&S in UK's first graduating class of African-Americans in 1958. Joseph Walter Scott, UK's first African-American professor, was hired by the Sociology Department in 1965 and was joined later in 1967 by Doris Wilkinson, who became the first female African-American professor in the school's history. During the same time – and in response to an increasingly tense political climate – the College of Arts and Sciences opened the Patterson School for Diplomacy. The college's location on Document [75] (Title: Arturo Alfonso Schomburg) political equality, and publish the history and sociology of African American life. This was a period of the founding of societies to encourage scholarship in African-American history. In 1915, Dr. Carter G. Woodson co-founded the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History (now called the Association for the Study of African American Life and History) and began publishing the "Journal of Negro History". Schomburg became involved in the Harlem Renaissance movement, which spread to other African-American communities in the U.S. The concentration of blacks in Harlem from across the US and Caribbean led to a flowering of arts, Document [76] (Title: Africana studies) after the Willard Straight Hall takeover at Cornell University, an Ivy League School located in Ithaca, New York. The African-American historian and emeritus professor from this department, Robert L. Harris, offers a useful definition of the field in Jacqueline Bobo, Cynthia Hudley and Claudine Michel's anthology "The Black Studies Reader": "Africana Studies is the multidisciplinary analysis of the lives and thought of people of African ancestry on the African continent and throughout the world. It embraces Africa, Afro-America, and the Caribbean, but does not confine itself to those three geographical areas. Africana studies examines people of African ancestry wherever they Document [77] (Title: African-American studies) African-American studies African American Studies (alternately named Black Studies, Africana Studies, African Diaspora Studies, or Afroamerican Studies) is an interdisciplinary academic field that is primarily devoted to the study of the history, culture, and politics of Black people from the United States. However, in some cases, the field includes peoples from the rest of the Americas and from other parts of the world. The field has been defined in different ways but, taken broadly, it not only studies slave descendants in the United States, but any community of the African Diaspora. The field includes scholars of African American (as well Document [78] (Title: National Council for Black Studies) African Studies to various communities. NCBS is currently housed at The University of Cincinnati in Cincinnati, Ohio, with its previous base in Atlanta, Georgia. National Council for Black Studies National Council for Black Studies (NCBS) is a student established organization dedicated to the advancement of the field of Africana/African American/Black Studies. It is a not for profit organization established in 1975. The National Council for Black Studies was founded and first housed at the campus of the University of North Carolina at Charlotte (UNC Charlotte) by the UNC Charlotte Black Student Union. Within the context of the Civil Rights Movement, Document [79] (Title: Afrocentric education) street lectures and political activism, influencing early generations of Black Socialists and Black Nationalists. Dr. Carter G. Woodson co-founded the Association for the Study of African American Life and History (as it is now called) in 1915, as well as "The Journal of Negro History", so that scholars of black history could be supported and find venues for their work. Among their topics, editors of publications such as NAACP's "The Crisis" and "Journal of Negro History" sought to include articles that countered the prevailing view that Sub-Saharan Africa had contributed little of value to human history that was not the Document [80] (Title: Afro-American Cultural Center at Yale) in memory of three of the principle founders of the House and African-American Studies. The endowment is used to support leadership programming at the center and sponsors the Higher Education Initiative, a weeklong annual public service trip held in conjunction with the Yale Black Alumni Association. In the spring of 1968, students from the Black Student Alliance at Yale submitted a proposal to the Yale College administration calling for the creation of an Afro-American Studies major at the university. Yale College Dean Georges May appointed a planning committee, chaired by political science professor Robert A. Dahl composed of both undergraduates Document [81] (Title: University of Massachusetts Boston) opening of both the Urban Harbors Institute and The Mauricio Gastón Institute for Latino Community Development and Public Policy, and later oversaw the separation of the College of Arts and Sciences into the College of Science and Mathematics and the College of Liberal Arts. In 1990, the university launched PhD programs in clinical psychology, gerontology, and environmental biology. In 1993, the College of Public and Community Service established the Labor Resource Center and the College of Liberal Arts established the Institute for Asian American Studies, the College of Education began its partnership with The Mather School (the oldest public elementary Document [82] (Title: University of Georgia Graduate School) and Chancellor David Barrow formally established the Graduate School and appointed Dr. Willis Henry Bocock as its dean. Seven male students enrolled that fall. It would be nearly a decade later before women gained formal admittance; fifty years for African-Americans. The newly formed Graduate School oversaw 12 fields of study. The Master of Arts alone included philosophy, math, education, history, political science, rhetoric, English literature, German, Latin, Greek, and Romance languages. By 1913, the four degree programs offered included the Master of Arts, Master of Science, Master of Science in Agriculture, and Civil Engineering, and the first formal master's degrees Document [83] (Title: Edward W. Crosby) On arriving at Kent, knowing the value of this kind of symbiosis, Crosby took on the task of developing an academic program modeled after the one he had previously spearheaded in East St. Louis and also took on the task of creating a cultural center that could work in tandem with the newly formed Institute for African American Affairs (IAAA). For 23 years this dual institution functioned with one purpose in mind, which was to provide an environment that reaffirmed the value of African-American culture while helping their students learn to use the academic skills necessary to graduate from a Document [84] (Title: African American and African Diaspora Studies Program at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro) related issues and perspectives, and to engage both members of the Greensboro community and the university in the exploration and discussion of those issues and perspectives. African American and African Diaspora Studies Program at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro The African American and African Diaspora Studies Program (AADS) at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro (UNCG) was established in 1981 as a “student designed” minor in Black Studies. Located in Greensboro, North Carolina, the AADS program at UNCG shares a rich history with the city of Greensboro a location in the Underground Railroad, a hotbed for Civil Document [85] (Title: African Studies Center, Boston University) African Studies Center, Boston University The African Studies Center (ASC) at Boston University is among the oldest and most respected African studies programs in the United States. Founded in 1953, BU's African Studies Center provides language and area studies training to students throughout Boston University. The ASC has been a long-time recipient of federal funding from the Title VI grant. A group of Boston University faculty with an interest in Africa, including George Lewis (geography), Zeb Reyna (psychology), William Newman (political science), Lyn Watson (anthropology), Al Zalinger (sociology), and Adelaide Cromwell (Sociology), began to meet in 1951 and approached the Document [86] (Title: Meharry Medical College) as he Medical Association of Colored Physicians, Surgeons, Dentists, and Pharmacists (later renamed the National Medical Association) helped to found medical schools specifically for African Americans. Since its foundation, Meharry Medical College has added several graduate programs in the areas of science, medicine, and public health. In 1938, the School of Graduate Studies and Research was founded. The first master's degree program, a Master of Science in Public Health Degree, was established in 1947. In 1972, a Ph.D. program was implemented, and in 1982 Meharry established an M.D/Ph.D. program. In more recent years Meharry has created a Master's of Science Document [87] (Title: Amistad Research Center) in any aspect of African American history. The UCBHM eventually closed the Race Relations Department but chose to keep the ARC and it was incorporated into an independent non-profit archive in 1969. After incorporation in 1969, the first meeting of the ARC's board members was held in the New York City office of the AMA. Dr. Albert W. Dent, retired president of Dillard University, approached Johnson, with an open invitation from Dr. T.S. Lawless, chairman of the university's board of trustees, about moving the ARC to the campus of Dillard University. In 1970 the ARC moved to Dillard University. The Document [88] (Title: African-American studies) end racial segregation and exclusion of Black history and studies from college campuses.Triggered by the insensitivity of the administration and general campus life, they occupied North Hall and presented the administration with a set of demands. Such efforts led to the eventual creation of the Black Studies department and the Center for Black Studies. Similar activism was happening outside of California. At Yale University, a committee headed by political scientist Robert Dahl recommended establishing an undergraduate major in African-American culture, one of the first such at an American university. When Ernie Davis from Syracuse University became the first African American Document [89] (Title: Florida A&M University) then-Tallahassee Memorial Hospital started serving African Americans. In 1963, FAMU students demonstrated against segregation in the city. In 1992, 1995, and 1997, FAMU successfully recruited more National Achievement Scholars than Harvard. In the fall of 1997, FAMU was selected as the TIME Magazine-Princeton Review "College of the Year" and was cited in 1999 by Black Issues in Higher Education for awarding more baccalaureate degrees to African-Americans than any institutions in the nation. In 2017, FAMU became the first university to launch an African-American news network through its School of Journalism and Graphic Communications. The network is named "The Black Television Document [90] (Title: University of Southern Mississippi) male homosexuals, were targeted and expelled. McCain's intentions were to purge the campus of all sexual impurities. In 1969, the Afro-American Cultural Society (AACS) was founded. Alvin Williams, an early member of the organization and professor emeritus of media at the university, described AACS as an "instrumental part of student life for black students" attending the university in the late 1960s. The organization was later renamed as the African American Student Organization (AASO) in the 1990s. The transition of the 1960s to the 1970s gave way to a surge of social activism and major changes within the university. In response Document [91] (Title: National Council for Black Studies) Black student." This was realized through a series of phases, which were levels of academic courses through which students would complete; they are as follows: Each phase included community service projects and the higher levels or phases also included research projects while the lower levels or phases were intro-level or survey classes concerning African American history and other disciplines. The Black Studies committee envisioned the program to both benefit the community and work in tandem with the entire university through an interdisciplinary approach. Several organizations were affiliated with the Black Studies program including: the Black Student Union, Black Gospel Choir, Document [92] (Title: Association for the Study of African American Life and History) such example is the Association of Black Women Historians (ABWH) founded at the 1977 ASALH convention in Washington, D.C. ABWH was founded by three women participants, Rosalyn Terbong-Penn, Eleanor Smith, and Elizabeth Parker. The National Council of Black Studies was also conceptualized at an ASALH convention. Association for the Study of African American Life and History The Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH) is an organization dedicated to the study and appreciation of African-American History. It is a non-profit organization founded in Chicago, Illinois, on September 9, 1915, and incorporated in Washington, D.C. on October Document [93] (Title: Department of African American Studies – Syracuse University) in 1982 as a non-profit performing arts company. It was founded as a non-profit performing arts company in Syracuse. It was named after African-American concert singer, recording artist, athlete, actor, and activist Paul Robeson. It became a part of the university and AAS in 1989 and has worked at improving art education on the Syracuse university campus and in the Syracuse community. AAS offers students opportunities for academic study, research, community involvement and study abroad. The department's interdisciplinary curriculum enables students to engage, analyze and create knowledge involving African Americans, and make linkages with areas of Latin America, the Caribbean Document [94] (Title: State University of New York at New Paltz) later. A March 1974 sit-in at the Haggerty Building reacted against perceived discriminatory hiring practices, the state-mandated reintegration of Shango Hall (which then housed underrepresented students), and the threatened cessation of the Experimental Studies Program in the wake of a budget shortfall. Amid this tumult, the college's general education program (including then-vanguard introductory surveys of African and Asian cultures) was eliminated in 1971; a distribution requirement was re-instituted in 1993. A program in African American studies was established in 1968. Three years later, the Experimental Studies Program (reorganized as the Innovative Studies Program in 1975) began to enroll students, instructors, Document [95] (Title: African American and African Diaspora Studies Program at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro) not go unnoticed by the university during their review of the Program. The university review of the African American Studies Program was conducted in 1999. It was stated that the administration was “impressed by the institutional commitment and assiduous leadership of both faculty and staff.” Dr. Woods was also recognized for his efforts in stimulating the growth of the Program. Additionally, at this point in the program there was overwhelming enthusiasm and support from students that garnered the attention of the university. The students expressed a desire to major in African American Studies that already celebrated impressive enrollment and a Document [96] (Title: African American and African Diaspora Studies Program at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro) Black students, to develop more courses that pertain to minorities in all areas of study, to revise the current curriculum to reflect the achievements and to accomplishments of Blacks in all academic disciplines, and to use more sensitivity in administrative practices concerning minorities. In December 1982, a formal petition was filed and signed by faculty and students urging the administration at UNCG to support and implement a Black Studies Program and to integrate Black Studies into existing courses. Students renewed interest in previous demands made in 1982 by the coalition of Black campus organizations after a white student called a Document [97] (Title: African American and African Diaspora Studies Program at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro) Black student dorm employee by a racial slur. As a result, Black students urged the administration to support the establishment of a Black Studies Program. They argued that additional Black faculty would unify Black and white students. They also argued that courses with a Black or an African emphasis would help to broaden white students’ understanding of Blacks and that more Black faculty would give the school’s 1,292 Black students (10.1 percent) needed role models. Before the new hiring, in 1983, only 15 or 2.39 percent of UNCG’s 628 full and part-time faculty were black. Yet despite the implementation of Document [98] (Title: Johnnetta Cole) 1960–1961 through Northwestern University as part of their economic survey of the country. Cole served as a professor at Washington State University from 1962 to 1970, where she cofounded one of the US's first black studies programs. In 1970 Cole began working in the Department of Anthropology at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, where she served until 1982. While at the University of Massachusetts, she played a pivotal role in the development of the university's W.E.B. Du Bois Department of African-American Studies. Cole then moved to Hunter College in 1982, and became director of the Latin American and Caribbean Studies Document [99] (Title: Liberal arts college) Morocco, American University of Cairo in Egypt, and American University of Nigeria. The Egyptian and Nigerian schools are universities with a liberal arts component, but Al Akhawayn was founded on the model of an American liberal arts college. Ashesi University is a liberal arts college located in Berekuso, Ghana, established in 2002. The school's president, Patrick Awuah, described the school's mission as "educating a new generation of leaders in Africa who think ethically and who are problem solvers and have the ability and the desire to confront problems on the continent." Campion College is a Roman Catholic dedicated liberal arts Document [100] (Title: African-American studies) Dow Turner. Programs and departments of African-American studies were first created in the 1960s and 1970s as a result of inter-ethnic student and faculty activism at many universities, sparked by a five-month strike for black studies at San Francisco State. In February 1968, San Francisco State hired sociologist Nathan Hare to coordinate the first black studies program and write a proposal for the first Department of Black Studies; the department was created in September 1968 and gained official status at the end of the five-months strike in the spring of 1969. The creation of programs and departments in black studies Document [101] (Title: African American and African Diaspora Studies Program at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro) origins and foundations of African American Studies. In 2009, Dr. Green was instrumental in the process of helping the university sign an agreement with the University of Botswana, for a study abroad trip for AADS students, and extended an agreement with the University of Ghana. Two AADS majors studied abroad in Botswana in Spring, 2009. In 2012-2013 UNCG’s African American Studies program garnered national recognition as one of the top 10 programs of its kind in the country, according to Academic Analytics. During this year, as the Program celebrated its 30th anniversary, AFS graduated its largest class to date, nearly Document [102] (Title: African American and African Diaspora Studies Program at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro) community and university an opportunity to examine the critical and timely issues that persons of African descent face globally, nationally, and locally. Between 1981-82, due to concerns expressed by a number of student groups on campus as well as the faculty-led Black Studies Committee (BSC), changes were requested from the university administration to address race relations on campus and the representation of minority students and faculty. It was argued that the present administration and social programming agencies on campus were not sensitive to the academic and social needs of minorities, specifically Black students. The Black Student Alliance (BSA) noted that Document [103] (Title: Edward W. Crosby) ending up in the Old Student Union, now Oscar Ritchie Hall. Dr. Crosby visualized the center and the Institute as institutions that should work in tandem with each other. The Center of Pan-African Culture was established in 1970, through the combined efforts of Crosby, his staff and the leaders of the Black United Students at Kent State, providing a home for students to engage in cultural activities and a home for IAAA. Today, the Center of Pan-African Culture still exists in a newly renovated Oscar Ritchie Hall, but the level of activities has seriously diminished, with the demise of the Document [104] (Title: Afro-American Cultural Center at Yale) and faculty. The planning committee reached an agreement by the fall of 1968. On December 12 of the same year, the establishment of the new major was unanimously approved by the entire faculty and was officially offered to students in September 1969. This feat made Yale the first major university in the country to offer a degree conferring Afro-American studies major. Originally, the building at 211 Park Street was home to the Yale chapter of Chi Psi fraternity. The building still contains small elements left over from the fraternity. Most noticeably, Greek lettering can be found in the foundational stonework Document [105] (Title: Association for the Study of African American Life and History) Association for the Study of African American Life and History The Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH) is an organization dedicated to the study and appreciation of African-American History. It is a non-profit organization founded in Chicago, Illinois, on September 9, 1915, and incorporated in Washington, D.C. on October 2, 1915, as the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History (ASNLH) by Carter G. Woodson, William D. Hartgrove, George Cleveland Hall, Alexander L. Jackson, and James E. Stamps. The association is based in Washington, D.C. ASNLH was renamed the Association for the Study Document [106] (Title: Ivan Allen College of Liberal Arts) College. In 1968, a new core curriculum was approved that included both humanities and social sciences. The History and Technology program was created in the Department of Social Sciences, with a (then) controversial use of engineering, science, and technology as a lens for history studies. Georgia Tech's first African American professor, William Peace, was hired in the college's Department of Social Sciences in 1968. The College awarded its first baccalaureate degree in Economics in 1971. In 1975, the General College was renamed the College of Science and Liberal Studies (COSALS) and the Master of Science degree in Technology and Science Document [107] (Title: Edward W. Crosby) direction of Crosby, Hyman Frankel and Don Henderson has been cited as the first African-centered collegiate curriculum in the U.S.<ref name="English Studies/Culture Studies"></ref> Black Studies programs, departments and institutes were developed at the behest of Black communities across the nation. East St. Louis, with its Black community of 70,000 was no exception. EHE's influence on the development of Black Studies in universities across the nation was due in part to the amount of resources, time and brain power they had at hand to forge a pedagogy that put the student at the center of their learning. This Black Studies consortium Document [108] (Title: Third World Liberation Front strikes of 1968) Afro-American Studies Union (AASU) at University of California, Berkeley submitted a proposal to institute a Black Studies Program. The proposal was passed around the administration, from Chancellor Roger Heyn to professors to the Dean of the College of Letters and Sciences, Walker Knight. In December, when a committee was assembled to discuss the students' proposal without a student representative, no conclusion could be made as to whether or not a Black Studies should be a program within a larger department or a department itself. In August, the Mexican-American Student Confederation (MASC) to ask the university to withhold the purchase of Document [109] (Title: Black Ivy League) of African-Americans holding graduate and professional degrees, attended these colleges as undergraduates. From 1897 – 1909, W.E.B Dubois conducted the Atlanta University Studies, a “systematic, social-scientific inquiries into the condition and lives of African Americans” and penned The Souls of Black Folk (1903) “ perhaps the most influential work of his generation on the African American experience” during his first term as a professor of economics, history and sociology at what was at the time Atlanta University (now Clark Atlanta University). Dubois left Atlanta University in 1909, the same year that he co-founded the NAACP and returned to Atlanta University Document [110] (Title: Roy Bryce-Laporte) CUNY and then at Yale, before becoming the founding director of Yale's department of African-American studies, established in 1969. The Yale department's approach to African-American studies, and Bryce-Laporte's as well, centered not just on African-American history in the United States but on African experience in the entire Western hemisphere (the hemispheric studies approach) and what has come to be called the African diaspora. Bryce-Laporte's research centered on the experiences of Black immigrants in the United States. After Yale, Bryce-Laporte taught at a variety of institutions including College of Staten Island at CUNY, Syracuse University, Catholic University of America, Howard University, Document [111] (Title: Afrocentric education) Houston. After reading his work "The Negro" (1915), Houston embarked upon writing her "Wonderful Ethiopians of the Ancient Cushite Empire" (1926). The book was a compilation of evidence related to the historic origins of Cush and Ethiopia, and assessed their influences on Greece. The 1960s and 1970s were times of social and political ferment. In the U.S. were born new forms of Black Nationalism, Black Power and the Black Arts Movements, all began to be driven, to a degree, driven to some degree by an identification with "Mother Africa." Afrocentric scholars and Black youth also challenged Eurocentric ideas in academia. Document [112] (Title: Africana studies) the mellowing and institutionalization of the black studies movement in the course of its integration into the mainstream academic curriculum. Black studies and Africana studies differ primarily in that Africana studies focuses on Africanity and the historical and cultural issues of Africa and its descendants while Black studies was designed to deal with the uplift and development of the black (African-American)community in relationship to education and its "relevance" to the black community. The adaptation of the term "Africana studies" appears to have derived from the encyclopedia work of W.E.B. Du Bois and Carter G. Woodson. James Turner, who was recruited Document [113] (Title: African American and African Diaspora Studies Program at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro) 20 students earning more than $250,000 in grants and scholarships to continue their studies at universities such as Duke, Vanderbilt, Rutgers, and UC Berkeley. Also during this year, the Program established its first scholarship, made possible by the generosity of UNCG alumna Whitney “Whitty” Ransome, who served for almost two decades as co-executive director of the National Coalition of Girls’ Schools, and co-founded the coalition in 1991. In 2014 the Program succeeded in amending the name of “African American Studies” to the “African American and African Diaspora Studies Program” (AADS). The name change marked the beginning of a new phase Document [114] (Title: Cornell Africana Studies and Research Center) Cornell "revisit this arrangement." On December 1, 2010, Cornell Provost Kent Fuchs announced that the Center would become a department in the Cornell University College of Arts and Sciences effective July 1, 2011. Fuchs said that the shift would facilitate the start of an Africana PhD program. In response, Robert L. Harris, Jr resigned as ASRC's director. Elizabeth Adkins-Regan and David Harris served as interim co-directors until July 2012. Gerard Aching subsequently served as director for the 2012-13 academic year before current interim director Salah Hassan filled in. In Fall 2013, the Graduate Field of Africana Studies at Cornell University Document [115] (Title: African American and African Diaspora Studies Program at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro) of social, cultural, and political thought and action. This approach not only requires students to understand the interconnectedness of artistic and social phenomena but also the need for interdisciplinary study in order to comprehend them. In effect, AADS students are able to apply these theories and methodologies to better understand the social, political, and economic problems facing African Americans and peoples of African descent throughout the world. The program currently offers a bachelor's degree, and a post-baccalaureate certificate (PBC). Each year the program hosts its annual Conference on African American and African Diasporic Culture and Experiences (CACE) which offers the Document [116] (Title: African American and African Diaspora Studies Program at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro) on Minority Affairs that the low level of racial diversity on campus was associated with the need to recruit and retain Black faculty and the need to see that more Black students were enrolled in and graduated from the university. These issues, it was felt by both committees, could be addressed through the curriculum, at least in part. Therefore, the Black Studies Program at UNCG was viewed as one approach (among others) to cultivate multiculturalism and understanding. Originally proposed by program Chair, Dr. Willie Barber, in the early 1990s members of the BSC debated on the possibility of a name Document [117] (Title: Department of African American Studies – Syracuse University) Studies classes that highlighted and included the intellectual, historical and cultural contributions of African Americans. The administration at Syracuse University subsequently began to make concessions by offering Black Studies classes as an elective. African American Studies (AAS) began as a program in 1972 and then became a department as part of the College of Arts and Sciences in 1979. The 1960s student protests also resulted in an Afro-American Cultural center and marked the beginning of the MLK library collection. The first conference on Critical Issues in Afro-American and African Studies was held at Syracuse University in 1976. During the 1980s, Document [118] (Title: Department of African American Studies – Syracuse University) both its design and delivery. It began in 2005 as a uniquely innovative program that has an emphasis in the area studies of Africa, the Caribbean and the United States. Whereas most programs concentrate on history and biographies, it focuses on the linkages between Africa and the African Diaspora from a multi-disciplinary approach involving cultural, social scientific, political, economic and environmental perspectives. It also provides for intellectual inquiry into philosophy of Pan Africanism and Pan Africanism as a historical, cultural, and contemporary movement. It is the only masters program in Pan African studies that focuses on field research and theory. Document [119] (Title: National Council for Black Studies) of African diaspora peoples and other marginalized peoples. NCBS actively: The California Bill ACR-71 Africana studies programs, led to success with the efforts of former NCBS member and president Dr. Shirley Weber, is a testament to the continuing need for the African studies academic disciplines' support by state legislatures. Current NCBS board member and department chair of the Africana Studies program at California State University at Long Beach, Dr. Maulana Karenga is the founder of the Pan-African holiday Kwanzaa. NCBS also has a community grant available for members to apply for. The funding has helped new leaders and scholars bring Document [120] (Title: African American and African Diaspora Studies Program at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro) the multi-cultural awareness and contemporary educational demands. The curriculum itself reflects this cultural diversity: courses range from treatments of African Caribbeans to Black Americans and aim to incorporate the many areas of the African American experience. Dr. Angela Rhone assumed the Chair position in 1991-92. Under her leadership the Program focused on ways to establish a well-defined program for the minor degree. In order to generate more interest and support for the program the BSC advertised to students and spread awareness on campus. In 1991, a minor in Black Studies (BKS) was approved and several students selected BKS as their Document [121] (Title: Delores P. Aldridge) her postgraduate study at Georgetown University. Aldridge became a faculty member at Emory University in 1971. She was the first tenure-track African American faculty member at the institution. In 1971, she went on to found the first African American and African studies program, then called the Black Studies Program, in the southern United States. She was a member of Clark College's board of trustees. In 1988, she became a member of Clark Atlanta University's board of trustees after the university was founded. She was the director of the program until 1990. In 1998 and 1992, Aldridge studied issues of gender Document [122] (Title: Their Eyes Were Watching God) is about every one, or at least every one who isn't so civilized that he has lost the capacity for glory." As universities across the country developed Black Studies programs in the 1970s and 1980s, they created greater space for Black literature and academia. Several prominent academics, including Henry Louis Gates, Jr. and Addison Gayle, Jr., established a new "Black Aesthetic" that "placed the sources of contemporary black literature and culture in the communal music and oral folk tradition". This new respect coupled with a growing Black feminism led by Mary Helen Washington, Audre Lorde, Alice Walker, and others would Document [123] (Title: Department of African American Studies – Syracuse University) Photovoice Research project, and symposiums for Black women and other minorities. The department offers a major and minor in African American studies that is interdisciplinary and focuses on international studies. The undergraduate studies program focuses on community involvement and on building an international experience for students. It has pioneered groundbreaking study abroad programs like "Paris Noir", "Beyond the Beach:The Caribbean as a Place, Not just Playground", and a study abroad programs centered on Black Austria (University of Graz) and Zimbabwe. The Masters in Pan African Studies Program began as a unique program in Black Studies in the United States in Document [124] (Title: Oscar Dathorne) continuing changes in the black American psyche, African culture and heritage were viewed as a past in which to take great pride. As a result, universities throughout the US were becoming interested in forming African and African-American study departments. Having specialist knowledge within this area, Dathorne became professor of African studies at Howard University in Washington, D.C. He was a pioneer of Black Studies in the United States teaching African-American studies at the University of Wisconsin–Madison and then spent 15 years working at Ohio State and the University of Miami, establishing and directing African, Caribbean, and African-American study programs. In Document [125] (Title: Cornell Africana Studies and Research Center) Cornell Africana Studies and Research Center The Africana Studies and Research Center (ASRC) at Cornell University is an academic unit devoted to the study of the global migrations and reconstruction of African peoples, as well as patterns of linkages to the African continent (and among the peoples of the African Diaspora). The Africana Studies program offers around 23 graduate and undergraduate courses each semester. Africana offers an undergraduate major for students in the Cornell University College of Arts and Sciences as well as a Ph.D through the Cornell University Graduate School. The John Henrik Clarke Africana Library, located at the Document [126] (Title: Africana studies) Africana studies Africana studies, black studies, African-American studies or Africology, in US education, is the multidisciplinary study of the histories, politics and cultures of peoples of African origin in both Africa and the African diaspora. It is to be distinguished from African studies, as its focus combines Africa and the African diaspora into a concept of an "African experience" with a Pan-African perspective. In essence, Africana studies and black studies are interchangeable terms stressing black studies in a global and comparative sense, whereas African-American studies frequently emphasizes the U.S. African-American experience. Programs of study range from interdepartmental programs to autonomous Document [127] (Title: Negro Academy) Negro Academy The American Negro Academy (ANA) was the first organization in the United States to support African-American academic scholarship. It operated from 1897 to 1928, and encouraged classical academic studies and liberal arts. It was formed to provide support to classic scholarship, in contrast to Booker T. Washington's approach to education. Washington's Tuskegee University emphasized vocational and industrial training for southern blacks, as he thought this was more practical for the lives most would live in the segregated South, where most blacks lived in rural areas. The founders of the ANA were primarily authors, scholars, and artists. They included Document [128] (Title: African Studies Center, Boston University) dean of the Graduate School about creating a program in African studies. William O. Brown, a State Department specialist in Africa, was recruited as the first director, and the center was launched in 1953. As director, Brown successfully secured funding from the Ford Foundation, which continued to support the ASC until the creation of the federal Title VI program in the 1970s. An early focus for the ASC was training officers for the US State Department. The ASC has been a regular recipient of National Resource Center (NRC) and Foreign Language and Area Studies (FLAS) grants from the Title VI Document [129] (Title: Elma Lewis School of Fine Arts) year, Lewis started the National Center of Afro-American Artists. Elma Lewis founded the National Center of Afro-American Artists (NCAAA) in 1968 to "preserv[e] and foster[] the cultural arts heritage of black peoples worldwide through arts teaching, and the presentation of professional works in all fine arts disciplines." After its founding, the NCAAA assumed administrative responsibilities for the ELSFA and became its "intellectual dimension". The NCAAA runs a variety of cultural programs and exhibitions, and it opened the Museum of the National Center of Afro-American Artists in 1980. In 1966, the same year that the ELSFA was incorporated as a non-profit, Document [130] (Title: Institute of African Studies) Institute of African Studies The Institute of African Studies on the Anne Jiagee road on campus of the University of Ghana at Legon is an interdisciplinary research institute in the humanities and social sciences. It was established by President Kwame Nkrumah in 1962 to encourage African studies. Thomas Lionel Hodgkin served as the first Director, from 1962 to 1965. On 25 October 1963 President Kwame Nkrumah gave an inaugural address at the Institute, entitled "The African Genius", in which he called for the recovery of African traditions and an African-centered approach to knowledge. The Institute issues a peer-reviewed journal, "Research Document [131] (Title: African-American studies) As the minority student population increased tension between activists clubs and minorities rose, because minority wanted the reigns of the movement that affected them directly. One student asserted that it was “backward to educate white people about Black Power when many black people are still uneducated on the matter. ”The members of the Afro-American Student Union (AASU) proposed an academic department called “Black Studies” in April 1968. "We demand a program of “Black Studies,” a program that will be of and for black people. We demand to be educated realistically and that no form of education which attempts to lie Document [132] (Title: Africana Cultures and Policy Studies Institute) Nigeria, in the same Africana Studies sponsored program. Coupled with Babacar M'Baye's roots in Dakar, Senegal and each of their abiding interests in Pan-Africanism, these events further fueled the early gestation period of the concept which would become Africana Cultures and Policy Studies. Sometime in October 2005, ACPSI addressed their paradigm first collective panel at the Association for the Study of African-American Life and History (ASALH) Conference in Pittsburgh and made plans from that point forward on continuing the collectivization and organization of the Institute. Interspersed between conference sessions and presentations, we held working sessions on the Institute. Floyd Beachum Question: when were afro-american and africana studies programs founded in colleges and universities

Answer: 1960s and 1970s Long Answer: Programs and departments of African - American studies were first created in the 1960s and 1970s as a result of inter-ethnic student and faculty activism at many universities, sparked by a five - month strike for black studies at San Francisco State . In February 1968, San Francisco State hired sociologist Nathan Hare to coordinate the first black studies program and write a proposal for the first Department of Black Studies; the department was created in September 1968 and gained official status at the end of the five - months strike in the spring of 1969 . The creation of programs and departments in Black studies was a common demand of protests and sit - ins by minority students and their allies, who felt that their cultures and interests were underserved by the traditional academic structures. Gold Document ID: 111

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Andy Williams) for Williams. In 2002, he re-recorded "Can't Take My Eyes Off You" as a duet with British actress and singer Denise van Outen; it reached No. 23 in the UK singles charts. He completed a sold-out tour of the United Kingdom and Asia in the winter and summer of 2007, in which he performed at several major concert halls including the Royal Albert Hall, singing, among other classics, Van Morrison's "Have I Told You Lately". Williams returned to the UK singles charts with his 1963 recording of "It's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year" in December 2007, thanks to Document [2] (Title: Can't Take My Eyes Off You (Nancy Wilson album)) well as songs made famous by Dusty Springfield and Blood, Sweat & Tears. The song "Can't Take My Eyes Off You" had been included on Wilson's previous album, Hurt So Bad (1969), but it proved so successful on radio that Capitol made it the title track of her new album. "Can't Take My Eyes Off You" entered the Billboard 200 on March 28, 1970, peaking at #155 and remaining on the chart for 6 weeks. It faired better on Billboard's Hot R&B LPs, reaching #38. In 2013, SoulMusic Records released a digitally remastered version of the album, paired with "Now Document [3] (Title: Teddy Randazzo) by numerous artists including the Zombies and Frank Sinatra; "Hurt So Bad" (1965, #10 Pop, #3 R&B), which was recorded four years later by the Lettermen (#12 in 1969), as then by Linda Ronstadt who took it to #8 in 1980; and the Imperials' Top 20 hits, "I'm On The Outside (Looking In)" and "Take Me Back". The Lettermen combined "Goin' Out of My Head" with Frankie Valli's hit, "Can't Take My Eyes Off You" in a medley which reached #7 in 1968. Randazzo also wrote Little Anthony and the Imperials' "Yesterday Has Gone", which was recorded by UK band Document [4] (Title: Katharine McPhee) mixed reviews from critics. On Metacritic, it received a score of 48/100 from 19 critics, indicating mixed or average reviews. The pilot earned 13.83 million viewers and a 3.2 in the 18-49 demographic. McPhee covered the Frankie Valli song "Can't Take My Eyes Off You" in the episode "Risky Business". On November 5, 2014, McPhee was a presenter for the 2015 People's Choice Awards nominations announcement. McPhee performed on the 16th annual "A Home For the Holidays" adoption special that was broadcast on December 19, 2014. This was her second appearance on the annual special. On January 7, 2015, McPhee Document [5] (Title: Eyes on Me (Celine Dion song)) around... you better keep your eyes on me." Reception towards the song was favorable, with many critics highlighting that the song sounds a lot like Shakira songs. Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic wrote that "Celine tries to shimmy like Shakira on 'Eyes on Me,'" while Sarah Rodman from "The Boston Globe" opined that "Eyes On Me colors a bit outside the lines with an irresistibly wiggly, Eastern-flavored groove. (Shakira will kick herself for not getting it first.") Ashante Infantry from "Toronto Star" called it an "urban pop bounce, where Celine is channelling her inner Shakira". Nick Levine from Digital Spy Document [6] (Title: Andy Williams' Greatest Hits) of the US release. The other major difference was that Williams's recording of "Can't Take My Eyes off You" was added to the track list for the UK version. The album made its first appearance on the "Billboard" Top LPs chart in the issue dated March 7, 1970, and remained there for 20 weeks, peaking at number 42. In the UK it debuted on the album chart on April 11 of that year in the number two position out of 55 albums listed that week and eventually had five appearances at number one there out of a total of 108 Document [7] (Title: Discography: The Complete Singles Collection) the song breaks into the chorus of Frankie Valli's "Can't Take My Eyes Off You". Although the album's songs were released in some other form, this compilation only features seven-inch versions. Around the time of the release of "Discography", Pet Shop Boys also released the video compilation "Videography", consisting of the music videos for each of the songs on this album in a slightly different order and with the song "Was It Worth It?" being replaced with "How Can You Expect to Be Taken Seriously?", which itself was not on the audio versions of the album, despite being part of Document [8] (Title: Where the Streets Have No Name (I Can't Take My Eyes off You)) its musical arrangement. In contrast to the U2 version's instrumental build-up, the Pet Shop Boys version opens abruptly with synthesized and sampled noises and a drum machine. The musical climax of the song is also changed in other elements; a background vocal sample of "burning down love" is played right at the start, and synthesized horns erupt with even higher notes immediately following each chorus. Singer Neil Tennant performs the lyrics with no vocal exertion or stresses, in contrast to Bono's performance. In addition, at the transition between "Where the Streets Have No Name" and "Can't Take My Eyes off Document [9] (Title: Can't Look Away) The album was reissued in 2011 through Voiceprint Records. Vik Iyengar of AllMusic gave "Can't Look Away" three stars out of five. He praised it for having "a great sense of melody and layered guitars to create an arena rock sound", while also remarking that "Although the album loses a bit of steam in the second half, the first half includes great pop/rock tunes. ... Fans of latter-day Yes should definitely check out this album." Can't Look Away Can't Look Away is the fourth studio album by singer-songwriter and musician Trevor Rabin, released on 10 July 1989 on Elektra Records. Document [10] (Title: C'mon Marianne) and mixed differently from the "more familiar" LP version, the single was replaced with the album version. Ultimately, "C'mon Marianne" reached the #9 position on the Hot 100 less than a month after lead singer Frankie Valli's "solo" (with Four Seasons participation) hit, "Can't Take My Eyes Off You", hit #2. The song sported a riff which The Doors also appropriated in their 1968 single "Touch Me". In 1976, Donny Osmond recorded "C'mon Marianne" and it was released on his album "Disco Train". The song reached No. 38 on the Billboard Hot 100 and No. 25 on the magazine's Easy Document [11] (Title: Where the Streets Have No Name (I Can't Take My Eyes off You)) of pop stars during the 1980s and the institutionalization of rock and roll. To date, the Pet Shop Boys have performed the song live on five of their tours. The song was included in the main set list for 1991's Performance Tour and a recording of this from the Birmingham NEC in June 1991 was released on the VHS (and later DVD) Performance. The VHS performance of the song omits the Frankie Valli section due to a publishing issue, although the complete soundtrack was later restored to the DVD version in 2004. The song was also later performed sometimes on Document [12] (Title: All Eyes on You) took place in late June 2015. The video was released on July 27, 2015. It was directed by Benny Boom. All Eyes on You "All Eyes on You" is a song by American hip hop recording artist Meek Mill, released as the first single from his second studio album "Dreams Worth More Than Money", on June 26, 2015. The song features Trinidadian rapper, recording artist Nicki Minaj with additional vocals from American recording artist Chris Brown. It was produced by Danny Morris, Alex Delicata, and co-produced by The Monarch, Kevin Cossom and DJ Khaled. "All Eyes on You" entered the Document [13] (Title: Can't Get You Out of My Head) stylish and damnably danceable, but with a darker element hidden in plain sight." "Billboard"s Jason Lipshutz felt that "the metallic production wouldn't carry quite as much of its impact if Minogue had attempted to outshine it; wisely, her voice operates alongside it, finding renewed power in its drive", concluding that "almost 15 years after its release, it still sounds fresh, forward-thinking and alive". "The Abbey Road Sessions"–version of the song received generally positive reviews. Tim Sendra from AllMusic felt that "most interesting reboot" in the album took place on "Can't Get You Out of My Head," saying that the "insistent Document [14] (Title: Eyes (Donna Summer song)) the song had originally been intended to be the next single. Eyes (Donna Summer song) "Eyes" is the third and final single from the album "Cats Without Claws" by Donna Summer. Edited in length from the original version on the album and remixed by John "Jellybean" Benitez, the single peaked at #97 for one week in the UK Singles Chart. A remix of the calypso-ish "I'm Free" from the "Cats Without Claws" album was included on the B-side of the UK release of the "Eyes" 12" single. "I'm Free" was performed by Donna and her back-up band on a Dick Document [15] (Title: Soultans) Hands off You"" in 2005. Their most recent CD release was in September 2007, with ""The Very Best of Soult"", which compiles their earlier work. Australian-based singer/songwriter/vocal coach Scott Winter, of Spanish descent, joined the band after Marco Boi left in 1996. Scott wrote three songs on the Soultans second album "Take Off" and stayed with the group for three years touring Europe, recording throughout. Scott "Bradley" Winter is the first cousin of Amanda Ghost, President of Epic Records and Ivor Novello award-winning songwriter. ""Can't take my hands off you"" ""I Heard It Through the Grapevine"" ""Love, Sweat and Tears"" Document [16] (Title: Maureen McGovern (album)) blonde hair cut short and dyed it brown (she would change her image a few more times over the years, particularly during the 1980s). It was also McGovern's last album to concentrate on pop music and movie themes, as she would soon quit this work to begin a career on Broadway; she returned to the music industry a few years later as a singer of standards and showtunes. Cover versions include Frankie Valli's "Can't Take My Eyes Off You," the Beatles' "I'm Happy Just to Dance with You," the Crystals' hit "He's a Rebel" (written by Gene Pitney), Barbara Mason's Document [17] (Title: The Greatest Songs of the Sixties) Night" (the latter first appeared on Manilow's Sinatra-tribute album "Manilow Sings Sinatra" in 1998). The Greatest Songs of the Sixties The Greatest Songs of the Sixties is Barry Manilow's sequel album for "The Greatest Songs of the Fifties". The album was another major hit for Manilow in the United States, selling nearly 50% more than his previous album in its opening week. As with its predecessor, this album was produced by Clive Davis, along with Manilow and David Benson. The classics performed in this album includes Frankie Valli's "Can't Take My Eyes Off You", Elvis Presley's #1 hit "Can't Help Document [18] (Title: Bette Davis Eyes) pedal steel guitar and horns. However, it was not until 1981, when Kim Carnes recorded her version of the song in a radically different synthesizer-based arrangement, that "Bette Davis Eyes" became a commercial success. The Carnes version spent nine non-consecutive weeks on top of the US "Billboard" Hot 100 (interrupted for one week by the "Stars on 45 Medley") and was "Billboard"s biggest hit of the year for 1981. The single also reached No. 5 on Billboard's Top Tracks charts and No. 26 on the Dance charts. The song won the Grammy Awards for Song of the Year and Record Document [19] (Title: Where the Streets Have No Name (I Can't Take My Eyes off You)) Where the Streets Have No Name (I Can't Take My Eyes off You) "Where the Streets Have No Name (I Can't Take My Eyes off You)" is a song by English synthpop duo Pet Shop Boys. The song is a medley of covers of U2's "Where the Streets Have No Name" and "Can't Take My Eyes Off You", the 1960s single by Frankie Valli, though in an arrangement informed by the 1982 disco version of the song by Boystown Gang rather than the original. The song accompanied "How Can You Expect to Be Taken Seriously?", the third single from their Document [20] (Title: Fabulous (album)) Donna Summer's 1982 hit "Love Is in Control" with double A-side "Don't Leave Me This Way" with an accompanying video that was taken from footage of Easton's album launch concert at G-A-Y nightclub in London. However, this too was unsuccessful and shelved indefinitely. In Japan, "Fabulous" was released in February 2001 and the first single was "Can't Take My Eyes Off You" which had originally been recorded by Frankie Valli in the 1960s, though a disco version had been a hit for Boys Town Gang in the early 1980s. The album was packaged differently from the UK version and included Document [21] (Title: Can't Take My Eyes Off You (Nancy Wilson album)) Can't Take My Eyes Off You (Nancy Wilson album) Can't Take My Eyes Off You is a studio album by Nancy Wilson, released on Capitol Records in 1970. It was produced by David Cavanaugh, with arrangements and conducting by Phil Wright and Jimmy Jones. In a positive review, "Record World" called it "another bright and warm outing for the multi-talented Miss Wilson. This is a composer's album with songs by Bacharach and David, Leonard Cohen, Leiber and Stoller, and Jimmy Webb." The album also contains an early Bacharach song written with Bob Hilliard, "Waitin' For Charlie To Come Home," as Document [22] (Title: Can't Take My Eyes Off You (Nancy Wilson album)) I'm a Woman", another Wilson album from 1970. The compact disc contains three bonus tracks. Can't Take My Eyes Off You (Nancy Wilson album) Can't Take My Eyes Off You is a studio album by Nancy Wilson, released on Capitol Records in 1970. It was produced by David Cavanaugh, with arrangements and conducting by Phil Wright and Jimmy Jones. In a positive review, "Record World" called it "another bright and warm outing for the multi-talented Miss Wilson. This is a composer's album with songs by Bacharach and David, Leonard Cohen, Leiber and Stoller, and Jimmy Webb." The album also contains Document [23] (Title: Sheena Easton) Australia, and Argentina but not in the US. In Japan, "Fabulous" was released in February 2001 and the first single was "Can't Take My Eyes Off You", which had originally been recorded by Frankie Valli in the 1960s, though a disco version had been a hit for the Boys Town Gang in the early 1980s. The album was packaged differently from the UK version and included two bonus tracks; "I Need Your Lovin'" (a cover of the 1980 Teena Marie song) and a remix of "Can't Take My Eyes Off You". In Australia, "Fabulous" was released 24 February 2001 and Document [24] (Title: Love, Andy) eventually reached number 113. In the UK the song chosen as the single for release was a cover of Frankie Valli's "Can't Take My Eyes off You", and it entered the singles chart there for the week of March 16, 1968, stayed around for 18 weeks, and got as high as number five. Williams revisited the song in 2002 as a duet with Denise Van Outen that reached number 23 in the UK. The album was released on compact disc for the first time as one of two albums on one CD by Sony Music Distribution in 1995, the other Document [25] (Title: Mask Singer (Chinese TV series)) "离开我" under the name 吃瓜群众代表 at the start of the show. Mask Singer (Chinese TV series) Mask Singer is a Chinese reality show hosted by Li Hao. It premiered on 18 September 2016 on Jiangsu Television. The judging panel performed a medley of songs – Wang Nima performed "十年", Shen Nan performed "失恋阵线联盟", Ma Ke performed "口是心非", DannyLee and Ivy performed "我好想你", Wowkie Zhang performed "葫芦娃", Ella Chen performed "后来", and Tao Ching-Ying performed "Can't Take My Eyes Off You" – at the start of the show. Host Li Hao performed "男人不该让女人流泪" under the name 内心澎湃的水晶侠 at the start of Document [26] (Title: Can't Take My Eyes Off You) been on the charts in different countries. The song is a staple of television and film soundtracks, even being featured as part of the plot of some films, such as when the lead characters sing or arrange their own version of the song. Its chorus has also become a popular football chant, with supporters of various teams inserting their club's name or a popular player's name into the beat. The Valli version was also used by NASA as a wake-up song on the STS-126 space shuttle mission, to celebrate the anniversary of astronaut Christopher Ferguson, one of the mission's crew Document [27] (Title: Where the Streets Have No Name (I Can't Take My Eyes off You)) the 1994 Discovery tour, the 2002 Release tour, the 2004 Summer/Fall shows and the 2006 Cubism tour, of which a performance filmed in Mexico City on November 14 of the same year was included on the 2007 DVD Cubism. Where the Streets Have No Name (I Can't Take My Eyes off You) "Where the Streets Have No Name (I Can't Take My Eyes off You)" is a song by English synthpop duo Pet Shop Boys. The song is a medley of covers of U2's "Where the Streets Have No Name" and "Can't Take My Eyes Off You", the 1960s single Document [28] (Title: Keep Your Eye on Me) Keep Your Eye on Me Keep Your Eye on Me is a pop/R&B/dance album by Herb Alpert, released in 1987. It contains two hit singles, "Diamonds" and "Making Love in the Rain" (both featuring lead and background vocals by Janet Jackson and Lisa Keith). These Billboard Top 40 hits, along with the title track and "Pillow" (featuring co-lead vocals by Alpert and singer/wife Lani Hall) were produced by Jimmy Jam & Terry Lewis. The remainder of the album consists of tracks produced by Herb Alpert and various producers. Keep Your Eye On Me was constructed with Side 1 (Tracks 1-5) Document [29] (Title: In Your Eyes (Kylie Minogue song)) Minogue and numerous backup dancers, surrounded with LED lights. "In Your Eyes" was performed on her 2002 Fever Tour, and has appeared on all her concert tours since, including the one-off concert show Money Can't Buy, and most recently in the Golden Tour in 2018. Following the success of Minogue's 2001 single, "Can't Get You Out of My Head", Minogue's label Parlophone were set to release the second single from the album "Fever" (2001). Minogue enlisted several writers and producers such as Richard Stannard, Julian Gallagher, and Ash Howes, all whom worked with Minogue on her seventh album, "Light Years" Document [30] (Title: Frankie Valli) performances and commercial hits. Valli was the original artist to record the Gaudio-Crewe composition "The Sun Ain't Gonna Shine (Anymore)", a performance that was copied nearly note for note when recorded by The Walker Brothers, an American group based in England. The Walker Brothers version was a huge success. Valli continued to record solo performances and finally reached major success with the release of "Can't Take My Eyes Off You", which reached number two in the charts and was widely recorded by many other artists. Valli's debut solo album was a gathering together of various single releases and a few Document [31] (Title: Anastasia Stotskaya) the musical Chicago, and after under his leadership, Stotskaya recorded the first songs for a solo project, which took the leading lines in the charts of the leading radio stations. In 2003, she participated in the International Competition of Young Performers "New Wave 2003" in Jurmala, where she won the Grand Prix. Success in the contest was brought to her by performing a cover version of Can't Take My Eyes Off You and also singing a new song "Veny-reki". In 2005 she took part in the qualifying round of Russia for the Eurovision Song Contest 2005. In 2005, she starred Document [32] (Title: Frankie Valli) Night)" (1975). Valli's recording of the song "Can't Take My Eyes Off You" reached number two in 1967. "You're Ready Now", a Valli solo recording from 1966, became a surprise hit in the UK as part of the Northern soul scene and hit number eleven on the British pop charts in December 1970. As a solo artist, Valli scored number-one hits with the songs "My Eyes Adored You" (1974) and "Grease" (1978). Valli, Tommy DeVito, Nick Massi and Bob Gaudio the original members of The Four Seasons were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1990 and Document [33] (Title: Can't Take My Eyes Off You) members. The song was written by Bob Crewe and Bob Gaudio. Arrangement was done by Artie Schroeck and Gaudio. The original recording was made at A&R Recording Studios at 799 7th Avenue, with Bob Crewe producing and Phil Ramone engineering. The song has been covered by some 200 artists over the years, in many countries, under both versions of the title. A few notable examples of cover versions that appeared on the charts: Can't Take My Eyes Off You "Can't Take My Eyes Off You" is a 1967 single credited to Frankie Valli. The song was among his biggest hits, Document [34] (Title: Eyes on Me (Celine Dion song)) Dion's fragrance "Sensational". The music video for "Eyes on Me" was released on 5 May 2008, containing footages from the Taking Chances World Tour in Africa and Asia. The song only peaked at number 113 on the UK Singles Chart, due to little promotion, when the single was released. European/UK digital single UK CD single/digital EP Credits adapted from the liner notes of "Taking Chances", Epic Records. Eyes on Me (Celine Dion song) "Eyes on Me" is a song recorded by Canadian singer Celine Dion, taken from her tenth English-language studio album, "Taking Chances" (2007). It was released as the Document [35] (Title: Kioku (Misia song)) daily Oricon Singles Chart at number 14, where it also peaked. The single debuted at number 21 on the weekly Oricon Singles Chart, with 6,000 copies sold. It charted for four weeks and sold a reported total of 8,000 copies during its run. Personnel Kioku (Misia song) "Kioku" is Misia's first single in nearly a year and a half, since "Hoshi no Yō ni..." (2009). The single includes a duet between Misia and JP, titled "Kono Mama de Tonight", as well as a cover of the 1967 Frankie Valli song "Can't Take My Eyes Off You". The first pressing of Document [36] (Title: Eyes on Me (Celine Dion song)) "Hold It Don't Drop It." In October 2008, "Eyes on Me" was included on the European version of "". A live version was included in the "" CD/DVD. "Eyes on Me" was written by Kristian Lundin, Savan Kotecha and Australian recording artist Delta Goodrem, while production was handled by Lundin, who worked with Dion in the past on "That's the Way It Is" and "I'm Alive". Goodrem also provides backing vocals on the track. "Eyes on Me" is a Middle-Eastern-flavored song and lyrically, it is a tale of a teasing minx goading her boyfriend, featuring the lines: "Temptation is all Document [37] (Title: Eyes on Me (Celine Dion song)) Eyes on Me (Celine Dion song) "Eyes on Me" is a song recorded by Canadian singer Celine Dion, taken from her tenth English-language studio album, "Taking Chances" (2007). It was released as the second single in the United Kingdom on 7 January 2008, while "Alone" was released as the second single in the rest of Europe and North America instead. The Middle Eastern-flavored song was written by Kristian Lundin, Savan Kotecha and Australian singer Delta Goodrem. Goodrem also provides backing vocals on the track, while production was handled by Lundin. The latter worked with Dion in the past on "That's Document [38] (Title: Bob Crewe) one of their greatest successes with "Can't Take My Eyes Off You", recorded by Frankie Valli with the Four Seasons. The song reached #2 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and earned a gold record. "Can't Take My Eyes Off You" has since been recorded by a wide variety of vocalists and bands, in several different languages. A 1968 version by singer Andy Williams climbed to #5 on the UK Singles Chart. Also achieving chart status over the decades were English-language versions by the Lettermen, Maureen McGovern, Boys Town Gang and Lauryn Hill. The song has been heard in numerous motion Document [39] (Title: James Arthur) accused of plagiarism. His version was very similar to the rendition by YouTube star only1Noah, which was uploaded on 9 May 2012 and had over 13 million views at the time. However, Arthur later tweeted: "Btw doesn't everyone know I was putting a spin on Noah's version? It had 13.something million hits! Was I supposed to state the obvious?" In week 7, after performing "Can't Take My Eyes Off You", Arthur was controversially in the final showdown. He sang "Fallin'" for survival against fellow favourite Ella Henderson, and the result went to deadlock. Scherzinger and Gary Barlow voted to send Document [40] (Title: Pet Shop Boys) placing at the time. The song was inspired by a quote by Zelda Fitzgerald: "...she refused to be bored chiefly because she wasn't boring", and was widely thought to be a commentary on the AIDS epidemic. The music video was directed by filmmaker Bruce Weber. By this time, the duo had also parted ways with manager Tom Watkins, replacing him with Jill Carrington, who had previously been marketing director at Polydor. In March 1991, a cover of U2's "Where the Streets Have No Name" as a medley with "Can't Take My Eyes Off You", the 1960s pop song by Frankie Document [41] (Title: Eyes on Me (Celine Dion song)) the Way It Is" and "I'm Alive" among others. The critics heavily compared the track to Shakira songs. Dion performed the song during "An Audience with Celine Dion", which aired in the UK on ITV on 22 December 2007. She also performed a remix version featuring will.i.am from The Black Eyed Peas during her CBS special, "That's Just the Woman in Me", which aired in the US on 15 February 2008. "Eyes on Me" was released in the UK with virtually no promotion surrounding it in the media, leading to its peak position at number 113 on the UK Singles Document [42] (Title: In Real Life (band)) competition without being placed in a bottom two or three. His breakout performance during the competition was MAXED's performance of Lauryn Hill's rendition of "Can't Take My Eyes Off You". Sergio Calderon Jr. was born on . He is from Redwood City, California. Calderon auditioned for "Boy Band", with a Spanglish rendition of Prince Royce's "Stand by Me". On August 10, 2017, Calderon was placed in the bottom two along with former contestant Devin Hayes, but he was saved by America. Conor Michael Smith (known professionally as Michael Conor) was born on . He is from Shaker Heights, Ohio. He Document [43] (Title: Australia (Manic Street Preachers song)) top 10 in the UK. It also made an appearance on "Forever Delayed", the band's greatest hits album, released in November 2002. The first CD included "Velocity Girl", "Take the Skinheads Bowling" and "Can't Take My Eyes Off You" (all three being cover versions of songs originally performed by Primal Scream, Camper Van Beethoven and Frankie Valli, respectively) and the cassette featured a live recording of "A Design for Life". All 3 of the CD cover versions would later feature on the "Lipstick Traces" compilation album in 2003 (although it is believed "Take the Skinheads Bowling" was re-recorded, yet it Document [44] (Title: Bob Crewe) weeks. It achieved the same chart position in the United Kingdom and Australia. "Rolling Stone" ranked "Lady Marmalade" as the 479th greatest song of all time. In 1999, when the US performing rights and royalties organization BMI (Broadcast Music Incorporated) announced its Top 100 Songs of the Century, "Can't Take My Eyes Off You" landed in the Top 10 with six million airplays. BMI calculates one million continuous performances of a song of the average length (3 minutes) as representing 5.7 years of continuous airplay. In addition to his numerous benchmarks and accolades in music, Crewe has also achieved recognition Document [45] (Title: Can't Look Away) Can't Look Away Can't Look Away is the fourth studio album by singer-songwriter and musician Trevor Rabin, released on 10 July 1989 on Elektra Records. The album reached No. 111 on the U.S. "Billboard" 200 during a stay of ten weeks. "Something to Hold on To" was released as a single and reached No. 3 on "Billboard"'s Mainstream Rock chart, with its accompanying music video receiving a nomination for Best Video, Short Form at the 1990 Grammy Awards. In a 2004 interview, Rabin described "Can't Look Away" as "by far my best solo album and the one I'm happiest with." Document [46] (Title: With Pen in Hand) on the "RPM" 100, and No. 4 on "RPM"s Adult Contemporary chart. The B-side of both the UK and US single versions of "With Pen in Hand" featured Carr's version of "Can't Take My Eyes Off You", from the album "It Must Be Him". In 1970, Carr was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance for her live rendition of "With Pen in Hand". On February 26, 1968, Bobby Goldsboro recorded a version of "With Pen in Hand", and on August 1, 1972, he released it as a single. Goldsboro's version spent 5 weeks on the Document [47] (Title: You're the Apple of My Eye) singer Clyde McPhatter and Atlantic Records producer Jerry Wexler. The Four Lovers' version was similar in style to the original, but didn't come close to attaining the level of success of either the original or "You're the Apple of Your Eye". The B-side of the group's second single, "Please Don't Leave Me", was composed by Antoine "Fats" Domino and was originally recorded by him in 1953. It is one of the more blues-based songs in the Fats Domino catalog — and one of the most blues-based songs ever recorded by Frankie Valli and his friends, regardless of the name or Document [48] (Title: Where the Streets Have No Name (I Can't Take My Eyes off You)) You", Tennant sings the two lines one after the other, with no change in pitch — pointing out the similarities in the two songs. Following the release of the single, U2 issued a statement saying "What have we done to deserve this?". Tennant mentioned to "The People" in 2002 that he had "managed at long last to patch things up with Bono" after meeting him at one of Elton John's homes in the south of France. This version has been paired with "How Can You Expect to Be Taken Seriously?", a song criticizing the insincere humanitarian messages of a number Document [49] (Title: Can't Take My Eyes Off You) Can't Take My Eyes Off You "Can't Take My Eyes Off You" is a 1967 single credited to Frankie Valli. The song was among his biggest hits, earning a gold record and reaching No. 2 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 for a week, stuck behind "Windy" by The Association. It was co-written by producer Bob Crewe and Bob Gaudio, a bandmate of Valli's in The Four Seasons. It was Valli's biggest solo hit until he hit #1 in 1974 with "My Eyes Adored You". "Can't Take My Eyes Off You" has had hundreds of cover versions, many of which have Document [50] (Title: Misia no Mori: Forest Covers) Misia no Mori: Forest Covers According to Misia, the idea for a covers album came about "naturally". She had recently covered "Can't Take My Eyes Off of You", and had been performing it on The Tour of Misia Japan Soul Quest tour, and over the summer she was offered the chance to record a cover version of the Charlie Chaplin classic "Smile" for the computer-animated film "", which Misia recorded with three children's choral groups from Sendai, one of the cities affected by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. Misia felt that the best vehicle to release this material would Document [51] (Title: Jeanie Tracy) Pulse-8 records. The album scored an underground hit with the title track in the States. After releasing a steady stream of increasingly popular singles, Tracy experienced a career resurgence in the late 1990s which resulted in two Top 20 US "Billboard" Hot Dance Music/Club Play with "Can't Take My Eyes Off of You" (1998) and "Keep The Party Jumpin'" (1999) with producers Frank Abraham and Jimmy Markee on the San Francisco-based AM Records. It was through AM records that Tracy was introduced to Ralphi Rosario and Abel Aguillera. In 2001, her collaboration with Rosabel (DJ's Ralphi Rosario and Abel), "The Document [52] (Title: Leaving the 20th Century) Patrick Jones, Shack, Feeder and Super Furry Animals though amongst fan sites at the time Mansun had been strongly rumoured to play but did not. The year changes between 'Motorcycle Emptiness' and the cover of 'Can't Take My Eyes Off You', the latter song (and the one after it) performed solo by James Dean Bradfield with an acoustic guitar. In-between some of the tracks there are interview clips where the band discusses their history and the songs. During the concert and radio broadcast just before The Masses Against the Classes was played Nicky Wire ranted and told the crowd to Document [53] (Title: Where the Streets Have No Name (I Can't Take My Eyes off You)) 1990 album, "Behaviour", as a double A-side in the UK (both singles were released separately in the US). Released in March 1991, this song was the band's fifteenth consecutive Top 20 hit in the UK, peaking at No. 4 on the UK Singles Chart. The band have said that they thought the guitars in the original sounded similar to a sequencer. In the liner notes for the album "", the Pet Shop Boys stated that they wanted to turn "a mythic rock song into a stomping disco record." The Pet Shop Boys version differed significantly from the original version in Document [54] (Title: Doo Wop (That Thing)) Sweetest Thing" from "Love Jones" and a cover of Frankie Valli's 1967 song "Can't Take My Eyes Off You" for "Conspiracy Theory". "Doo Wop", released in 1998 as her first solo song from her debut album, was a major success. It became the 10th single to debut at number-one on the "Billboard" Hot 100, and the first by a rap artist. It stayed there for two weeks in the fall of 1998. On Billboard's R&B Singles chart, it reached #2 for three weeks in November 1998, held out of the top spot by "Nobody's Supposed to Be Here" by Deborah Question: cant take my eyes off you original singer Answer: Frankie Valli Long Answer: "Can't Take My Eyes Off You" is a 1967 single credited to Frankie Valli . The song was among his biggest hits, earning a gold record and reaching No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 for a week, stuck behind "Windy" by The Association . It was co-written by Bob Gaudio, a bandmate of Valli's in The Four Seasons . It was Valli's biggest solo hit until he hit #1 in 1974 with "My Eyes Adored You". Gold Document ID: 54

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Andy Williams) for Williams. In 2002, he re-recorded "Can't Take My Eyes Off You" as a duet with British actress and singer Denise van Outen; it reached No. 23 in the UK singles charts. He completed a sold-out tour of the United Kingdom and Asia in the winter and summer of 2007, in which he performed at several major concert halls including the Royal Albert Hall, singing, among other classics, Van Morrison's "Have I Told You Lately". Williams returned to the UK singles charts with his 1963 recording of "It's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year" in December 2007, thanks to Document [2] (Title: Can't Take My Eyes Off You (Nancy Wilson album)) well as songs made famous by Dusty Springfield and Blood, Sweat & Tears. The song "Can't Take My Eyes Off You" had been included on Wilson's previous album, Hurt So Bad (1969), but it proved so successful on radio that Capitol made it the title track of her new album. "Can't Take My Eyes Off You" entered the Billboard 200 on March 28, 1970, peaking at #155 and remaining on the chart for 6 weeks. It faired better on Billboard's Hot R&B LPs, reaching #38. In 2013, SoulMusic Records released a digitally remastered version of the album, paired with "Now Document [3] (Title: Teddy Randazzo) by numerous artists including the Zombies and Frank Sinatra; "Hurt So Bad" (1965, #10 Pop, #3 R&B), which was recorded four years later by the Lettermen (#12 in 1969), as then by Linda Ronstadt who took it to #8 in 1980; and the Imperials' Top 20 hits, "I'm On The Outside (Looking In)" and "Take Me Back". The Lettermen combined "Goin' Out of My Head" with Frankie Valli's hit, "Can't Take My Eyes Off You" in a medley which reached #7 in 1968. Randazzo also wrote Little Anthony and the Imperials' "Yesterday Has Gone", which was recorded by UK band Document [4] (Title: Katharine McPhee) mixed reviews from critics. On Metacritic, it received a score of 48/100 from 19 critics, indicating mixed or average reviews. The pilot earned 13.83 million viewers and a 3.2 in the 18-49 demographic. McPhee covered the Frankie Valli song "Can't Take My Eyes Off You" in the episode "Risky Business". On November 5, 2014, McPhee was a presenter for the 2015 People's Choice Awards nominations announcement. McPhee performed on the 16th annual "A Home For the Holidays" adoption special that was broadcast on December 19, 2014. This was her second appearance on the annual special. On January 7, 2015, McPhee Document [5] (Title: Eyes on Me (Celine Dion song)) around... you better keep your eyes on me." Reception towards the song was favorable, with many critics highlighting that the song sounds a lot like Shakira songs. Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic wrote that "Celine tries to shimmy like Shakira on 'Eyes on Me,'" while Sarah Rodman from "The Boston Globe" opined that "Eyes On Me colors a bit outside the lines with an irresistibly wiggly, Eastern-flavored groove. (Shakira will kick herself for not getting it first.") Ashante Infantry from "Toronto Star" called it an "urban pop bounce, where Celine is channelling her inner Shakira". Nick Levine from Digital Spy Document [6] (Title: Andy Williams' Greatest Hits) of the US release. The other major difference was that Williams's recording of "Can't Take My Eyes off You" was added to the track list for the UK version. The album made its first appearance on the "Billboard" Top LPs chart in the issue dated March 7, 1970, and remained there for 20 weeks, peaking at number 42. In the UK it debuted on the album chart on April 11 of that year in the number two position out of 55 albums listed that week and eventually had five appearances at number one there out of a total of 108 Document [7] (Title: Discography: The Complete Singles Collection) the song breaks into the chorus of Frankie Valli's "Can't Take My Eyes Off You". Although the album's songs were released in some other form, this compilation only features seven-inch versions. Around the time of the release of "Discography", Pet Shop Boys also released the video compilation "Videography", consisting of the music videos for each of the songs on this album in a slightly different order and with the song "Was It Worth It?" being replaced with "How Can You Expect to Be Taken Seriously?", which itself was not on the audio versions of the album, despite being part of Document [8] (Title: Where the Streets Have No Name (I Can't Take My Eyes off You)) its musical arrangement. In contrast to the U2 version's instrumental build-up, the Pet Shop Boys version opens abruptly with synthesized and sampled noises and a drum machine. The musical climax of the song is also changed in other elements; a background vocal sample of "burning down love" is played right at the start, and synthesized horns erupt with even higher notes immediately following each chorus. Singer Neil Tennant performs the lyrics with no vocal exertion or stresses, in contrast to Bono's performance. In addition, at the transition between "Where the Streets Have No Name" and "Can't Take My Eyes off Document [9] (Title: Can't Look Away) The album was reissued in 2011 through Voiceprint Records. Vik Iyengar of AllMusic gave "Can't Look Away" three stars out of five. He praised it for having "a great sense of melody and layered guitars to create an arena rock sound", while also remarking that "Although the album loses a bit of steam in the second half, the first half includes great pop/rock tunes. ... Fans of latter-day Yes should definitely check out this album." Can't Look Away Can't Look Away is the fourth studio album by singer-songwriter and musician Trevor Rabin, released on 10 July 1989 on Elektra Records. Document [10] (Title: C'mon Marianne) and mixed differently from the "more familiar" LP version, the single was replaced with the album version. Ultimately, "C'mon Marianne" reached the #9 position on the Hot 100 less than a month after lead singer Frankie Valli's "solo" (with Four Seasons participation) hit, "Can't Take My Eyes Off You", hit #2. The song sported a riff which The Doors also appropriated in their 1968 single "Touch Me". In 1976, Donny Osmond recorded "C'mon Marianne" and it was released on his album "Disco Train". The song reached No. 38 on the Billboard Hot 100 and No. 25 on the magazine's Easy Document [11] (Title: Where the Streets Have No Name (I Can't Take My Eyes off You)) of pop stars during the 1980s and the institutionalization of rock and roll. To date, the Pet Shop Boys have performed the song live on five of their tours. The song was included in the main set list for 1991's Performance Tour and a recording of this from the Birmingham NEC in June 1991 was released on the VHS (and later DVD) Performance. The VHS performance of the song omits the Frankie Valli section due to a publishing issue, although the complete soundtrack was later restored to the DVD version in 2004. The song was also later performed sometimes on Document [12] (Title: All Eyes on You) took place in late June 2015. The video was released on July 27, 2015. It was directed by Benny Boom. All Eyes on You "All Eyes on You" is a song by American hip hop recording artist Meek Mill, released as the first single from his second studio album "Dreams Worth More Than Money", on June 26, 2015. The song features Trinidadian rapper, recording artist Nicki Minaj with additional vocals from American recording artist Chris Brown. It was produced by Danny Morris, Alex Delicata, and co-produced by The Monarch, Kevin Cossom and DJ Khaled. "All Eyes on You" entered the Document [13] (Title: Can't Get You Out of My Head) stylish and damnably danceable, but with a darker element hidden in plain sight." "Billboard"s Jason Lipshutz felt that "the metallic production wouldn't carry quite as much of its impact if Minogue had attempted to outshine it; wisely, her voice operates alongside it, finding renewed power in its drive", concluding that "almost 15 years after its release, it still sounds fresh, forward-thinking and alive". "The Abbey Road Sessions"–version of the song received generally positive reviews. Tim Sendra from AllMusic felt that "most interesting reboot" in the album took place on "Can't Get You Out of My Head," saying that the "insistent Document [14] (Title: Eyes (Donna Summer song)) the song had originally been intended to be the next single. Eyes (Donna Summer song) "Eyes" is the third and final single from the album "Cats Without Claws" by Donna Summer. Edited in length from the original version on the album and remixed by John "Jellybean" Benitez, the single peaked at #97 for one week in the UK Singles Chart. A remix of the calypso-ish "I'm Free" from the "Cats Without Claws" album was included on the B-side of the UK release of the "Eyes" 12" single. "I'm Free" was performed by Donna and her back-up band on a Dick Document [15] (Title: Soultans) Hands off You"" in 2005. Their most recent CD release was in September 2007, with ""The Very Best of Soult"", which compiles their earlier work. Australian-based singer/songwriter/vocal coach Scott Winter, of Spanish descent, joined the band after Marco Boi left in 1996. Scott wrote three songs on the Soultans second album "Take Off" and stayed with the group for three years touring Europe, recording throughout. Scott "Bradley" Winter is the first cousin of Amanda Ghost, President of Epic Records and Ivor Novello award-winning songwriter. ""Can't take my hands off you"" ""I Heard It Through the Grapevine"" ""Love, Sweat and Tears"" Document [16] (Title: Maureen McGovern (album)) blonde hair cut short and dyed it brown (she would change her image a few more times over the years, particularly during the 1980s). It was also McGovern's last album to concentrate on pop music and movie themes, as she would soon quit this work to begin a career on Broadway; she returned to the music industry a few years later as a singer of standards and showtunes. Cover versions include Frankie Valli's "Can't Take My Eyes Off You," the Beatles' "I'm Happy Just to Dance with You," the Crystals' hit "He's a Rebel" (written by Gene Pitney), Barbara Mason's Document [17] (Title: The Greatest Songs of the Sixties) Night" (the latter first appeared on Manilow's Sinatra-tribute album "Manilow Sings Sinatra" in 1998). The Greatest Songs of the Sixties The Greatest Songs of the Sixties is Barry Manilow's sequel album for "The Greatest Songs of the Fifties". The album was another major hit for Manilow in the United States, selling nearly 50% more than his previous album in its opening week. As with its predecessor, this album was produced by Clive Davis, along with Manilow and David Benson. The classics performed in this album includes Frankie Valli's "Can't Take My Eyes Off You", Elvis Presley's #1 hit "Can't Help Document [18] (Title: Bette Davis Eyes) pedal steel guitar and horns. However, it was not until 1981, when Kim Carnes recorded her version of the song in a radically different synthesizer-based arrangement, that "Bette Davis Eyes" became a commercial success. The Carnes version spent nine non-consecutive weeks on top of the US "Billboard" Hot 100 (interrupted for one week by the "Stars on 45 Medley") and was "Billboard"s biggest hit of the year for 1981. The single also reached No. 5 on Billboard's Top Tracks charts and No. 26 on the Dance charts. The song won the Grammy Awards for Song of the Year and Record Document [19] (Title: Where the Streets Have No Name (I Can't Take My Eyes off You)) Where the Streets Have No Name (I Can't Take My Eyes off You) "Where the Streets Have No Name (I Can't Take My Eyes off You)" is a song by English synthpop duo Pet Shop Boys. The song is a medley of covers of U2's "Where the Streets Have No Name" and "Can't Take My Eyes Off You", the 1960s single by Frankie Valli, though in an arrangement informed by the 1982 disco version of the song by Boystown Gang rather than the original. The song accompanied "How Can You Expect to Be Taken Seriously?", the third single from their Document [20] (Title: Fabulous (album)) Donna Summer's 1982 hit "Love Is in Control" with double A-side "Don't Leave Me This Way" with an accompanying video that was taken from footage of Easton's album launch concert at G-A-Y nightclub in London. However, this too was unsuccessful and shelved indefinitely. In Japan, "Fabulous" was released in February 2001 and the first single was "Can't Take My Eyes Off You" which had originally been recorded by Frankie Valli in the 1960s, though a disco version had been a hit for Boys Town Gang in the early 1980s. The album was packaged differently from the UK version and included Document [21] (Title: Can't Take My Eyes Off You (Nancy Wilson album)) Can't Take My Eyes Off You (Nancy Wilson album) Can't Take My Eyes Off You is a studio album by Nancy Wilson, released on Capitol Records in 1970. It was produced by David Cavanaugh, with arrangements and conducting by Phil Wright and Jimmy Jones. In a positive review, "Record World" called it "another bright and warm outing for the multi-talented Miss Wilson. This is a composer's album with songs by Bacharach and David, Leonard Cohen, Leiber and Stoller, and Jimmy Webb." The album also contains an early Bacharach song written with Bob Hilliard, "Waitin' For Charlie To Come Home," as Document [22] (Title: Can't Take My Eyes Off You (Nancy Wilson album)) I'm a Woman", another Wilson album from 1970. The compact disc contains three bonus tracks. Can't Take My Eyes Off You (Nancy Wilson album) Can't Take My Eyes Off You is a studio album by Nancy Wilson, released on Capitol Records in 1970. It was produced by David Cavanaugh, with arrangements and conducting by Phil Wright and Jimmy Jones. In a positive review, "Record World" called it "another bright and warm outing for the multi-talented Miss Wilson. This is a composer's album with songs by Bacharach and David, Leonard Cohen, Leiber and Stoller, and Jimmy Webb." The album also contains Document [23] (Title: Sheena Easton) Australia, and Argentina but not in the US. In Japan, "Fabulous" was released in February 2001 and the first single was "Can't Take My Eyes Off You", which had originally been recorded by Frankie Valli in the 1960s, though a disco version had been a hit for the Boys Town Gang in the early 1980s. The album was packaged differently from the UK version and included two bonus tracks; "I Need Your Lovin'" (a cover of the 1980 Teena Marie song) and a remix of "Can't Take My Eyes Off You". In Australia, "Fabulous" was released 24 February 2001 and Document [24] (Title: Love, Andy) eventually reached number 113. In the UK the song chosen as the single for release was a cover of Frankie Valli's "Can't Take My Eyes off You", and it entered the singles chart there for the week of March 16, 1968, stayed around for 18 weeks, and got as high as number five. Williams revisited the song in 2002 as a duet with Denise Van Outen that reached number 23 in the UK. The album was released on compact disc for the first time as one of two albums on one CD by Sony Music Distribution in 1995, the other Document [25] (Title: Mask Singer (Chinese TV series)) "离开我" under the name 吃瓜群众代表 at the start of the show. Mask Singer (Chinese TV series) Mask Singer is a Chinese reality show hosted by Li Hao. It premiered on 18 September 2016 on Jiangsu Television. The judging panel performed a medley of songs – Wang Nima performed "十年", Shen Nan performed "失恋阵线联盟", Ma Ke performed "口是心非", DannyLee and Ivy performed "我好想你", Wowkie Zhang performed "葫芦娃", Ella Chen performed "后来", and Tao Ching-Ying performed "Can't Take My Eyes Off You" – at the start of the show. Host Li Hao performed "男人不该让女人流泪" under the name 内心澎湃的水晶侠 at the start of Document [26] (Title: Can't Take My Eyes Off You) been on the charts in different countries. The song is a staple of television and film soundtracks, even being featured as part of the plot of some films, such as when the lead characters sing or arrange their own version of the song. Its chorus has also become a popular football chant, with supporters of various teams inserting their club's name or a popular player's name into the beat. The Valli version was also used by NASA as a wake-up song on the STS-126 space shuttle mission, to celebrate the anniversary of astronaut Christopher Ferguson, one of the mission's crew Document [27] (Title: Where the Streets Have No Name (I Can't Take My Eyes off You)) the 1994 Discovery tour, the 2002 Release tour, the 2004 Summer/Fall shows and the 2006 Cubism tour, of which a performance filmed in Mexico City on November 14 of the same year was included on the 2007 DVD Cubism. Where the Streets Have No Name (I Can't Take My Eyes off You) "Where the Streets Have No Name (I Can't Take My Eyes off You)" is a song by English synthpop duo Pet Shop Boys. The song is a medley of covers of U2's "Where the Streets Have No Name" and "Can't Take My Eyes Off You", the 1960s single Document [28] (Title: Keep Your Eye on Me) Keep Your Eye on Me Keep Your Eye on Me is a pop/R&B/dance album by Herb Alpert, released in 1987. It contains two hit singles, "Diamonds" and "Making Love in the Rain" (both featuring lead and background vocals by Janet Jackson and Lisa Keith). These Billboard Top 40 hits, along with the title track and "Pillow" (featuring co-lead vocals by Alpert and singer/wife Lani Hall) were produced by Jimmy Jam & Terry Lewis. The remainder of the album consists of tracks produced by Herb Alpert and various producers. Keep Your Eye On Me was constructed with Side 1 (Tracks 1-5) Document [29] (Title: In Your Eyes (Kylie Minogue song)) Minogue and numerous backup dancers, surrounded with LED lights. "In Your Eyes" was performed on her 2002 Fever Tour, and has appeared on all her concert tours since, including the one-off concert show Money Can't Buy, and most recently in the Golden Tour in 2018. Following the success of Minogue's 2001 single, "Can't Get You Out of My Head", Minogue's label Parlophone were set to release the second single from the album "Fever" (2001). Minogue enlisted several writers and producers such as Richard Stannard, Julian Gallagher, and Ash Howes, all whom worked with Minogue on her seventh album, "Light Years" Document [30] (Title: Frankie Valli) performances and commercial hits. Valli was the original artist to record the Gaudio-Crewe composition "The Sun Ain't Gonna Shine (Anymore)", a performance that was copied nearly note for note when recorded by The Walker Brothers, an American group based in England. The Walker Brothers version was a huge success. Valli continued to record solo performances and finally reached major success with the release of "Can't Take My Eyes Off You", which reached number two in the charts and was widely recorded by many other artists. Valli's debut solo album was a gathering together of various single releases and a few Document [31] (Title: Anastasia Stotskaya) the musical Chicago, and after under his leadership, Stotskaya recorded the first songs for a solo project, which took the leading lines in the charts of the leading radio stations. In 2003, she participated in the International Competition of Young Performers "New Wave 2003" in Jurmala, where she won the Grand Prix. Success in the contest was brought to her by performing a cover version of Can't Take My Eyes Off You and also singing a new song "Veny-reki". In 2005 she took part in the qualifying round of Russia for the Eurovision Song Contest 2005. In 2005, she starred Document [32] (Title: Frankie Valli) Night)" (1975). Valli's recording of the song "Can't Take My Eyes Off You" reached number two in 1967. "You're Ready Now", a Valli solo recording from 1966, became a surprise hit in the UK as part of the Northern soul scene and hit number eleven on the British pop charts in December 1970. As a solo artist, Valli scored number-one hits with the songs "My Eyes Adored You" (1974) and "Grease" (1978). Valli, Tommy DeVito, Nick Massi and Bob Gaudio the original members of The Four Seasons were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1990 and Document [33] (Title: Can't Take My Eyes Off You) members. The song was written by Bob Crewe and Bob Gaudio. Arrangement was done by Artie Schroeck and Gaudio. The original recording was made at A&R Recording Studios at 799 7th Avenue, with Bob Crewe producing and Phil Ramone engineering. The song has been covered by some 200 artists over the years, in many countries, under both versions of the title. A few notable examples of cover versions that appeared on the charts: Can't Take My Eyes Off You "Can't Take My Eyes Off You" is a 1967 single credited to Frankie Valli. The song was among his biggest hits, Document [34] (Title: Eyes on Me (Celine Dion song)) Dion's fragrance "Sensational". The music video for "Eyes on Me" was released on 5 May 2008, containing footages from the Taking Chances World Tour in Africa and Asia. The song only peaked at number 113 on the UK Singles Chart, due to little promotion, when the single was released. European/UK digital single UK CD single/digital EP Credits adapted from the liner notes of "Taking Chances", Epic Records. Eyes on Me (Celine Dion song) "Eyes on Me" is a song recorded by Canadian singer Celine Dion, taken from her tenth English-language studio album, "Taking Chances" (2007). It was released as the Document [35] (Title: Kioku (Misia song)) daily Oricon Singles Chart at number 14, where it also peaked. The single debuted at number 21 on the weekly Oricon Singles Chart, with 6,000 copies sold. It charted for four weeks and sold a reported total of 8,000 copies during its run. Personnel Kioku (Misia song) "Kioku" is Misia's first single in nearly a year and a half, since "Hoshi no Yō ni..." (2009). The single includes a duet between Misia and JP, titled "Kono Mama de Tonight", as well as a cover of the 1967 Frankie Valli song "Can't Take My Eyes Off You". The first pressing of Document [36] (Title: Eyes on Me (Celine Dion song)) "Hold It Don't Drop It." In October 2008, "Eyes on Me" was included on the European version of "". A live version was included in the "" CD/DVD. "Eyes on Me" was written by Kristian Lundin, Savan Kotecha and Australian recording artist Delta Goodrem, while production was handled by Lundin, who worked with Dion in the past on "That's the Way It Is" and "I'm Alive". Goodrem also provides backing vocals on the track. "Eyes on Me" is a Middle-Eastern-flavored song and lyrically, it is a tale of a teasing minx goading her boyfriend, featuring the lines: "Temptation is all Document [37] (Title: Eyes on Me (Celine Dion song)) Eyes on Me (Celine Dion song) "Eyes on Me" is a song recorded by Canadian singer Celine Dion, taken from her tenth English-language studio album, "Taking Chances" (2007). It was released as the second single in the United Kingdom on 7 January 2008, while "Alone" was released as the second single in the rest of Europe and North America instead. The Middle Eastern-flavored song was written by Kristian Lundin, Savan Kotecha and Australian singer Delta Goodrem. Goodrem also provides backing vocals on the track, while production was handled by Lundin. The latter worked with Dion in the past on "That's Document [38] (Title: Bob Crewe) one of their greatest successes with "Can't Take My Eyes Off You", recorded by Frankie Valli with the Four Seasons. The song reached #2 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and earned a gold record. "Can't Take My Eyes Off You" has since been recorded by a wide variety of vocalists and bands, in several different languages. A 1968 version by singer Andy Williams climbed to #5 on the UK Singles Chart. Also achieving chart status over the decades were English-language versions by the Lettermen, Maureen McGovern, Boys Town Gang and Lauryn Hill. The song has been heard in numerous motion Document [39] (Title: James Arthur) accused of plagiarism. His version was very similar to the rendition by YouTube star only1Noah, which was uploaded on 9 May 2012 and had over 13 million views at the time. However, Arthur later tweeted: "Btw doesn't everyone know I was putting a spin on Noah's version? It had 13.something million hits! Was I supposed to state the obvious?" In week 7, after performing "Can't Take My Eyes Off You", Arthur was controversially in the final showdown. He sang "Fallin'" for survival against fellow favourite Ella Henderson, and the result went to deadlock. Scherzinger and Gary Barlow voted to send Document [40] (Title: Pet Shop Boys) placing at the time. The song was inspired by a quote by Zelda Fitzgerald: "...she refused to be bored chiefly because she wasn't boring", and was widely thought to be a commentary on the AIDS epidemic. The music video was directed by filmmaker Bruce Weber. By this time, the duo had also parted ways with manager Tom Watkins, replacing him with Jill Carrington, who had previously been marketing director at Polydor. In March 1991, a cover of U2's "Where the Streets Have No Name" as a medley with "Can't Take My Eyes Off You", the 1960s pop song by Frankie Document [41] (Title: Eyes on Me (Celine Dion song)) the Way It Is" and "I'm Alive" among others. The critics heavily compared the track to Shakira songs. Dion performed the song during "An Audience with Celine Dion", which aired in the UK on ITV on 22 December 2007. She also performed a remix version featuring will.i.am from The Black Eyed Peas during her CBS special, "That's Just the Woman in Me", which aired in the US on 15 February 2008. "Eyes on Me" was released in the UK with virtually no promotion surrounding it in the media, leading to its peak position at number 113 on the UK Singles Document [42] (Title: In Real Life (band)) competition without being placed in a bottom two or three. His breakout performance during the competition was MAXED's performance of Lauryn Hill's rendition of "Can't Take My Eyes Off You". Sergio Calderon Jr. was born on . He is from Redwood City, California. Calderon auditioned for "Boy Band", with a Spanglish rendition of Prince Royce's "Stand by Me". On August 10, 2017, Calderon was placed in the bottom two along with former contestant Devin Hayes, but he was saved by America. Conor Michael Smith (known professionally as Michael Conor) was born on . He is from Shaker Heights, Ohio. He Document [43] (Title: Australia (Manic Street Preachers song)) top 10 in the UK. It also made an appearance on "Forever Delayed", the band's greatest hits album, released in November 2002. The first CD included "Velocity Girl", "Take the Skinheads Bowling" and "Can't Take My Eyes Off You" (all three being cover versions of songs originally performed by Primal Scream, Camper Van Beethoven and Frankie Valli, respectively) and the cassette featured a live recording of "A Design for Life". All 3 of the CD cover versions would later feature on the "Lipstick Traces" compilation album in 2003 (although it is believed "Take the Skinheads Bowling" was re-recorded, yet it Document [44] (Title: Bob Crewe) weeks. It achieved the same chart position in the United Kingdom and Australia. "Rolling Stone" ranked "Lady Marmalade" as the 479th greatest song of all time. In 1999, when the US performing rights and royalties organization BMI (Broadcast Music Incorporated) announced its Top 100 Songs of the Century, "Can't Take My Eyes Off You" landed in the Top 10 with six million airplays. BMI calculates one million continuous performances of a song of the average length (3 minutes) as representing 5.7 years of continuous airplay. In addition to his numerous benchmarks and accolades in music, Crewe has also achieved recognition Document [45] (Title: Can't Look Away) Can't Look Away Can't Look Away is the fourth studio album by singer-songwriter and musician Trevor Rabin, released on 10 July 1989 on Elektra Records. The album reached No. 111 on the U.S. "Billboard" 200 during a stay of ten weeks. "Something to Hold on To" was released as a single and reached No. 3 on "Billboard"'s Mainstream Rock chart, with its accompanying music video receiving a nomination for Best Video, Short Form at the 1990 Grammy Awards. In a 2004 interview, Rabin described "Can't Look Away" as "by far my best solo album and the one I'm happiest with." Document [46] (Title: With Pen in Hand) on the "RPM" 100, and No. 4 on "RPM"s Adult Contemporary chart. The B-side of both the UK and US single versions of "With Pen in Hand" featured Carr's version of "Can't Take My Eyes Off You", from the album "It Must Be Him". In 1970, Carr was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance for her live rendition of "With Pen in Hand". On February 26, 1968, Bobby Goldsboro recorded a version of "With Pen in Hand", and on August 1, 1972, he released it as a single. Goldsboro's version spent 5 weeks on the Document [47] (Title: You're the Apple of My Eye) singer Clyde McPhatter and Atlantic Records producer Jerry Wexler. The Four Lovers' version was similar in style to the original, but didn't come close to attaining the level of success of either the original or "You're the Apple of Your Eye". The B-side of the group's second single, "Please Don't Leave Me", was composed by Antoine "Fats" Domino and was originally recorded by him in 1953. It is one of the more blues-based songs in the Fats Domino catalog — and one of the most blues-based songs ever recorded by Frankie Valli and his friends, regardless of the name or Document [48] (Title: Where the Streets Have No Name (I Can't Take My Eyes off You)) You", Tennant sings the two lines one after the other, with no change in pitch — pointing out the similarities in the two songs. Following the release of the single, U2 issued a statement saying "What have we done to deserve this?". Tennant mentioned to "The People" in 2002 that he had "managed at long last to patch things up with Bono" after meeting him at one of Elton John's homes in the south of France. This version has been paired with "How Can You Expect to Be Taken Seriously?", a song criticizing the insincere humanitarian messages of a number Document [49] (Title: Can't Take My Eyes Off You) Can't Take My Eyes Off You "Can't Take My Eyes Off You" is a 1967 single credited to Frankie Valli. The song was among his biggest hits, earning a gold record and reaching No. 2 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 for a week, stuck behind "Windy" by The Association. It was co-written by producer Bob Crewe and Bob Gaudio, a bandmate of Valli's in The Four Seasons. It was Valli's biggest solo hit until he hit #1 in 1974 with "My Eyes Adored You". "Can't Take My Eyes Off You" has had hundreds of cover versions, many of which have Document [50] (Title: Misia no Mori: Forest Covers) Misia no Mori: Forest Covers According to Misia, the idea for a covers album came about "naturally". She had recently covered "Can't Take My Eyes Off of You", and had been performing it on The Tour of Misia Japan Soul Quest tour, and over the summer she was offered the chance to record a cover version of the Charlie Chaplin classic "Smile" for the computer-animated film "", which Misia recorded with three children's choral groups from Sendai, one of the cities affected by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. Misia felt that the best vehicle to release this material would Document [51] (Title: Jeanie Tracy) Pulse-8 records. The album scored an underground hit with the title track in the States. After releasing a steady stream of increasingly popular singles, Tracy experienced a career resurgence in the late 1990s which resulted in two Top 20 US "Billboard" Hot Dance Music/Club Play with "Can't Take My Eyes Off of You" (1998) and "Keep The Party Jumpin'" (1999) with producers Frank Abraham and Jimmy Markee on the San Francisco-based AM Records. It was through AM records that Tracy was introduced to Ralphi Rosario and Abel Aguillera. In 2001, her collaboration with Rosabel (DJ's Ralphi Rosario and Abel), "The Document [52] (Title: Leaving the 20th Century) Patrick Jones, Shack, Feeder and Super Furry Animals though amongst fan sites at the time Mansun had been strongly rumoured to play but did not. The year changes between 'Motorcycle Emptiness' and the cover of 'Can't Take My Eyes Off You', the latter song (and the one after it) performed solo by James Dean Bradfield with an acoustic guitar. In-between some of the tracks there are interview clips where the band discusses their history and the songs. During the concert and radio broadcast just before The Masses Against the Classes was played Nicky Wire ranted and told the crowd to Document [53] (Title: Where the Streets Have No Name (I Can't Take My Eyes off You)) 1990 album, "Behaviour", as a double A-side in the UK (both singles were released separately in the US). Released in March 1991, this song was the band's fifteenth consecutive Top 20 hit in the UK, peaking at No. 4 on the UK Singles Chart. The band have said that they thought the guitars in the original sounded similar to a sequencer. In the liner notes for the album "", the Pet Shop Boys stated that they wanted to turn "a mythic rock song into a stomping disco record." The Pet Shop Boys version differed significantly from the original version in Document [54] (Title: Doo Wop (That Thing)) Sweetest Thing" from "Love Jones" and a cover of Frankie Valli's 1967 song "Can't Take My Eyes Off You" for "Conspiracy Theory". "Doo Wop", released in 1998 as her first solo song from her debut album, was a major success. It became the 10th single to debut at number-one on the "Billboard" Hot 100, and the first by a rap artist. It stayed there for two weeks in the fall of 1998. On Billboard's R&B Singles chart, it reached #2 for three weeks in November 1998, held out of the top spot by "Nobody's Supposed to Be Here" by Deborah Question: cant take my eyes off you original singer

Answer: Frankie Valli Long Answer: "Can't Take My Eyes Off You" is a 1967 single credited to Frankie Valli . The song was among his biggest hits, earning a gold record and reaching No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 for a week, stuck behind "Windy" by The Association . It was co-written by Bob Gaudio, a bandmate of Valli's in The Four Seasons . It was Valli's biggest solo hit until he hit #1 in 1974 with "My Eyes Adored You". Gold Document ID: 54

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Freedom of the Press (report)) of Expression Exchange (IFEX) network, and a variety of domestic and international news media. Countries are given a total score from 0 (most free) to 100 (least free) on the basis of a set of 23 methodology questions and 109 indicators divided into three broad categories covering the legal, political, and economic environment. Based on the scores, the countries are then classified as "Free" (0 to 30), "Partly Free" (31 to 60), or "Not Free" (61 to 100). The draft ratings are reviewed on an individual and a comparative basis, compared with the previous year's findings, any major proposed numerical Document [2] (Title: Fortune Global 500) from 116 in 2001 to 197 in 2017. Most of this growth is accounted for by the rapid increase in the number of Chinese Global 500 companies, of which there were 109 by 2017, increasing from only 10 in 2001. The share of European-based companies also reduced, from 158 to 143, over the same period. The following is the list of top 10 companies. , this is the list of the top 10 countries with the most Global 500 companies. As shown in the table above, 428 (86%) of the Global 500 are represented by only 10 countries: two in Document [3] (Title: Failed state) "Foreign Policy Magazine". The Index categorizes states in four categories, with variations in each category. The Alert category is in dark red, Warning in orange, Stable in yellow and Sustainable in green. The FSI total score is out of 120, and in 2015 there were 178 states making the ranking. Initially, the FSI only ranked 75 countries in 2005. The FSI uses two criteria by which a country qualifies to be included in the list: first of all, the country must be a United Nations member state, and secondly, there must be a significant sample size of content and data Document [4] (Title: Neocatechumenal Way) his Gospel: Christ precedes you, Christ accompanies you, Christ will bring to fulfilment the salvation of which you are bearers!" The highest number of communities found in Europe (and the World) are found in Italy (10,000 communities) and Spain (7,000 communities). The highest number of communities in the world in a country per capita is found in Malta, which has 100 communities in an island of 400,000 persons, which is the equivalent of twice the number of communities both in Italy and in Spain. The Way is present in all continents, in over 900 dioceses, with a total of about Document [5] (Title: East African Community) visa which would then be applicable in all regional member states as a single entry requirement initiative. A single East African Tourist Visa for the EAC countries of Kenya, Rwanda, and Uganda has been available since 2014. As of July 2015, the combined population of all five EAC member states was 169,519,847. The EAC would have the ninth largest population in the world, if considered a single entity. The EAC contains 5 cities with populations of over one million, the largest being Dar es Salaam. Kampala is the largest urban centre located on Lake Victoria, the second largest freshwater lake Document [6] (Title: World population) of the United Nations declared the "Day of 7 Billion" to be October 31, 2011. As of 2012, the global sex ratio is approximately 1.01 males to 1 female. The greater number of men is possibly due to the significant sex imbalances evident in the Indian and Chinese populations. Approximately 26.3% of the global population is aged under 15, while 65.9% is aged 15–64 and 7.9% is aged 65 or over. The median age of the world's population was estimated to be 29.7 years in 2014, and is expected to rise to 37.9 years by 2050. According to the World Document [7] (Title: World government) the European continent. The EU's example is being followed by the African Union, the Union of South American Nations, the Organization of Central American States, and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. A multitude of regional associations, aggregating most nations of the world, are at different stages of development towards a growing extent of economic, and sometimes political, integration. The European Union consists of twenty-eight European states. It has developed a "single market" which allows people of different countries to travel from state to state without a passport. This also includes the same policies when it comes to trading. The Document [8] (Title: UNESCO Science Report) factors and, in turn, influence these. The 2015 edition of the "UNESCO Science Report" provides the greatest detail yet in the series, with data on 189 countries and profiles of varying length of 140 countries. It contains three global chapters, 13 regional chapters and 11 chapters on individual countries, namely on: Brazil, Canada, China, India, Iran, Israel, Malaysia, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Russian Federation and United States of America. Themes covered include the recent reform of higher education in Afghanistan, West Africa's first Policy on Science and Technology (ECOPOST), science and technology in individual countries, including Brazil, Botswana, Kazakhstan, Document [9] (Title: Projections of population growth) countries either prevented population decline or doubled at least the contribution of natural increase (births minus deaths) to population growth. These countries include Austria, Canada, Croatia, Denmark, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Qatar, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, the United Arab Emirates and the United Kingdom. By 2050 (medium variant), India will have 1.73 billion people, China 1.46 billion, Nigeria 411 million, United States 398 million, Indonesia 327 million, Pakistan 309 million, Bangladesh 265.8 million, Brazil 232 million, Democratic Republic of Congo 195.3 million, Ethiopia 188.5 million, Mexico 164 million, Philippines 157.1 million, Egypt 142 million, Russia 133 million, Tanzania 129.4 million, Vietnam 112.8 Document [10] (Title: English-Arabic Parallel Corpus of United Nations Texts) (3,755,741), yet differs greatly in terms of the number of word types, which is 143,727. This means that the whole corpus contains 7,550,418 tokens. The EAPCOUNT consists mainly, but not exclusively, of resolutions and annual reports issued by different UN organizations and institutions. Some texts are taken from the authoritative publications of another UN-like institution, namely the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU); representing 2.18% of the total number of tokens in the English subcorpus. But the great majority of texts are issued by the General Assembly and Security Council (66.44% SL tokens). The assumption here is that TL texts produced by these Document [11] (Title: Fortune Global 500) above, 425 (85.0%) of the Global 500 are represented by only 10 countries: two in North America (Canada and United States), five in Western Europe (France, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland and United Kingdom) and three in East Asia (China, Japan and South Korea). Moreover, the top six (United States, China, Japan, France, Germany and United Kingdom) are some of the world's largest economies as estimated by the IMF (List of countries by GDP (nominal)). Among the Fortune Global 500, 371 companies (74.2%) are from these six countries. The top-ranked companies in each industry sector are as follows. Fortune Global 500 The Document [12] (Title: 10/40 window) based more on census data and other estimates rather than forward-looking population estimates. The cited reference provides the following estimate of "unreached" non-Christian populations in the 10/40 Window: The 10/40 Window originally encompassed the following 57 countries. An expanded list including some important nearby nations is offered by the Joshua Project: These were all Old World nations (mostly in the eastern hemisphere) with at least 50 percent of their land area falling within 10 to 40 degrees latitude as of 1990. (The list also included Gibraltar and Macau, which are not independent nations.) See the list of nations in the Document [13] (Title: Projections of population growth) million, Japan 107 million, Uganda 101 million, Turkey 96 million, Kenya 95.5 million, Iran 93.5 million, Sudan 81 million, Germany 78 million and the United Kingdom and France 75 million. The median scenario of the UN 2017 world population prospects predicts the following populations per continent in 2050 (compared to population in 2000), in billions: Walter Greiling projected in the 1950s that world population would reach a peak of about nine billion, in the 21st century, and then stop growing after a readjustment of the Third World and a sanitation of the tropics. Estimates published in the 2000s tended to Document [14] (Title: Group of 77) G-24 is strictly limited to 24 countries, any other member of the G-77 can join discussions. Group of 77 The Group of 77 (G77) at the United Nations is a coalition of 134 developing nations, designed to promote its members' collective economic interests and create an enhanced joint negotiating capacity in the United Nations. There were 77 founding members of the organization, but by November 2013 the organization had since expanded to 134 member countries (including China). Since China participates in the G77 but does not consider itself to be a member, all official statements are issued in the name Document [15] (Title: Member states of the World Customs Organization) Member states of the World Customs Organization As of September 2017, the World Customs Organization has a total of 182 members. The European Communities (now: European Union) joined "on an interim basis akin to those enjoyed by WCO Members". The 175 sovereign states, 4 customs territories and one customs union are divided into the following regional groups: The following United Nations member states are not members of the WCO: Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Grenada, Dominica, Suriname, Equatorial Guinea, Liechtenstein, Monaco, San Marino, North Korea, Palau, Solomon Islands, Micronesia, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Tuvalu, and Nauru. Non-member Document [16] (Title: Consensus Economics) history of the forecasts is also licensed for research purposes. Consensus Economics’ catalogue of publications covers 115 countries, which appear in the following regions: the G-7 nations, the Euro zone, Western Europe, Middle East, Central Asia, Africa, the Nordic countries, Asia Pacific, Latin America and Eastern Europe. A list of countries that make up the monthly compilations of country economic forecasts can be found below for the following publications: United States, Japan, Germany, France, United Kingdom, Italy, Canada, Euro Zone, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, Greece, Ireland, Israel, Nigeria, Portugal, Saudi Arabia and South Africa. Document [17] (Title: Pan-European identity) of 1995–2013, the EU has been enlarged from 12 to 28 member states, far beyond the area originally envisaged for the "pan-European" state by Coudenhove-Kalergi (with the exception of Switzerland), its member states accounting for a population of some 510 million, or two thirds of the population of the entire continent. In the 1990s to 2000s, there was an active movement towards a federalisation of the European Union, with the introduction of symbols and institutions usually reserved for sovereign states, such as citizenship, a common currency (used by 19 out of 28 members), a flag, an anthem and a motto Document [18] (Title: Demographics of the world) areas with a population of over 3,000,000 people each. As of 2010, about 3 billion people live in or around urban areas. The following table shows the populations of the top ten conglomerations. The world's population is 7 billion and Earth's total area (including land and water) is 510 million square kilometers (197 million square miles). Therefore, the worldwide human population density is 7 billion ÷ 510 million = 13.7 per km² (35.5 per sq. mile). If only the Earth's land area of 150 million km² (58 million sq. miles) is taken into account, then human population density increases to Document [19] (Title: World population) to 2.06% between 1965 and 1970. The growth rate has declined to 1.18% between 2010 and 2015 and is projected to decline further in the course of the 21st century. Total annual births were highest in the late 1980s at about 139 million, and as of 2011 were expected to remain essentially constant at a level of 135 million, while deaths numbered 56 million per year and were expected to increase to 80 million per year by 2040. The median age of the world's population was estimated to be 30.4 years in 2018. Six of the Earth's seven continents are Document [20] (Title: World population) permanently inhabited on a large scale. Asia is the most populous continent, with its 4.54 billion inhabitants accounting for 60% of the world population. The world's two most populated countries, China and India, together constitute about 36% of the world's population. Africa is the second most populated continent, with around 1.28 billion people, or 16% of the world's population. Europe's 742 million people make up 10% of the world's population as of 2018, while the Latin American and Caribbean regions are home to around 651 million (9%). Northern America, primarily consisting of the United States and Canada, has a population Document [21] (Title: Americas) the same proportions as South American genera migrated into North America. This exchange is known as the Great American Interchange. The exchange became lopsided after roughly a million years, with the total spread of South American genera into North America far more limited in scope than the spread on North American genera into South America. There are 35 sovereign states in the Americas, as well as an autonomous country of Denmark, three overseas departments of France, three overseas collectivities of France, and one uninhabited territory of France, eight overseas territories of the United Kingdom, three constituent countries of the Netherlands, Document [22] (Title: World Map 1:2,500,000) second edition began in 1989, but appears to have been abandoned with the collapse of the Communist regimes in the Eastern Bloc shortly thereafter. World Map 1:2,500,000 The World Map 1:2,500,000 () is an internationally standardized and edited map series. The term "Карта Мира" or in transcription "Karta Mira" is now commonly used to describe this series, even outside the Soviet Union or Russia. The "Karta Mira" consists of a total of 224 (#1-17 & 28-234) main sheets and 38 overlap sheets (although at least 10 were dropped). They depict the entire earth (land and water surfaces) according to a Document [23] (Title: Hudud al-'Alam) the upper Amu Darya in the mid-10th century. The available text of "Ḥudūd al-ʿĀlam" is part of a larger manuscript which contains other works: The "Ḥudūd al-ʿĀlam" contains information about the known world. The anonymous author reports about different countries ("nāḥiyat"), people, languages, clothing, food, religion, local products, towns and cities, rivers, seas, lakes, islands, the steppe, deserts, topography, politics and dynasties, as well as trade. The inhabited world is divided in Asia, Europe and "Libya" (i.e. the Maghreb). The author counts a total of 45 different countries north of the equator. The author never visited those countries personally, but Document [24] (Title: Member states of the World Trade Organization) of December 2017, the WTO has 164 members. Of the 128 states party to the GATT at the end of 1994, all have since become WTO members except for the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, which had dissolved in 1992 and was suspended from participating in GATT at the time. Four other states, China, Lebanon, Liberia, Syria, were parties to GATT but subsequently withdrew from the treaty prior to the establishment of the WTO. China and Liberia have since acceded to the WTO. The remaining WTO members acceded after first becoming WTO observers and negotiating membership. The 28 states of Document [25] (Title: E9 (countries)) have made significant socioeconomic progress. Brazil, China, India, Indonesia and Mexico are the Members of G-20. Mexico is an OECD member, while China is now the second largest economy in the world. Brazil and India are also the top ten economies. Indonesia has also been growing fast. In 1993, the E-9 countries accounted for only 16.5% of world’s nominal GDP. Now, they represent almost 30% of world’s nominal GDP. E9 (countries) The E9 is a forum of nine countries, which was formed to achieve the goals of UNESCO's Education For All (EFA) initiative. The “E” stands for education and the Document [26] (Title: Global news flow) in news mentions around the world (18%), followed by China, Western European and Middle Eastern countries (about 3-5% each). The unequal representation of the world and the under-representation of developing countries have been already of a great concern at least since the 1950s, since they influence the way people perceive the world and the image of countries. This problem was later addressed in the MacBride report, and his set of recommendations for a New World Information and Communication Order. The unequal representation of the world has been also linked to the World System Theory, and the unequal economic structure of Document [27] (Title: Arab League) in 1945, there were only six members. Today, the Arab League has 22 members, including three African countries among the largest by area (Sudan, Algeria and Libya) and the largest country in the Middle East (Saudi Arabia). Five countries have observer status that entitles them to express their opinion and give advice but denies them voting rights. There was a continual increase in membership during the second half of the 20th century. As of 2016, there are 22 member states: and 5 observer states: Libya was suspended on 22 February 2011, following the start of the Libyan Civil War and Document [28] (Title: World Giving Index) Emirates complete the top ten. This report is primarily based upon data from the Gallup World Poll, which is an ongoing research project carried out in more than 140 countries that together represent around 95% of the world’s adult population (around 5 billion people). In most countries surveyed, 1,000 questionnaires are completed by a representative sample of individuals living across the country. The coverage area is the entire country including rural areas. The sampling frame represents the entire civilian, non-institutionalised, aged 15 and older population of the entire country. In some large countries such as China and Russia samples of Document [29] (Title: Southern Hemisphere) 0.915, putting it at #13 in the world in 2016. The least developed nations in the Southern Hemisphere cluster in Africa and Oceania, with Burundi and Mozambique at the lowest ends of the Human Development Index, at 0.404 (#184 in the world) and 0.418 (#181 in the world) respectively. The nominal GDP per capitas of these two countries don't go above US$550 per capita, a tiny fraction of the incomes enjoyed by Australians and New Zealanders. The most widespread religions in the Southern Hemisphere are Christianity in South America, southern Africa and Australia/New Zealand, followed by Islam in most of Document [30] (Title: Member states of the League of Nations) Free State, Ethiopia, the Dominican Republic, Mexico, Turkey, Iraq, the Soviet Union, Afghanistan, and Ecuador. Of the 42 founding members, 23 (or 24, counting Free France) remained members until the League of Nations was dissolved in 1946. A further 21 countries joined between 1920 and 1937, but 7 left, withdrew or were expelled before 1946. Countries are listed under the year in which they joined. The word "withdrew" indicates that a country left of its own choice. The word "left" indicates a country that ceased to exist because of annexation by Germany, Italy or the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union Document [31] (Title: Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe) observers. At the present time (beginning 2015), the number of FOREST EUROPE observer countries totals 14 non-European countries, Canada, USA, India, China, Japan and Morocco among others. This is the list of observer countries at present: Australia, Brazil, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, China, Ghana, India, Japan, Malaysia, Morocco, New Zealand, South Korea and the United States. Intergovernmental organizations such as the Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations (FAO), the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) the United Nations Forum on Forests (UNFF), and the World Bank are among the observer organizations of Document [32] (Title: Group of Seven) Group of Seven The Group of Seven (G7) is a group consisting of Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States. These countries, with the seven largest advanced economies in the world, represent 58% of the global net wealth ($317 trillion). The G7 countries also represent more than 46% of the global gross domestic product (GDP) based on nominal values, and more than 32% of the global GDP based on purchasing power parity. The European Union is also represented at the G7 summit. The concept of a forum for the world's major industrialized countries emerged before Document [33] (Title: Asia) 40 years ago. <br> Hong Kong ranked highest among the countries grouped on the HDI (number 7 in the world, which is in the "very high human development" category), followed by Singapore (9), Japan (19) and South Korea (22). Afghanistan (155) ranked lowest amongst Asian countries out of the 169 countries assessed. Asia is home to several language families and many language isolates. Most Asian countries have more than one language that is natively spoken. For instance, according to Ethnologue, more than 600 languages are spoken in Indonesia, more than 800 languages spoken in India, and more than 100 are Document [34] (Title: Academic publishing) 49.4 per cent of the world's total, and its portion of the top one percent dropped from 65.6 to 62.8 per cent. Iran, China, India, Brazil, and South Africa were the only developing countries among the 31 nations that produced 97.5% of the most cited scientific articles in a study published in 2004. The remaining 162 countries contributed less than 2.5%. The Royal Society in a 2011 report stated that in share of English scientific research papers the United States was first followed by China, the UK, Germany, Japan, France, and Canada. The report predicted that China would overtake the Document [35] (Title: National Security Study Memorandum 200) for population-related efforts should be sought through increased emphasis on mass media and other population education and motivation programs by the UN, USIA, and USAID." Thirteen countries are named in the report as particularly problematic with respect to US security interests: India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Indonesia, Thailand, the Philippines, Turkey, Nigeria, Egypt, Ethiopia, Mexico, Colombia, and Brazil. The countries are projected to create 47 percent of all world population growth. It also raises the question of whether the US should consider preferential allocation of surplus food supplies to states deemed constructive in use of population control measures. The paper takes a Document [36] (Title: Member states of the World Customs Organization) states also include Vatican City, Cook Islands, Niue, Taiwan, and the other states with limited recognition. Member states of the World Customs Organization As of September 2017, the World Customs Organization has a total of 182 members. The European Communities (now: European Union) joined "on an interim basis akin to those enjoyed by WCO Members". The 175 sovereign states, 4 customs territories and one customs union are divided into the following regional groups: The following United Nations member states are not members of the WCO: Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Grenada, Dominica, Suriname, Equatorial Guinea, Liechtenstein, Document [37] (Title: Nations: A Simulation Game in International Politics) Lostralia. It consists of seven countries and a neutral zone. The seven states are Spartonia, Bampff, Holy Zott, Pyrote, Libertania, Zamboni, and Crock. Each of the countries have specified resources, cities, and problems. Lostralia is fraught with diplomatic issues and players that all dominate in varying fields: Spartonia-military, Pyrote-religious, Crock-diplomatic, Zamboni-food, and Libertania-freedom. Lostralia is known for its problems, but also for its ability to overcome them, much like the real world had done between World War I and the end of the Cold War. Nations: A Simulation Game in International Politics Nations: A Simulation Game in International Politics is Document [38] (Title: G20) (25), and Austria (28) are included only as part of the EU, and not independently. Spain (14) is a permanent guest invitee. When the countries' GDP is measured at purchasing power parity (PPP) rates, all 19 members are among the top 29 in the world for the year of 2014, according to the IMF. Iran (18), Taiwan (20), Nigeria (21), Thailand (22), Egypt (25), Pakistan (26), Malaysia (28), and Bangladesh (31) are not G20 members, while Spain (16), Poland (23) and the Netherlands (27) are only included by virtue of being EU members. However, in a list of average GDP, Document [39] (Title: Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys) from UNICEF's official list are included. It appears that some surveys are based on the MICS tools, but not included in the list, e.g. Botswana 2007-08 Family Health Survey and Bangladesh 2009 Progotir Pathey (MICS). The total number of countries having ever conducted a MICS (or plan to do so) is 118. This includes Yugoslavia, which at the time of MICS1 and MICS2 was the territory now split into Kosovo, Montenegro, and Serbia. In MICS5, five countries were new to the programme: Benin, Congo, El Salvador, Mexico, and Paraguay. In MICS6, at least seven additional countries are planning surveys: Fiji, Document [40] (Title: Good Country Index) the 2014 list were Ireland, Finland and Switzerland. Nine of the top 10 countries in overall rankings are in Western Europe, while Canada tops overall rankings in North America. The last three countries on the list are Iraq, Libya, and Vietnam. The Index attempts to measure the global impacts of national policies and behaviors: what the country contributes to the global commons, and what they take away. The Index utilizes 35 data points, five for each of seven categories. These data points are produced by the United Nations and by other international agencies, with a few by NGOs and other Document [41] (Title: Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes) for the two standards, the more limited exchange of information on request and the more comprehensive automated exchange of information. More than 80 countries and territories were not (yet) members of the Global Forum as of November 2015 and are thus not included in the lists below. Notable non-members include Belarus and Serbia in Europe; Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela in Latin America; Egypt, Ethiopia, Algeria and many smaller countries in Africa; as well as Iran, Myanmar, North Korea, Thailand and Vietnam in Asia. All important tax havens, however, are members of the Global Forum - the 30 countries topping Document [42] (Title: Expatriate) world is difficult to determine, since there is no governmental census. The international market research and consulting company Finaccord estimated the number to be 56.8 million in 2017. That would resemble the population of Tanzania or Italy. In 2013, the United Nations estimated that 232 million people, or 3.2 per cent of the world population, lived outside their home country. Many multinational corporations send employees to foreign countries to work in branch offices or subsidiaries. Expatriate employees allow a parent company to more closely control its foreign subsidiaries. They can also improve global coordination. Suurati and Mäkelä discovered the key Document [43] (Title: Megadiverse countries) Megadiverse countries The term megadiverse country refers to any one of a group of nations that harbor the majority of Earth's species and high numbers of endemic species. Conservation International identified 17 megadiverse countries in 1998. Many of them are located in, or partially in, tropical or subtropical regions. Mega diversity means exhibiting great diversity. The main criteria for megadiverse countries is endemism at the level of species, genera and families. A megadiverse country must have at least 5,000 species of endemic plants and must border marine ecosystems. In 2002, Mexico formed a separate organisation focusing on Like-Minded Megadiverse Countries, Document [44] (Title: Muslim world) of the Muslim world came under influence or colonial domination of European powers. The nation states that emerged in the post-colonial era have adopted a variety of political and economic models, and they have been affected by secular and as well as religious trends. , the combined GDP (nominal) of 49 Muslim majority countries was US$5.7 trillion, , they contributed 8% of the world's total. As of 2015, 1.8 billion or about 24.1% of the world population are Muslims. By the percentage of the total population in a region considering themselves Muslim, 91% in the Middle East-North Africa (MENA), 89% Document [45] (Title: 500 Nations) Westerman, Amy Madigan, Frank Salsedo, and Kurtwood Smith. The series was written by Jack Leustig, Roberta Grossman, Lee Miller (head of research), and W. T. Morgan, with Dr. John M. D. Pohl. "The truth is, we have a story worth talking about. We have a history worth celebrating. Long before the first Europeans arrived here, there were some 500 nations already in North America. They blanketed the continent from coast to coast, from Central America to the Arctic. There were tens of millions of people here, speaking over 300 languages. Many of them lived in beautiful cities, among the largest Document [46] (Title: Immigration) Kingdom (9 million) and the United Arab Emirates (8 million). Between 2000 and 2015, Asia added more international migrants than any other major area in the world, gaining 26 million. Europe added the second largest with about 20 million. In most parts of the world, migration occurs between countries that are located within the same major area. In 2015, the number of international migrants below the age of 20 reached 37 million, while 177 million are between the ages of 20 and 64. International migrants living in Africa were the youngest, with a median age of 29, followed by Asia Document [47] (Title: Failed state) available for that country to allow for meaningful analysis. There are three groupings: social, economic and political with overall twelve indicators. Social indicators: Economic indicators: Political and military indicators: The indicators each count for 10, adding up to a total of 120. However, in order to add up to 120, the indicator scores are rounded up-or-down to the nearest one decimal place. In the 2015 Index, South Sudan ranked number one, Somalia number two, and the Central African Republic number three. Finland is currently the most stable and sustainable country in the list. While it is important to note that Document [48] (Title: Montreal Convention) are 133 parties to the Convention. Included in this total is 132 of the 191 ICAO Member States plus the European Union. The states that have ratified represent 131 UN member states plus the Cook Islands. Other states that have ratified include Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, all member states of the European Union, India, Indonesia, Israel, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Nepal Norway, Pakistan, Russia Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Africa, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, the United Arab Emirates, and the United States. Montreal Convention The Montreal Convention (formally, the Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules for International Document [49] (Title: Google Summer of Code) top ten countries by number of students accepted in 2010 are: United States (197), India (125), Germany (57), Brazil (50), Poland (46), Canada (40), China (39), United Kingdom (36), France (35), Sri Lanka (34). The number of organizations was increased to 175, of which 50 were new. 1,115 students were accepted. A total of 595 different universities participated in the program, 160 of which were new to the program. The 13 universities with the highest number of students accepted into the 2011 Google Summer of Code account for 14.5% of the students. University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka secured first position Document [50] (Title: Bahá'í Faith by continent) in predominantly Muslim counties, countries where there are no NSAs include where most any religious institution is illegal such as in North Korea. In 2008 there were 184 National Spiritual Assemblies and in 2006, there are 192 United Nations member states. 1923: British Isles, Germany, India 1924: Egypt 1925: United States of America & Canada, Philippines 1931: Iraq 1934: Australia and New Zealand, Persia 1948: Canada 1953: Italy and Switzerland 1956: Central & East Africa, North West Africa, South & West Africa 1957: Alaska; Arabia; New Zealand; North East Asia (Japan), Pakistan, South East Asia; Mexico and the Republics of Document [51] (Title: Beijing Treaty on Audiovisual Performances) and six non-governmental organizations participated in the conference. The Final Act of the treaty was signed by 122 countries, and the treaty itself collected 48 country signatures. Signatories from Europe include Cyprus, Denmark, France, Hungary, Italy, Moldova, Spain, Switzerland; from Americas, Chile, Colombia, Grenada, Costa Rica, Haiti, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Peru and the United States of America; and from Asia, China, Mongolia, South Korea. The convention remained open for signature for one year. During that time, 19 additional countries and the European Union joined as signatories (Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Botswana, Czech Republic, El Salvador, Estonia, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Honduras, Indonesia, Document [52] (Title: The World Factbook list of developed countries) The World Factbook list of developed countries In an appendix to the "CIA The World Factbook", there is an entry identifying developed countries (DCs). This list of DCs is identical to the list in "The World Factbook" published as early as 1991. The CIA notes that the DCs form The CIA argues that this list However, ten new countries have joined the OECD since this list was created in the early 1990s: India (1994), the Czech Republic (1997), South Korea (1996), Hungary (1996), Poland (1996), Slovakia (2000), Chile (2010), Slovenia (2010), Israel (2010) and Estonia (2010). The CIA argues that Document [53] (Title: American imperialism) bases in over 36 countries worldwide. By 1970, the United States had more than 1,000,000 soldiers in 30 countries, was a member of four regional defense alliances and an active participant in a fifth, had mutual defense treaties with 42 nations, was a member of 53 international organizations, and was furnishing military or economic aid to nearly 100 nations across the face of the globe. In 2015 the Department of Defense reported the number of bases that had any military or civilians stationed or employed was 587. This includes land only (where no facilities are present), facility or facilities only Document [54] (Title: Newly industrialized country) considered "very high" by the UN. The table below presents the list of countries consistently considered NICs by different authors and experts. Turkey and South Africa are classified as developed countries by the CIA. Turkey was a founding member of the OECD in 1961 and Mexico joined in 1994. The G8+5 group is composed of the original G8 members in addition to China, India, Mexico, South Africa and Brazil. For China and India, the immense population of these two countries (each with over 1.2 billion people as of September 2015) means that per capita income will remain low even if Document [55] (Title: United Nations Population Fund) 150 countries and areas spread across four geographic regions: Arab States and Europe, Asia and the Pacific, Latin America and the Caribbean, and sub-Saharan Africa. Around three quarters of the staff work in the field. It is a member of the United Nations Development Group and part of its Executive Committee. UNFPA began operations in 1969 as the United Nations Fund for Population Activities (the name was changed in 1987) under the administration of the United Nations Development Fund. In 1971 it was placed under the authority of the United Nations General Assembly. In September 2015, the 193 member states Document [56] (Title: Demographics of the world) history. China and India are the most populous countries, as the birth rate has consistently dropped in developed countries and until recently remained high in developing countries. Tokyo is the largest urban conglomeration in the world. The total fertility rate of the World is estimated as 2.52 children per woman, which is above the global average for the replacement fertility rate of approximately 2.33 (as of 2003). However, world population growth is unevenly distributed, with the total fertility rate going from .91 in Macau, to 7.68 in Niger. The United Nations estimated an annual population increase of 1.14% for the Document [57] (Title: Group on Earth Observations) GEO’s members as of January 2016 include 101 countries and the European Commission: Algeria / Argentina / Armenia / Australia / Austria / Bahamas, The / Bahrain / Bangladesh / Belgium / Belize / Brazil / Bulgaria / Burkina Faso / Cameroon / Canada / Central African Republic / Chile / China / Colombia / Congo, Republic of the / Costa Rica / Côte d'Ivoire / Croatia / Cyprus / Czech Republic / Denmark / Ecuador / Egypt / Estonia / Ethiopia / European Commission / Finland / France / Gabon / Georgia / Germany / Ghana / Greece / Document [58] (Title: World population) in 1750, increased to 389 million in 1941; today, India, Pakistan and Bangladesh are collectively home to about billion people. Java had about 5 million inhabitants in 1815; its present-day successor, Indonesia, now has a population of over 140 million. In just one hundred years, the population of Brazil decupled (x10), from about 17 million in 1900, or about 1% of the world population in that year, to about 176 million in 2000, or almost 3% of the global population in the very early 21st century. Mexico's population grew from 13.6 million in 1900 to about 112 million in 2010. Document [59] (Title: MINT (economics)) GDP. Indonesia is the world's fourth most populous country after China, India, and the United States and the world's third most populous democratic country after India and the United States. In 2009, BRIC and Indonesia represented about 42 and 3 percent of the world's population respectively and about 15 percent of global GDP altogether. All of them are G-20 countries. By 2015, Internet users in BRIC and Indonesia will double to 1.2 billion. At 2009, Indonesia was the only member of the G20 to lower its public debt-to-GDP ratio – a positive economic management indicator. Nigeria is a middle-income mixed Document [60] (Title: Members of the Global Geoparks Network) countries had officially become part of the GGN family. There are now GGN member sites situated in 5 of 7 continents and there being none currently in either Antarctica or Australasia. Notably there are currently (2018) no global geoparks in either the United States or former Soviet Union territory as well as in South Asia, Central America and most parts of Africa (except Morocco, Tanzania and Canarias) and Middle East (except Turkey). China is the country with the largest number of global geoparks. Many of the names in the list below appear in slightly different forms in different documents or Document [61] (Title: World government) America. These states are Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, and Venezuela. The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is an economic and political organization of eight countries in Southern Asia. In terms of population, its sphere of influence is the largest of any regional organization: almost 1.5 billion people, the combined population of its member states. It was established on December 8, 1985 by India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Maldives and Bhutan. In April 2007, at the Association's 14th summit, Afghanistan became its eighth member. The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) is Document [62] (Title: Fortune Global 500) North America (Canada and United States), five in Western Europe (France, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland and United Kingdom) and three in East Asia (China, Japan and South Korea). Moreover, the top six (United States, China, Japan, Germany, France and United Kingdom) are the world's largest economies as estimated by the IMF (List of countries by GDP (nominal)). Among the Global 500, 371 companies (74.2%) are from these six countries. The following is the list of top 10 companies. , this is the list of the top 10 countries with the most Global 500 companies. As can be seen from the table Document [63] (Title: FIDE) present 185 member federations of FIDE. The list fluctuates, as new nations join and sometimes national federations collapse or are unable to pay their dues. The states are: Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Angola, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei Darussalam, Bulgaria, Burundi, Cambodia, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Document [64] (Title: Sixty-eighth session of the United Nations General Assembly) Angola, Ecuador, Guatemala, Libya, Malaysia, Maldives, Mauritania, Moldova, Qatar, Spain, Switzerland and Thailand. Declared losing candidates were South Sudan (89) and Uruguay (93). Others who received votes were: Andorra, Iran, Jordan, Greece, Latvia, Luxembourg, Portugal San Marino, Singapore, Slovakia, Thailand and Tunisia. All received just one vote except Jordan, who got 16 votes, and Tunisia, who got two votes. On 12 November, those elected were Algeria (164), China (176), Cuba (148), France (174), Macedonia (177), Maldives (164), Mexico (135), Morocco (163), Namibia (150), Russia (176), Saudi Arabia (140), the United Kingdom (171)and Vietnam (184), amid controversy. Namibia, Macedonia and Vietnam Document [65] (Title: Group of 77) Group of 77 The Group of 77 (G77) at the United Nations is a coalition of 134 developing nations, designed to promote its members' collective economic interests and create an enhanced joint negotiating capacity in the United Nations. There were 77 founding members of the organization, but by November 2013 the organization had since expanded to 134 member countries (including China). Since China participates in the G77 but does not consider itself to be a member, all official statements are issued in the name of The Group of 77 and China. Egypt holds the Chairmanship for 2018. Palestine, an observer Document [66] (Title: World government) over 90 countries worldwide, in addition to over 350 non-governmental organizations and 21 Nobel and Right Livelihood laureates and 16 Heads or former heads of state or government and foreign ministers. In France, 1948, Garry Davis began an unauthorized speech calling for a world government from the balcony of the UN General Assembly, until he was dragged away by the guards. Davis renounced his American citizenship and started a Registry of World Citizens. On September 4, 1953, Davis announced from the city hall of Ellsworth, Maine the formation of the "World Government of World Citizens" based on 3 "World Laws"—One Document [67] (Title: World population) accounting for 24.1%, and Hinduism the third, accounting for 13.78%. In 2005, around 16% of the global population were reported to be non-religious. Approximately 4.38 billion people live in these ten countries, representing around 57% of the world's population as of July 2018. The tables below list the world's most densely populated countries, both in absolute terms and in comparison to their total populations. Population size fluctuates at differing rates in differing regions. Nonetheless, population growth is the long-standing trend on all inhabited continents, as well as in most individual states. During the 20th century, the global population saw its Document [68] (Title: Global Young Greens) as follows: Africa: 89 (50 Kenyans), Americas: 5, Asia/Pacific: 31, Europe: 26. Some of the countries that were represented included New Zealand, Germany, Austria, Finland, Sweden, Canada, France, Spain, Tunisia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgykstan, Nepal, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, South Korea, Japan, Nigeria, Uganda, Rwanda, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Benin, Andorra, Czech Republic, Italy, Cyprus and Kenya. The congress saw agreement on an organisational structure, a list of principals and also elected an organising committee featuring 16 young people from 4 regions: Africa, Americas, Asia Pacific and Europe. Another informal, two-day GYG meeting was held in São Paulo, Brazil in April 2008, preceding Document [69] (Title: Democracy Index) that shifted power from the presidency to parliament. The following table gives the number and percentage of countries and the percentage of the world population for each regime type in 2017: World population refers to the total population of the 167 countries covered by the Index. Since this excludes only micro-states, this is nearly equal to the entire estimated world population. The following table gives the index average by world region, and the number of covered countries in 2017. Note that some regional groups (e.g. Eastern Europe) are very heterogeneous and composed of full democracies as well as authoritarian regimes: Document [70] (Title: World government) 193 member states out of the 196 total nations of the world. The United Nations gather regularly in order to solve big problems throughout the world. There are six official languages: Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish. The United Nations is also financed by some of the wealthiest nations. The flag shows the Earth from a map that shows all of the populated continents. A United Nations Parliamentary Assembly (UNPA) is a proposed addition to the United Nations System that would allow for participation of member nations' legislators and, eventually, direct election of United Nations (UN) parliament members by Document [71] (Title: Demographics of the European Union) member states, accounting for 6.8% of the European Union population, of whom 20.5 million were third country nationals (i.e. nationals of non-EU countries). The number of foreign-born (which includes those who have naturalised or are dual nationals) was 48.9 million or 9.7 per cent of the total population. A total of 8.0 million citizens from European countries outside of the EU-27 were residing in the EU at the beginning of 2012; among these more than half were citizens of Turkey, Albania or Ukraine. The next biggest group was from Africa (24.5%), followed by Asia (22.0%), the Americas (14.2%) and Oceania Document [72] (Title: Europa World Year Book) individual chapter containing: All is also available in nine regional surveys: Almanacs issued by other publishers: Europa World Year Book The Europa World Year Book provides detailed country surveys containing analytical, statistical and directory data available for over 250 countries and territories. Volume I contains a listing of more than 2,000 international organizations such as the United Nations and its agencies, the European Union, the International Criminal Court and the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, and provides coverage of countries arranged alphabetically from Afghanistan to Equatorial Guinea. Volume II covers countries from Eritrea to Nicaragua. Volume III covers countries Document [73] (Title: BRICS) as South Korea, Mexico and Turkey for which other acronyms and group associations were later created. In 2015, the five BRICS countries represent over 3.1 billion people, or about 41% of the world population; four out of five members (excluding South Africa at #24) are in the top 10 of the world by population. As of 2018, these five nations have a combined nominal GDP of US$18.6 trillion, about 23.2% of the gross world product, combined GDP (PPP) of around US$40.55 trillion (32% of World's GDP PPP) and an estimated US$4.46 trillion in combined foreign reserves. Overall the BRICS are Document [74] (Title: 14th G-15 summit) is unchanging, but its composition has expanded to 18 countries. The G-15 is composed of countries from Africa, Asia, North America and South America. These non-aligned nations joined together to create a forum to foster cooperation and develop information which can be presented to other international groups, such as the World Trade Organization and the Group of Eight. The G-15 nations have a common goal of enhanced growth and prosperity. The group aims to encourage cooperation among developing countries in the areas of investment, trade, and technology. Meeting independently in Tehran, ministers from Brazil, Iran and Turkey negotiated an agreement Document [75] (Title: European Union statistics) European Union statistics Statistics in the European Union are collected by Eurostat (European statistics body). As of 1 January 2006, the population of the EU was about 493 million people. Many countries are expected to experience a decline in population over the coming decades, though this could be offset with new countries planning to join the EU within the next 20 years. The most populous member state is Germany, with an estimated 80.4 million people. France and Ireland have the highest birth-rates. The most densely populated country is the island of Malta, which is also the smallest, while the largest Document [76] (Title: World Map 1:2,500,000) World Map 1:2,500,000 The World Map 1:2,500,000 () is an internationally standardized and edited map series. The term "Карта Мира" or in transcription "Karta Mira" is now commonly used to describe this series, even outside the Soviet Union or Russia. The "Karta Mira" consists of a total of 224 (#1-17 & 28-234) main sheets and 38 overlap sheets (although at least 10 were dropped). They depict the entire earth (land and water surfaces) according to a uniform scale, coloring and drawing system. The "Karta Mira 1956-1975" was produced by cartographers from Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, the German Democratic Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania Document [77] (Title: Food and Agriculture Organization) number of major ‘State of the World’ reports related to food, agriculture, forestry, fisheries and natural resources. There are a total of 197 members comprising 194 member nations, 1 member organization and 2 associate members. The UN member state that is a non-member of the FAO is Liechtenstein. Some countries may denote specific representatives to the FAO, for instance the United States Ambassador to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, who has ambassador rank and is also part of the United States Mission to the UN Agencies in Rome. There has been public criticism of FAO for Document [78] (Title: Community of Portuguese Language Countries) joined as observers. Uruguay, a observer nation since 2016, admitted in early 2018 a candidacy to become full member of the CPLP. The Portuguese-speaking countries are home to 267 million people located across the globe but having a common language, a shared history, and some cultural similarities. The CPLP nations have a combined area of about , which is more than twice as large as the European Union , but with a little more than half of the population. Since its formation, the CPLP has helped to solve problems in São Tomé and Príncipe and in Guinea-Bissau, because of coups Document [79] (Title: Buntkicktgut) Munich alone, it now includes over 2500 participants in over 200 teams from over 100 different countries of origin (correct as of 2015). The most strongly represented countries/regions continue to reflect the origins of the project: as well as former Yugoslavia (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Serbia, Croatia), these include Kurdistan, Afghanistan, Iraq, Iran, Syria, Palestine, Angola, Togo, DR Congo, Nigeria, Tanzania, Ethiopia, Somalia, Sri Lanka and Vietnam. Alongside these, there is an increasing number of participants with migrant backgrounds from EU member states, Turkey, eastern Europe as well as young German people. The leagues (originally supported by the City of Document [80] (Title: Europa World Year Book) Europa World Year Book The Europa World Year Book provides detailed country surveys containing analytical, statistical and directory data available for over 250 countries and territories. Volume I contains a listing of more than 2,000 international organizations such as the United Nations and its agencies, the European Union, the International Criminal Court and the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, and provides coverage of countries arranged alphabetically from Afghanistan to Equatorial Guinea. Volume II covers countries from Eritrea to Nicaragua. Volume III covers countries from Niger to Zimbabwe and includes an index of territories. Each country is covered by an Document [81] (Title: G20) G20's membership does not reflect exactly the 19 largest national economies of the world in any given year. The organization states: All 19 member nations are among the top 33 economies as measured in GDP at nominal prices in a list published by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) for 2014. Not represented by membership in the G20 are Switzerland (ranked 20th by the IMF), Nigeria (21), Taiwan (26), Norway (27), the United Arab Emirates (29), Iran (30), Colombia (31), Thailand (32) and Israel (33), even though they rank higher than some members. The Netherlands (17), Sweden (22), Poland (23), Belgium Document [82] (Title: United Nations) association with New Zealand, are full members of several UN specialized agencies and have had their "full treaty-making capacity" recognized by the Secretariat. The Group of 77 at the UN is a loose coalition of developing nations, designed to promote its members' collective economic interests and create an enhanced joint negotiating capacity in the UN. Seventy-seven nations founded the organization, but by November 2013 the organization had since expanded to 133 member countries. The group was founded 15 June 1964 by the "Joint Declaration of the Seventy-Seven Countries" issued at the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). The Document [83] (Title: Graham Hughes) counted the UN member state as four separate countries. Hughes also visited the non-member state of Vatican City, as well as the partially recognized non-member states of Palestine, Western Sahara, Kosovo, and Taiwan, for a total of 201 "countries" without flying. He says people tend to wonder how he got into the further-out countries like North Korea, Iraq and Afghanistan, but claims "they were the easy ones". Before embarking on the journey, Hughes contacted Guinness World Records to agree in advance the rules of his unique journey. They were: no flying as part of the journey, no private taxis over Document [84] (Title: Global Change Game) in the world: North America, Latin America, Europe, the Commonwealth of Independent States, Africa, The Middle East, India, Southeast Asia, China and the Pacific Rim. Each player represents roughly 100 million people. Each region begins with realistic assets and problems. North America, Europe and the Pacific Rim are well off, but India and Africa are in extreme poverty. Food supply, medical facilities and employment opportunity tokens are distributed accordingly based on actual figures in reality. Likewise, military strength also mirrors that of the real world. The passing of time represents the number of years. Normally the span is around 30 Document [85] (Title: Department of Defense Education Activity) an organization supporting an estimated 160,000 students in 300 schools around the world. Dr. Beth Stephens, former director for one of DoDEA's predecessor agencies in the mid-80s, once said, "At no time in history has any other nation educated 150,000 of its children in 20 countries around the world and made it possible for them to understand and experience the culture of their host nations while maintaining their identity with and patriotism for their own country." As the Cold War came to a close, U.S. military forces abroad began to draw down, so did the schools and communities supporting families Document [86] (Title: Portuguese language) People's Republic of China of Macau (alongside Chinese) and of several international organizations, including the Mercosur, the Organization of Ibero-American States, the Union of South American Nations, the Organization of American States, the African Union, the Economic Community of West African States, the Southern African Development Community and the European Union. According to The World Factbook country population estimates for 2017, the population of each of the ten jurisdictions is as follows (by descending order): The combined population of the entire Lusophone area was estimated at 279 million in July 2017. This number does not include the Lusophone diaspora, estimated Document [87] (Title: Arab world) Arab world The Arab world ( '; formally: Arab homeland, '), also known as the Arab nation ( '), the Arabsphere or the Arab states, currently consists of the 22 Arab countries of the Arab League. These Arab states occupy an area stretching from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Arabian Sea in the east, and from the Mediterranean Sea in the north to the Horn of Africa and the Indian Ocean in the southeast. The contemporary Arab world has a combined population of around 422 million inhabitants, over half of whom are under 25 years of age. Document [88] (Title: The Bottom Billion) are 58 such countries mentioned throughout the book. In his book "Wars, Guns, and Votes", Collier lists the Bottom Billion, to "focus international effort": Afghanistan, Angola, Azerbaijan, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Kazakhstan, Kenya, North Korea, Kyrgyz Republic, Lao PDR, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Moldova, Mongolia, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nepal, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Togo, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Uzbekistan, Yemen, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Martin Document [89] (Title: Muslim world) as state recognition) should qualify a given country. One commonly supported rule of thumb is a Muslim population of more than 50%. Jones (2005) defines a "large minority" as being between 30% and 50%, which described nine countries in 2000, namely Bosnia and Herzegovina, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Kazakhstan, Macedonia, Nigeria, and Tanzania. According to a 2010 study and released January 2011, Islam has 1.5 billion adherents, making up over 22% of the world population. According to the Pew Research Center in 2015 there were 50 Muslim-majority countries. Worldatlas.com (April 2017) identified 45 'Islamic countries'. Among the Islamic states Document [90] (Title: Eurosphere) of membership, has been the subject of a number of academic writings. Mark Leonard describes the area of EU influence as the "Eurosphere". According to Mark Leonard, the Eurosphere includes 109 countries. In Europe, this includes the 28 member states of the EU, applicant countries wishing to join the EU, the Western Balkans, and European Commonwealth of Independent States countries (including Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, Ukraine, and transcontinental Kazakhstan). Curiously he does not mention Western European countries such as Norway who are already integrated into the EU's single market. Outside Europe, he lists every African country and every Middle Eastern Document [91] (Title: CITES) 2016, the Convention has 183 parties, including 182 states and the European Union. The CITES Convention includes provisions and rules for trade with non-Parties. All member states of the United Nations are party to the treaty, with the exception of Andorra, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Federated States of Micronesia, Haiti, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Nauru, South Sudan, Timor-Leste, Tonga, Turkmenistan, and Tuvalu. UN observer the Holy See is also not a member. The Faroe Islands, an autonomous country in the Kingdom of Denmark, is also treated as a non-Party to CITES (both the Danish mainland and Greenland are part of Document [92] (Title: International factor movements) one country. According to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development's World Investment Report from 2007, as of 2005 there were over 77,000 parent company MNEs and 770,000 foreign affiliates. From an international economics viewpoint, there are two central questions about why MNEs exist. The first question is why goods and services are produced in multiple countries, instead of a single country. The second central question regarding MNEs is why certain firms decide to produce multiple products—why they internalize other areas of production. The first question can be answered rather simply. Different countries have different resources that companies may Document [93] (Title: Internationalized country code top-level domain) codes but full words. For example, السعودية "(as-Suʻūdiyya)" is not an abbreviation of "Saudi Arabia", but the common short-form name of the country in Arabic. Countries with internationalized ccTLDs also retain their traditional ASCII-based ccTLDs. As of August 2018 there are 59 approved internationalized country code top-level domains, of them at least 47 used. The most used are .рф (Russia) with over 900,000 domains names, .台灣 (Taiwan) with around 500,000 and .中国 (China) with over 200,000 domains. Still as of 2018 around 20 countries using non-latin script do not have an internationalized country code top-level domain, including Israel and Japan. Document [94] (Title: Geography Cup) The randomly selected countries could be any country (or territory) in the world. This included the large and well-known regions (Russia, Canada, United States, etc.) as well as smaller and more obscure nations (Palau, Djibouti, Togo, etc.). Most participants had little trouble recognizing the major European and Asian countries but many people on both teams had trouble locating small Pacific Islands and some African countries. The trivia questions were sometimes related directly to geography, e. g., "Made up of 33 atolls, which country straddles both the equator and the International Date Line?". However, some were about current events to test Document [95] (Title: International adoption) research, during the year of 1998 and 2007, the top 10 receiving countries of all 23 reported countries, (ranked from the large to small), are the United States, Spain, France, Italy, Canada, Netherlands, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and Australia. Among these 10 countries, the top 5 accounts for more than 80% of overall adoption, and the US is responsible for around 50% of all cases. Although historically the United States has been among the leaders in adopting children via international adoption, this has changed dramatically over the last decade. In 2004, 22,884 children were adopted internationally, while only 5,648 were adopted Document [96] (Title: Authoritarianism) Yemen, and other countries saw riots, civil wars or insurgencies. From 2005 to 2015 observers noted what some called a "democratic recession" (although some — Steven Levitsky and Lucan Way — have disputed this theory). In 2018 Freedom House declared that from 2006 to 2018, "113 countries" around the world showed "a net decline" in "political rights and civil liberties" while "only 62" experienced "a net improvement." Writing in 2018, U.S. political journalist David Frum stated: The hopeful world of the very late 20th century—the world of NAFTA and an expanding NATO; of the World Wide Web 1.0 and liberal Document [97] (Title: Commonwealth of Nations) Consideration for its admission was considered an "exceptional circumstance" by the Commonwealth Secretariat. The Commonwealth comprises 53 countries, across all continents. The members have a combined population of 2.3 billion people, almost a third of the world population, of which 1.26 billion live in India and 94% live in Asia and Africa combined. After India, the next-largest Commonwealth countries by population are Pakistan (180 million), Nigeria (170 million), Bangladesh (156 million), the United Kingdom (65 million), South Africa (55 million) Canada (36 million), Ghana (27 million) and Australia (24 million). Tuvalu is the smallest member, with about 10,000 people. The Document [98] (Title: Programme for International Student Assessment (2000 to 2012)) countries and 11 partner countries. Note that for Science and Reading, the means displayed are for "All Students", but for these two subjects (domains), not all of the students answered questions in these domains. In the 2003 OECD Technical Report (pages 208, 209), there are different country means (different than those displayed below) available for students who had exposure to these domains. The results for the first cycle of the PISA survey were released on 14 November 2001. 265,000 15 year-olds were tested in 28 OECD countries and 4 partner countries on mathematics, science and reading. An additional 11 countries Document [99] (Title: 15th G-15 summit) unchanging, but its composition has expanded to 18 countries. The G-15 is composed of countries from Africa, Asia, North America and South America. These non-aligned nations joined together to create a forum to foster cooperation and develop information which can be presented to other international groups, such as the World Trade Organization and the Group of Eight rich industrialized nations. The G-15 nations have a common goal of enhanced growth and prosperity. The group aims to encourage cooperation among developing countries in the areas of investment, trade, and technology. Those nations expected to be represented at the summit are Algeria, Document [100] (Title: EIU Canback) 213 countries divided into 697 sub-divisions and 997 cities as of October 2018. It includes historical data and projections 2002 - 2027 and national-level data 1970 - 2038. The database also provides a breakdown by socioeconomic level as defined by AMAI. C-GIDD is available as a subscription service. C-GIDD uses hundreds of sources including global bodies like the UN and IMF, national statistics agencies, and sub-national statistic agencies within larger countries. The C-GIDD database also powers the EIU’s Market Explorer, an online tool for forecasting target markets across countries and cities. EIU Canback Canback Consulting (an independent business unit of Document [101] (Title: United States Armed Forces) Afghanistan, 52,440 in Germany "("see list), 35,688 in Japan (USFJ), 28,500 in South Korea (USFK), 9,660 in Italy and 9,015 in the United Kingdom. These numbers change frequently due to the regular recall and deployment of units. Altogether, 77,917 military personnel are located in Europe, 141 in the former Soviet Union, 47,236 in East Asia and the Pacific, 3,362 in North Africa, the Near East and South Asia, 1,355 in sub-Saharan Africa and 1,941 in the Western Hemisphere excluding the United States itself. "Including U.S. territories and ships afloat within territorial waters" As of 31 December 2009, a total of Document [102] (Title: World Heritage Sites by country) World Heritage Sites by country As of July 2018, there are a total of 1,092 World Heritage Sites located in 167 States Parties (countries that have adhered to the World Heritage Convention), of which 845 are cultural, 209 are natural and 38 are mixed properties. The countries have been divided by the World Heritage Committee into five geographic zones: Africa, Arab States, Asia and the Pacific, Europe and North America, and Latin America and the Caribbean. The country with the largest number of sites (including sites shared with other countries) is Italy, with 54 entries. The country with the largest Document [103] (Title: WomanStats Project) nations with populations over 200,000, uses 18,015 sources and contains over 111,000 individual data points. All data is referenced to original sources. Not every variable has information for each country; similarly, not all countries have information for each variable: overall, about 70% of country-variable combinations have information. These database coding gaps exist where information is not available or is incomplete, or variables are not collected and reported by governments or international organizations. At times, information from different sources may be contradictory, and the WomanStats Database records this discrepant information for triangulation purposes. The database is meant to help fill a Document [104] (Title: World Heritage Sites by country) number of sites by itself alone (excluding sites shared with other countries) is China, with 53 entries. Note: this overview lists only countries with ten or more World Heritage Sites. World Heritage Sites by country As of July 2018, there are a total of 1,092 World Heritage Sites located in 167 States Parties (countries that have adhered to the World Heritage Convention), of which 845 are cultural, 209 are natural and 38 are mixed properties. The countries have been divided by the World Heritage Committee into five geographic zones: Africa, Arab States, Asia and the Pacific, Europe and North America, Document [105] (Title: International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association) of funding. In 2011, ILGA released its State Sponsored Homophobia Report and map that brings to light 75 countries that still criminalize same-sex relationships between two consenting adults. These countries are mainly in Africa and in Asia. In 2016, ILGA released its most recent "State Sponsored Homophobia Report". The Report found that “Same-sex sexual acts” are illegal in 72 countries. These countries are 37% of the States in the United Nations. Of these 72 countries, thirty-three are in Africa, twenty-three are in Asia, eleven are in the Americas, and six in Oceania. The full report can be read at "State Document [106] (Title: Institute for Economics and Peace) on Afghanistan. BBC World led the way when it came to breadth of coverage. It regularly reported on 67 countries across six continents which is nearly twice as many countries as the average level of coverage. The study analysed 37 TV news and current affairs programmes from 23 networks in 15 countries* and then cross-referenced this with the Global Peace Index which measures the levels of peace and violence in 149 countries. BBC 2 Newsnight and ZDF Heute Journal (Germany) were found to be the programmes whose editorial policies aligned their coverage most closely with the rankings of the GPI. Document [107] (Title: Commonwealth of Nations) land area of the Commonwealth nations is about , or about 21% of the total world land area. The three largest Commonwealth nations by area are Canada at , Australia at , and India at . In 2016, the Commonwealth members had a combined gross domestic product of over $9 trillion, 78% of which is accounted for by the four largest economies: United Kingdom ($2.629 trillion), India ($2.256 trillion), Canada ($1.529 trillion), and Australia ($1.258 trillion). The status of "Member in Arrears" is used to denote those that are in arrears in paying subscription dues. The status was originally known Document [108] (Title: Patrick Chovanec) titled "The Nine Nations of China," in which he wrote the China can be considered not as a monolithic entity of 1.3 billion people, but as a mosaic of nine distinct regions, each with its own history, character, and dynamics shaping its future. He pointed out that, if each of these regions were actually a separate country, they would account for eight of the 20 most populous nations in the world. Chovanec says his framework was largely inspired by Joel Garreau's 1981 book, "The Nine Nations of North America". Chovanec noted that while he later became aware that several previous Document [109] (Title: Pacific Alliance) same summit seven observers were admitted: the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, France, Honduras, Paraguay, Portugal, among others. The Pacific Alliance currently has 54 observer states as of 2017, including economic heavyweights such as Japan, China, Germany, France, the United Kingdom, the United States and Indonesia, as well as three of the five Southern Common Market (Mercosur) countries and a member of the Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America (ALBA). Analysts describe the Pacific Alliance as a tool to practise a kind of joint “nation-branding” to promote trade and investment and to enhance the international status and visibility Document [110] (Title: Blue Flag beach) 4,154 Blue Flags are waving around the world. The table below lists the Blue Flags (both for beaches and marinas) awarded and in force in 2015. The table can be sorted to show the total number of Blue Flags per country and also the number of Blue Flags per population, per area or per the length of the coastline of each country. Note: Wales, Scotland, England and Northern Ireland have always been treated as individual countries e.g. in 2015 Northern Ireland had 10 Blue Flag beaches and marinas, England had 61, Wales had 41 and Scotland 1. The Blue Flag Document [111] (Title: Country) of a town, or a village or hamlet in the countryside. The term "country" can refer to a sovereign state. There is no universal agreement on the number of "countries" in the world since a number of states have disputed sovereignty status. There are 206 sovereign states, of which 193 states are members of the United Nations, two states have observer status at the U.N. (the Holy See and Palestine), and 11 other states are neither a member or observer at the U.N. All are defined as states by declarative theory of statehood and constitutive theory of statehood. The latest Document [112] (Title: United States Africa Command) Adriatic, Baltic, Barents, Black, Caspian, Mediterranean and North Seas. NAVEUR-NAVAF covers all of Russia, Europe and nearly the entire continent of Africa. It encompasses 105 countries with a combined population of more than one billion people and includes a landmass extending more than 14 million square miles. The area of responsibility covers more than 20 million square nautical miles of ocean, touches three continents and encompasses more than 67 percent of the Earth's coastline, 30 percent of its landmass, and nearly 40 percent of the world's population. Task Force 60 will normally be the commander of Naval Task Force Europe Document [113] (Title: Megadiverse countries) consisting of countries rich in biological diversity and associated traditional knowledge. This organisation does not include all the megadiverse countries as identified by Conservation International. In alphabetical order, the 17 megadiverse countries are: On 18 February 2002, the Ministers in charge of the Environment and the Delegates of Brazil, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, India, Indonesia, Kenya, Mexico, Peru, the Philippines, South Africa and Venezuela assembled in Cancún, Mexico. These countries declared to set up a Group of Like-Minded Megadiverse Countries as a mechanism for consultation and cooperation so that their interests and priorities, related to the preservation and sustainable use Document [114] (Title: Earth) permanent settlement in the world is Alert, on Ellesmere Island in Nunavut, Canada. (82°28′N) The southernmost is the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station, in Antarctica, almost exactly at the South Pole. (90°S) Independent sovereign nations claim the planet's entire land surface, except for some parts of Antarctica, a few land parcels along the Danube river's western bank, and the unclaimed area of Bir Tawil between Egypt and Sudan. , there are 193 sovereign states that are member states of the United Nations, plus two observer states and 72 dependent territories and states with limited recognition. Earth has never had a sovereign Document [115] (Title: Christianity by country) ten countries by largest number of Christians. On the right: a list of the top ten countries by highest percentage of the population that is Christian. In total, 126 countries have a Christian majority, while 71 countries have a Christian minority. According to Pew Research study, of the 232 countries and territories, 157 have Christian majorities. According to Christian Today, there were 2.4 billion Christians around the world in 2015. And according to a 2012 Pew Research Center survey, if current trends continue, Christianity will remain the world's largest religion by year 2050. By 2050, the Christian population is expected Document [116] (Title: World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2005) organised during each WTO conference. Besides, as the number of member countries in WTO is large, it is not easy to reach an agreement which gets the consensus of the participating countries. Therefore, the last two Ministerial Conferences which included the Ministerial meetings at Seattle and Cancún failed. It was not easy to tell if the MC6 could reach any final agreement. The Commonwealth of Nations is an association of 53 countries. Its 1.8 billion citizens, about 30 per cent of the world's population are drawn from a broad range of faiths, races, cultures and traditions. In the recent Commonwealth Document [117] (Title: Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations) 13 October 2016. As of April 2017, of the states that are members of the Commonwealth of Nations, three are in Europe, twelve in North America and the Caribbean, one in South America, nineteen in Africa, seven in Asia, and eleven in Oceania. There are seven former members, four of which no longer exist as independent entities (but form part of current member states). The members have a combined population of 2.4 billion, almost a third of the world population, of whom 1.21 billion live in India, and 95% live in Asia and Africa combined. Currently sixteen of the member Document [118] (Title: World population) of around 363 million (5%), and Oceania, the least populated region, has about 41 million inhabitants (0.5%). Though it is not permanently inhabited by any fixed population, Antarctica has a small, fluctuating international population based mainly in polar science stations. This population tends to rise in the summer months and decrease significantly in winter, as visiting researchers return to their home countries. Estimates of world population by their nature are an aspect of modernity, possible only since the Age of Discovery. Early estimates for the population of the world date to the 17th century: William Petty in 1682 estimated world Document [119] (Title: Developed country) Europe: 2 countries wholly or partly in Asia: 2 countries wholly or partly in North America: 2 countries wholly or partly in Oceania: According to the International Monetary Fund, the following 39 economies are classified as "advanced economies": 33 countries and territories wholly or partly in Europe: 8 countries and territories in Asia: 4 countries and territories in America: 2 countries in Oceania-Antarctica: There are 22 permanent members in the Paris Club (), a group of officials from major creditor countries whose role is to find coordinated and sustainable solutions to the payment difficulties experienced by debtor countries. 15 countries Document [120] (Title: Seven Countries Study) 40–59 years of age, were enrolled as 16 cohorts, in seven countries, in four regions of the world (United States, Northern Europe, Southern Europe, Japan). One cohort is in the United States, two cohorts in Finland, one in the Netherlands, three in Italy, five in Yugoslavia (two in Croatia, and three in Serbia), two in Greece, and two in Japan. The entry examinations were performed between 1958 and 1964 with an average participation rate of 90%, lowest in the USA, with 75% and highest in one of the Japanese cohorts, with 100%. The study has continued for more than 50 Document [121] (Title: Good Country Index) Good Country Index The Good Country Index measures how much each of the 163 countries on the list contribute to the planet, and to the human race, through their policies and behaviors. The Good Country Index is a composite statistic of 35 data points mostly generated by the United Nations. These data points are combined into a common measure which gives an overall ranking, and a ranking in seven categories: The concept, and the index itself, were developed by Simon Anholt. The Index was built by Dr. Robert Govers with support from several other organisations. The top three countries in Document [122] (Title: World Meteorological Organization) region. It has a total of 25 member states and 2 member territories. The member states are: Region V consists of 21 member states and 2 member territories. The member states are: Region VI consists consist of all the states in Europe as well as some Western Asia. It has 50 member states: A total of ten member states have membership in more than one region. Two nations are members to four different regions, while eight are members of two regions. These nations, with their regions, are as follows: World Meteorological Organization The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) is an intergovernmental Document [123] (Title: First World) States covering with roughly half a billion people. In total, the European Union produces almost a third of the world’s gross national product and the member states speak more than 23 languages. All of the European Union countries are joined together by a hope to promote and extend peace, democracy, cooperativeness, stability, prosperity, and the rule of law. In a 2007 speech, Benita Ferrero-Waldner, the European Commissioner for External Relations, said, "The future of the EU is linked to globalization...the EU has a crucial role to play in making globalization work properly...". In a 2014 speech at the European Parliament, Document [124] (Title: D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation) impact on bilateral and multilateral commitments of the member countries, emanating from their membership to other international or regional organisations. The combined population of the eight countries is about 1 billion or 60% of all Muslims, or close to 13% of the world's population and covering an area of 7.6 million square kilometers, 5% of world land area. In 2006, trade between the D-8 member states stood at $35 billion, and it was around $68 billion in 2010. Transactions between the 8 developing countries account for 3.3 percent of world trade. The figure is projected to reach 10–15 percent in Document [125] (Title: Homelessness) and Africa. Nine of them will be in developing countries: Mumbai, India – 27.4 million; Lagos, Nigeria – 24.4; Shanghai, China – 23.4; Jakarta, Indonesia – 21.2; São Paulo, Brazil – 20.8; Karachi, Pakistan – 20.6; Beijing, China – 19.4; Dhaka, Bangladesh – 19; Mexico City, Mexico – 18.8. The only city in a developed country that will be in the top ten is Tokyo, Japan – 28.7 million." In 2008, Dr. Anna Tibaijuka, Executive Director of UN-HABITAT, referring to the recent report "State of the World's Cities Report 2008/2009", said that the world economic crisis we are in should Document [126] (Title: DXing) least 100 entities on the ARRL DXCC List. For award purposes, other areas than just political countries can be classified as "DX countries". For example, the French territory of Reunion Island in the Indian Ocean is counted as a DX country, even though it is a region of France. The rules for determining what is a DX country can be quite complex and to avoid potential confusion, radio amateurs often use the term "entity" instead of country. In addition to entities, some awards are based on island groups in the world's oceans. On the VHF/UHF bands, many radio amateurs pursue Document [127] (Title: Developed country) partly in Africa: According to the World Bank, the following 34 members are classified as "OECD High-Income": 26 countries wholly or partly in Europe: 3 countries wholly or partly in Asia: 2 countries in North America: 2 countries wholly or partly in Oceania: 1 country wholly or partly in South America: There are 29 OECD member countries and the European Union—in the Development Assistance Committee (DAC), a group of the world's major donor countries that discuss issues surrounding development aid and poverty reduction in developing countries. The following OECD member countries are DAC members: 23 countries wholly or partly in Document [128] (Title: Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission) and south-north model by promoting the expertise available in developing countries. This new "OceanTeacher Global Academy" concept will be implemented during 2014. OTGA will be broadcasting from and to anywhere across the world. Project Details: The founding 40 member states were: Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Cuba, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Finland, Federal Republic of Germany, France, Ghana, India, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Mauritania, Monaco, Morocco, Netherlands, Norway, Pakistan, Poland, Romania, Spain, Switzerland, Thailand, Tunisia, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, United Arab Republic, United Kingdom, United States of America, Uruguay, Viet-Nam. Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission The Document [129] (Title: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) Development Group. There are non-governmental organizations participating in the activities of UNCTAD. As of May 2018, 195 states are UNCTAD members: all UN members plus UN observer states Palestine and the Holy See. UNCTAD members are divided into four lists, the division being based on United Nations Regional Groups with six members unassigned: Armenia, Kiribati, Nauru, South Sudan, Tajikistan, Tuvalu. List A consists mostly of countries in the African and Asia-Pacific Groups of the UN. List B consists of countries of the Western European and Others Group. List C consists of countries of the Group of Latin American and Caribbean Document [130] (Title: Research university) from the Americas, 132 from Asia/Oceania and 6 from Africa. Again, all regions except Africa are represented in the top 100, although the Americas are represented solely by universities from the US and Canada. The US again has the most universities from a single country, 135, followed by China with 57, the UK with 38 and Germany with 37. The top 200 shows the same ordering as the QS ranking: the US with 70 followed by the UK with 20 and Germany with 15. Times Higher Education only gives a breakdown by country and only for its top 200; this Document [131] (Title: Megadiverse countries) reach the various agreements and objectives. Later, in 2010, Guatemala and Iran were also included in the list. The current member countries of the Like-Minded Megadiverse Countries organisation are as follows, in alphabetical order: Megadiverse countries The term megadiverse country refers to any one of a group of nations that harbor the majority of Earth's species and high numbers of endemic species. Conservation International identified 17 megadiverse countries in 1998. Many of them are located in, or partially in, tropical or subtropical regions. Mega diversity means exhibiting great diversity. The main criteria for megadiverse countries is endemism at the level Document [132] (Title: Special member state territories and the European Union) and invites them to join the Overseas Countries and Territories Association (OCTA) in order to improve cooperation with the European Union. Collectively, the special territories encompass a population of about 6 million people and a land area of about 2,743,510 square kilometres (1,060,000 sq mi). The vast majority of this land area, 2,166,000 square kilometres (660,000 sq mi), is represented by Greenland, while the largest region by population, the Canary Islands, accounts for more than a third of the total special territories population. Pitcairn Islands, settled by the survivors of the Mutiny on the Bounty, is the smallest settled territory Document [133] (Title: Africa) and various archipelagos. It contains 54 fully recognised sovereign states (countries), nine territories and two "de facto" independent states with limited or no recognition. The majority of the continent and its countries are in the Northern Hemisphere, with a substantial portion and number of countries in the Southern Hemisphere. Africa's average population is the youngest amongst all the continents; the median age in 2012 was 19.7, when the worldwide median age was 30.4. Algeria is Africa's largest country by area, and Nigeria is its largest by population. Africa, particularly central Eastern Africa, is widely accepted as the place of origin Question: total number of countries all over the world Answer: 197 Long Answer: 197 Vatican City 800 January 1, 2014 0.000011% Official estimate Gold Document ID: 77

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Freedom of the Press (report)) of Expression Exchange (IFEX) network, and a variety of domestic and international news media. Countries are given a total score from 0 (most free) to 100 (least free) on the basis of a set of 23 methodology questions and 109 indicators divided into three broad categories covering the legal, political, and economic environment. Based on the scores, the countries are then classified as "Free" (0 to 30), "Partly Free" (31 to 60), or "Not Free" (61 to 100). The draft ratings are reviewed on an individual and a comparative basis, compared with the previous year's findings, any major proposed numerical Document [2] (Title: Fortune Global 500) from 116 in 2001 to 197 in 2017. Most of this growth is accounted for by the rapid increase in the number of Chinese Global 500 companies, of which there were 109 by 2017, increasing from only 10 in 2001. The share of European-based companies also reduced, from 158 to 143, over the same period. The following is the list of top 10 companies. , this is the list of the top 10 countries with the most Global 500 companies. As shown in the table above, 428 (86%) of the Global 500 are represented by only 10 countries: two in Document [3] (Title: Failed state) "Foreign Policy Magazine". The Index categorizes states in four categories, with variations in each category. The Alert category is in dark red, Warning in orange, Stable in yellow and Sustainable in green. The FSI total score is out of 120, and in 2015 there were 178 states making the ranking. Initially, the FSI only ranked 75 countries in 2005. The FSI uses two criteria by which a country qualifies to be included in the list: first of all, the country must be a United Nations member state, and secondly, there must be a significant sample size of content and data Document [4] (Title: Neocatechumenal Way) his Gospel: Christ precedes you, Christ accompanies you, Christ will bring to fulfilment the salvation of which you are bearers!" The highest number of communities found in Europe (and the World) are found in Italy (10,000 communities) and Spain (7,000 communities). The highest number of communities in the world in a country per capita is found in Malta, which has 100 communities in an island of 400,000 persons, which is the equivalent of twice the number of communities both in Italy and in Spain. The Way is present in all continents, in over 900 dioceses, with a total of about Document [5] (Title: East African Community) visa which would then be applicable in all regional member states as a single entry requirement initiative. A single East African Tourist Visa for the EAC countries of Kenya, Rwanda, and Uganda has been available since 2014. As of July 2015, the combined population of all five EAC member states was 169,519,847. The EAC would have the ninth largest population in the world, if considered a single entity. The EAC contains 5 cities with populations of over one million, the largest being Dar es Salaam. Kampala is the largest urban centre located on Lake Victoria, the second largest freshwater lake Document [6] (Title: World population) of the United Nations declared the "Day of 7 Billion" to be October 31, 2011. As of 2012, the global sex ratio is approximately 1.01 males to 1 female. The greater number of men is possibly due to the significant sex imbalances evident in the Indian and Chinese populations. Approximately 26.3% of the global population is aged under 15, while 65.9% is aged 15–64 and 7.9% is aged 65 or over. The median age of the world's population was estimated to be 29.7 years in 2014, and is expected to rise to 37.9 years by 2050. According to the World Document [7] (Title: World government) the European continent. The EU's example is being followed by the African Union, the Union of South American Nations, the Organization of Central American States, and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. A multitude of regional associations, aggregating most nations of the world, are at different stages of development towards a growing extent of economic, and sometimes political, integration. The European Union consists of twenty-eight European states. It has developed a "single market" which allows people of different countries to travel from state to state without a passport. This also includes the same policies when it comes to trading. The Document [8] (Title: UNESCO Science Report) factors and, in turn, influence these. The 2015 edition of the "UNESCO Science Report" provides the greatest detail yet in the series, with data on 189 countries and profiles of varying length of 140 countries. It contains three global chapters, 13 regional chapters and 11 chapters on individual countries, namely on: Brazil, Canada, China, India, Iran, Israel, Malaysia, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Russian Federation and United States of America. Themes covered include the recent reform of higher education in Afghanistan, West Africa's first Policy on Science and Technology (ECOPOST), science and technology in individual countries, including Brazil, Botswana, Kazakhstan, Document [9] (Title: Projections of population growth) countries either prevented population decline or doubled at least the contribution of natural increase (births minus deaths) to population growth. These countries include Austria, Canada, Croatia, Denmark, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Qatar, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, the United Arab Emirates and the United Kingdom. By 2050 (medium variant), India will have 1.73 billion people, China 1.46 billion, Nigeria 411 million, United States 398 million, Indonesia 327 million, Pakistan 309 million, Bangladesh 265.8 million, Brazil 232 million, Democratic Republic of Congo 195.3 million, Ethiopia 188.5 million, Mexico 164 million, Philippines 157.1 million, Egypt 142 million, Russia 133 million, Tanzania 129.4 million, Vietnam 112.8 Document [10] (Title: English-Arabic Parallel Corpus of United Nations Texts) (3,755,741), yet differs greatly in terms of the number of word types, which is 143,727. This means that the whole corpus contains 7,550,418 tokens. The EAPCOUNT consists mainly, but not exclusively, of resolutions and annual reports issued by different UN organizations and institutions. Some texts are taken from the authoritative publications of another UN-like institution, namely the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU); representing 2.18% of the total number of tokens in the English subcorpus. But the great majority of texts are issued by the General Assembly and Security Council (66.44% SL tokens). The assumption here is that TL texts produced by these Document [11] (Title: Fortune Global 500) above, 425 (85.0%) of the Global 500 are represented by only 10 countries: two in North America (Canada and United States), five in Western Europe (France, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland and United Kingdom) and three in East Asia (China, Japan and South Korea). Moreover, the top six (United States, China, Japan, France, Germany and United Kingdom) are some of the world's largest economies as estimated by the IMF (List of countries by GDP (nominal)). Among the Fortune Global 500, 371 companies (74.2%) are from these six countries. The top-ranked companies in each industry sector are as follows. Fortune Global 500 The Document [12] (Title: 10/40 window) based more on census data and other estimates rather than forward-looking population estimates. The cited reference provides the following estimate of "unreached" non-Christian populations in the 10/40 Window: The 10/40 Window originally encompassed the following 57 countries. An expanded list including some important nearby nations is offered by the Joshua Project: These were all Old World nations (mostly in the eastern hemisphere) with at least 50 percent of their land area falling within 10 to 40 degrees latitude as of 1990. (The list also included Gibraltar and Macau, which are not independent nations.) See the list of nations in the Document [13] (Title: Projections of population growth) million, Japan 107 million, Uganda 101 million, Turkey 96 million, Kenya 95.5 million, Iran 93.5 million, Sudan 81 million, Germany 78 million and the United Kingdom and France 75 million. The median scenario of the UN 2017 world population prospects predicts the following populations per continent in 2050 (compared to population in 2000), in billions: Walter Greiling projected in the 1950s that world population would reach a peak of about nine billion, in the 21st century, and then stop growing after a readjustment of the Third World and a sanitation of the tropics. Estimates published in the 2000s tended to Document [14] (Title: Group of 77) G-24 is strictly limited to 24 countries, any other member of the G-77 can join discussions. Group of 77 The Group of 77 (G77) at the United Nations is a coalition of 134 developing nations, designed to promote its members' collective economic interests and create an enhanced joint negotiating capacity in the United Nations. There were 77 founding members of the organization, but by November 2013 the organization had since expanded to 134 member countries (including China). Since China participates in the G77 but does not consider itself to be a member, all official statements are issued in the name Document [15] (Title: Member states of the World Customs Organization) Member states of the World Customs Organization As of September 2017, the World Customs Organization has a total of 182 members. The European Communities (now: European Union) joined "on an interim basis akin to those enjoyed by WCO Members". The 175 sovereign states, 4 customs territories and one customs union are divided into the following regional groups: The following United Nations member states are not members of the WCO: Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Grenada, Dominica, Suriname, Equatorial Guinea, Liechtenstein, Monaco, San Marino, North Korea, Palau, Solomon Islands, Micronesia, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Tuvalu, and Nauru. Non-member Document [16] (Title: Consensus Economics) history of the forecasts is also licensed for research purposes. Consensus Economics’ catalogue of publications covers 115 countries, which appear in the following regions: the G-7 nations, the Euro zone, Western Europe, Middle East, Central Asia, Africa, the Nordic countries, Asia Pacific, Latin America and Eastern Europe. A list of countries that make up the monthly compilations of country economic forecasts can be found below for the following publications: United States, Japan, Germany, France, United Kingdom, Italy, Canada, Euro Zone, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, Greece, Ireland, Israel, Nigeria, Portugal, Saudi Arabia and South Africa. Document [17] (Title: Pan-European identity) of 1995–2013, the EU has been enlarged from 12 to 28 member states, far beyond the area originally envisaged for the "pan-European" state by Coudenhove-Kalergi (with the exception of Switzerland), its member states accounting for a population of some 510 million, or two thirds of the population of the entire continent. In the 1990s to 2000s, there was an active movement towards a federalisation of the European Union, with the introduction of symbols and institutions usually reserved for sovereign states, such as citizenship, a common currency (used by 19 out of 28 members), a flag, an anthem and a motto Document [18] (Title: Demographics of the world) areas with a population of over 3,000,000 people each. As of 2010, about 3 billion people live in or around urban areas. The following table shows the populations of the top ten conglomerations. The world's population is 7 billion and Earth's total area (including land and water) is 510 million square kilometers (197 million square miles). Therefore, the worldwide human population density is 7 billion ÷ 510 million = 13.7 per km² (35.5 per sq. mile). If only the Earth's land area of 150 million km² (58 million sq. miles) is taken into account, then human population density increases to Document [19] (Title: World population) to 2.06% between 1965 and 1970. The growth rate has declined to 1.18% between 2010 and 2015 and is projected to decline further in the course of the 21st century. Total annual births were highest in the late 1980s at about 139 million, and as of 2011 were expected to remain essentially constant at a level of 135 million, while deaths numbered 56 million per year and were expected to increase to 80 million per year by 2040. The median age of the world's population was estimated to be 30.4 years in 2018. Six of the Earth's seven continents are Document [20] (Title: World population) permanently inhabited on a large scale. Asia is the most populous continent, with its 4.54 billion inhabitants accounting for 60% of the world population. The world's two most populated countries, China and India, together constitute about 36% of the world's population. Africa is the second most populated continent, with around 1.28 billion people, or 16% of the world's population. Europe's 742 million people make up 10% of the world's population as of 2018, while the Latin American and Caribbean regions are home to around 651 million (9%). Northern America, primarily consisting of the United States and Canada, has a population Document [21] (Title: Americas) the same proportions as South American genera migrated into North America. This exchange is known as the Great American Interchange. The exchange became lopsided after roughly a million years, with the total spread of South American genera into North America far more limited in scope than the spread on North American genera into South America. There are 35 sovereign states in the Americas, as well as an autonomous country of Denmark, three overseas departments of France, three overseas collectivities of France, and one uninhabited territory of France, eight overseas territories of the United Kingdom, three constituent countries of the Netherlands, Document [22] (Title: World Map 1:2,500,000) second edition began in 1989, but appears to have been abandoned with the collapse of the Communist regimes in the Eastern Bloc shortly thereafter. World Map 1:2,500,000 The World Map 1:2,500,000 () is an internationally standardized and edited map series. The term "Карта Мира" or in transcription "Karta Mira" is now commonly used to describe this series, even outside the Soviet Union or Russia. The "Karta Mira" consists of a total of 224 (#1-17 & 28-234) main sheets and 38 overlap sheets (although at least 10 were dropped). They depict the entire earth (land and water surfaces) according to a Document [23] (Title: Hudud al-'Alam) the upper Amu Darya in the mid-10th century. The available text of "Ḥudūd al-ʿĀlam" is part of a larger manuscript which contains other works: The "Ḥudūd al-ʿĀlam" contains information about the known world. The anonymous author reports about different countries ("nāḥiyat"), people, languages, clothing, food, religion, local products, towns and cities, rivers, seas, lakes, islands, the steppe, deserts, topography, politics and dynasties, as well as trade. The inhabited world is divided in Asia, Europe and "Libya" (i.e. the Maghreb). The author counts a total of 45 different countries north of the equator. The author never visited those countries personally, but Document [24] (Title: Member states of the World Trade Organization) of December 2017, the WTO has 164 members. Of the 128 states party to the GATT at the end of 1994, all have since become WTO members except for the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, which had dissolved in 1992 and was suspended from participating in GATT at the time. Four other states, China, Lebanon, Liberia, Syria, were parties to GATT but subsequently withdrew from the treaty prior to the establishment of the WTO. China and Liberia have since acceded to the WTO. The remaining WTO members acceded after first becoming WTO observers and negotiating membership. The 28 states of Document [25] (Title: E9 (countries)) have made significant socioeconomic progress. Brazil, China, India, Indonesia and Mexico are the Members of G-20. Mexico is an OECD member, while China is now the second largest economy in the world. Brazil and India are also the top ten economies. Indonesia has also been growing fast. In 1993, the E-9 countries accounted for only 16.5% of world’s nominal GDP. Now, they represent almost 30% of world’s nominal GDP. E9 (countries) The E9 is a forum of nine countries, which was formed to achieve the goals of UNESCO's Education For All (EFA) initiative. The “E” stands for education and the Document [26] (Title: Global news flow) in news mentions around the world (18%), followed by China, Western European and Middle Eastern countries (about 3-5% each). The unequal representation of the world and the under-representation of developing countries have been already of a great concern at least since the 1950s, since they influence the way people perceive the world and the image of countries. This problem was later addressed in the MacBride report, and his set of recommendations for a New World Information and Communication Order. The unequal representation of the world has been also linked to the World System Theory, and the unequal economic structure of Document [27] (Title: Arab League) in 1945, there were only six members. Today, the Arab League has 22 members, including three African countries among the largest by area (Sudan, Algeria and Libya) and the largest country in the Middle East (Saudi Arabia). Five countries have observer status that entitles them to express their opinion and give advice but denies them voting rights. There was a continual increase in membership during the second half of the 20th century. As of 2016, there are 22 member states: and 5 observer states: Libya was suspended on 22 February 2011, following the start of the Libyan Civil War and Document [28] (Title: World Giving Index) Emirates complete the top ten. This report is primarily based upon data from the Gallup World Poll, which is an ongoing research project carried out in more than 140 countries that together represent around 95% of the world’s adult population (around 5 billion people). In most countries surveyed, 1,000 questionnaires are completed by a representative sample of individuals living across the country. The coverage area is the entire country including rural areas. The sampling frame represents the entire civilian, non-institutionalised, aged 15 and older population of the entire country. In some large countries such as China and Russia samples of Document [29] (Title: Southern Hemisphere) 0.915, putting it at #13 in the world in 2016. The least developed nations in the Southern Hemisphere cluster in Africa and Oceania, with Burundi and Mozambique at the lowest ends of the Human Development Index, at 0.404 (#184 in the world) and 0.418 (#181 in the world) respectively. The nominal GDP per capitas of these two countries don't go above US$550 per capita, a tiny fraction of the incomes enjoyed by Australians and New Zealanders. The most widespread religions in the Southern Hemisphere are Christianity in South America, southern Africa and Australia/New Zealand, followed by Islam in most of Document [30] (Title: Member states of the League of Nations) Free State, Ethiopia, the Dominican Republic, Mexico, Turkey, Iraq, the Soviet Union, Afghanistan, and Ecuador. Of the 42 founding members, 23 (or 24, counting Free France) remained members until the League of Nations was dissolved in 1946. A further 21 countries joined between 1920 and 1937, but 7 left, withdrew or were expelled before 1946. Countries are listed under the year in which they joined. The word "withdrew" indicates that a country left of its own choice. The word "left" indicates a country that ceased to exist because of annexation by Germany, Italy or the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union Document [31] (Title: Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe) observers. At the present time (beginning 2015), the number of FOREST EUROPE observer countries totals 14 non-European countries, Canada, USA, India, China, Japan and Morocco among others. This is the list of observer countries at present: Australia, Brazil, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, China, Ghana, India, Japan, Malaysia, Morocco, New Zealand, South Korea and the United States. Intergovernmental organizations such as the Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations (FAO), the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) the United Nations Forum on Forests (UNFF), and the World Bank are among the observer organizations of Document [32] (Title: Group of Seven) Group of Seven The Group of Seven (G7) is a group consisting of Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States. These countries, with the seven largest advanced economies in the world, represent 58% of the global net wealth ($317 trillion). The G7 countries also represent more than 46% of the global gross domestic product (GDP) based on nominal values, and more than 32% of the global GDP based on purchasing power parity. The European Union is also represented at the G7 summit. The concept of a forum for the world's major industrialized countries emerged before Document [33] (Title: Asia) 40 years ago. <br> Hong Kong ranked highest among the countries grouped on the HDI (number 7 in the world, which is in the "very high human development" category), followed by Singapore (9), Japan (19) and South Korea (22). Afghanistan (155) ranked lowest amongst Asian countries out of the 169 countries assessed. Asia is home to several language families and many language isolates. Most Asian countries have more than one language that is natively spoken. For instance, according to Ethnologue, more than 600 languages are spoken in Indonesia, more than 800 languages spoken in India, and more than 100 are Document [34] (Title: Academic publishing) 49.4 per cent of the world's total, and its portion of the top one percent dropped from 65.6 to 62.8 per cent. Iran, China, India, Brazil, and South Africa were the only developing countries among the 31 nations that produced 97.5% of the most cited scientific articles in a study published in 2004. The remaining 162 countries contributed less than 2.5%. The Royal Society in a 2011 report stated that in share of English scientific research papers the United States was first followed by China, the UK, Germany, Japan, France, and Canada. The report predicted that China would overtake the Document [35] (Title: National Security Study Memorandum 200) for population-related efforts should be sought through increased emphasis on mass media and other population education and motivation programs by the UN, USIA, and USAID." Thirteen countries are named in the report as particularly problematic with respect to US security interests: India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Indonesia, Thailand, the Philippines, Turkey, Nigeria, Egypt, Ethiopia, Mexico, Colombia, and Brazil. The countries are projected to create 47 percent of all world population growth. It also raises the question of whether the US should consider preferential allocation of surplus food supplies to states deemed constructive in use of population control measures. The paper takes a Document [36] (Title: Member states of the World Customs Organization) states also include Vatican City, Cook Islands, Niue, Taiwan, and the other states with limited recognition. Member states of the World Customs Organization As of September 2017, the World Customs Organization has a total of 182 members. The European Communities (now: European Union) joined "on an interim basis akin to those enjoyed by WCO Members". The 175 sovereign states, 4 customs territories and one customs union are divided into the following regional groups: The following United Nations member states are not members of the WCO: Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Grenada, Dominica, Suriname, Equatorial Guinea, Liechtenstein, Document [37] (Title: Nations: A Simulation Game in International Politics) Lostralia. It consists of seven countries and a neutral zone. The seven states are Spartonia, Bampff, Holy Zott, Pyrote, Libertania, Zamboni, and Crock. Each of the countries have specified resources, cities, and problems. Lostralia is fraught with diplomatic issues and players that all dominate in varying fields: Spartonia-military, Pyrote-religious, Crock-diplomatic, Zamboni-food, and Libertania-freedom. Lostralia is known for its problems, but also for its ability to overcome them, much like the real world had done between World War I and the end of the Cold War. Nations: A Simulation Game in International Politics Nations: A Simulation Game in International Politics is Document [38] (Title: G20) (25), and Austria (28) are included only as part of the EU, and not independently. Spain (14) is a permanent guest invitee. When the countries' GDP is measured at purchasing power parity (PPP) rates, all 19 members are among the top 29 in the world for the year of 2014, according to the IMF. Iran (18), Taiwan (20), Nigeria (21), Thailand (22), Egypt (25), Pakistan (26), Malaysia (28), and Bangladesh (31) are not G20 members, while Spain (16), Poland (23) and the Netherlands (27) are only included by virtue of being EU members. However, in a list of average GDP, Document [39] (Title: Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys) from UNICEF's official list are included. It appears that some surveys are based on the MICS tools, but not included in the list, e.g. Botswana 2007-08 Family Health Survey and Bangladesh 2009 Progotir Pathey (MICS). The total number of countries having ever conducted a MICS (or plan to do so) is 118. This includes Yugoslavia, which at the time of MICS1 and MICS2 was the territory now split into Kosovo, Montenegro, and Serbia. In MICS5, five countries were new to the programme: Benin, Congo, El Salvador, Mexico, and Paraguay. In MICS6, at least seven additional countries are planning surveys: Fiji, Document [40] (Title: Good Country Index) the 2014 list were Ireland, Finland and Switzerland. Nine of the top 10 countries in overall rankings are in Western Europe, while Canada tops overall rankings in North America. The last three countries on the list are Iraq, Libya, and Vietnam. The Index attempts to measure the global impacts of national policies and behaviors: what the country contributes to the global commons, and what they take away. The Index utilizes 35 data points, five for each of seven categories. These data points are produced by the United Nations and by other international agencies, with a few by NGOs and other Document [41] (Title: Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes) for the two standards, the more limited exchange of information on request and the more comprehensive automated exchange of information. More than 80 countries and territories were not (yet) members of the Global Forum as of November 2015 and are thus not included in the lists below. Notable non-members include Belarus and Serbia in Europe; Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela in Latin America; Egypt, Ethiopia, Algeria and many smaller countries in Africa; as well as Iran, Myanmar, North Korea, Thailand and Vietnam in Asia. All important tax havens, however, are members of the Global Forum - the 30 countries topping Document [42] (Title: Expatriate) world is difficult to determine, since there is no governmental census. The international market research and consulting company Finaccord estimated the number to be 56.8 million in 2017. That would resemble the population of Tanzania or Italy. In 2013, the United Nations estimated that 232 million people, or 3.2 per cent of the world population, lived outside their home country. Many multinational corporations send employees to foreign countries to work in branch offices or subsidiaries. Expatriate employees allow a parent company to more closely control its foreign subsidiaries. They can also improve global coordination. Suurati and Mäkelä discovered the key Document [43] (Title: Megadiverse countries) Megadiverse countries The term megadiverse country refers to any one of a group of nations that harbor the majority of Earth's species and high numbers of endemic species. Conservation International identified 17 megadiverse countries in 1998. Many of them are located in, or partially in, tropical or subtropical regions. Mega diversity means exhibiting great diversity. The main criteria for megadiverse countries is endemism at the level of species, genera and families. A megadiverse country must have at least 5,000 species of endemic plants and must border marine ecosystems. In 2002, Mexico formed a separate organisation focusing on Like-Minded Megadiverse Countries, Document [44] (Title: Muslim world) of the Muslim world came under influence or colonial domination of European powers. The nation states that emerged in the post-colonial era have adopted a variety of political and economic models, and they have been affected by secular and as well as religious trends. , the combined GDP (nominal) of 49 Muslim majority countries was US$5.7 trillion, , they contributed 8% of the world's total. As of 2015, 1.8 billion or about 24.1% of the world population are Muslims. By the percentage of the total population in a region considering themselves Muslim, 91% in the Middle East-North Africa (MENA), 89% Document [45] (Title: 500 Nations) Westerman, Amy Madigan, Frank Salsedo, and Kurtwood Smith. The series was written by Jack Leustig, Roberta Grossman, Lee Miller (head of research), and W. T. Morgan, with Dr. John M. D. Pohl. "The truth is, we have a story worth talking about. We have a history worth celebrating. Long before the first Europeans arrived here, there were some 500 nations already in North America. They blanketed the continent from coast to coast, from Central America to the Arctic. There were tens of millions of people here, speaking over 300 languages. Many of them lived in beautiful cities, among the largest Document [46] (Title: Immigration) Kingdom (9 million) and the United Arab Emirates (8 million). Between 2000 and 2015, Asia added more international migrants than any other major area in the world, gaining 26 million. Europe added the second largest with about 20 million. In most parts of the world, migration occurs between countries that are located within the same major area. In 2015, the number of international migrants below the age of 20 reached 37 million, while 177 million are between the ages of 20 and 64. International migrants living in Africa were the youngest, with a median age of 29, followed by Asia Document [47] (Title: Failed state) available for that country to allow for meaningful analysis. There are three groupings: social, economic and political with overall twelve indicators. Social indicators: Economic indicators: Political and military indicators: The indicators each count for 10, adding up to a total of 120. However, in order to add up to 120, the indicator scores are rounded up-or-down to the nearest one decimal place. In the 2015 Index, South Sudan ranked number one, Somalia number two, and the Central African Republic number three. Finland is currently the most stable and sustainable country in the list. While it is important to note that Document [48] (Title: Montreal Convention) are 133 parties to the Convention. Included in this total is 132 of the 191 ICAO Member States plus the European Union. The states that have ratified represent 131 UN member states plus the Cook Islands. Other states that have ratified include Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, all member states of the European Union, India, Indonesia, Israel, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Nepal Norway, Pakistan, Russia Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Africa, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, the United Arab Emirates, and the United States. Montreal Convention The Montreal Convention (formally, the Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules for International Document [49] (Title: Google Summer of Code) top ten countries by number of students accepted in 2010 are: United States (197), India (125), Germany (57), Brazil (50), Poland (46), Canada (40), China (39), United Kingdom (36), France (35), Sri Lanka (34). The number of organizations was increased to 175, of which 50 were new. 1,115 students were accepted. A total of 595 different universities participated in the program, 160 of which were new to the program. The 13 universities with the highest number of students accepted into the 2011 Google Summer of Code account for 14.5% of the students. University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka secured first position Document [50] (Title: Bahá'í Faith by continent) in predominantly Muslim counties, countries where there are no NSAs include where most any religious institution is illegal such as in North Korea. In 2008 there were 184 National Spiritual Assemblies and in 2006, there are 192 United Nations member states. 1923: British Isles, Germany, India 1924: Egypt 1925: United States of America & Canada, Philippines 1931: Iraq 1934: Australia and New Zealand, Persia 1948: Canada 1953: Italy and Switzerland 1956: Central & East Africa, North West Africa, South & West Africa 1957: Alaska; Arabia; New Zealand; North East Asia (Japan), Pakistan, South East Asia; Mexico and the Republics of Document [51] (Title: Beijing Treaty on Audiovisual Performances) and six non-governmental organizations participated in the conference. The Final Act of the treaty was signed by 122 countries, and the treaty itself collected 48 country signatures. Signatories from Europe include Cyprus, Denmark, France, Hungary, Italy, Moldova, Spain, Switzerland; from Americas, Chile, Colombia, Grenada, Costa Rica, Haiti, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Peru and the United States of America; and from Asia, China, Mongolia, South Korea. The convention remained open for signature for one year. During that time, 19 additional countries and the European Union joined as signatories (Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Botswana, Czech Republic, El Salvador, Estonia, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Honduras, Indonesia, Document [52] (Title: The World Factbook list of developed countries) The World Factbook list of developed countries In an appendix to the "CIA The World Factbook", there is an entry identifying developed countries (DCs). This list of DCs is identical to the list in "The World Factbook" published as early as 1991. The CIA notes that the DCs form The CIA argues that this list However, ten new countries have joined the OECD since this list was created in the early 1990s: India (1994), the Czech Republic (1997), South Korea (1996), Hungary (1996), Poland (1996), Slovakia (2000), Chile (2010), Slovenia (2010), Israel (2010) and Estonia (2010). The CIA argues that Document [53] (Title: American imperialism) bases in over 36 countries worldwide. By 1970, the United States had more than 1,000,000 soldiers in 30 countries, was a member of four regional defense alliances and an active participant in a fifth, had mutual defense treaties with 42 nations, was a member of 53 international organizations, and was furnishing military or economic aid to nearly 100 nations across the face of the globe. In 2015 the Department of Defense reported the number of bases that had any military or civilians stationed or employed was 587. This includes land only (where no facilities are present), facility or facilities only Document [54] (Title: Newly industrialized country) considered "very high" by the UN. The table below presents the list of countries consistently considered NICs by different authors and experts. Turkey and South Africa are classified as developed countries by the CIA. Turkey was a founding member of the OECD in 1961 and Mexico joined in 1994. The G8+5 group is composed of the original G8 members in addition to China, India, Mexico, South Africa and Brazil. For China and India, the immense population of these two countries (each with over 1.2 billion people as of September 2015) means that per capita income will remain low even if Document [55] (Title: United Nations Population Fund) 150 countries and areas spread across four geographic regions: Arab States and Europe, Asia and the Pacific, Latin America and the Caribbean, and sub-Saharan Africa. Around three quarters of the staff work in the field. It is a member of the United Nations Development Group and part of its Executive Committee. UNFPA began operations in 1969 as the United Nations Fund for Population Activities (the name was changed in 1987) under the administration of the United Nations Development Fund. In 1971 it was placed under the authority of the United Nations General Assembly. In September 2015, the 193 member states Document [56] (Title: Demographics of the world) history. China and India are the most populous countries, as the birth rate has consistently dropped in developed countries and until recently remained high in developing countries. Tokyo is the largest urban conglomeration in the world. The total fertility rate of the World is estimated as 2.52 children per woman, which is above the global average for the replacement fertility rate of approximately 2.33 (as of 2003). However, world population growth is unevenly distributed, with the total fertility rate going from .91 in Macau, to 7.68 in Niger. The United Nations estimated an annual population increase of 1.14% for the Document [57] (Title: Group on Earth Observations) GEO’s members as of January 2016 include 101 countries and the European Commission: Algeria / Argentina / Armenia / Australia / Austria / Bahamas, The / Bahrain / Bangladesh / Belgium / Belize / Brazil / Bulgaria / Burkina Faso / Cameroon / Canada / Central African Republic / Chile / China / Colombia / Congo, Republic of the / Costa Rica / Côte d'Ivoire / Croatia / Cyprus / Czech Republic / Denmark / Ecuador / Egypt / Estonia / Ethiopia / European Commission / Finland / France / Gabon / Georgia / Germany / Ghana / Greece / Document [58] (Title: World population) in 1750, increased to 389 million in 1941; today, India, Pakistan and Bangladesh are collectively home to about billion people. Java had about 5 million inhabitants in 1815; its present-day successor, Indonesia, now has a population of over 140 million. In just one hundred years, the population of Brazil decupled (x10), from about 17 million in 1900, or about 1% of the world population in that year, to about 176 million in 2000, or almost 3% of the global population in the very early 21st century. Mexico's population grew from 13.6 million in 1900 to about 112 million in 2010. Document [59] (Title: MINT (economics)) GDP. Indonesia is the world's fourth most populous country after China, India, and the United States and the world's third most populous democratic country after India and the United States. In 2009, BRIC and Indonesia represented about 42 and 3 percent of the world's population respectively and about 15 percent of global GDP altogether. All of them are G-20 countries. By 2015, Internet users in BRIC and Indonesia will double to 1.2 billion. At 2009, Indonesia was the only member of the G20 to lower its public debt-to-GDP ratio – a positive economic management indicator. Nigeria is a middle-income mixed Document [60] (Title: Members of the Global Geoparks Network) countries had officially become part of the GGN family. There are now GGN member sites situated in 5 of 7 continents and there being none currently in either Antarctica or Australasia. Notably there are currently (2018) no global geoparks in either the United States or former Soviet Union territory as well as in South Asia, Central America and most parts of Africa (except Morocco, Tanzania and Canarias) and Middle East (except Turkey). China is the country with the largest number of global geoparks. Many of the names in the list below appear in slightly different forms in different documents or Document [61] (Title: World government) America. These states are Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, and Venezuela. The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is an economic and political organization of eight countries in Southern Asia. In terms of population, its sphere of influence is the largest of any regional organization: almost 1.5 billion people, the combined population of its member states. It was established on December 8, 1985 by India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Maldives and Bhutan. In April 2007, at the Association's 14th summit, Afghanistan became its eighth member. The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) is Document [62] (Title: Fortune Global 500) North America (Canada and United States), five in Western Europe (France, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland and United Kingdom) and three in East Asia (China, Japan and South Korea). Moreover, the top six (United States, China, Japan, Germany, France and United Kingdom) are the world's largest economies as estimated by the IMF (List of countries by GDP (nominal)). Among the Global 500, 371 companies (74.2%) are from these six countries. The following is the list of top 10 companies. , this is the list of the top 10 countries with the most Global 500 companies. As can be seen from the table Document [63] (Title: FIDE) present 185 member federations of FIDE. The list fluctuates, as new nations join and sometimes national federations collapse or are unable to pay their dues. The states are: Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Angola, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei Darussalam, Bulgaria, Burundi, Cambodia, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Document [64] (Title: Sixty-eighth session of the United Nations General Assembly) Angola, Ecuador, Guatemala, Libya, Malaysia, Maldives, Mauritania, Moldova, Qatar, Spain, Switzerland and Thailand. Declared losing candidates were South Sudan (89) and Uruguay (93). Others who received votes were: Andorra, Iran, Jordan, Greece, Latvia, Luxembourg, Portugal San Marino, Singapore, Slovakia, Thailand and Tunisia. All received just one vote except Jordan, who got 16 votes, and Tunisia, who got two votes. On 12 November, those elected were Algeria (164), China (176), Cuba (148), France (174), Macedonia (177), Maldives (164), Mexico (135), Morocco (163), Namibia (150), Russia (176), Saudi Arabia (140), the United Kingdom (171)and Vietnam (184), amid controversy. Namibia, Macedonia and Vietnam Document [65] (Title: Group of 77) Group of 77 The Group of 77 (G77) at the United Nations is a coalition of 134 developing nations, designed to promote its members' collective economic interests and create an enhanced joint negotiating capacity in the United Nations. There were 77 founding members of the organization, but by November 2013 the organization had since expanded to 134 member countries (including China). Since China participates in the G77 but does not consider itself to be a member, all official statements are issued in the name of The Group of 77 and China. Egypt holds the Chairmanship for 2018. Palestine, an observer Document [66] (Title: World government) over 90 countries worldwide, in addition to over 350 non-governmental organizations and 21 Nobel and Right Livelihood laureates and 16 Heads or former heads of state or government and foreign ministers. In France, 1948, Garry Davis began an unauthorized speech calling for a world government from the balcony of the UN General Assembly, until he was dragged away by the guards. Davis renounced his American citizenship and started a Registry of World Citizens. On September 4, 1953, Davis announced from the city hall of Ellsworth, Maine the formation of the "World Government of World Citizens" based on 3 "World Laws"—One Document [67] (Title: World population) accounting for 24.1%, and Hinduism the third, accounting for 13.78%. In 2005, around 16% of the global population were reported to be non-religious. Approximately 4.38 billion people live in these ten countries, representing around 57% of the world's population as of July 2018. The tables below list the world's most densely populated countries, both in absolute terms and in comparison to their total populations. Population size fluctuates at differing rates in differing regions. Nonetheless, population growth is the long-standing trend on all inhabited continents, as well as in most individual states. During the 20th century, the global population saw its Document [68] (Title: Global Young Greens) as follows: Africa: 89 (50 Kenyans), Americas: 5, Asia/Pacific: 31, Europe: 26. Some of the countries that were represented included New Zealand, Germany, Austria, Finland, Sweden, Canada, France, Spain, Tunisia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgykstan, Nepal, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, South Korea, Japan, Nigeria, Uganda, Rwanda, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Benin, Andorra, Czech Republic, Italy, Cyprus and Kenya. The congress saw agreement on an organisational structure, a list of principals and also elected an organising committee featuring 16 young people from 4 regions: Africa, Americas, Asia Pacific and Europe. Another informal, two-day GYG meeting was held in São Paulo, Brazil in April 2008, preceding Document [69] (Title: Democracy Index) that shifted power from the presidency to parliament. The following table gives the number and percentage of countries and the percentage of the world population for each regime type in 2017: World population refers to the total population of the 167 countries covered by the Index. Since this excludes only micro-states, this is nearly equal to the entire estimated world population. The following table gives the index average by world region, and the number of covered countries in 2017. Note that some regional groups (e.g. Eastern Europe) are very heterogeneous and composed of full democracies as well as authoritarian regimes: Document [70] (Title: World government) 193 member states out of the 196 total nations of the world. The United Nations gather regularly in order to solve big problems throughout the world. There are six official languages: Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish. The United Nations is also financed by some of the wealthiest nations. The flag shows the Earth from a map that shows all of the populated continents. A United Nations Parliamentary Assembly (UNPA) is a proposed addition to the United Nations System that would allow for participation of member nations' legislators and, eventually, direct election of United Nations (UN) parliament members by Document [71] (Title: Demographics of the European Union) member states, accounting for 6.8% of the European Union population, of whom 20.5 million were third country nationals (i.e. nationals of non-EU countries). The number of foreign-born (which includes those who have naturalised or are dual nationals) was 48.9 million or 9.7 per cent of the total population. A total of 8.0 million citizens from European countries outside of the EU-27 were residing in the EU at the beginning of 2012; among these more than half were citizens of Turkey, Albania or Ukraine. The next biggest group was from Africa (24.5%), followed by Asia (22.0%), the Americas (14.2%) and Oceania Document [72] (Title: Europa World Year Book) individual chapter containing: All is also available in nine regional surveys: Almanacs issued by other publishers: Europa World Year Book The Europa World Year Book provides detailed country surveys containing analytical, statistical and directory data available for over 250 countries and territories. Volume I contains a listing of more than 2,000 international organizations such as the United Nations and its agencies, the European Union, the International Criminal Court and the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, and provides coverage of countries arranged alphabetically from Afghanistan to Equatorial Guinea. Volume II covers countries from Eritrea to Nicaragua. Volume III covers countries Document [73] (Title: BRICS) as South Korea, Mexico and Turkey for which other acronyms and group associations were later created. In 2015, the five BRICS countries represent over 3.1 billion people, or about 41% of the world population; four out of five members (excluding South Africa at #24) are in the top 10 of the world by population. As of 2018, these five nations have a combined nominal GDP of US$18.6 trillion, about 23.2% of the gross world product, combined GDP (PPP) of around US$40.55 trillion (32% of World's GDP PPP) and an estimated US$4.46 trillion in combined foreign reserves. Overall the BRICS are Document [74] (Title: 14th G-15 summit) is unchanging, but its composition has expanded to 18 countries. The G-15 is composed of countries from Africa, Asia, North America and South America. These non-aligned nations joined together to create a forum to foster cooperation and develop information which can be presented to other international groups, such as the World Trade Organization and the Group of Eight. The G-15 nations have a common goal of enhanced growth and prosperity. The group aims to encourage cooperation among developing countries in the areas of investment, trade, and technology. Meeting independently in Tehran, ministers from Brazil, Iran and Turkey negotiated an agreement Document [75] (Title: European Union statistics) European Union statistics Statistics in the European Union are collected by Eurostat (European statistics body). As of 1 January 2006, the population of the EU was about 493 million people. Many countries are expected to experience a decline in population over the coming decades, though this could be offset with new countries planning to join the EU within the next 20 years. The most populous member state is Germany, with an estimated 80.4 million people. France and Ireland have the highest birth-rates. The most densely populated country is the island of Malta, which is also the smallest, while the largest Document [76] (Title: World Map 1:2,500,000) World Map 1:2,500,000 The World Map 1:2,500,000 () is an internationally standardized and edited map series. The term "Карта Мира" or in transcription "Karta Mira" is now commonly used to describe this series, even outside the Soviet Union or Russia. The "Karta Mira" consists of a total of 224 (#1-17 & 28-234) main sheets and 38 overlap sheets (although at least 10 were dropped). They depict the entire earth (land and water surfaces) according to a uniform scale, coloring and drawing system. The "Karta Mira 1956-1975" was produced by cartographers from Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, the German Democratic Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania Document [77] (Title: Food and Agriculture Organization) number of major ‘State of the World’ reports related to food, agriculture, forestry, fisheries and natural resources. There are a total of 197 members comprising 194 member nations, 1 member organization and 2 associate members. The UN member state that is a non-member of the FAO is Liechtenstein. Some countries may denote specific representatives to the FAO, for instance the United States Ambassador to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, who has ambassador rank and is also part of the United States Mission to the UN Agencies in Rome. There has been public criticism of FAO for Document [78] (Title: Community of Portuguese Language Countries) joined as observers. Uruguay, a observer nation since 2016, admitted in early 2018 a candidacy to become full member of the CPLP. The Portuguese-speaking countries are home to 267 million people located across the globe but having a common language, a shared history, and some cultural similarities. The CPLP nations have a combined area of about , which is more than twice as large as the European Union , but with a little more than half of the population. Since its formation, the CPLP has helped to solve problems in São Tomé and Príncipe and in Guinea-Bissau, because of coups Document [79] (Title: Buntkicktgut) Munich alone, it now includes over 2500 participants in over 200 teams from over 100 different countries of origin (correct as of 2015). The most strongly represented countries/regions continue to reflect the origins of the project: as well as former Yugoslavia (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Serbia, Croatia), these include Kurdistan, Afghanistan, Iraq, Iran, Syria, Palestine, Angola, Togo, DR Congo, Nigeria, Tanzania, Ethiopia, Somalia, Sri Lanka and Vietnam. Alongside these, there is an increasing number of participants with migrant backgrounds from EU member states, Turkey, eastern Europe as well as young German people. The leagues (originally supported by the City of Document [80] (Title: Europa World Year Book) Europa World Year Book The Europa World Year Book provides detailed country surveys containing analytical, statistical and directory data available for over 250 countries and territories. Volume I contains a listing of more than 2,000 international organizations such as the United Nations and its agencies, the European Union, the International Criminal Court and the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, and provides coverage of countries arranged alphabetically from Afghanistan to Equatorial Guinea. Volume II covers countries from Eritrea to Nicaragua. Volume III covers countries from Niger to Zimbabwe and includes an index of territories. Each country is covered by an Document [81] (Title: G20) G20's membership does not reflect exactly the 19 largest national economies of the world in any given year. The organization states: All 19 member nations are among the top 33 economies as measured in GDP at nominal prices in a list published by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) for 2014. Not represented by membership in the G20 are Switzerland (ranked 20th by the IMF), Nigeria (21), Taiwan (26), Norway (27), the United Arab Emirates (29), Iran (30), Colombia (31), Thailand (32) and Israel (33), even though they rank higher than some members. The Netherlands (17), Sweden (22), Poland (23), Belgium Document [82] (Title: United Nations) association with New Zealand, are full members of several UN specialized agencies and have had their "full treaty-making capacity" recognized by the Secretariat. The Group of 77 at the UN is a loose coalition of developing nations, designed to promote its members' collective economic interests and create an enhanced joint negotiating capacity in the UN. Seventy-seven nations founded the organization, but by November 2013 the organization had since expanded to 133 member countries. The group was founded 15 June 1964 by the "Joint Declaration of the Seventy-Seven Countries" issued at the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). The Document [83] (Title: Graham Hughes) counted the UN member state as four separate countries. Hughes also visited the non-member state of Vatican City, as well as the partially recognized non-member states of Palestine, Western Sahara, Kosovo, and Taiwan, for a total of 201 "countries" without flying. He says people tend to wonder how he got into the further-out countries like North Korea, Iraq and Afghanistan, but claims "they were the easy ones". Before embarking on the journey, Hughes contacted Guinness World Records to agree in advance the rules of his unique journey. They were: no flying as part of the journey, no private taxis over Document [84] (Title: Global Change Game) in the world: North America, Latin America, Europe, the Commonwealth of Independent States, Africa, The Middle East, India, Southeast Asia, China and the Pacific Rim. Each player represents roughly 100 million people. Each region begins with realistic assets and problems. North America, Europe and the Pacific Rim are well off, but India and Africa are in extreme poverty. Food supply, medical facilities and employment opportunity tokens are distributed accordingly based on actual figures in reality. Likewise, military strength also mirrors that of the real world. The passing of time represents the number of years. Normally the span is around 30 Document [85] (Title: Department of Defense Education Activity) an organization supporting an estimated 160,000 students in 300 schools around the world. Dr. Beth Stephens, former director for one of DoDEA's predecessor agencies in the mid-80s, once said, "At no time in history has any other nation educated 150,000 of its children in 20 countries around the world and made it possible for them to understand and experience the culture of their host nations while maintaining their identity with and patriotism for their own country." As the Cold War came to a close, U.S. military forces abroad began to draw down, so did the schools and communities supporting families Document [86] (Title: Portuguese language) People's Republic of China of Macau (alongside Chinese) and of several international organizations, including the Mercosur, the Organization of Ibero-American States, the Union of South American Nations, the Organization of American States, the African Union, the Economic Community of West African States, the Southern African Development Community and the European Union. According to The World Factbook country population estimates for 2017, the population of each of the ten jurisdictions is as follows (by descending order): The combined population of the entire Lusophone area was estimated at 279 million in July 2017. This number does not include the Lusophone diaspora, estimated Document [87] (Title: Arab world) Arab world The Arab world ( '; formally: Arab homeland, '), also known as the Arab nation ( '), the Arabsphere or the Arab states, currently consists of the 22 Arab countries of the Arab League. These Arab states occupy an area stretching from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Arabian Sea in the east, and from the Mediterranean Sea in the north to the Horn of Africa and the Indian Ocean in the southeast. The contemporary Arab world has a combined population of around 422 million inhabitants, over half of whom are under 25 years of age. Document [88] (Title: The Bottom Billion) are 58 such countries mentioned throughout the book. In his book "Wars, Guns, and Votes", Collier lists the Bottom Billion, to "focus international effort": Afghanistan, Angola, Azerbaijan, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Kazakhstan, Kenya, North Korea, Kyrgyz Republic, Lao PDR, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Moldova, Mongolia, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nepal, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Togo, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Uzbekistan, Yemen, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Martin Document [89] (Title: Muslim world) as state recognition) should qualify a given country. One commonly supported rule of thumb is a Muslim population of more than 50%. Jones (2005) defines a "large minority" as being between 30% and 50%, which described nine countries in 2000, namely Bosnia and Herzegovina, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Kazakhstan, Macedonia, Nigeria, and Tanzania. According to a 2010 study and released January 2011, Islam has 1.5 billion adherents, making up over 22% of the world population. According to the Pew Research Center in 2015 there were 50 Muslim-majority countries. Worldatlas.com (April 2017) identified 45 'Islamic countries'. Among the Islamic states Document [90] (Title: Eurosphere) of membership, has been the subject of a number of academic writings. Mark Leonard describes the area of EU influence as the "Eurosphere". According to Mark Leonard, the Eurosphere includes 109 countries. In Europe, this includes the 28 member states of the EU, applicant countries wishing to join the EU, the Western Balkans, and European Commonwealth of Independent States countries (including Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, Ukraine, and transcontinental Kazakhstan). Curiously he does not mention Western European countries such as Norway who are already integrated into the EU's single market. Outside Europe, he lists every African country and every Middle Eastern Document [91] (Title: CITES) 2016, the Convention has 183 parties, including 182 states and the European Union. The CITES Convention includes provisions and rules for trade with non-Parties. All member states of the United Nations are party to the treaty, with the exception of Andorra, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Federated States of Micronesia, Haiti, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Nauru, South Sudan, Timor-Leste, Tonga, Turkmenistan, and Tuvalu. UN observer the Holy See is also not a member. The Faroe Islands, an autonomous country in the Kingdom of Denmark, is also treated as a non-Party to CITES (both the Danish mainland and Greenland are part of Document [92] (Title: International factor movements) one country. According to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development's World Investment Report from 2007, as of 2005 there were over 77,000 parent company MNEs and 770,000 foreign affiliates. From an international economics viewpoint, there are two central questions about why MNEs exist. The first question is why goods and services are produced in multiple countries, instead of a single country. The second central question regarding MNEs is why certain firms decide to produce multiple products—why they internalize other areas of production. The first question can be answered rather simply. Different countries have different resources that companies may Document [93] (Title: Internationalized country code top-level domain) codes but full words. For example, السعودية "(as-Suʻūdiyya)" is not an abbreviation of "Saudi Arabia", but the common short-form name of the country in Arabic. Countries with internationalized ccTLDs also retain their traditional ASCII-based ccTLDs. As of August 2018 there are 59 approved internationalized country code top-level domains, of them at least 47 used. The most used are .рф (Russia) with over 900,000 domains names, .台灣 (Taiwan) with around 500,000 and .中国 (China) with over 200,000 domains. Still as of 2018 around 20 countries using non-latin script do not have an internationalized country code top-level domain, including Israel and Japan. Document [94] (Title: Geography Cup) The randomly selected countries could be any country (or territory) in the world. This included the large and well-known regions (Russia, Canada, United States, etc.) as well as smaller and more obscure nations (Palau, Djibouti, Togo, etc.). Most participants had little trouble recognizing the major European and Asian countries but many people on both teams had trouble locating small Pacific Islands and some African countries. The trivia questions were sometimes related directly to geography, e. g., "Made up of 33 atolls, which country straddles both the equator and the International Date Line?". However, some were about current events to test Document [95] (Title: International adoption) research, during the year of 1998 and 2007, the top 10 receiving countries of all 23 reported countries, (ranked from the large to small), are the United States, Spain, France, Italy, Canada, Netherlands, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and Australia. Among these 10 countries, the top 5 accounts for more than 80% of overall adoption, and the US is responsible for around 50% of all cases. Although historically the United States has been among the leaders in adopting children via international adoption, this has changed dramatically over the last decade. In 2004, 22,884 children were adopted internationally, while only 5,648 were adopted Document [96] (Title: Authoritarianism) Yemen, and other countries saw riots, civil wars or insurgencies. From 2005 to 2015 observers noted what some called a "democratic recession" (although some — Steven Levitsky and Lucan Way — have disputed this theory). In 2018 Freedom House declared that from 2006 to 2018, "113 countries" around the world showed "a net decline" in "political rights and civil liberties" while "only 62" experienced "a net improvement." Writing in 2018, U.S. political journalist David Frum stated: The hopeful world of the very late 20th century—the world of NAFTA and an expanding NATO; of the World Wide Web 1.0 and liberal Document [97] (Title: Commonwealth of Nations) Consideration for its admission was considered an "exceptional circumstance" by the Commonwealth Secretariat. The Commonwealth comprises 53 countries, across all continents. The members have a combined population of 2.3 billion people, almost a third of the world population, of which 1.26 billion live in India and 94% live in Asia and Africa combined. After India, the next-largest Commonwealth countries by population are Pakistan (180 million), Nigeria (170 million), Bangladesh (156 million), the United Kingdom (65 million), South Africa (55 million) Canada (36 million), Ghana (27 million) and Australia (24 million). Tuvalu is the smallest member, with about 10,000 people. The Document [98] (Title: Programme for International Student Assessment (2000 to 2012)) countries and 11 partner countries. Note that for Science and Reading, the means displayed are for "All Students", but for these two subjects (domains), not all of the students answered questions in these domains. In the 2003 OECD Technical Report (pages 208, 209), there are different country means (different than those displayed below) available for students who had exposure to these domains. The results for the first cycle of the PISA survey were released on 14 November 2001. 265,000 15 year-olds were tested in 28 OECD countries and 4 partner countries on mathematics, science and reading. An additional 11 countries Document [99] (Title: 15th G-15 summit) unchanging, but its composition has expanded to 18 countries. The G-15 is composed of countries from Africa, Asia, North America and South America. These non-aligned nations joined together to create a forum to foster cooperation and develop information which can be presented to other international groups, such as the World Trade Organization and the Group of Eight rich industrialized nations. The G-15 nations have a common goal of enhanced growth and prosperity. The group aims to encourage cooperation among developing countries in the areas of investment, trade, and technology. Those nations expected to be represented at the summit are Algeria, Document [100] (Title: EIU Canback) 213 countries divided into 697 sub-divisions and 997 cities as of October 2018. It includes historical data and projections 2002 - 2027 and national-level data 1970 - 2038. The database also provides a breakdown by socioeconomic level as defined by AMAI. C-GIDD is available as a subscription service. C-GIDD uses hundreds of sources including global bodies like the UN and IMF, national statistics agencies, and sub-national statistic agencies within larger countries. The C-GIDD database also powers the EIU’s Market Explorer, an online tool for forecasting target markets across countries and cities. EIU Canback Canback Consulting (an independent business unit of Document [101] (Title: United States Armed Forces) Afghanistan, 52,440 in Germany "("see list), 35,688 in Japan (USFJ), 28,500 in South Korea (USFK), 9,660 in Italy and 9,015 in the United Kingdom. These numbers change frequently due to the regular recall and deployment of units. Altogether, 77,917 military personnel are located in Europe, 141 in the former Soviet Union, 47,236 in East Asia and the Pacific, 3,362 in North Africa, the Near East and South Asia, 1,355 in sub-Saharan Africa and 1,941 in the Western Hemisphere excluding the United States itself. "Including U.S. territories and ships afloat within territorial waters" As of 31 December 2009, a total of Document [102] (Title: World Heritage Sites by country) World Heritage Sites by country As of July 2018, there are a total of 1,092 World Heritage Sites located in 167 States Parties (countries that have adhered to the World Heritage Convention), of which 845 are cultural, 209 are natural and 38 are mixed properties. The countries have been divided by the World Heritage Committee into five geographic zones: Africa, Arab States, Asia and the Pacific, Europe and North America, and Latin America and the Caribbean. The country with the largest number of sites (including sites shared with other countries) is Italy, with 54 entries. The country with the largest Document [103] (Title: WomanStats Project) nations with populations over 200,000, uses 18,015 sources and contains over 111,000 individual data points. All data is referenced to original sources. Not every variable has information for each country; similarly, not all countries have information for each variable: overall, about 70% of country-variable combinations have information. These database coding gaps exist where information is not available or is incomplete, or variables are not collected and reported by governments or international organizations. At times, information from different sources may be contradictory, and the WomanStats Database records this discrepant information for triangulation purposes. The database is meant to help fill a Document [104] (Title: World Heritage Sites by country) number of sites by itself alone (excluding sites shared with other countries) is China, with 53 entries. Note: this overview lists only countries with ten or more World Heritage Sites. World Heritage Sites by country As of July 2018, there are a total of 1,092 World Heritage Sites located in 167 States Parties (countries that have adhered to the World Heritage Convention), of which 845 are cultural, 209 are natural and 38 are mixed properties. The countries have been divided by the World Heritage Committee into five geographic zones: Africa, Arab States, Asia and the Pacific, Europe and North America, Document [105] (Title: International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association) of funding. In 2011, ILGA released its State Sponsored Homophobia Report and map that brings to light 75 countries that still criminalize same-sex relationships between two consenting adults. These countries are mainly in Africa and in Asia. In 2016, ILGA released its most recent "State Sponsored Homophobia Report". The Report found that “Same-sex sexual acts” are illegal in 72 countries. These countries are 37% of the States in the United Nations. Of these 72 countries, thirty-three are in Africa, twenty-three are in Asia, eleven are in the Americas, and six in Oceania. The full report can be read at "State Document [106] (Title: Institute for Economics and Peace) on Afghanistan. BBC World led the way when it came to breadth of coverage. It regularly reported on 67 countries across six continents which is nearly twice as many countries as the average level of coverage. The study analysed 37 TV news and current affairs programmes from 23 networks in 15 countries* and then cross-referenced this with the Global Peace Index which measures the levels of peace and violence in 149 countries. BBC 2 Newsnight and ZDF Heute Journal (Germany) were found to be the programmes whose editorial policies aligned their coverage most closely with the rankings of the GPI. Document [107] (Title: Commonwealth of Nations) land area of the Commonwealth nations is about , or about 21% of the total world land area. The three largest Commonwealth nations by area are Canada at , Australia at , and India at . In 2016, the Commonwealth members had a combined gross domestic product of over $9 trillion, 78% of which is accounted for by the four largest economies: United Kingdom ($2.629 trillion), India ($2.256 trillion), Canada ($1.529 trillion), and Australia ($1.258 trillion). The status of "Member in Arrears" is used to denote those that are in arrears in paying subscription dues. The status was originally known Document [108] (Title: Patrick Chovanec) titled "The Nine Nations of China," in which he wrote the China can be considered not as a monolithic entity of 1.3 billion people, but as a mosaic of nine distinct regions, each with its own history, character, and dynamics shaping its future. He pointed out that, if each of these regions were actually a separate country, they would account for eight of the 20 most populous nations in the world. Chovanec says his framework was largely inspired by Joel Garreau's 1981 book, "The Nine Nations of North America". Chovanec noted that while he later became aware that several previous Document [109] (Title: Pacific Alliance) same summit seven observers were admitted: the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, France, Honduras, Paraguay, Portugal, among others. The Pacific Alliance currently has 54 observer states as of 2017, including economic heavyweights such as Japan, China, Germany, France, the United Kingdom, the United States and Indonesia, as well as three of the five Southern Common Market (Mercosur) countries and a member of the Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America (ALBA). Analysts describe the Pacific Alliance as a tool to practise a kind of joint “nation-branding” to promote trade and investment and to enhance the international status and visibility Document [110] (Title: Blue Flag beach) 4,154 Blue Flags are waving around the world. The table below lists the Blue Flags (both for beaches and marinas) awarded and in force in 2015. The table can be sorted to show the total number of Blue Flags per country and also the number of Blue Flags per population, per area or per the length of the coastline of each country. Note: Wales, Scotland, England and Northern Ireland have always been treated as individual countries e.g. in 2015 Northern Ireland had 10 Blue Flag beaches and marinas, England had 61, Wales had 41 and Scotland 1. The Blue Flag Document [111] (Title: Country) of a town, or a village or hamlet in the countryside. The term "country" can refer to a sovereign state. There is no universal agreement on the number of "countries" in the world since a number of states have disputed sovereignty status. There are 206 sovereign states, of which 193 states are members of the United Nations, two states have observer status at the U.N. (the Holy See and Palestine), and 11 other states are neither a member or observer at the U.N. All are defined as states by declarative theory of statehood and constitutive theory of statehood. The latest Document [112] (Title: United States Africa Command) Adriatic, Baltic, Barents, Black, Caspian, Mediterranean and North Seas. NAVEUR-NAVAF covers all of Russia, Europe and nearly the entire continent of Africa. It encompasses 105 countries with a combined population of more than one billion people and includes a landmass extending more than 14 million square miles. The area of responsibility covers more than 20 million square nautical miles of ocean, touches three continents and encompasses more than 67 percent of the Earth's coastline, 30 percent of its landmass, and nearly 40 percent of the world's population. Task Force 60 will normally be the commander of Naval Task Force Europe Document [113] (Title: Megadiverse countries) consisting of countries rich in biological diversity and associated traditional knowledge. This organisation does not include all the megadiverse countries as identified by Conservation International. In alphabetical order, the 17 megadiverse countries are: On 18 February 2002, the Ministers in charge of the Environment and the Delegates of Brazil, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, India, Indonesia, Kenya, Mexico, Peru, the Philippines, South Africa and Venezuela assembled in Cancún, Mexico. These countries declared to set up a Group of Like-Minded Megadiverse Countries as a mechanism for consultation and cooperation so that their interests and priorities, related to the preservation and sustainable use Document [114] (Title: Earth) permanent settlement in the world is Alert, on Ellesmere Island in Nunavut, Canada. (82°28′N) The southernmost is the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station, in Antarctica, almost exactly at the South Pole. (90°S) Independent sovereign nations claim the planet's entire land surface, except for some parts of Antarctica, a few land parcels along the Danube river's western bank, and the unclaimed area of Bir Tawil between Egypt and Sudan. , there are 193 sovereign states that are member states of the United Nations, plus two observer states and 72 dependent territories and states with limited recognition. Earth has never had a sovereign Document [115] (Title: Christianity by country) ten countries by largest number of Christians. On the right: a list of the top ten countries by highest percentage of the population that is Christian. In total, 126 countries have a Christian majority, while 71 countries have a Christian minority. According to Pew Research study, of the 232 countries and territories, 157 have Christian majorities. According to Christian Today, there were 2.4 billion Christians around the world in 2015. And according to a 2012 Pew Research Center survey, if current trends continue, Christianity will remain the world's largest religion by year 2050. By 2050, the Christian population is expected Document [116] (Title: World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2005) organised during each WTO conference. Besides, as the number of member countries in WTO is large, it is not easy to reach an agreement which gets the consensus of the participating countries. Therefore, the last two Ministerial Conferences which included the Ministerial meetings at Seattle and Cancún failed. It was not easy to tell if the MC6 could reach any final agreement. The Commonwealth of Nations is an association of 53 countries. Its 1.8 billion citizens, about 30 per cent of the world's population are drawn from a broad range of faiths, races, cultures and traditions. In the recent Commonwealth Document [117] (Title: Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations) 13 October 2016. As of April 2017, of the states that are members of the Commonwealth of Nations, three are in Europe, twelve in North America and the Caribbean, one in South America, nineteen in Africa, seven in Asia, and eleven in Oceania. There are seven former members, four of which no longer exist as independent entities (but form part of current member states). The members have a combined population of 2.4 billion, almost a third of the world population, of whom 1.21 billion live in India, and 95% live in Asia and Africa combined. Currently sixteen of the member Document [118] (Title: World population) of around 363 million (5%), and Oceania, the least populated region, has about 41 million inhabitants (0.5%). Though it is not permanently inhabited by any fixed population, Antarctica has a small, fluctuating international population based mainly in polar science stations. This population tends to rise in the summer months and decrease significantly in winter, as visiting researchers return to their home countries. Estimates of world population by their nature are an aspect of modernity, possible only since the Age of Discovery. Early estimates for the population of the world date to the 17th century: William Petty in 1682 estimated world Document [119] (Title: Developed country) Europe: 2 countries wholly or partly in Asia: 2 countries wholly or partly in North America: 2 countries wholly or partly in Oceania: According to the International Monetary Fund, the following 39 economies are classified as "advanced economies": 33 countries and territories wholly or partly in Europe: 8 countries and territories in Asia: 4 countries and territories in America: 2 countries in Oceania-Antarctica: There are 22 permanent members in the Paris Club (), a group of officials from major creditor countries whose role is to find coordinated and sustainable solutions to the payment difficulties experienced by debtor countries. 15 countries Document [120] (Title: Seven Countries Study) 40–59 years of age, were enrolled as 16 cohorts, in seven countries, in four regions of the world (United States, Northern Europe, Southern Europe, Japan). One cohort is in the United States, two cohorts in Finland, one in the Netherlands, three in Italy, five in Yugoslavia (two in Croatia, and three in Serbia), two in Greece, and two in Japan. The entry examinations were performed between 1958 and 1964 with an average participation rate of 90%, lowest in the USA, with 75% and highest in one of the Japanese cohorts, with 100%. The study has continued for more than 50 Document [121] (Title: Good Country Index) Good Country Index The Good Country Index measures how much each of the 163 countries on the list contribute to the planet, and to the human race, through their policies and behaviors. The Good Country Index is a composite statistic of 35 data points mostly generated by the United Nations. These data points are combined into a common measure which gives an overall ranking, and a ranking in seven categories: The concept, and the index itself, were developed by Simon Anholt. The Index was built by Dr. Robert Govers with support from several other organisations. The top three countries in Document [122] (Title: World Meteorological Organization) region. It has a total of 25 member states and 2 member territories. The member states are: Region V consists of 21 member states and 2 member territories. The member states are: Region VI consists consist of all the states in Europe as well as some Western Asia. It has 50 member states: A total of ten member states have membership in more than one region. Two nations are members to four different regions, while eight are members of two regions. These nations, with their regions, are as follows: World Meteorological Organization The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) is an intergovernmental Document [123] (Title: First World) States covering with roughly half a billion people. In total, the European Union produces almost a third of the world’s gross national product and the member states speak more than 23 languages. All of the European Union countries are joined together by a hope to promote and extend peace, democracy, cooperativeness, stability, prosperity, and the rule of law. In a 2007 speech, Benita Ferrero-Waldner, the European Commissioner for External Relations, said, "The future of the EU is linked to globalization...the EU has a crucial role to play in making globalization work properly...". In a 2014 speech at the European Parliament, Document [124] (Title: D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation) impact on bilateral and multilateral commitments of the member countries, emanating from their membership to other international or regional organisations. The combined population of the eight countries is about 1 billion or 60% of all Muslims, or close to 13% of the world's population and covering an area of 7.6 million square kilometers, 5% of world land area. In 2006, trade between the D-8 member states stood at $35 billion, and it was around $68 billion in 2010. Transactions between the 8 developing countries account for 3.3 percent of world trade. The figure is projected to reach 10–15 percent in Document [125] (Title: Homelessness) and Africa. Nine of them will be in developing countries: Mumbai, India – 27.4 million; Lagos, Nigeria – 24.4; Shanghai, China – 23.4; Jakarta, Indonesia – 21.2; São Paulo, Brazil – 20.8; Karachi, Pakistan – 20.6; Beijing, China – 19.4; Dhaka, Bangladesh – 19; Mexico City, Mexico – 18.8. The only city in a developed country that will be in the top ten is Tokyo, Japan – 28.7 million." In 2008, Dr. Anna Tibaijuka, Executive Director of UN-HABITAT, referring to the recent report "State of the World's Cities Report 2008/2009", said that the world economic crisis we are in should Document [126] (Title: DXing) least 100 entities on the ARRL DXCC List. For award purposes, other areas than just political countries can be classified as "DX countries". For example, the French territory of Reunion Island in the Indian Ocean is counted as a DX country, even though it is a region of France. The rules for determining what is a DX country can be quite complex and to avoid potential confusion, radio amateurs often use the term "entity" instead of country. In addition to entities, some awards are based on island groups in the world's oceans. On the VHF/UHF bands, many radio amateurs pursue Document [127] (Title: Developed country) partly in Africa: According to the World Bank, the following 34 members are classified as "OECD High-Income": 26 countries wholly or partly in Europe: 3 countries wholly or partly in Asia: 2 countries in North America: 2 countries wholly or partly in Oceania: 1 country wholly or partly in South America: There are 29 OECD member countries and the European Union—in the Development Assistance Committee (DAC), a group of the world's major donor countries that discuss issues surrounding development aid and poverty reduction in developing countries. The following OECD member countries are DAC members: 23 countries wholly or partly in Document [128] (Title: Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission) and south-north model by promoting the expertise available in developing countries. This new "OceanTeacher Global Academy" concept will be implemented during 2014. OTGA will be broadcasting from and to anywhere across the world. Project Details: The founding 40 member states were: Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Cuba, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Finland, Federal Republic of Germany, France, Ghana, India, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Mauritania, Monaco, Morocco, Netherlands, Norway, Pakistan, Poland, Romania, Spain, Switzerland, Thailand, Tunisia, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, United Arab Republic, United Kingdom, United States of America, Uruguay, Viet-Nam. Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission The Document [129] (Title: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) Development Group. There are non-governmental organizations participating in the activities of UNCTAD. As of May 2018, 195 states are UNCTAD members: all UN members plus UN observer states Palestine and the Holy See. UNCTAD members are divided into four lists, the division being based on United Nations Regional Groups with six members unassigned: Armenia, Kiribati, Nauru, South Sudan, Tajikistan, Tuvalu. List A consists mostly of countries in the African and Asia-Pacific Groups of the UN. List B consists of countries of the Western European and Others Group. List C consists of countries of the Group of Latin American and Caribbean Document [130] (Title: Research university) from the Americas, 132 from Asia/Oceania and 6 from Africa. Again, all regions except Africa are represented in the top 100, although the Americas are represented solely by universities from the US and Canada. The US again has the most universities from a single country, 135, followed by China with 57, the UK with 38 and Germany with 37. The top 200 shows the same ordering as the QS ranking: the US with 70 followed by the UK with 20 and Germany with 15. Times Higher Education only gives a breakdown by country and only for its top 200; this Document [131] (Title: Megadiverse countries) reach the various agreements and objectives. Later, in 2010, Guatemala and Iran were also included in the list. The current member countries of the Like-Minded Megadiverse Countries organisation are as follows, in alphabetical order: Megadiverse countries The term megadiverse country refers to any one of a group of nations that harbor the majority of Earth's species and high numbers of endemic species. Conservation International identified 17 megadiverse countries in 1998. Many of them are located in, or partially in, tropical or subtropical regions. Mega diversity means exhibiting great diversity. The main criteria for megadiverse countries is endemism at the level Document [132] (Title: Special member state territories and the European Union) and invites them to join the Overseas Countries and Territories Association (OCTA) in order to improve cooperation with the European Union. Collectively, the special territories encompass a population of about 6 million people and a land area of about 2,743,510 square kilometres (1,060,000 sq mi). The vast majority of this land area, 2,166,000 square kilometres (660,000 sq mi), is represented by Greenland, while the largest region by population, the Canary Islands, accounts for more than a third of the total special territories population. Pitcairn Islands, settled by the survivors of the Mutiny on the Bounty, is the smallest settled territory Document [133] (Title: Africa) and various archipelagos. It contains 54 fully recognised sovereign states (countries), nine territories and two "de facto" independent states with limited or no recognition. The majority of the continent and its countries are in the Northern Hemisphere, with a substantial portion and number of countries in the Southern Hemisphere. Africa's average population is the youngest amongst all the continents; the median age in 2012 was 19.7, when the worldwide median age was 30.4. Algeria is Africa's largest country by area, and Nigeria is its largest by population. Africa, particularly central Eastern Africa, is widely accepted as the place of origin Question: total number of countries all over the world

Answer: 197 Long Answer: 197 Vatican City 800 January 1, 2014 0.000011% Official estimate Gold Document ID: 77

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Federalist No. 64) the country. Getting two-thirds of the Senate's approval became a hard process and it seemed more effective for the pres to bad and to make executive agreements. The President can act alone and make an executive agreement in relation to foreign policy without the approval of Congress. Over time, there is a significant increase in executive agreements and a decrease in treaty making. 1937 was the last year that there were more treaties made than executive agreements. Between 1789 and 1839, the US State Department reported 60 treaties and 27 executive agreements, but by the 20th century, presidents including McKinley, Document [2] (Title: President of India) president who shall work at the pleasure of the president. Per , President is empowered to dismiss a governor who has violated the constitution in his acts. The president is responsible for making a wide variety of appointments. These include: All international treaties and agreements are negotiated and concluded on behalf of the president. However, in practice, such negotiations are usually carried out by the prime minister along with his Cabinet (especially the Foreign Minister). Also, such treaties are subject to the approval of the parliament. The president represents India in international forums and affairs where such a function is Document [3] (Title: Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) a treaty. There are widespread incorrect reports that it is an executive agreement. In contrast to treaties, which require two-thirds of the Senate to consent to ratification, political commitments require no congressional approval, and are not legally binding as a matter of domestic law (although in some cases they may be binding on the U.S. as a matter of international law). On 22 May 2015, President Obama signed the Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act of 2015 into law; this legislation passed by the Senate in a 98-1 vote and the House in a 400-25 vote, and was approved by President Document [4] (Title: Treaty) For subjects on the concurrent list, both governments can make laws. However, to implement international treaties, Parliament can legislate on any subject and even override the general division of subject lists. In the United States, the term "treaty" has a different, more restricted legal sense than in international law. US law distinguishes what it calls "treaties" from "executive agreements", which are either "congressional-executive agreements" or "sole executive agreements". The classes are all equally treaties under international law; they are distinct only in internal US law. The distinctions are primarily concerning their method of approval. Treaties require advice and consent by Document [5] (Title: Treaty Clause) submitted to the Senate for approval as outlined in Article II of the Constitution. Since the Franklin Roosevelt presidency, only 6% of international accords have been completed as Article II treaties. Most of these executive agreements consist of congressional-executive agreements. American law is that international accords become part of the body of U.S. federal law. Consequently, Congress can modify or repeal treaties by subsequent legislative action, even if this amounts to a violation of the treaty under international law. This was held, for instance, in the Head Money Cases. The most recent changes will be enforced by U.S. courts entirely Document [6] (Title: United States and the International Criminal Court) to assess the functioning of the Court. He nonetheless supported the proposed role of the ICC and its objectives: A treaty becomes part of the municipal law of a nation only when the treaty has been ratified, accepted, or acceded to. In the U.S., the Constitution gives the President power to negotiate treaties under the Treaty Clause of Article Two. The President must then submit a treaty to the Senate for advice and consent for ratification, and the Senate must approve the treaty by a two-thirds majority before it can take effect. The Senate may submit amendments, reservations, or explanations Document [7] (Title: United States Congress) negotiated by the President must be ratified by a two-thirds majority vote in the Senate to take effect. As a result, presidential arm-twisting of senators can happen before a key vote; for example, President Obama's secretary of state, Hillary Clinton, urged her former senate colleagues to approve a nuclear arms treaty with Russia in 2010. The House of Representatives has no formal role in either the ratification of treaties or the appointment of federal officials, other than in in the office of the vice president; in such a case, a majority vote in each House is required to confirm a Document [8] (Title: Ponsonby Rule) by the legislature before they can formally enter into force and bind the country in question. This is particularly the case in states where international treaties become part of domestic law directly, without the need for special implementation as required in the case of the United Kingdom. In countries with a strong separation of powers, this may lead to treaties being signed by the executive, but not coming into force because of legislative opposition. In the United States, the president must submit treaties to the Senate for its advice and consent to ratification, which requires a two-thirds vote. A famous Document [9] (Title: Article Two of the United States Constitution) decide U.S. foreign policy and can enter into non-binding discussions and give conditional approval to agreements reached with foreign governments subject to Senate ratification at a future date. Additionally, since official treaties are specifically created under and by constitutional U.S. law and are entered into by both government and the people as a whole, in their capacity as head of state and as the single individual representative of the United States and its citizens, the President does have Coauthority and Constitutional duty to unilaterally withdraw the United States from treaties if he or she determines the best interests and well Document [10] (Title: Federalist No. 64) defends the provision in the Constitution that grants to the president the power to make treaties with consent of two thirds of the Senate. The reason the Senate has this ability is to check presidential power and ensure the states are each given an equal vote in the treaty-making process. He interpreted the Constitution as giving more power to the president through the use of treaties, unlike his other fellow founding fathers. They, however, believe that by doing this, the Senate will gain too much power. "While the "advise and consent" clause was typically understood to give the Senate power Document [11] (Title: Executive agreement) However, under United States constitutional law, executive agreements are not considered treaties for the purpose of the Treaty Clause of the United States Constitution, which requires the advice and consent of two-thirds of the Senate to qualify as a treaty. Some other nations have similar provisions with regard to the ratification of treaties. Executive agreements are often used in order to bypass the requirements of national constitutions for ratification of treaties. Many nations that are republics with written constitutions have constitutional rules about the ratification of treaties. The Organization for Security and Co-Operation in Europe is based on executive agreements. Document [12] (Title: Federalist No. 64) Taft, and Theodore Roosevelt began using more executive agreements on important foreign situations. Between the Presidencies of Roosevelt(1901-1909) and Bush(2001-2005) the use of executive agreements significantly increased indicating that presidents would rather avoid political differences with the Senate and make foreign policy decisions without discussing a possible treaty with the Senate. One-third of the treaties that were discussed during the presidencies of Roosevelt and Bush were in the Senate's power. During President Obama's first three years of office, he used many more executive agreements than treaties. In order to avoid controversy due to politics, President Obama made many executive decisions Document [13] (Title: Treaty Clause) Representatives and the signature of the President. Throughout American history, presidents have also made international agreements through congressional-executive agreements, that are ratified with only a majority from both houses of Congress, or executive agreements, made by the President—in the exercise of his Constitutional executive powers—alone. Though the Constitution does not expressly provide for any alternative to the Article II treaty procedure, of the Constitution does distinguish between treaties (which states are forbidden to make) and agreements (which states may make with the consent of Congress). The Supreme Court has considered congressional-executive and executive agreements to be valid, and they have Document [14] (Title: Treaty Clause) power separate from the other enumerated powers of the federal government, and hence the federal government can use treaties to legislate in areas which would otherwise fall within the exclusive authority of the states. By contrast, a congressional-executive agreement can only cover matters which the Constitution explicitly places within the powers of Congress and the President. Likewise, a sole-executive agreement can only cover matters within the President's authority or matters in which Congress has delegated authority to the President. For example, a treaty may prohibit states from imposing capital punishment on foreign nationals, but a congressional-executive agreement or sole-executive agreement Document [15] (Title: Controlled Substances Act) (legally obligate) the United States to comply with them as long as that nation agrees to remain a state party to these treaties. The U.S. Congress and the President of the United States have the absolute sovereign right to withdraw from or abrogate at any time these two instruments, in accordance with said nation's Constitution, at which point these treaties will cease to bind that nation in any way, shape, or form. A provision for automatic compliance with treaty obligations is found at , which also establishes mechanisms for amending international drug control regulations to correspond with HHS findings on Document [16] (Title: Ratification) of international treaties is always accomplished by filing instruments of ratification as provided for in the treaty. In most democracies, the legislature authorizes the government to ratify treaties through standard legislative procedures by passing a bill. The President makes a treaty in exercise of his executive power, on the aid and the advice of the Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister, and no court of law in India may question its validity. However, no agreement or treaty entered into by the president is enforceable by the courts which is incompatible with Indian constitution/ national law, as India follows Document [17] (Title: Executive agreement) with Senate advice and consent. The U.S. Supreme Court, in "United States v. Pink" (1942), held that international executive agreements validly made have the same legal status as treaties and did not require Senate approval. Also, in "Reid v. Covert" (1957), while reaffirming the president’s ability to enter into executive agreements, the Court held that such agreements cannot contradict existing federal law or the Constitution. The Case Act of 1972 requires the president to inform the Senate within 60 days of any executive agreement being made. No restriction was placed on presidential powers to make such agreements. The notification requirement Document [18] (Title: Article Two of the United States Constitution) of terminating treaties. The first unambiguous case of a President terminating a treaty without authorization, granted prior to or after the termination, occurred when Jimmy Carter terminated a treaty with the Republic of China. For the first time, judicial determination was sought, but the effort proved futile: the Supreme Court could not find a majority agreeing on any particular principle, and therefore instructed the trial court to dismiss the case. The President may also appoint judges, ambassadors, consuls, ministers and other officers with the advice and consent of the Senate. By law, however, Congress may allow the President, heads of Document [19] (Title: President of Finland) appoints or gives commission to: The president conducts Finland’s foreign policy in co-operation with the council of state. The provisions of treaties and other international obligations that affect domestic legislation are implemented by acts of parliament. Otherwise, international obligations are implemented by a presidential decree. Decisions on war and peace are taken by the president with the assent of parliament. The President must sign and approve all bills adopted by Parliament before they become law. The President must decide on ratification within three months of receiving the bill and may request an opinion from the Supreme Court or the Supreme Document [20] (Title: U.S. ratification of the Convention on the Rights of the Child) issues with education, health care, juvenile justice and the rights of children with disabilities. Under the United States Constitution, the ratification of treaties involves several steps. First, the president or their representative would negotiate, agree and sign a treaty, which would then be submitted to the U.S. Senate for its "advice and consent". At that time the President would explain and interpret all provisions in the treaty. If the Senate approves the treaty with a two-thirds majority, it goes back to the President who can ratify it. The United States government contributed to the drafting of the Convention. It commented Document [21] (Title: Bricker Amendment) for ratification. The best-known version of the Bricker Amendment, considered by the Senate in 1953–54, declared that no treaty could be made by the United States that conflicted with the Constitution; treaties could not be self-executing without the passage of separate enabling legislation through Congress; treaties could not give Congress legislative powers beyond those specified in the Constitution. It also limited the president's power to enter into executive agreements with foreign powers. Bricker's proposal attracted broad bipartisan support and was a focal point of intra-party conflict between the administration of president Dwight D. Eisenhower and the Old Right faction of Document [22] (Title: Jus tractatuum) treaties. Whether or not federal entities have treaty-making power is based on the federal constitution. For example, the Contract Clause of the United States Constitution explicitly forbids U.S. states to conclude treaties. The constitution of Mexico also prohibits its states to make treaties. On the other hand, Belgium for example grants its communities and regions the power to make treaties. The "Länder" of Germany and Austria and the cantons of Switzerland are also allowed to make treaties in their respective competencies. Jus tractatuum Jus tractatuum (or sometimes jus tractandi) is a Legal Latin term commonly used in public international law Document [23] (Title: Ratification) and do not require ratification of two thirds of the Senate. Congressional-executive agreements are passed by a majority of both houses of Congress as a regular law. If the agreement is completely within the President's constitutional powers, it can be made by the President alone without Congressional approval, but it will have the force of an executive order and can be unilaterally revoked by a future President. All types of agreements are treated internationally as "treaties". See Foreign policy of the United States#Law. In Australia, power to enter into treaties is an executive power within Section 51 of the Australian Document [24] (Title: Executive agreement) enabled Congress to vote to cancel an executive agreement, or to refuse to fund its implementation. Executive agreement An executive agreement is an agreement between the heads of government of two or more nations that has not been ratified by the legislature as treaties are ratified. Executive agreements are considered "politically binding" to distinguish them from treaties which are "legally binding". In the United States, executive agreements are made solely by the President of the United States. They are one of three mechanisms by which the United States enters into binding international obligations. Some authors consider executive agreements to be Document [25] (Title: Article Two of the United States Constitution) such armed forces in the course of bringing about a prompt removal of such forces." Second, specific constitutional provisions may check customary executive authority. Notwithstanding their executive power, the President cannot make treaties or appointments without the advice and consent of the Senate. Likewise, the President's pardon power is limited to offenses against the United States (federal crimes) and does not extend to impeachments or violations of state law. As treaties are by U.S. law official agreements with foreign governments recognized as such only after Senate ratification, the President obviously cannot make treaties unilaterally. However, the President does determine and Document [26] (Title: Treaty) such treaties must be approved by the Congress of Brazil (Articles 84, Clause VIII, and 49, Clause I). In practice, that has been interpreted as meaning that the executive branch is free to negotiate and sign a treaty but that its ratification by the president requires the prior approval of Congress. Additionally, the Supreme Federal Court has ruled that after ratification and entry into force, a treaty must be incorporated into domestic law by means of a presidential decree published in the federal register for it to be valid in Brazil and applicable by the Brazilian authorities. The court has Document [27] (Title: Treaty Clause) law. U.S. law distinguishes what it calls "treaties" from "congressional-executive agreements" and "executive agreements". All three classes are considered treaties under international law; they are distinct only from the perspective of internal United States law. Distinctions among the three concern their method of ratification: by two-thirds of the Senate, by normal legislative process, or by the President alone, respectively. The Treaty Clause empowers the President to make or enter into treaties with the "advice and consent" of two-thirds of the Senate. In contrast, normal legislation becomes law after approval by simple majorities in both the Senate "and" the House of Document [28] (Title: Treaty Clause) of Congress, or (4) from a prior treaty. Agreements beyond these competencies must have the approval of Congress (for congressional-executive agreements) or the Senate (for treaties). In 1972, Congress passed legislation requiring the president to notify Congress of any executive agreements that are formed. Although the nondelegation doctrine prevents Congress from delegating its legislative authority to the executive branch, Congress has allowed the executive to act as Congress's "agent" in trade negotiations, such as by setting tariffs, and, in the case of Trade Promotion Authority, by solely authoring the implementing legislation for trade agreements. The constitutionality of this delegation was Document [29] (Title: Executive agreement) In the United States, executive agreements are binding internationally if they are negotiated and entered into under the president's authority in foreign policy, as commander-in-chief of the armed forces, or from a prior act of Congress. For instance, as commander-in-chief the President negotiates and enters into status of forces agreements (SOFAs), which govern the treatment and disposition of U.S. forces stationed in other nations. The president cannot, however, enter unilaterally into executive agreements on matters that are beyond his constitutional authority. In such instances, an agreement would need to be in the form of a congressional-executive agreement, or a treaty Document [30] (Title: Treaty) two thirds of the Senators present, but sole executive agreements may be executed by the President acting alone. Some treaties grant the President the authority to fill in the gaps with executive agreements, rather than additional treaties or protocols. Finally, congressional-executive agreements require majority approval by both the House and the Senate before or after the treaty is signed by the President. Currently, international agreements are ten times more likely to be executed by executive agreement. Despite the relative ease of executive agreements, the President still often chooses to pursue the formal treaty process over an executive agreement to gain Document [31] (Title: United States Senate) an equal vote in the process. However, not all international agreements are considered treaties under US domestic law, even if they are considered treaties under international law. Congress has passed laws authorizing the president to conclude executive agreements without action by the Senate. Similarly, the president may make congressional-executive agreements with the approval of a simple majority in each House of Congress, rather than a two-thirds majority in the Senate. Neither executive agreements nor congressional-executive agreements are mentioned in the Constitution, leading some scholars such as Laurence Tribe and John Yoo to suggest that they unconstitutionally circumvent the treaty-ratification process. Document [32] (Title: Federalist No. 64) from it, and little to hope, and then it must necessarily produce a baneful aristocracy, by which the democratic rights of the people will be overwhelmed". In the beginning, there was not much controversy over the power between the Senate and President in treaty making, but there were many differences within the Senate because of different political views. There were multiple arguments submitted to the Senate between 1789 and 1815 and there were no rejections. Over time, the checks and balances between the President and Senate has affected the country's ability to successfully make treaties in the best interest of Document [33] (Title: Ratification) The President may form and negotiate, but the treaty must be advised and consented to by a two-thirds vote in the Senate. Only after the Senate approves the treaty can the President ratify it. Once it is ratified, it becomes binding on all the states under the Supremacy Clause. While the House of Representatives does not vote on it at all, the requirement for the Senate's advice and consent to ratification makes it considerably more difficult to rally enough political support for international treaties. Also, if implementation of the treaty requires the expenditure of funds, the House of Representatives may Document [34] (Title: Article Two of the United States Constitution) President George Washington organized the principle officers of the executive departments into the Cabinet, a practice that subsequent presidents have followed. The Treaty Clause grants the president the power to enter into treaties with the approval of two-thirds of the Senate. The Appointments Clause grants the president the power to appoint judges and public officials subject to the advice and consent of the Senate, which in practice has meant that presidential appointees must be confirmed by a majority vote in the Senate. The Appointments Clause also establishes that Congress can, by law, allow the president, the courts, or the heads Document [35] (Title: Executive agreement) Executive agreement An executive agreement is an agreement between the heads of government of two or more nations that has not been ratified by the legislature as treaties are ratified. Executive agreements are considered "politically binding" to distinguish them from treaties which are "legally binding". In the United States, executive agreements are made solely by the President of the United States. They are one of three mechanisms by which the United States enters into binding international obligations. Some authors consider executive agreements to be treaties under international law in that they bind both the United States and another sovereign state. Document [36] (Title: Bricker Amendment) they also make domestic law. Under our Constitution, treaties become the Supreme Law of the Land. They are indeed more supreme than ordinary laws, for Congressional laws are invalid if they do not conform to the Constitution, whereas treaty laws can override the Constitution." Dulles said the power to make treaties "is an extraordinary power liable to abuse." Senator Everett Dirksen, a Republican of Illinois, declared, "we are in a new era of international organizations. They are grinding out treaties like so many eager beavers which will have effects on the rights of American citizens." Eisenhower's Attorney General Herbert Brownell Question: what kinds of treaties can the president make Answer: treaties Long Answer: The body of law governing U.S. foreign policy recognizes three mechanisms by which the United States enters into binding international obligations . The term "treaty" is used in a more restricted legal sense than in international law . U.S. law distinguishes what it calls treaties from congressional - executive agreements and executive agreements . All three classes are considered treaties under international law; they are distinct only from the perspective of internal United States law . Distinctions among the three concern their method of ratification: by two - thirds of the Senate, by normal legislative process, or by the President alone, respectively . The Treaty Clause empowers the President to make or enter into treaties with the "advice and consent" of two - thirds of the Senate . In contrast, normal legislation becomes law after approval by simple majorities in both the Senate and the House of Representatives and the signature of the President. Gold Document ID: 36

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Federalist No. 64) the country. Getting two-thirds of the Senate's approval became a hard process and it seemed more effective for the pres to bad and to make executive agreements. The President can act alone and make an executive agreement in relation to foreign policy without the approval of Congress. Over time, there is a significant increase in executive agreements and a decrease in treaty making. 1937 was the last year that there were more treaties made than executive agreements. Between 1789 and 1839, the US State Department reported 60 treaties and 27 executive agreements, but by the 20th century, presidents including McKinley, Document [2] (Title: President of India) president who shall work at the pleasure of the president. Per , President is empowered to dismiss a governor who has violated the constitution in his acts. The president is responsible for making a wide variety of appointments. These include: All international treaties and agreements are negotiated and concluded on behalf of the president. However, in practice, such negotiations are usually carried out by the prime minister along with his Cabinet (especially the Foreign Minister). Also, such treaties are subject to the approval of the parliament. The president represents India in international forums and affairs where such a function is Document [3] (Title: Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) a treaty. There are widespread incorrect reports that it is an executive agreement. In contrast to treaties, which require two-thirds of the Senate to consent to ratification, political commitments require no congressional approval, and are not legally binding as a matter of domestic law (although in some cases they may be binding on the U.S. as a matter of international law). On 22 May 2015, President Obama signed the Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act of 2015 into law; this legislation passed by the Senate in a 98-1 vote and the House in a 400-25 vote, and was approved by President Document [4] (Title: Treaty) For subjects on the concurrent list, both governments can make laws. However, to implement international treaties, Parliament can legislate on any subject and even override the general division of subject lists. In the United States, the term "treaty" has a different, more restricted legal sense than in international law. US law distinguishes what it calls "treaties" from "executive agreements", which are either "congressional-executive agreements" or "sole executive agreements". The classes are all equally treaties under international law; they are distinct only in internal US law. The distinctions are primarily concerning their method of approval. Treaties require advice and consent by Document [5] (Title: Treaty Clause) submitted to the Senate for approval as outlined in Article II of the Constitution. Since the Franklin Roosevelt presidency, only 6% of international accords have been completed as Article II treaties. Most of these executive agreements consist of congressional-executive agreements. American law is that international accords become part of the body of U.S. federal law. Consequently, Congress can modify or repeal treaties by subsequent legislative action, even if this amounts to a violation of the treaty under international law. This was held, for instance, in the Head Money Cases. The most recent changes will be enforced by U.S. courts entirely Document [6] (Title: United States and the International Criminal Court) to assess the functioning of the Court. He nonetheless supported the proposed role of the ICC and its objectives: A treaty becomes part of the municipal law of a nation only when the treaty has been ratified, accepted, or acceded to. In the U.S., the Constitution gives the President power to negotiate treaties under the Treaty Clause of Article Two. The President must then submit a treaty to the Senate for advice and consent for ratification, and the Senate must approve the treaty by a two-thirds majority before it can take effect. The Senate may submit amendments, reservations, or explanations Document [7] (Title: United States Congress) negotiated by the President must be ratified by a two-thirds majority vote in the Senate to take effect. As a result, presidential arm-twisting of senators can happen before a key vote; for example, President Obama's secretary of state, Hillary Clinton, urged her former senate colleagues to approve a nuclear arms treaty with Russia in 2010. The House of Representatives has no formal role in either the ratification of treaties or the appointment of federal officials, other than in in the office of the vice president; in such a case, a majority vote in each House is required to confirm a Document [8] (Title: Ponsonby Rule) by the legislature before they can formally enter into force and bind the country in question. This is particularly the case in states where international treaties become part of domestic law directly, without the need for special implementation as required in the case of the United Kingdom. In countries with a strong separation of powers, this may lead to treaties being signed by the executive, but not coming into force because of legislative opposition. In the United States, the president must submit treaties to the Senate for its advice and consent to ratification, which requires a two-thirds vote. A famous Document [9] (Title: Article Two of the United States Constitution) decide U.S. foreign policy and can enter into non-binding discussions and give conditional approval to agreements reached with foreign governments subject to Senate ratification at a future date. Additionally, since official treaties are specifically created under and by constitutional U.S. law and are entered into by both government and the people as a whole, in their capacity as head of state and as the single individual representative of the United States and its citizens, the President does have Coauthority and Constitutional duty to unilaterally withdraw the United States from treaties if he or she determines the best interests and well Document [10] (Title: Federalist No. 64) defends the provision in the Constitution that grants to the president the power to make treaties with consent of two thirds of the Senate. The reason the Senate has this ability is to check presidential power and ensure the states are each given an equal vote in the treaty-making process. He interpreted the Constitution as giving more power to the president through the use of treaties, unlike his other fellow founding fathers. They, however, believe that by doing this, the Senate will gain too much power. "While the "advise and consent" clause was typically understood to give the Senate power Document [11] (Title: Executive agreement) However, under United States constitutional law, executive agreements are not considered treaties for the purpose of the Treaty Clause of the United States Constitution, which requires the advice and consent of two-thirds of the Senate to qualify as a treaty. Some other nations have similar provisions with regard to the ratification of treaties. Executive agreements are often used in order to bypass the requirements of national constitutions for ratification of treaties. Many nations that are republics with written constitutions have constitutional rules about the ratification of treaties. The Organization for Security and Co-Operation in Europe is based on executive agreements. Document [12] (Title: Federalist No. 64) Taft, and Theodore Roosevelt began using more executive agreements on important foreign situations. Between the Presidencies of Roosevelt(1901-1909) and Bush(2001-2005) the use of executive agreements significantly increased indicating that presidents would rather avoid political differences with the Senate and make foreign policy decisions without discussing a possible treaty with the Senate. One-third of the treaties that were discussed during the presidencies of Roosevelt and Bush were in the Senate's power. During President Obama's first three years of office, he used many more executive agreements than treaties. In order to avoid controversy due to politics, President Obama made many executive decisions Document [13] (Title: Treaty Clause) Representatives and the signature of the President. Throughout American history, presidents have also made international agreements through congressional-executive agreements, that are ratified with only a majority from both houses of Congress, or executive agreements, made by the President—in the exercise of his Constitutional executive powers—alone. Though the Constitution does not expressly provide for any alternative to the Article II treaty procedure, of the Constitution does distinguish between treaties (which states are forbidden to make) and agreements (which states may make with the consent of Congress). The Supreme Court has considered congressional-executive and executive agreements to be valid, and they have Document [14] (Title: Treaty Clause) power separate from the other enumerated powers of the federal government, and hence the federal government can use treaties to legislate in areas which would otherwise fall within the exclusive authority of the states. By contrast, a congressional-executive agreement can only cover matters which the Constitution explicitly places within the powers of Congress and the President. Likewise, a sole-executive agreement can only cover matters within the President's authority or matters in which Congress has delegated authority to the President. For example, a treaty may prohibit states from imposing capital punishment on foreign nationals, but a congressional-executive agreement or sole-executive agreement Document [15] (Title: Controlled Substances Act) (legally obligate) the United States to comply with them as long as that nation agrees to remain a state party to these treaties. The U.S. Congress and the President of the United States have the absolute sovereign right to withdraw from or abrogate at any time these two instruments, in accordance with said nation's Constitution, at which point these treaties will cease to bind that nation in any way, shape, or form. A provision for automatic compliance with treaty obligations is found at , which also establishes mechanisms for amending international drug control regulations to correspond with HHS findings on Document [16] (Title: Ratification) of international treaties is always accomplished by filing instruments of ratification as provided for in the treaty. In most democracies, the legislature authorizes the government to ratify treaties through standard legislative procedures by passing a bill. The President makes a treaty in exercise of his executive power, on the aid and the advice of the Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister, and no court of law in India may question its validity. However, no agreement or treaty entered into by the president is enforceable by the courts which is incompatible with Indian constitution/ national law, as India follows Document [17] (Title: Executive agreement) with Senate advice and consent. The U.S. Supreme Court, in "United States v. Pink" (1942), held that international executive agreements validly made have the same legal status as treaties and did not require Senate approval. Also, in "Reid v. Covert" (1957), while reaffirming the president’s ability to enter into executive agreements, the Court held that such agreements cannot contradict existing federal law or the Constitution. The Case Act of 1972 requires the president to inform the Senate within 60 days of any executive agreement being made. No restriction was placed on presidential powers to make such agreements. The notification requirement Document [18] (Title: Article Two of the United States Constitution) of terminating treaties. The first unambiguous case of a President terminating a treaty without authorization, granted prior to or after the termination, occurred when Jimmy Carter terminated a treaty with the Republic of China. For the first time, judicial determination was sought, but the effort proved futile: the Supreme Court could not find a majority agreeing on any particular principle, and therefore instructed the trial court to dismiss the case. The President may also appoint judges, ambassadors, consuls, ministers and other officers with the advice and consent of the Senate. By law, however, Congress may allow the President, heads of Document [19] (Title: President of Finland) appoints or gives commission to: The president conducts Finland’s foreign policy in co-operation with the council of state. The provisions of treaties and other international obligations that affect domestic legislation are implemented by acts of parliament. Otherwise, international obligations are implemented by a presidential decree. Decisions on war and peace are taken by the president with the assent of parliament. The President must sign and approve all bills adopted by Parliament before they become law. The President must decide on ratification within three months of receiving the bill and may request an opinion from the Supreme Court or the Supreme Document [20] (Title: U.S. ratification of the Convention on the Rights of the Child) issues with education, health care, juvenile justice and the rights of children with disabilities. Under the United States Constitution, the ratification of treaties involves several steps. First, the president or their representative would negotiate, agree and sign a treaty, which would then be submitted to the U.S. Senate for its "advice and consent". At that time the President would explain and interpret all provisions in the treaty. If the Senate approves the treaty with a two-thirds majority, it goes back to the President who can ratify it. The United States government contributed to the drafting of the Convention. It commented Document [21] (Title: Bricker Amendment) for ratification. The best-known version of the Bricker Amendment, considered by the Senate in 1953–54, declared that no treaty could be made by the United States that conflicted with the Constitution; treaties could not be self-executing without the passage of separate enabling legislation through Congress; treaties could not give Congress legislative powers beyond those specified in the Constitution. It also limited the president's power to enter into executive agreements with foreign powers. Bricker's proposal attracted broad bipartisan support and was a focal point of intra-party conflict between the administration of president Dwight D. Eisenhower and the Old Right faction of Document [22] (Title: Jus tractatuum) treaties. Whether or not federal entities have treaty-making power is based on the federal constitution. For example, the Contract Clause of the United States Constitution explicitly forbids U.S. states to conclude treaties. The constitution of Mexico also prohibits its states to make treaties. On the other hand, Belgium for example grants its communities and regions the power to make treaties. The "Länder" of Germany and Austria and the cantons of Switzerland are also allowed to make treaties in their respective competencies. Jus tractatuum Jus tractatuum (or sometimes jus tractandi) is a Legal Latin term commonly used in public international law Document [23] (Title: Ratification) and do not require ratification of two thirds of the Senate. Congressional-executive agreements are passed by a majority of both houses of Congress as a regular law. If the agreement is completely within the President's constitutional powers, it can be made by the President alone without Congressional approval, but it will have the force of an executive order and can be unilaterally revoked by a future President. All types of agreements are treated internationally as "treaties". See Foreign policy of the United States#Law. In Australia, power to enter into treaties is an executive power within Section 51 of the Australian Document [24] (Title: Executive agreement) enabled Congress to vote to cancel an executive agreement, or to refuse to fund its implementation. Executive agreement An executive agreement is an agreement between the heads of government of two or more nations that has not been ratified by the legislature as treaties are ratified. Executive agreements are considered "politically binding" to distinguish them from treaties which are "legally binding". In the United States, executive agreements are made solely by the President of the United States. They are one of three mechanisms by which the United States enters into binding international obligations. Some authors consider executive agreements to be Document [25] (Title: Article Two of the United States Constitution) such armed forces in the course of bringing about a prompt removal of such forces." Second, specific constitutional provisions may check customary executive authority. Notwithstanding their executive power, the President cannot make treaties or appointments without the advice and consent of the Senate. Likewise, the President's pardon power is limited to offenses against the United States (federal crimes) and does not extend to impeachments or violations of state law. As treaties are by U.S. law official agreements with foreign governments recognized as such only after Senate ratification, the President obviously cannot make treaties unilaterally. However, the President does determine and Document [26] (Title: Treaty) such treaties must be approved by the Congress of Brazil (Articles 84, Clause VIII, and 49, Clause I). In practice, that has been interpreted as meaning that the executive branch is free to negotiate and sign a treaty but that its ratification by the president requires the prior approval of Congress. Additionally, the Supreme Federal Court has ruled that after ratification and entry into force, a treaty must be incorporated into domestic law by means of a presidential decree published in the federal register for it to be valid in Brazil and applicable by the Brazilian authorities. The court has Document [27] (Title: Treaty Clause) law. U.S. law distinguishes what it calls "treaties" from "congressional-executive agreements" and "executive agreements". All three classes are considered treaties under international law; they are distinct only from the perspective of internal United States law. Distinctions among the three concern their method of ratification: by two-thirds of the Senate, by normal legislative process, or by the President alone, respectively. The Treaty Clause empowers the President to make or enter into treaties with the "advice and consent" of two-thirds of the Senate. In contrast, normal legislation becomes law after approval by simple majorities in both the Senate "and" the House of Document [28] (Title: Treaty Clause) of Congress, or (4) from a prior treaty. Agreements beyond these competencies must have the approval of Congress (for congressional-executive agreements) or the Senate (for treaties). In 1972, Congress passed legislation requiring the president to notify Congress of any executive agreements that are formed. Although the nondelegation doctrine prevents Congress from delegating its legislative authority to the executive branch, Congress has allowed the executive to act as Congress's "agent" in trade negotiations, such as by setting tariffs, and, in the case of Trade Promotion Authority, by solely authoring the implementing legislation for trade agreements. The constitutionality of this delegation was Document [29] (Title: Executive agreement) In the United States, executive agreements are binding internationally if they are negotiated and entered into under the president's authority in foreign policy, as commander-in-chief of the armed forces, or from a prior act of Congress. For instance, as commander-in-chief the President negotiates and enters into status of forces agreements (SOFAs), which govern the treatment and disposition of U.S. forces stationed in other nations. The president cannot, however, enter unilaterally into executive agreements on matters that are beyond his constitutional authority. In such instances, an agreement would need to be in the form of a congressional-executive agreement, or a treaty Document [30] (Title: Treaty) two thirds of the Senators present, but sole executive agreements may be executed by the President acting alone. Some treaties grant the President the authority to fill in the gaps with executive agreements, rather than additional treaties or protocols. Finally, congressional-executive agreements require majority approval by both the House and the Senate before or after the treaty is signed by the President. Currently, international agreements are ten times more likely to be executed by executive agreement. Despite the relative ease of executive agreements, the President still often chooses to pursue the formal treaty process over an executive agreement to gain Document [31] (Title: United States Senate) an equal vote in the process. However, not all international agreements are considered treaties under US domestic law, even if they are considered treaties under international law. Congress has passed laws authorizing the president to conclude executive agreements without action by the Senate. Similarly, the president may make congressional-executive agreements with the approval of a simple majority in each House of Congress, rather than a two-thirds majority in the Senate. Neither executive agreements nor congressional-executive agreements are mentioned in the Constitution, leading some scholars such as Laurence Tribe and John Yoo to suggest that they unconstitutionally circumvent the treaty-ratification process. Document [32] (Title: Federalist No. 64) from it, and little to hope, and then it must necessarily produce a baneful aristocracy, by which the democratic rights of the people will be overwhelmed". In the beginning, there was not much controversy over the power between the Senate and President in treaty making, but there were many differences within the Senate because of different political views. There were multiple arguments submitted to the Senate between 1789 and 1815 and there were no rejections. Over time, the checks and balances between the President and Senate has affected the country's ability to successfully make treaties in the best interest of Document [33] (Title: Ratification) The President may form and negotiate, but the treaty must be advised and consented to by a two-thirds vote in the Senate. Only after the Senate approves the treaty can the President ratify it. Once it is ratified, it becomes binding on all the states under the Supremacy Clause. While the House of Representatives does not vote on it at all, the requirement for the Senate's advice and consent to ratification makes it considerably more difficult to rally enough political support for international treaties. Also, if implementation of the treaty requires the expenditure of funds, the House of Representatives may Document [34] (Title: Article Two of the United States Constitution) President George Washington organized the principle officers of the executive departments into the Cabinet, a practice that subsequent presidents have followed. The Treaty Clause grants the president the power to enter into treaties with the approval of two-thirds of the Senate. The Appointments Clause grants the president the power to appoint judges and public officials subject to the advice and consent of the Senate, which in practice has meant that presidential appointees must be confirmed by a majority vote in the Senate. The Appointments Clause also establishes that Congress can, by law, allow the president, the courts, or the heads Document [35] (Title: Executive agreement) Executive agreement An executive agreement is an agreement between the heads of government of two or more nations that has not been ratified by the legislature as treaties are ratified. Executive agreements are considered "politically binding" to distinguish them from treaties which are "legally binding". In the United States, executive agreements are made solely by the President of the United States. They are one of three mechanisms by which the United States enters into binding international obligations. Some authors consider executive agreements to be treaties under international law in that they bind both the United States and another sovereign state. Document [36] (Title: Bricker Amendment) they also make domestic law. Under our Constitution, treaties become the Supreme Law of the Land. They are indeed more supreme than ordinary laws, for Congressional laws are invalid if they do not conform to the Constitution, whereas treaty laws can override the Constitution." Dulles said the power to make treaties "is an extraordinary power liable to abuse." Senator Everett Dirksen, a Republican of Illinois, declared, "we are in a new era of international organizations. They are grinding out treaties like so many eager beavers which will have effects on the rights of American citizens." Eisenhower's Attorney General Herbert Brownell Question: what kinds of treaties can the president make

Answer: treaties Long Answer: The body of law governing U.S. foreign policy recognizes three mechanisms by which the United States enters into binding international obligations . The term "treaty" is used in a more restricted legal sense than in international law . U.S. law distinguishes what it calls treaties from congressional - executive agreements and executive agreements . All three classes are considered treaties under international law; they are distinct only from the perspective of internal United States law . Distinctions among the three concern their method of ratification: by two - thirds of the Senate, by normal legislative process, or by the President alone, respectively . The Treaty Clause empowers the President to make or enter into treaties with the "advice and consent" of two - thirds of the Senate . In contrast, normal legislation becomes law after approval by simple majorities in both the Senate and the House of Representatives and the signature of the President. Gold Document ID: 36

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Vietnamese nationalism) against Chinese occupation resulted with many wars that happened throughout thousand years of Chinese rule, after which Vietnam finally regained independence in the 10th century following the battle of Bạch Đằng. Through then, Vietnam remained very militaristic and nationalistic due to the history of Vietnam often had brutal past with China and later, with its neighbors like Champa, Khmer Empire, Lan Xang, and later with Siam, which led to many wars. One of these wars had a serious effect, with the destruction of Champa Kingdom. Lý Thường Kiệt's famous declaration of Vietnam's independence, Nam quốc sơn hà ("Mountains and Rivers Document [2] (Title: Literary Chinese in Vietnam) refugees fleeing the takeover of Wang Mang (9–23 AD), policy shifted to assimilation, contributing to the revolt of the Trung sisters (39–43). After the suppression of the revolt, Chinese authorities stepped up assimilation, destroying the estates of Vietnamese nobles, but also opening Chinese education to the Vietnamese. A few rose through the civil service to senior positions in the province and elsewhere in the empire. As in any other part of the empire, the administrative language of Vietnam was Chinese. However no writing in Chinese by a Vietnamese author has survived from this period. After the country achieved independence in Document [3] (Title: 1966 in the Vietnam War) government of South Vietnam regained full control of Da Nang from the pro-Buddhist Struggle Movement. In the fighting, approximately 150 South Vietnamese soldiers were killed. 23 Americans were wounded. After the funeral of the ARVN officer killed by an American, a large crowd burned down the United States Information Service library in Huế. Several Buddhists later set themselves on fire. A crowd of pro-Buddhist demonstrators stormed the U.S. Consulate in Huế and set it on fire. After several days of fighting with protesting Buddhists, the South Vietnamese government regained full control of the city of Huế. The lesson learned in Document [4] (Title: Empire of Vietnam) "if the Japanese lose the war, the independence of Indochina would not become complete." At the inauguration of the Council of Nam Bo on July 21, Minoda implicitly referred to the unification of Vietnam. Tran Van An was appointed as the president of the Council, and Kha Vang Can, a leader of the Vanguard Youth, was appointed to be his deputy. On July 13, Kim arrived in Hanoi to negotiate directly with Governor-General Tsuchihashi. Tsuchihashi agreed to transfer control of Hanoi, Haiphong, and Da Nang to Kim's government, taking effect on July 20. After protracted negotiation, Tsuchihashi agreed that Nam Document [5] (Title: Vietnam) between 1859 and 1885. In 1862, the southern third of the country became the French colony of Cochinchina. By 1884, the entire country had come under French rule, with the central and northern parts of Vietnam separated in the two protectorates of Annam and Tonkin. The three Vietnamese entities were formally integrated into the union of French Indochina in 1887. The French administration imposed significant political and cultural changes on Vietnamese society. A Western-style system of modern education was developed and Catholicism was propagated widely. Most French settlers in Indochina were concentrated in Cochinchina, particularly in the region of Saigon Document [6] (Title: China–Vietnam relations) The resulting Treaty of Tientsin recognized French dominance over Vietnam and Indochina, spelling the end of formal Chinese influence on Vietnam, and the beginning of Vietnam's French colonial period. Both China and Vietnam faced invasion and occupation by Imperial Japan during World War II, while Vietnam languished under the rule of the pro-Nazi Vichy French. In the Chinese provinces of Guangxi and Guangdong, Vietnamese revolutionaries led by Phan Bội Châu had arranged alliances with the Chinese nationalist Kuomintang prior to the war by marrying Vietnamese women to Chinese officers. Their children were at an advantage, since they could speak both Document [7] (Title: North Vietnam) (Labor Party), gradually marginalizing non-communists in the Việt Minh. Between 1946 and 1954, the Việt Minh captured and controlled most of the rural areas of Vietnam. In 1954, after the French were defeated, the negotiation of the Geneva Accords ended the war between France and the Việt Minh and granted Vietnam independence. The Geneva Accords divided the country provisionally into northern and southern zones, and stipulated general elections in July 1956 to "bring about the unification of Viet-Nam". The northern zone was commonly called North Vietnam, and the southern zone was commonly called South Vietnam. Supervision of the implementation of Document [8] (Title: Khúc Thừa Mỹ) Khúc Thừa Mỹ Khúc Thừa Mỹ (chữ Hán: 曲承美; pinyin: "Qū Chéngměi"; governed: 918–923 or 918–930) was a self-declared jiedushi of Tĩnh Hải quân (modern northern Vietnam) during the later part of the Third Chinese domination of Vietnam, when China entered the chaotic Five Dynasties period. He succeeded his father Khúc Hạo and tried to maintain northern Vietnam's autonomy. But the new emperor of the Southern Han Dynasty invaded in 930, capturing the capital Đại La (Hanoi) with no resistance, and Khúc Thừa Mỹ was taken to Canton, where he was placed under comfortable house arrest. The Chinese domination of Document [9] (Title: Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam) of Vietnam's most celebrated heroes, is credited with rescuing the country from Ming domination in 1428. Born of a wealthy landowning family, he served as a senior scholar-official until the advent of the Ming, whom he refused to serve. After a decade of gathering a resistance movement around him, Le Loi and his forces finally defeated the Ming army in 1428. Rather than putting to death the captured Ming soldiers and administrators, he magnanimously provided ships and supplies to send them back to China. Le Loi then ascended the Vietnamese throne, taking the reign name Lê Thái Tổ and establishing Document [10] (Title: Chinese domination of Vietnam) vernacular chữ nôm literature. Although 1,000 years of Chinese rule left many traces, the collective memory of the period reinforced Vietnam's cultural and later political independence. Chinese domination of Vietnam The Chinese domination of Vietnam (, , "Belonging to the North (China)") began in 111 BC, and is usually considered to have ended in 938 AD. A fourth, relatively brief, 20-year punitive invasion by the Ming dynasty, 400 years later, is usually excluded by historians in discussion of the main, almost continuous, period of Chinese colonization from 111 BC to 938 AD, as is the brief occupation of northern Vietnam Document [11] (Title: Exclusive mandate) of their reconciliation policy. The Democratic Republic of Vietnam was proclaimed in 1945; the Republic of Vietnam gained its independence from France in 1954. While elections were intended to be held in 1955 to reunite the country, they never took place. For the next 20 years, both staked claims to all of Vietnam, claiming that the other was an illegally constituted puppet state. This continued until South Vietnam unconditionally surrendered to North Vietnam in 1975. When some European countries (such as Switzerland) started recognizing North Vietnam towards the end of the Vietnam war, South Vietnam did not interrupt its diplomatic Document [12] (Title: Yongle Emperor) Vietnam. As the Ho royal family were all executed, Vietnam was integrated as a province of China, just as it had been up until 939. With the Ho monarch defeated in 1407, the Chinese began a serious and sustained effort to sinicise the population. All classical Vietnamese printing blocks, books and materials were burned. For this reason almost no vernacular chữ nôm texts survive from before the Ming invasion. Various ancient sites such as pagoda Bao Minh were looted and destroyed. On 2 December 1407, the Yongle Emperor gave orders to Zhang Fu that innocent Vietnamese were not to be Document [13] (Title: Operation Passage to Freedom) between French Union forces and the Viet Minh, which sought Vietnamese independence. The accords resulted in the partition of Vietnam at the 17th parallel north, with Ho Chi Minh's communist Viet Minh in control of the north and the French-backed State of Vietnam in the south. The agreements allowed a 300-day period of grace, ending on May 18, 1955, in which people could move freely between the two Vietnams before the border was sealed. The partition was intended to be temporary, pending elections in 1956 to reunify the country under a national government. Between 600,000 and one million northerners moved Document [14] (Title: Zhang Fu) Vietnamese usurper Hồ Quý Ly, and his son Hồ Hán Thương. He then reported to the emperor that the Trần lineage had been destroyed by Hồ Quý Ly so that there was no successor, and the populace "requested again to be a province of China". The Vietnam was annexed by China again and renamed to Jiaozhi province (). For this accomplishment, he was elevated to the title "Duke of Ying" (英國公). Later, he put down the rebellion of two Vietnamese princes, Trần Ngỗi and Trần Quý Khoáng successfully, but failed to put down a number of revolts among the Vietnamese Document [15] (Title: Nguyễn dynasty) regained control during a bloody war with the Viet Minh under Ho Chi Minh, in 1948. Bảo Đại spent much of his time during the conflict at his luxurious home in Đà Lạt (in the Vietnamese Highlands) or in Paris. This ended with the French defeat at Điện Biên Phủ in 1954. The French negotiated with the U.S. to divide Vietnam. It was divided into North Vietnam (governed by the Viet Minh) and South Vietnam, with a new government. Bảo Đại's prime minister, Ngô Đình Diệm, defeated him in a 1955 referendum generally regarded as rigged; an improbable 98 percent Document [16] (Title: August Revolution) did just that by abrogating the Franco-Vietnamese Treaty of Protectorate of 1883. Vietnam's new "independence,” however, rested on the government's willingness to cooperate with Japan and accept the Japanese military presence. From March until August 1945, Vietnam enjoyed what was called a “fake independence”. In the aftermath of the coup the Japanese most definitely wanted to minimize internal change in Indochina----changes which would have adversely affected their military objectives. The Trần Trọng Kim Cabinet, from all evidence available, was only a government in name and ruled over no state in fact. The affairs of Indochinese were still in the hands Document [17] (Title: Trần Trọng Kim) Bangkok for talks. By this stage, the Liberation of Paris in August 1944 and the fall of Vichy France meant that Japan could no longer depend on the French colonial administration to cooperate. As a result, they assumed direct control of Indochina by deposing the French in a coup on March 9, and declared Vietnam to be independent under the newly created Empire of Vietnam with Bảo Đại, who was Vietnam's titular monarch, as its head of state. Japan however, maintained military control. Bảo Đại was then charged with selecting a prime minister and a cabinet. It was believed that Document [18] (Title: Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone) of Vietnam, under Communist leader Ho Chi Minh. The southern part of Vietnam, where the Viet Minh controlled relatively small and remote areas, became the independent State of Vietnam under Bảo Đại, the last scion of the old Vietnamese imperial house. The State of Vietnam later became the Republic of Vietnam. The boundary between these two zones was established at the Ben Hai River, which enters the South China Sea at 17 degrees 0 minutes 54 seconds N latitude. The boundary followed the Ben Hai to its headwaters, about 55 km WSW, and thence to the Laotian border. The area Document [19] (Title: Lê Thánh Tông) and castrated by the Vietnamese after their ships were blown off course into Vietnam. The Chinese Ministry of Revenue responded by ordering Chinese civilians and soldiers to stop going abroad to foreign countries. China's relations with Vietnam during this period were marked by the punishment of prisoners by castration. A 1499 entry in the Ming Shilu recorded that thirteen Chinese men from Wenchang including a young man named Wu Rui were captured by the Vietnamese after their ship was blown off course while traveling from Hainan to Guangdong's Qin subprefecture (Qinzhou), after which they ended up near the coast of Document [20] (Title: Slavery in Vietnam) soldiers in Vietnam's military. The escapees also reported that they found out up to 100 Chinese men remained captives in Vietnam after they were caught and castrated by the Vietnamese after their ships were blown off course into Vietnam. The Chinese Ministry of Revenue responded by ordering Chinese civilians and soldiers to stop going abroad to foreign countries. China's relations with Vietnam during this period were marked by the punishment of prisoners by castration. A 1499 entry in the Ming Shilu recorded that thirteen Chinese men from Wenchang including a young man named Wu Rui were captured by the Vietnamese Document [21] (Title: Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam) Services. On August 22, 1945 the OSS agent Archimedes Patti, who had previously met Ho Chi Minh in Southern China arrived in Hanoi on a mercy mission to liberate allied POWs and were accompanied by Jean Sainteny a French government official. The Japanese forces informally surrendered (the official surrender took place on Sept. 2, 1945 in Tokyo Bay) but being the only force capable of maintaining law and order the Japanese Imperial Army remained in power while keeping French colonial troops detained. Japanese forces allowed the Việt Minh and other nationalist groups to take over public buildings and weapons without Document [22] (Title: Eunuch) wind and they were punished as part of a crackdown on foreign trade by Vietnam. Several Malay envoys from the Malacca sultanate were attacked and captured in 1469 by the Lê Dynasty of Annam (Vietnam) as they were returning to Malacca from China. The Vietnamese enslaved and castrated the young from among the captured. A 1472 entry in the Ming Shilu, reported that some Chinese from Nanhai county escaped back to China after their ship had been blown off course into Vietnam, where they had been forced to serve as soldiers in Vietnam's military. The escapees also reported that they Document [23] (Title: First Chinese domination of Vietnam) supreme centre of the universe. Under Chinese rule, Han dynasty officials imposed much of Chinese culture, including Chinese Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism, its imperial examination system, and mandarin bureaucracy. However, implementation of a foreign administrative system and sinification was not easy as frequent uprisings and rebellions were indicative of Vietnamese resistance to these changes. Some Vietnamese welcomed the chance to assimilate as what they considered Chinese culture, to be a more civilized, advanced and superior culture. Though the Vietnamese incorporated advanced and technical elements they thought would be beneficial to themselves, the unwillingness to be dominated by outsiders, the desire Document [24] (Title: History of Vietnam) then constituted the Han Empire. At one point, Triệu Đà even declared himself Emperor, equal to the Han Emperor in the north. In 111 BC, Han troops invaded Nam Việt and established new territories, dividing Vietnam into Giao Chỉ ("pinyin": Jiaozhi), now the Red River delta; Cửu Chân from modern-day Thanh Hóa to Hà Tĩnh; and Nhật Nam ("pinyin": Rinan), from modern-day Quảng Bình to Huế. While governors and top officials were Chinese, the original Vietnamese nobles (Lạc Hầu, Lạc Tướng) from the Hồng Bàng period still managed in some of the highlands. In 40 AD, the Trưng Sisters led Document [25] (Title: Military history of Vietnam) March 6, 1979, China declared that the gate to Hanoi was open and that their punitive mission had been achieved, before withdrawing their troops from Vietnam. Both China and Vietnam claimed victory in the war; as Vietnamese troops remained in Cambodia until 1989, it can be said that China was unsuccessful in their goal of dissuading Vietnam from involvement in Cambodia. After China withdrew from Vietnam in 1979, border conflicts continued to occur. These conflicts often involved cross-border raids and battles, and claimed thousands of lives from both sides. The conflict subsided in 1990, without an outbreak of war. The Document [26] (Title: Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam) minerals to Beijing. They also imposed salt taxes, but a slightly heavier tax against those who produced salt in Annam. Non-Han ethnic minorities fought in the Chinese army against the Ho. It was instructed that the Ming army should free foreign prisoners who were jailed in Vietnam. To keep the people under control in Vietnam, the Ming government issued, and utilized the ""So Ho"" system, (literally meaning "Family Book") at the lowest village community level. Whenever there was a change in a family, a change in the book was recorded and approved. Based on this information, they created a systematic Document [27] (Title: Bình Ngô đại cáo) to the ultimate victory over the Ming Dynasty which put an end to the Fourth Chinese domination in Vietnam. As a result, in 1428 Lê Lợi ordered Nguyễn Trãi to write an announcement for people in the country about the total pacification of the Ming Dynasty and the affirmation of the independence of Đại Việt. From that demand, Nguyễn Trãi wrote "Bình Ngô đại cáo" which not only proclaimed the independence of the country but also claimed the equality of Đại Việt with China during the long history and expressed many own ideas of Nguyễn Trãi about the fairness, the Document [28] (Title: Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone) side, and the Communist-dominated independence movement, the Viet Minh, on the other. The Viet Minh won the war, gaining effective control of all northern Vietnam except an enclave around Hanoi. In 1954, France gave up its control of Vietnam, and the Viet Minh was recognized as the government of northern Vietnam. The post-colonial conditions of Vietnam were set at the Geneva Conference of 1954; the agreement was finalized on July 21, 1954. The Geneva agreement reflected the military results at that time. The northern part of Vietnam, which was almost entirely controlled by the Viet Minh became the Democratic Republic Document [29] (Title: Slavery in Vietnam) soldier told him of an escape route back to China and Wu Rui escaped to Longzhou. The local chief planned to sell him back to the Vietnamese, but Wu was rescued by the Pingxiang magistrate and then was sent to Beijing to work as a eunuch in the palace. The Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư records that in 1467 in An Bang province of Dai Viet (now Quảng Ninh Province) a Chinese ship blew off course onto the shore. The Chinese were detained and not allowed to return to China as ordered by Le Thanh Tong. This incident may Document [30] (Title: Annam (province)) the Southern Han dynasty, Liu Hongcao () and re-established the independent state of Đại Việt. This was the effective end of Annam as a Chinese province. Several attempts were made by various Chinese governments to retake Vietnam, with one succeeding (Ming rule of Vietnam) but only for 20 years (1407–1427). The territory of Tang-era Annan is now part of present-day Vietnam. In the 1860s, the French government under Napoleon III conquered first southern and then central Vietnam. The central portion of the country they ruled as the protectorate of Annam. Annam (province) Annam () was the southernmost province of China Document [31] (Title: Economic history of Vietnam) feudal kings–had been most of the time under the Chinese domination, approximately 1053 years. The first domination was happening from 207 BC to 29 AD. A brief independent period followed with the coronation of female sister kings Trung Trac, Trung Nhi, which ended in 43 AD. The second Chinese domination was the period from 43-544 AD. The coronation of Lý Nam Đế had gained the control of Vietnam from the Chinese hands for about 60-year Vietnam before the third Chinese domination, 603-907 AD. Historians tell us that the slavery regime was still prevalent in Vietnam in around 900 AD. Hanoi, Document [32] (Title: Empire of Vietnam) launch a general insurrection with the aim of seizing control of the country. In August, Vietnam went through a period regarded as one of its most eventful phases, amidst the backdrop of rapid change in global politics. On the one hand, the Allies began to put into effect their postwar plans for Vietnam, which included the disarmament of Japanese troops and the division of Vietnam into spheres of influence. The Japanese military and civilian personnel in Vietnam were hamstrung by the unconditional surrender of their government and the possibility of Allied retribution. With respect to the Vietnamese, the Japanese were Document [33] (Title: History of the People's Republic of China (1976–1989)) China or Green", "New York Times" article title). China's relations with the Socialist Republic of Vietnam began to deteriorate seriously in the mid-1970s. After Vietnam joined the Soviet-dominated Council for Mutual Economic Cooperation (Comecon) and signed the Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation with the Soviet Union in 1978, China branded Vietnam the "Cuba of the East" and called the treaty a military alliance. Incidents along the Sino-Vietnamese border increased in frequency and violence. In December 1978 Vietnam invaded Cambodia, quickly ousted the pro-Mao Pol Pot regime, and overran the country. China's twenty-nine-day incursion into Vietnam in February 1979 was a Document [34] (Title: Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng) some anti-French activists, including VNQDD members. On August 15, 1945, Japanese surrendered to Republic of China in Vietnam. General Lu Han (盧漢) was the representative of the Nationalist Army. The government of Republic of China favored VNQDD over Viet Minh which led to Ho's reliance on the rebel Chinese communist. Ho's Viet Minh seized power and set up a provisional government in the wake of Japan's withdrawal from Vietnam. This move violated a prior agreement between the member parties of the Viet Nam Cach Mang Dong Minh Hoi (Vietnamese Revolutionary League), which included the VNQDD as well as the Vietminh, Document [35] (Title: Second Chinese domination of Vietnam) and established the Early Lý dynasty. This period lasted about 500 years. The Trung sisters' independent rule was one of the few relatively brief interruptions during the Chinese domination of Vietnam which continued from 111 BC to 939. After the defeat of the Trung sisters, the Eastern Han dynasty strengthened its control over the region in 43 and renamed it Giao Chỉ (or Jiaozhi). As the Han dynasty weakened, the prefect of Giao Chỉ, Shi Xie, ruled Vietnam as an autonomous warlord and was posthumously deified by later Vietnamese Emperors. Even when the Eastern Han dynasty split into the Three Document [36] (Title: Chinese domination of Vietnam) cultivation, and animal husbandry. Chinese culture, having been established among the elite mandarin class, remained the dominant current among that elite for most of the next 1,000 years (939-1870s) until the loss of independence under French Indochina. This cultural affiliation to China remained true even when militarily defending Vietnam against attempted invasion, such as against the Mongol Kublai Khan. The only significant exceptions to this were the 7 years of the strongly anti-Chinese Hồ dynasty which banned the use of Chinese (among other actions triggering the fourth Chinese invasion), but then after the expulsion of the Ming the rise in Document [37] (Title: Vietnam) Empire was allowed to station its troops in Vietnam while permitting the pro-Vichy French colonial administration to continue. Japan exploited Vietnam's natural resources to support its military campaigns, culminating in a full-scale takeover of the country in March 1945 and the Vietnamese Famine of 1945, which caused up to two million deaths. In 1941, the Việt Minh which is a nationalist liberation movement based on a Communist ideology emerged under the Vietnamese revolutionary leader Hồ Chí Minh who sought independence for Vietnam from France and the end of the Japanese occupation. Following the military defeat of Japan and the fall Document [38] (Title: History of Vietnam) in Southeast Asia. During the 1930s, the CPV was nearly wiped out under French suppression with the execution of top leaders such as Phú, Lê Hồng Phong, and Nguyễn Văn Cừ. During World War II, Japan invaded Indochina in 1940, keeping the Vichy French colonial administration in place as a puppet. In 1941 Nguyễn Ái Quốc, now known as Hồ Chí Minh, arrived in northern Vietnam to form the Việt Minh Front, and it was supposed to be an umbrella group for all parties fighting for Vietnam's independence, but was dominated by the Communist Party. The Việt Minh had a Document [39] (Title: Military conquests of the Ming dynasty) Trần, Trần Thiên Bính (陳添平) to Vietnam. He was assassinated and in that same year, two huge Chinese armies were sent along two routes, via Yunnan and Guangxi, into Đại Ngu. Chinese forces claimed that seven million Vietnamese were killed in this initial campaign to take the polity. In 1407, Đại Ngu became Ming China's 14th province, and remained so until 1428, when the Ming were forced to withdraw by a Vietnamese independence movement led by Lê Lợi. In contrast to the name Annam ("Pacified South"), this 21-year period was one of almost incessant fighting. As soon as the Ming Document [40] (Title: Sinocentrism) not always peaceful relationship with China. Vietnam was part of various Chinese dynasties and kingdoms for approximately 900 years before gaining independence in the 10th century. In subsequent centuries the Vietnamese drove out Chinese invaders on a number of occasions, to the extent that conflict with China may be seen as one of the main themes of Vietnamese history. However, Vietnam was also heavily Sinicized, using Classical Chinese as its official literary language and adopting most aspects of Chinese culture, including the administrative system, architecture, philosophy, religion, literature of China, and even a general cultural outlook. Vietnam persistently identified itself Document [41] (Title: North Vietnam) North Vietnam North Vietnam, officially the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) (), was a country in Southeast Asia from 1954 to 1975. Vietnamese revolutionary leader Hồ Chí Minh declared independence from French Indochina on 2 September 1945 and announced the creation of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. France reasserted its colonial dominance and a war ensued between France and the Viet Minh, led by President Ho Chi Minh. The Viet Minh ("League for the Independence of Vietnam") was a coalition of nationalist groups, mostly led by communists. In February 1951, the communists announced the creation of the Lao Động Party Document [42] (Title: Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng) the First Indochina War went into full flight. A small group of VNQDD fighters escaped Giáp's assault and retreated to a mountainous enclave along the Sino-Vietnamese border, where they declared themselves to be the government of Vietnam, with little effect. After Vietnam gained independence in 1954, the Geneva Accords partitioned the country into a communist north and an anti-communist south, but stipulated that there were to be 300 days of free passage between the two zones. During Operation Passage to Freedom, most VNQDD members migrated to the south. The VNQDD was deeply divided after years of communist pressure, lacked strong Document [43] (Title: History of Vietnam) "Journal of Conflict Resolution" covering Vietnam-China relations from 1365 to 1841, the relations could be characterized as a "hierarchic tributary system". The study found that "the Vietnamese court explicitly recognized its unequal status in its relations with China through a number of institutions and norms. Vietnamese rulers also displayed very little military attention to their relations with China. Rather, Vietnamese leaders were clearly more concerned with quelling chronic domestic instability and managing relations with kingdoms to their south and west." In September 1945, Hồ Chí Minh proclaimed the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) and held the position of chairman (Chủ Document [44] (Title: Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam) River Delta. Hồ Quý Ly and his son were captured on 16 June 1407, they were caged and brought as prisoners to the Yongle Emperor in Nanjing. There was several revolts among the Vietnamese people against the Ming authorities, only to be crushed by the Ming army. Among the people who led the rebellion were, Trần Ngỗi (revolted 1407–09), a young son of the late Trần emperor Trần Nghệ Tông and Trần Quý Khoáng, a nephew. These revolts were short-lived and poorly planned but they helped lay some of the groundwork for Lê Lợi's war for independence. Lê Lợi, one Document [45] (Title: Western imperialism in Asia) trade with China would be surpassed by the British, and accordingly the French joined the British against China in the Second Opium War from 1857 to 1860, and occupied parts of Vietnam as its gateway to China. By the Treaty of Saigon in 1862, on June 5, the Vietnamese emperor ceded France three provinces of southern Vietnam to form the French colony of Cochinchina; France also secured trade and religious privileges in the rest of Vietnam and a protectorate over Vietnam's foreign relations. Gradually French power spread through exploration, the establishment of protectorates, and outright annexations. Their seizure of Hanoi Document [46] (Title: Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam) Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam The Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam () was written by Hồ Chí Minh, and announced in public at the Ba Đình flower garden (now the Ba Đình Square) on September 2, 1945. It led to the independence of Vietnam. Vietnam became a colony of France in the late 19th century, but during World War II, Japan occupied Vietnam. During this period the Viet Minh fought a guerrilla war against the Japanese and were to a degree supported by the Americans in 1945 via the Office of Strategic Document [47] (Title: Vietnam) lord Ngô Quyền defeated the forces of the Chinese Southern Han state at Bạch Đằng River and achieved full independence for Vietnam after a millennium of Chinese domination. Renamed as Đại Việt ("Great Viet"), the nation enjoyed a golden era under the Lý and Trần dynasties. During the rule of the Trần Dynasty, Đại Việt repelled three Mongol invasions. Meanwhile, Buddhism of Mahāyāna tradition flourished and became the state religion. Following the 1406–7 Ming–Hồ War which overthrew the Hồ dynasty, Vietnamese independence was briefly interrupted by the Chinese Ming dynasty, but was restored by Lê Lợi, the founder of the Document [48] (Title: History of Vietnam since 1945) their own militias. Under the terms of the Accord between France and the Democratic Republic of Vietnam on 6 March 1946: The seat of the conference was held at either Hanoi, Saigon or Paris. In 1947 full-scale war broke out between the Viet Minh and France. Realizing that colonialism was coming to an end worldwide, France fashioned a semi-independent State of Vietnam, within the French Union, with Bảo Đại as head of state. Meanwhile, as the Communists under Mao Zedong took over China, the Viet Minh began to receive military aid from China. Beside supplying materials, Chinese cadres also pressured Document [49] (Title: Aftermath of World War II) was bolstered as the front launched a rebellion, sacking rice warehouses and urging the Vietnamese to refuse to pay taxes. Because the French colonial authorities started to hold secret talks with the Free French, the Japanese interned them 9 March 1945. When Japan surrendered in August, this created a power vacuum, and the Viet Minh took power in the August Revolution, declaring the independent Democratic Republic of Vietnam. However, the Allies (including the Soviet Union) all agreed that the area belonged to the French. Nationalist Chinese forces moved in from the north and British from the south (as the French Document [50] (Title: Geography of Vietnam) line" accepted by Hanoi that China agreed in 1957-58 to respect. However, in February 1979, following China's limited invasion of Vietnam, Hanoi complained that from 1957 onward China had provoked numerous border incidents as part of its anti-Vietnam policy and expansionist designs in Southeast Asia. Among the territorial infringements cited was the Chinese occupation in January 1974 of the Paracel Islands, claimed by both countries in a dispute left unresolved in the 1980s. The country is divided into the highlands and the Red River Delta in the north; and the Dãy Trường Sơn (Central mountains, or the Chaîne Annamitique, sometimes Document [51] (Title: China–Vietnam relations) circumstances!". In August 1943, China broke diplomatic relations with the Vichy France regime, with the "Central Daily News" announcing diplomatic relations were to be solely between the Chinese and Vietnamese people, with no French intermediary. China had planned to widely spread the propaganda of the Atlantic Charter and Roosevelt's statement on Vietnamese self-determination, in order to undermine French authority in Indochina. However, with the death of Roosevelt, his successor Harry S. Truman switched his position on Vietnamese independence in order to gain the support of Free French Forces in Europe. According to a 2018 study in the "Journal of Conflict Document [52] (Title: Empire of Vietnam) territorial reunification to Vietnam. In early July, when southern Vietnam was abuzz with the spirit of independence and mass political participation due to the creation of the Vanguard Youth organizations in Saigon and other regional centres, Governor Minoda announced the organization of the "Hoi Nghi Nam" (Council of "Nam Bo", i.e. Cochinchina) to facilitate his governance. This council was charged with advising the Japanese based on questions submitted to it by the Japanese and for overseeing provincial affairs. Minoda underlined that its primary aim was to make the Vietnamese population believe that they had to collaborate with the Japanese, because Document [53] (Title: Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam) Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam The fourth Chinese domination was a period of the history of Vietnam, from 1407 to 1427 during which the country was invaded and ruled by the Chinese Ming dynasty. It was the result of the conquest of the region in 1406 to 1407. The previous periods of Chinese rules, collectively known as the Bắc thuộc periods in Vietnam, were longer-lasting, constituting much of Vietnam's history from 111 BC to 939 AD. The fourth Chinese occupation of Vietnam was eventually ended with the establishment of the Lê dynasty. The former ruling dynasty of Đại Việt, the Document [54] (Title: Vietnam) Minh City as the most populous city. The northern part of Vietnam was part of Imperial China for over a millennium, from 111 BC to AD 939. An independent Vietnamese state was formed in 939, following a Vietnamese victory in the battle of Bạch Đằng River. Successive Vietnamese imperial dynasties flourished as the nation expanded geographically and politically into Southeast Asia, until the Indochina Peninsula was colonised by the French in the mid-19th century. Following a Japanese occupation in the 1940s, the Vietnamese fought French rule in the First Indochina War. On 2 September 1945, President Hồ Chí Minh declared Document [55] (Title: First Chinese domination of Vietnam) and instituting marriage and land inheritance reforms aimed at turning Vietnam into a patriarchal society more amenable to political authority. The Vietnamese paid heavy tributes and imperial taxes to the Han mandarins to maintain the local administration and the military. The Chinese vigorously tried to assimilate the Vietnamese peacefully either through forced sinicization or through brute Chinese political domination. The Han dynasty sought to assimilate the Vietnamese as the Chinese wanted to maintain a unified cohesive empire through a "civilizing mission" as what the Chinese regarded the Vietnamese as uncultured and backward barbarians and regarded their "Celestial Empire" as the Document [56] (Title: Vietnam) consolidated Âu Lạc into Nanyue. However, Nanyue was itself incorporated into the empire of the Chinese Han dynasty in 111 BC after the Han–Nanyue War. For the next thousand years, what is now northern Vietnam remained mostly under Chinese rule. Early independence movements, such as those of the Trưng Sisters and Lady Triệu, were only temporarily successful, though the region gained a longer period of independence as Vạn Xuân under the Anterior Lý dynasty between AD 544 and 602. By the early 10th century, Vietnam had gained autonomy, but not sovereignty, under the Khúc family. In AD 938, the Vietnamese Document [57] (Title: Third Chinese domination of Vietnam) up a national administration; in 930 the Southern Han dynasty, which had taken power in southern China, again invaded the country and defeated Khúc Thừa Mỹ. In 931, however, Dương Đình Nghệ (Yang Tingyi) took up the fight and made himself governor. After Dương Đình Nghệ was murdered by one of his aides (Kiều Công Tiễn), the fight was led by Ngô Quyền, who in 938 clashed with a Southern Han expeditionary corps approaching by sea. The Southern Han fleet entered Vietnam via the Bạch Đằng estuary (mouth of the river which flows into Hạ Long Bay) where iron-tipped stakes Document [58] (Title: Nguyễn dynasty) led to an invasion in 1861. By 1862, the war was over. Vietnam conceded three provinces in the south (French Cochinchina), opened three ports to French trade, allowed free passage of French warships to Kampuchea (which led to an 1863 French protectorate of Kampuchea), allowed freedom for French missionaries, and gave France a large indemnity for the cost of the war. France did not intervene in the Christian-supported Vietnamese rebellion in Bắc Bộ (despite missionary urging) or the subsequent slaughter of thousands of Christians after the rebellion, suggesting that persecution of Christians prompted the intervention but military and political reasons Document [59] (Title: Vietnam) referendum organised by his brother Ngô Đình Nhu, and proclaimed himself president of the Republic of Vietnam. At that point the internationally recognised State of Vietnam effectively ceased to exist and was replaced by the Republic of Vietnam in the south and Hồ Chí Minh's Democratic Republic of Vietnam in the north. Between 1953 and 1956, the North Vietnamese government instituted various agrarian reforms, including "rent reduction" and "land reform", which resulted in significant political oppression. During the land reform, testimony from North Vietnamese witnesses suggested a ratio of one execution for every 160 village residents, which extrapolated nationwide would Document [60] (Title: Cần Vương movement) Resistance continued growing while the French in Tonkin were distracted by the Sino-French War (August 1884 to April 1885). Matters came to a head in June 1885, when France and China signed the Treaty of Tientsin, in which China implicitly renounced its historic claims to suzerainty over Vietnam.[citation needed] Now freed from external distractions, the French government was determined to gain direct rule over Vietnam. Their agent of choice was General Count Roussel de Courcy. In May 1885, de Courcy arrived in Hanoi and took control of French military power in order to remove the mandarins Thuyết and Tường. Most Document [61] (Title: History of Vietnam) up Vietnamese independence societies in Japan, which many viewed as a model society (i.e. an Asian nation that had modernized, but retained its own culture and institutions). There emerged two parallel movements of modernization. The first was the "Đông Du" ("Go East") Movement started in 1905 by Phan Bội Châu. Châu's plan was to send Vietnamese students to Japan to learn modern skills, so that in the future they could lead a successful armed revolt against the French. With Prince Cường Để, he started two organizations in Japan: "Duy Tân Hội" and "Việt Nam Công Hiến Hội". Due to French Document [62] (Title: China in the Vietnam War) Van Dong in November 1956. Zhou repeatedly emphasized that "the unification should be regarded as a long-term struggle," and that "only when the North had been consolidated with extensive efforts, would it become possible to talk about how to win over the South and how to unify the country.” Thus, he concluded the leaders in Beijing never encouraged Hanoi to liberate the South in a military way. Qiang Zhai also has the same ideas in his book pointing out Chinese gave Ho Chi Minh and his movement a lot of support, but he was his own master and set his Document [63] (Title: State of Vietnam) Union and the Indochinese Federation then including the neighboring Kingdom of Laos and Kingdom of Cambodia. Cochinchina (South Vietnam), however, had a different status, both as a colony and as an autonomous republic, and its reunification with the rest of Vietnam had to be approved by its local assembly, and then by the French National Assembly. During the transitional period, a Provisional Central Government of Vietnam was proclaimed: Nguyễn Văn Xuân, until then head of the "Provisional Government of South Vietnam" (as Cochinchina had been known since 1947) became its president, while Bảo Đại waited for a complete reunification to Document [64] (Title: China–Vietnam relations) over territorial issues in the South China Sea. China and Vietnam share a 1,281-kilometre border. A 2014 survey conducted by the Pew Research Center showed 84% of Vietnamese were concerned that territorial disputes between China and neighbouring countries could lead to a military conflict. China and Vietnam had contact since the Chinese Warring States period and the Vietnamese Thục Dynasty of the 3rd century BC, as noted in the Vietnamese historical record "Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư". Between the 1st century BC and 15th century AD, Vietnam was subject to four separate periods of imperial Chinese domination, although it Document [65] (Title: Buddhist Uprising) raids staged under the Diệm regime in 1963 indicated a willingness to suppress Buddhist dissidents. Đính arrived in Huế on April 15. The Buddhists reacted to Đính's appointment with dismay. They openly took responsibility for organising all future demonstrations, releasing a proclamation to that effect through the Vien Hoa Dao. They declared the country to be in "a state of emergency" and demanded civilian rule immediately, calling for an escalation in protests. After a week, Đính announced that he had restored Saigon's authority over the region. He proclaimed that he had regained control of the radio stations in Da Nang Document [66] (Title: Empire of Vietnam) founder of the Lê Dynasty who expelled the Chinese in 1427. General Trần Hưng Đạo, who twice repelled Mongol invasions in the 13th century, replaced Paul Bert. On August 1, the new mayor of Hanoi, Tran Van Lai, ordered the demolition of French built statues in the city parks in his campaign to "Wipe Out Humiliating Remnants". Similar campaigns were enacted in southern Vietnam in late August. Meanwhile, the freedom of the press was instituted, resulting in the publication of the pieces of anti-French movements and critical essays on French collaborators. Heavy criticism was even extended to Nguyen Huu Do, Document [67] (Title: First Chinese domination of Vietnam) the first century of Chinese rule, Vietnam was governed leniently and indirect with no immediate change in indigenous policies. Initially, the practice of indigenous Vietnamese was governed at the local level but was ruled out in favor of replacing indigenous Vietnamese local officials with newly settled Han Chinese officials. Han imperial bureaucrats generally pursued a policy of peaceful relations with the indigenous population, focusing their administrative roles in the prefectural headquarters and garrisons, and maintaining secure river routes for trade. By the first century AD, however, the Han dynasty intensified its efforts to assimilate its new territories by raising taxes Document [68] (Title: North Vietnam) of the country into the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. The expanded Democratic Republic retained North Vietnam's political culture under Soviet influence and continued its existing memberships in international organisations such as Comecon. After about 300 years of partition by feudal dynasties, Vietnam was again under one single authority in 1802 when Gia Long founded the Nguyễn dynasty, but the country became a French protectorate after 1883 and under Japanese occupation after 1940 during World War II. Soon after Japan surrendered on 2 September 1945, the Việt Minh in the August Revolution entered Hanoi, and the Democratic Republic of Vietnam was Document [69] (Title: First Chinese domination of Vietnam) each ruled by a Chinese mandarin while the old system of lower rank rulers of Lac Hau, Lac Tuong were kept unchanged. During the next several hundred years of Chinese colonization and domination, sinification of the newly conquered Nanyue was brought about by a combination of Han imperial military power, regular settlement and an influx of Han Chinese refugees, officers and garrisons, merchants, scholars, bureaucrats, fugitives, and prisoners of war. At the same time, Chinese officials were interested in exploiting the region's natural resources and trade potential. In addition, Han Chinese officials also seized fertile land conquered from Vietnamese nobles Document [70] (Title: Indochina Wars) North Vietnam. Emperor Bảo Đại abdicated power to the Viet Minh, on August 25, 1945. In a popular move, Ho Chi Minh made Bảo Đại "supreme adviser" to the Viet Minh-led government in Hanoi, which asserted its independence on September 2 as the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) and issued a Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. In 1946, Vietnam had its first constitution. In 1948, France tried to regain its colonial control over Vietnam. In South Vietnam, the Japanese had surrendered to British forces, who had supported the Free French in fighting the Viet Minh, along Document [71] (Title: Lê Thánh Tông) foreign trade and contacts, enforcing an isolationist policy. Several Malay envoys from the Malacca sultanate were attacked and captured in 1469 by Việt Nam as they were returning to Malacca from China. The Vietnamese enslaved and castrated the young from among the captured. A 1472 entry in the Ming Shilu reported that some Chinese from Nanhai escaped back to China after their ship had been blown off course into Vietnam, where they had been forced to serve as soldiers in Vietnam's military. The escapees also reported that up to 100 Chinese men remained captives in Vietnam after they were caught Document [72] (Title: Demographics of Vietnam) economic activity following reunification in 1975 and the subsequent but unrelated general deterioration in Vietnamese-Chinese relations sent chills through the Chinese-Vietnamese community. The relation between China and Vietnam also declined in this period, with Vietnam siding with the Soviet Union against China in the Chinese-Soviet split. Tensions peaked when Vietnam invaded Cambodia, an ally of China, to depose Pol Pot, resulting in a Chinese invasion of Vietnam in 1979. In 1978-79, some 450,000 ethnic Chinese left Vietnam by boat as refugees (many officially encouraged and assisted) or were expelled across the land border with China. In recent years the government Document [73] (Title: History of Vietnam) language, and much of national identity. At certain periods during these 1,100 years, Vietnam was independently governed under the Triệus, Trưng Sisters, Early Lýs, Khúcs and Dương Đình Nghệ—although their triumphs and reigns were temporary. During the Chinese domination of northern Vietnam, several civilizations flourished in what is today central and south Vietnam, particularly the Funanese and Cham. The founders and rulers of these governments, however, were not native to Vietnam. From the 10th century onwards, the Vietnamese, emerging in their heartland of the Red River Delta, began to conquer these civilizations. When Ngô Quyền (King of Vietnam, 938–944) restored Document [74] (Title: French Cochinchina) Japanese surrendered to the Việt Minh during the August Revolution. On September 2, 1945 Việt Minh established Democratic Republic of Vietnam with territory of Annam, Tonkin and Cochinchina. The independentists held the general election on January 6, 1946 in order to establish the first National Assembly in Vietnam. The elections were supposedly organized in all areas of Vietnam including Cochinchina, but the southern colony was by then back under the control of the French. On June 1, 1946, whilst the Viet Minh leadership was in France for negotiations, southern autonomists proclaimed a government of Cochinchina, at the initiative of High Document [75] (Title: First Chinese domination of Vietnam) to maintain political autonomy and the drive to regain Vietnamese independence signified Vietnamese resistance and hostility to Chinese aggression, political domination and imperialism on Vietnamese society. Han Chinese bureaucrats sought to impose much of Chinese high culture onto the indigenous Vietnamese including bureaucratic Legalist techniques and Confucian ethics, education, art, literature, and language. The conquered and subjugated Vietnamese had to adopt the Chinese foreign writing system, Confucianism, veneration of the Chinese emperor at the detriment of the loss of their native spoken language, culture, ethnic and national identity. Professor Liam Kelley wrote on how the 17th century Vietnamese historians like Document [76] (Title: Nam Phương) a member of Japan's Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. At this time, Tonkin, Cochinchina, and Annam, which came under the control of Imperial Japan after World War II, were reunited to become the Empire of Vietnam, a puppet state. However, the new emperor was soon convinced to abdicate the throne by the revolutionary leader Hồ Chí Minh, head of the Việt Minh. The former emperor returned to Vietnam in 1949 at the invitation of the civilian government and was named head of state, but he went into exile again in 1954. Nam Phương's first official visit to Europe, in the Document [77] (Title: Hoa people) President Thiệu's rule, especially in the manufacturing, finance and transport industries. At the grassroots level, ethnic Vietnamese resentment against the Chinese was widespread for their dominance over the South Vietnamese economy. In North Vietnam, the initially favorable situation of the Chinese minority began to deteriorate during the Vietnam War. In 1967–1968, friction started to occur in Sino-DRV relations, because the People's Republic of China disapproved both Hanoi’s broadening cooperation with the Soviet Union and the North Vietnamese decision to start negotiations with the U.S. in Paris. Inspired by the Chinese embassy, the official newspaper of the ethnic Chinese community published Document [78] (Title: East Asia) significant exceptions to this were the 7 years of the strongly anti-Chinese Hồ dynasty which banned the use of Chinese (among other actions triggering the fourth Chinese invasion), but then after the expulsion of the Ming the rise in vernacular chữ nôm literature. Although 1,000 years of Chinese rule left many traces, the collective memory of the period reinforced Vietnam's cultural and later political independence. As full-fledged medieval East Asian states were established, Korea by the fourth century AD and Japan by the seventh century AD, Korea, Japan, and Vietnam actively began to incorporate Chinese influences such as Confucianism, the Document [79] (Title: Chinese miners in Vietnam) the Qing government recognized the status of Tay Son regime and began to establish normal relations with it. The fall of Le-Trinh regime and the establishment of Tay Son changed Vietnamese border policy and brought a new period of Sino-Vietnamese relation. In 1792, the Qing government reopened the border and restored the passport system of 1744. Border trade and population movements picked up, and the mining industry in northern Vietnam also ushered in prosperity again. Even though experiencing the returning trend of Chinese miners, many silver and gold mines in Thai Nguyen, Tuyen Quang, and other provinces were still under Document [80] (Title: History of Vietnam since 1945) a baby girl named Nguyen Thi Thuy Dung was born and was officially designated Vietnam's official 90 millionth citizen. History of Vietnam since 1945 After World War II and the collapse of Vietnam's monarchy, France attempted to re-establish its colonial rule but was ultimately defeated in the First Indochina War. The Geneva Accords in 1954 partitioned the country temporarily in two with a promise of democratic elections in 1956 to reunite the country. However, the United States and South Vietnam insisted on United Nations supervision of any election to prevent fraud, which the Soviet Union and North Vietnam refused. North Document [81] (Title: State of Vietnam) Minh’s influence over the Vietnamese population, the French authorities in Indochina supported the return to power of the Bảo Đại, the last emperor of the Nguyễn Dynasty), by establishing puppet states, including the State of Vietnam. Bao Dai had voluntarily abdicated on August 25, 1945, after the fall of the short-lived Empire of Vietnam, a puppet state of the Empire of Japan. On June 5, 1948, the Halong Bay Agreements ("Accords de la baie d’Along") allowed the creation of a unified Vietnamese government replacing the governments of Tonkin (North Vietnam) and Annam (Middle Vietnam) associated to France within the French Document [82] (Title: Sino-Vietnamese War) Thailand. China, now under Deng Xiaoping, was starting the Chinese economic reform and opening trade with the West, in turn, growing increasingly defiant of the Soviet Union. On November 3, 1978, the Soviet Union and Vietnam signed a 25-year mutual defense treaty, which made Vietnam the "linchpin" in the Soviet Union's "drive to contain China." On January 1, 1979, Chinese Vice-premier Deng Xiaoping visited the United States for the first time and told American president Jimmy Carter: "The little child is getting naughty, it's time he get spanked." (original Chinese words: 小朋友不听话，该打打屁股了。). On February 15, the first day that China Document [83] (Title: Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam) the Lê dynasty (1428–1788). When the Ming invaded; all classical Vietnamese printing blocks, books and materials were burned and suppressed. Vietnamese records like gazettes, maps, and registers were instructed to be burned, saved for one copy. This policy was strictly enforced by Yongle emperor. His command to the army in Vietnam in July 1406 is as follow: 兵入。除釋道經板經文不燬。外一切書板文字以至俚俗童蒙所習。如上大人丘乙已之類。片紙隻字悉皆燬之。其境內中國所立碑刻則存之。但是安南所立者悉壞之。一字不存。 "Once our army enter Annam (Vietnam currently), except Buddhist and Taoist text; all books and notes, including folklore and children book, should be burnt. The stelas erected by China should be protected carefully, while those erected by Annamese (Vietnamese currently), should be Document [84] (Title: China–Vietnam relations) major factor for the later conflict between China and Vietnam. The Ming Dynasty invaded Vietnam and occupied Vietnam in what would be the Fourth Millennium, only be defeated by the army of rebel leader Lê Lợi, who later founded the Later Lê Dynasty in Vietnam. The Qing Dynasty had also attempted to conquer Vietnam but was defeated by Emperor Quang Trung at 1789. Quang Trung had also attempted to conquer China, but he died before it was proposed. In 1884, during the time of Vietnam's Nguyễn Dynasty, Qing China and France fought a war which ended in a Chinese defeat. Document [85] (Title: China–Vietnam relations) minority, which consists of Vietnamese of Chinese ethnicity. By 1978, China ended its aid to Vietnam, which had signed a treaty of friendship with the Soviet Union, establishing extensive commercial and military ties. On February 17, 1979, the Chinese People's Liberation Army crossed the Vietnamese border, withdrawing on March 5 after a two-week campaign which devastated northern Vietnam and briefly threatened the Vietnamese capital, Hanoi. Both sides suffered relatively heavy losses with thousands of casualties. Subsequent peace talks broke down in December 1979, and both China and Vietnam began a major build-up of forces along the border. Vietnam fortified its Document [86] (Title: Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam) Vietnam received firearms from Ming dynasty rule over Vietnam. The conquest of Champa was enabled when Vietnam's north received gunpowder weapons from the Ming dynasty along with Neo-Confucianist thought. It was recorded that the union of Vietnamese women and Chinese (Ngô) men produced offspring which were left behind in Vietnam, and the Chams, Cẩu Hiểm, Laotians, these people, and Vietnamese natives who collaborated with the Ming were made into slaves of the Le government in the Complete Annals of Đại Việt. There was no mandatory required reparation of the voluntarily remaining Ming Chinese in Vietnam. The return of the Ming Document [87] (Title: Khúc clan) under the Khúc clan in Tống Bình (near modern-day Hanoi) in 906, paving way for total independence from China under Ngô Quyền. The Tang took control of the northern Vietnamese region of Jiaozhi (Giao Chi; roughly corresponding to the area of the modern Red River Delta). Periodical rebellions have uprised in Annam in 828, 841, 858, 860, 880, involving more and more people every time. After every uprising Tang authorities were forced to retreat to China. China have been torn apart by upheaving dynasties from 874, until 907 when the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period had started. Jiedushi (Tiết Document [88] (Title: Hoa people) deeply resented 1 percent Hoa minority controls as much as 70 to 80 percent of the country's economy and commercial wealth. Chinese economic dominance in Vietnam dates back to 208 B.C., when the renegade Qin Chinese general Zhao Tuo defeated An Dương Vương, the king of Âu Lạc in north Vietnam and conquered the Âu Lạc Kingdom, an ancient Vietnamese state situated in the northern mountains of modern Vietnam populated by the ancient Lạc Việt and Âu Việt. He annexed Âu Lạc into the Qin Empire the following year and declared himself the emperor of Nam Viet. A century later, Document [89] (Title: Treaty of Huế (1884)) the fact that China was in practice renouncing its suzerainty over Vietnam, Article IV of the Tientsin Accord bound France to abstain from using any language demeaning to the dignity of the Celestial Empire in its new treaty with Vietnam. Article I of the 1883 Harmand Treaty had contained the offensive phrase 'including China' ("y compris la Chine") in the statement that France would henceforth control Vietnam's relations with other countries. Patenôtre removed this phrase, and Article I of the Patenôtre Treaty consequently makes no reference to China. Although the French were careful to save Chinese face in the text Document [90] (Title: Lam Sơn uprising) heir, the Ming government chose to re-establish sovereignty over Vietnam, as was the case in the days of the Tang dynasty, some 500 years prior. The Ming government began a harsh rule of both colonization and sinicization. Valuable artifacts such as gems, jade, gold, pieces of art as well as craftsmen were transported to China. Vietnamese literature books like gazettes, maps, and registers were instructed to be burned, saved for one copy. Lê Lợi himself said that he chose the path of revolt against China's brutal government when he personally witnessed the destruction of a Vietnamese village by Ming forces. Document [91] (Title: History of the People's Republic of China (1976–1989)) but in 1972 Mao Zedong told Vietnamese premier Pham Van Dong that they should stop expecting Chinese aid and that the old historical feud between the two countries would erupt again. China also gave its support to the genocidal Khmer Rouge regime that took power in Cambodia during 1975, provoking the hostility of the Soviet-backed Vietnamese government. In January 1979, Vietnam invaded Cambodia and drove the Khmer Rouge from power. During his U.S. visit, Deng Xiaoping remarked that Vietnam would have to "be taught a lesson". In February, a full-scale Chinese attack was launched on the Vietnamese border. Although China Document [92] (Title: Operation Passage to Freedom) the withdrawal of Imperial Japan, which had seized control of the French colony during World War II. The military struggle started in November 1946 when France attempted to reassert control over Indochina with an attack on the northern port city of Haiphong. The DRV was recognised by the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China (PRC). On the other hand, the western powers recognised the French-backed State of Vietnam, nominally led by Emperor Bảo Đại, but with a French-trained Vietnamese National Army (VNA) which was loyal to the French Union forces. In May 1954, after eight years of fighting, Document [93] (Title: Chinese domination of Vietnam) Chinese domination of Vietnam The Chinese domination of Vietnam (, , "Belonging to the North (China)") began in 111 BC, and is usually considered to have ended in 938 AD. A fourth, relatively brief, 20-year punitive invasion by the Ming dynasty, 400 years later, is usually excluded by historians in discussion of the main, almost continuous, period of Chinese colonization from 111 BC to 938 AD, as is the brief occupation of northern Vietnam by Chinese forces at the end of the Second World War. The four periods of Chinese colonization or occupation do not correspond to the modern borders Document [94] (Title: Lê dynasty) succession was an excuse for the Chinese to re-assert control over Vietnam (See the Hồ dynasty for further details). The Chinese, now under the Yongle Emperor conquered and ruled Vietnam starting in 1407. They immediately tried to change it into another province of the Ming Empire. Many, if not all Vietnamese customs and laws were declared invalid. Distinctive features of Vietnamese life which had naturally emerged during the nearly 500 years of independence from China were suppressed. All resistance to this effort was treated as rebellion and was dealt with according to normal Imperial Chinese methods (villages were burned, people Document [95] (Title: Third Chinese domination of Vietnam) Third Chinese domination of Vietnam The third Chinese domination refers to the time in Vietnam from the end of the Early Lý dynasty in 602 to the rise of the Khúc family by Khúc Thừa Dụ in 905 or until 938, following the expulsion of the Southern Han invaders by Ngô Quyền. This period saw two Chinese imperial dynasties rule over an area of northern Vietnam roughly corresponding to the modern Hanoi region. From 602–618, this area was under the late Sui Dynasty, under three districts in the Red River Delta. From 618 to 905, the Tang Dynasty became the Document [96] (Title: Nguyễn Chánh Thi) to family documents, Thi was captured and imprisoned by the communist Viet Minh of Ho Chi Minh for three months at the end of the war in 1945 as they declared independence during the August Revolution. At the time, a power vacuum emerged as the defeated Japanese withdrew from Vietnam. France attempted to reassert its colonial grip over Indochina, while various Vietnamese groups jockeyed for power at the head of an independent country. In 1946, full-scale conflict erupted between the Vietminh, who had declared the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) independent, and France. As part of their political effort, the Document [97] (Title: Lê Duẩn) (Xinhua) condemned COMECON. China halted all economic development projects between May and July 1978. During this period total Chinese aid to Vietnam amounted to $300 million. On 17 February 1979, the Chinese People's Liberation Army crossed the Vietnamese border, withdrawing on 5 March after a two-week campaign which devastated northern Vietnam and briefly threatened Hanoi. Both China (40,000) and Vietnam (over 20,000) suffered heavy losses. Peace talks broke down in December 1979 and both China (400,000) and Vietnam (600,000) began a major build-up of forces along the border. Sporadic fighting on the border occurred throughout the 1980s and China threatened Document [98] (Title: Empire of Vietnam) Empire of Vietnam The Empire of Vietnam (; Hán tự: 越南帝國; ) was a short-lived client state of Imperial Japan governing the whole of Vietnam between March 11 and August 23, 1945. During World War II, after the fall of France and establishment of Vichy France, the French had lost practical control in French Indochina to the Japanese, but Japan stayed in the background while giving the Vichy French administrators nominal control. This changed on 9 March 1945 when Japan officially took over. To gain the support of the Vietnamese people, Imperial Japan declared it would return sovereignty to Vietnam. Document [99] (Title: French Cochinchina) Commissioner d'Argenlieu and in violation of the March 6 Ho–Sainteny agreement. The colony was proclaimed an "Autonomous Republic" . War between France and the Viet Minh followed (1946–54). Nguyễn Văn Thinh, the first head of its government, died in an apparent suicide in November of the same year. He was succeeded by Lê Văn Hoạch, a member of the caodaist sect. In 1947, Nguyễn Văn Xuân replaced Lê and renamed the "Provisional Government of the Autonomous Republic of Cochinchina" as the "Provisional Government of South Vietnam", overtly stating his aim to reunite the whole country. The next year, the Provisional Document [100] (Title: North Vietnam) of the Vietnam’s Nationalist Party and the Việt Cách Revolutionary Party are far from having comparable qualities with Hồ Chí Minh, Võ Nguyên Giáp, and other responsible Việt Minh members. When the Chinese nationalist army withdrawal from Vietnam on 15 June 1946, in one way or another, Võ Nguyễn Giáp, decided that the Việt Minh had to completely control the government. Võ Nguyễn Giáp is in immediate action with the goal of spreading Việt Minh leadership: the Allied Powers are supported by the Vietnam’s Nationalist Party (according to Cecil B. Currey, this organization borrows the revolutionary name of Vietnam’s Nationalist Document [101] (Title: Cochinchina) (Central Vietnam) and Tonkin (Northern Vietnam). The conquest of the south of present-day Vietnam was a long process of territorial acquisition by the Vietnamese. It is called "Nam tiến" (Chinese characters: 南進, English meaning "South[ern] Advance") by Vietnamese historians. Vietnam (then known as Đại Việt) nearly doubled its territory in 1470 under the great king Lê Thánh Tông, at the expense of Champa. The next two hundred years was a time of territorial consolidation and civil war with only gradual expansion south. In 1516, Portuguese traders sailing from Malacca landed in Da Nang, Champa, and established a presence there. They Document [102] (Title: Yên Bái mutiny) swift and decisive. The main leaders of the VNQDĐ were arrested, tried and put to death, effectively ending the military threat of what was previously the leading Vietnamese nationalist revolutionary organisation. Vietnam had gradually become a French colony between 1859 and 1883. The first phase started in 1859, when French and Spanish] forces began an invasion of southern Vietnam, leading to the ceding of three southern provinces to form the colony of Cochinchina under the Treaty of Saigon in 1864. In 1867, the French seized three further provinces and by 1883, the process was complete, when northern and central Vietnam Document [103] (Title: Hoa people) Saigon's Chinatown. The 1782 massacre in which an estimated ten thousand Chinese were slaughtered. According to official Vietnamese records, Chinese shops were burned and looted, and the victims, including "men, women, and children," were indiscriminately "killed and their corpses thrown into the river." Chinese economic dominance continued to grow following the establishment of the Nguyễn dynasty in 1802. As wealthy Chinese merchants and investors served as a source of tax revenue and political interests of the Nguyen officials. By the time the French arrived in the mid-19th century, Hoa held a controlled and dominated the indigenous Vietnamese majority in trade, Document [104] (Title: Lê Thánh Tông) Wu was rescued by the Pingxiang magistrate and then was sent to Beijing to work as a eunuch in the palace. The Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư records that in 1467 in An Bang province of Dai Viet (now Quảng Ninh Province) a Chinese ship blew off course onto the shore. The Chinese were detained and not allowed to return to China as ordered by Le Thanh Tong. This incident may be the same one where Wu Rui was captured. In 1465, Vietnam was attacked by pirates from the north. This was dealt with by sending additional forces to Document [105] (Title: First Chinese domination of Vietnam) Trưng Nhị. The Trưng Sisters incited a victorious armed revolt against Han authorities, took over 65 cities. They were crowned the queens in 40, renaming the country Lĩnh Nam. This marked the end of the first Chinese domination of Vietnam. First Chinese domination of Vietnam The first Chinese domination is a period in Vietnamese history during which Vietnam was under Chinese rule from the north. It is the first of four periods of Chinese domination of Vietnam, the first three of which are almost continuous and referred to as ("Northern domination"). In 111 BC, the powerful Chinese Han dynasty conquered Document [106] (Title: French colonial empire) of Da Nang, and then in February 1859 moved south and captured Saigon. The Vietnamese ruler was compelled to cede three provinces to France, and to offer protection to the Catholics. The French troops departed for a time to take part in the expedition to China, but in 1862, when the agreements were not fully followed by the Vietnamese emperor, they returned. The Emperor was forced to open treaty ports in Annam and Tonkin, and all of Cochinchina became a French territory in 1864. In 1863, the ruler of Cambodia, King Norodom, who had been placed in power by the Document [107] (Title: China in the Vietnam War) the failure of the North Vietnamese and Chinese negotiations in 1968, the PRC began to withdraw support for the sake of preparing for a clash with the Soviets and then, Chinese influence over North Vietnam diminished from that point. In October 1949, the People’s Republic of China (PRC) was established in mainland China and in January 1950, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) was officially recognized by the PRC. This historic event changed the situation in the First Indochina War with the Viet Minh and directly influenced the Vietnam War later on. The Chinese government, under the administration of Mao Document [108] (Title: Lê Lợi) failing to find a Trần heir, the Ming government chose to re-establish sovereignty over Vietnam, as was the case in the days of the Tang dynasty, some 500 years prior. The Ming government enjoyed some support from the Vietnamese, at least in the capital of Thăng Long, but their efforts to assert control in the surrounding countryside were met with stiff resistance. The Vietnamese claim that the Ming military stole valuable artifacts from Vietnam such as gems, jade, golden pieces of art as well as books. Lê Lợi himself said that he chose the path of revolt against China's brutal Document [109] (Title: Operation Passage to Freedom) withdraw from Vietnam as the situation stabilised. Both Vietnamese sides were unsatisfied with the outcome at Geneva; Ngo Dinh Diem, Prime Minister of the State of Vietnam, denounced France's agreement and ordered his delegation not to sign. He stated "We cannot recognise the seizure by Soviet China . . . of over half of our national territory" and that "We can neither concur in the brutal enslavement of millions of compatriots". North Vietnamese Prime Minister Phạm Văn Đồng expressed bitterness after his Soviet and Chinese backers threatened to cut support if he did not agree to the peace terms; Dong Document [110] (Title: Literary Chinese in Vietnam) a mixture of Chinese characters and locally created characters, became the vehicle for a flourishing vernacular literature, peaking in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. However Literary Chinese remained the medium of scholarship and administration for almost all of the period up to the early 20th century. The northern part of Vietnam (down to about the 17th parallel) was incorporated into the Han empire in 111 BC, beginning a millennium of Chinese control, interrupted only by two short-lived revolts. At first the empire sought to rule their new possession indirectly through the Vietnamese nobility, but after an influx of Document [111] (Title: South Vietnam) time as the Philippines, Brunei, Malaysia, Singapore, Mainland China, Taiwan and Western Australia. Apart from the mainland, the Republic of Vietnam also administered parts of the Paracels and Spratly Islands. China seized control of the Paracels in 1974 after the South Vietnam navy attempted an assault on PRC-held islands. South Vietnam maintained a capitalist free-market economy with ties to the West. It established an airline under the Head of State Bảo Đại named Air Vietnam. The economy was greatly assisted by American aid and the presence of large numbers of Americans in the country between 1961 and 1973. Electrical production Document [112] (Title: Vietnam) of its puppet Empire of Vietnam in August 1945, anarchy, rioting and murder were widespread since Saigon's administrative services collapsed. The Việt Minh occupied Hanoi and proclaimed a provisional government, which asserted national independence on 2 September. Earlier in July, the Allies decide to divide Indochina into half at the 16th parallel to allow Chiang Kai-shek of the Republic of China receive Japanese surrender in the north while Lord Louis Mountbatten of the British receive the surrender in the south with the Allies agreed that Indochina belonged to France. However, as the French were weakened as a result of German Document [113] (Title: Capture of Nam Định (1883)) Chinese involvement in Tonkin ultimately resulted in the nine-month Sino-French War (August 1884–April 1885). French intervention in northern Vietnam was precipitated by Commandant Henri Rivière, who was sent with a small French military force to Hanoi at the end of 1881 to investigate Vietnamese complaints against the activities of French merchants. In defiance of the instructions of his superiors, Rivière stormed the citadel of Hanoi on 25 April 1882. Although Rivière subsequently returned the citadel to Vietnamese control, his recourse to force was greeted with alarm in both Vietnam and China. The Vietnamese government, unable to confront Rivière with its Document [114] (Title: Freedom of religion in Vietnam) he used his power to suppress Buddhism (which was the majority religion of South Vietnam) and promote Catholicism. The South Vietnamese government banned the flying of the Buddhist flag, leading to shooting of nine Buddhist civilians 1963, culminating in the Buddhist crisis. After the Fall of Saigon in 1975, North and South Vietnam were merged to form the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in 1976. The Constitution of Vietnam was adopted in the south of the country. The Communist Party of Vietnam promoted their Marxist–Leninist ideology in the country. The Communists were influenced by anti-colonial and nationalist traditions in Vietnam, including Document [115] (Title: August Revolution) Tran Trong Kim’s government had resigned earlier, on August 13, yielding to Hồ Chí Minh’s new Vietnamese Provisional Government. Hồ Chí Minh offered Bảo Đại a position as supreme advisor. Hồ Chí Minh declared independence for the newly established Democratic Republic of Vietnam, headquartered in Hanoi, on September 2, 1945. However, when the people celebrated their victory in the north, the Việt Minh faced various problems in the southern part of the country. The south was politically more diverse than the north, and the Việt Minh had been unable to establish the same degree of control there as they had Document [116] (Title: South Vietnam) than in other parts of Indochina, notably in the form of French-owned rubber plantations. During World War II, Indochina was administered by Vichy France and occupied by Japan. Japanese troops overthrew the French administration on 9 March 1945, Emperor Bảo Đại proclaimed Vietnam independent. When the Japanese surrendered in 1945, Emperor Bảo Đại abdicated, and Viet Minh leader Hồ Chí Minh proclaimed the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) in Hanoi and the DRV controlled almost the entire country of Vietnam. In June 1946, France declared Cochinchina a republic, separate from the northern and central parts. A victorious Chinese communist army Document [117] (Title: China–Vietnam relations) 1964, Chinese Premier Deng Xiaoping secretly promised the North Vietnamese 1 billion yuan in military and economic aid, on the condition that they refused all Soviet aid. During the Vietnam War, the North Vietnamese and the Chinese had agreed to defer tackling their territorial issues until South Vietnam was defeated. These issues included the lack of delineation of Vietnam's territorial waters in the Gulf of Tonkin, and the question of sovereignty over the Paracel and Spratly Islands in the South China Sea. During the 1950s, half of the Paracels were controlled by China and half by South Vietnam. In 1958, Document [118] (Title: Sino-Vietnamese War) Both nations planned the normalization of their relations in a secret summit in Chengdu in September 1990, and officially normalized ties in November 1991. In 1999, after many years of negotiations, China and Vietnam signed a border pact. There was an adjustment of the land border, resulting in Vietnam giving China part of its land which was lost during the battle, including the Ai Nam Quan Gate which served as the traditional border marker and entry point between Vietnam and China, which caused widespread frustration within Vietnam. Vietnam's official news service reported the implementation of the new border around August Document [119] (Title: History of Vietnam) took measures to eliminate the power of the Vietnamese nobles. The Vietnamese elites were educated in Chinese culture and politics. A Giao Chỉ prefect, Shi Xie, ruled Vietnam as an autonomous warlord for forty years and was posthumously deified by later Vietnamese emperors. Nearly 200 years passed before the Vietnamese attempted another revolt. In 225 another woman, Triệu Thị Trinh, popularly known as Lady Triệu (Bà Triệu), led another revolt which lasted until 248. Once again, the uprising failed and Triệu Thị Trinh threw herself into a river. At the same time, in present-day Central Vietnam, there was a successful Document [120] (Title: Battle of Cao Bang (1979)) to be contested by both sides afterwards. On the same day, Vietnamese forces staged counter-attacks against the occupied towns of Quảng Uyên and Trà Lĩnh, where Chinese control had not been restored until 2 and 3 March respectively. At 19:30 on 3 March, Chinese forces took Đức Long, a town on Highway 4, thus successfully connecting the Chinese areas of operations in Cao Bằng and Lạng Sơn. On 5 March, the Chinese government announced the withdrawal of troops from Vietnam. Although the Chinese had eventually captured Cao Bằng from the Vietnamese 346th Division, the belated capture of the city had Document [121] (Title: History of Vietnam since 1945) one. Ever since the reforms in the mid-1980s, Vietnam has enjoyed substantial economic growth. The Japanese occupied Vietnam during World War II but allowed the French to remain and exert some influence. At the war's end in August 1945, a power vacuum was created in Vietnam. Capitalizing on this, the Việt Minh launched the "August Revolution" across the country to seize government offices. Emperor Bảo Đại abdicated on August 25, 1945, ending the Nguyễn dynasty. On September 2, 1945, at Duc Anh Ba Đình Square, Ho Chi Minh, leader of the Viet Minh organization, declared Vietnam's independence under the new Document [122] (Title: Sino-Vietnamese conflicts, 1979–1991) Only earthen structures remained on the Vietnamese sector, which has been delineated and returned to Vietnam under the 2009 Border Agreement between the two countries. China and Vietnam negotiated the normalization of their relations in a secretive summit in Chengdu in September 1990 and officially normalized ties in November 1991. Thousands of people from both sides were killed in these border clashes. In the military cemetery at Vị Xuyên, there are more than 1,600 graves of Vietnamese soldiers killed during the conflict. Recent Vietnamese announcement acknowledged 4,000 killed and 9,000 wounded in the area between 1984 and 1989. The Chinese Document [123] (Title: United States–Vietnam relations) of the orange-striped 55 U.S. gallon (208 l) barrels in which it was shipped, and was by far the most widely used of the so-called "Rainbow Herbicides". Vietnam’s suppression of political dissent has been an issue of contention in relations with the U.S. and drew criticism from the Administration and Congress. In spring 2007, Vietnam’s government launched a crackdown on political dissidents, and in November the same year arrested a group of pro-democracy activists, including two Americans. Despite continued suppression of freedom of expression, Vietnam did make significant progress on expanding religious freedom. In 2005, Vietnam passed comprehensive religious freedom Document [124] (Title: Empire of Vietnam) the nation. The French had subdivided Vietnam into three separate regions: Cochinchina (in 1862), and Annam and Tonkin (both in 1884). Cochinchina was placed under direct rule while the latter two were officially designated as protectorates. Immediately after terminating French rule, the Japanese authorities were not enthusiastic about the territorial unification of Vietnam. However, after the formation of Kim's cabinet in April, Japan quickly agreed to transfer what was then Tonkin and Annam to Kim's authority, although it retained control of the cities of Hanoi, Haiphong, and Da Nang. Meanwhile, southern Vietnam remained under direct Japanese control, just as Cochinchina Document [125] (Title: Vietnam) the Nguyễn dynasty, ruling under the name Gia Long. Between 1615–1753, French traders have engaged in trade in the area around Đàng Trong and actively spreading Catholic missionaries. Following the detention of several missionaries as the Vietnamese kingdom feel threatened with the continuous Christianisation activities, the French Navy received approval from their government to intervene in Vietnam in 1834 with the aim to freed imprisoned Catholic missionaries from a kingdom that was perceived as xenophobic against foreign influence. Vietnam's kingdom independence was then gradually eroded by France that was aided by large Catholic militias in a series of military conquests Document [126] (Title: Phạm Ngọc Thảo) of the curriculum—Thảo was attracted to nationalist politics. He participated in Hồ Chí Minh's revolutionary campaigns for Vietnamese independence and joined the Vietminh. In September 1945, Hồ declared independence under the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) following the withdrawal of Imperial Japan, which had seized control of the country from France during the Second World War. At the time, there was a power vacuum, as both Japan and France had been decimated by the war. There was an outbreak of nationalist fervour in Vietnam; Tảng and Thảo joined the Vanguard Youth, an impromptu independence militia. Tảng was assigned to be Document [127] (Title: History of the People's Republic of China (1976–1989)) response to what China considered to be a collection of provocative actions and policies on Hanoi's part. These included Vietnamese intimacy with the Soviet Union, mistreatment of ethnic Chinese living in Vietnam, hegemonistic "imperial dreams" in Southeast Asia, and spurning of Beijing's attempt to repatriate Chinese residents of Vietnam to China. In February 1979 China attacked along virtually the entire Sino-Vietnamese border in a brief, limited campaign that involved ground forces only. The Chinese attack came at dawn on the morning of 17 February 1979, and employed infantry, armor, and artillery. Air power was not employed then or at any Document [128] (Title: Empire of Vietnam) Kim asked Bảo Đại to issue an imperial order on August 14 repealing the Treaties of Saigon of 1862 and 1874, thus removing the last French claims to sovereign rights over Vietnam. Messengers were sent from the central capital to northern and southern Vietnam to reunify diverse groups under the central government in Thuận Hóa, but they were apprehended en route by the Viet Minh. Even though Bảo Đại's messengers were cut off, non-communist leaders in northern and southern Vietnam attempted to challenge the Viet Minh. In Bac Bo, Nguyen Xuan Chu obtained Kim's approval to form the Committee for Document [129] (Title: Independence Palace) its position as the office of the French colonists. On 7 May 1954, France surrendered to the Việt Minh after its defeat at the Battle of Điện Biên Phủ. France agreed to sign the Geneva Accords and withdrew its troops from Vietnam. According to the accords, Vietnam would be divided pending general elections. The 17th Parallel would act as the temporary border until a vote based on universal suffrage was held to establish a unified Vietnamese government. North Vietnam was under the control of the Việt Minh communists, while South Vietnam was under the anti-communist State of Vietnam. On 7 Document [130] (Title: First Indochina War) The Chinese accepted the Vietnamese government under Ho Chi Minh, then in power in Hanoi. The British refused to do likewise in Saigon, and deferred to the French there from the outset, against the ostensible support of the Việt Minh authorities by American OSS representatives. On V-J Day, September 2, Ho Chi Minh had proclaimed in Hanoi the establishment of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV). The DRV ruled as the only civil government in all of Vietnam for a period of about 20 days, after the abdication of Emperor Bảo Đại, who had governed under Japanese rule. On 23 Document [131] (Title: North Vietnam) fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975, the Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam, or Vietcong, alongside the North Vietnamese Army, governed South Vietnam during the period before reunification. However it was seen as a vassal government of North Vietnam. North and South Vietnam were officially reunited under one state on 2 July 1976, forming the Socialist Republic of Vietnam which continues to administer the country today. From 1960, the North Vietnamese government went to war with Republic of Vietnam via its proxy the Viet Cong, in an attempt to annex South Vietnam and reunify Vietnam under Document [132] (Title: Khúc Thừa Mỹ) Vietnam was thereby reestablished. Khúc Thừa Mỹ Khúc Thừa Mỹ (chữ Hán: 曲承美; pinyin: "Qū Chéngměi"; governed: 918–923 or 918–930) was a self-declared jiedushi of Tĩnh Hải quân (modern northern Vietnam) during the later part of the Third Chinese domination of Vietnam, when China entered the chaotic Five Dynasties period. He succeeded his father Khúc Hạo and tried to maintain northern Vietnam's autonomy. But the new emperor of the Southern Han Dynasty invaded in 930, capturing the capital Đại La (Hanoi) with no resistance, and Khúc Thừa Mỹ was taken to Canton, where he was placed under comfortable house arrest. Document [133] (Title: Trần Ngọc Châu) Up north Việt Minh armed forces seized control of Hanoi in the August Revolution. Ho Chi Minh (1890–1969) proclaimed Vietnamese independence, and became the first President. The French, however, soon returned and war commenced anew. Several writers comment that in 1945 Ho Chi Minh had become indelibly identified with Vietnamese independence, conferring on him the Mandate of Heaven in the eyes of many Vietnamese, and that his ultimate victory against France and later America predictably followed. Châu's promotion to battalion political officer caused him to reflect on his path "from the contemplative life of a Buddhist monastery to the brutal Document [134] (Title: Empire of Vietnam) Vietnamese independence at all costs. The next day, Ho Van Nga assumed the interim office of Imperial Commissioner and appointed Kha Vang Can, the Vanguard Youth leader, commander of Saigon and Cholon. Nguyen Van Sam's arrival in Saigon on August 22 provided the National Unified Front with the official declaration of national independence and territorial reunification. Nevertheless, the Viet Minh prevailed in the power struggle with their August Revolution. On August 17, Viet Minh cadres in Hanoi took control of a mass demonstration organised by the General Association of Civil Servants. The rally was originally aimed at celebrating independence and Document [135] (Title: Second Chinese domination of Vietnam) Kingdoms in 220, Vietnam remained under the control of the state of Wu. A female rebel named Triệu Thị Trinh briefly pushed the Chinese rulers out in 248, but was soon overthrown. Then Vietnam was under Jin China and the first half of the Southern and Northern Dynasties. The domination ended by 544, when Lý Nam Đế came to power. Local rebellions were organized by: Second Chinese domination of Vietnam The second Chinese domination marks a period from 43 to 544 when Vietnam fell into Chinese control for a second time, between the end of the Trưng Sisters and the Document [136] (Title: Second Chinese domination of Vietnam) Second Chinese domination of Vietnam The second Chinese domination marks a period from 43 to 544 when Vietnam fell into Chinese control for a second time, between the end of the Trưng Sisters and the start of the Anterior Lý Dynasty. This period began when General Ma Yuan conquered Giao Chỉ from the Trưng Sisters on the order of emperor Wu of Han. This region was merged again into the Han dynasty, until civil war in China made it unstable and it became divided into many kingdoms. When the Liang dynasty was established, Lý Bí raised a revolt against them Document [137] (Title: August Revolution) of the Japanese. If the March 9 coup was a disaster for the French, it was an opportunity for Vietnamese nationalists. In fact, it marked a turning point in the Vietnamese revolution. Freed from French repression, which had continued unabated in the early phase of the Japanese occupation, Vietnamese revolutionaries had much greater freedom of movement. In May 1941, Hồ Chí Minh formed the Viet Nam Doc Lap Dong Minh (League for the Independence of Vietnam), or Việt Minh for short, at the Eighth Plenum of the Indochinese Communist Party at Pác Bó in northern Vietnam. Việt Minh encouraged the Document [138] (Title: French Indochina) and Ho Chi Minh against each other, forcing them to come to a peace agreement, and in February 1946 he also forced the French to surrender all of their concessions in China and renounce their extraterritorial privileges in exchange for withdrawing from northern Indochina and allowing French troops to reoccupy the region starting in March 1946. After persuading Emperor to abdicate in his favour, on 2 September 1945 President declared independence for the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. But before September's end, a force of British and Free French soldiers, along with captured Japanese troops, restored French control. Ho Chi Minh Document [139] (Title: Third Chinese domination of Vietnam) new Chinese rulers of Vietnam.This began when the king of Early Lý dynasty (Lý Nam Đế II) surrendered to Emperor Wen of Sui in Sui–Former Lý War until Khúc clan seized the capital Đại La and install the autonomous state in Vietnam in 905 .At that moment, the Emperor Ai of Tang lost the power to Zhu Wen and stayed as the figurehead . During this time, Vietnam was known as: In 602 general Liu Fang of the Sui dynasty led 2,7 million soldiers to invade Vietnamese kingdom of Vạn Xuân. The king of Vạn Xuân was afraid of the Document [140] (Title: History of Vietnam) Đằng (938). He then proclaimed himself King Ngô and effectively began the age of independence for Vietnam. The basic nature of Vietnamese society changed little during the nearly 1,000 years between independence from China in the 10th century and the French conquest in the 19th century. The king was the ultimate source of political authority, the final dispenser of justice, law, and supreme commander-in-chief of the armed forces, as well as overseer of religious rituals. Administration was carried out by mandarins who were trained exactly like their Chinese counterparts (i.e. by rigorous study of Confucian texts). Overall, Vietnam remained very Document [141] (Title: Flag of Vietnam) control of Vietnam in the late 19th century, flew the national flag of France. As the colony of Cochinchina (1864–1945), the South was under exclusive French authority. In contrast, North and Central Vietnam were protectorates with parallel systems of Vietnamese and French administration. Several flags were flown in these regions: the French flag, the Vietnamese imperial flag, and a "protectorate flag." From 1920 to 1945, the Vietnamese imperial flag had a yellow background with a single, broad red stripe. Japan occupied Vietnam in 1941-1945. In March 1945, the Japanese deposed the French colonial authorities and proclaimed an Empire of Vietnam Document [142] (Title: First Chinese domination of Vietnam) to Han rule culminated in the rebellion of the Trưng Sisters, who expelled the Han in 40 AD and briefly ruled Vietnam until being defeated by the returning Han Chinese army in 43 AD. In 111 BC, the Han dynasty defeated the successors of Zhao Tuo (Triệu Đà) and annexed Nam Việt and the former Âu Lạc into the Han empire. Following annexation, the name of Jiaozhi (Giao Chỉ) was established, dividing the former kingdom into nine commanderies with the last three commonly used in modern Vietnamese history books: All nine districts were administered from Long Biên, near modern Hanoi; Document [143] (Title: History of Vietnam) modest armed force and during the war worked with the American Office of Strategic Services to collect intelligence on the Japanese. A famine broke out in 1944–45. Japan's defeat by World War II Allies created a power vacuum for Vietnamese nationalists of all parties to seize power in August 1945, forcing Emperor Bảo Đại to abdicate and ending the Nguyễn dynasty. Their initial success in staging uprisings and in seizing control of most of the country by September 1945 was partially undone, however, by the return of the French a few months later. According to a 2018 study in the Document [144] (Title: Haiphong incident) during the war, Vietnam began to seek independence. Specifically, the Japanese renounced French claims to the Vietnamese territory on March 9, 1945, officially declaring Vietnam independent over France and under the control of Emperor Bảo Đại. This was quickly counteracted by a rebellion on September 2, 1945, when Ho Chi Minh and his guerilla army declared the official birth of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. Ho Chi Minh became the leader of the Vietnamese Communist Party, and demanded complete autonomy from Europe. The French disregarded these claims of autonomy and quickly moved to resettle Vietnam as a member for the Document [145] (Title: First Chinese domination of Vietnam) to Nam Việt, and changed the name instead to Việt Nam. Gia Long's Đại Nam thực lục contains the diplomatic correspondence over the naming. There is a dispute as to whether the period of the Triệu dynasty was part of the first Chinese domination of Vietnam. In response to increasingly oppressive Han rule, a revolt broke out in Jiaozhi, Jiuzhen (Cửu Chân), and Rinan (Nhật Nam) in 40, led by Trưng Trắc, the wife of a Lạc lord named Thi Sách who had been put to death in 39 by Su Ding (Tô Định) governor of Jiaozhi, and her sister Document [146] (Title: Sino-Vietnamese War) had ended the British handed over the territory to the French. In January 1946, the Viet Minh won elections across central and northern Vietnam. On 6 March 1946, Ho signed an agreement allowing French forces to replace Nationalist Chinese forces, in exchange for French recognition of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam as a "free" republic within the French Union, with the specifics of such recognition to be determined by future negotiation. British forces departed on 26 March 1946, leaving Vietnam in the control of the French. The French landed in Hanoi by March 1946 and in November of that year Document [147] (Title: First Chinese domination of Vietnam) First Chinese domination of Vietnam The first Chinese domination is a period in Vietnamese history during which Vietnam was under Chinese rule from the north. It is the first of four periods of Chinese domination of Vietnam, the first three of which are almost continuous and referred to as ("Northern domination"). In 111 BC, the powerful Chinese Han dynasty conquered the Nam Việt (which in Chinese translates to "land of the southern barbarians") kingdom during its expansion southward and incorporated what is now northern Vietnam, together with much of modern Guangdong and Guangxi, into the expanding Han empire. Vietnamese resistance Document [148] (Title: Khúc Thừa Dụ) eventually succeeded in taking over the country. Since the Chinese officials had to flee northwards, Khúc Thừa Dụ claimed the position Jiedushi of Tĩnh Hải quân which marked the beginning of the independence of Vietnam. While Vietnam still nominally belonged to the Tang Dynasty, it was now autonomous with a native ruler who could decide matters without any interference from China. As the Tang Dynasty did not have any more strength to start a military campaign in Tĩnh Hải quân, the Tang emperor had to accept the autonomy of that region by giving Khúc Thừa Dụ the title chancellor ("đồng Document [149] (Title: French Indochina) in 1898. The capital was moved from Saigon (in Cochinchina) to Hanoi (Tonkin) in 1902 and again to Da Lat (Annam) in 1939. In 1945 it was moved back to Hanoi. After the Fall of France during World War II, the colony was administered by the Vichy government and was under Japanese occupation until March 1945, when the Japanese overthrew the colonial regime. After the Japanese surrender, the Viet Minh, a communist organization led by Hồ Chí Minh, declared Vietnamese independence, but France subsequently took back control of French Indochina. An all-out independence war, known as the First Indochina War, Document [150] (Title: Nguyễn dynasty) bases to strike against Allied forces in Southeast Asia. The Viet Minh, a communist resistance movement, developed under Ho Chi Minh from 1941 to 1945. During a 1944–1945 famine in northern Vietnam, over one million people starved to death. In March 1945, realizing that Allied victory was inevitable, the Japanese overthrew the French in Vietnam, imprisoned their civil servants and proclaimed an independent Vietnam (under Japanese protection, with Bảo Đại its emperor). The French persuaded Bảo Đại to return as chief of state () of the State of Vietnam (), set up by France in areas over which it had Document [151] (Title: China–Vietnam relations) successfully asserted a degree of independence following the Battle of Bạch Đằng in 938 AD. According to old Vietnamese historical records Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư and Khâm Định Việt Sử Thông Giám Cương Mục, An Dương Vương (Thục Phán) was a prince of the Chinese state of Shu (蜀, which shares the same Chinese character as his surname Thục), sent by his father first to explore what are now the southern Chinese provinces of Guangxi and Yunnan and second to move their people to modern-day northern Vietnam during the invasion of the Qin Dynasty. Some modern Vietnamese believe Document [152] (Title: Prosper de Chasseloup-Laubat) in Vietnam led by Rigault de Genouilly and his successor Counter-Admiral Théogène François Page. On 18 February 1859, the French conquered Saigon and three southern Vietnamese provinces. The Vietnamese government was forced to cede temporary control of those territories to France in June 1862. When in 1863 the Vietnamese diplomat Phan Thanh Gian visited Napoleon III on an embassy in Paris, Chasseloup-Laubat pressured Napoleon III to have him give up a promise he had made to return the territories captured by the French in exchange for a loose French protectorate over the whole of Vietnam. He threatened Napoleon III with Document [153] (Title: History of Vietnam) revolt of Cham nations in 192. Chinese dynasties called it Lin-Yi (Lin village; Vietnamese: "Lâm Ấp"). It later became a powerful kingdom, Champa, stretching from Quảng Bình to Phan Thiết (Bình Thuận). In the period between the beginning of the Chinese Age of Fragmentation and the end of the Tang dynasty, several revolts against Chinese rule took place, such as those of Lý Bôn and his general and heir Triệu Quang Phục; and those of Mai Thúc Loan and Phùng Hưng. All of them ultimately failed, yet most notable were those led by Lý Bôn and Triệu Quang Phục, whose Document [154] (Title: French Cochinchina) by the French National Assembly - and that any territorial change therefore required the approval of the French parliament. Xuân issued a by-law reuniting Cochinchina with the rest of Vietnam, but it was overruled by the Cochinchinese council. Cochinchina remained separated from the rest of Vietnam for over a year, while former Emperor Bảo Đại - whom the French wanted to bring back to power as a political alternative to Ho Chi Minh - refused to return to Vietnam and take office as head of state until the country was fully reunited. On March 14, 1949, the French National Assembly Document [155] (Title: Chinese domination of Vietnam) of Vietnam but to Vietnam as a cultural entity. During the first three Chinese periods of domination, Vietnamese society was primarily in the northern part of modern Vietnam. Ten centuries of Chinese colonization left a substantial demographic footprint, with settlement by large numbers of ethnic Han-Chinese, while opening up Vietnam for trade. Against this the second period of Chinese colonization saw almost 500 years of revolt and war, though the third period (603-939) was more harmonious. In addition to administration, and making Chinese the language of administration, the long period of Chinese domination introduced Chinese techniques of dike construction, rice Document [156] (Title: Draft lottery (1969)) to add more military personnel towards the Vietnam War. After World War II, Japan left Vietnamese Emperor Bao Dai as the head of the country. Ho Chi Minh, another Vietnamese leader who was communist and sought immediate independence for the entirety of Vietnam, saw this as an opportunity to strike (knowing that Bao Dai had little support from the general population as he was widely regarded as a Japanese-installed puppet) and successfully took over Hanoi and most of northern Vietnam. Ho Chi Minh then set up the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (or North Vietnam) by the beginning of 1946. Emperor Document [157] (Title: Treaty of Saigon) 1874 and reiterated the stipulations of the previous agreement. Vietnam recognized the full sovereignty of France over the three provinces captured by Admiral La Grandière in 1867. The Red River (Song Hong) was opened for trade as well as the ports of Hanoi, Haiphong and Qui Nhơn. Although France returned Hanoi, the Vietnamese emperor was anxious to get help from China. As a result, both France and China claimed sovereignty over Vietnamese territory. In March 1882, the first civilian governor of Cochin China, Le Myre de Vilers, deemed the treaty of 1874 unfulfilled. This led to the occupation of Hanoi Document [158] (Title: Douglas Gracey) Britain taking control of Vietnam south of the 16th parallel (then part of French Indochina) from the Japanese occupiers. Meanwhile, Ho Chi Minh, the leader of the communist Viet Minh, proclaimed Vietnamese independence from French rule and major pro-independence and anti-French demonstrations and strikes were held in Saigon. The French, anxious to retain their colony, persuaded Gracey's Commander in Chief, Lord Mountbatten, to authorise Gracey to declare martial law. Fearing a communist takeover of Vietnam, Gracey decided to rearm French citizens who had remained in Saigon. He allowed them to seize control of public buildings from the Viet Minh. In Document [159] (Title: State of Vietnam) State of Vietnam The State of Vietnam (; ) was a state that claimed authority over all of Vietnam during the First Indochina War although part of its territory was actually controlled by the communist Việt Minh. The state was created in 1949 and was internationally recognised in 1950. Former Emperor Bảo Đại was chief of state ("Quốc Trưởng"). After the 1954 Geneva Agreements, the State of Vietnam had to abandon the northern part of the country to the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV). Ngô Đình Diệm was appointed prime minister that same year and—after having ousted Bảo Đại in Document [160] (Title: Land reform in North Vietnam) 9 March 1945, several years after occupation in Indochina, Japan instigated a military coup, threw away the French administration in Indochina and established a puppet indigenous government headed by Tran Trong Kim. However, five months later, Japan unconditionally surrendered. Taking the political vacuum, Viet Minh seized power by launching a nationwide revolution, and founded the DRV in Hanoi in September 2. Soon after that, Vietnam saw an influx of big power. The Kuomintang Chinese armies accepted the surrender of Japan in Vietnam North of the 17 parallel, with the British in the south. Both of them negotiated and facilitated the Document [161] (Title: August Revolution) the French from administrative control in Indochina, they made no attempt to impose their own direct control of the civilian administration. Primarily concerned with the defense of Vietnam against an Allied invasion, the Japanese were not interested in Vietnamese politics. However, they also understood the desirability of a certain degree of administrative continuity. It was to their advantage to install a Vietnamese government that would acquiesce in the Japanese military presence. With this in mind, the Japanese persuaded the Vietnamese emperor, Bảo Đại, to cooperate with Japan and to declare Vietnam independent of France. On March 11, 1945, Bảo Đại Document [162] (Title: Lê Xuân Nhuận) the then literary capital of the country. He also was politically influenced by his teacher, Tráng Cử, son of Prince Cường Để, who had been in Japan, operating against the French colonialists in Vietnam. His first years of high school was at the well-known Quốc Học – Huế High School for the Gifted. The French rulers were ousted by the Imperial Japanese Army in March 1945; then Emperor Bảo Đại was dethroned by the Vietnamese Communist Party (Việt Minh) in August that year. When World War II ended, the French expeditionary forces re-occupied most parts of Vietnam. From 1947 to Document [163] (Title: War in Vietnam (1945–46)) vital positions in Viet Minh control. The French subsequently regained total control of Saigon. On that day, former French prisoners of war who had been reinstated into the army together with troops from the 5th RIC ejected the Viet Minh in a coup in which two French soldiers were killed. On the night of the 24/25 a Vietnamese mob (not under Viet Minh control) abducted and butchered a large number of French and French-Vietnamese men, women, and children. On the 25th, the Viet Minh attacked and set fire to the city's central market area, while another group attacked Tan Son Document [164] (Title: Đại Việt sử ký) while actually it was Ngô Quyền who marked the end of the northern domination in Vietnam in 938 with his victory in the Battle of Bạch Đằng. According to the historian, it was Đinh Tiên Hoàng and not Ngô Quyền who had the major contribution in re-establishing the independent status of the country from China because Ngô Quyền was content only with the position of King (Vương) while Đinh Tiền Hoàng took a further step in designating himself as the emperor (Hoàng đế) of the country and was thus equal to the emperor of the Song dynasty. Since Lê Văn Document [165] (Title: 1955 State of Vietnam referendum) stated that nationwide elections were to be held in 1956 to unify the country under a common government. In July 1954, during the transition period, Bảo Đại appointed Diệm as Prime Minister of the State of Vietnam. On 11 October 1954, the border was closed by the International Control Commission, after a period of 300 days during which free passage between both halves of Vietnam had been allowed. Under the Geneva Accords, anti-communist military personnel were obliged to evacuate to the south, while communist forces were to be moved north. Civilians were free to move to whichever zone they preferred. Document [166] (Title: August Revolution) Minh, in fact, seized control of Vietnam. On September 2, 1945, Ho Chi Minh declared Vietnamese Independence. The August Revolution created a uniform government for the entire country. Vietnam was a French colony from 1858, until the Japanese "coup d'état" in 1945. By 1897, the French had created the Federation of Indochina, with Vietnam divided for convenience into the separately ruled territories of Tonkin, Annam, and Cochin China, plus newly acquired Cambodia and Laos. To justify their imperial domination, the French claimed that it was their responsibility to help undeveloped regions in Asia become civilized. Without French intervention, they asserted, Document [167] (Title: South Vietnam) arrived in Vietnam's northern part of parallel 17. Hồ purged non-communist politicians from the DRV. The French Indochina War began on 19 December 1946, with the French regaining control of Hanoi and many other cities. The State of Vietnam was created through co-operation between anti-communist Vietnamese and the French government on 14 June 1949. Former emperor Bảo Đại accepted the position of chief of state ("quốc trưởng"). This was known as the "Bảo Đại Solution". The colonial struggle in Vietnam became part of the global Cold War. In 1950, China, the Soviet Union and other communist nations recognised the DRV Document [168] (Title: Lý Nam Đế) Laotian tribesmen assassinated him in hope for warding off the invading Liang army. His immediate successor was Triệu Quang Phục (thereafter known as Triệu Việt Vương which means Trieu Viet King). The new king continued the resistance and eventually drove the Chinese out from Vạn Xuân in 550. Although China occupied Vietnam for approximately 1,000 years, Lý Nam Đế successfully established a Việt dynasty that gave Northern Vietnam approximately 60 years of independence in between those times. Lý Nam Đế Lý Nam Đế (chữ Hán: 李南帝, 17 October 503 – 13 April 548) was a Vietnamese monarch and the founder Document [169] (Title: Post-classical history) gained long lasting independence in the 10th century when China was divided. Nonetheless even as an independent state a sort of begrudging sinicization occurred. By the end of the Postclassical Era, Vietnam would be in control of its own Nguyễn dynasty. South Vietnam was governed by the ancient Hindu Champa Kingdom but was annexed by Vietnamese invaders in the 15th century. The spread of Hinduism, Buddhism and maritime trade between China and South Asia created the foundation for Southeast Asia's first major empires; including the Khmer Empire from Cambodia and Sri Vijaya from Indonesia. During the Khmer Empire's height in Document [170] (Title: Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam) even after the independence of Dai Viet, Chinese remained behind. Vietnam received Chinese defectors from Yunnan in the 1400s. Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam The fourth Chinese domination was a period of the history of Vietnam, from 1407 to 1427 during which the country was invaded and ruled by the Chinese Ming dynasty. It was the result of the conquest of the region in 1406 to 1407. The previous periods of Chinese rules, collectively known as the Bắc thuộc periods in Vietnam, were longer-lasting, constituting much of Vietnam's history from 111 BC to 939 AD. The fourth Chinese occupation of Document [171] (Title: Third Chinese domination of Vietnam) revolts in northern Vietnam between 722 and 728, using an army of natives pressed into service under the leadership of Chinese generals. The Chinese generals were brutal in suppressing the insurrection: one ordered the decapitated bodies of 80,000 scalped and flayed rebels stacked into a pyramid. Although Chinese governors were sent to rule over Annam, a series of local emperors were unofficial rulers under Chinese control: Nanzhao invaded the area of Jiaozhi modern day Vietnam multiple times in the 9th century until the Cao Bian (Cao Biền) was ordered by the Tang dynasty to defeat Nanzhao and restored Tang rule Document [172] (Title: Provisional Central Government of Vietnam) ; he was replaced by Trần Văn Hữu as president of the Cochinchinese administration. Although Vietnam was not yet reunited, and far from being autonomous, the French had agreed for the first time to include the word "independence" in the agreements. During the only year of its existence, the Provisional Central Government had very limited means, and was denounced by the communist Viet Minh as a puppet state. The Xuân government was able to create several administrative units in North and Middle Vietnam, but it was entirely dependent on the French as it had no army, no police forces and Document [173] (Title: Empire of Vietnam) had been under French rule. Beginning in May 1945, Foreign Minister Tran Van Chuong negotiated with the Japanese in Hanoi for the transfer of the three cities to Vietnamese rule, but the Japanese stalled because Hanoi and Haiphong were seen as strategic points in their war effort. It was only in June and July that the Japanese allowed the process of national unification to take place. On June 16, Bảo Đại issued a decree proclaiming the impending reunification of Vietnam. On June 29, General Yuitsu Tsuchihashi signed a series of decrees transferring some of the duties of the government (including Document [174] (Title: State of Vietnam) with its departure from the French Union, the State of Vietnam became territorially confined to those lands of Vietnam south of the 17th parallel, and as such became commonly known as Republic of Vietnam. The massive voluntary migration of anti-communist north Vietnamese, essentially Roman Catholic people, proceeded during the French-American Operation Passage to Freedom in summer 1954. On May 27, 1948, Nguyễn Văn Xuân, then President of the Republic of Cochin China, became President of the Provisional Central Government of Vietnam ("Thủ tướng lâm thời") following the merging of the government of Cochin China and Vietnam in what is sometimes Document [175] (Title: Wu Rui) to sell him back to the Vietnamese, but Wu was rescued by the Pingxiang magistrate and then was sent to Beijing to work as a eunuch in the palace. The Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư records that in 1467 in An Bang province of Dai Viet (now Quảng Ninh Province) a Chinese ship blew off course onto the shore. The Chinese were detained and not allowed to return to China as ordered by Le Thanh Tong. This incident may be the same one where Wu Rui was captured. Many other Chinese men were also captured by the Vietnamese not Document [176] (Title: Emperor) the 19th century, Sino-French War France replaced China in control of northern Vietnam. The emperors of the last dynasty of Vietnam continued to hold this title until the French conquered Vietnam. The emperor, however, was then a puppet figure only and could easily be disposed of by the French for more pro-France figure. Japan took Vietnam from France and the Axis-occupied Vietnam was declared an empire by the Japanese in March 1945. The line of emperors came to an end with Bảo Đại, who was deposed after the war, although he later served as head of state of South Vietnam Document [177] (Title: North Vietnam) other public buildings. The salient political fact of life in Northern Vietnam was Chinese Nationalist army of occupation, and the Chinese presence had forced Ho Chi Minh and the Viet Minh to accommodate Chinese-backed Viet Nationalists. In June 1946, Chinese Nationalist troops evacuated Hanoi, and on the 15 June, the last detachments embarked at Haiphong. After the departure of the British in 1946, the French controlled a part of Cochinchina, South Central Coast, Central Highlands since the end Southern Resistance War. In January 1946, the Viet Minh held an election to establish a National Assembly. Public enthusiasm for this event Document [178] (Title: Military history of Vietnam) isolate China. Following the fall of the French in Indochina, Viet Minh began its campaign against the Japanese occupiers, using guerrilla tactics. The conflict ended when Japan surrendered to the United States, following the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Following the allied victory in World War II, France was hoping to regain control over its former colony in Indochina, which was also claimed by the Viet Minh. France attempted to invade and reoccupy Vietnam, but after nine years of war, the French gave up and retreated from Indochina. This resulted in Indochina being divided into four countries: North Vietnam, South Document [179] (Title: Quỳnh Lưu uprising) the land reform and other reforms carried out by the government. According to the 1954 Geneva Accords, of which North Vietnam was signatory to, Vietnam was partitioned into two halves, with a communist Viet Minh-controlled North Vietnam, and an anti-communist State of Vietnam (which became South Vietnam) with Bao Dai as head of state. There would be a 300-day period, ending May 18, 1955, where people could relocate freely to 1 of the 2 Vietnams of their choosing before the border at the 17th parallel was sealed. However, in late 1954 and early 1955, along with counter-propaganda, the Viet Minh Document [180] (Title: History of Vietnam) a successful revolt against Han Governor Su Dung ("Vietnamese:" Tô Định) and recaptured 65 states (including modern Guangxi). Trưng Trắc became the Queen (Trưng Nữ Vương). In 43 AD, Emperor Guangwu of Han sent his famous general Ma Yuan ("Vietnamese:" Mã Viện) with a large army to quell the revolt. After a long, difficult campaign, Ma Yuan suppressed the uprising and the Trung Sisters committed suicide to avoid capture. To this day, the Trưng Sisters are revered in Vietnam as the national symbol of Vietnamese women. Learning a lesson from the Trưng revolt, the Han and other successful Chinese dynasties Document [181] (Title: Empire of Vietnam) territorial reunification and supporting Kim's government. Two days later, Nguyen Xuan Chu was forced to hand over authority to the Viet Minh. Combined with the official cease-fire of the Japanese army on August 21, this threw Kim's government into disarray and it collapsed. On August 23, the Viet Minh seized power in Huế. Two days later, Bảo Đại officially abdicated, and Nguyen Van Sam handed over power to the Viet Minh in Saigon. The Empire of Viet-Nam had fallen along with Japan's Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. Empire of Vietnam The Empire of Vietnam (; Hán tự: 越南帝國; ) was Document [182] (Title: Nguyễn dynasty) The French were informed of the plan, and its leaders were arrested and executed. Duy Tân was deposed and exiled to the island of Réunion in the Indian Ocean. Nationalist sentiment intensified in Vietnam (especially during and after the First World War), but uprisings and tentative efforts failed to obtain concessions from the French. The Russian Revolution greatly impacted 20th-century Vietnamese history. For Vietnam, the outbreak of World War II on 1 September 1939 was as decisive as the 1858 French seizure of Đà Nẵng. The Axis power of Japan invaded Vietnam on 22 September 1940, attempting to construct military Document [183] (Title: Việt Minh) Việt Nam, Hồ proclaimed the Democratic Republic of Vietnam on September 2, 1945. Within days, the Chinese Kuomintang (Nationalist) Army arrived in Vietnam to supervise the repatriation of the Japanese Imperial Army. The Democratic Republic of Vietnam therefore existed only in theory and effectively controlled no territory. A few months later, the Chinese, Vietnamese and French came to a three-way understanding. The French gave up certain rights in China, the Việt Minh agreed to the return of the French in exchange for promises of independence within the French Union, and the Chinese agreed to leave. Negotiations between the French and Document [184] (Title: History of Vietnam) 1949, the State of Vietnam was officially proclaimed, as a semi-independent country within the French Union, with Bảo Đại as Head of State. France was finally persuaded to relinquish its colonies in Indochina in 1954 when Viet Minh forces defeated the French at Dien Bien Phu. The 1954 Geneva Conference left Vietnam a divided nation, with Hồ Chí Minh's communist DRV government ruling the North from Hanoi and Ngô Đình Diệm's Republic of Vietnam, supported by the United States, ruling the South from Saigon. Between 1953 and 1956, the North Vietnamese government instituted various agrarian reforms, including "rent reduction" and Document [185] (Title: Vietnam) Vietnam and the kingdoms of Cambodia and Laos. Vietnam was further divided into North and South administrative regions at the Demilitarised Zone, approximately along the 17th parallel north, pending elections scheduled for July 1956. A 300-day period of free movement was permitted, during which almost a million northerners, mainly Catholics, moved south, fearing persecution by the communists. The partition of Vietnam was not intended to be permanent by the Geneva Accords, which stipulated that Vietnam would be reunited after elections in 1956. However, in 1955, the State of Vietnam's Prime Minister, Ngô Đình Diệm toppled Bảo Đại in a fraudulent Document [186] (Title: China–Vietnam relations) in the area. The Chinese prefect of Jiaozhi Shi Xie ruled Vietnam as an autonomous warlord and was posthumously deified by later Vietnamese Emperors. Shi Xie was the leader of the elite ruling class of Han Chinese families who immigrated to Vietnam and played a major role in developing Vietnam's culture. After Vietnam regained independence, a serious war between China and Vietnam occurred, which the Vietnamese, at its peak, invaded China once during the Lý–Song War which the Lý Army raided into China and even occupied what would be Guangxi and Guangdong in modern days' China. This would be the Document [187] (Title: Cao Bằng Province) Party Central Committee held at Pác Bó from 10–19 March 1941. Between 1941 and 1945 until the Japanese left was a period of great turmoil in Vietnam. The Japanese set up King Bai as the head of state to counter the influence of the French government and the Viet Minh had established themselves their rule in six provinces in North Vietnam in the Red River delta. Following the surrender of Japan on 13 August 1945 in World War II, Hồ Chí Minh had expanded the ambit of his "August revolution" to Hanoi, Huế and Saigon, and the king abdicated. Hồ Document [188] (Title: Vietnam) Vietnam's independence from France under the new name of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. In 1954, the Vietnamese declared victory in the battle of Điện Biên Phủ which took place between March and May 1954 and culminated in a major French defeat. Thereafter, Vietnam was divided politically into two rival states, North Vietnam (officially the Democratic Republic of Vietnam) and South Vietnam (officially the Republic of Vietnam). Conflict between the two sides intensified in what is known as the Vietnam War with heavy intervention by the United States on the side of South Vietnam from 1965 to 1973. The war Document [189] (Title: State of Vietnam) 1955—became president of the Republic of Vietnam. Since the August Revolution, the Việt Minh had seized all of the territories of Vietnam. The Democratic Republic of Vietnam was established by the Việt Minh on September 2, 1945 (the same day Japan signed surrender documents with the United States). By February 1947, following the pacification of Tonkin (North Vietnam), the Tonkinese capital, Hanoi, and the main traffic axis returned to French control. The Việt Minh partisans were forced to retreat into the jungle and prepared to pursue the war using guerrilla warfare. In order to reduce Việt Minh leader Hồ Chí Document [190] (Title: North Vietnam) In November, the National Assembly adopted the first Constitution of the Republic. The French reoccupied Hanoi and the First Indochina War (1946–54) followed. Following the Chinese Communist Revolution (1946−50), Chinese communist forces arrived on the border in 1949. Chinese aid revived the fortunes of the Viet Minh and transformed it from a guerrilla militia into a standing army. The outbreak of the Korean War in June 1950 transformed what had been an anti-colonial struggle into a Cold War battleground, with the U.S. providing financial support to the French. Following the partition of Vietnam in 1954 at the end of the Document [191] (Title: North Vietnam) Western country to extend full diplomatic recognition to North Vietnam. Many other Western countries followed suit in the 1970s, such as the government of Australia under Gough Whitlam. North Vietnam North Vietnam, officially the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) (), was a country in Southeast Asia from 1954 to 1975. Vietnamese revolutionary leader Hồ Chí Minh declared independence from French Indochina on 2 September 1945 and announced the creation of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. France reasserted its colonial dominance and a war ensued between France and the Viet Minh, led by President Ho Chi Minh. The Viet Minh ("League Document [192] (Title: Provisional Central Government of Vietnam) was still legally a colony, since its status as an "autonomous Republic", proclaimed in 1946, had never been ratified by the French National Assembly, and that any process of reunification had therefore to be approved by the French Parliament. Xuân tried to reunite Cochinchina with his government through a by-law, but it was overruled by the colony's council. Trần Văn Hữu's administration therefore remained in existence and Vietnam found itself with two governments, each backed by the French, one claiming sovereignty over the whole country, and one administrating the South. The Vietnamese situation remained deadlocked for over a year, as Document [193] (Title: State of Vietnam) take office. However, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam had declared the independence of Vietnam and had control of almost all of Vietnam’s territory since September 2, 1945. Besides that, the DRV had also hosted the 1946 Vietnamese National Assembly election with the participation of 89% of Vietnamese voters (north and south). The Democratic Republic of Vietnam had officially become the constitutional representatives of Vietnam in 1946. Since the Halong Bay Agreements resulted in many aspects—excluding the referendum—in the enforcement of the March 6, 1946, Indochinese Independence Convention signed by Communist Hồ Chí Minh’s Democratic Republic of Vietnam and High Commissioner Document [194] (Title: Bảo Đại) power in case the new emperor's "elimination" was required. Japan surrendered to the Allies in August 1945, and the Viet Minh under the leadership of Hồ Chí Minh aimed to take power in a free Vietnam. Due to his popular political stand against the French and the 1945 famine, Hồ was able to persuade Bảo Đại to abdicate on 25 August 1945, handing power over to the Việt Minh — an event which greatly enhanced Hồ's legitimacy in the eyes of the Vietnamese people. Bảo Đại was appointed the "supreme advisor" to Hồ's Democratic Republic of Vietnam in Hanoi, which Document [195] (Title: 1955 in the Vietnam War) former colonial ties to France. The United States closed its embassy in Hanoi, thus ending formal diplomatic relations with North Vietnam. The U.S. would not restore diplomatic relations until 1998. China informed North Vietnam that all members of the China Military Advisory Group, which had been in Vietnam since July 1950, would return to China. This action by China illustrated the Chinese view that the most important task of North Vietnam was to consolidate its rule rather than attempt to force reunification with South Vietnam. 1955 in the Vietnam War In 1955, the Prime Minister of South Vietnam Ngô Đình Question: when did vietnam free itself from chinese control Answer: 938 AD Long Answer: The Chinese domination of Vietnam (Vietnamese: Bắc thuộc, Hán tự: 北 屬, "Belonging to the North (China)") began in 111 BC, and is usually considered to have ended in 938 AD . A fourth, relatively brief, 20 - year punitive invasion by the Ming dynasty, 400 years later, is usually excluded by historians in discussion of the main, almost continuous, period of Chinese colonization from 111 BC to 938 AD, as is the brief occupation of northern Vietnam by Chinese forces at the end of the Second World War. Gold Document ID: 151

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Vietnamese nationalism) against Chinese occupation resulted with many wars that happened throughout thousand years of Chinese rule, after which Vietnam finally regained independence in the 10th century following the battle of Bạch Đằng. Through then, Vietnam remained very militaristic and nationalistic due to the history of Vietnam often had brutal past with China and later, with its neighbors like Champa, Khmer Empire, Lan Xang, and later with Siam, which led to many wars. One of these wars had a serious effect, with the destruction of Champa Kingdom. Lý Thường Kiệt's famous declaration of Vietnam's independence, Nam quốc sơn hà ("Mountains and Rivers Document [2] (Title: Literary Chinese in Vietnam) refugees fleeing the takeover of Wang Mang (9–23 AD), policy shifted to assimilation, contributing to the revolt of the Trung sisters (39–43). After the suppression of the revolt, Chinese authorities stepped up assimilation, destroying the estates of Vietnamese nobles, but also opening Chinese education to the Vietnamese. A few rose through the civil service to senior positions in the province and elsewhere in the empire. As in any other part of the empire, the administrative language of Vietnam was Chinese. However no writing in Chinese by a Vietnamese author has survived from this period. After the country achieved independence in Document [3] (Title: 1966 in the Vietnam War) government of South Vietnam regained full control of Da Nang from the pro-Buddhist Struggle Movement. In the fighting, approximately 150 South Vietnamese soldiers were killed. 23 Americans were wounded. After the funeral of the ARVN officer killed by an American, a large crowd burned down the United States Information Service library in Huế. Several Buddhists later set themselves on fire. A crowd of pro-Buddhist demonstrators stormed the U.S. Consulate in Huế and set it on fire. After several days of fighting with protesting Buddhists, the South Vietnamese government regained full control of the city of Huế. The lesson learned in Document [4] (Title: Empire of Vietnam) "if the Japanese lose the war, the independence of Indochina would not become complete." At the inauguration of the Council of Nam Bo on July 21, Minoda implicitly referred to the unification of Vietnam. Tran Van An was appointed as the president of the Council, and Kha Vang Can, a leader of the Vanguard Youth, was appointed to be his deputy. On July 13, Kim arrived in Hanoi to negotiate directly with Governor-General Tsuchihashi. Tsuchihashi agreed to transfer control of Hanoi, Haiphong, and Da Nang to Kim's government, taking effect on July 20. After protracted negotiation, Tsuchihashi agreed that Nam Document [5] (Title: Vietnam) between 1859 and 1885. In 1862, the southern third of the country became the French colony of Cochinchina. By 1884, the entire country had come under French rule, with the central and northern parts of Vietnam separated in the two protectorates of Annam and Tonkin. The three Vietnamese entities were formally integrated into the union of French Indochina in 1887. The French administration imposed significant political and cultural changes on Vietnamese society. A Western-style system of modern education was developed and Catholicism was propagated widely. Most French settlers in Indochina were concentrated in Cochinchina, particularly in the region of Saigon Document [6] (Title: China–Vietnam relations) The resulting Treaty of Tientsin recognized French dominance over Vietnam and Indochina, spelling the end of formal Chinese influence on Vietnam, and the beginning of Vietnam's French colonial period. Both China and Vietnam faced invasion and occupation by Imperial Japan during World War II, while Vietnam languished under the rule of the pro-Nazi Vichy French. In the Chinese provinces of Guangxi and Guangdong, Vietnamese revolutionaries led by Phan Bội Châu had arranged alliances with the Chinese nationalist Kuomintang prior to the war by marrying Vietnamese women to Chinese officers. Their children were at an advantage, since they could speak both Document [7] (Title: North Vietnam) (Labor Party), gradually marginalizing non-communists in the Việt Minh. Between 1946 and 1954, the Việt Minh captured and controlled most of the rural areas of Vietnam. In 1954, after the French were defeated, the negotiation of the Geneva Accords ended the war between France and the Việt Minh and granted Vietnam independence. The Geneva Accords divided the country provisionally into northern and southern zones, and stipulated general elections in July 1956 to "bring about the unification of Viet-Nam". The northern zone was commonly called North Vietnam, and the southern zone was commonly called South Vietnam. Supervision of the implementation of Document [8] (Title: Khúc Thừa Mỹ) Khúc Thừa Mỹ Khúc Thừa Mỹ (chữ Hán: 曲承美; pinyin: "Qū Chéngměi"; governed: 918–923 or 918–930) was a self-declared jiedushi of Tĩnh Hải quân (modern northern Vietnam) during the later part of the Third Chinese domination of Vietnam, when China entered the chaotic Five Dynasties period. He succeeded his father Khúc Hạo and tried to maintain northern Vietnam's autonomy. But the new emperor of the Southern Han Dynasty invaded in 930, capturing the capital Đại La (Hanoi) with no resistance, and Khúc Thừa Mỹ was taken to Canton, where he was placed under comfortable house arrest. The Chinese domination of Document [9] (Title: Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam) of Vietnam's most celebrated heroes, is credited with rescuing the country from Ming domination in 1428. Born of a wealthy landowning family, he served as a senior scholar-official until the advent of the Ming, whom he refused to serve. After a decade of gathering a resistance movement around him, Le Loi and his forces finally defeated the Ming army in 1428. Rather than putting to death the captured Ming soldiers and administrators, he magnanimously provided ships and supplies to send them back to China. Le Loi then ascended the Vietnamese throne, taking the reign name Lê Thái Tổ and establishing Document [10] (Title: Chinese domination of Vietnam) vernacular chữ nôm literature. Although 1,000 years of Chinese rule left many traces, the collective memory of the period reinforced Vietnam's cultural and later political independence. Chinese domination of Vietnam The Chinese domination of Vietnam (, , "Belonging to the North (China)") began in 111 BC, and is usually considered to have ended in 938 AD. A fourth, relatively brief, 20-year punitive invasion by the Ming dynasty, 400 years later, is usually excluded by historians in discussion of the main, almost continuous, period of Chinese colonization from 111 BC to 938 AD, as is the brief occupation of northern Vietnam Document [11] (Title: Exclusive mandate) of their reconciliation policy. The Democratic Republic of Vietnam was proclaimed in 1945; the Republic of Vietnam gained its independence from France in 1954. While elections were intended to be held in 1955 to reunite the country, they never took place. For the next 20 years, both staked claims to all of Vietnam, claiming that the other was an illegally constituted puppet state. This continued until South Vietnam unconditionally surrendered to North Vietnam in 1975. When some European countries (such as Switzerland) started recognizing North Vietnam towards the end of the Vietnam war, South Vietnam did not interrupt its diplomatic Document [12] (Title: Yongle Emperor) Vietnam. As the Ho royal family were all executed, Vietnam was integrated as a province of China, just as it had been up until 939. With the Ho monarch defeated in 1407, the Chinese began a serious and sustained effort to sinicise the population. All classical Vietnamese printing blocks, books and materials were burned. For this reason almost no vernacular chữ nôm texts survive from before the Ming invasion. Various ancient sites such as pagoda Bao Minh were looted and destroyed. On 2 December 1407, the Yongle Emperor gave orders to Zhang Fu that innocent Vietnamese were not to be Document [13] (Title: Operation Passage to Freedom) between French Union forces and the Viet Minh, which sought Vietnamese independence. The accords resulted in the partition of Vietnam at the 17th parallel north, with Ho Chi Minh's communist Viet Minh in control of the north and the French-backed State of Vietnam in the south. The agreements allowed a 300-day period of grace, ending on May 18, 1955, in which people could move freely between the two Vietnams before the border was sealed. The partition was intended to be temporary, pending elections in 1956 to reunify the country under a national government. Between 600,000 and one million northerners moved Document [14] (Title: Zhang Fu) Vietnamese usurper Hồ Quý Ly, and his son Hồ Hán Thương. He then reported to the emperor that the Trần lineage had been destroyed by Hồ Quý Ly so that there was no successor, and the populace "requested again to be a province of China". The Vietnam was annexed by China again and renamed to Jiaozhi province (). For this accomplishment, he was elevated to the title "Duke of Ying" (英國公). Later, he put down the rebellion of two Vietnamese princes, Trần Ngỗi and Trần Quý Khoáng successfully, but failed to put down a number of revolts among the Vietnamese Document [15] (Title: Nguyễn dynasty) regained control during a bloody war with the Viet Minh under Ho Chi Minh, in 1948. Bảo Đại spent much of his time during the conflict at his luxurious home in Đà Lạt (in the Vietnamese Highlands) or in Paris. This ended with the French defeat at Điện Biên Phủ in 1954. The French negotiated with the U.S. to divide Vietnam. It was divided into North Vietnam (governed by the Viet Minh) and South Vietnam, with a new government. Bảo Đại's prime minister, Ngô Đình Diệm, defeated him in a 1955 referendum generally regarded as rigged; an improbable 98 percent Document [16] (Title: August Revolution) did just that by abrogating the Franco-Vietnamese Treaty of Protectorate of 1883. Vietnam's new "independence,” however, rested on the government's willingness to cooperate with Japan and accept the Japanese military presence. From March until August 1945, Vietnam enjoyed what was called a “fake independence”. In the aftermath of the coup the Japanese most definitely wanted to minimize internal change in Indochina----changes which would have adversely affected their military objectives. The Trần Trọng Kim Cabinet, from all evidence available, was only a government in name and ruled over no state in fact. The affairs of Indochinese were still in the hands Document [17] (Title: Trần Trọng Kim) Bangkok for talks. By this stage, the Liberation of Paris in August 1944 and the fall of Vichy France meant that Japan could no longer depend on the French colonial administration to cooperate. As a result, they assumed direct control of Indochina by deposing the French in a coup on March 9, and declared Vietnam to be independent under the newly created Empire of Vietnam with Bảo Đại, who was Vietnam's titular monarch, as its head of state. Japan however, maintained military control. Bảo Đại was then charged with selecting a prime minister and a cabinet. It was believed that Document [18] (Title: Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone) of Vietnam, under Communist leader Ho Chi Minh. The southern part of Vietnam, where the Viet Minh controlled relatively small and remote areas, became the independent State of Vietnam under Bảo Đại, the last scion of the old Vietnamese imperial house. The State of Vietnam later became the Republic of Vietnam. The boundary between these two zones was established at the Ben Hai River, which enters the South China Sea at 17 degrees 0 minutes 54 seconds N latitude. The boundary followed the Ben Hai to its headwaters, about 55 km WSW, and thence to the Laotian border. The area Document [19] (Title: Lê Thánh Tông) and castrated by the Vietnamese after their ships were blown off course into Vietnam. The Chinese Ministry of Revenue responded by ordering Chinese civilians and soldiers to stop going abroad to foreign countries. China's relations with Vietnam during this period were marked by the punishment of prisoners by castration. A 1499 entry in the Ming Shilu recorded that thirteen Chinese men from Wenchang including a young man named Wu Rui were captured by the Vietnamese after their ship was blown off course while traveling from Hainan to Guangdong's Qin subprefecture (Qinzhou), after which they ended up near the coast of Document [20] (Title: Slavery in Vietnam) soldiers in Vietnam's military. The escapees also reported that they found out up to 100 Chinese men remained captives in Vietnam after they were caught and castrated by the Vietnamese after their ships were blown off course into Vietnam. The Chinese Ministry of Revenue responded by ordering Chinese civilians and soldiers to stop going abroad to foreign countries. China's relations with Vietnam during this period were marked by the punishment of prisoners by castration. A 1499 entry in the Ming Shilu recorded that thirteen Chinese men from Wenchang including a young man named Wu Rui were captured by the Vietnamese Document [21] (Title: Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam) Services. On August 22, 1945 the OSS agent Archimedes Patti, who had previously met Ho Chi Minh in Southern China arrived in Hanoi on a mercy mission to liberate allied POWs and were accompanied by Jean Sainteny a French government official. The Japanese forces informally surrendered (the official surrender took place on Sept. 2, 1945 in Tokyo Bay) but being the only force capable of maintaining law and order the Japanese Imperial Army remained in power while keeping French colonial troops detained. Japanese forces allowed the Việt Minh and other nationalist groups to take over public buildings and weapons without Document [22] (Title: Eunuch) wind and they were punished as part of a crackdown on foreign trade by Vietnam. Several Malay envoys from the Malacca sultanate were attacked and captured in 1469 by the Lê Dynasty of Annam (Vietnam) as they were returning to Malacca from China. The Vietnamese enslaved and castrated the young from among the captured. A 1472 entry in the Ming Shilu, reported that some Chinese from Nanhai county escaped back to China after their ship had been blown off course into Vietnam, where they had been forced to serve as soldiers in Vietnam's military. The escapees also reported that they Document [23] (Title: First Chinese domination of Vietnam) supreme centre of the universe. Under Chinese rule, Han dynasty officials imposed much of Chinese culture, including Chinese Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism, its imperial examination system, and mandarin bureaucracy. However, implementation of a foreign administrative system and sinification was not easy as frequent uprisings and rebellions were indicative of Vietnamese resistance to these changes. Some Vietnamese welcomed the chance to assimilate as what they considered Chinese culture, to be a more civilized, advanced and superior culture. Though the Vietnamese incorporated advanced and technical elements they thought would be beneficial to themselves, the unwillingness to be dominated by outsiders, the desire Document [24] (Title: History of Vietnam) then constituted the Han Empire. At one point, Triệu Đà even declared himself Emperor, equal to the Han Emperor in the north. In 111 BC, Han troops invaded Nam Việt and established new territories, dividing Vietnam into Giao Chỉ ("pinyin": Jiaozhi), now the Red River delta; Cửu Chân from modern-day Thanh Hóa to Hà Tĩnh; and Nhật Nam ("pinyin": Rinan), from modern-day Quảng Bình to Huế. While governors and top officials were Chinese, the original Vietnamese nobles (Lạc Hầu, Lạc Tướng) from the Hồng Bàng period still managed in some of the highlands. In 40 AD, the Trưng Sisters led Document [25] (Title: Military history of Vietnam) March 6, 1979, China declared that the gate to Hanoi was open and that their punitive mission had been achieved, before withdrawing their troops from Vietnam. Both China and Vietnam claimed victory in the war; as Vietnamese troops remained in Cambodia until 1989, it can be said that China was unsuccessful in their goal of dissuading Vietnam from involvement in Cambodia. After China withdrew from Vietnam in 1979, border conflicts continued to occur. These conflicts often involved cross-border raids and battles, and claimed thousands of lives from both sides. The conflict subsided in 1990, without an outbreak of war. The Document [26] (Title: Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam) minerals to Beijing. They also imposed salt taxes, but a slightly heavier tax against those who produced salt in Annam. Non-Han ethnic minorities fought in the Chinese army against the Ho. It was instructed that the Ming army should free foreign prisoners who were jailed in Vietnam. To keep the people under control in Vietnam, the Ming government issued, and utilized the ""So Ho"" system, (literally meaning "Family Book") at the lowest village community level. Whenever there was a change in a family, a change in the book was recorded and approved. Based on this information, they created a systematic Document [27] (Title: Bình Ngô đại cáo) to the ultimate victory over the Ming Dynasty which put an end to the Fourth Chinese domination in Vietnam. As a result, in 1428 Lê Lợi ordered Nguyễn Trãi to write an announcement for people in the country about the total pacification of the Ming Dynasty and the affirmation of the independence of Đại Việt. From that demand, Nguyễn Trãi wrote "Bình Ngô đại cáo" which not only proclaimed the independence of the country but also claimed the equality of Đại Việt with China during the long history and expressed many own ideas of Nguyễn Trãi about the fairness, the Document [28] (Title: Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone) side, and the Communist-dominated independence movement, the Viet Minh, on the other. The Viet Minh won the war, gaining effective control of all northern Vietnam except an enclave around Hanoi. In 1954, France gave up its control of Vietnam, and the Viet Minh was recognized as the government of northern Vietnam. The post-colonial conditions of Vietnam were set at the Geneva Conference of 1954; the agreement was finalized on July 21, 1954. The Geneva agreement reflected the military results at that time. The northern part of Vietnam, which was almost entirely controlled by the Viet Minh became the Democratic Republic Document [29] (Title: Slavery in Vietnam) soldier told him of an escape route back to China and Wu Rui escaped to Longzhou. The local chief planned to sell him back to the Vietnamese, but Wu was rescued by the Pingxiang magistrate and then was sent to Beijing to work as a eunuch in the palace. The Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư records that in 1467 in An Bang province of Dai Viet (now Quảng Ninh Province) a Chinese ship blew off course onto the shore. The Chinese were detained and not allowed to return to China as ordered by Le Thanh Tong. This incident may Document [30] (Title: Annam (province)) the Southern Han dynasty, Liu Hongcao () and re-established the independent state of Đại Việt. This was the effective end of Annam as a Chinese province. Several attempts were made by various Chinese governments to retake Vietnam, with one succeeding (Ming rule of Vietnam) but only for 20 years (1407–1427). The territory of Tang-era Annan is now part of present-day Vietnam. In the 1860s, the French government under Napoleon III conquered first southern and then central Vietnam. The central portion of the country they ruled as the protectorate of Annam. Annam (province) Annam () was the southernmost province of China Document [31] (Title: Economic history of Vietnam) feudal kings–had been most of the time under the Chinese domination, approximately 1053 years. The first domination was happening from 207 BC to 29 AD. A brief independent period followed with the coronation of female sister kings Trung Trac, Trung Nhi, which ended in 43 AD. The second Chinese domination was the period from 43-544 AD. The coronation of Lý Nam Đế had gained the control of Vietnam from the Chinese hands for about 60-year Vietnam before the third Chinese domination, 603-907 AD. Historians tell us that the slavery regime was still prevalent in Vietnam in around 900 AD. Hanoi, Document [32] (Title: Empire of Vietnam) launch a general insurrection with the aim of seizing control of the country. In August, Vietnam went through a period regarded as one of its most eventful phases, amidst the backdrop of rapid change in global politics. On the one hand, the Allies began to put into effect their postwar plans for Vietnam, which included the disarmament of Japanese troops and the division of Vietnam into spheres of influence. The Japanese military and civilian personnel in Vietnam were hamstrung by the unconditional surrender of their government and the possibility of Allied retribution. With respect to the Vietnamese, the Japanese were Document [33] (Title: History of the People's Republic of China (1976–1989)) China or Green", "New York Times" article title). China's relations with the Socialist Republic of Vietnam began to deteriorate seriously in the mid-1970s. After Vietnam joined the Soviet-dominated Council for Mutual Economic Cooperation (Comecon) and signed the Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation with the Soviet Union in 1978, China branded Vietnam the "Cuba of the East" and called the treaty a military alliance. Incidents along the Sino-Vietnamese border increased in frequency and violence. In December 1978 Vietnam invaded Cambodia, quickly ousted the pro-Mao Pol Pot regime, and overran the country. China's twenty-nine-day incursion into Vietnam in February 1979 was a Document [34] (Title: Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng) some anti-French activists, including VNQDD members. On August 15, 1945, Japanese surrendered to Republic of China in Vietnam. General Lu Han (盧漢) was the representative of the Nationalist Army. The government of Republic of China favored VNQDD over Viet Minh which led to Ho's reliance on the rebel Chinese communist. Ho's Viet Minh seized power and set up a provisional government in the wake of Japan's withdrawal from Vietnam. This move violated a prior agreement between the member parties of the Viet Nam Cach Mang Dong Minh Hoi (Vietnamese Revolutionary League), which included the VNQDD as well as the Vietminh, Document [35] (Title: Second Chinese domination of Vietnam) and established the Early Lý dynasty. This period lasted about 500 years. The Trung sisters' independent rule was one of the few relatively brief interruptions during the Chinese domination of Vietnam which continued from 111 BC to 939. After the defeat of the Trung sisters, the Eastern Han dynasty strengthened its control over the region in 43 and renamed it Giao Chỉ (or Jiaozhi). As the Han dynasty weakened, the prefect of Giao Chỉ, Shi Xie, ruled Vietnam as an autonomous warlord and was posthumously deified by later Vietnamese Emperors. Even when the Eastern Han dynasty split into the Three Document [36] (Title: Chinese domination of Vietnam) cultivation, and animal husbandry. Chinese culture, having been established among the elite mandarin class, remained the dominant current among that elite for most of the next 1,000 years (939-1870s) until the loss of independence under French Indochina. This cultural affiliation to China remained true even when militarily defending Vietnam against attempted invasion, such as against the Mongol Kublai Khan. The only significant exceptions to this were the 7 years of the strongly anti-Chinese Hồ dynasty which banned the use of Chinese (among other actions triggering the fourth Chinese invasion), but then after the expulsion of the Ming the rise in Document [37] (Title: Vietnam) Empire was allowed to station its troops in Vietnam while permitting the pro-Vichy French colonial administration to continue. Japan exploited Vietnam's natural resources to support its military campaigns, culminating in a full-scale takeover of the country in March 1945 and the Vietnamese Famine of 1945, which caused up to two million deaths. In 1941, the Việt Minh which is a nationalist liberation movement based on a Communist ideology emerged under the Vietnamese revolutionary leader Hồ Chí Minh who sought independence for Vietnam from France and the end of the Japanese occupation. Following the military defeat of Japan and the fall Document [38] (Title: History of Vietnam) in Southeast Asia. During the 1930s, the CPV was nearly wiped out under French suppression with the execution of top leaders such as Phú, Lê Hồng Phong, and Nguyễn Văn Cừ. During World War II, Japan invaded Indochina in 1940, keeping the Vichy French colonial administration in place as a puppet. In 1941 Nguyễn Ái Quốc, now known as Hồ Chí Minh, arrived in northern Vietnam to form the Việt Minh Front, and it was supposed to be an umbrella group for all parties fighting for Vietnam's independence, but was dominated by the Communist Party. The Việt Minh had a Document [39] (Title: Military conquests of the Ming dynasty) Trần, Trần Thiên Bính (陳添平) to Vietnam. He was assassinated and in that same year, two huge Chinese armies were sent along two routes, via Yunnan and Guangxi, into Đại Ngu. Chinese forces claimed that seven million Vietnamese were killed in this initial campaign to take the polity. In 1407, Đại Ngu became Ming China's 14th province, and remained so until 1428, when the Ming were forced to withdraw by a Vietnamese independence movement led by Lê Lợi. In contrast to the name Annam ("Pacified South"), this 21-year period was one of almost incessant fighting. As soon as the Ming Document [40] (Title: Sinocentrism) not always peaceful relationship with China. Vietnam was part of various Chinese dynasties and kingdoms for approximately 900 years before gaining independence in the 10th century. In subsequent centuries the Vietnamese drove out Chinese invaders on a number of occasions, to the extent that conflict with China may be seen as one of the main themes of Vietnamese history. However, Vietnam was also heavily Sinicized, using Classical Chinese as its official literary language and adopting most aspects of Chinese culture, including the administrative system, architecture, philosophy, religion, literature of China, and even a general cultural outlook. Vietnam persistently identified itself Document [41] (Title: North Vietnam) North Vietnam North Vietnam, officially the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) (), was a country in Southeast Asia from 1954 to 1975. Vietnamese revolutionary leader Hồ Chí Minh declared independence from French Indochina on 2 September 1945 and announced the creation of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. France reasserted its colonial dominance and a war ensued between France and the Viet Minh, led by President Ho Chi Minh. The Viet Minh ("League for the Independence of Vietnam") was a coalition of nationalist groups, mostly led by communists. In February 1951, the communists announced the creation of the Lao Động Party Document [42] (Title: Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng) the First Indochina War went into full flight. A small group of VNQDD fighters escaped Giáp's assault and retreated to a mountainous enclave along the Sino-Vietnamese border, where they declared themselves to be the government of Vietnam, with little effect. After Vietnam gained independence in 1954, the Geneva Accords partitioned the country into a communist north and an anti-communist south, but stipulated that there were to be 300 days of free passage between the two zones. During Operation Passage to Freedom, most VNQDD members migrated to the south. The VNQDD was deeply divided after years of communist pressure, lacked strong Document [43] (Title: History of Vietnam) "Journal of Conflict Resolution" covering Vietnam-China relations from 1365 to 1841, the relations could be characterized as a "hierarchic tributary system". The study found that "the Vietnamese court explicitly recognized its unequal status in its relations with China through a number of institutions and norms. Vietnamese rulers also displayed very little military attention to their relations with China. Rather, Vietnamese leaders were clearly more concerned with quelling chronic domestic instability and managing relations with kingdoms to their south and west." In September 1945, Hồ Chí Minh proclaimed the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) and held the position of chairman (Chủ Document [44] (Title: Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam) River Delta. Hồ Quý Ly and his son were captured on 16 June 1407, they were caged and brought as prisoners to the Yongle Emperor in Nanjing. There was several revolts among the Vietnamese people against the Ming authorities, only to be crushed by the Ming army. Among the people who led the rebellion were, Trần Ngỗi (revolted 1407–09), a young son of the late Trần emperor Trần Nghệ Tông and Trần Quý Khoáng, a nephew. These revolts were short-lived and poorly planned but they helped lay some of the groundwork for Lê Lợi's war for independence. Lê Lợi, one Document [45] (Title: Western imperialism in Asia) trade with China would be surpassed by the British, and accordingly the French joined the British against China in the Second Opium War from 1857 to 1860, and occupied parts of Vietnam as its gateway to China. By the Treaty of Saigon in 1862, on June 5, the Vietnamese emperor ceded France three provinces of southern Vietnam to form the French colony of Cochinchina; France also secured trade and religious privileges in the rest of Vietnam and a protectorate over Vietnam's foreign relations. Gradually French power spread through exploration, the establishment of protectorates, and outright annexations. Their seizure of Hanoi Document [46] (Title: Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam) Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam The Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam () was written by Hồ Chí Minh, and announced in public at the Ba Đình flower garden (now the Ba Đình Square) on September 2, 1945. It led to the independence of Vietnam. Vietnam became a colony of France in the late 19th century, but during World War II, Japan occupied Vietnam. During this period the Viet Minh fought a guerrilla war against the Japanese and were to a degree supported by the Americans in 1945 via the Office of Strategic Document [47] (Title: Vietnam) lord Ngô Quyền defeated the forces of the Chinese Southern Han state at Bạch Đằng River and achieved full independence for Vietnam after a millennium of Chinese domination. Renamed as Đại Việt ("Great Viet"), the nation enjoyed a golden era under the Lý and Trần dynasties. During the rule of the Trần Dynasty, Đại Việt repelled three Mongol invasions. Meanwhile, Buddhism of Mahāyāna tradition flourished and became the state religion. Following the 1406–7 Ming–Hồ War which overthrew the Hồ dynasty, Vietnamese independence was briefly interrupted by the Chinese Ming dynasty, but was restored by Lê Lợi, the founder of the Document [48] (Title: History of Vietnam since 1945) their own militias. Under the terms of the Accord between France and the Democratic Republic of Vietnam on 6 March 1946: The seat of the conference was held at either Hanoi, Saigon or Paris. In 1947 full-scale war broke out between the Viet Minh and France. Realizing that colonialism was coming to an end worldwide, France fashioned a semi-independent State of Vietnam, within the French Union, with Bảo Đại as head of state. Meanwhile, as the Communists under Mao Zedong took over China, the Viet Minh began to receive military aid from China. Beside supplying materials, Chinese cadres also pressured Document [49] (Title: Aftermath of World War II) was bolstered as the front launched a rebellion, sacking rice warehouses and urging the Vietnamese to refuse to pay taxes. Because the French colonial authorities started to hold secret talks with the Free French, the Japanese interned them 9 March 1945. When Japan surrendered in August, this created a power vacuum, and the Viet Minh took power in the August Revolution, declaring the independent Democratic Republic of Vietnam. However, the Allies (including the Soviet Union) all agreed that the area belonged to the French. Nationalist Chinese forces moved in from the north and British from the south (as the French Document [50] (Title: Geography of Vietnam) line" accepted by Hanoi that China agreed in 1957-58 to respect. However, in February 1979, following China's limited invasion of Vietnam, Hanoi complained that from 1957 onward China had provoked numerous border incidents as part of its anti-Vietnam policy and expansionist designs in Southeast Asia. Among the territorial infringements cited was the Chinese occupation in January 1974 of the Paracel Islands, claimed by both countries in a dispute left unresolved in the 1980s. The country is divided into the highlands and the Red River Delta in the north; and the Dãy Trường Sơn (Central mountains, or the Chaîne Annamitique, sometimes Document [51] (Title: China–Vietnam relations) circumstances!". In August 1943, China broke diplomatic relations with the Vichy France regime, with the "Central Daily News" announcing diplomatic relations were to be solely between the Chinese and Vietnamese people, with no French intermediary. China had planned to widely spread the propaganda of the Atlantic Charter and Roosevelt's statement on Vietnamese self-determination, in order to undermine French authority in Indochina. However, with the death of Roosevelt, his successor Harry S. Truman switched his position on Vietnamese independence in order to gain the support of Free French Forces in Europe. According to a 2018 study in the "Journal of Conflict Document [52] (Title: Empire of Vietnam) territorial reunification to Vietnam. In early July, when southern Vietnam was abuzz with the spirit of independence and mass political participation due to the creation of the Vanguard Youth organizations in Saigon and other regional centres, Governor Minoda announced the organization of the "Hoi Nghi Nam" (Council of "Nam Bo", i.e. Cochinchina) to facilitate his governance. This council was charged with advising the Japanese based on questions submitted to it by the Japanese and for overseeing provincial affairs. Minoda underlined that its primary aim was to make the Vietnamese population believe that they had to collaborate with the Japanese, because Document [53] (Title: Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam) Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam The fourth Chinese domination was a period of the history of Vietnam, from 1407 to 1427 during which the country was invaded and ruled by the Chinese Ming dynasty. It was the result of the conquest of the region in 1406 to 1407. The previous periods of Chinese rules, collectively known as the Bắc thuộc periods in Vietnam, were longer-lasting, constituting much of Vietnam's history from 111 BC to 939 AD. The fourth Chinese occupation of Vietnam was eventually ended with the establishment of the Lê dynasty. The former ruling dynasty of Đại Việt, the Document [54] (Title: Vietnam) Minh City as the most populous city. The northern part of Vietnam was part of Imperial China for over a millennium, from 111 BC to AD 939. An independent Vietnamese state was formed in 939, following a Vietnamese victory in the battle of Bạch Đằng River. Successive Vietnamese imperial dynasties flourished as the nation expanded geographically and politically into Southeast Asia, until the Indochina Peninsula was colonised by the French in the mid-19th century. Following a Japanese occupation in the 1940s, the Vietnamese fought French rule in the First Indochina War. On 2 September 1945, President Hồ Chí Minh declared Document [55] (Title: First Chinese domination of Vietnam) and instituting marriage and land inheritance reforms aimed at turning Vietnam into a patriarchal society more amenable to political authority. The Vietnamese paid heavy tributes and imperial taxes to the Han mandarins to maintain the local administration and the military. The Chinese vigorously tried to assimilate the Vietnamese peacefully either through forced sinicization or through brute Chinese political domination. The Han dynasty sought to assimilate the Vietnamese as the Chinese wanted to maintain a unified cohesive empire through a "civilizing mission" as what the Chinese regarded the Vietnamese as uncultured and backward barbarians and regarded their "Celestial Empire" as the Document [56] (Title: Vietnam) consolidated Âu Lạc into Nanyue. However, Nanyue was itself incorporated into the empire of the Chinese Han dynasty in 111 BC after the Han–Nanyue War. For the next thousand years, what is now northern Vietnam remained mostly under Chinese rule. Early independence movements, such as those of the Trưng Sisters and Lady Triệu, were only temporarily successful, though the region gained a longer period of independence as Vạn Xuân under the Anterior Lý dynasty between AD 544 and 602. By the early 10th century, Vietnam had gained autonomy, but not sovereignty, under the Khúc family. In AD 938, the Vietnamese Document [57] (Title: Third Chinese domination of Vietnam) up a national administration; in 930 the Southern Han dynasty, which had taken power in southern China, again invaded the country and defeated Khúc Thừa Mỹ. In 931, however, Dương Đình Nghệ (Yang Tingyi) took up the fight and made himself governor. After Dương Đình Nghệ was murdered by one of his aides (Kiều Công Tiễn), the fight was led by Ngô Quyền, who in 938 clashed with a Southern Han expeditionary corps approaching by sea. The Southern Han fleet entered Vietnam via the Bạch Đằng estuary (mouth of the river which flows into Hạ Long Bay) where iron-tipped stakes Document [58] (Title: Nguyễn dynasty) led to an invasion in 1861. By 1862, the war was over. Vietnam conceded three provinces in the south (French Cochinchina), opened three ports to French trade, allowed free passage of French warships to Kampuchea (which led to an 1863 French protectorate of Kampuchea), allowed freedom for French missionaries, and gave France a large indemnity for the cost of the war. France did not intervene in the Christian-supported Vietnamese rebellion in Bắc Bộ (despite missionary urging) or the subsequent slaughter of thousands of Christians after the rebellion, suggesting that persecution of Christians prompted the intervention but military and political reasons Document [59] (Title: Vietnam) referendum organised by his brother Ngô Đình Nhu, and proclaimed himself president of the Republic of Vietnam. At that point the internationally recognised State of Vietnam effectively ceased to exist and was replaced by the Republic of Vietnam in the south and Hồ Chí Minh's Democratic Republic of Vietnam in the north. Between 1953 and 1956, the North Vietnamese government instituted various agrarian reforms, including "rent reduction" and "land reform", which resulted in significant political oppression. During the land reform, testimony from North Vietnamese witnesses suggested a ratio of one execution for every 160 village residents, which extrapolated nationwide would Document [60] (Title: Cần Vương movement) Resistance continued growing while the French in Tonkin were distracted by the Sino-French War (August 1884 to April 1885). Matters came to a head in June 1885, when France and China signed the Treaty of Tientsin, in which China implicitly renounced its historic claims to suzerainty over Vietnam.[citation needed] Now freed from external distractions, the French government was determined to gain direct rule over Vietnam. Their agent of choice was General Count Roussel de Courcy. In May 1885, de Courcy arrived in Hanoi and took control of French military power in order to remove the mandarins Thuyết and Tường. Most Document [61] (Title: History of Vietnam) up Vietnamese independence societies in Japan, which many viewed as a model society (i.e. an Asian nation that had modernized, but retained its own culture and institutions). There emerged two parallel movements of modernization. The first was the "Đông Du" ("Go East") Movement started in 1905 by Phan Bội Châu. Châu's plan was to send Vietnamese students to Japan to learn modern skills, so that in the future they could lead a successful armed revolt against the French. With Prince Cường Để, he started two organizations in Japan: "Duy Tân Hội" and "Việt Nam Công Hiến Hội". Due to French Document [62] (Title: China in the Vietnam War) Van Dong in November 1956. Zhou repeatedly emphasized that "the unification should be regarded as a long-term struggle," and that "only when the North had been consolidated with extensive efforts, would it become possible to talk about how to win over the South and how to unify the country.” Thus, he concluded the leaders in Beijing never encouraged Hanoi to liberate the South in a military way. Qiang Zhai also has the same ideas in his book pointing out Chinese gave Ho Chi Minh and his movement a lot of support, but he was his own master and set his Document [63] (Title: State of Vietnam) Union and the Indochinese Federation then including the neighboring Kingdom of Laos and Kingdom of Cambodia. Cochinchina (South Vietnam), however, had a different status, both as a colony and as an autonomous republic, and its reunification with the rest of Vietnam had to be approved by its local assembly, and then by the French National Assembly. During the transitional period, a Provisional Central Government of Vietnam was proclaimed: Nguyễn Văn Xuân, until then head of the "Provisional Government of South Vietnam" (as Cochinchina had been known since 1947) became its president, while Bảo Đại waited for a complete reunification to Document [64] (Title: China–Vietnam relations) over territorial issues in the South China Sea. China and Vietnam share a 1,281-kilometre border. A 2014 survey conducted by the Pew Research Center showed 84% of Vietnamese were concerned that territorial disputes between China and neighbouring countries could lead to a military conflict. China and Vietnam had contact since the Chinese Warring States period and the Vietnamese Thục Dynasty of the 3rd century BC, as noted in the Vietnamese historical record "Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư". Between the 1st century BC and 15th century AD, Vietnam was subject to four separate periods of imperial Chinese domination, although it Document [65] (Title: Buddhist Uprising) raids staged under the Diệm regime in 1963 indicated a willingness to suppress Buddhist dissidents. Đính arrived in Huế on April 15. The Buddhists reacted to Đính's appointment with dismay. They openly took responsibility for organising all future demonstrations, releasing a proclamation to that effect through the Vien Hoa Dao. They declared the country to be in "a state of emergency" and demanded civilian rule immediately, calling for an escalation in protests. After a week, Đính announced that he had restored Saigon's authority over the region. He proclaimed that he had regained control of the radio stations in Da Nang Document [66] (Title: Empire of Vietnam) founder of the Lê Dynasty who expelled the Chinese in 1427. General Trần Hưng Đạo, who twice repelled Mongol invasions in the 13th century, replaced Paul Bert. On August 1, the new mayor of Hanoi, Tran Van Lai, ordered the demolition of French built statues in the city parks in his campaign to "Wipe Out Humiliating Remnants". Similar campaigns were enacted in southern Vietnam in late August. Meanwhile, the freedom of the press was instituted, resulting in the publication of the pieces of anti-French movements and critical essays on French collaborators. Heavy criticism was even extended to Nguyen Huu Do, Document [67] (Title: First Chinese domination of Vietnam) the first century of Chinese rule, Vietnam was governed leniently and indirect with no immediate change in indigenous policies. Initially, the practice of indigenous Vietnamese was governed at the local level but was ruled out in favor of replacing indigenous Vietnamese local officials with newly settled Han Chinese officials. Han imperial bureaucrats generally pursued a policy of peaceful relations with the indigenous population, focusing their administrative roles in the prefectural headquarters and garrisons, and maintaining secure river routes for trade. By the first century AD, however, the Han dynasty intensified its efforts to assimilate its new territories by raising taxes Document [68] (Title: North Vietnam) of the country into the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. The expanded Democratic Republic retained North Vietnam's political culture under Soviet influence and continued its existing memberships in international organisations such as Comecon. After about 300 years of partition by feudal dynasties, Vietnam was again under one single authority in 1802 when Gia Long founded the Nguyễn dynasty, but the country became a French protectorate after 1883 and under Japanese occupation after 1940 during World War II. Soon after Japan surrendered on 2 September 1945, the Việt Minh in the August Revolution entered Hanoi, and the Democratic Republic of Vietnam was Document [69] (Title: First Chinese domination of Vietnam) each ruled by a Chinese mandarin while the old system of lower rank rulers of Lac Hau, Lac Tuong were kept unchanged. During the next several hundred years of Chinese colonization and domination, sinification of the newly conquered Nanyue was brought about by a combination of Han imperial military power, regular settlement and an influx of Han Chinese refugees, officers and garrisons, merchants, scholars, bureaucrats, fugitives, and prisoners of war. At the same time, Chinese officials were interested in exploiting the region's natural resources and trade potential. In addition, Han Chinese officials also seized fertile land conquered from Vietnamese nobles Document [70] (Title: Indochina Wars) North Vietnam. Emperor Bảo Đại abdicated power to the Viet Minh, on August 25, 1945. In a popular move, Ho Chi Minh made Bảo Đại "supreme adviser" to the Viet Minh-led government in Hanoi, which asserted its independence on September 2 as the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) and issued a Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. In 1946, Vietnam had its first constitution. In 1948, France tried to regain its colonial control over Vietnam. In South Vietnam, the Japanese had surrendered to British forces, who had supported the Free French in fighting the Viet Minh, along Document [71] (Title: Lê Thánh Tông) foreign trade and contacts, enforcing an isolationist policy. Several Malay envoys from the Malacca sultanate were attacked and captured in 1469 by Việt Nam as they were returning to Malacca from China. The Vietnamese enslaved and castrated the young from among the captured. A 1472 entry in the Ming Shilu reported that some Chinese from Nanhai escaped back to China after their ship had been blown off course into Vietnam, where they had been forced to serve as soldiers in Vietnam's military. The escapees also reported that up to 100 Chinese men remained captives in Vietnam after they were caught Document [72] (Title: Demographics of Vietnam) economic activity following reunification in 1975 and the subsequent but unrelated general deterioration in Vietnamese-Chinese relations sent chills through the Chinese-Vietnamese community. The relation between China and Vietnam also declined in this period, with Vietnam siding with the Soviet Union against China in the Chinese-Soviet split. Tensions peaked when Vietnam invaded Cambodia, an ally of China, to depose Pol Pot, resulting in a Chinese invasion of Vietnam in 1979. In 1978-79, some 450,000 ethnic Chinese left Vietnam by boat as refugees (many officially encouraged and assisted) or were expelled across the land border with China. In recent years the government Document [73] (Title: History of Vietnam) language, and much of national identity. At certain periods during these 1,100 years, Vietnam was independently governed under the Triệus, Trưng Sisters, Early Lýs, Khúcs and Dương Đình Nghệ—although their triumphs and reigns were temporary. During the Chinese domination of northern Vietnam, several civilizations flourished in what is today central and south Vietnam, particularly the Funanese and Cham. The founders and rulers of these governments, however, were not native to Vietnam. From the 10th century onwards, the Vietnamese, emerging in their heartland of the Red River Delta, began to conquer these civilizations. When Ngô Quyền (King of Vietnam, 938–944) restored Document [74] (Title: French Cochinchina) Japanese surrendered to the Việt Minh during the August Revolution. On September 2, 1945 Việt Minh established Democratic Republic of Vietnam with territory of Annam, Tonkin and Cochinchina. The independentists held the general election on January 6, 1946 in order to establish the first National Assembly in Vietnam. The elections were supposedly organized in all areas of Vietnam including Cochinchina, but the southern colony was by then back under the control of the French. On June 1, 1946, whilst the Viet Minh leadership was in France for negotiations, southern autonomists proclaimed a government of Cochinchina, at the initiative of High Document [75] (Title: First Chinese domination of Vietnam) to maintain political autonomy and the drive to regain Vietnamese independence signified Vietnamese resistance and hostility to Chinese aggression, political domination and imperialism on Vietnamese society. Han Chinese bureaucrats sought to impose much of Chinese high culture onto the indigenous Vietnamese including bureaucratic Legalist techniques and Confucian ethics, education, art, literature, and language. The conquered and subjugated Vietnamese had to adopt the Chinese foreign writing system, Confucianism, veneration of the Chinese emperor at the detriment of the loss of their native spoken language, culture, ethnic and national identity. Professor Liam Kelley wrote on how the 17th century Vietnamese historians like Document [76] (Title: Nam Phương) a member of Japan's Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. At this time, Tonkin, Cochinchina, and Annam, which came under the control of Imperial Japan after World War II, were reunited to become the Empire of Vietnam, a puppet state. However, the new emperor was soon convinced to abdicate the throne by the revolutionary leader Hồ Chí Minh, head of the Việt Minh. The former emperor returned to Vietnam in 1949 at the invitation of the civilian government and was named head of state, but he went into exile again in 1954. Nam Phương's first official visit to Europe, in the Document [77] (Title: Hoa people) President Thiệu's rule, especially in the manufacturing, finance and transport industries. At the grassroots level, ethnic Vietnamese resentment against the Chinese was widespread for their dominance over the South Vietnamese economy. In North Vietnam, the initially favorable situation of the Chinese minority began to deteriorate during the Vietnam War. In 1967–1968, friction started to occur in Sino-DRV relations, because the People's Republic of China disapproved both Hanoi’s broadening cooperation with the Soviet Union and the North Vietnamese decision to start negotiations with the U.S. in Paris. Inspired by the Chinese embassy, the official newspaper of the ethnic Chinese community published Document [78] (Title: East Asia) significant exceptions to this were the 7 years of the strongly anti-Chinese Hồ dynasty which banned the use of Chinese (among other actions triggering the fourth Chinese invasion), but then after the expulsion of the Ming the rise in vernacular chữ nôm literature. Although 1,000 years of Chinese rule left many traces, the collective memory of the period reinforced Vietnam's cultural and later political independence. As full-fledged medieval East Asian states were established, Korea by the fourth century AD and Japan by the seventh century AD, Korea, Japan, and Vietnam actively began to incorporate Chinese influences such as Confucianism, the Document [79] (Title: Chinese miners in Vietnam) the Qing government recognized the status of Tay Son regime and began to establish normal relations with it. The fall of Le-Trinh regime and the establishment of Tay Son changed Vietnamese border policy and brought a new period of Sino-Vietnamese relation. In 1792, the Qing government reopened the border and restored the passport system of 1744. Border trade and population movements picked up, and the mining industry in northern Vietnam also ushered in prosperity again. Even though experiencing the returning trend of Chinese miners, many silver and gold mines in Thai Nguyen, Tuyen Quang, and other provinces were still under Document [80] (Title: History of Vietnam since 1945) a baby girl named Nguyen Thi Thuy Dung was born and was officially designated Vietnam's official 90 millionth citizen. History of Vietnam since 1945 After World War II and the collapse of Vietnam's monarchy, France attempted to re-establish its colonial rule but was ultimately defeated in the First Indochina War. The Geneva Accords in 1954 partitioned the country temporarily in two with a promise of democratic elections in 1956 to reunite the country. However, the United States and South Vietnam insisted on United Nations supervision of any election to prevent fraud, which the Soviet Union and North Vietnam refused. North Document [81] (Title: State of Vietnam) Minh’s influence over the Vietnamese population, the French authorities in Indochina supported the return to power of the Bảo Đại, the last emperor of the Nguyễn Dynasty), by establishing puppet states, including the State of Vietnam. Bao Dai had voluntarily abdicated on August 25, 1945, after the fall of the short-lived Empire of Vietnam, a puppet state of the Empire of Japan. On June 5, 1948, the Halong Bay Agreements ("Accords de la baie d’Along") allowed the creation of a unified Vietnamese government replacing the governments of Tonkin (North Vietnam) and Annam (Middle Vietnam) associated to France within the French Document [82] (Title: Sino-Vietnamese War) Thailand. China, now under Deng Xiaoping, was starting the Chinese economic reform and opening trade with the West, in turn, growing increasingly defiant of the Soviet Union. On November 3, 1978, the Soviet Union and Vietnam signed a 25-year mutual defense treaty, which made Vietnam the "linchpin" in the Soviet Union's "drive to contain China." On January 1, 1979, Chinese Vice-premier Deng Xiaoping visited the United States for the first time and told American president Jimmy Carter: "The little child is getting naughty, it's time he get spanked." (original Chinese words: 小朋友不听话，该打打屁股了。). On February 15, the first day that China Document [83] (Title: Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam) the Lê dynasty (1428–1788). When the Ming invaded; all classical Vietnamese printing blocks, books and materials were burned and suppressed. Vietnamese records like gazettes, maps, and registers were instructed to be burned, saved for one copy. This policy was strictly enforced by Yongle emperor. His command to the army in Vietnam in July 1406 is as follow: 兵入。除釋道經板經文不燬。外一切書板文字以至俚俗童蒙所習。如上大人丘乙已之類。片紙隻字悉皆燬之。其境內中國所立碑刻則存之。但是安南所立者悉壞之。一字不存。 "Once our army enter Annam (Vietnam currently), except Buddhist and Taoist text; all books and notes, including folklore and children book, should be burnt. The stelas erected by China should be protected carefully, while those erected by Annamese (Vietnamese currently), should be Document [84] (Title: China–Vietnam relations) major factor for the later conflict between China and Vietnam. The Ming Dynasty invaded Vietnam and occupied Vietnam in what would be the Fourth Millennium, only be defeated by the army of rebel leader Lê Lợi, who later founded the Later Lê Dynasty in Vietnam. The Qing Dynasty had also attempted to conquer Vietnam but was defeated by Emperor Quang Trung at 1789. Quang Trung had also attempted to conquer China, but he died before it was proposed. In 1884, during the time of Vietnam's Nguyễn Dynasty, Qing China and France fought a war which ended in a Chinese defeat. Document [85] (Title: China–Vietnam relations) minority, which consists of Vietnamese of Chinese ethnicity. By 1978, China ended its aid to Vietnam, which had signed a treaty of friendship with the Soviet Union, establishing extensive commercial and military ties. On February 17, 1979, the Chinese People's Liberation Army crossed the Vietnamese border, withdrawing on March 5 after a two-week campaign which devastated northern Vietnam and briefly threatened the Vietnamese capital, Hanoi. Both sides suffered relatively heavy losses with thousands of casualties. Subsequent peace talks broke down in December 1979, and both China and Vietnam began a major build-up of forces along the border. Vietnam fortified its Document [86] (Title: Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam) Vietnam received firearms from Ming dynasty rule over Vietnam. The conquest of Champa was enabled when Vietnam's north received gunpowder weapons from the Ming dynasty along with Neo-Confucianist thought. It was recorded that the union of Vietnamese women and Chinese (Ngô) men produced offspring which were left behind in Vietnam, and the Chams, Cẩu Hiểm, Laotians, these people, and Vietnamese natives who collaborated with the Ming were made into slaves of the Le government in the Complete Annals of Đại Việt. There was no mandatory required reparation of the voluntarily remaining Ming Chinese in Vietnam. The return of the Ming Document [87] (Title: Khúc clan) under the Khúc clan in Tống Bình (near modern-day Hanoi) in 906, paving way for total independence from China under Ngô Quyền. The Tang took control of the northern Vietnamese region of Jiaozhi (Giao Chi; roughly corresponding to the area of the modern Red River Delta). Periodical rebellions have uprised in Annam in 828, 841, 858, 860, 880, involving more and more people every time. After every uprising Tang authorities were forced to retreat to China. China have been torn apart by upheaving dynasties from 874, until 907 when the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period had started. Jiedushi (Tiết Document [88] (Title: Hoa people) deeply resented 1 percent Hoa minority controls as much as 70 to 80 percent of the country's economy and commercial wealth. Chinese economic dominance in Vietnam dates back to 208 B.C., when the renegade Qin Chinese general Zhao Tuo defeated An Dương Vương, the king of Âu Lạc in north Vietnam and conquered the Âu Lạc Kingdom, an ancient Vietnamese state situated in the northern mountains of modern Vietnam populated by the ancient Lạc Việt and Âu Việt. He annexed Âu Lạc into the Qin Empire the following year and declared himself the emperor of Nam Viet. A century later, Document [89] (Title: Treaty of Huế (1884)) the fact that China was in practice renouncing its suzerainty over Vietnam, Article IV of the Tientsin Accord bound France to abstain from using any language demeaning to the dignity of the Celestial Empire in its new treaty with Vietnam. Article I of the 1883 Harmand Treaty had contained the offensive phrase 'including China' ("y compris la Chine") in the statement that France would henceforth control Vietnam's relations with other countries. Patenôtre removed this phrase, and Article I of the Patenôtre Treaty consequently makes no reference to China. Although the French were careful to save Chinese face in the text Document [90] (Title: Lam Sơn uprising) heir, the Ming government chose to re-establish sovereignty over Vietnam, as was the case in the days of the Tang dynasty, some 500 years prior. The Ming government began a harsh rule of both colonization and sinicization. Valuable artifacts such as gems, jade, gold, pieces of art as well as craftsmen were transported to China. Vietnamese literature books like gazettes, maps, and registers were instructed to be burned, saved for one copy. Lê Lợi himself said that he chose the path of revolt against China's brutal government when he personally witnessed the destruction of a Vietnamese village by Ming forces. Document [91] (Title: History of the People's Republic of China (1976–1989)) but in 1972 Mao Zedong told Vietnamese premier Pham Van Dong that they should stop expecting Chinese aid and that the old historical feud between the two countries would erupt again. China also gave its support to the genocidal Khmer Rouge regime that took power in Cambodia during 1975, provoking the hostility of the Soviet-backed Vietnamese government. In January 1979, Vietnam invaded Cambodia and drove the Khmer Rouge from power. During his U.S. visit, Deng Xiaoping remarked that Vietnam would have to "be taught a lesson". In February, a full-scale Chinese attack was launched on the Vietnamese border. Although China Document [92] (Title: Operation Passage to Freedom) the withdrawal of Imperial Japan, which had seized control of the French colony during World War II. The military struggle started in November 1946 when France attempted to reassert control over Indochina with an attack on the northern port city of Haiphong. The DRV was recognised by the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China (PRC). On the other hand, the western powers recognised the French-backed State of Vietnam, nominally led by Emperor Bảo Đại, but with a French-trained Vietnamese National Army (VNA) which was loyal to the French Union forces. In May 1954, after eight years of fighting, Document [93] (Title: Chinese domination of Vietnam) Chinese domination of Vietnam The Chinese domination of Vietnam (, , "Belonging to the North (China)") began in 111 BC, and is usually considered to have ended in 938 AD. A fourth, relatively brief, 20-year punitive invasion by the Ming dynasty, 400 years later, is usually excluded by historians in discussion of the main, almost continuous, period of Chinese colonization from 111 BC to 938 AD, as is the brief occupation of northern Vietnam by Chinese forces at the end of the Second World War. The four periods of Chinese colonization or occupation do not correspond to the modern borders Document [94] (Title: Lê dynasty) succession was an excuse for the Chinese to re-assert control over Vietnam (See the Hồ dynasty for further details). The Chinese, now under the Yongle Emperor conquered and ruled Vietnam starting in 1407. They immediately tried to change it into another province of the Ming Empire. Many, if not all Vietnamese customs and laws were declared invalid. Distinctive features of Vietnamese life which had naturally emerged during the nearly 500 years of independence from China were suppressed. All resistance to this effort was treated as rebellion and was dealt with according to normal Imperial Chinese methods (villages were burned, people Document [95] (Title: Third Chinese domination of Vietnam) Third Chinese domination of Vietnam The third Chinese domination refers to the time in Vietnam from the end of the Early Lý dynasty in 602 to the rise of the Khúc family by Khúc Thừa Dụ in 905 or until 938, following the expulsion of the Southern Han invaders by Ngô Quyền. This period saw two Chinese imperial dynasties rule over an area of northern Vietnam roughly corresponding to the modern Hanoi region. From 602–618, this area was under the late Sui Dynasty, under three districts in the Red River Delta. From 618 to 905, the Tang Dynasty became the Document [96] (Title: Nguyễn Chánh Thi) to family documents, Thi was captured and imprisoned by the communist Viet Minh of Ho Chi Minh for three months at the end of the war in 1945 as they declared independence during the August Revolution. At the time, a power vacuum emerged as the defeated Japanese withdrew from Vietnam. France attempted to reassert its colonial grip over Indochina, while various Vietnamese groups jockeyed for power at the head of an independent country. In 1946, full-scale conflict erupted between the Vietminh, who had declared the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) independent, and France. As part of their political effort, the Document [97] (Title: Lê Duẩn) (Xinhua) condemned COMECON. China halted all economic development projects between May and July 1978. During this period total Chinese aid to Vietnam amounted to $300 million. On 17 February 1979, the Chinese People's Liberation Army crossed the Vietnamese border, withdrawing on 5 March after a two-week campaign which devastated northern Vietnam and briefly threatened Hanoi. Both China (40,000) and Vietnam (over 20,000) suffered heavy losses. Peace talks broke down in December 1979 and both China (400,000) and Vietnam (600,000) began a major build-up of forces along the border. Sporadic fighting on the border occurred throughout the 1980s and China threatened Document [98] (Title: Empire of Vietnam) Empire of Vietnam The Empire of Vietnam (; Hán tự: 越南帝國; ) was a short-lived client state of Imperial Japan governing the whole of Vietnam between March 11 and August 23, 1945. During World War II, after the fall of France and establishment of Vichy France, the French had lost practical control in French Indochina to the Japanese, but Japan stayed in the background while giving the Vichy French administrators nominal control. This changed on 9 March 1945 when Japan officially took over. To gain the support of the Vietnamese people, Imperial Japan declared it would return sovereignty to Vietnam. Document [99] (Title: French Cochinchina) Commissioner d'Argenlieu and in violation of the March 6 Ho–Sainteny agreement. The colony was proclaimed an "Autonomous Republic" . War between France and the Viet Minh followed (1946–54). Nguyễn Văn Thinh, the first head of its government, died in an apparent suicide in November of the same year. He was succeeded by Lê Văn Hoạch, a member of the caodaist sect. In 1947, Nguyễn Văn Xuân replaced Lê and renamed the "Provisional Government of the Autonomous Republic of Cochinchina" as the "Provisional Government of South Vietnam", overtly stating his aim to reunite the whole country. The next year, the Provisional Document [100] (Title: North Vietnam) of the Vietnam’s Nationalist Party and the Việt Cách Revolutionary Party are far from having comparable qualities with Hồ Chí Minh, Võ Nguyên Giáp, and other responsible Việt Minh members. When the Chinese nationalist army withdrawal from Vietnam on 15 June 1946, in one way or another, Võ Nguyễn Giáp, decided that the Việt Minh had to completely control the government. Võ Nguyễn Giáp is in immediate action with the goal of spreading Việt Minh leadership: the Allied Powers are supported by the Vietnam’s Nationalist Party (according to Cecil B. Currey, this organization borrows the revolutionary name of Vietnam’s Nationalist Document [101] (Title: Cochinchina) (Central Vietnam) and Tonkin (Northern Vietnam). The conquest of the south of present-day Vietnam was a long process of territorial acquisition by the Vietnamese. It is called "Nam tiến" (Chinese characters: 南進, English meaning "South[ern] Advance") by Vietnamese historians. Vietnam (then known as Đại Việt) nearly doubled its territory in 1470 under the great king Lê Thánh Tông, at the expense of Champa. The next two hundred years was a time of territorial consolidation and civil war with only gradual expansion south. In 1516, Portuguese traders sailing from Malacca landed in Da Nang, Champa, and established a presence there. They Document [102] (Title: Yên Bái mutiny) swift and decisive. The main leaders of the VNQDĐ were arrested, tried and put to death, effectively ending the military threat of what was previously the leading Vietnamese nationalist revolutionary organisation. Vietnam had gradually become a French colony between 1859 and 1883. The first phase started in 1859, when French and Spanish] forces began an invasion of southern Vietnam, leading to the ceding of three southern provinces to form the colony of Cochinchina under the Treaty of Saigon in 1864. In 1867, the French seized three further provinces and by 1883, the process was complete, when northern and central Vietnam Document [103] (Title: Hoa people) Saigon's Chinatown. The 1782 massacre in which an estimated ten thousand Chinese were slaughtered. According to official Vietnamese records, Chinese shops were burned and looted, and the victims, including "men, women, and children," were indiscriminately "killed and their corpses thrown into the river." Chinese economic dominance continued to grow following the establishment of the Nguyễn dynasty in 1802. As wealthy Chinese merchants and investors served as a source of tax revenue and political interests of the Nguyen officials. By the time the French arrived in the mid-19th century, Hoa held a controlled and dominated the indigenous Vietnamese majority in trade, Document [104] (Title: Lê Thánh Tông) Wu was rescued by the Pingxiang magistrate and then was sent to Beijing to work as a eunuch in the palace. The Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư records that in 1467 in An Bang province of Dai Viet (now Quảng Ninh Province) a Chinese ship blew off course onto the shore. The Chinese were detained and not allowed to return to China as ordered by Le Thanh Tong. This incident may be the same one where Wu Rui was captured. In 1465, Vietnam was attacked by pirates from the north. This was dealt with by sending additional forces to Document [105] (Title: First Chinese domination of Vietnam) Trưng Nhị. The Trưng Sisters incited a victorious armed revolt against Han authorities, took over 65 cities. They were crowned the queens in 40, renaming the country Lĩnh Nam. This marked the end of the first Chinese domination of Vietnam. First Chinese domination of Vietnam The first Chinese domination is a period in Vietnamese history during which Vietnam was under Chinese rule from the north. It is the first of four periods of Chinese domination of Vietnam, the first three of which are almost continuous and referred to as ("Northern domination"). In 111 BC, the powerful Chinese Han dynasty conquered Document [106] (Title: French colonial empire) of Da Nang, and then in February 1859 moved south and captured Saigon. The Vietnamese ruler was compelled to cede three provinces to France, and to offer protection to the Catholics. The French troops departed for a time to take part in the expedition to China, but in 1862, when the agreements were not fully followed by the Vietnamese emperor, they returned. The Emperor was forced to open treaty ports in Annam and Tonkin, and all of Cochinchina became a French territory in 1864. In 1863, the ruler of Cambodia, King Norodom, who had been placed in power by the Document [107] (Title: China in the Vietnam War) the failure of the North Vietnamese and Chinese negotiations in 1968, the PRC began to withdraw support for the sake of preparing for a clash with the Soviets and then, Chinese influence over North Vietnam diminished from that point. In October 1949, the People’s Republic of China (PRC) was established in mainland China and in January 1950, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) was officially recognized by the PRC. This historic event changed the situation in the First Indochina War with the Viet Minh and directly influenced the Vietnam War later on. The Chinese government, under the administration of Mao Document [108] (Title: Lê Lợi) failing to find a Trần heir, the Ming government chose to re-establish sovereignty over Vietnam, as was the case in the days of the Tang dynasty, some 500 years prior. The Ming government enjoyed some support from the Vietnamese, at least in the capital of Thăng Long, but their efforts to assert control in the surrounding countryside were met with stiff resistance. The Vietnamese claim that the Ming military stole valuable artifacts from Vietnam such as gems, jade, golden pieces of art as well as books. Lê Lợi himself said that he chose the path of revolt against China's brutal Document [109] (Title: Operation Passage to Freedom) withdraw from Vietnam as the situation stabilised. Both Vietnamese sides were unsatisfied with the outcome at Geneva; Ngo Dinh Diem, Prime Minister of the State of Vietnam, denounced France's agreement and ordered his delegation not to sign. He stated "We cannot recognise the seizure by Soviet China . . . of over half of our national territory" and that "We can neither concur in the brutal enslavement of millions of compatriots". North Vietnamese Prime Minister Phạm Văn Đồng expressed bitterness after his Soviet and Chinese backers threatened to cut support if he did not agree to the peace terms; Dong Document [110] (Title: Literary Chinese in Vietnam) a mixture of Chinese characters and locally created characters, became the vehicle for a flourishing vernacular literature, peaking in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. However Literary Chinese remained the medium of scholarship and administration for almost all of the period up to the early 20th century. The northern part of Vietnam (down to about the 17th parallel) was incorporated into the Han empire in 111 BC, beginning a millennium of Chinese control, interrupted only by two short-lived revolts. At first the empire sought to rule their new possession indirectly through the Vietnamese nobility, but after an influx of Document [111] (Title: South Vietnam) time as the Philippines, Brunei, Malaysia, Singapore, Mainland China, Taiwan and Western Australia. Apart from the mainland, the Republic of Vietnam also administered parts of the Paracels and Spratly Islands. China seized control of the Paracels in 1974 after the South Vietnam navy attempted an assault on PRC-held islands. South Vietnam maintained a capitalist free-market economy with ties to the West. It established an airline under the Head of State Bảo Đại named Air Vietnam. The economy was greatly assisted by American aid and the presence of large numbers of Americans in the country between 1961 and 1973. Electrical production Document [112] (Title: Vietnam) of its puppet Empire of Vietnam in August 1945, anarchy, rioting and murder were widespread since Saigon's administrative services collapsed. The Việt Minh occupied Hanoi and proclaimed a provisional government, which asserted national independence on 2 September. Earlier in July, the Allies decide to divide Indochina into half at the 16th parallel to allow Chiang Kai-shek of the Republic of China receive Japanese surrender in the north while Lord Louis Mountbatten of the British receive the surrender in the south with the Allies agreed that Indochina belonged to France. However, as the French were weakened as a result of German Document [113] (Title: Capture of Nam Định (1883)) Chinese involvement in Tonkin ultimately resulted in the nine-month Sino-French War (August 1884–April 1885). French intervention in northern Vietnam was precipitated by Commandant Henri Rivière, who was sent with a small French military force to Hanoi at the end of 1881 to investigate Vietnamese complaints against the activities of French merchants. In defiance of the instructions of his superiors, Rivière stormed the citadel of Hanoi on 25 April 1882. Although Rivière subsequently returned the citadel to Vietnamese control, his recourse to force was greeted with alarm in both Vietnam and China. The Vietnamese government, unable to confront Rivière with its Document [114] (Title: Freedom of religion in Vietnam) he used his power to suppress Buddhism (which was the majority religion of South Vietnam) and promote Catholicism. The South Vietnamese government banned the flying of the Buddhist flag, leading to shooting of nine Buddhist civilians 1963, culminating in the Buddhist crisis. After the Fall of Saigon in 1975, North and South Vietnam were merged to form the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in 1976. The Constitution of Vietnam was adopted in the south of the country. The Communist Party of Vietnam promoted their Marxist–Leninist ideology in the country. The Communists were influenced by anti-colonial and nationalist traditions in Vietnam, including Document [115] (Title: August Revolution) Tran Trong Kim’s government had resigned earlier, on August 13, yielding to Hồ Chí Minh’s new Vietnamese Provisional Government. Hồ Chí Minh offered Bảo Đại a position as supreme advisor. Hồ Chí Minh declared independence for the newly established Democratic Republic of Vietnam, headquartered in Hanoi, on September 2, 1945. However, when the people celebrated their victory in the north, the Việt Minh faced various problems in the southern part of the country. The south was politically more diverse than the north, and the Việt Minh had been unable to establish the same degree of control there as they had Document [116] (Title: South Vietnam) than in other parts of Indochina, notably in the form of French-owned rubber plantations. During World War II, Indochina was administered by Vichy France and occupied by Japan. Japanese troops overthrew the French administration on 9 March 1945, Emperor Bảo Đại proclaimed Vietnam independent. When the Japanese surrendered in 1945, Emperor Bảo Đại abdicated, and Viet Minh leader Hồ Chí Minh proclaimed the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) in Hanoi and the DRV controlled almost the entire country of Vietnam. In June 1946, France declared Cochinchina a republic, separate from the northern and central parts. A victorious Chinese communist army Document [117] (Title: China–Vietnam relations) 1964, Chinese Premier Deng Xiaoping secretly promised the North Vietnamese 1 billion yuan in military and economic aid, on the condition that they refused all Soviet aid. During the Vietnam War, the North Vietnamese and the Chinese had agreed to defer tackling their territorial issues until South Vietnam was defeated. These issues included the lack of delineation of Vietnam's territorial waters in the Gulf of Tonkin, and the question of sovereignty over the Paracel and Spratly Islands in the South China Sea. During the 1950s, half of the Paracels were controlled by China and half by South Vietnam. In 1958, Document [118] (Title: Sino-Vietnamese War) Both nations planned the normalization of their relations in a secret summit in Chengdu in September 1990, and officially normalized ties in November 1991. In 1999, after many years of negotiations, China and Vietnam signed a border pact. There was an adjustment of the land border, resulting in Vietnam giving China part of its land which was lost during the battle, including the Ai Nam Quan Gate which served as the traditional border marker and entry point between Vietnam and China, which caused widespread frustration within Vietnam. Vietnam's official news service reported the implementation of the new border around August Document [119] (Title: History of Vietnam) took measures to eliminate the power of the Vietnamese nobles. The Vietnamese elites were educated in Chinese culture and politics. A Giao Chỉ prefect, Shi Xie, ruled Vietnam as an autonomous warlord for forty years and was posthumously deified by later Vietnamese emperors. Nearly 200 years passed before the Vietnamese attempted another revolt. In 225 another woman, Triệu Thị Trinh, popularly known as Lady Triệu (Bà Triệu), led another revolt which lasted until 248. Once again, the uprising failed and Triệu Thị Trinh threw herself into a river. At the same time, in present-day Central Vietnam, there was a successful Document [120] (Title: Battle of Cao Bang (1979)) to be contested by both sides afterwards. On the same day, Vietnamese forces staged counter-attacks against the occupied towns of Quảng Uyên and Trà Lĩnh, where Chinese control had not been restored until 2 and 3 March respectively. At 19:30 on 3 March, Chinese forces took Đức Long, a town on Highway 4, thus successfully connecting the Chinese areas of operations in Cao Bằng and Lạng Sơn. On 5 March, the Chinese government announced the withdrawal of troops from Vietnam. Although the Chinese had eventually captured Cao Bằng from the Vietnamese 346th Division, the belated capture of the city had Document [121] (Title: History of Vietnam since 1945) one. Ever since the reforms in the mid-1980s, Vietnam has enjoyed substantial economic growth. The Japanese occupied Vietnam during World War II but allowed the French to remain and exert some influence. At the war's end in August 1945, a power vacuum was created in Vietnam. Capitalizing on this, the Việt Minh launched the "August Revolution" across the country to seize government offices. Emperor Bảo Đại abdicated on August 25, 1945, ending the Nguyễn dynasty. On September 2, 1945, at Duc Anh Ba Đình Square, Ho Chi Minh, leader of the Viet Minh organization, declared Vietnam's independence under the new Document [122] (Title: Sino-Vietnamese conflicts, 1979–1991) Only earthen structures remained on the Vietnamese sector, which has been delineated and returned to Vietnam under the 2009 Border Agreement between the two countries. China and Vietnam negotiated the normalization of their relations in a secretive summit in Chengdu in September 1990 and officially normalized ties in November 1991. Thousands of people from both sides were killed in these border clashes. In the military cemetery at Vị Xuyên, there are more than 1,600 graves of Vietnamese soldiers killed during the conflict. Recent Vietnamese announcement acknowledged 4,000 killed and 9,000 wounded in the area between 1984 and 1989. The Chinese Document [123] (Title: United States–Vietnam relations) of the orange-striped 55 U.S. gallon (208 l) barrels in which it was shipped, and was by far the most widely used of the so-called "Rainbow Herbicides". Vietnam’s suppression of political dissent has been an issue of contention in relations with the U.S. and drew criticism from the Administration and Congress. In spring 2007, Vietnam’s government launched a crackdown on political dissidents, and in November the same year arrested a group of pro-democracy activists, including two Americans. Despite continued suppression of freedom of expression, Vietnam did make significant progress on expanding religious freedom. In 2005, Vietnam passed comprehensive religious freedom Document [124] (Title: Empire of Vietnam) the nation. The French had subdivided Vietnam into three separate regions: Cochinchina (in 1862), and Annam and Tonkin (both in 1884). Cochinchina was placed under direct rule while the latter two were officially designated as protectorates. Immediately after terminating French rule, the Japanese authorities were not enthusiastic about the territorial unification of Vietnam. However, after the formation of Kim's cabinet in April, Japan quickly agreed to transfer what was then Tonkin and Annam to Kim's authority, although it retained control of the cities of Hanoi, Haiphong, and Da Nang. Meanwhile, southern Vietnam remained under direct Japanese control, just as Cochinchina Document [125] (Title: Vietnam) the Nguyễn dynasty, ruling under the name Gia Long. Between 1615–1753, French traders have engaged in trade in the area around Đàng Trong and actively spreading Catholic missionaries. Following the detention of several missionaries as the Vietnamese kingdom feel threatened with the continuous Christianisation activities, the French Navy received approval from their government to intervene in Vietnam in 1834 with the aim to freed imprisoned Catholic missionaries from a kingdom that was perceived as xenophobic against foreign influence. Vietnam's kingdom independence was then gradually eroded by France that was aided by large Catholic militias in a series of military conquests Document [126] (Title: Phạm Ngọc Thảo) of the curriculum—Thảo was attracted to nationalist politics. He participated in Hồ Chí Minh's revolutionary campaigns for Vietnamese independence and joined the Vietminh. In September 1945, Hồ declared independence under the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) following the withdrawal of Imperial Japan, which had seized control of the country from France during the Second World War. At the time, there was a power vacuum, as both Japan and France had been decimated by the war. There was an outbreak of nationalist fervour in Vietnam; Tảng and Thảo joined the Vanguard Youth, an impromptu independence militia. Tảng was assigned to be Document [127] (Title: History of the People's Republic of China (1976–1989)) response to what China considered to be a collection of provocative actions and policies on Hanoi's part. These included Vietnamese intimacy with the Soviet Union, mistreatment of ethnic Chinese living in Vietnam, hegemonistic "imperial dreams" in Southeast Asia, and spurning of Beijing's attempt to repatriate Chinese residents of Vietnam to China. In February 1979 China attacked along virtually the entire Sino-Vietnamese border in a brief, limited campaign that involved ground forces only. The Chinese attack came at dawn on the morning of 17 February 1979, and employed infantry, armor, and artillery. Air power was not employed then or at any Document [128] (Title: Empire of Vietnam) Kim asked Bảo Đại to issue an imperial order on August 14 repealing the Treaties of Saigon of 1862 and 1874, thus removing the last French claims to sovereign rights over Vietnam. Messengers were sent from the central capital to northern and southern Vietnam to reunify diverse groups under the central government in Thuận Hóa, but they were apprehended en route by the Viet Minh. Even though Bảo Đại's messengers were cut off, non-communist leaders in northern and southern Vietnam attempted to challenge the Viet Minh. In Bac Bo, Nguyen Xuan Chu obtained Kim's approval to form the Committee for Document [129] (Title: Independence Palace) its position as the office of the French colonists. On 7 May 1954, France surrendered to the Việt Minh after its defeat at the Battle of Điện Biên Phủ. France agreed to sign the Geneva Accords and withdrew its troops from Vietnam. According to the accords, Vietnam would be divided pending general elections. The 17th Parallel would act as the temporary border until a vote based on universal suffrage was held to establish a unified Vietnamese government. North Vietnam was under the control of the Việt Minh communists, while South Vietnam was under the anti-communist State of Vietnam. On 7 Document [130] (Title: First Indochina War) The Chinese accepted the Vietnamese government under Ho Chi Minh, then in power in Hanoi. The British refused to do likewise in Saigon, and deferred to the French there from the outset, against the ostensible support of the Việt Minh authorities by American OSS representatives. On V-J Day, September 2, Ho Chi Minh had proclaimed in Hanoi the establishment of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV). The DRV ruled as the only civil government in all of Vietnam for a period of about 20 days, after the abdication of Emperor Bảo Đại, who had governed under Japanese rule. On 23 Document [131] (Title: North Vietnam) fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975, the Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam, or Vietcong, alongside the North Vietnamese Army, governed South Vietnam during the period before reunification. However it was seen as a vassal government of North Vietnam. North and South Vietnam were officially reunited under one state on 2 July 1976, forming the Socialist Republic of Vietnam which continues to administer the country today. From 1960, the North Vietnamese government went to war with Republic of Vietnam via its proxy the Viet Cong, in an attempt to annex South Vietnam and reunify Vietnam under Document [132] (Title: Khúc Thừa Mỹ) Vietnam was thereby reestablished. Khúc Thừa Mỹ Khúc Thừa Mỹ (chữ Hán: 曲承美; pinyin: "Qū Chéngměi"; governed: 918–923 or 918–930) was a self-declared jiedushi of Tĩnh Hải quân (modern northern Vietnam) during the later part of the Third Chinese domination of Vietnam, when China entered the chaotic Five Dynasties period. He succeeded his father Khúc Hạo and tried to maintain northern Vietnam's autonomy. But the new emperor of the Southern Han Dynasty invaded in 930, capturing the capital Đại La (Hanoi) with no resistance, and Khúc Thừa Mỹ was taken to Canton, where he was placed under comfortable house arrest. Document [133] (Title: Trần Ngọc Châu) Up north Việt Minh armed forces seized control of Hanoi in the August Revolution. Ho Chi Minh (1890–1969) proclaimed Vietnamese independence, and became the first President. The French, however, soon returned and war commenced anew. Several writers comment that in 1945 Ho Chi Minh had become indelibly identified with Vietnamese independence, conferring on him the Mandate of Heaven in the eyes of many Vietnamese, and that his ultimate victory against France and later America predictably followed. Châu's promotion to battalion political officer caused him to reflect on his path "from the contemplative life of a Buddhist monastery to the brutal Document [134] (Title: Empire of Vietnam) Vietnamese independence at all costs. The next day, Ho Van Nga assumed the interim office of Imperial Commissioner and appointed Kha Vang Can, the Vanguard Youth leader, commander of Saigon and Cholon. Nguyen Van Sam's arrival in Saigon on August 22 provided the National Unified Front with the official declaration of national independence and territorial reunification. Nevertheless, the Viet Minh prevailed in the power struggle with their August Revolution. On August 17, Viet Minh cadres in Hanoi took control of a mass demonstration organised by the General Association of Civil Servants. The rally was originally aimed at celebrating independence and Document [135] (Title: Second Chinese domination of Vietnam) Kingdoms in 220, Vietnam remained under the control of the state of Wu. A female rebel named Triệu Thị Trinh briefly pushed the Chinese rulers out in 248, but was soon overthrown. Then Vietnam was under Jin China and the first half of the Southern and Northern Dynasties. The domination ended by 544, when Lý Nam Đế came to power. Local rebellions were organized by: Second Chinese domination of Vietnam The second Chinese domination marks a period from 43 to 544 when Vietnam fell into Chinese control for a second time, between the end of the Trưng Sisters and the Document [136] (Title: Second Chinese domination of Vietnam) Second Chinese domination of Vietnam The second Chinese domination marks a period from 43 to 544 when Vietnam fell into Chinese control for a second time, between the end of the Trưng Sisters and the start of the Anterior Lý Dynasty. This period began when General Ma Yuan conquered Giao Chỉ from the Trưng Sisters on the order of emperor Wu of Han. This region was merged again into the Han dynasty, until civil war in China made it unstable and it became divided into many kingdoms. When the Liang dynasty was established, Lý Bí raised a revolt against them Document [137] (Title: August Revolution) of the Japanese. If the March 9 coup was a disaster for the French, it was an opportunity for Vietnamese nationalists. In fact, it marked a turning point in the Vietnamese revolution. Freed from French repression, which had continued unabated in the early phase of the Japanese occupation, Vietnamese revolutionaries had much greater freedom of movement. In May 1941, Hồ Chí Minh formed the Viet Nam Doc Lap Dong Minh (League for the Independence of Vietnam), or Việt Minh for short, at the Eighth Plenum of the Indochinese Communist Party at Pác Bó in northern Vietnam. Việt Minh encouraged the Document [138] (Title: French Indochina) and Ho Chi Minh against each other, forcing them to come to a peace agreement, and in February 1946 he also forced the French to surrender all of their concessions in China and renounce their extraterritorial privileges in exchange for withdrawing from northern Indochina and allowing French troops to reoccupy the region starting in March 1946. After persuading Emperor to abdicate in his favour, on 2 September 1945 President declared independence for the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. But before September's end, a force of British and Free French soldiers, along with captured Japanese troops, restored French control. Ho Chi Minh Document [139] (Title: Third Chinese domination of Vietnam) new Chinese rulers of Vietnam.This began when the king of Early Lý dynasty (Lý Nam Đế II) surrendered to Emperor Wen of Sui in Sui–Former Lý War until Khúc clan seized the capital Đại La and install the autonomous state in Vietnam in 905 .At that moment, the Emperor Ai of Tang lost the power to Zhu Wen and stayed as the figurehead . During this time, Vietnam was known as: In 602 general Liu Fang of the Sui dynasty led 2,7 million soldiers to invade Vietnamese kingdom of Vạn Xuân. The king of Vạn Xuân was afraid of the Document [140] (Title: History of Vietnam) Đằng (938). He then proclaimed himself King Ngô and effectively began the age of independence for Vietnam. The basic nature of Vietnamese society changed little during the nearly 1,000 years between independence from China in the 10th century and the French conquest in the 19th century. The king was the ultimate source of political authority, the final dispenser of justice, law, and supreme commander-in-chief of the armed forces, as well as overseer of religious rituals. Administration was carried out by mandarins who were trained exactly like their Chinese counterparts (i.e. by rigorous study of Confucian texts). Overall, Vietnam remained very Document [141] (Title: Flag of Vietnam) control of Vietnam in the late 19th century, flew the national flag of France. As the colony of Cochinchina (1864–1945), the South was under exclusive French authority. In contrast, North and Central Vietnam were protectorates with parallel systems of Vietnamese and French administration. Several flags were flown in these regions: the French flag, the Vietnamese imperial flag, and a "protectorate flag." From 1920 to 1945, the Vietnamese imperial flag had a yellow background with a single, broad red stripe. Japan occupied Vietnam in 1941-1945. In March 1945, the Japanese deposed the French colonial authorities and proclaimed an Empire of Vietnam Document [142] (Title: First Chinese domination of Vietnam) to Han rule culminated in the rebellion of the Trưng Sisters, who expelled the Han in 40 AD and briefly ruled Vietnam until being defeated by the returning Han Chinese army in 43 AD. In 111 BC, the Han dynasty defeated the successors of Zhao Tuo (Triệu Đà) and annexed Nam Việt and the former Âu Lạc into the Han empire. Following annexation, the name of Jiaozhi (Giao Chỉ) was established, dividing the former kingdom into nine commanderies with the last three commonly used in modern Vietnamese history books: All nine districts were administered from Long Biên, near modern Hanoi; Document [143] (Title: History of Vietnam) modest armed force and during the war worked with the American Office of Strategic Services to collect intelligence on the Japanese. A famine broke out in 1944–45. Japan's defeat by World War II Allies created a power vacuum for Vietnamese nationalists of all parties to seize power in August 1945, forcing Emperor Bảo Đại to abdicate and ending the Nguyễn dynasty. Their initial success in staging uprisings and in seizing control of most of the country by September 1945 was partially undone, however, by the return of the French a few months later. According to a 2018 study in the Document [144] (Title: Haiphong incident) during the war, Vietnam began to seek independence. Specifically, the Japanese renounced French claims to the Vietnamese territory on March 9, 1945, officially declaring Vietnam independent over France and under the control of Emperor Bảo Đại. This was quickly counteracted by a rebellion on September 2, 1945, when Ho Chi Minh and his guerilla army declared the official birth of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. Ho Chi Minh became the leader of the Vietnamese Communist Party, and demanded complete autonomy from Europe. The French disregarded these claims of autonomy and quickly moved to resettle Vietnam as a member for the Document [145] (Title: First Chinese domination of Vietnam) to Nam Việt, and changed the name instead to Việt Nam. Gia Long's Đại Nam thực lục contains the diplomatic correspondence over the naming. There is a dispute as to whether the period of the Triệu dynasty was part of the first Chinese domination of Vietnam. In response to increasingly oppressive Han rule, a revolt broke out in Jiaozhi, Jiuzhen (Cửu Chân), and Rinan (Nhật Nam) in 40, led by Trưng Trắc, the wife of a Lạc lord named Thi Sách who had been put to death in 39 by Su Ding (Tô Định) governor of Jiaozhi, and her sister Document [146] (Title: Sino-Vietnamese War) had ended the British handed over the territory to the French. In January 1946, the Viet Minh won elections across central and northern Vietnam. On 6 March 1946, Ho signed an agreement allowing French forces to replace Nationalist Chinese forces, in exchange for French recognition of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam as a "free" republic within the French Union, with the specifics of such recognition to be determined by future negotiation. British forces departed on 26 March 1946, leaving Vietnam in the control of the French. The French landed in Hanoi by March 1946 and in November of that year Document [147] (Title: First Chinese domination of Vietnam) First Chinese domination of Vietnam The first Chinese domination is a period in Vietnamese history during which Vietnam was under Chinese rule from the north. It is the first of four periods of Chinese domination of Vietnam, the first three of which are almost continuous and referred to as ("Northern domination"). In 111 BC, the powerful Chinese Han dynasty conquered the Nam Việt (which in Chinese translates to "land of the southern barbarians") kingdom during its expansion southward and incorporated what is now northern Vietnam, together with much of modern Guangdong and Guangxi, into the expanding Han empire. Vietnamese resistance Document [148] (Title: Khúc Thừa Dụ) eventually succeeded in taking over the country. Since the Chinese officials had to flee northwards, Khúc Thừa Dụ claimed the position Jiedushi of Tĩnh Hải quân which marked the beginning of the independence of Vietnam. While Vietnam still nominally belonged to the Tang Dynasty, it was now autonomous with a native ruler who could decide matters without any interference from China. As the Tang Dynasty did not have any more strength to start a military campaign in Tĩnh Hải quân, the Tang emperor had to accept the autonomy of that region by giving Khúc Thừa Dụ the title chancellor ("đồng Document [149] (Title: French Indochina) in 1898. The capital was moved from Saigon (in Cochinchina) to Hanoi (Tonkin) in 1902 and again to Da Lat (Annam) in 1939. In 1945 it was moved back to Hanoi. After the Fall of France during World War II, the colony was administered by the Vichy government and was under Japanese occupation until March 1945, when the Japanese overthrew the colonial regime. After the Japanese surrender, the Viet Minh, a communist organization led by Hồ Chí Minh, declared Vietnamese independence, but France subsequently took back control of French Indochina. An all-out independence war, known as the First Indochina War, Document [150] (Title: Nguyễn dynasty) bases to strike against Allied forces in Southeast Asia. The Viet Minh, a communist resistance movement, developed under Ho Chi Minh from 1941 to 1945. During a 1944–1945 famine in northern Vietnam, over one million people starved to death. In March 1945, realizing that Allied victory was inevitable, the Japanese overthrew the French in Vietnam, imprisoned their civil servants and proclaimed an independent Vietnam (under Japanese protection, with Bảo Đại its emperor). The French persuaded Bảo Đại to return as chief of state () of the State of Vietnam (), set up by France in areas over which it had Document [151] (Title: China–Vietnam relations) successfully asserted a degree of independence following the Battle of Bạch Đằng in 938 AD. According to old Vietnamese historical records Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư and Khâm Định Việt Sử Thông Giám Cương Mục, An Dương Vương (Thục Phán) was a prince of the Chinese state of Shu (蜀, which shares the same Chinese character as his surname Thục), sent by his father first to explore what are now the southern Chinese provinces of Guangxi and Yunnan and second to move their people to modern-day northern Vietnam during the invasion of the Qin Dynasty. Some modern Vietnamese believe Document [152] (Title: Prosper de Chasseloup-Laubat) in Vietnam led by Rigault de Genouilly and his successor Counter-Admiral Théogène François Page. On 18 February 1859, the French conquered Saigon and three southern Vietnamese provinces. The Vietnamese government was forced to cede temporary control of those territories to France in June 1862. When in 1863 the Vietnamese diplomat Phan Thanh Gian visited Napoleon III on an embassy in Paris, Chasseloup-Laubat pressured Napoleon III to have him give up a promise he had made to return the territories captured by the French in exchange for a loose French protectorate over the whole of Vietnam. He threatened Napoleon III with Document [153] (Title: History of Vietnam) revolt of Cham nations in 192. Chinese dynasties called it Lin-Yi (Lin village; Vietnamese: "Lâm Ấp"). It later became a powerful kingdom, Champa, stretching from Quảng Bình to Phan Thiết (Bình Thuận). In the period between the beginning of the Chinese Age of Fragmentation and the end of the Tang dynasty, several revolts against Chinese rule took place, such as those of Lý Bôn and his general and heir Triệu Quang Phục; and those of Mai Thúc Loan and Phùng Hưng. All of them ultimately failed, yet most notable were those led by Lý Bôn and Triệu Quang Phục, whose Document [154] (Title: French Cochinchina) by the French National Assembly - and that any territorial change therefore required the approval of the French parliament. Xuân issued a by-law reuniting Cochinchina with the rest of Vietnam, but it was overruled by the Cochinchinese council. Cochinchina remained separated from the rest of Vietnam for over a year, while former Emperor Bảo Đại - whom the French wanted to bring back to power as a political alternative to Ho Chi Minh - refused to return to Vietnam and take office as head of state until the country was fully reunited. On March 14, 1949, the French National Assembly Document [155] (Title: Chinese domination of Vietnam) of Vietnam but to Vietnam as a cultural entity. During the first three Chinese periods of domination, Vietnamese society was primarily in the northern part of modern Vietnam. Ten centuries of Chinese colonization left a substantial demographic footprint, with settlement by large numbers of ethnic Han-Chinese, while opening up Vietnam for trade. Against this the second period of Chinese colonization saw almost 500 years of revolt and war, though the third period (603-939) was more harmonious. In addition to administration, and making Chinese the language of administration, the long period of Chinese domination introduced Chinese techniques of dike construction, rice Document [156] (Title: Draft lottery (1969)) to add more military personnel towards the Vietnam War. After World War II, Japan left Vietnamese Emperor Bao Dai as the head of the country. Ho Chi Minh, another Vietnamese leader who was communist and sought immediate independence for the entirety of Vietnam, saw this as an opportunity to strike (knowing that Bao Dai had little support from the general population as he was widely regarded as a Japanese-installed puppet) and successfully took over Hanoi and most of northern Vietnam. Ho Chi Minh then set up the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (or North Vietnam) by the beginning of 1946. Emperor Document [157] (Title: Treaty of Saigon) 1874 and reiterated the stipulations of the previous agreement. Vietnam recognized the full sovereignty of France over the three provinces captured by Admiral La Grandière in 1867. The Red River (Song Hong) was opened for trade as well as the ports of Hanoi, Haiphong and Qui Nhơn. Although France returned Hanoi, the Vietnamese emperor was anxious to get help from China. As a result, both France and China claimed sovereignty over Vietnamese territory. In March 1882, the first civilian governor of Cochin China, Le Myre de Vilers, deemed the treaty of 1874 unfulfilled. This led to the occupation of Hanoi Document [158] (Title: Douglas Gracey) Britain taking control of Vietnam south of the 16th parallel (then part of French Indochina) from the Japanese occupiers. Meanwhile, Ho Chi Minh, the leader of the communist Viet Minh, proclaimed Vietnamese independence from French rule and major pro-independence and anti-French demonstrations and strikes were held in Saigon. The French, anxious to retain their colony, persuaded Gracey's Commander in Chief, Lord Mountbatten, to authorise Gracey to declare martial law. Fearing a communist takeover of Vietnam, Gracey decided to rearm French citizens who had remained in Saigon. He allowed them to seize control of public buildings from the Viet Minh. In Document [159] (Title: State of Vietnam) State of Vietnam The State of Vietnam (; ) was a state that claimed authority over all of Vietnam during the First Indochina War although part of its territory was actually controlled by the communist Việt Minh. The state was created in 1949 and was internationally recognised in 1950. Former Emperor Bảo Đại was chief of state ("Quốc Trưởng"). After the 1954 Geneva Agreements, the State of Vietnam had to abandon the northern part of the country to the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV). Ngô Đình Diệm was appointed prime minister that same year and—after having ousted Bảo Đại in Document [160] (Title: Land reform in North Vietnam) 9 March 1945, several years after occupation in Indochina, Japan instigated a military coup, threw away the French administration in Indochina and established a puppet indigenous government headed by Tran Trong Kim. However, five months later, Japan unconditionally surrendered. Taking the political vacuum, Viet Minh seized power by launching a nationwide revolution, and founded the DRV in Hanoi in September 2. Soon after that, Vietnam saw an influx of big power. The Kuomintang Chinese armies accepted the surrender of Japan in Vietnam North of the 17 parallel, with the British in the south. Both of them negotiated and facilitated the Document [161] (Title: August Revolution) the French from administrative control in Indochina, they made no attempt to impose their own direct control of the civilian administration. Primarily concerned with the defense of Vietnam against an Allied invasion, the Japanese were not interested in Vietnamese politics. However, they also understood the desirability of a certain degree of administrative continuity. It was to their advantage to install a Vietnamese government that would acquiesce in the Japanese military presence. With this in mind, the Japanese persuaded the Vietnamese emperor, Bảo Đại, to cooperate with Japan and to declare Vietnam independent of France. On March 11, 1945, Bảo Đại Document [162] (Title: Lê Xuân Nhuận) the then literary capital of the country. He also was politically influenced by his teacher, Tráng Cử, son of Prince Cường Để, who had been in Japan, operating against the French colonialists in Vietnam. His first years of high school was at the well-known Quốc Học – Huế High School for the Gifted. The French rulers were ousted by the Imperial Japanese Army in March 1945; then Emperor Bảo Đại was dethroned by the Vietnamese Communist Party (Việt Minh) in August that year. When World War II ended, the French expeditionary forces re-occupied most parts of Vietnam. From 1947 to Document [163] (Title: War in Vietnam (1945–46)) vital positions in Viet Minh control. The French subsequently regained total control of Saigon. On that day, former French prisoners of war who had been reinstated into the army together with troops from the 5th RIC ejected the Viet Minh in a coup in which two French soldiers were killed. On the night of the 24/25 a Vietnamese mob (not under Viet Minh control) abducted and butchered a large number of French and French-Vietnamese men, women, and children. On the 25th, the Viet Minh attacked and set fire to the city's central market area, while another group attacked Tan Son Document [164] (Title: Đại Việt sử ký) while actually it was Ngô Quyền who marked the end of the northern domination in Vietnam in 938 with his victory in the Battle of Bạch Đằng. According to the historian, it was Đinh Tiên Hoàng and not Ngô Quyền who had the major contribution in re-establishing the independent status of the country from China because Ngô Quyền was content only with the position of King (Vương) while Đinh Tiền Hoàng took a further step in designating himself as the emperor (Hoàng đế) of the country and was thus equal to the emperor of the Song dynasty. Since Lê Văn Document [165] (Title: 1955 State of Vietnam referendum) stated that nationwide elections were to be held in 1956 to unify the country under a common government. In July 1954, during the transition period, Bảo Đại appointed Diệm as Prime Minister of the State of Vietnam. On 11 October 1954, the border was closed by the International Control Commission, after a period of 300 days during which free passage between both halves of Vietnam had been allowed. Under the Geneva Accords, anti-communist military personnel were obliged to evacuate to the south, while communist forces were to be moved north. Civilians were free to move to whichever zone they preferred. Document [166] (Title: August Revolution) Minh, in fact, seized control of Vietnam. On September 2, 1945, Ho Chi Minh declared Vietnamese Independence. The August Revolution created a uniform government for the entire country. Vietnam was a French colony from 1858, until the Japanese "coup d'état" in 1945. By 1897, the French had created the Federation of Indochina, with Vietnam divided for convenience into the separately ruled territories of Tonkin, Annam, and Cochin China, plus newly acquired Cambodia and Laos. To justify their imperial domination, the French claimed that it was their responsibility to help undeveloped regions in Asia become civilized. Without French intervention, they asserted, Document [167] (Title: South Vietnam) arrived in Vietnam's northern part of parallel 17. Hồ purged non-communist politicians from the DRV. The French Indochina War began on 19 December 1946, with the French regaining control of Hanoi and many other cities. The State of Vietnam was created through co-operation between anti-communist Vietnamese and the French government on 14 June 1949. Former emperor Bảo Đại accepted the position of chief of state ("quốc trưởng"). This was known as the "Bảo Đại Solution". The colonial struggle in Vietnam became part of the global Cold War. In 1950, China, the Soviet Union and other communist nations recognised the DRV Document [168] (Title: Lý Nam Đế) Laotian tribesmen assassinated him in hope for warding off the invading Liang army. His immediate successor was Triệu Quang Phục (thereafter known as Triệu Việt Vương which means Trieu Viet King). The new king continued the resistance and eventually drove the Chinese out from Vạn Xuân in 550. Although China occupied Vietnam for approximately 1,000 years, Lý Nam Đế successfully established a Việt dynasty that gave Northern Vietnam approximately 60 years of independence in between those times. Lý Nam Đế Lý Nam Đế (chữ Hán: 李南帝, 17 October 503 – 13 April 548) was a Vietnamese monarch and the founder Document [169] (Title: Post-classical history) gained long lasting independence in the 10th century when China was divided. Nonetheless even as an independent state a sort of begrudging sinicization occurred. By the end of the Postclassical Era, Vietnam would be in control of its own Nguyễn dynasty. South Vietnam was governed by the ancient Hindu Champa Kingdom but was annexed by Vietnamese invaders in the 15th century. The spread of Hinduism, Buddhism and maritime trade between China and South Asia created the foundation for Southeast Asia's first major empires; including the Khmer Empire from Cambodia and Sri Vijaya from Indonesia. During the Khmer Empire's height in Document [170] (Title: Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam) even after the independence of Dai Viet, Chinese remained behind. Vietnam received Chinese defectors from Yunnan in the 1400s. Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam The fourth Chinese domination was a period of the history of Vietnam, from 1407 to 1427 during which the country was invaded and ruled by the Chinese Ming dynasty. It was the result of the conquest of the region in 1406 to 1407. The previous periods of Chinese rules, collectively known as the Bắc thuộc periods in Vietnam, were longer-lasting, constituting much of Vietnam's history from 111 BC to 939 AD. The fourth Chinese occupation of Document [171] (Title: Third Chinese domination of Vietnam) revolts in northern Vietnam between 722 and 728, using an army of natives pressed into service under the leadership of Chinese generals. The Chinese generals were brutal in suppressing the insurrection: one ordered the decapitated bodies of 80,000 scalped and flayed rebels stacked into a pyramid. Although Chinese governors were sent to rule over Annam, a series of local emperors were unofficial rulers under Chinese control: Nanzhao invaded the area of Jiaozhi modern day Vietnam multiple times in the 9th century until the Cao Bian (Cao Biền) was ordered by the Tang dynasty to defeat Nanzhao and restored Tang rule Document [172] (Title: Provisional Central Government of Vietnam) ; he was replaced by Trần Văn Hữu as president of the Cochinchinese administration. Although Vietnam was not yet reunited, and far from being autonomous, the French had agreed for the first time to include the word "independence" in the agreements. During the only year of its existence, the Provisional Central Government had very limited means, and was denounced by the communist Viet Minh as a puppet state. The Xuân government was able to create several administrative units in North and Middle Vietnam, but it was entirely dependent on the French as it had no army, no police forces and Document [173] (Title: Empire of Vietnam) had been under French rule. Beginning in May 1945, Foreign Minister Tran Van Chuong negotiated with the Japanese in Hanoi for the transfer of the three cities to Vietnamese rule, but the Japanese stalled because Hanoi and Haiphong were seen as strategic points in their war effort. It was only in June and July that the Japanese allowed the process of national unification to take place. On June 16, Bảo Đại issued a decree proclaiming the impending reunification of Vietnam. On June 29, General Yuitsu Tsuchihashi signed a series of decrees transferring some of the duties of the government (including Document [174] (Title: State of Vietnam) with its departure from the French Union, the State of Vietnam became territorially confined to those lands of Vietnam south of the 17th parallel, and as such became commonly known as Republic of Vietnam. The massive voluntary migration of anti-communist north Vietnamese, essentially Roman Catholic people, proceeded during the French-American Operation Passage to Freedom in summer 1954. On May 27, 1948, Nguyễn Văn Xuân, then President of the Republic of Cochin China, became President of the Provisional Central Government of Vietnam ("Thủ tướng lâm thời") following the merging of the government of Cochin China and Vietnam in what is sometimes Document [175] (Title: Wu Rui) to sell him back to the Vietnamese, but Wu was rescued by the Pingxiang magistrate and then was sent to Beijing to work as a eunuch in the palace. The Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư records that in 1467 in An Bang province of Dai Viet (now Quảng Ninh Province) a Chinese ship blew off course onto the shore. The Chinese were detained and not allowed to return to China as ordered by Le Thanh Tong. This incident may be the same one where Wu Rui was captured. Many other Chinese men were also captured by the Vietnamese not Document [176] (Title: Emperor) the 19th century, Sino-French War France replaced China in control of northern Vietnam. The emperors of the last dynasty of Vietnam continued to hold this title until the French conquered Vietnam. The emperor, however, was then a puppet figure only and could easily be disposed of by the French for more pro-France figure. Japan took Vietnam from France and the Axis-occupied Vietnam was declared an empire by the Japanese in March 1945. The line of emperors came to an end with Bảo Đại, who was deposed after the war, although he later served as head of state of South Vietnam Document [177] (Title: North Vietnam) other public buildings. The salient political fact of life in Northern Vietnam was Chinese Nationalist army of occupation, and the Chinese presence had forced Ho Chi Minh and the Viet Minh to accommodate Chinese-backed Viet Nationalists. In June 1946, Chinese Nationalist troops evacuated Hanoi, and on the 15 June, the last detachments embarked at Haiphong. After the departure of the British in 1946, the French controlled a part of Cochinchina, South Central Coast, Central Highlands since the end Southern Resistance War. In January 1946, the Viet Minh held an election to establish a National Assembly. Public enthusiasm for this event Document [178] (Title: Military history of Vietnam) isolate China. Following the fall of the French in Indochina, Viet Minh began its campaign against the Japanese occupiers, using guerrilla tactics. The conflict ended when Japan surrendered to the United States, following the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Following the allied victory in World War II, France was hoping to regain control over its former colony in Indochina, which was also claimed by the Viet Minh. France attempted to invade and reoccupy Vietnam, but after nine years of war, the French gave up and retreated from Indochina. This resulted in Indochina being divided into four countries: North Vietnam, South Document [179] (Title: Quỳnh Lưu uprising) the land reform and other reforms carried out by the government. According to the 1954 Geneva Accords, of which North Vietnam was signatory to, Vietnam was partitioned into two halves, with a communist Viet Minh-controlled North Vietnam, and an anti-communist State of Vietnam (which became South Vietnam) with Bao Dai as head of state. There would be a 300-day period, ending May 18, 1955, where people could relocate freely to 1 of the 2 Vietnams of their choosing before the border at the 17th parallel was sealed. However, in late 1954 and early 1955, along with counter-propaganda, the Viet Minh Document [180] (Title: History of Vietnam) a successful revolt against Han Governor Su Dung ("Vietnamese:" Tô Định) and recaptured 65 states (including modern Guangxi). Trưng Trắc became the Queen (Trưng Nữ Vương). In 43 AD, Emperor Guangwu of Han sent his famous general Ma Yuan ("Vietnamese:" Mã Viện) with a large army to quell the revolt. After a long, difficult campaign, Ma Yuan suppressed the uprising and the Trung Sisters committed suicide to avoid capture. To this day, the Trưng Sisters are revered in Vietnam as the national symbol of Vietnamese women. Learning a lesson from the Trưng revolt, the Han and other successful Chinese dynasties Document [181] (Title: Empire of Vietnam) territorial reunification and supporting Kim's government. Two days later, Nguyen Xuan Chu was forced to hand over authority to the Viet Minh. Combined with the official cease-fire of the Japanese army on August 21, this threw Kim's government into disarray and it collapsed. On August 23, the Viet Minh seized power in Huế. Two days later, Bảo Đại officially abdicated, and Nguyen Van Sam handed over power to the Viet Minh in Saigon. The Empire of Viet-Nam had fallen along with Japan's Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. Empire of Vietnam The Empire of Vietnam (; Hán tự: 越南帝國; ) was Document [182] (Title: Nguyễn dynasty) The French were informed of the plan, and its leaders were arrested and executed. Duy Tân was deposed and exiled to the island of Réunion in the Indian Ocean. Nationalist sentiment intensified in Vietnam (especially during and after the First World War), but uprisings and tentative efforts failed to obtain concessions from the French. The Russian Revolution greatly impacted 20th-century Vietnamese history. For Vietnam, the outbreak of World War II on 1 September 1939 was as decisive as the 1858 French seizure of Đà Nẵng. The Axis power of Japan invaded Vietnam on 22 September 1940, attempting to construct military Document [183] (Title: Việt Minh) Việt Nam, Hồ proclaimed the Democratic Republic of Vietnam on September 2, 1945. Within days, the Chinese Kuomintang (Nationalist) Army arrived in Vietnam to supervise the repatriation of the Japanese Imperial Army. The Democratic Republic of Vietnam therefore existed only in theory and effectively controlled no territory. A few months later, the Chinese, Vietnamese and French came to a three-way understanding. The French gave up certain rights in China, the Việt Minh agreed to the return of the French in exchange for promises of independence within the French Union, and the Chinese agreed to leave. Negotiations between the French and Document [184] (Title: History of Vietnam) 1949, the State of Vietnam was officially proclaimed, as a semi-independent country within the French Union, with Bảo Đại as Head of State. France was finally persuaded to relinquish its colonies in Indochina in 1954 when Viet Minh forces defeated the French at Dien Bien Phu. The 1954 Geneva Conference left Vietnam a divided nation, with Hồ Chí Minh's communist DRV government ruling the North from Hanoi and Ngô Đình Diệm's Republic of Vietnam, supported by the United States, ruling the South from Saigon. Between 1953 and 1956, the North Vietnamese government instituted various agrarian reforms, including "rent reduction" and Document [185] (Title: Vietnam) Vietnam and the kingdoms of Cambodia and Laos. Vietnam was further divided into North and South administrative regions at the Demilitarised Zone, approximately along the 17th parallel north, pending elections scheduled for July 1956. A 300-day period of free movement was permitted, during which almost a million northerners, mainly Catholics, moved south, fearing persecution by the communists. The partition of Vietnam was not intended to be permanent by the Geneva Accords, which stipulated that Vietnam would be reunited after elections in 1956. However, in 1955, the State of Vietnam's Prime Minister, Ngô Đình Diệm toppled Bảo Đại in a fraudulent Document [186] (Title: China–Vietnam relations) in the area. The Chinese prefect of Jiaozhi Shi Xie ruled Vietnam as an autonomous warlord and was posthumously deified by later Vietnamese Emperors. Shi Xie was the leader of the elite ruling class of Han Chinese families who immigrated to Vietnam and played a major role in developing Vietnam's culture. After Vietnam regained independence, a serious war between China and Vietnam occurred, which the Vietnamese, at its peak, invaded China once during the Lý–Song War which the Lý Army raided into China and even occupied what would be Guangxi and Guangdong in modern days' China. This would be the Document [187] (Title: Cao Bằng Province) Party Central Committee held at Pác Bó from 10–19 March 1941. Between 1941 and 1945 until the Japanese left was a period of great turmoil in Vietnam. The Japanese set up King Bai as the head of state to counter the influence of the French government and the Viet Minh had established themselves their rule in six provinces in North Vietnam in the Red River delta. Following the surrender of Japan on 13 August 1945 in World War II, Hồ Chí Minh had expanded the ambit of his "August revolution" to Hanoi, Huế and Saigon, and the king abdicated. Hồ Document [188] (Title: Vietnam) Vietnam's independence from France under the new name of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. In 1954, the Vietnamese declared victory in the battle of Điện Biên Phủ which took place between March and May 1954 and culminated in a major French defeat. Thereafter, Vietnam was divided politically into two rival states, North Vietnam (officially the Democratic Republic of Vietnam) and South Vietnam (officially the Republic of Vietnam). Conflict between the two sides intensified in what is known as the Vietnam War with heavy intervention by the United States on the side of South Vietnam from 1965 to 1973. The war Document [189] (Title: State of Vietnam) 1955—became president of the Republic of Vietnam. Since the August Revolution, the Việt Minh had seized all of the territories of Vietnam. The Democratic Republic of Vietnam was established by the Việt Minh on September 2, 1945 (the same day Japan signed surrender documents with the United States). By February 1947, following the pacification of Tonkin (North Vietnam), the Tonkinese capital, Hanoi, and the main traffic axis returned to French control. The Việt Minh partisans were forced to retreat into the jungle and prepared to pursue the war using guerrilla warfare. In order to reduce Việt Minh leader Hồ Chí Document [190] (Title: North Vietnam) In November, the National Assembly adopted the first Constitution of the Republic. The French reoccupied Hanoi and the First Indochina War (1946–54) followed. Following the Chinese Communist Revolution (1946−50), Chinese communist forces arrived on the border in 1949. Chinese aid revived the fortunes of the Viet Minh and transformed it from a guerrilla militia into a standing army. The outbreak of the Korean War in June 1950 transformed what had been an anti-colonial struggle into a Cold War battleground, with the U.S. providing financial support to the French. Following the partition of Vietnam in 1954 at the end of the Document [191] (Title: North Vietnam) Western country to extend full diplomatic recognition to North Vietnam. Many other Western countries followed suit in the 1970s, such as the government of Australia under Gough Whitlam. North Vietnam North Vietnam, officially the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) (), was a country in Southeast Asia from 1954 to 1975. Vietnamese revolutionary leader Hồ Chí Minh declared independence from French Indochina on 2 September 1945 and announced the creation of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. France reasserted its colonial dominance and a war ensued between France and the Viet Minh, led by President Ho Chi Minh. The Viet Minh ("League Document [192] (Title: Provisional Central Government of Vietnam) was still legally a colony, since its status as an "autonomous Republic", proclaimed in 1946, had never been ratified by the French National Assembly, and that any process of reunification had therefore to be approved by the French Parliament. Xuân tried to reunite Cochinchina with his government through a by-law, but it was overruled by the colony's council. Trần Văn Hữu's administration therefore remained in existence and Vietnam found itself with two governments, each backed by the French, one claiming sovereignty over the whole country, and one administrating the South. The Vietnamese situation remained deadlocked for over a year, as Document [193] (Title: State of Vietnam) take office. However, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam had declared the independence of Vietnam and had control of almost all of Vietnam’s territory since September 2, 1945. Besides that, the DRV had also hosted the 1946 Vietnamese National Assembly election with the participation of 89% of Vietnamese voters (north and south). The Democratic Republic of Vietnam had officially become the constitutional representatives of Vietnam in 1946. Since the Halong Bay Agreements resulted in many aspects—excluding the referendum—in the enforcement of the March 6, 1946, Indochinese Independence Convention signed by Communist Hồ Chí Minh’s Democratic Republic of Vietnam and High Commissioner Document [194] (Title: Bảo Đại) power in case the new emperor's "elimination" was required. Japan surrendered to the Allies in August 1945, and the Viet Minh under the leadership of Hồ Chí Minh aimed to take power in a free Vietnam. Due to his popular political stand against the French and the 1945 famine, Hồ was able to persuade Bảo Đại to abdicate on 25 August 1945, handing power over to the Việt Minh — an event which greatly enhanced Hồ's legitimacy in the eyes of the Vietnamese people. Bảo Đại was appointed the "supreme advisor" to Hồ's Democratic Republic of Vietnam in Hanoi, which Document [195] (Title: 1955 in the Vietnam War) former colonial ties to France. The United States closed its embassy in Hanoi, thus ending formal diplomatic relations with North Vietnam. The U.S. would not restore diplomatic relations until 1998. China informed North Vietnam that all members of the China Military Advisory Group, which had been in Vietnam since July 1950, would return to China. This action by China illustrated the Chinese view that the most important task of North Vietnam was to consolidate its rule rather than attempt to force reunification with South Vietnam. 1955 in the Vietnam War In 1955, the Prime Minister of South Vietnam Ngô Đình Question: when did vietnam free itself from chinese control

Answer: 938 AD Long Answer: The Chinese domination of Vietnam (Vietnamese: Bắc thuộc, Hán tự: 北 屬, "Belonging to the North (China)") began in 111 BC, and is usually considered to have ended in 938 AD . A fourth, relatively brief, 20 - year punitive invasion by the Ming dynasty, 400 years later, is usually excluded by historians in discussion of the main, almost continuous, period of Chinese colonization from 111 BC to 938 AD, as is the brief occupation of northern Vietnam by Chinese forces at the end of the Second World War. Gold Document ID: 151

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Russell Wilson) Seattle Children's Hospital. In August 2016, Wilson's Why Not You Foundation presented a check for $1,060,005 to Seattle Children's Hospital for its Strong Against Cancer initiative. Russell Wilson Russell Carrington Wilson (born November 29, 1988) is an American football quarterback for the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League (NFL). Wilson played college football for the University of Wisconsin during the 2011 season, in which he set the single-season FBS record for passing efficiency (191.8) and led the team to a Big Ten title and the 2012 Rose Bowl. Wilson also played football and baseball for North Carolina State University Document [2] (Title: Russell Wilson) Russell Wilson Russell Carrington Wilson (born November 29, 1988) is an American football quarterback for the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League (NFL). Wilson played college football for the University of Wisconsin during the 2011 season, in which he set the single-season FBS record for passing efficiency (191.8) and led the team to a Big Ten title and the 2012 Rose Bowl. Wilson also played football and baseball for North Carolina State University from 2008 to 2010 before transferring to Wisconsin. He played minor league baseball for the Tri-City Dust Devils in 2010 and the Asheville Tourists in 2011 Document [3] (Title: Trevone Boykin) In his first preseason game against the Kansas City Chiefs, Boykin completed 16 of 26 passes for 188 yards and one touchdown. He led an 88-yard game-winning drive that was capped off with a 37-yard pass to Tanner McEvoy as time expired. The Seahawks would go on to win, 17–16. Heaps was waived following the preseason, leaving Boykin as the lone backup quarterback on the roster. Boykin threw his first regular season NFL touchdown pass (16 yards to Doug Baldwin) on September 25, 2016, at home against the San Francisco 49ers in the fourth quarter. Boykin had entered the game Document [4] (Title: Trent Dilfer) 2001) wild-card hopes ended when the Ravens beat the Minnesota Vikings 19–3 on Monday Night Football. At the end of the season, Dilfer's passer rating was 92.0 and he had won 15 straight starts. Partially because the Seattle Seahawks' starting quarterback, Hasselbeck, was coming off a season where he went 5–7 as a starter and threw eight interceptions and seven touchdowns, Dilfer was re-signed by the team to a four-year deal on March 1, and was slated as the starter heading into training camp. However, in an exhibition game against Indianapolis, Dilfer sprained his medial collateral ligament in his right Document [5] (Title: Tarvaris Jackson) injury and missed the rest of the season. On March 3, 2011, the Vikings declined to tender Jackson a contract offer to play for them in the 2011 season. Under league rules, Jackson became an unrestricted free agent. Jackson officially signed a two-year contract with Seattle Seahawks on July 29, 2011 and was announced as the starting quarterback shortly after. In Seattle, he had been reunited with offensive coordinator Darrell Bevell and wide receiver Sidney Rice both members of the Vikings during his time there. Along with wide receiver Mike Williams, Jackson was appointed to offensive team captain, which was Document [6] (Title: 2006 Seattle Seahawks season) NFL Draft to the Patriots. After a low-scoring victory in Detroit, the Seahawks played their Week 2 home-opener against their fellow NFC West rival, the Arizona Cardinals. Unlike Game 1, Seattle's offense got off to a strong start, as RB Shaun Alexander got a 2-yard TD run, while QB Matt Hasselbeck completed a 49-yard TD pass to WR Darrell Jackson. That's how the rest of the first half would end up. In the third quarter, the score of the period was Arizona kicker Neil Rackers completed a 43-yard field goal. In the fourth quarter, the Seahawks got a 1-yard TD Document [7] (Title: 2012 Seattle Seahawks season) "Action Green". The uniforms incorporate "feather trims", twelve feathers printed on the neckline and down each pant leg to represent the "12th Man", referring to the team's fans. Notes With the loss, the Seahawks started their season 0–1. After facing the Cardinals on the road, the Seahawks returned home for a home game against the Cowboys. The game went very well for the Seahawks as the team improved to 1–1. This is also the first win for rookie QB Russell Wilson. The game had a controversial ending when Seattle quarterback Russell Wilson threw a Hail Mary pass to the endzone Document [8] (Title: 2015 Seattle Seahawks season) was efficient, going 24–29 with 260 passing yards and 3 passing touchdowns. With the win, the Seahawks improved to 5–5. Additionally, Wilson improved to 7–2 against the 49ers (including postseason), extending his winning streak against them to five games. After handling the 49ers at home, the Seahawks hosted the Pittsburgh Steelers for the first time since the 2003 season. Richard Sherman, who has not intercepted a pass in the first 12 games of the season, recorded his first in the third quarter. The game was a shootout as Russell Wilson, playing on his 27th birthday, passed for 345 yards and Document [9] (Title: 2012 Seattle Seahawks season) 2012 Seattle Seahawks season The 2012 Seattle Seahawks season was the franchise's 37th season in the National Football League and the third under head coach Pete Carroll. The Seahawks had a three quarterback competition with Tarvaris Jackson, Matt Flynn, and Russell Wilson. Jackson was traded to the Bills, and Wilson won the job. The Seahawks improved upon their record of 7–9 from last season and had their first winning season since 2007. The team was 4–0 during the preseason, and during the regular season, their 11 victories was the third best in franchise history. The Seahawks went undefeated at home Document [10] (Title: Russell Wilson) was voted Seahawks offensive captain for the fifth consecutive season. In Week 3, in a 33–27 loss to the Tennessee Titans, he was 29 of 49 for 373 passing yards and four passing touchdowns. In Week 8 against the Houston Texans, Wilson posted an astounding performance, going 26 of 41 for a career-high 452 passing yards and 4 touchdowns in a matchup where both him and Deshaun Watson each threw over 400 yards. Wilson also rushed for 30 yards, totaling 482 yards of offense in the 41–38 victory. With his strong performance, Wilson earned NFC Offensive Player of the Week. Document [11] (Title: Kelly Stouffer) the first undergraduate to earn that degree via the college's distance learning program. Kelly Stouffer Kelly Wayne Stouffer, (born July 6, 1964), is a former American football quarterback in the NFL. He spent most of his career with the Seattle Seahawks from 1988–1992. He graduated from Rushville High School in Rushville, Nebraska and attended Colorado State University. He is a television color analyst for college football games on ESPN/ABC, and was formerly with the NFL on FOX, Versus, MountainWest Sports Network and Minnesota Vikings pre-season games. At the conclusion of his collegiate career, he achieved notoriety when, after being selected Document [12] (Title: Trevone Boykin) midway through the third quarter, with the game already largely in hand, after starter Russell Wilson suffered an MCL sprain. The Seahawks won the game, 37-18. As a rookie in 2016, Boykin appeared in five games and finished the year with 145 passing yards with a touchdown and an interception. Boykin entered the 2017 preseason competing with Austin Davis to backup Wilson. Although Boykin started his preseason well, he threw 4 interceptions in his final 2 games while Davis threw no picks during preseason. On September 2, 2017, Boykin was waived, officially losing the job to Davis, and was signed Document [13] (Title: 2016–17 NFL playoffs) Seahawks and their first trip to the NFC Championship since 2012. On the game's opening possession, Seattle mounted a 14-play, 81-yard drive that lasted 8:36; Russell Wilson completed all four of his passes for 40 yards and rushed for 16 yards on the drive, eventually finding tight end Jimmy Graham for a seven-yard touchdown. Atlanta responded with their own 13-play, 75-yard drive on their first possession and tied the game with Matt Ryan's 7-yard touchdown pass to Julio Jones on the second play of the second quarter. Devin Hester returned the ensuing kickoff 50 yards to the Seattle 45-yard line Document [14] (Title: Russell Wilson) as a second baseman. Wilson was selected by the Seahawks with the 12th pick in the third round (75th overall) of the 2012 NFL Draft. In 2012, he tied Peyton Manning's record for most passing touchdowns by a rookie (26) and was named the Pepsi NFL Rookie of the Year. In 2013, he led the Seahawks to their first ever Super Bowl victory in Super Bowl XLVIII over the Denver Broncos, and in 2014, led them to a second straight Super Bowl berth. Wilson has won more games (65) than any other NFL quarterback in his first six seasons, and Document [15] (Title: 1993 Seattle Seahawks season) 1993 Seattle Seahawks season The 1993 Seattle Seahawks season was the team's 18th in the National Football League (NFL). Playing under head coach and general manager Tom Flores, the team finished with a 6–10 win–loss record in the American Football Conference (AFC) West and missed the playoffs for the fifth straight season. In the first round of the 1993 NFL Draft, Seattle selected quarterback Rick Mirer, who became their starter for the 1993 season. At the end of the season, running back Chris Warren, defensive tackle Cortez Kennedy, and safety Eugene Robinson were selected to play for the AFC in Document [16] (Title: Tarvaris Jackson) Jackson appeared in 3 games of the 2013 regular season producing 151 passing yards and a touchdown. During Super Bowl XLVIII against the Denver Broncos, Jackson came in relief of Russell Wilson during the 4th quarter, marking the first time in 13 years any backup quarterback has played in a Super Bowl. The Seahawks won their first Super Bowl in franchise history as they defeated the Broncos 43–8. Following the season, Jackson signed a 1-year deal to stay with the Seahawks. The Seahawks made it to Super Bowl XLIX, but failed to repeat as Super Bowl champions as they fell Document [17] (Title: 2013 Seattle Seahawks season) That claim was later justified by NBC analyst Cris Collinsworth. The Niners took advantage and drove to the Seattle 10-yard line. However, on third down, Earl Thomas intercepted a Colin Kaepernick pass, and Seattle regained possession. A few plays later, Russell Wilson was intercepted by rookie Eric Reid, and the tug of war continued into the second quarter. All was quiet until midway through the second quarter, where fullback Bruce Miller was caught holding in the endzone, the result of which was a safety, and a Seattle 2–0 lead. Later on, defensive end Cliff Avril strip sacked Kaepernick and K. Document [18] (Title: Ted Thompson) Seattle, the Seahawks advanced to the playoffs twice. In 2005, following Thompson's departure to the Packers, the Seahawks had one of their best success in team history, reaching the Super Bowl. Many of the players on Seattle's Super Bowl team were acquired under Thompson's direction, including HB Shaun Alexander, WR Darrell Jackson, OG Steve Hutchinson, CB Marcus Trufant, and K Josh Brown, In an interview with Mike Holmgren in 2009, Holmgren noted that "Once Ted Thompson came on board and we settled down a little bit, we started making good decisions." Thompson replaced Mike Sherman as general manager of the Document [19] (Title: 2016 Seattle Seahawks season) Pete Carroll's first return to Boston since 1999 after he got fired from the Patriots organization. Sunday Night Football featured a Divisional Playoff rematch from 2015 as the Seattle Seahawks faced the Carolina Panthers in CenturyLink field. Russell Wilson threw for 277 yards with one touchdown and one interception while Cam Newton was held to 182 yards and one touchdown. This was the first time that Seattle had scored 40 points in a regular season game since the 2013 season. Seattle improved their record to 8-3-1 of season. The win was not without cost, however, as star safety Earl Thomas Document [20] (Title: Brady/Belichick Era) the 4th quarter, Brady led the Patriots on two touchdown drives against the number 1 scoring defense in the Seattle Seahawks, dubbed the Legion of Boom. Brady capped off his comeback by throwing a touchdown pass to Julian Edelman with just over two minutes remaining in regulation. On the ensuing Seahawks drive, quarterback Russell Wilson threw a deep pass to wide receiver Jermaine Kearse that was initially deflected by cornerback Malcolm Butler. However, Kearse juggled the ball on his chest and caught it, giving Seattle a first down on the 5 yard line. Color commentator Cris Collinsworth compared the acrobatic Document [21] (Title: Mike Reilly (quarterback)) Seahawks. Reilly played three seasons for Kamiakin High School in Kennewick, Washington, before relocating to Kalispell, Montana. As a senior, he set a Flathead High School record with 2,280 yards. He originally signed with NAIA Montana Tech, but chose to walk on at Central Washington. Reilly was a co-runner-up for the Harlon Hill Trophy, which is presented to the nation’s top Division II football player, as a senior. He threw a touchdown pass in all 46 games of his college career, giving him the NCAA all-divisions record for consecutive games with a touchdown pass. This record would be tied in Document [22] (Title: Stan Gelbaugh) Gelbaugh did not want to return anyway, citing the stress of two seasons in one year as too much. Gelbaugh joined the Seahawks for the 1992 season, planning to be the third-string quarterback behind Dan McGwire and Kelly Stouffer. His first appearance came in relief of McGwire in week 7 against the Dallas Cowboys, but he threw an interception that was returned for a touchdown, and the Seahawks lost 27-0. With McGwire on injured reserve and Stouffer injured, Gelbaugh got the start the following week against the Los Angeles Raiders, but the Seahawks were shut out for the second consecutive Document [23] (Title: History of the Seattle Seahawks) Seattle took a 17-3 lead going into halftime, but the Broncos rallied in the fourth quarter to tie the game at 20-20. The game went into overtime, where Seattle scored a touchdown to win 26-20. After a bye in Week 4, they defeated the Redskins at Washington 27-17 on Monday Night Football. The following week, they suffered a 30-23 loss at home to the Dallas Cowboys, only their second home loss (including playoffs) since Russell Wilson became quarterback. After that, they traveled to St. Louis to face their divisional rival, the Rams, where they suffered their third loss of the Document [24] (Title: 2013 NFL season) relationship with team owner Daniel Snyder. Shanahan was fired after the season ended. Russell Wilson the second-year quarterback of the Super Bowl champion Seahawks led all NFL players in terms of total licensed product sales (jerseys, T-shirts, figurines, photos, etc.) made from March 2013 through February 2014. The top six players on the list were quarterbacks, including, in order, Peyton Manning (who held the top spot the previous year), Colin Kaepernick, Robert Griffin III, Aaron Rodgers and Tom Brady. The only non-quarterback in the top 10 was Wilson's Seahawks teammate, running back Marshawn Lynch. Legendary Hall of Fame defensive lineman Document [25] (Title: Vernon Adams) in order to graduate from Eastern Washington University. On August 13, 2015, he passed the math class to graduate from Eastern Washington and officially joined the Oregon Ducks. After just two weeks on campus, Adam's was named the starting quarterback on August 28. His first start came against his former team, Eastern Washington. Adams started 10 games and passed for 2,643 yards, 26 touchdowns and six interceptions. <br> Adams went undrafted in the 2016 NFL Draft. After the draft, he accepted an invitation to attend the Seattle Seahawks rookie mini-camp on a tryout basis. However, after the mini-camp was finished, Document [26] (Title: Tarvaris Jackson) . In 2011, Jackson signed with the Seahawks and was starting quarterback for the 2011 season. Jackson was then traded to the Bills before the 2012 NFL season but never played a game. Jackson returned to the Seahawks in 2013. He was the backup quarterback for Russell Wilson during Super Bowl XLVIII over the Denver Broncos. Jackson was born and raised in Montgomery, Alabama, and graduated from Sidney Lanier High School of Montgomery in 2001. Jackson then enrolled at the University of Arkansas and played three games for the Arkansas Razorbacks football team as a freshman but suffered a season-ending Document [27] (Title: Erik Meyer) starting quarterback for the Cologne Centurions of NFL Europa before the league folded. He completed 141 of 205 passes for 1,612 yards, 13 touchdowns and 6 interceptions. He also rushed for 138 yards and 1 touchdown. Meyer was signed by the Seattle Seahawks in July 2007. He competed against third-string Seahawk quarterback David Greene and free agent Derek Devine for the third-string job. Meyer was cut by the Seahawks on August 28, 2007. On March 24, 2008, Meyer was signed by the Oakland Raiders. He was waived on June 25, 2008 to make room for Sam Keller. On February 24, Document [28] (Title: History of the Seattle Seahawks) while their new stadium was being built. The Seahawks drafted RB Shaun Alexander in 2000 as their RB of the future. The move to Husky Stadium could not halt the Seahawks' decline, as they finished a disappointing 6-10. Holmgren then traded for Green Bay Packers backup QB Matt Hasselbeck and made him the starting QB. But Hasselbeck struggled in the first half of the 2001 season compiling a 5-7 record. Hasselbeck was replaced by former Super Bowl winner Trent Dilfer who steadied the ship and led the Seahawks to a 9-7 finish and a narrow playoff miss in the team's Document [29] (Title: Kelly Stouffer) Kelly Stouffer Kelly Wayne Stouffer, (born July 6, 1964), is a former American football quarterback in the NFL. He spent most of his career with the Seattle Seahawks from 1988–1992. He graduated from Rushville High School in Rushville, Nebraska and attended Colorado State University. He is a television color analyst for college football games on ESPN/ABC, and was formerly with the NFL on FOX, Versus, MountainWest Sports Network and Minnesota Vikings pre-season games. At the conclusion of his collegiate career, he achieved notoriety when, after being selected by the St. Louis Cardinals in the first round of the 1987 NFL Document [30] (Title: History of the Seattle Seahawks) by a score of 38-14 pulling their record to 7-7. But, the Seahawks lost a home game against San Francisco 19-17 and then lost at Arizona in OT. So, the team finished 7-9 which, unlike the previous year, wasn't enough to get them into the playoffs. During the offseason, the Seahawks changed their logo and uniforms. The team signed former Green Bay Packers backup quarterback Matt Flynn to replace departing quarterback Tarvaris Jackson, and also drafted rookie QB Russell Wilson as the 75th pick in the third round of the 2012 NFL Draft. Though Flynn was signed with the intention Document [31] (Title: Jim Zorn) franchise's most-efficient passer (85.1 rating) while joining Zorn as the only Seahawks’ quarterback to pass for 3,000-plus yards in three consecutive seasons. In 2007 under Zorn, Hasselbeck set Seattle single-season marks for attempts (562), completions (352) and yards (3,966). He also threw for a career-high 28 touchdowns en route to his third Pro Bowl selection. After two seasons as head coach of the Washington Redskins, Zorn was hired in 2010 by the Baltimore Ravens as their quarterbacks coach to replace Hue Jackson, who departed to the Oakland Raiders. Under Zorn, quarterback Joe Flacco reached career high totals in touchdowns (25) Document [32] (Title: Jim Zorn) Cowboys' director of player personnel the previous year. He would become a star starting QB for the Seahawks in their early days from 1976–83, before his position was taken by Dave Krieg and he was demoted to second-string quarterback midway through the 1983 season. He held second-string/backup quarterback positions with the Seahawks (1983–84), the Packers (1985), the Winnipeg Blue Bombers of the Canadian Football League (1986), and the Buccaneers (1987), before retiring following the 1987 NFL season. After spending a year out of football, he signed as a free agent with the Seattle Seahawks in 1976. Zorn is closely associated Document [33] (Title: Pete Carroll) game on the road against the Washington Redskins and fellow rookie quarterback Robert Griffin III, 24-14. Seattle lost the following week in the Divisional Round to the Atlanta Falcons at the Georgia Dome by a score of 30-28. The Seattle Seahawks 2013 season began with four consecutive preseason wins, and odds-makers had distinguished them as the favorite in the NFC. The regular season began with a 12-7 victory at Carolina. The prior year's NFC Champions and divisional rival, the San Francisco 49ers, were blown out by the Seahawks, 29–3. Winning out September, they visited the Colts in Indianapolis and suffered Document [34] (Title: Gale Gilbert) teams and competed in the 2010 BCS National Championship Game with the former. Gilbert is also the father of Texas Christian University Horned Frogs freshman tight end Griffin Gilbert. Gale Gilbert Gale Reed Gilbert (born December 20, 1961) is a former American football quarterback who played eight seasons in the NFL for the Seattle Seahawks, Buffalo Bills, and the San Diego Chargers. Gilbert is the only player in NFL history to be on five consecutive Super Bowl teams, none of which were won. Gilbert was the catcher for a baseball team from Red Bluff, California, which played in the 1974 Document [35] (Title: Jon Kitna) Jon Kitna Jon Kelly Kitna (born September 21, 1972) is an American football coach and former quarterback. After playing college football for Central Washington University, he signed with the Seattle Seahawks in 1996 and was allocated to the Barcelona Dragons of NFL Europe in 1997. He led the Dragons to a World Bowl championship, and became the starting quarterback for the Seahawks in 1998 after spending the 1997 and most of the 1998 seasons as the backup to Warren Moon. Following a four-year stint with Seattle, Kitna signed with the Cincinnati Bengals in 2001. He played for the Bengals from Document [36] (Title: Jon Kitna) and is the team's back-up quarterback as a freshman. Jon Kitna Jon Kelly Kitna (born September 21, 1972) is an American football coach and former quarterback. After playing college football for Central Washington University, he signed with the Seattle Seahawks in 1996 and was allocated to the Barcelona Dragons of NFL Europe in 1997. He led the Dragons to a World Bowl championship, and became the starting quarterback for the Seahawks in 1998 after spending the 1997 and most of the 1998 seasons as the backup to Warren Moon. Following a four-year stint with Seattle, Kitna signed with the Cincinnati Document [37] (Title: Russell Wilson) height. That might be the reason he's not picked in the first couple rounds." On April 27, 2012, Wilson was selected by the Seattle Seahawks in the third round (75th pick overall) of the draft. He was the sixth quarterback to be selected that year. The Seahawks received significant criticism for their selections in the 2012 draft, and for picking Wilson in particular, as the Seahawks had just signed free agent Matt Flynn. Wilson signed a four-year, $2.99 million contract with the Seahawks on May 7, 2012. He made his preseason debut against the Tennessee Titans on August 11, 2012 Document [38] (Title: Rick Mirer) Hall of Fame. Mirer was selected with the second overall pick in the 1993 draft by the Seattle Seahawks. He signed a five-year, $15 million contract. In his rookie year under head coach Tom Flores, he set all-time NFL rookie records for attempts, completions and yards (excluding rookies such as Jim Kelly, Warren Moon, or Dieter Brock, who all had several years of professional experience prior to the NFL), and became only the 3rd rookie quarterback since 1970 to start all of his team's games. He finished his rookie season 5th in the AFC with 274 completions and 2833 yards. Document [39] (Title: 2006 Seattle Seahawks season) took the lead with QB Tony Romo completing a 13-yard TD pass to WR Patrick Crayton before halftime. In the third quarter, the Seahawks regained the lead with QB Matt Hasselbeck completing a 15-yard TD pass to TE Jerramy Stevens. However, following the touchdown drive, the Cowboys marched right back into the lead as WR Miles Austin returned a kickoff 93 yards for a touchdown. In the fourth quarter, Dallas increased its lead with Gramática kicking a 29-yard field goal. Later, Seattle retook the lead with a safety off a Terry Glenn fumble from a hit by rookie CB Kelly Document [40] (Title: Darrell Bevell) not retained as the offensive coordinator by new Vikings head coach Leslie Frazier, and was replaced by Bill Musgrave. On January 21, 2011, Seattle Seahawks head coach Pete Carroll hired Bevell to become the new offensive coordinator after firing Jeremy Bates due to "offensive philosophy difference". The following season, the Seahawks finished 7-9, failing to defend their NFC West title or make the playoffs, while Bevell's offense was 28th in the league. Looking to upgrade from quarterback Tarvaris Jackson, Bevell scouted Wisconsin senior Russell Wilson. He was one of only a few scouts to attend Wilson's pro-day, and the Seahawks Document [41] (Title: Legion of Boom (Seattle Seahawks)) the league with eight interceptions. Seattle finished the season with the most interceptions in the NFL. Sherman and Thomas were named first-team AP All-Pro, while Chancellor was named to the second team. Sherman, Chancellor, and Thomas were also named to the 2014 Pro Bowl, but did not play due to the Seahawks playing in Super Bowl XLVIII. In their rout of the Denver Broncos, they held Peyton Manning and the record-setting Broncos offense to only eight points, intercepting Manning twice, forcing two fumbles, and playing a major part in securing the first Super Bowl championship in franchise history. On June Document [42] (Title: Billy Joe Tolliver) sidelining him for at least six weeks. After spending the first seven games on the injured reserve list, Tolliver was taken off the list and named the starter for the game against the Seattle Seahawks on October 29, replacing McMahon who had disappointed at quarterback. In Tolliver's first start, he played three quarters, throwing six completed passes in 17 attempts for 41 yards and throwing an interception in a 10–7 loss. Tolliver subsequently lost the starting job back to McMahon. However, in late November, Tolliver was given the starting job back, remaining the starting quarterback the rest of the season. Document [43] (Title: Seattle Seahawks) game, 35–24. The 2012 NFL season started with doubt, as the Seahawks lost their season opener against the Arizona Cardinals, after the highly touted Seattle defense gave up a go-ahead score late in the fourth quarter, and rookie quarterback Russell Wilson failed to throw the game-winning touchdown after multiple attempts in the red-zone. However, Russell Wilson and the Seahawks went 4–1 in their next five games en route to an 11–5 overall record (their first winning record since 2007). Their 2012 campaign included big wins over the Green Bay Packers, New England Patriots, and San Francisco 49ers. The Seahawks went Document [44] (Title: Russell Wilson) which they lost to the Colts in week 5. The Seahawks then went on a 7-game winning streak, including a 41–20 victory over the Minnesota Vikings where he posted a career-high 151.4 passer rating and culminating in a 34–7 victory over the Saints in Week 13 in which Wilson threw three touchdown passes and earned his second NFC Offensive Player of the Week award. Over the next three weeks, the Seahawks suffered divisional losses to the 49ers and Cardinals (the loss to the Cardinals represented Wilson's first home loss as quarterback for the Seahawks), but defeated the Rams in Week Document [45] (Title: John Schneider (American football executive)) keeps him in Seattle through the 2021 season. The Seahawks won their fourth NFC West title under Schneider in 2016, but were eliminated in the divisional round of the playoffs for the second straight year. Schneider has been praised for his late-round draft picks and undrafted free agent signings. With Seattle, he drafted Russell Wilson, Richard Sherman, Kam Chancellor, Tyler Lockett, and KJ Wright in the third round or later, and signed Doug Baldwin, Thomas Rawls, and Jermaine Kearse after they went undrafted. The Seahawks have been active in free agency and the trade market under Schneider as well, signing Document [46] (Title: Jerrod Johnson) backup quarterback. He became the team's starter in Week 2 of the 2012 season after an injury to starter Josh Johnson. The Seattle Seahawks signed Johnson on April 24, 2013. He was released on June 14, after the Seahawks signed Tarvaris Jackson who had just been released by the Buffalo Bills. On September 1, 2013, Johnson was signed by the Chicago Bears to the practice squad. He was released on September 4, 2013, and was brought back on September 9. He was again removed from the practice squad on September 24. Johnson was re-signed by the Bears on December 30, Document [47] (Title: History of the Seattle Seahawks) on their offense. Unfortunately for Seattle, Wilson's throw was intercepted by New England's rookie cornerback Malcolm Butler, which gave New England possession on their own one-yard line with 20 seconds remaining. This final play by Seattle was almost immediately criticized by many after the game as one of the worst calls in Super Bowl history. However, the game was not quite over, as the Patriots could not take a quarterback kneeldown without risking giving up a safety, which would give the Seahawks two points and possession of the ball. However, defensive lineman Michael Bennett was flagged for encroachment, which moved Document [48] (Title: 2014 Seattle Seahawks season) throughout the playoffs for the second consecutive season. Seattle entered the postseason as the #1 seed in the NFC. The Seahawks defeated the Panthers 31-17, becoming the first defending Super Bowl champion to win a playoff game since the 2005 Patriots, and advanced to their second consecutive NFC Championship game. They hosted the Green Bay Packers, who defeated the Dallas Cowboys 26-21. After trailing 16-0 in the 3rd quarter and 19-7 with just over 2 minutes remaining, Russell Wilson, who threw 4 interceptions in the game, rallied Seattle to a much needed touchdown to bring the score to 19-14 with Document [49] (Title: 2016–17 NFL playoffs) quarterback Russell Wilson threw the ball to Paul Richardson, who made a diving one-handed catch in the back of the end zone despite tight coverage (and a pass interference penalty) by safety Tavon Wilson, giving Seattle a 7–0 lead. Following a punt by the Lions, Rawls' 26-yard run and Wilson's 19-yard completion to Richardson set up Steven Hauschka's 43-yard field goal, increasing Seattle's lead to 10–0. Getting the ball with 1:55 left on the clock, Detroit responded as Stafford's completions to Anquan Boldin and Marvin Jones for gains of 16 and 30 yards led to a 51-yard Matt Prater field Document [50] (Title: Charlie Frye) game against the Pittsburgh Steelers, Frye struggled during the first few minutes. Anderson replaced him for the remainder of the game. Anderson remained the starter for the rest of the year and made the Pro Bowl. On September 11, Frye was traded to the Seattle Seahawks for a sixth-round draft pick. He was the Seahawks' third-string quarterback behind Matt Hasselbeck and Seneca Wallace. Frye made his first start of the 2008 season against the Green Bay Packers. An unrestricted free agent following the 2008 season, Frye signed with the Oakland Raiders on June 8, 2009. On December 16, 2009, Raiders Document [51] (Title: 2015 Seattle Seahawks season) the fourth consecutive season, an NFL record. During the game Russell Wilson set two franchise records passing 4,024 yards in a season, topping Matt Hasselbeck's 3,966 yards set in 2007, and passing for 34 touchdowns through the air, surpassing Dave Krieg's 32 touchdowns in 1984. Helping Wilson get the franchise record for passing touchdowns in a season was Doug Baldwin as he was the co-leader for touchdown receptions in the 2015 season with 14 touchdowns. Seattle entered the postseason as the #6 seed in the NFC. The #6 seeded Seahawks traveled to Minnesota to face the #3 seeded Vikings in Document [52] (Title: John Schneider (American football executive)) John Schneider (American football executive) John Schneider (born May 25, 1971) is the general manager for the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League (NFL). Schneider was previously a front office executive for the Washington Redskins, Green Bay Packers, and the Seattle Seahawks in 2000. Schneider served as the Director of Football Operations for the Green Bay Packers from 2008 to 2009. He was the one of the architects that created the Seattle Seahawks roster that eventually went on to win Super Bowl XLVIII and appeared in Super Bowl XLIX. Schneider grew up in Wisconsin and attended high school in Document [53] (Title: 2013 Seattle Seahawks season) Giants quarterback Eli Manning five times and held the team scoreless throughout the entire game. In Seattle's first loss at home since the 2011 season, the team record dropped to 12-3. Amazingly, this would also be Russell Wilson's first home loss in football since his college season with North Carolina State University. With the win, the Seahawks' record improved to 13-3 as they clinched the NFC West and the NFC's #1 seed. The Seahawks would hold homefield advantage for the entirety of the 2013 postseason. Seattle entered the postseason as the #1 seed in the NFC. This was the Seahawks' Document [54] (Title: History of the Seattle Seahawks) the season include Russell Wilson starting all games for Seattle, becoming the first rookie quarterback since Jim Zorn in their inaugural season to do so. Wilson finished the year tying the record for TD passes by a rookie quarterback with 26, a record he shares with Peyton Manning. His three TD runs in the Week 15 game against the Bills was also a franchise record. Wilson received an invitation to the 2013 Pro Bowl, along with RB Marshawn Lynch, OT Russell Okung, C Max Unger, FS Earl Thomas, and KR Leon Washington. In the offseason, the Seahawks looked to bolster Document [55] (Title: History of the Seattle Seahawks) FB Owen Schmitt. The Seahawks also traded for backup QB Charlie Whitehurst during the off season, and RB Marshawn Lynch in Week 5. The team got off to a promising 4-2 start, with Seattle returning two kickoffs for touchdowns in Week 3 for a 27-20 win over the San Diego Chargers and the Seahawks defense causing six sacks of Chicago Bears quarterback Jay Cutler in a Week 5 23-20 win. The team displayed plenty of weaknesses, however, and each of Seattle's losses during the regular season was by no fewer than 15 points. Blowout losses included a two-week stretch against Document [56] (Title: Charlie Whitehurst) the New York Giants. In that game, Whitehurst outscored Jackson's 14 points in the first three quarters by putting up 20 points in the fourth quarter, going 11-for-19, 149 yards, and a 27-yard touchdown pass to Doug Baldwin, securing a 36–25 Seattle victory. Coach Pete Carroll named Whitehurst the starting quarterback until Jackson healed from a pectoral injury, although no official date of Jackson's medical clearance had been released. Whitehurst was named the starter for Week 7 against the Cleveland Browns, because Jackson had suffered a pectoral injury against the Giants. Whitehurst went 12-of-30 for 92 yards, with no touchdowns Document [57] (Title: Dennis Erickson) overall pick in the 1993 NFL Draft, Rick Mirer, and went to John Friesz, whom he recruited to Idaho in 1985. Friesz guided the Seahawks to their second biggest comeback win ever in a game, rallying from 20–0 down at the half after Mirer had started, and took the Seahawks to the final week of the season with an 8–7 record after starting 2–6 and a playoff berth on the line only to lose to Kansas City and finish 8–8. In 1996, the Seahawks finished 7-9, Erickson's worst record with the team. 1997 saw an ownership change in Seattle, in Document [58] (Title: History of the Seattle Seahawks) the head of Broncos QB Peyton Manning, which went into the end zone for a safety 12 seconds into the game. Seattle added two field goals in the first quarter to take an 8-0 lead. After Kam Chancellor intercepted a pass by Manning on the following drive, the Seahawks drove the ball 37 yards capped off by a 1-yard touchdown run by RB Marshawn Lynch to make the score 15-0. On the very next drive, Manning was picked off yet again by LB Malcolm Smith, who returned the interception 69 yards for a touchdown, blowing the game wide open with Document [59] (Title: Alex McGough) the 2017 Gasparilla Bowl against Temple with a fractured collarbone. The Panthers would go on to lose 28-3. McGough was drafted the Seattle Seahawks in the seventh round, 220th overall, of the 2018 NFL Draft. He becomes the first quarterback drafted by the Seahawks since Russell Wilson in 2012. On May 15, 2018, he signed his rookie contract. He was waived on September 1, 2018 and was re-signed to the practice squad. McGough's uncle, Kelly Goodburn, was a NFL punter for the Kansas City Chiefs and the Washington Redskins. His younger brother Shane is an offensive lineman for FIU. Alex Document [60] (Title: Charlie Whitehurst) and one touchdown. He finished the game 22-of-36 and 192 yards. Hasselbeck returned as the starter for the subsequent playoff game. Prior to the 2011 preseason, Whitehurst was named the backup to Tarvaris Jackson, the former Vikings quarterback whom Seattle acquired in the 2011 offseason. However, Jackson and Whitehurst were expected to compete for the starting job once Whitehurst became familiar with the new offensive schemes. Whitehurst went 14-of-19 passing with one touchdown to put Seattle on the board against the Vikings in 2011's second preseason action. Whitehurst took over for an injured Jackson during a Week 5 matchup at Document [61] (Title: Russell Wilson) and Dak Prescott in 2016 (104.9). He threw for 3,118 yards and 26 touchdowns, tying Peyton Manning's record for most touchdowns thrown by a rookie, and rushed for 489 yards and four touchdowns. Wilson's scrambling mobility and ability to extend plays outside the pocket with his legs earned numerous comparisons to Hall of Fame quarterback Fran Tarkenton. Wilson led the Seahawks to the postseason in his rookie year. He made his postseason debut in the NFC Wild Card Round against the Washington Redskins, passing for 187 yards and rushing for 67 yards as the Seahawks rallied for a 24–14 comeback Document [62] (Title: Dave Krieg) pick on another quarterback of the future, Dan McGwire. After breaking his thumb in the season opener, Krieg missed 6 games in 1991. Without a strong supporting cast, Krieg turned in another inconsistent year. The Seahawks finished a disappointing 7-9, leading to the resignation of Coach Knox. Seattle General Manager Tom Flores decided to retain Stouffer and McGwire, and to let Krieg become a free agent. That decision helped doom the Seahawks to several seasons of misery and mediocrity under a succession of uninspired quarterbacks. Krieg signed with the Seahawks' then-division rivals, the Kansas City Chiefs, and started for them Document [63] (Title: 2010 Seattle Seahawks season) Bates joined as the Seahawks offensive coordinator, while Alex Gibbs from the Houston Texans would serve as offensive line coach and assistant head coach. However, weeks before the start of the NFL regular season, Gibbs would suddenly retire from the position, with Carroll's former USC assistant Pat Ruel to take his spot. Wide receiver Nate Burleson, after a 4-year stint with the Seahawks, signed with the Detroit Lions on March 5, 2010, after 24 hours of free agency. Backup quarterback Seneca Wallace, known for his versatility as a wide receiver, was sent to the Cleveland Browns on March 8, 2010 Document [64] (Title: Legion of Boom (Seattle Seahawks)) Marshawn Lynch to run the ball. Lynch lead the league (tied with DeMarco Murray) in running back touchdowns that season and was fourth place in yardage. The Legion of Boom was put into question after the 2017 NFL season, following the release of Richard Sherman and the career ending injury and retirement of Kam Chancellor. Over seven seasons, the Legion of Boom's core consisted of Sherman, Thomas and Chancellor after the departure and arrival of multiple members of the secondary. At the start of the 2018 NFL season, only Thomas remained, but in Week 4, he suffered a season-ending injury Document [65] (Title: 2013 Seattle Seahawks season) the playoffs with their 13–3 record. The Seahawks defeated the New Orleans Saints 23–15 in the Divisional round and the San Francisco 49ers 23–17 in the NFC Championship. In Super Bowl XLVIII, they defeated the Denver Broncos 43–8 for their first Super Bowl victory in franchise history. Notes The Seattle Seahawks kicked off their 2013 campaign with a hard-fought, ugly win over the Carolina Panthers, 12–7. This game marked Russell Wilson's first 300-yard passing game, and Cam Newton's worst career performance, posting 125 yards through the air, a career low. The first quarter ended equal for both teams, as both Document [66] (Title: Dave Krieg) into the Seattle Seahawks Ring of Honor in 2004. Krieg also became part owner of the af2's Green Bay Blizzard in 2007 along with former Green Bay Packer linebacker Brian Noble. Dave Krieg David Michael Krieg ( ; born October 20, 1958) is a former American football quarterback in the National Football League (NFL). He attended Milton College and made the Seattle Seahawks as an undrafted free agent. In his 19-year NFL career, Krieg played for the Seattle Seahawks (1980–1991), the Kansas City Chiefs (1992–1993), the Detroit Lions (1994), the Arizona Cardinals (1995), the Chicago Bears (1996) and the Tennessee Document [67] (Title: Mike Teel) He is currently the head football coach at New Jersey power house, Don Bosco Prep, of which he is an alum. Mike Teel Mike Teel (born January 6, 1986) is a former American football quarterback. He played college football for the Rutgers Scarlet Knights, and was drafted by the Seattle Seahawks in the sixth round of the 2009 NFL Draft. Teel spent time with the Seahawks, New England Patriots, and Chicago Bears in the span of three years. After serving as the quarterbacks coach for the Kean Cougars of Kean University in 2011, he was the quarterbacks coach for Wagner Document [68] (Title: Dan McGwire) McGwire passed for 3,651 yards and in 1990 threw for 3,883 yards and 27 touchdowns and was named First-Team All-Conference and earned the title of Offensive Team Captain and won team MVP honors as a Senior. McGwire was a first-round draft pick (16th overall) to the Seattle Seahawks in 1991 and went on to play for five seasons in the National Football League (NFL), from 1991 to 1995. He played four seasons for the Seahawks and one season for the Miami Dolphins. He was a backup to Dave Krieg in his rookie season but was expected to be the quarterback Document [69] (Title: Russell Wilson) On December 21, 2017, the Seahawks were fined $100,000 for failure to properly apply the concussion protocol on a hit Wilson sustained during the Week 10 win over the Arizona Cardinals. In Week 12, with the win over San Francisco, Wilson became the winningest quarterback in a player’s first six seasons with 63 wins, surpassing Joe Flacco. Next week, with his 15-yard touchdown throw to running back J. D. McKissic, the third of his game, Wilson tied Eli Manning in 2011 for the most fourth quarter touchdowns in a single season with 15. He went 20 for 31 for 227 Document [70] (Title: Dan McGwire) of the future. In his second season, he was underwhelming in the pre-season and was named third-string quarterback behind Stan Gelbaugh and Kelly Stouffer. In 1993, the Seahawks drafted Rick Mirer out of the University of Notre Dame in the first round, seemingly giving up on McGwire. In 1994 after an injury to Mirer, McGwire got the first and only extended playing time of his career. He started three games, in which the team went 1–2, and on the season threw 105 passes, completing 51 of them for 578 yards and one touchdown. The brief playing time did not materialize Document [71] (Title: Sidney Rice) the Seattle Seahawks. The contract guaranteed Rice $18 million over its duration. He was reunited in Seattle with offensive coordinator Darrell Bevell and quarterback Tarvaris Jackson, a member of the Vikings during Rice's tenure there. Rice was placed on injured reserve on November 30, 2011. On October 14, 2012, Rice caught the game-winning touchdown from a 46-yard pass from rookie quarterback Russell Wilson to beat the New England Patriots by a score of 24–23. On December 2, 2012, Rice caught the game-winning touchdown from Russell Wilson in overtime, as the Seahawks edged past the Chicago Bears 23–17 at Soldier Field; Document [72] (Title: 2013 Carolina Panthers season) home in an NFC battle with the Seattle Seahawks. Seattle got on the board first with Steven Hauschka nailing a 27-yard field goal in the second quarter. The Panthers gained the lead when quarterback Cam Newton made a 3-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Steve Smith with 3:13 left in the first half. The Seahawks cut the Panthers lead to one point when Hauschka put through a 40-yard field goal in the third quarter.The Seahawks continued to dominate the second half when quarterback Russell Wilson threw a 43-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Jermaine Kearse in the fourth quarter with Document [73] (Title: Russell Wilson) 17 to finish the season with a 13–3 record, the NFC West title, and the No. 1 seed in the playoffs. Wilson finished the season with 26 touchdown passes, 9 interceptions, and a 101.2 passer rating, becoming the first quarterback in the Super Bowl era to post a 100+ passer rating in each of his first 2 seasons. Wilson was named to his second Pro Bowl on December 27, 2013. On January 19, 2014, Wilson and the Seahawks defeated the San Francisco 49ers in the NFC Championship Game 23–17, advancing to Super Bowl XLVIII. Wilson threw for 206 yards, 2 Document [74] (Title: Dual-threat quarterback) in the pocket or at times scrambling outside the pocket." Luck's mobility was also acclaimed by another NFL head coach, Chip Kelly. Despite early-season reports of a decline in the performance of dual-threat quarterbacks, Russell Wilson rushed for a career-high 849 yards and 6 touchdowns in 2014, leading the Seattle Seahawks to a second consecutive Super Bowl appearance. New dual-threat quarterbacks emerged as starters during 2015 such as Marcus Mariota and Tyrod Taylor. Also in 2015, Cam Newton had a resurgent season, scoring 10 rushing touchdowns en route to a Super Bowl berth. However, as Newton was also successful in Document [75] (Title: Dennis Erickson) which Microsoft co-founder Paul G. Allen purchased the team from then owner Ken Behring and helped pass a referendum for a new stadium to be built, that season, the Seahawks had one of the best passing offenses in the league, only to finish 8–8 after an 0–2 start in which they were outscored 76–17 in two home losses. After the season, Erickson, who had been told by new owner Paul Allen that he would return in 1998 had to fire longtime friend and assistant the special teams coach Dave Arnold and replace him with Pete Rodriguez. With a revamped lineup Document [76] (Title: 2013 Seattle Seahawks season) goal from the Titans, and the win brought their record to 5-1. Playing on Thursday Night Football, the Seahawks easily defeated their division rival behind quarterback Russell Wilson's 235 throwing yards, running back Marshawn Lynch's 91 running yards, and two interceptions from secondary members Brandon Browner and Earl Thomas. The Seahawks defeated the Rams 14-9 in a Monday Night Football thriller. The Rams were successful at limiting the Seahawks offense, holding running back Marshawn Lynch to a season low of only 23 yards and sacking quarterback Russell Wilson seven times. After holding the Rams to a field goal in the Document [77] (Title: Matt Hasselbeck) He led the Seahawks to Super Bowl XL, in which they lost to the Pittsburgh Steelers, and was the starting quarterback for the NFC in the 2006 Pro Bowl. During this season linebacker Lofa Tatupu joined the Seahawks. Lofa's father Mosi had been a teammate of Hasselbeck's father Don during his time with the Patriots. Hasselbeck led the Seahawks to a 4–1 record to start the 2006 season before being seriously injured on Week 7. Minnesota linebacker E. J. Henderson rolled into Hasselbeck's right leg. The result was a second degree MCL sprain, causing Hasselbeck to miss four games. Hasselbeck Document [78] (Title: Dave Krieg) to become the Seahawks' second-string quarterback. When injuries sidelined Jim Zorn late in the season, Krieg started the last three games and played well, helping the team record two of its six wins that year. In his first NFL start against the New York Jets, Krieg ran for one touchdown and threw for two others, including a 57-yard game-winning completion to Steve Largent. Krieg began the strike-shortened 1982 season as the Seahawks' starting quarterback and played respectably until a thumb injury sidelined him for several weeks. Zorn reclaimed his former role, but played inconsistently. When Zorn continued to struggle in Document [79] (Title: Brock Huard) the Dolphins after Kitna threw four interceptions. He first started in game six, but suffered a concussion two games later against the Raiders. On his first game back after the injury, he suffered a season-ending kidney injury against the Broncos. The following year, the Seahawks acquired Matt Hasselbeck and Huard only appeared in one game. Huard was traded to the Indianapolis Colts in 2002, where he was backup to Peyton Manning for two seasons. In 2004, Huard signed to become the third-string quarterback for the Seahawks, but spent the entire 2004 season on injured reserve, his last year in professional Document [80] (Title: 1992 Seattle Seahawks season) the offseason, leaving Seattle with Kelly Stouffer, Stan Gelbaugh and Dan McGwire (brother of Major League Baseball star Mark McGwire) as their three quarterbacks. "Football Outsiders" calls Seattle's 1992 offense "the worst offense in (their ranking system's) history." Seattle's 1,778 passing yards are the fewest in a season by any team during the 1990s. Seattle was so inept that from the first game of the season until their Week 13 overtime win over Denver, they collectively had fewer points scored than punts attempted; for the entire season, the team finished with only slightly more points than punts. Despite their historically Document [81] (Title: 2012 Seattle Seahawks season) take on the #1 seed Atlanta Falcons. The Seahawks fell behind, trailing Atlanta 20–0 at halftime and 27–7 with just over 17 minutes remaining. Seattle scored three touchdowns in the fourth quarter to take the lead 28–27 with 31 seconds left to play. But Matt Ryan quickly completed two long passes, and Matt Bryant kicked a 49-yard field goal to give Atlanta the victory. Russell Wilson's Hail Mary pass on the final play was intercepted by Julio Jones in the end zone (Wilson's only interception in the game), ending Seattle's season. 2012 Seattle Seahawks season The 2012 Seattle Seahawks season Document [82] (Title: History of the Seattle Seahawks) their pass rush through free agency, signing DL Michael Bennett from the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and Cliff Avril of the Detroit Lions. They also acquired WR Percy Harvin in a trade with the Minnesota Vikings for Seattle's first-round draft pick in the 2013 draft. Despite not having a first-round pick, the Seahawks managed to make 11 picks in the draft, including RB Christine Michael in the 2nd round, TE Luke Willson in the 5th round, and OT Michael Bowie in the 7th round. Departures included RB Leon Washington who was released in the offseason, and FB Michael Robinson who was Document [83] (Title: 2009 Seattle Seahawks season) a 2-yard touchdown run from running back Marion Barber. The Seahawks replied with quarterback Matt Hasselbeck completing a 23-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Deion Branch, but Dallas came right back with Romo finding wide receiver Roy Williams on a 7-yard touchdown pass. The Cowboys took a huge lead with Romo's 3-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Miles Austin, followed by wide receiver Patrick Crayton returning a punt 82 yards for a touchdown. In the fourth quarter, Dallas closed out its scoring with a 40-yard field goal from kicker Nick Folk. Seattle tried to rally, but could only muster up Document [84] (Title: Jordan Babineaux) Dallas quarterback and place kick holder Tony Romo, who was scrambling to the end zone with the football after bobbling the snap for what might have been a winning field goal. The tackle stopped Romo inches short of a first down, and about a yard shy of a touchdown. As a result, Seattle took possession on downs and won the game by a score of 21-20 and advanced to the Divisional Round. In September 2007, Babineaux signed a five-year extension to remain with the Seahawks. The deal was worth an aggregate value of between $10-$17 million. While he could have Document [85] (Title: Mike Teel) Mike Teel Mike Teel (born January 6, 1986) is a former American football quarterback. He played college football for the Rutgers Scarlet Knights, and was drafted by the Seattle Seahawks in the sixth round of the 2009 NFL Draft. Teel spent time with the Seahawks, New England Patriots, and Chicago Bears in the span of three years. After serving as the quarterbacks coach for the Kean Cougars of Kean University in 2011, he was the quarterbacks coach for Wagner College in 2012 and departed after one year. In 2014 Teel resumed coaching as a graduate assistant at Rutgers. Teel is Document [86] (Title: Mike Teel) honored as Big East Conference Player of the Year by the New Jersey Sports Writers Association. Teel was drafted by the Seattle Seahawks in the sixth round (178th overall) of the 2009 NFL Draft. During the 2009 preseason, Teel completed 20 of 41 passes (48.8%) for 238 yards and 3 touchdowns. He was listed as Seattle's third quarterback for all 16 games, but did not play at all during the 2009 regular season. After the Seahawks and new head coach Pete Carroll signed J. P. Losman, Teel was waived on May 19, 2010. On May 21, 2010, Teel was claimed Document [87] (Title: History of the Seattle Seahawks) different quarterbacks (first-round pick Dan McGwire, Stan Gelbaugh and Kelly Stouffer). 1992 was also the Seahawks' worst year ever when they finished 2-14 and scoring just 140 points in the regular season. The Seattle offense was historically inept, and the only bright spot for the 1992 season was defensive tackle Cortez Kennedy being declared NFL Defensive Player of the Year. In 1993, the Seahawks drafted Rick Mirer out of the University of Notre Dame with the second pick in the draft, hoping to make him the franchise's quarterback of the future. Mirer looked to be on his way to stardom Document [88] (Title: Bruce Irvin (American football)) reported that the Seattle Seahawks opted to decline the fifth-year, $7.75 million option on Irvin's rookie contract. Defensive coordinator Dan Quinn departed after receiving the head coaching role for the Atlanta Falcons and was replaced by Kris Richard. Richard opted to retain Wagner, Wright, and Irvin as the starting linebacker trio heading into the regular season. On October 18, 2015, Irvin recorded five combined tackles and sacked Carolina Panthers' quarterback Cam Newton twice during a 27-23 loss. He was inactive for the Seahawks' Week 11 win against the San Francisco 49ers after suffering an MCL sprain. Irvin finished the season Document [89] (Title: Darrell Bevell) ultimately drafted him in the third round. Upon selecting Wilson, coach Pete Carroll stated, "It was Bevell's project". The Seahawks also obtained Green Bay Packers back-up quarterback Matt Flynn, who many expected to be the starter. During training camp the quarterback competition was thinned out after Jackson was traded to the Buffalo Bills. In 2012, the Seahawks named Wilson the starting quarterback for the season. The Seahawks finished the season with an 11-5 record, and took 2nd within the NFC West eventually losing in the Divisional round in the playoffs. In Bevell's second year with the Seahawks, offensively they were Document [90] (Title: Richard Sherman (American football)) a touchdown, and a sack. He received an overall grade of 94.3 from Pro Football Focus in 2012. The Seattle Seahawks finished second in the NFC West with an 11-5 record and earned a playoff berth. On January 6, 2013, Sherman started in his first career playoff game as the Seahawks defeated the Washington Redskins 24-14 in the NFC Wildcard Game. The following week, he made three pass deflections as the Seahawks were eliminated from the playoffs following a 30-28 loss at the Atlanta Falcons in the NFC Divisional Round. Sherman and Brandon Browner returned as the starting cornerbacks alongside Document [91] (Title: Brock Huard) the women's basketball team. Huard was selected by the Seahawks in the third round of the 1999 NFL Draft, the 77th overall pick and the seventh quarterback. It was the first draft in Seattle for newly-hired general manager and head coach Mike Holmgren. Huard's first pass attempt in the NFL (pre-season game) resulted in a touchdown. After a season as third-string in 1999, he saw his first game time in 2000 as the backup to Jon Kitna, starting four games and going 49 of 87 with three touchdowns and two interceptions. Huard played in the first game that season against Document [92] (Title: Matt Hasselbeck) New Orleans Saints during wild card weekend. Despite being 11 point underdogs, Hasselbeck had one of the most memorable and clutch performances of his career. He threw for 272 yards, four touchdowns (a franchise postseason record) with one interception coming from a tipped ball, and a 113.03 passer rating, leading the Seahawks to victory over the defending Super Bowl Champion New Orleans Saints. However, Seattle would go on to lose 35–24 in the divisional playoffs against the Chicago Bears. Hasselbeck still played well, however, with over 250 yards passing and three touchdowns. Hasselbeck’s 11 postseason starts as a quarterback rank Document [93] (Title: Super Bowl XLIX) and not allowed any touchdowns in the previous 10 quarters. Their defense ranked first in the NFL in fewest points allowed (254) and their offense was tied at first in rushing yards (2,762). The Seahawks defeated the Carolina Panthers 31–17 in the NFC Divisional playoffs, and then defeated the Green Bay Packers 28–22 in overtime in the NFC Championship Game. Seattle became the first NFC team to advance to consecutive Super Bowls since the 1996–97 Packers in Super Bowls XXXI and XXXII. Quarterback Russell Wilson was back in control of the Seattle offense, completing 63.1 percent of his passes for Document [94] (Title: 2010 Seattle Seahawks season) Charlie Whitehurst was acquired by Seattle on March 18, 2010. Whitehurst competed for the starting job with Matt Hasselbeck. Also, the Seahawks acquired Defensive Ends Chris Clemons and Robert Henderson respectively from the Eagles and Lions. Wide receiver Reggie Williams, a former first round pick with the Jacksonville Jaguars and a former Washington Huskies standout, signed with the Seahawks on April 16, 2010. On the last day of the 2010 NFL Draft, the Seahawks acquired running back LenDale White and defensive tackle Kevin Vickerson from the Tennessee Titans. With the trade, White would have been reunited with his college coach Document [95] (Title: History of the Seattle Seahawks) new head coach Pete Carroll. Pete Carroll took over as the Seahawks head coach in 2010. Thanks to a trade with the Denver Broncos the previous year, the Seahawks had two first-round picks in the draft, which they used to select LT Russell Okung from Oklahoma State University and S Earl Thomas from the University of Texas. Their second-round pick was used to draft WR Golden Tate from Notre Dame University. Among the many roster moves the team made included signing RB Leon Washington, DE Raheem Brock, and WR Mike Williams; releasing WR T. J. Houshmandzadeh, RB Julius Jones and Document [96] (Title: 2015 Seattle Seahawks season) and the Seattle offense racked up 433 yards, five total touchdowns, and no interceptions. After easily handling the Vikings in Minneapolis, the Seahawks traveled to Baltimore to take on the Ravens. Russell Wilson's streak of games with greater than a 135 passer rating continued as he again tied the franchise mark of five touchdown passes to go with zero interceptions. Doug Baldwin's success over the same span also continued as he hauled in three passes for touchdowns. Early in the game, running back Thomas Rawls and safety Kam Chancellor left the game with injuries. With Rawls now out for the Document [97] (Title: Super Bowl XLVIII) most takeaways (39). They were the first team since the 1985 Chicago Bears to lead the league in all three categories. The Seahawks were also the fourth team to lead the NFL in interceptions and fewest passing yards allowed; all four teams reached the Super Bowl. Seattle's defensive line featured defensive ends Cliff Avril and Michael Bennett, both of whom recorded eight sacks. Avril also forced five fumbles, while Bennett recovered three, returning them for 39 yards and a touchdown. Defensive tackle Clinton McDonald also made a big impact with 5.5 sacks, two fumble recoveries, and an interception. Linebacker Bobby Document [98] (Title: Seattle Seahawks) the 2012 Pepsi Max Rookie of the Year award. In the 2013 NFL season, the Seahawks continued their momentum from the previous season, finishing tied with the Denver Broncos for an NFL-best regular season record of 13–3, while earning the NFC's #1 playoff seed. Their 2013 campaign included big wins over the Carolina Panthers, New Orleans Saints, and the San Francisco 49ers. Six Seahawks players were named to the Pro Bowl: Quarterback Russell Wilson, center Max Unger, running back Marshawn Lynch, cornerback Richard Sherman, free safety Earl Thomas, and strong safety Kam Chancellor. However, none of them was able to Document [99] (Title: Jeff Rowe) quarterback behind Carson Palmer and Ryan Fitzpatrick, but did not see any playing time. Rowe began the 2008 season on the team's practice squad and remained there until being signed by the Seattle Seahawks on December 12. Rowe was signed by the Seattle Seahawks on December 16, 2008 after offensive tackle Walter Jones was placed on injured reserve. He spent the offseason with the Seahawks before being waived on September 5, 2009. Rowe was signed to the New England Patriots practice squad on December 9, 2009. He was re-signed to a future contract on January 12, 2010. He was waived Document [100] (Title: 2015 Seattle Seahawks season) 2014. Additionally, the Seahawks failed to win their 3rd consecutive NFC West title after the Cardinals' Week 15 win over the Philadelphia Eagles. During their winning streak, the team clinched a playoff spot with a Week 15 win over the Cleveland Browns. In a five-game winning streak between weeks 10 and 15, quarterback Russell Wilson posted a passer rating of over 120 in each game, the longest such streak in league history. Wilson led the NFL in passer rating for the season. The Seahawks defeated the Minnesota Vikings in the Wild Card round after the Vikings blew a potential game-winning Document [101] (Title: Russell Wilson) victory. In the divisional round against the Atlanta Falcons, Wilson threw for 385 yards and rushed for 60 yards, but the Seahawks lost by a score of 28–30. Wilson was selected as an alternate for the 2013 Pro Bowl, filling in for Matt Ryan. At the Pro Bowl, Wilson threw 8 completions on 10 attempts for 98 yards, 3 touchdowns, and no interceptions for a 147.1 rating. At the end of the season, Wilson earned a bonus of $222,000 through the NFL's Performance-Based Pay program. Wilson's Seahawks opened the 2013 season with the first 4–0 start in franchise history, after Document [102] (Title: Legion of Boom (Seattle Seahawks)) during the 2015 season were: DeShawn Shead, Jeremy Lane, Marcus Burley, Steven Terrell and Kelcie McCray. DeShawn Shead emerged as the starter at right cornerback. The 2016 backups were: veterans Kelcie McCray and Steven Terrell, newcomers Dewey McDonald and Neiko Thorpe, and rookies DeAndre Elliott and Tyvis Powell. Terrell advanced to full-time starter at free safety after Earl Thomas suffered a broken leg during a game. Following the 2011 season, Thomas, Chancellor, and Browner were named to the 2012 Pro Bowl. Thomas also earned AP All-Pro honors. Browner tied for fourth in the NFL with six interceptions. In every year Document [103] (Title: Jimmy Garoppolo) a 101.2 passer rating and had 10 rushing attempts for 9 yards. While Garoppolo did not take any snaps in the Patriots' Super Bowl XLIX victory, he was credited with helping to prepare the Patriots defense for Seattle Seahawks quarterback Russell Wilson. In 2015, Garoppolo appeared in five games in relief roles. He completed 1 of 4 passes for 6 yards on the season. After starting quarterback Tom Brady was suspended by the league for four games for Deflategate, head coach Bill Belichick named Garoppolo the starting quarterback for the first game of the 2016 season, and he was expected Document [104] (Title: 2015 Seattle Seahawks season) threw five touchdown passes (three of them to WR Doug Baldwin). Steelers QB Ben Roethlisberger passed for 456 yards against the Seahawks' defense, which are the most passing yards the Seahawks have ever allowed to an opposing quarterback. With the win, the Seahawks improved to 6–5 and earned their first win of the season against a team with a winning record. The victory was bittersweet, however, as Jimmy Graham suffered an apparent leg injury in the third quarter. It was later revealed that Graham tore the patellar tendon in his knee. The Seahawks announced afterwards that Graham would undergo surgery Document [105] (Title: History of the Seattle Seahawks) seasons. In addition, six Seahawks were named to the 2014 Pro Bowl as a result of their performances: QB Russell Wilson, RB Marshawn Lynch, C Max Unger, CB Richard Sherman, SS Kam Chancellor and FS Earl Thomas. Their first playoff game was played on January 11 against the New Orleans Saints, in a rematch of both the Week 13 regular season game as well as the 2011 Wild Card game. Once again, the Seahawks prevailed on the back of a late rushing touchdown by Marshawn Lynch, and staved off a furious comeback attempt by the Saints to win 23-15. On Document [106] (Title: History of the Seattle Seahawks) playoff game the following season. Then the next week, they faced the Green Bay Packers in the NFC Championship Game. The Seahawks struggled for much of the game, largely due to quarterback Russell Wilson throwing four interceptions. They were shut out in the first half 16-0 and, with five minutes to go in regulation, trailed 19-7. However, Seattle's defense managed to force Green Bay to punt, giving them the ball on their own 31-yard line. Then, in seven plays, Seattle drove 69 yards to score a touchdown and cut their deficit to 19-14 with 2:09 left in regulation. Then they Document [107] (Title: Quarterback U) that it was the school most deserving of the designation Quarterback U. Since 2009, six former USC quarterbacks started in an NFL game: Matt Leinart, Matt Cassell, Carson Palmer, Mark Sanchez, Cody Kessler, and Sam Darnold. Washington quarterbacks have consistently advanced to the NFL, with 16 of the previous 18 starting quarterbacks as of 2012 having started in the NFL. Washington's Pro Football Hall of Fame member Warren Moon is fourth in all-time passing yardage, reflecting his CFL and NFL careers. Other notable alumni include Chris Chandler, Mark Brunell, Damon Huard and Jake Locker. ESPN points to the program's history Document [108] (Title: 2005 Seattle Seahawks season) league in scoring. The offense was led by 7th-year veteran quarterback Matt Hasselbeck, who compiled a career-high and NFC leading 98.2 passer rating, while completing 65.5% of his passes, earning his second trip to the Pro Bowl. Walter Jones and Steve Hutchinson anchored the offensive line at left tackle and guard respectively, and Mack Strong effectively blocked and rushed from the backfield at fullback. Although Seattle's strength was attributed to their offense, they were strong on the defensive side of the ball as well. The Seahawks compiled an NFL-leading 50 Quarterback sacks, with defensive end Bryce Fisher leading the franchise Document [109] (Title: History of the Seattle Seahawks) last year as head coach of the Seahawks. After finishing with a 7-9 record, he resigned to rejoin the Los Angeles Rams. The year also saw Seattle make another bad draft choice in quarterback Dan McGwire, the brother of baseball star Mark McGwire. Widely expected to take over as starting QB, he struggled on the field and ultimately never got that position. The Seahawks held onto McGwire until 1995, then traded him to the Dolphins. Team President/GM Tom Flores assumed the head coaching duties for the 1992 season. Longtime quarterback Dave Krieg was ousted in 1992 and replaced by three Document [110] (Title: Matt Hasselbeck) contended that Henderson could have avoided injuring him. Upon returning he subsequently broke fingers on his non-throwing hand, but continued to lead his team to a 9–7 record and the divisional round of the post-season. The fourth-seeded Seahawks defeated the Dallas Cowboys 21–20 in the wild card round in Seattle, then lost to the top-seeded Chicago Bears in overtime, 27–24. In 2007, Hasselbeck led his team to its fourth consecutive division title and fifth consecutive playoff appearance. He had 3,966 passing yards, 28 touchdowns (both career highs), 62.6% completion percentage, and a 91.4 passer rating. He threw for 229 yards Document [111] (Title: Derek Anderson (American football)) Seahawks for a sixth round draft pick two days later. Named the starting quarterback by Crennel for Week 2, Anderson threw for 328 yards and five touchdowns against the Cincinnati Bengals in his first start. His passer rating for the game was 121.0 as the Browns defeated the Bengals 51–45, solidifying Anderson's role. In the same game, Bengals quarterback Carson Palmer threw for six touchdown passes. It was only the third time in NFL history that two quarterbacks had thrown at least five touchdown passes in the same game. On September 30, Anderson beat the team that drafted him, the Document [112] (Title: Tarvaris Jackson) previously owned by Matt Hasselbeck, who signed with the Tennessee Titans. Despite having a below-average year compared to other quarterbacks in the league, Jackson had the best year of his career, finishing with 3,091 yards passing, throwing 14 touchdowns and 13 interceptions. During the off-season, the Seahawks acquired former Green Bay Packers quarterback Matt Flynn and drafted Wisconsin quarterback Russell Wilson to compete with Jackson for the 2012 starting quarterback position. On August 26, 2012, Jackson was traded to the Buffalo Bills for a conditional seventh round draft pick. The third-string quarterback for the season, Jackson did not see any Document [113] (Title: Russell Wilson) a captain for the Seahawks going into the 2018 season. He started the season with 298 passing yards, three touchdowns, and two interceptions in a 27–24 loss to the Denver Broncos in Week 1. In Week 3, against the Dallas Cowboys, he helped lead the Seahawks to their first victory of the season with 192 passing yards and two touchdowns. In Weeks 5–8, against the Los Angeles Rams, Oakland Raiders, and Detroit Lions, he had three consecutive games with three passing touchdowns. In Week 13, against the San Francisco 49ers, he had 185 passing yards and four touchdowns in the Document [114] (Title: Russell Wilson) and had his first preseason start on August 24 against the Kansas City Chiefs. On August 26, 2012, Wilson was named the starting quarterback for the first regular season game after competing with Matt Flynn and Tarvaris Jackson for the position. On September 9, 2012, Wilson made his regular season debut in a 20–16 loss to the Arizona Cardinals. He had 18 completions on 34 passing attempts for 153 yards, 1 touchdown, and 1 interception. In the third regular season game, the Seahawks won 14–12 against the Green Bay Packers on a controversial hail mary touchdown pass to Golden Tate. Document [115] (Title: History of the Seattle Seahawks) Seahawks won Super Bowl XLVIII by a final score of 43-8. The win marked the Seahawks' first Super Bowl Championship in franchise history. Russell Wilson finished with 206 passing yards and two touchdowns having won the Super Bowl in just his second year in the NFL, while the Seahawks defense logged four takeaways. Malcolm Smith was named Super Bowl MVP thanks in large part to his interception return and a fumble recovery in the second half. Upon returning to Seattle, the Seahawks, in true fashion, put together a parade to thank their fans (The 12th Man) and their city of Document [116] (Title: Jim Zorn) Jim Zorn James Arthur Zorn (born May 10, 1953) is a former American football player and coach in the National Football League. Zorn was a left-handed quarterback, and is best known as the starting quarterback of the Seattle Seahawks for their first eight seasons. He was the quarterbacks coach for the Seattle Seahawks from 2001 until the 2007 season, before being hired by the Washington Redskins to be their head coach starting in the 2008 season. Shortly after being fired following the 2009 season, Zorn was hired as quarterbacks coach of the Baltimore Ravens. Zorn was released as quarterbacks coach Document [117] (Title: 2017 Seattle Seahawks season) first time since that same season. During the season, Russell Wilson broke Eli Manning’s NFL record for most 4th quarter touchdowns in a single season with 18, the previous record was 15. Wilson also led the NFL in touchdown passes with 34. This was Russell Wilson’s first season not making the playoffs. This was also the final season of the original Legion of Boom playing together, as well as the 22nd and last full season under the ownership of Paul Allen, who died in October 2018. Draft trades All undrafted free agents were signed after the 2017 NFL Draft concluded Document [118] (Title: Brady Quinn) linebacker Jovan Belcher, Quinn played arguably his best game as a starter in an emotional 27-21 win over the Carolina Panthers on December 3, completing 19-23 passes for 201 yards and two touchdowns. Quinn was chosen as the AFC Offensive Player of the Week following the game. He also received media attention for his eloquent comments about the circumstances following the game. On April 11, 2013, Quinn signed with the Seattle Seahawks as the backup quarterback to Russell Wilson. He was released on August 31, 2013, during final roster cuts. Quinn had battled all preseason with Tarvaris Jackson for the Document [119] (Title: Carolina Panthers) team led by rookie quarterback Russell Wilson, 16–12. In the 2013 season, the Panthers opened the season at home versus Seattle. They again lost a close game, with the final score 12–7. The Seahawks would go on to win Super Bowl XLVIII. In the 2014 season, once more at Bank of America Stadium, the Seahawks defeated the Panthers in week eight, 13–9. In the divisional round of the playoffs, the Panthers faced Seattle in Seattle, notorious for being a tough opposing field to play in, and lost 31–17. The Seahawks would go on to lose Super Bowl XLIX. In the Document [120] (Title: 2014 Seattle Seahawks season) 2011. This would be the first Super Bowl rematch (Super Bowl opponents in the previous year who face each other again in the current year) since 1997. Although the Broncos would rally in the 4th quarter to send the game into overtime, the Seahawks scored a touchdown in overtime to win. They entered their bye week at 2–1. Percy Harvin had three touchdowns in this game negated by penalties. This was his penultimate game with the Seahawks. The Cowboys defeated the Seahawks 30-23. The Seahawks suffered only their second home loss since Russell Wilson became the starting quarterback at the Document [121] (Title: 2013 Seattle Seahawks season) and returned 58 yards for a pick six, allowing the Seahawks to tie the game and force overtime. The Seahawks would go on to win the game in overtime by a final score of 23-20. With the win, the Seahawks would open the season with a 4-0 record for the first time in franchise history. This would be the first meeting between quarterbacks Russell Wilson and Andrew Luck, who were both selected in the 2012 NFL Draft. Though Wilson and the Seahawks maintained a lead throughout the first three quarters, Luck led the Colts back, taking the lead and never Document [122] (Title: 2011 Seattle Seahawks season) 2011 Seattle Seahawks season The 2011 Seattle Seahawks season was the franchise's 36th season in the National Football League, the 10th playing their home games at CenturyLink Field (formerly known as "Qwest Field") and the second under head coach Pete Carroll. It was the first season in over a decade in which the Seahawks came into the season with a new starting quarterback, as incumbent Matt Hasselbeck left for the Tennessee Titans in free agency. The Seahawks equaled their 7–9 record in 2010, but failed to defend their NFC West division title and missed the playoffs. This year was notable Document [123] (Title: Pete Carroll) coordinator Darrell Bevell after the ending of Super Bowl XLIX. However, Carroll was praised by much of the national media for how he handled the adversity following the game. The Seahawks began the 2015 season by blowing fourth quarter leads to St. Louis, Green Bay, Cincinnati, Carolina, and Arizona. After losing at home on "Sunday Night Football" to the division leading Cardinals, Seattle sat at 4-5. However, Carroll rejuvenated his team enough to win their next five games, putting the Seahawks at 9-5 and clinching a playoff berth. Russell Wilson became the first quarterback to throw 19 or more touchdown Document [124] (Title: Pete Carroll) to a 7-9 record, but it was not enough to secure a playoff spot due to the ascendance of Carroll's old college rival coach Jim Harbaugh and division rival San Francisco 49ers, who finished with a 13-3 record. It was the first season the Seahawks had a starting quarterback other than Matt Hasselbeck in over a decade. In his third season with the Seahawks in 2012, Carroll, along with rookie quarterback Russell Wilson, led the team to an 11-5 record, including going undefeated at home. The 2012 season was Carroll's first winning season for the team. The Seahawks were also Document [125] (Title: 2015 Seattle Seahawks season) QB Colin Kaepernick struggled once again against the vaunted Legion of Boom, going 13-24 with 124 passing yards, 0 passing touchdowns, and 0 interceptions. Seahawks QB Russell Wilson was efficient again, completing 18 passes out of 24 attempts for 235 passing yards with 1 passing touchdown and 2 interceptions. With the win, the Seahawks improved to 3–4. Additionally, Wilson improved to 6–2 against the 49ers (including postseason), extending his winning streak against them to four games. After dominating the 49ers in California, the Seahawks traveled to Dallas to take on the Cowboys. Seattle's only touchdown was a 22-yard pass from Document [126] (Title: Larry Kennan) of the Indianapolis Colts. After two seasons, he was named head coach of the London Monarchs of the World League of American Football. That year, he led the Monarchs to a 9–1 regular season record and captured the inaugural World Bowl title with a 21–0 victory over the Barcelona Dragons. He returned to the NFL in 1992 when he was named the offensive coordinator and quarterbacks coach of the Seattle Seahawks, where he remained through the 1994 season. In 1995, he joined Jim Mora’s staff in New Orleans, where he instructed the Saints tight ends for a year before re-joining Document [127] (Title: 2015 Seattle Seahawks season) dropped to 4–5. This marks the fifth time this season that the Seahawks could not hold on to a 4th quarter lead. After blowing yet another 4th quarter lead, the Seahawks hosted the San Francisco 49ers. Blaine Gabbert was now the 49ers' starting quarterback, replacing Colin Kaepernick, who was placed on IR. Although Marshawn Lynch did not play, the Seahawks relied on Thomas Rawls. He finished the game 255 total yards. All four of the Seahawks' touchdowns were scored by rookies as Tyler Lockett and Thomas Rawls both put up a pair of touchdowns in the win. Again, Russell Wilson Document [128] (Title: 2008 Seattle Seahawks season) over the Jets, the Seahawks closed out the Mike Holmgren era at the University of Phoenix Stadium in a Week 17 NFC West rematch with the Arizona Cardinals. Seattle would get the first quarter lead as running back T. J. Duckett got a 1-yard touchdown run. The Cardinals would take the lead in the second quarter as quarterback Kurt Warner completed a 16-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Jerheme Urban and a 5-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Larry Fitzgerald. The Seahawks tied the game prior to halftime as quarterback Seneca Wallace completed a 30-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Document [129] (Title: 2015 Seattle Seahawks season) year with a broken left ankle, the Seahawks turned to DuJuan Harris. Harris was limited to just 42 rushing yards on 18 carries. With the win, the Seahawks improved to 8–5. Furthermore, the Seahawks' all–time franchise regular season win–loss record improved to 313–312–0. This marks the first time ever in team history that the Seahawks have had an overall winning regular season win–loss record (a win–loss record above .500). After a huge win against the Ravens in Baltimore, the Seahawks returned home to host the Cleveland Browns. Russell Wilson's streak continued: Over the last five games he threw for 19 Document [130] (Title: 2009 Seattle Seahawks season) with the Minnesota Vikings. Seattle trailed early in the second quarter when QB Brett Favre completed three touchdown passes: One to WR Percy Harvin for 23 yards, TE Visanthe Shiancoe for 8 yards and then to WR Bernard Berrian for 3 yards. Then in the third quarter the margin increased as Favre hooked up with WR Sidney Rice on a 7-yard touchdown pass. Then Seattle's kicker Olindo Mare got a 40-yard field goal to avoid a shutout loss. In the fourth quarter the margin increased even further as QB Tarvaris Jackson made a 34-yard touchdown pass to WR Sidney Rice, Document [131] (Title: Matt Hasselbeck) we're gonna score." During the second overtime possession for the Seahawks, Hasselbeck threw an interception to Packers defensive back Al Harris which was returned 52 yards down the sideline for a touchdown. It gave Green Bay a 33–27 overtime victory. In 2004, Hasselbeck won the 2004 NFL Quarterback Challenge. He also led Seattle to their first NFC West title since realignment in 2002. In 2005, Hasselbeck had one of his most productive career performances, earning the highest passer rating in the NFC, and leading the Seahawks to the playoffs for the third consecutive year while clinching the NFC's top seed. Document [132] (Title: John Schneider (American football executive)) roster transactions, including trading for Marshawn Lynch. On February 2, 2014, the Seahawks won Super Bowl XLVIII, their first championship in their existence. Of those on the championship roster, only Max Unger, Red Bryant, Jon Ryan and Brandon Mebane were Seahawks prior to Schneider's arrival in Seattle. Schneider and Seattle followed their Super Bowl win with another NFC Championship, but lost to New England in Super Bowl XLIX. In 2015, the Seahawks clinched a wild card berth, but fell in the NFC Divisional Round to the Panthers. Schneider signed a 5-year contract extension with the Seahawks in July 2016 that Document [133] (Title: 2016–17 NFL playoffs) Deion Jones. Ryan finished as the game's leading passer with 26 completions on 37 attempts for 338 yards and three touchdowns. Freeman rushed for 40 yards and a touchdown, while also catching four passes for 80 yards and a touchdown. Wilson threw for 225 yards, two touchdowns and two interceptions, and also finished as the Seahawks' leading rusher with 49 yards. Hester returned five kickoffs for 198 yards. New England's defense intercepted Houston three times, while running back Dion Lewis scored three touchdowns – one rushing, one receiving and one kickoff return – as the Patriots advanced to the AFC Document [134] (Title: History of the Seattle Seahawks) was injured in Week 7 and Hasselbeck became the starting QB. He ended the season on a 3-game winning streak, and Shaun Alexander led the NFC with 18 touchdowns. But the team finished with a 7-9 record and rumblings began over whether Holmgren was up to having dual roles as de facto general manager and head coach. Before the 2003 season, Holmgren relinquished his general manager duties so that he could concentrate exclusively on coaching the team. This move was especially hard for Holmgren as one of the factors for him leaving Green Bay was to step out of the Document [135] (Title: History of the Seattle Seahawks) six plays worth 87 yards in 3:19, capped off with a 35-yard touchdown pass from Russell Wilson to Jermaine Kearse, who had been Wilson's intended target on all four of Seattle's interceptions. The final score was Seattle 28, Green Bay 22. Thus Seattle became the first defending champion since the 2004 New England Patriots to return to the Super Bowl the next season. They also became the first NFC team since the 1997 Green Bay Packers to repeat as NFC Champions, the first team to go to consecutive Super Bowls as the #1 seed in the playoffs since the 1990–1991 Document [136] (Title: Jeff George) Seahawks in late 2002 as an emergency quarterback. In 2004, after two years away from the game, the Chicago Bears became the seventh NFL team to employ George, signing him to a one-year contract in November for a partial season backup role, but he never took the field during a game, and was not retained by the Bears for the 2005 season, and was not signed by any team. The Detroit Lions worked him out during their bye week in the event they needed another quarterback; however, George was not offered a contract. On August 28, 2006, the Oakland Raiders Document [137] (Title: Brett Hundley) Brett Hundley Brett Alan Hundley Jr. (born June 15, 1993) is an American football quarterback for the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the UCLA Bruins, where he was the school's career leader in both total offense and touchdown passes. He was drafted by the Green Bay Packers in the fifth round of the 2015 NFL Draft, and started nine games for them in 2017 following an injury to Aaron Rodgers. Hundley attended Chandler High School in Chandler, Arizona, where he played high school football for the Wolves football team. As a junior, Document [138] (Title: Matt Flynn) starting quarterback Tarvaris Jackson and 2012 NFL draft third round pick Russell Wilson for the starting quarterback position. When Wilson was named the starter, it made Flynn and his contract expendable. On April 2, 2013, the Seahawks traded Flynn to the Oakland Raiders for a 2014 5th round pick and a conditional 2015 draft pick. He was brought in to compete with 2013 NFL draft fourth round pick Tyler Wilson and 2011 NFL draft supplemental third round pick Terrelle Pryor for the starting quarterback position, with Pryor winning the starting job in preseason. He was assigned number 15. Flynn relieved Document [139] (Title: Jeff Graham (quarterback)) string quarterback behind Stan Gelbaugh and Kelly Stouffer. Graham was on and off with the Seahawks through the 1994 season bouncing between the practice squad and inactive roster. Graham's last year in the NFL came with the Oakland Raiders for the 1995 season. Once Jeff Hostetler was placed on injured reserve in December Graham was promoted to the third-string quarterback position. He was not retained for the 1996 season Jeff Graham (quarterback) Jeff Graham (born February 5, 1966) is a former American football quarterback who played five seasons in the National Football League with the San Diego Chargers, Seattle Seahawks Document [140] (Title: Trevone Boykin) Trevone Boykin Trevone Dequan Boykin (born August 22, 1993) is an American football quarterback who is currently a free agent. He played college football at Texas Christian University (TCU), and was signed by the Seattle Seahawks as an undrafted free agent in 2016. Boykin attended West Mesquite High School in Mesquite, Texas, where he was a letterman in football and track. In football, Boykin rushed for 1,380 yards with 24 scores on the ground and completed 53.2 percent (116-of-218) of his pass attempts for 1,666 yards and 10 touchdowns through the air as a junior. He was named district MVP Document [141] (Title: Super Bowl XLVIII) states of the Seahawks and Broncos (Washington and Colorado, respectively) were the first two states to legalize marijuana for recreational use, during the fall 2012 elections. Seattle finished the season 13–3, winning the NFC West division and home-field advantage throughout the playoffs. The team scored 417 points during the season, while giving up 231. The offense was led by second-year quarterback Russell Wilson, a third-round draft pick who won the starting role after a three-way quarterback competition in training camp and went on to win a playoff game in his rookie season with the Seahawks. In his second season, he Document [142] (Title: Russell Wilson) five passing touchdown performance. His strong performance over the second half of the season, even after losing star running back Marshawn Lynch and tight end Jimmy Graham, led many analysts to consider Wilson an MVP candidate. Wilson broke numerous Seahawks single season passing records in 2015, including most passing yards (4,024), most passing touchdowns (34), and highest passer rating (110.1). He became the first Seahawks quarterback to throw for over 4,000 yards in a season, and finished the year with the highest passer rating in the NFL. Wilson's 51.7% deep ball completion percentage was the highest among NFL quarterbacks. On Document [143] (Title: 2010 Seattle Seahawks season) 2009). On April 29, 2010, Four-time All-Pro Left Tackle Walter Jones also announced his retirement after a 13-year career during which he became a cornerstone of the Seattle Seahawks organization. During training camp, the Seahawks continued to cut ties with many players. Former first-round pick Lawrence Jackson, who Carroll coached with at USC, was traded to the Detroit Lions for a 6th round pick. The previous year's starters including FB Owen Schmitt and WR T. J. Houshmandzadeh were released from the team. DB Josh Wilson was traded to Baltimore for a conditional fifth round pick. Former San Diego Chargers quarterback Question: who are the quarterbacks for the seattle seahawks Answer: Russell Wilson Long Answer: Season Quarterback (s) Ref (s) Krieg, Dave! Dave Krieg (2--1) 1984 Krieg, Dave! Dave Krieg (1--1) Krieg, Dave! Dave Krieg (0--1) 1988 Krieg, Dave! Dave Krieg (0--1) 1999 Kitna, Jon! Jon Kitna (0--1) 2003 Hasselbeck, Matt! Matt Hasselbeck (0--1) Hasselbeck, Matt! Matt Hasselbeck (0--1) 2005 Hasselbeck, Matt! Matt Hasselbeck (2--1) 2006 Hasselbeck, Matt! Matt Hasselbeck (1--1) 2007 Hasselbeck, Matt! Matt Hasselbeck (1--1) Hasselbeck, Matt! Matt Hasselbeck (1--1) 2012 Wilson, Russell! Russell Wilson (1--1) 2013 Wilson, Russell! Russell Wilson (3--0) 2014 Wilson, Russell! Russell Wilson (2--1) 2015 Wilson, Russell! Russell Wilson (1--1) 2016 Wilson, Russell! Russell Wilson (1--1) Gold Document ID: 141

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Russell Wilson) Seattle Children's Hospital. In August 2016, Wilson's Why Not You Foundation presented a check for $1,060,005 to Seattle Children's Hospital for its Strong Against Cancer initiative. Russell Wilson Russell Carrington Wilson (born November 29, 1988) is an American football quarterback for the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League (NFL). Wilson played college football for the University of Wisconsin during the 2011 season, in which he set the single-season FBS record for passing efficiency (191.8) and led the team to a Big Ten title and the 2012 Rose Bowl. Wilson also played football and baseball for North Carolina State University Document [2] (Title: Russell Wilson) Russell Wilson Russell Carrington Wilson (born November 29, 1988) is an American football quarterback for the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League (NFL). Wilson played college football for the University of Wisconsin during the 2011 season, in which he set the single-season FBS record for passing efficiency (191.8) and led the team to a Big Ten title and the 2012 Rose Bowl. Wilson also played football and baseball for North Carolina State University from 2008 to 2010 before transferring to Wisconsin. He played minor league baseball for the Tri-City Dust Devils in 2010 and the Asheville Tourists in 2011 Document [3] (Title: Trevone Boykin) In his first preseason game against the Kansas City Chiefs, Boykin completed 16 of 26 passes for 188 yards and one touchdown. He led an 88-yard game-winning drive that was capped off with a 37-yard pass to Tanner McEvoy as time expired. The Seahawks would go on to win, 17–16. Heaps was waived following the preseason, leaving Boykin as the lone backup quarterback on the roster. Boykin threw his first regular season NFL touchdown pass (16 yards to Doug Baldwin) on September 25, 2016, at home against the San Francisco 49ers in the fourth quarter. Boykin had entered the game Document [4] (Title: Trent Dilfer) 2001) wild-card hopes ended when the Ravens beat the Minnesota Vikings 19–3 on Monday Night Football. At the end of the season, Dilfer's passer rating was 92.0 and he had won 15 straight starts. Partially because the Seattle Seahawks' starting quarterback, Hasselbeck, was coming off a season where he went 5–7 as a starter and threw eight interceptions and seven touchdowns, Dilfer was re-signed by the team to a four-year deal on March 1, and was slated as the starter heading into training camp. However, in an exhibition game against Indianapolis, Dilfer sprained his medial collateral ligament in his right Document [5] (Title: Tarvaris Jackson) injury and missed the rest of the season. On March 3, 2011, the Vikings declined to tender Jackson a contract offer to play for them in the 2011 season. Under league rules, Jackson became an unrestricted free agent. Jackson officially signed a two-year contract with Seattle Seahawks on July 29, 2011 and was announced as the starting quarterback shortly after. In Seattle, he had been reunited with offensive coordinator Darrell Bevell and wide receiver Sidney Rice both members of the Vikings during his time there. Along with wide receiver Mike Williams, Jackson was appointed to offensive team captain, which was Document [6] (Title: 2006 Seattle Seahawks season) NFL Draft to the Patriots. After a low-scoring victory in Detroit, the Seahawks played their Week 2 home-opener against their fellow NFC West rival, the Arizona Cardinals. Unlike Game 1, Seattle's offense got off to a strong start, as RB Shaun Alexander got a 2-yard TD run, while QB Matt Hasselbeck completed a 49-yard TD pass to WR Darrell Jackson. That's how the rest of the first half would end up. In the third quarter, the score of the period was Arizona kicker Neil Rackers completed a 43-yard field goal. In the fourth quarter, the Seahawks got a 1-yard TD Document [7] (Title: 2012 Seattle Seahawks season) "Action Green". The uniforms incorporate "feather trims", twelve feathers printed on the neckline and down each pant leg to represent the "12th Man", referring to the team's fans. Notes With the loss, the Seahawks started their season 0–1. After facing the Cardinals on the road, the Seahawks returned home for a home game against the Cowboys. The game went very well for the Seahawks as the team improved to 1–1. This is also the first win for rookie QB Russell Wilson. The game had a controversial ending when Seattle quarterback Russell Wilson threw a Hail Mary pass to the endzone Document [8] (Title: 2015 Seattle Seahawks season) was efficient, going 24–29 with 260 passing yards and 3 passing touchdowns. With the win, the Seahawks improved to 5–5. Additionally, Wilson improved to 7–2 against the 49ers (including postseason), extending his winning streak against them to five games. After handling the 49ers at home, the Seahawks hosted the Pittsburgh Steelers for the first time since the 2003 season. Richard Sherman, who has not intercepted a pass in the first 12 games of the season, recorded his first in the third quarter. The game was a shootout as Russell Wilson, playing on his 27th birthday, passed for 345 yards and Document [9] (Title: 2012 Seattle Seahawks season) 2012 Seattle Seahawks season The 2012 Seattle Seahawks season was the franchise's 37th season in the National Football League and the third under head coach Pete Carroll. The Seahawks had a three quarterback competition with Tarvaris Jackson, Matt Flynn, and Russell Wilson. Jackson was traded to the Bills, and Wilson won the job. The Seahawks improved upon their record of 7–9 from last season and had their first winning season since 2007. The team was 4–0 during the preseason, and during the regular season, their 11 victories was the third best in franchise history. The Seahawks went undefeated at home Document [10] (Title: Russell Wilson) was voted Seahawks offensive captain for the fifth consecutive season. In Week 3, in a 33–27 loss to the Tennessee Titans, he was 29 of 49 for 373 passing yards and four passing touchdowns. In Week 8 against the Houston Texans, Wilson posted an astounding performance, going 26 of 41 for a career-high 452 passing yards and 4 touchdowns in a matchup where both him and Deshaun Watson each threw over 400 yards. Wilson also rushed for 30 yards, totaling 482 yards of offense in the 41–38 victory. With his strong performance, Wilson earned NFC Offensive Player of the Week. Document [11] (Title: Kelly Stouffer) the first undergraduate to earn that degree via the college's distance learning program. Kelly Stouffer Kelly Wayne Stouffer, (born July 6, 1964), is a former American football quarterback in the NFL. He spent most of his career with the Seattle Seahawks from 1988–1992. He graduated from Rushville High School in Rushville, Nebraska and attended Colorado State University. He is a television color analyst for college football games on ESPN/ABC, and was formerly with the NFL on FOX, Versus, MountainWest Sports Network and Minnesota Vikings pre-season games. At the conclusion of his collegiate career, he achieved notoriety when, after being selected Document [12] (Title: Trevone Boykin) midway through the third quarter, with the game already largely in hand, after starter Russell Wilson suffered an MCL sprain. The Seahawks won the game, 37-18. As a rookie in 2016, Boykin appeared in five games and finished the year with 145 passing yards with a touchdown and an interception. Boykin entered the 2017 preseason competing with Austin Davis to backup Wilson. Although Boykin started his preseason well, he threw 4 interceptions in his final 2 games while Davis threw no picks during preseason. On September 2, 2017, Boykin was waived, officially losing the job to Davis, and was signed Document [13] (Title: 2016–17 NFL playoffs) Seahawks and their first trip to the NFC Championship since 2012. On the game's opening possession, Seattle mounted a 14-play, 81-yard drive that lasted 8:36; Russell Wilson completed all four of his passes for 40 yards and rushed for 16 yards on the drive, eventually finding tight end Jimmy Graham for a seven-yard touchdown. Atlanta responded with their own 13-play, 75-yard drive on their first possession and tied the game with Matt Ryan's 7-yard touchdown pass to Julio Jones on the second play of the second quarter. Devin Hester returned the ensuing kickoff 50 yards to the Seattle 45-yard line Document [14] (Title: Russell Wilson) as a second baseman. Wilson was selected by the Seahawks with the 12th pick in the third round (75th overall) of the 2012 NFL Draft. In 2012, he tied Peyton Manning's record for most passing touchdowns by a rookie (26) and was named the Pepsi NFL Rookie of the Year. In 2013, he led the Seahawks to their first ever Super Bowl victory in Super Bowl XLVIII over the Denver Broncos, and in 2014, led them to a second straight Super Bowl berth. Wilson has won more games (65) than any other NFL quarterback in his first six seasons, and Document [15] (Title: 1993 Seattle Seahawks season) 1993 Seattle Seahawks season The 1993 Seattle Seahawks season was the team's 18th in the National Football League (NFL). Playing under head coach and general manager Tom Flores, the team finished with a 6–10 win–loss record in the American Football Conference (AFC) West and missed the playoffs for the fifth straight season. In the first round of the 1993 NFL Draft, Seattle selected quarterback Rick Mirer, who became their starter for the 1993 season. At the end of the season, running back Chris Warren, defensive tackle Cortez Kennedy, and safety Eugene Robinson were selected to play for the AFC in Document [16] (Title: Tarvaris Jackson) Jackson appeared in 3 games of the 2013 regular season producing 151 passing yards and a touchdown. During Super Bowl XLVIII against the Denver Broncos, Jackson came in relief of Russell Wilson during the 4th quarter, marking the first time in 13 years any backup quarterback has played in a Super Bowl. The Seahawks won their first Super Bowl in franchise history as they defeated the Broncos 43–8. Following the season, Jackson signed a 1-year deal to stay with the Seahawks. The Seahawks made it to Super Bowl XLIX, but failed to repeat as Super Bowl champions as they fell Document [17] (Title: 2013 Seattle Seahawks season) That claim was later justified by NBC analyst Cris Collinsworth. The Niners took advantage and drove to the Seattle 10-yard line. However, on third down, Earl Thomas intercepted a Colin Kaepernick pass, and Seattle regained possession. A few plays later, Russell Wilson was intercepted by rookie Eric Reid, and the tug of war continued into the second quarter. All was quiet until midway through the second quarter, where fullback Bruce Miller was caught holding in the endzone, the result of which was a safety, and a Seattle 2–0 lead. Later on, defensive end Cliff Avril strip sacked Kaepernick and K. Document [18] (Title: Ted Thompson) Seattle, the Seahawks advanced to the playoffs twice. In 2005, following Thompson's departure to the Packers, the Seahawks had one of their best success in team history, reaching the Super Bowl. Many of the players on Seattle's Super Bowl team were acquired under Thompson's direction, including HB Shaun Alexander, WR Darrell Jackson, OG Steve Hutchinson, CB Marcus Trufant, and K Josh Brown, In an interview with Mike Holmgren in 2009, Holmgren noted that "Once Ted Thompson came on board and we settled down a little bit, we started making good decisions." Thompson replaced Mike Sherman as general manager of the Document [19] (Title: 2016 Seattle Seahawks season) Pete Carroll's first return to Boston since 1999 after he got fired from the Patriots organization. Sunday Night Football featured a Divisional Playoff rematch from 2015 as the Seattle Seahawks faced the Carolina Panthers in CenturyLink field. Russell Wilson threw for 277 yards with one touchdown and one interception while Cam Newton was held to 182 yards and one touchdown. This was the first time that Seattle had scored 40 points in a regular season game since the 2013 season. Seattle improved their record to 8-3-1 of season. The win was not without cost, however, as star safety Earl Thomas Document [20] (Title: Brady/Belichick Era) the 4th quarter, Brady led the Patriots on two touchdown drives against the number 1 scoring defense in the Seattle Seahawks, dubbed the Legion of Boom. Brady capped off his comeback by throwing a touchdown pass to Julian Edelman with just over two minutes remaining in regulation. On the ensuing Seahawks drive, quarterback Russell Wilson threw a deep pass to wide receiver Jermaine Kearse that was initially deflected by cornerback Malcolm Butler. However, Kearse juggled the ball on his chest and caught it, giving Seattle a first down on the 5 yard line. Color commentator Cris Collinsworth compared the acrobatic Document [21] (Title: Mike Reilly (quarterback)) Seahawks. Reilly played three seasons for Kamiakin High School in Kennewick, Washington, before relocating to Kalispell, Montana. As a senior, he set a Flathead High School record with 2,280 yards. He originally signed with NAIA Montana Tech, but chose to walk on at Central Washington. Reilly was a co-runner-up for the Harlon Hill Trophy, which is presented to the nation’s top Division II football player, as a senior. He threw a touchdown pass in all 46 games of his college career, giving him the NCAA all-divisions record for consecutive games with a touchdown pass. This record would be tied in Document [22] (Title: Stan Gelbaugh) Gelbaugh did not want to return anyway, citing the stress of two seasons in one year as too much. Gelbaugh joined the Seahawks for the 1992 season, planning to be the third-string quarterback behind Dan McGwire and Kelly Stouffer. His first appearance came in relief of McGwire in week 7 against the Dallas Cowboys, but he threw an interception that was returned for a touchdown, and the Seahawks lost 27-0. With McGwire on injured reserve and Stouffer injured, Gelbaugh got the start the following week against the Los Angeles Raiders, but the Seahawks were shut out for the second consecutive Document [23] (Title: History of the Seattle Seahawks) Seattle took a 17-3 lead going into halftime, but the Broncos rallied in the fourth quarter to tie the game at 20-20. The game went into overtime, where Seattle scored a touchdown to win 26-20. After a bye in Week 4, they defeated the Redskins at Washington 27-17 on Monday Night Football. The following week, they suffered a 30-23 loss at home to the Dallas Cowboys, only their second home loss (including playoffs) since Russell Wilson became quarterback. After that, they traveled to St. Louis to face their divisional rival, the Rams, where they suffered their third loss of the Document [24] (Title: 2013 NFL season) relationship with team owner Daniel Snyder. Shanahan was fired after the season ended. Russell Wilson the second-year quarterback of the Super Bowl champion Seahawks led all NFL players in terms of total licensed product sales (jerseys, T-shirts, figurines, photos, etc.) made from March 2013 through February 2014. The top six players on the list were quarterbacks, including, in order, Peyton Manning (who held the top spot the previous year), Colin Kaepernick, Robert Griffin III, Aaron Rodgers and Tom Brady. The only non-quarterback in the top 10 was Wilson's Seahawks teammate, running back Marshawn Lynch. Legendary Hall of Fame defensive lineman Document [25] (Title: Vernon Adams) in order to graduate from Eastern Washington University. On August 13, 2015, he passed the math class to graduate from Eastern Washington and officially joined the Oregon Ducks. After just two weeks on campus, Adam's was named the starting quarterback on August 28. His first start came against his former team, Eastern Washington. Adams started 10 games and passed for 2,643 yards, 26 touchdowns and six interceptions. <br> Adams went undrafted in the 2016 NFL Draft. After the draft, he accepted an invitation to attend the Seattle Seahawks rookie mini-camp on a tryout basis. However, after the mini-camp was finished, Document [26] (Title: Tarvaris Jackson) . In 2011, Jackson signed with the Seahawks and was starting quarterback for the 2011 season. Jackson was then traded to the Bills before the 2012 NFL season but never played a game. Jackson returned to the Seahawks in 2013. He was the backup quarterback for Russell Wilson during Super Bowl XLVIII over the Denver Broncos. Jackson was born and raised in Montgomery, Alabama, and graduated from Sidney Lanier High School of Montgomery in 2001. Jackson then enrolled at the University of Arkansas and played three games for the Arkansas Razorbacks football team as a freshman but suffered a season-ending Document [27] (Title: Erik Meyer) starting quarterback for the Cologne Centurions of NFL Europa before the league folded. He completed 141 of 205 passes for 1,612 yards, 13 touchdowns and 6 interceptions. He also rushed for 138 yards and 1 touchdown. Meyer was signed by the Seattle Seahawks in July 2007. He competed against third-string Seahawk quarterback David Greene and free agent Derek Devine for the third-string job. Meyer was cut by the Seahawks on August 28, 2007. On March 24, 2008, Meyer was signed by the Oakland Raiders. He was waived on June 25, 2008 to make room for Sam Keller. On February 24, Document [28] (Title: History of the Seattle Seahawks) while their new stadium was being built. The Seahawks drafted RB Shaun Alexander in 2000 as their RB of the future. The move to Husky Stadium could not halt the Seahawks' decline, as they finished a disappointing 6-10. Holmgren then traded for Green Bay Packers backup QB Matt Hasselbeck and made him the starting QB. But Hasselbeck struggled in the first half of the 2001 season compiling a 5-7 record. Hasselbeck was replaced by former Super Bowl winner Trent Dilfer who steadied the ship and led the Seahawks to a 9-7 finish and a narrow playoff miss in the team's Document [29] (Title: Kelly Stouffer) Kelly Stouffer Kelly Wayne Stouffer, (born July 6, 1964), is a former American football quarterback in the NFL. He spent most of his career with the Seattle Seahawks from 1988–1992. He graduated from Rushville High School in Rushville, Nebraska and attended Colorado State University. He is a television color analyst for college football games on ESPN/ABC, and was formerly with the NFL on FOX, Versus, MountainWest Sports Network and Minnesota Vikings pre-season games. At the conclusion of his collegiate career, he achieved notoriety when, after being selected by the St. Louis Cardinals in the first round of the 1987 NFL Document [30] (Title: History of the Seattle Seahawks) by a score of 38-14 pulling their record to 7-7. But, the Seahawks lost a home game against San Francisco 19-17 and then lost at Arizona in OT. So, the team finished 7-9 which, unlike the previous year, wasn't enough to get them into the playoffs. During the offseason, the Seahawks changed their logo and uniforms. The team signed former Green Bay Packers backup quarterback Matt Flynn to replace departing quarterback Tarvaris Jackson, and also drafted rookie QB Russell Wilson as the 75th pick in the third round of the 2012 NFL Draft. Though Flynn was signed with the intention Document [31] (Title: Jim Zorn) franchise's most-efficient passer (85.1 rating) while joining Zorn as the only Seahawks’ quarterback to pass for 3,000-plus yards in three consecutive seasons. In 2007 under Zorn, Hasselbeck set Seattle single-season marks for attempts (562), completions (352) and yards (3,966). He also threw for a career-high 28 touchdowns en route to his third Pro Bowl selection. After two seasons as head coach of the Washington Redskins, Zorn was hired in 2010 by the Baltimore Ravens as their quarterbacks coach to replace Hue Jackson, who departed to the Oakland Raiders. Under Zorn, quarterback Joe Flacco reached career high totals in touchdowns (25) Document [32] (Title: Jim Zorn) Cowboys' director of player personnel the previous year. He would become a star starting QB for the Seahawks in their early days from 1976–83, before his position was taken by Dave Krieg and he was demoted to second-string quarterback midway through the 1983 season. He held second-string/backup quarterback positions with the Seahawks (1983–84), the Packers (1985), the Winnipeg Blue Bombers of the Canadian Football League (1986), and the Buccaneers (1987), before retiring following the 1987 NFL season. After spending a year out of football, he signed as a free agent with the Seattle Seahawks in 1976. Zorn is closely associated Document [33] (Title: Pete Carroll) game on the road against the Washington Redskins and fellow rookie quarterback Robert Griffin III, 24-14. Seattle lost the following week in the Divisional Round to the Atlanta Falcons at the Georgia Dome by a score of 30-28. The Seattle Seahawks 2013 season began with four consecutive preseason wins, and odds-makers had distinguished them as the favorite in the NFC. The regular season began with a 12-7 victory at Carolina. The prior year's NFC Champions and divisional rival, the San Francisco 49ers, were blown out by the Seahawks, 29–3. Winning out September, they visited the Colts in Indianapolis and suffered Document [34] (Title: Gale Gilbert) teams and competed in the 2010 BCS National Championship Game with the former. Gilbert is also the father of Texas Christian University Horned Frogs freshman tight end Griffin Gilbert. Gale Gilbert Gale Reed Gilbert (born December 20, 1961) is a former American football quarterback who played eight seasons in the NFL for the Seattle Seahawks, Buffalo Bills, and the San Diego Chargers. Gilbert is the only player in NFL history to be on five consecutive Super Bowl teams, none of which were won. Gilbert was the catcher for a baseball team from Red Bluff, California, which played in the 1974 Document [35] (Title: Jon Kitna) Jon Kitna Jon Kelly Kitna (born September 21, 1972) is an American football coach and former quarterback. After playing college football for Central Washington University, he signed with the Seattle Seahawks in 1996 and was allocated to the Barcelona Dragons of NFL Europe in 1997. He led the Dragons to a World Bowl championship, and became the starting quarterback for the Seahawks in 1998 after spending the 1997 and most of the 1998 seasons as the backup to Warren Moon. Following a four-year stint with Seattle, Kitna signed with the Cincinnati Bengals in 2001. He played for the Bengals from Document [36] (Title: Jon Kitna) and is the team's back-up quarterback as a freshman. Jon Kitna Jon Kelly Kitna (born September 21, 1972) is an American football coach and former quarterback. After playing college football for Central Washington University, he signed with the Seattle Seahawks in 1996 and was allocated to the Barcelona Dragons of NFL Europe in 1997. He led the Dragons to a World Bowl championship, and became the starting quarterback for the Seahawks in 1998 after spending the 1997 and most of the 1998 seasons as the backup to Warren Moon. Following a four-year stint with Seattle, Kitna signed with the Cincinnati Document [37] (Title: Russell Wilson) height. That might be the reason he's not picked in the first couple rounds." On April 27, 2012, Wilson was selected by the Seattle Seahawks in the third round (75th pick overall) of the draft. He was the sixth quarterback to be selected that year. The Seahawks received significant criticism for their selections in the 2012 draft, and for picking Wilson in particular, as the Seahawks had just signed free agent Matt Flynn. Wilson signed a four-year, $2.99 million contract with the Seahawks on May 7, 2012. He made his preseason debut against the Tennessee Titans on August 11, 2012 Document [38] (Title: Rick Mirer) Hall of Fame. Mirer was selected with the second overall pick in the 1993 draft by the Seattle Seahawks. He signed a five-year, $15 million contract. In his rookie year under head coach Tom Flores, he set all-time NFL rookie records for attempts, completions and yards (excluding rookies such as Jim Kelly, Warren Moon, or Dieter Brock, who all had several years of professional experience prior to the NFL), and became only the 3rd rookie quarterback since 1970 to start all of his team's games. He finished his rookie season 5th in the AFC with 274 completions and 2833 yards. Document [39] (Title: 2006 Seattle Seahawks season) took the lead with QB Tony Romo completing a 13-yard TD pass to WR Patrick Crayton before halftime. In the third quarter, the Seahawks regained the lead with QB Matt Hasselbeck completing a 15-yard TD pass to TE Jerramy Stevens. However, following the touchdown drive, the Cowboys marched right back into the lead as WR Miles Austin returned a kickoff 93 yards for a touchdown. In the fourth quarter, Dallas increased its lead with Gramática kicking a 29-yard field goal. Later, Seattle retook the lead with a safety off a Terry Glenn fumble from a hit by rookie CB Kelly Document [40] (Title: Darrell Bevell) not retained as the offensive coordinator by new Vikings head coach Leslie Frazier, and was replaced by Bill Musgrave. On January 21, 2011, Seattle Seahawks head coach Pete Carroll hired Bevell to become the new offensive coordinator after firing Jeremy Bates due to "offensive philosophy difference". The following season, the Seahawks finished 7-9, failing to defend their NFC West title or make the playoffs, while Bevell's offense was 28th in the league. Looking to upgrade from quarterback Tarvaris Jackson, Bevell scouted Wisconsin senior Russell Wilson. He was one of only a few scouts to attend Wilson's pro-day, and the Seahawks Document [41] (Title: Legion of Boom (Seattle Seahawks)) the league with eight interceptions. Seattle finished the season with the most interceptions in the NFL. Sherman and Thomas were named first-team AP All-Pro, while Chancellor was named to the second team. Sherman, Chancellor, and Thomas were also named to the 2014 Pro Bowl, but did not play due to the Seahawks playing in Super Bowl XLVIII. In their rout of the Denver Broncos, they held Peyton Manning and the record-setting Broncos offense to only eight points, intercepting Manning twice, forcing two fumbles, and playing a major part in securing the first Super Bowl championship in franchise history. On June Document [42] (Title: Billy Joe Tolliver) sidelining him for at least six weeks. After spending the first seven games on the injured reserve list, Tolliver was taken off the list and named the starter for the game against the Seattle Seahawks on October 29, replacing McMahon who had disappointed at quarterback. In Tolliver's first start, he played three quarters, throwing six completed passes in 17 attempts for 41 yards and throwing an interception in a 10–7 loss. Tolliver subsequently lost the starting job back to McMahon. However, in late November, Tolliver was given the starting job back, remaining the starting quarterback the rest of the season. Document [43] (Title: Seattle Seahawks) game, 35–24. The 2012 NFL season started with doubt, as the Seahawks lost their season opener against the Arizona Cardinals, after the highly touted Seattle defense gave up a go-ahead score late in the fourth quarter, and rookie quarterback Russell Wilson failed to throw the game-winning touchdown after multiple attempts in the red-zone. However, Russell Wilson and the Seahawks went 4–1 in their next five games en route to an 11–5 overall record (their first winning record since 2007). Their 2012 campaign included big wins over the Green Bay Packers, New England Patriots, and San Francisco 49ers. The Seahawks went Document [44] (Title: Russell Wilson) which they lost to the Colts in week 5. The Seahawks then went on a 7-game winning streak, including a 41–20 victory over the Minnesota Vikings where he posted a career-high 151.4 passer rating and culminating in a 34–7 victory over the Saints in Week 13 in which Wilson threw three touchdown passes and earned his second NFC Offensive Player of the Week award. Over the next three weeks, the Seahawks suffered divisional losses to the 49ers and Cardinals (the loss to the Cardinals represented Wilson's first home loss as quarterback for the Seahawks), but defeated the Rams in Week Document [45] (Title: John Schneider (American football executive)) keeps him in Seattle through the 2021 season. The Seahawks won their fourth NFC West title under Schneider in 2016, but were eliminated in the divisional round of the playoffs for the second straight year. Schneider has been praised for his late-round draft picks and undrafted free agent signings. With Seattle, he drafted Russell Wilson, Richard Sherman, Kam Chancellor, Tyler Lockett, and KJ Wright in the third round or later, and signed Doug Baldwin, Thomas Rawls, and Jermaine Kearse after they went undrafted. The Seahawks have been active in free agency and the trade market under Schneider as well, signing Document [46] (Title: Jerrod Johnson) backup quarterback. He became the team's starter in Week 2 of the 2012 season after an injury to starter Josh Johnson. The Seattle Seahawks signed Johnson on April 24, 2013. He was released on June 14, after the Seahawks signed Tarvaris Jackson who had just been released by the Buffalo Bills. On September 1, 2013, Johnson was signed by the Chicago Bears to the practice squad. He was released on September 4, 2013, and was brought back on September 9. He was again removed from the practice squad on September 24. Johnson was re-signed by the Bears on December 30, Document [47] (Title: History of the Seattle Seahawks) on their offense. Unfortunately for Seattle, Wilson's throw was intercepted by New England's rookie cornerback Malcolm Butler, which gave New England possession on their own one-yard line with 20 seconds remaining. This final play by Seattle was almost immediately criticized by many after the game as one of the worst calls in Super Bowl history. However, the game was not quite over, as the Patriots could not take a quarterback kneeldown without risking giving up a safety, which would give the Seahawks two points and possession of the ball. However, defensive lineman Michael Bennett was flagged for encroachment, which moved Document [48] (Title: 2014 Seattle Seahawks season) throughout the playoffs for the second consecutive season. Seattle entered the postseason as the #1 seed in the NFC. The Seahawks defeated the Panthers 31-17, becoming the first defending Super Bowl champion to win a playoff game since the 2005 Patriots, and advanced to their second consecutive NFC Championship game. They hosted the Green Bay Packers, who defeated the Dallas Cowboys 26-21. After trailing 16-0 in the 3rd quarter and 19-7 with just over 2 minutes remaining, Russell Wilson, who threw 4 interceptions in the game, rallied Seattle to a much needed touchdown to bring the score to 19-14 with Document [49] (Title: 2016–17 NFL playoffs) quarterback Russell Wilson threw the ball to Paul Richardson, who made a diving one-handed catch in the back of the end zone despite tight coverage (and a pass interference penalty) by safety Tavon Wilson, giving Seattle a 7–0 lead. Following a punt by the Lions, Rawls' 26-yard run and Wilson's 19-yard completion to Richardson set up Steven Hauschka's 43-yard field goal, increasing Seattle's lead to 10–0. Getting the ball with 1:55 left on the clock, Detroit responded as Stafford's completions to Anquan Boldin and Marvin Jones for gains of 16 and 30 yards led to a 51-yard Matt Prater field Document [50] (Title: Charlie Frye) game against the Pittsburgh Steelers, Frye struggled during the first few minutes. Anderson replaced him for the remainder of the game. Anderson remained the starter for the rest of the year and made the Pro Bowl. On September 11, Frye was traded to the Seattle Seahawks for a sixth-round draft pick. He was the Seahawks' third-string quarterback behind Matt Hasselbeck and Seneca Wallace. Frye made his first start of the 2008 season against the Green Bay Packers. An unrestricted free agent following the 2008 season, Frye signed with the Oakland Raiders on June 8, 2009. On December 16, 2009, Raiders Document [51] (Title: 2015 Seattle Seahawks season) the fourth consecutive season, an NFL record. During the game Russell Wilson set two franchise records passing 4,024 yards in a season, topping Matt Hasselbeck's 3,966 yards set in 2007, and passing for 34 touchdowns through the air, surpassing Dave Krieg's 32 touchdowns in 1984. Helping Wilson get the franchise record for passing touchdowns in a season was Doug Baldwin as he was the co-leader for touchdown receptions in the 2015 season with 14 touchdowns. Seattle entered the postseason as the #6 seed in the NFC. The #6 seeded Seahawks traveled to Minnesota to face the #3 seeded Vikings in Document [52] (Title: John Schneider (American football executive)) John Schneider (American football executive) John Schneider (born May 25, 1971) is the general manager for the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League (NFL). Schneider was previously a front office executive for the Washington Redskins, Green Bay Packers, and the Seattle Seahawks in 2000. Schneider served as the Director of Football Operations for the Green Bay Packers from 2008 to 2009. He was the one of the architects that created the Seattle Seahawks roster that eventually went on to win Super Bowl XLVIII and appeared in Super Bowl XLIX. Schneider grew up in Wisconsin and attended high school in Document [53] (Title: 2013 Seattle Seahawks season) Giants quarterback Eli Manning five times and held the team scoreless throughout the entire game. In Seattle's first loss at home since the 2011 season, the team record dropped to 12-3. Amazingly, this would also be Russell Wilson's first home loss in football since his college season with North Carolina State University. With the win, the Seahawks' record improved to 13-3 as they clinched the NFC West and the NFC's #1 seed. The Seahawks would hold homefield advantage for the entirety of the 2013 postseason. Seattle entered the postseason as the #1 seed in the NFC. This was the Seahawks' Document [54] (Title: History of the Seattle Seahawks) the season include Russell Wilson starting all games for Seattle, becoming the first rookie quarterback since Jim Zorn in their inaugural season to do so. Wilson finished the year tying the record for TD passes by a rookie quarterback with 26, a record he shares with Peyton Manning. His three TD runs in the Week 15 game against the Bills was also a franchise record. Wilson received an invitation to the 2013 Pro Bowl, along with RB Marshawn Lynch, OT Russell Okung, C Max Unger, FS Earl Thomas, and KR Leon Washington. In the offseason, the Seahawks looked to bolster Document [55] (Title: History of the Seattle Seahawks) FB Owen Schmitt. The Seahawks also traded for backup QB Charlie Whitehurst during the off season, and RB Marshawn Lynch in Week 5. The team got off to a promising 4-2 start, with Seattle returning two kickoffs for touchdowns in Week 3 for a 27-20 win over the San Diego Chargers and the Seahawks defense causing six sacks of Chicago Bears quarterback Jay Cutler in a Week 5 23-20 win. The team displayed plenty of weaknesses, however, and each of Seattle's losses during the regular season was by no fewer than 15 points. Blowout losses included a two-week stretch against Document [56] (Title: Charlie Whitehurst) the New York Giants. In that game, Whitehurst outscored Jackson's 14 points in the first three quarters by putting up 20 points in the fourth quarter, going 11-for-19, 149 yards, and a 27-yard touchdown pass to Doug Baldwin, securing a 36–25 Seattle victory. Coach Pete Carroll named Whitehurst the starting quarterback until Jackson healed from a pectoral injury, although no official date of Jackson's medical clearance had been released. Whitehurst was named the starter for Week 7 against the Cleveland Browns, because Jackson had suffered a pectoral injury against the Giants. Whitehurst went 12-of-30 for 92 yards, with no touchdowns Document [57] (Title: Dennis Erickson) overall pick in the 1993 NFL Draft, Rick Mirer, and went to John Friesz, whom he recruited to Idaho in 1985. Friesz guided the Seahawks to their second biggest comeback win ever in a game, rallying from 20–0 down at the half after Mirer had started, and took the Seahawks to the final week of the season with an 8–7 record after starting 2–6 and a playoff berth on the line only to lose to Kansas City and finish 8–8. In 1996, the Seahawks finished 7-9, Erickson's worst record with the team. 1997 saw an ownership change in Seattle, in Document [58] (Title: History of the Seattle Seahawks) the head of Broncos QB Peyton Manning, which went into the end zone for a safety 12 seconds into the game. Seattle added two field goals in the first quarter to take an 8-0 lead. After Kam Chancellor intercepted a pass by Manning on the following drive, the Seahawks drove the ball 37 yards capped off by a 1-yard touchdown run by RB Marshawn Lynch to make the score 15-0. On the very next drive, Manning was picked off yet again by LB Malcolm Smith, who returned the interception 69 yards for a touchdown, blowing the game wide open with Document [59] (Title: Alex McGough) the 2017 Gasparilla Bowl against Temple with a fractured collarbone. The Panthers would go on to lose 28-3. McGough was drafted the Seattle Seahawks in the seventh round, 220th overall, of the 2018 NFL Draft. He becomes the first quarterback drafted by the Seahawks since Russell Wilson in 2012. On May 15, 2018, he signed his rookie contract. He was waived on September 1, 2018 and was re-signed to the practice squad. McGough's uncle, Kelly Goodburn, was a NFL punter for the Kansas City Chiefs and the Washington Redskins. His younger brother Shane is an offensive lineman for FIU. Alex Document [60] (Title: Charlie Whitehurst) and one touchdown. He finished the game 22-of-36 and 192 yards. Hasselbeck returned as the starter for the subsequent playoff game. Prior to the 2011 preseason, Whitehurst was named the backup to Tarvaris Jackson, the former Vikings quarterback whom Seattle acquired in the 2011 offseason. However, Jackson and Whitehurst were expected to compete for the starting job once Whitehurst became familiar with the new offensive schemes. Whitehurst went 14-of-19 passing with one touchdown to put Seattle on the board against the Vikings in 2011's second preseason action. Whitehurst took over for an injured Jackson during a Week 5 matchup at Document [61] (Title: Russell Wilson) and Dak Prescott in 2016 (104.9). He threw for 3,118 yards and 26 touchdowns, tying Peyton Manning's record for most touchdowns thrown by a rookie, and rushed for 489 yards and four touchdowns. Wilson's scrambling mobility and ability to extend plays outside the pocket with his legs earned numerous comparisons to Hall of Fame quarterback Fran Tarkenton. Wilson led the Seahawks to the postseason in his rookie year. He made his postseason debut in the NFC Wild Card Round against the Washington Redskins, passing for 187 yards and rushing for 67 yards as the Seahawks rallied for a 24–14 comeback Document [62] (Title: Dave Krieg) pick on another quarterback of the future, Dan McGwire. After breaking his thumb in the season opener, Krieg missed 6 games in 1991. Without a strong supporting cast, Krieg turned in another inconsistent year. The Seahawks finished a disappointing 7-9, leading to the resignation of Coach Knox. Seattle General Manager Tom Flores decided to retain Stouffer and McGwire, and to let Krieg become a free agent. That decision helped doom the Seahawks to several seasons of misery and mediocrity under a succession of uninspired quarterbacks. Krieg signed with the Seahawks' then-division rivals, the Kansas City Chiefs, and started for them Document [63] (Title: 2010 Seattle Seahawks season) Bates joined as the Seahawks offensive coordinator, while Alex Gibbs from the Houston Texans would serve as offensive line coach and assistant head coach. However, weeks before the start of the NFL regular season, Gibbs would suddenly retire from the position, with Carroll's former USC assistant Pat Ruel to take his spot. Wide receiver Nate Burleson, after a 4-year stint with the Seahawks, signed with the Detroit Lions on March 5, 2010, after 24 hours of free agency. Backup quarterback Seneca Wallace, known for his versatility as a wide receiver, was sent to the Cleveland Browns on March 8, 2010 Document [64] (Title: Legion of Boom (Seattle Seahawks)) Marshawn Lynch to run the ball. Lynch lead the league (tied with DeMarco Murray) in running back touchdowns that season and was fourth place in yardage. The Legion of Boom was put into question after the 2017 NFL season, following the release of Richard Sherman and the career ending injury and retirement of Kam Chancellor. Over seven seasons, the Legion of Boom's core consisted of Sherman, Thomas and Chancellor after the departure and arrival of multiple members of the secondary. At the start of the 2018 NFL season, only Thomas remained, but in Week 4, he suffered a season-ending injury Document [65] (Title: 2013 Seattle Seahawks season) the playoffs with their 13–3 record. The Seahawks defeated the New Orleans Saints 23–15 in the Divisional round and the San Francisco 49ers 23–17 in the NFC Championship. In Super Bowl XLVIII, they defeated the Denver Broncos 43–8 for their first Super Bowl victory in franchise history. Notes The Seattle Seahawks kicked off their 2013 campaign with a hard-fought, ugly win over the Carolina Panthers, 12–7. This game marked Russell Wilson's first 300-yard passing game, and Cam Newton's worst career performance, posting 125 yards through the air, a career low. The first quarter ended equal for both teams, as both Document [66] (Title: Dave Krieg) into the Seattle Seahawks Ring of Honor in 2004. Krieg also became part owner of the af2's Green Bay Blizzard in 2007 along with former Green Bay Packer linebacker Brian Noble. Dave Krieg David Michael Krieg ( ; born October 20, 1958) is a former American football quarterback in the National Football League (NFL). He attended Milton College and made the Seattle Seahawks as an undrafted free agent. In his 19-year NFL career, Krieg played for the Seattle Seahawks (1980–1991), the Kansas City Chiefs (1992–1993), the Detroit Lions (1994), the Arizona Cardinals (1995), the Chicago Bears (1996) and the Tennessee Document [67] (Title: Mike Teel) He is currently the head football coach at New Jersey power house, Don Bosco Prep, of which he is an alum. Mike Teel Mike Teel (born January 6, 1986) is a former American football quarterback. He played college football for the Rutgers Scarlet Knights, and was drafted by the Seattle Seahawks in the sixth round of the 2009 NFL Draft. Teel spent time with the Seahawks, New England Patriots, and Chicago Bears in the span of three years. After serving as the quarterbacks coach for the Kean Cougars of Kean University in 2011, he was the quarterbacks coach for Wagner Document [68] (Title: Dan McGwire) McGwire passed for 3,651 yards and in 1990 threw for 3,883 yards and 27 touchdowns and was named First-Team All-Conference and earned the title of Offensive Team Captain and won team MVP honors as a Senior. McGwire was a first-round draft pick (16th overall) to the Seattle Seahawks in 1991 and went on to play for five seasons in the National Football League (NFL), from 1991 to 1995. He played four seasons for the Seahawks and one season for the Miami Dolphins. He was a backup to Dave Krieg in his rookie season but was expected to be the quarterback Document [69] (Title: Russell Wilson) On December 21, 2017, the Seahawks were fined $100,000 for failure to properly apply the concussion protocol on a hit Wilson sustained during the Week 10 win over the Arizona Cardinals. In Week 12, with the win over San Francisco, Wilson became the winningest quarterback in a player’s first six seasons with 63 wins, surpassing Joe Flacco. Next week, with his 15-yard touchdown throw to running back J. D. McKissic, the third of his game, Wilson tied Eli Manning in 2011 for the most fourth quarter touchdowns in a single season with 15. He went 20 for 31 for 227 Document [70] (Title: Dan McGwire) of the future. In his second season, he was underwhelming in the pre-season and was named third-string quarterback behind Stan Gelbaugh and Kelly Stouffer. In 1993, the Seahawks drafted Rick Mirer out of the University of Notre Dame in the first round, seemingly giving up on McGwire. In 1994 after an injury to Mirer, McGwire got the first and only extended playing time of his career. He started three games, in which the team went 1–2, and on the season threw 105 passes, completing 51 of them for 578 yards and one touchdown. The brief playing time did not materialize Document [71] (Title: Sidney Rice) the Seattle Seahawks. The contract guaranteed Rice $18 million over its duration. He was reunited in Seattle with offensive coordinator Darrell Bevell and quarterback Tarvaris Jackson, a member of the Vikings during Rice's tenure there. Rice was placed on injured reserve on November 30, 2011. On October 14, 2012, Rice caught the game-winning touchdown from a 46-yard pass from rookie quarterback Russell Wilson to beat the New England Patriots by a score of 24–23. On December 2, 2012, Rice caught the game-winning touchdown from Russell Wilson in overtime, as the Seahawks edged past the Chicago Bears 23–17 at Soldier Field; Document [72] (Title: 2013 Carolina Panthers season) home in an NFC battle with the Seattle Seahawks. Seattle got on the board first with Steven Hauschka nailing a 27-yard field goal in the second quarter. The Panthers gained the lead when quarterback Cam Newton made a 3-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Steve Smith with 3:13 left in the first half. The Seahawks cut the Panthers lead to one point when Hauschka put through a 40-yard field goal in the third quarter.The Seahawks continued to dominate the second half when quarterback Russell Wilson threw a 43-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Jermaine Kearse in the fourth quarter with Document [73] (Title: Russell Wilson) 17 to finish the season with a 13–3 record, the NFC West title, and the No. 1 seed in the playoffs. Wilson finished the season with 26 touchdown passes, 9 interceptions, and a 101.2 passer rating, becoming the first quarterback in the Super Bowl era to post a 100+ passer rating in each of his first 2 seasons. Wilson was named to his second Pro Bowl on December 27, 2013. On January 19, 2014, Wilson and the Seahawks defeated the San Francisco 49ers in the NFC Championship Game 23–17, advancing to Super Bowl XLVIII. Wilson threw for 206 yards, 2 Document [74] (Title: Dual-threat quarterback) in the pocket or at times scrambling outside the pocket." Luck's mobility was also acclaimed by another NFL head coach, Chip Kelly. Despite early-season reports of a decline in the performance of dual-threat quarterbacks, Russell Wilson rushed for a career-high 849 yards and 6 touchdowns in 2014, leading the Seattle Seahawks to a second consecutive Super Bowl appearance. New dual-threat quarterbacks emerged as starters during 2015 such as Marcus Mariota and Tyrod Taylor. Also in 2015, Cam Newton had a resurgent season, scoring 10 rushing touchdowns en route to a Super Bowl berth. However, as Newton was also successful in Document [75] (Title: Dennis Erickson) which Microsoft co-founder Paul G. Allen purchased the team from then owner Ken Behring and helped pass a referendum for a new stadium to be built, that season, the Seahawks had one of the best passing offenses in the league, only to finish 8–8 after an 0–2 start in which they were outscored 76–17 in two home losses. After the season, Erickson, who had been told by new owner Paul Allen that he would return in 1998 had to fire longtime friend and assistant the special teams coach Dave Arnold and replace him with Pete Rodriguez. With a revamped lineup Document [76] (Title: 2013 Seattle Seahawks season) goal from the Titans, and the win brought their record to 5-1. Playing on Thursday Night Football, the Seahawks easily defeated their division rival behind quarterback Russell Wilson's 235 throwing yards, running back Marshawn Lynch's 91 running yards, and two interceptions from secondary members Brandon Browner and Earl Thomas. The Seahawks defeated the Rams 14-9 in a Monday Night Football thriller. The Rams were successful at limiting the Seahawks offense, holding running back Marshawn Lynch to a season low of only 23 yards and sacking quarterback Russell Wilson seven times. After holding the Rams to a field goal in the Document [77] (Title: Matt Hasselbeck) He led the Seahawks to Super Bowl XL, in which they lost to the Pittsburgh Steelers, and was the starting quarterback for the NFC in the 2006 Pro Bowl. During this season linebacker Lofa Tatupu joined the Seahawks. Lofa's father Mosi had been a teammate of Hasselbeck's father Don during his time with the Patriots. Hasselbeck led the Seahawks to a 4–1 record to start the 2006 season before being seriously injured on Week 7. Minnesota linebacker E. J. Henderson rolled into Hasselbeck's right leg. The result was a second degree MCL sprain, causing Hasselbeck to miss four games. Hasselbeck Document [78] (Title: Dave Krieg) to become the Seahawks' second-string quarterback. When injuries sidelined Jim Zorn late in the season, Krieg started the last three games and played well, helping the team record two of its six wins that year. In his first NFL start against the New York Jets, Krieg ran for one touchdown and threw for two others, including a 57-yard game-winning completion to Steve Largent. Krieg began the strike-shortened 1982 season as the Seahawks' starting quarterback and played respectably until a thumb injury sidelined him for several weeks. Zorn reclaimed his former role, but played inconsistently. When Zorn continued to struggle in Document [79] (Title: Brock Huard) the Dolphins after Kitna threw four interceptions. He first started in game six, but suffered a concussion two games later against the Raiders. On his first game back after the injury, he suffered a season-ending kidney injury against the Broncos. The following year, the Seahawks acquired Matt Hasselbeck and Huard only appeared in one game. Huard was traded to the Indianapolis Colts in 2002, where he was backup to Peyton Manning for two seasons. In 2004, Huard signed to become the third-string quarterback for the Seahawks, but spent the entire 2004 season on injured reserve, his last year in professional Document [80] (Title: 1992 Seattle Seahawks season) the offseason, leaving Seattle with Kelly Stouffer, Stan Gelbaugh and Dan McGwire (brother of Major League Baseball star Mark McGwire) as their three quarterbacks. "Football Outsiders" calls Seattle's 1992 offense "the worst offense in (their ranking system's) history." Seattle's 1,778 passing yards are the fewest in a season by any team during the 1990s. Seattle was so inept that from the first game of the season until their Week 13 overtime win over Denver, they collectively had fewer points scored than punts attempted; for the entire season, the team finished with only slightly more points than punts. Despite their historically Document [81] (Title: 2012 Seattle Seahawks season) take on the #1 seed Atlanta Falcons. The Seahawks fell behind, trailing Atlanta 20–0 at halftime and 27–7 with just over 17 minutes remaining. Seattle scored three touchdowns in the fourth quarter to take the lead 28–27 with 31 seconds left to play. But Matt Ryan quickly completed two long passes, and Matt Bryant kicked a 49-yard field goal to give Atlanta the victory. Russell Wilson's Hail Mary pass on the final play was intercepted by Julio Jones in the end zone (Wilson's only interception in the game), ending Seattle's season. 2012 Seattle Seahawks season The 2012 Seattle Seahawks season Document [82] (Title: History of the Seattle Seahawks) their pass rush through free agency, signing DL Michael Bennett from the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and Cliff Avril of the Detroit Lions. They also acquired WR Percy Harvin in a trade with the Minnesota Vikings for Seattle's first-round draft pick in the 2013 draft. Despite not having a first-round pick, the Seahawks managed to make 11 picks in the draft, including RB Christine Michael in the 2nd round, TE Luke Willson in the 5th round, and OT Michael Bowie in the 7th round. Departures included RB Leon Washington who was released in the offseason, and FB Michael Robinson who was Document [83] (Title: 2009 Seattle Seahawks season) a 2-yard touchdown run from running back Marion Barber. The Seahawks replied with quarterback Matt Hasselbeck completing a 23-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Deion Branch, but Dallas came right back with Romo finding wide receiver Roy Williams on a 7-yard touchdown pass. The Cowboys took a huge lead with Romo's 3-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Miles Austin, followed by wide receiver Patrick Crayton returning a punt 82 yards for a touchdown. In the fourth quarter, Dallas closed out its scoring with a 40-yard field goal from kicker Nick Folk. Seattle tried to rally, but could only muster up Document [84] (Title: Jordan Babineaux) Dallas quarterback and place kick holder Tony Romo, who was scrambling to the end zone with the football after bobbling the snap for what might have been a winning field goal. The tackle stopped Romo inches short of a first down, and about a yard shy of a touchdown. As a result, Seattle took possession on downs and won the game by a score of 21-20 and advanced to the Divisional Round. In September 2007, Babineaux signed a five-year extension to remain with the Seahawks. The deal was worth an aggregate value of between $10-$17 million. While he could have Document [85] (Title: Mike Teel) Mike Teel Mike Teel (born January 6, 1986) is a former American football quarterback. He played college football for the Rutgers Scarlet Knights, and was drafted by the Seattle Seahawks in the sixth round of the 2009 NFL Draft. Teel spent time with the Seahawks, New England Patriots, and Chicago Bears in the span of three years. After serving as the quarterbacks coach for the Kean Cougars of Kean University in 2011, he was the quarterbacks coach for Wagner College in 2012 and departed after one year. In 2014 Teel resumed coaching as a graduate assistant at Rutgers. Teel is Document [86] (Title: Mike Teel) honored as Big East Conference Player of the Year by the New Jersey Sports Writers Association. Teel was drafted by the Seattle Seahawks in the sixth round (178th overall) of the 2009 NFL Draft. During the 2009 preseason, Teel completed 20 of 41 passes (48.8%) for 238 yards and 3 touchdowns. He was listed as Seattle's third quarterback for all 16 games, but did not play at all during the 2009 regular season. After the Seahawks and new head coach Pete Carroll signed J. P. Losman, Teel was waived on May 19, 2010. On May 21, 2010, Teel was claimed Document [87] (Title: History of the Seattle Seahawks) different quarterbacks (first-round pick Dan McGwire, Stan Gelbaugh and Kelly Stouffer). 1992 was also the Seahawks' worst year ever when they finished 2-14 and scoring just 140 points in the regular season. The Seattle offense was historically inept, and the only bright spot for the 1992 season was defensive tackle Cortez Kennedy being declared NFL Defensive Player of the Year. In 1993, the Seahawks drafted Rick Mirer out of the University of Notre Dame with the second pick in the draft, hoping to make him the franchise's quarterback of the future. Mirer looked to be on his way to stardom Document [88] (Title: Bruce Irvin (American football)) reported that the Seattle Seahawks opted to decline the fifth-year, $7.75 million option on Irvin's rookie contract. Defensive coordinator Dan Quinn departed after receiving the head coaching role for the Atlanta Falcons and was replaced by Kris Richard. Richard opted to retain Wagner, Wright, and Irvin as the starting linebacker trio heading into the regular season. On October 18, 2015, Irvin recorded five combined tackles and sacked Carolina Panthers' quarterback Cam Newton twice during a 27-23 loss. He was inactive for the Seahawks' Week 11 win against the San Francisco 49ers after suffering an MCL sprain. Irvin finished the season Document [89] (Title: Darrell Bevell) ultimately drafted him in the third round. Upon selecting Wilson, coach Pete Carroll stated, "It was Bevell's project". The Seahawks also obtained Green Bay Packers back-up quarterback Matt Flynn, who many expected to be the starter. During training camp the quarterback competition was thinned out after Jackson was traded to the Buffalo Bills. In 2012, the Seahawks named Wilson the starting quarterback for the season. The Seahawks finished the season with an 11-5 record, and took 2nd within the NFC West eventually losing in the Divisional round in the playoffs. In Bevell's second year with the Seahawks, offensively they were Document [90] (Title: Richard Sherman (American football)) a touchdown, and a sack. He received an overall grade of 94.3 from Pro Football Focus in 2012. The Seattle Seahawks finished second in the NFC West with an 11-5 record and earned a playoff berth. On January 6, 2013, Sherman started in his first career playoff game as the Seahawks defeated the Washington Redskins 24-14 in the NFC Wildcard Game. The following week, he made three pass deflections as the Seahawks were eliminated from the playoffs following a 30-28 loss at the Atlanta Falcons in the NFC Divisional Round. Sherman and Brandon Browner returned as the starting cornerbacks alongside Document [91] (Title: Brock Huard) the women's basketball team. Huard was selected by the Seahawks in the third round of the 1999 NFL Draft, the 77th overall pick and the seventh quarterback. It was the first draft in Seattle for newly-hired general manager and head coach Mike Holmgren. Huard's first pass attempt in the NFL (pre-season game) resulted in a touchdown. After a season as third-string in 1999, he saw his first game time in 2000 as the backup to Jon Kitna, starting four games and going 49 of 87 with three touchdowns and two interceptions. Huard played in the first game that season against Document [92] (Title: Matt Hasselbeck) New Orleans Saints during wild card weekend. Despite being 11 point underdogs, Hasselbeck had one of the most memorable and clutch performances of his career. He threw for 272 yards, four touchdowns (a franchise postseason record) with one interception coming from a tipped ball, and a 113.03 passer rating, leading the Seahawks to victory over the defending Super Bowl Champion New Orleans Saints. However, Seattle would go on to lose 35–24 in the divisional playoffs against the Chicago Bears. Hasselbeck still played well, however, with over 250 yards passing and three touchdowns. Hasselbeck’s 11 postseason starts as a quarterback rank Document [93] (Title: Super Bowl XLIX) and not allowed any touchdowns in the previous 10 quarters. Their defense ranked first in the NFL in fewest points allowed (254) and their offense was tied at first in rushing yards (2,762). The Seahawks defeated the Carolina Panthers 31–17 in the NFC Divisional playoffs, and then defeated the Green Bay Packers 28–22 in overtime in the NFC Championship Game. Seattle became the first NFC team to advance to consecutive Super Bowls since the 1996–97 Packers in Super Bowls XXXI and XXXII. Quarterback Russell Wilson was back in control of the Seattle offense, completing 63.1 percent of his passes for Document [94] (Title: 2010 Seattle Seahawks season) Charlie Whitehurst was acquired by Seattle on March 18, 2010. Whitehurst competed for the starting job with Matt Hasselbeck. Also, the Seahawks acquired Defensive Ends Chris Clemons and Robert Henderson respectively from the Eagles and Lions. Wide receiver Reggie Williams, a former first round pick with the Jacksonville Jaguars and a former Washington Huskies standout, signed with the Seahawks on April 16, 2010. On the last day of the 2010 NFL Draft, the Seahawks acquired running back LenDale White and defensive tackle Kevin Vickerson from the Tennessee Titans. With the trade, White would have been reunited with his college coach Document [95] (Title: History of the Seattle Seahawks) new head coach Pete Carroll. Pete Carroll took over as the Seahawks head coach in 2010. Thanks to a trade with the Denver Broncos the previous year, the Seahawks had two first-round picks in the draft, which they used to select LT Russell Okung from Oklahoma State University and S Earl Thomas from the University of Texas. Their second-round pick was used to draft WR Golden Tate from Notre Dame University. Among the many roster moves the team made included signing RB Leon Washington, DE Raheem Brock, and WR Mike Williams; releasing WR T. J. Houshmandzadeh, RB Julius Jones and Document [96] (Title: 2015 Seattle Seahawks season) and the Seattle offense racked up 433 yards, five total touchdowns, and no interceptions. After easily handling the Vikings in Minneapolis, the Seahawks traveled to Baltimore to take on the Ravens. Russell Wilson's streak of games with greater than a 135 passer rating continued as he again tied the franchise mark of five touchdown passes to go with zero interceptions. Doug Baldwin's success over the same span also continued as he hauled in three passes for touchdowns. Early in the game, running back Thomas Rawls and safety Kam Chancellor left the game with injuries. With Rawls now out for the Document [97] (Title: Super Bowl XLVIII) most takeaways (39). They were the first team since the 1985 Chicago Bears to lead the league in all three categories. The Seahawks were also the fourth team to lead the NFL in interceptions and fewest passing yards allowed; all four teams reached the Super Bowl. Seattle's defensive line featured defensive ends Cliff Avril and Michael Bennett, both of whom recorded eight sacks. Avril also forced five fumbles, while Bennett recovered three, returning them for 39 yards and a touchdown. Defensive tackle Clinton McDonald also made a big impact with 5.5 sacks, two fumble recoveries, and an interception. Linebacker Bobby Document [98] (Title: Seattle Seahawks) the 2012 Pepsi Max Rookie of the Year award. In the 2013 NFL season, the Seahawks continued their momentum from the previous season, finishing tied with the Denver Broncos for an NFL-best regular season record of 13–3, while earning the NFC's #1 playoff seed. Their 2013 campaign included big wins over the Carolina Panthers, New Orleans Saints, and the San Francisco 49ers. Six Seahawks players were named to the Pro Bowl: Quarterback Russell Wilson, center Max Unger, running back Marshawn Lynch, cornerback Richard Sherman, free safety Earl Thomas, and strong safety Kam Chancellor. However, none of them was able to Document [99] (Title: Jeff Rowe) quarterback behind Carson Palmer and Ryan Fitzpatrick, but did not see any playing time. Rowe began the 2008 season on the team's practice squad and remained there until being signed by the Seattle Seahawks on December 12. Rowe was signed by the Seattle Seahawks on December 16, 2008 after offensive tackle Walter Jones was placed on injured reserve. He spent the offseason with the Seahawks before being waived on September 5, 2009. Rowe was signed to the New England Patriots practice squad on December 9, 2009. He was re-signed to a future contract on January 12, 2010. He was waived Document [100] (Title: 2015 Seattle Seahawks season) 2014. Additionally, the Seahawks failed to win their 3rd consecutive NFC West title after the Cardinals' Week 15 win over the Philadelphia Eagles. During their winning streak, the team clinched a playoff spot with a Week 15 win over the Cleveland Browns. In a five-game winning streak between weeks 10 and 15, quarterback Russell Wilson posted a passer rating of over 120 in each game, the longest such streak in league history. Wilson led the NFL in passer rating for the season. The Seahawks defeated the Minnesota Vikings in the Wild Card round after the Vikings blew a potential game-winning Document [101] (Title: Russell Wilson) victory. In the divisional round against the Atlanta Falcons, Wilson threw for 385 yards and rushed for 60 yards, but the Seahawks lost by a score of 28–30. Wilson was selected as an alternate for the 2013 Pro Bowl, filling in for Matt Ryan. At the Pro Bowl, Wilson threw 8 completions on 10 attempts for 98 yards, 3 touchdowns, and no interceptions for a 147.1 rating. At the end of the season, Wilson earned a bonus of $222,000 through the NFL's Performance-Based Pay program. Wilson's Seahawks opened the 2013 season with the first 4–0 start in franchise history, after Document [102] (Title: Legion of Boom (Seattle Seahawks)) during the 2015 season were: DeShawn Shead, Jeremy Lane, Marcus Burley, Steven Terrell and Kelcie McCray. DeShawn Shead emerged as the starter at right cornerback. The 2016 backups were: veterans Kelcie McCray and Steven Terrell, newcomers Dewey McDonald and Neiko Thorpe, and rookies DeAndre Elliott and Tyvis Powell. Terrell advanced to full-time starter at free safety after Earl Thomas suffered a broken leg during a game. Following the 2011 season, Thomas, Chancellor, and Browner were named to the 2012 Pro Bowl. Thomas also earned AP All-Pro honors. Browner tied for fourth in the NFL with six interceptions. In every year Document [103] (Title: Jimmy Garoppolo) a 101.2 passer rating and had 10 rushing attempts for 9 yards. While Garoppolo did not take any snaps in the Patriots' Super Bowl XLIX victory, he was credited with helping to prepare the Patriots defense for Seattle Seahawks quarterback Russell Wilson. In 2015, Garoppolo appeared in five games in relief roles. He completed 1 of 4 passes for 6 yards on the season. After starting quarterback Tom Brady was suspended by the league for four games for Deflategate, head coach Bill Belichick named Garoppolo the starting quarterback for the first game of the 2016 season, and he was expected Document [104] (Title: 2015 Seattle Seahawks season) threw five touchdown passes (three of them to WR Doug Baldwin). Steelers QB Ben Roethlisberger passed for 456 yards against the Seahawks' defense, which are the most passing yards the Seahawks have ever allowed to an opposing quarterback. With the win, the Seahawks improved to 6–5 and earned their first win of the season against a team with a winning record. The victory was bittersweet, however, as Jimmy Graham suffered an apparent leg injury in the third quarter. It was later revealed that Graham tore the patellar tendon in his knee. The Seahawks announced afterwards that Graham would undergo surgery Document [105] (Title: History of the Seattle Seahawks) seasons. In addition, six Seahawks were named to the 2014 Pro Bowl as a result of their performances: QB Russell Wilson, RB Marshawn Lynch, C Max Unger, CB Richard Sherman, SS Kam Chancellor and FS Earl Thomas. Their first playoff game was played on January 11 against the New Orleans Saints, in a rematch of both the Week 13 regular season game as well as the 2011 Wild Card game. Once again, the Seahawks prevailed on the back of a late rushing touchdown by Marshawn Lynch, and staved off a furious comeback attempt by the Saints to win 23-15. On Document [106] (Title: History of the Seattle Seahawks) playoff game the following season. Then the next week, they faced the Green Bay Packers in the NFC Championship Game. The Seahawks struggled for much of the game, largely due to quarterback Russell Wilson throwing four interceptions. They were shut out in the first half 16-0 and, with five minutes to go in regulation, trailed 19-7. However, Seattle's defense managed to force Green Bay to punt, giving them the ball on their own 31-yard line. Then, in seven plays, Seattle drove 69 yards to score a touchdown and cut their deficit to 19-14 with 2:09 left in regulation. Then they Document [107] (Title: Quarterback U) that it was the school most deserving of the designation Quarterback U. Since 2009, six former USC quarterbacks started in an NFL game: Matt Leinart, Matt Cassell, Carson Palmer, Mark Sanchez, Cody Kessler, and Sam Darnold. Washington quarterbacks have consistently advanced to the NFL, with 16 of the previous 18 starting quarterbacks as of 2012 having started in the NFL. Washington's Pro Football Hall of Fame member Warren Moon is fourth in all-time passing yardage, reflecting his CFL and NFL careers. Other notable alumni include Chris Chandler, Mark Brunell, Damon Huard and Jake Locker. ESPN points to the program's history Document [108] (Title: 2005 Seattle Seahawks season) league in scoring. The offense was led by 7th-year veteran quarterback Matt Hasselbeck, who compiled a career-high and NFC leading 98.2 passer rating, while completing 65.5% of his passes, earning his second trip to the Pro Bowl. Walter Jones and Steve Hutchinson anchored the offensive line at left tackle and guard respectively, and Mack Strong effectively blocked and rushed from the backfield at fullback. Although Seattle's strength was attributed to their offense, they were strong on the defensive side of the ball as well. The Seahawks compiled an NFL-leading 50 Quarterback sacks, with defensive end Bryce Fisher leading the franchise Document [109] (Title: History of the Seattle Seahawks) last year as head coach of the Seahawks. After finishing with a 7-9 record, he resigned to rejoin the Los Angeles Rams. The year also saw Seattle make another bad draft choice in quarterback Dan McGwire, the brother of baseball star Mark McGwire. Widely expected to take over as starting QB, he struggled on the field and ultimately never got that position. The Seahawks held onto McGwire until 1995, then traded him to the Dolphins. Team President/GM Tom Flores assumed the head coaching duties for the 1992 season. Longtime quarterback Dave Krieg was ousted in 1992 and replaced by three Document [110] (Title: Matt Hasselbeck) contended that Henderson could have avoided injuring him. Upon returning he subsequently broke fingers on his non-throwing hand, but continued to lead his team to a 9–7 record and the divisional round of the post-season. The fourth-seeded Seahawks defeated the Dallas Cowboys 21–20 in the wild card round in Seattle, then lost to the top-seeded Chicago Bears in overtime, 27–24. In 2007, Hasselbeck led his team to its fourth consecutive division title and fifth consecutive playoff appearance. He had 3,966 passing yards, 28 touchdowns (both career highs), 62.6% completion percentage, and a 91.4 passer rating. He threw for 229 yards Document [111] (Title: Derek Anderson (American football)) Seahawks for a sixth round draft pick two days later. Named the starting quarterback by Crennel for Week 2, Anderson threw for 328 yards and five touchdowns against the Cincinnati Bengals in his first start. His passer rating for the game was 121.0 as the Browns defeated the Bengals 51–45, solidifying Anderson's role. In the same game, Bengals quarterback Carson Palmer threw for six touchdown passes. It was only the third time in NFL history that two quarterbacks had thrown at least five touchdown passes in the same game. On September 30, Anderson beat the team that drafted him, the Document [112] (Title: Tarvaris Jackson) previously owned by Matt Hasselbeck, who signed with the Tennessee Titans. Despite having a below-average year compared to other quarterbacks in the league, Jackson had the best year of his career, finishing with 3,091 yards passing, throwing 14 touchdowns and 13 interceptions. During the off-season, the Seahawks acquired former Green Bay Packers quarterback Matt Flynn and drafted Wisconsin quarterback Russell Wilson to compete with Jackson for the 2012 starting quarterback position. On August 26, 2012, Jackson was traded to the Buffalo Bills for a conditional seventh round draft pick. The third-string quarterback for the season, Jackson did not see any Document [113] (Title: Russell Wilson) a captain for the Seahawks going into the 2018 season. He started the season with 298 passing yards, three touchdowns, and two interceptions in a 27–24 loss to the Denver Broncos in Week 1. In Week 3, against the Dallas Cowboys, he helped lead the Seahawks to their first victory of the season with 192 passing yards and two touchdowns. In Weeks 5–8, against the Los Angeles Rams, Oakland Raiders, and Detroit Lions, he had three consecutive games with three passing touchdowns. In Week 13, against the San Francisco 49ers, he had 185 passing yards and four touchdowns in the Document [114] (Title: Russell Wilson) and had his first preseason start on August 24 against the Kansas City Chiefs. On August 26, 2012, Wilson was named the starting quarterback for the first regular season game after competing with Matt Flynn and Tarvaris Jackson for the position. On September 9, 2012, Wilson made his regular season debut in a 20–16 loss to the Arizona Cardinals. He had 18 completions on 34 passing attempts for 153 yards, 1 touchdown, and 1 interception. In the third regular season game, the Seahawks won 14–12 against the Green Bay Packers on a controversial hail mary touchdown pass to Golden Tate. Document [115] (Title: History of the Seattle Seahawks) Seahawks won Super Bowl XLVIII by a final score of 43-8. The win marked the Seahawks' first Super Bowl Championship in franchise history. Russell Wilson finished with 206 passing yards and two touchdowns having won the Super Bowl in just his second year in the NFL, while the Seahawks defense logged four takeaways. Malcolm Smith was named Super Bowl MVP thanks in large part to his interception return and a fumble recovery in the second half. Upon returning to Seattle, the Seahawks, in true fashion, put together a parade to thank their fans (The 12th Man) and their city of Document [116] (Title: Jim Zorn) Jim Zorn James Arthur Zorn (born May 10, 1953) is a former American football player and coach in the National Football League. Zorn was a left-handed quarterback, and is best known as the starting quarterback of the Seattle Seahawks for their first eight seasons. He was the quarterbacks coach for the Seattle Seahawks from 2001 until the 2007 season, before being hired by the Washington Redskins to be their head coach starting in the 2008 season. Shortly after being fired following the 2009 season, Zorn was hired as quarterbacks coach of the Baltimore Ravens. Zorn was released as quarterbacks coach Document [117] (Title: 2017 Seattle Seahawks season) first time since that same season. During the season, Russell Wilson broke Eli Manning’s NFL record for most 4th quarter touchdowns in a single season with 18, the previous record was 15. Wilson also led the NFL in touchdown passes with 34. This was Russell Wilson’s first season not making the playoffs. This was also the final season of the original Legion of Boom playing together, as well as the 22nd and last full season under the ownership of Paul Allen, who died in October 2018. Draft trades All undrafted free agents were signed after the 2017 NFL Draft concluded Document [118] (Title: Brady Quinn) linebacker Jovan Belcher, Quinn played arguably his best game as a starter in an emotional 27-21 win over the Carolina Panthers on December 3, completing 19-23 passes for 201 yards and two touchdowns. Quinn was chosen as the AFC Offensive Player of the Week following the game. He also received media attention for his eloquent comments about the circumstances following the game. On April 11, 2013, Quinn signed with the Seattle Seahawks as the backup quarterback to Russell Wilson. He was released on August 31, 2013, during final roster cuts. Quinn had battled all preseason with Tarvaris Jackson for the Document [119] (Title: Carolina Panthers) team led by rookie quarterback Russell Wilson, 16–12. In the 2013 season, the Panthers opened the season at home versus Seattle. They again lost a close game, with the final score 12–7. The Seahawks would go on to win Super Bowl XLVIII. In the 2014 season, once more at Bank of America Stadium, the Seahawks defeated the Panthers in week eight, 13–9. In the divisional round of the playoffs, the Panthers faced Seattle in Seattle, notorious for being a tough opposing field to play in, and lost 31–17. The Seahawks would go on to lose Super Bowl XLIX. In the Document [120] (Title: 2014 Seattle Seahawks season) 2011. This would be the first Super Bowl rematch (Super Bowl opponents in the previous year who face each other again in the current year) since 1997. Although the Broncos would rally in the 4th quarter to send the game into overtime, the Seahawks scored a touchdown in overtime to win. They entered their bye week at 2–1. Percy Harvin had three touchdowns in this game negated by penalties. This was his penultimate game with the Seahawks. The Cowboys defeated the Seahawks 30-23. The Seahawks suffered only their second home loss since Russell Wilson became the starting quarterback at the Document [121] (Title: 2013 Seattle Seahawks season) and returned 58 yards for a pick six, allowing the Seahawks to tie the game and force overtime. The Seahawks would go on to win the game in overtime by a final score of 23-20. With the win, the Seahawks would open the season with a 4-0 record for the first time in franchise history. This would be the first meeting between quarterbacks Russell Wilson and Andrew Luck, who were both selected in the 2012 NFL Draft. Though Wilson and the Seahawks maintained a lead throughout the first three quarters, Luck led the Colts back, taking the lead and never Document [122] (Title: 2011 Seattle Seahawks season) 2011 Seattle Seahawks season The 2011 Seattle Seahawks season was the franchise's 36th season in the National Football League, the 10th playing their home games at CenturyLink Field (formerly known as "Qwest Field") and the second under head coach Pete Carroll. It was the first season in over a decade in which the Seahawks came into the season with a new starting quarterback, as incumbent Matt Hasselbeck left for the Tennessee Titans in free agency. The Seahawks equaled their 7–9 record in 2010, but failed to defend their NFC West division title and missed the playoffs. This year was notable Document [123] (Title: Pete Carroll) coordinator Darrell Bevell after the ending of Super Bowl XLIX. However, Carroll was praised by much of the national media for how he handled the adversity following the game. The Seahawks began the 2015 season by blowing fourth quarter leads to St. Louis, Green Bay, Cincinnati, Carolina, and Arizona. After losing at home on "Sunday Night Football" to the division leading Cardinals, Seattle sat at 4-5. However, Carroll rejuvenated his team enough to win their next five games, putting the Seahawks at 9-5 and clinching a playoff berth. Russell Wilson became the first quarterback to throw 19 or more touchdown Document [124] (Title: Pete Carroll) to a 7-9 record, but it was not enough to secure a playoff spot due to the ascendance of Carroll's old college rival coach Jim Harbaugh and division rival San Francisco 49ers, who finished with a 13-3 record. It was the first season the Seahawks had a starting quarterback other than Matt Hasselbeck in over a decade. In his third season with the Seahawks in 2012, Carroll, along with rookie quarterback Russell Wilson, led the team to an 11-5 record, including going undefeated at home. The 2012 season was Carroll's first winning season for the team. The Seahawks were also Document [125] (Title: 2015 Seattle Seahawks season) QB Colin Kaepernick struggled once again against the vaunted Legion of Boom, going 13-24 with 124 passing yards, 0 passing touchdowns, and 0 interceptions. Seahawks QB Russell Wilson was efficient again, completing 18 passes out of 24 attempts for 235 passing yards with 1 passing touchdown and 2 interceptions. With the win, the Seahawks improved to 3–4. Additionally, Wilson improved to 6–2 against the 49ers (including postseason), extending his winning streak against them to four games. After dominating the 49ers in California, the Seahawks traveled to Dallas to take on the Cowboys. Seattle's only touchdown was a 22-yard pass from Document [126] (Title: Larry Kennan) of the Indianapolis Colts. After two seasons, he was named head coach of the London Monarchs of the World League of American Football. That year, he led the Monarchs to a 9–1 regular season record and captured the inaugural World Bowl title with a 21–0 victory over the Barcelona Dragons. He returned to the NFL in 1992 when he was named the offensive coordinator and quarterbacks coach of the Seattle Seahawks, where he remained through the 1994 season. In 1995, he joined Jim Mora’s staff in New Orleans, where he instructed the Saints tight ends for a year before re-joining Document [127] (Title: 2015 Seattle Seahawks season) dropped to 4–5. This marks the fifth time this season that the Seahawks could not hold on to a 4th quarter lead. After blowing yet another 4th quarter lead, the Seahawks hosted the San Francisco 49ers. Blaine Gabbert was now the 49ers' starting quarterback, replacing Colin Kaepernick, who was placed on IR. Although Marshawn Lynch did not play, the Seahawks relied on Thomas Rawls. He finished the game 255 total yards. All four of the Seahawks' touchdowns were scored by rookies as Tyler Lockett and Thomas Rawls both put up a pair of touchdowns in the win. Again, Russell Wilson Document [128] (Title: 2008 Seattle Seahawks season) over the Jets, the Seahawks closed out the Mike Holmgren era at the University of Phoenix Stadium in a Week 17 NFC West rematch with the Arizona Cardinals. Seattle would get the first quarter lead as running back T. J. Duckett got a 1-yard touchdown run. The Cardinals would take the lead in the second quarter as quarterback Kurt Warner completed a 16-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Jerheme Urban and a 5-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Larry Fitzgerald. The Seahawks tied the game prior to halftime as quarterback Seneca Wallace completed a 30-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Document [129] (Title: 2015 Seattle Seahawks season) year with a broken left ankle, the Seahawks turned to DuJuan Harris. Harris was limited to just 42 rushing yards on 18 carries. With the win, the Seahawks improved to 8–5. Furthermore, the Seahawks' all–time franchise regular season win–loss record improved to 313–312–0. This marks the first time ever in team history that the Seahawks have had an overall winning regular season win–loss record (a win–loss record above .500). After a huge win against the Ravens in Baltimore, the Seahawks returned home to host the Cleveland Browns. Russell Wilson's streak continued: Over the last five games he threw for 19 Document [130] (Title: 2009 Seattle Seahawks season) with the Minnesota Vikings. Seattle trailed early in the second quarter when QB Brett Favre completed three touchdown passes: One to WR Percy Harvin for 23 yards, TE Visanthe Shiancoe for 8 yards and then to WR Bernard Berrian for 3 yards. Then in the third quarter the margin increased as Favre hooked up with WR Sidney Rice on a 7-yard touchdown pass. Then Seattle's kicker Olindo Mare got a 40-yard field goal to avoid a shutout loss. In the fourth quarter the margin increased even further as QB Tarvaris Jackson made a 34-yard touchdown pass to WR Sidney Rice, Document [131] (Title: Matt Hasselbeck) we're gonna score." During the second overtime possession for the Seahawks, Hasselbeck threw an interception to Packers defensive back Al Harris which was returned 52 yards down the sideline for a touchdown. It gave Green Bay a 33–27 overtime victory. In 2004, Hasselbeck won the 2004 NFL Quarterback Challenge. He also led Seattle to their first NFC West title since realignment in 2002. In 2005, Hasselbeck had one of his most productive career performances, earning the highest passer rating in the NFC, and leading the Seahawks to the playoffs for the third consecutive year while clinching the NFC's top seed. Document [132] (Title: John Schneider (American football executive)) roster transactions, including trading for Marshawn Lynch. On February 2, 2014, the Seahawks won Super Bowl XLVIII, their first championship in their existence. Of those on the championship roster, only Max Unger, Red Bryant, Jon Ryan and Brandon Mebane were Seahawks prior to Schneider's arrival in Seattle. Schneider and Seattle followed their Super Bowl win with another NFC Championship, but lost to New England in Super Bowl XLIX. In 2015, the Seahawks clinched a wild card berth, but fell in the NFC Divisional Round to the Panthers. Schneider signed a 5-year contract extension with the Seahawks in July 2016 that Document [133] (Title: 2016–17 NFL playoffs) Deion Jones. Ryan finished as the game's leading passer with 26 completions on 37 attempts for 338 yards and three touchdowns. Freeman rushed for 40 yards and a touchdown, while also catching four passes for 80 yards and a touchdown. Wilson threw for 225 yards, two touchdowns and two interceptions, and also finished as the Seahawks' leading rusher with 49 yards. Hester returned five kickoffs for 198 yards. New England's defense intercepted Houston three times, while running back Dion Lewis scored three touchdowns – one rushing, one receiving and one kickoff return – as the Patriots advanced to the AFC Document [134] (Title: History of the Seattle Seahawks) was injured in Week 7 and Hasselbeck became the starting QB. He ended the season on a 3-game winning streak, and Shaun Alexander led the NFC with 18 touchdowns. But the team finished with a 7-9 record and rumblings began over whether Holmgren was up to having dual roles as de facto general manager and head coach. Before the 2003 season, Holmgren relinquished his general manager duties so that he could concentrate exclusively on coaching the team. This move was especially hard for Holmgren as one of the factors for him leaving Green Bay was to step out of the Document [135] (Title: History of the Seattle Seahawks) six plays worth 87 yards in 3:19, capped off with a 35-yard touchdown pass from Russell Wilson to Jermaine Kearse, who had been Wilson's intended target on all four of Seattle's interceptions. The final score was Seattle 28, Green Bay 22. Thus Seattle became the first defending champion since the 2004 New England Patriots to return to the Super Bowl the next season. They also became the first NFC team since the 1997 Green Bay Packers to repeat as NFC Champions, the first team to go to consecutive Super Bowls as the #1 seed in the playoffs since the 1990–1991 Document [136] (Title: Jeff George) Seahawks in late 2002 as an emergency quarterback. In 2004, after two years away from the game, the Chicago Bears became the seventh NFL team to employ George, signing him to a one-year contract in November for a partial season backup role, but he never took the field during a game, and was not retained by the Bears for the 2005 season, and was not signed by any team. The Detroit Lions worked him out during their bye week in the event they needed another quarterback; however, George was not offered a contract. On August 28, 2006, the Oakland Raiders Document [137] (Title: Brett Hundley) Brett Hundley Brett Alan Hundley Jr. (born June 15, 1993) is an American football quarterback for the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the UCLA Bruins, where he was the school's career leader in both total offense and touchdown passes. He was drafted by the Green Bay Packers in the fifth round of the 2015 NFL Draft, and started nine games for them in 2017 following an injury to Aaron Rodgers. Hundley attended Chandler High School in Chandler, Arizona, where he played high school football for the Wolves football team. As a junior, Document [138] (Title: Matt Flynn) starting quarterback Tarvaris Jackson and 2012 NFL draft third round pick Russell Wilson for the starting quarterback position. When Wilson was named the starter, it made Flynn and his contract expendable. On April 2, 2013, the Seahawks traded Flynn to the Oakland Raiders for a 2014 5th round pick and a conditional 2015 draft pick. He was brought in to compete with 2013 NFL draft fourth round pick Tyler Wilson and 2011 NFL draft supplemental third round pick Terrelle Pryor for the starting quarterback position, with Pryor winning the starting job in preseason. He was assigned number 15. Flynn relieved Document [139] (Title: Jeff Graham (quarterback)) string quarterback behind Stan Gelbaugh and Kelly Stouffer. Graham was on and off with the Seahawks through the 1994 season bouncing between the practice squad and inactive roster. Graham's last year in the NFL came with the Oakland Raiders for the 1995 season. Once Jeff Hostetler was placed on injured reserve in December Graham was promoted to the third-string quarterback position. He was not retained for the 1996 season Jeff Graham (quarterback) Jeff Graham (born February 5, 1966) is a former American football quarterback who played five seasons in the National Football League with the San Diego Chargers, Seattle Seahawks Document [140] (Title: Trevone Boykin) Trevone Boykin Trevone Dequan Boykin (born August 22, 1993) is an American football quarterback who is currently a free agent. He played college football at Texas Christian University (TCU), and was signed by the Seattle Seahawks as an undrafted free agent in 2016. Boykin attended West Mesquite High School in Mesquite, Texas, where he was a letterman in football and track. In football, Boykin rushed for 1,380 yards with 24 scores on the ground and completed 53.2 percent (116-of-218) of his pass attempts for 1,666 yards and 10 touchdowns through the air as a junior. He was named district MVP Document [141] (Title: Super Bowl XLVIII) states of the Seahawks and Broncos (Washington and Colorado, respectively) were the first two states to legalize marijuana for recreational use, during the fall 2012 elections. Seattle finished the season 13–3, winning the NFC West division and home-field advantage throughout the playoffs. The team scored 417 points during the season, while giving up 231. The offense was led by second-year quarterback Russell Wilson, a third-round draft pick who won the starting role after a three-way quarterback competition in training camp and went on to win a playoff game in his rookie season with the Seahawks. In his second season, he Document [142] (Title: Russell Wilson) five passing touchdown performance. His strong performance over the second half of the season, even after losing star running back Marshawn Lynch and tight end Jimmy Graham, led many analysts to consider Wilson an MVP candidate. Wilson broke numerous Seahawks single season passing records in 2015, including most passing yards (4,024), most passing touchdowns (34), and highest passer rating (110.1). He became the first Seahawks quarterback to throw for over 4,000 yards in a season, and finished the year with the highest passer rating in the NFL. Wilson's 51.7% deep ball completion percentage was the highest among NFL quarterbacks. On Document [143] (Title: 2010 Seattle Seahawks season) 2009). On April 29, 2010, Four-time All-Pro Left Tackle Walter Jones also announced his retirement after a 13-year career during which he became a cornerstone of the Seattle Seahawks organization. During training camp, the Seahawks continued to cut ties with many players. Former first-round pick Lawrence Jackson, who Carroll coached with at USC, was traded to the Detroit Lions for a 6th round pick. The previous year's starters including FB Owen Schmitt and WR T. J. Houshmandzadeh were released from the team. DB Josh Wilson was traded to Baltimore for a conditional fifth round pick. Former San Diego Chargers quarterback Question: who are the quarterbacks for the seattle seahawks

Answer: Russell Wilson Long Answer: Season Quarterback (s) Ref (s) Krieg, Dave! Dave Krieg (2--1) 1984 Krieg, Dave! Dave Krieg (1--1) Krieg, Dave! Dave Krieg (0--1) 1988 Krieg, Dave! Dave Krieg (0--1) 1999 Kitna, Jon! Jon Kitna (0--1) 2003 Hasselbeck, Matt! Matt Hasselbeck (0--1) Hasselbeck, Matt! Matt Hasselbeck (0--1) 2005 Hasselbeck, Matt! Matt Hasselbeck (2--1) 2006 Hasselbeck, Matt! Matt Hasselbeck (1--1) 2007 Hasselbeck, Matt! Matt Hasselbeck (1--1) Hasselbeck, Matt! Matt Hasselbeck (1--1) 2012 Wilson, Russell! Russell Wilson (1--1) 2013 Wilson, Russell! Russell Wilson (3--0) 2014 Wilson, Russell! Russell Wilson (2--1) 2015 Wilson, Russell! Russell Wilson (1--1) 2016 Wilson, Russell! Russell Wilson (1--1) Gold Document ID: 141

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) although loggerhead sea turtles cannot retract their heads or flippers into their shells. Sexual dimorphism of the loggerhead sea turtle is only apparent in adults. Adult males have longer tails and claws than females. The males' plastrons are shorter than the females', presumably to accommodate the males' larger tails. The carapaces of males are wider and less domed than the females', and males typically have wider heads than females. The sex of juveniles and subadults cannot be determined through external anatomy, but can be observed through dissection, laparoscopy (an operation performed on the abdomen), histological examination (cell anatomy), and radioimmunological Document [2] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) extensive algal growth on its carapace. Female-female aggression, which is fairly rare in other marine vertebrates, is common among loggerheads. Ritualized aggression escalates from passive threat displays to combat. This conflict primarily occurs over access to feeding grounds. Escalation typically follows four steps. First, initial contact is stimulated by visual or tactile cues. Second, confrontation occurs, beginning with passive confrontations characterized by wide head-tail circling. They begin aggressive confrontation when one turtle ceases to circle and directly faces the other. Third, sparring occurs with turtles snapping at each other’s jaws. The final stage, separation, is either mutual, with both turtles Document [3] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) the open ocean. They often become entangled in longlines or gillnets. According to the 2009 status review of loggerheads by the Fisheries Service, drowning from entanglement in longline and gillnet fishing gear is the turtles’ primary threat in the North Pacific. They also become stuck in traps, pots, trawls, and dredges. Caught in this unattended equipment, loggerheads risk serious injury or drowning. Turtle excluder devices for nets and other traps reduce the number being accidentally caught. Nearly 24,000 metric tons of plastic are dumped into the ocean each year. Turtles ingest a wide array of this floating debris, including bags, Document [4] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) assays (immune study dealing with radiolabeling). Lachrymal glands located behind each eye allow the loggerhead to maintain osmotic balance by eliminating the excess salt obtained from ingesting ocean water. On land, the excretion of excess salt gives the false impression that the turtle is crying. The loggerhead sea turtle has a cosmopolitan distribution, nesting over the broadest geographical range of any sea turtle. It inhabits the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans and the Mediterranean Sea. In the Atlantic Ocean, the greatest concentration of loggerheads is along the southeastern coast of North America and in the Gulf of Mexico. Very few Document [5] (Title: Golden ghost crab) crustaceans, and sea turtle hatchlings. The Western Australian coast is the site of a significant number of rookeries of loggerhead sea turtles ("Caretta caretta"), green sea turtles ("Chelonia mydas"), and hawksbill sea turtles ("Eretmochelys imbricata"), all of which are classified Endangered to Critically Endangered. The nesting sites are particularly numerous for loggerhead sea turtles, whose rookeries from Shark Bay to Gnaraloo Bay, Ningaloo Reef, and the Cape Range National Park are some of the largest in the world. Along with the introduced red fox ("Vulpes vulpes"), golden ghost crabs are significant as one of the main predators of sea turtle Document [6] (Title: Turtle Taxonomy Working Group) included full primary synonymies and citations to all original descriptions of recent turtle taxa, as well as CITES and IUCN Red List status of each species as applicable. Turtle Taxonomy Working Group The Turtle Taxonomy Working Group (TTWG) is an informal working group of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group (TFTSG). It is composed of a number of leading turtle taxonomists, with varying participation by individual participants over the years, some dropping out and others joining. The TTWG has produced an annual checklist of living and recently extinct turtles since 2007, deliberates on proposed changes to turtle taxonomy, Document [7] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) area must be selected carefully because it affects characteristics such as fitness, emergence ratio, and vulnerability to nest predators. Loggerheads have an average clutch size of 112.4 eggs. Carl Linnaeus gave the loggerhead its first binomial name, "Testudo caretta", in 1758. Thirty-five other names emerged over the following two centuries, with the combination "Caretta caretta" first introduced in 1902 by Leonhard Stejneger. The English common name "loggerhead" refers to the animal's large head. The loggerhead sea turtle belongs to the family Cheloniidae, which includes all extant sea turtles except the leatherback sea turtle. The subspecific classification of the loggerhead sea Document [8] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) both magnetic and visual cues. When both aids are available, they are used in conjunction; if one aid is not available, the other suffices. The turtles swim at about during migration. Like all marine turtles, the loggerhead prepares for reproduction in its foraging area. This takes place several years before the loggerhead migrates to a mating area. Female loggerheads first reproduce at ages 28–33 in Southeastern United States and Australia, and at ages 17–30 in South Africa. Age at first reproduction in the Mediterranean, Oman, Japan, and Brazil are unknown. Nesting loggerheads have a straight carapace length of . Because Document [9] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle policies of the Barack Obama Administration (2009-2017)) gear in the loggerhead conservation area during the presence of El Niño conditions in order to protect the endangered North Pacific Ocean loggerhead DPS. This ruling effective July 23, 2014 was intended to prevent bycatch of loggerhead sea turtles. A team including sea turtle biologists and oceanographers determined the presence of El Niño conditions based on the “El Niño watch” issued by the Climate Prediction Center (CPC), anomalies found in sea surface temperature (SST) charts published by NOAA’s Coast Watch Program, the presence of loggerhead sea turtles in the Pacific loggerhead conservation area, and reports of loggerhead strandings. The SST Document [10] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) turtles are transported by the prevailing currents across the full length of the northern Pacific, one of the longest migration routes of any marine animal. The return journey to the natal beaches in Japan has been long suspected, although the trip would cross unproductive clear water with few feeding opportunities. Evidence of a return journey came from an adult female loggerhead named Adelita, which in 1996, equipped with a satellite tracking device, made the 14,500 km (9,000 mi) trip from Mexico across the Pacific. Adelita was the first animal of any kind ever tracked across an ocean basin. The Mediterranean Document [11] (Title: Loggerhead musk turtle) Loggerhead musk turtle The loggerhead musk turtle ("Sternotherus minor" ) is a species of turtle in the family Kinosternidae. The species is native to the southern United States. Within the southeastern United States, the loggerhead musk turtle can be found in Alabama, northern Florida, Georgia, extreme southeastern Kentucky, extreme eastern Louisiana, Mississippi, extreme western North Carolina, eastern Tennessee, and extreme southwestern Virginia. The loggerhead musk turtle gets its common name from its unusually large head, compared to the common musk turtle ("Sternotherus odoratus"). Adults can be 8–13 cm (3–5 inches) in straight carapace length. Barbels are present on the chin Document [12] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) nests and cloacae. Fibropapillomatosis disease caused by a form of the herpes-type virus threatens loggerheads with internal and external tumors. These tumors disrupt essential behaviors and, if on the eyes, cause permanent blindness. Trematodes of the family Spirorchiidae inhabit tissues throughout the body of the loggerhead, including vital organs, such as the heart and the brain. Trematode infection can be highly debilitating. For example, inflammatory trematode lesions can cause endocarditis and neurological disease. A nematode, "Angiostoma carettae", also infects loggerheads, causing histologic lesions in the respiratory tract. More than 100 species of animals from 13 phyla, as well as 37 Document [13] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) turtle is debated, but most authors consider it a single polymorphic species. Molecular genetics has confirmed hybridization of the loggerhead sea turtle with the Kemp's ridley sea turtle, hawksbill sea turtle, and green sea turtles. The extent of natural hybridization is not yet determined; however, second-generation hybrids have been reported, suggesting some hybrids are fertile. Although evidence is lacking, modern sea turtles probably descended from a single common ancestor during the Cretaceous period. Like all other sea turtles except the leatherback, loggerheads are members of the ancient family Cheloniidae, and appeared about 40 million years ago. Of the six species Document [14] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle policies of the Barack Obama Administration (2009-2017)) interactions from 46 a year to 17, a revision aimed to protect the loggerheads and maintain fishery yield. November 18, 2011 the pelagic shallow-set longline fisheries in Hawaii reached the annual limit on physical interactions with turtles and was closed by NMFS. Incidental interaction limit for loggerhead turtles was increased from 17 to 34 interactions a year starting November 5, 2012. Loggerhead sea turtle policies of the Barack Obama Administration (2009-2017) The loggerhead sea turtle, is protected under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) of 1973. It was originally listed as a threatened species on July 28, 1978. The loggerhead turtle Document [15] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) turtles, courtship and mating usually do not take place near the nesting beach, but rather along migration routes between feeding and breeding grounds. Recent evidence indicates ovulation in loggerheads is mating-induced. Through the act of mating, the female ovulates eggs which are fertilized by the male. This is unique, as mating-induced ovulation is rare outside of mammals. In the Northern Hemisphere, loggerheads mate from late March to early June. The nesting season is short, between May and August in the Northern Hemisphere and between October and March in the Southern Hemisphere. Loggerheads may display multiple paternity. Multiple paternity is possible Document [16] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) around tall buildings, perhaps because they block out the man-made light sources. Loggerhead hatchlings are drawn toward the brighter area over the water which is the consequence of the reflection of moon and star light. Confused by the brighter artificial light, they navigate inland, away from the protective waters, which exposes them to dehydration and predation as the sun rises. Artificial lighting causes tens of thousands of hatchling deaths per year. Destruction and encroachment of habitat by humans is another threat to loggerhead sea turtles. Optimum nesting beaches are open-sand beaches above the high-tide line. However, beach development deprives them Document [17] (Title: Cheloniidae) turtle or tortoise's shell, is comparably more reduced from other turtle species and is connected to the top part of the shell by ligaments without a hinge separating the pectoral and abdominal plates of the plastron. Sizes among the seven species of sea turtles range from 71-213cm; for example, the smallest turtle species in the family Cheloniidae, the Kemp's Ridley, only has a shell size of about 75 cm and a weight of 50 kg. All species have a distinct hardened shell. Reproductive behaviors among the different species of sea turtles are similar, with slight differences in each of the Document [18] (Title: Loggerhead Key) Key is named after the loggerhead sea turtle, an endangered marine reptile and species of sea turtle with a cosmopolitan distribution throughout the world. The Little Africa coral reef is located at Loggerhead Key. The reef is home to various species of tropical fish, spiny lobster and several juvenile game fish. Coral types include "various species of stony and gorgonian coral". The flora of Loggerhead Key includes mangrove, coconut trees, geiger trees, morning glory, sea lavender and cactus. In the 1840s, the island was covered with white buttonwood trees, which were burned or cut down by island inhabitants. Bay cedar Document [19] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) habitat preference. Juveniles are more frequently found in shallow estuarine habitats with limited ocean access compared to non-nesting adults. Loggerheads occupy waters with surface temperatures ranging from during non-nesting season. Temperatures from are most suitable for nesting females. Juvenile loggerheads share the "Sargassum" habitat with a variety of other organisms. The mats of "Sargassum" contain as many as 100 different species of animals on which the juveniles feed. Prey found in "Sargassum" mats may include barnacles, crab larvae, fish eggs, and hydrozoan colonies. Some prey, such as ants, flies, aphids, leafhoppers, and beetles, are carried by the wind to the Document [20] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) turtle eggs are a common meal; locals claim the egg is an aphrodisiac. Eating turtle eggs or meat can cause serious illness due to harmful bacteria, such as "Pseudomonas aeruginosa" and "Serratia marcescens", and high levels of toxic metals that build up through bioaccumulation. The US West Coast is a critical migratory corridor for the Pacific loggerheads, in which these turtles swim across the Pacific to California’s coast from breeding grounds in Japan. Important foraging habitats for juveniles in the central North Pacific have been revealed through telemetry studies. Along with these foraging habitats, high levels of bycatch from industrial-scale Document [21] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) adult males have thicker tails and shorter plastrons (lower shells) than the females. The loggerhead sea turtle is found in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans, as well as the Mediterranean Sea. It spends most of its life in saltwater and estuarine habitats, with females briefly coming ashore to lay eggs. The loggerhead sea turtle has a low reproductive rate; females lay an average of four egg clutches and then become quiescent, producing no eggs for two to three years. The loggerhead reaches sexual maturity within 17–33 years and has a lifespan of 47–67 years. The loggerhead sea turtle is Document [22] (Title: Sea turtle) (1500 lb). Other species are smaller, being mostly 60–120 cm (2–4 ft) and proportionally narrower. Sea turtles, along with other turtles and tortoises, are part of the order Testudines. All species except the leatherback are in the family Cheloniidae. The leatherback is the only extant member of the family Dermochelyidae. The origin of sea turtles goes back to the Late Jurassic (150 million years ago) with genera such as "Plesiochelys", from Europe. In Africa, the first marine turtle is "Angolachelys", from the Turonian of Angola. However, neither of these are related to extant sea turtles; the oldest representative of the Document [23] (Title: Leatherback sea turtle) genus, in turn, contains the only extant member of the family Dermochelyidae. Domenico Agostino Vandelli named the species first in 1761 as "Testudo coriacea" after an animal captured at Ostia and donated to the University of Padua by Pope Clement XIII. In 1816, French zoologist Henri Blainville coined the term "Dermochelys". The leatherback was then reclassified as "Dermochelys coriacea". In 1843, the zoologist Leopold Fitzinger put the genus in its own family, Dermochelyidae. In 1884, the American naturalist Samuel Garman described the species as "Sphargis coriacea schlegelii". The two were then united in "D. coriacea", with each given subspecies status Document [24] (Title: Loggerhead musk turtle) only, not on the throat. "Sternotherus minor" lives in clean freshwater habitats such as springs, streams, and rivers. "S. minor" is oviparous. Hatchlings have a straight carapace length of . They have three prominent keels on the carapace, and they have a pinkish unmarked plastron. Two subspecies are recognized, including the nominotypical subspecies. "Nota bene": A trinomial authority in parentheses indicates that the subspecies was originally described in a genus other than "Sternotherus". <br>. Loggerhead musk turtle The loggerhead musk turtle ("Sternotherus minor" ) is a species of turtle in the family Kinosternidae. The species is native to the southern Document [25] (Title: Cheloniidae) turtle species, except for the Green Sea Turtle, which is only carnivorous from hatchling to juvenile, are mostly carnivorous, with some herbivorous tendencies. Sea turtles feed mainly on sea sponges, jellyfish, mollusks and barnacles, sea urchins, and even fish. The green sea turtle, on the other hand, feeds primarily on many different types of sea grasses. The conservation status of each of the seven turtle species are mostly all endangered or threatened. The green and loggerhead sea turtles are categorized as endangered, Olive Ridleys are classified as vulnerable, Kemp's Ridleys, and Hawksbills sea turtles are critically endangered and the Flat Document [26] (Title: Cheloniidae) Cheloniidae Cheloniidae is a family of typically large marine turtles that are characterised by their common traits such as, having a flat streamlined wide and rounded shell and almost paddle-like flippers for their forelimbs. The six species that make up this family are: the green sea turtle, loggerhead sea turtle, olive ridley sea turtle, hawksbill sea turtle, flatback sea turtle and the Kemp's ridley sea turtle. In contrast to their earth-bound relatives, tortoises, sea turtles do not have the ability to retract their heads into their shells. Their plastron, which is the bony plate making up the underside of a Document [27] (Title: Sea turtle migration) coastal foraging areas. The loggerhead sea turtle uses a series of foraging sites. Others such as the leatherback sea turtle and olive ridley sea turtle do not show fidelity to any specific coastal foraging site. Instead, they forage in the open sea in complex movements apparently not towards any goal. Although the foraging movements of leatherbacks seem to be determined to a large part by passive drift with the currents, they are still able to return to specific sites to breed. The ability of adult sea turtles to travel to precise targets has led many to wonder about the navigational Document [28] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) °C (55 and 59 °F). The loggerhead takes on a floating, cold-stunned posture when temperatures drop to around 10 °C. However, younger loggerheads are more resistant to cold and do not become stunned until temperatures drop below 9 °C. The loggerheads' migration helps to prevent instances of cold-stunning. Higher water temperatures cause an increase in metabolism and heart rate. A loggerhead's body temperature increases in warmer waters more quickly than it decreases in colder water; their critical thermal maximum is currently unknown. In February 2015, a live loggerhead turtle was found floating in British Columbian waters of 10.5 °C with Document [29] (Title: Sea turtle migration) into 3 categories according to their movements. Leatherbacks and olive ridley turtles roam widely and unpredictably before returning to specific breeding sites. Satellite tracking of leatherbacks showed however that they tended to stay within relatively food-rich areas of the ocean during their migration. Kemp's ridley sea turtles, loggerheads and flatback sea turtles migrate between breeding areas and a series of coastal foraging areas. Green sea turtles and hawksbill sea turtles shuttle between fixed foraging and nesting sites. Both species of ridley sea turtle nest in large aggregations, a phenomenon called an arribada. It is thought to be an adaptation against Document [30] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) Research Foundation works for loggerhead conservation in Oman. Annex 2 of the Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife Protocol of the Cartagena Convention, which deals with pollution that could harm marine ecosystems, also protects them. Conservation organizations worldwide have worked with the shrimp trawling industry to develop turtle exclusion devices (TEDs) to exclude even the largest turtles. TEDs are mandatory for all shrimp trawlers. In many places during the nesting season, workers and volunteers search the coastline for nests, and researchers may also go out during the evening to look for nesting females for tagging studies and gather barnacles and tissues Document [31] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) species. The loggerhead sea turtle is omnivorous, feeding mainly on bottom-dwelling invertebrates, such as gastropods, bivalves, and decapods. It has a greater list of known prey than any other sea turtle. Other food items include sponges, corals, sea pens, polychaete worms, sea anemones, cephalopods, barnacles, brachiopods, isopods, Portuguese men o' war, insects, bryozoans, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers, starfish, fish (eggs, juveniles, and adults), hatchling turtles (including members of its own species), algae, and vascular plants. During migration through the open sea, loggerheads eat jellyfish, floating molluscs, floating egg clusters, squid, and flying fish. Loggerheads crush prey with their Document [32] (Title: Caririemys) the specimen was discovered is a treasure-trove of prehistoric turtle remains including the early sea turtle "Santanachelys". "Caririemys" was the fifth unique testudine genus to have been described from fossils found in the Romualdo Member section of the geologic formation. The lone specimen, officially labeled as MN6919-v now resides in the Museu Nacional da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. The turtle skeleton found consisted of parts of the turtle’s carapace, a few vertebral elements and a matching femur and pelvis. Since most of the elements used to systematically classify a fossil turtle in the Pleurodira (such as the skull) Document [33] (Title: Sea turtle) Sea turtle Sea turtles (superfamily Chelonioidea), sometimes called marine turtles, are reptiles of the order Testudines and of the suborder cryptodira. The seven existing species of sea turtles are: the green, loggerhead, Kemp's ridley, olive ridley, hawksbill, flatback, and leatherback. The majority of a sea turtle's body is protected by its shell. The turtle's shell is divided into two sections: the carapace (the dorsal portion) and the plastron (the ventral portion). The shell is made up of smaller plates called scutes. The leatherback is the only sea turtle that does not have a hard shell. Instead, it bears a mosaic Document [34] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) illegal. In the United States, the Fish and Wildlife Service and National Marine Fisheries Service classify them as a threatened species under the Endangered Species Act. Loggerheads are listed as endangered under both Australia's Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 and Queensland's Nature Conservation Act 1992. The Convention on Migratory Species works for the conservation of loggerhead sea turtles on the Atlantic coast of Africa, as well as in the Indian Ocean and southeast Asia. Throughout Japan, the Sea Turtle Association of Japan aids in the conservation of loggerhead sea turtles. Greece's ARCHELON works for their conservation. The Marine Document [35] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) a complete isolation of the Atlantic and Pacific populations of loggerheads. During the most recent ice age, the beaches of southeastern North America were too cold for sea turtle eggs. As the Earth began to warm, loggerheads moved farther north, colonizing the northern beaches. Because of this, turtles nesting between North Carolina and northern Florida represent a different genetic population from those in southern Florida. The distinct populations of loggerheads have unique characteristics and genetic differences. For example, Mediterranean loggerheads are smaller, on average, than Atlantic Ocean loggerheads. North Atlantic and Mediterranean loggerhead sea turtles are descendants of colonizing loggerheads Document [36] (Title: Green sea turtle) Green sea turtle The green sea turtle ("Chelonia mydas"), also known as the green turtle, black (sea) turtle or Pacific green turtle, is a large sea turtle of the family Cheloniidae. It is the only species in the genus Chelonia. Its range extends throughout tropical and subtropical seas around the world, with two distinct populations in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, but it is also found in the Indian Ocean. The common name comes from the usually green fat found beneath its carapace; these turtles' shells are olive to black. This sea turtle's dorsoventrally flattened body is covered by a Document [37] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) turtle appears on the $1000 Colombian Peso coin. In the United States, the loggerhead sea turtle is the official state reptile of South Carolina and also the state saltwater reptile of Florida. Loggerhead sea turtle The loggerhead sea turtle ("Caretta caretta"), or loggerhead, is an oceanic turtle distributed throughout the world. It is a marine reptile, belonging to the family Cheloniidae. The average loggerhead measures around long when fully grown, although larger specimens of up to have been discovered. The adult loggerhead sea turtle weighs approximately , with the largest specimens weighing in at more than . The skin ranges Document [38] (Title: Leatherback sea turtle) Leatherback sea turtle The leatherback sea turtle ("Dermochelys coriacea"), sometimes called the lute turtle or leathery turtle or simply the luth, is the largest of all living turtles and is the fourth-heaviest modern reptile behind three crocodilians. It is the only living species in the genus Dermochelys and family Dermochelyidae. It can easily be differentiated from other modern sea turtles by its lack of a bony shell, hence the name. Instead, its carapace is covered by skin and oily flesh. "Dermochelys" is the only extant genus of the family Dermochelyidae. "Dermochelys coriacea" is the only species in genus "Dermochelys". The Document [39] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) omnivorous, feeding mainly on bottom-dwelling invertebrates. Its large and powerful jaws serve as an effective tool for dismantling its prey. Young loggerheads are exploited by numerous predators; the eggs are especially vulnerable to terrestrial organisms. Once the turtles reach adulthood, their formidable size limits predation to large marine animals, such as sharks. Loggerheads are considered a vulnerable species by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature. In total, 9 distinct population segments are under the protection of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, with 4 population segments classified as "threatened" and 5 classified as "endangered" Commercial trade of loggerheads Document [40] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) largest hard-shelled turtle, slightly larger at average and maximum mature weights than the green sea turtle and the Galapagos tortoise. It is also the world's second largest extant turtle after the leatherback sea turtle. Adults have an average weight range of , averaging about , and a straight-line carapace length range of . The maximum reported weight is and the maximum (presumed total) length is . The head and carapace (upper shell) range from a yellow-orange to a reddish brown, while the plastron (underside) is typically pale yellow. The turtle's neck and sides are brown on the tops and yellow Document [41] (Title: Ozobranchus branchiatus) body. Ozobranchus branchiatus Ozobranchus branchiatus is a species of leech in the family Ozobranchidae. It is found in the Atlantic Ocean and is a permanent parasite of sea turtles, mostly the green sea turtle ("Chelonia mydas"). This leech is somewhat dorso-ventrally flattened and is about in length. The anterior (head) end is narrow and is armed with a sucker with which the leech holds onto the turtle host. This end also bears a mouth on the underside near the sucker and a pair of eyes on the fifth annulation. The trunk is much broader than the head and bears seven Document [42] (Title: Philippine forest turtle) aforementioned light lines behind its head. The Malaysian giant turtle ("Orlitia borneensis") and the smiling terrapin ("Siebenrockiella crassicollis") are the only other turtle species with ginkgo-shaped vertebral scutes, but they do not possess the white to pale yellow line on the back of their heads. The scientific name of Philippine forest turtles is "Siebenrockiella leytensis". It is classified under the genus "Siebenrockiella" in the subgenus "Panyaenemys" (frequently misspelled as ""Panayanemys"" and ""Panyanemys""). It belongs to the subfamily Geoemydinae of the family Geoemydidae. Formerly classified under the genus "Heosemys", it was transferred to the previously monotypic genus "Siebenrockiella" by Diesmos "et Document [43] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) large and powerful jaws. Projecting scale points on the anterior margin of the forelimbs allow manipulation of the food. These points can be used as "pseudo-claws" to tear large pieces of food in the loggerhead's mouth. The loggerhead will turn its neck sideways to consume the torn food on the scale points. Inward-pointing, mucus-covered papillae found in the fore region of the loggerhead's esophagus filter out foreign bodies, such as fish hooks. The next region of the esophagus is not papillated, with numerous mucosal folds. The digestion rate in loggerheads is temperature-dependent; it increases as temperature increases. Loggerheads have numerous Document [44] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) mats. Marine mammals and commercial fishes, including tuna and mahi-mahi, also inhabit the "Sargassum" mats. Loggerhead sea turtles observed in captivity and in the wild are most active during the day. In captivity, the loggerheads' daily activities are divided between swimming and resting on the bottom. While resting, they spread their forelimbs to about midstroke swimming position. They remain motionless with eyes open or half-shut and are easily alerted during this state. At night, captives sleep in the same position with their eyes tightly shut, and are slow to react. Loggerheads spend up to 85% of their day submerged, with Document [45] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) Greek coast, the coastlines of Cyprus and Turkey are also common nesting sites. One record of this turtle was made in Ireland when a specimen washed ashore on Ballyhealy Beach in Co. Wexford. Loggerhead sea turtles spend most of their lives in the open ocean and in shallow coastal waters. They rarely come ashore besides the females' brief visits to construct nests and deposit eggs. Hatchling loggerhead turtles live in floating mats of "Sargassum" algae. Adults and juveniles live along the continental shelf as well as in shallow coastal estuaries. In the northwestern Atlantic Ocean, age plays a factor in Document [46] (Title: Cearachelys) measuring some 20 cm long. The species was identified as a pleurodire based on a number of distinguishing anatomical characteristics – mainly the arrangement of skeletal elements in its skull and the attachment of its pelvic girdle to its carapace. Further analysis of its skull elements led to its classification in the family Bothremydidae. However, skull elements also differentiate the species from the other members of its family. Its closest relation seems to be from a taxon that evolved much later, the Late Cretaceous turtle "Galianemys" from Morocco. Both genera possess a rather retracted jugal bone, a characteristic not seen Document [47] (Title: Black marsh turtle) as "Heosemys leytensis", were actually very closely related. Philippine forest turtles were subsequently reassigned to "Siebenrockiella" under the subgenus "Panyaenemys". They are classified under the subfamily Geoemydinae under the family Geoemydidae. Black marsh turtles are cryptodires, having the ability to pull their heads straight back into the shells; instead of folding their necks sideways along the body like in pleurodiran turtles. The specific epithet ""crassicollis"" comes from Latin "crassus" ("thick") and "collum" ("neck"). The generic name was coined in honor of the Austrian zoologist Friedrich Siebenrock. "Siebenrockiella crassicollis" are known by a variety of vernacular names among hobbyists, such as Document [48] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) of living Cheloniidae, loggerheads are more closely related to the Kemp's ridley sea turtle, olive ridley sea turtle, and the hawksbill turtle than they are to the flatback turtle and the green turtle. Around three million years ago, during the Pliocene epoch, Central America emerged from the sea, effectively cutting off currents between the Atlantic and Indo-Pacific Oceans. The rerouting of ocean currents led to climatic changes as the Earth entered a glacial cycle. Cold water upwelling around the Cape of Good Hope and reduction in water temperature at Cape Horn formed coldwater barriers to migrating turtles. The result was Document [49] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle policies of the Barack Obama Administration (2009-2017)) Loggerhead sea turtle policies of the Barack Obama Administration (2009-2017) The loggerhead sea turtle, is protected under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) of 1973. It was originally listed as a threatened species on July 28, 1978. The loggerhead turtle is the most prolific species of sea turtle in U.S. coastal waters. The loggerhead sea turtle ("Caretta caretta") is geographically distributed into nine distinct population segments(DPS). The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services (USFWS), and the Department of the Interior ruled four DPSs as threatened and five DPSs as endangered Document [50] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) of 12–17 days during the nesting season, on or near the beach where they hatched. They exit the water, climb the beach, and scrape away the surface sand to form a body pit. With their hind limbs, they excavate an egg chamber in which the eggs are deposited. The females then cover the egg chamber and body pit with sand, and finally return to the sea. This process takes one to two hours, and occurs in open sand areas or on top of sand dunes, preferably near dune grasses that the females can use to camouflage the nest. The nesting Document [51] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) predators, especially early in their lives. Egg and nestling predators include ghost crabs, oligochaete worms, beetles, fly larvae, ants, flesh flies, snakes, gulls, corvids, opossums, bears, rats, armadillos, mustelids, skunks, canids, procyonids, cats, pigs, and humans. During their migration from their nests to the sea, hatchlings are preyed on by dipteran larvae, crabs, toads, lizards, snakes, seabirds such as frigatebirds, and other assorted birds and mammals. In the ocean, predators of the loggerhead juveniles include portunid crabs and various fishes, such as parrotfishes and moray eels. Adults are more rarely attacked due to their large size, but may be preyed Document [52] (Title: Hawksbill sea turtle) years. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service and National Marine Fisheries Service have classified hawksbills as endangered under the Endangered Species Act since 1970. The US government established several recovery plans for protecting "E. imbricata". Hawksbill sea turtle The hawksbill sea turtle ("Eretmochelys imbricata") is a critically endangered sea turtle belonging to the family Cheloniidae. It is the only extant species in the genus Eretmochelys. The species has a worldwide distribution, with Atlantic and Indo-Pacific subspecies—"E. i. imbricata" and "E. i. bissa", respectively. The hawksbill's appearance is similar to that of other marine turtles. In general, it has a Document [53] (Title: June Haimoff) a foundation to protect the habitat of the loggerhead turtle. The "Kaptan June Sea Turtle Conservation Foundation" was officially established in February 2011 and has its Information Centre and Museum in Kaptan June's Hut at the minibus side of the beach, overlooking the place where the building of the Kaunos Beach Hotel started in April 1987. Her work has been recognised by Queen Elizabeth II in the 2011 British New Year's Honors List. June Haimoff still lives in Dalyan in a traditional Turkish house, named "The Peaceable Kingdom". She lives a very active life, supported by many friends and surrounded Document [54] (Title: Seashell) marine gastropod mollusks in the family Vermetidae, the worm snails. A few other categories of marine animals leave remains which might be considered "seashells" in the widest possible sense of the word. Sea turtles have a carapace and plastron of bone and cartilage which is developed from their ribs. Infrequently a turtle "shell" will wash up on a beach. Pieces of the hard skeleton of corals commonly wash up on beaches in areas where corals grow. The construction of the shell-like structures of corals are aided by a symbiotic relationship with a class of algae, zooxanthellae. Typically a coral polyp Document [55] (Title: Sea turtle) sea turtles have been conducted in RMUs listed as 'Least Concern' by the IUCN. Additionally, all populations of sea turtles that occur in United States waters are listed as threatened or endangered by the US Endangered Species Act (ESA). The US listing status of the loggerhead is under review as of 2012. <nowiki>*</nowiki>The ESA manages sea turtles by population not by species. In the Caribbean, researchers are having some success in assisting a comeback. In September 2007, Corpus Christi, Texas, wildlife officials found 128 Kemp's ridley sea turtle nests on Texas beaches, a record number, including 81 on North Padre Document [56] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) used on every confirmed nest to prevent excavation by resident red foxes. A new concern with the steel cage technique is interference with the normal development of the nestlings' magnetic sense due to the use of ferrous wire, which may disrupt the turtles' ability to navigate properly. Efforts are underway to find a nonmagnetic material that will prevent predators gnawing through the barrier. Up to 40% of nesting females around the world have wounds believed to come from shark attacks. Infectious bacteria such as "Pseudomonas" and "Salmonella" attack loggerhead hatchlings and eggs. Fungi such as "Penicillium" infect loggerhead sea turtle Document [57] (Title: Sea turtle) commensal. While the barnacles are not directly parasitic to their hosts, they have negative effects to the turtles on which they choose to reside. The barnacles add extra weight and drag to the sea turtle, increasing the energy it needs for swimming and affecting its ability to capture prey, with the effect increasing with the quantity of barnacles affixed to its back. Sea turtle Sea turtles (superfamily Chelonioidea), sometimes called marine turtles, are reptiles of the order Testudines and of the suborder cryptodira. The seven existing species of sea turtles are: the green, loggerhead, Kemp's ridley, olive ridley, hawksbill, flatback, Document [58] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) of the large range, carapace length is not a reliable indicator of sexual maturity. Their estimated maximum lifespan is 47–67 years in the wild. Female loggerheads first reproduce between the ages of 17 and 33, and their mating period may last more than six weeks. They court their mates, but these behaviors have not been thoroughly examined. Male forms of courtship behavior include nuzzling, biting, and head and flipper movements. Studies suggest females produce cloacal pheromones to indicate reproductive ability. Before mating, the male approaches a female and attempts to mount her, while she resists. Next, the male and female Document [59] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) Loggerhead sea turtle The loggerhead sea turtle ("Caretta caretta"), or loggerhead, is an oceanic turtle distributed throughout the world. It is a marine reptile, belonging to the family Cheloniidae. The average loggerhead measures around long when fully grown, although larger specimens of up to have been discovered. The adult loggerhead sea turtle weighs approximately , with the largest specimens weighing in at more than . The skin ranges from yellow to brown in color, and the shell is typically reddish brown. No external differences in sex are seen until the turtle becomes an adult, the most obvious difference being the Document [60] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle policies of the Barack Obama Administration (2009-2017)) of the Interior within the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico, effective August 11, 2014. Effective January 11, 2010 the NMFS, NOAA, and Department of Commerce removed the limit on the number of fishing gear deployments for the Hawaii-based pelagic shallow-set longline fisheries and simultaneously increased the number of incidental interactions allowed with loggerhead sea turtles. This ruling stated that longline fisheries may not interact with over 46 loggerhead sea turtles a year, a number thought to not interfere with survival and recovery of loggerhead sea turtles. This ruling was revised March 10, 2011 to reduce the number of allowed Document [61] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) predation and damage from extreme sand surface temperatures is reduced. Hatchlings enter the ocean by navigating toward the brighter horizon created by the reflection of the moon and starlight off the water's surface. Hatchlings can lose up to 20% of their body mass due to evaporation of water as they journey from nest to ocean. They initially use the undertow to push them five to 10 m away from the shore. Once in the ocean, they swim for about 20 hours, taking them far offshore. An iron compound, magnetite, in their brains allows the turtles to perceive the Earth's magnetic Document [62] (Title: Natal homing) kinds of marine animals that demonstrate natal homing. The most commonly known is the sea turtle. Loggerhead sea turtles are thought to show two different types of homing. The first of which comes in the early stages of life. When first heading out to sea, the animals are carried out by tides and currents with little swimming involved. Recent studies now show that the animals demonstrate homing to feeding grounds near their natal birthplace. Turtles of a specific natal beach show differences in their mitochondrial DNA haplotypes that distinguish them from turtles of other nesting areas. Many turtles from the Document [63] (Title: Green sea turtle) hunted for food. Pollution indirectly harms turtles at both population and individual scales, as well as light pollution. Many turtles die after being caught in fishing nets. Also, real estate development often causes habitat loss by eliminating nesting beaches. The green sea turtle is a member of the tribe Chelonini. A 1993 study clarified the status of genus "Chelonia" with respect to the other marine turtles. The carnivorous "Eretmochelys" (hawksbill), "Caretta" (loggerhead) and "Lepidochelys" (Ridley) were assigned to the tribe Carettini. Herbivorous "Chelonia" warranted their status as a genus, while "Natator" (flatback) was further removed from the other genera than Document [64] (Title: Sea turtle migration) This means they swim offshore, since close to the shore, wave crests run parallel to the beach. Further offshore the Earth's magnetic field is used to maintain an offshore direction and therefore head towards the open sea The ability to head in a given direction without reference to landmarks, is called a compass mechanism and where magnetic cues are used to achieve this it is called a 'magnetic compass'. Hatchling loggerheads mature within the North Atlantic Gyre and it is important that they stay within this current system since here water temperatures are benign. It has been shown that loggerheads Document [65] (Title: Ozobranchus branchiatus) Ozobranchus branchiatus Ozobranchus branchiatus is a species of leech in the family Ozobranchidae. It is found in the Atlantic Ocean and is a permanent parasite of sea turtles, mostly the green sea turtle ("Chelonia mydas"). This leech is somewhat dorso-ventrally flattened and is about in length. The anterior (head) end is narrow and is armed with a sucker with which the leech holds onto the turtle host. This end also bears a mouth on the underside near the sucker and a pair of eyes on the fifth annulation. The trunk is much broader than the head and bears seven pairs Document [66] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) or derived products is prohibited by CITES Appendix I. Untended fishing gear is responsible for many loggerhead deaths. Turtles may also suffocate if they are trapped in fishing trawls. Turtle excluder devices have been implemented in efforts to reduce mortality by providing an escape route for the turtles. Loss of suitable nesting beaches and the introduction of exotic predators have also taken a toll on loggerhead populations. Efforts to restore their numbers will require international cooperation, since the turtles roam vast areas of ocean and critical nesting beaches are scattered across several countries. The loggerhead sea turtle is the world's Document [67] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle policies of the Barack Obama Administration (2009-2017)) effective on October 24, 2011. Loggerhead DPSs listed as threatened under the jurisdiction of the Secretary of Commerce are: Endangered populations of loggerhead sea turtles are: The two of these distinct population segments of loggerhead sea turtles that fall within United States Territory are the North Pacific Ocean DPS(range defined as north of the equator and south of 60°N lat.) and the Northwest Atlantic Ocean DPS(range defined as north of the equator, south of 60°N lat., and west of 40°W. long.). Off the coast of southern California NMFS, NOAA, and Department of Commerce prohibited fishing with large drift gillnet (DGN) Document [68] (Title: Protostegidae) group of turtles (the least inclusive clade containing cryptodirans and pleurodirans). A phylogenetic analysis conducted by Cadena and Parham (2015) recovered Protostegidae within the crown group of Cryptodira; specifically the family was recovered as belonging to Chelonioidea and more closely related to the leatherback sea turtle than cheloniids are. In 1888, the Belgian zoologist George Albert Boulenger published his classification of the Testudinata within the 9th edition of the "Encyclopædia Britannica". The genus "Protostega" was placed within the family Sphargidae under the suborder Athecae. A year or so later, the entire suborder was downgraded by Karl Alfred von Zittel into Document [69] (Title: Magnetoreception) may be perceived. Furthermore, orientation toward the sea, a behaviour commonly seen in hatchlings of a number of turtle species, may rely, in part, on magnetoreception. In Loggerhead and Leatherback turtles, breeding takes place on beaches, and, after hatching, offspring crawl rapidly to the sea. Although differences in light density seem to drive this behaviour, magnetic alignment may also play a part. For instance, the natural directional preferences held by these hatchlings (which lead them from beaches to the sea) reverse upon experimental inversion of the magnetic poles, suggesting the Earth’s magnetic field serves as a reference for proper orientation. Document [70] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) swimming away in opposite directions, or involves chasing one out of the immediate vicinity. Escalation is determined by several factors, including hormone levels, energy expenditure, expected outcome, and importance of location. At all stages, an upright tail shows willingness to escalate, while a curled tail shows willingness to submit. Because higher aggression is metabolically costly and potentially debilitating, contact is much more likely to escalate when the conflict is over access to good foraging grounds. Further aggression has also been reported in captive loggerheads. The turtles are seemingly territorial, and will fight with other loggerheads and sea turtles of different Document [71] (Title: Endangered sea turtles) Endangered sea turtles Worldwide, hundreds of thousands of sea turtles a year are accidentally caught in shrimp trawl nets, on longline hooks and in fishing gill-nets. Sea turtles need to reach the surface to breathe, and therefore many drown once caught. Loggerhead and hawksbill turtles are particularly vulnerable. Nearly all species of sea turtle are classified as Endangered. They are killed for their eggs, meat, skin and shells. They also face habitat destruction. Climate change has an impact on turtle nesting sites. As fishing activity expands, this threat is more of a problem. The Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA; Document [72] (Title: Leatherback sea turtle) million years ago during the Cretaceous period. The dermochelyids are relatives of the family Cheloniidae, which contains the other six extant sea turtle species. However, their sister taxon is the extinct family Protostegidae that included other species that did not have a hard carapace. Leatherback turtles have the most hydrodynamic body design of any sea turtle, with a large, teardrop-shaped body. A large pair of front flippers powers the turtles through the water. Like other sea turtles, the leatherback has flattened forelimbs adapted for swimming in the open ocean. Claws are absent from both pairs of flippers. The leatherback's flippers Document [73] (Title: Turtle) that their internal temperature varies according to the ambient environment. However, because of their high metabolic rate, leatherback sea turtles have a body temperature that is noticeably higher than that of the surrounding water. Turtles are classified as amniotes, along with other reptiles, birds, and mammals. Like other amniotes, turtles breathe air and do not lay eggs underwater, although many species live in or around water. The study of turtles is called cheloniology, after the Greek word for turtle. It is also sometimes called testudinology, after the Latin name for turtles. Differences exist in usage of the common terms "turtle", Document [74] (Title: Turtle) Turtle Turtles are diapsids of the order Testudines (or Chelonii) characterized by a special bony or cartilaginous shell developed from their ribs and acting as a shield. "Turtle" may refer to the order as a whole (American English) or to fresh-water and sea-dwelling testudines (British English). The order Testudines includes both extant (living) and extinct species. The earliest known members of this group date from , making turtles one of the oldest reptile groups and a more ancient group than snakes or crocodilians. Of the 356 known species alive today, some are highly endangered. Turtles are ectotherms—animals commonly called cold-blooded—meaning Document [75] (Title: Endangered sea turtles) Loggerhead turtles are named for their large heads that support powerful jaw muscles, allowing them to crush hard-shelled prey like clams and sea urchins. They are less likely to be hunted for their meat or shell compared to other sea turtles. Bycatch, the accidental capture of marine animals in fishing gear, is a serious problem for loggerhead turtles because they frequently come in contact with fisheries. Worldwide, hundreds of thousands of sea turtles a year are accidentally caught in shrimp trawl nets, on longline hooks and in fishing gillnets—a threat known as bycatch. Sea turtles need to reach the surface Document [76] (Title: Hawksbill sea turtle) the Atlantic. Fitzinger derived the genus' name, "Eretmochelys", from the Greek roots "eretmo" and "chelys", corresponding to "oar" and "turtle", respectively. The name refers to the turtles' oar-like front flippers. The species' name "imbricata" is Latin, corresponding to the English term imbricate. This appropriately describes the turtles' overlapping posterior scutes. The Pacific hawksbill's subspecies name, "bissa", is Latin for "double". The subspecies was originally described as "Caretta bissa"; the term referred to the then-species being the second species in the genus. "Caretta" is the genus of the hawksbill's much larger relative, the loggerhead turtle. Throughout the world, hawksbill sea turtles Document [77] (Title: Cryptodira) from fossils, as well as the Eucryptodira. These are, in turn, made up from some very basal groups, and the Centrocryptodira contain the prehistoric relatives of the living cryptodires, as well as the latter, which are collectively called Polycryptodira. The alternate concept restricts the use of the term "Cryptodira" to the crown clade (i.e. Polycryptodira). The Cryptodira as understood here are called Cryptodiramorpha in this view. As per the system used here, the Cryptodira can be classified as: Cryptodira Cryptodira ("") is a suborder of Testudines that includes most living tortoises and turtles. Cryptodira differ from Pleurodira (side-neck turtles) in Document [78] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) from Tongaland, South Africa. South African loggerhead genes are still present in these populations today. Many human activities have negative effects on loggerhead sea turtle populations. The prolonged time required for loggerheads to reach sexual maturity and the high mortality rates of eggs and young turtles from natural phenomena compound the problems of population reduction as a consequence of human activities. Loggerhead sea turtles were once intensively hunted for their meat and eggs; consumption has decreased, however, due to worldwide legislation. Despite this, turtle meat and eggs are still consumed in countries where regulations are not strictly enforced. In Mexico, Document [79] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) on the sides and bottom. The turtle's shell is divided into two sections: carapace and plastron. The carapace is further divided into large plates, or scutes. Typically, 11 or 12 pairs of marginal scutes rim the carapace. Five vertebral scutes run down the carapace's midline, while five pairs of costal scutes border them. The nuchal scute is located at the base of the head. The carapace connects to the plastron by three pairs of inframarginal scutes forming the bridge of the shell. The plastron features paired gular, humeral, pectoral, abdominal, femoral, and anal scutes. The shell serves as external armor, Document [80] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) Incubation temperatures generally range from 26–32 °C (79–90 °F). Sea turtle eggs kept at a constant incubating temperature of 32 °C become females. Eggs incubating at 28 °C become males. An incubation temperature of 30 °C results in an equal ratio of male to female hatchlings. Hatchlings from eggs in the middle of the clutch tend to be the largest, grow the fastest, and be the most active during the first few days of sea life. After incubating for around 80 days, hatchlings dig through the sand to the surface, usually at night, when darkness increases the chance of escaping Document [81] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) the connection between rapid global temperature changes and the possibility of population extinction. A more localized effect on gender skewing comes from the construction of tall buildings, which reduce sun exposure, lowering the average sand temperature, which results in a shift in gender ratios to favor the emergence of male turtles. Since the loggerhead occupies such a broad range, successful conservation requires efforts from multiple countries. Loggerhead sea turtles are classified as vulnerable by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and are listed under Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species, making international trade Document [82] (Title: Hawksbill sea turtle) tribe Chelonini, which includes the herbivorous green turtle. The hawksbill probably evolved from carnivorous ancestors. Linnaeus originally described the hawksbill sea turtle as "Testudo imbricata" in 1766, in the 12th edition of his "Systema Naturae". In 1843, Austrian zoologist Leopold Fitzinger moved it into genus "Eretmochelys". In 1857, the species was temporarily misdescribed as "Eretmochelys imbricata squamata". Two subspecies are accepted in "E. imbricata's" taxon. "E. i. bissa" refers to populations that reside in the Pacific Ocean. The Atlantic population is a separate subspecies, "E. i. imbricata". The nominate subspecies is the Atlantic taxon, because Linnaeus' type specimen was from Document [83] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) of suitable nesting areas, forcing them to nest closer to the surf. Urbanization often leads to the siltation of sandy beaches, decreasing their viability. Construction of docks and marinas can destroy near-shore habitats. Boat traffic and dredging degrades habitat and can also injure or kill turtles when boats collide with turtles at or near the surface. Annual variations in climatic temperatures can affect sex ratios, since loggerheads have temperature-dependent sex determination. High sand temperatures may skew gender ratios in favor of females. Nesting sites exposed to unseasonably warm temperatures over a three-year period produced 87–99% females. This raises concern over Document [84] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) begin to circle each other. If the male has competitors, the female may let the males struggle with each other. The winner then mounts the female; the male's curved claws usually damage the shoulders of the female's shell during this process. Other courting males bite the male while he is attempting to copulate, damaging his flippers and tail, possibly exposing bones. Such damage can cause the male to dismount and may require weeks to heal. While nesting, females produce an average of 3.9 egg clutches, and then become quiescent, producing no eggs for two to three years. Unlike other sea Document [85] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) kinds of algae, live on loggerheads' backs. These parasitic organisms, which increase drag, offer no known benefit to the turtle, although the dulling effect of organisms on shell color may improve camouflage. Hatchlings range in color from light brown to almost black, lacking the adult's distinct yellows and reds. Upon hatching, they measure about and weigh about . The eggs are typically laid on the beach in an area above the high-tide line. The eggs are laid near the water so the hatchlings can return to the sea. The loggerhead's sex is dictated by the temperature of the underground nest. Document [86] (Title: Loggerhead Marinelife Center) Loggerhead Marinelife Center Loggerhead Marinelife Center, located in Loggerhead Park, Juno Beach, Florida, is a sea turtle research, rehabilitation, education and conservation center. The center also manages the Juno Beach fishing pier, across the street from the park. Established in 1983, the Loggerhead Marinelife Center seeks to promote conservation of ocean ecosystems with a special focus on threatened and endangered sea turtles. Its facilities include a sea turtle hospital, a research laboratory, and exhibit areas including live sea turtles and other coastal creatures. In 2014, Loggerhead Marinelife Center staff began partnering with other sea turtle organizations to rescue turtles accidentally Document [87] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle policies of the Barack Obama Administration (2009-2017)) data showed higher than average temperatures during summer months off the coast of southern California. This same fisheries closure ruling due to El Niño conditions was again implemented May 29, 2015, and then again June 1, 2016. Critical habitat designation for the Northwest Atlantic Ocean DPS of loggerhead sea turtles specified 38 marine areas that include nearshore reproductive habitat, breeding areas, winter area, constricted migratory corridors, and "Sargassum" habitat. This ruling was made the NMFS, NOAA, and Department of Commerce effective August 11, 2014. Nesting beaches were identified as critical terrestrial habitat by Fish and Wildlife Services and the Department Document [88] (Title: Portunus sayi) has also been found as an epibiont of loggerhead turtles along with the goose barnacles "Lepas anatifera" and "Conchoderma virgatum", various other crabs, sea spiders, tunicates and hydroids. This is not surprising as young loggerhead turtles live among the floating mats of "Sargassum" algae feeding on the fauna found there. Portunus sayi Portunus sayi, the sargassum swimming crab, is a species of pelagic crab in the family Portunidae. It is found in the western Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea where it makes its home among floating mats of "Sargassum" seaweed. It was named in honour of the American naturalist Document [89] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) field, for navigation. Many hatchlings use "Sargassum" in the open ocean as protection until they reach . Hatchling loggerheads live in this pelagic environment until they reach juvenile age, and then they migrate to nearshore waters. When ocean waters cool, loggerheads must migrate to warmer areas or hibernate to some degree. In the coldest months, they submerge for up to seven hours at a time, emerging for only seven minutes to breathe. Although outdone by freshwater turtles, these are among the longest recorded dives for any air-breathing marine vertebrate. During their seasonal migration, juvenile loggerheads have the ability to use Document [90] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) fisheries have been found to overlap; with drift gillnets in the past and longline fisheries presently. Many juvenile loggerheads aggregate off the coast of Baja California Sur, Mexico, where small coastal fisheries increase these turtles' mortality risk; fishers have reported catching dozens of loggerheads with bottom-set gear per day per boat. The most common commercial fishery that accidentally takes loggerheads are bottom trawls used for shrimp vessels in the Gulf of California. In 2000, between 2,600 and 6,000 loggerheads were estimated to have been killed by pelagic longlining in the Pacific. Fishing gear is the biggest threat to loggerheads in Document [91] (Title: Turtle) groups, according to how they retract their necks into their shells (something the ancestral "Proganochelys" could not do). The mechanism of neck retraction differs phylogenetically: the suborder Pleurodira retracts laterally to the side, anterior to shoulder girdles, while the suborder Cryptodira retracts straight back, between shoulder girdles. These motions are largely due to the morphology and arrangement of cervical vertebrae. Of all recent turtles, the cervical column consists of nine joints and eight vertebrae, which are individually independent. Since these vertebrae are not fused and are rounded, the neck is more flexible, being able to bend in the backwards and Document [92] (Title: Cheloniidae) the phylogenetic relationships of living and extinct sea turtles in the family Cheloniidae based on Lynch and Parham (2003) and Parham and Pyenson (2010). The following list of extinct cheloniid genera ("sensu lato") was published by Hirayama and Tong in 2003, unless otherwise noted. Cheloniidae Cheloniidae is a family of typically large marine turtles that are characterised by their common traits such as, having a flat streamlined wide and rounded shell and almost paddle-like flippers for their forelimbs. The six species that make up this family are: the green sea turtle, loggerhead sea turtle, olive ridley sea turtle, hawksbill sea Document [93] (Title: Hawksbill sea turtle) Hawksbill sea turtle The hawksbill sea turtle ("Eretmochelys imbricata") is a critically endangered sea turtle belonging to the family Cheloniidae. It is the only extant species in the genus Eretmochelys. The species has a worldwide distribution, with Atlantic and Indo-Pacific subspecies—"E. i. imbricata" and "E. i. bissa", respectively. The hawksbill's appearance is similar to that of other marine turtles. In general, it has a flattened body shape, a protective carapace, and flipper-like limbs, adapted for swimming in the open ocean. "E. imbricata" is easily distinguished from other sea turtles by its sharp, curving beak with prominent tomium, and the saw-like Question: what is the classification of a loggerhead sea turtle Answer: polymorphic Long Answer: Carl Linnaeus gave the loggerhead its first binomial name, Testudo caretta, in 1758 . Thirty - five other names emerged over the following two centuries, with the combination Caretta caretta first introduced in 1902 by Leonhard Stejneger . The English common name "loggerhead" refers to the animal's large head . The loggerhead sea turtle belongs to the family Cheloniidae, which includes all extant sea turtles except the leatherback sea turtle . The subspecific classification of the loggerhead sea turtle is debated, but most authors consider it a single polymorphic species . Molecular genetics has confirmed hybridization of the loggerhead sea turtle with the Kemp's ridley sea turtle, hawksbill sea turtle, and green sea turtles . The extent of natural hybridization is not yet determined; however, second - generation hybrids have been reported, suggesting some hybrids are fertile. Gold Document ID: 13

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) although loggerhead sea turtles cannot retract their heads or flippers into their shells. Sexual dimorphism of the loggerhead sea turtle is only apparent in adults. Adult males have longer tails and claws than females. The males' plastrons are shorter than the females', presumably to accommodate the males' larger tails. The carapaces of males are wider and less domed than the females', and males typically have wider heads than females. The sex of juveniles and subadults cannot be determined through external anatomy, but can be observed through dissection, laparoscopy (an operation performed on the abdomen), histological examination (cell anatomy), and radioimmunological Document [2] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) extensive algal growth on its carapace. Female-female aggression, which is fairly rare in other marine vertebrates, is common among loggerheads. Ritualized aggression escalates from passive threat displays to combat. This conflict primarily occurs over access to feeding grounds. Escalation typically follows four steps. First, initial contact is stimulated by visual or tactile cues. Second, confrontation occurs, beginning with passive confrontations characterized by wide head-tail circling. They begin aggressive confrontation when one turtle ceases to circle and directly faces the other. Third, sparring occurs with turtles snapping at each other’s jaws. The final stage, separation, is either mutual, with both turtles Document [3] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) the open ocean. They often become entangled in longlines or gillnets. According to the 2009 status review of loggerheads by the Fisheries Service, drowning from entanglement in longline and gillnet fishing gear is the turtles’ primary threat in the North Pacific. They also become stuck in traps, pots, trawls, and dredges. Caught in this unattended equipment, loggerheads risk serious injury or drowning. Turtle excluder devices for nets and other traps reduce the number being accidentally caught. Nearly 24,000 metric tons of plastic are dumped into the ocean each year. Turtles ingest a wide array of this floating debris, including bags, Document [4] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) assays (immune study dealing with radiolabeling). Lachrymal glands located behind each eye allow the loggerhead to maintain osmotic balance by eliminating the excess salt obtained from ingesting ocean water. On land, the excretion of excess salt gives the false impression that the turtle is crying. The loggerhead sea turtle has a cosmopolitan distribution, nesting over the broadest geographical range of any sea turtle. It inhabits the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans and the Mediterranean Sea. In the Atlantic Ocean, the greatest concentration of loggerheads is along the southeastern coast of North America and in the Gulf of Mexico. Very few Document [5] (Title: Golden ghost crab) crustaceans, and sea turtle hatchlings. The Western Australian coast is the site of a significant number of rookeries of loggerhead sea turtles ("Caretta caretta"), green sea turtles ("Chelonia mydas"), and hawksbill sea turtles ("Eretmochelys imbricata"), all of which are classified Endangered to Critically Endangered. The nesting sites are particularly numerous for loggerhead sea turtles, whose rookeries from Shark Bay to Gnaraloo Bay, Ningaloo Reef, and the Cape Range National Park are some of the largest in the world. Along with the introduced red fox ("Vulpes vulpes"), golden ghost crabs are significant as one of the main predators of sea turtle Document [6] (Title: Turtle Taxonomy Working Group) included full primary synonymies and citations to all original descriptions of recent turtle taxa, as well as CITES and IUCN Red List status of each species as applicable. Turtle Taxonomy Working Group The Turtle Taxonomy Working Group (TTWG) is an informal working group of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group (TFTSG). It is composed of a number of leading turtle taxonomists, with varying participation by individual participants over the years, some dropping out and others joining. The TTWG has produced an annual checklist of living and recently extinct turtles since 2007, deliberates on proposed changes to turtle taxonomy, Document [7] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) area must be selected carefully because it affects characteristics such as fitness, emergence ratio, and vulnerability to nest predators. Loggerheads have an average clutch size of 112.4 eggs. Carl Linnaeus gave the loggerhead its first binomial name, "Testudo caretta", in 1758. Thirty-five other names emerged over the following two centuries, with the combination "Caretta caretta" first introduced in 1902 by Leonhard Stejneger. The English common name "loggerhead" refers to the animal's large head. The loggerhead sea turtle belongs to the family Cheloniidae, which includes all extant sea turtles except the leatherback sea turtle. The subspecific classification of the loggerhead sea Document [8] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) both magnetic and visual cues. When both aids are available, they are used in conjunction; if one aid is not available, the other suffices. The turtles swim at about during migration. Like all marine turtles, the loggerhead prepares for reproduction in its foraging area. This takes place several years before the loggerhead migrates to a mating area. Female loggerheads first reproduce at ages 28–33 in Southeastern United States and Australia, and at ages 17–30 in South Africa. Age at first reproduction in the Mediterranean, Oman, Japan, and Brazil are unknown. Nesting loggerheads have a straight carapace length of . Because Document [9] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle policies of the Barack Obama Administration (2009-2017)) gear in the loggerhead conservation area during the presence of El Niño conditions in order to protect the endangered North Pacific Ocean loggerhead DPS. This ruling effective July 23, 2014 was intended to prevent bycatch of loggerhead sea turtles. A team including sea turtle biologists and oceanographers determined the presence of El Niño conditions based on the “El Niño watch” issued by the Climate Prediction Center (CPC), anomalies found in sea surface temperature (SST) charts published by NOAA’s Coast Watch Program, the presence of loggerhead sea turtles in the Pacific loggerhead conservation area, and reports of loggerhead strandings. The SST Document [10] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) turtles are transported by the prevailing currents across the full length of the northern Pacific, one of the longest migration routes of any marine animal. The return journey to the natal beaches in Japan has been long suspected, although the trip would cross unproductive clear water with few feeding opportunities. Evidence of a return journey came from an adult female loggerhead named Adelita, which in 1996, equipped with a satellite tracking device, made the 14,500 km (9,000 mi) trip from Mexico across the Pacific. Adelita was the first animal of any kind ever tracked across an ocean basin. The Mediterranean Document [11] (Title: Loggerhead musk turtle) Loggerhead musk turtle The loggerhead musk turtle ("Sternotherus minor" ) is a species of turtle in the family Kinosternidae. The species is native to the southern United States. Within the southeastern United States, the loggerhead musk turtle can be found in Alabama, northern Florida, Georgia, extreme southeastern Kentucky, extreme eastern Louisiana, Mississippi, extreme western North Carolina, eastern Tennessee, and extreme southwestern Virginia. The loggerhead musk turtle gets its common name from its unusually large head, compared to the common musk turtle ("Sternotherus odoratus"). Adults can be 8–13 cm (3–5 inches) in straight carapace length. Barbels are present on the chin Document [12] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) nests and cloacae. Fibropapillomatosis disease caused by a form of the herpes-type virus threatens loggerheads with internal and external tumors. These tumors disrupt essential behaviors and, if on the eyes, cause permanent blindness. Trematodes of the family Spirorchiidae inhabit tissues throughout the body of the loggerhead, including vital organs, such as the heart and the brain. Trematode infection can be highly debilitating. For example, inflammatory trematode lesions can cause endocarditis and neurological disease. A nematode, "Angiostoma carettae", also infects loggerheads, causing histologic lesions in the respiratory tract. More than 100 species of animals from 13 phyla, as well as 37 Document [13] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) turtle is debated, but most authors consider it a single polymorphic species. Molecular genetics has confirmed hybridization of the loggerhead sea turtle with the Kemp's ridley sea turtle, hawksbill sea turtle, and green sea turtles. The extent of natural hybridization is not yet determined; however, second-generation hybrids have been reported, suggesting some hybrids are fertile. Although evidence is lacking, modern sea turtles probably descended from a single common ancestor during the Cretaceous period. Like all other sea turtles except the leatherback, loggerheads are members of the ancient family Cheloniidae, and appeared about 40 million years ago. Of the six species Document [14] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle policies of the Barack Obama Administration (2009-2017)) interactions from 46 a year to 17, a revision aimed to protect the loggerheads and maintain fishery yield. November 18, 2011 the pelagic shallow-set longline fisheries in Hawaii reached the annual limit on physical interactions with turtles and was closed by NMFS. Incidental interaction limit for loggerhead turtles was increased from 17 to 34 interactions a year starting November 5, 2012. Loggerhead sea turtle policies of the Barack Obama Administration (2009-2017) The loggerhead sea turtle, is protected under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) of 1973. It was originally listed as a threatened species on July 28, 1978. The loggerhead turtle Document [15] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) turtles, courtship and mating usually do not take place near the nesting beach, but rather along migration routes between feeding and breeding grounds. Recent evidence indicates ovulation in loggerheads is mating-induced. Through the act of mating, the female ovulates eggs which are fertilized by the male. This is unique, as mating-induced ovulation is rare outside of mammals. In the Northern Hemisphere, loggerheads mate from late March to early June. The nesting season is short, between May and August in the Northern Hemisphere and between October and March in the Southern Hemisphere. Loggerheads may display multiple paternity. Multiple paternity is possible Document [16] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) around tall buildings, perhaps because they block out the man-made light sources. Loggerhead hatchlings are drawn toward the brighter area over the water which is the consequence of the reflection of moon and star light. Confused by the brighter artificial light, they navigate inland, away from the protective waters, which exposes them to dehydration and predation as the sun rises. Artificial lighting causes tens of thousands of hatchling deaths per year. Destruction and encroachment of habitat by humans is another threat to loggerhead sea turtles. Optimum nesting beaches are open-sand beaches above the high-tide line. However, beach development deprives them Document [17] (Title: Cheloniidae) turtle or tortoise's shell, is comparably more reduced from other turtle species and is connected to the top part of the shell by ligaments without a hinge separating the pectoral and abdominal plates of the plastron. Sizes among the seven species of sea turtles range from 71-213cm; for example, the smallest turtle species in the family Cheloniidae, the Kemp's Ridley, only has a shell size of about 75 cm and a weight of 50 kg. All species have a distinct hardened shell. Reproductive behaviors among the different species of sea turtles are similar, with slight differences in each of the Document [18] (Title: Loggerhead Key) Key is named after the loggerhead sea turtle, an endangered marine reptile and species of sea turtle with a cosmopolitan distribution throughout the world. The Little Africa coral reef is located at Loggerhead Key. The reef is home to various species of tropical fish, spiny lobster and several juvenile game fish. Coral types include "various species of stony and gorgonian coral". The flora of Loggerhead Key includes mangrove, coconut trees, geiger trees, morning glory, sea lavender and cactus. In the 1840s, the island was covered with white buttonwood trees, which were burned or cut down by island inhabitants. Bay cedar Document [19] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) habitat preference. Juveniles are more frequently found in shallow estuarine habitats with limited ocean access compared to non-nesting adults. Loggerheads occupy waters with surface temperatures ranging from during non-nesting season. Temperatures from are most suitable for nesting females. Juvenile loggerheads share the "Sargassum" habitat with a variety of other organisms. The mats of "Sargassum" contain as many as 100 different species of animals on which the juveniles feed. Prey found in "Sargassum" mats may include barnacles, crab larvae, fish eggs, and hydrozoan colonies. Some prey, such as ants, flies, aphids, leafhoppers, and beetles, are carried by the wind to the Document [20] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) turtle eggs are a common meal; locals claim the egg is an aphrodisiac. Eating turtle eggs or meat can cause serious illness due to harmful bacteria, such as "Pseudomonas aeruginosa" and "Serratia marcescens", and high levels of toxic metals that build up through bioaccumulation. The US West Coast is a critical migratory corridor for the Pacific loggerheads, in which these turtles swim across the Pacific to California’s coast from breeding grounds in Japan. Important foraging habitats for juveniles in the central North Pacific have been revealed through telemetry studies. Along with these foraging habitats, high levels of bycatch from industrial-scale Document [21] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) adult males have thicker tails and shorter plastrons (lower shells) than the females. The loggerhead sea turtle is found in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans, as well as the Mediterranean Sea. It spends most of its life in saltwater and estuarine habitats, with females briefly coming ashore to lay eggs. The loggerhead sea turtle has a low reproductive rate; females lay an average of four egg clutches and then become quiescent, producing no eggs for two to three years. The loggerhead reaches sexual maturity within 17–33 years and has a lifespan of 47–67 years. The loggerhead sea turtle is Document [22] (Title: Sea turtle) (1500 lb). Other species are smaller, being mostly 60–120 cm (2–4 ft) and proportionally narrower. Sea turtles, along with other turtles and tortoises, are part of the order Testudines. All species except the leatherback are in the family Cheloniidae. The leatherback is the only extant member of the family Dermochelyidae. The origin of sea turtles goes back to the Late Jurassic (150 million years ago) with genera such as "Plesiochelys", from Europe. In Africa, the first marine turtle is "Angolachelys", from the Turonian of Angola. However, neither of these are related to extant sea turtles; the oldest representative of the Document [23] (Title: Leatherback sea turtle) genus, in turn, contains the only extant member of the family Dermochelyidae. Domenico Agostino Vandelli named the species first in 1761 as "Testudo coriacea" after an animal captured at Ostia and donated to the University of Padua by Pope Clement XIII. In 1816, French zoologist Henri Blainville coined the term "Dermochelys". The leatherback was then reclassified as "Dermochelys coriacea". In 1843, the zoologist Leopold Fitzinger put the genus in its own family, Dermochelyidae. In 1884, the American naturalist Samuel Garman described the species as "Sphargis coriacea schlegelii". The two were then united in "D. coriacea", with each given subspecies status Document [24] (Title: Loggerhead musk turtle) only, not on the throat. "Sternotherus minor" lives in clean freshwater habitats such as springs, streams, and rivers. "S. minor" is oviparous. Hatchlings have a straight carapace length of . They have three prominent keels on the carapace, and they have a pinkish unmarked plastron. Two subspecies are recognized, including the nominotypical subspecies. "Nota bene": A trinomial authority in parentheses indicates that the subspecies was originally described in a genus other than "Sternotherus". <br>. Loggerhead musk turtle The loggerhead musk turtle ("Sternotherus minor" ) is a species of turtle in the family Kinosternidae. The species is native to the southern Document [25] (Title: Cheloniidae) turtle species, except for the Green Sea Turtle, which is only carnivorous from hatchling to juvenile, are mostly carnivorous, with some herbivorous tendencies. Sea turtles feed mainly on sea sponges, jellyfish, mollusks and barnacles, sea urchins, and even fish. The green sea turtle, on the other hand, feeds primarily on many different types of sea grasses. The conservation status of each of the seven turtle species are mostly all endangered or threatened. The green and loggerhead sea turtles are categorized as endangered, Olive Ridleys are classified as vulnerable, Kemp's Ridleys, and Hawksbills sea turtles are critically endangered and the Flat Document [26] (Title: Cheloniidae) Cheloniidae Cheloniidae is a family of typically large marine turtles that are characterised by their common traits such as, having a flat streamlined wide and rounded shell and almost paddle-like flippers for their forelimbs. The six species that make up this family are: the green sea turtle, loggerhead sea turtle, olive ridley sea turtle, hawksbill sea turtle, flatback sea turtle and the Kemp's ridley sea turtle. In contrast to their earth-bound relatives, tortoises, sea turtles do not have the ability to retract their heads into their shells. Their plastron, which is the bony plate making up the underside of a Document [27] (Title: Sea turtle migration) coastal foraging areas. The loggerhead sea turtle uses a series of foraging sites. Others such as the leatherback sea turtle and olive ridley sea turtle do not show fidelity to any specific coastal foraging site. Instead, they forage in the open sea in complex movements apparently not towards any goal. Although the foraging movements of leatherbacks seem to be determined to a large part by passive drift with the currents, they are still able to return to specific sites to breed. The ability of adult sea turtles to travel to precise targets has led many to wonder about the navigational Document [28] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) °C (55 and 59 °F). The loggerhead takes on a floating, cold-stunned posture when temperatures drop to around 10 °C. However, younger loggerheads are more resistant to cold and do not become stunned until temperatures drop below 9 °C. The loggerheads' migration helps to prevent instances of cold-stunning. Higher water temperatures cause an increase in metabolism and heart rate. A loggerhead's body temperature increases in warmer waters more quickly than it decreases in colder water; their critical thermal maximum is currently unknown. In February 2015, a live loggerhead turtle was found floating in British Columbian waters of 10.5 °C with Document [29] (Title: Sea turtle migration) into 3 categories according to their movements. Leatherbacks and olive ridley turtles roam widely and unpredictably before returning to specific breeding sites. Satellite tracking of leatherbacks showed however that they tended to stay within relatively food-rich areas of the ocean during their migration. Kemp's ridley sea turtles, loggerheads and flatback sea turtles migrate between breeding areas and a series of coastal foraging areas. Green sea turtles and hawksbill sea turtles shuttle between fixed foraging and nesting sites. Both species of ridley sea turtle nest in large aggregations, a phenomenon called an arribada. It is thought to be an adaptation against Document [30] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) Research Foundation works for loggerhead conservation in Oman. Annex 2 of the Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife Protocol of the Cartagena Convention, which deals with pollution that could harm marine ecosystems, also protects them. Conservation organizations worldwide have worked with the shrimp trawling industry to develop turtle exclusion devices (TEDs) to exclude even the largest turtles. TEDs are mandatory for all shrimp trawlers. In many places during the nesting season, workers and volunteers search the coastline for nests, and researchers may also go out during the evening to look for nesting females for tagging studies and gather barnacles and tissues Document [31] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) species. The loggerhead sea turtle is omnivorous, feeding mainly on bottom-dwelling invertebrates, such as gastropods, bivalves, and decapods. It has a greater list of known prey than any other sea turtle. Other food items include sponges, corals, sea pens, polychaete worms, sea anemones, cephalopods, barnacles, brachiopods, isopods, Portuguese men o' war, insects, bryozoans, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers, starfish, fish (eggs, juveniles, and adults), hatchling turtles (including members of its own species), algae, and vascular plants. During migration through the open sea, loggerheads eat jellyfish, floating molluscs, floating egg clusters, squid, and flying fish. Loggerheads crush prey with their Document [32] (Title: Caririemys) the specimen was discovered is a treasure-trove of prehistoric turtle remains including the early sea turtle "Santanachelys". "Caririemys" was the fifth unique testudine genus to have been described from fossils found in the Romualdo Member section of the geologic formation. The lone specimen, officially labeled as MN6919-v now resides in the Museu Nacional da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. The turtle skeleton found consisted of parts of the turtle’s carapace, a few vertebral elements and a matching femur and pelvis. Since most of the elements used to systematically classify a fossil turtle in the Pleurodira (such as the skull) Document [33] (Title: Sea turtle) Sea turtle Sea turtles (superfamily Chelonioidea), sometimes called marine turtles, are reptiles of the order Testudines and of the suborder cryptodira. The seven existing species of sea turtles are: the green, loggerhead, Kemp's ridley, olive ridley, hawksbill, flatback, and leatherback. The majority of a sea turtle's body is protected by its shell. The turtle's shell is divided into two sections: the carapace (the dorsal portion) and the plastron (the ventral portion). The shell is made up of smaller plates called scutes. The leatherback is the only sea turtle that does not have a hard shell. Instead, it bears a mosaic Document [34] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) illegal. In the United States, the Fish and Wildlife Service and National Marine Fisheries Service classify them as a threatened species under the Endangered Species Act. Loggerheads are listed as endangered under both Australia's Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 and Queensland's Nature Conservation Act 1992. The Convention on Migratory Species works for the conservation of loggerhead sea turtles on the Atlantic coast of Africa, as well as in the Indian Ocean and southeast Asia. Throughout Japan, the Sea Turtle Association of Japan aids in the conservation of loggerhead sea turtles. Greece's ARCHELON works for their conservation. The Marine Document [35] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) a complete isolation of the Atlantic and Pacific populations of loggerheads. During the most recent ice age, the beaches of southeastern North America were too cold for sea turtle eggs. As the Earth began to warm, loggerheads moved farther north, colonizing the northern beaches. Because of this, turtles nesting between North Carolina and northern Florida represent a different genetic population from those in southern Florida. The distinct populations of loggerheads have unique characteristics and genetic differences. For example, Mediterranean loggerheads are smaller, on average, than Atlantic Ocean loggerheads. North Atlantic and Mediterranean loggerhead sea turtles are descendants of colonizing loggerheads Document [36] (Title: Green sea turtle) Green sea turtle The green sea turtle ("Chelonia mydas"), also known as the green turtle, black (sea) turtle or Pacific green turtle, is a large sea turtle of the family Cheloniidae. It is the only species in the genus Chelonia. Its range extends throughout tropical and subtropical seas around the world, with two distinct populations in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, but it is also found in the Indian Ocean. The common name comes from the usually green fat found beneath its carapace; these turtles' shells are olive to black. This sea turtle's dorsoventrally flattened body is covered by a Document [37] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) turtle appears on the $1000 Colombian Peso coin. In the United States, the loggerhead sea turtle is the official state reptile of South Carolina and also the state saltwater reptile of Florida. Loggerhead sea turtle The loggerhead sea turtle ("Caretta caretta"), or loggerhead, is an oceanic turtle distributed throughout the world. It is a marine reptile, belonging to the family Cheloniidae. The average loggerhead measures around long when fully grown, although larger specimens of up to have been discovered. The adult loggerhead sea turtle weighs approximately , with the largest specimens weighing in at more than . The skin ranges Document [38] (Title: Leatherback sea turtle) Leatherback sea turtle The leatherback sea turtle ("Dermochelys coriacea"), sometimes called the lute turtle or leathery turtle or simply the luth, is the largest of all living turtles and is the fourth-heaviest modern reptile behind three crocodilians. It is the only living species in the genus Dermochelys and family Dermochelyidae. It can easily be differentiated from other modern sea turtles by its lack of a bony shell, hence the name. Instead, its carapace is covered by skin and oily flesh. "Dermochelys" is the only extant genus of the family Dermochelyidae. "Dermochelys coriacea" is the only species in genus "Dermochelys". The Document [39] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) omnivorous, feeding mainly on bottom-dwelling invertebrates. Its large and powerful jaws serve as an effective tool for dismantling its prey. Young loggerheads are exploited by numerous predators; the eggs are especially vulnerable to terrestrial organisms. Once the turtles reach adulthood, their formidable size limits predation to large marine animals, such as sharks. Loggerheads are considered a vulnerable species by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature. In total, 9 distinct population segments are under the protection of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, with 4 population segments classified as "threatened" and 5 classified as "endangered" Commercial trade of loggerheads Document [40] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) largest hard-shelled turtle, slightly larger at average and maximum mature weights than the green sea turtle and the Galapagos tortoise. It is also the world's second largest extant turtle after the leatherback sea turtle. Adults have an average weight range of , averaging about , and a straight-line carapace length range of . The maximum reported weight is and the maximum (presumed total) length is . The head and carapace (upper shell) range from a yellow-orange to a reddish brown, while the plastron (underside) is typically pale yellow. The turtle's neck and sides are brown on the tops and yellow Document [41] (Title: Ozobranchus branchiatus) body. Ozobranchus branchiatus Ozobranchus branchiatus is a species of leech in the family Ozobranchidae. It is found in the Atlantic Ocean and is a permanent parasite of sea turtles, mostly the green sea turtle ("Chelonia mydas"). This leech is somewhat dorso-ventrally flattened and is about in length. The anterior (head) end is narrow and is armed with a sucker with which the leech holds onto the turtle host. This end also bears a mouth on the underside near the sucker and a pair of eyes on the fifth annulation. The trunk is much broader than the head and bears seven Document [42] (Title: Philippine forest turtle) aforementioned light lines behind its head. The Malaysian giant turtle ("Orlitia borneensis") and the smiling terrapin ("Siebenrockiella crassicollis") are the only other turtle species with ginkgo-shaped vertebral scutes, but they do not possess the white to pale yellow line on the back of their heads. The scientific name of Philippine forest turtles is "Siebenrockiella leytensis". It is classified under the genus "Siebenrockiella" in the subgenus "Panyaenemys" (frequently misspelled as ""Panayanemys"" and ""Panyanemys""). It belongs to the subfamily Geoemydinae of the family Geoemydidae. Formerly classified under the genus "Heosemys", it was transferred to the previously monotypic genus "Siebenrockiella" by Diesmos "et Document [43] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) large and powerful jaws. Projecting scale points on the anterior margin of the forelimbs allow manipulation of the food. These points can be used as "pseudo-claws" to tear large pieces of food in the loggerhead's mouth. The loggerhead will turn its neck sideways to consume the torn food on the scale points. Inward-pointing, mucus-covered papillae found in the fore region of the loggerhead's esophagus filter out foreign bodies, such as fish hooks. The next region of the esophagus is not papillated, with numerous mucosal folds. The digestion rate in loggerheads is temperature-dependent; it increases as temperature increases. Loggerheads have numerous Document [44] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) mats. Marine mammals and commercial fishes, including tuna and mahi-mahi, also inhabit the "Sargassum" mats. Loggerhead sea turtles observed in captivity and in the wild are most active during the day. In captivity, the loggerheads' daily activities are divided between swimming and resting on the bottom. While resting, they spread their forelimbs to about midstroke swimming position. They remain motionless with eyes open or half-shut and are easily alerted during this state. At night, captives sleep in the same position with their eyes tightly shut, and are slow to react. Loggerheads spend up to 85% of their day submerged, with Document [45] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) Greek coast, the coastlines of Cyprus and Turkey are also common nesting sites. One record of this turtle was made in Ireland when a specimen washed ashore on Ballyhealy Beach in Co. Wexford. Loggerhead sea turtles spend most of their lives in the open ocean and in shallow coastal waters. They rarely come ashore besides the females' brief visits to construct nests and deposit eggs. Hatchling loggerhead turtles live in floating mats of "Sargassum" algae. Adults and juveniles live along the continental shelf as well as in shallow coastal estuaries. In the northwestern Atlantic Ocean, age plays a factor in Document [46] (Title: Cearachelys) measuring some 20 cm long. The species was identified as a pleurodire based on a number of distinguishing anatomical characteristics – mainly the arrangement of skeletal elements in its skull and the attachment of its pelvic girdle to its carapace. Further analysis of its skull elements led to its classification in the family Bothremydidae. However, skull elements also differentiate the species from the other members of its family. Its closest relation seems to be from a taxon that evolved much later, the Late Cretaceous turtle "Galianemys" from Morocco. Both genera possess a rather retracted jugal bone, a characteristic not seen Document [47] (Title: Black marsh turtle) as "Heosemys leytensis", were actually very closely related. Philippine forest turtles were subsequently reassigned to "Siebenrockiella" under the subgenus "Panyaenemys". They are classified under the subfamily Geoemydinae under the family Geoemydidae. Black marsh turtles are cryptodires, having the ability to pull their heads straight back into the shells; instead of folding their necks sideways along the body like in pleurodiran turtles. The specific epithet ""crassicollis"" comes from Latin "crassus" ("thick") and "collum" ("neck"). The generic name was coined in honor of the Austrian zoologist Friedrich Siebenrock. "Siebenrockiella crassicollis" are known by a variety of vernacular names among hobbyists, such as Document [48] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) of living Cheloniidae, loggerheads are more closely related to the Kemp's ridley sea turtle, olive ridley sea turtle, and the hawksbill turtle than they are to the flatback turtle and the green turtle. Around three million years ago, during the Pliocene epoch, Central America emerged from the sea, effectively cutting off currents between the Atlantic and Indo-Pacific Oceans. The rerouting of ocean currents led to climatic changes as the Earth entered a glacial cycle. Cold water upwelling around the Cape of Good Hope and reduction in water temperature at Cape Horn formed coldwater barriers to migrating turtles. The result was Document [49] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle policies of the Barack Obama Administration (2009-2017)) Loggerhead sea turtle policies of the Barack Obama Administration (2009-2017) The loggerhead sea turtle, is protected under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) of 1973. It was originally listed as a threatened species on July 28, 1978. The loggerhead turtle is the most prolific species of sea turtle in U.S. coastal waters. The loggerhead sea turtle ("Caretta caretta") is geographically distributed into nine distinct population segments(DPS). The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services (USFWS), and the Department of the Interior ruled four DPSs as threatened and five DPSs as endangered Document [50] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) of 12–17 days during the nesting season, on or near the beach where they hatched. They exit the water, climb the beach, and scrape away the surface sand to form a body pit. With their hind limbs, they excavate an egg chamber in which the eggs are deposited. The females then cover the egg chamber and body pit with sand, and finally return to the sea. This process takes one to two hours, and occurs in open sand areas or on top of sand dunes, preferably near dune grasses that the females can use to camouflage the nest. The nesting Document [51] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) predators, especially early in their lives. Egg and nestling predators include ghost crabs, oligochaete worms, beetles, fly larvae, ants, flesh flies, snakes, gulls, corvids, opossums, bears, rats, armadillos, mustelids, skunks, canids, procyonids, cats, pigs, and humans. During their migration from their nests to the sea, hatchlings are preyed on by dipteran larvae, crabs, toads, lizards, snakes, seabirds such as frigatebirds, and other assorted birds and mammals. In the ocean, predators of the loggerhead juveniles include portunid crabs and various fishes, such as parrotfishes and moray eels. Adults are more rarely attacked due to their large size, but may be preyed Document [52] (Title: Hawksbill sea turtle) years. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service and National Marine Fisheries Service have classified hawksbills as endangered under the Endangered Species Act since 1970. The US government established several recovery plans for protecting "E. imbricata". Hawksbill sea turtle The hawksbill sea turtle ("Eretmochelys imbricata") is a critically endangered sea turtle belonging to the family Cheloniidae. It is the only extant species in the genus Eretmochelys. The species has a worldwide distribution, with Atlantic and Indo-Pacific subspecies—"E. i. imbricata" and "E. i. bissa", respectively. The hawksbill's appearance is similar to that of other marine turtles. In general, it has a Document [53] (Title: June Haimoff) a foundation to protect the habitat of the loggerhead turtle. The "Kaptan June Sea Turtle Conservation Foundation" was officially established in February 2011 and has its Information Centre and Museum in Kaptan June's Hut at the minibus side of the beach, overlooking the place where the building of the Kaunos Beach Hotel started in April 1987. Her work has been recognised by Queen Elizabeth II in the 2011 British New Year's Honors List. June Haimoff still lives in Dalyan in a traditional Turkish house, named "The Peaceable Kingdom". She lives a very active life, supported by many friends and surrounded Document [54] (Title: Seashell) marine gastropod mollusks in the family Vermetidae, the worm snails. A few other categories of marine animals leave remains which might be considered "seashells" in the widest possible sense of the word. Sea turtles have a carapace and plastron of bone and cartilage which is developed from their ribs. Infrequently a turtle "shell" will wash up on a beach. Pieces of the hard skeleton of corals commonly wash up on beaches in areas where corals grow. The construction of the shell-like structures of corals are aided by a symbiotic relationship with a class of algae, zooxanthellae. Typically a coral polyp Document [55] (Title: Sea turtle) sea turtles have been conducted in RMUs listed as 'Least Concern' by the IUCN. Additionally, all populations of sea turtles that occur in United States waters are listed as threatened or endangered by the US Endangered Species Act (ESA). The US listing status of the loggerhead is under review as of 2012. <nowiki>*</nowiki>The ESA manages sea turtles by population not by species. In the Caribbean, researchers are having some success in assisting a comeback. In September 2007, Corpus Christi, Texas, wildlife officials found 128 Kemp's ridley sea turtle nests on Texas beaches, a record number, including 81 on North Padre Document [56] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) used on every confirmed nest to prevent excavation by resident red foxes. A new concern with the steel cage technique is interference with the normal development of the nestlings' magnetic sense due to the use of ferrous wire, which may disrupt the turtles' ability to navigate properly. Efforts are underway to find a nonmagnetic material that will prevent predators gnawing through the barrier. Up to 40% of nesting females around the world have wounds believed to come from shark attacks. Infectious bacteria such as "Pseudomonas" and "Salmonella" attack loggerhead hatchlings and eggs. Fungi such as "Penicillium" infect loggerhead sea turtle Document [57] (Title: Sea turtle) commensal. While the barnacles are not directly parasitic to their hosts, they have negative effects to the turtles on which they choose to reside. The barnacles add extra weight and drag to the sea turtle, increasing the energy it needs for swimming and affecting its ability to capture prey, with the effect increasing with the quantity of barnacles affixed to its back. Sea turtle Sea turtles (superfamily Chelonioidea), sometimes called marine turtles, are reptiles of the order Testudines and of the suborder cryptodira. The seven existing species of sea turtles are: the green, loggerhead, Kemp's ridley, olive ridley, hawksbill, flatback, Document [58] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) of the large range, carapace length is not a reliable indicator of sexual maturity. Their estimated maximum lifespan is 47–67 years in the wild. Female loggerheads first reproduce between the ages of 17 and 33, and their mating period may last more than six weeks. They court their mates, but these behaviors have not been thoroughly examined. Male forms of courtship behavior include nuzzling, biting, and head and flipper movements. Studies suggest females produce cloacal pheromones to indicate reproductive ability. Before mating, the male approaches a female and attempts to mount her, while she resists. Next, the male and female Document [59] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) Loggerhead sea turtle The loggerhead sea turtle ("Caretta caretta"), or loggerhead, is an oceanic turtle distributed throughout the world. It is a marine reptile, belonging to the family Cheloniidae. The average loggerhead measures around long when fully grown, although larger specimens of up to have been discovered. The adult loggerhead sea turtle weighs approximately , with the largest specimens weighing in at more than . The skin ranges from yellow to brown in color, and the shell is typically reddish brown. No external differences in sex are seen until the turtle becomes an adult, the most obvious difference being the Document [60] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle policies of the Barack Obama Administration (2009-2017)) of the Interior within the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico, effective August 11, 2014. Effective January 11, 2010 the NMFS, NOAA, and Department of Commerce removed the limit on the number of fishing gear deployments for the Hawaii-based pelagic shallow-set longline fisheries and simultaneously increased the number of incidental interactions allowed with loggerhead sea turtles. This ruling stated that longline fisheries may not interact with over 46 loggerhead sea turtles a year, a number thought to not interfere with survival and recovery of loggerhead sea turtles. This ruling was revised March 10, 2011 to reduce the number of allowed Document [61] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) predation and damage from extreme sand surface temperatures is reduced. Hatchlings enter the ocean by navigating toward the brighter horizon created by the reflection of the moon and starlight off the water's surface. Hatchlings can lose up to 20% of their body mass due to evaporation of water as they journey from nest to ocean. They initially use the undertow to push them five to 10 m away from the shore. Once in the ocean, they swim for about 20 hours, taking them far offshore. An iron compound, magnetite, in their brains allows the turtles to perceive the Earth's magnetic Document [62] (Title: Natal homing) kinds of marine animals that demonstrate natal homing. The most commonly known is the sea turtle. Loggerhead sea turtles are thought to show two different types of homing. The first of which comes in the early stages of life. When first heading out to sea, the animals are carried out by tides and currents with little swimming involved. Recent studies now show that the animals demonstrate homing to feeding grounds near their natal birthplace. Turtles of a specific natal beach show differences in their mitochondrial DNA haplotypes that distinguish them from turtles of other nesting areas. Many turtles from the Document [63] (Title: Green sea turtle) hunted for food. Pollution indirectly harms turtles at both population and individual scales, as well as light pollution. Many turtles die after being caught in fishing nets. Also, real estate development often causes habitat loss by eliminating nesting beaches. The green sea turtle is a member of the tribe Chelonini. A 1993 study clarified the status of genus "Chelonia" with respect to the other marine turtles. The carnivorous "Eretmochelys" (hawksbill), "Caretta" (loggerhead) and "Lepidochelys" (Ridley) were assigned to the tribe Carettini. Herbivorous "Chelonia" warranted their status as a genus, while "Natator" (flatback) was further removed from the other genera than Document [64] (Title: Sea turtle migration) This means they swim offshore, since close to the shore, wave crests run parallel to the beach. Further offshore the Earth's magnetic field is used to maintain an offshore direction and therefore head towards the open sea The ability to head in a given direction without reference to landmarks, is called a compass mechanism and where magnetic cues are used to achieve this it is called a 'magnetic compass'. Hatchling loggerheads mature within the North Atlantic Gyre and it is important that they stay within this current system since here water temperatures are benign. It has been shown that loggerheads Document [65] (Title: Ozobranchus branchiatus) Ozobranchus branchiatus Ozobranchus branchiatus is a species of leech in the family Ozobranchidae. It is found in the Atlantic Ocean and is a permanent parasite of sea turtles, mostly the green sea turtle ("Chelonia mydas"). This leech is somewhat dorso-ventrally flattened and is about in length. The anterior (head) end is narrow and is armed with a sucker with which the leech holds onto the turtle host. This end also bears a mouth on the underside near the sucker and a pair of eyes on the fifth annulation. The trunk is much broader than the head and bears seven pairs Document [66] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) or derived products is prohibited by CITES Appendix I. Untended fishing gear is responsible for many loggerhead deaths. Turtles may also suffocate if they are trapped in fishing trawls. Turtle excluder devices have been implemented in efforts to reduce mortality by providing an escape route for the turtles. Loss of suitable nesting beaches and the introduction of exotic predators have also taken a toll on loggerhead populations. Efforts to restore their numbers will require international cooperation, since the turtles roam vast areas of ocean and critical nesting beaches are scattered across several countries. The loggerhead sea turtle is the world's Document [67] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle policies of the Barack Obama Administration (2009-2017)) effective on October 24, 2011. Loggerhead DPSs listed as threatened under the jurisdiction of the Secretary of Commerce are: Endangered populations of loggerhead sea turtles are: The two of these distinct population segments of loggerhead sea turtles that fall within United States Territory are the North Pacific Ocean DPS(range defined as north of the equator and south of 60°N lat.) and the Northwest Atlantic Ocean DPS(range defined as north of the equator, south of 60°N lat., and west of 40°W. long.). Off the coast of southern California NMFS, NOAA, and Department of Commerce prohibited fishing with large drift gillnet (DGN) Document [68] (Title: Protostegidae) group of turtles (the least inclusive clade containing cryptodirans and pleurodirans). A phylogenetic analysis conducted by Cadena and Parham (2015) recovered Protostegidae within the crown group of Cryptodira; specifically the family was recovered as belonging to Chelonioidea and more closely related to the leatherback sea turtle than cheloniids are. In 1888, the Belgian zoologist George Albert Boulenger published his classification of the Testudinata within the 9th edition of the "Encyclopædia Britannica". The genus "Protostega" was placed within the family Sphargidae under the suborder Athecae. A year or so later, the entire suborder was downgraded by Karl Alfred von Zittel into Document [69] (Title: Magnetoreception) may be perceived. Furthermore, orientation toward the sea, a behaviour commonly seen in hatchlings of a number of turtle species, may rely, in part, on magnetoreception. In Loggerhead and Leatherback turtles, breeding takes place on beaches, and, after hatching, offspring crawl rapidly to the sea. Although differences in light density seem to drive this behaviour, magnetic alignment may also play a part. For instance, the natural directional preferences held by these hatchlings (which lead them from beaches to the sea) reverse upon experimental inversion of the magnetic poles, suggesting the Earth’s magnetic field serves as a reference for proper orientation. Document [70] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) swimming away in opposite directions, or involves chasing one out of the immediate vicinity. Escalation is determined by several factors, including hormone levels, energy expenditure, expected outcome, and importance of location. At all stages, an upright tail shows willingness to escalate, while a curled tail shows willingness to submit. Because higher aggression is metabolically costly and potentially debilitating, contact is much more likely to escalate when the conflict is over access to good foraging grounds. Further aggression has also been reported in captive loggerheads. The turtles are seemingly territorial, and will fight with other loggerheads and sea turtles of different Document [71] (Title: Endangered sea turtles) Endangered sea turtles Worldwide, hundreds of thousands of sea turtles a year are accidentally caught in shrimp trawl nets, on longline hooks and in fishing gill-nets. Sea turtles need to reach the surface to breathe, and therefore many drown once caught. Loggerhead and hawksbill turtles are particularly vulnerable. Nearly all species of sea turtle are classified as Endangered. They are killed for their eggs, meat, skin and shells. They also face habitat destruction. Climate change has an impact on turtle nesting sites. As fishing activity expands, this threat is more of a problem. The Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA; Document [72] (Title: Leatherback sea turtle) million years ago during the Cretaceous period. The dermochelyids are relatives of the family Cheloniidae, which contains the other six extant sea turtle species. However, their sister taxon is the extinct family Protostegidae that included other species that did not have a hard carapace. Leatherback turtles have the most hydrodynamic body design of any sea turtle, with a large, teardrop-shaped body. A large pair of front flippers powers the turtles through the water. Like other sea turtles, the leatherback has flattened forelimbs adapted for swimming in the open ocean. Claws are absent from both pairs of flippers. The leatherback's flippers Document [73] (Title: Turtle) that their internal temperature varies according to the ambient environment. However, because of their high metabolic rate, leatherback sea turtles have a body temperature that is noticeably higher than that of the surrounding water. Turtles are classified as amniotes, along with other reptiles, birds, and mammals. Like other amniotes, turtles breathe air and do not lay eggs underwater, although many species live in or around water. The study of turtles is called cheloniology, after the Greek word for turtle. It is also sometimes called testudinology, after the Latin name for turtles. Differences exist in usage of the common terms "turtle", Document [74] (Title: Turtle) Turtle Turtles are diapsids of the order Testudines (or Chelonii) characterized by a special bony or cartilaginous shell developed from their ribs and acting as a shield. "Turtle" may refer to the order as a whole (American English) or to fresh-water and sea-dwelling testudines (British English). The order Testudines includes both extant (living) and extinct species. The earliest known members of this group date from , making turtles one of the oldest reptile groups and a more ancient group than snakes or crocodilians. Of the 356 known species alive today, some are highly endangered. Turtles are ectotherms—animals commonly called cold-blooded—meaning Document [75] (Title: Endangered sea turtles) Loggerhead turtles are named for their large heads that support powerful jaw muscles, allowing them to crush hard-shelled prey like clams and sea urchins. They are less likely to be hunted for their meat or shell compared to other sea turtles. Bycatch, the accidental capture of marine animals in fishing gear, is a serious problem for loggerhead turtles because they frequently come in contact with fisheries. Worldwide, hundreds of thousands of sea turtles a year are accidentally caught in shrimp trawl nets, on longline hooks and in fishing gillnets—a threat known as bycatch. Sea turtles need to reach the surface Document [76] (Title: Hawksbill sea turtle) the Atlantic. Fitzinger derived the genus' name, "Eretmochelys", from the Greek roots "eretmo" and "chelys", corresponding to "oar" and "turtle", respectively. The name refers to the turtles' oar-like front flippers. The species' name "imbricata" is Latin, corresponding to the English term imbricate. This appropriately describes the turtles' overlapping posterior scutes. The Pacific hawksbill's subspecies name, "bissa", is Latin for "double". The subspecies was originally described as "Caretta bissa"; the term referred to the then-species being the second species in the genus. "Caretta" is the genus of the hawksbill's much larger relative, the loggerhead turtle. Throughout the world, hawksbill sea turtles Document [77] (Title: Cryptodira) from fossils, as well as the Eucryptodira. These are, in turn, made up from some very basal groups, and the Centrocryptodira contain the prehistoric relatives of the living cryptodires, as well as the latter, which are collectively called Polycryptodira. The alternate concept restricts the use of the term "Cryptodira" to the crown clade (i.e. Polycryptodira). The Cryptodira as understood here are called Cryptodiramorpha in this view. As per the system used here, the Cryptodira can be classified as: Cryptodira Cryptodira ("") is a suborder of Testudines that includes most living tortoises and turtles. Cryptodira differ from Pleurodira (side-neck turtles) in Document [78] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) from Tongaland, South Africa. South African loggerhead genes are still present in these populations today. Many human activities have negative effects on loggerhead sea turtle populations. The prolonged time required for loggerheads to reach sexual maturity and the high mortality rates of eggs and young turtles from natural phenomena compound the problems of population reduction as a consequence of human activities. Loggerhead sea turtles were once intensively hunted for their meat and eggs; consumption has decreased, however, due to worldwide legislation. Despite this, turtle meat and eggs are still consumed in countries where regulations are not strictly enforced. In Mexico, Document [79] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) on the sides and bottom. The turtle's shell is divided into two sections: carapace and plastron. The carapace is further divided into large plates, or scutes. Typically, 11 or 12 pairs of marginal scutes rim the carapace. Five vertebral scutes run down the carapace's midline, while five pairs of costal scutes border them. The nuchal scute is located at the base of the head. The carapace connects to the plastron by three pairs of inframarginal scutes forming the bridge of the shell. The plastron features paired gular, humeral, pectoral, abdominal, femoral, and anal scutes. The shell serves as external armor, Document [80] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) Incubation temperatures generally range from 26–32 °C (79–90 °F). Sea turtle eggs kept at a constant incubating temperature of 32 °C become females. Eggs incubating at 28 °C become males. An incubation temperature of 30 °C results in an equal ratio of male to female hatchlings. Hatchlings from eggs in the middle of the clutch tend to be the largest, grow the fastest, and be the most active during the first few days of sea life. After incubating for around 80 days, hatchlings dig through the sand to the surface, usually at night, when darkness increases the chance of escaping Document [81] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) the connection between rapid global temperature changes and the possibility of population extinction. A more localized effect on gender skewing comes from the construction of tall buildings, which reduce sun exposure, lowering the average sand temperature, which results in a shift in gender ratios to favor the emergence of male turtles. Since the loggerhead occupies such a broad range, successful conservation requires efforts from multiple countries. Loggerhead sea turtles are classified as vulnerable by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and are listed under Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species, making international trade Document [82] (Title: Hawksbill sea turtle) tribe Chelonini, which includes the herbivorous green turtle. The hawksbill probably evolved from carnivorous ancestors. Linnaeus originally described the hawksbill sea turtle as "Testudo imbricata" in 1766, in the 12th edition of his "Systema Naturae". In 1843, Austrian zoologist Leopold Fitzinger moved it into genus "Eretmochelys". In 1857, the species was temporarily misdescribed as "Eretmochelys imbricata squamata". Two subspecies are accepted in "E. imbricata's" taxon. "E. i. bissa" refers to populations that reside in the Pacific Ocean. The Atlantic population is a separate subspecies, "E. i. imbricata". The nominate subspecies is the Atlantic taxon, because Linnaeus' type specimen was from Document [83] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) of suitable nesting areas, forcing them to nest closer to the surf. Urbanization often leads to the siltation of sandy beaches, decreasing their viability. Construction of docks and marinas can destroy near-shore habitats. Boat traffic and dredging degrades habitat and can also injure or kill turtles when boats collide with turtles at or near the surface. Annual variations in climatic temperatures can affect sex ratios, since loggerheads have temperature-dependent sex determination. High sand temperatures may skew gender ratios in favor of females. Nesting sites exposed to unseasonably warm temperatures over a three-year period produced 87–99% females. This raises concern over Document [84] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) begin to circle each other. If the male has competitors, the female may let the males struggle with each other. The winner then mounts the female; the male's curved claws usually damage the shoulders of the female's shell during this process. Other courting males bite the male while he is attempting to copulate, damaging his flippers and tail, possibly exposing bones. Such damage can cause the male to dismount and may require weeks to heal. While nesting, females produce an average of 3.9 egg clutches, and then become quiescent, producing no eggs for two to three years. Unlike other sea Document [85] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) kinds of algae, live on loggerheads' backs. These parasitic organisms, which increase drag, offer no known benefit to the turtle, although the dulling effect of organisms on shell color may improve camouflage. Hatchlings range in color from light brown to almost black, lacking the adult's distinct yellows and reds. Upon hatching, they measure about and weigh about . The eggs are typically laid on the beach in an area above the high-tide line. The eggs are laid near the water so the hatchlings can return to the sea. The loggerhead's sex is dictated by the temperature of the underground nest. Document [86] (Title: Loggerhead Marinelife Center) Loggerhead Marinelife Center Loggerhead Marinelife Center, located in Loggerhead Park, Juno Beach, Florida, is a sea turtle research, rehabilitation, education and conservation center. The center also manages the Juno Beach fishing pier, across the street from the park. Established in 1983, the Loggerhead Marinelife Center seeks to promote conservation of ocean ecosystems with a special focus on threatened and endangered sea turtles. Its facilities include a sea turtle hospital, a research laboratory, and exhibit areas including live sea turtles and other coastal creatures. In 2014, Loggerhead Marinelife Center staff began partnering with other sea turtle organizations to rescue turtles accidentally Document [87] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle policies of the Barack Obama Administration (2009-2017)) data showed higher than average temperatures during summer months off the coast of southern California. This same fisheries closure ruling due to El Niño conditions was again implemented May 29, 2015, and then again June 1, 2016. Critical habitat designation for the Northwest Atlantic Ocean DPS of loggerhead sea turtles specified 38 marine areas that include nearshore reproductive habitat, breeding areas, winter area, constricted migratory corridors, and "Sargassum" habitat. This ruling was made the NMFS, NOAA, and Department of Commerce effective August 11, 2014. Nesting beaches were identified as critical terrestrial habitat by Fish and Wildlife Services and the Department Document [88] (Title: Portunus sayi) has also been found as an epibiont of loggerhead turtles along with the goose barnacles "Lepas anatifera" and "Conchoderma virgatum", various other crabs, sea spiders, tunicates and hydroids. This is not surprising as young loggerhead turtles live among the floating mats of "Sargassum" algae feeding on the fauna found there. Portunus sayi Portunus sayi, the sargassum swimming crab, is a species of pelagic crab in the family Portunidae. It is found in the western Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea where it makes its home among floating mats of "Sargassum" seaweed. It was named in honour of the American naturalist Document [89] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) field, for navigation. Many hatchlings use "Sargassum" in the open ocean as protection until they reach . Hatchling loggerheads live in this pelagic environment until they reach juvenile age, and then they migrate to nearshore waters. When ocean waters cool, loggerheads must migrate to warmer areas or hibernate to some degree. In the coldest months, they submerge for up to seven hours at a time, emerging for only seven minutes to breathe. Although outdone by freshwater turtles, these are among the longest recorded dives for any air-breathing marine vertebrate. During their seasonal migration, juvenile loggerheads have the ability to use Document [90] (Title: Loggerhead sea turtle) fisheries have been found to overlap; with drift gillnets in the past and longline fisheries presently. Many juvenile loggerheads aggregate off the coast of Baja California Sur, Mexico, where small coastal fisheries increase these turtles' mortality risk; fishers have reported catching dozens of loggerheads with bottom-set gear per day per boat. The most common commercial fishery that accidentally takes loggerheads are bottom trawls used for shrimp vessels in the Gulf of California. In 2000, between 2,600 and 6,000 loggerheads were estimated to have been killed by pelagic longlining in the Pacific. Fishing gear is the biggest threat to loggerheads in Document [91] (Title: Turtle) groups, according to how they retract their necks into their shells (something the ancestral "Proganochelys" could not do). The mechanism of neck retraction differs phylogenetically: the suborder Pleurodira retracts laterally to the side, anterior to shoulder girdles, while the suborder Cryptodira retracts straight back, between shoulder girdles. These motions are largely due to the morphology and arrangement of cervical vertebrae. Of all recent turtles, the cervical column consists of nine joints and eight vertebrae, which are individually independent. Since these vertebrae are not fused and are rounded, the neck is more flexible, being able to bend in the backwards and Document [92] (Title: Cheloniidae) the phylogenetic relationships of living and extinct sea turtles in the family Cheloniidae based on Lynch and Parham (2003) and Parham and Pyenson (2010). The following list of extinct cheloniid genera ("sensu lato") was published by Hirayama and Tong in 2003, unless otherwise noted. Cheloniidae Cheloniidae is a family of typically large marine turtles that are characterised by their common traits such as, having a flat streamlined wide and rounded shell and almost paddle-like flippers for their forelimbs. The six species that make up this family are: the green sea turtle, loggerhead sea turtle, olive ridley sea turtle, hawksbill sea Document [93] (Title: Hawksbill sea turtle) Hawksbill sea turtle The hawksbill sea turtle ("Eretmochelys imbricata") is a critically endangered sea turtle belonging to the family Cheloniidae. It is the only extant species in the genus Eretmochelys. The species has a worldwide distribution, with Atlantic and Indo-Pacific subspecies—"E. i. imbricata" and "E. i. bissa", respectively. The hawksbill's appearance is similar to that of other marine turtles. In general, it has a flattened body shape, a protective carapace, and flipper-like limbs, adapted for swimming in the open ocean. "E. imbricata" is easily distinguished from other sea turtles by its sharp, curving beak with prominent tomium, and the saw-like Question: what is the classification of a loggerhead sea turtle

Answer: polymorphic Long Answer: Carl Linnaeus gave the loggerhead its first binomial name, Testudo caretta, in 1758 . Thirty - five other names emerged over the following two centuries, with the combination Caretta caretta first introduced in 1902 by Leonhard Stejneger . The English common name "loggerhead" refers to the animal's large head . The loggerhead sea turtle belongs to the family Cheloniidae, which includes all extant sea turtles except the leatherback sea turtle . The subspecific classification of the loggerhead sea turtle is debated, but most authors consider it a single polymorphic species . Molecular genetics has confirmed hybridization of the loggerhead sea turtle with the Kemp's ridley sea turtle, hawksbill sea turtle, and green sea turtles . The extent of natural hybridization is not yet determined; however, second - generation hybrids have been reported, suggesting some hybrids are fertile. Gold Document ID: 13

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Texas) the republic from the nationalist faction, along with strong abolitionist opposition within the United States, slowed Texas's admission into the Union. Texas was finally annexed when the expansionist James K. Polk won the election of 1844. On December 29, 1845, Congress admitted Texas to the U.S. as a constituent state of the Union. The population of the new state was quite small at first and there was a strong mix between the English-speaking American settlers that dominated in the state's eastern/northeastern portions and the Spanish-speaking former Mexicans that dominated in the state's southern and western portions. Statehood brought many new Document [2] (Title: 1840s) declined the offer. In 1844, James K. Polk was elected the United States president after promising to annex Texas. Before he assumed office, the outgoing president, John Tyler, entered negotiations with Texas. On February 26, 1845, six days before Polk took office, the U.S. Congress approved the annexation. The Texas legislature approved annexation in July 1845 and constructed a state constitution. In October, Texas residents approved the annexation and the new constitution, and Texas was officially inducted into the United States on December 29, 1845 as the 28th U.S. state.. Mexico still considered Texas to be a renegade Mexican state, Document [3] (Title: Charles A. Wickliffe) into Mexico. Stockton and Wickliffe believed that if they could provoke a Texan invasion of Mexico, the United States would have a stronger case for annexing Texas. Ultimately, they failed in convincing the Texans to invade, but succeeded in drumming up support for annexation. Both Wickliffe's position on annexation and his willingness to carry out Polk's assignment further distanced him from the Whigs. On February 18, 1841, the Kentucky General Assembly elected James Turner Morehead to the U.S. Senate; Wickliffe received twenty votes in this contest. In 1849, he was chosen as a delegate to the state constitutional convention, despite Document [4] (Title: 1844 Whig National Convention) in their home states. Northern Whigs feared that Texas statehood would initiate the opening of a vast "Empire for Slavery". Two weeks before the Whig convention in Baltimore, in reaction to Calhoun's Packenham Letter, Clay issued a document known as the Raleigh Letter (issued April 17, 1844) presenting his views on Texas to his fellow southern Whigs. In it, he flatly denounced the Tyler annexation bill and predicted that its passage would provoke a war with Mexico, whose government had never recognized Texas independence. Clay underlined his position, warning that even with Mexico's consent, he would block annexation in the Document [5] (Title: 1844 United States presidential election) favor of immediate annexation. Calhoun gained significant credibility when his former nemesis, ex-President Andrew Jackson, publicly announced his support for immediate Texas annexation in May 1844. Jackson had facilitated Tyler's Texas negotiations in February 1844 by reassuring President of the Texas Republic Sam Houston that the US Senate ratification of the Tyler treaty was likely. As the Senate debated the Tyler treaty, Jackson declared that the popular support among Texans for annexation should be respected, and any delay would result in a British dominated Texas Republic that would promote slave emancipation and pose a foreign military threat to the southwest Document [6] (Title: Texas annexation) Britain. Texas's predominant concern was not British interference with the institution of slavery – English diplomats had not alluded to the issue – but the avoidance of any resumption of hostilities with Mexico. Still, US Secretary of State Upshur vigorously courted Texas diplomats to begin annexation talks, finally dispatching an appeal to President Sam Houston in January 1844. In it, he assured Houston that, in contrast to previous attempts, the political climate in the United States, including sections of the North, was amenable to Texas statehood, and that a two-thirds majority in Senate could be obtained to ratify a Texas Document [7] (Title: Republic of Texas) took effect, December 29, 1845 (therefore bypassing a territorial phase). One of the motivations for annexation was the huge debts which the Republic of Texas government had incurred. As part of the Compromise of 1850, in return for $10,000,000 in Federal bonds, Texas dropped claims to territory which included parts of present-day Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Wyoming. The resolution did include two unique provisions: First, it said up to four additional states could be created from Texas' territory with the consent of the State of Texas (and that new states north of the Missouri Compromise Line would be Document [8] (Title: 1844 United States presidential election) strongly anti-annexation Northern Whigs and some Democrats. He crafted an emphatically anti-Texas position that temporized with expansionist southern Democrats, laying out a highly conditional scenario that delayed Texas annexation indefinitely. In the Hammett Letter, published April 27, 1844 (penned April 20), he counseled his party to reject Texas under a Tyler administration. Furthermore, annexation of Texas as a territory would proceed, tentatively, under a Van Buren administration, only when the American public had been consulted on the matter and Mexico's cooperation had been pursued to avoid an unnecessary war. A military option might be advanced if a groundswell of popular Document [9] (Title: James K. Polk) the influential former president, Sam Houston, rejected it, as did the Texas Congress. In July 1845, a convention ratified annexation, and thereafter voters approved it. In December 1845, Polk signed a resolution annexing Texas, and it became the 28th state. Mexico had broken diplomatic relations with the United States on passage of the joint resolution in March 1845; annexation increased tensions with that nation, which had never recognized Texan independence. Following the Texan ratification of annexation in 1845, both Mexicans and Americans saw conflict as a likely possibility. Polk began preparations for a potential war with Mexico over Texas, sending Document [10] (Title: Texas annexation) for Texas independence from Mexico, then-President Andrew Jackson delayed recognizing the new republic until the last day of his presidency to avoid raising the issue during the 1836 general election. Jackson's political caution was informed by northern concerns that Texas could potentially form several new slave states and undermine the North-South balance in Congress. Jackson's successor, President Martin Van Buren, viewed Texas annexation as an immense political liability that would empower the anti-slavery northern Whig opposition – especially if annexation provoked a war with Mexico. Presented with a formal annexation proposal from Texas minister Memucan Hunt, Jr. in August 1837, Document [11] (Title: History of Texas (1845–1860)) from the United States, Congress passed the Compromise of 1850. Texas gave up much of the western territories it had claimed in exchange for $10 million to pay off previous debts. Post-war Texas grew rapidly as migrants poured into the cotton lands of the state. German immigrants started to arrive in the early 1840s because of economic, social and political conditions in their states. In 1842, German nobles organized the "Adelsverein", banding together to buy land in central Texas to enable German settlement. The Revolutions of 1848 acted as another catalyst for so many immigrants that they became known as Document [12] (Title: U.S. state) Congress for statehood in 1835, was not admitted to the Union until 1837, due to a boundary dispute with the adjoining state of Ohio. The Republic of Texas requested annexation to the United States in 1837, but fears about potential conflict with Mexico delayed the admission of Texas for nine years. Statehood for Kansas Territory was held up for several years (1854–61) due to a series of internal violent conflicts involving anti-slavery and pro-slavery factions. West Virginia's bid for statehood was also delayed over slavery, and was settled when it agreed to adopt a gradual abolition plan. Puerto Rico referred Document [13] (Title: 1844 United States presidential election) At first, the subject of annexing Texas to the United States was shunned by both major American political parties. Although they recognized Texas sovereignty, Presidents Andrew Jackson (1829–1837) and Martin Van Buren (1837 – 1841) declined to pursue annexation. The prospect of bringing another slave state into the Union was fraught with problems. Both major parties – the Democrats and Whigs – viewed Texas statehood as something "not worth a foreign war [with Mexico]" or the "sectional combat" that annexation would provoke in the United States. The incumbent President John Tyler, formerly vice-president, had assumed the presidency upon the death Document [14] (Title: Texas–Indian wars) bill that would authorize the United States to annex the Republic of Texas. Texas became a U.S. state on the same day annexation took effect, December 29, 1845. One of the primary motivations for annexation on the Republic of Texas side was that the Republic had incurred huge debts which the United States agreed to assume upon annexation. In 1852, in return for this assumption of debt, a large portion of Texas-claimed territory, now parts of Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Wyoming, was ceded to the Federal government. The entry of the Republic into the United States marked the Document [15] (Title: Texas annexation) Texas annexation The Texas Annexation was the 1845 annexation of the Republic of Texas into the United States of America, which was admitted to the Union as the 28th state on December 29, 1845. The Republic of Texas declared independence from the Republic of Mexico on March 2, 1836. At the time the vast majority of the Texian population favored the annexation of the Republic by the United States. The leadership of both major U.S. political parties, the Democrats and the Whigs, opposed the introduction of Texas, a vast slave-holding region, into the volatile political climate of the pro- and Question: the major factor that delayed texas statehood until 1845 was Answer: Democrats and the Whigs, opposed Long Answer: The Republic of Texas declared independence from the Republic of Mexico on March 2, 1836 . At the time the vast majority of the Texian population favored the annexation of the Republic by the United States . The leadership of both major U.S. political parties, the Democrats and the Whigs, opposed the introduction of Texas, a vast slave - holding region, into the volatile political climate of the pro - and anti-slavery sectional controversies in Congress . Moreover, they wished to avoid a war with Mexico, whose government refused to acknowledge the sovereignty of its rebellious northern province . With Texas's economic fortunes declining by the early 1840s, the President of the Texas Republic, Sam Houston, arranged talks with Mexico to explore the possibility of securing official recognition of independence, with Great Britain mediating. Gold Document ID: 15

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Texas) the republic from the nationalist faction, along with strong abolitionist opposition within the United States, slowed Texas's admission into the Union. Texas was finally annexed when the expansionist James K. Polk won the election of 1844. On December 29, 1845, Congress admitted Texas to the U.S. as a constituent state of the Union. The population of the new state was quite small at first and there was a strong mix between the English-speaking American settlers that dominated in the state's eastern/northeastern portions and the Spanish-speaking former Mexicans that dominated in the state's southern and western portions. Statehood brought many new Document [2] (Title: 1840s) declined the offer. In 1844, James K. Polk was elected the United States president after promising to annex Texas. Before he assumed office, the outgoing president, John Tyler, entered negotiations with Texas. On February 26, 1845, six days before Polk took office, the U.S. Congress approved the annexation. The Texas legislature approved annexation in July 1845 and constructed a state constitution. In October, Texas residents approved the annexation and the new constitution, and Texas was officially inducted into the United States on December 29, 1845 as the 28th U.S. state.. Mexico still considered Texas to be a renegade Mexican state, Document [3] (Title: Charles A. Wickliffe) into Mexico. Stockton and Wickliffe believed that if they could provoke a Texan invasion of Mexico, the United States would have a stronger case for annexing Texas. Ultimately, they failed in convincing the Texans to invade, but succeeded in drumming up support for annexation. Both Wickliffe's position on annexation and his willingness to carry out Polk's assignment further distanced him from the Whigs. On February 18, 1841, the Kentucky General Assembly elected James Turner Morehead to the U.S. Senate; Wickliffe received twenty votes in this contest. In 1849, he was chosen as a delegate to the state constitutional convention, despite Document [4] (Title: 1844 Whig National Convention) in their home states. Northern Whigs feared that Texas statehood would initiate the opening of a vast "Empire for Slavery". Two weeks before the Whig convention in Baltimore, in reaction to Calhoun's Packenham Letter, Clay issued a document known as the Raleigh Letter (issued April 17, 1844) presenting his views on Texas to his fellow southern Whigs. In it, he flatly denounced the Tyler annexation bill and predicted that its passage would provoke a war with Mexico, whose government had never recognized Texas independence. Clay underlined his position, warning that even with Mexico's consent, he would block annexation in the Document [5] (Title: 1844 United States presidential election) favor of immediate annexation. Calhoun gained significant credibility when his former nemesis, ex-President Andrew Jackson, publicly announced his support for immediate Texas annexation in May 1844. Jackson had facilitated Tyler's Texas negotiations in February 1844 by reassuring President of the Texas Republic Sam Houston that the US Senate ratification of the Tyler treaty was likely. As the Senate debated the Tyler treaty, Jackson declared that the popular support among Texans for annexation should be respected, and any delay would result in a British dominated Texas Republic that would promote slave emancipation and pose a foreign military threat to the southwest Document [6] (Title: Texas annexation) Britain. Texas's predominant concern was not British interference with the institution of slavery – English diplomats had not alluded to the issue – but the avoidance of any resumption of hostilities with Mexico. Still, US Secretary of State Upshur vigorously courted Texas diplomats to begin annexation talks, finally dispatching an appeal to President Sam Houston in January 1844. In it, he assured Houston that, in contrast to previous attempts, the political climate in the United States, including sections of the North, was amenable to Texas statehood, and that a two-thirds majority in Senate could be obtained to ratify a Texas Document [7] (Title: Republic of Texas) took effect, December 29, 1845 (therefore bypassing a territorial phase). One of the motivations for annexation was the huge debts which the Republic of Texas government had incurred. As part of the Compromise of 1850, in return for $10,000,000 in Federal bonds, Texas dropped claims to territory which included parts of present-day Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Wyoming. The resolution did include two unique provisions: First, it said up to four additional states could be created from Texas' territory with the consent of the State of Texas (and that new states north of the Missouri Compromise Line would be Document [8] (Title: 1844 United States presidential election) strongly anti-annexation Northern Whigs and some Democrats. He crafted an emphatically anti-Texas position that temporized with expansionist southern Democrats, laying out a highly conditional scenario that delayed Texas annexation indefinitely. In the Hammett Letter, published April 27, 1844 (penned April 20), he counseled his party to reject Texas under a Tyler administration. Furthermore, annexation of Texas as a territory would proceed, tentatively, under a Van Buren administration, only when the American public had been consulted on the matter and Mexico's cooperation had been pursued to avoid an unnecessary war. A military option might be advanced if a groundswell of popular Document [9] (Title: James K. Polk) the influential former president, Sam Houston, rejected it, as did the Texas Congress. In July 1845, a convention ratified annexation, and thereafter voters approved it. In December 1845, Polk signed a resolution annexing Texas, and it became the 28th state. Mexico had broken diplomatic relations with the United States on passage of the joint resolution in March 1845; annexation increased tensions with that nation, which had never recognized Texan independence. Following the Texan ratification of annexation in 1845, both Mexicans and Americans saw conflict as a likely possibility. Polk began preparations for a potential war with Mexico over Texas, sending Document [10] (Title: Texas annexation) for Texas independence from Mexico, then-President Andrew Jackson delayed recognizing the new republic until the last day of his presidency to avoid raising the issue during the 1836 general election. Jackson's political caution was informed by northern concerns that Texas could potentially form several new slave states and undermine the North-South balance in Congress. Jackson's successor, President Martin Van Buren, viewed Texas annexation as an immense political liability that would empower the anti-slavery northern Whig opposition – especially if annexation provoked a war with Mexico. Presented with a formal annexation proposal from Texas minister Memucan Hunt, Jr. in August 1837, Document [11] (Title: History of Texas (1845–1860)) from the United States, Congress passed the Compromise of 1850. Texas gave up much of the western territories it had claimed in exchange for $10 million to pay off previous debts. Post-war Texas grew rapidly as migrants poured into the cotton lands of the state. German immigrants started to arrive in the early 1840s because of economic, social and political conditions in their states. In 1842, German nobles organized the "Adelsverein", banding together to buy land in central Texas to enable German settlement. The Revolutions of 1848 acted as another catalyst for so many immigrants that they became known as Document [12] (Title: U.S. state) Congress for statehood in 1835, was not admitted to the Union until 1837, due to a boundary dispute with the adjoining state of Ohio. The Republic of Texas requested annexation to the United States in 1837, but fears about potential conflict with Mexico delayed the admission of Texas for nine years. Statehood for Kansas Territory was held up for several years (1854–61) due to a series of internal violent conflicts involving anti-slavery and pro-slavery factions. West Virginia's bid for statehood was also delayed over slavery, and was settled when it agreed to adopt a gradual abolition plan. Puerto Rico referred Document [13] (Title: 1844 United States presidential election) At first, the subject of annexing Texas to the United States was shunned by both major American political parties. Although they recognized Texas sovereignty, Presidents Andrew Jackson (1829–1837) and Martin Van Buren (1837 – 1841) declined to pursue annexation. The prospect of bringing another slave state into the Union was fraught with problems. Both major parties – the Democrats and Whigs – viewed Texas statehood as something "not worth a foreign war [with Mexico]" or the "sectional combat" that annexation would provoke in the United States. The incumbent President John Tyler, formerly vice-president, had assumed the presidency upon the death Document [14] (Title: Texas–Indian wars) bill that would authorize the United States to annex the Republic of Texas. Texas became a U.S. state on the same day annexation took effect, December 29, 1845. One of the primary motivations for annexation on the Republic of Texas side was that the Republic had incurred huge debts which the United States agreed to assume upon annexation. In 1852, in return for this assumption of debt, a large portion of Texas-claimed territory, now parts of Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Wyoming, was ceded to the Federal government. The entry of the Republic into the United States marked the Document [15] (Title: Texas annexation) Texas annexation The Texas Annexation was the 1845 annexation of the Republic of Texas into the United States of America, which was admitted to the Union as the 28th state on December 29, 1845. The Republic of Texas declared independence from the Republic of Mexico on March 2, 1836. At the time the vast majority of the Texian population favored the annexation of the Republic by the United States. The leadership of both major U.S. political parties, the Democrats and the Whigs, opposed the introduction of Texas, a vast slave-holding region, into the volatile political climate of the pro- and Question: the major factor that delayed texas statehood until 1845 was

Answer: Democrats and the Whigs, opposed Long Answer: The Republic of Texas declared independence from the Republic of Mexico on March 2, 1836 . At the time the vast majority of the Texian population favored the annexation of the Republic by the United States . The leadership of both major U.S. political parties, the Democrats and the Whigs, opposed the introduction of Texas, a vast slave - holding region, into the volatile political climate of the pro - and anti-slavery sectional controversies in Congress . Moreover, they wished to avoid a war with Mexico, whose government refused to acknowledge the sovereignty of its rebellious northern province . With Texas's economic fortunes declining by the early 1840s, the President of the Texas Republic, Sam Houston, arranged talks with Mexico to explore the possibility of securing official recognition of independence, with Great Britain mediating. Gold Document ID: 15

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 7)) to reuse a runway song. The song played during the closing credits was "Fly Tonight", both songs from the album "Born Naked". The winner of the seventh season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" was Violet Chachki, with Ginger Minj and Pearl being the runners-up. Ginger Minj and Katya competed on the second season of "". Ginger placed 8th overall and Katya was runner-up with season 5 contestant Detox. Kennedy Davenport and Trixie Mattel competed on the of "All Stars". Kennedy was the runner-up, while Trixie won the competition. Kandy Ho competed on the 2nd installment of the Chilean version of Drag Document [2] (Title: Raven (drag queen)) a contestant on the second season of "RuPaul's Drag Race". In the first episode, he won the season's first mini-challenge, a photo shoot. In the second and third episode he landed in the bottom two, having to "lip-sync for his life" twice in order to stay in the competition. He won both lipsyncs. Raven won a second mini-challenge in the fourth episode by guessing the price of various objects, earning him a phone call home; and a third mini-challenge in the fifth episode by successfully decorating a box to reflect his personal style. He won the seventh and eighth main Document [3] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars (season 2)) show. In previous seasons, the bottom two queens had to "Lip-sync for their Life" to avoid elimination. This season had the top two performing queens of the challenge "Lip-sync for their Legacy," with the winner of the lip-sync earning $10,000 and choosing which one of the bottom queens gets eliminated. The prizes for the winner were a one-year supply of Anastasia Beverly Hills cosmetics and a cash prize of $100,000. The winner of the second season of "RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars" was Alaska, with Detox and Katya being the runners-up. "(Ages and names stated are at time of contest)" Document [4] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 7)) Race titled The Switch Drag Race and finished in 8th Place. Jasmine Masters and Trixie Mattel competed on the "RuPaul’s Drag Race Holi-slay Spectacular". Jasmine also competed on the fourth season of "All Stars" on December 14, 2018. She placed 10th overall. "(Ages and names stated are at time of contest)" Listed in chronological order: Guests who appeared in episodes, but did not judge on the main stage: Episode 1: Episode 2: Episode 7: Episode 8: Episode 10: Episode 12: <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> The trailers for this season featured clips the songs "Geronimo" and "Modern Love", both off the album "Born Naked". Document [5] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars (season 1)) and "tag in" to complete the performance. RuPaul dedicated the first episode in memory of Sahara Davenport, a former competitor in season 2 of RuPaul's Drag Race who died due to heart failure. The winner of the first season of "RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars" was Chad Michaels, with Raven being the runner-up. Latrice Royale and Manila Luzon will be competing again in the 4th season of All Stars. "(Ages and names stated are at time of contest)" Listed in chronological order: <onlyinclude> </onlyinclude> RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars (season 1) The first season of "" premiered on the Logo Document [6] (Title: Shannel) Shannel Bryan Watkins, known by her stage name Shannel, is an American drag queen and television personality, best known for competing on the first season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" and later the first season of "". Watkins was born on July 3, 1979, in Orange County, California. He started doing drag at fifteen years old when he entered a Halloween drag contest and won. He worked as a beauty advisor for the cosmetics company Chanel. He moved to Las Vegas, Nevada in 2000. Shannel was announced as one of nine contestants for the first season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" (2009). Document [7] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 4)) totalled 254,000 viewers, marking the companion show's most watched debut. During the evening of the premiere, the show registered eight US trending topics on Twitter (including Jiggly Caliente, Sharon Needles, Phi Phi O'Hara, and Latrice Royale) and reached a 7th place ranking on Trendrr. Leading up to the first episode, the show's Facebook page saw an 89% increase (earning over half a million fans). The season finale scored a 0.7 rating in the 18-49 demographic and drew 601,000 viewers total, while the reunion episode became the highest rated episode of the season. Season four's "RuPaul's Drag Race: Reunited" was also Document [8] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 2)) summer of 2009. For season two, the number of contestants was increased from nine to twelve, and the prizes were slightly modified: a lifetime supply of NYX Cosmetics and be the face of nyxcosmetics.com, an exclusive one year public relations contract with LGBT firm Project Publicity, be featured an LA Eyeworks campaign, join the Logo Drag Race tour, and a cash prize of $25,000. A new tradition of writing a farewell message, in lipstick on their workstation mirror, was started by the first eliminated queen of the season. Each week's episode is followed by a behind-the-scenes show, "RuPaul's Drag Race Document [9] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars (season 4)) Holi-slay Spectacular", a Christmas themed special episode of "RuPaul's Drag Race". The drag queens who will compete for a spot in the "Drag Race Hall of Fame" are: "(Ages and names stated are correct at time of contest.)" Guest judges for this season include: <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars (season 4) The fourth season of "" was announced by VH1 on August 22, 2018. Prior to the official announcement, RuPaul confirmed in an episode of his podcast "What's the Tee?", that filming for the fourth season was underway. Season 3 winner Trixie Mattel hosted a special, "Trixie's Playhouse", to Document [10] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars (season 4)) RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars (season 4) The fourth season of "" was announced by VH1 on August 22, 2018. Prior to the official announcement, RuPaul confirmed in an episode of his podcast "What's the Tee?", that filming for the fourth season was underway. Season 3 winner Trixie Mattel hosted a special, "Trixie's Playhouse", to announce the cast for the fourth season. It was originally scheduled to air on November 8, 2018, but was postponed to the following day due to the Thousand Oaks shooting. The season premiered on December 14, 2018, on VH1, one week after "RuPaul's Drag Race Document [11] (Title: Kimora Blac) when he was fifteen with Dragula contestant Melissa Befierce. He started doing professional drag when he was eighteen. He auditioned for "Drag Race" three different times. Kimora Blac was announced as one of fourteen contestants for the ninth season of RuPaul's Drag Race on February 2, 2017. After being declared safe in episode one, she was placed in the bottom two in the second episode with Jaymes Mansfield and won a lip sync against her to "Love Shack" by The B-52's. She was eliminated in the third episode after lip syncing to "Holding Out for a Hero" by Bonnie Tyler, Document [12] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 1)) RuPaul's Drag Race (season 1) The first season of "RuPaul's Drag Race", later referred to as "RuPaul's Drag Race: The Lost Season Ru-Vealed", premiered in the United States on February 2, 2009, on Logo. Nine contestants were selected to compete in the running of becoming "America's Next Drag Superstar." The first season was filmed during the summer of 2008. The winner of the first season won $5,000 worth of MAC Cosmetics, was featured in an LA Eyeworks campaign, joined the Logo Drag Race tour, and won a cash prize of $20,000. One of the nine contestants to compete on "RuPaul's Document [13] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 8)) stage. Episode 1: Episode 2: Episode 5: Episode 6: Episode 7: Episode 9: <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> RuPaul's Drag Race (season 8) The eighth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" began airing on March 7, 2016. Returning judges include RuPaul and Michelle Visage, along with Ross Mathews and Carson Kressley, who shared judging responsibilities on an alternating basis. Twelve drag queens competed for the title of "America's Next Drag Superstar". The prizes for the winner are a one-year supply of Anastasia Beverly Hills cosmetics and a cash prize of $100,000. The full list of contestants was revealed during the NewNowNext Awards on February 1, Document [14] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race) an early renewal for an eighth season. The winner of the seventh season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" was Violet Chachki, with Katya winning Miss Congeniality. On January 14, 2016, it was announced that the cast for the eighth season will be revealed during the 2016 New Now Next Honors on February 1, 2016, followed by the season premiere on March 7, 2016. The first episode celebrated the 100th taping of the show, and the 100th drag queen to enter the work room. Michelle Visage returned as a main judge, while Carson Kressley and Ross Mathews returned as rotating main judges. Document [15] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 8)) being the runners-up. Cynthia Lee Fontaine returned on the ninth season as a surprise contestant to compete with the other 13 drag queens. She placed 10th overall. Chi Chi DeVayne and Thorgy Thor competed on the of "". Thorgy placed 10th and Chi Chi placed 8th overall. Kim Chi competed on RuPaul's Drag Race Holi-slay Spectacular on December 7, 2018. Naomi Smalls is competing on the fourth season of "All Stars" on December 14, 2018. "(Ages and names stated are at time of contest)" Listed in chronological order: Guests who appeared in episodes, but did not judge on the main Document [16] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 2)) season 3 contestant Mimi Imfurst, Jujubee placed 3rd/4th with season 1 contestant Shannel, and Raven was the runner-up. Tatianna competed on the second season of "All Stars" and initially finished in 8th place. She returned to the competition after winning re-entry with Alyssa Edwards and placed 6th overall. Morgan McMichaels and Shangela competed on the of "All Stars". Morgan initially finished in 10th place, however she returned to the competition after fellow contestant, BenDeLaCreme, chose her to return, and placed 5th overall. Shangela placed 3rd/4th overall along with season 1 winner BeBe Zahara Benet. Shangela and Sonique competed in the Document [17] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 2)) Untucked". The theme song playing during the runway and the end credits every episode is "Jealous of My Boogie" the Gomi and RasJek remix from RuPaul's album "Champion". On December 6, 2011, Amazon.com released this season on DVD via their CreateSpace program. The winner of the second season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" was Tyra Sanchez, with Raven being the runner-up. Shangela Laquifa Wadley returned on the third season as a surprise contestant to compete with the other 12 drag queens. She placed 6th overall. Jujubee, Pandora Boxx and Raven competed on the first season of "". Pandora placed 11th/12th with Document [18] (Title: Willam Belli) fourth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race". In November 2011, Logo TV announced that Belli was among 13 contestants competing on the fourth season. Fellow castmate Chad Michaels had competed with Belli in the California Entertainer of the Year Pageant in 2010. Belli won the main challenges in the episodes "Float Your Bloat" and "Frenemies," but was disqualified in the latter. In the episode "Reunited," Belli stated that his disqualification was due to conjugal visits made by his husband in his hotel room, though by Belli's own account, the "disqualification" coincided with a previously booked off-Broadway engagement. Belli used the publicity Document [19] (Title: Raven (drag queen)) placement, with many fans feeling like RuPaul only created "All Stars" in order to crown Chad Michaels after he surprisingly lost out to Sharon Needles in the finale of the fourth season of "Drag Race". Furthermore, this first installment of "All Stars" has been frequently critiqued for its elimination process and overall rules, especially the pairing. Raven often gets compared to Allison Harvard, a contestant on "America's Next Top Model", who also placed as the runner-up on her respective season and on an "All Stars" season. Because of this, they are both known as "Queen of Runner-Ups". Petruschin returned to Document [20] (Title: Ginger Minj) Ginger Minj Ginger Minj is the stage name of Joshua Allan Eads, an American drag queen, actor, and singer, most known for competing on the seventh season of the reality television competition "RuPaul's Drag Race" and subsequently the second season of "". Eads was born in Lake County, Florida, and majored in theater at school. His drag mother is Rusty Fawcett. Eads as Ginger Minj competed on the seventh season of the reality television competition "RuPaul's Drag Race", which was announced on March 2, 2015. He placed in the top three in the season, but lost to Violet Chachki. He Document [21] (Title: Alexis Mateo) 2012, along with other "RuPaul's Drag Race" contestants, Mateo appeared in the music video "Queen" by band Xelle (which featured former drag race contestant Mimi Imfurst as a member). Mateo joined as a cast member on the third season of Logo's reality series, "RuPaul's Drag Race", which premiered on the network on January 29, 2011. Mateo won three of the main challenges (Episodes 2, 3, and 9) before making it to the top three, where he was eliminated in the season finale which aired on April 25, 2011. Mateo served as a guest professor on the third episode of the Document [22] (Title: RuPaul) RuPaul was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality-Competition Program. He would go on to win the award at the September 11 Creative Arts Emmy Awards Ceremony. 2016 also saw the release of the single "Read U Wrote U" that features rap parts by the "RuPaul's Drag Race: All Stars 2" finalists Roxxxy Andrews, Katya Zamolodchikova, Alaska Thunderfuck and Detox Icunt with production by Ellis Miah. On January 27, 2017, RuPaul announced that a new album would be released the week after. The album, named "" was put up for pre-order on February Document [23] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 9)) Episode 12: <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> RuPaul's Drag Race (season 9) The ninth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" began airing on March 24, 2017, on VH1. Returning judges include RuPaul and Michelle Visage, along with Ross Mathews and Carson Kressley. Fourteen drag queens (including one returnee) competed for the title of "America's Next Drag Superstar". The prizes for the winner are a one-year supply of Anastasia Beverly Hills cosmetics, a cash prize of $100,000, and a crown and scepter provided by Shandar. The full list of contestants was revealed on February 2, 2017. This season saw the return of season eight contestant Cynthia Document [24] (Title: Phi Phi O'Hara) alongside Chad Michaels and lost to Sharon Needles. He came back for "RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars" season 2 in 2016 and initially made it to top 5, but after the return of two previously eliminated contestants placed seventh overall. Carey also made an appearance on season 3 episode 4 of "Skin Wars". He was featured in the music videos for "Stranger" by Chris Malinchak, "Battle Axe" by Sharon Needles, "Ratchet Christmas" by Jiggly Caliente and "Knew You Seemed Shady" by season 2 contestant Pandora Boxx. In 2016, he gained attention for posting drag looks for every day of the Document [25] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race) runway segment every episode was "Sissy That Walk" while the song playing during the credits is "Dance With U", both from the album "Born Naked". The winner of the sixth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" was Bianca Del Rio, with BenDeLaCreme winning Miss Congeniality. The seventh season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" began airing on March 2, 2015. Returning judges included RuPaul and Michelle Visage, while the space previously occupied by Santino Rice was filled by new additions Ross Mathews and Carson Kressley. Mathews and Kressley were both present for the season premiere and then took turns sharing judging responsibilities. Shawn Document [26] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race) Similar to the second season of "RuPaul's Drag Race", the season featured 12 contestants competing for the title of "America's Next Drag Superstar", a one-year supply of Anastasia Beverly Hills cosmetics and a cash prize of $100,000. The winner of the eighth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" was Bob the Drag Queen, with Cynthia Lee Fontaine winning Miss Congeniality. On February 2, 2017, the cast for the ninth season was announced. On March 1, 2017, it was announced that the ninth season would premiere on March 24, the ninth season features 14 contestants competing for the title of "America's Next Document [27] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race) is "The Beginning", both songs are from RuPaul's album "Glamazon". The winner of the fifth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" was Jinkx Monsoon, with Ivy Winters winning Miss Congeniality. The sixth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" began airing February 24, 2014. Like the fifth season, the season featured 14 contestants competing for the title of "America's Next Drag Superstar". For the first time in the show's history, the season premiere was split into two episodes; the fourteen queens are split into two groups and the seven queens into each group compete against each other before being united as one group Document [28] (Title: Jiggly Caliente) fourth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" in November 13, 2011. She placed eighth overall, being eliminated in a lip sync by seventh placer Willam. She also made an appearance at the season six live finale, where she asked a viewer question to Bianca Del Rio. She was also in archive compilation footage in the season 5 finale. Outside of "Drag Race", she can be seen in the beginning of the 2012 NewNowNext awards. Her acting career began in 2015 when she played a role in the season 2 finale of "Broad City" as a shop owner. In 2016, she was Document [29] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race) Morales, a member of the Pit Crew since the third season and Simon Sherry-Wood, a member in the sixth season, did not appear this season and were replaced by Bryce Eilenberg. Like the previous two seasons of "RuPaul's Drag Race", the season featured 14 contestants competing for the title of "America's Next Drag Superstar", a one-year supply of Anastasia Beverly Hills cosmetics and a cash prize of $100,000. The season premiere debuted with a live and same-day viewership of 348,000, a 20% increase from the previous season. On March 20, 2015, it was announced that LogoTV had given the series Document [30] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 6)) Carter and Shawn Morales. The winner of this season won a prize package that included a supply from Colorevolution Cosmetics and a cash prize of $100,000. This was also the first season where Absolut Vodka and Interior Illusions, Inc. were not sponsors for the show, more specifically for the Untucked episodes. The Interior Illusions Lounge was renamed to the Silver Lounge or FormDecor Lounge. The theme song played during the runway segment every episode was "Sissy That Walk" while the song playing during the credits is "Dance With U", both from the album "Born Naked". The winner of the sixth Document [31] (Title: Raven (drag queen)) the "Best Lips AKA The Pucker Up Award" at the first WOWie Awards in 2017. Raven (drag queen) David Petruschin (Russian: Дэвид Петрущин, born April 8, 1979), better known by his stage name Raven, is an American drag queen and Emmy-nominated make-up artist from Riverside, California. He was a fixture in the Southern California nightclub scene before gaining international prominence for appearing in both the second season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" and the of "". He placed as the runner-up on both seasons. After competing on the show, Petruschin served as a "professor" during all three seasons of "RuPaul's Drag Document [32] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race: All Stars) The winner of the first season of "RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars" was Chad Michaels. A second season of "All Stars" was announced in 2015 and started shooting immediately after season 8. The show was to begin airing on August 25, 2016. Along with the season premiere's announcement, the cast of All Stars 2 were revealed. The cast consisted of 10 returning contestants, Adore Delano, Alaska, Alyssa Edwards, Coco Montrese, Detox, Ginger Minj, Katya, Phi Phi O'Hara, Roxxxy Andrews, and Tatianna. A new twist was revealed for this season changing the format of the show. In previous seasons, the two Document [33] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 10)) RuPaul's Drag Race (season 10) The tenth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" began airing on March 22, 2018, on VH1. The premiere was broadcast one week after the finale of the third season of "", and episodes are to be followed by "RuPaul's Drag Race: Untucked". Contestants were officially announced on February 22, 2018, in a teaser trailer “Ruveal” during an episode of All Stars 3 later followed by a special ""Meet the Queens"" live-stream on Facebook, hosted by season nine winner, Sasha Velour. This season saw the return of season 9 contestant Eureka O'Hara who was removed from her Document [34] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race) Rice was the only person, apart from RuPaul, to take part in every season of the show, serving as a main judge for seasons one through six, and all stars 1, and guest judging for season seven. In certain instances, Rice was absent and replacement judging has been provided by make-up artist Billy Brasfield (better known as Billy B), Mike Ruiz, Jeffrey Moran (Absolut Vodka marketing executive), or Lucian Piane. However, due to Brasfield's numerous appearances in seasons three and four, including appearing in the Reunited episodes both seasons, Rice and Billy B are considered to have been alternates for Document [35] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race) B-52's, Kesha, Shania Twain, Graham Norton, Christina Aguilera, and Lady Gaga. The judges each provide their opinion on the contestants' performances in the main challenge and on the runway before RuPaul announces which queen is the episode's winner and which two had the weakest performances. The day before judging, the contestants are all provided with a song to which they must learn the lyrics. The contestants deemed as being the bottom two must "lip sync for their lives" to the song in a final attempt to impress RuPaul. After the lip sync, RuPaul alone decides who stays and who leaves. Document [36] (Title: Jessica Wild) reality series, "RuPaul's Drag Race", which premiered on the network in February 2010. He was eliminated in the seventh episode of the season, which first aired on March 22, 2010. Besides his participation on "RuPaul's Drag Race", Wild (along with season one contestant Nina Flowers) has performed on the popular Puerto Rican television program "Objetivo Fama", which airs throughout the United States and Latin America. He also has made appearances on "No te Duermas" and other local television programs and specials. He was in a commercial for Absolut Vodka among a series with other season two queens in 2011. In Document [37] (Title: Morgan McMichaels) fourth season of "Drag Race" and later won the first "All-Stars" season. McMichaels joined the cast of the second season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" in 2010. She was eliminated after losing a lip sync performance battle to contestant Sahara Davenport, placing eighth out of twelve. McMichaels later went on to participate in the of "," where she was eliminated first by BenDeLaCreme for saying she would send home the best competitors if she stayed. This placed her 10th in the season. She returned in the sixth episode among five eliminated queens (Thorgy Thor, Milk, Chi Chi Devayne and Aja) and Document [38] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race) this season on DVD via their CreateSpace program. This season had Michelle Visage replacing Merle Ginsberg at the judge's table and Billy Brasfield (better known as Billy B), Mike Ruiz, and Jeffrey Moran (courtesy of Absolut Vodka) filling in for Santino Rice's absence during several episodes. Billy B, celebrity makeup artist and star of the HGTV mini-series "Hometown Renovation", appeared as a judge in five episodes. Whereas Mike Ruiz only judged for two episodes, and Jeffrey Moran for one, Moran only appearing for promotional reasons. Due to Billy B's continued appearances, he and Rice are now considered to have been Document [39] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars (season 3)) RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars (season 3) The third season of "" began airing on January 25, 2018. The season was announced in August 2017, and 9 of the 10 cast members were revealed during a VH1 television special titled "Exclusive Queen Ruveal," which aired on October 20, 2017. This season featured ten All Star contestants, selected from the show's first season through to its ninth season, who competed to be inducted into the ""Drag Race" Hall of Fame". As in the previous season, the top two queens in the challenge compete in a "Lip Sync for Your Legacy," with Document [40] (Title: Derrick Barry) You" and Katy Perry's "Waking Up In Vegas" in 2009. He was brought on stage by Madonna during one of her performances on her Rebel Heart Tour in 2015. It was announced that Barry would be competing with 11 other drag queens for the eighth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" on February 1, 2016. He was the one-hundredth queen to be seen competing on the show in the first episode. He was eliminated in the eighth episode after losing a lip sync to Bob the Drag Queen, and placing fifth. In acting, he first appeared as the character Julie in Document [41] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race: All Stars) individual or group challenges. The winner of the main challenge also receives a "special" prize for their win. In the past, challenge winners have been rewarded with prizes including custom designer clothing, vacations, cruises, and quality cosmetic items. The goal of each main challenge involves a new theme and outcome. Challenges focus on the returning contestants' ability to once again present themselves on camera, perform with music, or perform humorously. Season 1 saw the focus on the groups ability to perform well together, while season 2 and 3 are based on more individual challenges where the returning contestant relied on Document [42] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 4)) the highest-rated reunion in the franchise's history, seeing a 33% increase in the 18-49 demographic compared to season three. The reunion registered five trending topics on Twitter (including Sharon Needles, Phi Phi, Willam, and a new portmanteau Willam introduced to the show: "RuPaulogize"), and ranked 4th among non-sports cable programs for the night on Trendrr. During season 4, the show's Twitter following increased by 77%, and the Facebook page accrued a 36% increase in likes. TV.com also declared it was the best reality show on television. RuPaul's Drag Race (season 4) The fourth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" began airing Document [43] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race) Drag Superstar", a one-year supply of Anastasia Beverly Hills cosmetics and a cash prize of $100,000. The ninth season aired on VH1, with encore presentations continuing to air on Logo. This season featured the return of Cynthia Lee Fontaine, who previously participated in the series' eighth season. The ninth season featured a top four in the finale episode, as opposed to the top three, which was previously established in the fourth season. The winner of the ninth season of RuPaul's Drag Race was Sasha Velour. Valentina won Miss Congeniality. On April 13, 2017, VH1 renewed the series for a tenth Document [44] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 5)) RuPaul's Drag Race (season 5) The fifth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" began airing on January 28, 2013, with a 90-minute premiere episode. It had the most contestants since the creation of the show with fourteen. As this season's winner, Jinkx Monsoon walked away with the title of "America's Next Drag Superstar" along with a lifetime supply of Colorevolution Cosmetics, a one-of-a-kind trip courtesy of AlandChuck.travel, a headlining spot on Logo's Drag Race Tour featuring Absolut Vodka and a cash prize of $100 000. Santino Rice and Michelle Visage were back as judges at the panel. The theme song playing Document [45] (Title: Blair St. Clair) to prominence when he won the title of Miss Gay Indiana in 2016. He was revealed as one of fourteen contestants on the tenth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" before the official cast was announced due to getting arrested for a DUI violation. He is the first contestant from Indiana to compete on the show. He was the sixth contestant eliminated on a lipsync to Diana Ross' "I'm Coming Out", losing to The Vixen, and placing ninth. St. Clair's grand finale dress was designed by Project Runway alumnus Mondo Guerra. After the show, she walked for Guerra's collection at FashioNXT Document [46] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race: All Stars) of the top 2 would eliminate if they won the "Lip Sync for Your Legacy". This served as a mini-"Untucked" as there were no separately filmed "Untucked" companion show for those seasons. Each season, the winner of "RuPaul's Drag Race: All Stars" receives a selection of prizes. The prizes won for each season were: Season 1: Season 2-4: In each season there are also smaller prizes awarded for challenges within the episodes, ranging from "cash tips" to vacations, gift cards, etc. "RuPaul's Drag Race: All Stars" is the first All-Star season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" and premiered on the Logo Document [47] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race) drag queen and drag racing, and the title sequence and song "Drag Race" both have a drag-racing theme. "RuPaul's Drag Race" has spanned ten seasons and inspired the spin-off shows "RuPaul's Drag U" and "". The show has become the highest-rated television program on Logo TV, and airs internationally, including in Australia, Canada, UK, The Netherlands, and Israel. The show earned RuPaul three consecutive Emmys (2016 to 2018) for Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality-Competition Program. The show itself was awarded as a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Reality-Competition Program in 2018 and the Outstanding Reality Program award at Document [48] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 7)) Race", the season featured 14 contestants competing for the title of "America's Next Drag Superstar", a one-year supply of Anastasia Beverly Hills cosmetics and a cash prize of 100,000 dollars. The season premiere debuted with a live and same-day viewership of 350,000, a 20% increase from the previous season. On March 20, 2015, it was announced that LogoTV had given the series an early renewal for an eighth season. The theme song played during the runway segment every episode was "Sissy That Walk". Season 6 also featured "Sissy That Walk" as a runway song, making Season 7 the only season Document [49] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 4)) on the show, and can earn additional points by redeeming codes and performing tasks given out when episodes of the show first air. The highest scoring players receive "Drag Race" and NYX Cosmetics products, and one player wins a trip for two to the first stop on Logo's Drag Race Tour. Already having a generous social media presence, Logo expanded its efforts across Facebook, Twitter, Tumblr, GetGlue, and Foursquare in preparation for the premiere of season four. Both RuPaul and contestants tweet live while the show airs, and LogoTalk! chat parties (featuring judges, contestants from previous seasons, and contestants from Document [50] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 3)) a few episodes prior. A new pit crew was also introduced consisting of Jason Carter and Shawn Morales. The theme song playing during the runway every episode was changed to "Champion" while the song playing during the credits is "Main Event", both from RuPaul's album "Champion". As with the previous season, each week's episode was followed by a behind-the-scenes show, "RuPaul's Drag Race: Untucked". On December 6, 2011 Amazon.com released this season on DVD via their CreateSpace program. The winner of the third season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" was Raja, with Manila Luzon being the runner-up. Alexis Mateo, Manila Luzon, Document [51] (Title: Sharon Needles) the decision was made not to pre-tape the finale episode announcing the season's winner. Instead, RuPaul decided to give fans an opportunity to voice their opinions as to who should win before taping of the final episode on April 25, 2012. For the taping, three outcomes were filmed announcing each of the "final 3" as the winner, with the true outcome only known to RuPaul and a select few involved in the editing. The finale episode aired on April 30, 2012, when it was announced that Needles had been crowned "America's Next Drag Superstar". In June 2012, Needles won the Document [52] (Title: Ivy Winters) to his parents at his Freshman year of High School. His sister came out as a lesbian a year later. His brother came out the following year. Winters was announced as one of the fourteen contestants for the fifth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" on January 28, 2013. He was eliminated in the eighth episode, placing 7th overall. He later won the annual title of "Miss Congeniality" at the seasons live finale on May 1, 2013. He made an appearance on the season six live finale, presenting the following winner of "Miss Congeniality", which was fifth-placing BenDeLaCreme. After the show, Document [53] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 1)) Drag Race", Nina Flowers was determined by an audience vote via the show's official website. The results were announced in early September 2008. The theme song playing during the runway every episode was "Cover Girl" from RuPaul's album "Champion". This season and season one of All-Stars are the only seasons to not feature the "Snatch Game." The winner of the first season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" was BeBe Zahara Benet, with Nina Flowers being the runner-up. In late 2013, Logo re-aired the first season, which was titled "RuPaul's Drag Race: The Lost Season Ru-Vealed", and featured commentary from RuPaul. Nina Document [54] (Title: Jinkx Monsoon) fifth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race". Hoffer was inspired to audition after seeing Sharon Needles, another high-concept, character-driven drag queen, on the fourth season of the show. Monsoon won the main-challenges for the episodes "Snatch Game" and "Drama Queens." For the "Snatch Game," Monsoon impersonated Edith Bouvier Beale. Monsoon also impersonated third-season contestant Mimi Imfurst in the episode "Lip Synch Extravaganza Eleganza." As part of "RuPaul's Drag Race", Monsoon sang on the "We Are the World"-inspired song "Can I Get an Amen?" The song's proceeds helped benefit the Los Angeles Gay and Lesbian Center. Monsoon won "RuPaul's Drag Race" season Document [55] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race) to challenge winners. The winner of the maxi challenge also receives a "special" prize for their win. In the past, challenge winners have been rewarded with prizes including custom designer clothing, vacations, cruises, and quality cosmetic items. The final maxi challenge of every season up to season 8 is where the contestants star in RuPaul's music video. The goal of each maxi challenge involves a new theme and outcome. Contestants are often asked to design and construct a custom outfit, sometimes incorporating unconventional materials. Other challenges focus on the contestants' ability to present themselves on camera, perform with music, or Document [56] (Title: Victoria "Porkchop" Parker) USofA at Large 1990"". Victoria has won over 100 pageants. She has participated in the following: In 2008, he appeared in the documentary film ""Pageant"" with Alyssa Edwards and other queens detailing their experience on Miss Gay America. Parker was announced as one of the nine contestants for the inaugural season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" on February 2, 2009. He's been described as the season's only older and plus-sized queen. Parker was eliminated during the first episode, becoming the very first contestant ever eliminated in the history of the show. Because of this, RuPaul always addresses him with "Hey Porkchop" Document [57] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 5)) during the runway every episode is "I Bring the Beat", while the song playing during the credits is "The Beginning", both songs are from RuPaul's album "Glamazon". The winner of the fifth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" was Jinkx Monsoon, with Alaska and Roxxxy Andrews being the runners-up. Alaska, Alyssa Edwards, Coco Montrese, Detox and Roxxxy Andrews competed on the second season of "". Coco placed 10th, Alyssa placed 5th, Roxxxy placed 4th and Detox was runner-up with season 7 contestant Katya. Alaska won the competition. "(Ages and names stated are at time of contest)" Listed in chronological order: Guests Document [58] (Title: Bianca Del Rio) for This", hosted by Sherry Vine, in 2012. In December 2013, Logo announced that Bianca Del Rio was among 14 drag queens who would be competing on the sixth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race". She quickly became a front-runner among the contestants and a fan favorite, eventually reaching the top three. On May 19, 2014, Del Rio was crowned the winner of the sixth season over runners-up Adore Delano and Courtney Act. She was the second winner and fourth contestant to reach the finale without having to lip sync for her life, and is the first contestant in the history Document [59] (Title: Cynthia Lee Fontaine) Cynthia Lee Fontaine Cynthia Lee Fontaine is the stage name of Carlos Alfonso Díaz Hernández, a Puerto Rican drag performer and reality television personality. She is best known for appearing on "RuPaul's Drag Race" seasons 8 and 9. On season 8, she won the title of Miss Congeniality. Hernández was born in Puerto Rico on February 16, 1981. She has a degree in clinical psychology and worked in the mental health field for six years before starting drag. She started doing drag in Puerto Rico in 2006, and moved to Killeen, Texas in 2008, where she started performing at Oil Document [60] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 1)) Flowers, Shannel, and Tammie Brown competed on the first season of "". Nina and Tammie placed 9/10th overall together, while Shannel placed 3rd/4th with season 2 contestant Jujubee. In the premiere episode of the third season of "All Stars", BeBe Zahara Benet was announced as the surprise tenth contestant. This made Benet the first winner of a regular "Drag Race" season to compete again. BeBe placed 3rd/4th overall along with season 2 and season 3 contestant Shangela. "(Ages and names stated are at time of contest)" Listed in chronological order: <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> RuPaul's Drag Race (season 1) The first season of Document [61] (Title: Roxxxy Andrews) "America's Next Drag Superstar" while Roxxxy and Alaska Thunderfuck 5000 were declared runners-up. In June 2016, it was announced that Roxxxy would return to "Rupaul's Drag Race" for the second season of All Stars. During the first episode, "All Star Talent Show Extravaganza", Andrews became the first contestant in the show's history to win the first challenge on both seasons they appeared in. Andrews also became the first contestant in the show's history to survive being in the bottom five times, making it to the season's finale, and ultimately placing fourth. Feliciano started drag at Pulse, the gay nightclub where Document [62] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 6)) season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" was Bianca Del Rio, with Adore Delano and Courtney Act being the runners-up. Adore Delano competed on the second season of "". She quit the competition and placed ninth overall. BenDeLaCreme and Milk competed on the of "". Milk placed ninth, while BenDeLaCreme quit the competition and placed sixth overall. Gia Gunn competed on the second installment of the Chilean version of Drag race titled The Switch Drag Race and finished as a runner-up. She was announced as one of the ten contestants to compete on the fourth season of "". "(Ages and names stated Document [63] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race) for the third episode. Santino Rice and Michelle Visage are back as judges at the panel. Two new pit crew members, Miles Moody and Simon Sherry-Wood, joined Jason Carter and Shawn Morales. The winner of this season won a prize package that included a supply from Colorevolution Cosmetics and a cash prize of $100,000. This was also the first season where Absolut Vodka and Interior Illusions, Inc. were not sponsors for the show, more specifically for the Untucked episodes. The Interior Illusions Lounge is now simply known as the Silver Lounge or FormDecor Lounge. The theme song played during the Document [64] (Title: Ivy Winters) Ivy Winters Ivy Winters is the stage name of Dustin Winters, an American drag performer, singer and actor. He is best known for competing on the fifth season of the reality-show "RuPaul's Drag Race", later winning the "Miss Congeniality" title. Winters was born in 1991. Before "Drag Race", he worked as a circus performer for eight and a half years in New York, where he learned how to juggle, walk on stilts and breathe fire. He started doing drag at 18. He was a costume designer for Lady Bunny and season three contestant Manila Luzon. He came out as gay Document [65] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 4)) the "Reunited" episode. The theme song playing during the runway every episode was "Glamazon" and the song played during the credits was "The Beginning", both from RuPaul's album "Glamazon". The winner of the fourth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" was Sharon Needles, with Chad Michaels and Phi Phi O'Hara being the runners-up, making it the first time in the shows history to have two runners-up. Chad Michaels and Latrice Royale competed on the first season of "". Latrice placed 7th/8th overall with season 3 contestant Manila Luzon. Chad won the competition. Phi Phi O'Hara competed on the second season of Document [66] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race) perform humorously. Some challenges become a tradition across seasons, such as the Snatch Game. Beginning with the seventh season, Michelle Visage, Ross Mathews and Carson Kressley are the staple judges alongside RuPaul. Visage joined the show at the start of season 3, while Mathews and Kressley joined at the start of season 7, and each joins RuPaul and Visage on alternate episodes. Past fixtures on the panel include Merle Ginsberg, who was a regular judge in the first two seasons, and Santino Rice, who held his position from the first season until the conclusion of the sixth. Until season 8, Document [67] (Title: Alaska Thunderfuck) in 2013. Alaska later impersonated Vale for the music video "RuPaulogize" by Willam Belli. Alaska Thunderfuck competed on the fifth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race", under the mononym Alaska. She had previously auditioned for every season of the show. Alaska won the fragrance commercial-themed main challenge in the episode "Scent of a Drag Queen" and the main challenge for "Sugar Ball." As part of the show, Alaska sang on the "We Are the World"-inspired song "Can I Get an Amen?". The song's proceeds helped benefit the Los Angeles Gay and Lesbian Center. At the season finale in May 2013, Alaska Document [68] (Title: Aquaria (drag queen)) in 2014. Like RuPaul, Aquaria received early support from Susanne Bartsch. She was featured in a "Vogue Italia" spread in January 2016 with Bartsch and other "Drag Race" alumnae. Aquaria was accepted as one of fourteen contestants for the tenth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" upon her first audition for the program. She won three main challenges, never ranked in the bottom two, and was the first queen in the show's history to win both the ball and the "Snatch Game" in the same season. She was announced as the winner of the season on June 28, 2018, beating out Document [69] (Title: Cynthia Lee Fontaine) Race" Miss Congeniality winners. During her time on "RPDR", writer Manuel Betancourt at "Remezcla" asked if the inclusion of Fontaine was reinforcing Latin stereotypes due to her behavior on the show. Fontaine was invited back for "RuPaul's Drag Race" season 9 as the surprise 14th queen. The show premiered on March 24, 2017. Fontaine ended up securing once again the 10th-place finish, being sent home in a lipsync challenge against Peppermint. In an interview with "Vulture", Fontaine stated, "It was probably my time, you know? I’m a fighter. I may have been a little bit concerned about the challenges and Document [70] (Title: RuPaul) on Logo in February 2009. The premise of the program has several drag queens compete to be selected by RuPaul and a panel of judges as "America's next drag superstar". The first season's winner was BeBe Zahara Benet, and first runner-up Nina Flowers was chosen by fans as "Miss Congeniality" through voting via the show's official website. In publicity preparation for the new show, RuPaul made appearances as a guest on several other shows in 2008 including as a guest judge on episode 6 of season 5 of "Project Runway" and as a guest "chef" on "Paula's Party". In March Document [71] (Title: Alaska Thunderfuck) was declared the runner-up along with fellow competitor Roxxxy Andrews. Jinkx Monsoon was the winner of the season. In October 2013, Alaska performed as Dr. Frank N. Furter in Woodlawn Theatre's production of "The Rocky Horror Show" in San Antonio, Texas. "RuPaul's Drag Race" judge Michelle Visage and season four contestant Willam Belli also starred in the musical. Since appearing on RuPaul's Drag Race, Alaska has toured and performed, appearing in RuPaul's Drag Race Battle of the Seasons shows, the Drag Stars at Sea cruises, custom one-woman shows such as a Stevie Nicks tribute called "Stevie Forever", a cabaret show Document [72] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race) selected to compete in the running of becoming "America's Next Drag Superstar." The winner of the first season won a lifetime supply of MAC Cosmetics, was featured in an LA Eyeworks campaign, joined the Logo Drag Race tour, and won a cash prize of $20,000. One of the nine contestants to compete on "RuPaul's Drag Race" was determined by an audience vote via the show's official website. The results were announced in early September 2008. The contestant to win this honor was Nina Flowers from Bayamón, Puerto Rico (currently residing in Denver, Colorado). The theme song playing during the runway Document [73] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 3)) RuPaul's Drag Race (season 3) The third season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" began airing on January 24, 2011. Thirteen drag queens competed for the title of "America's Next Drag Superstar", a headlining spot on the Absolut Tour, a lifetime supply of Kryolan makeup, and a cash prize of $75,000. This season had Michelle Visage replacing Merle Ginsberg at the judge's table and Billy Brasfield (better known as Billy B), Mike Ruiz, and Jeffrey Moran filling in for Santino Rice's absence during several episodes. Billy B, celebrity makeup artist and star of the HGTV mini-series "Hometown Renovation", appeared as a judge Document [74] (Title: Project Runway (season 2)) season of the All Stars edition, placing 12th out of 13. Third place contestant Santino Rice would later become one of the judges of another reality show, "RuPaul's Drag Race". The 16 contestants in Season 2 were: Daniel F. had been a competitor in the first season and was eliminated in that season's first episode. Determined to show that the judges "made a mistake" in eliminating him so soon, he returned to the nationwide tryouts with samples from his own design line. The evaluation panel at the tryouts decided to give him one more chance and brought him back as Document [75] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars (season 3)) the winner of the lip sync earning $10,000 and choosing which of the bottom queens gets eliminated. A new twist on how the top queens of the season were chosen was revealed in the seasons last episode. The previously eliminated queens returned in the finale and voted for the top two out of the remaining top four finalists, from there on the two queens with the most votes advanced and the others were subsequently eliminated. The prizes for the winner of the competition are a one-year supply of Anastasia Beverly Hills cosmetics and a cash prize of $100,000. The winner Document [76] (Title: The Vixen (drag queen)) was announced as one of fourteen contestants for season ten of "RuPaul's Drag Race" on February 22, 2018. She won the episode two main challenge. In the third episode, she engaged in a verbal back-and-forth with fellow contestant Aquaria, which left Aquaria crying and The Vixen angry that the exchange “created the narrative [of] an angry black woman who has scared off the little white girl". Although Aquaria eventually conceded the point and later came to her defense, the Vixen received online death threats from "Drag Race" fans afterwards. She faced more backlash after quarreling with competitor Eureka O'Hara in Document [77] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race) four, who will compete in the final challenge. In Seasons 1, 2, and 3, the contestants were narrowed down to a final two, with a winner being selected the final episode. Each episode (with the exception of the casting special, "recap" episode, and reunion special) follows a format consisting of a mini challenge, a main challenge, a runway walk (where the contestants model fashion on a runway, usually with a theme based on the main challenge), the judging panel, a lipsync battle, and the elimination of a contestant. There have been some exceptions to episodes, including double-elimination episodes, no-elimination episodes, Document [78] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 9)) RuPaul's Drag Race (season 9) The ninth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" began airing on March 24, 2017, on VH1. Returning judges include RuPaul and Michelle Visage, along with Ross Mathews and Carson Kressley. Fourteen drag queens (including one returnee) competed for the title of "America's Next Drag Superstar". The prizes for the winner are a one-year supply of Anastasia Beverly Hills cosmetics, a cash prize of $100,000, and a crown and scepter provided by Shandar. The full list of contestants was revealed on February 2, 2017. This season saw the return of season eight contestant Cynthia Lee Fontaine, who Document [79] (Title: Sharon Needles) Sharon Needles was also voted the "Best Drag Performer" of Pittsburgh 2015 by the staff of the Pittsburgh City Paper. Needles lives in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Needles was in a four-year relationship with fellow "RuPaul's Drag Race" contestant Justin Honard, better known by his stage name Alaska Thunderfuck; they ended their relationship in 2013, but remain friends. Needles is the drag mother of "Drag Race" season 10 winner Aquaria. Sharon Needles Sharon Needles (born November 28, 1981), is the stage name of Aaron Coady, an American drag performer and recording artist. A self-described "stupid genius, reviled sweetheart, and PBR princess", Needles Document [80] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race) America’s first Drag Race Christmas Queen. In the same announcement, the eight contestants confirmed to be competing were Eureka O'Hara, Jasmine Masters, Kim Chi, Latrice Royale, Mayhem Miller, Shangela, Sonique, and Trixie Mattel. Almost all music used in the series comes from RuPaul's albums: "Champion", "Glamazon", "Born Naked", "Realness", "Butch Queen", and "American". Exceptions are songs used during the lip-sync portion of the show. Songs used while the contestants walk the runway have been: RuPaul confirmed on Twitter that a new album, in which each of the Season 6 contestants covered a song from his catalog, would be released. The Document [81] (Title: Coco Montrese) a Janet Jackson impersonator. Montrese applied just once for "RuPaul's Drag Race" and was accepted for their fifth season as one of fourteen contestants. The show aired January 28, 2013 and completed May 6, 2013. During the show, Montrese was criticized for her orange makeup, which inspired many internet memes. She fell into the bottom four times, eventually sending her "arch rival" Alyssa Edwards home during their lipsync. Montrese ended up being sent home by Detox Icunt the next week, garnering a fifth place finish. Jinkx Monsoon ended up winning the competition. Montrese was chosen to appear on "RuPaul's Drag Document [82] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 7)) RuPaul's Drag Race (season 7) The seventh season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" began airing on March 2, 2015. RuPaul and Michelle Visage returned as judges, while the space previously occupied by Santino Rice was filled by new additions Ross Mathews and Carson Kressley. Matthews and Kressley were only both present for the season premiere and took turns sharing judging responsibilities. Shawn Morales, a member of the Pit Crew since the third season and Simon Sherry-Wood, a member in the sixth season, did not appear this season and were replaced by Bryce Eilenberg. Like the previous two seasons of "RuPaul's Drag Document [83] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race: All Stars) it would air a third season of the series in early 2018. On October 13, 2017, VH1 announced that a one-hour special, "RuPaul’s Drag Race All Stars Exclusive Queen RuVeal", would air on October 20, 2017, announcing the season’s returning contestants. The ten contestants that competed on the third season of "All Stars" consisted of Aja, BenDeLaCreme, Chi Chi DeVayne, Kennedy Davenport, Milk, Morgan McMichaels, Shangela, Thorgy Thor, Trixie Mattel, and season one winner BeBe Zahara Benet. On December 14, 2017, it was announced that the third season would premiere on January 25, 2018. A new twist on how the Document [84] (Title: Project Runway (season 5)) drag queen to work with. They were given $200 to shop for supplies and two days to complete their designs. The winner received immunity for the next challenge. The designers' models were not used in this challenge. Designers and Drag Queens: Note: Sharon Needles and Farrah Moans have no connection to the Queens who appeared on seasons 4 and 9 (respectively) of RuPaul's Drag Race. Acid Betty, on the other hand, participated on the eighth season of the show. The designers were required to make an outfit made entirely out of the spare parts and raw materials from a Saturn Document [85] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 9)) finished the competition in 10th place. The winner of the ninth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" was Sasha Velour, with Peppermint being the runner-up. Aja competed on the of "" and placed 7th overall. Eureka O'Hara competed on the tenth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" and ultimately placed as a runner-up. Trinity Taylor, Valentina, and Farrah Moan are competing on the fourth season of All Stars which premiered on December 14, 2018. "(Ages and names stated are at time of contest)" Listed in chronological order: Guests who appeared in episodes, but did not judge on the main stage. Episode 2: Document [86] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race) Are the World", and featured Alaska, Alyssa Edwards, Coco Montrese, Detox, Ivy Winters, Jade Jolie, Jinkx Monsoon, and Roxxxy Andrews. The second single to surface from the show was a rap song titled "," and was released in 2014. The single featured the remaining nine contestants of the season 6 cast: Adore Delano, BenDeLaCreme, Bianca Del Rio, Courtney Act, Darienne Lake, Joslyn Fox, Laganja Estranja, Milk, and Trinity K. Bonet. The third single, "Read U Wrote U", was released in 2016. It featured the top 4 contestants from All Stars 2; Alaska, Katya, Detox & Roxxxy Andrews. "Read U Wrote Document [87] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race) season. The season began airing on March 22, 2018. Eureka O'Hara, who was removed from the ninth season due to injury, returned to the show after she accepted an open invitation. The tenth season of "Drag Race" premiered; alongside the televised return of "Untucked". On this season, 14 contestants are again competing for the title of "America's Next Drag Superstar", a one-year supply of Anastasia Beverly Hills cosmetics and a cash prize of $100,000. The winner of the tenth season of RuPaul's Drag Race was Aquaria. Monét X Change won Miss Congeniality. On June 13, 2018, VH1 renewed the series, Document [88] (Title: The Vixen (drag queen)) multiple episodes. She was eliminated in seventh place after losing a lip sync to "Groove Is in the Heart" against Asia O'Hara. During the final reunion episode, she walked offstage after feeling cornered by moderator RuPaul who kept pressing her to revisit past confrontations with Aquaria and Eureka. Season six alum Courtney Act later criticized RuPaul for a lack of compassion during the exchange. Outside of "Drag Race", The Vixen had a booth covered with the Black Girl Magic logo for the first annual Wakandacon in August 2018. She became a sponsor for Grindr's ""Kindr"" public service announcement in September Document [89] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 10)) original season following an injury. The prizes for the winner of this season include a one-year supply of Anastasia Beverly Hills cosmetics and a cash prize of $100,000. This is the first season in which each episode was 90 minutes long. The winner of the tenth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" was Aquaria, with Eureka and Kameron Michaels being the runners-up. Mayhem Miller and Eureka competed on the "RuPaul's Drag Race Holi-slay Spectacular" on December 7, 2018. Monique Heart and Monét X Change are competing on the fourth season season of "All Stars" which started on December 14, 2018. "(Ages Document [90] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 8)) RuPaul's Drag Race (season 8) The eighth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" began airing on March 7, 2016. Returning judges include RuPaul and Michelle Visage, along with Ross Mathews and Carson Kressley, who shared judging responsibilities on an alternating basis. Twelve drag queens competed for the title of "America's Next Drag Superstar". The prizes for the winner are a one-year supply of Anastasia Beverly Hills cosmetics and a cash prize of $100,000. The full list of contestants was revealed during the NewNowNext Awards on February 1, 2016. The song "U Wear It Well" from RuPaul's album "Butch Queen" was featured Document [91] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race: All Stars) network on October 22, 2012. Cast members were announced on August 6, 2012. The season featured twelve returning contestants from seasons one to four, for a chance to be inducted into the ""Drag Race" Hall of Fame". It is the only season of "All Stars" to have the contestants compete in teams of two. This series consists of six episodes, each aired in a 60 minute time-slot. Contestants were judged on their "charisma, uniqueness, nerve and talent" and, since they competed in teams of two, also "synergy". The winner received a supply of MAC cosmetics, a "one of a kind Document [92] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race) every episode was "Cover Girl" from RuPaul's album "Champion". The winner of the first season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" was BeBe Zahara Benet, with Nina Flowers winning Miss Congeniality. In late 2013, Logo re-aired the first season, which was titled "RuPaul's Drag Race: The Lost Season Ru-Vealed", and featured commentary from RuPaul For season two, the number of contestants was increased from nine to twelve, and the prizes were slightly modified: a lifetime supply of Nyx Cosmetics and be the face of nyxcosmetics.com, an exclusive one year public relations contract with LGBT firm Project Publicity, be featured an LA Eyeworks Document [93] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race) episodes of the series. This was replaced with, "She done already done had herses!" Host RuPaul additionally came under fire for comments made in an interview with "The Guardian", in which he stated he would "probably not" allow a transgender contestant to compete on "Drag Race." RuPaul compared transgender drag performers to doping athletes on his Twitter, and has since apologized. Season nine winner, Sasha Velour, has expressed her disagreement via Twitter, stating "My drag was born in a community full of trans women, trans men, and gender non-conforming folks doing drag. That’s the real world of drag, like it Document [94] (Title: Alexis Michelle) nine, and Bottoms wore an Alexis t-shirt in season ten. He auditioned for "Drag Race" eight times before being selected for season nine. Alexis Michelle was announced as one of fourteen contestants competing on the ninth season of RuPaul's Drag Race on February 2, 2017. She was the winner of the annual "Snatch Game" challenge in episode six, portraying Liza Minelli. She was in the bottom two in the comedy challenge two episodes later and eliminated Farrah Moan to a lip sync of Dolly Parton's "Baby I'm Burning". In episode eleven, she was in the bottom two again with Peppermint, Document [95] (Title: Raven (drag queen)) "Drag Race" as RuPaul's make-up artist for Season 9. He eventually received a nomination for the 2018 Make-Up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Awards in the category "Television and New Media Series: Best Contemporary Makeup". For his work on the tenth season, he received a nomination for the 70th Primetime Emmy Awards in the category "Outstanding Makeup for a Multi-Camera Series or Special". Aside from doing RuPaul's make-up since 2017, he has served as a creative producer for "All Stars" since its third season and for "Drag Race" since its tenth. Featured in a commercial promoting the syndication run of Document [96] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 3)) in five episodes. Whereas Mike Ruiz only judged for two episodes, and Jeffrey Moran for one, Moran only appeared for promotional reasons. Due to Billy B's continued appearances, he and Rice are now considered to have been alternate judges for the same seat at the judges table, both appearing side-by-side in the reunion special to announce Yara Sofia as the season's Miss Congeniality. Other changes made included the introduction of a wildcard contestant from the past season, Shangela Laquifa Wadley; an episode with no elimination; and a contestant, Carmen Carrera, being brought back into the competition after having been eliminated Document [97] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race) from the show have delved into music careers, with some garnering significant success. Albums released by the shows alumni include "PG-13", by season 4 winner Sharon Needles; "Two Birds" and "One Stone", both by All Stars 3 winner Trixie Mattel; "Till Death Do Us Party", by season 6 runner-up Adore Delano; and Call My Life by season 10 contestant Blair St. Clair. "RuPaul's Drag Race" has been nominated for 23 Emmy Awards, and won nine. It has also been nominated for nine Reality Television Awards, winning three, and nominated for six NewNowNext Awards, winning three. "Thrillist" called "Drag Race" "the Document [98] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 4)) RuPaul's Drag Race (season 4) The fourth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" began airing on January 30, 2012, with cast members announced November 13, 2011. The winner of season four headlined Logo's Drag Race Tour featuring Absolut Vodka, won a one-of-a-kind trip, a lifetime supply of NYX Cosmetics, and a cash prize of $100,000. Like the last season, Santino Rice and Billy B (Billy Brasfield), celebrity makeup artist and star of the HGTV mini-series "Hometown Renovation", shared the same seat at the judges table alternatively, Brasfield filling in for Rice when needed. Both judges appeared side-by-side in the audience during Document [99] (Title: RuPaul) Race" began. RuPaul made appearances on "The Rosie Show" and "The Chew", and also attended a "Drag Race" NY Premiere party at Patricia Field's store in New York. Season 4 of "RuPaul's Drag Race" premiered on Logo on January 30, 2012, with RuPaul returning as the main host and judge. After season 4 ended, TV.com declared that it was the best reality TV show on television. In the fall of 2012, the spin-off "" premiered after a large fan demand. The show featured past contestants of the previous four seasons to compete. Season 5 of "RuPaul's Drag Race" premiered on Document [100] (Title: Kennedy Davenport) 4th overall. After this, he made a one-episode appearance on "Skin Wars" with fellow "Drag Race" contestants. On October 20, 2017, Davenport was announced as one of the returning queens for "RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars 3". Davenport ultimately placed second overall. Outside of "Drag Race", Asberry has won numerous titles in drag pageants, including Miss Gay Orlando 2016, Miss D’Elegance International 2013, and Miss Gay Black USofA 2009. His dance performances are his signature component. Davenport also works as a musician; he released his first single, "Moving Up", featuring rapper Dresia Dee on March 16, 2018. His father, Reuben Document [101] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 7)) himself. RuPaul's Drag Race (season 7) The seventh season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" began airing on March 2, 2015. RuPaul and Michelle Visage returned as judges, while the space previously occupied by Santino Rice was filled by new additions Ross Mathews and Carson Kressley. Matthews and Kressley were only both present for the season premiere and took turns sharing judging responsibilities. Shawn Morales, a member of the Pit Crew since the third season and Simon Sherry-Wood, a member in the sixth season, did not appear this season and were replaced by Bryce Eilenberg. Like the previous two seasons of "RuPaul's Document [102] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race) alternate judges for the same seat at the judges table. Other changes made included the introduction of a wildcard contestant from the past season, Shangela; an episode with no elimination; and a contestant, Carmen Carrera, being brought back into the competition after having been eliminated a few episodes prior. A new pit crew was also introduced consisting of Jason Carter and Shawn Morales. The theme song playing during the runway every episode was changed to "Champion" while the song playing during the credits is "Main Event", both from RuPaul's album "Champion". As with the previous season, each week's episode was Document [103] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 6)) vocals by Jason Carter and Miles Davis Moody of the "RuPaul's Drag Race" . April Carrión's cover of "Sexy Drag Queen" also features Jipsta from the original version of the song. As promotion for both the season's contestants and the, then, upcoming season, each contestant is also featured in a short music video for their cover ending with a montage of clips from their respective audition tapes. World of Wonder also produced a music video for the pit crew's song "Let's Turn the Night", which also promoted RuPaul's, then, recently released fragrance "Glamazon", released as part of a limited edition Document [104] (Title: Aquaria (drag queen)) Aquaria (drag queen) Aquaria is the stage name of Giovanni Palandrani (born February 12, 1996), an American drag queen, television personality and recording artist most known for winning the tenth season of the reality competition television series "RuPaul's Drag Race" in 2018. Palandrani was born in West Chester, Pennsylvania and is of Italian descent. He trained as a dancer for four years and experimented with drag in high school. He attended the Fashion Institute of Technology for two semesters, studying womenswear design. Aquaria is the drag daughter of "Drag Race" season four winner Sharon Needles. She began performing in drag Document [105] (Title: Bob the Drag Queen) the Drag Queen. On February 1, 2016, Bob was revealed as a cast member on the eighth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race". On the show, he was noted for his focus on comedy. During the show, he won three challenges, including the recurring Snatch Game (where he portrayed Uzo Aduba and Carol Channing). On May 16, 2016, Bob was crowned the winner of the season and received a cash prize of $100,000. In 2016, shortly after winning "Drag Race", Bob released the single "Purse First" featuring DJ Mitch Ferrino. He also collaborated with Alaska Thunderfuck on the single "Yet Another Document [106] (Title: RuPaul) in 1990s television at the time. In 1999, RuPaul was awarded the Vito Russo Award at the GLAAD Media Awards for work in promoting equality in the LGBT community. RuPaul has also been noted as having a large part in "RuPaul's Drag Race"'s continuous television success. By pioneering queer representation on television, many believe RuPaul to have essentially revolutionised the portrayal of the LGBTQ+ community on screen. He first won an Emmy for his work on the show in 2016, and one year later the show garnered 8 nominations, including Outstanding Reality-Competition Program for the first time in its 11-season Document [107] (Title: Cynthia Lee Fontaine) diagnosed with stage 1 liver cancer in 2015, two weeks after filming the third episode of the eighth season of "Drag Race". After four rounds of chemotherapy, she went into remission. Cynthia Lee Fontaine Cynthia Lee Fontaine is the stage name of Carlos Alfonso Díaz Hernández, a Puerto Rican drag performer and reality television personality. She is best known for appearing on "RuPaul's Drag Race" seasons 8 and 9. On season 8, she won the title of Miss Congeniality. Hernández was born in Puerto Rico on February 16, 1981. She has a degree in clinical psychology and worked in the Document [108] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 6)) make-up line with Colorevolution Cosmetics. Before the compilation's release, RuPaul confirmed on Twitter that a new album, in which each of the Season 6 contestants covered a song from his catalog, would be coming out. The week of release the compilation album debuted at number 6 on the iTunes Dance album chart. "(All writing credits adapted from the liner notes of the albums the songs originally appeared.)" RuPaul's Drag Race (season 6) The sixth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" began airing February 24, 2014. Like the fifth season, the season featured 14 contestants competing for the title of "America's Next Document [109] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars (season 3)) of the third season of "RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars" was Trixie Mattel, with Kennedy Davenport being the runner-up. The drag queens that competed are: "(Ages and names stated are at time of contest.)" Listed in chronological order: Guests who appeared in episodes but did not judge on the main stage (in order of appearance): <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> On February 15, 2018, the series production company World of Wonder filed a lawsuit against an anonymous leaker using the alias RealityTVLeaks. According to the lawsuit, RealityTVLeaks posted several visuals from the season on various social media websites such as Reddit, Twitter, and Instagram Document [110] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race) alongside "Untucked", for an eleventh season. On December 13, 2015, Logo aired a seasonal themed episode of "RuPaul's Drag Race". The non-competitive special episode was released in conjunction with RuPaul's holiday album "Slay Belles" and featured music videos for songs from the album. The cast included RuPaul, Michelle Visage, Siedah Garrett, and Todrick Hall, and former contestants, including Alyssa Edwards, Laganja Estranja, Latrice Royale, Raja, and Shangela. On November 1, 2018, VH1 announced a seasonal themed special episode of "RuPaul's Drag Race" scheduled to air on December 7, 2018. The special saw eight former contestants compete for the title of Document [111] (Title: Mayhem Miller (drag queen)) Miller was announced as one of fourteen contestants for the tenth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" on February 22, 2018. She was declared the winner of the episode one sewing challenge. In episode three, she was in the bottom two and lip synced "Celebrity Skin" against Yuhua Hamasaki, and won. She was eliminated in episode five after losing a lip sync of "Man! I Feel Like a Woman!" against Monét X Change, and placed tenth overall. Outside of "Drag Race", Miller appeared in an episode of Buzzfeed's "Try Guys" in 2014, giving a drag makeover to Eugene Yang as Cheyenne Document [112] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race) U" is the most successful of the "Drag Race" promotional singles, peaking at number 29 on the Dance and Electronic Charts. The fourth single, "Category Is", featured the top 4 contestants from season 9; Peppermint, Sasha Velour, Trinity Taylor, & Shea Couleé. It was released on iTunes on April 20, 2018. The fifth single, "Kitty Girl", featured the top 4 contestants from All Stars Season 3; Kennedy Davenport, Shangela, Bebe Zahara Benet & Trixie Mattel. It charted at number 99 on the UK Singles Chart giving RuPaul his first UK chart entry in 20 years. Following "Drag Race", many contestants Document [113] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race) campaign, join the Logo Drag Race tour, and a cash prize of $25,000. A new tradition of writing a farewell message in lipstick on the workstation mirror was started by the first eliminated queen of the season, Shangela Laquifa Wadley. The theme song playing during the runway and the end credits every episode is "Jealous of My Boogie" from RuPaul's album "Champion". Each week's episode is followed by a behind-the-scenes show, "RuPaul's Drag Race Untucked". The winner of the second season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" was Tyra Sanchez, with Pandora Boxx winning Miss Congeniality. On December 6, 2011, Amazon.com released Document [114] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race) followed by a behind-the-scenes show, "RuPaul's Drag Race: Untucked". The winner of the third season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" was Raja, with Yara Sofia winning Miss Congeniality. On December 6, 2011 Amazon.com released this season on DVD via their CreateSpace program. The fourth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" began airing on January 30, 2012, with cast members announced November 13, 2011. The winner of season four will headline Logo's Drag Race Tour featuring Absolut Vodka, wins a one-of-a-kind trip, a lifetime supply of NYX Cosmetics, a cash prize of $100,000, and the title of "America's Next Drag Superstar." Like the Document [115] (Title: Victoria "Porkchop" Parker) during all of the "Drag Race" live reunions, starting with season 4. Parker has been brought back on the show by Rupaul several times, in homage to being the first contestant ever eliminated. She appeared during the recap episode of "Rupaul's Drag Race: All Stars 2" and was featured in winning queen Alaska's rap. Parker was also brought back for the first episode of season 10 of Rupaul's Drag Race to help judge the mini-challenge. In the first episode of "RuPaul's Drag Race: All Stars 3," Vanessa Hudgens lip synced against "Porkchop," an actual porkchop, which Rupaul said was Parker. Document [116] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race) the 21st GLAAD Media Awards. It has been nominated for 4 Critics' Choice Television Award including Best Reality Series – Competition and Best Reality Show Host for RuPaul, and was nominated for a Creative Arts Emmy Award for Outstanding Make-up for a Multi-Camera Series or Special (Non-Prosthetic). In January 2018, casting began for season eleven. Later in 2018, the show became the first show to win a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Reality-Competition Program and a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality-Competition Program in the same year. Casting calls are announced online, where prospective contestants Document [117] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 6)) airing of episode six, RuPaul and DJ ShyBoy released the single "Oh No She Better Don't," along with its music video made during the episode's main challenge, online. The song and video feature RuPaul and all of the queens still standing as of episode six. In episode six, the cast was broken up to form two rap groups. Darienne Lake won the mini challenge, so she was given the ability to choose four contestants to form her group. For her own group she chose Laganja Estranja, Bianca Del Rio, and Adore Delano and Courtney Act as they appeared on "American Document [118] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race: All Stars) themselves and performance solely. Along with the "special" prizes awarded by winning the main challenge, the top two queens must now lip-sync for the legacy, with the victor being awarded a cash prize of $10,000 and the choice of elimination out of the bottom three queens. Just like "RuPaul's Drag Race", episodes of the first season of All Stars were followed by an "Untucked" episode each week, giving the viewers a glimpse into the backstage drama and discussions between the returning contestants. For the second and third seasons, the contestants deliberated among themselves in the werk room on who each Document [119] (Title: DWV (group)) to Belli having received conjugal visits from his husband, which was a breach of contract and contestants aren't allowed to reveal their presence on "RuPaul's Drag Race" during their time as contestants. Detox Icunt was a contestant on the fifth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race", which premiered in January 2013. He came in fourth place after losing a lip-sync against subsequent winner Jinkx Monsoon. Belli often cites critical timing as the cause for the success of DWV. In March 2012, The group released their first collaborative single "Chow Down (at Chick-fil-A)" on Belli's personal YouTube channel. The song and music Document [120] (Title: Latrice Royale) "You have changed my life forever. You have changed the world of drag forever. I love you and respect you so much, and thank you for seeing something special in me. Thank you." Guest judges in attendance were Wynonna Judd and Rose McGowan; Royale's words brought tears to McGowan's eyes. Sharon Needles won the crown for season 4. In the season finale, it was announced that Royale would appear on "RuPaul's Drag U", which aired later that year. After "RuPaul's Drag Race", Royale went on tour across the United States, performing at a number of different venues. When he had Document [121] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race) airing on January 28, 2013, with a 90-minute premiere episode. It had the most contestants since the creation of the show with fourteen. Season five's winner walked away with the title of "America's Next Drag Superstar" along with a lifetime supply of Colorevolution Cosmetics, a one-of-a-kind trip courtesy of AlandChuck.travel, a headlining spot on Logo's Drag Race Tour featuring Absolut Vodka and a cash prize of $100,000. Santino Rice and Michelle Visage were back as judges at the panel. The theme song playing during the runway every episode is "I Bring the Beat", while the song playing during the credits Document [122] (Title: Ginger Minj) Visage at a DragCon convention in 2017. Ginger Minj Ginger Minj is the stage name of Joshua Allan Eads, an American drag queen, actor, and singer, most known for competing on the seventh season of the reality television competition "RuPaul's Drag Race" and subsequently the second season of "". Eads was born in Lake County, Florida, and majored in theater at school. His drag mother is Rusty Fawcett. Eads as Ginger Minj competed on the seventh season of the reality television competition "RuPaul's Drag Race", which was announced on March 2, 2015. He placed in the top three in the Document [123] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race) last season, Santino Rice & Billy B (Billy Brasfield), celebrity makeup artist and star of the HGTV mini-series "Hometown Renovation", shared the same seat at the judges table alternatively, Brasfield filling in for Rice when needed. Both judges appeared side-by-side in the audience during the "Reunited" episode. The winner of the fourth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" was Sharon Needles, with Latrice Royale winning Miss Congeniality. The theme song playing during the runway every episode was "Glamazon" and the song played during the credits was "The Beginning", both from RuPaul's album "Glamazon". The fifth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" began Document [124] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race: All Stars) top queens of the season were chosen was revealed in the season's final episode. The previously eliminated queens returned in the finale and voted for the top two out of the remaining top four finalists; from there on, the two queens with the most votes advanced while the others were eliminated. The winner of the third season of "RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars" was Trixie Mattel. In August 2018, during an episode of his podcast, "Whats the Tee?", RuPaul confirmed he was currently filming the fourth season of "All Stars". On August 22, 2018, VH1 officially announced a fourth season Document [125] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 6)) RuPaul's Drag Race (season 6) The sixth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" began airing February 24, 2014. Like the fifth season, the season featured 14 contestants competing for the title of "America's Next Drag Superstar". For the first time in the show's history, the season premiere was split into two episodes; the fourteen queens were split into two groups and the seven queens in each group competed against each other before being united as one group for the third episode. Santino Rice and Michelle Visage returned as judges. Two new pit crew members, Miles Moody and Simon Sherry-Wood, joined Jason Document [126] (Title: Shannel) winner Chad Michaels as the team Shad. They won the third, fourth and fifth episode challenges, until Shannel was eliminated in joint third/fourth place with Jujubee. Shannel also was a drag professor for three seasons of the spin-off show "RuPaul's Drag U" in 2010 to 2012. She appeared as a guest star on the first episode of "Drag Race" eighth season. She appeared with her fellow season one cast on the "Drag Race" season ten finale, lip syncing next to Mayhem Miller. Outside of "Drag Race", Shannel appeared in an episode of "The Arrangement" in 2010. She appeared in the Document [127] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race: All Stars) lowest performing queens had to "Lip Sync for their Life" to avoid elimination. This season has the two best performing queens of the challenge "Lip Sync for their Legacy", with the winner of the lip sync earning $10,000 and choosing which one of the bottom queens to eliminate. However, on their exit, RuPaul advised the first four eliminated queens that they will have the opportunity to come back for their "revenge", with the winner gaining entry back into the competition. The winner of the second season of "RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars" was Alaska. On August 21, 2017, VH1 announced Document [128] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars (season 1)) RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars (season 1) The first season of "" premiered on the Logo network on October 22, 2012. Contestants from the original "RuPaul's Drag Race" show returned to compete again. Cast members were announced on August 6. This season features 12 returning contestants representing all four seasons. It aired six one-hour episodes. Contestants were judged on their "charisma, uniqueness, nerve and talent" and, since they competed in teams of two, also "synergy". The winner received a supply of MAC cosmetics, a "one of a kind trip" and $100,000. The theme song playing during the runway every episode Question: who won season four of rupauls drag race Answer: Sharon Needles Long Answer: RuPaul's Drag Race Season 4 Broadcast from January 30 (2012 - 01 - 30)--April 30, 2012 (2012 - 04 - 30) Judges RuPaul Michelle Visage Santino Rice Billy B Host (s) RuPaul Broadcaster Logo Competitors 13 Winner Sharon Needles Origin Pittsburgh, PA Runner - up Chad Michaels Phi Phi O'Hara Chronology ◀ Season 4 ▶ Gold Document ID: 123

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 7)) to reuse a runway song. The song played during the closing credits was "Fly Tonight", both songs from the album "Born Naked". The winner of the seventh season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" was Violet Chachki, with Ginger Minj and Pearl being the runners-up. Ginger Minj and Katya competed on the second season of "". Ginger placed 8th overall and Katya was runner-up with season 5 contestant Detox. Kennedy Davenport and Trixie Mattel competed on the of "All Stars". Kennedy was the runner-up, while Trixie won the competition. Kandy Ho competed on the 2nd installment of the Chilean version of Drag Document [2] (Title: Raven (drag queen)) a contestant on the second season of "RuPaul's Drag Race". In the first episode, he won the season's first mini-challenge, a photo shoot. In the second and third episode he landed in the bottom two, having to "lip-sync for his life" twice in order to stay in the competition. He won both lipsyncs. Raven won a second mini-challenge in the fourth episode by guessing the price of various objects, earning him a phone call home; and a third mini-challenge in the fifth episode by successfully decorating a box to reflect his personal style. He won the seventh and eighth main Document [3] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars (season 2)) show. In previous seasons, the bottom two queens had to "Lip-sync for their Life" to avoid elimination. This season had the top two performing queens of the challenge "Lip-sync for their Legacy," with the winner of the lip-sync earning $10,000 and choosing which one of the bottom queens gets eliminated. The prizes for the winner were a one-year supply of Anastasia Beverly Hills cosmetics and a cash prize of $100,000. The winner of the second season of "RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars" was Alaska, with Detox and Katya being the runners-up. "(Ages and names stated are at time of contest)" Document [4] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 7)) Race titled The Switch Drag Race and finished in 8th Place. Jasmine Masters and Trixie Mattel competed on the "RuPaul’s Drag Race Holi-slay Spectacular". Jasmine also competed on the fourth season of "All Stars" on December 14, 2018. She placed 10th overall. "(Ages and names stated are at time of contest)" Listed in chronological order: Guests who appeared in episodes, but did not judge on the main stage: Episode 1: Episode 2: Episode 7: Episode 8: Episode 10: Episode 12: <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> The trailers for this season featured clips the songs "Geronimo" and "Modern Love", both off the album "Born Naked". Document [5] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars (season 1)) and "tag in" to complete the performance. RuPaul dedicated the first episode in memory of Sahara Davenport, a former competitor in season 2 of RuPaul's Drag Race who died due to heart failure. The winner of the first season of "RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars" was Chad Michaels, with Raven being the runner-up. Latrice Royale and Manila Luzon will be competing again in the 4th season of All Stars. "(Ages and names stated are at time of contest)" Listed in chronological order: <onlyinclude> </onlyinclude> RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars (season 1) The first season of "" premiered on the Logo Document [6] (Title: Shannel) Shannel Bryan Watkins, known by her stage name Shannel, is an American drag queen and television personality, best known for competing on the first season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" and later the first season of "". Watkins was born on July 3, 1979, in Orange County, California. He started doing drag at fifteen years old when he entered a Halloween drag contest and won. He worked as a beauty advisor for the cosmetics company Chanel. He moved to Las Vegas, Nevada in 2000. Shannel was announced as one of nine contestants for the first season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" (2009). Document [7] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 4)) totalled 254,000 viewers, marking the companion show's most watched debut. During the evening of the premiere, the show registered eight US trending topics on Twitter (including Jiggly Caliente, Sharon Needles, Phi Phi O'Hara, and Latrice Royale) and reached a 7th place ranking on Trendrr. Leading up to the first episode, the show's Facebook page saw an 89% increase (earning over half a million fans). The season finale scored a 0.7 rating in the 18-49 demographic and drew 601,000 viewers total, while the reunion episode became the highest rated episode of the season. Season four's "RuPaul's Drag Race: Reunited" was also Document [8] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 2)) summer of 2009. For season two, the number of contestants was increased from nine to twelve, and the prizes were slightly modified: a lifetime supply of NYX Cosmetics and be the face of nyxcosmetics.com, an exclusive one year public relations contract with LGBT firm Project Publicity, be featured an LA Eyeworks campaign, join the Logo Drag Race tour, and a cash prize of $25,000. A new tradition of writing a farewell message, in lipstick on their workstation mirror, was started by the first eliminated queen of the season. Each week's episode is followed by a behind-the-scenes show, "RuPaul's Drag Race Document [9] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars (season 4)) Holi-slay Spectacular", a Christmas themed special episode of "RuPaul's Drag Race". The drag queens who will compete for a spot in the "Drag Race Hall of Fame" are: "(Ages and names stated are correct at time of contest.)" Guest judges for this season include: <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars (season 4) The fourth season of "" was announced by VH1 on August 22, 2018. Prior to the official announcement, RuPaul confirmed in an episode of his podcast "What's the Tee?", that filming for the fourth season was underway. Season 3 winner Trixie Mattel hosted a special, "Trixie's Playhouse", to Document [10] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars (season 4)) RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars (season 4) The fourth season of "" was announced by VH1 on August 22, 2018. Prior to the official announcement, RuPaul confirmed in an episode of his podcast "What's the Tee?", that filming for the fourth season was underway. Season 3 winner Trixie Mattel hosted a special, "Trixie's Playhouse", to announce the cast for the fourth season. It was originally scheduled to air on November 8, 2018, but was postponed to the following day due to the Thousand Oaks shooting. The season premiered on December 14, 2018, on VH1, one week after "RuPaul's Drag Race Document [11] (Title: Kimora Blac) when he was fifteen with Dragula contestant Melissa Befierce. He started doing professional drag when he was eighteen. He auditioned for "Drag Race" three different times. Kimora Blac was announced as one of fourteen contestants for the ninth season of RuPaul's Drag Race on February 2, 2017. After being declared safe in episode one, she was placed in the bottom two in the second episode with Jaymes Mansfield and won a lip sync against her to "Love Shack" by The B-52's. She was eliminated in the third episode after lip syncing to "Holding Out for a Hero" by Bonnie Tyler, Document [12] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 1)) RuPaul's Drag Race (season 1) The first season of "RuPaul's Drag Race", later referred to as "RuPaul's Drag Race: The Lost Season Ru-Vealed", premiered in the United States on February 2, 2009, on Logo. Nine contestants were selected to compete in the running of becoming "America's Next Drag Superstar." The first season was filmed during the summer of 2008. The winner of the first season won $5,000 worth of MAC Cosmetics, was featured in an LA Eyeworks campaign, joined the Logo Drag Race tour, and won a cash prize of $20,000. One of the nine contestants to compete on "RuPaul's Document [13] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 8)) stage. Episode 1: Episode 2: Episode 5: Episode 6: Episode 7: Episode 9: <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> RuPaul's Drag Race (season 8) The eighth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" began airing on March 7, 2016. Returning judges include RuPaul and Michelle Visage, along with Ross Mathews and Carson Kressley, who shared judging responsibilities on an alternating basis. Twelve drag queens competed for the title of "America's Next Drag Superstar". The prizes for the winner are a one-year supply of Anastasia Beverly Hills cosmetics and a cash prize of $100,000. The full list of contestants was revealed during the NewNowNext Awards on February 1, Document [14] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race) an early renewal for an eighth season. The winner of the seventh season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" was Violet Chachki, with Katya winning Miss Congeniality. On January 14, 2016, it was announced that the cast for the eighth season will be revealed during the 2016 New Now Next Honors on February 1, 2016, followed by the season premiere on March 7, 2016. The first episode celebrated the 100th taping of the show, and the 100th drag queen to enter the work room. Michelle Visage returned as a main judge, while Carson Kressley and Ross Mathews returned as rotating main judges. Document [15] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 8)) being the runners-up. Cynthia Lee Fontaine returned on the ninth season as a surprise contestant to compete with the other 13 drag queens. She placed 10th overall. Chi Chi DeVayne and Thorgy Thor competed on the of "". Thorgy placed 10th and Chi Chi placed 8th overall. Kim Chi competed on RuPaul's Drag Race Holi-slay Spectacular on December 7, 2018. Naomi Smalls is competing on the fourth season of "All Stars" on December 14, 2018. "(Ages and names stated are at time of contest)" Listed in chronological order: Guests who appeared in episodes, but did not judge on the main Document [16] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 2)) season 3 contestant Mimi Imfurst, Jujubee placed 3rd/4th with season 1 contestant Shannel, and Raven was the runner-up. Tatianna competed on the second season of "All Stars" and initially finished in 8th place. She returned to the competition after winning re-entry with Alyssa Edwards and placed 6th overall. Morgan McMichaels and Shangela competed on the of "All Stars". Morgan initially finished in 10th place, however she returned to the competition after fellow contestant, BenDeLaCreme, chose her to return, and placed 5th overall. Shangela placed 3rd/4th overall along with season 1 winner BeBe Zahara Benet. Shangela and Sonique competed in the Document [17] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 2)) Untucked". The theme song playing during the runway and the end credits every episode is "Jealous of My Boogie" the Gomi and RasJek remix from RuPaul's album "Champion". On December 6, 2011, Amazon.com released this season on DVD via their CreateSpace program. The winner of the second season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" was Tyra Sanchez, with Raven being the runner-up. Shangela Laquifa Wadley returned on the third season as a surprise contestant to compete with the other 12 drag queens. She placed 6th overall. Jujubee, Pandora Boxx and Raven competed on the first season of "". Pandora placed 11th/12th with Document [18] (Title: Willam Belli) fourth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race". In November 2011, Logo TV announced that Belli was among 13 contestants competing on the fourth season. Fellow castmate Chad Michaels had competed with Belli in the California Entertainer of the Year Pageant in 2010. Belli won the main challenges in the episodes "Float Your Bloat" and "Frenemies," but was disqualified in the latter. In the episode "Reunited," Belli stated that his disqualification was due to conjugal visits made by his husband in his hotel room, though by Belli's own account, the "disqualification" coincided with a previously booked off-Broadway engagement. Belli used the publicity Document [19] (Title: Raven (drag queen)) placement, with many fans feeling like RuPaul only created "All Stars" in order to crown Chad Michaels after he surprisingly lost out to Sharon Needles in the finale of the fourth season of "Drag Race". Furthermore, this first installment of "All Stars" has been frequently critiqued for its elimination process and overall rules, especially the pairing. Raven often gets compared to Allison Harvard, a contestant on "America's Next Top Model", who also placed as the runner-up on her respective season and on an "All Stars" season. Because of this, they are both known as "Queen of Runner-Ups". Petruschin returned to Document [20] (Title: Ginger Minj) Ginger Minj Ginger Minj is the stage name of Joshua Allan Eads, an American drag queen, actor, and singer, most known for competing on the seventh season of the reality television competition "RuPaul's Drag Race" and subsequently the second season of "". Eads was born in Lake County, Florida, and majored in theater at school. His drag mother is Rusty Fawcett. Eads as Ginger Minj competed on the seventh season of the reality television competition "RuPaul's Drag Race", which was announced on March 2, 2015. He placed in the top three in the season, but lost to Violet Chachki. He Document [21] (Title: Alexis Mateo) 2012, along with other "RuPaul's Drag Race" contestants, Mateo appeared in the music video "Queen" by band Xelle (which featured former drag race contestant Mimi Imfurst as a member). Mateo joined as a cast member on the third season of Logo's reality series, "RuPaul's Drag Race", which premiered on the network on January 29, 2011. Mateo won three of the main challenges (Episodes 2, 3, and 9) before making it to the top three, where he was eliminated in the season finale which aired on April 25, 2011. Mateo served as a guest professor on the third episode of the Document [22] (Title: RuPaul) RuPaul was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality-Competition Program. He would go on to win the award at the September 11 Creative Arts Emmy Awards Ceremony. 2016 also saw the release of the single "Read U Wrote U" that features rap parts by the "RuPaul's Drag Race: All Stars 2" finalists Roxxxy Andrews, Katya Zamolodchikova, Alaska Thunderfuck and Detox Icunt with production by Ellis Miah. On January 27, 2017, RuPaul announced that a new album would be released the week after. The album, named "" was put up for pre-order on February Document [23] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 9)) Episode 12: <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> RuPaul's Drag Race (season 9) The ninth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" began airing on March 24, 2017, on VH1. Returning judges include RuPaul and Michelle Visage, along with Ross Mathews and Carson Kressley. Fourteen drag queens (including one returnee) competed for the title of "America's Next Drag Superstar". The prizes for the winner are a one-year supply of Anastasia Beverly Hills cosmetics, a cash prize of $100,000, and a crown and scepter provided by Shandar. The full list of contestants was revealed on February 2, 2017. This season saw the return of season eight contestant Cynthia Document [24] (Title: Phi Phi O'Hara) alongside Chad Michaels and lost to Sharon Needles. He came back for "RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars" season 2 in 2016 and initially made it to top 5, but after the return of two previously eliminated contestants placed seventh overall. Carey also made an appearance on season 3 episode 4 of "Skin Wars". He was featured in the music videos for "Stranger" by Chris Malinchak, "Battle Axe" by Sharon Needles, "Ratchet Christmas" by Jiggly Caliente and "Knew You Seemed Shady" by season 2 contestant Pandora Boxx. In 2016, he gained attention for posting drag looks for every day of the Document [25] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race) runway segment every episode was "Sissy That Walk" while the song playing during the credits is "Dance With U", both from the album "Born Naked". The winner of the sixth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" was Bianca Del Rio, with BenDeLaCreme winning Miss Congeniality. The seventh season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" began airing on March 2, 2015. Returning judges included RuPaul and Michelle Visage, while the space previously occupied by Santino Rice was filled by new additions Ross Mathews and Carson Kressley. Mathews and Kressley were both present for the season premiere and then took turns sharing judging responsibilities. Shawn Document [26] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race) Similar to the second season of "RuPaul's Drag Race", the season featured 12 contestants competing for the title of "America's Next Drag Superstar", a one-year supply of Anastasia Beverly Hills cosmetics and a cash prize of $100,000. The winner of the eighth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" was Bob the Drag Queen, with Cynthia Lee Fontaine winning Miss Congeniality. On February 2, 2017, the cast for the ninth season was announced. On March 1, 2017, it was announced that the ninth season would premiere on March 24, the ninth season features 14 contestants competing for the title of "America's Next Document [27] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race) is "The Beginning", both songs are from RuPaul's album "Glamazon". The winner of the fifth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" was Jinkx Monsoon, with Ivy Winters winning Miss Congeniality. The sixth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" began airing February 24, 2014. Like the fifth season, the season featured 14 contestants competing for the title of "America's Next Drag Superstar". For the first time in the show's history, the season premiere was split into two episodes; the fourteen queens are split into two groups and the seven queens into each group compete against each other before being united as one group Document [28] (Title: Jiggly Caliente) fourth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" in November 13, 2011. She placed eighth overall, being eliminated in a lip sync by seventh placer Willam. She also made an appearance at the season six live finale, where she asked a viewer question to Bianca Del Rio. She was also in archive compilation footage in the season 5 finale. Outside of "Drag Race", she can be seen in the beginning of the 2012 NewNowNext awards. Her acting career began in 2015 when she played a role in the season 2 finale of "Broad City" as a shop owner. In 2016, she was Document [29] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race) Morales, a member of the Pit Crew since the third season and Simon Sherry-Wood, a member in the sixth season, did not appear this season and were replaced by Bryce Eilenberg. Like the previous two seasons of "RuPaul's Drag Race", the season featured 14 contestants competing for the title of "America's Next Drag Superstar", a one-year supply of Anastasia Beverly Hills cosmetics and a cash prize of $100,000. The season premiere debuted with a live and same-day viewership of 348,000, a 20% increase from the previous season. On March 20, 2015, it was announced that LogoTV had given the series Document [30] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 6)) Carter and Shawn Morales. The winner of this season won a prize package that included a supply from Colorevolution Cosmetics and a cash prize of $100,000. This was also the first season where Absolut Vodka and Interior Illusions, Inc. were not sponsors for the show, more specifically for the Untucked episodes. The Interior Illusions Lounge was renamed to the Silver Lounge or FormDecor Lounge. The theme song played during the runway segment every episode was "Sissy That Walk" while the song playing during the credits is "Dance With U", both from the album "Born Naked". The winner of the sixth Document [31] (Title: Raven (drag queen)) the "Best Lips AKA The Pucker Up Award" at the first WOWie Awards in 2017. Raven (drag queen) David Petruschin (Russian: Дэвид Петрущин, born April 8, 1979), better known by his stage name Raven, is an American drag queen and Emmy-nominated make-up artist from Riverside, California. He was a fixture in the Southern California nightclub scene before gaining international prominence for appearing in both the second season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" and the of "". He placed as the runner-up on both seasons. After competing on the show, Petruschin served as a "professor" during all three seasons of "RuPaul's Drag Document [32] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race: All Stars) The winner of the first season of "RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars" was Chad Michaels. A second season of "All Stars" was announced in 2015 and started shooting immediately after season 8. The show was to begin airing on August 25, 2016. Along with the season premiere's announcement, the cast of All Stars 2 were revealed. The cast consisted of 10 returning contestants, Adore Delano, Alaska, Alyssa Edwards, Coco Montrese, Detox, Ginger Minj, Katya, Phi Phi O'Hara, Roxxxy Andrews, and Tatianna. A new twist was revealed for this season changing the format of the show. In previous seasons, the two Document [33] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 10)) RuPaul's Drag Race (season 10) The tenth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" began airing on March 22, 2018, on VH1. The premiere was broadcast one week after the finale of the third season of "", and episodes are to be followed by "RuPaul's Drag Race: Untucked". Contestants were officially announced on February 22, 2018, in a teaser trailer “Ruveal” during an episode of All Stars 3 later followed by a special ""Meet the Queens"" live-stream on Facebook, hosted by season nine winner, Sasha Velour. This season saw the return of season 9 contestant Eureka O'Hara who was removed from her Document [34] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race) Rice was the only person, apart from RuPaul, to take part in every season of the show, serving as a main judge for seasons one through six, and all stars 1, and guest judging for season seven. In certain instances, Rice was absent and replacement judging has been provided by make-up artist Billy Brasfield (better known as Billy B), Mike Ruiz, Jeffrey Moran (Absolut Vodka marketing executive), or Lucian Piane. However, due to Brasfield's numerous appearances in seasons three and four, including appearing in the Reunited episodes both seasons, Rice and Billy B are considered to have been alternates for Document [35] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race) B-52's, Kesha, Shania Twain, Graham Norton, Christina Aguilera, and Lady Gaga. The judges each provide their opinion on the contestants' performances in the main challenge and on the runway before RuPaul announces which queen is the episode's winner and which two had the weakest performances. The day before judging, the contestants are all provided with a song to which they must learn the lyrics. The contestants deemed as being the bottom two must "lip sync for their lives" to the song in a final attempt to impress RuPaul. After the lip sync, RuPaul alone decides who stays and who leaves. Document [36] (Title: Jessica Wild) reality series, "RuPaul's Drag Race", which premiered on the network in February 2010. He was eliminated in the seventh episode of the season, which first aired on March 22, 2010. Besides his participation on "RuPaul's Drag Race", Wild (along with season one contestant Nina Flowers) has performed on the popular Puerto Rican television program "Objetivo Fama", which airs throughout the United States and Latin America. He also has made appearances on "No te Duermas" and other local television programs and specials. He was in a commercial for Absolut Vodka among a series with other season two queens in 2011. In Document [37] (Title: Morgan McMichaels) fourth season of "Drag Race" and later won the first "All-Stars" season. McMichaels joined the cast of the second season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" in 2010. She was eliminated after losing a lip sync performance battle to contestant Sahara Davenport, placing eighth out of twelve. McMichaels later went on to participate in the of "," where she was eliminated first by BenDeLaCreme for saying she would send home the best competitors if she stayed. This placed her 10th in the season. She returned in the sixth episode among five eliminated queens (Thorgy Thor, Milk, Chi Chi Devayne and Aja) and Document [38] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race) this season on DVD via their CreateSpace program. This season had Michelle Visage replacing Merle Ginsberg at the judge's table and Billy Brasfield (better known as Billy B), Mike Ruiz, and Jeffrey Moran (courtesy of Absolut Vodka) filling in for Santino Rice's absence during several episodes. Billy B, celebrity makeup artist and star of the HGTV mini-series "Hometown Renovation", appeared as a judge in five episodes. Whereas Mike Ruiz only judged for two episodes, and Jeffrey Moran for one, Moran only appearing for promotional reasons. Due to Billy B's continued appearances, he and Rice are now considered to have been Document [39] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars (season 3)) RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars (season 3) The third season of "" began airing on January 25, 2018. The season was announced in August 2017, and 9 of the 10 cast members were revealed during a VH1 television special titled "Exclusive Queen Ruveal," which aired on October 20, 2017. This season featured ten All Star contestants, selected from the show's first season through to its ninth season, who competed to be inducted into the ""Drag Race" Hall of Fame". As in the previous season, the top two queens in the challenge compete in a "Lip Sync for Your Legacy," with Document [40] (Title: Derrick Barry) You" and Katy Perry's "Waking Up In Vegas" in 2009. He was brought on stage by Madonna during one of her performances on her Rebel Heart Tour in 2015. It was announced that Barry would be competing with 11 other drag queens for the eighth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" on February 1, 2016. He was the one-hundredth queen to be seen competing on the show in the first episode. He was eliminated in the eighth episode after losing a lip sync to Bob the Drag Queen, and placing fifth. In acting, he first appeared as the character Julie in Document [41] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race: All Stars) individual or group challenges. The winner of the main challenge also receives a "special" prize for their win. In the past, challenge winners have been rewarded with prizes including custom designer clothing, vacations, cruises, and quality cosmetic items. The goal of each main challenge involves a new theme and outcome. Challenges focus on the returning contestants' ability to once again present themselves on camera, perform with music, or perform humorously. Season 1 saw the focus on the groups ability to perform well together, while season 2 and 3 are based on more individual challenges where the returning contestant relied on Document [42] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 4)) the highest-rated reunion in the franchise's history, seeing a 33% increase in the 18-49 demographic compared to season three. The reunion registered five trending topics on Twitter (including Sharon Needles, Phi Phi, Willam, and a new portmanteau Willam introduced to the show: "RuPaulogize"), and ranked 4th among non-sports cable programs for the night on Trendrr. During season 4, the show's Twitter following increased by 77%, and the Facebook page accrued a 36% increase in likes. TV.com also declared it was the best reality show on television. RuPaul's Drag Race (season 4) The fourth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" began airing Document [43] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race) Drag Superstar", a one-year supply of Anastasia Beverly Hills cosmetics and a cash prize of $100,000. The ninth season aired on VH1, with encore presentations continuing to air on Logo. This season featured the return of Cynthia Lee Fontaine, who previously participated in the series' eighth season. The ninth season featured a top four in the finale episode, as opposed to the top three, which was previously established in the fourth season. The winner of the ninth season of RuPaul's Drag Race was Sasha Velour. Valentina won Miss Congeniality. On April 13, 2017, VH1 renewed the series for a tenth Document [44] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 5)) RuPaul's Drag Race (season 5) The fifth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" began airing on January 28, 2013, with a 90-minute premiere episode. It had the most contestants since the creation of the show with fourteen. As this season's winner, Jinkx Monsoon walked away with the title of "America's Next Drag Superstar" along with a lifetime supply of Colorevolution Cosmetics, a one-of-a-kind trip courtesy of AlandChuck.travel, a headlining spot on Logo's Drag Race Tour featuring Absolut Vodka and a cash prize of $100 000. Santino Rice and Michelle Visage were back as judges at the panel. The theme song playing Document [45] (Title: Blair St. Clair) to prominence when he won the title of Miss Gay Indiana in 2016. He was revealed as one of fourteen contestants on the tenth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" before the official cast was announced due to getting arrested for a DUI violation. He is the first contestant from Indiana to compete on the show. He was the sixth contestant eliminated on a lipsync to Diana Ross' "I'm Coming Out", losing to The Vixen, and placing ninth. St. Clair's grand finale dress was designed by Project Runway alumnus Mondo Guerra. After the show, she walked for Guerra's collection at FashioNXT Document [46] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race: All Stars) of the top 2 would eliminate if they won the "Lip Sync for Your Legacy". This served as a mini-"Untucked" as there were no separately filmed "Untucked" companion show for those seasons. Each season, the winner of "RuPaul's Drag Race: All Stars" receives a selection of prizes. The prizes won for each season were: Season 1: Season 2-4: In each season there are also smaller prizes awarded for challenges within the episodes, ranging from "cash tips" to vacations, gift cards, etc. "RuPaul's Drag Race: All Stars" is the first All-Star season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" and premiered on the Logo Document [47] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race) drag queen and drag racing, and the title sequence and song "Drag Race" both have a drag-racing theme. "RuPaul's Drag Race" has spanned ten seasons and inspired the spin-off shows "RuPaul's Drag U" and "". The show has become the highest-rated television program on Logo TV, and airs internationally, including in Australia, Canada, UK, The Netherlands, and Israel. The show earned RuPaul three consecutive Emmys (2016 to 2018) for Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality-Competition Program. The show itself was awarded as a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Reality-Competition Program in 2018 and the Outstanding Reality Program award at Document [48] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 7)) Race", the season featured 14 contestants competing for the title of "America's Next Drag Superstar", a one-year supply of Anastasia Beverly Hills cosmetics and a cash prize of 100,000 dollars. The season premiere debuted with a live and same-day viewership of 350,000, a 20% increase from the previous season. On March 20, 2015, it was announced that LogoTV had given the series an early renewal for an eighth season. The theme song played during the runway segment every episode was "Sissy That Walk". Season 6 also featured "Sissy That Walk" as a runway song, making Season 7 the only season Document [49] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 4)) on the show, and can earn additional points by redeeming codes and performing tasks given out when episodes of the show first air. The highest scoring players receive "Drag Race" and NYX Cosmetics products, and one player wins a trip for two to the first stop on Logo's Drag Race Tour. Already having a generous social media presence, Logo expanded its efforts across Facebook, Twitter, Tumblr, GetGlue, and Foursquare in preparation for the premiere of season four. Both RuPaul and contestants tweet live while the show airs, and LogoTalk! chat parties (featuring judges, contestants from previous seasons, and contestants from Document [50] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 3)) a few episodes prior. A new pit crew was also introduced consisting of Jason Carter and Shawn Morales. The theme song playing during the runway every episode was changed to "Champion" while the song playing during the credits is "Main Event", both from RuPaul's album "Champion". As with the previous season, each week's episode was followed by a behind-the-scenes show, "RuPaul's Drag Race: Untucked". On December 6, 2011 Amazon.com released this season on DVD via their CreateSpace program. The winner of the third season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" was Raja, with Manila Luzon being the runner-up. Alexis Mateo, Manila Luzon, Document [51] (Title: Sharon Needles) the decision was made not to pre-tape the finale episode announcing the season's winner. Instead, RuPaul decided to give fans an opportunity to voice their opinions as to who should win before taping of the final episode on April 25, 2012. For the taping, three outcomes were filmed announcing each of the "final 3" as the winner, with the true outcome only known to RuPaul and a select few involved in the editing. The finale episode aired on April 30, 2012, when it was announced that Needles had been crowned "America's Next Drag Superstar". In June 2012, Needles won the Document [52] (Title: Ivy Winters) to his parents at his Freshman year of High School. His sister came out as a lesbian a year later. His brother came out the following year. Winters was announced as one of the fourteen contestants for the fifth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" on January 28, 2013. He was eliminated in the eighth episode, placing 7th overall. He later won the annual title of "Miss Congeniality" at the seasons live finale on May 1, 2013. He made an appearance on the season six live finale, presenting the following winner of "Miss Congeniality", which was fifth-placing BenDeLaCreme. After the show, Document [53] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 1)) Drag Race", Nina Flowers was determined by an audience vote via the show's official website. The results were announced in early September 2008. The theme song playing during the runway every episode was "Cover Girl" from RuPaul's album "Champion". This season and season one of All-Stars are the only seasons to not feature the "Snatch Game." The winner of the first season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" was BeBe Zahara Benet, with Nina Flowers being the runner-up. In late 2013, Logo re-aired the first season, which was titled "RuPaul's Drag Race: The Lost Season Ru-Vealed", and featured commentary from RuPaul. Nina Document [54] (Title: Jinkx Monsoon) fifth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race". Hoffer was inspired to audition after seeing Sharon Needles, another high-concept, character-driven drag queen, on the fourth season of the show. Monsoon won the main-challenges for the episodes "Snatch Game" and "Drama Queens." For the "Snatch Game," Monsoon impersonated Edith Bouvier Beale. Monsoon also impersonated third-season contestant Mimi Imfurst in the episode "Lip Synch Extravaganza Eleganza." As part of "RuPaul's Drag Race", Monsoon sang on the "We Are the World"-inspired song "Can I Get an Amen?" The song's proceeds helped benefit the Los Angeles Gay and Lesbian Center. Monsoon won "RuPaul's Drag Race" season Document [55] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race) to challenge winners. The winner of the maxi challenge also receives a "special" prize for their win. In the past, challenge winners have been rewarded with prizes including custom designer clothing, vacations, cruises, and quality cosmetic items. The final maxi challenge of every season up to season 8 is where the contestants star in RuPaul's music video. The goal of each maxi challenge involves a new theme and outcome. Contestants are often asked to design and construct a custom outfit, sometimes incorporating unconventional materials. Other challenges focus on the contestants' ability to present themselves on camera, perform with music, or Document [56] (Title: Victoria "Porkchop" Parker) USofA at Large 1990"". Victoria has won over 100 pageants. She has participated in the following: In 2008, he appeared in the documentary film ""Pageant"" with Alyssa Edwards and other queens detailing their experience on Miss Gay America. Parker was announced as one of the nine contestants for the inaugural season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" on February 2, 2009. He's been described as the season's only older and plus-sized queen. Parker was eliminated during the first episode, becoming the very first contestant ever eliminated in the history of the show. Because of this, RuPaul always addresses him with "Hey Porkchop" Document [57] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 5)) during the runway every episode is "I Bring the Beat", while the song playing during the credits is "The Beginning", both songs are from RuPaul's album "Glamazon". The winner of the fifth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" was Jinkx Monsoon, with Alaska and Roxxxy Andrews being the runners-up. Alaska, Alyssa Edwards, Coco Montrese, Detox and Roxxxy Andrews competed on the second season of "". Coco placed 10th, Alyssa placed 5th, Roxxxy placed 4th and Detox was runner-up with season 7 contestant Katya. Alaska won the competition. "(Ages and names stated are at time of contest)" Listed in chronological order: Guests Document [58] (Title: Bianca Del Rio) for This", hosted by Sherry Vine, in 2012. In December 2013, Logo announced that Bianca Del Rio was among 14 drag queens who would be competing on the sixth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race". She quickly became a front-runner among the contestants and a fan favorite, eventually reaching the top three. On May 19, 2014, Del Rio was crowned the winner of the sixth season over runners-up Adore Delano and Courtney Act. She was the second winner and fourth contestant to reach the finale without having to lip sync for her life, and is the first contestant in the history Document [59] (Title: Cynthia Lee Fontaine) Cynthia Lee Fontaine Cynthia Lee Fontaine is the stage name of Carlos Alfonso Díaz Hernández, a Puerto Rican drag performer and reality television personality. She is best known for appearing on "RuPaul's Drag Race" seasons 8 and 9. On season 8, she won the title of Miss Congeniality. Hernández was born in Puerto Rico on February 16, 1981. She has a degree in clinical psychology and worked in the mental health field for six years before starting drag. She started doing drag in Puerto Rico in 2006, and moved to Killeen, Texas in 2008, where she started performing at Oil Document [60] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 1)) Flowers, Shannel, and Tammie Brown competed on the first season of "". Nina and Tammie placed 9/10th overall together, while Shannel placed 3rd/4th with season 2 contestant Jujubee. In the premiere episode of the third season of "All Stars", BeBe Zahara Benet was announced as the surprise tenth contestant. This made Benet the first winner of a regular "Drag Race" season to compete again. BeBe placed 3rd/4th overall along with season 2 and season 3 contestant Shangela. "(Ages and names stated are at time of contest)" Listed in chronological order: <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> RuPaul's Drag Race (season 1) The first season of Document [61] (Title: Roxxxy Andrews) "America's Next Drag Superstar" while Roxxxy and Alaska Thunderfuck 5000 were declared runners-up. In June 2016, it was announced that Roxxxy would return to "Rupaul's Drag Race" for the second season of All Stars. During the first episode, "All Star Talent Show Extravaganza", Andrews became the first contestant in the show's history to win the first challenge on both seasons they appeared in. Andrews also became the first contestant in the show's history to survive being in the bottom five times, making it to the season's finale, and ultimately placing fourth. Feliciano started drag at Pulse, the gay nightclub where Document [62] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 6)) season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" was Bianca Del Rio, with Adore Delano and Courtney Act being the runners-up. Adore Delano competed on the second season of "". She quit the competition and placed ninth overall. BenDeLaCreme and Milk competed on the of "". Milk placed ninth, while BenDeLaCreme quit the competition and placed sixth overall. Gia Gunn competed on the second installment of the Chilean version of Drag race titled The Switch Drag Race and finished as a runner-up. She was announced as one of the ten contestants to compete on the fourth season of "". "(Ages and names stated Document [63] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race) for the third episode. Santino Rice and Michelle Visage are back as judges at the panel. Two new pit crew members, Miles Moody and Simon Sherry-Wood, joined Jason Carter and Shawn Morales. The winner of this season won a prize package that included a supply from Colorevolution Cosmetics and a cash prize of $100,000. This was also the first season where Absolut Vodka and Interior Illusions, Inc. were not sponsors for the show, more specifically for the Untucked episodes. The Interior Illusions Lounge is now simply known as the Silver Lounge or FormDecor Lounge. The theme song played during the Document [64] (Title: Ivy Winters) Ivy Winters Ivy Winters is the stage name of Dustin Winters, an American drag performer, singer and actor. He is best known for competing on the fifth season of the reality-show "RuPaul's Drag Race", later winning the "Miss Congeniality" title. Winters was born in 1991. Before "Drag Race", he worked as a circus performer for eight and a half years in New York, where he learned how to juggle, walk on stilts and breathe fire. He started doing drag at 18. He was a costume designer for Lady Bunny and season three contestant Manila Luzon. He came out as gay Document [65] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 4)) the "Reunited" episode. The theme song playing during the runway every episode was "Glamazon" and the song played during the credits was "The Beginning", both from RuPaul's album "Glamazon". The winner of the fourth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" was Sharon Needles, with Chad Michaels and Phi Phi O'Hara being the runners-up, making it the first time in the shows history to have two runners-up. Chad Michaels and Latrice Royale competed on the first season of "". Latrice placed 7th/8th overall with season 3 contestant Manila Luzon. Chad won the competition. Phi Phi O'Hara competed on the second season of Document [66] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race) perform humorously. Some challenges become a tradition across seasons, such as the Snatch Game. Beginning with the seventh season, Michelle Visage, Ross Mathews and Carson Kressley are the staple judges alongside RuPaul. Visage joined the show at the start of season 3, while Mathews and Kressley joined at the start of season 7, and each joins RuPaul and Visage on alternate episodes. Past fixtures on the panel include Merle Ginsberg, who was a regular judge in the first two seasons, and Santino Rice, who held his position from the first season until the conclusion of the sixth. Until season 8, Document [67] (Title: Alaska Thunderfuck) in 2013. Alaska later impersonated Vale for the music video "RuPaulogize" by Willam Belli. Alaska Thunderfuck competed on the fifth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race", under the mononym Alaska. She had previously auditioned for every season of the show. Alaska won the fragrance commercial-themed main challenge in the episode "Scent of a Drag Queen" and the main challenge for "Sugar Ball." As part of the show, Alaska sang on the "We Are the World"-inspired song "Can I Get an Amen?". The song's proceeds helped benefit the Los Angeles Gay and Lesbian Center. At the season finale in May 2013, Alaska Document [68] (Title: Aquaria (drag queen)) in 2014. Like RuPaul, Aquaria received early support from Susanne Bartsch. She was featured in a "Vogue Italia" spread in January 2016 with Bartsch and other "Drag Race" alumnae. Aquaria was accepted as one of fourteen contestants for the tenth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" upon her first audition for the program. She won three main challenges, never ranked in the bottom two, and was the first queen in the show's history to win both the ball and the "Snatch Game" in the same season. She was announced as the winner of the season on June 28, 2018, beating out Document [69] (Title: Cynthia Lee Fontaine) Race" Miss Congeniality winners. During her time on "RPDR", writer Manuel Betancourt at "Remezcla" asked if the inclusion of Fontaine was reinforcing Latin stereotypes due to her behavior on the show. Fontaine was invited back for "RuPaul's Drag Race" season 9 as the surprise 14th queen. The show premiered on March 24, 2017. Fontaine ended up securing once again the 10th-place finish, being sent home in a lipsync challenge against Peppermint. In an interview with "Vulture", Fontaine stated, "It was probably my time, you know? I’m a fighter. I may have been a little bit concerned about the challenges and Document [70] (Title: RuPaul) on Logo in February 2009. The premise of the program has several drag queens compete to be selected by RuPaul and a panel of judges as "America's next drag superstar". The first season's winner was BeBe Zahara Benet, and first runner-up Nina Flowers was chosen by fans as "Miss Congeniality" through voting via the show's official website. In publicity preparation for the new show, RuPaul made appearances as a guest on several other shows in 2008 including as a guest judge on episode 6 of season 5 of "Project Runway" and as a guest "chef" on "Paula's Party". In March Document [71] (Title: Alaska Thunderfuck) was declared the runner-up along with fellow competitor Roxxxy Andrews. Jinkx Monsoon was the winner of the season. In October 2013, Alaska performed as Dr. Frank N. Furter in Woodlawn Theatre's production of "The Rocky Horror Show" in San Antonio, Texas. "RuPaul's Drag Race" judge Michelle Visage and season four contestant Willam Belli also starred in the musical. Since appearing on RuPaul's Drag Race, Alaska has toured and performed, appearing in RuPaul's Drag Race Battle of the Seasons shows, the Drag Stars at Sea cruises, custom one-woman shows such as a Stevie Nicks tribute called "Stevie Forever", a cabaret show Document [72] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race) selected to compete in the running of becoming "America's Next Drag Superstar." The winner of the first season won a lifetime supply of MAC Cosmetics, was featured in an LA Eyeworks campaign, joined the Logo Drag Race tour, and won a cash prize of $20,000. One of the nine contestants to compete on "RuPaul's Drag Race" was determined by an audience vote via the show's official website. The results were announced in early September 2008. The contestant to win this honor was Nina Flowers from Bayamón, Puerto Rico (currently residing in Denver, Colorado). The theme song playing during the runway Document [73] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 3)) RuPaul's Drag Race (season 3) The third season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" began airing on January 24, 2011. Thirteen drag queens competed for the title of "America's Next Drag Superstar", a headlining spot on the Absolut Tour, a lifetime supply of Kryolan makeup, and a cash prize of $75,000. This season had Michelle Visage replacing Merle Ginsberg at the judge's table and Billy Brasfield (better known as Billy B), Mike Ruiz, and Jeffrey Moran filling in for Santino Rice's absence during several episodes. Billy B, celebrity makeup artist and star of the HGTV mini-series "Hometown Renovation", appeared as a judge Document [74] (Title: Project Runway (season 2)) season of the All Stars edition, placing 12th out of 13. Third place contestant Santino Rice would later become one of the judges of another reality show, "RuPaul's Drag Race". The 16 contestants in Season 2 were: Daniel F. had been a competitor in the first season and was eliminated in that season's first episode. Determined to show that the judges "made a mistake" in eliminating him so soon, he returned to the nationwide tryouts with samples from his own design line. The evaluation panel at the tryouts decided to give him one more chance and brought him back as Document [75] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars (season 3)) the winner of the lip sync earning $10,000 and choosing which of the bottom queens gets eliminated. A new twist on how the top queens of the season were chosen was revealed in the seasons last episode. The previously eliminated queens returned in the finale and voted for the top two out of the remaining top four finalists, from there on the two queens with the most votes advanced and the others were subsequently eliminated. The prizes for the winner of the competition are a one-year supply of Anastasia Beverly Hills cosmetics and a cash prize of $100,000. The winner Document [76] (Title: The Vixen (drag queen)) was announced as one of fourteen contestants for season ten of "RuPaul's Drag Race" on February 22, 2018. She won the episode two main challenge. In the third episode, she engaged in a verbal back-and-forth with fellow contestant Aquaria, which left Aquaria crying and The Vixen angry that the exchange “created the narrative [of] an angry black woman who has scared off the little white girl". Although Aquaria eventually conceded the point and later came to her defense, the Vixen received online death threats from "Drag Race" fans afterwards. She faced more backlash after quarreling with competitor Eureka O'Hara in Document [77] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race) four, who will compete in the final challenge. In Seasons 1, 2, and 3, the contestants were narrowed down to a final two, with a winner being selected the final episode. Each episode (with the exception of the casting special, "recap" episode, and reunion special) follows a format consisting of a mini challenge, a main challenge, a runway walk (where the contestants model fashion on a runway, usually with a theme based on the main challenge), the judging panel, a lipsync battle, and the elimination of a contestant. There have been some exceptions to episodes, including double-elimination episodes, no-elimination episodes, Document [78] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 9)) RuPaul's Drag Race (season 9) The ninth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" began airing on March 24, 2017, on VH1. Returning judges include RuPaul and Michelle Visage, along with Ross Mathews and Carson Kressley. Fourteen drag queens (including one returnee) competed for the title of "America's Next Drag Superstar". The prizes for the winner are a one-year supply of Anastasia Beverly Hills cosmetics, a cash prize of $100,000, and a crown and scepter provided by Shandar. The full list of contestants was revealed on February 2, 2017. This season saw the return of season eight contestant Cynthia Lee Fontaine, who Document [79] (Title: Sharon Needles) Sharon Needles was also voted the "Best Drag Performer" of Pittsburgh 2015 by the staff of the Pittsburgh City Paper. Needles lives in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Needles was in a four-year relationship with fellow "RuPaul's Drag Race" contestant Justin Honard, better known by his stage name Alaska Thunderfuck; they ended their relationship in 2013, but remain friends. Needles is the drag mother of "Drag Race" season 10 winner Aquaria. Sharon Needles Sharon Needles (born November 28, 1981), is the stage name of Aaron Coady, an American drag performer and recording artist. A self-described "stupid genius, reviled sweetheart, and PBR princess", Needles Document [80] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race) America’s first Drag Race Christmas Queen. In the same announcement, the eight contestants confirmed to be competing were Eureka O'Hara, Jasmine Masters, Kim Chi, Latrice Royale, Mayhem Miller, Shangela, Sonique, and Trixie Mattel. Almost all music used in the series comes from RuPaul's albums: "Champion", "Glamazon", "Born Naked", "Realness", "Butch Queen", and "American". Exceptions are songs used during the lip-sync portion of the show. Songs used while the contestants walk the runway have been: RuPaul confirmed on Twitter that a new album, in which each of the Season 6 contestants covered a song from his catalog, would be released. The Document [81] (Title: Coco Montrese) a Janet Jackson impersonator. Montrese applied just once for "RuPaul's Drag Race" and was accepted for their fifth season as one of fourteen contestants. The show aired January 28, 2013 and completed May 6, 2013. During the show, Montrese was criticized for her orange makeup, which inspired many internet memes. She fell into the bottom four times, eventually sending her "arch rival" Alyssa Edwards home during their lipsync. Montrese ended up being sent home by Detox Icunt the next week, garnering a fifth place finish. Jinkx Monsoon ended up winning the competition. Montrese was chosen to appear on "RuPaul's Drag Document [82] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 7)) RuPaul's Drag Race (season 7) The seventh season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" began airing on March 2, 2015. RuPaul and Michelle Visage returned as judges, while the space previously occupied by Santino Rice was filled by new additions Ross Mathews and Carson Kressley. Matthews and Kressley were only both present for the season premiere and took turns sharing judging responsibilities. Shawn Morales, a member of the Pit Crew since the third season and Simon Sherry-Wood, a member in the sixth season, did not appear this season and were replaced by Bryce Eilenberg. Like the previous two seasons of "RuPaul's Drag Document [83] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race: All Stars) it would air a third season of the series in early 2018. On October 13, 2017, VH1 announced that a one-hour special, "RuPaul’s Drag Race All Stars Exclusive Queen RuVeal", would air on October 20, 2017, announcing the season’s returning contestants. The ten contestants that competed on the third season of "All Stars" consisted of Aja, BenDeLaCreme, Chi Chi DeVayne, Kennedy Davenport, Milk, Morgan McMichaels, Shangela, Thorgy Thor, Trixie Mattel, and season one winner BeBe Zahara Benet. On December 14, 2017, it was announced that the third season would premiere on January 25, 2018. A new twist on how the Document [84] (Title: Project Runway (season 5)) drag queen to work with. They were given $200 to shop for supplies and two days to complete their designs. The winner received immunity for the next challenge. The designers' models were not used in this challenge. Designers and Drag Queens: Note: Sharon Needles and Farrah Moans have no connection to the Queens who appeared on seasons 4 and 9 (respectively) of RuPaul's Drag Race. Acid Betty, on the other hand, participated on the eighth season of the show. The designers were required to make an outfit made entirely out of the spare parts and raw materials from a Saturn Document [85] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 9)) finished the competition in 10th place. The winner of the ninth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" was Sasha Velour, with Peppermint being the runner-up. Aja competed on the of "" and placed 7th overall. Eureka O'Hara competed on the tenth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" and ultimately placed as a runner-up. Trinity Taylor, Valentina, and Farrah Moan are competing on the fourth season of All Stars which premiered on December 14, 2018. "(Ages and names stated are at time of contest)" Listed in chronological order: Guests who appeared in episodes, but did not judge on the main stage. Episode 2: Document [86] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race) Are the World", and featured Alaska, Alyssa Edwards, Coco Montrese, Detox, Ivy Winters, Jade Jolie, Jinkx Monsoon, and Roxxxy Andrews. The second single to surface from the show was a rap song titled "," and was released in 2014. The single featured the remaining nine contestants of the season 6 cast: Adore Delano, BenDeLaCreme, Bianca Del Rio, Courtney Act, Darienne Lake, Joslyn Fox, Laganja Estranja, Milk, and Trinity K. Bonet. The third single, "Read U Wrote U", was released in 2016. It featured the top 4 contestants from All Stars 2; Alaska, Katya, Detox & Roxxxy Andrews. "Read U Wrote Document [87] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race) season. The season began airing on March 22, 2018. Eureka O'Hara, who was removed from the ninth season due to injury, returned to the show after she accepted an open invitation. The tenth season of "Drag Race" premiered; alongside the televised return of "Untucked". On this season, 14 contestants are again competing for the title of "America's Next Drag Superstar", a one-year supply of Anastasia Beverly Hills cosmetics and a cash prize of $100,000. The winner of the tenth season of RuPaul's Drag Race was Aquaria. Monét X Change won Miss Congeniality. On June 13, 2018, VH1 renewed the series, Document [88] (Title: The Vixen (drag queen)) multiple episodes. She was eliminated in seventh place after losing a lip sync to "Groove Is in the Heart" against Asia O'Hara. During the final reunion episode, she walked offstage after feeling cornered by moderator RuPaul who kept pressing her to revisit past confrontations with Aquaria and Eureka. Season six alum Courtney Act later criticized RuPaul for a lack of compassion during the exchange. Outside of "Drag Race", The Vixen had a booth covered with the Black Girl Magic logo for the first annual Wakandacon in August 2018. She became a sponsor for Grindr's ""Kindr"" public service announcement in September Document [89] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 10)) original season following an injury. The prizes for the winner of this season include a one-year supply of Anastasia Beverly Hills cosmetics and a cash prize of $100,000. This is the first season in which each episode was 90 minutes long. The winner of the tenth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" was Aquaria, with Eureka and Kameron Michaels being the runners-up. Mayhem Miller and Eureka competed on the "RuPaul's Drag Race Holi-slay Spectacular" on December 7, 2018. Monique Heart and Monét X Change are competing on the fourth season season of "All Stars" which started on December 14, 2018. "(Ages Document [90] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 8)) RuPaul's Drag Race (season 8) The eighth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" began airing on March 7, 2016. Returning judges include RuPaul and Michelle Visage, along with Ross Mathews and Carson Kressley, who shared judging responsibilities on an alternating basis. Twelve drag queens competed for the title of "America's Next Drag Superstar". The prizes for the winner are a one-year supply of Anastasia Beverly Hills cosmetics and a cash prize of $100,000. The full list of contestants was revealed during the NewNowNext Awards on February 1, 2016. The song "U Wear It Well" from RuPaul's album "Butch Queen" was featured Document [91] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race: All Stars) network on October 22, 2012. Cast members were announced on August 6, 2012. The season featured twelve returning contestants from seasons one to four, for a chance to be inducted into the ""Drag Race" Hall of Fame". It is the only season of "All Stars" to have the contestants compete in teams of two. This series consists of six episodes, each aired in a 60 minute time-slot. Contestants were judged on their "charisma, uniqueness, nerve and talent" and, since they competed in teams of two, also "synergy". The winner received a supply of MAC cosmetics, a "one of a kind Document [92] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race) every episode was "Cover Girl" from RuPaul's album "Champion". The winner of the first season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" was BeBe Zahara Benet, with Nina Flowers winning Miss Congeniality. In late 2013, Logo re-aired the first season, which was titled "RuPaul's Drag Race: The Lost Season Ru-Vealed", and featured commentary from RuPaul For season two, the number of contestants was increased from nine to twelve, and the prizes were slightly modified: a lifetime supply of Nyx Cosmetics and be the face of nyxcosmetics.com, an exclusive one year public relations contract with LGBT firm Project Publicity, be featured an LA Eyeworks Document [93] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race) episodes of the series. This was replaced with, "She done already done had herses!" Host RuPaul additionally came under fire for comments made in an interview with "The Guardian", in which he stated he would "probably not" allow a transgender contestant to compete on "Drag Race." RuPaul compared transgender drag performers to doping athletes on his Twitter, and has since apologized. Season nine winner, Sasha Velour, has expressed her disagreement via Twitter, stating "My drag was born in a community full of trans women, trans men, and gender non-conforming folks doing drag. That’s the real world of drag, like it Document [94] (Title: Alexis Michelle) nine, and Bottoms wore an Alexis t-shirt in season ten. He auditioned for "Drag Race" eight times before being selected for season nine. Alexis Michelle was announced as one of fourteen contestants competing on the ninth season of RuPaul's Drag Race on February 2, 2017. She was the winner of the annual "Snatch Game" challenge in episode six, portraying Liza Minelli. She was in the bottom two in the comedy challenge two episodes later and eliminated Farrah Moan to a lip sync of Dolly Parton's "Baby I'm Burning". In episode eleven, she was in the bottom two again with Peppermint, Document [95] (Title: Raven (drag queen)) "Drag Race" as RuPaul's make-up artist for Season 9. He eventually received a nomination for the 2018 Make-Up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Awards in the category "Television and New Media Series: Best Contemporary Makeup". For his work on the tenth season, he received a nomination for the 70th Primetime Emmy Awards in the category "Outstanding Makeup for a Multi-Camera Series or Special". Aside from doing RuPaul's make-up since 2017, he has served as a creative producer for "All Stars" since its third season and for "Drag Race" since its tenth. Featured in a commercial promoting the syndication run of Document [96] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 3)) in five episodes. Whereas Mike Ruiz only judged for two episodes, and Jeffrey Moran for one, Moran only appeared for promotional reasons. Due to Billy B's continued appearances, he and Rice are now considered to have been alternate judges for the same seat at the judges table, both appearing side-by-side in the reunion special to announce Yara Sofia as the season's Miss Congeniality. Other changes made included the introduction of a wildcard contestant from the past season, Shangela Laquifa Wadley; an episode with no elimination; and a contestant, Carmen Carrera, being brought back into the competition after having been eliminated Document [97] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race) from the show have delved into music careers, with some garnering significant success. Albums released by the shows alumni include "PG-13", by season 4 winner Sharon Needles; "Two Birds" and "One Stone", both by All Stars 3 winner Trixie Mattel; "Till Death Do Us Party", by season 6 runner-up Adore Delano; and Call My Life by season 10 contestant Blair St. Clair. "RuPaul's Drag Race" has been nominated for 23 Emmy Awards, and won nine. It has also been nominated for nine Reality Television Awards, winning three, and nominated for six NewNowNext Awards, winning three. "Thrillist" called "Drag Race" "the Document [98] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 4)) RuPaul's Drag Race (season 4) The fourth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" began airing on January 30, 2012, with cast members announced November 13, 2011. The winner of season four headlined Logo's Drag Race Tour featuring Absolut Vodka, won a one-of-a-kind trip, a lifetime supply of NYX Cosmetics, and a cash prize of $100,000. Like the last season, Santino Rice and Billy B (Billy Brasfield), celebrity makeup artist and star of the HGTV mini-series "Hometown Renovation", shared the same seat at the judges table alternatively, Brasfield filling in for Rice when needed. Both judges appeared side-by-side in the audience during Document [99] (Title: RuPaul) Race" began. RuPaul made appearances on "The Rosie Show" and "The Chew", and also attended a "Drag Race" NY Premiere party at Patricia Field's store in New York. Season 4 of "RuPaul's Drag Race" premiered on Logo on January 30, 2012, with RuPaul returning as the main host and judge. After season 4 ended, TV.com declared that it was the best reality TV show on television. In the fall of 2012, the spin-off "" premiered after a large fan demand. The show featured past contestants of the previous four seasons to compete. Season 5 of "RuPaul's Drag Race" premiered on Document [100] (Title: Kennedy Davenport) 4th overall. After this, he made a one-episode appearance on "Skin Wars" with fellow "Drag Race" contestants. On October 20, 2017, Davenport was announced as one of the returning queens for "RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars 3". Davenport ultimately placed second overall. Outside of "Drag Race", Asberry has won numerous titles in drag pageants, including Miss Gay Orlando 2016, Miss D’Elegance International 2013, and Miss Gay Black USofA 2009. His dance performances are his signature component. Davenport also works as a musician; he released his first single, "Moving Up", featuring rapper Dresia Dee on March 16, 2018. His father, Reuben Document [101] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 7)) himself. RuPaul's Drag Race (season 7) The seventh season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" began airing on March 2, 2015. RuPaul and Michelle Visage returned as judges, while the space previously occupied by Santino Rice was filled by new additions Ross Mathews and Carson Kressley. Matthews and Kressley were only both present for the season premiere and took turns sharing judging responsibilities. Shawn Morales, a member of the Pit Crew since the third season and Simon Sherry-Wood, a member in the sixth season, did not appear this season and were replaced by Bryce Eilenberg. Like the previous two seasons of "RuPaul's Document [102] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race) alternate judges for the same seat at the judges table. Other changes made included the introduction of a wildcard contestant from the past season, Shangela; an episode with no elimination; and a contestant, Carmen Carrera, being brought back into the competition after having been eliminated a few episodes prior. A new pit crew was also introduced consisting of Jason Carter and Shawn Morales. The theme song playing during the runway every episode was changed to "Champion" while the song playing during the credits is "Main Event", both from RuPaul's album "Champion". As with the previous season, each week's episode was Document [103] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 6)) vocals by Jason Carter and Miles Davis Moody of the "RuPaul's Drag Race" . April Carrión's cover of "Sexy Drag Queen" also features Jipsta from the original version of the song. As promotion for both the season's contestants and the, then, upcoming season, each contestant is also featured in a short music video for their cover ending with a montage of clips from their respective audition tapes. World of Wonder also produced a music video for the pit crew's song "Let's Turn the Night", which also promoted RuPaul's, then, recently released fragrance "Glamazon", released as part of a limited edition Document [104] (Title: Aquaria (drag queen)) Aquaria (drag queen) Aquaria is the stage name of Giovanni Palandrani (born February 12, 1996), an American drag queen, television personality and recording artist most known for winning the tenth season of the reality competition television series "RuPaul's Drag Race" in 2018. Palandrani was born in West Chester, Pennsylvania and is of Italian descent. He trained as a dancer for four years and experimented with drag in high school. He attended the Fashion Institute of Technology for two semesters, studying womenswear design. Aquaria is the drag daughter of "Drag Race" season four winner Sharon Needles. She began performing in drag Document [105] (Title: Bob the Drag Queen) the Drag Queen. On February 1, 2016, Bob was revealed as a cast member on the eighth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race". On the show, he was noted for his focus on comedy. During the show, he won three challenges, including the recurring Snatch Game (where he portrayed Uzo Aduba and Carol Channing). On May 16, 2016, Bob was crowned the winner of the season and received a cash prize of $100,000. In 2016, shortly after winning "Drag Race", Bob released the single "Purse First" featuring DJ Mitch Ferrino. He also collaborated with Alaska Thunderfuck on the single "Yet Another Document [106] (Title: RuPaul) in 1990s television at the time. In 1999, RuPaul was awarded the Vito Russo Award at the GLAAD Media Awards for work in promoting equality in the LGBT community. RuPaul has also been noted as having a large part in "RuPaul's Drag Race"'s continuous television success. By pioneering queer representation on television, many believe RuPaul to have essentially revolutionised the portrayal of the LGBTQ+ community on screen. He first won an Emmy for his work on the show in 2016, and one year later the show garnered 8 nominations, including Outstanding Reality-Competition Program for the first time in its 11-season Document [107] (Title: Cynthia Lee Fontaine) diagnosed with stage 1 liver cancer in 2015, two weeks after filming the third episode of the eighth season of "Drag Race". After four rounds of chemotherapy, she went into remission. Cynthia Lee Fontaine Cynthia Lee Fontaine is the stage name of Carlos Alfonso Díaz Hernández, a Puerto Rican drag performer and reality television personality. She is best known for appearing on "RuPaul's Drag Race" seasons 8 and 9. On season 8, she won the title of Miss Congeniality. Hernández was born in Puerto Rico on February 16, 1981. She has a degree in clinical psychology and worked in the Document [108] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 6)) make-up line with Colorevolution Cosmetics. Before the compilation's release, RuPaul confirmed on Twitter that a new album, in which each of the Season 6 contestants covered a song from his catalog, would be coming out. The week of release the compilation album debuted at number 6 on the iTunes Dance album chart. "(All writing credits adapted from the liner notes of the albums the songs originally appeared.)" RuPaul's Drag Race (season 6) The sixth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" began airing February 24, 2014. Like the fifth season, the season featured 14 contestants competing for the title of "America's Next Document [109] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars (season 3)) of the third season of "RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars" was Trixie Mattel, with Kennedy Davenport being the runner-up. The drag queens that competed are: "(Ages and names stated are at time of contest.)" Listed in chronological order: Guests who appeared in episodes but did not judge on the main stage (in order of appearance): <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> On February 15, 2018, the series production company World of Wonder filed a lawsuit against an anonymous leaker using the alias RealityTVLeaks. According to the lawsuit, RealityTVLeaks posted several visuals from the season on various social media websites such as Reddit, Twitter, and Instagram Document [110] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race) alongside "Untucked", for an eleventh season. On December 13, 2015, Logo aired a seasonal themed episode of "RuPaul's Drag Race". The non-competitive special episode was released in conjunction with RuPaul's holiday album "Slay Belles" and featured music videos for songs from the album. The cast included RuPaul, Michelle Visage, Siedah Garrett, and Todrick Hall, and former contestants, including Alyssa Edwards, Laganja Estranja, Latrice Royale, Raja, and Shangela. On November 1, 2018, VH1 announced a seasonal themed special episode of "RuPaul's Drag Race" scheduled to air on December 7, 2018. The special saw eight former contestants compete for the title of Document [111] (Title: Mayhem Miller (drag queen)) Miller was announced as one of fourteen contestants for the tenth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" on February 22, 2018. She was declared the winner of the episode one sewing challenge. In episode three, she was in the bottom two and lip synced "Celebrity Skin" against Yuhua Hamasaki, and won. She was eliminated in episode five after losing a lip sync of "Man! I Feel Like a Woman!" against Monét X Change, and placed tenth overall. Outside of "Drag Race", Miller appeared in an episode of Buzzfeed's "Try Guys" in 2014, giving a drag makeover to Eugene Yang as Cheyenne Document [112] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race) U" is the most successful of the "Drag Race" promotional singles, peaking at number 29 on the Dance and Electronic Charts. The fourth single, "Category Is", featured the top 4 contestants from season 9; Peppermint, Sasha Velour, Trinity Taylor, & Shea Couleé. It was released on iTunes on April 20, 2018. The fifth single, "Kitty Girl", featured the top 4 contestants from All Stars Season 3; Kennedy Davenport, Shangela, Bebe Zahara Benet & Trixie Mattel. It charted at number 99 on the UK Singles Chart giving RuPaul his first UK chart entry in 20 years. Following "Drag Race", many contestants Document [113] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race) campaign, join the Logo Drag Race tour, and a cash prize of $25,000. A new tradition of writing a farewell message in lipstick on the workstation mirror was started by the first eliminated queen of the season, Shangela Laquifa Wadley. The theme song playing during the runway and the end credits every episode is "Jealous of My Boogie" from RuPaul's album "Champion". Each week's episode is followed by a behind-the-scenes show, "RuPaul's Drag Race Untucked". The winner of the second season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" was Tyra Sanchez, with Pandora Boxx winning Miss Congeniality. On December 6, 2011, Amazon.com released Document [114] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race) followed by a behind-the-scenes show, "RuPaul's Drag Race: Untucked". The winner of the third season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" was Raja, with Yara Sofia winning Miss Congeniality. On December 6, 2011 Amazon.com released this season on DVD via their CreateSpace program. The fourth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" began airing on January 30, 2012, with cast members announced November 13, 2011. The winner of season four will headline Logo's Drag Race Tour featuring Absolut Vodka, wins a one-of-a-kind trip, a lifetime supply of NYX Cosmetics, a cash prize of $100,000, and the title of "America's Next Drag Superstar." Like the Document [115] (Title: Victoria "Porkchop" Parker) during all of the "Drag Race" live reunions, starting with season 4. Parker has been brought back on the show by Rupaul several times, in homage to being the first contestant ever eliminated. She appeared during the recap episode of "Rupaul's Drag Race: All Stars 2" and was featured in winning queen Alaska's rap. Parker was also brought back for the first episode of season 10 of Rupaul's Drag Race to help judge the mini-challenge. In the first episode of "RuPaul's Drag Race: All Stars 3," Vanessa Hudgens lip synced against "Porkchop," an actual porkchop, which Rupaul said was Parker. Document [116] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race) the 21st GLAAD Media Awards. It has been nominated for 4 Critics' Choice Television Award including Best Reality Series – Competition and Best Reality Show Host for RuPaul, and was nominated for a Creative Arts Emmy Award for Outstanding Make-up for a Multi-Camera Series or Special (Non-Prosthetic). In January 2018, casting began for season eleven. Later in 2018, the show became the first show to win a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Reality-Competition Program and a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality-Competition Program in the same year. Casting calls are announced online, where prospective contestants Document [117] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 6)) airing of episode six, RuPaul and DJ ShyBoy released the single "Oh No She Better Don't," along with its music video made during the episode's main challenge, online. The song and video feature RuPaul and all of the queens still standing as of episode six. In episode six, the cast was broken up to form two rap groups. Darienne Lake won the mini challenge, so she was given the ability to choose four contestants to form her group. For her own group she chose Laganja Estranja, Bianca Del Rio, and Adore Delano and Courtney Act as they appeared on "American Document [118] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race: All Stars) themselves and performance solely. Along with the "special" prizes awarded by winning the main challenge, the top two queens must now lip-sync for the legacy, with the victor being awarded a cash prize of $10,000 and the choice of elimination out of the bottom three queens. Just like "RuPaul's Drag Race", episodes of the first season of All Stars were followed by an "Untucked" episode each week, giving the viewers a glimpse into the backstage drama and discussions between the returning contestants. For the second and third seasons, the contestants deliberated among themselves in the werk room on who each Document [119] (Title: DWV (group)) to Belli having received conjugal visits from his husband, which was a breach of contract and contestants aren't allowed to reveal their presence on "RuPaul's Drag Race" during their time as contestants. Detox Icunt was a contestant on the fifth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race", which premiered in January 2013. He came in fourth place after losing a lip-sync against subsequent winner Jinkx Monsoon. Belli often cites critical timing as the cause for the success of DWV. In March 2012, The group released their first collaborative single "Chow Down (at Chick-fil-A)" on Belli's personal YouTube channel. The song and music Document [120] (Title: Latrice Royale) "You have changed my life forever. You have changed the world of drag forever. I love you and respect you so much, and thank you for seeing something special in me. Thank you." Guest judges in attendance were Wynonna Judd and Rose McGowan; Royale's words brought tears to McGowan's eyes. Sharon Needles won the crown for season 4. In the season finale, it was announced that Royale would appear on "RuPaul's Drag U", which aired later that year. After "RuPaul's Drag Race", Royale went on tour across the United States, performing at a number of different venues. When he had Document [121] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race) airing on January 28, 2013, with a 90-minute premiere episode. It had the most contestants since the creation of the show with fourteen. Season five's winner walked away with the title of "America's Next Drag Superstar" along with a lifetime supply of Colorevolution Cosmetics, a one-of-a-kind trip courtesy of AlandChuck.travel, a headlining spot on Logo's Drag Race Tour featuring Absolut Vodka and a cash prize of $100,000. Santino Rice and Michelle Visage were back as judges at the panel. The theme song playing during the runway every episode is "I Bring the Beat", while the song playing during the credits Document [122] (Title: Ginger Minj) Visage at a DragCon convention in 2017. Ginger Minj Ginger Minj is the stage name of Joshua Allan Eads, an American drag queen, actor, and singer, most known for competing on the seventh season of the reality television competition "RuPaul's Drag Race" and subsequently the second season of "". Eads was born in Lake County, Florida, and majored in theater at school. His drag mother is Rusty Fawcett. Eads as Ginger Minj competed on the seventh season of the reality television competition "RuPaul's Drag Race", which was announced on March 2, 2015. He placed in the top three in the Document [123] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race) last season, Santino Rice & Billy B (Billy Brasfield), celebrity makeup artist and star of the HGTV mini-series "Hometown Renovation", shared the same seat at the judges table alternatively, Brasfield filling in for Rice when needed. Both judges appeared side-by-side in the audience during the "Reunited" episode. The winner of the fourth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" was Sharon Needles, with Latrice Royale winning Miss Congeniality. The theme song playing during the runway every episode was "Glamazon" and the song played during the credits was "The Beginning", both from RuPaul's album "Glamazon". The fifth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" began Document [124] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race: All Stars) top queens of the season were chosen was revealed in the season's final episode. The previously eliminated queens returned in the finale and voted for the top two out of the remaining top four finalists; from there on, the two queens with the most votes advanced while the others were eliminated. The winner of the third season of "RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars" was Trixie Mattel. In August 2018, during an episode of his podcast, "Whats the Tee?", RuPaul confirmed he was currently filming the fourth season of "All Stars". On August 22, 2018, VH1 officially announced a fourth season Document [125] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 6)) RuPaul's Drag Race (season 6) The sixth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" began airing February 24, 2014. Like the fifth season, the season featured 14 contestants competing for the title of "America's Next Drag Superstar". For the first time in the show's history, the season premiere was split into two episodes; the fourteen queens were split into two groups and the seven queens in each group competed against each other before being united as one group for the third episode. Santino Rice and Michelle Visage returned as judges. Two new pit crew members, Miles Moody and Simon Sherry-Wood, joined Jason Document [126] (Title: Shannel) winner Chad Michaels as the team Shad. They won the third, fourth and fifth episode challenges, until Shannel was eliminated in joint third/fourth place with Jujubee. Shannel also was a drag professor for three seasons of the spin-off show "RuPaul's Drag U" in 2010 to 2012. She appeared as a guest star on the first episode of "Drag Race" eighth season. She appeared with her fellow season one cast on the "Drag Race" season ten finale, lip syncing next to Mayhem Miller. Outside of "Drag Race", Shannel appeared in an episode of "The Arrangement" in 2010. She appeared in the Document [127] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race: All Stars) lowest performing queens had to "Lip Sync for their Life" to avoid elimination. This season has the two best performing queens of the challenge "Lip Sync for their Legacy", with the winner of the lip sync earning $10,000 and choosing which one of the bottom queens to eliminate. However, on their exit, RuPaul advised the first four eliminated queens that they will have the opportunity to come back for their "revenge", with the winner gaining entry back into the competition. The winner of the second season of "RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars" was Alaska. On August 21, 2017, VH1 announced Document [128] (Title: RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars (season 1)) RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars (season 1) The first season of "" premiered on the Logo network on October 22, 2012. Contestants from the original "RuPaul's Drag Race" show returned to compete again. Cast members were announced on August 6. This season features 12 returning contestants representing all four seasons. It aired six one-hour episodes. Contestants were judged on their "charisma, uniqueness, nerve and talent" and, since they competed in teams of two, also "synergy". The winner received a supply of MAC cosmetics, a "one of a kind trip" and $100,000. The theme song playing during the runway every episode Question: who won season four of rupauls drag race

Answer: Sharon Needles Long Answer: RuPaul's Drag Race Season 4 Broadcast from January 30 (2012 - 01 - 30)--April 30, 2012 (2012 - 04 - 30) Judges RuPaul Michelle Visage Santino Rice Billy B Host (s) RuPaul Broadcaster Logo Competitors 13 Winner Sharon Needles Origin Pittsburgh, PA Runner - up Chad Michaels Phi Phi O'Hara Chronology ◀ Season 4 ▶ Gold Document ID: 123

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 3)) more characters, include: Dan Harmon, Brandon Johnson, Tom Kenny, Maurice LaMarche, Nolan North, Cassie Steele, Kari Wahlgren, Laura Bailey, John DiMaggio, Ryan Ridley, Scott Chernoff, Dan Benson, Clancy Brown, Echo Kellum, Melique Berger, William Holmes, Tara Strong, Jeff B. Davis, Jonas Briedis, Phil Hendrie, Rob Paulsen, Alex Jayne Go, Jennifer Hale and Mariana Wise. Adult Swim renewed "Rick and Morty" for a third season on August 12, 2015, shortly after a successful second-season premiere. Talking about the renewal, the two co-creators and executive producers expressed their delight at the series' popularity. Dan Harmon stated that it is "an honor to Document [2] (Title: Rick and Morty) Rick and Morty Rick and Morty is an American adult animated science fiction sitcom created by Justin Roiland and Dan Harmon for Cartoon Network's late-night programming block Adult Swim. The series follows the misadventures of cynical mad scientist Rick Sanchez and his good-hearted but fretful grandson Morty Smith, who split their time between domestic life and interdimensional adventures. The series premiered on December 2, 2013, and the third season concluded on October 1, 2017. In May 2018, the series was picked up for an additional 70 episodes over an unspecified number of seasons. Roiland voices the eponymous characters, with Chris Document [3] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 3)) than expected to complete because of his perfectionism. As a result, the third season of "Rick and Morty" consisted of only ten episodes instead of fourteen, as was initially intended. The third season of "Rick and Morty" originally aired Sundays at 11:30 p.m EST. on Adult Swim, the adult-oriented nighttime programming block of Cartoon Network. The network offered free livestreams for the first two episodes of the season, with the remaining episodes requiring a cable subscription to watch the show live as it aired. Following the conclusion of the show's third season, Adult Swim made a livestream marathon of "Rick Document [4] (Title: 30 Rock (season 4)) 1, 2010. The fourth season began in the UK on April 19, 2010, on Comedy Central. The season was released on DVD by Universal Studios on September 21, 2010, in the United States after it had completed an initial broadcast run on NBC. The three-disc set of 22 episodes has a , Dolby Surround 2.0 and 5.1, and English and Spanish subtitles. In addition to the episodes, the DVD set special features included unaired scenes, featurettes, and audio commentary on the select episodes, "Stone Mountain", "Audition Day", "The Problem Solvers", "Dealbreakers Talk Show #0001", "Black Light Attack", "Verna", "Anna Howard Document [5] (Title: Meeseeks and Destroy) episode was a good challenge of the concept of adventure. Meeseeks and Destroy "Meeseeks and Destroy" is the fifth episode of the first season of "Rick and Morty". It premiered on Adult Swim on January 20, 2014. The episode was written by Ryan Ridley and directed by Bryan Newton. In the episode, Rick provides the family with a solution to their problems, freeing him up to go on an adventure led by Morty. The episode has been well received, and was seen by about 1.6 million viewers when it was first aired on the Adult Swim channel. After a particularly Document [6] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 3)) every episode, and seven more short videos featuring co-creators Dan Harmon and Justin Roiland. The season was released on DVD and Blu-ray on May 15, 2018, with special features including exclusive commentary and animatics for every episode, the origins of "Rick and Morty", "inside the episode" material and an exclusive "inside the recording booth" session. "Game of Thrones" star Peter Dinklage and showrunners David Benioff and D. B. Weiss recorded audio commentary for the episode "Pickle Rick". Other guest commentaries include Marilyn Manson, Courtney Love, Russell Brand, and the winner of a crowdfunding campaign launched by Justin Roiland and Dan Document [7] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 3)) character development. Schedeen gave the season an 8.8 out of 10 rating, saying that it "didn't quite reach the heights of Season 2, but it is the series' most consistently entertaining and ambitious season yet". Holding a different view, Mike Cosimano of "Comics Gaming Magazine" disagreed with other critics about the third season being dark, saying that it used "cheap gut punches to elicit that very reaction". Cosimano also said that too many episodes of the season were weak and the character development is "front-loaded to the first half of the show," resulting in an uneven season. He considered the Document [8] (Title: Pickle Rick) Pickle Rick "Pickle Rick" is the third episode of the third season of the Adult Swim animated television series "Rick and Morty". Written by Jessica Gao and directed by Anthony Chun, the episode premiered on August 6, 2017. In "Pickle Rick", Rick turns himself into a pickle to avoid family therapy, but Beth confiscates his antidote and the others go to therapy. Meanwhile, Rick falls into a sewer and constructs mechanisms from dead animals to survive. He escapes into a highly secure building, where he kills the agents inside in order to leave. He goes to the therapy session and Document [9] (Title: A Rickle in Time) the second season, "Mortynight Run", leaked online one month before its television premiere. Roiland noted that it was ripped from a press-only site, with subtle audio and animation errors that would be fixed in the final version. On the ethics of watching the leaked episodes, Roiland commented, "I will say this: I don’t think that any fans — or even non-fans — that end up watching it are villainous. [...] I don’t think anyone should beat themselves up too bad for doing it, but it’s more of a bummer that someone else made the decision to put it out into Document [10] (Title: The Rickshank Rickdemption) originated from the second season. According to Harmon: "I don't think anybody wants to do a third season that simply spends a whole bunch of episodes dealing with a situation that we created at the end of the second season, so I think that's a non-spoiler way of saying things should be okay pretty quickly". The episode marks the reappearance of several former key plot developments, including the Cronenberg universe, the Citadel of Ricks, and Birdperson. The third-season premiere of "Rick and Morty" was expected to arrive as early as 2016. However, Harmon admitted in a conversation with "Indiewire" that Document [11] (Title: Rick Sanchez (Rick and Morty)) return to Earth due to Rick's status as a wanted criminal. Rick turns himself into the Federation to allow his family to return home, and is incarcerated on a prison planet under the charges of having committed "everything". But in the season three premiere "The Rickshank Redemption", by taking out the Council of Ricks while saving Morty and Summer, it is revealed that Rick actually turned himself in to access the Federation's supercomputer and wipe it out financially. Rick also indirectly convinces Beth to divorce Jerry for trying to convince the family to sell him out. The premiere episode of Document [12] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 3)) viewing as compared to "Live+Same Day" ratings. Considering that episodes of the third season originally aired at 11:30 p.m. on Sundays, it is very likely that people would have watched them on-demand the next day or several days later. Christina Miller, the president of Adult Swim, told "Fortune" that "Rick and Morty" "goes beyond just appealing to millennials," as numbers suggest that people of all ages are watching the show. The second episode of the season, which aired nearly four months after the unannounced premiere, was the season's most-watched episode with 2.86 million viewers, and the second-best on cable for Document [13] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 3)) see "Rick and Morty" join the exclusive club of shows with over nineteen episodes", and Justin Roiland added "I am blown away by the seemingly instant success of "Rick and Morty". I look forward to continuing their adventures!" In an October 2015 interview with "The Hollywood Reporter", Roiland revealed that the team had received a lot of scripts from female writers for the upcoming season, which had never happened before. He stated that "We've gone from having zero spec scripts [in the running from female] candidates, to having five or six of them, so it's looking very likely that season Document [14] (Title: Rick and Morty) that they would be able to focus on the show and minimize their involvement in other projects. After prolonged contract negotiations, Adult Swim announced a long-term deal with the creators in May 2018, ordering 70 new episodes over an unspecified number of seasons. Talking about the upcoming fourth season a few months earlier, Harmon had said that he wishes for it to consist of more than ten episodes, and writer Ryan Ridley had said that he does not expect it to air any sooner than late 2019. "Rick and Morty" was created by Justin Roiland and Dan Harmon. The duo Document [15] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 3)) Harmon to support Planned Parenthood. In his Blu-ray review for "Forbes", Luke Y. Thompson describes the release as "a thorough set that seems to have covered all the angles, and will provide hours of fun to even those fans who've watched every episode multiple times already." The season currently holds a 97% approval rating from the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes based on 17 reviews, and a rating average of 8.82 out of 10. Jesse Schedeen of "IGN" described the third season of the show as darker and more unpredictable than the first two, and praised its high-concept storytelling and Document [16] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 1)) Kari Wahlgren, Melique Berger, Jess Harnell, Smith Harrison, Maurice LaMarche, Rob Paulsen, Jesse Mendel, Dan Benson, Jackie Buscarino, Echo Kellum, Patricia Lentz, Rob Schrab, Gary Anthony Williams, Steve Agee, Tom Kenny, Vatche Panos, Cree Summer, Reagan Gomez, Megan Adams, Will Jennings, Finnegan Perry, Jeff Bergman, Adam Ray, Scott Chernoff, Rich Fulcher, Tress MacNeille, Nolan North, Alejandra Gollas, Lauren Hillman and Chris Romano. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Series co-creator Justin Roiland, John Rice, Jeff Myers, Bryan Newton and Stephen Sandoval served as directors, while Roiland, series co-creator Dan Harmon, Tom Kauffman, Ryan Ridley, Wade Randolph and Eric Acosta served as writers; writer's assistant Mike Document [17] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 3)) "tend to suck all the oxygen out of the virtual room." Series co-creator Justin Roiland said on his Twitter account that he sees more good than bad in the series' fanbase, and chooses to focus on that. "Rick and Morty" received a total of eight nominations for its third season in 2017 and 2018, of which it won an IGN Award and a Critics' Choice Television Award, both in the categories for "Best Animated Series". Furthermore, the episode "Pickle Rick" received three nominations, of which it won an Emmy Award for "Outstanding Animated Program" and an Annie Award for "Best Document [18] (Title: Bob's Burgers (season 3)) Tambor, Gary Cole, Bill Hader, and Aziz Ansari. On May 13, 2014, Amazon.com released the season in a 3-disc-set "Burn-On-Demand" DVD-R. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Bob's Burgers (season 3) The third season of the animated sitcom "Bob's Burgers" began airing on Fox in the United States on September 30, 2012, and concluded on May 12, 2013. On May 14, 2012, Fox renewed "Bob's Burgers" for a third production cycle consisting of 13 episodes. On August 23, 2012, six additional scripts were ordered. The third season consisted of the 13 episodes from the second production cycle that did not air during the second season, Document [19] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 2)) Dan Guterman and Alex Rubens served as writers. All episodes in the first season originally aired in the United States on Adult Swim. All episodes are rated TV-14, with the exception of "Interdimensional Cable 2: Tempting Fate", which was rated TV-MA. The second season was released on DVD (Region 1) and Blu-ray on June 7, 2016. Rick and Morty (season 2) The second season of the animated television series "Rick and Morty" originally aired on Cartoon Network's late night programming block Adult Swim in the United States on July 26, 2015 with "A Rickle in Time", and concluded on October Document [20] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 3)) and Morty" available to watch on its official website in select regions, hoping to dissuade viewers from watching other illegal livestreams. The episodes were made available to watch on Netflix in a number of countries outside the United States, one week after their original airdate. The season was added to Hulu on June 23, 2018, with the expansion following a similar timeline with that of the two previous seasons for the streaming service. Uncensored versions of the season are also available to purchase on various digital distribution platforms, including iTunes, Amazon and Microsoft Store. The digital release includes commentaries on Document [21] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 3)) General Audience Animated Television/Broadcast Production". With two nominations, "The Ricklantis Mixup" was another awarded episode of the season, that won its writers Ryan Ridley and Dan Guterman an Annie Award for "Outstanding Achievement for Writing in an Animated Television/Broadcast Production". Justin Roiland won an IGN Award for "Best Comedic TV Performance", while Christian Slater was nominated for a BTVA Voice Acting Award for his performance in "Vindicators 3: The Return of Worldender". Rick and Morty (season 3) The third season of "Rick and Morty", an American animated television series created by Dan Harmon and Justin Roiland, originally aired on Cartoon Document [22] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 2)) Jennings, Maurice LaMarche, Tress MacNeille, Ryan Ridley, Kari Wahlgren, John Kassir, Dawnn Lewis, Nolan North, Rob Paulsen, Gary Anthony Williams, Tony Barbieri, Kevin Michael Richardson, Jevin Smith, Tara Strong, Dan Benson, Dan Harmon, Jess Harnell, Phil Hendrie, William Holmes, Cassie Steele, Mike McCaffery, Brandon Johnson, James Atkinson, Rob Schrab and Arin Hanson. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> In January 2014, the series was renewed for a second season that began on July 26, 2015. Wes Archer, Dominic Polcino, Bryan Newton and Juan Meza-León served as directors, while series co-creators Justin Roiland and Dan Harmon, Matt Roller, David Phillips, Ryan Ridley, Mike McMahan, Tom Kauffman, Document [23] (Title: The Beverly Hillbillies) season (consisting of the public domain episodes from that season) was released on DVD in Region 1 on October 7, 2008 as "...The Official Second Season". The third season was released on February 17, 2009. Both seasons are available to be purchased together from major online retailers. On October 1, 2013, season four was released on DVD as a Walmart exclusive. It was released as a full retail release on April 15, 2014. On April 26, 2016, CBS/Paramount released the complete first season on DVD. The fifth season was released on October 2, 2018. A three-act stage play based on Document [24] (Title: The Rickshank Rickdemption) humor that rivaled "Total Rickall" and "Meeseeks and Destroy". "Den of Geek" writer Joe Matar observed "previous "Rick and Morty" plot developments, reminding us of the show’s commitment to its persistent multiverse" in a premiere he considered as the series' best. The Rickshank Rickdemption "The Rickshank Rickdemption" is the first episode in the third season of the American animated television sitcom "Rick and Morty", and the twenty-second episode overall in the series. It was written by Mike McMahan and directed by Juan Meza-Leon. The season three premiere first aired unannounced on Adult Swim in the United States on April 1, Document [25] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 3)) and noted that a season of "Rick and Morty" takes a long time to write and animate. In February 2017, Harmon announced on his podcast, "Harmontown", that the season was in the animation process, after a long period of writing. Around the same time, Bardel Entertainment's production supervisor Mark Van Ee confirmed that "everything is on track." In June 2017, when production of the season had been completed, Harmon wrote a series of posts on Twitter, where he refuted reports about his disagreements with Roiland being the main cause of the delay, and explained that the writing process took longer Document [26] (Title: Bob's Burgers (season 2)) becoming one of television’s best comedies!" On May 7, 2013, Amazon.com released the season for purchase on "Burn-On-Demand DVD-R. The sole bonus feature is a table read of the season 3 episode An Indecent Thanksgiving Proposal. The second season of "Bob's Burgers" originally premiered on March 11, 2012 in the United States on the Fox network between 8:30 p.m. and 9:00 p.m., with "The Belchies", and obtained 4.04 million viewers in the United States. They are all of episodes which are part of Fox's "Animation Domination" television block. It was preceded by "The Simpsons" at 8:00 p.m., and was followed Document [27] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 3)) Carbiener, one of the new female writers, said that she managed to learn many things from her experience as a member of the writing team. She explained that a story that for other shows would have been an entire episode, for "Rick and Morty" it will be only its first few minutes. Therefore, the team had to write a large amount of story in a very short time. Writing began on November 2, 2015, and the first episode was recorded on February 18, 2016. In July 2016, already behind on schedule, the production team admitted that the success of the Document [28] (Title: Becker (TV series)) Entertainment released the first season on DVD on April 28, 2008. There were issues with the discs that meant audio and video were out of sync. In Region 4, Paramount Home Entertainment released the first three seasons on DVD in 2008/2009. In 2013, Umbrella Entertainment acquired the rights to the series and subsequently re-released the first three seasons. Season 4 was released on February 5, 2014. Season 5 and 6 were released in August 2016. "Becker" debuted as part of CBS' highly rated Monday night lineup as a midseason replacement for the cancelled sitcom "The Brian Benben Show", taking over Document [29] (Title: Rick Sanchez (Rick and Morty)) Beth Smith, and the grandfather of Morty and Summer Smith. He is said to have been away from the family for several years prior to the events of the show. He frequently travels on adventures through space and other planets and dimensions with his grandson Morty. In the third season of the show, it is revealed that he is 70 years old. Rick is portrayed as a mad scientist; utilizing his mathematical and scientific prowess in conjunction with apathy and egotistical cynicism, he emerges safely from any situation, regardless of the consequences of his self-preservation. Rick also, in some episodes, Document [30] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 3)) discontinued promotional product. Internet memes spread rapidly on Reddit and Twitter, more than 40,000 people signed a petition at Change.org, asking for the return of the sauce, while an eBay auction resulted in a 20-year-old packet of this teriyaki sauce being sold for $14,700. On October 7, 2017, McDonald's served limited quantities of the sauce, without explicitly naming "Rick and Morty" as a reason for the return. Many fans waited for hours in long queues, but not all of them were served as the fast-food outlets ran out of the product. The fiasco prompted enraged reactions by disappointed fans, with Document [31] (Title: Pickle Rick) to confusion when the third-season premiere was released on April 1, 2017, and showed Rick escaping in a very different way. Three weeks prior to the episode's airing, free "Pickle Rick" T-shirts and other merchandise were given away at the 2017 San Diego Comic-Con. The episode first aired on Adult Swim at 11:30 p.m. on August 6, 2017, where it was watched by 2.31 million viewers. Zach Blumenfeld of "Paste" calls the episode "arguably the most eagerly anticipated "Rick and Morty episode ever"" due to the large amount of episode content released by Adult Swim before it premiered. Green calls Document [32] (Title: Rixty Minutes) shows (especially improvised ones), the output is hit or miss." Rixty Minutes "Rixty Minutes" is the eighth episode of the first season of "Rick and Morty". It premiered on Adult Swim on March 17, 2014. The episode was written by Tom Kauffman and Justin Roiland, and directed by Bryan Newton. In the episode, Rick and Morty watch cable from other dimensions, while Jerry, Beth, and Summer watch alternate reality versions of themselves using a pair of interdimensional goggles. The episode was well received and watched by about 1.48 million viewers in the United States. After Rick expresses his disgust for Document [33] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 3)) and Morty" third year ended on a total reset," with Beth and the kids reuniting with Jerry in the season-finale, as they seek comfort through escapism and ignore the realities of their lives. Once again, Rick becomes the outsider figure in the Smith household, with Beth noting that from this point "things will be like season one" again. Zack Handlen of "The A.V. Club", however, appeared skeptical about the character's statement, noting that "the problem with going as far as season three went is that bridges stay burned". Handlen considered Jerry's return to be an anticlimax from a character standpoint Document [34] (Title: Rick Potion No. 9) season, both because he thought it was paced well, and due to the fact that he loved how insane it got in the end. Rick Potion No. 9 "Rick Potion #9" is the sixth episode of "Rick and Morty". It premiered on Adult Swim on January 27, 2014, was written by Justin Roiland, and directed by Stephen Sandoval. In the episode, a love potion goes wrong, creating a virus that begins to infect the entire world population, making everyone fall in love with Morty. The episode received critical acclaim, receiving praise for its story, subplot, and ending, and was seen Document [35] (Title: 'Til Death) all 22 episodes from Season one. The second season DVDs include 18 out of the 19 episodes produced for Season two in airdate order. On July 26, 2011, it was announced that the show was picked up for syndication by affiliates and WGN America, which debuted the program on September 12, 2011. It was also announced on July 28, 2011 that Spike had picked up the show for syndication, which debuted on October 3, 2011. In June 2013, TV Land brought the show, but was removed later on. Since January 2018, Sony's GetTV airs reruns of the show. Seasonal ratings Document [36] (Title: Rick and Morty) there to react to Rick’s deranged schemes." The character is transformed by the truths he discovers during his interdimensional adventures with his grandfather. However, instead of sinking into depression, Morty accepts these truths that empower him to value his own life. The 11-episode first season was released on DVD (2-disc set) and Blu-ray (single BD-50 disc) on October 7, 2014. Special features include commentary and animatics for every episode, deleted scenes, behind the scenes featurette and commentaries by special guests Matt Groening, Robert Kirkman, Pendleton Ward, Al Jean and others. The 10-episode second season was released on DVD (2-disc set) Document [37] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 3)) off, as the show continues to follow the adventures of the members of the Smith household. When Jerry asks Beth to choose between him and Rick, the strength of their marriage is tested. Jerry is confronted with the loss of his family, while Beth begins to discover her independence again. Morty and Summer deal with their parents' separation by seeking more control over their lives. Rick's nihilistic way of life continues to prevent him from bonding with his family, as he remains unable to change his self-destructive behavior. The third season of "Rick and Morty" delivered the highest ratings in Document [38] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 3)) series had increased pressure to meet the expectations of the viewers. The creative freedom provided by Adult Swim entailed taking responsibility for product quality, and as the bar had risen higher, work had become harder, improvements were constantly being sought, and this often resulted in delays. Harmon told the assembled press at the 2016 San Diego Comic-Con that "it’s not an endless perfectionism because you know when something finally clicks and you go 'this is a good episode of TV.'" He added that the animators had to suffer the worst part of the schedule delays, as they were forced to Document [39] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 3)) Rick and Morty (season 3) The third season of "Rick and Morty", an American animated television series created by Dan Harmon and Justin Roiland, originally aired on Cartoon Network's late night programming block, Adult Swim. It premiered with "The Rickshank Rickdemption", which aired unannounced on April 1, 2017, as part of Adult Swim's annual April Fools' prank. As a result of production delays, the remaining episodes began airing weekly nearly four months later, on July 30, 2017. The season comprised ten episodes, and its initial airing concluded on October 1, 2017. The premiere picks up where the second-season finale left Document [40] (Title: Highway to Heaven) contained on these releases were the edited, syndicated versions and not the original broadcast versions. Due to poor sales, the final two seasons were never released. On March 18, 2013, it was announced that Mill Creek Entertainment had acquired the rights to the series and planned on releasing it in its entirety. They have subsequently re-released the first four seasons on DVD, with Season 1 containing original uncut episodes and Season 3 containing mostly uncut episodes. Season 4 was released (for the very first time in Region 1) on June 3, 2014. The fifth and final season was released on Document [41] (Title: Bones (season 3)) released on DVD (subtitled "Totally Decomposed Edition") in region 1 on November 18, 2008, in region 2 on November 17, 2008 and in region 4 on March 4, 2009. The set includes all 15 episodes of season three on a 5-disc set presented in anamorphic widescreen. The first four episodes of season four are included as bonus episodes on the region 1 and 2 releases. Special features include "Director's take", a series of episodic featurettes—"The Vault", "Making of the Body", "Car Crash-Exploding Van", "Squints", and "The Angelator". Three episodes ("The Knight on the Grid", "The Santa in the Slush" and Document [42] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 3)) and "a necessary corrective to an arc that was in danger of going off the rails completely". "Rick and Morty" completed its third season with overall viewership numbers increased by 81% over the previous season, and delivered the highest ratings in Adult Swim's history. "Rick and Morty" was the most popular television comedy within the 18–24 and 18–34 age ranges in the United States, based on "Live+7" ratings data spanning from December 2016 to September 2017. This rating system tracks live viewership plus streaming and on-demand viewing over an initial week-long period, and provides a more accurate picture of delayed Document [43] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 3)) the day it aired in adults 18–49, behind the weekly episode of "Game of Thrones". The season finale was watched by 2.6 million live plus same day viewers and it was the most-watched telecast across all age groups. In an interview with "The Hollywood Reporter", female writers Jane Becker, Sarah Carbiener and Jessica Gao addressed negative comments regarding their involvement in writing the third season of "Rick and Morty", recalling a post on Reddit that called them "the social justice warriors that Dan had to hire." Gao stated, "The people who say [hiring writers should be a meritocracy] have never Document [44] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 3)) Adult Swim's history and was the top-rated comedy among millennials on television. The season received largely positive reviews, with many critics highlighting its focus on character development. The season has also received a number of awards and nominations, including the win of a Critics' Choice Award for Best Animated Series, and the show's first Emmy Award which it won for the third-season's standout episode "Pickle Rick", in the category for Outstanding Animated Program. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> The actors and actresses listed below lend their voices to the corresponding animated characters. Other cast members of the season, who each have voiced one or Document [45] (Title: Adult Swim (UK & Ireland)) UK site started redirecting visitors to the U.S site. It has since been redesigned, showing a clip of "Rick and Morty" via YouTube, their social media sites, and their TV guide for the UK blocks. After the Fox and TruTV blocks ceased airing, the TV guide was removed. Revolver Entertainment recently began distributing some original Adult Swim series on DVD in the UK and Ireland. The Shows are no longer released on DVD but Rick and Morty is streaming on Netflix. Adult Swim (UK & Ireland) Adult Swim was a late night programming block which aired on multiple channels in Document [46] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 3)) three will have one, potentially two gals in the room." Eventually, four female writers were added to the staff, and—counting out the co-creators of the show, Justin Roiland and Dan Harmon—the writing room for the third season was gender-balanced. The writing staff consisted of eleven writers, who collectively wrote and repeatedly rewrote each episode. Harmon noted that the writers' ideas were blended and refined during the writing process, and that the name of the writer that appeared in the opening credits of an episode is usually that of the person who had been assigned to prepare the episode's outline. Sarah Document [47] (Title: Samurai Jack (season 5)) four seasons are rated TV-Y7-FV, while most episodes in the fifth season are rated TV-14-V, with episodes XCVI and XCIX being rated TV-PG-V. The first three episodes of the season were screened at the Ace Hotel Los Angeles two days before the season's television premiere. An unannounced change in schedule on April Fools' Day supplanted a new "Samurai Jack" episode with the premiere of the third season of "Rick and Morty", which aired repeatedly from 8 PM to midnight. This season is available in HD and SD for digital purchase on iTunes, Google Play, Amazon Video, Microsoft Store and PlayStation Document [48] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 1)) McMahan was also given writing credit. All episodes in the first season originally aired in the United States on Adult Swim, and are rated TV-14. However, the uncensored version of the episodes released on DVD and Blu-ray are rated TV-MA. The first season was released on DVD (Region 1) and Blu-ray on October 7, 2014. Before its release, Roiland had confirmed that it would contain uncensored audio tracks. Rick and Morty (season 1) The first season of the American animated television series, "Rick and Morty" originally aired in the United States on Cartoon Network's late night programming block, Adult Swim. Document [49] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 3)) season to be "a disappointment," rating it 6.5 out of 10. On a thematic level, Kayla Cobb of "Decider" focused on the dynamism displayed by Beth and Summer, as the characters broke the stereotypical conventions of the first two seasons. Cobb stated that "Season 3 is the first time "Rick and Morty" really to its leading ladies, and it was a horrifying delight." Julia Alexander of "Polygon" highlighted the philosophical conflict between nihilist realism and life in ignorant bliss as the season's main theme, and noted that "after an introspective season built on the importance of self-realization and reflection, "Rick Document [50] (Title: The Walking Dead (TV series)) and episode five ("Wildfire"). Until eOne/WVG re-released the first season in D-A-CH in a "Special Uncut Version" on DVD and Blu-ray on May 31, 2013. The second season DVD and Blu-ray was released on August 28, 2012. It was also released as a limited edition Blu-ray, packaged as a miniature zombie head designed by McFarlane Toys. Special features include audio commentaries, deleted scenes, webisodes, and several featurettes. The third season DVD and Blu-ray was released on August 27, 2013. It was also released as a limited edition Blu-ray, packaged as a miniature version of the Governor's zombie head aquarium tank Document [51] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 1)) Rick and Morty (season 1) The first season of the American animated television series, "Rick and Morty" originally aired in the United States on Cartoon Network's late night programming block, Adult Swim. It premiered on December 2, 2013 with "Pilot" and ended on April 14, 2014 with "Ricksy Business", with a total of eleven episodes. The first season received critical acclaim. The actors and actresses listed below lend their voices to the corresponding animated characters. Other cast members of the season, who each have voiced one or more characters, include: Eric Bauza, Dan Harmon, Phil Hendrie, Brandon Johnson, Ryan Ridley, Document [52] (Title: Dan Harmon) SXSW on March 8, 2014. Harmon and co-showrunner, Justin Roiland, began developing ideas for an animated show during Harmon's yearlong break from "Community". For its fall 2012 season, Adult Swim ordered a 30-minute animated pilot from Harmon and Roiland. The pilot, "Rick and Morty", is about the adventures of a brilliant but mean-spirited inventor and his less-than-genius grandson. The show premiered on December 2, 2013 and was renewed for a second season. The series' third season concluded in October 2017. Harmon voiced the recurring character of Bird Person. In May 2018, Rick and Morty was renewed for a further 70 Document [53] (Title: Pilot (Rick and Morty)) Pilot (Rick and Morty) "Pilot" is the first episode of the American animated television sitcom "Rick and Morty". Written by series creators Dan Harmon and Justin Roiland, and directed by Roiland, the episode premiered on Adult Swim on December 2, 2013. The series introduces protagonists, alcoholic scientist Rick Sanchez and his innocent teenage grandson Morty Smith, as they embark on a dangerous interdimensional adventure to fetch Mega tree seeds. The pilot had a mixed to positive reception and was seen by about 1.1 million viewers when airing. Rick establishes himself as a bad influence on his grandson Morty when it Document [54] (Title: Rick and Morty) third season, Adult Swim made a livestream marathon of "Rick and Morty" available to watch on its official website in select regions, hoping to dissuade viewers from watching other illegal livestreams. "Rick and Morty" has received universal critical acclaim, holding a 97% approval rating by critics on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes. David Weigand of "San Francisco Chronicle" described it as "offbeat and occasionally coarse... the take-away here is that it works". He praised the animation direction by James McDermott for being "fresh, colorful and as wacky as the script", and states that the series possesses "shades of "Futurama", "South Document [55] (Title: Highway to Heaven) seasons on DVD. On November 25, 2013, they released "Highway to Heaven- The Complete Collection", a 30-disc set featuring all 111 episodes of the series, as well as bonus features. In Region 4, Paramount Home Entertainment & CBS DVD released the first three seasons on DVD in Australia for the first time in 2008/2009. The episodes contained on these releases are the edited, syndicated versions and not the original broadcast versions. Seasons 4 and 5 were to be released on DVD on December 24, 2009 but the releases never materialized. These releases have been discontinued and are out of print. Document [56] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 3)) ever thought about what that actually means and where that meritocracy comes from. Overwhelmingly, the person who is deciding who is the funniest is going to be a white guy, usually in his 30s or 40s who for sure grew up middle class or upper middle class. Someone like that is going to have very specific life experience and a specific sense of humor." Following the release of "Pickle Rick", one of the season's best-rated episodes, a number of fans participated in an online harassment campaign that targeted female writers of the show—especially Jane Becker and Jessica Gao—as they felt Document [57] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 2)) Rick and Morty (season 2) The second season of the animated television series "Rick and Morty" originally aired on Cartoon Network's late night programming block Adult Swim in the United States on July 26, 2015 with "A Rickle in Time", and concluded on October 4 with "The Wedding Squanchers". This season aired a total of ten episodes. The actors and actresses listed below lend their voices to the corresponding animated characters. Other cast members of the season, who each have voiced one or more characters, include: Jay Johnson, Tom Kenny, Jill Talley, Paul F. Tompkins, Scott Chernoff, Ryan Elder, Will Document [58] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 3)) "it’s hard to feel special when you’re a face in the crowd of millions of people. A lot of bad behaving fans look for an excuse to be oppressed so they can separate themselves from the mainstream." Emily Gaudette of "Newsweek" said that, with the spike in popularity, the show has obtained an army of online devotees, and commented on groups like the self-described "Real Ricks", who identify themselves with the series' main character and believe that high intellect is an excuse for mistreating others. Gaudette noted that these groups do not represent the "Rick and Morty" fanbase, but they Document [59] (Title: The Venture Bros.) 14, 2006, but was delayed until May 30, 2006. The DVD packaging and interior art was created by comic artist Bill Sienkiewicz. On May 31, 2006, the season one DVD reached #1 on Amazon's top selling DVDs list. On March 27, 2010, series creator Jackson Publick revealed on his Livejournal that a standard definition DVD of the first half of season 4 would likely be released some time between July and October 2010, with a DVD of the second half of the season and a Blu-ray box set of the entire season to be released after the full season has Document [60] (Title: Friends) and jokes that were included on prior DVD releases, and are therefore presented in their NBC broadcast versions. In Australia, The original released DVDs were released were fold out box sets which contained three discs and released as follows: Season 1 and Season 2 on 13 March 2002, Season 3 and Season 4 on 9 July 2002, Season 5, 6 and 7 on 29 July 2002, Season 8 on 18 March 2003, Season 9 on 11 February 2004 and Season 10 on 24 November 2004. Repackaged sets, slimmed into regular DVD cases also containing three discs were released from 2003 Document [61] (Title: The Rickshank Rickdemption) The Rickshank Rickdemption "The Rickshank Rickdemption" is the first episode in the third season of the American animated television sitcom "Rick and Morty", and the twenty-second episode overall in the series. It was written by Mike McMahan and directed by Juan Meza-Leon. The season three premiere first aired unannounced on Adult Swim in the United States on April 1, 2017 when it was watched by 676,000 American households. On the first day of its original broadcast, "The Rickshank Rickdemption" was replayed every half hour from 8pm to 12am ET with improved ratings, as a part of Adult Swim's annual April Document [62] (Title: Seinfeld (season 3)) multiple stories. George was becoming a bigger liar, Elaine was becoming more quirky, and Kramer was becoming surer of himself throughout his crazy antics. This season received eight Emmy nominations and one Directors Guild of America Award. The DVD boxset for season three was released by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment in Region 1 on November 23, 2004, twelve years after it had completed broadcast on television. It was also released in Region 2 on November 1, 2004 and on October 18, 2004 in Region 4. As well as every episode from the season (minus "The Stranded" which was produced for Document [63] (Title: Rick and Morty) season containing bonus material. The digital release of the first season includes the 2013 "Rick and Morty" Comic-Con panel, the digital release of the second season includes the 2015 ATX Television Festival panel, and the digital release of the third season includes commentary on every episode, as well as seven more short videos featuring co-creators Dan Harmon and Justin Roiland. The show is available to watch on Netflix in a number of countries outside the United States, including the United Kingdom and Australia, while the first three seasons are available to stream on Hulu. Following the conclusion of the show's Document [64] (Title: Corner Gas) whose DVD box set includes described video for the visually impaired. The second season set was released by CTV and Video Service Corporation and includes a peek at Season 3, bloopers, cast and crew interviews, a Thunderface music video as well as all season 2 episodes. The season three DVD was released on October 3, 2006. Unlike the previous sets, the third season DVD set is presented in widescreen (letterbox). The fourth season was released on DVD on September 18, 2007. This was the first time the DVD set of the previous season was released before the current season started Document [65] (Title: Weekend at Mort's) Burgers' baseline moving forward – weird, funny, and occasional springboards to episodes of sheer genius." Weekend at Mort's "Weekend at Mort's" is the 11th episode of the first season of the animated television series "Bob's Burgers". The episode originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on May 8, 2011. The episode was written by Scott Jacobson and directed by Anthony Chun. According to Nielsen ratings, it was viewed by 4.26 million viewers in its original airing. The episode featured guest performances by Jay Johnston, Andy Kindler, Amy Sedaris and Sam Seder. The kids discover mold in the Document [66] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 3)) work weekends in order to cope with the demanding workload. In September 2016, the writing team had finished writing new episodes and they were waiting on their return from Bardel Entertainment, "Rick and Morty"s Canadian animation studio, for in-house screenings. After the animatics (video recorded versions of a hand-drawn storyboard with very limited motion) for each episode were made, and the production team was able to pre-visualize the animation, additional passes on the scripts would follow. In an interview with "The Detroit Cast", writer Ryan Ridley revealed that the writing process for the third season was completed in November 2016, Document [67] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 3)) some of them acting out and mistreating the company's workers. In the wake of these events, the "Rick and Morty" fanbase received a bad reputation, with James Grebey of "Inverse" noting that ""Rick and Morty" is a good show, but it’s quickly gaining a (frankly well-earned) reputation for having a really, really shitty fan base. Even series co-creator Dan Harmon hates a certain segment of his misogynistic fan base." Cameron Williams of "Junkee" attributed this "toxic behavior" to the rise of an aggressive type of entitled fan in the past decades, and examined the motivation of these people, noting that Document [68] (Title: Beugró) fifth between February, 22 and April 20, 2011; the sixth between September 27 and November 23, 2010; the seventh between February 21 and May 3, 2011; the eighth between September 5 and November 8, 2011. The first two seasons have been published on DVD so far. Their distributor is Universal Music. First season 2 was released on October 8, 2009 on 4 DVDs, containing all fourteen episodes and cut scenes along with the pilot episode as extra. Season 1 came out next on March 30, 2010 on 3 DVDs with all thirteen episodes and a making-of and cut scenes as Document [69] (Title: Home Movies (season 3)) animatics. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> The DVD boxset for season three was released by Shout! Factory on November 15, 2005. Other than all thirteen episodes of the season, the DVD included several bonus features, including interviews with the cast and crew, animatics, an animation gallery, commentary tracks on seven episodes, and a radio interview with Bouchard and Benjamin. Home Movies (season 3) The third season of the animated sitcom "Home Movies" originally began airing in the United States on the Adult Swim programming block for the television network Cartoon Network from August 4, 2002 to May 25, 2003. Co-creators Brendon Small and Loren Document [70] (Title: Thank God You're Here) often interferes with scenes, and Tom said if it rains, they are "stuffed". In 2014, co-creator Rob Sitch said that a revival of the program was possible. Seasons 1, 2, 3 and 4 of the show have been released on DVD in Australia. There are currently no plans to release the DVDs in other countries. Season 1 was released on 8 November 2006, Season 2 was released on 23 August 2007, Season 3 was released on 28 November 2007 and Season 4 was released on 5 November 2009. <br> <br> <br> <br> In December 2009 the "Thank God You're Here" Document [71] (Title: Rick and Morty) and Blu-ray (single BD-50 disc) on June 7, 2016. Special features include behind the scenes, commentary and animatics for every episode, deleted animatic sketches and a "Plumbus Owner's Manual" booklet. The 10-episode third season, was released on DVD (2-disc set) and Blu-ray (single BD-50 disc) on May 15, 2018. Special features include exclusive commentary and animatics for every episode, "inside the episode", the origins of "Rick and Morty", and an exclusive "inside the recording booth" session. Uncensored versions of the show are also available to purchase on various digital platforms, including iTunes and Amazon, with the digital releases of each Document [72] (Title: Pickle Rick) a list of season 3 "Rick and Morty" episodes. Russell calls it "one of the single most entertaining "Rick and Morty" episodes to date", writing that it "lays essential groundwork for season three's progression"; "doesn't lack for incredibly animated, uber-bloody and powerfully funny action sequences"; and "boasts what may be season three's strongest B-plot". In September 2018, "Pickle Rick" won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program. It is the first Emmy for the show. Pickle Rick "Pickle Rick" is the third episode of the third season of the Adult Swim animated television series "Rick and Morty". Written by Question: when does season three of rick and morty come out on dvd Answer: May 15, 2018 Long Answer: Following the conclusion of the show's third season, Adult Swim has made a livestream marathon of Rick and Morty available to watch on its official website in select regions, hoping to dissuade viewers from watching other illegal livestreams . The third season will be released on DVD and Blu - ray on May 15, 2018, with special features including exclusive commentary and animatics for every episode, "inside the episode", the origins of Rick and Morty, and an exclusive "inside the recording booth" session . Uncensored versions of the season are also available to purchase on various digital platforms, including iTunes, Amazon and Microsoft Store . The digital release also includes commentary on every episode, as well as seven more short videos featuring co-creators Dan Harmon and Justin Roiland . The season is also available to watch on Netflix, in a number of countries outside the United States, including the United Kingdom. Gold Document ID: 71

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 3)) more characters, include: Dan Harmon, Brandon Johnson, Tom Kenny, Maurice LaMarche, Nolan North, Cassie Steele, Kari Wahlgren, Laura Bailey, John DiMaggio, Ryan Ridley, Scott Chernoff, Dan Benson, Clancy Brown, Echo Kellum, Melique Berger, William Holmes, Tara Strong, Jeff B. Davis, Jonas Briedis, Phil Hendrie, Rob Paulsen, Alex Jayne Go, Jennifer Hale and Mariana Wise. Adult Swim renewed "Rick and Morty" for a third season on August 12, 2015, shortly after a successful second-season premiere. Talking about the renewal, the two co-creators and executive producers expressed their delight at the series' popularity. Dan Harmon stated that it is "an honor to Document [2] (Title: Rick and Morty) Rick and Morty Rick and Morty is an American adult animated science fiction sitcom created by Justin Roiland and Dan Harmon for Cartoon Network's late-night programming block Adult Swim. The series follows the misadventures of cynical mad scientist Rick Sanchez and his good-hearted but fretful grandson Morty Smith, who split their time between domestic life and interdimensional adventures. The series premiered on December 2, 2013, and the third season concluded on October 1, 2017. In May 2018, the series was picked up for an additional 70 episodes over an unspecified number of seasons. Roiland voices the eponymous characters, with Chris Document [3] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 3)) than expected to complete because of his perfectionism. As a result, the third season of "Rick and Morty" consisted of only ten episodes instead of fourteen, as was initially intended. The third season of "Rick and Morty" originally aired Sundays at 11:30 p.m EST. on Adult Swim, the adult-oriented nighttime programming block of Cartoon Network. The network offered free livestreams for the first two episodes of the season, with the remaining episodes requiring a cable subscription to watch the show live as it aired. Following the conclusion of the show's third season, Adult Swim made a livestream marathon of "Rick Document [4] (Title: 30 Rock (season 4)) 1, 2010. The fourth season began in the UK on April 19, 2010, on Comedy Central. The season was released on DVD by Universal Studios on September 21, 2010, in the United States after it had completed an initial broadcast run on NBC. The three-disc set of 22 episodes has a , Dolby Surround 2.0 and 5.1, and English and Spanish subtitles. In addition to the episodes, the DVD set special features included unaired scenes, featurettes, and audio commentary on the select episodes, "Stone Mountain", "Audition Day", "The Problem Solvers", "Dealbreakers Talk Show #0001", "Black Light Attack", "Verna", "Anna Howard Document [5] (Title: Meeseeks and Destroy) episode was a good challenge of the concept of adventure. Meeseeks and Destroy "Meeseeks and Destroy" is the fifth episode of the first season of "Rick and Morty". It premiered on Adult Swim on January 20, 2014. The episode was written by Ryan Ridley and directed by Bryan Newton. In the episode, Rick provides the family with a solution to their problems, freeing him up to go on an adventure led by Morty. The episode has been well received, and was seen by about 1.6 million viewers when it was first aired on the Adult Swim channel. After a particularly Document [6] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 3)) every episode, and seven more short videos featuring co-creators Dan Harmon and Justin Roiland. The season was released on DVD and Blu-ray on May 15, 2018, with special features including exclusive commentary and animatics for every episode, the origins of "Rick and Morty", "inside the episode" material and an exclusive "inside the recording booth" session. "Game of Thrones" star Peter Dinklage and showrunners David Benioff and D. B. Weiss recorded audio commentary for the episode "Pickle Rick". Other guest commentaries include Marilyn Manson, Courtney Love, Russell Brand, and the winner of a crowdfunding campaign launched by Justin Roiland and Dan Document [7] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 3)) character development. Schedeen gave the season an 8.8 out of 10 rating, saying that it "didn't quite reach the heights of Season 2, but it is the series' most consistently entertaining and ambitious season yet". Holding a different view, Mike Cosimano of "Comics Gaming Magazine" disagreed with other critics about the third season being dark, saying that it used "cheap gut punches to elicit that very reaction". Cosimano also said that too many episodes of the season were weak and the character development is "front-loaded to the first half of the show," resulting in an uneven season. He considered the Document [8] (Title: Pickle Rick) Pickle Rick "Pickle Rick" is the third episode of the third season of the Adult Swim animated television series "Rick and Morty". Written by Jessica Gao and directed by Anthony Chun, the episode premiered on August 6, 2017. In "Pickle Rick", Rick turns himself into a pickle to avoid family therapy, but Beth confiscates his antidote and the others go to therapy. Meanwhile, Rick falls into a sewer and constructs mechanisms from dead animals to survive. He escapes into a highly secure building, where he kills the agents inside in order to leave. He goes to the therapy session and Document [9] (Title: A Rickle in Time) the second season, "Mortynight Run", leaked online one month before its television premiere. Roiland noted that it was ripped from a press-only site, with subtle audio and animation errors that would be fixed in the final version. On the ethics of watching the leaked episodes, Roiland commented, "I will say this: I don’t think that any fans — or even non-fans — that end up watching it are villainous. [...] I don’t think anyone should beat themselves up too bad for doing it, but it’s more of a bummer that someone else made the decision to put it out into Document [10] (Title: The Rickshank Rickdemption) originated from the second season. According to Harmon: "I don't think anybody wants to do a third season that simply spends a whole bunch of episodes dealing with a situation that we created at the end of the second season, so I think that's a non-spoiler way of saying things should be okay pretty quickly". The episode marks the reappearance of several former key plot developments, including the Cronenberg universe, the Citadel of Ricks, and Birdperson. The third-season premiere of "Rick and Morty" was expected to arrive as early as 2016. However, Harmon admitted in a conversation with "Indiewire" that Document [11] (Title: Rick Sanchez (Rick and Morty)) return to Earth due to Rick's status as a wanted criminal. Rick turns himself into the Federation to allow his family to return home, and is incarcerated on a prison planet under the charges of having committed "everything". But in the season three premiere "The Rickshank Redemption", by taking out the Council of Ricks while saving Morty and Summer, it is revealed that Rick actually turned himself in to access the Federation's supercomputer and wipe it out financially. Rick also indirectly convinces Beth to divorce Jerry for trying to convince the family to sell him out. The premiere episode of Document [12] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 3)) viewing as compared to "Live+Same Day" ratings. Considering that episodes of the third season originally aired at 11:30 p.m. on Sundays, it is very likely that people would have watched them on-demand the next day or several days later. Christina Miller, the president of Adult Swim, told "Fortune" that "Rick and Morty" "goes beyond just appealing to millennials," as numbers suggest that people of all ages are watching the show. The second episode of the season, which aired nearly four months after the unannounced premiere, was the season's most-watched episode with 2.86 million viewers, and the second-best on cable for Document [13] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 3)) see "Rick and Morty" join the exclusive club of shows with over nineteen episodes", and Justin Roiland added "I am blown away by the seemingly instant success of "Rick and Morty". I look forward to continuing their adventures!" In an October 2015 interview with "The Hollywood Reporter", Roiland revealed that the team had received a lot of scripts from female writers for the upcoming season, which had never happened before. He stated that "We've gone from having zero spec scripts [in the running from female] candidates, to having five or six of them, so it's looking very likely that season Document [14] (Title: Rick and Morty) that they would be able to focus on the show and minimize their involvement in other projects. After prolonged contract negotiations, Adult Swim announced a long-term deal with the creators in May 2018, ordering 70 new episodes over an unspecified number of seasons. Talking about the upcoming fourth season a few months earlier, Harmon had said that he wishes for it to consist of more than ten episodes, and writer Ryan Ridley had said that he does not expect it to air any sooner than late 2019. "Rick and Morty" was created by Justin Roiland and Dan Harmon. The duo Document [15] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 3)) Harmon to support Planned Parenthood. In his Blu-ray review for "Forbes", Luke Y. Thompson describes the release as "a thorough set that seems to have covered all the angles, and will provide hours of fun to even those fans who've watched every episode multiple times already." The season currently holds a 97% approval rating from the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes based on 17 reviews, and a rating average of 8.82 out of 10. Jesse Schedeen of "IGN" described the third season of the show as darker and more unpredictable than the first two, and praised its high-concept storytelling and Document [16] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 1)) Kari Wahlgren, Melique Berger, Jess Harnell, Smith Harrison, Maurice LaMarche, Rob Paulsen, Jesse Mendel, Dan Benson, Jackie Buscarino, Echo Kellum, Patricia Lentz, Rob Schrab, Gary Anthony Williams, Steve Agee, Tom Kenny, Vatche Panos, Cree Summer, Reagan Gomez, Megan Adams, Will Jennings, Finnegan Perry, Jeff Bergman, Adam Ray, Scott Chernoff, Rich Fulcher, Tress MacNeille, Nolan North, Alejandra Gollas, Lauren Hillman and Chris Romano. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Series co-creator Justin Roiland, John Rice, Jeff Myers, Bryan Newton and Stephen Sandoval served as directors, while Roiland, series co-creator Dan Harmon, Tom Kauffman, Ryan Ridley, Wade Randolph and Eric Acosta served as writers; writer's assistant Mike Document [17] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 3)) "tend to suck all the oxygen out of the virtual room." Series co-creator Justin Roiland said on his Twitter account that he sees more good than bad in the series' fanbase, and chooses to focus on that. "Rick and Morty" received a total of eight nominations for its third season in 2017 and 2018, of which it won an IGN Award and a Critics' Choice Television Award, both in the categories for "Best Animated Series". Furthermore, the episode "Pickle Rick" received three nominations, of which it won an Emmy Award for "Outstanding Animated Program" and an Annie Award for "Best Document [18] (Title: Bob's Burgers (season 3)) Tambor, Gary Cole, Bill Hader, and Aziz Ansari. On May 13, 2014, Amazon.com released the season in a 3-disc-set "Burn-On-Demand" DVD-R. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Bob's Burgers (season 3) The third season of the animated sitcom "Bob's Burgers" began airing on Fox in the United States on September 30, 2012, and concluded on May 12, 2013. On May 14, 2012, Fox renewed "Bob's Burgers" for a third production cycle consisting of 13 episodes. On August 23, 2012, six additional scripts were ordered. The third season consisted of the 13 episodes from the second production cycle that did not air during the second season, Document [19] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 2)) Dan Guterman and Alex Rubens served as writers. All episodes in the first season originally aired in the United States on Adult Swim. All episodes are rated TV-14, with the exception of "Interdimensional Cable 2: Tempting Fate", which was rated TV-MA. The second season was released on DVD (Region 1) and Blu-ray on June 7, 2016. Rick and Morty (season 2) The second season of the animated television series "Rick and Morty" originally aired on Cartoon Network's late night programming block Adult Swim in the United States on July 26, 2015 with "A Rickle in Time", and concluded on October Document [20] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 3)) and Morty" available to watch on its official website in select regions, hoping to dissuade viewers from watching other illegal livestreams. The episodes were made available to watch on Netflix in a number of countries outside the United States, one week after their original airdate. The season was added to Hulu on June 23, 2018, with the expansion following a similar timeline with that of the two previous seasons for the streaming service. Uncensored versions of the season are also available to purchase on various digital distribution platforms, including iTunes, Amazon and Microsoft Store. The digital release includes commentaries on Document [21] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 3)) General Audience Animated Television/Broadcast Production". With two nominations, "The Ricklantis Mixup" was another awarded episode of the season, that won its writers Ryan Ridley and Dan Guterman an Annie Award for "Outstanding Achievement for Writing in an Animated Television/Broadcast Production". Justin Roiland won an IGN Award for "Best Comedic TV Performance", while Christian Slater was nominated for a BTVA Voice Acting Award for his performance in "Vindicators 3: The Return of Worldender". Rick and Morty (season 3) The third season of "Rick and Morty", an American animated television series created by Dan Harmon and Justin Roiland, originally aired on Cartoon Document [22] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 2)) Jennings, Maurice LaMarche, Tress MacNeille, Ryan Ridley, Kari Wahlgren, John Kassir, Dawnn Lewis, Nolan North, Rob Paulsen, Gary Anthony Williams, Tony Barbieri, Kevin Michael Richardson, Jevin Smith, Tara Strong, Dan Benson, Dan Harmon, Jess Harnell, Phil Hendrie, William Holmes, Cassie Steele, Mike McCaffery, Brandon Johnson, James Atkinson, Rob Schrab and Arin Hanson. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> In January 2014, the series was renewed for a second season that began on July 26, 2015. Wes Archer, Dominic Polcino, Bryan Newton and Juan Meza-León served as directors, while series co-creators Justin Roiland and Dan Harmon, Matt Roller, David Phillips, Ryan Ridley, Mike McMahan, Tom Kauffman, Document [23] (Title: The Beverly Hillbillies) season (consisting of the public domain episodes from that season) was released on DVD in Region 1 on October 7, 2008 as "...The Official Second Season". The third season was released on February 17, 2009. Both seasons are available to be purchased together from major online retailers. On October 1, 2013, season four was released on DVD as a Walmart exclusive. It was released as a full retail release on April 15, 2014. On April 26, 2016, CBS/Paramount released the complete first season on DVD. The fifth season was released on October 2, 2018. A three-act stage play based on Document [24] (Title: The Rickshank Rickdemption) humor that rivaled "Total Rickall" and "Meeseeks and Destroy". "Den of Geek" writer Joe Matar observed "previous "Rick and Morty" plot developments, reminding us of the show’s commitment to its persistent multiverse" in a premiere he considered as the series' best. The Rickshank Rickdemption "The Rickshank Rickdemption" is the first episode in the third season of the American animated television sitcom "Rick and Morty", and the twenty-second episode overall in the series. It was written by Mike McMahan and directed by Juan Meza-Leon. The season three premiere first aired unannounced on Adult Swim in the United States on April 1, Document [25] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 3)) and noted that a season of "Rick and Morty" takes a long time to write and animate. In February 2017, Harmon announced on his podcast, "Harmontown", that the season was in the animation process, after a long period of writing. Around the same time, Bardel Entertainment's production supervisor Mark Van Ee confirmed that "everything is on track." In June 2017, when production of the season had been completed, Harmon wrote a series of posts on Twitter, where he refuted reports about his disagreements with Roiland being the main cause of the delay, and explained that the writing process took longer Document [26] (Title: Bob's Burgers (season 2)) becoming one of television’s best comedies!" On May 7, 2013, Amazon.com released the season for purchase on "Burn-On-Demand DVD-R. The sole bonus feature is a table read of the season 3 episode An Indecent Thanksgiving Proposal. The second season of "Bob's Burgers" originally premiered on March 11, 2012 in the United States on the Fox network between 8:30 p.m. and 9:00 p.m., with "The Belchies", and obtained 4.04 million viewers in the United States. They are all of episodes which are part of Fox's "Animation Domination" television block. It was preceded by "The Simpsons" at 8:00 p.m., and was followed Document [27] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 3)) Carbiener, one of the new female writers, said that she managed to learn many things from her experience as a member of the writing team. She explained that a story that for other shows would have been an entire episode, for "Rick and Morty" it will be only its first few minutes. Therefore, the team had to write a large amount of story in a very short time. Writing began on November 2, 2015, and the first episode was recorded on February 18, 2016. In July 2016, already behind on schedule, the production team admitted that the success of the Document [28] (Title: Becker (TV series)) Entertainment released the first season on DVD on April 28, 2008. There were issues with the discs that meant audio and video were out of sync. In Region 4, Paramount Home Entertainment released the first three seasons on DVD in 2008/2009. In 2013, Umbrella Entertainment acquired the rights to the series and subsequently re-released the first three seasons. Season 4 was released on February 5, 2014. Season 5 and 6 were released in August 2016. "Becker" debuted as part of CBS' highly rated Monday night lineup as a midseason replacement for the cancelled sitcom "The Brian Benben Show", taking over Document [29] (Title: Rick Sanchez (Rick and Morty)) Beth Smith, and the grandfather of Morty and Summer Smith. He is said to have been away from the family for several years prior to the events of the show. He frequently travels on adventures through space and other planets and dimensions with his grandson Morty. In the third season of the show, it is revealed that he is 70 years old. Rick is portrayed as a mad scientist; utilizing his mathematical and scientific prowess in conjunction with apathy and egotistical cynicism, he emerges safely from any situation, regardless of the consequences of his self-preservation. Rick also, in some episodes, Document [30] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 3)) discontinued promotional product. Internet memes spread rapidly on Reddit and Twitter, more than 40,000 people signed a petition at Change.org, asking for the return of the sauce, while an eBay auction resulted in a 20-year-old packet of this teriyaki sauce being sold for $14,700. On October 7, 2017, McDonald's served limited quantities of the sauce, without explicitly naming "Rick and Morty" as a reason for the return. Many fans waited for hours in long queues, but not all of them were served as the fast-food outlets ran out of the product. The fiasco prompted enraged reactions by disappointed fans, with Document [31] (Title: Pickle Rick) to confusion when the third-season premiere was released on April 1, 2017, and showed Rick escaping in a very different way. Three weeks prior to the episode's airing, free "Pickle Rick" T-shirts and other merchandise were given away at the 2017 San Diego Comic-Con. The episode first aired on Adult Swim at 11:30 p.m. on August 6, 2017, where it was watched by 2.31 million viewers. Zach Blumenfeld of "Paste" calls the episode "arguably the most eagerly anticipated "Rick and Morty episode ever"" due to the large amount of episode content released by Adult Swim before it premiered. Green calls Document [32] (Title: Rixty Minutes) shows (especially improvised ones), the output is hit or miss." Rixty Minutes "Rixty Minutes" is the eighth episode of the first season of "Rick and Morty". It premiered on Adult Swim on March 17, 2014. The episode was written by Tom Kauffman and Justin Roiland, and directed by Bryan Newton. In the episode, Rick and Morty watch cable from other dimensions, while Jerry, Beth, and Summer watch alternate reality versions of themselves using a pair of interdimensional goggles. The episode was well received and watched by about 1.48 million viewers in the United States. After Rick expresses his disgust for Document [33] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 3)) and Morty" third year ended on a total reset," with Beth and the kids reuniting with Jerry in the season-finale, as they seek comfort through escapism and ignore the realities of their lives. Once again, Rick becomes the outsider figure in the Smith household, with Beth noting that from this point "things will be like season one" again. Zack Handlen of "The A.V. Club", however, appeared skeptical about the character's statement, noting that "the problem with going as far as season three went is that bridges stay burned". Handlen considered Jerry's return to be an anticlimax from a character standpoint Document [34] (Title: Rick Potion No. 9) season, both because he thought it was paced well, and due to the fact that he loved how insane it got in the end. Rick Potion No. 9 "Rick Potion #9" is the sixth episode of "Rick and Morty". It premiered on Adult Swim on January 27, 2014, was written by Justin Roiland, and directed by Stephen Sandoval. In the episode, a love potion goes wrong, creating a virus that begins to infect the entire world population, making everyone fall in love with Morty. The episode received critical acclaim, receiving praise for its story, subplot, and ending, and was seen Document [35] (Title: 'Til Death) all 22 episodes from Season one. The second season DVDs include 18 out of the 19 episodes produced for Season two in airdate order. On July 26, 2011, it was announced that the show was picked up for syndication by affiliates and WGN America, which debuted the program on September 12, 2011. It was also announced on July 28, 2011 that Spike had picked up the show for syndication, which debuted on October 3, 2011. In June 2013, TV Land brought the show, but was removed later on. Since January 2018, Sony's GetTV airs reruns of the show. Seasonal ratings Document [36] (Title: Rick and Morty) there to react to Rick’s deranged schemes." The character is transformed by the truths he discovers during his interdimensional adventures with his grandfather. However, instead of sinking into depression, Morty accepts these truths that empower him to value his own life. The 11-episode first season was released on DVD (2-disc set) and Blu-ray (single BD-50 disc) on October 7, 2014. Special features include commentary and animatics for every episode, deleted scenes, behind the scenes featurette and commentaries by special guests Matt Groening, Robert Kirkman, Pendleton Ward, Al Jean and others. The 10-episode second season was released on DVD (2-disc set) Document [37] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 3)) off, as the show continues to follow the adventures of the members of the Smith household. When Jerry asks Beth to choose between him and Rick, the strength of their marriage is tested. Jerry is confronted with the loss of his family, while Beth begins to discover her independence again. Morty and Summer deal with their parents' separation by seeking more control over their lives. Rick's nihilistic way of life continues to prevent him from bonding with his family, as he remains unable to change his self-destructive behavior. The third season of "Rick and Morty" delivered the highest ratings in Document [38] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 3)) series had increased pressure to meet the expectations of the viewers. The creative freedom provided by Adult Swim entailed taking responsibility for product quality, and as the bar had risen higher, work had become harder, improvements were constantly being sought, and this often resulted in delays. Harmon told the assembled press at the 2016 San Diego Comic-Con that "it’s not an endless perfectionism because you know when something finally clicks and you go 'this is a good episode of TV.'" He added that the animators had to suffer the worst part of the schedule delays, as they were forced to Document [39] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 3)) Rick and Morty (season 3) The third season of "Rick and Morty", an American animated television series created by Dan Harmon and Justin Roiland, originally aired on Cartoon Network's late night programming block, Adult Swim. It premiered with "The Rickshank Rickdemption", which aired unannounced on April 1, 2017, as part of Adult Swim's annual April Fools' prank. As a result of production delays, the remaining episodes began airing weekly nearly four months later, on July 30, 2017. The season comprised ten episodes, and its initial airing concluded on October 1, 2017. The premiere picks up where the second-season finale left Document [40] (Title: Highway to Heaven) contained on these releases were the edited, syndicated versions and not the original broadcast versions. Due to poor sales, the final two seasons were never released. On March 18, 2013, it was announced that Mill Creek Entertainment had acquired the rights to the series and planned on releasing it in its entirety. They have subsequently re-released the first four seasons on DVD, with Season 1 containing original uncut episodes and Season 3 containing mostly uncut episodes. Season 4 was released (for the very first time in Region 1) on June 3, 2014. The fifth and final season was released on Document [41] (Title: Bones (season 3)) released on DVD (subtitled "Totally Decomposed Edition") in region 1 on November 18, 2008, in region 2 on November 17, 2008 and in region 4 on March 4, 2009. The set includes all 15 episodes of season three on a 5-disc set presented in anamorphic widescreen. The first four episodes of season four are included as bonus episodes on the region 1 and 2 releases. Special features include "Director's take", a series of episodic featurettes—"The Vault", "Making of the Body", "Car Crash-Exploding Van", "Squints", and "The Angelator". Three episodes ("The Knight on the Grid", "The Santa in the Slush" and Document [42] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 3)) and "a necessary corrective to an arc that was in danger of going off the rails completely". "Rick and Morty" completed its third season with overall viewership numbers increased by 81% over the previous season, and delivered the highest ratings in Adult Swim's history. "Rick and Morty" was the most popular television comedy within the 18–24 and 18–34 age ranges in the United States, based on "Live+7" ratings data spanning from December 2016 to September 2017. This rating system tracks live viewership plus streaming and on-demand viewing over an initial week-long period, and provides a more accurate picture of delayed Document [43] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 3)) the day it aired in adults 18–49, behind the weekly episode of "Game of Thrones". The season finale was watched by 2.6 million live plus same day viewers and it was the most-watched telecast across all age groups. In an interview with "The Hollywood Reporter", female writers Jane Becker, Sarah Carbiener and Jessica Gao addressed negative comments regarding their involvement in writing the third season of "Rick and Morty", recalling a post on Reddit that called them "the social justice warriors that Dan had to hire." Gao stated, "The people who say [hiring writers should be a meritocracy] have never Document [44] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 3)) Adult Swim's history and was the top-rated comedy among millennials on television. The season received largely positive reviews, with many critics highlighting its focus on character development. The season has also received a number of awards and nominations, including the win of a Critics' Choice Award for Best Animated Series, and the show's first Emmy Award which it won for the third-season's standout episode "Pickle Rick", in the category for Outstanding Animated Program. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> The actors and actresses listed below lend their voices to the corresponding animated characters. Other cast members of the season, who each have voiced one or Document [45] (Title: Adult Swim (UK & Ireland)) UK site started redirecting visitors to the U.S site. It has since been redesigned, showing a clip of "Rick and Morty" via YouTube, their social media sites, and their TV guide for the UK blocks. After the Fox and TruTV blocks ceased airing, the TV guide was removed. Revolver Entertainment recently began distributing some original Adult Swim series on DVD in the UK and Ireland. The Shows are no longer released on DVD but Rick and Morty is streaming on Netflix. Adult Swim (UK & Ireland) Adult Swim was a late night programming block which aired on multiple channels in Document [46] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 3)) three will have one, potentially two gals in the room." Eventually, four female writers were added to the staff, and—counting out the co-creators of the show, Justin Roiland and Dan Harmon—the writing room for the third season was gender-balanced. The writing staff consisted of eleven writers, who collectively wrote and repeatedly rewrote each episode. Harmon noted that the writers' ideas were blended and refined during the writing process, and that the name of the writer that appeared in the opening credits of an episode is usually that of the person who had been assigned to prepare the episode's outline. Sarah Document [47] (Title: Samurai Jack (season 5)) four seasons are rated TV-Y7-FV, while most episodes in the fifth season are rated TV-14-V, with episodes XCVI and XCIX being rated TV-PG-V. The first three episodes of the season were screened at the Ace Hotel Los Angeles two days before the season's television premiere. An unannounced change in schedule on April Fools' Day supplanted a new "Samurai Jack" episode with the premiere of the third season of "Rick and Morty", which aired repeatedly from 8 PM to midnight. This season is available in HD and SD for digital purchase on iTunes, Google Play, Amazon Video, Microsoft Store and PlayStation Document [48] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 1)) McMahan was also given writing credit. All episodes in the first season originally aired in the United States on Adult Swim, and are rated TV-14. However, the uncensored version of the episodes released on DVD and Blu-ray are rated TV-MA. The first season was released on DVD (Region 1) and Blu-ray on October 7, 2014. Before its release, Roiland had confirmed that it would contain uncensored audio tracks. Rick and Morty (season 1) The first season of the American animated television series, "Rick and Morty" originally aired in the United States on Cartoon Network's late night programming block, Adult Swim. Document [49] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 3)) season to be "a disappointment," rating it 6.5 out of 10. On a thematic level, Kayla Cobb of "Decider" focused on the dynamism displayed by Beth and Summer, as the characters broke the stereotypical conventions of the first two seasons. Cobb stated that "Season 3 is the first time "Rick and Morty" really to its leading ladies, and it was a horrifying delight." Julia Alexander of "Polygon" highlighted the philosophical conflict between nihilist realism and life in ignorant bliss as the season's main theme, and noted that "after an introspective season built on the importance of self-realization and reflection, "Rick Document [50] (Title: The Walking Dead (TV series)) and episode five ("Wildfire"). Until eOne/WVG re-released the first season in D-A-CH in a "Special Uncut Version" on DVD and Blu-ray on May 31, 2013. The second season DVD and Blu-ray was released on August 28, 2012. It was also released as a limited edition Blu-ray, packaged as a miniature zombie head designed by McFarlane Toys. Special features include audio commentaries, deleted scenes, webisodes, and several featurettes. The third season DVD and Blu-ray was released on August 27, 2013. It was also released as a limited edition Blu-ray, packaged as a miniature version of the Governor's zombie head aquarium tank Document [51] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 1)) Rick and Morty (season 1) The first season of the American animated television series, "Rick and Morty" originally aired in the United States on Cartoon Network's late night programming block, Adult Swim. It premiered on December 2, 2013 with "Pilot" and ended on April 14, 2014 with "Ricksy Business", with a total of eleven episodes. The first season received critical acclaim. The actors and actresses listed below lend their voices to the corresponding animated characters. Other cast members of the season, who each have voiced one or more characters, include: Eric Bauza, Dan Harmon, Phil Hendrie, Brandon Johnson, Ryan Ridley, Document [52] (Title: Dan Harmon) SXSW on March 8, 2014. Harmon and co-showrunner, Justin Roiland, began developing ideas for an animated show during Harmon's yearlong break from "Community". For its fall 2012 season, Adult Swim ordered a 30-minute animated pilot from Harmon and Roiland. The pilot, "Rick and Morty", is about the adventures of a brilliant but mean-spirited inventor and his less-than-genius grandson. The show premiered on December 2, 2013 and was renewed for a second season. The series' third season concluded in October 2017. Harmon voiced the recurring character of Bird Person. In May 2018, Rick and Morty was renewed for a further 70 Document [53] (Title: Pilot (Rick and Morty)) Pilot (Rick and Morty) "Pilot" is the first episode of the American animated television sitcom "Rick and Morty". Written by series creators Dan Harmon and Justin Roiland, and directed by Roiland, the episode premiered on Adult Swim on December 2, 2013. The series introduces protagonists, alcoholic scientist Rick Sanchez and his innocent teenage grandson Morty Smith, as they embark on a dangerous interdimensional adventure to fetch Mega tree seeds. The pilot had a mixed to positive reception and was seen by about 1.1 million viewers when airing. Rick establishes himself as a bad influence on his grandson Morty when it Document [54] (Title: Rick and Morty) third season, Adult Swim made a livestream marathon of "Rick and Morty" available to watch on its official website in select regions, hoping to dissuade viewers from watching other illegal livestreams. "Rick and Morty" has received universal critical acclaim, holding a 97% approval rating by critics on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes. David Weigand of "San Francisco Chronicle" described it as "offbeat and occasionally coarse... the take-away here is that it works". He praised the animation direction by James McDermott for being "fresh, colorful and as wacky as the script", and states that the series possesses "shades of "Futurama", "South Document [55] (Title: Highway to Heaven) seasons on DVD. On November 25, 2013, they released "Highway to Heaven- The Complete Collection", a 30-disc set featuring all 111 episodes of the series, as well as bonus features. In Region 4, Paramount Home Entertainment & CBS DVD released the first three seasons on DVD in Australia for the first time in 2008/2009. The episodes contained on these releases are the edited, syndicated versions and not the original broadcast versions. Seasons 4 and 5 were to be released on DVD on December 24, 2009 but the releases never materialized. These releases have been discontinued and are out of print. Document [56] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 3)) ever thought about what that actually means and where that meritocracy comes from. Overwhelmingly, the person who is deciding who is the funniest is going to be a white guy, usually in his 30s or 40s who for sure grew up middle class or upper middle class. Someone like that is going to have very specific life experience and a specific sense of humor." Following the release of "Pickle Rick", one of the season's best-rated episodes, a number of fans participated in an online harassment campaign that targeted female writers of the show—especially Jane Becker and Jessica Gao—as they felt Document [57] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 2)) Rick and Morty (season 2) The second season of the animated television series "Rick and Morty" originally aired on Cartoon Network's late night programming block Adult Swim in the United States on July 26, 2015 with "A Rickle in Time", and concluded on October 4 with "The Wedding Squanchers". This season aired a total of ten episodes. The actors and actresses listed below lend their voices to the corresponding animated characters. Other cast members of the season, who each have voiced one or more characters, include: Jay Johnson, Tom Kenny, Jill Talley, Paul F. Tompkins, Scott Chernoff, Ryan Elder, Will Document [58] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 3)) "it’s hard to feel special when you’re a face in the crowd of millions of people. A lot of bad behaving fans look for an excuse to be oppressed so they can separate themselves from the mainstream." Emily Gaudette of "Newsweek" said that, with the spike in popularity, the show has obtained an army of online devotees, and commented on groups like the self-described "Real Ricks", who identify themselves with the series' main character and believe that high intellect is an excuse for mistreating others. Gaudette noted that these groups do not represent the "Rick and Morty" fanbase, but they Document [59] (Title: The Venture Bros.) 14, 2006, but was delayed until May 30, 2006. The DVD packaging and interior art was created by comic artist Bill Sienkiewicz. On May 31, 2006, the season one DVD reached #1 on Amazon's top selling DVDs list. On March 27, 2010, series creator Jackson Publick revealed on his Livejournal that a standard definition DVD of the first half of season 4 would likely be released some time between July and October 2010, with a DVD of the second half of the season and a Blu-ray box set of the entire season to be released after the full season has Document [60] (Title: Friends) and jokes that were included on prior DVD releases, and are therefore presented in their NBC broadcast versions. In Australia, The original released DVDs were released were fold out box sets which contained three discs and released as follows: Season 1 and Season 2 on 13 March 2002, Season 3 and Season 4 on 9 July 2002, Season 5, 6 and 7 on 29 July 2002, Season 8 on 18 March 2003, Season 9 on 11 February 2004 and Season 10 on 24 November 2004. Repackaged sets, slimmed into regular DVD cases also containing three discs were released from 2003 Document [61] (Title: The Rickshank Rickdemption) The Rickshank Rickdemption "The Rickshank Rickdemption" is the first episode in the third season of the American animated television sitcom "Rick and Morty", and the twenty-second episode overall in the series. It was written by Mike McMahan and directed by Juan Meza-Leon. The season three premiere first aired unannounced on Adult Swim in the United States on April 1, 2017 when it was watched by 676,000 American households. On the first day of its original broadcast, "The Rickshank Rickdemption" was replayed every half hour from 8pm to 12am ET with improved ratings, as a part of Adult Swim's annual April Document [62] (Title: Seinfeld (season 3)) multiple stories. George was becoming a bigger liar, Elaine was becoming more quirky, and Kramer was becoming surer of himself throughout his crazy antics. This season received eight Emmy nominations and one Directors Guild of America Award. The DVD boxset for season three was released by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment in Region 1 on November 23, 2004, twelve years after it had completed broadcast on television. It was also released in Region 2 on November 1, 2004 and on October 18, 2004 in Region 4. As well as every episode from the season (minus "The Stranded" which was produced for Document [63] (Title: Rick and Morty) season containing bonus material. The digital release of the first season includes the 2013 "Rick and Morty" Comic-Con panel, the digital release of the second season includes the 2015 ATX Television Festival panel, and the digital release of the third season includes commentary on every episode, as well as seven more short videos featuring co-creators Dan Harmon and Justin Roiland. The show is available to watch on Netflix in a number of countries outside the United States, including the United Kingdom and Australia, while the first three seasons are available to stream on Hulu. Following the conclusion of the show's Document [64] (Title: Corner Gas) whose DVD box set includes described video for the visually impaired. The second season set was released by CTV and Video Service Corporation and includes a peek at Season 3, bloopers, cast and crew interviews, a Thunderface music video as well as all season 2 episodes. The season three DVD was released on October 3, 2006. Unlike the previous sets, the third season DVD set is presented in widescreen (letterbox). The fourth season was released on DVD on September 18, 2007. This was the first time the DVD set of the previous season was released before the current season started Document [65] (Title: Weekend at Mort's) Burgers' baseline moving forward – weird, funny, and occasional springboards to episodes of sheer genius." Weekend at Mort's "Weekend at Mort's" is the 11th episode of the first season of the animated television series "Bob's Burgers". The episode originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on May 8, 2011. The episode was written by Scott Jacobson and directed by Anthony Chun. According to Nielsen ratings, it was viewed by 4.26 million viewers in its original airing. The episode featured guest performances by Jay Johnston, Andy Kindler, Amy Sedaris and Sam Seder. The kids discover mold in the Document [66] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 3)) work weekends in order to cope with the demanding workload. In September 2016, the writing team had finished writing new episodes and they were waiting on their return from Bardel Entertainment, "Rick and Morty"s Canadian animation studio, for in-house screenings. After the animatics (video recorded versions of a hand-drawn storyboard with very limited motion) for each episode were made, and the production team was able to pre-visualize the animation, additional passes on the scripts would follow. In an interview with "The Detroit Cast", writer Ryan Ridley revealed that the writing process for the third season was completed in November 2016, Document [67] (Title: Rick and Morty (season 3)) some of them acting out and mistreating the company's workers. In the wake of these events, the "Rick and Morty" fanbase received a bad reputation, with James Grebey of "Inverse" noting that ""Rick and Morty" is a good show, but it’s quickly gaining a (frankly well-earned) reputation for having a really, really shitty fan base. Even series co-creator Dan Harmon hates a certain segment of his misogynistic fan base." Cameron Williams of "Junkee" attributed this "toxic behavior" to the rise of an aggressive type of entitled fan in the past decades, and examined the motivation of these people, noting that Document [68] (Title: Beugró) fifth between February, 22 and April 20, 2011; the sixth between September 27 and November 23, 2010; the seventh between February 21 and May 3, 2011; the eighth between September 5 and November 8, 2011. The first two seasons have been published on DVD so far. Their distributor is Universal Music. First season 2 was released on October 8, 2009 on 4 DVDs, containing all fourteen episodes and cut scenes along with the pilot episode as extra. Season 1 came out next on March 30, 2010 on 3 DVDs with all thirteen episodes and a making-of and cut scenes as Document [69] (Title: Home Movies (season 3)) animatics. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> The DVD boxset for season three was released by Shout! Factory on November 15, 2005. Other than all thirteen episodes of the season, the DVD included several bonus features, including interviews with the cast and crew, animatics, an animation gallery, commentary tracks on seven episodes, and a radio interview with Bouchard and Benjamin. Home Movies (season 3) The third season of the animated sitcom "Home Movies" originally began airing in the United States on the Adult Swim programming block for the television network Cartoon Network from August 4, 2002 to May 25, 2003. Co-creators Brendon Small and Loren Document [70] (Title: Thank God You're Here) often interferes with scenes, and Tom said if it rains, they are "stuffed". In 2014, co-creator Rob Sitch said that a revival of the program was possible. Seasons 1, 2, 3 and 4 of the show have been released on DVD in Australia. There are currently no plans to release the DVDs in other countries. Season 1 was released on 8 November 2006, Season 2 was released on 23 August 2007, Season 3 was released on 28 November 2007 and Season 4 was released on 5 November 2009. <br> <br> <br> <br> In December 2009 the "Thank God You're Here" Document [71] (Title: Rick and Morty) and Blu-ray (single BD-50 disc) on June 7, 2016. Special features include behind the scenes, commentary and animatics for every episode, deleted animatic sketches and a "Plumbus Owner's Manual" booklet. The 10-episode third season, was released on DVD (2-disc set) and Blu-ray (single BD-50 disc) on May 15, 2018. Special features include exclusive commentary and animatics for every episode, "inside the episode", the origins of "Rick and Morty", and an exclusive "inside the recording booth" session. Uncensored versions of the show are also available to purchase on various digital platforms, including iTunes and Amazon, with the digital releases of each Document [72] (Title: Pickle Rick) a list of season 3 "Rick and Morty" episodes. Russell calls it "one of the single most entertaining "Rick and Morty" episodes to date", writing that it "lays essential groundwork for season three's progression"; "doesn't lack for incredibly animated, uber-bloody and powerfully funny action sequences"; and "boasts what may be season three's strongest B-plot". In September 2018, "Pickle Rick" won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program. It is the first Emmy for the show. Pickle Rick "Pickle Rick" is the third episode of the third season of the Adult Swim animated television series "Rick and Morty". Written by Question: when does season three of rick and morty come out on dvd

Answer: May 15, 2018 Long Answer: Following the conclusion of the show's third season, Adult Swim has made a livestream marathon of Rick and Morty available to watch on its official website in select regions, hoping to dissuade viewers from watching other illegal livestreams . The third season will be released on DVD and Blu - ray on May 15, 2018, with special features including exclusive commentary and animatics for every episode, "inside the episode", the origins of Rick and Morty, and an exclusive "inside the recording booth" session . Uncensored versions of the season are also available to purchase on various digital platforms, including iTunes, Amazon and Microsoft Store . The digital release also includes commentary on every episode, as well as seven more short videos featuring co-creators Dan Harmon and Justin Roiland . The season is also available to watch on Netflix, in a number of countries outside the United States, including the United Kingdom. Gold Document ID: 71

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S) Android 2.3 "Gingerbread" is available as an official carrier upgrade, while it is possible to upgrade to Android 4.4 ("KitKat") with Cyanogenmod. The Verizon Stratosphere (SCH-I405) is similar to the Epic 4G. Main differences are an upgraded 1.3 MP front camera, 4G LTE support and no message LED. The US Cellular Metrix (SCH-I405U) adds several bands to the LTE support. All models were released with Android 2.3. The MetroPCS variant (SCH-R910) was released on February 21, 2011, for the United States. It was the first LTE smartphone at the time of its release. The Indulge shrinks the screen size from Document [2] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S II) million after 5 months. Partially owing to strong sales of Samsung's Galaxy range of smartphones, Samsung overtook Apple in smartphone sales during Q3 2011, with a total market share of 23.8%, compared to Apple's 14.6%. The successor to the Galaxy S II was the Galaxy S III, unveiled in London on 3 May 2012 and commencing sales on 29 May 2012 with 10 million reported pre-orders. Samsung Galaxy S II The Samsung Galaxy S II is a touchscreen-enabled, slate-format Android smartphone designed, developed, and marketed by Samsung Electronics. It has additional software features, expanded hardware, and a redesigned physique compared Document [3] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S6) later on the bigger S6 Edge+), a variant whose screen is wrapped along the sides of the device; the curvature is usable for several additional features. The Galaxy S6 and S6 Edge were first released on April 10 2015 in 20 while the S6 Edge+ was released on August 21 2015. Although the overall design of the Galaxy S6 still features some similarities to prior models, the construction of the device itself was revamped, with a metal unibody frame and glass backing instead of plastic. The devices also introduced an improved camera, a streamlined user interface, support for major wireless Document [4] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S III) processor, Android customizability, and a multitude of connectivity options. The S III was the first Android phone to have a higher launch price than the iPhone 4S when the Apple product was released in 2011. With the S III, Tim Weber, business editor of the BBC, observed, "With the new Galaxy S3 they [Samsung] have clearly managed to move to the front of the smartphone field, ahead of mighty Apple itself." Conversely, reviewers have opined on the design and feel of phone, calling its polycarbonate shell "cheap" and having a "slippery feel". The S Voice was described as "not optimised" Document [5] (Title: Samsung Galaxy A8 (2015)) Samsung Galaxy A8 (2015) The Samsung Galaxy A8 (stylized as Samsung GALAXY A) is an Android phablet produced by Samsung Electronics. It was introduced on July 15, 2015. Following its release, the Galaxy A8 is available in Asian and African markets only. The Galaxy A8 is thinner than earlier models from the A-series lineup, measuring in thickness. Other specifications include a 5.7 inch 1080p display, touch based fingerprint sensor,a 16 MP back and a 5MP front camera, an Octa core Exynos 5430 chipset or exynos 5433 chipset or a Snapdragon 615 Chipset, 2GB of RAM and a 3050 mAh battery. Document [6] (Title: Samsung Galaxy Gear) known as the "Galaxy Gear", on September 4, 2013 during a "Samsung Unpacked" event prior to the IFA consumer electronics trade show in Berlin. Samsung was also expected to unveil the Galaxy Note 3 phablet during the event as well. In an interview with the "Korea Times" published on August 27, 2013, Lee Young-hee stated that the Galaxy Gear would "enhance and enrich the current smart mobile experience in many ways", would "lead a new trend in smart mobile communications", and "add meaningful momentum to the mobile industry. Samsung officially unveiled the Galaxy Gear on September 4, 2013, with a Document [7] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S III) previous 46 percent. Within a month of release, Samsung had a 60-percent market share in France, while the company controlled over 50 percent of the German and Italian smartphone markets. Over a similar period the S III helped increase Samsung's market share in the United Kingdom to over 40 percent, while eroding the iPhone 4S's 25 percent to 20 percent in the country. The S III was scheduled to be released in North America on 20 June 2012, but because of high demand, some US and Canadian carriers delayed the release by several days, while some other carriers limited the Document [8] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S series) 9.7 Samsung Galaxy S series The Samsung Galaxy S (Super Smart) series is a line of high-end Android-powered mobile devices produced by Samsung Electronics, a division of Samsung from South Korea. The series consisted initially of smartphones and the first device, the Samsung Galaxy S, was announced in March 2010 and released for sale in June of that year. Since the introduction of the Samsung Galaxy Note in 2011, the Galaxy S line has co-existed with the Galaxy Note line as being Samsung's flagship smartphones. Samsung later expanded the Galaxy S line to tablet computers with the announcement of the Document [9] (Title: Samsung Galaxy A series) Galaxy S7 and the S7 Edge, released in March 2016. In December 2017, Samsung unveiled the 2018 edition of the Galaxy A8 and the plus version, the Galaxy A8+. The newly improved features include the rear-mounted fingerprint scanner, 5.6 inch display and 3000 mAh battery for A8 and 6 inch display and 3500 mAh battery for A8+, dual front camera and Android Nougat with Samsung Experience. The new design of the series are similar to Galaxy S8 and Note 8. Samsung branded its series number as A8 and A8+ instead of A5 (2018) and A7 (2018) in order to synchronize Document [10] (Title: Motorola Mobility) that the Atrix 4G and the Droid Bionic were headed to AT&T and Verizon, respectively, with expected release dates in Q1 of 2011. The Atrix was released on February 22 as the world's first phone with both a Dual-Core Processor and 1 GB of RAM. The phone also had optional peripherals such as a Multimedia Dock and a Laptop Dock which launched a Webtop UI. On February 24, two days after the release of Atrix, the company released Motorola Xoom, the world's first Android 3.0 tablet, and followed it up shortly afterwards with an update to make it the world's Document [11] (Title: AT&T Mobility) 2010, AT&T announced that on March 7, 2010 it would introduce its first smart phone based on Google's Android operating system, the Motorola Backflip. On March 22, 2010, AT&T announced that its second Android handset would be the Dell Aero, a revised version of the Dell Mini 3. However, the second Android phone AT&T released was the HTC Aria which was announced on June 14, 2010 and released on June 20, 2010. The Samsung Captivate, which is part of the Galaxy S family, was released on AT&T's network on July 18, 2010. In addition to devices released on AT&T were Document [12] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S III) patent court trial with Apple, which began on 30 July 2012. Although Apple won the trial, the S III experienced a sales spike because of the public's belief that the phone would be banned. On 31 August 2012, Apple asked the same federal court to add the S III into its existing complaint, believing the device has violated its patents. Samsung countered with the statement: "Apple continues to resort to litigation over market competition in an effort to limit consumer choice." Samsung Galaxy S III The Samsung Galaxy S III (or Galaxy S3) is a Android smartphone designed, developed, and Document [13] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S5) processor clocked at 1.6 GHz. It has 2 GB of RAM, 16 GB of internal storage and comes with Android 6.0.1 "Marshmallow". The Galaxy S5 was unveiled on 24 February 2014 as part of the company's presentation at Mobile World Congress in Barcelona, Spain. Samsung Electronics president JK Shin explained that consumers did not want a phone dependent on "eye-popping" or "complex" technology, but one with "beautiful design and performance", a "simple, yet powerful camera", "faster and seamless connectivity", and fitness-oriented features. Samsung announced that it would release the S5 on 11 April 2014 in 150 countries—including the United Kingdom Document [14] (Title: Samsung SGH R220) Samsung SGH R220 Samsung SGH R220 was one of the earliest phones made by Samsung Group. The phone was officially announced by the South Korean giant in January 2001. The dual-band GSM [900/1800] 2G network-equipped phone had single SIM functionality and it came with a WAP 1.1 inbuilt web browser. The phone came in three colors – Dark Gray, Green and Navy Blue. The SGH R220 featured a monochrome graphics display with resolution of 128 X 64, blue back-lighting and dynamic font sizes. In addition to downloadable monophonic ringtones, it had a built-in ringtone composer. The phone did not come Document [15] (Title: Samsung Galaxy Prevail) Samsung Galaxy Prevail Samsung Galaxy Prevail is an Android smartphone with 4.5 inch display, announced on April 5, 2011, for $180. It was the first Samsung Galaxy phone sold by Boost Mobile and is part of the Samsung Galaxy family, although it does not include Samsung's TouchWiz user interface. Its model number is SPH-M820. It was sold exclusively by Boost Mobile. It has 2MP camera, GPS, Bluetooth, WiFi and supports up to 32GB microSD memory cards. It is powered by a Qualcomm 800 MHz MSM7000 chip. It shipped with Android 2.2 Froyo. Through firmware updates, it now runs KitKat 4.4 Document [16] (Title: Galaxy 1) Galaxy 1 Galaxy 1 was the first in a line of Galaxy communications satellites launched by Hughes Communications in 1983. It helped fill a hole in satellite broadcasting bandwidth created by the loss of RCA's Satcom 3 in 1979. Unlike satellite owners RCA and Western Union, Hughes did not lease time on their transponders in the fashion of a common carrier, but instead sold transponders outright to content providers. This created a stable lineup of content attractive enough for cable providers to dedicate earth station receivers to it full-time. Among the services on Galaxy 1 by mid-1984: HBO, Cinemax, The Document [17] (Title: Samsung Galaxy Note II) Note 3, on September 4, 2013. The Galaxy Note II was unveiled at IFA Berlin on August 29, 2012, and released in multiple markets at the beginning of October 2012. Samsung sold more than 3 million units within the first 37 days and it crossed 5 million in two months of its release. In December 2012, Samsung began rolling out an update to Android 4.1.2 "Jelly Bean" for the device. In April 2014, Samsung began rolling out an update to Android 4.4.2 "KitKat" for the device. Samsung Nordic has stated several times, including on their official page that both the Document [18] (Title: Subscription television in Australia) Stan and Quickflix. Galaxy was the first provider of subscription television in Australia, launching a MMDS service on 26 January 1995. Originally Premier Sports Network was the only local channel to be fully operational, with Showtime and Encore launching in March. They were later joined in April by TV1, Arena, Max, Red and Quest. A satellite service was launched later in the year. Optus Vision launched their cable service on 19 September followed by Foxtel on 22 October. Northgate Communications launched their service on 13 March 1997. It was later acquired by Neighbourhood Cable. Galaxy was closed on 20 May Document [19] (Title: Samsung Galaxy (original)) Samsung Galaxy (original) The Samsung GT-I7500 Galaxy is a mobile phone manufactured by Samsung that uses the open source Android operating system. It was announced on 27 April 2009 and was released on 29 June 2009 as the first Android-powered device from Samsung Mobile, and the first in what would become the long Galaxy series. It is succeeded by the Samsung i5700 Galaxy Spica. The Galaxy is a smartphone, offering quad-band GSM and announced with tri-band HSDPA (900/1700/2100) at 7.2Mbit/s (however, Samsung's official pages for the Danish, Finnish, Norwegian and Swedish versions only mention dual-band UMTS 900/2100). The phone features Document [20] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S III) this was "the first time anything other than an Apple product has sparked such a selling frenzy." The S III was released in 28 countries in Europe and the Middle East on 29 May 2012. To showcase its flagship device, Samsung afterwards embarked on a global month-long tour of the S III to nine cities, including Sydney, New Delhi, and cities in China, Japan, South Korea and the United States. The S III has helped Samsung consolidate its market share in several countries including India, where Samsung expected to capture 60 percent of the country's smartphone market, improving on its Document [21] (Title: Samsung Galaxy A5 (2017)) when the device is in standby. Following the unveiling, Samsung announced that they will sell up to 20 million smartphones, targeting Western and Eastern Europe, Africa, Asia and Latin America. Unlike its predecessors, the Galaxy A5 (2017) will not be coming to the United States. However, the Galaxy A5 (2017) is going to be sold in Canada, unlike the 2016 edition. Samsung Galaxy A5 (2017) The Samsung Galaxy A5 (2017) is an Android smartphone produced by Samsung Electronics. It was announced on January 2, 2017, along with Samsung Galaxy A3 (2017) and Samsung Galaxy A7 (2017). This move marks Samsung's Document [22] (Title: Boost Mobile) with the iPhone 5c; set to be available in select stores on November 8, 2013. In addition, the iPhone 4S was also made available. On May 19, 2014, Boost Mobile released the Samsung Galaxy S5 at a starting price of $599 USD, making it the first flagship smartphone to be released along with the same time frame as contract phone companies. On December 23, 2014, Boost Mobile released the Lumia 635, its first smartphone using Microsoft's Windows Phone mobile operating system. On July 14, 2015, Boost Mobile launched the NETGEAR Fuse along with no-contract Wi-Fi Hotspot plans, its first Mobile Document [23] (Title: Samsung Galaxy A5 (2015)) to the nature UX 3.5 and 4.0 user interfaces from the Note 4 and Galaxy S5, but features newer 'squircle' icons introduced in the Note 5. This is considered to be the last major Android update for the phone, following Google and Samsung's 2 year software support policy. Samsung Galaxy A5 (2015) The Samsung Galaxy A5 is an Android smartphone produced by Samsung Electronics. Serving as a premium upper mid-range device, it was introduced on 30 October 2014, along with the smaller and related Samsung Galaxy A3 (2015) and larger Samsung Galaxy A7 (2015) introduced later in January 2015. The Document [24] (Title: Samsung Galaxy A series) stylus, as well as preloaded Microsoft applications. The S Pen feature on the Galaxy Tab A series, makes the first Samsung Galaxy device to be equipped with the Samsung stylus outside of the Note series. In September 2015, the Samsung Galaxy Tab S2 8.0 and 9.7 tablets were released, featuring a premium chamfered metal design similar to the first generation Galaxy A series phones. In December 2015, Samsung unveiled the 2016 edition of the Galaxy A series. New features include metal and glass buildup, NFC which supports Samsung Pay, Samsung's Adaptive Fast charging feature and increased battery life. The Galaxy Document [25] (Title: Personal Communications Devices) smart phone available on the market at that time. It began as the cellphone division of Audiovox in 1984, and was acquired by UTStarcom in 2004. In 2008, it became a privately owned company. The company worked with global manufacturers including Fujitsu, Huawei, Netgear, Sharp, Wistron Corporation, and ZTE; has partnerships with wireless service providers throughout the Americas including AT&T, T-Mobile, Sprint, Verizon, Virgin Mobile, Cricket, U.S. Cellular, Clear, C Spire, Telus, Claro, Cox Communications, Movilnet, Iusacell, Telefónica, Digicel, MTS and Centennial; and has introduced several first-to-market cellular devices within its 25-year history, including the introduction of the first smart Document [26] (Title: Samsung Galaxy Alpha) 2014, Kim Hyun-joon, senior vice president of Samsung's mobile business, told investors that the company was planning to release a major new device incorporating "new materials" by the end of 2014. Critics interpreted his statement as signs that the company was planning to make a metal smartphone, but that it could also be a new entry in the Galaxy Note series. On August 13, 2014, Samsung officially unveiled the Galaxy Alpha. Samsung Electronics CEO JK Shin explained that the Alpha was "built and designed based on the specific desires of the consumer market." The company touted that the Galaxy Alpha Document [27] (Title: Samsung Telecommunications) 1983 it initiated its mobile telecommunications business with the hope that this would become the company's future growth engine. In 1986, Samsung was able to release its first built-in car phone, the SC-100, but it was a failure due to the poor quality. In spite of unsuccessful result Ki Tae Lee, the then-head of the Wireless Development Team, decided to stay in the mobile business. He asked the company to buy ten Motorola mobile phones for benchmarking. After 2 years of R&D Samsung developed its first mobile phone (or "hand phone" in Korea), the SH-100 in 1988. It was the Document [28] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S III) Samsung Galaxy S III The Samsung Galaxy S III (or Galaxy S3) is a Android smartphone designed, developed, and marketed by Samsung Electronics. Launched in 2012, it had sold about 70 million units by 2015. It has additional software features, expanded hardware, and a redesigned physique from its predecessor, the Samsung Galaxy S II. The "S III" employs an intelligent personal assistant (S Voice), eye-tracking ability, and increased storage. Although a wireless charging option was announced, it never came to fruition. However, there are third party kits which add support for wireless charging. Depending on country, the smartphone comes with Document [29] (Title: Samsung Galaxy A series) Middle East and Latin America. As of 2018, most of the Galaxy A series models are currently available to most countries. Galaxy Tab A is also part of the A series and sold to most countries as well. The Samsung Galaxy A series' precursor, called the Galaxy Alpha, was introduced on 13 August 2014 and released in September 2014. A high-end device, the Galaxy Alpha is Samsung's first smartphone to incorporate a metallic frame and more premium materials, although the remainder of its physical appearance still resembles previous models such as the Galaxy S5. It also incorporates the Qualcomm Snapdragon Document [30] (Title: Samsung Galaxy Tab series) was introduced on 2 September 2010 at the IFA in Berlin. The Galaxy Tab was the first Android-powered tablet to be released. It has a single-core 1 GHz Exynos processor, and a 7-inch TFT LCD display with a resolution of 1024 x 600 pixels. Its operating system is based on Android 2.2 Froyo with some custom skins and applications. In May 2011 it was reported that Android Gingerbread 2.3.3 was being made available in Italy, with other regions expected to follow. Several updates were made throughout the world and in February 2012 Android Gingerbread 2.3.6 was made available. During the Document [31] (Title: Samsung Galaxy Tab 7.0) for the GSM version, in Japan under contract with NTT Docomo and in Singapore which was released exclusively with Singtel on 13 November 2010. The Samsung Galaxy Tab was released South Korea on 3 November 2010, delayed from the original release date of 14 October. The Samsung Galaxy Tab was released on 26 November 2010. The Samsung Galaxy Tab released on 22 December 2010. It is available without a contract from Mobilink as well as in the open market. Samsung launched the Galaxy Tab in India on 10 November 2010. The Samsung Galaxy Tab was released on 8 November 2010. Document [32] (Title: Galaxy (Australian television)) movie channels ran as Showtime Australia until 2012, when it merged with the Movie Network to become Foxtel Movies. Galaxy (Australian television) Galaxy is a former provider of pay television programming in Australia via satellite and wireless cable (microwave) delivery methods. Galaxy was founded in 1993, and begin test broadcasting on 1 January 1995 via microwave transmission, making it the first provider of pay-TV services in the country. It was officially launched on Australia Day (26 January). Galaxy was a joint venture between Continental Century Pay-TV and Australis Media. Each held licenses allowing them to provide four channels of satellite Document [33] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S4) slower than expected. The S4 sold 4 million in 4 days and 10 million in 27 days making it the then fastest selling smartphone in Samsung's history (this has been eclipsed by the Galaxy S5). The Galaxy S III sold 4 million units in 21 days, the Galaxy S II took 55 days and the Galaxy S took 85 days. Samsung shipped more than 20 million S4 smartphones by June 30, which is around 1.7 times faster than the Galaxy S III. As of October 23, 2013, Samsung has sold over 40 million S4 units six months after release. A Document [34] (Title: Motorola) the Personal Communication Sector (PCS) prior to 2004, it pioneered the "mobile phone" with DynaTAC, "flip phone" with the MicroTAC, as well as the "clam phone" with the StarTAC in the mid-1990s. It had staged a resurgence by the mid-2000s with the Razr, but lost market share in the second half of that decade. Later it focused on smartphones using Google's open-source Android mobile operating system. The first phone to use the newest version of Google's open source OS, Android 2.0, was released on November 2, 2009 as the Motorola Droid (the GSM version launched a month later, in Europe, Document [35] (Title: Samsung Galaxy Grand) with the promise of reliable after-sales service; but otherwise isn't worth twice the cost of budget phablets with similar specs." Samsung Galaxy Grand The Samsung Galaxy Grand is a smartphone developed by Samsung Electronics, first announced on December 18, 2012. The phone has a dual core Cortex-A9 1.2 GHz processor and a RAM of 1 GB, with an internal memory of 8 GB which can be extended to another 64 GB by use of microSD cards. The device also supports internet connectivity through 2G and 3G, apart from Wi-Fi. Navigation systems including A-GPS and GLONASS with Google Maps. The phone Document [36] (Title: Galaxy Nexus) Google Nexus brands of Android smartphones. The device is known as the Galaxy X in Brazil, however, due to a trademark on the "Nexus" brand. The Galaxy Nexus was unveiled jointly by Google and Samsung on 19 October 2011 in Hong Kong. It was released in Europe on 17 November 2011. It is one of the few phones recommended by the Android Open Source Project for building Android from source. By 29 October 2012, the Galaxy Nexus was no longer available for sale on the Google Play Store, following the release of its successor, the LG Nexus 4. Google's plans Document [37] (Title: Samsung Telecommunications) first mobile phone to be designed and manufactured in Korea. But the perception of mobile devices was very low and although Samsung introduced new models every year, each model sold only one or two thousand units. In 1993 it was decided that the development team should focus on improving connectivity due to specific mountain topography of Korea. They found the optimal length of a mobile phone antenna and developed a method of using gold to connect the point between the antenna and the communication circuits, thus significantly reducing resistance and enabling steadier wave conductivity. They also developed the wave-searching software Document [38] (Title: Samsung Galaxy) TouchWiz). However, The Galaxy TabPro S is the first Galaxy-branded Windows 10 device that was announced in CES 2016 All Galaxy devices starting from the S2 up to present come with a file transfer app (Called Smart Switch) pre-loaded, with no app icon. Since September 2013, model numbers of devices in the Samsung Galaxy series are in the "SM-xxxx" format (excluding the Galaxy J SC-02F). Previously, from 2009 until September 2013, the model numbers were in the "GT-xxxx" format. The Galaxy Note smartphones have been considered the first commercially successful examples of "phablets" line is primarily oriented towards pen computing; Document [39] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S4) standard. The S4 was made available in late April 2013 on 327 carriers in 155 countries. It became Samsung's fastest selling smartphone and eventually Samsung’s best selling smartphone with 20 million sold worldwide in the first two months, and 40 million in the first six months. While some users called all new Galaxy S4 features "innovation", others called them feature creep or just gimmicks. Those features are, for example, "Smart Pause", "Smart Rotation", "Smart Scroll", "Air View", "Air gesture", "Story Album" and "Temperature and humidity sensors". The Galaxy S4's successor, the Samsung Galaxy S5, was announced by Samsung in February Document [40] (Title: Samsung Galaxy A series) a 5.6-inch HD+ (1480×720) Super AMOLED panel and reduced bezels. It has Samsung's Exynos 7870 processor (1.6GHz Octa-core) and 3 to 4GB of RAM. It has a 16MP f/1.7 rear camera and a 16MP f/1.9 selfie camera, both with LED flash. Unlike the A8/A8+, it ships with Android 8.0 "Oreo" (a newer version). The Galaxy A6+ was introduced on 2 May 2018. Its main features are its Infinity Display and its dual camera. The display is a 6-inch Full HD+ (2220×1080) Super AMOLED panel with reduced bezels. It has Qualcomm's Snapdragon 450 processor (1.8GHz Octa-core) and 3 to 4GB of Document [41] (Title: Galaxy (Australian television)) Galaxy (Australian television) Galaxy is a former provider of pay television programming in Australia via satellite and wireless cable (microwave) delivery methods. Galaxy was founded in 1993, and begin test broadcasting on 1 January 1995 via microwave transmission, making it the first provider of pay-TV services in the country. It was officially launched on Australia Day (26 January). Galaxy was a joint venture between Continental Century Pay-TV and Australis Media. Each held licenses allowing them to provide four channels of satellite delivered television Continental Century Pay-TV and Australis Media held exclusive licenses to broadcast pay-TV in Australia via satellite until Document [42] (Title: Samsung Galaxy A3 (2017)) A3 (2017) will not be coming to the United States, China, Malaysia and India. Samsung Galaxy A3 (2017) The Samsung Galaxy A3 (2017) is an Android smartphone produced by Samsung Electronics. It was announced on January 2, 2017, along with Samsung Galaxy A5 (2017) and Samsung Galaxy A7 (2017). This move marks Samsung's first product launch since the discontinuation of the Galaxy Note 7 back on October 2016. The Samsung Galaxy A3 (2017) runs Android 6.0.1 Marshmallow right out-of-the-box and runs on Grace UX interface. The smartphone features an Exynos 7870 SoC consisting of 8 ARM Cortex-A53 backed by the Document [43] (Title: Samsung Electronics) Samsung launched its 55-inch curved OLED TV (model KE55S9C) in the United Kingdom with John Lewis. In October 2013, Samsung disseminated a press release for its curved display technology with the Galaxy Round smartphone model. The press release described the product as the "world's first commercialized full HD Super AMOLED flexible display". The manufacturer explains that users can check information such as time and battery life when the home screen is off, and can receive information from the screen by tilting the device. Samsung's flagship mobile handset line is the Samsung Galaxy S, which many consider a direct competitor of Document [44] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S) XviD, VC-1) and video formats (3GP (MPEG-4), WMV (Advanced Systems Format), AVI (divx), MKV, FLV). At the time of launch, the Galaxy S had Android 2.1 ("Eclair") installed. An official upgrade to Android 2.2 ("Froyo") began rolling out worldwide in November 2010. Canada received the 2.2 upgrade for select carriers on December 10, 2010. According to Samsung the 2.2 upgrade has come to the United States in 2011 for most versions of the handset (AT&T Captivate, Verizon Fascinate, T-mobile Vibrant, Sprint Epic). The 2.2 upgrade was released for T-Mobile on January 20, 2011. It enabled stock Android features that had Document [45] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S5) Samsung Galaxy S5 The Samsung Galaxy S5 is an Android smartphone produced by Samsung Electronics. Unveiled on 24 February 2014 at Mobile World Congress in Barcelona, Spain, it was released on 11 April 2014 in 150 countries as the immediate successor to the Galaxy S4. As with the S4, the S5 is an evolution of the prior year's model, placing a particular emphasis on an improved build with a textured rear cover and IP67 certification for dust and water resistance, a more refined user experience, new security features such as a fingerprint reader and private mode, expanded health features (such Document [46] (Title: Samsung Galaxy A5 (2016)) A5 (2016) was released in China on December 15, 2015. As of April 2016, the Samsung Galaxy A5 (2016) is now available in Europe, Africa, Latin America and Asia. As of May 18, 2016, the phone has been introduced to North America. The Samsung Galaxy A5 (2017) was announced a few days into 2017. Samsung Galaxy A5 (2016) Samsung Galaxy A5 (2016) is an Android smartphone manufactured by Samsung Electronics. It was introduced and released in December, 2015, along with Samsung Galaxy A3 (2016), Samsung Galaxy A7 (2016), and Samsung Galaxy A9 (2016). The Samsung Galaxy A5 (2016) system on Document [47] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S II) The SK Telecom variant of the Galaxy S II (Model SHW-M250S) uses the SK-MMS system instead of the OMA-MMS system for multimedia messaging. Additional features for SK Telecom users are installed by default. AT&T Mobility began offering its first variant of the Galaxy S II (Model SGH-I777) on 2 October 2011. Prior to its release, AT&T Mobility's first variant of the device was code named "Attain" by Samsung. The AT&T Mobility variant maintains the 4.3 inch display of the international version, but features four capacitive buttons. It also includes NFC capability. AT&T Mobility introduced a second variant of the device Document [48] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S) Samsung Galaxy S The Samsung Galaxy S is a touchscreen-enabled, slate-format Android smartphone designed, developed, and marketed by Samsung Electronics. It is the first device of the third Android smartphone series produced by Samsung. It was announced to the press in March 2010 and released for sale in June 2010. The Galaxy S is produced in over two dozen variations. The international 'GT-I9000' reference version features a 1 GHz ARM "Hummingbird" processor, a PowerVR graphics processor, 2 or 4 GB of internal flash memory, a 480×800 pixel Super AMOLED capacitive touchscreen display, Wi-Fi connectivity, a 5-megapixel primary camera and a Document [49] (Title: Samsung Telecommunications) first foray into the global market in 1996, when it exported its PCS phones to Sprint, an American CDMA carrier. Sprint signed $600 million contract with Samsung, under which Samsung would provide its PCS phones to Sprint for three years under the co-branded name "Sprint-Samsung". After this Samsung expanded into Hong Kong (Huchinson, CDMA) in 1997, and Brazil (TELESP and TELERJ, CDMA) in 1998. After successfully exporting to Brazil, Samsung built a mobile phone production facility in Brazil in 1998, in the hopes of expanding into Latin America. In 1999, Samsung accounted for more than 50% of share in the Document [50] (Title: Samsung Galaxy A5 (2017)) Samsung Galaxy A5 (2017) The Samsung Galaxy A5 (2017) is an Android smartphone produced by Samsung Electronics. It was announced on January 2, 2017, along with Samsung Galaxy A3 (2017) and Samsung Galaxy A7 (2017). This move marks Samsung's first product launch since the discontinuation of the Galaxy Note 7 back on October 2016. The Samsung Galaxy A5 (2017) runs Android 6.0.1 Marshmallow right out-of-the-box and runs on Grace UX interface, but was updated during August 2017 to Android 7.0 Nougat and once again in April 2018 to run Android 8.0.0 Oreo. The smartphone features an Exynos 7880 SoC consisting Document [51] (Title: Motorola Droid) out within 3 hours of its debut. The sell-out was considered a major victory for Motorola, which has had little success with its prior Windows Mobile-based phones, and had been counting on Android-based phones for future growth. The phone was launched in the Middle East in 2010, however it included a serious limitation as Google prohibited access to its Android Market application for most of Middle Eastern countries. No reasonable alternative was provided by Google. The Milestone was launched in Hong Kong on December 21, 2009, as the sixth Android device in the region for HKD 4,680 with an 8 Document [52] (Title: Mobilicity) half to $300 by Q3 2012. The first Windows Phone sold by Mobilicity was the Nokia Lumia 710, released on May 17, 2012 and discontinued in Q3 2012. The BlackBerry Curve 9320 was released on June 6, 2012 and the Samsung Galaxy S III was released on June 27, 2012. On April 1, Mobilicity changed its plans and website, which remain available to this day. Variants of the 50% off sale for monthly plans were reintroduced in 2012 during the months of May, September, November and December. October 2012 saw the addition of 24-month multi-month discounts and, on October 30, Document [53] (Title: HTC First) First. Both Facebook Home and the HTC First were unveiled at a Facebook news conference held the following day on April 4, 2013. AT&T exclusively released the device in the United States on April 12, 2013. The HTC First is a mid-range smartphone which uses a dual-core, 1.4 GHz Qualcomm Snapdragon 400 processor with support for LTE, a 2000 mAh battery, 1 GB of RAM and 16 GB of non-expandable storage. The First uses a 4.3-inch 720p Super LCD display, and includes a 5-megapixel rear-facing camera, and a 1.6-megapixel front-facing camera. The HTC First's exterior uses a rounded, minimal design Document [54] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S III) Prior to release, 9 million pre-orders were placed by more than 100 carriers globally. The S III was released by approximately 300 carriers in nearly 150 countries at the end of July 2012. More than 20 million units of the S III were sold within the first 100 days of release and more than 50 million until April 2013. Because of overwhelming demand and a manufacturing problem with the blue variant of the phone, there was an extensive shortage of the S III, especially in the United States. Nevertheless, the S III was well-received commercially and critically, with some technology Document [55] (Title: Samsung Galaxy A series) Samsung Galaxy A series The Samsung Galaxy A series (meaning "Alpha") is a line of upper mid-range Android smartphones manufactured by Samsung Electronics. The Galaxy A series is similar to the flagship Galaxy S series, but with lower specifications and features. The first model in the series, the Samsung Galaxy Alpha was released in stores on September 2014, followed by Samsung Galaxy A3 and A5, that were first introduced on December 2014. Following the announcement of the 2017 series, Samsung announced that they will sell up to 20 million Galaxy A series smartphones, targeting consumers in Europe, Africa, Asia, the Document [56] (Title: Samsung Galaxy A series) market. Its main feature is its Infinity Display, which uses a 6-inch Full HD+ (2160×1080) PLS TFT LCD display rather than AMOLED display. It has Qualcomm's Snapdragon 660 processor and 6 GB of RAM. It has a dual rear camera, with a 12MP main module and a 5MP depth sensor. The front camera is 12MP. The Galaxy A9s was released on 24 October 2018, in conjunction with the Galaxy A6s for the China market. It is similar in design and specifications to the Galaxy A9. The Galaxy A8s was introduced on 10 December 2018 for the Chinese Market. It features Document [57] (Title: Phablet) the Galaxy Note had sold 1 million units in two months. In February 2012, Samsung debuted a Note version with LTE support. By August 2012, the Note had sold 10 million units worldwide. In late 2012, Samsung introduced the Galaxy Note II, featuring a 1.6 GHz quad-core processor, a screen and the ability to run two applications at once via a split-screen view. The Note II also incorporated a refreshed hardware design based on the Galaxy S III, with a narrower, smoother body. International sales of the Galaxy Note II reached 5 million in two months. The 2012 LG Optimus Document [58] (Title: Samsung Galaxy A7 (2017)) Samsung Galaxy A7 (2017) The Samsung Galaxy A7 (2017) is an Android high to midrange smartphone produced by Samsung Electronics. It was announced on January 2, 2017, along with Samsung Galaxy A3 (2017) and Samsung Galaxy A5 (2017). This move marks Samsung's first product launch since the discontinuation of the Galaxy Note 7 back on October 2016. The Samsung Galaxy A7 (2017) runs Android 6.0 Marshmallow out-of-the-box and runs on Grace UX interface (and upgradable to Android 7.0 "Nougat" and Android 8.0 "Oreo" with Samsung Experience 8.1 and 9.0 respectively). The smartphone features an Exynos 7880 SoC consisting of 8 Document [59] (Title: Samsung Galaxy A series) reduced bezels. It features the midrange Qualcomm Snapdragon 660 octa-core chipset (4 2.2GHz performance cores and 4 1.8GHz efficiency cores). It has a dual rear camera with a main 16MP f/1.7 sensor and a secondary 24MP f/1.7 for Samsung's Live Focus bokeh effects. The selfie camera is 24MP f/2.0. The Galaxy A9 was unveiled in 11 October 2018 at an special event in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The Galaxy A9 is expected to be released in November 2018. The Galaxy A9 became the world's first quad rear camera smartphone. The Galaxy A6s was introduced on 24 October 2018 for the China Document [60] (Title: Samsung Galaxy A3 (2017)) Samsung Galaxy A3 (2017) The Samsung Galaxy A3 (2017) is an Android smartphone produced by Samsung Electronics. It was announced on January 2, 2017, along with Samsung Galaxy A5 (2017) and Samsung Galaxy A7 (2017). This move marks Samsung's first product launch since the discontinuation of the Galaxy Note 7 back on October 2016. The Samsung Galaxy A3 (2017) runs Android 6.0.1 Marshmallow right out-of-the-box and runs on Grace UX interface. The smartphone features an Exynos 7870 SoC consisting of 8 ARM Cortex-A53 backed by the Mali-T830 GPU and sports 2 GB of RAM and 16 GB internal storage, expandable Document [61] (Title: Mobile phone features) (2.0), dual line support, infrared, Bluetooth (2.0) and WiFi connectivity, NFC, instant messaging, Internet e-mail and browsing and serving as a wireless modem. The first smartphone was the Nokia 9000 Communicator in 1996 which added PDA functionality to the basic mobile phone at the time. As miniaturization and increased processing power of microchips has enabled ever more features to be added to phones, the concept of the smartphone has evolved, and what was a high-end smartphone five years ago, is a standard phone today. Several phone series have been introduced to address a given market segment, such as the RIM Document [62] (Title: Samsung Galaxy A7 (2018)) release in other countries. Samsung Galaxy A7 (2018) The Samsung Galaxy A7 (2018) is a midrange Android smartphone produced by Samsung Electronics as part of the Samsung Galaxy A series. It was announced on 20 September 2018 as the successor to the Samsung Galaxy A7 (2017). The A7 (2018) is the first triple camera smartphone produced by Samsung, featuring 3 different camera on the rear. It features a 6 inch Super AMOLED Infinity Display with curved edges similar to the Samsung Galaxy A8 (2018), a side mounted fingerprint sensor on the power button and Dolby Atmos immersive sound technology. The Document [63] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S8) Samsung Galaxy S8 The Samsung Galaxy S8, Samsung Galaxy S8+ (shortened to S8 and S8+, respectively) and Samsung Galaxy S8 Active are Android smartphones (with the S8+ being the phablet smartphone) produced by Samsung Electronics as the eighth generation of the Samsung Galaxy S series. The S8 and S8+ were unveiled on 29 March 2017 and directly succeeded the Samsung Galaxy S7 and S7 edge, with a North American release on 21 April 2017 and international rollout throughout April and May. The S8 Active was announced on 8 August 2017 and is exclusive to certain U.S. cellular carriers. The S8 Document [64] (Title: Samsung Galaxy J1) later, the Samsung Galaxy J1 Mini was released, and 4 months later, the Ace Neo edition of the phone was unveiled. Then in November of the same year, the Samsung Galaxy J1 Nxt Prime was presented in stores. Finally, the Samsung Galaxy J1 Mini Prime was unveiled and released on December 2016, and the Samsung Galaxy J2 became its main successor. Samsung Galaxy J1 Samsung Galaxy J1 is an Android smartphone developed by Samsung Electronics and was released in February 2015. The phone has 4 GB of storage, 512 MB of RAM, and a Dual-core 1.2 GHz Cortex-A7 CPU. As Document [65] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S4) Samsung Galaxy S4 The Samsung Galaxy S4 is an Android smartphone produced by Samsung Electronics and was first shown publicly on March 14, 2013 at Samsung Mobile Unpacked in New York City. It is the successor to the Galaxy S III which maintains a similar design, but with upgraded hardware and an increased focus on software features that take advantage of its hardware capabilities—such as the ability to detect when a finger is hovered over the screen, and expanded eye tracking functionality. A hardware variant of the S4 became the first smartphone to support the emerging LTE Advanced mobile network Document [66] (Title: Samsung Galaxy A9 (2018)) Samsung Galaxy A9 (2018) The Samsung Galaxy A9 (2018) is a midrange Android smartphone produced by Samsung Electronics as part of the Samsung Galaxy A series. It was announced on 11 October 2018 at the 4x fun event in Malaysia, as the successor to the Samsung Galaxy A9 (2016). The A9 (2018) is the first quad camera smartphone in the world, featuring 4 different camera on the rear. It features a 6.3 inch Super AMOLED Infinity Display with curved edges similar to the Samsung Galaxy A8 (2018), and support for Dolby Atmos immersive sound technology The A9 (2018) features a Document [67] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S II) usage, or two days of lighter usage. According to Samsung, the Galaxy S II is capable of providing 9 hours of talk time on 3G and 18.3 hours on 2G. The Galaxy S II was popular and a huge success both critically and commercially, selling 3 million units within its first 55 days on the market. It was succeeded by the Samsung Galaxy S III in May 2012. The Galaxy S II was given worldwide release dates starting from May 2011, by more than 140 vendors in some 120 countries. On May 9, 2011, Samsung announced that they had received Document [68] (Title: Samsung Galaxy A5 (2015)) Samsung Galaxy A5 (2015) The Samsung Galaxy A5 is an Android smartphone produced by Samsung Electronics. Serving as a premium upper mid-range device, it was introduced on 30 October 2014, along with the smaller and related Samsung Galaxy A3 (2015) and larger Samsung Galaxy A7 (2015) introduced later in January 2015. The Samsung Galaxy A5 (2016) is a successor to the Samsung Galaxy A5 (2015) edition, featuring a revised metal and glass build that debuted with the Galaxy S6. Samsung's Galaxy A5 runs on Marshmallow 6.0.1. Samsung Galaxy A5's system-on chip is Qualcomm Snapdragon 410, which is a 64-bit 1.2 Document [69] (Title: Motorola DynaTAC) 8000s, and continuing with periodic updates of increasing frequency until 1993's Classic II. The DynaTAC was replaced in most roles by the much smaller Motorola MicroTAC when it was first introduced in 1989, and by the time of the Motorola StarTAC's release in 1996, it was obsolete. The first cellular phone was the culmination of efforts begun at Bell Labs, which first proposed the idea of a cellular system in 1947, and continued to petition the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for channels through the 1950s and 1960s, and research conducted at Motorola. In 1960, electrical engineer John F. Mitchell, became Document [70] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S6) teased in a promotional webpage released by T-Mobile US on 22 February 2015, which showed a curved body and carried the tagline "Six Appeal". Samsung officially unveiled the Galaxy S6 and S6 Edge during the first "Samsung Unpacked 2015" event at Mobile World Congress on 1 March 2015, for a release on 10 April 2015 in 20 countries. In Japan, the S6 and S6 Edge are marketed solely under the Galaxy brand, with most references to Samsung removed; sales of Samsung phones have been impacted by historical relations between Japan and South Korea, and a Samsung spokesperson stated that the Document [71] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S II) Samsung Galaxy S II The Samsung Galaxy S II is a touchscreen-enabled, slate-format Android smartphone designed, developed, and marketed by Samsung Electronics. It has additional software features, expanded hardware, and a redesigned physique compared to its predecessor, the Samsung Galaxy S. The S II was launched with Android 2.3 "Gingerbread", with updates to Android 4.1.2 "Jelly Bean". Samsung unveiled the S II on 13 February 2011 at the Mobile World Congress (MWC) in Barcelona. It was one of the slimmest smartphones of the time, mostly 8.49 mm thick, except for two small bulges which take the maximum thickness of the Document [72] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S8) and Taiwan. On 28 April, they were made available in the United Kingdom, Australia, Ireland, and Russia. followed by Singapore one day later. On 5 May, they were made available in Malaysia. New Zealand, India, the Philippines, and Thailand. followed by Brazil on 12 May. On 25 May, they were made available in China, and Hong Kong. On 8 June, they were made available in Japan. In July 2017, pictures of the Galaxy S8 Active were leaked on Reddit, and the following month, AT&T "accidentally" confirmed its existence through a document in a promotional campaign. It officially became available for Document [73] (Title: Samsung Galaxy A7 (2016)) rest of Europe. While the predecessor, Samsung Galaxy A7 (2015) had broader availability in Europe, this model was never being sold in Europe because it was being deemed too expensive and also due to near-direct competition against Samsung Galaxy S6. Samsung Galaxy A7 (2016) The Samsung Galaxy A7 (2016) is an Android smartphone produced by Samsung Electronics. It was introduced on December 2, 2015, along with Samsung Galaxy A3 (2016), Samsung Galaxy A5 (2016), and Samsung Galaxy A9 (2016) The Samsung Galaxy A7 (2016) runs Android 5.1.1 Lollipop right out-of-the-box and is upgradeable to Android 6.0.1 Marshmallow in the coming Document [74] (Title: Samsung Galaxy A series) as although it did share the same Snapdragon 801 as the Galaxy S5, most earlier phones with the Snapdragon 801 had already been on the market for months and saw price drops. Following its launch, Samsung Electronics CEO JK Shin explained that the Alpha was "built and designed based on the specific desires of the consumer market." The company touted that the Galaxy Alpha would mark a "new design approach" for Samsung's products, and that elements from the Alpha could appear on future Samsung models. Its operating system is based on Android 4.4.4 "KitKat" with its own version of TouchWiz Document [75] (Title: Mobile telephony) little or no consequence," leading it not to attempt to commercialize the invention. The invention earned Joel induction into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2008. The first call on a handheld mobile phone was made on April 3, 1973 by Martin Cooper, then of Motorola to his opposite number in Bell Labs who were also racing to be first. Bell Labs went on to install the first trial cellular network in Chicago in 1978. This trial system was licensed by the FCC to ATT for commercial use in 1982 and, as part of the divestiture arrangements for the Document [76] (Title: Samsung Galaxy A6 / A6+ (2018)) a 3,500 mAh but has no fast charging. On May 1, 2018 CNET spoke positively about the cameras on the phone. CNET described Galaxy A6 and Galaxy A6+ as for users who "like Samsung's designs but aren't all about the cost that comes with the Galaxy S9 and Note 8." Samsung Galaxy A6 / A6+ (2018) Samsung Galaxy A6 and Samsung Galaxy A6+ are Android high to midrange smartphones produced by Samsung Electronics of South Korea. They were announced on 2 May 2018, first released in Europe, Asia, and Latin America the same month, then released in South Korea, Africa, Document [77] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S4) however insist that the complete phone, with the faulty battery, be returned to them so that they in turn can send it to Samsung to consider the claim. Samsung Galaxy S4 The Samsung Galaxy S4 is an Android smartphone produced by Samsung Electronics and was first shown publicly on March 14, 2013 at Samsung Mobile Unpacked in New York City. It is the successor to the Galaxy S III which maintains a similar design, but with upgraded hardware and an increased focus on software features that take advantage of its hardware capabilities—such as the ability to detect when a finger Document [78] (Title: Samsung Galaxy A series) RAM. It has a dual rear camera, with a 16MP f/1.7 sensor and a 5MP f/1.9 sensor. The front camera is 24MP f/1.9. It was rebranded in China as the Galaxy A9 Star Lite in June 2018. The Galaxy A7 was introduced on 20 September 2018. It is the first Samsung phone ever to have three cameras placed on the back of the phone. These cameras include a 24MP wide-angle lens with an f/1.7 aperture, an 8MP ultra-wide angle lens with an f/2.4 aperture and a 13mm field-of-view and a 5MP f/2.4 depth sensor. It is also Samsung's first phone Document [79] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S III) 2 GB of RAM, 64 GB of internal storage, 4G LTE, a screen, an 8-megapixel rear camera, and a thick chassis. Samsung confirmed the existence of the Galaxy S II's successor on 5 March 2012, but it was not until late April 2012 that Samsung's Senior Vice-President Robert Yi confirmed the phone to be called "Samsung Galaxy S III". After inviting reporters in mid-April, Samsung launched the Galaxy S III during the Samsung Mobile Unpacked 2012 event at Earls Court Exhibition Centre, London, United Kingdom, on 3 May 2012, instead of unveiling their products earlier in the year during either Document [80] (Title: Samsung Galaxy A6s) Samsung Galaxy A6s The Samsung Galaxy A6s is a midrange Android smartphone produced by Samsung Electronics as part of the Samsung Galaxy A series. It was introduced on 24 October 2018. It is the first Galaxy smartphone not to be manufactured by Samsung, but by Wingtech. Launched in conjunction with the Samsung Galaxy A9s, it is targeted at the chinese market. Its main feature is its 6 inch LCD Infinity Display with curved edges similar to the Samsung Galaxy A8 (2018). The A6s features a 6.0 inch Full HD+ PLS TFT LCD display with a 18:9 aspect ratio. Unlike previous Document [81] (Title: Samsung Galaxy Prevail) GB RAM, and 8 GB internal storage. Samsung Galaxy Prevail Samsung Galaxy Prevail is an Android smartphone with 4.5 inch display, announced on April 5, 2011, for $180. It was the first Samsung Galaxy phone sold by Boost Mobile and is part of the Samsung Galaxy family, although it does not include Samsung's TouchWiz user interface. Its model number is SPH-M820. It was sold exclusively by Boost Mobile. It has 2MP camera, GPS, Bluetooth, WiFi and supports up to 32GB microSD memory cards. It is powered by a Qualcomm 800 MHz MSM7000 chip. It shipped with Android 2.2 Froyo. Through Document [82] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S III) offered replacement batteries for affected devices. According to an anonymous Samsung official speaking to the "Korea Economic Daily", the S III received more than 9 million pre-orders from 100 carriers during the two weeks following its London unveiling, making it the fastest-selling gadget in history. In comparison, the iPhone 4S received 4 million pre-orders prior to its launch, while Samsung's previous flagship phone, the S II, had 10 million handsets shipped within five months. Within a month of the London unveiling, auction and shopping website eBay noted a 119-percent increase in second-hand Android phone sales. According to an eBay spokesperson, Document [83] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S II) Mobile USA began offering the Galaxy S II 4G on 15 November 2012 for $369.99. In March 2013, the Boost Mobile and Virgin Mobile variants were also updated along with Sprint's to Android 4.1.2 Jelly Bean. T-Mobile USA began taking pre-orders for its variant (Model SGH-T989) of the Galaxy S II on 11 October 2011 and began selling it in stores on 12 October 2011. Prior to its release, T-Mobile's variant of the device was code named "Hercules" by Samsung. The T-Mobile variant has important key differences from the "International" version of the Galaxy S II. The T-Mobile variant uses Document [84] (Title: Mobile phone operator) public commercial mobile phone networks was the ARP network in Finland, launched in 1971. On April 3, 1973, Martin Cooper, a Motorola researcher and executive, made the first analog mobile phone call using a heavy prototype model. He called Dr. Joel S. Engel of Bell Labs. The first commercially automated cellular network (the 1G generation) was launched in Japan by NTT in 1979. The initial launch network covered the full metropolitan area of Tokyo's over 20 million inhabitants with a cellular network of 23 base stations. Within five years, the NTT network had been expanded to cover the whole population Document [85] (Title: Samsung Galaxy A series) a new Infinity-O display, that has a full edge to edge 6.4 inch (2340×1080) PLS TFT LCD display rather than AMOLED display display. A circular hole punched out in the top left of the display for the front camera and the display is notchless. It is the first Galaxy device to not include a headphone jack. Samsung Galaxy A series The Samsung Galaxy A series (meaning "Alpha") is a line of upper mid-range Android smartphones manufactured by Samsung Electronics. The Galaxy A series is similar to the flagship Galaxy S series, but with lower specifications and features. The first model Document [86] (Title: Samsung Galaxy A7 (2017)) was being deemed too expensive and also due to near-direct competition against Samsung Galaxy S7. Samsung will instead sell the Samsung Galaxy A3 (2017) and Samsung Galaxy A5 (2017) to these countries instead. Samsung Galaxy A7 (2017) The Samsung Galaxy A7 (2017) is an Android high to midrange smartphone produced by Samsung Electronics. It was announced on January 2, 2017, along with Samsung Galaxy A3 (2017) and Samsung Galaxy A5 (2017). This move marks Samsung's first product launch since the discontinuation of the Galaxy Note 7 back on October 2016. The Samsung Galaxy A7 (2017) runs Android 6.0 Marshmallow out-of-the-box Document [87] (Title: Universal Display Corporation) Samsung introduced the Galaxy Round smartphone in the Korean market in October 2013. The device features a 1080p screen, measuring , that curves on the vertical axis in a rounded case. The corporation has promoted the following advantages: A new feature called "Round Interaction" that allows users to look at information by tilting the handset on a flat surface with the screen off, and the feel of one continuous transition when the user switches between home screens. In September 2013 Samsung unveiled their Galaxy Gear Smartwatch having a 1.6 inch OLED screen and multiple apps to link the watch to Document [88] (Title: Mobile phone) support a variety of other services, such as text messaging, MMS, email, Internet access, short-range wireless communications (infrared, Bluetooth), business applications, video games, and digital photography. Mobile phones offering only those capabilities are known as feature phones; mobile phones which offer greatly advanced computing capabilities are referred to as smartphones. The first handheld mobile phone was demonstrated by John F. Mitchell and Martin Cooper of Motorola in 1973, using a handset weighing c. 2 kilograms (4.4 lbs). In 1979, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT) launched the world's first cellular network in Japan. In 1983, the DynaTAC 8000x was the first Document [89] (Title: Samsung Galaxy Camera) will be the first 4G LTE camera. The camera was discontinued in 2014. Although the Galaxy Camera started as a single camera, the branded concept was expanded to include multiple iterations of digital camera, with the Android OS being the unifying feature. As of February 2016, the range of galaxy camera includes (and has included): Samsung Galaxy Camera The Samsung Galaxy Camera is a point-and-shoot camera which is an Android based mobile device. Samsung announced the camera in August 2012, with the slogan "Camera. Reborn." The device was officially released on 8 November 2012, with web sales beginning on 7 Document [90] (Title: Dawes Cycles) and is still in production . In 1971, Dawes first "Galaxy" model appeared, fitted with wide-ratio gears and Reynolds 531 tubing. The Galaxy became the benchmark in the English touring bicycle market. By the mid-1970s, the company was still family owned and producing 1000 bicycles a week. Between 1978 and 2001 the company was sold at least five times, passing through the hands of various venture capital and leisure companies. Resultantly, by the mid-1980s, the firm had 50 staff at its dilapidated Tysley factory. After being bought by ATAG of the Netherlands in 1990, the factory was closed down and Document [91] (Title: Samsung Galaxy Note (original)) of 1 June 2012, Samsung announced that 7 million had been shipped. As of 15 August 2012, Samsung announced that 10 million devices had been sold. Samsung Galaxy Note (original) The Samsung Galaxy Note is an Android smartphone produced by Samsung Electronics. Unveiled at IFA Berlin 2011, it was first released in Germany in late October 2011, with other countries following afterwards. The Galaxy Note was distinguished by its unusually large form factor—later referred to using the term "phablet"—which straddled the size of the average smartphone at the time, and that of a small tablet: it features a 5.3-inch display, Document [92] (Title: Samsung Electronics) been in talks for a time, until they finally merged. Samsung Electronics launched its first mobile phone in 1988, in the South Korean market. Sales were initially poor and by the early 1990s, Motorola held a market share of over 60 percent in the country's mobile phone market compared to just 10 percent for Samsung. Samsung's mobile phone division also struggled with poor quality and inferior products until the mid-1990s and exit from the sector was a frequent topic of discussion within the company. Lee Kun-Hee decided that Samsung needed to change strategy. The company shelved the production of many Document [93] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S8) 2017, Galaxy S8 users reported on Reddit that they were unable to receive SMS messages, with no fix available and without any comment from Samsung. Samsung Galaxy S8 The Samsung Galaxy S8, Samsung Galaxy S8+ (shortened to S8 and S8+, respectively) and Samsung Galaxy S8 Active are Android smartphones (with the S8+ being the phablet smartphone) produced by Samsung Electronics as the eighth generation of the Samsung Galaxy S series. The S8 and S8+ were unveiled on 29 March 2017 and directly succeeded the Samsung Galaxy S7 and S7 edge, with a North American release on 21 April 2017 and Document [94] (Title: Samsung Galaxy A8 (2015)) It comes shipped with Android 5.1.1 Lollipop. The Japan KDDI variant includes Oneseg & full Seg TV features while the Korean SK Telecom Variant has a T-DMB feature. Samsung Galaxy A8 (2015) The Samsung Galaxy A8 (stylized as Samsung GALAXY A) is an Android phablet produced by Samsung Electronics. It was introduced on July 15, 2015. Following its release, the Galaxy A8 is available in Asian and African markets only. The Galaxy A8 is thinner than earlier models from the A-series lineup, measuring in thickness. Other specifications include a 5.7 inch 1080p display, touch based fingerprint sensor,a 16 MP back Document [95] (Title: LTE (telecommunication)) vendors and operators with the goal of verifying and promoting the new standard in order to ensure the global introduction of the technology as quickly as possible. The LTE standard was finalized in December 2008, and the first publicly available LTE service was launched by TeliaSonera in Oslo and Stockholm on December 14, 2009, as a data connection with a USB modem. The LTE services were launched by major North American carriers as well, with the Samsung SCH-r900 being the world's first LTE Mobile phone starting on September 21, 2010, and Samsung Galaxy Indulge being the world's first LTE smartphone Document [96] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S series) Samsung Galaxy S series The Samsung Galaxy S (Super Smart) series is a line of high-end Android-powered mobile devices produced by Samsung Electronics, a division of Samsung from South Korea. The series consisted initially of smartphones and the first device, the Samsung Galaxy S, was announced in March 2010 and released for sale in June of that year. Since the introduction of the Samsung Galaxy Note in 2011, the Galaxy S line has co-existed with the Galaxy Note line as being Samsung's flagship smartphones. Samsung later expanded the Galaxy S line to tablet computers with the announcement of the Galaxy Document [97] (Title: Samsung Galaxy A series) February 2015, 2 months after the release of Galaxy A3 (2015) and the Galaxy A5 (2015). Its specifications include a 5.5 inch Full HD display, a 13 MP back and a 5MP front camera, an 64-bit octa-core Exynos 5430 (LTE single-sim model) or Qualcomm Snapdragon 615 (3G/LTE dual-sim model) chipset, 2GB of RAM and a 2600mAh battery. It comes shipped with Android 4.4.4 "KitKat". An update to Android 5.0.2 "Lollipop" started rolling out in May 2015. The Samsung Galaxy A8 was introduced on 15 July 2015 at an event in China. The Galaxy A8 is thinner than earlier models from Document [98] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S) Galaxy S II. In 2012, Samsung introduced the dual SIM version of the Galaxy S, Samsung Galaxy S Duos. The phone was initially launched in Singapore on June 4, 2010. Before the end of its first weekend on sale in Singapore, Samsung tweeted that Singtel, the exclusive carrier to sell the device in Singapore, was sold out of devices. On Friday, June 25, 2010, the phone was launched in Malaysia and South Korea. Overall the launch schedule comprised launches on 110 carriers in 100 countries at the same time. U.S. Variants named as Epic, Vibrant, Fascinate, Captivate, and Mesmerize were Document [99] (Title: Galaxy (Australian television)) 1997. Their main competitors were Foxtel and Optus Vision, both of which operated separate cable networks. The Galaxy channel package was franchised to CETV (Later Austar) and East Coast Television (ECTV) in regional areas. At its peak, there were around 120,000 Galaxy subscribers. The service ceased shortly after Australis Media went into liquidation on 18 May 1998. In January 1992, the Government of Australia called tenders for Australia's first pay-TV licenses. Surprisingly, the first license was purchased not by one of the major media players but by an entrepreneur, Albert Hadid, who quickly onsold it for a rumoured $33 million Document [100] (Title: Samsung Galaxy A series) in May 2015. The Samsung Galaxy A5 (2015) was announced on October 2014 and released on December 2014. It is considered as a successor to the Samsung Galaxy Alpha. Its specifications include a 5.0 inch HD display, a 13 MP back and a 5MP front camera, an 64-bit quad-core Qualcomm Snapdragon 410 chipset, 2GB of RAM and a 2300mAh battery. It comes shipped with Android 4.4.4 "KitKat". An update to Android 5.0.2 "Lollipop" started rolling out in May 2015, and later Android 6.0.1 Marshmallow in August 2016. The Samsung Galaxy A7 (2015) was announced on January 2015 and released on Document [101] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S8) pre-order, exclusively through AT&T, on 8 August 2017, with in-store purchase available 11 August. "VentureBeat" reported in late September that the device would also become available through T-Mobile in November, and Samsung subsequently confirmed both T-Mobile and Sprint availability in early November. The Galaxy S8 and S8+ both feature 1440p OLED displays, with an 18.5:9 (37:18) aspect ratio taller than the ratio used by the majority of smartphones; the S8 has a 5.8-inch panel, while the S8+ uses a larger 6.2-inch panel. The displays on both devices curve along the side bezels of the device, with minimal bezels that Samsung Document [102] (Title: Samsung Galaxy R) Samsung Galaxy R The Samsung Galaxy R (Royal) (I9103) is an Android smartphone that was announced by Samsung on August 10, 2011 as a variant to the Samsung Galaxy S II. The Galaxy R was launched in September 2011 in Taiwan. This mobile set suffered some problems and its production was stopped due to hardware problems. Many people reported that the phone had gone dead, and was not able to boot even after the re-setting the mobile phone and many other issues. Samsung started replacing the Galaxy R Handset with Galaxy S. This problem was specifically noticed in the phones Document [103] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S8) including the lack of physical navigation and home buttons, in which the fingerprint sensor was moved to the back of the phone. Evan Blass tweeted in mid-March about color options for the phones. The Galaxy S8 and S8+ were officially unveiled on 29 March 2017, with pre-orders beginning 30 March and official U.S. release on 21 April 2017. Following Best Buy retail listings in March, Samsung opened pre-orders for unlocked U.S. handsets on 9 May 2017, with availability starting 31 May. The devices have also been released internationally. On 21 April 2017, they were made available in South Korea, Canada, Document [104] (Title: Samsung Galaxy A3 (2016)) (2016)" and "Galaxy A7 (2016)" are available. Related Samsung Galaxy phone models: Samsung Galaxy A3 (2016) Samsung Galaxy A3 (2016) is an Android smartphone produced by Samsung Electronics. It was introduced on December 2, 2015, along with "Galaxy A5 (2016)", "Galaxy A7 (2016)", and "Galaxy A9 (2016)". The 2016-release "Galaxy A3" is equipped with the Exynos 7580 system-on-chip, which has two clusters of four cores, but Samsung decided to lock one cluster for unknown reasons. The device has the same CPU as "Galaxy A5 (2016)", or Qualcomm Snapdragon 410 in select markets, both of which feature a processor with four Document [105] (Title: HTC First) it one of the "Top 10 Tech Failures" of 2013, stating that "like Carrie Underwood in the remade "Sound of Music Live!", the HTC First smartphone started out as an intriguing concept that attempted to shoehorn something very popular (Facebook) into a familiar vehicle (a smartphone). And like that live television event, it wound up being an undeniable disaster." HTC First The HTC First is an Android smartphone released by HTC on April 12, 2013. It was unveiled on April 4, 2013, as part of a press event held by Facebook. Serving as a successor to a pair of Facebook-oriented Document [106] (Title: HTC One (M7)) Sprint and AT&T was criticized, but HTC's placement of carrier apps in their own separate folder in the application drawer was noted. On 23 May 2013, "The Wall Street Journal" reported that sales of the HTC One had reached around 5 million since its launch in March. By comparison, the iPhone 5 sold 5 million units within its first three days of availability and the Galaxy S4 shipped 10 million units within its first month of availability. While not quoting any further numbers, Mark Woodward, president of HTC's North American division, considered the HTC One's launch to have been the Document [107] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S II) globally available on December 12, 2011. On March 13, 2012, Samsung began to roll out upgrades to Android 4.0.3 "Ice Cream Sandwich" through their phone management software KIES to users in South Korea, Hungary, Poland and Sweden. Russian users received the update on July 5, 2012, while the rest of Europe received it on August 1, 2012. In February 2013, Samsung began rolling out an update to Android 4.1.2 "Jelly Bean" for the device. The S II employs the TouchWiz 4.0 user interface, following the same principle as TouchWiz 3.0 found on the Galaxy S, with new improvements, such as Document [108] (Title: Samsung Galaxy Spica) Xvid coded content which makes it the first Android phone that supports this feature. The phone was available in Europe, Asia and Middle East. The i5700 is Samsung's second Android-based handset for Europe. The phone was released on December 2009 in Turkey and is released in Canada on the Rogers Communications network. The Samsung Galaxy Spica has received an update to Android 2.1 as of February 2010. Some phone vendors, such as Three and T-Mobile in the UK, have started shipping the phone with 2.1 preloaded. As of May 2010, phones have started to sell in India and Indonesia with Document [109] (Title: Galaxy Nexus) on O2 and 3 on 17 November 2011. In Germany, the HSPA+ version was sold SIM-unlocked from Vodafone and O2. It launched in December 2011 in Portugal, by Vodafone. In Canada, the device was launched on 8 December 2011. The Canadian model was sold unlocked and supports GSM/UMTS/HSPA/AWS bands. A GSM/UMTS, SIM-unlocked version was officially released in the United States by Google in the Google Play Store. Sprint officially announced the Galaxy Nexus for their network at CES 2012, and was released on 22 April 2012, as one of Sprint Nextel's first LTE smartphones. On 24 April 2012, the Galaxy Document [110] (Title: Samsung Electronics) than 2,800 international patents, making it the largest owner of AMOLED technology patents. Samsung's current AMOLED smartphones use its Super AMOLED trademark, with the Samsung Wave S8500 and Samsung i9000 Galaxy S being launched in June 2010. In January 2011, it announced its Super AMOLED Plus displays – which offer several advances over the older Super AMOLED displays – real stripe matrix (50 percent more sub pixels), thinner form factor, brighter image and an 18 percent reduction in energy consumption. In October 2007, Samsung introducing a ten-millimeter thick, 40-inch LCD television panel, followed in October 2008 by the world's first Document [111] (Title: Samsung Telecommunications) developed its first CDMA mobile phone in March 1996, to coincide with the launch of CDMA service. The first digital handset, the SCH-100, was extra light and slim, and enabled clear voice communication. Before long, Samsung became the leader in the Personal Communications Service (PCS) market. It partnered with KTFreetel and Hansol PCS to provide PCS phones. Its first PCS phone, the SCH-1100, entered the market with innovative features, including a lightweight body, enhanced battery life, and the ability to capture delicate sounds. The design was targeted at the young generation because the young generation had emerged as a large Document [112] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S II) for smartphones in general." "GSMArena" points out minor drawbacks such as an "all-plastic body" and the handset having "no dedicated camera key," but still calls the handset "absurdly powerful" and concluding "we just cannot see beyond the new Samsung flagship if we're to name the ultimate smartphone." After slightly over one month since its debut, more than 1 million units of Samsung Galaxy S II were activated in South Korea. Worldwide, 3 million units were sold in 55 days. 85 days after its first release, Samsung declared global shipments of over 5 million for the Galaxy S II and 10 Document [113] (Title: Samsung Galaxy (original)) version of the Spotify music streaming service is also now available for this phone via the Android Marketplace. Due to a lack of firmware updates, Samsung received criticism from original Galaxy users. For some countries, Samsung updated the Galaxy's firmware to Donut (1.6). Users from other countries could download and update manually, at the risk of warranty voiding. Samsung Galaxy (original) The Samsung GT-I7500 Galaxy is a mobile phone manufactured by Samsung that uses the open source Android operating system. It was announced on 27 April 2009 and was released on 29 June 2009 as the first Android-powered device from Document [114] (Title: Samsung Galaxy A8 (2016)) Samsung Galaxy A8 (2016) The Samsung Galaxy A8 (2016) (stylized as SAMSUNG Galaxy A8) is an Android phablet produced by Samsung Electronics. It was introduced on September 30, 2016 by South Korean telecom provider SK Telecom. Unlike most Galaxy A series smartphones, the Galaxy A8 (2016) provides with a better processor similar to Samsung's 2015 flagships, the Samsung Galaxy S6, Samsung Galaxy S6 Edge and Samsung Galaxy Note 5. Following its release, the Galaxy A8 (2016) is only available in the South Korean market with a price of 649,000 South Korean won (estimated around 580 USD), as of October 1, Document [115] (Title: Galaxy 1) during the infamous Captain Midnight attack on April 27, 1986. The attack was directed at HBO for their adoption of the Videocipher system and for charging high prices for access to the HBO and Cinemax services with that system. Galaxy 1 Galaxy 1 was the first in a line of Galaxy communications satellites launched by Hughes Communications in 1983. It helped fill a hole in satellite broadcasting bandwidth created by the loss of RCA's Satcom 3 in 1979. Unlike satellite owners RCA and Western Union, Hughes did not lease time on their transponders in the fashion of a common carrier, Document [116] (Title: Samsung Galaxy A7 (2015)) Samsung Galaxy A7 (2015) The Samsung Galaxy A7 (2015) is an Android phablet manufactured by Samsung Electronics and released in February 2015. Samsung Galaxy A7 (2016) is a successor to the Samsung Galaxy A7 (2015). The Samsung Galaxy A7 is not available in the United States. Samsung Galaxy A7 rolled out the Marshmallow update on 25th of July 2016. The Samsung Galaxy A7 was first released in January 2015. It serves as one of the successors to the Samsung Galaxy Alpha. It was released alongside the Samsung Galaxy A3 and A5. It was first released with Android 4.4.4 Kitkat, upgradeble Document [117] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S7) Samsung Galaxy S7 Samsung Galaxy S7, Samsung Galaxy S7 Edge and Samsung Galaxy S7 Active are Android smartphones manufactured and marketed by Samsung Electronics. The S7 series serves as the successor to the Galaxy S6, S6 Edge, S6 Edge+ and S6 Active released in 2015. The S7 and S7 Edge were officially unveiled on 21 February 2016 during a Samsung press conference at Mobile World Congress, with a European and North American release on 11 March 2016. The S7 Active was unveiled on 4 June 2016, and released on AT&T in the United States on 10 June 2016. The Galaxy Document [118] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S8) the phones' release proved that the devices' facial and iris scanners can be fooled by suitable photographs of the user. The S8 and S8+ were in high demand at release. During the pre-order period, a record one million units were booked in South Korea, and overall sales numbers were 30% higher than the Galaxy S7. However, subsequent reports in May announced sales of over five million units, a notably lower first-month sales number than previous Galaxy S series models. On March 11, 2018, Samsung launched the successor to the S8, the Samsung Galaxy S9. Prior to its official announcement, media Document [119] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S4) countries and has since then spread to several other countries. US (starting with AT&T and Sprint) and Canadian Samsung Galaxy S4 models received Android 5.0.1 Lollipop update in April 2015. Several different model variants of the S4 are sold, with most variants varying mainly in handling regional network types and bands. To prevent grey market reselling, models of the S4 manufactured after July 2013 implement a regional lockout system in certain regions, requiring that the first SIM card used on a European and North American model be from a carrier in that region. Samsung stated that the lock would be Document [120] (Title: Samsung Electronics) the Apple iPhone. It was initially launched in Singapore, Malaysia and South Korea in June 2010, followed by the United States in July. It sold more than one million units within the first 45 days on sale in the United States. While many other handset makers focused on one or two operating systems, Samsung for a time used several of them: Symbian, Windows Phone, Linux-based LiMo, and Samsung's proprietary Bada. By 2013 Samsung had dropped all operating systems except Android and Windows Phone. That year Samsung released at least 43 Android phones or tablets and two Windows Phones. At the Document [121] (Title: Samsung Galaxy (original)) a 3.2-inch AMOLED capacitive touchscreen, a 5 megapixel autofocus camera with power LED flash, and a digital compass. Unlike the first Android phone, the HTC Dream (the G1), the i7500 has a standard 3.5mm headphone jack, and a Directional Pad in place of a trackball. Software-wise, the Galaxy offers a suite of Mobile Google services, including Google Search, Gmail, YouTube, Google Calendar, and Google Talk. The phone's GPS enables Google Maps features such as My Location, and Google Latitude. It also supports MP3, AAC (including iTunes Plus downloads) (only the codec, not the .aac format), and H.264 video. A beta Document [122] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S6) Galaxy brand was "well-established" in the country. The Galaxy S6 models are designed to address criticisms and feedback received from prior models, and target the majority of users; during its unveiling, Samsung stated that it had placed a particular focus on design, its camera, and wireless charging. As part of these goals, a number of features and capabilities seen on the Galaxy S5 were removed, such as its waterproofing and USB 3.0 port. The S6's new design approach is the culmination of a shift in practices that began with 2014's Galaxy Alpha, which was the first Galaxy smartphone to feature Document [123] (Title: HTC First) HTC First The HTC First is an Android smartphone released by HTC on April 12, 2013. It was unveiled on April 4, 2013, as part of a press event held by Facebook. Serving as a successor to a pair of Facebook-oriented devices HTC released in 2011, it was the first and only Android device to be pre-loaded with Facebook's own user interface layer, Facebook Home, in lieu of HTC's own Sense. While considered compelling by critics for a mid-range phone due to its display quality and its optional use of stock Android beneath the default Facebook Home overlay, the HTC Document [124] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S) 0.3-megapixel secondary front-facing camera. Derivative models may include localized cellular radios or changes to button layouts, keyboards, screens, cameras or the Android OS. At the time of its release, the Galaxy S included the fastest graphical processing of any smartphone, was the thinnest smartphone at 9.9 mm and was the first Android phone to be certified for DivX HD. As of 2013, over 25 million Galaxy S units have been sold. The Galaxy S name continued on with the semi-related Snapdragon-based Galaxy S Plus and NovaThor-based Galaxy S Advance smartphones. The next major release of the series was the Samsung Document [125] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S) released from June through September 2010. CNET Asia gave the Galaxy S a favorable review with a score of 8.4/10. The Galaxy S was compared to current high-end Android-based phones such as the HTC Desire, Xperia X10, Nexus One, and smartphones using different operating systems like the iPhone 4, which runs iOS, and HTC HD2, which runs Windows Mobile in CNET Asia. GSMArena.com described the Galaxy S as having "perfect audio quality," claiming the phone's superior all-round performance made it a "new leader of the Android pack." TIME listed the Galaxy S as #2 device in "Top 10 Gadgets" of Document [126] (Title: Samsung Galaxy A series) GB internal memory, a 5000 mAh battery with Samsung Adaptive Fast charging feature and a 6-inch Full HD display with Gorilla Glass 4 covering on the back and front sides. It runs on Android 6.0.1 "Marshmallow". Release Date: 2 January 2017 OS Versions: CPU/GPU/Bluetooth: Improved features: What's missing: Release Date: 18 December 2017 (A8/A8+), 2 May 2018 (A6/A6+), 7 June 2018 (A9 Star Lite/A8 Star/A9 Star), 20 September 2018 (A7), 11 October 2018 (A9), 24 October 2018 (A6s/A9s) OS Versions: CPU/GPU/Bluetooth: Improved features: The Galaxy A6 was introduced on 2 May 2018. Its main feature is its Infinity Display, which Document [127] (Title: Samsung Galaxy A7 (2015)) to Android 5.0.2 Lollipop and Android 6.0.1 Marshmallow. It serves as the high-end variant of the Galaxy A series. It was succeeded by the Samsung Galaxy A7 (2016). Samsung Galaxy A7 (2015) The Samsung Galaxy A7 (2015) is an Android phablet manufactured by Samsung Electronics and released in February 2015. Samsung Galaxy A7 (2016) is a successor to the Samsung Galaxy A7 (2015). The Samsung Galaxy A7 is not available in the United States. Samsung Galaxy A7 rolled out the Marshmallow update on 25th of July 2016. The Samsung Galaxy A7 was first released in January 2015. It serves as Document [128] (Title: Samsung Galaxy A series) the A-series and Samsung's overall smartphone lineup, measuring in thickness. Other specifications include a 5.7 inch Full HD display, a 16MP back and a 5MP front camera, an 64-bit octa-core Exynos 5430/5433 or a Snapdragon 615 chipset, 2GB of RAM and a 3050mAh battery. It comes shipped with Android 5.1.1 "Lollipop". Following its release, the Galaxy A8 is only officially available in Middle Eastern, Asian and African markets. Release Dates: 2 December 2015 (A3/A5/A7/A9), 30 March 2016 (A9 Pro), 30 September 2016 (A8) OS Versions: CPU/GPU/Bluetooth: Improved features: Samsung Galaxy A9 was introduced on 2 December 2015. Since January 2016, Document [129] (Title: Samsung Galaxy A series) Full HD+ display and 16MP+24MP dual camera. Release Dates: 30 October 2014 (A3/A5), 12 January 2015 (A7), 15 July 2015 (A8) OS Versions: CPU/GPU/Bluetooth: Improved features: The Samsung Galaxy A3 (2015) was announced on October 2014 and released on December 2014. It is considered as a successor to the Samsung Galaxy Alpha. Its specifications include a 4.5 inch qHD display, a 8MP back and a 5MP front camera, an 64-bit octa-core Qualcomm Snapdragon 410 chipset, 1 or 1.5GB of RAM and a 1900mAh battery. It comes shipped with Android 4.4.4 "KitKat". An update to Android 5.0.2 "Lollipop" started rolling out Document [130] (Title: Samsung Galaxy) 2014 2015 2016 2018 2013 2014 2011 2012 Samsung Galaxy Trend Series 2013 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 The first device in the Samsung Galaxy Y series was the Samsung Galaxy Y, which was released in 2011. In 2013, its successor, the Samsung Galaxy Young, was released. That was then succeeded by the Samsung Galaxy Young 2, which was released in 2014. Samsung announced the Samsung Galaxy Gear, a smartwatch running Android 4.3, on 4 September 2013. The Galaxy Gear was Samsung's only smartwatch to feature "Galaxy" branding; later Samsung smartwatches use the Samsung Gear branding. In Document [131] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S III) 16.2 million units. Analysts deduced that the slump in iPhone sales was due to customers' anticipation of the iPhone 5. By May 2014, the S III had sold approximately 60 million units since its 2012 release. In April 2015, the total sales number was reported as 70 million. On 11 October 2012 Samsung unveiled the Galaxy S III Mini, a smartphone with lower specifications compared to the S III. The reception of the S III has been particularly positive. Critics noted the phone's blend of features, such as its S Voice application, display, processing speed, and dimensions as having an Document [132] (Title: Samsung Telecommunications) that its new mobile phone, with its sophisticated design and distinguished functionality, would help it do just that. Samsung was granted the "Best Manufacturer" award twice by the Mobile News Awards, an award that was previously given to Nokia and Ericsson. Samsung introduced its first mobile phone to India in 2004. In 2008, Samsung Electronics' Telecommunication Business declared its new business strategy focusing on consumer and marketing. Samsung mobile phones are divided into 6 major categories – Style, Infotainment, Multimedia, Connected, Essential and Business. The SGH-P250 and SGH-J165 were the last phone models sold worldwide, outside North America, that used Document [133] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S5) the previous S4 model, prompting management changes at Samsung. Samsung Galaxy S5 The Samsung Galaxy S5 is an Android smartphone produced by Samsung Electronics. Unveiled on 24 February 2014 at Mobile World Congress in Barcelona, Spain, it was released on 11 April 2014 in 150 countries as the immediate successor to the Galaxy S4. As with the S4, the S5 is an evolution of the prior year's model, placing a particular emphasis on an improved build with a textured rear cover and IP67 certification for dust and water resistance, a more refined user experience, new security features such as a Document [134] (Title: Samsung Galaxy A series) UI. Several updates were made throughout the world and in April 2015, Android 5.0.2 "Lollipop" was made available through an OTA update. In December 2014, 3 months after the release of the Galaxy Alpha, Samsung planned to end production of the Alpha in favor of its successor, the similarly-designed, but more competitively-priced Galaxy A series. Samsung's new design philosophy would be fully realized by its 2015 flagship, the Galaxy S6, which combined a unibody metal frame with a glass backing. In March 2015, Samsung introduced the Galaxy Tab A series with 8.0 inch and 9.7 inch displays, a S Pen Question: when did the first galaxy phone come out Answer: June 2010 Long Answer: The Samsung Galaxy S is a touchscreen - enabled, slate - format Android smartphone designed, developed, and marketed by Samsung Electronics . It is the first device of the third Android smartphone series produced by Samsung . It was announced to the press in March 2010 and released for sale in June 2010. Gold Document ID: 120

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S) Android 2.3 "Gingerbread" is available as an official carrier upgrade, while it is possible to upgrade to Android 4.4 ("KitKat") with Cyanogenmod. The Verizon Stratosphere (SCH-I405) is similar to the Epic 4G. Main differences are an upgraded 1.3 MP front camera, 4G LTE support and no message LED. The US Cellular Metrix (SCH-I405U) adds several bands to the LTE support. All models were released with Android 2.3. The MetroPCS variant (SCH-R910) was released on February 21, 2011, for the United States. It was the first LTE smartphone at the time of its release. The Indulge shrinks the screen size from Document [2] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S II) million after 5 months. Partially owing to strong sales of Samsung's Galaxy range of smartphones, Samsung overtook Apple in smartphone sales during Q3 2011, with a total market share of 23.8%, compared to Apple's 14.6%. The successor to the Galaxy S II was the Galaxy S III, unveiled in London on 3 May 2012 and commencing sales on 29 May 2012 with 10 million reported pre-orders. Samsung Galaxy S II The Samsung Galaxy S II is a touchscreen-enabled, slate-format Android smartphone designed, developed, and marketed by Samsung Electronics. It has additional software features, expanded hardware, and a redesigned physique compared Document [3] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S6) later on the bigger S6 Edge+), a variant whose screen is wrapped along the sides of the device; the curvature is usable for several additional features. The Galaxy S6 and S6 Edge were first released on April 10 2015 in 20 while the S6 Edge+ was released on August 21 2015. Although the overall design of the Galaxy S6 still features some similarities to prior models, the construction of the device itself was revamped, with a metal unibody frame and glass backing instead of plastic. The devices also introduced an improved camera, a streamlined user interface, support for major wireless Document [4] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S III) processor, Android customizability, and a multitude of connectivity options. The S III was the first Android phone to have a higher launch price than the iPhone 4S when the Apple product was released in 2011. With the S III, Tim Weber, business editor of the BBC, observed, "With the new Galaxy S3 they [Samsung] have clearly managed to move to the front of the smartphone field, ahead of mighty Apple itself." Conversely, reviewers have opined on the design and feel of phone, calling its polycarbonate shell "cheap" and having a "slippery feel". The S Voice was described as "not optimised" Document [5] (Title: Samsung Galaxy A8 (2015)) Samsung Galaxy A8 (2015) The Samsung Galaxy A8 (stylized as Samsung GALAXY A) is an Android phablet produced by Samsung Electronics. It was introduced on July 15, 2015. Following its release, the Galaxy A8 is available in Asian and African markets only. The Galaxy A8 is thinner than earlier models from the A-series lineup, measuring in thickness. Other specifications include a 5.7 inch 1080p display, touch based fingerprint sensor,a 16 MP back and a 5MP front camera, an Octa core Exynos 5430 chipset or exynos 5433 chipset or a Snapdragon 615 Chipset, 2GB of RAM and a 3050 mAh battery. Document [6] (Title: Samsung Galaxy Gear) known as the "Galaxy Gear", on September 4, 2013 during a "Samsung Unpacked" event prior to the IFA consumer electronics trade show in Berlin. Samsung was also expected to unveil the Galaxy Note 3 phablet during the event as well. In an interview with the "Korea Times" published on August 27, 2013, Lee Young-hee stated that the Galaxy Gear would "enhance and enrich the current smart mobile experience in many ways", would "lead a new trend in smart mobile communications", and "add meaningful momentum to the mobile industry. Samsung officially unveiled the Galaxy Gear on September 4, 2013, with a Document [7] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S III) previous 46 percent. Within a month of release, Samsung had a 60-percent market share in France, while the company controlled over 50 percent of the German and Italian smartphone markets. Over a similar period the S III helped increase Samsung's market share in the United Kingdom to over 40 percent, while eroding the iPhone 4S's 25 percent to 20 percent in the country. The S III was scheduled to be released in North America on 20 June 2012, but because of high demand, some US and Canadian carriers delayed the release by several days, while some other carriers limited the Document [8] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S series) 9.7 Samsung Galaxy S series The Samsung Galaxy S (Super Smart) series is a line of high-end Android-powered mobile devices produced by Samsung Electronics, a division of Samsung from South Korea. The series consisted initially of smartphones and the first device, the Samsung Galaxy S, was announced in March 2010 and released for sale in June of that year. Since the introduction of the Samsung Galaxy Note in 2011, the Galaxy S line has co-existed with the Galaxy Note line as being Samsung's flagship smartphones. Samsung later expanded the Galaxy S line to tablet computers with the announcement of the Document [9] (Title: Samsung Galaxy A series) Galaxy S7 and the S7 Edge, released in March 2016. In December 2017, Samsung unveiled the 2018 edition of the Galaxy A8 and the plus version, the Galaxy A8+. The newly improved features include the rear-mounted fingerprint scanner, 5.6 inch display and 3000 mAh battery for A8 and 6 inch display and 3500 mAh battery for A8+, dual front camera and Android Nougat with Samsung Experience. The new design of the series are similar to Galaxy S8 and Note 8. Samsung branded its series number as A8 and A8+ instead of A5 (2018) and A7 (2018) in order to synchronize Document [10] (Title: Motorola Mobility) that the Atrix 4G and the Droid Bionic were headed to AT&T and Verizon, respectively, with expected release dates in Q1 of 2011. The Atrix was released on February 22 as the world's first phone with both a Dual-Core Processor and 1 GB of RAM. The phone also had optional peripherals such as a Multimedia Dock and a Laptop Dock which launched a Webtop UI. On February 24, two days after the release of Atrix, the company released Motorola Xoom, the world's first Android 3.0 tablet, and followed it up shortly afterwards with an update to make it the world's Document [11] (Title: AT&T Mobility) 2010, AT&T announced that on March 7, 2010 it would introduce its first smart phone based on Google's Android operating system, the Motorola Backflip. On March 22, 2010, AT&T announced that its second Android handset would be the Dell Aero, a revised version of the Dell Mini 3. However, the second Android phone AT&T released was the HTC Aria which was announced on June 14, 2010 and released on June 20, 2010. The Samsung Captivate, which is part of the Galaxy S family, was released on AT&T's network on July 18, 2010. In addition to devices released on AT&T were Document [12] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S III) patent court trial with Apple, which began on 30 July 2012. Although Apple won the trial, the S III experienced a sales spike because of the public's belief that the phone would be banned. On 31 August 2012, Apple asked the same federal court to add the S III into its existing complaint, believing the device has violated its patents. Samsung countered with the statement: "Apple continues to resort to litigation over market competition in an effort to limit consumer choice." Samsung Galaxy S III The Samsung Galaxy S III (or Galaxy S3) is a Android smartphone designed, developed, and Document [13] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S5) processor clocked at 1.6 GHz. It has 2 GB of RAM, 16 GB of internal storage and comes with Android 6.0.1 "Marshmallow". The Galaxy S5 was unveiled on 24 February 2014 as part of the company's presentation at Mobile World Congress in Barcelona, Spain. Samsung Electronics president JK Shin explained that consumers did not want a phone dependent on "eye-popping" or "complex" technology, but one with "beautiful design and performance", a "simple, yet powerful camera", "faster and seamless connectivity", and fitness-oriented features. Samsung announced that it would release the S5 on 11 April 2014 in 150 countries—including the United Kingdom Document [14] (Title: Samsung SGH R220) Samsung SGH R220 Samsung SGH R220 was one of the earliest phones made by Samsung Group. The phone was officially announced by the South Korean giant in January 2001. The dual-band GSM [900/1800] 2G network-equipped phone had single SIM functionality and it came with a WAP 1.1 inbuilt web browser. The phone came in three colors – Dark Gray, Green and Navy Blue. The SGH R220 featured a monochrome graphics display with resolution of 128 X 64, blue back-lighting and dynamic font sizes. In addition to downloadable monophonic ringtones, it had a built-in ringtone composer. The phone did not come Document [15] (Title: Samsung Galaxy Prevail) Samsung Galaxy Prevail Samsung Galaxy Prevail is an Android smartphone with 4.5 inch display, announced on April 5, 2011, for $180. It was the first Samsung Galaxy phone sold by Boost Mobile and is part of the Samsung Galaxy family, although it does not include Samsung's TouchWiz user interface. Its model number is SPH-M820. It was sold exclusively by Boost Mobile. It has 2MP camera, GPS, Bluetooth, WiFi and supports up to 32GB microSD memory cards. It is powered by a Qualcomm 800 MHz MSM7000 chip. It shipped with Android 2.2 Froyo. Through firmware updates, it now runs KitKat 4.4 Document [16] (Title: Galaxy 1) Galaxy 1 Galaxy 1 was the first in a line of Galaxy communications satellites launched by Hughes Communications in 1983. It helped fill a hole in satellite broadcasting bandwidth created by the loss of RCA's Satcom 3 in 1979. Unlike satellite owners RCA and Western Union, Hughes did not lease time on their transponders in the fashion of a common carrier, but instead sold transponders outright to content providers. This created a stable lineup of content attractive enough for cable providers to dedicate earth station receivers to it full-time. Among the services on Galaxy 1 by mid-1984: HBO, Cinemax, The Document [17] (Title: Samsung Galaxy Note II) Note 3, on September 4, 2013. The Galaxy Note II was unveiled at IFA Berlin on August 29, 2012, and released in multiple markets at the beginning of October 2012. Samsung sold more than 3 million units within the first 37 days and it crossed 5 million in two months of its release. In December 2012, Samsung began rolling out an update to Android 4.1.2 "Jelly Bean" for the device. In April 2014, Samsung began rolling out an update to Android 4.4.2 "KitKat" for the device. Samsung Nordic has stated several times, including on their official page that both the Document [18] (Title: Subscription television in Australia) Stan and Quickflix. Galaxy was the first provider of subscription television in Australia, launching a MMDS service on 26 January 1995. Originally Premier Sports Network was the only local channel to be fully operational, with Showtime and Encore launching in March. They were later joined in April by TV1, Arena, Max, Red and Quest. A satellite service was launched later in the year. Optus Vision launched their cable service on 19 September followed by Foxtel on 22 October. Northgate Communications launched their service on 13 March 1997. It was later acquired by Neighbourhood Cable. Galaxy was closed on 20 May Document [19] (Title: Samsung Galaxy (original)) Samsung Galaxy (original) The Samsung GT-I7500 Galaxy is a mobile phone manufactured by Samsung that uses the open source Android operating system. It was announced on 27 April 2009 and was released on 29 June 2009 as the first Android-powered device from Samsung Mobile, and the first in what would become the long Galaxy series. It is succeeded by the Samsung i5700 Galaxy Spica. The Galaxy is a smartphone, offering quad-band GSM and announced with tri-band HSDPA (900/1700/2100) at 7.2Mbit/s (however, Samsung's official pages for the Danish, Finnish, Norwegian and Swedish versions only mention dual-band UMTS 900/2100). The phone features Document [20] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S III) this was "the first time anything other than an Apple product has sparked such a selling frenzy." The S III was released in 28 countries in Europe and the Middle East on 29 May 2012. To showcase its flagship device, Samsung afterwards embarked on a global month-long tour of the S III to nine cities, including Sydney, New Delhi, and cities in China, Japan, South Korea and the United States. The S III has helped Samsung consolidate its market share in several countries including India, where Samsung expected to capture 60 percent of the country's smartphone market, improving on its Document [21] (Title: Samsung Galaxy A5 (2017)) when the device is in standby. Following the unveiling, Samsung announced that they will sell up to 20 million smartphones, targeting Western and Eastern Europe, Africa, Asia and Latin America. Unlike its predecessors, the Galaxy A5 (2017) will not be coming to the United States. However, the Galaxy A5 (2017) is going to be sold in Canada, unlike the 2016 edition. Samsung Galaxy A5 (2017) The Samsung Galaxy A5 (2017) is an Android smartphone produced by Samsung Electronics. It was announced on January 2, 2017, along with Samsung Galaxy A3 (2017) and Samsung Galaxy A7 (2017). This move marks Samsung's Document [22] (Title: Boost Mobile) with the iPhone 5c; set to be available in select stores on November 8, 2013. In addition, the iPhone 4S was also made available. On May 19, 2014, Boost Mobile released the Samsung Galaxy S5 at a starting price of $599 USD, making it the first flagship smartphone to be released along with the same time frame as contract phone companies. On December 23, 2014, Boost Mobile released the Lumia 635, its first smartphone using Microsoft's Windows Phone mobile operating system. On July 14, 2015, Boost Mobile launched the NETGEAR Fuse along with no-contract Wi-Fi Hotspot plans, its first Mobile Document [23] (Title: Samsung Galaxy A5 (2015)) to the nature UX 3.5 and 4.0 user interfaces from the Note 4 and Galaxy S5, but features newer 'squircle' icons introduced in the Note 5. This is considered to be the last major Android update for the phone, following Google and Samsung's 2 year software support policy. Samsung Galaxy A5 (2015) The Samsung Galaxy A5 is an Android smartphone produced by Samsung Electronics. Serving as a premium upper mid-range device, it was introduced on 30 October 2014, along with the smaller and related Samsung Galaxy A3 (2015) and larger Samsung Galaxy A7 (2015) introduced later in January 2015. The Document [24] (Title: Samsung Galaxy A series) stylus, as well as preloaded Microsoft applications. The S Pen feature on the Galaxy Tab A series, makes the first Samsung Galaxy device to be equipped with the Samsung stylus outside of the Note series. In September 2015, the Samsung Galaxy Tab S2 8.0 and 9.7 tablets were released, featuring a premium chamfered metal design similar to the first generation Galaxy A series phones. In December 2015, Samsung unveiled the 2016 edition of the Galaxy A series. New features include metal and glass buildup, NFC which supports Samsung Pay, Samsung's Adaptive Fast charging feature and increased battery life. The Galaxy Document [25] (Title: Personal Communications Devices) smart phone available on the market at that time. It began as the cellphone division of Audiovox in 1984, and was acquired by UTStarcom in 2004. In 2008, it became a privately owned company. The company worked with global manufacturers including Fujitsu, Huawei, Netgear, Sharp, Wistron Corporation, and ZTE; has partnerships with wireless service providers throughout the Americas including AT&T, T-Mobile, Sprint, Verizon, Virgin Mobile, Cricket, U.S. Cellular, Clear, C Spire, Telus, Claro, Cox Communications, Movilnet, Iusacell, Telefónica, Digicel, MTS and Centennial; and has introduced several first-to-market cellular devices within its 25-year history, including the introduction of the first smart Document [26] (Title: Samsung Galaxy Alpha) 2014, Kim Hyun-joon, senior vice president of Samsung's mobile business, told investors that the company was planning to release a major new device incorporating "new materials" by the end of 2014. Critics interpreted his statement as signs that the company was planning to make a metal smartphone, but that it could also be a new entry in the Galaxy Note series. On August 13, 2014, Samsung officially unveiled the Galaxy Alpha. Samsung Electronics CEO JK Shin explained that the Alpha was "built and designed based on the specific desires of the consumer market." The company touted that the Galaxy Alpha Document [27] (Title: Samsung Telecommunications) 1983 it initiated its mobile telecommunications business with the hope that this would become the company's future growth engine. In 1986, Samsung was able to release its first built-in car phone, the SC-100, but it was a failure due to the poor quality. In spite of unsuccessful result Ki Tae Lee, the then-head of the Wireless Development Team, decided to stay in the mobile business. He asked the company to buy ten Motorola mobile phones for benchmarking. After 2 years of R&D Samsung developed its first mobile phone (or "hand phone" in Korea), the SH-100 in 1988. It was the Document [28] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S III) Samsung Galaxy S III The Samsung Galaxy S III (or Galaxy S3) is a Android smartphone designed, developed, and marketed by Samsung Electronics. Launched in 2012, it had sold about 70 million units by 2015. It has additional software features, expanded hardware, and a redesigned physique from its predecessor, the Samsung Galaxy S II. The "S III" employs an intelligent personal assistant (S Voice), eye-tracking ability, and increased storage. Although a wireless charging option was announced, it never came to fruition. However, there are third party kits which add support for wireless charging. Depending on country, the smartphone comes with Document [29] (Title: Samsung Galaxy A series) Middle East and Latin America. As of 2018, most of the Galaxy A series models are currently available to most countries. Galaxy Tab A is also part of the A series and sold to most countries as well. The Samsung Galaxy A series' precursor, called the Galaxy Alpha, was introduced on 13 August 2014 and released in September 2014. A high-end device, the Galaxy Alpha is Samsung's first smartphone to incorporate a metallic frame and more premium materials, although the remainder of its physical appearance still resembles previous models such as the Galaxy S5. It also incorporates the Qualcomm Snapdragon Document [30] (Title: Samsung Galaxy Tab series) was introduced on 2 September 2010 at the IFA in Berlin. The Galaxy Tab was the first Android-powered tablet to be released. It has a single-core 1 GHz Exynos processor, and a 7-inch TFT LCD display with a resolution of 1024 x 600 pixels. Its operating system is based on Android 2.2 Froyo with some custom skins and applications. In May 2011 it was reported that Android Gingerbread 2.3.3 was being made available in Italy, with other regions expected to follow. Several updates were made throughout the world and in February 2012 Android Gingerbread 2.3.6 was made available. During the Document [31] (Title: Samsung Galaxy Tab 7.0) for the GSM version, in Japan under contract with NTT Docomo and in Singapore which was released exclusively with Singtel on 13 November 2010. The Samsung Galaxy Tab was released South Korea on 3 November 2010, delayed from the original release date of 14 October. The Samsung Galaxy Tab was released on 26 November 2010. The Samsung Galaxy Tab released on 22 December 2010. It is available without a contract from Mobilink as well as in the open market. Samsung launched the Galaxy Tab in India on 10 November 2010. The Samsung Galaxy Tab was released on 8 November 2010. Document [32] (Title: Galaxy (Australian television)) movie channels ran as Showtime Australia until 2012, when it merged with the Movie Network to become Foxtel Movies. Galaxy (Australian television) Galaxy is a former provider of pay television programming in Australia via satellite and wireless cable (microwave) delivery methods. Galaxy was founded in 1993, and begin test broadcasting on 1 January 1995 via microwave transmission, making it the first provider of pay-TV services in the country. It was officially launched on Australia Day (26 January). Galaxy was a joint venture between Continental Century Pay-TV and Australis Media. Each held licenses allowing them to provide four channels of satellite Document [33] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S4) slower than expected. The S4 sold 4 million in 4 days and 10 million in 27 days making it the then fastest selling smartphone in Samsung's history (this has been eclipsed by the Galaxy S5). The Galaxy S III sold 4 million units in 21 days, the Galaxy S II took 55 days and the Galaxy S took 85 days. Samsung shipped more than 20 million S4 smartphones by June 30, which is around 1.7 times faster than the Galaxy S III. As of October 23, 2013, Samsung has sold over 40 million S4 units six months after release. A Document [34] (Title: Motorola) the Personal Communication Sector (PCS) prior to 2004, it pioneered the "mobile phone" with DynaTAC, "flip phone" with the MicroTAC, as well as the "clam phone" with the StarTAC in the mid-1990s. It had staged a resurgence by the mid-2000s with the Razr, but lost market share in the second half of that decade. Later it focused on smartphones using Google's open-source Android mobile operating system. The first phone to use the newest version of Google's open source OS, Android 2.0, was released on November 2, 2009 as the Motorola Droid (the GSM version launched a month later, in Europe, Document [35] (Title: Samsung Galaxy Grand) with the promise of reliable after-sales service; but otherwise isn't worth twice the cost of budget phablets with similar specs." Samsung Galaxy Grand The Samsung Galaxy Grand is a smartphone developed by Samsung Electronics, first announced on December 18, 2012. The phone has a dual core Cortex-A9 1.2 GHz processor and a RAM of 1 GB, with an internal memory of 8 GB which can be extended to another 64 GB by use of microSD cards. The device also supports internet connectivity through 2G and 3G, apart from Wi-Fi. Navigation systems including A-GPS and GLONASS with Google Maps. The phone Document [36] (Title: Galaxy Nexus) Google Nexus brands of Android smartphones. The device is known as the Galaxy X in Brazil, however, due to a trademark on the "Nexus" brand. The Galaxy Nexus was unveiled jointly by Google and Samsung on 19 October 2011 in Hong Kong. It was released in Europe on 17 November 2011. It is one of the few phones recommended by the Android Open Source Project for building Android from source. By 29 October 2012, the Galaxy Nexus was no longer available for sale on the Google Play Store, following the release of its successor, the LG Nexus 4. Google's plans Document [37] (Title: Samsung Telecommunications) first mobile phone to be designed and manufactured in Korea. But the perception of mobile devices was very low and although Samsung introduced new models every year, each model sold only one or two thousand units. In 1993 it was decided that the development team should focus on improving connectivity due to specific mountain topography of Korea. They found the optimal length of a mobile phone antenna and developed a method of using gold to connect the point between the antenna and the communication circuits, thus significantly reducing resistance and enabling steadier wave conductivity. They also developed the wave-searching software Document [38] (Title: Samsung Galaxy) TouchWiz). However, The Galaxy TabPro S is the first Galaxy-branded Windows 10 device that was announced in CES 2016 All Galaxy devices starting from the S2 up to present come with a file transfer app (Called Smart Switch) pre-loaded, with no app icon. Since September 2013, model numbers of devices in the Samsung Galaxy series are in the "SM-xxxx" format (excluding the Galaxy J SC-02F). Previously, from 2009 until September 2013, the model numbers were in the "GT-xxxx" format. The Galaxy Note smartphones have been considered the first commercially successful examples of "phablets" line is primarily oriented towards pen computing; Document [39] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S4) standard. The S4 was made available in late April 2013 on 327 carriers in 155 countries. It became Samsung's fastest selling smartphone and eventually Samsung’s best selling smartphone with 20 million sold worldwide in the first two months, and 40 million in the first six months. While some users called all new Galaxy S4 features "innovation", others called them feature creep or just gimmicks. Those features are, for example, "Smart Pause", "Smart Rotation", "Smart Scroll", "Air View", "Air gesture", "Story Album" and "Temperature and humidity sensors". The Galaxy S4's successor, the Samsung Galaxy S5, was announced by Samsung in February Document [40] (Title: Samsung Galaxy A series) a 5.6-inch HD+ (1480×720) Super AMOLED panel and reduced bezels. It has Samsung's Exynos 7870 processor (1.6GHz Octa-core) and 3 to 4GB of RAM. It has a 16MP f/1.7 rear camera and a 16MP f/1.9 selfie camera, both with LED flash. Unlike the A8/A8+, it ships with Android 8.0 "Oreo" (a newer version). The Galaxy A6+ was introduced on 2 May 2018. Its main features are its Infinity Display and its dual camera. The display is a 6-inch Full HD+ (2220×1080) Super AMOLED panel with reduced bezels. It has Qualcomm's Snapdragon 450 processor (1.8GHz Octa-core) and 3 to 4GB of Document [41] (Title: Galaxy (Australian television)) Galaxy (Australian television) Galaxy is a former provider of pay television programming in Australia via satellite and wireless cable (microwave) delivery methods. Galaxy was founded in 1993, and begin test broadcasting on 1 January 1995 via microwave transmission, making it the first provider of pay-TV services in the country. It was officially launched on Australia Day (26 January). Galaxy was a joint venture between Continental Century Pay-TV and Australis Media. Each held licenses allowing them to provide four channels of satellite delivered television Continental Century Pay-TV and Australis Media held exclusive licenses to broadcast pay-TV in Australia via satellite until Document [42] (Title: Samsung Galaxy A3 (2017)) A3 (2017) will not be coming to the United States, China, Malaysia and India. Samsung Galaxy A3 (2017) The Samsung Galaxy A3 (2017) is an Android smartphone produced by Samsung Electronics. It was announced on January 2, 2017, along with Samsung Galaxy A5 (2017) and Samsung Galaxy A7 (2017). This move marks Samsung's first product launch since the discontinuation of the Galaxy Note 7 back on October 2016. The Samsung Galaxy A3 (2017) runs Android 6.0.1 Marshmallow right out-of-the-box and runs on Grace UX interface. The smartphone features an Exynos 7870 SoC consisting of 8 ARM Cortex-A53 backed by the Document [43] (Title: Samsung Electronics) Samsung launched its 55-inch curved OLED TV (model KE55S9C) in the United Kingdom with John Lewis. In October 2013, Samsung disseminated a press release for its curved display technology with the Galaxy Round smartphone model. The press release described the product as the "world's first commercialized full HD Super AMOLED flexible display". The manufacturer explains that users can check information such as time and battery life when the home screen is off, and can receive information from the screen by tilting the device. Samsung's flagship mobile handset line is the Samsung Galaxy S, which many consider a direct competitor of Document [44] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S) XviD, VC-1) and video formats (3GP (MPEG-4), WMV (Advanced Systems Format), AVI (divx), MKV, FLV). At the time of launch, the Galaxy S had Android 2.1 ("Eclair") installed. An official upgrade to Android 2.2 ("Froyo") began rolling out worldwide in November 2010. Canada received the 2.2 upgrade for select carriers on December 10, 2010. According to Samsung the 2.2 upgrade has come to the United States in 2011 for most versions of the handset (AT&T Captivate, Verizon Fascinate, T-mobile Vibrant, Sprint Epic). The 2.2 upgrade was released for T-Mobile on January 20, 2011. It enabled stock Android features that had Document [45] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S5) Samsung Galaxy S5 The Samsung Galaxy S5 is an Android smartphone produced by Samsung Electronics. Unveiled on 24 February 2014 at Mobile World Congress in Barcelona, Spain, it was released on 11 April 2014 in 150 countries as the immediate successor to the Galaxy S4. As with the S4, the S5 is an evolution of the prior year's model, placing a particular emphasis on an improved build with a textured rear cover and IP67 certification for dust and water resistance, a more refined user experience, new security features such as a fingerprint reader and private mode, expanded health features (such Document [46] (Title: Samsung Galaxy A5 (2016)) A5 (2016) was released in China on December 15, 2015. As of April 2016, the Samsung Galaxy A5 (2016) is now available in Europe, Africa, Latin America and Asia. As of May 18, 2016, the phone has been introduced to North America. The Samsung Galaxy A5 (2017) was announced a few days into 2017. Samsung Galaxy A5 (2016) Samsung Galaxy A5 (2016) is an Android smartphone manufactured by Samsung Electronics. It was introduced and released in December, 2015, along with Samsung Galaxy A3 (2016), Samsung Galaxy A7 (2016), and Samsung Galaxy A9 (2016). The Samsung Galaxy A5 (2016) system on Document [47] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S II) The SK Telecom variant of the Galaxy S II (Model SHW-M250S) uses the SK-MMS system instead of the OMA-MMS system for multimedia messaging. Additional features for SK Telecom users are installed by default. AT&T Mobility began offering its first variant of the Galaxy S II (Model SGH-I777) on 2 October 2011. Prior to its release, AT&T Mobility's first variant of the device was code named "Attain" by Samsung. The AT&T Mobility variant maintains the 4.3 inch display of the international version, but features four capacitive buttons. It also includes NFC capability. AT&T Mobility introduced a second variant of the device Document [48] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S) Samsung Galaxy S The Samsung Galaxy S is a touchscreen-enabled, slate-format Android smartphone designed, developed, and marketed by Samsung Electronics. It is the first device of the third Android smartphone series produced by Samsung. It was announced to the press in March 2010 and released for sale in June 2010. The Galaxy S is produced in over two dozen variations. The international 'GT-I9000' reference version features a 1 GHz ARM "Hummingbird" processor, a PowerVR graphics processor, 2 or 4 GB of internal flash memory, a 480×800 pixel Super AMOLED capacitive touchscreen display, Wi-Fi connectivity, a 5-megapixel primary camera and a Document [49] (Title: Samsung Telecommunications) first foray into the global market in 1996, when it exported its PCS phones to Sprint, an American CDMA carrier. Sprint signed $600 million contract with Samsung, under which Samsung would provide its PCS phones to Sprint for three years under the co-branded name "Sprint-Samsung". After this Samsung expanded into Hong Kong (Huchinson, CDMA) in 1997, and Brazil (TELESP and TELERJ, CDMA) in 1998. After successfully exporting to Brazil, Samsung built a mobile phone production facility in Brazil in 1998, in the hopes of expanding into Latin America. In 1999, Samsung accounted for more than 50% of share in the Document [50] (Title: Samsung Galaxy A5 (2017)) Samsung Galaxy A5 (2017) The Samsung Galaxy A5 (2017) is an Android smartphone produced by Samsung Electronics. It was announced on January 2, 2017, along with Samsung Galaxy A3 (2017) and Samsung Galaxy A7 (2017). This move marks Samsung's first product launch since the discontinuation of the Galaxy Note 7 back on October 2016. The Samsung Galaxy A5 (2017) runs Android 6.0.1 Marshmallow right out-of-the-box and runs on Grace UX interface, but was updated during August 2017 to Android 7.0 Nougat and once again in April 2018 to run Android 8.0.0 Oreo. The smartphone features an Exynos 7880 SoC consisting Document [51] (Title: Motorola Droid) out within 3 hours of its debut. The sell-out was considered a major victory for Motorola, which has had little success with its prior Windows Mobile-based phones, and had been counting on Android-based phones for future growth. The phone was launched in the Middle East in 2010, however it included a serious limitation as Google prohibited access to its Android Market application for most of Middle Eastern countries. No reasonable alternative was provided by Google. The Milestone was launched in Hong Kong on December 21, 2009, as the sixth Android device in the region for HKD 4,680 with an 8 Document [52] (Title: Mobilicity) half to $300 by Q3 2012. The first Windows Phone sold by Mobilicity was the Nokia Lumia 710, released on May 17, 2012 and discontinued in Q3 2012. The BlackBerry Curve 9320 was released on June 6, 2012 and the Samsung Galaxy S III was released on June 27, 2012. On April 1, Mobilicity changed its plans and website, which remain available to this day. Variants of the 50% off sale for monthly plans were reintroduced in 2012 during the months of May, September, November and December. October 2012 saw the addition of 24-month multi-month discounts and, on October 30, Document [53] (Title: HTC First) First. Both Facebook Home and the HTC First were unveiled at a Facebook news conference held the following day on April 4, 2013. AT&T exclusively released the device in the United States on April 12, 2013. The HTC First is a mid-range smartphone which uses a dual-core, 1.4 GHz Qualcomm Snapdragon 400 processor with support for LTE, a 2000 mAh battery, 1 GB of RAM and 16 GB of non-expandable storage. The First uses a 4.3-inch 720p Super LCD display, and includes a 5-megapixel rear-facing camera, and a 1.6-megapixel front-facing camera. The HTC First's exterior uses a rounded, minimal design Document [54] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S III) Prior to release, 9 million pre-orders were placed by more than 100 carriers globally. The S III was released by approximately 300 carriers in nearly 150 countries at the end of July 2012. More than 20 million units of the S III were sold within the first 100 days of release and more than 50 million until April 2013. Because of overwhelming demand and a manufacturing problem with the blue variant of the phone, there was an extensive shortage of the S III, especially in the United States. Nevertheless, the S III was well-received commercially and critically, with some technology Document [55] (Title: Samsung Galaxy A series) Samsung Galaxy A series The Samsung Galaxy A series (meaning "Alpha") is a line of upper mid-range Android smartphones manufactured by Samsung Electronics. The Galaxy A series is similar to the flagship Galaxy S series, but with lower specifications and features. The first model in the series, the Samsung Galaxy Alpha was released in stores on September 2014, followed by Samsung Galaxy A3 and A5, that were first introduced on December 2014. Following the announcement of the 2017 series, Samsung announced that they will sell up to 20 million Galaxy A series smartphones, targeting consumers in Europe, Africa, Asia, the Document [56] (Title: Samsung Galaxy A series) market. Its main feature is its Infinity Display, which uses a 6-inch Full HD+ (2160×1080) PLS TFT LCD display rather than AMOLED display. It has Qualcomm's Snapdragon 660 processor and 6 GB of RAM. It has a dual rear camera, with a 12MP main module and a 5MP depth sensor. The front camera is 12MP. The Galaxy A9s was released on 24 October 2018, in conjunction with the Galaxy A6s for the China market. It is similar in design and specifications to the Galaxy A9. The Galaxy A8s was introduced on 10 December 2018 for the Chinese Market. It features Document [57] (Title: Phablet) the Galaxy Note had sold 1 million units in two months. In February 2012, Samsung debuted a Note version with LTE support. By August 2012, the Note had sold 10 million units worldwide. In late 2012, Samsung introduced the Galaxy Note II, featuring a 1.6 GHz quad-core processor, a screen and the ability to run two applications at once via a split-screen view. The Note II also incorporated a refreshed hardware design based on the Galaxy S III, with a narrower, smoother body. International sales of the Galaxy Note II reached 5 million in two months. The 2012 LG Optimus Document [58] (Title: Samsung Galaxy A7 (2017)) Samsung Galaxy A7 (2017) The Samsung Galaxy A7 (2017) is an Android high to midrange smartphone produced by Samsung Electronics. It was announced on January 2, 2017, along with Samsung Galaxy A3 (2017) and Samsung Galaxy A5 (2017). This move marks Samsung's first product launch since the discontinuation of the Galaxy Note 7 back on October 2016. The Samsung Galaxy A7 (2017) runs Android 6.0 Marshmallow out-of-the-box and runs on Grace UX interface (and upgradable to Android 7.0 "Nougat" and Android 8.0 "Oreo" with Samsung Experience 8.1 and 9.0 respectively). The smartphone features an Exynos 7880 SoC consisting of 8 Document [59] (Title: Samsung Galaxy A series) reduced bezels. It features the midrange Qualcomm Snapdragon 660 octa-core chipset (4 2.2GHz performance cores and 4 1.8GHz efficiency cores). It has a dual rear camera with a main 16MP f/1.7 sensor and a secondary 24MP f/1.7 for Samsung's Live Focus bokeh effects. The selfie camera is 24MP f/2.0. The Galaxy A9 was unveiled in 11 October 2018 at an special event in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The Galaxy A9 is expected to be released in November 2018. The Galaxy A9 became the world's first quad rear camera smartphone. The Galaxy A6s was introduced on 24 October 2018 for the China Document [60] (Title: Samsung Galaxy A3 (2017)) Samsung Galaxy A3 (2017) The Samsung Galaxy A3 (2017) is an Android smartphone produced by Samsung Electronics. It was announced on January 2, 2017, along with Samsung Galaxy A5 (2017) and Samsung Galaxy A7 (2017). This move marks Samsung's first product launch since the discontinuation of the Galaxy Note 7 back on October 2016. The Samsung Galaxy A3 (2017) runs Android 6.0.1 Marshmallow right out-of-the-box and runs on Grace UX interface. The smartphone features an Exynos 7870 SoC consisting of 8 ARM Cortex-A53 backed by the Mali-T830 GPU and sports 2 GB of RAM and 16 GB internal storage, expandable Document [61] (Title: Mobile phone features) (2.0), dual line support, infrared, Bluetooth (2.0) and WiFi connectivity, NFC, instant messaging, Internet e-mail and browsing and serving as a wireless modem. The first smartphone was the Nokia 9000 Communicator in 1996 which added PDA functionality to the basic mobile phone at the time. As miniaturization and increased processing power of microchips has enabled ever more features to be added to phones, the concept of the smartphone has evolved, and what was a high-end smartphone five years ago, is a standard phone today. Several phone series have been introduced to address a given market segment, such as the RIM Document [62] (Title: Samsung Galaxy A7 (2018)) release in other countries. Samsung Galaxy A7 (2018) The Samsung Galaxy A7 (2018) is a midrange Android smartphone produced by Samsung Electronics as part of the Samsung Galaxy A series. It was announced on 20 September 2018 as the successor to the Samsung Galaxy A7 (2017). The A7 (2018) is the first triple camera smartphone produced by Samsung, featuring 3 different camera on the rear. It features a 6 inch Super AMOLED Infinity Display with curved edges similar to the Samsung Galaxy A8 (2018), a side mounted fingerprint sensor on the power button and Dolby Atmos immersive sound technology. The Document [63] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S8) Samsung Galaxy S8 The Samsung Galaxy S8, Samsung Galaxy S8+ (shortened to S8 and S8+, respectively) and Samsung Galaxy S8 Active are Android smartphones (with the S8+ being the phablet smartphone) produced by Samsung Electronics as the eighth generation of the Samsung Galaxy S series. The S8 and S8+ were unveiled on 29 March 2017 and directly succeeded the Samsung Galaxy S7 and S7 edge, with a North American release on 21 April 2017 and international rollout throughout April and May. The S8 Active was announced on 8 August 2017 and is exclusive to certain U.S. cellular carriers. The S8 Document [64] (Title: Samsung Galaxy J1) later, the Samsung Galaxy J1 Mini was released, and 4 months later, the Ace Neo edition of the phone was unveiled. Then in November of the same year, the Samsung Galaxy J1 Nxt Prime was presented in stores. Finally, the Samsung Galaxy J1 Mini Prime was unveiled and released on December 2016, and the Samsung Galaxy J2 became its main successor. Samsung Galaxy J1 Samsung Galaxy J1 is an Android smartphone developed by Samsung Electronics and was released in February 2015. The phone has 4 GB of storage, 512 MB of RAM, and a Dual-core 1.2 GHz Cortex-A7 CPU. As Document [65] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S4) Samsung Galaxy S4 The Samsung Galaxy S4 is an Android smartphone produced by Samsung Electronics and was first shown publicly on March 14, 2013 at Samsung Mobile Unpacked in New York City. It is the successor to the Galaxy S III which maintains a similar design, but with upgraded hardware and an increased focus on software features that take advantage of its hardware capabilities—such as the ability to detect when a finger is hovered over the screen, and expanded eye tracking functionality. A hardware variant of the S4 became the first smartphone to support the emerging LTE Advanced mobile network Document [66] (Title: Samsung Galaxy A9 (2018)) Samsung Galaxy A9 (2018) The Samsung Galaxy A9 (2018) is a midrange Android smartphone produced by Samsung Electronics as part of the Samsung Galaxy A series. It was announced on 11 October 2018 at the 4x fun event in Malaysia, as the successor to the Samsung Galaxy A9 (2016). The A9 (2018) is the first quad camera smartphone in the world, featuring 4 different camera on the rear. It features a 6.3 inch Super AMOLED Infinity Display with curved edges similar to the Samsung Galaxy A8 (2018), and support for Dolby Atmos immersive sound technology The A9 (2018) features a Document [67] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S II) usage, or two days of lighter usage. According to Samsung, the Galaxy S II is capable of providing 9 hours of talk time on 3G and 18.3 hours on 2G. The Galaxy S II was popular and a huge success both critically and commercially, selling 3 million units within its first 55 days on the market. It was succeeded by the Samsung Galaxy S III in May 2012. The Galaxy S II was given worldwide release dates starting from May 2011, by more than 140 vendors in some 120 countries. On May 9, 2011, Samsung announced that they had received Document [68] (Title: Samsung Galaxy A5 (2015)) Samsung Galaxy A5 (2015) The Samsung Galaxy A5 is an Android smartphone produced by Samsung Electronics. Serving as a premium upper mid-range device, it was introduced on 30 October 2014, along with the smaller and related Samsung Galaxy A3 (2015) and larger Samsung Galaxy A7 (2015) introduced later in January 2015. The Samsung Galaxy A5 (2016) is a successor to the Samsung Galaxy A5 (2015) edition, featuring a revised metal and glass build that debuted with the Galaxy S6. Samsung's Galaxy A5 runs on Marshmallow 6.0.1. Samsung Galaxy A5's system-on chip is Qualcomm Snapdragon 410, which is a 64-bit 1.2 Document [69] (Title: Motorola DynaTAC) 8000s, and continuing with periodic updates of increasing frequency until 1993's Classic II. The DynaTAC was replaced in most roles by the much smaller Motorola MicroTAC when it was first introduced in 1989, and by the time of the Motorola StarTAC's release in 1996, it was obsolete. The first cellular phone was the culmination of efforts begun at Bell Labs, which first proposed the idea of a cellular system in 1947, and continued to petition the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for channels through the 1950s and 1960s, and research conducted at Motorola. In 1960, electrical engineer John F. Mitchell, became Document [70] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S6) teased in a promotional webpage released by T-Mobile US on 22 February 2015, which showed a curved body and carried the tagline "Six Appeal". Samsung officially unveiled the Galaxy S6 and S6 Edge during the first "Samsung Unpacked 2015" event at Mobile World Congress on 1 March 2015, for a release on 10 April 2015 in 20 countries. In Japan, the S6 and S6 Edge are marketed solely under the Galaxy brand, with most references to Samsung removed; sales of Samsung phones have been impacted by historical relations between Japan and South Korea, and a Samsung spokesperson stated that the Document [71] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S II) Samsung Galaxy S II The Samsung Galaxy S II is a touchscreen-enabled, slate-format Android smartphone designed, developed, and marketed by Samsung Electronics. It has additional software features, expanded hardware, and a redesigned physique compared to its predecessor, the Samsung Galaxy S. The S II was launched with Android 2.3 "Gingerbread", with updates to Android 4.1.2 "Jelly Bean". Samsung unveiled the S II on 13 February 2011 at the Mobile World Congress (MWC) in Barcelona. It was one of the slimmest smartphones of the time, mostly 8.49 mm thick, except for two small bulges which take the maximum thickness of the Document [72] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S8) and Taiwan. On 28 April, they were made available in the United Kingdom, Australia, Ireland, and Russia. followed by Singapore one day later. On 5 May, they were made available in Malaysia. New Zealand, India, the Philippines, and Thailand. followed by Brazil on 12 May. On 25 May, they were made available in China, and Hong Kong. On 8 June, they were made available in Japan. In July 2017, pictures of the Galaxy S8 Active were leaked on Reddit, and the following month, AT&T "accidentally" confirmed its existence through a document in a promotional campaign. It officially became available for Document [73] (Title: Samsung Galaxy A7 (2016)) rest of Europe. While the predecessor, Samsung Galaxy A7 (2015) had broader availability in Europe, this model was never being sold in Europe because it was being deemed too expensive and also due to near-direct competition against Samsung Galaxy S6. Samsung Galaxy A7 (2016) The Samsung Galaxy A7 (2016) is an Android smartphone produced by Samsung Electronics. It was introduced on December 2, 2015, along with Samsung Galaxy A3 (2016), Samsung Galaxy A5 (2016), and Samsung Galaxy A9 (2016) The Samsung Galaxy A7 (2016) runs Android 5.1.1 Lollipop right out-of-the-box and is upgradeable to Android 6.0.1 Marshmallow in the coming Document [74] (Title: Samsung Galaxy A series) as although it did share the same Snapdragon 801 as the Galaxy S5, most earlier phones with the Snapdragon 801 had already been on the market for months and saw price drops. Following its launch, Samsung Electronics CEO JK Shin explained that the Alpha was "built and designed based on the specific desires of the consumer market." The company touted that the Galaxy Alpha would mark a "new design approach" for Samsung's products, and that elements from the Alpha could appear on future Samsung models. Its operating system is based on Android 4.4.4 "KitKat" with its own version of TouchWiz Document [75] (Title: Mobile telephony) little or no consequence," leading it not to attempt to commercialize the invention. The invention earned Joel induction into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2008. The first call on a handheld mobile phone was made on April 3, 1973 by Martin Cooper, then of Motorola to his opposite number in Bell Labs who were also racing to be first. Bell Labs went on to install the first trial cellular network in Chicago in 1978. This trial system was licensed by the FCC to ATT for commercial use in 1982 and, as part of the divestiture arrangements for the Document [76] (Title: Samsung Galaxy A6 / A6+ (2018)) a 3,500 mAh but has no fast charging. On May 1, 2018 CNET spoke positively about the cameras on the phone. CNET described Galaxy A6 and Galaxy A6+ as for users who "like Samsung's designs but aren't all about the cost that comes with the Galaxy S9 and Note 8." Samsung Galaxy A6 / A6+ (2018) Samsung Galaxy A6 and Samsung Galaxy A6+ are Android high to midrange smartphones produced by Samsung Electronics of South Korea. They were announced on 2 May 2018, first released in Europe, Asia, and Latin America the same month, then released in South Korea, Africa, Document [77] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S4) however insist that the complete phone, with the faulty battery, be returned to them so that they in turn can send it to Samsung to consider the claim. Samsung Galaxy S4 The Samsung Galaxy S4 is an Android smartphone produced by Samsung Electronics and was first shown publicly on March 14, 2013 at Samsung Mobile Unpacked in New York City. It is the successor to the Galaxy S III which maintains a similar design, but with upgraded hardware and an increased focus on software features that take advantage of its hardware capabilities—such as the ability to detect when a finger Document [78] (Title: Samsung Galaxy A series) RAM. It has a dual rear camera, with a 16MP f/1.7 sensor and a 5MP f/1.9 sensor. The front camera is 24MP f/1.9. It was rebranded in China as the Galaxy A9 Star Lite in June 2018. The Galaxy A7 was introduced on 20 September 2018. It is the first Samsung phone ever to have three cameras placed on the back of the phone. These cameras include a 24MP wide-angle lens with an f/1.7 aperture, an 8MP ultra-wide angle lens with an f/2.4 aperture and a 13mm field-of-view and a 5MP f/2.4 depth sensor. It is also Samsung's first phone Document [79] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S III) 2 GB of RAM, 64 GB of internal storage, 4G LTE, a screen, an 8-megapixel rear camera, and a thick chassis. Samsung confirmed the existence of the Galaxy S II's successor on 5 March 2012, but it was not until late April 2012 that Samsung's Senior Vice-President Robert Yi confirmed the phone to be called "Samsung Galaxy S III". After inviting reporters in mid-April, Samsung launched the Galaxy S III during the Samsung Mobile Unpacked 2012 event at Earls Court Exhibition Centre, London, United Kingdom, on 3 May 2012, instead of unveiling their products earlier in the year during either Document [80] (Title: Samsung Galaxy A6s) Samsung Galaxy A6s The Samsung Galaxy A6s is a midrange Android smartphone produced by Samsung Electronics as part of the Samsung Galaxy A series. It was introduced on 24 October 2018. It is the first Galaxy smartphone not to be manufactured by Samsung, but by Wingtech. Launched in conjunction with the Samsung Galaxy A9s, it is targeted at the chinese market. Its main feature is its 6 inch LCD Infinity Display with curved edges similar to the Samsung Galaxy A8 (2018). The A6s features a 6.0 inch Full HD+ PLS TFT LCD display with a 18:9 aspect ratio. Unlike previous Document [81] (Title: Samsung Galaxy Prevail) GB RAM, and 8 GB internal storage. Samsung Galaxy Prevail Samsung Galaxy Prevail is an Android smartphone with 4.5 inch display, announced on April 5, 2011, for $180. It was the first Samsung Galaxy phone sold by Boost Mobile and is part of the Samsung Galaxy family, although it does not include Samsung's TouchWiz user interface. Its model number is SPH-M820. It was sold exclusively by Boost Mobile. It has 2MP camera, GPS, Bluetooth, WiFi and supports up to 32GB microSD memory cards. It is powered by a Qualcomm 800 MHz MSM7000 chip. It shipped with Android 2.2 Froyo. Through Document [82] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S III) offered replacement batteries for affected devices. According to an anonymous Samsung official speaking to the "Korea Economic Daily", the S III received more than 9 million pre-orders from 100 carriers during the two weeks following its London unveiling, making it the fastest-selling gadget in history. In comparison, the iPhone 4S received 4 million pre-orders prior to its launch, while Samsung's previous flagship phone, the S II, had 10 million handsets shipped within five months. Within a month of the London unveiling, auction and shopping website eBay noted a 119-percent increase in second-hand Android phone sales. According to an eBay spokesperson, Document [83] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S II) Mobile USA began offering the Galaxy S II 4G on 15 November 2012 for $369.99. In March 2013, the Boost Mobile and Virgin Mobile variants were also updated along with Sprint's to Android 4.1.2 Jelly Bean. T-Mobile USA began taking pre-orders for its variant (Model SGH-T989) of the Galaxy S II on 11 October 2011 and began selling it in stores on 12 October 2011. Prior to its release, T-Mobile's variant of the device was code named "Hercules" by Samsung. The T-Mobile variant has important key differences from the "International" version of the Galaxy S II. The T-Mobile variant uses Document [84] (Title: Mobile phone operator) public commercial mobile phone networks was the ARP network in Finland, launched in 1971. On April 3, 1973, Martin Cooper, a Motorola researcher and executive, made the first analog mobile phone call using a heavy prototype model. He called Dr. Joel S. Engel of Bell Labs. The first commercially automated cellular network (the 1G generation) was launched in Japan by NTT in 1979. The initial launch network covered the full metropolitan area of Tokyo's over 20 million inhabitants with a cellular network of 23 base stations. Within five years, the NTT network had been expanded to cover the whole population Document [85] (Title: Samsung Galaxy A series) a new Infinity-O display, that has a full edge to edge 6.4 inch (2340×1080) PLS TFT LCD display rather than AMOLED display display. A circular hole punched out in the top left of the display for the front camera and the display is notchless. It is the first Galaxy device to not include a headphone jack. Samsung Galaxy A series The Samsung Galaxy A series (meaning "Alpha") is a line of upper mid-range Android smartphones manufactured by Samsung Electronics. The Galaxy A series is similar to the flagship Galaxy S series, but with lower specifications and features. The first model Document [86] (Title: Samsung Galaxy A7 (2017)) was being deemed too expensive and also due to near-direct competition against Samsung Galaxy S7. Samsung will instead sell the Samsung Galaxy A3 (2017) and Samsung Galaxy A5 (2017) to these countries instead. Samsung Galaxy A7 (2017) The Samsung Galaxy A7 (2017) is an Android high to midrange smartphone produced by Samsung Electronics. It was announced on January 2, 2017, along with Samsung Galaxy A3 (2017) and Samsung Galaxy A5 (2017). This move marks Samsung's first product launch since the discontinuation of the Galaxy Note 7 back on October 2016. The Samsung Galaxy A7 (2017) runs Android 6.0 Marshmallow out-of-the-box Document [87] (Title: Universal Display Corporation) Samsung introduced the Galaxy Round smartphone in the Korean market in October 2013. The device features a 1080p screen, measuring , that curves on the vertical axis in a rounded case. The corporation has promoted the following advantages: A new feature called "Round Interaction" that allows users to look at information by tilting the handset on a flat surface with the screen off, and the feel of one continuous transition when the user switches between home screens. In September 2013 Samsung unveiled their Galaxy Gear Smartwatch having a 1.6 inch OLED screen and multiple apps to link the watch to Document [88] (Title: Mobile phone) support a variety of other services, such as text messaging, MMS, email, Internet access, short-range wireless communications (infrared, Bluetooth), business applications, video games, and digital photography. Mobile phones offering only those capabilities are known as feature phones; mobile phones which offer greatly advanced computing capabilities are referred to as smartphones. The first handheld mobile phone was demonstrated by John F. Mitchell and Martin Cooper of Motorola in 1973, using a handset weighing c. 2 kilograms (4.4 lbs). In 1979, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT) launched the world's first cellular network in Japan. In 1983, the DynaTAC 8000x was the first Document [89] (Title: Samsung Galaxy Camera) will be the first 4G LTE camera. The camera was discontinued in 2014. Although the Galaxy Camera started as a single camera, the branded concept was expanded to include multiple iterations of digital camera, with the Android OS being the unifying feature. As of February 2016, the range of galaxy camera includes (and has included): Samsung Galaxy Camera The Samsung Galaxy Camera is a point-and-shoot camera which is an Android based mobile device. Samsung announced the camera in August 2012, with the slogan "Camera. Reborn." The device was officially released on 8 November 2012, with web sales beginning on 7 Document [90] (Title: Dawes Cycles) and is still in production . In 1971, Dawes first "Galaxy" model appeared, fitted with wide-ratio gears and Reynolds 531 tubing. The Galaxy became the benchmark in the English touring bicycle market. By the mid-1970s, the company was still family owned and producing 1000 bicycles a week. Between 1978 and 2001 the company was sold at least five times, passing through the hands of various venture capital and leisure companies. Resultantly, by the mid-1980s, the firm had 50 staff at its dilapidated Tysley factory. After being bought by ATAG of the Netherlands in 1990, the factory was closed down and Document [91] (Title: Samsung Galaxy Note (original)) of 1 June 2012, Samsung announced that 7 million had been shipped. As of 15 August 2012, Samsung announced that 10 million devices had been sold. Samsung Galaxy Note (original) The Samsung Galaxy Note is an Android smartphone produced by Samsung Electronics. Unveiled at IFA Berlin 2011, it was first released in Germany in late October 2011, with other countries following afterwards. The Galaxy Note was distinguished by its unusually large form factor—later referred to using the term "phablet"—which straddled the size of the average smartphone at the time, and that of a small tablet: it features a 5.3-inch display, Document [92] (Title: Samsung Electronics) been in talks for a time, until they finally merged. Samsung Electronics launched its first mobile phone in 1988, in the South Korean market. Sales were initially poor and by the early 1990s, Motorola held a market share of over 60 percent in the country's mobile phone market compared to just 10 percent for Samsung. Samsung's mobile phone division also struggled with poor quality and inferior products until the mid-1990s and exit from the sector was a frequent topic of discussion within the company. Lee Kun-Hee decided that Samsung needed to change strategy. The company shelved the production of many Document [93] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S8) 2017, Galaxy S8 users reported on Reddit that they were unable to receive SMS messages, with no fix available and without any comment from Samsung. Samsung Galaxy S8 The Samsung Galaxy S8, Samsung Galaxy S8+ (shortened to S8 and S8+, respectively) and Samsung Galaxy S8 Active are Android smartphones (with the S8+ being the phablet smartphone) produced by Samsung Electronics as the eighth generation of the Samsung Galaxy S series. The S8 and S8+ were unveiled on 29 March 2017 and directly succeeded the Samsung Galaxy S7 and S7 edge, with a North American release on 21 April 2017 and Document [94] (Title: Samsung Galaxy A8 (2015)) It comes shipped with Android 5.1.1 Lollipop. The Japan KDDI variant includes Oneseg & full Seg TV features while the Korean SK Telecom Variant has a T-DMB feature. Samsung Galaxy A8 (2015) The Samsung Galaxy A8 (stylized as Samsung GALAXY A) is an Android phablet produced by Samsung Electronics. It was introduced on July 15, 2015. Following its release, the Galaxy A8 is available in Asian and African markets only. The Galaxy A8 is thinner than earlier models from the A-series lineup, measuring in thickness. Other specifications include a 5.7 inch 1080p display, touch based fingerprint sensor,a 16 MP back Document [95] (Title: LTE (telecommunication)) vendors and operators with the goal of verifying and promoting the new standard in order to ensure the global introduction of the technology as quickly as possible. The LTE standard was finalized in December 2008, and the first publicly available LTE service was launched by TeliaSonera in Oslo and Stockholm on December 14, 2009, as a data connection with a USB modem. The LTE services were launched by major North American carriers as well, with the Samsung SCH-r900 being the world's first LTE Mobile phone starting on September 21, 2010, and Samsung Galaxy Indulge being the world's first LTE smartphone Document [96] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S series) Samsung Galaxy S series The Samsung Galaxy S (Super Smart) series is a line of high-end Android-powered mobile devices produced by Samsung Electronics, a division of Samsung from South Korea. The series consisted initially of smartphones and the first device, the Samsung Galaxy S, was announced in March 2010 and released for sale in June of that year. Since the introduction of the Samsung Galaxy Note in 2011, the Galaxy S line has co-existed with the Galaxy Note line as being Samsung's flagship smartphones. Samsung later expanded the Galaxy S line to tablet computers with the announcement of the Galaxy Document [97] (Title: Samsung Galaxy A series) February 2015, 2 months after the release of Galaxy A3 (2015) and the Galaxy A5 (2015). Its specifications include a 5.5 inch Full HD display, a 13 MP back and a 5MP front camera, an 64-bit octa-core Exynos 5430 (LTE single-sim model) or Qualcomm Snapdragon 615 (3G/LTE dual-sim model) chipset, 2GB of RAM and a 2600mAh battery. It comes shipped with Android 4.4.4 "KitKat". An update to Android 5.0.2 "Lollipop" started rolling out in May 2015. The Samsung Galaxy A8 was introduced on 15 July 2015 at an event in China. The Galaxy A8 is thinner than earlier models from Document [98] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S) Galaxy S II. In 2012, Samsung introduced the dual SIM version of the Galaxy S, Samsung Galaxy S Duos. The phone was initially launched in Singapore on June 4, 2010. Before the end of its first weekend on sale in Singapore, Samsung tweeted that Singtel, the exclusive carrier to sell the device in Singapore, was sold out of devices. On Friday, June 25, 2010, the phone was launched in Malaysia and South Korea. Overall the launch schedule comprised launches on 110 carriers in 100 countries at the same time. U.S. Variants named as Epic, Vibrant, Fascinate, Captivate, and Mesmerize were Document [99] (Title: Galaxy (Australian television)) 1997. Their main competitors were Foxtel and Optus Vision, both of which operated separate cable networks. The Galaxy channel package was franchised to CETV (Later Austar) and East Coast Television (ECTV) in regional areas. At its peak, there were around 120,000 Galaxy subscribers. The service ceased shortly after Australis Media went into liquidation on 18 May 1998. In January 1992, the Government of Australia called tenders for Australia's first pay-TV licenses. Surprisingly, the first license was purchased not by one of the major media players but by an entrepreneur, Albert Hadid, who quickly onsold it for a rumoured $33 million Document [100] (Title: Samsung Galaxy A series) in May 2015. The Samsung Galaxy A5 (2015) was announced on October 2014 and released on December 2014. It is considered as a successor to the Samsung Galaxy Alpha. Its specifications include a 5.0 inch HD display, a 13 MP back and a 5MP front camera, an 64-bit quad-core Qualcomm Snapdragon 410 chipset, 2GB of RAM and a 2300mAh battery. It comes shipped with Android 4.4.4 "KitKat". An update to Android 5.0.2 "Lollipop" started rolling out in May 2015, and later Android 6.0.1 Marshmallow in August 2016. The Samsung Galaxy A7 (2015) was announced on January 2015 and released on Document [101] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S8) pre-order, exclusively through AT&T, on 8 August 2017, with in-store purchase available 11 August. "VentureBeat" reported in late September that the device would also become available through T-Mobile in November, and Samsung subsequently confirmed both T-Mobile and Sprint availability in early November. The Galaxy S8 and S8+ both feature 1440p OLED displays, with an 18.5:9 (37:18) aspect ratio taller than the ratio used by the majority of smartphones; the S8 has a 5.8-inch panel, while the S8+ uses a larger 6.2-inch panel. The displays on both devices curve along the side bezels of the device, with minimal bezels that Samsung Document [102] (Title: Samsung Galaxy R) Samsung Galaxy R The Samsung Galaxy R (Royal) (I9103) is an Android smartphone that was announced by Samsung on August 10, 2011 as a variant to the Samsung Galaxy S II. The Galaxy R was launched in September 2011 in Taiwan. This mobile set suffered some problems and its production was stopped due to hardware problems. Many people reported that the phone had gone dead, and was not able to boot even after the re-setting the mobile phone and many other issues. Samsung started replacing the Galaxy R Handset with Galaxy S. This problem was specifically noticed in the phones Document [103] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S8) including the lack of physical navigation and home buttons, in which the fingerprint sensor was moved to the back of the phone. Evan Blass tweeted in mid-March about color options for the phones. The Galaxy S8 and S8+ were officially unveiled on 29 March 2017, with pre-orders beginning 30 March and official U.S. release on 21 April 2017. Following Best Buy retail listings in March, Samsung opened pre-orders for unlocked U.S. handsets on 9 May 2017, with availability starting 31 May. The devices have also been released internationally. On 21 April 2017, they were made available in South Korea, Canada, Document [104] (Title: Samsung Galaxy A3 (2016)) (2016)" and "Galaxy A7 (2016)" are available. Related Samsung Galaxy phone models: Samsung Galaxy A3 (2016) Samsung Galaxy A3 (2016) is an Android smartphone produced by Samsung Electronics. It was introduced on December 2, 2015, along with "Galaxy A5 (2016)", "Galaxy A7 (2016)", and "Galaxy A9 (2016)". The 2016-release "Galaxy A3" is equipped with the Exynos 7580 system-on-chip, which has two clusters of four cores, but Samsung decided to lock one cluster for unknown reasons. The device has the same CPU as "Galaxy A5 (2016)", or Qualcomm Snapdragon 410 in select markets, both of which feature a processor with four Document [105] (Title: HTC First) it one of the "Top 10 Tech Failures" of 2013, stating that "like Carrie Underwood in the remade "Sound of Music Live!", the HTC First smartphone started out as an intriguing concept that attempted to shoehorn something very popular (Facebook) into a familiar vehicle (a smartphone). And like that live television event, it wound up being an undeniable disaster." HTC First The HTC First is an Android smartphone released by HTC on April 12, 2013. It was unveiled on April 4, 2013, as part of a press event held by Facebook. Serving as a successor to a pair of Facebook-oriented Document [106] (Title: HTC One (M7)) Sprint and AT&T was criticized, but HTC's placement of carrier apps in their own separate folder in the application drawer was noted. On 23 May 2013, "The Wall Street Journal" reported that sales of the HTC One had reached around 5 million since its launch in March. By comparison, the iPhone 5 sold 5 million units within its first three days of availability and the Galaxy S4 shipped 10 million units within its first month of availability. While not quoting any further numbers, Mark Woodward, president of HTC's North American division, considered the HTC One's launch to have been the Document [107] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S II) globally available on December 12, 2011. On March 13, 2012, Samsung began to roll out upgrades to Android 4.0.3 "Ice Cream Sandwich" through their phone management software KIES to users in South Korea, Hungary, Poland and Sweden. Russian users received the update on July 5, 2012, while the rest of Europe received it on August 1, 2012. In February 2013, Samsung began rolling out an update to Android 4.1.2 "Jelly Bean" for the device. The S II employs the TouchWiz 4.0 user interface, following the same principle as TouchWiz 3.0 found on the Galaxy S, with new improvements, such as Document [108] (Title: Samsung Galaxy Spica) Xvid coded content which makes it the first Android phone that supports this feature. The phone was available in Europe, Asia and Middle East. The i5700 is Samsung's second Android-based handset for Europe. The phone was released on December 2009 in Turkey and is released in Canada on the Rogers Communications network. The Samsung Galaxy Spica has received an update to Android 2.1 as of February 2010. Some phone vendors, such as Three and T-Mobile in the UK, have started shipping the phone with 2.1 preloaded. As of May 2010, phones have started to sell in India and Indonesia with Document [109] (Title: Galaxy Nexus) on O2 and 3 on 17 November 2011. In Germany, the HSPA+ version was sold SIM-unlocked from Vodafone and O2. It launched in December 2011 in Portugal, by Vodafone. In Canada, the device was launched on 8 December 2011. The Canadian model was sold unlocked and supports GSM/UMTS/HSPA/AWS bands. A GSM/UMTS, SIM-unlocked version was officially released in the United States by Google in the Google Play Store. Sprint officially announced the Galaxy Nexus for their network at CES 2012, and was released on 22 April 2012, as one of Sprint Nextel's first LTE smartphones. On 24 April 2012, the Galaxy Document [110] (Title: Samsung Electronics) than 2,800 international patents, making it the largest owner of AMOLED technology patents. Samsung's current AMOLED smartphones use its Super AMOLED trademark, with the Samsung Wave S8500 and Samsung i9000 Galaxy S being launched in June 2010. In January 2011, it announced its Super AMOLED Plus displays – which offer several advances over the older Super AMOLED displays – real stripe matrix (50 percent more sub pixels), thinner form factor, brighter image and an 18 percent reduction in energy consumption. In October 2007, Samsung introducing a ten-millimeter thick, 40-inch LCD television panel, followed in October 2008 by the world's first Document [111] (Title: Samsung Telecommunications) developed its first CDMA mobile phone in March 1996, to coincide with the launch of CDMA service. The first digital handset, the SCH-100, was extra light and slim, and enabled clear voice communication. Before long, Samsung became the leader in the Personal Communications Service (PCS) market. It partnered with KTFreetel and Hansol PCS to provide PCS phones. Its first PCS phone, the SCH-1100, entered the market with innovative features, including a lightweight body, enhanced battery life, and the ability to capture delicate sounds. The design was targeted at the young generation because the young generation had emerged as a large Document [112] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S II) for smartphones in general." "GSMArena" points out minor drawbacks such as an "all-plastic body" and the handset having "no dedicated camera key," but still calls the handset "absurdly powerful" and concluding "we just cannot see beyond the new Samsung flagship if we're to name the ultimate smartphone." After slightly over one month since its debut, more than 1 million units of Samsung Galaxy S II were activated in South Korea. Worldwide, 3 million units were sold in 55 days. 85 days after its first release, Samsung declared global shipments of over 5 million for the Galaxy S II and 10 Document [113] (Title: Samsung Galaxy (original)) version of the Spotify music streaming service is also now available for this phone via the Android Marketplace. Due to a lack of firmware updates, Samsung received criticism from original Galaxy users. For some countries, Samsung updated the Galaxy's firmware to Donut (1.6). Users from other countries could download and update manually, at the risk of warranty voiding. Samsung Galaxy (original) The Samsung GT-I7500 Galaxy is a mobile phone manufactured by Samsung that uses the open source Android operating system. It was announced on 27 April 2009 and was released on 29 June 2009 as the first Android-powered device from Document [114] (Title: Samsung Galaxy A8 (2016)) Samsung Galaxy A8 (2016) The Samsung Galaxy A8 (2016) (stylized as SAMSUNG Galaxy A8) is an Android phablet produced by Samsung Electronics. It was introduced on September 30, 2016 by South Korean telecom provider SK Telecom. Unlike most Galaxy A series smartphones, the Galaxy A8 (2016) provides with a better processor similar to Samsung's 2015 flagships, the Samsung Galaxy S6, Samsung Galaxy S6 Edge and Samsung Galaxy Note 5. Following its release, the Galaxy A8 (2016) is only available in the South Korean market with a price of 649,000 South Korean won (estimated around 580 USD), as of October 1, Document [115] (Title: Galaxy 1) during the infamous Captain Midnight attack on April 27, 1986. The attack was directed at HBO for their adoption of the Videocipher system and for charging high prices for access to the HBO and Cinemax services with that system. Galaxy 1 Galaxy 1 was the first in a line of Galaxy communications satellites launched by Hughes Communications in 1983. It helped fill a hole in satellite broadcasting bandwidth created by the loss of RCA's Satcom 3 in 1979. Unlike satellite owners RCA and Western Union, Hughes did not lease time on their transponders in the fashion of a common carrier, Document [116] (Title: Samsung Galaxy A7 (2015)) Samsung Galaxy A7 (2015) The Samsung Galaxy A7 (2015) is an Android phablet manufactured by Samsung Electronics and released in February 2015. Samsung Galaxy A7 (2016) is a successor to the Samsung Galaxy A7 (2015). The Samsung Galaxy A7 is not available in the United States. Samsung Galaxy A7 rolled out the Marshmallow update on 25th of July 2016. The Samsung Galaxy A7 was first released in January 2015. It serves as one of the successors to the Samsung Galaxy Alpha. It was released alongside the Samsung Galaxy A3 and A5. It was first released with Android 4.4.4 Kitkat, upgradeble Document [117] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S7) Samsung Galaxy S7 Samsung Galaxy S7, Samsung Galaxy S7 Edge and Samsung Galaxy S7 Active are Android smartphones manufactured and marketed by Samsung Electronics. The S7 series serves as the successor to the Galaxy S6, S6 Edge, S6 Edge+ and S6 Active released in 2015. The S7 and S7 Edge were officially unveiled on 21 February 2016 during a Samsung press conference at Mobile World Congress, with a European and North American release on 11 March 2016. The S7 Active was unveiled on 4 June 2016, and released on AT&T in the United States on 10 June 2016. The Galaxy Document [118] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S8) the phones' release proved that the devices' facial and iris scanners can be fooled by suitable photographs of the user. The S8 and S8+ were in high demand at release. During the pre-order period, a record one million units were booked in South Korea, and overall sales numbers were 30% higher than the Galaxy S7. However, subsequent reports in May announced sales of over five million units, a notably lower first-month sales number than previous Galaxy S series models. On March 11, 2018, Samsung launched the successor to the S8, the Samsung Galaxy S9. Prior to its official announcement, media Document [119] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S4) countries and has since then spread to several other countries. US (starting with AT&T and Sprint) and Canadian Samsung Galaxy S4 models received Android 5.0.1 Lollipop update in April 2015. Several different model variants of the S4 are sold, with most variants varying mainly in handling regional network types and bands. To prevent grey market reselling, models of the S4 manufactured after July 2013 implement a regional lockout system in certain regions, requiring that the first SIM card used on a European and North American model be from a carrier in that region. Samsung stated that the lock would be Document [120] (Title: Samsung Electronics) the Apple iPhone. It was initially launched in Singapore, Malaysia and South Korea in June 2010, followed by the United States in July. It sold more than one million units within the first 45 days on sale in the United States. While many other handset makers focused on one or two operating systems, Samsung for a time used several of them: Symbian, Windows Phone, Linux-based LiMo, and Samsung's proprietary Bada. By 2013 Samsung had dropped all operating systems except Android and Windows Phone. That year Samsung released at least 43 Android phones or tablets and two Windows Phones. At the Document [121] (Title: Samsung Galaxy (original)) a 3.2-inch AMOLED capacitive touchscreen, a 5 megapixel autofocus camera with power LED flash, and a digital compass. Unlike the first Android phone, the HTC Dream (the G1), the i7500 has a standard 3.5mm headphone jack, and a Directional Pad in place of a trackball. Software-wise, the Galaxy offers a suite of Mobile Google services, including Google Search, Gmail, YouTube, Google Calendar, and Google Talk. The phone's GPS enables Google Maps features such as My Location, and Google Latitude. It also supports MP3, AAC (including iTunes Plus downloads) (only the codec, not the .aac format), and H.264 video. A beta Document [122] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S6) Galaxy brand was "well-established" in the country. The Galaxy S6 models are designed to address criticisms and feedback received from prior models, and target the majority of users; during its unveiling, Samsung stated that it had placed a particular focus on design, its camera, and wireless charging. As part of these goals, a number of features and capabilities seen on the Galaxy S5 were removed, such as its waterproofing and USB 3.0 port. The S6's new design approach is the culmination of a shift in practices that began with 2014's Galaxy Alpha, which was the first Galaxy smartphone to feature Document [123] (Title: HTC First) HTC First The HTC First is an Android smartphone released by HTC on April 12, 2013. It was unveiled on April 4, 2013, as part of a press event held by Facebook. Serving as a successor to a pair of Facebook-oriented devices HTC released in 2011, it was the first and only Android device to be pre-loaded with Facebook's own user interface layer, Facebook Home, in lieu of HTC's own Sense. While considered compelling by critics for a mid-range phone due to its display quality and its optional use of stock Android beneath the default Facebook Home overlay, the HTC Document [124] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S) 0.3-megapixel secondary front-facing camera. Derivative models may include localized cellular radios or changes to button layouts, keyboards, screens, cameras or the Android OS. At the time of its release, the Galaxy S included the fastest graphical processing of any smartphone, was the thinnest smartphone at 9.9 mm and was the first Android phone to be certified for DivX HD. As of 2013, over 25 million Galaxy S units have been sold. The Galaxy S name continued on with the semi-related Snapdragon-based Galaxy S Plus and NovaThor-based Galaxy S Advance smartphones. The next major release of the series was the Samsung Document [125] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S) released from June through September 2010. CNET Asia gave the Galaxy S a favorable review with a score of 8.4/10. The Galaxy S was compared to current high-end Android-based phones such as the HTC Desire, Xperia X10, Nexus One, and smartphones using different operating systems like the iPhone 4, which runs iOS, and HTC HD2, which runs Windows Mobile in CNET Asia. GSMArena.com described the Galaxy S as having "perfect audio quality," claiming the phone's superior all-round performance made it a "new leader of the Android pack." TIME listed the Galaxy S as #2 device in "Top 10 Gadgets" of Document [126] (Title: Samsung Galaxy A series) GB internal memory, a 5000 mAh battery with Samsung Adaptive Fast charging feature and a 6-inch Full HD display with Gorilla Glass 4 covering on the back and front sides. It runs on Android 6.0.1 "Marshmallow". Release Date: 2 January 2017 OS Versions: CPU/GPU/Bluetooth: Improved features: What's missing: Release Date: 18 December 2017 (A8/A8+), 2 May 2018 (A6/A6+), 7 June 2018 (A9 Star Lite/A8 Star/A9 Star), 20 September 2018 (A7), 11 October 2018 (A9), 24 October 2018 (A6s/A9s) OS Versions: CPU/GPU/Bluetooth: Improved features: The Galaxy A6 was introduced on 2 May 2018. Its main feature is its Infinity Display, which Document [127] (Title: Samsung Galaxy A7 (2015)) to Android 5.0.2 Lollipop and Android 6.0.1 Marshmallow. It serves as the high-end variant of the Galaxy A series. It was succeeded by the Samsung Galaxy A7 (2016). Samsung Galaxy A7 (2015) The Samsung Galaxy A7 (2015) is an Android phablet manufactured by Samsung Electronics and released in February 2015. Samsung Galaxy A7 (2016) is a successor to the Samsung Galaxy A7 (2015). The Samsung Galaxy A7 is not available in the United States. Samsung Galaxy A7 rolled out the Marshmallow update on 25th of July 2016. The Samsung Galaxy A7 was first released in January 2015. It serves as Document [128] (Title: Samsung Galaxy A series) the A-series and Samsung's overall smartphone lineup, measuring in thickness. Other specifications include a 5.7 inch Full HD display, a 16MP back and a 5MP front camera, an 64-bit octa-core Exynos 5430/5433 or a Snapdragon 615 chipset, 2GB of RAM and a 3050mAh battery. It comes shipped with Android 5.1.1 "Lollipop". Following its release, the Galaxy A8 is only officially available in Middle Eastern, Asian and African markets. Release Dates: 2 December 2015 (A3/A5/A7/A9), 30 March 2016 (A9 Pro), 30 September 2016 (A8) OS Versions: CPU/GPU/Bluetooth: Improved features: Samsung Galaxy A9 was introduced on 2 December 2015. Since January 2016, Document [129] (Title: Samsung Galaxy A series) Full HD+ display and 16MP+24MP dual camera. Release Dates: 30 October 2014 (A3/A5), 12 January 2015 (A7), 15 July 2015 (A8) OS Versions: CPU/GPU/Bluetooth: Improved features: The Samsung Galaxy A3 (2015) was announced on October 2014 and released on December 2014. It is considered as a successor to the Samsung Galaxy Alpha. Its specifications include a 4.5 inch qHD display, a 8MP back and a 5MP front camera, an 64-bit octa-core Qualcomm Snapdragon 410 chipset, 1 or 1.5GB of RAM and a 1900mAh battery. It comes shipped with Android 4.4.4 "KitKat". An update to Android 5.0.2 "Lollipop" started rolling out Document [130] (Title: Samsung Galaxy) 2014 2015 2016 2018 2013 2014 2011 2012 Samsung Galaxy Trend Series 2013 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 The first device in the Samsung Galaxy Y series was the Samsung Galaxy Y, which was released in 2011. In 2013, its successor, the Samsung Galaxy Young, was released. That was then succeeded by the Samsung Galaxy Young 2, which was released in 2014. Samsung announced the Samsung Galaxy Gear, a smartwatch running Android 4.3, on 4 September 2013. The Galaxy Gear was Samsung's only smartwatch to feature "Galaxy" branding; later Samsung smartwatches use the Samsung Gear branding. In Document [131] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S III) 16.2 million units. Analysts deduced that the slump in iPhone sales was due to customers' anticipation of the iPhone 5. By May 2014, the S III had sold approximately 60 million units since its 2012 release. In April 2015, the total sales number was reported as 70 million. On 11 October 2012 Samsung unveiled the Galaxy S III Mini, a smartphone with lower specifications compared to the S III. The reception of the S III has been particularly positive. Critics noted the phone's blend of features, such as its S Voice application, display, processing speed, and dimensions as having an Document [132] (Title: Samsung Telecommunications) that its new mobile phone, with its sophisticated design and distinguished functionality, would help it do just that. Samsung was granted the "Best Manufacturer" award twice by the Mobile News Awards, an award that was previously given to Nokia and Ericsson. Samsung introduced its first mobile phone to India in 2004. In 2008, Samsung Electronics' Telecommunication Business declared its new business strategy focusing on consumer and marketing. Samsung mobile phones are divided into 6 major categories – Style, Infotainment, Multimedia, Connected, Essential and Business. The SGH-P250 and SGH-J165 were the last phone models sold worldwide, outside North America, that used Document [133] (Title: Samsung Galaxy S5) the previous S4 model, prompting management changes at Samsung. Samsung Galaxy S5 The Samsung Galaxy S5 is an Android smartphone produced by Samsung Electronics. Unveiled on 24 February 2014 at Mobile World Congress in Barcelona, Spain, it was released on 11 April 2014 in 150 countries as the immediate successor to the Galaxy S4. As with the S4, the S5 is an evolution of the prior year's model, placing a particular emphasis on an improved build with a textured rear cover and IP67 certification for dust and water resistance, a more refined user experience, new security features such as a Document [134] (Title: Samsung Galaxy A series) UI. Several updates were made throughout the world and in April 2015, Android 5.0.2 "Lollipop" was made available through an OTA update. In December 2014, 3 months after the release of the Galaxy Alpha, Samsung planned to end production of the Alpha in favor of its successor, the similarly-designed, but more competitively-priced Galaxy A series. Samsung's new design philosophy would be fully realized by its 2015 flagship, the Galaxy S6, which combined a unibody metal frame with a glass backing. In March 2015, Samsung introduced the Galaxy Tab A series with 8.0 inch and 9.7 inch displays, a S Pen Question: when did the first galaxy phone come out

Answer: June 2010 Long Answer: The Samsung Galaxy S is a touchscreen - enabled, slate - format Android smartphone designed, developed, and marketed by Samsung Electronics . It is the first device of the third Android smartphone series produced by Samsung . It was announced to the press in March 2010 and released for sale in June 2010. Gold Document ID: 120

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's (novella)) Breakfast at Tiffany's (novella) Breakfast at Tiffany's is a novella by Truman Capote published in 1958. In it, a contemporary writer recalls his early days in New York City, when he makes the acquaintance of his remarkable neighbor, Holly Golightly, who is one of Capote's best-known creations. In autumn 1943, the unnamed narrator befriends Holly Golightly. The two are tenants in a brownstone apartment in Manhattan's Upper East Side. Holly (age 18–19) is a country girl turned New York café society girl. As such, she has no job and lives by socializing with wealthy men, who take her to clubs Document [2] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's: Music from the Motion Picture) television show "Peter Gunn", Henry Mancini was asked by director Blake Edwards to compose the soundtrack to "Breakfast at Tiffany’s", a symphony jazz soundtrack. A protégé of jazz legend Glenn Miller, he created the Academy Award winning score for "The Glenn Miller Story". After a preview screening of the film an executive from Paramount Pictures was convinced that the song “Moon River” was dead weight in the film and it was due to be cut. Upon learning this, Hepburn responded, “Over my dead body.” This response was likely due to the friendly relationship that she had with Mancini. Subsequent to Document [3] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's (novella)) "Holly Golightly") premiered in 1966 in Boston. The initial performances were panned by the critics and despite a rewrite by Edward Albee, it closed after only four performances. Three years after the musical adaptation, Stefanie Powers and Jack Kruschen starred in another adaptation, "Holly Golightly" (1969), an unsold ABC sitcom pilot. Kruschen's role was based on Joe Bell, a major character in Capote's novella who was omitted from the film version. There have been two adaptations of the novella into stage plays, both directed by Sean Mathias. The first production was written by Samuel Adamson and was presented in 2009 Document [4] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's (musical)) in 2001. The original cast included Mary Tyler Moore, Richard Chamberlain, Sally Kellerman, Larry Kert and Priscilla Lopez. The production was designed by Oliver Smith, directed by Joseph Anthony and choreographed by Michael Kidd with assistance from Tony Mordente, and produced by David Merrick. Despite the impressive list of collaborators, the project never gelled. It underwent constant and massive changes in its script and score during out-of-town tryouts. The original book by Abe Burrows was seen in Philadelphia, then scrapped completely, and Edward Albee, an unlikely choice, was hired to re-write before a Boston tryout. Burrows was the original director Document [5] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's (film)) frame digitally restored at Prasad Corporation to remove dirt, tears, scratches and other artifacts. The film was restored to its original look for its 50th Anniversary. In 1966, David Merrick produced a Broadway musical of the same name starring Mary Tyler Moore as Holly Golightly and Richard Chamberlain as Paul. The troubled production closed after four previews. In 2004, a new musical adaptation of the film made its world debut at The Muny in St. Louis. In May 2009, actress Anna Friel confirmed that she would star in a West End adaptation of the film. The show opened in September Document [6] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's: Music from the Motion Picture) respect for Audrey Hepburn and the feeling was mutual; after watching the film Audrey wrote a letter to Mancini saying, “Your music has lifted us all up and sent us soaring. Everything we cannot say with words or show with action you have expressed for us. You have done this with so much imagination, fun and beauty. You are the hippest of cats - and the most sensitive of composers!” The album includes twelve original compositions that can be enjoyed on their own but also contribute to the mood of scenes and plot line of the film. The title song Document [7] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's (song)) radio" with memorable melody that makes it "a perfect single, along with the mildly repetitive, conversational lyrics of the chorus and the bright, acoustic guitar". However, Tom Sinclair of "Entertainment Weekly" was unimpressed. He called it "possibly the year's most innocuous single, 'Breakfast at Tiffany's' is distressingly prosaic pop from a wimpy-sounding Texas quartet"; he added that it lacked any "musical piquancy". The "Houston Press" listed the song as the second worst by an artist from Texas, after Vanilla Ice's "Ice Ice Baby". VH1 and "Blender" ranked the song #6 on their list of the "50 Most Awesomely Bad Songs Document [8] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's (musical)) Breakfast at Tiffany's (musical) Breakfast at Tiffany's is a musical with music and lyrics by Bob Merrill and a book originally by Abe Burrows but rewritten during pre-Broadway tryouts by Edward Albee. It is based on the 1958 Truman Capote novella and 1961 film of the same name about a free spirit named Holly Golightly. After tryouts in Philadelphia and Boston, and four previews on Broadway in 1966, the show was closed by producer David Merrick without ever opening officially. Its only revival was a staged concert in 2013 at a 200-seat venue in London. A studio recording was released Document [9] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's (musical)) has been described as a play with songs." It debuted on Broadway in 2013, then later produced at the Curve Leicester in March 2016, and then toured in the UK from 2 May to 11 June 2016, with Pixie Lott, Emily Attack and Verity Rushworth sharing the role of "Holly Golightly". The show played the West End at the Theatre Royal Haymarket 30 June to 17 September 2016. Breakfast at Tiffany's (musical) Breakfast at Tiffany's is a musical with music and lyrics by Bob Merrill and a book originally by Abe Burrows but rewritten during pre-Broadway tryouts by Edward Albee. Document [10] (Title: Tiffany Theater) Tiffany Theater The Tiffany Theater was the first theater located on the Sunset Strip in West Hollywood, California. Located just west of La Cienega, it stood between the Playboy Club and Dino’s Lodge restaurant. Before being converted from the Mary Webb Davis Modeling School office at 8532 W. Sunset Blvd to a movie theater, the building had been seen in the 1958-1964 television series "77 Sunset Strip" as the office for detectives Efrem Zimbalist, Jr., Roger Smith, and Edd Byrnes. The Tiffany opened on November 2, 1966 and was owned by producer Robert L. Lippert and veteran exhibitor Harold Goldman. Document [11] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's (film)) 2009 at the Haymarket Theatre. A new stage adaption made its debut in March 2013 at the Cort Theater in New York City. The role of Holly Golightly would be played by Emilia Clarke. Notes Breakfast at Tiffany's (film) Breakfast at Tiffany's is a 1961 American romantic comedy film directed by Blake Edwards and written by George Axelrod, loosely based on Truman Capote's 1958 novella of the same name. Starring Audrey Hepburn and George Peppard, and featuring Patricia Neal, Buddy Ebsen, Martin Balsam, and Mickey Rooney, the film was initially released on October 5, 1961 by Paramount Pictures. Hepburn's portrayal Document [12] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's (film)) Best Original Score. There are also unreleased score pieces from "Breakfast at Tiffany's" in existence; "Carousel Cue" is from an unsurfaced scene, while "Outtake 1" is from a deleted scene in which Holly and Fred visit Tiffany's and is a variation of the main theme. In 2013 Intrada released the complete score in its original film performance (as with many soundtrack albums by Mancini and others at the time, the album released alongside the film was a re-recording). "Breakfast at Tiffany's" was one of the first Hepburn films to be released to the home video market in the early 1980s, Document [13] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's (film)) role in this film as Doc Golightly, Holly's ex-husband. His success here led directly to his best-known role as Jed Clampett on "The Beverly Hillbillies". A diamond necklace at Tiffany's that Hepburn scorned as too flashy, was the Tiffany Yellow Diamond, which she wore in publicity photos for the film. Tiffany's profile, while already established as a pre-eminent luxury retailer, was further boosted by the film. For his portrayal of I. Y. Yunioshi, Mickey Rooney wore makeup and a prosthetic mouthpiece to change his features to a caricatured approximation of a Japanese person. Since the 1990s, this portrayal has been Document [14] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's: Music from the Motion Picture) the insistence that the song stay in the film it was not cut and went on to be a hit. Blake Edwards and Henry Mancini met through Mancini’s wife whom Edwards had known for a number of years. After connecting they decided to collaborate on the television show "Peter Gunn", for which Mancini created the title theme. When Edwards learned he would be directing "Breakfast at Tiffany’s" he chose Mancini as his partner. Both times their partnership scored gold, and went on to work collaborate on four other films together. All the credit for the song “Moon River” cannot be Document [15] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's (novella)) my generation," adding that he "would not have changed two words in "Breakfast at Tiffany's"". The novella was loosely adapted into the 1961 movie "Breakfast at Tiffany's" starring Audrey Hepburn and directed by Blake Edwards. The movie was transposed to 1960 rather than the 1940s, the period of the novella. In addition to this, at the end of the film the protagonist and Holly fall in love and stay together, whereas in the novella there is no love affair whatsoever—Holly just leaves the United States and the narrator has no idea what happened to her since then, except for a Document [16] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's (film)) end in the rain where Holly puts Cat out of the cab and then Paul and Holly look for Cat. All of the interiors, except for portions of the scene inside Tiffany & Company, were filmed on the Paramount Studios lot in Hollywood. According to one report the film's on-location opening sequence, in which Holly gazes into a Tiffany's display window, was extremely difficult for director Blake Edwards to shoot. Although it was simple in concept, crowd control, Hepburn's dislike of pastries, and an accident that nearly resulted in the electrocution of a crew member are all said to have Document [17] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's (film)) learns he is a writer who has not had anything published since a book of vignettes five years before. Holly, in turn, explains she is trying to save money to support her brother Fred. The pair fall asleep, but are awakened when Holly has a nightmare about Fred. When Paul questions her about this, Holly chides him for prying and leaves. She later buys Paul a typewriter ribbon to apologize and invites him to a lively party at her apartment. There, Paul meets her Hollywood agent, O. J. Berman, who describes Holly's transformation from country girl into Manhattan socialite. He Document [18] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's (film)) Paul confronts Holly about his love and her behavior, then gets out of the cab in the pouring rain and leaves, tossing the engraved Cracker Jack ring into her lap and telling her to examine her life. She goes through a decision making moment, puts on the ring, and runs after Paul, who has gone looking for the cat. She searches the alley and finally finds the cat. Paul and Holly stand in the rain, and with the cat tucked into Holly's coat, look into each other's eyes and share a kiss. The Oscar-nominated screenplay was written by George Axelrod, Document [19] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's (song)) Breakfast at Tiffany's (song) "Breakfast at Tiffany's" is a 1995 song recorded by American alternative rock band Deep Blue Something. Originally appearing on the album "11th Song", it was later re-recorded and released on their album "Home". It was the band's only hit, peaking at number five on the "Billboard" Hot 100. Outside the United States, "Breakfast at Tiffany's" topped the charts in the United Kingdom, and peaked within the top ten of the charts in Australia, Belgium (Flanders), Canada, Germany, Iceland, the Republic of Ireland and Sweden. Todd Pipes said in a "Q" magazine article about the promotion of Document [20] (Title: Marchak) market. The Marchak spirit lived on thanks to the collaboration of Jacques Verger and his various creators. Alexander Marchak retired in 1957. In 1961 "[[Breakfast at Tiffany's (film)|Breakfast at Tiffany's]]" was on the movie screens. Jacques Verger began to create luxurious, colorful jewelry for his American customers. His rings were worn high-up on the finger, paved with diamonds, emeralds, rubies finely garlanded with stones, emerald foliage, or red-currant rubies supporting a central red, green, or blue stone. Clustered, undulating, multi-colored brooches cemented the success of the House of Marchak. The cachet came entirely from the charm of these “object-jewels” that Document [21] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's (song)) "Breakfast at Tiffany's", "As the song had 'breakfast' in the title, radio stations thought it would be genius to have us on at breakfast time. We'd be up 'til 3 am and they'd wonder why we were pissed off playing at 6 am." Follow-up singles failed to match the success of "Breakfast at Tiffany's", hence the reason for the band's classification as a one-hit wonder. "Breakfast at Tiffany's" is sung from the point of view of a man whose girlfriend is on the verge of breaking up with him because the two have nothing in common. Desperate to find something, Document [22] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's (film)) gives the film a rating of 88%, with an average rating of 7.4/10. The site's consensus states: "It contains some ugly anachronisms, but Blake Edwards is at his funniest in this iconic classic, and Audrey Hepburn absolutely lights up the screen." Hepburn as Holly, with her hair in a high chignon and carrying an oversized cigarette holder, is considered one of the most iconic images of 20th century American cinema. Another iconic item throughout the movie is Holly's sunglasses. Often misidentified as Ray-Ban, they are Manhattan sunglasses designed and manufactured in London by Oliver Goldsmith. In 2011 the model was Document [23] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's (musical)) prior to closing, a live recording was made of the musical numbers, excerpts of which eventually were released on LP. In 2001, a studio recording with Faith Prince, John Schneider, Hal Linden, Patrick Cassidy, and original cast member Kellerman was released on the Original Cast label. This recording includes musical numbers that were seen in both the tryouts and in the New York production. A new version, based on Capote's novella, titled "Breakfast at Tiffany's", was adapted by Richard Greenberg (book) with "songs from the era as well as original music by Grant Olding". According to "The Telegraph", "The show Document [24] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's (film)) subject to increasing protest by Asian Americans, among others. For instance, in the film "" (1993), "Breakfast at Tiffany's" is used as an illustration of Hollywood's racist depiction of Asian people when Bruce Lee and his future wife, Linda, see the film and Linda suggests they leave when she notices that Bruce is upset at Rooney's caricatured performance. In his audio commentary for the DVD release, producer Richard Shepherd said that at the time of production as well as in retrospect, he wanted to recast the role "not because he [Rooney] didn't play the part well" but because Shepherd thought Document [25] (Title: Tiffany & Co.) 57th Street in Manhattan, New York City. The polished granite exterior is well known for its window displays, and the store has been the location for a number of films, including "Breakfast at Tiffany's", starring Audrey Hepburn, and "Sweet Home Alabama", starring Reese Witherspoon. The former Tiffany and Company Building on 37th Street is on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places. When it opened in 1990, the Tiffany & Co. store at Fairfax Square in Tysons Corner, Virginia, became the largest outside of New York City, with of retail space. In France, Tiffany stores are located in Rue de Document [26] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's (novella)) photograph of a wood carving found years later in Africa which bears a striking resemblance to Holly. In addition, there are many other changes, including major omissions, to the plot and main character in the film from the novella. Capote originally envisioned Marilyn Monroe as Holly, and lobbied the studio for her, but the film was done at Paramount, and though Monroe did independent films, including for her own production company, she was still under contract with Twentieth Century Fox, and had just completed "Let's Make Love" with Yves Montand. A musical version of "Breakfast at Tiffany's" (also known as Document [27] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's: Music from the Motion Picture) Breakfast at Tiffany's: Music from the Motion Picture Breakfast at Tiffany's: Music from the Motion Picture is the soundtrack from the 1961 movie "Breakfast at Tiffany's" starring Audrey Hepburn. The tracks were re-arranged parts of the film music composed and conducted by Henry Mancini. At the 1962 Academy Awards, Mancini and lyricist Johnny Mercer won Oscars for Best Original Song for "Moon River", while Mancini picked up a second statue for Best Original Score. The album also stayed on Billboard's album charts for over ninety weeks. Because of his success with title themes, such as the hit theme to the Document [28] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's (film)) Paul has moved out. He is invited to dinner by Holly, who is leaving the next morning for Brazil to continue her relationship with José. However, they are arrested in connection with Sally Tomato's drug ring, and Holly spends the night in jail. The next morning, Holly is released on bail and finds Paul waiting, and they take a cab. He has her cat and a letter from José explaining he must end their relationship due to her arrest. Holly insists she will go to Brazil anyway, asks the cab to pull over, and releases the cat into the rain. Document [29] (Title: Moon River) to sing in the film "Breakfast at Tiffany's". The lyrics, written by Mercer, are reminiscent of his childhood in Savannah, Georgia, including its waterways. As a child, he had picked huckleberries in summer, and connected them with a carefree childhood and Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn. Although an instrumental version is played over the film's opening titles, the lyrics are first heard in a scene where Paul "Fred" Varjak (George Peppard) discovers Holly Golightly (Hepburn) singing the song, and accompanying herself on the guitar, while sitting on the fire escape outside their apartments. There was an eruption of behind-the-scenes consternation when Document [30] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's (film)) is also introduced to José da Silva Pereira, a wealthy Brazilian politician, and Rusty Trawler, the "ninth richest man in America under 50". In the days that follow, Paul and Holly become closer. The next day, 2E enters Paul's apartment, worried she is being followed. Paul tells her he will investigate and eventually confronts Doc Golightly, Holly's estranged husband. Doc explains Holly's real name is Lula Mae Barnes and that they were married when she was 14. He wants to take her back to rural Texas, as her brother Fred will be returning in a few months after Army service. Document [31] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's (film)) re-released to mark the 50th anniversary of "Breakfast at Tiffany's". One of three dresses designed by Givenchy for Hepburn for possible use in the film sold at auction by Christie's on December 5, 2006 for £467,200 (~US$947,000), about seven times the reserve price. The "Little Black Dress" by Givenchy, worn by Hepburn in the beginning of the film, is cited as one of the most iconic items of clothing in the history of the twentieth century and is, perhaps, the most famous little black dress of all time. A second "little black dress" in "Breakfast at Tiffany's", along with its Document [32] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's (novella)) Golightly is also depicted singing songs from "Oklahoma!" (in which McCracken appeared) accompanying herself on a guitar, and owning "The Baseball Guide", which was edited by McCracken's uncle. "Breakfast at Tiffany's" was originally sold to "Harper's Bazaar" for $2,000 and intended for publication in its July 1958 issue. It was to be illustrated with a big series of photo montages by David Attie, who had been hired for the job by famed "Harper's" art director Alexey Brodovitch. However, after the publication was scheduled, longtime "Harper"s editor Carmel Snow was ousted by the magazine's publisher, the Hearst Corporation, and Hearst executives Document [33] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's (film)) loosely based on the novella by Truman Capote. Changes were made to fit the medium of cinema and to correspond to the filmmakers' vision. Capote, who sold the film rights of his novella to Paramount Studios, wanted Marilyn Monroe to play Holly Golightly, whom he had described perfectly in the book. Barry Paris cites Capote's own comments on the choice of actress: "Marilyn was always my first choice to play the girl, Holly Golightly." Screenwriter Axelrod was hired to "tailor the screenplay for Monroe". When Lee Strasberg advised Monroe that playing a "lady of the evening" would be bad for Document [34] (Title: Al Schacht) eponymous steakhouse at 102 E. 52nd Street (at Park Avenue) in Manhattan was popular for decades, catering to a clientele of sports stars and stage and screen celebrities. The menus at Al Schacht's were round, fashioned as oversized baseballs, and featured dishes named after old-time players. From time to time, Schacht would mount the small restaurant stage and launch into his old routines, to the delight of patrons. The restaurant's exterior appears in the 1961 movie Breakfast at Tiffany's when protagonist Holly Golightly and friend Paul Varjak go there for dinner. Schacht, wrote: "There is talk that I am Jewish—just Document [35] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's (film)) unbelievable but wholly captivating flight into fancy composed of unequal dollops of comedy, romance, poignancy, funny colloquialisms and Manhattan's swankiest East Side areas captured in the loveliest of colors". In reviewing the performances, the newspaper said Holly Golightly is as implausible as ever. But in the person of Miss Hepburn, she is a genuinely charming, elfin waif who will be believed and adored when seen. George Peppard is casual and, for the most part, a subdued citizen who seems to like observing better than participating in the proceedings. Martin Balsam makes a properly brash, snappy Hollywood agent. Mickey Rooney's bucktoothed, Document [36] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's (film)) a taxi pulls up at Tiffany & Co. on Fifth Avenue in New York City, from which elegantly dressed Holly Golightly emerges carrying a paper bag with her breakfast. After looking into the shop's windows while eating her bun and sipping her coffee, she strolls home. Outside her apartment, she fends off Sid Arbuck, her date from the disastrous night before. Inside the apartment building, Holly can't find her keys so she buzzes her landlord, Mr. Yunioshi, who begrudgingly lets her in. Later, she is awakened by new neighbor Paul Varjak, who rings her doorbell to get into the building. Document [37] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's (song)) Ever". The music video features the band members arriving to a breakfast table and being served by butlers, beside the curb in front of Tiffany & Co. in Midtown Manhattan. At the end of the video a young woman dressed like Holly Golightly (Audrey Hepburn's character from the film) walks past on the sidewalk, and takes off her sunglasses. Side A Side B Breakfast at Tiffany's (song) "Breakfast at Tiffany's" is a 1995 song recorded by American alternative rock band Deep Blue Something. Originally appearing on the album "11th Song", it was later re-recorded and released on their album "Home". Document [38] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's (novella)) at the Theatre Royal Haymarket in London, starring Anna Friel as Holly Golightly and Joseph Cross as William 'Fred' Parsons. The second version was written by Richard Greenberg for a 2013 Broadway production at the Cort Theatre, starring Emilia Clarke as Holly Golightly, Cory Michael Smith as Fred, and George Wendt as Joe Bell. The Greenberg play was produced in the UK in 2016, called "a play with music". It ran at the Theatre Royal Haymarket in the West End in June to September 2016. Breakfast at Tiffany's (novella) Breakfast at Tiffany's is a novella by Truman Capote published in Document [39] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's (novella)) by a Manhattan resident named Bonnie Golightly who claimed that he had based Holly on her. According to the biographer of Joan McCracken, McCracken had a violent dressing room outburst after learning of the wartime death of her brother, while she was appearing in the "Bloomer Girl" (1944). McCracken's biographer suggests that Capote was inspired by this event as a model for a scene in which Holly reacts to her brother's death overseas. McCracken and her husband Jack Dunphy were close friends of Capote, and Dunphy became Capote's life companion after his 1948 divorce from McCracken. In the novella, Holly Document [40] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's (song)) the man brings up the Audrey Hepburn film "Breakfast at Tiffany's", and his girlfriend recalls that they "both kinda liked it." He argues that this should serve as enough motivation for them to work out their problems based on the notion that love will always find a way to make things work. The film "Roman Holiday" inspired the lyrics of the song, but songwriter Todd Pipes thought that one of Hepburn's other films would make a better song title. Brian Wahlert called Breakfast at Tiffany's "a cute, catchy song that should fit in well on adult contemporary, Top-40 and alternative Document [41] (Title: Tiffany Theater) as the shooting location of "77 Sunset Strip." Tiffany Theater The Tiffany Theater was the first theater located on the Sunset Strip in West Hollywood, California. Located just west of La Cienega, it stood between the Playboy Club and Dino’s Lodge restaurant. Before being converted from the Mary Webb Davis Modeling School office at 8532 W. Sunset Blvd to a movie theater, the building had been seen in the 1958-1964 television series "77 Sunset Strip" as the office for detectives Efrem Zimbalist, Jr., Roger Smith, and Edd Byrnes. The Tiffany opened on November 2, 1966 and was owned by producer Document [42] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's (film)) and is also widely available on DVD. On February 7, 2006, Paramount released a 45th anniversary special edition DVD set in North America with featurettes not included on the prior DVD release: On January 13, 2009, a remastered Centennial Collection version of the film was released. In addition to the special features on the 45th anniversary edition, this version includes: In 2011 a newly remastered HD version of the film was released on Blu-ray with many of the features from the aforementioned DVDs. The digital restoration of the film was done by Paramount Pictures. The digital pictures were frame by Document [43] (Title: Tiffany & Co.) Sportsman of the Year, Woodruff Cup, Viking Rowing, Rings: NY Giants (2007, 2010) NO Saints (2009) SF Giants (2010, 2012) USA Basketball (2010, 2012) LA Kings (2012, 2014) LA Galaxy (2012) Seattle Seahawks (2012) The retailer has earned mentions in various works, most notably in the title of the 1958 Truman Capote novella "Breakfast at Tiffany's", famously adapted as a 1961 film of the same name starring Audrey Hepburn, which in turn prompted a 1966 musical flop. The Hepburn film was later invoked in the refrain of a 1995 alternative rock song. In the 1974 song "Hotel California" by the Document [44] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's (film)) Breakfast at Tiffany's (film) Breakfast at Tiffany's is a 1961 American romantic comedy film directed by Blake Edwards and written by George Axelrod, loosely based on Truman Capote's 1958 novella of the same name. Starring Audrey Hepburn and George Peppard, and featuring Patricia Neal, Buddy Ebsen, Martin Balsam, and Mickey Rooney, the film was initially released on October 5, 1961 by Paramount Pictures. Hepburn's portrayal of Holly Golightly as the naïve, eccentric socialite is generally considered to be the actress's most memorable and identifiable role. Hepburn regarded it as one of her most challenging roles, since she was an introvert Document [45] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's (film)) turns doing things each has never done before, including visiting the library, stealing from a little convenience store, and going to Tiffany's. At Tiffany's, Paul has the ring from Doc Golightly's box of Cracker Jack engraved as a present for Holly. After spending the night together, he awakens to find her gone. When 2E arrives, Paul ends their relationship. She calmly accepts, having earlier concluded he and some other woman are in love. Holly schemes to marry José for his money, which angers Paul. After Holly receives a telegram notifying her of Fred's death, she trashes her apartment. Months later, Document [46] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's: Music from the Motion Picture) festive mood of the scene. Not only was this album successful when it was released in 1962, it remains popular today. The soundtrack was re-released in France in 2007, Greece in 2008, the Philippines in 2009, and in the United Kingdom in January 2011. In 2013, the actual soundtrack cues (including Audrey Hepburn's original version of "Moon River") were issued in a limited edition CD by Intrada Records. All music composed by Henry Mancini. Breakfast at Tiffany's: Music from the Motion Picture Breakfast at Tiffany's: Music from the Motion Picture is the soundtrack from the 1961 movie "Breakfast at Tiffany's" Document [47] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's (film)) required to play an extrovert. "Breakfast at Tiffany's" was received positively at the time, and won two Academy Awards: Best Original Score and Best Original Song for "Moon River", which was also selected as the fourth most memorable song in Hollywood history by the American Film Institute in 2004. The film was also nominated for three other Academy Awards: Best Actress for Hepburn, Best Adapted Screenplay, and Best Art Direction. In 2012, the film was deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry. Early one morning, Question: where is the tiffany in breakfast at tiffany Answer: on Fifth Avenue in New York City Long Answer: Early one morning, a taxi pulls up at Tiffany & Co. on Fifth Avenue in New York City, from which elegantly dressed Holly Golightly (Audrey Hepburn) emerges carrying a paper bag with her breakfast . After looking into the shop's windows while eating her bun and sipping her coffee, she strolls home . Outside her apartment, she fends off Sid Arbuck (Claude Stroud), her date from the disastrous night before . Inside the apartment building, Holly can't find her keys so she buzzes her landlord, Mr. Yunioshi (Mickey Rooney), who begrudgingly lets her in . Later, she is awakened by new neighbor Paul Varjak (George Peppard), who rings her doorbell to get into the building . The pair chat as she dresses to leave for her weekly visit to Sally Tomato (Alan Reed), a mobster incarcerated at Sing Sing prison . Tomato's lawyer pays her $100 a week to deliver "the weather report". Gold Document ID: 36

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's (novella)) Breakfast at Tiffany's (novella) Breakfast at Tiffany's is a novella by Truman Capote published in 1958. In it, a contemporary writer recalls his early days in New York City, when he makes the acquaintance of his remarkable neighbor, Holly Golightly, who is one of Capote's best-known creations. In autumn 1943, the unnamed narrator befriends Holly Golightly. The two are tenants in a brownstone apartment in Manhattan's Upper East Side. Holly (age 18–19) is a country girl turned New York café society girl. As such, she has no job and lives by socializing with wealthy men, who take her to clubs Document [2] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's: Music from the Motion Picture) television show "Peter Gunn", Henry Mancini was asked by director Blake Edwards to compose the soundtrack to "Breakfast at Tiffany’s", a symphony jazz soundtrack. A protégé of jazz legend Glenn Miller, he created the Academy Award winning score for "The Glenn Miller Story". After a preview screening of the film an executive from Paramount Pictures was convinced that the song “Moon River” was dead weight in the film and it was due to be cut. Upon learning this, Hepburn responded, “Over my dead body.” This response was likely due to the friendly relationship that she had with Mancini. Subsequent to Document [3] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's (novella)) "Holly Golightly") premiered in 1966 in Boston. The initial performances were panned by the critics and despite a rewrite by Edward Albee, it closed after only four performances. Three years after the musical adaptation, Stefanie Powers and Jack Kruschen starred in another adaptation, "Holly Golightly" (1969), an unsold ABC sitcom pilot. Kruschen's role was based on Joe Bell, a major character in Capote's novella who was omitted from the film version. There have been two adaptations of the novella into stage plays, both directed by Sean Mathias. The first production was written by Samuel Adamson and was presented in 2009 Document [4] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's (musical)) in 2001. The original cast included Mary Tyler Moore, Richard Chamberlain, Sally Kellerman, Larry Kert and Priscilla Lopez. The production was designed by Oliver Smith, directed by Joseph Anthony and choreographed by Michael Kidd with assistance from Tony Mordente, and produced by David Merrick. Despite the impressive list of collaborators, the project never gelled. It underwent constant and massive changes in its script and score during out-of-town tryouts. The original book by Abe Burrows was seen in Philadelphia, then scrapped completely, and Edward Albee, an unlikely choice, was hired to re-write before a Boston tryout. Burrows was the original director Document [5] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's (film)) frame digitally restored at Prasad Corporation to remove dirt, tears, scratches and other artifacts. The film was restored to its original look for its 50th Anniversary. In 1966, David Merrick produced a Broadway musical of the same name starring Mary Tyler Moore as Holly Golightly and Richard Chamberlain as Paul. The troubled production closed after four previews. In 2004, a new musical adaptation of the film made its world debut at The Muny in St. Louis. In May 2009, actress Anna Friel confirmed that she would star in a West End adaptation of the film. The show opened in September Document [6] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's: Music from the Motion Picture) respect for Audrey Hepburn and the feeling was mutual; after watching the film Audrey wrote a letter to Mancini saying, “Your music has lifted us all up and sent us soaring. Everything we cannot say with words or show with action you have expressed for us. You have done this with so much imagination, fun and beauty. You are the hippest of cats - and the most sensitive of composers!” The album includes twelve original compositions that can be enjoyed on their own but also contribute to the mood of scenes and plot line of the film. The title song Document [7] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's (song)) radio" with memorable melody that makes it "a perfect single, along with the mildly repetitive, conversational lyrics of the chorus and the bright, acoustic guitar". However, Tom Sinclair of "Entertainment Weekly" was unimpressed. He called it "possibly the year's most innocuous single, 'Breakfast at Tiffany's' is distressingly prosaic pop from a wimpy-sounding Texas quartet"; he added that it lacked any "musical piquancy". The "Houston Press" listed the song as the second worst by an artist from Texas, after Vanilla Ice's "Ice Ice Baby". VH1 and "Blender" ranked the song #6 on their list of the "50 Most Awesomely Bad Songs Document [8] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's (musical)) Breakfast at Tiffany's (musical) Breakfast at Tiffany's is a musical with music and lyrics by Bob Merrill and a book originally by Abe Burrows but rewritten during pre-Broadway tryouts by Edward Albee. It is based on the 1958 Truman Capote novella and 1961 film of the same name about a free spirit named Holly Golightly. After tryouts in Philadelphia and Boston, and four previews on Broadway in 1966, the show was closed by producer David Merrick without ever opening officially. Its only revival was a staged concert in 2013 at a 200-seat venue in London. A studio recording was released Document [9] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's (musical)) has been described as a play with songs." It debuted on Broadway in 2013, then later produced at the Curve Leicester in March 2016, and then toured in the UK from 2 May to 11 June 2016, with Pixie Lott, Emily Attack and Verity Rushworth sharing the role of "Holly Golightly". The show played the West End at the Theatre Royal Haymarket 30 June to 17 September 2016. Breakfast at Tiffany's (musical) Breakfast at Tiffany's is a musical with music and lyrics by Bob Merrill and a book originally by Abe Burrows but rewritten during pre-Broadway tryouts by Edward Albee. Document [10] (Title: Tiffany Theater) Tiffany Theater The Tiffany Theater was the first theater located on the Sunset Strip in West Hollywood, California. Located just west of La Cienega, it stood between the Playboy Club and Dino’s Lodge restaurant. Before being converted from the Mary Webb Davis Modeling School office at 8532 W. Sunset Blvd to a movie theater, the building had been seen in the 1958-1964 television series "77 Sunset Strip" as the office for detectives Efrem Zimbalist, Jr., Roger Smith, and Edd Byrnes. The Tiffany opened on November 2, 1966 and was owned by producer Robert L. Lippert and veteran exhibitor Harold Goldman. Document [11] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's (film)) 2009 at the Haymarket Theatre. A new stage adaption made its debut in March 2013 at the Cort Theater in New York City. The role of Holly Golightly would be played by Emilia Clarke. Notes Breakfast at Tiffany's (film) Breakfast at Tiffany's is a 1961 American romantic comedy film directed by Blake Edwards and written by George Axelrod, loosely based on Truman Capote's 1958 novella of the same name. Starring Audrey Hepburn and George Peppard, and featuring Patricia Neal, Buddy Ebsen, Martin Balsam, and Mickey Rooney, the film was initially released on October 5, 1961 by Paramount Pictures. Hepburn's portrayal Document [12] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's (film)) Best Original Score. There are also unreleased score pieces from "Breakfast at Tiffany's" in existence; "Carousel Cue" is from an unsurfaced scene, while "Outtake 1" is from a deleted scene in which Holly and Fred visit Tiffany's and is a variation of the main theme. In 2013 Intrada released the complete score in its original film performance (as with many soundtrack albums by Mancini and others at the time, the album released alongside the film was a re-recording). "Breakfast at Tiffany's" was one of the first Hepburn films to be released to the home video market in the early 1980s, Document [13] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's (film)) role in this film as Doc Golightly, Holly's ex-husband. His success here led directly to his best-known role as Jed Clampett on "The Beverly Hillbillies". A diamond necklace at Tiffany's that Hepburn scorned as too flashy, was the Tiffany Yellow Diamond, which she wore in publicity photos for the film. Tiffany's profile, while already established as a pre-eminent luxury retailer, was further boosted by the film. For his portrayal of I. Y. Yunioshi, Mickey Rooney wore makeup and a prosthetic mouthpiece to change his features to a caricatured approximation of a Japanese person. Since the 1990s, this portrayal has been Document [14] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's: Music from the Motion Picture) the insistence that the song stay in the film it was not cut and went on to be a hit. Blake Edwards and Henry Mancini met through Mancini’s wife whom Edwards had known for a number of years. After connecting they decided to collaborate on the television show "Peter Gunn", for which Mancini created the title theme. When Edwards learned he would be directing "Breakfast at Tiffany’s" he chose Mancini as his partner. Both times their partnership scored gold, and went on to work collaborate on four other films together. All the credit for the song “Moon River” cannot be Document [15] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's (novella)) my generation," adding that he "would not have changed two words in "Breakfast at Tiffany's"". The novella was loosely adapted into the 1961 movie "Breakfast at Tiffany's" starring Audrey Hepburn and directed by Blake Edwards. The movie was transposed to 1960 rather than the 1940s, the period of the novella. In addition to this, at the end of the film the protagonist and Holly fall in love and stay together, whereas in the novella there is no love affair whatsoever—Holly just leaves the United States and the narrator has no idea what happened to her since then, except for a Document [16] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's (film)) end in the rain where Holly puts Cat out of the cab and then Paul and Holly look for Cat. All of the interiors, except for portions of the scene inside Tiffany & Company, were filmed on the Paramount Studios lot in Hollywood. According to one report the film's on-location opening sequence, in which Holly gazes into a Tiffany's display window, was extremely difficult for director Blake Edwards to shoot. Although it was simple in concept, crowd control, Hepburn's dislike of pastries, and an accident that nearly resulted in the electrocution of a crew member are all said to have Document [17] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's (film)) learns he is a writer who has not had anything published since a book of vignettes five years before. Holly, in turn, explains she is trying to save money to support her brother Fred. The pair fall asleep, but are awakened when Holly has a nightmare about Fred. When Paul questions her about this, Holly chides him for prying and leaves. She later buys Paul a typewriter ribbon to apologize and invites him to a lively party at her apartment. There, Paul meets her Hollywood agent, O. J. Berman, who describes Holly's transformation from country girl into Manhattan socialite. He Document [18] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's (film)) Paul confronts Holly about his love and her behavior, then gets out of the cab in the pouring rain and leaves, tossing the engraved Cracker Jack ring into her lap and telling her to examine her life. She goes through a decision making moment, puts on the ring, and runs after Paul, who has gone looking for the cat. She searches the alley and finally finds the cat. Paul and Holly stand in the rain, and with the cat tucked into Holly's coat, look into each other's eyes and share a kiss. The Oscar-nominated screenplay was written by George Axelrod, Document [19] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's (song)) Breakfast at Tiffany's (song) "Breakfast at Tiffany's" is a 1995 song recorded by American alternative rock band Deep Blue Something. Originally appearing on the album "11th Song", it was later re-recorded and released on their album "Home". It was the band's only hit, peaking at number five on the "Billboard" Hot 100. Outside the United States, "Breakfast at Tiffany's" topped the charts in the United Kingdom, and peaked within the top ten of the charts in Australia, Belgium (Flanders), Canada, Germany, Iceland, the Republic of Ireland and Sweden. Todd Pipes said in a "Q" magazine article about the promotion of Document [20] (Title: Marchak) market. The Marchak spirit lived on thanks to the collaboration of Jacques Verger and his various creators. Alexander Marchak retired in 1957. In 1961 "[[Breakfast at Tiffany's (film)|Breakfast at Tiffany's]]" was on the movie screens. Jacques Verger began to create luxurious, colorful jewelry for his American customers. His rings were worn high-up on the finger, paved with diamonds, emeralds, rubies finely garlanded with stones, emerald foliage, or red-currant rubies supporting a central red, green, or blue stone. Clustered, undulating, multi-colored brooches cemented the success of the House of Marchak. The cachet came entirely from the charm of these “object-jewels” that Document [21] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's (song)) "Breakfast at Tiffany's", "As the song had 'breakfast' in the title, radio stations thought it would be genius to have us on at breakfast time. We'd be up 'til 3 am and they'd wonder why we were pissed off playing at 6 am." Follow-up singles failed to match the success of "Breakfast at Tiffany's", hence the reason for the band's classification as a one-hit wonder. "Breakfast at Tiffany's" is sung from the point of view of a man whose girlfriend is on the verge of breaking up with him because the two have nothing in common. Desperate to find something, Document [22] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's (film)) gives the film a rating of 88%, with an average rating of 7.4/10. The site's consensus states: "It contains some ugly anachronisms, but Blake Edwards is at his funniest in this iconic classic, and Audrey Hepburn absolutely lights up the screen." Hepburn as Holly, with her hair in a high chignon and carrying an oversized cigarette holder, is considered one of the most iconic images of 20th century American cinema. Another iconic item throughout the movie is Holly's sunglasses. Often misidentified as Ray-Ban, they are Manhattan sunglasses designed and manufactured in London by Oliver Goldsmith. In 2011 the model was Document [23] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's (musical)) prior to closing, a live recording was made of the musical numbers, excerpts of which eventually were released on LP. In 2001, a studio recording with Faith Prince, John Schneider, Hal Linden, Patrick Cassidy, and original cast member Kellerman was released on the Original Cast label. This recording includes musical numbers that were seen in both the tryouts and in the New York production. A new version, based on Capote's novella, titled "Breakfast at Tiffany's", was adapted by Richard Greenberg (book) with "songs from the era as well as original music by Grant Olding". According to "The Telegraph", "The show Document [24] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's (film)) subject to increasing protest by Asian Americans, among others. For instance, in the film "" (1993), "Breakfast at Tiffany's" is used as an illustration of Hollywood's racist depiction of Asian people when Bruce Lee and his future wife, Linda, see the film and Linda suggests they leave when she notices that Bruce is upset at Rooney's caricatured performance. In his audio commentary for the DVD release, producer Richard Shepherd said that at the time of production as well as in retrospect, he wanted to recast the role "not because he [Rooney] didn't play the part well" but because Shepherd thought Document [25] (Title: Tiffany & Co.) 57th Street in Manhattan, New York City. The polished granite exterior is well known for its window displays, and the store has been the location for a number of films, including "Breakfast at Tiffany's", starring Audrey Hepburn, and "Sweet Home Alabama", starring Reese Witherspoon. The former Tiffany and Company Building on 37th Street is on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places. When it opened in 1990, the Tiffany & Co. store at Fairfax Square in Tysons Corner, Virginia, became the largest outside of New York City, with of retail space. In France, Tiffany stores are located in Rue de Document [26] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's (novella)) photograph of a wood carving found years later in Africa which bears a striking resemblance to Holly. In addition, there are many other changes, including major omissions, to the plot and main character in the film from the novella. Capote originally envisioned Marilyn Monroe as Holly, and lobbied the studio for her, but the film was done at Paramount, and though Monroe did independent films, including for her own production company, she was still under contract with Twentieth Century Fox, and had just completed "Let's Make Love" with Yves Montand. A musical version of "Breakfast at Tiffany's" (also known as Document [27] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's: Music from the Motion Picture) Breakfast at Tiffany's: Music from the Motion Picture Breakfast at Tiffany's: Music from the Motion Picture is the soundtrack from the 1961 movie "Breakfast at Tiffany's" starring Audrey Hepburn. The tracks were re-arranged parts of the film music composed and conducted by Henry Mancini. At the 1962 Academy Awards, Mancini and lyricist Johnny Mercer won Oscars for Best Original Song for "Moon River", while Mancini picked up a second statue for Best Original Score. The album also stayed on Billboard's album charts for over ninety weeks. Because of his success with title themes, such as the hit theme to the Document [28] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's (film)) Paul has moved out. He is invited to dinner by Holly, who is leaving the next morning for Brazil to continue her relationship with José. However, they are arrested in connection with Sally Tomato's drug ring, and Holly spends the night in jail. The next morning, Holly is released on bail and finds Paul waiting, and they take a cab. He has her cat and a letter from José explaining he must end their relationship due to her arrest. Holly insists she will go to Brazil anyway, asks the cab to pull over, and releases the cat into the rain. Document [29] (Title: Moon River) to sing in the film "Breakfast at Tiffany's". The lyrics, written by Mercer, are reminiscent of his childhood in Savannah, Georgia, including its waterways. As a child, he had picked huckleberries in summer, and connected them with a carefree childhood and Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn. Although an instrumental version is played over the film's opening titles, the lyrics are first heard in a scene where Paul "Fred" Varjak (George Peppard) discovers Holly Golightly (Hepburn) singing the song, and accompanying herself on the guitar, while sitting on the fire escape outside their apartments. There was an eruption of behind-the-scenes consternation when Document [30] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's (film)) is also introduced to José da Silva Pereira, a wealthy Brazilian politician, and Rusty Trawler, the "ninth richest man in America under 50". In the days that follow, Paul and Holly become closer. The next day, 2E enters Paul's apartment, worried she is being followed. Paul tells her he will investigate and eventually confronts Doc Golightly, Holly's estranged husband. Doc explains Holly's real name is Lula Mae Barnes and that they were married when she was 14. He wants to take her back to rural Texas, as her brother Fred will be returning in a few months after Army service. Document [31] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's (film)) re-released to mark the 50th anniversary of "Breakfast at Tiffany's". One of three dresses designed by Givenchy for Hepburn for possible use in the film sold at auction by Christie's on December 5, 2006 for £467,200 (~US$947,000), about seven times the reserve price. The "Little Black Dress" by Givenchy, worn by Hepburn in the beginning of the film, is cited as one of the most iconic items of clothing in the history of the twentieth century and is, perhaps, the most famous little black dress of all time. A second "little black dress" in "Breakfast at Tiffany's", along with its Document [32] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's (novella)) Golightly is also depicted singing songs from "Oklahoma!" (in which McCracken appeared) accompanying herself on a guitar, and owning "The Baseball Guide", which was edited by McCracken's uncle. "Breakfast at Tiffany's" was originally sold to "Harper's Bazaar" for $2,000 and intended for publication in its July 1958 issue. It was to be illustrated with a big series of photo montages by David Attie, who had been hired for the job by famed "Harper's" art director Alexey Brodovitch. However, after the publication was scheduled, longtime "Harper"s editor Carmel Snow was ousted by the magazine's publisher, the Hearst Corporation, and Hearst executives Document [33] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's (film)) loosely based on the novella by Truman Capote. Changes were made to fit the medium of cinema and to correspond to the filmmakers' vision. Capote, who sold the film rights of his novella to Paramount Studios, wanted Marilyn Monroe to play Holly Golightly, whom he had described perfectly in the book. Barry Paris cites Capote's own comments on the choice of actress: "Marilyn was always my first choice to play the girl, Holly Golightly." Screenwriter Axelrod was hired to "tailor the screenplay for Monroe". When Lee Strasberg advised Monroe that playing a "lady of the evening" would be bad for Document [34] (Title: Al Schacht) eponymous steakhouse at 102 E. 52nd Street (at Park Avenue) in Manhattan was popular for decades, catering to a clientele of sports stars and stage and screen celebrities. The menus at Al Schacht's were round, fashioned as oversized baseballs, and featured dishes named after old-time players. From time to time, Schacht would mount the small restaurant stage and launch into his old routines, to the delight of patrons. The restaurant's exterior appears in the 1961 movie Breakfast at Tiffany's when protagonist Holly Golightly and friend Paul Varjak go there for dinner. Schacht, wrote: "There is talk that I am Jewish—just Document [35] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's (film)) unbelievable but wholly captivating flight into fancy composed of unequal dollops of comedy, romance, poignancy, funny colloquialisms and Manhattan's swankiest East Side areas captured in the loveliest of colors". In reviewing the performances, the newspaper said Holly Golightly is as implausible as ever. But in the person of Miss Hepburn, she is a genuinely charming, elfin waif who will be believed and adored when seen. George Peppard is casual and, for the most part, a subdued citizen who seems to like observing better than participating in the proceedings. Martin Balsam makes a properly brash, snappy Hollywood agent. Mickey Rooney's bucktoothed, Document [36] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's (film)) a taxi pulls up at Tiffany & Co. on Fifth Avenue in New York City, from which elegantly dressed Holly Golightly emerges carrying a paper bag with her breakfast. After looking into the shop's windows while eating her bun and sipping her coffee, she strolls home. Outside her apartment, she fends off Sid Arbuck, her date from the disastrous night before. Inside the apartment building, Holly can't find her keys so she buzzes her landlord, Mr. Yunioshi, who begrudgingly lets her in. Later, she is awakened by new neighbor Paul Varjak, who rings her doorbell to get into the building. Document [37] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's (song)) Ever". The music video features the band members arriving to a breakfast table and being served by butlers, beside the curb in front of Tiffany & Co. in Midtown Manhattan. At the end of the video a young woman dressed like Holly Golightly (Audrey Hepburn's character from the film) walks past on the sidewalk, and takes off her sunglasses. Side A Side B Breakfast at Tiffany's (song) "Breakfast at Tiffany's" is a 1995 song recorded by American alternative rock band Deep Blue Something. Originally appearing on the album "11th Song", it was later re-recorded and released on their album "Home". Document [38] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's (novella)) at the Theatre Royal Haymarket in London, starring Anna Friel as Holly Golightly and Joseph Cross as William 'Fred' Parsons. The second version was written by Richard Greenberg for a 2013 Broadway production at the Cort Theatre, starring Emilia Clarke as Holly Golightly, Cory Michael Smith as Fred, and George Wendt as Joe Bell. The Greenberg play was produced in the UK in 2016, called "a play with music". It ran at the Theatre Royal Haymarket in the West End in June to September 2016. Breakfast at Tiffany's (novella) Breakfast at Tiffany's is a novella by Truman Capote published in Document [39] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's (novella)) by a Manhattan resident named Bonnie Golightly who claimed that he had based Holly on her. According to the biographer of Joan McCracken, McCracken had a violent dressing room outburst after learning of the wartime death of her brother, while she was appearing in the "Bloomer Girl" (1944). McCracken's biographer suggests that Capote was inspired by this event as a model for a scene in which Holly reacts to her brother's death overseas. McCracken and her husband Jack Dunphy were close friends of Capote, and Dunphy became Capote's life companion after his 1948 divorce from McCracken. In the novella, Holly Document [40] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's (song)) the man brings up the Audrey Hepburn film "Breakfast at Tiffany's", and his girlfriend recalls that they "both kinda liked it." He argues that this should serve as enough motivation for them to work out their problems based on the notion that love will always find a way to make things work. The film "Roman Holiday" inspired the lyrics of the song, but songwriter Todd Pipes thought that one of Hepburn's other films would make a better song title. Brian Wahlert called Breakfast at Tiffany's "a cute, catchy song that should fit in well on adult contemporary, Top-40 and alternative Document [41] (Title: Tiffany Theater) as the shooting location of "77 Sunset Strip." Tiffany Theater The Tiffany Theater was the first theater located on the Sunset Strip in West Hollywood, California. Located just west of La Cienega, it stood between the Playboy Club and Dino’s Lodge restaurant. Before being converted from the Mary Webb Davis Modeling School office at 8532 W. Sunset Blvd to a movie theater, the building had been seen in the 1958-1964 television series "77 Sunset Strip" as the office for detectives Efrem Zimbalist, Jr., Roger Smith, and Edd Byrnes. The Tiffany opened on November 2, 1966 and was owned by producer Document [42] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's (film)) and is also widely available on DVD. On February 7, 2006, Paramount released a 45th anniversary special edition DVD set in North America with featurettes not included on the prior DVD release: On January 13, 2009, a remastered Centennial Collection version of the film was released. In addition to the special features on the 45th anniversary edition, this version includes: In 2011 a newly remastered HD version of the film was released on Blu-ray with many of the features from the aforementioned DVDs. The digital restoration of the film was done by Paramount Pictures. The digital pictures were frame by Document [43] (Title: Tiffany & Co.) Sportsman of the Year, Woodruff Cup, Viking Rowing, Rings: NY Giants (2007, 2010) NO Saints (2009) SF Giants (2010, 2012) USA Basketball (2010, 2012) LA Kings (2012, 2014) LA Galaxy (2012) Seattle Seahawks (2012) The retailer has earned mentions in various works, most notably in the title of the 1958 Truman Capote novella "Breakfast at Tiffany's", famously adapted as a 1961 film of the same name starring Audrey Hepburn, which in turn prompted a 1966 musical flop. The Hepburn film was later invoked in the refrain of a 1995 alternative rock song. In the 1974 song "Hotel California" by the Document [44] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's (film)) Breakfast at Tiffany's (film) Breakfast at Tiffany's is a 1961 American romantic comedy film directed by Blake Edwards and written by George Axelrod, loosely based on Truman Capote's 1958 novella of the same name. Starring Audrey Hepburn and George Peppard, and featuring Patricia Neal, Buddy Ebsen, Martin Balsam, and Mickey Rooney, the film was initially released on October 5, 1961 by Paramount Pictures. Hepburn's portrayal of Holly Golightly as the naïve, eccentric socialite is generally considered to be the actress's most memorable and identifiable role. Hepburn regarded it as one of her most challenging roles, since she was an introvert Document [45] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's (film)) turns doing things each has never done before, including visiting the library, stealing from a little convenience store, and going to Tiffany's. At Tiffany's, Paul has the ring from Doc Golightly's box of Cracker Jack engraved as a present for Holly. After spending the night together, he awakens to find her gone. When 2E arrives, Paul ends their relationship. She calmly accepts, having earlier concluded he and some other woman are in love. Holly schemes to marry José for his money, which angers Paul. After Holly receives a telegram notifying her of Fred's death, she trashes her apartment. Months later, Document [46] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's: Music from the Motion Picture) festive mood of the scene. Not only was this album successful when it was released in 1962, it remains popular today. The soundtrack was re-released in France in 2007, Greece in 2008, the Philippines in 2009, and in the United Kingdom in January 2011. In 2013, the actual soundtrack cues (including Audrey Hepburn's original version of "Moon River") were issued in a limited edition CD by Intrada Records. All music composed by Henry Mancini. Breakfast at Tiffany's: Music from the Motion Picture Breakfast at Tiffany's: Music from the Motion Picture is the soundtrack from the 1961 movie "Breakfast at Tiffany's" Document [47] (Title: Breakfast at Tiffany's (film)) required to play an extrovert. "Breakfast at Tiffany's" was received positively at the time, and won two Academy Awards: Best Original Score and Best Original Song for "Moon River", which was also selected as the fourth most memorable song in Hollywood history by the American Film Institute in 2004. The film was also nominated for three other Academy Awards: Best Actress for Hepburn, Best Adapted Screenplay, and Best Art Direction. In 2012, the film was deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry. Early one morning, Question: where is the tiffany in breakfast at tiffany

Answer: on Fifth Avenue in New York City Long Answer: Early one morning, a taxi pulls up at Tiffany & Co. on Fifth Avenue in New York City, from which elegantly dressed Holly Golightly (Audrey Hepburn) emerges carrying a paper bag with her breakfast . After looking into the shop's windows while eating her bun and sipping her coffee, she strolls home . Outside her apartment, she fends off Sid Arbuck (Claude Stroud), her date from the disastrous night before . Inside the apartment building, Holly can't find her keys so she buzzes her landlord, Mr. Yunioshi (Mickey Rooney), who begrudgingly lets her in . Later, she is awakened by new neighbor Paul Varjak (George Peppard), who rings her doorbell to get into the building . The pair chat as she dresses to leave for her weekly visit to Sally Tomato (Alan Reed), a mobster incarcerated at Sing Sing prison . Tomato's lawyer pays her $100 a week to deliver "the weather report". Gold Document ID: 36

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Stephen Curry) As of April 2018, he ranks fourth in NBA history in career three-point field goal percentage and holds four of the top five seasons in terms of total three-pointers made. He is also the fastest player in league history to make 2,000 career three-pointers, doing so in 227 fewer games than the previous record-holder. A clutch scorer, he often shoots at his best in high-pressure moments, and takes game-winning shots. Curry is credited with revolutionizing the game of basketball by inspiring basketball teams, ranging from high school to the NBA, to regularly employ the three-point shot as part of their Document [2] (Title: Corey Allmond) shots. I know I rushed a few." Despite this, Allmond led his team in scoring. On November 19, in what is sometimes considered Allmond's greatest performance, he scored 37 points in a road game against AP No. 4 Kentucky at Rupp Arena. He shot 11-of-16 from beyond the arc, the most three-pointers ever made at the arena and the most by a Southland or Sam Houston State player. Allmond said, "I knew I was going to get a lot of open looks because of the fast pace they play." The guard recorded 24 points in the first half alone, tying Document [3] (Title: Ray Allen) averaged 10.9 points per game and made 88.6% of his free throws while playing an average of 25.8 minutes per game. On April 25, 2013, while playing Milwaukee in Game 3 of the first round of the playoffs, Allen made his 322nd career three-pointer in the playoffs, which broke Reggie Miller's record for most three-pointers made in NBA playoff history. Allen returned to his favorite #34 jersey upon joining the Heat. In Game 6 of the NBA Finals against the San Antonio Spurs, as the Heat trailed by three points, Allen made a game-tying 3-pointer with 5.2 seconds left in Document [4] (Title: Kemba Walker) scored 20 points in a 118–107 win over the Detroit Pistons, thus reaching 9,000 career points. On January 24, in a 101–96 loss to the New Orleans Pelicans, Walker became only the second Hornets' player with 900 career 3-pointers, joining Dell Curry (929). On January 31, he set franchise and career highs with nine 3-pointers and scored 38 points in a 123–110 win over the Atlanta Hawks. On February 2, he scored 41 points on 11-for-22 shooting in a 133–126 win over the Indiana Pacers. On February 4, in a 115–110 win over the Phoenix Suns, Walker scored 18 points Document [5] (Title: Stephen Curry) most three-pointers made in a single postseason. The Warriors went on to defeat the Rockets to earn a Finals matchup with the Cleveland Cavaliers, where Curry struggled to start the series, converting on only 22 percent of his field goals in Game 2. In Game 5, he scored 37 points, and in Game 6, Golden State closed out the series to win their first championship in 40 years. For the Finals, Curry averaged 26 points and 6.3 assists per game. On October 27, 2015, Curry scored 40 points (including a career-high 24 points in the first quarter) in the Warriors' Document [6] (Title: Diana Taurasi) earning a third straight trip to the All Star Game. She broke Katie Smith's league records for points in a season (741 during the 2006 season). In 2006, Taurasi averaged a WNBA record 25.3 points, 4.1 assists and 3.6 rebounds per game, including a career-high 47 points in a triple overtime regular season victory against the Houston Comets (a then league record that was recently broken by Maya Moore). During that game she made a WNBA record 8 three-pointers (which has since been tied by Riquna Williams). Taurasi also set a WNBA record with 121 three-pointers made in a single Document [7] (Title: Golden State Warriors) comeback wins in which the Warriors had been behind by 15 or more points. Curry also made his first appearance in the All-Star Game in 2014. Curry and Klay Thompson continued to set league records in three-point shooting. Curry, who finished the season with 261 threes, set an individual record for most three-pointers in a span of two seasons with 533, surpassing the previous mark of 478 set by Seattle Supersonic Ray Allen in 2004–05 and 2005–06. Together, Thompson and Curry combined for 484 threes on the year, besting by one the NBA record they had set the year before. Document [8] (Title: Mike Miller (basketball player)) in a game set in February 1999. The two previous games Miller hit seven threes. This made him the first NBA player to hit at least seven three-pointers in three consecutive games since the Dallas Mavericks' George McCloud achieved it in 1996. Miller holds the Memphis Grizzlies franchise record for most points scored in a single game, with 45 on February 21, 2007, against the Golden State Warriors. After the 2006–07 NBA season, Miller was announced as a member of the USA Basketball team. On June 26, 2008, Miller, Brian Cardinal, Jason Collins, and the 5th pick of the 2008 Document [9] (Title: Stephen Curry) record with 42 playoff three-pointers, eclipsing the Warriors' career playoff mark of 29 previously held by Jason Richardson, giving him a total of 314 three-pointers for the season to become the first player in NBA history to hit at least 300 threes in a single season. In 2013–14, Curry appeared in 78 games (all starts), averaging career highs of 24.0 points (seventh in the NBA) and 8.5 assists (fifth) to go with 4.3 rebounds and 1.63 steals, becoming the first player in Warriors history to average 24 points and eight assists in a single season (ninth player in NBA history). Document [10] (Title: Ray Allen) scored 18 points to reach the 20,000 point total for his career. On June 6, 2010, in Game 2 of the 2010 NBA Finals in a 103–94 victory against the Los Angeles Lakers, Allen set a then record for most three-pointers made in an NBA Finals game on 8–11 shooting to tie the series 1–1. He broke Michael Jordan's record of six three-pointers in one half by hitting seven in the first half and had tied Scottie Pippen and Kenny Smith's record for most three-pointers in one game in the NBA Finals by half time. Allen also became the first Document [11] (Title: Jodie Meeks) with 4.7 seconds left against the Florida Gators. Meeks would again break the 40-point margin on February 14, scoring 45 points against the Arkansas Razorbacks team, a performance that produced the most points scored in a game by an individual at Bud Walton Arena. Meeks also broke the record for most 3-pointers in a season at UK, with 117. Meeks was named a unanimous selection to the All-SEC First team during his junior season and was the first player since Chuck Hayes in 2004–05 to be named AP First Team All-SEC. He was named the United States Basketball Writers Association Document [12] (Title: Jodie Meeks) Wildcats. Kentucky would go on to win the tournament. Meeks had more points than the whole Kansas State team combined at half-time of that game. On December 20, Meeks scored a then-career high 46 points against Appalachian State at the annual home game for the Wildcats at Freedom Hall in Louisville. He tied former Kentucky Wildcat, Tony Delk's record for most three pointers in a game with 9. He set a record for the most points scored by a Wildcat in Freedom Hall with 46. He followed that performance two days later by scoring 32 points in just 28 minutes Document [13] (Title: Ben Gordon) Sophomores in the Rookie Challenge held during the NBA All-Star Weekend, in which he scored 17 points. On April 14, 2006, in a Bulls win over the Washington Wizards, Gordon tied the record for the most consecutive three-pointers made in a game with 9. The Bulls returned to the playoffs but were again eliminated in the first round in six games; this time they lost to the Miami Heat, who went on to win the NBA Championship. Gordon's third season marked a giant step forward for himself and the Bulls. He adjusted to becoming the team's starting shooting guard, averaging Document [14] (Title: D'Angelo Russell) 2015–16 and the most by a Lakers rookie in a regular season game since Elgin Baylor had 55 in March 1959. His eight three-pointers broke Nick Van Exel's previous rookie Laker record of six in a single game. He finished the 2015–16 season leading the Lakers and all rookies in steals per game, and became the youngest player to hit 130 three-pointers in a season. He subsequently earned NBA All-Rookie Second Team honors. In the Lakers' season opener on October 26, 2016, Russell scored 20 points in a 120–114 win over the Houston Rockets. On November 15, he scored a Document [15] (Title: Stephen Curry) Davidson trailed by as many as 17 points, but his 25 second-half points led Davidson to a 74–70 comeback victory. On March 28, 2008, Curry led Davidson to another win, against third-seeded Wisconsin. Curry scored 33 points as Davidson won 73–56 to advance to the Elite 8. Curry joined Clyde Lovellette, Jerry Chambers, and Glenn Robinson as the only college players to score over 30 points in their first four career NCAA tournament games. Curry also tied Darrin Fitzgerald of Butler for the single-season record for most three-pointers with 158. On March 30, 2008, he set the record, against the Document [16] (Title: BC Šiauliai) won 77–62 in Vilnius, is regarded as crucial. The series ended 3–1. Another record performance happened on March 3, 2001 when Giedrius Pečiulionis realized 11 three-pointers from 16 versus BC Panevėžys. Totally, Pečiulionis scored 41 points that night and led BC Šiauliai to the excellent 107–69 triumph. This performance was just 2 three-pointers behind from the LKL record of 13 three-pointers held by Joey Vickery since 1996, and is the second result in the whole LKL history. Third result of 10 three-pointers per one game is also held by Giedrius Pečiulionis since 1998. During the 2000–01 season, BC Šiauliai achieved Document [17] (Title: Richie Farmer) set a career-high in points with 21 – including three made three-pointers – as the Wildcats set records for the most three-pointers made in a single game (21) and most points ever scored against North Carolina, but lost the game 121–110. After the game, Pitino opined that Farmer "holds back a little bit" and noted that he would expect Farmer to work hard in the off-season to reach his potential. The Wildcats closed out 1989 with a closer-than-expected 86–79 loss against eighth-ranked Louisville, but local sportswriter John McGill said Farmer had his best game to date with 10 points, 9 Document [18] (Title: Klay Thompson) the Utah Jazz, Thompson hit three 3-pointers, moving him into a tie for third with Dana Barros at 89 consecutive games with a 3-pointer. On January 17, 2018, he scored 38 points in a 119–112 win over the Chicago Bulls. In a 134–127 win over the Los Angeles Clippers on February 22, 2018, Thompson moved past Joe Barry Carroll's 9,996 points to earn 10th place on the franchise's career scoring list, also becoming the 10th Warrior to reach 10,000 regular season career points. Two days later, in a 112–80 win over the Thunder, Thompson passed Neil Johnston (10,023) for ninth Document [19] (Title: Allan Caidic) later, on November 21, 1991, Caidic sets the PBA all-time records of the most points in a single game by a homegrown Filipino player (79 points), the most points in a single half (53 points), the most points in a single quarter (37 points), the most three-point field goals made and attempts in a game (17/27 triples), the most three-point field goals made in a quarter (8 triples) and the most consecutive three-point field goals made in a single game (8 triples), to lead Presto Tivoli against Ginebra San Miguel. His performance remains as one of the greatest individual performances Document [20] (Title: Sydney Johnson) He scored 15 on February 22, when Princeton clinched the Ivy League regular season championship by defeating . The following week, he established Ivy League records for most consecutive three-point field goals made, with 11, and the most single-game three-point field goals made with no misses (6 for 6) against Columbia Lions men's basketball on February 28, 1997 and Cornell Big Red men's basketball (first 5) on March 1, 1997. He had twelve points in the regular season finale during which Princeton tied the school record with its nineteenth consecutive win. In the 1997 NCAA Tournament opening round matchup against Document [21] (Title: Splash Brothers) 13, breaking the previous of 12 he held jointly with Kobe Bryant and Donyell Marshall. In 2017–18, the duo each made 200 three-pointers again to extend their record for consecutive seasons with 200 made. In Game 6 of the Western Conference Finals against Houston, Thompson scored 35 points and shot 9-of-14 on three-pointers and Curry added 29 points and five 3's to help the Warriors overcome a 17-point deficit and win 115–86, staving off elimination and tying the series at 3–3. The Splash Brothers outscored the Rockets 37–25 in the second half while shooting 11-of-15 on three-pointers. All-Star center DeMarcus Document [22] (Title: Michael Redd) 2008 Summer Olympics. He averaged over 15 points throughout the competition. During the team's game against Puerto Rico, Redd set the qualifying record for most 3 pointers made in one game. He also set the record of most three pointers made in the whole tournament (28) surpassing Penny Hardaway who had the previous record of 22. Redd participated in the 2008 Olympics as the team went unbeaten on the way to winning back the gold medal after defeating 2006 FIBA World Championship winners Spain and living up to their "Redeem Team" moniker after missing out in the 2004 Summer Olympics. Document [23] (Title: Stephen Curry) to achieve that mark, Ray Allen. In that same game, Curry injured his right ankle and subsequently missed 11 games, returning to action on December 30 and scoring 38 points with a season-high 10 3-pointers in a 141–128 win over the Memphis Grizzlies. Curry shot 13 for 17 and 10 of 13 from deep in 26 minutes for his ninth 30-point game of the season. It also marked Curry's ninth career game with 10 or more 3s, the most by any player in NBA history. On January 6, in a 121–105 win over the Los Angeles Clippers, Curry scored 45 Document [24] (Title: Ray Allen) player in NBA history to have two separate games of scoring at least seven three-pointers in the NBA Finals. The Celtics would win two of three games in Boston, before losing the last two games and the series in Los Angeles. After becoming a free agent on July 1, 2010, Allen re-signed a two year-deal with the Boston Celtics on July 7 worth $20 million. During a game against the Los Angeles Lakers on February 10, 2011, Allen became the all-time NBA leader in total 3-point field goals made (2,562), surpassing Reggie Miller's record of 2,560. The 35-year-old shooting guard Document [25] (Title: Joe Ingles) Randy Foye (178) and Rodney Hood (161) for most 3-pointers in a single season for a Jazz player. On 7 March 2018, he recorded the first double-double of his NBA career with 11 points and 10 assists in a 104–84 win over the Indiana Pacers. On 17 March 2018, he recorded 14 points, nine assists and seven rebounds in a 103–97 win over the Sacramento Kings. Ingles made three 3-pointers to push his season total to 179, breaking the Jazz record of 178 set by Foye during the 2012–13 season. Five days later, in a 119–112 win over the Mavericks, Document [26] (Title: Jason Rabedeaux) walk on at the University of California, Davis, and was named all-conference twice. He ended his UC Davis career with 1,112 points, 15th-most in school history. He holds the school record for the three-pointers in a season (80), most three-pointers in a game (six) and most free throws in a game (14). In 1995, he was inducted into the UC Davis Aggies Athletics Hall of Fame. Rabedeaux holds a bachelor's degree in exercise physiology, and at Washington State in 1991, earned a master's degree in athletic administration. Upon finishing his college career, Rabedeaux spent a season as an assistant coach Document [27] (Title: Giannis Antetokounmpo) first four games are the most in team history—Kareem Abdul-Jabbar had 146 in 1970–71. Coming into the sixth game of the season, he had 175 points, 53 rebounds and 28 assists, the best start by a player in NBA history through his first five games. On November 18, he grabbed a career-high 17 rebounds to go along with 24 points in a 111–79 loss to the Dallas Mavericks. On December 4, he scored 40 points in a 111–100 loss to the Celtics. It was his third 40-point game of the season. On January 6, 2018, he recorded 34 points, 12 Document [28] (Title: History of the Golden State Warriors) Curry hit another notable milestone in posting 4 triple-doubles for the season, tying a franchise record unequaled since Wilt Chamberlain in 1963–64. Curry also averaged career-bests in points and assists; averaging 24.0 points and 8.5 assists in the season. Curry and Klay Thompson continued to set league records in three-point shooting. On February 7, in a 102–87 win over the Chicago Bulls, the backcourt duo became the first teammates to each make a three-pointer in 30 consecutive games. Curry, who finished the season with 261 threes, set an individual record for most three-pointers in a span of two seasons with Document [29] (Title: Les Selvage) points per game. Selvage also was briefly a member of the 1969-1970 Los Angeles Stars team. Selvage was known for his eagerness to shoot three-pointers, and led the ABA in three-point field goals made (147) and attempted (461) during the 1967-68 season. Selvage himself attempted more threes that season than any other ABA team except the Pittsburgh Pipers, and once shot 26 three-pointers in a single game, making 10. Former Denver Rockets coach Bob Bass recalled, "He acted like if he stepped over [the three-point line], he was going to get killed or something. He didn't just shoot 25-footers — Document [30] (Title: 1989 Presto Tivolis season) victory over Alaska Milk at the start of the Reinforced Conference semifinal round. Caidic reset Atoy Co's record in individual scoring in one quarter by one point as he finished with 27 and became the league's undoubted top three-point gunner with a record 15 triples, breaking Hills Bros' import Jose Slaughter's 14 hits that was registered two years ago, Caidic also tied Ricardo Brown's output of 41 points in a half in an amazing display of markmanship that had the capacity crowd roaring in approval, with Caidic's 15 triples, Presto set an all-time high of 18 three-pointers with Bailey converting Document [31] (Title: Craig Hodges) 1986 when he lost to Larry Bird, and in 1989, when he lost to Dale Ellis. Hodges holds the Three Point Contest records for the most consecutive shots made with 19 (1991) and is tied with Jason Kapono for most points scored in a single round at 25 (1986). He is tied with Hubert Davis for the highest score in the semifinal round at 24 (1991) and with six other players for the most bonus balls made with five (1988). Hodges has the second highest three-round combined score with 61 (1991). Hodges competed in the Three Point Contest at the Document [32] (Title: Dorell Wright) record of 183 in the 2005–06 season. On April 13, 2011, he became the first player in NBA history to have scored more points in his seventh season than all of his first six combined in a win against the Portland Trail Blazers. He also ended the season with the most three-point shots made in the 2010–11 season with 194, as well as the most three-point field goals attempted with 516, both of which set Warriors franchise records. The records were surpassed by Stephen Curry in the 2012–13 season, when Curry set the NBA record for three-point field goals made. Document [33] (Title: Stephen Curry) and Wilt Chamberlain as the only four Warriors to do so). Curry's 54 points against the Knicks included a career-best and franchise-record 11 three-pointers, becoming the first player in NBA history to score 50-plus points while hitting 10-plus three-pointers in a game. It was the most scored by a Warrior since Purvis Short tallied 59 points in 1984. He appeared in the playoffs for the first time in 2013, with the Warriors earning the sixth seed in the Western Conference. In 12 playoff games (all starts), he averaged 23.4 points, 8.1 assists and 3.8 rebounds. He set a new franchise Document [34] (Title: Justin Dentmon) index rating of 40, which led all players for Round 14 and made him the bwin MVP for the third time this season. During the game, Dentmon set the competition record for most three-pointers in a season with 74, and also set a new team mark for points in a game. His all-around performance also included 4-of-5 two-point shooting, 7 free throws made without a miss, 5 rebounds, 3 assists and 2 steals. His many clutch baskets also helped Zalgiris win the LKL title for the 4th consecutive time. On July 28, 2014, Dentmon signed with the Qingdao DoubleStar of Document [35] (Title: Travis Bader) not record a three-pointer was December 30, 2011, when he was 0–3 in three-point FGs against South Dakota State. Bader was named Horizon League co-Player of the Week for the week of December 16–22. Bader made 21 three-point field goals in three games. He recorded the first double-double of his career against Illinois State and made 10 of 15 three-pointers in a loss to Eastern Michigan. He averaged 26 points per game for the week and made 58.3% of this three-pointers while Oakland went 2–1. He shared the award with Green Bay's Alec Brown. On December 27, Bader passed the Document [36] (Title: Jon Diebler) 13, 2010, Diebler surpassed Jamar Butler for the Ohio State record for 3-point field goals made. Diebler finished the 2009–10 season averaging 37.2 minutes per game. On March 1, 2011, he made 10 3-pointers in a row while finishing 10 for 12, breaking the Ohio State record for most 3-pointers in a game. On March 6, 2011, during Ohio State's senior day, Diebler made 7 3-pointers, finishing with 27 points against Wisconsin. Diebler started 115 games during his time at OSU, including every game since the start of his sophomore year. On June 6, 2011, Diebler traveled to Portland, to Document [37] (Title: Stephen Curry) 2, he hit his 200th three-pointer of the season in the Warriors' 133–120 win over the Los Angeles Clippers, making him the first player in NBA history to have 200 or more three-pointers in five consecutive seasons. On March 5, he scored 31 points and moved into the top 10 on the NBA's career three-point list in a 112–105 win over the New York Knicks. Curry hit five three-pointers, passing Chauncey Billups for 10th place. Curry helped the Warriors sweep through the first two rounds of the playoffs. In Game 1 of the Western Conference Finals against the San Antonio Document [38] (Title: Bradley Beal) despite Beal's 32 points in a 102–92 loss in Game 6. On October 20, 2018, Beal scored 32 points, going 6 for 11 on 3-pointers, in a 117–113 loss to the Toronto Raptors. He broke Washington's franchise record for most 3-pointers in a career, surpassing Gilbert Arenas (868) by making his 869th during the fourth quarter. On November 14, he scored 20 points and hit three 3-pointers in a 119–95 win over the Cleveland Cavaliers. Beal hit his 900th career 3-pointer in the first quarter, becoming the youngest player in NBA history to reach 900. On November 26, he equaled Document [39] (Title: Baloncesto Superior Nacional) 6,178. He also held the single-season rebound record with 380 in 1978, which stood until Lee Benson broke it in 2008. Currently, Neftalí Rivera holds the record for most points in a game in the Baloncesto Superior Nacional when he scored 79 points on May 22, 1974. In that game he achieve the record by making 34 field goals(all of them 2-pointers as the 3-pointers where not adopted back then) and 11 free throws. In 1989, Pablo Alicea of the Gigantes de Carolina established a record for most assists in one game with 25. The record stood for over two Document [40] (Title: Danny Green (basketball)) November 13, 2012, he hit a game-winner against the Los Angeles Lakers, finishing the game with 11 points. On February 6, 2013, Green recorded career-highs of 28 points and 8 three-pointers made in a win over the Minnesota Timberwolves. He was one three-pointer shy of Chuck Person's record for most three-pointers made in a single game as a Spur. In Game 2 of the 2013 NBA Finals, Green was perfect from the field, including 5–5 from the three-point line. However, the Spurs lost in a blowout to the Miami Heat, 103–84. In Game 3 of the NBA Finals, Green hit Document [41] (Title: Pau Gasol) rebounds and tied a career-high and franchise record with eight blocks on January 29 against the Sacramento Kings, and surpassed Shareef Abdur-Rahim as the franchise's all-time leader in free throw attempts on January 31 against the Dallas Mavericks. He became the all-time franchise leader in field goals made on February 6 against the Houston Rockets, and became the all-time franchise leader in minutes played on February 7 at Dallas. He surpassed Shareef Abdur-Rahim (7,801 points) as the Grizzlies' all-time leading scorer on March 7, 2007, against the Toronto Raptors (7,809 points at the time). On January 24, 2007, Gasol recorded Document [42] (Title: Allan Caidic) consecutive freethrows made (76), and the most three-point field goals in a career (1,242 triples; later surpassed by Jimmy Alapag) . He has played with several PBA teams and won numerous championships. He played for the Philippine national basketball team including the 1998 Philippine Centennial Team. While in the league, he was considered one of the best three-point shooters in Asia. The vaunted Chinese national basketball team recognized his ability by always reminding their players to be on the lookout for "Philippine No. 8", referring to Caidic's regular jersey number while playing for the National Team. Caidic is from Paete, Document [43] (Title: Paul George) George made nine three-pointers en route to a career-high 37 points in a victory against the New Orleans Hornets. The nine 3-pointers broke the franchise record for most 3-pointers made in a single game, surpassing Hall of Famer Reggie Miller. George was named the NBA's Player of the Week for the first time in his career in December, winning three straight games against Cleveland, Philadelphia, and Detroit. He recorded his first career triple-double in a victory over the Charlotte Bobcats on February 13, 2013, finishing with 23 points, 12 rebounds, 12 assists and 2 steals. That same season, George was Document [44] (Title: Warren Isaac) Isaac broke Richie Guerin's record when he scored 50 points during a December 18, 1964 game against Bates, broken down into 21 field goals (also a new record) and 8 free throws, to which he added 27 rebounds. That record performance (still current record for Iona single game highs in points and field goals) is one of nine 30+ points efforts by Isaac, including one against Duquesne on January 7, 1965 that saw him score one basket from at least 35-feet with five seconds left to win the game for Iona, as he passed the 1,000 career points mark. He Document [45] (Title: Lega Basket All Star Game) 1986 edition, Oscar Schmidt is the record-holder with four wins, adding an unofficial title in December 2003 after beating the official winner Michele Mian in an extra contest. The latest (2015) edition saw the contestants try to score as many three-point field goals as possible from five shooting positions around the three-point line, with each position consisting of a rack with four balls worth three-points and a special "Money Ball" worth six, for a total of twenty five shots in one minute, with the highest score crowning the winner. The slam dunk contest (), known as the Openjobmetis Slam Dunk Document [46] (Title: Michael Mallory (basketball)) single season Michael had most points scored (720; 2016–17), 3-point field goals made (95; 2015–16), and 3-point field goals attempted (274; 2015–16) For individual career records Michael holds most points (2,515), Field goals made (882), Field goals attempted (2,035), 3-point field goals made (347), 3-point field goals attempted (934) and games played (125). Michael also holds the record for single game highs of 47 points vs. Bentley (1/30/16), 43 points vs. American International (11/24/15), and 40 points vs. St. Michael’s (1/4/17). After graduating, on August 3, 2017, Mallory signed with HKK Zrinjski Mostar of Bosnian League, but after two weeks, Document [47] (Title: Shanna Zolman) Throw Percentage (.916). Previously, Zolman was the sole holder for most 3-Pointers made with 266 before Angie Bjorklund became the 3 pointers record holder with 300. She is the 9th highest scorer in Tennessee Volunteers women's basketball history (1,806). Shanna wore a No. 1 jersey during most of her junior year in honor of her teammate and best friend, Sidney Spencer, who missed the majority of the season after tearing her ACL. Source On April 5, 2006, Zolman was drafted by the San Antonio Silver Stars in the second round (No. 16 overall) of the 2006 WNBA Draft. In her Document [48] (Title: Jamal Crawford) He joined Ray Allen, Reggie Miller, Jason Terry, Vince Carter and Paul Pierce in the 2000 club. During the game, Crawford also passed Eddie Johnson for No. 2 in career NBA bench scoring. Crawford's 9,572 bench points trails only Dell Curry's 11,147. He also passed Magic Johnson for 74th in career points scored. On February 11 against Charlotte, Crawford scored 22 points while going 5-of-8 on three-pointers. Crawford (2,009) subsequently passed Vince Carter (2,006) for fifth-most three-pointers made in NBA history. On July 6, 2017, Crawford was acquired by the Atlanta Hawks in a three-team trade involving the Clippers and Document [49] (Title: Kobe Bryant) surpassing Chamberlain. He continued his dominant clutch plays making yet another game-winning three-pointer against the Sacramento Kings, and what would be the game-winning field goal against the Boston Celtics. The following day, he surpassed West to become the all-time leading scorer in Lakers franchise history. After being sidelined for five games from an ankle injury, Bryant made his return and made another clutch three-pointer to give the Lakers a one-point lead with four seconds remaining against the Memphis Grizzlies. Two weeks later, he made his sixth game-winning shot of the season against the Toronto Raptors. On April 2, 2010, Bryant Document [50] (Title: Ray Allen) game while adding 4.5 rebounds and 4.1 assists per game. During his Seattle SuperSonics tenure, Allen achieved many individual accomplishments. On March 12, 2006, Allen became the 97th player in NBA history to score 15,000 points. On April 7, 2006, Allen moved into second place on the NBA's list of all-time 3-point field goals made, trailing only Reggie Miller. On April 19, 2006, Allen broke Dennis Scott's ten-year-old NBA record for 3-point field goals made in a season in a game against the Denver Nuggets. The record has since been broken by Stephen Curry. On January 12, 2007, Allen scored Document [51] (Title: Michael Bauer (basketball)) Gophers. He held the several Gophers records for three point shooting at the conclusion of his career. Bauer held marks of most three pointers made (71) and attempted (190) from the 2002-03 season, before being passed in each mark by Lawrence Westbrook. Currently, Bauer is second in Minnesota history with 191 three point field goals. Michael Bauer (basketball) Michael Bauer (born August 14, 1980) is an American former professional basketball player. Bauer most recently played for Belgian club Base Oostende. In 6 EuroChallenge appearances with Oostende, Bauer averaged 11.2 points per game. Previously, he has played professionally with Deutsche Bank Document [52] (Title: Mike Conley Jr.) Miller for the most three-pointers in franchise history with 845. On March 29, he matched his career high with seven three-pointers on his way to 36 points, helping the Grizzlies rout the Indiana Pacers 110–97. On April 22, 2017, Conley scored a franchise postseason record 35 points in a 110–108 overtime win over the San Antonio Spurs. The win tied the first-round series at 2–2. Conley appeared in 12 of the Grizzlies' first 13 games of the 2017–18 season before suffering a left Achilles injury. On January 27, 2018, he was ruled out for the rest of the season after Document [53] (Title: Carlos Delfino) hit at least one three-pointer in 19 of 24 games. In his first season with Skipper Bologna, he moved into the starting lineup in the third game of the season and averaged about 26 minutes. He scored 18 points, including shooting 3-of-5 from three-point range, versus Euro Roseto and posted double-doubles against Benetton Treviso (13 points, 13 rebounds), Oregon Scientific Cantù (15 points, 11 rebounds) and Pippo Milano (14 points, 11 rebounds). He suffered torn ligaments in his ankle late in the season, but returned in late May. Beginning in 2004, Delfino signed to play for the Detroit Pistons of Document [54] (Title: Donovan Mitchell) a 50 and 48 in the final round being the first rookie to win the contest since Zach LaVine. On March 1, 2018, Mitchell was named as the Western Conference rookie of the month for the 3rd time this season for games played in February. On April 10, he set a rookie record for most three-pointers in a season with 186 three-pointers during a 119–79 win over the Golden State Warriors. On April 12, at the end of the regular season, Mitchell was named Western Conference Rookie of the Month for March and April. In Mitchell's playoff debut against the Document [55] (Title: Richie Farmer) shooting in a 124–120 victory for the White team. After Kentucky's second game of the year – a 71–69 loss at Indiana – Pitino noted that Farmer, who had 4 points and 4 assists in the game, was benefiting from extra one-on-one coaching sessions with Donovan. In a December 19, 1989, victory against Furman, Farmer attempted 7 three-pointers – tied for second-most in the game – as the Wildcats set an NCAA record for most three-pointers attempted in a game with 47, besting their own record of 41 set earlier in the month against Tennessee Tech. A week later, Farmer Document [56] (Title: History of the Golden State Warriors) All-Stars since 1976. Green broke the Golden State franchise record of nine triple-doubles in a season. Curry broke numerous three-point records during the season, including his own NBA record for made three-pointers in a season of 286; he finished the season with 402 three pointers. He made a three-pointer in 151 consecutive games, which broke the NBA record of 127 set by Kyle Korver in 2014. On February 27, 2016, Curry also tied the NBA record of twelve three-pointers made in a single game, jointly holding it with Donyell Marshall and Kobe Bryant. On April 3, 2016, the Warriors won Document [57] (Title: Joe Fulks) scored 63 points on February 10, 1949. It remained the most in an NBA game until Elgin Baylor scored 64 points in a 1959 game. Fulks' 63-point outburst came during a Warriors 108-87 victory over the Indianapolis Jets. Fulks made 27 of 56 field goal attempts and nine of 14 free throws. Along the way he shattered the record for most points in one half (33), field goals, and field goal attempts. The 6'5" (1.96 m) Fulks was known both for his athletic drives to the basket as well as his shooting. He was perhaps most remembered as one of Document [58] (Title: Travis Bader) awards. In the 47-point game, Bader set an Oakland single-game record for three-point field goals made (11), scored the most points in a game in NCAA Division I that year to that point and tied the league record for most three-pointers in a game. The 47 points are the third-highest total in Oakland history. At the conclusion of the season, Bader was named All-League First Team along with being named to the Lou Hension All-American team. Bader was also named to the Academic All-League team. Bader led the NCAA Division I for three-point field goals per game, averaging 4.21 three-pointers Document [59] (Title: 2012 NBA Finals) an NBA Finals record for most 3-pointers in a game with 14. With three minutes remaining in the game, both teams took their starters out of the game, with the Heat still leading by more than 20 points. With their Game 5 win, the Heat won their second NBA championship in team history, and the first for several Heat players, including James, who was named the NBA Finals MVP after averaging 28.6 points, 10.2 rebounds and 7.4 assists in the finals, capping it all off with his first triple double of the season in the final game. For the Thunder, Document [60] (Title: Kemba Walker) game of his career, tying Glen Rice for the franchise record for 40-point games. Three days later, he scored 39 points, including the game-winning free throw with a half-second left, to lift the Hornets to a 113–112 win over the Miami Heat. During the game, he eclipsed the career 10,000-point mark. Walker set the NBA record for most three-point field goals through the first three games of a season with 19 (previously held by Danilo Gallinari with 18 in 2009–10) and became the first player in NBA history to make five or more three-point field goals in each of the Document [61] (Title: Kiefer Ravena) set a new record of most free throws taken by single player in a single game with 25 on their game against UE, he made 19 free throws out of that 25, the previous record was 19 set by another Blue Eagle Chris Tiu in 2008, where he only missed two freethrows. His 77.64 statistical points in season 77 is the highest recorded statistical points made by a single player in one season until it was surpassed by the 92.43 statistical points of La Salle's Mbala in season 79. His 11 assists in their second-round game against the Adamson Falcons Document [62] (Title: Mirza Teletović) win over the Los Angeles Lakers, Teletović set the Suns' single-season record for most three-pointers made off the bench, surpassing Danny Ainge's 150 made three-pointers during the 1992–93 season. On April 5, in a loss to the Atlanta Hawks, Teletović set an NBA single-season record for most three-pointers made off the bench, surpassing Chuck Person's 164 made three-pointers during the 1994–95 season with the San Antonio Spurs. His record was broken the following season by Eric Gordon. Teletović finished the season with a 181 three-pointers, with 179 made while coming off the bench. On July 8, 2016, Teletović signed a Document [63] (Title: Kobe Bryant) and praised for his performance in the 4th quarter of games, specifically the last 2 rounds of the playoffs. This cemented Bryant's reputation as a "clutch player". In the 2002–03 season, Bryant set an NBA record for three-pointers in a game on January 7, 2003, when he made 12 against the Seattle SuperSonics. He averaged 30 points per game and embarked on a historic run, posting 40 or more points in nine consecutive games while averaging 40.6 in the entire month of February. In addition, he averaged 6.9 rebounds, 5.9 assists, and 2.2 steals per game, all career-highs to that Document [64] (Title: Boston Celtics) Celtics became the second team to reach 3,000 victories, Paul Pierce became the third Celtic to score 20,000 points after Larry Bird and John Havlicek, and Ray Allen broke the NBA record for most three-pointers made in a career. The 2011 NBA Playoffs started with the Celtics sweeping the New York Knicks 4–0 in the opening round, but in the second round they were ousted by eventual Eastern champions Miami Heat in five games. Shaquille O'Neal, limited to 12 minutes in two games of the second round, retired at the end of the season. At the 2011 NBA draft, the Document [65] (Title: Carmelo Anthony) scored in one quarter in NBA history by scoring 33 points in the third quarter. Gervin had set the record when he was competing against David Thompson for the scoring title on the last day of the 1977–78 season. Anthony shot 12 of 15 (80%) in the third quarter and finished the game with 45 points, 11 rebounds, 3 assists and 4 steals. The record was broken in January 2015 by Klay Thompson of the Golden State Warriors. On January 4, 2009, Anthony broke a bone in his hand in a game against the Indiana Pacers. He opted to have Document [66] (Title: Joe Johnson (basketball)) Raptors. Three days later, he hit two three-pointers against the Detroit Pistons, thus surpassing Peja Stojaković for 11th on the career three-pointers list. On January 24, in a win over the Oklahoma City Thunder, he became the 31st player in NBA history to reach 40,000 minutes. On February 5, he recorded season highs of 27 points and 11 assists in a 128–119 win over the Sacramento Kings. On February 8, he recorded 12 points and 8 assists against the Denver Nuggets, and hit a buzzer-beating three-pointer to lift the Nets to a 105–104 win. In that game, he passed Scottie Document [67] (Title: Diana Taurasi) in WNBA history to make 1,000 3-pointers. On June 5, 2018, Taurasi became the first player in WNBA history to score 8,000 points in an 80–74 victory against the Liberty. On July 8, 2018, Taurasi became the league's all-time leader in field goals made in an 84–77 victory against the Connecticut Sun, surpassing Tina Thompson. Taurasi would also earn her ninth career all-star appearance after being voted into the 2018 WNBA All-Star Game. On August 1, 2018, Taurasi scored a season-high 37 points in a 104–93 victory against the Las Vegas Aces. The Mercury finished off the season 20–14 with Document [68] (Title: Nik Stauskas) to Stauskas. When he tweeted a Christmas Eve 2012 video of himself making 45 of 50 three-point shots, Dick Vitale replied 14 minutes later. On April 24, 2013, he posted a video of himself making 70 of 76 three-pointers in five minutes, and 8 hours later, Stephen Curry challenged him, via Twitter, to a three-point shooting contest. Curry had set the National Basketball Association single-season three-pointers made record one week earlier. The following morning ESPN retweeted the video and noted that Stauskas made 46 in a row. A few hours later, when Stauskas woke up, he said he would look Document [69] (Title: Anthony Morrow) 2009 NBA Summer League, where he scored 47 points for the Warriors in a game against the New Orleans Hornets – setting the record for the most points scored by an individual in a game at the NBA Summer League. In the 13th game of the 2009–10 NBA season, Morrow set a new career high with 6 three pointers in a victory over the Dallas Mavericks. On July 13, 2010, Morrow was traded to the New Jersey Nets for a future second-round draft pick. At the end of the 2010–11 NBA season, Morrow had the second highest 3-point percentage in Document [70] (Title: James Harden) Oklahoma City Thunder. He recorded the fourth highest 3-point percentage in NBA history (.375) for a player under the age of 21 (min. of 150 attempts) during the 2009–10 season. He connected on seven straight 3-point field goals over two games (November 18 and November 20), recording the most consecutive 3-point makes by a rookie since Houston guard Michael Dickerson made eight straight in May 1999. He posted a season-high 26 points against the Golden State Warriors on December 7, 2009. He was subsequently named to the NBA All-Rookie Second Team. During the 2010–11 season, he scored 10-plus points on Document [71] (Title: Dirk Nowitzki) Parish on the all-time scoring list at #20. He then passed Charles Barkley for 19th, and scored his 24,000th point on April 15, 2012 against the Lakers. Nowitzki blocked a shot by the Celtics' Avery Bradley, which was his 1,000th block. He became one of only 3 players in NBA history with at least 1,000 3-pointers and blocks, joining Clifford Robinson and Rasheed Wallace. Nowitzki made his 11th straight All-Star game appearance in Orlando. Nowitzki scored 31 points in the second half against Houston on April 18, 2012, including 21 in the fourth quarter. It marked the third-highest scoring half Document [72] (Title: Golden State Warriors) along with a future second-round pick, to the Dallas Mavericks in exchange for a future conditional second-round pick. Veteran power forward David West signed with the Warriors, as did free-agent center Zaza Pachulia. The Warriors posted many notable achievements during the 2016–17 regular season. On November 7, 2016, Stephen Curry set the NBA record for most 3-pointers in a game with 13, in a 116–106 win over the Pelicans. On December 5, 2016, Klay Thompson scored 60 points in 29 minutes, in a 142–106 victory over the Pacers. In doing so, Thompson became the first player in NBA history to Document [73] (Title: Klay Thompson) three-pointers in any of the contests, a career-worst seven-game drought for him. On October 29, 2018, against the Chicago Bulls, he hit an NBA-record 14 threes to break Curry's former mark of 13. Thompson scored 52 points in 27 minutes while making 14-for-24 of his threes and shooting 18-for-29 overall from the field. His 10 three-pointers in the first half tied Chandler Parsons' league record set in 2014, and Golden State made 17 threes in the first half to set the NBA record for a half. On November 24, he scored 31 points with five 3-pointers in a 117–116 win Document [74] (Title: 2017 NBA Finals) route to scoring 86 points for the first half, which was the most points scored in a half. They also hit 13 three-pointers in the first half, which broke the Finals record for most threes in a half set last game by the Warriors. The Cavaliers finished the game with 24 three-pointers, which easily broke the Finals record for the most threes in a game set by the Warriors in Game 2. Both the Cavaliers and Warriors combined to score a total of 154 points in the first half, which is another Finals record for most points by any two Document [75] (Title: Golden State Warriors) Other highlights of the 2014-2015 season included Stephen Curry breaking his own record for three-pointers made in a single season with 286. He and Klay Thompson made a combined 525 three-pointers, the most by a duo in NBA history. In the postseason, Curry shattered Reggie Miller's record of 58 made three-pointers in a single postseason with 98. On January 23, 2015, Klay Thompson broke an NBA record for points in a quarter with 37 in the third. Curry was also the leader in the voting polls for the 2015 NBA All-Star Game, won the 2014–15 NBA Most Valuable Player award Document [76] (Title: Kyle Korver) for fourth place on the career 3-pointers list with 2,143. Two days later, he hit four 3-pointers and had 19 points off the bench in a 127–99 loss to the Minnesota Timberwolves, passing Pierce for fourth place on the NBA's all-time list in 3-pointers made with 2,147. On February 9, 2018, he scored a season-high 30 points in a 123–107 win over the Atlanta Hawks. He made 7 of 13 from 3-point range and finished two points from matching his career high of 32. It was his first 30-point game since February 21, 2007. Korver went 794 games between 30-point Document [77] (Title: Kemba Walker) and broke the franchise career record for 3-pointers with 930, surpassing the record of 929 held by Dell Curry. On February 8, Walker was named as the replacement for the injured Kristaps Porziņģis in the 2018 NBA All-Star Game, marking his second consecutive All-Star selection. Later that day, he had a 40-point effort in a 109–103 overtime loss to the Portland Trail Blazers. On March 22, he scored 46 points with 10 3-pointers in a 140–79 win over the Memphis Grizzlies. It was his ninth 40-point game of his career and third-highest scoring game of his career, as he helped Document [78] (Title: JJ Redick) in the ACC Tournament and 12 in the NCAA Tournament to finish ahead of Clark. Redick finished his career with an NCAA-record 457 three-point field goals shooting 40.4% from three-point range. His career three-pointers record was broken on February 2, 2014, by Oakland University's Travis Bader. In the game after breaking Staples' record, Redick scored 30 points on February 19, 2006, against Miami to become the all-time leading scorer at Duke, with 2,557 points scored in his career. On February 25, 2006, in a game at Temple University, Redick passed Dickie Hemric's 51-year-old ACC scoring record of 2,587 points with Document [79] (Title: Shane Battier) NBA Finals is the highest three point shooting percentage ever recorded by a player who made 15 or more three-pointers in an NBA Finals series. During the 2012–13 regular season, Battier and the Heat won 27 consecutive games, establishing the NBA's second-longest winning streak (behind the 33 consecutive games won by the Lakers in the 1971–72 season). A speech given by Battier following the Super Bowl has been credited with sparking the 27-game win streak. The winning streak was snapped on March 27, 2013, when the Heat lost to the Chicago Bulls. The Heat surpassed the 22-game winning streak recorded Document [80] (Title: Wayne Ellington) career-high eight 3-pointers in a 113–101 win over the Dallas Mavericks. On March 21, 2018, in a 119–98 win over the New York Knicks, Ellington hit his 200th 3-pointer of the season, making him the third Heat player with that many in a season, joining Damon Jones (225) and Tim Hardaway Sr. (203). In the Heat's regular season finale on April 11, 2018, Ellington scored a career-high 32 points while setting Miami's single-season record for 3-pointers, as the Heat wrapped up the No. 6 seed in the Eastern Conference playoffs by beating the Toronto Raptors 116–109 in overtime. Ellington needed Document [81] (Title: Robert Horry) through the 2008 playoffs, having surpassed Kareem Abdul-Jabbar. Horry has held the record for three-pointers all-time in the NBA Finals with 53, having eclipsed Michael Jordan's previous record of 42. He set, and still holds today, the NBA Playoffs record for most three-point field goals made in a game without a miss (7) against the Utah Jazz in Game 2 of the 1997 Western Conference Semifinals. Horry has regular season career averages of 7.2 points, 4.9 rebounds and 2.2 assists per game. Horry and Steve Kerr, another famous reserve player and clutch shooter, alternated NBA Championships for a decade, and Document [82] (Title: Stephen Curry) did so in 2008–09. Curry also surpassed Kyle Korver's mark of 127 straight games with a three-pointer. In the following game two days later, the Warriors defeated the Oklahoma City Thunder in overtime thanks to a Curry three-pointer with 0.6 seconds remaining. Curry finished with 46 points as his winning shot was his 12th three-pointer, tying the NBA single-game record (with Kobe Bryant and Donyell Marshall). He also broke his own NBA record for threes in a season, leaving the new mark at 288. On March 7, in a win over the Orlando Magic, Curry scored 41 points and became Document [83] (Title: Eric Gordon) game in a 122–100 win over the New Orleans Pelicans. The Rockets made an NBA-record 24 three-pointers in the game, led by Gordon's 7-for-12 effort. On January 2, 2017, he scored a season-high 31 points in a 101–91 win over the Washington Wizards. On February 18, 2017, he edged out Kyrie Irving to win the Three-Point Contest during the NBA All-Star Weekend. On March 4, 2017, he scored 18 points and made six of Houston's 18 three-pointers in a 123–108 win over the Memphis Grizzlies. Gordon finished the game with 180 three-pointers; his 180 three-pointers in 49 games off the Document [84] (Title: R. J. Hunter) tournament, but hitting a shot like that was nothing new for him. In his sophomore year, Hunter scored a career-high 41 points against USTA, making a school single-game-record 12 3-pointers. The 12 3-pointers were also the most in the country during the year and set a new Sun Belt Conference record. In another game that year, he hit the game-winning shot with 11.1 seconds to play against Arkansas State. Another clutch shot came in a game in which Hunter scored 31 points including a huge 3-pointer with seven seconds left at UT Arlington to send the game to overtime. Hunter Document [85] (Title: George McCloud) most 3-point attempts in a season. In his NBA career, McCloud played in 766 games and scored a total of 6,925 points. McCloud was a productive three point shooter throughout his career. At NBA All-Star Weekend in 1996, he appeared in the Three-point Shootout but lost in the semifinal round. McCloud has the second-highest total for three-point attempts in an NBA game, with 20 (making seven of them) in a game for the Dallas Mavericks against the New Jersey Nets on March 5, 1996. George McCloud George Aaron McCloud (born May 27, 1967) is an American retired professional basketball player. Document [86] (Title: Luol Deng) being eliminated by the Cavs. On 1 November 2010, Deng scored a new career-high 40 points, hitting 14 of his 19 shots, along with 9 of 11 free throws, against the Portland Trail Blazers, scoring a point a minute. On 24 February 2011, Deng scored 20 points, 10 rebounds, and hit the game winning 3-point shot with 16 seconds left on the clock in a game against the Miami Heat. Throughout the season, Deng significantly improved his 3-point shooting after coach Tom Thibodeau asked him to. In the past four seasons, Deng attempted 132 3-point shots, whereas this season he Document [87] (Title: Christian Steinmetz) points in a game (50 points against Sparta), most points in a season (462 points in 18 games), most free throws in a game (26 against Two Rivers), most free throws in a season (238), and most free throw attempts in a season (317). Steinmetz's single-game, free-throw record, set at a time when one player took all of the team's free throws, has never been broken. He scored 20 field goals in a game against Beloit College, falling one basket short of the national record. He later recalled, "The game was stopped five minutes early so Beloit could catch a Document [88] (Title: Karl Tilleman) allowed him to take games "into his own hands," as he did when he scored 22 points in the second half against Puerto Rico in the 1983 Pan American Games, and when he drained 23 points in one quarter in the 1988 Utah Summer Games. Tilleman set his personal three-point record in 1986 against the Montana State Bobcats, who won the Big Sky Conference and went undefeated at home that season. Tilleman scored 50 points - on the Cats' home court - hitting 13 three pointers and setting a record for the most points in a men's basketball game at Document [89] (Title: Dennis Scott (basketball)) leading scorers for the Magic. In 1995–96 Scott set an NBA single-season three-point field goal tally with 267 (which was broken ten years later by Ray Allen). He also set the NBA record for most three pointers made in a single game with 11 on April 18, 1996. On his record breaking shot the assist came from teammate and the holder of the record, Brian Shaw (he made 10 three pointers on April 8, 1993). This record has also since been broken by Kobe Bryant who made 12 three pointers on January 7, 2003, Donyell Marshall who made 12 three Document [90] (Title: Dirk Nowitzki) with 40 points in a 132–120 overtime win over the Portland Trail Blazers. His 20th career 40-point game was his first since January 2014, and the first by a 37-year-old since Karl Malone in 2000–01. On April 11, in a win over the Utah Jazz that clinched the Mavericks a spot in the playoffs for the 15th time in 16 years, Nowitzki hit four three-pointers, becoming the 15th player in NBA history with at least 1,700 career triples. In Game 4 of the Mavericks' first-round playoff series against the Oklahoma City Thunder, Nowitzki passed Elgin Baylor (3,623 points) for 15th Document [91] (Title: Isaiah Thomas (basketball)) on February 27, Thomas' franchise-record streak of consecutive 20-point games ended at 43. It was just the second time this season he did not register at least 20 points in a game. On March 12 against Chicago, Thomas hit his 200th three-point shot of the season, becoming the third Celtics player all-time to reach that mark along with Antoine Walker and Paul Pierce. With 32 points against the Milwaukee Bucks on March 29, Thomas became just the sixth Celtic ever to score 2,000 points in a single season. He also extended his streak with at least one three-pointer to a Document [92] (Title: Renee Montgomery) Houston Comets for most championship titles. On February 1, 2018, Montgomery signed a multi-year contract with the Atlanta Dream. She would be the starting point guard for the team. On August 12, 2018, Montgomery scored a season-high 30 points along with a career-high 8 three-pointers in a 86-77 victory over the New York Liberty, tying the regular season record for most three-pointers in a game. She also hit 7 of her 8 three pointers in the second half, breaking the WNBA record for most three-pointers in a half. By the end of the season, Montgomery set the franchise record for Document [93] (Title: Kyrie Irving) a half. On March 12, 2015, Irving scored a career-high 57 points, including a buzzer-beating three-point shot to send the Cavaliers into overtime, in a 128-125 win over the San Antonio Spurs. It was the most points for a player in a regular-season game against the defending champion since January 14, 1962, when Wilt Chamberlain scored 62 points for the Philadelphia Warriors in a loss to the Celtics. The effort also surpassed the Cavaliers' franchise single-game scoring mark of 56 points, set by LeBron James against the Toronto Raptors on March 3, 2005. Irving helped the Cavaliers win 34 of Document [94] (Title: Nick Paulos) 3-pointers made, and second all-time in UNCG history, with 125 games played. He scored a career-high 30 points at Chattanooga, against the Mocs, and he set a UNCG single-game record with 10 three-pointers made off the bench, as he was 10-of-12 (83.3%) from long range, in just 21 minutes of action. He hit his first four three-pointers of the game, before hitting six straight, on consecutive possessions in the second half, for the single-game record. As a junior, he scored a season-high 27 points against Davidson, and set a UNCG record with a perfect 9-of-9 shooting from long range. As Document [95] (Title: Kaleena Mosqueda-Lewis) Division I record for career 3-pointers, during UConn's 91-70 regional final win against Dayton. She is now the NCAA Division I record-holder for made three-point attempts,ending the season with 398 threes, and surpassing the prior record of 392, held jointly by Laurie Koehn and Heather Butler. Kaleena Mosqueda-Lewis Kaleena Jordan Mosqueda-Lewis (born Kaleena Jordan Lewis, November 3, 1993) is an American basketball player for the Seattle Storm of the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA). She plays for the Seattle Storm. Prior to enrolling at UConn she played for Mater Dei High School in Santa Ana, California. She played on the Document [96] (Title: Stephen Curry) the first player in NBA history to make 300 regular-season three-pointers. On April 1, Curry missed a three-pointer to tie the game against the Celtics with 5.3 seconds left, as the Warriors suffered their first home defeat since January 27, 2015, snapping an NBA-record 54-game winning streak in the regular season at Oracle Arena. On April 7, Curry scored 27 points to help the Warriors become the second team in NBA history to win 70 games in a season with a 112–101 win over the San Antonio Spurs. In the Warriors' regular-season finale on April 13 against the Memphis Grizzlies, Document [97] (Title: Golden State Warriors) Portland Trail Blazers, Wright then broke another NBA record, becoming the first player to have scored more points in his seventh season than in all his first six seasons combined. Wright ended the season with the most three-pointers made in the NBA that season with 194, as well as the most three-pointers attempted with 516; each mark set a new Warriors franchise record. Following the season, Curry received the NBA Sportsmanship Award. Coach Smart was dismissed on April 27, 2011 due to the change in ownership. Seventeen-year NBA veteran and former ABC and ESPN commentator Mark Jackson replaced Smart as Document [98] (Title: Stephen Curry) Year and set the all-time scoring record for both Davidson and the Southern Conference. During his sophomore year, he also set the single-season NCAA record for three-pointers made. During the 2012–13 season, Curry set the NBA record for three-pointers made in a regular season with 272. He surpassed that record in 2015 with 286, and again in 2016 with 402. Curry is currently fifth in all-time made three-pointers in NBA history. During the 2013–14 season, he and teammate Klay Thompson were nicknamed the Splash Brothers en route to setting the NBA record for combined three-pointers in a season with 484, Document [99] (Title: Vince Carter) became known for his 3-point shooting with the Mavericks. On February 13, 2013, in a 123–100 win over the Sacramento Kings, Carter scored 26 points to pass Larry Bird on the NBA's career scoring list, moving him into 29th place. Carter turned aside a Sacramento rally in the third quarter by going 5 of 7 from long range and scoring 17 of Dallas' last 21 points in the period. He ended the night with 21,796 career points for 29th on the all-time list, five ahead of Bird. He also became the 11th NBA player with at least 1,600 3-pointers. He Document [100] (Title: Josh Akognon) the season with the longest current streak in the nation of 44 games with a made three pointer. He finished his college career with 1,805 points and 335 three pointers. Josh also set a Big West Tournament scoring record with 37 points in a first round win over UC Riverside that included 9 three pointers. Akognon reached double figures in 36 of 37 games, reached the 20 point mark twenty-two times, the 30+ point mark 6 times, and has had two 41 point games. He was also one of 50 players on the early season watch list for the James Document [101] (Title: History of the Golden State Warriors) Curry breaking his own record for three-pointers made in a single season with 286. He and Klay Thompson made a combined 525 three-pointers, the most by a duo in NBA history. In the postseason, Curry shattered Reggie Miller's record of 58 made three-pointers in a single postseason with 98. On January 23, 2015, Klay Thompson broke an NBA record for points in a quarter with 37 in the third. Curry was also the leader in the voting polls for the 2015 NBA All-Star Game, won the 2014–15 NBA Most Valuable Player award and the 2015 ESPYs Best Male Athlete award. Document [102] (Title: Splash Brothers) the Warriors rallied from a 3–1 deficit in the Western Conference Finals to defeat Oklahoma City, 4–3. Thompson scored 41 points and made an NBA playoff record 11 three-pointers in Game 6, and the Splash Brothers were the first NBA players to finish with at least 30 three-pointers in a playoff series. Their 62 combined makes exceeded the Thunders' series total of 55. In 2016–17, Curry and Thompson became the first two players in NBA history to make at least 200 three-pointers in five consecutive seasons. Curry broke the NBA record for most three-pointers made in a single game with Document [103] (Title: C. J. Wilcox) amongst guards at UW. He is also the Washington record holder for most career three-pointers made with 301, which also ranks sixth in Pac-12 history; is one of three players in Pac-12 history to record 1,700 career points, 275 career three-pointers and 400 career rebounds (Jason Kapono, UCLA, 1999–03; Jason Gardner, Arizona, 1999–03); and set Washington's single-season made three-point field goals record with 90 in 2013–14. In May 2014, Wilcox was invited to the 2014 NBA Draft Combine where he performed well in athletic tests and was ranked one of the top shooters. On June 26, 2014, Wilcox was selected Document [104] (Title: Alex Owumi) assists, and 3 steals in a win over the Newcastle Eagles. On October 24, he scored a season-high 33 points, making all 6 of his three-point attempts, to beat the Leeds Force, 98–69. Owumi became his team's all-time leader in three-pointers, passing Daniel Gilbert for a total of 169. He collected 5 three-pointers in another 30-point game on December 14, as Worcester fell to the Cheshire Phoenix. On April 26, 2015, in the BBL Play-off quarterfinals, Owumi posted a double-double of 18 points and ten rebounds, but the London Lions eliminated his team with a 106–67 win. He capped the Document [105] (Title: 2015–16 Golden State Warriors season) win the biggest upset in NBA history. On March 7, the Warriors won their 45th-straight regular season home game over the Orlando Magic, eclipsing the 1995–96 Chicago Bulls 44 wins in a row, to claim the NBA record. Stephen Curry became the first player in NBA history to score 300 three-pointers in a single season. In a 128–112 win over the Portland Trail Blazers on March 11, both teams combined for 37 made three-pointers (18 by the Warriors, 19 by the Blazers), an all-time NBA record. With a Los Angeles Clippers' loss to the Cleveland Cavaliers on March 13, the Document [106] (Title: Klay Thompson) David Thompson's (no relation) record for a quarter. On January 29, 2015, Thompson was named a reserve for the 2015 Western Conference All-Star team for the first time in his career. On March 8, 2015, Thompson hit 3 three-pointers against the Los Angeles Clippers to pass head coach Steve Kerr (726) on the NBA's all-time list. On March 17, he was ruled out for 7–10 days with a sprained ankle. That season, Curry broke his own record for three-pointers (286), and Thompson again finished second in the league (239) as the two combined to make 525 threes, surpassing their previous Document [107] (Title: Splash Brothers) selected to compete in the Three-Point Contest, and Curry was a heavy favorite to win; the betting site, Bovada, listed Curry as the favorite to win with 10–11 odds, while Thompson was second at 9–2. Once more, the two advanced to the final round, but Thompson prevailed while Curry was the runner-up, outscoring him 27–23. With 24 games remaining in the season, Curry again surpassed his NBA record for three-pointers, reaching 288 against the Oklahoma City Thunder in a 121–118 win. He also tied an NBA record with 12 three-pointers in the game, including the game-winner from beyond in the Document [108] (Title: Kyle Korver) made at least one three-pointer in his final 73 games of the season, the longest active streak in the NBA at the time, a career-best and the fourth longest streak in league history (Dana Barros 89, Michael Adams 79, Dennis Scott 78). In addition, his 189 made threes was the fourth-best single season total in franchise history. On July 12, 2013, Korver re-signed with the Hawks to a four-year, $24 million contract. On December 6, 2013, Korver passed the NBA record for most consecutive games with a made three-pointer (90) originally set by Dana Barros (89). The streak eventually ended Document [109] (Title: 2016–17 Golden State Warriors season) win 30 road games in back-to-back seasons, joining the 1995–96 and 1996–97 Chicago Bulls. Stephen Curry set numerous three-point NBA records this season; including most three-pointers made in a single game with 13 and most consecutive games (regular-season and postseason combined) with a made three-pointer with 196. Curry also surpassed 300 three-pointers in the regular-season for the second time in NBA history; he finished with 324. Draymond Green won the Defensive Player of the Year Award at the NBA Awards, the first time a Warrior has won it. Kevin Durant won the NBA Finals MVP award, the third time a Document [110] (Title: Naz Mitrou-Long) finishing fourth in the Big 12 in 3-point field goal percentage (40.0) and seventh in 3-pointers made (1.8). His 64 3-pointers ranks as the 17th-most by a Cyclone in a single season. He made at least four 3-pointers in seven games. He hit a 30-foot three at the buzzer to send the Cyclones to overtime against Oklahoma State and in ISU's game at Oklahoma State earlier in the season, Long drilled a three to send the game to triple-OT. He earned Phillips 66 Big 12 Player of the Week honors after hitting 8-of-11 3-pointers in the Cyclones' season-opening win against Document [111] (Title: Sasha Vujačić) on November 29, 2007. In the 2007–08 season, Vujačić made 118 of his 270 three-point field goal attempts, setting the Los Angeles Lakers single-season record for the best three-point field goal percentage (.437). During Game 3 of the 2008 NBA Finals, Vujačić scored a career playoff-high 20 points off the bench and was the only Laker, with the exception of Kobe Bryant, to score in double figures. The Lakers went on to lose the series in 6 games to the Boston Celtics. On July 28, 2008, Vujačić re-signed with the Lakers to a multi-year deal. Los Angeles made it back Document [112] (Title: Splash Brothers) last second in overtime. Curry and Thompson broke their combined record for three-pointers in a season after just 66 games, when the Warriors (60–6) became the fastest team in league history to ever reach 60 wins in a season. Golden State finished the season with an NBA-record 73 wins. Curry finished the season with 402 three-point shots made, and Thompson was second in the NBA with 276. Their combined total of 678 shattered their previous record by 153 shots made. They were also the highest-scoring duo in the NBA with an average of 52.2 points per game. In the playoffs, Document [113] (Title: Chris Lofton) Illustrated picked Tennessee 3rd in the country and Lofton as a 1st Team All-American. On December 19, 2007, Lofton passed Allan Houston to become first on Tennessee's list for most three point field goals made. Houston had held the record with 346 three pointers made. On January 22, 2008, Lofton passed Pat Bradley of the University of Arkansas to capture the record for the most career three pointers in the Southeastern Conference with 367.His final three pointer came vs. Louisville in the Sweet 16 of the 2008 NCAA Tournament, a game which Tennessee lost 79-60. Lofton was also selected to Document [114] (Title: History of the Miami Heat) Sacramento, Mario Chalmers had a career-high 10-triples, tying Brian Shaw's record for most three pointers in a single game. Four days later against Golden State, LeBron James became the youngest player in NBA history to score 20,000 career-points and made his 5,000th career assist. On February 3, 2013 (Day of Super Bowl XLVII), the Heat embarked on a winning streak, after winning over the Toronto Raptors. Eight days later against Portland, LeBron James broke Moses Malone and Adrian Dantley's record of six straight 30 point games on 60% shooting. The 117-104 win was also the Heat's 1000th regular season win Document [115] (Title: Kelli Johnson) were the third most in school history. As a junior, she set the record for the most three-point field goals in a game (seven) against the University of North Texas. That season, she also broke the career 3-point school record. By the end of her college career, Kelli had made 207 3-pointers – 81 more than the nearest contender. These records stood for 19 and 17 years, respectively. Johnson graduated in 1998 from Idaho with a degree in Broadcast Journalism. She joined her father in the Idaho Vandals Hall of Fame in 2016. Johnson's first job was as a sports Document [116] (Title: Keydren Clark) Division I in scoring at 5 ft 11 (1.80 m), doing so twice. A guard at Saint Peter's College from 2002 to 2006, Clark scored 435 three-pointers in his college career, briefly holding the record for the most three-point shots made in NCAA history during the end of his senior season. Clark finished as the career leader at the end of the 2006 MAAC tournament, but was soon passed by J. J. Redick, who held the NCAA record for three point field goals made with 457 until 2014 when Oakland's Travis Bader (461+) surpassed him. Clark finished his career as Document [117] (Title: Chauncey Billups) defeated the New Orleans Hornets in 5 games, which included a record-equaling 58-point margin-of-victory. Billups also set a Nuggets franchise record with the most 3 pointers in a playoff game with 8, and his 19 3-pointers in total is also a Nuggets record for threes made in a playoff series. In his first year with the Nuggets, Billups led them back to the NBA Conference Finals for the first time since 1985. They would play the Lakers for the second straight year (the Lakers had swept them in the first round the year before). The Nuggets would ultimately lose the Document [118] (Title: Kyle Korver) at 127 games on March 5, 2014. Korver finished the 2013–14 season with a 47.2 percent three-point shooting percentage which led the NBA. On December 15, 2014, Korver passed Jason Richardson for 15th all-time in three-pointers made. Five days later, in the Hawks' 104–97 win over the Houston Rockets, Korver scored a game-high 22 points and made all four of his free-throw attempts. This gave him 49 consecutive made free-throws on the season to set a new Hawks franchise record. The streak ended at 50 in the Hawks' next game against the Dallas Mavericks. On February 10, 2015, Korver received Document [119] (Title: Frank Young (basketball)) broke the team-record for most three-points in a season in the NC State game in the NIT Tournament of Young's 06-07 season, breaking Chris Leonard's record of 101 treys with his 107 treys after the NC State game. Young is also noted for his rebounding skills, grabbing 337 career rebounds. Young finished with the 10th best career 3-point shooting percentage (37.5%) and the 9th most games played (122) in school history. 2007 Frank Young signed with the EnBW Ludwigsburg Team in Ludwigsburg, Germany. EnBW Ludwigsburg plays in the Basketball Bundesliga, Germany's highest level of club basketball where play determines the Document [120] (Title: Robert Covington) against the New York Knicks. On April 12, in a loss to the Toronto Raptors, Covington had his seventh game of the season with six or more three-pointers, joining Stephen Curry, Klay Thompson and J. R. Smith as the only players to do so in 2015–16. In the team's season finale the following day, Covington scored 27 points and again hit six three-pointers in a 115–105 loss to the Chicago Bulls. On December 14, 2016, Covington had season highs of 26 points and 12 rebounds in a 123–114 loss to the Raptors. On January 20, 2017, he scored 22 points Document [121] (Title: Stephen Curry) he returned from injury against Portland. Still, he broke Danny Green's record of 27 three-pointers made in a Finals. However, the Warriors, despite being up 3–1 in the series, were defeated by the Cleveland Cavaliers in seven games and became the first team in NBA Finals history to lose a series after leading 3–1. In the game seven loss, Curry scored 17 points on 6-of-19 shooting. On October 28, 2016, Curry hit four three-pointers against the New Orleans Pelicans to reach 1,600 for his career, becoming the 19th player to do so, as well as the fastest to reach the Document [122] (Title: 2014–15 Golden State Warriors season) 23, 2015, Klay Thompson broke the NBA record for most points scored in a quarter with 37; he finished the game with a career high 52 points. On April 15, head coach Steve Kerr won his 63rd game with the Warriors and broke the NBA record for most wins by a rookie head coach. Curry and Thompson, dubbed the "Splash Brothers", broke the single-season record for most three-pointers made by a pair of teammates. Both also made the All-Star team, Curry as a starter and Thompson as a reserve. Together, they sank 525 three-pointers over the course of the season, Document [123] (Title: Blake Hoffarber) of 10 in an 89-48 win against Northern Illinois University. Hoffarber set a single season record at the University of Minnesota for three pointers made during his junior season in 2009-10 with 85. He currently holds the record at Minnesota for the most made three-pointers in school history with 279. Hoffarber ended his career 18th on Minnesota's All-Time Scoring List with 1,267 points. On February 22, 2011, he was named as a second team Academic All-American, the first Gopher basketball player to be named an Academic All-American. After college, Hoffarber was invited to the Portsmouth Invitational Tournament NBA pre-draft camp, Document [124] (Title: DeMar DeRozan) Philadelphia 76ers. He also set a career high with six 3-pointers in nine attempts. On January 1, 2018, DeRozan scored a franchise-record 52 points to help the Raptors beat the Milwaukee Bucks 131–127 in overtime, matching the team record with their 12th consecutive home victory. DeRozan became the third player in Raptors history to score 50 or more in a single game—the others being Vince Carter and Terrence Ross, who each had 51. On January 8, 2018, he scored 35 points, including a go-ahead three-point play with 26.1 seconds left in overtime, to lift the Raptors to a 114–113 win Document [125] (Title: Jeremy Senglin) in 3-pointers made with 345. Set a school and Big Sky single-season record by making 132 3-pointers during his senior year, the most 3-pointers of any player in the country. Finished second in the nation in 3-pointers per game at 3.9, and was sixth in the country in 3-point percentage at 44.7 percent. Led the Wildcats in points, field goals made, 3-pointers made, free throws made, minutes played, assists and steals. He was twice a part of Big Sky regular season and tournament championship teams and twice played in the NCAA Tournament. Following the close of his college career, Senglin Document [126] (Title: J. R. Smith) the Washington Wizards. Two days later, in a 102–91 loss to the Miami Heat, Smith broke an NBA record of 21 three-pointers taken in a single game, a mark set in 2005 by Damon Stoudamire. Smith hit 10 of 22 3-point shots against the Heat, setting a franchise record for 3-pointers made and finishing with 32 points for the second straight game. On January 5, 2015, Smith was acquired by the Cleveland Cavaliers in a three-team trade that also involved the Knicks and the Oklahoma City Thunder. On April 27, 2015, Smith was suspended for the first two games of Document [127] (Title: 2015–16 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team) their single-season record for three-pointers in a season to 326. With five assists in the game, Walton is now tied for third-most assists in a single Big Ten Tournament with 22, with Brent Darby (2003). Robinson recorded his 90th three-pointer of the season, becoming just the fifth Wolverine in history to reach the milestone in a single season. Irvin was selected to the All-Tournament Team. On March 13, Michigan received an at-large bid to the 2016 NCAA Tournament. The Wolverines are the No. 11 seed in the East Region and faced No. 11 Tulsa in the First Four on March Document [128] (Title: Randy Foye) 3-pointers made in a year, making 178 out of 434 shots (with a shooting percentage of 41%). On July 10, 2013, Foye was traded to the Denver Nuggets as part of a three-team trade involving the Jazz and the Golden State Warriors. On February 3, 2014, Foye hit the first game-winning shot of his eight-year NBA career, making a 30-foot three-pointer as time expired to claim a 116–115 win over the Los Angeles Clippers. On December 23, 2015, Foye scored a season-high 31 points and made seven three-pointers in a 104–96 win over the Phoenix Suns. On February 18, 2016, Document [129] (Title: Mark Gottfried) started 98 consecutive games, and Alabama advanced to the Sweet Sixteen in all three seasons he played. He holds the school records for most 3-point shots made in a single game with eight in a 1987 game against Vanderbilt, and for career 3-point field goal percentage (.485, 81–167). Gottfried graduated with a Bachelor of Arts & Sciences in Communications from the University of Alabama in 1987, after winning both the school's Hayden Riley Top Scholar Award and the Bryant Award as the school's top scholar-athlete during his senior year. He was selected by the Detroit Pistons in the seventh round Document [130] (Title: Jamal Crawford) a win over the Phoenix Suns, Crawford became the third shooting guard in NBA history to reach 16,000 points. On November 14, he scored a game-high 37 points in a 101–96 win over the Detroit Pistons. On January 10, 2016, he recorded his 46th four-point play of his career in a 114–111 overtime win over the New Orleans Pelicans. On April 8, 2016, he made a three-pointer with 0.2 seconds left and finished with 30 points in the Clippers' 102–99 overtime victory over the Utah Jazz. On April 19, he was named NBA Sixth Man of the Year for the Document [131] (Title: Dennis Scott (basketball)) pointers on March 12, 2005, and Stephen Curry who made 12 three pointers on February 27, 2016; Curry now owns the record by himself following 13 baskets from behind the arc against the New Orleans Pelicans on November 7, 2016. Scott was honored by the Magic on March 26, 2006 as part of their "Remember the Past Nights" program, where the Magic remembers past players for their accomplishments. Other players to be honored so far were Nick Anderson and Scott Skiles. In 2008, Jay Bilas ranked his personal top 25 three point shooters in NCAA history and Scott was #1 Document [132] (Title: Kyle Korver) 10-of-12 from the field and 8-of-9 from the three-point line in a 132–117 win over the Indiana Pacers. He subsequently passed Jason Kidd (1,988) for seventh on the all-time three-pointers made list. A week later, on February 15, also against the Pacers, Korver became the seventh player in NBA history to make 2,000 career three-pointers, joining Ray Allen, Reggie Miller, Jason Terry, Paul Pierce, Vince Carter, and Jamal Crawford. On April 4, 2017, he returned after missing 11 games with a sore left foot and scored 11 points in 12 minutes in a 122–102 win over the Orlando Magic. Korver Document [133] (Title: 2015–16 Golden State Warriors season) Mavericks on March 25, both teams combined for 39 made three-pointers (21 by the Warriors, 18 by the Mavericks), an all-time NBA record, which beat the 37 set by the Warriors and Blazers two weeks earlier. Golden State also eclipsed the previous record for most three-pointers in a single season by a team in NBA history (933) that had been set by the Houston Rockets the previous year. The Warriors dished out 32 assists against the Philadelphia 76ers on March 27, the 39th time this season the team has had a 30-assist game; the most in the NBA since the Document [134] (Title: 2016 NBA Playoffs) in 2014. This was the 12th playoff meeting between these two teams, with the Celtics winning ten of the first eleven meetings. In Game 2, the Cavaliers made history by hitting 18 three-pointers in the first half and 25 overall to break the record for most three-point field goals made by a team in a game. During Game 3's final minute, Jeff Teague pushed LeBron James really hard into a Hawks fan. He would later claim that he was still OK. In Game 4, both teams were locked in battle until in the final seconds, a jump ball was called Document [135] (Title: Jodie Meeks) against Tennessee State University. Meeks and teammate Patrick Patterson are among UK's more productive pairs of teammates since the days of Dan Issel and Mike Pratt in the early 1970s. On January 13, 2009, Meeks broke Kentucky's single-game scoring record (formerly held by Dan Issel) by scoring 54 points in a 90–72 win against rival Tennessee. In that game he also broke Tony Delk's single-game record, which he had shared, for three pointers by making 10 of 15 attempts and was 14 of 14 from the free throw line. On February 11, 2009, Meeks made the game-winning three point shot Document [136] (Title: 2015–16 Golden State Warriors season) of 114–81, winning the series 4–1 and progressing to the Western Conference Semi-finals to face the Portland Trail Blazers. Klay Thompson became the first player in NBA history to make at least seven three-pointers in consecutive playoff games. On May 9, a 132–125 OT win over the Portland Trail Blazers put Golden State up 3–1 in the series, Steph Curry scored 40 points in his first game back after being out injured for 15 days with an MCL sprain. He scored 17 of his points in overtime, which broke the NBA record of 16 held by Gilbert Arenas for most Document [137] (Title: Brian Merriweather) three-point field goals in 819 attempts, both of which are UTPA records; he also made at least 7 three-pointers in a game on seven times, with a school-record career high of 9 made. In his first two seasons, Merriweather led NCAA Division I in three-pointers made per game with 4.07 each year. He finished fourth in the nation in scoring his freshman year as well. In only three collegiate seasons Merriweather amassed 1,738 points, the third-most in school history as of the end of the 2012–13 season. Merriweather played professionally, including time spent in Italy, although he never made the Document [138] (Title: Jobey Thomas) single-season three-pointers made and single-season three-pointers in league games (60), while averaging 13.4 points per game. He took part in ESPN's Three-Point Shooting Contest on 24 March 2002, and on the 2002 NBA Pre-Draft summer camp in Chicago. After not being drafted, he moved to Europe and joined Queluz in the Portuguese Basketball League, playing only 18 games with an average of 24 points per game. He soon joined the Serie A in Italy, and in a five-year period, Thomas average more than 17 points per game in 163 games, representing three different teams. After arriving at Olimpia Milano in Document [139] (Title: Stephen Curry) the Denver Nuggets, thus moving past Paul Pierce for sixth place on the NBA's career three-point list. Three days later, he scored 51 points with 11 3-pointers in only three quarters in a 144–122 win over the Washington Wizards. He scored 31 in the first half and finished with his sixth career 50-point game and made 10 or more 3s for the 10th time. Curry's third 3-pointer of the night moved him past Jamal Crawford (2,153) for fifth place on the NBA's career list. On October 28, he made seven 3-pointers and finished with 35 points in a 120–114 win Document [140] (Title: Patty Mills) joined Manu Ginóbili and Matt Bonner as the only reserves in franchise history to make 500 3-pointers. On 18 December 2017, in a 109–91 win over the Los Angeles Clippers, Mills joined Ginóbili and Malik Rose as the only Spurs in franchise history to score 3,000 points off the bench. On 25 February 2018 against the Cleveland Cavaliers, Mills climbed into fourth all-time on the Spurs' 3-pointers made list. In 2007, Mills made his senior national team debut for the Boomers at the FIBA Oceania Championship. The following year, he played for Australia at the FIBA Diamond Ball tournament and Document [141] (Title: Jack Taylor (basketball)) 39 three-pointers in the second half, including seven consecutive in 1 minute 57 seconds. During one stretch, he scored a Division III-record 28 consecutive points. He also set NCAA single-game records for most three-point field goals, three-point field goals attempted, field goals, and field goals attempted. His 80 points in a half were also a record. Arseneault said the team "left open the possibility [for Taylor setting a record] if he got to off to a great start." Occasionally, Grinnell designated a game for pursuing a record. At halftime, Taylor thought he only had 30 points, not the actual 58. Document [142] (Title: Mario Chalmers) 34 minutes of action as he helped the Heat win the 2012 NBA championship. It was Chalmers' first NBA title. On January 12, 2013, Chalmers scored a career-high 34 points against the Sacramento Kings, making 10 three-pointers. He tied the Heat's record for most three-pointers in a game. On June 9, 2013, during Game 2 of the NBA Finals against the San Antonio Spurs, Chalmers led all scorers with 19 points as the Heat tied the series 1-1 with a 103-84 victory. In the sixth game of the series, on June 18, he scored 20 points to help the Heat Document [143] (Title: Stephen Curry) points in three quarters. On January 25, he scored 25 points in a 126–113 win over the Minnesota Timberwolves. Curry became the fifth player in Warriors history to score 14,000 points, ending the game with 14,023 and joining Wilt Chamberlain (17,783), Rick Barry (16,447), Paul Arizin (16,266) and Chris Mullin (16,235) on the franchise list. On January 27, he scored 49 points—with 13 of those over the final 1:42—and hit eight 3-pointers, lifting the Warriors past the Boston Celtics 109–105. On February 22, he had a 44-point effort with eight 3-pointers in a 134–127 win over the Los Angeles Clippers. Document [144] (Title: Stephen Curry) It was his third 40-point game of the season. On March 2, in a 114–109 win over the Atlanta Hawks, Curry made his 200th 3-point field goal of the season, becoming the first player in NBA history with at least 200 3-pointers in six seasons, having reached the mark in every season since 2012–13. Four days later, in a 114–101 win over the Nets, Curry became the seventh player in Warriors history to make 5,000 career field goals, joining Chamberlain, Barry, Mullin, Arizin, Jeff Mullins and Nate Thurmond. On March 23, against the Hawks, Curry suffered a Grade 2 medial Document [145] (Title: Golden State Warriors) and Klay Thompson were all named to the 2016 All-Star Game. Green broke the Golden State franchise record of nine triple-doubles in a season. Curry broke numerous three-point records during the season, including his own NBA record for made three-pointers in a season of 286; he finished the season with 402 three pointers. He made a three-pointer in 151 consecutive games, which broke the NBA record of 127 set by Kyle Korver in 2014. On February 27, 2016, Curry also tied the NBA record of twelve three-pointers made in a single game, jointly holding it with Donyell Marshall and Kobe Document [146] (Title: Danny Green (basketball)) 7–9 from three-point range, including the one to set a Finals record for most three-pointers in a game by a team. He notched 27 total points in the Spurs' blowout 113–77 victory as the team took a 2–1 series lead in the process. On June 16 in Game 5, Green made six three pointers for a total of 25 in the series to that point, breaking the record for an NBA Finals series previously held by Ray Allen, who made 22 in six games with the Boston Celtics in 2008. By the end of the series, Green had made 27 Document [147] (Title: Corey Allmond) the opponent record of 8 threes at Rupp Arena, which was set by the Miami RedHawks' Nick Winbush three days prior. His shots included an off-balance three-pointer past John Wall and a corner trey over Patrick Patterson. However, the opposing Wildcats won the game, 102–92, behind 27 points and 18 rebounds from DeMarcus Cousins. The Bearkats toppled Auburn on December 20, as Allmond poured 25 points and 6 three-pointers. He also played a major role in Sam Houston State's 90–63 win over Lamar on January 27, 2010, scoring 24 points for his team, which was missing impact player Gilberto Clavell. Document [148] (Title: Stephen Curry) mark. On November 4, Curry's NBA-record streak of 157 straight games with at least one made three-pointer was snapped during the Warriors' 117–97 loss to the Los Angeles Lakers after he went 0-of-10 from three-point range. He had hit a three-pointer in every regular-season game since November 11, 2014. Three days later, he hit 13 three-pointers against New Orleans, setting an NBA record for most three-pointers made in a regular-season game. Curry shot 16-of-26 overall against the Pelicans for his first 40-point game of the season, finishing with 46 in a 116–106 win. On December 11, Curry hit two three-pointers Question: who has scored the most 3 pointers in a game Answer: Stephen Curry Long Answer: 13 by Stephen Curry, Golden State Warriors (vs. New Orleans Pelicans) on November 7, 2016 (13 / 17) Gold Document ID: 131

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Stephen Curry) As of April 2018, he ranks fourth in NBA history in career three-point field goal percentage and holds four of the top five seasons in terms of total three-pointers made. He is also the fastest player in league history to make 2,000 career three-pointers, doing so in 227 fewer games than the previous record-holder. A clutch scorer, he often shoots at his best in high-pressure moments, and takes game-winning shots. Curry is credited with revolutionizing the game of basketball by inspiring basketball teams, ranging from high school to the NBA, to regularly employ the three-point shot as part of their Document [2] (Title: Corey Allmond) shots. I know I rushed a few." Despite this, Allmond led his team in scoring. On November 19, in what is sometimes considered Allmond's greatest performance, he scored 37 points in a road game against AP No. 4 Kentucky at Rupp Arena. He shot 11-of-16 from beyond the arc, the most three-pointers ever made at the arena and the most by a Southland or Sam Houston State player. Allmond said, "I knew I was going to get a lot of open looks because of the fast pace they play." The guard recorded 24 points in the first half alone, tying Document [3] (Title: Ray Allen) averaged 10.9 points per game and made 88.6% of his free throws while playing an average of 25.8 minutes per game. On April 25, 2013, while playing Milwaukee in Game 3 of the first round of the playoffs, Allen made his 322nd career three-pointer in the playoffs, which broke Reggie Miller's record for most three-pointers made in NBA playoff history. Allen returned to his favorite #34 jersey upon joining the Heat. In Game 6 of the NBA Finals against the San Antonio Spurs, as the Heat trailed by three points, Allen made a game-tying 3-pointer with 5.2 seconds left in Document [4] (Title: Kemba Walker) scored 20 points in a 118–107 win over the Detroit Pistons, thus reaching 9,000 career points. On January 24, in a 101–96 loss to the New Orleans Pelicans, Walker became only the second Hornets' player with 900 career 3-pointers, joining Dell Curry (929). On January 31, he set franchise and career highs with nine 3-pointers and scored 38 points in a 123–110 win over the Atlanta Hawks. On February 2, he scored 41 points on 11-for-22 shooting in a 133–126 win over the Indiana Pacers. On February 4, in a 115–110 win over the Phoenix Suns, Walker scored 18 points Document [5] (Title: Stephen Curry) most three-pointers made in a single postseason. The Warriors went on to defeat the Rockets to earn a Finals matchup with the Cleveland Cavaliers, where Curry struggled to start the series, converting on only 22 percent of his field goals in Game 2. In Game 5, he scored 37 points, and in Game 6, Golden State closed out the series to win their first championship in 40 years. For the Finals, Curry averaged 26 points and 6.3 assists per game. On October 27, 2015, Curry scored 40 points (including a career-high 24 points in the first quarter) in the Warriors' Document [6] (Title: Diana Taurasi) earning a third straight trip to the All Star Game. She broke Katie Smith's league records for points in a season (741 during the 2006 season). In 2006, Taurasi averaged a WNBA record 25.3 points, 4.1 assists and 3.6 rebounds per game, including a career-high 47 points in a triple overtime regular season victory against the Houston Comets (a then league record that was recently broken by Maya Moore). During that game she made a WNBA record 8 three-pointers (which has since been tied by Riquna Williams). Taurasi also set a WNBA record with 121 three-pointers made in a single Document [7] (Title: Golden State Warriors) comeback wins in which the Warriors had been behind by 15 or more points. Curry also made his first appearance in the All-Star Game in 2014. Curry and Klay Thompson continued to set league records in three-point shooting. Curry, who finished the season with 261 threes, set an individual record for most three-pointers in a span of two seasons with 533, surpassing the previous mark of 478 set by Seattle Supersonic Ray Allen in 2004–05 and 2005–06. Together, Thompson and Curry combined for 484 threes on the year, besting by one the NBA record they had set the year before. Document [8] (Title: Mike Miller (basketball player)) in a game set in February 1999. The two previous games Miller hit seven threes. This made him the first NBA player to hit at least seven three-pointers in three consecutive games since the Dallas Mavericks' George McCloud achieved it in 1996. Miller holds the Memphis Grizzlies franchise record for most points scored in a single game, with 45 on February 21, 2007, against the Golden State Warriors. After the 2006–07 NBA season, Miller was announced as a member of the USA Basketball team. On June 26, 2008, Miller, Brian Cardinal, Jason Collins, and the 5th pick of the 2008 Document [9] (Title: Stephen Curry) record with 42 playoff three-pointers, eclipsing the Warriors' career playoff mark of 29 previously held by Jason Richardson, giving him a total of 314 three-pointers for the season to become the first player in NBA history to hit at least 300 threes in a single season. In 2013–14, Curry appeared in 78 games (all starts), averaging career highs of 24.0 points (seventh in the NBA) and 8.5 assists (fifth) to go with 4.3 rebounds and 1.63 steals, becoming the first player in Warriors history to average 24 points and eight assists in a single season (ninth player in NBA history). Document [10] (Title: Ray Allen) scored 18 points to reach the 20,000 point total for his career. On June 6, 2010, in Game 2 of the 2010 NBA Finals in a 103–94 victory against the Los Angeles Lakers, Allen set a then record for most three-pointers made in an NBA Finals game on 8–11 shooting to tie the series 1–1. He broke Michael Jordan's record of six three-pointers in one half by hitting seven in the first half and had tied Scottie Pippen and Kenny Smith's record for most three-pointers in one game in the NBA Finals by half time. Allen also became the first Document [11] (Title: Jodie Meeks) with 4.7 seconds left against the Florida Gators. Meeks would again break the 40-point margin on February 14, scoring 45 points against the Arkansas Razorbacks team, a performance that produced the most points scored in a game by an individual at Bud Walton Arena. Meeks also broke the record for most 3-pointers in a season at UK, with 117. Meeks was named a unanimous selection to the All-SEC First team during his junior season and was the first player since Chuck Hayes in 2004–05 to be named AP First Team All-SEC. He was named the United States Basketball Writers Association Document [12] (Title: Jodie Meeks) Wildcats. Kentucky would go on to win the tournament. Meeks had more points than the whole Kansas State team combined at half-time of that game. On December 20, Meeks scored a then-career high 46 points against Appalachian State at the annual home game for the Wildcats at Freedom Hall in Louisville. He tied former Kentucky Wildcat, Tony Delk's record for most three pointers in a game with 9. He set a record for the most points scored by a Wildcat in Freedom Hall with 46. He followed that performance two days later by scoring 32 points in just 28 minutes Document [13] (Title: Ben Gordon) Sophomores in the Rookie Challenge held during the NBA All-Star Weekend, in which he scored 17 points. On April 14, 2006, in a Bulls win over the Washington Wizards, Gordon tied the record for the most consecutive three-pointers made in a game with 9. The Bulls returned to the playoffs but were again eliminated in the first round in six games; this time they lost to the Miami Heat, who went on to win the NBA Championship. Gordon's third season marked a giant step forward for himself and the Bulls. He adjusted to becoming the team's starting shooting guard, averaging Document [14] (Title: D'Angelo Russell) 2015–16 and the most by a Lakers rookie in a regular season game since Elgin Baylor had 55 in March 1959. His eight three-pointers broke Nick Van Exel's previous rookie Laker record of six in a single game. He finished the 2015–16 season leading the Lakers and all rookies in steals per game, and became the youngest player to hit 130 three-pointers in a season. He subsequently earned NBA All-Rookie Second Team honors. In the Lakers' season opener on October 26, 2016, Russell scored 20 points in a 120–114 win over the Houston Rockets. On November 15, he scored a Document [15] (Title: Stephen Curry) Davidson trailed by as many as 17 points, but his 25 second-half points led Davidson to a 74–70 comeback victory. On March 28, 2008, Curry led Davidson to another win, against third-seeded Wisconsin. Curry scored 33 points as Davidson won 73–56 to advance to the Elite 8. Curry joined Clyde Lovellette, Jerry Chambers, and Glenn Robinson as the only college players to score over 30 points in their first four career NCAA tournament games. Curry also tied Darrin Fitzgerald of Butler for the single-season record for most three-pointers with 158. On March 30, 2008, he set the record, against the Document [16] (Title: BC Šiauliai) won 77–62 in Vilnius, is regarded as crucial. The series ended 3–1. Another record performance happened on March 3, 2001 when Giedrius Pečiulionis realized 11 three-pointers from 16 versus BC Panevėžys. Totally, Pečiulionis scored 41 points that night and led BC Šiauliai to the excellent 107–69 triumph. This performance was just 2 three-pointers behind from the LKL record of 13 three-pointers held by Joey Vickery since 1996, and is the second result in the whole LKL history. Third result of 10 three-pointers per one game is also held by Giedrius Pečiulionis since 1998. During the 2000–01 season, BC Šiauliai achieved Document [17] (Title: Richie Farmer) set a career-high in points with 21 – including three made three-pointers – as the Wildcats set records for the most three-pointers made in a single game (21) and most points ever scored against North Carolina, but lost the game 121–110. After the game, Pitino opined that Farmer "holds back a little bit" and noted that he would expect Farmer to work hard in the off-season to reach his potential. The Wildcats closed out 1989 with a closer-than-expected 86–79 loss against eighth-ranked Louisville, but local sportswriter John McGill said Farmer had his best game to date with 10 points, 9 Document [18] (Title: Klay Thompson) the Utah Jazz, Thompson hit three 3-pointers, moving him into a tie for third with Dana Barros at 89 consecutive games with a 3-pointer. On January 17, 2018, he scored 38 points in a 119–112 win over the Chicago Bulls. In a 134–127 win over the Los Angeles Clippers on February 22, 2018, Thompson moved past Joe Barry Carroll's 9,996 points to earn 10th place on the franchise's career scoring list, also becoming the 10th Warrior to reach 10,000 regular season career points. Two days later, in a 112–80 win over the Thunder, Thompson passed Neil Johnston (10,023) for ninth Document [19] (Title: Allan Caidic) later, on November 21, 1991, Caidic sets the PBA all-time records of the most points in a single game by a homegrown Filipino player (79 points), the most points in a single half (53 points), the most points in a single quarter (37 points), the most three-point field goals made and attempts in a game (17/27 triples), the most three-point field goals made in a quarter (8 triples) and the most consecutive three-point field goals made in a single game (8 triples), to lead Presto Tivoli against Ginebra San Miguel. His performance remains as one of the greatest individual performances Document [20] (Title: Sydney Johnson) He scored 15 on February 22, when Princeton clinched the Ivy League regular season championship by defeating . The following week, he established Ivy League records for most consecutive three-point field goals made, with 11, and the most single-game three-point field goals made with no misses (6 for 6) against Columbia Lions men's basketball on February 28, 1997 and Cornell Big Red men's basketball (first 5) on March 1, 1997. He had twelve points in the regular season finale during which Princeton tied the school record with its nineteenth consecutive win. In the 1997 NCAA Tournament opening round matchup against Document [21] (Title: Splash Brothers) 13, breaking the previous of 12 he held jointly with Kobe Bryant and Donyell Marshall. In 2017–18, the duo each made 200 three-pointers again to extend their record for consecutive seasons with 200 made. In Game 6 of the Western Conference Finals against Houston, Thompson scored 35 points and shot 9-of-14 on three-pointers and Curry added 29 points and five 3's to help the Warriors overcome a 17-point deficit and win 115–86, staving off elimination and tying the series at 3–3. The Splash Brothers outscored the Rockets 37–25 in the second half while shooting 11-of-15 on three-pointers. All-Star center DeMarcus Document [22] (Title: Michael Redd) 2008 Summer Olympics. He averaged over 15 points throughout the competition. During the team's game against Puerto Rico, Redd set the qualifying record for most 3 pointers made in one game. He also set the record of most three pointers made in the whole tournament (28) surpassing Penny Hardaway who had the previous record of 22. Redd participated in the 2008 Olympics as the team went unbeaten on the way to winning back the gold medal after defeating 2006 FIBA World Championship winners Spain and living up to their "Redeem Team" moniker after missing out in the 2004 Summer Olympics. Document [23] (Title: Stephen Curry) to achieve that mark, Ray Allen. In that same game, Curry injured his right ankle and subsequently missed 11 games, returning to action on December 30 and scoring 38 points with a season-high 10 3-pointers in a 141–128 win over the Memphis Grizzlies. Curry shot 13 for 17 and 10 of 13 from deep in 26 minutes for his ninth 30-point game of the season. It also marked Curry's ninth career game with 10 or more 3s, the most by any player in NBA history. On January 6, in a 121–105 win over the Los Angeles Clippers, Curry scored 45 Document [24] (Title: Ray Allen) player in NBA history to have two separate games of scoring at least seven three-pointers in the NBA Finals. The Celtics would win two of three games in Boston, before losing the last two games and the series in Los Angeles. After becoming a free agent on July 1, 2010, Allen re-signed a two year-deal with the Boston Celtics on July 7 worth $20 million. During a game against the Los Angeles Lakers on February 10, 2011, Allen became the all-time NBA leader in total 3-point field goals made (2,562), surpassing Reggie Miller's record of 2,560. The 35-year-old shooting guard Document [25] (Title: Joe Ingles) Randy Foye (178) and Rodney Hood (161) for most 3-pointers in a single season for a Jazz player. On 7 March 2018, he recorded the first double-double of his NBA career with 11 points and 10 assists in a 104–84 win over the Indiana Pacers. On 17 March 2018, he recorded 14 points, nine assists and seven rebounds in a 103–97 win over the Sacramento Kings. Ingles made three 3-pointers to push his season total to 179, breaking the Jazz record of 178 set by Foye during the 2012–13 season. Five days later, in a 119–112 win over the Mavericks, Document [26] (Title: Jason Rabedeaux) walk on at the University of California, Davis, and was named all-conference twice. He ended his UC Davis career with 1,112 points, 15th-most in school history. He holds the school record for the three-pointers in a season (80), most three-pointers in a game (six) and most free throws in a game (14). In 1995, he was inducted into the UC Davis Aggies Athletics Hall of Fame. Rabedeaux holds a bachelor's degree in exercise physiology, and at Washington State in 1991, earned a master's degree in athletic administration. Upon finishing his college career, Rabedeaux spent a season as an assistant coach Document [27] (Title: Giannis Antetokounmpo) first four games are the most in team history—Kareem Abdul-Jabbar had 146 in 1970–71. Coming into the sixth game of the season, he had 175 points, 53 rebounds and 28 assists, the best start by a player in NBA history through his first five games. On November 18, he grabbed a career-high 17 rebounds to go along with 24 points in a 111–79 loss to the Dallas Mavericks. On December 4, he scored 40 points in a 111–100 loss to the Celtics. It was his third 40-point game of the season. On January 6, 2018, he recorded 34 points, 12 Document [28] (Title: History of the Golden State Warriors) Curry hit another notable milestone in posting 4 triple-doubles for the season, tying a franchise record unequaled since Wilt Chamberlain in 1963–64. Curry also averaged career-bests in points and assists; averaging 24.0 points and 8.5 assists in the season. Curry and Klay Thompson continued to set league records in three-point shooting. On February 7, in a 102–87 win over the Chicago Bulls, the backcourt duo became the first teammates to each make a three-pointer in 30 consecutive games. Curry, who finished the season with 261 threes, set an individual record for most three-pointers in a span of two seasons with Document [29] (Title: Les Selvage) points per game. Selvage also was briefly a member of the 1969-1970 Los Angeles Stars team. Selvage was known for his eagerness to shoot three-pointers, and led the ABA in three-point field goals made (147) and attempted (461) during the 1967-68 season. Selvage himself attempted more threes that season than any other ABA team except the Pittsburgh Pipers, and once shot 26 three-pointers in a single game, making 10. Former Denver Rockets coach Bob Bass recalled, "He acted like if he stepped over [the three-point line], he was going to get killed or something. He didn't just shoot 25-footers — Document [30] (Title: 1989 Presto Tivolis season) victory over Alaska Milk at the start of the Reinforced Conference semifinal round. Caidic reset Atoy Co's record in individual scoring in one quarter by one point as he finished with 27 and became the league's undoubted top three-point gunner with a record 15 triples, breaking Hills Bros' import Jose Slaughter's 14 hits that was registered two years ago, Caidic also tied Ricardo Brown's output of 41 points in a half in an amazing display of markmanship that had the capacity crowd roaring in approval, with Caidic's 15 triples, Presto set an all-time high of 18 three-pointers with Bailey converting Document [31] (Title: Craig Hodges) 1986 when he lost to Larry Bird, and in 1989, when he lost to Dale Ellis. Hodges holds the Three Point Contest records for the most consecutive shots made with 19 (1991) and is tied with Jason Kapono for most points scored in a single round at 25 (1986). He is tied with Hubert Davis for the highest score in the semifinal round at 24 (1991) and with six other players for the most bonus balls made with five (1988). Hodges has the second highest three-round combined score with 61 (1991). Hodges competed in the Three Point Contest at the Document [32] (Title: Dorell Wright) record of 183 in the 2005–06 season. On April 13, 2011, he became the first player in NBA history to have scored more points in his seventh season than all of his first six combined in a win against the Portland Trail Blazers. He also ended the season with the most three-point shots made in the 2010–11 season with 194, as well as the most three-point field goals attempted with 516, both of which set Warriors franchise records. The records were surpassed by Stephen Curry in the 2012–13 season, when Curry set the NBA record for three-point field goals made. Document [33] (Title: Stephen Curry) and Wilt Chamberlain as the only four Warriors to do so). Curry's 54 points against the Knicks included a career-best and franchise-record 11 three-pointers, becoming the first player in NBA history to score 50-plus points while hitting 10-plus three-pointers in a game. It was the most scored by a Warrior since Purvis Short tallied 59 points in 1984. He appeared in the playoffs for the first time in 2013, with the Warriors earning the sixth seed in the Western Conference. In 12 playoff games (all starts), he averaged 23.4 points, 8.1 assists and 3.8 rebounds. He set a new franchise Document [34] (Title: Justin Dentmon) index rating of 40, which led all players for Round 14 and made him the bwin MVP for the third time this season. During the game, Dentmon set the competition record for most three-pointers in a season with 74, and also set a new team mark for points in a game. His all-around performance also included 4-of-5 two-point shooting, 7 free throws made without a miss, 5 rebounds, 3 assists and 2 steals. His many clutch baskets also helped Zalgiris win the LKL title for the 4th consecutive time. On July 28, 2014, Dentmon signed with the Qingdao DoubleStar of Document [35] (Title: Travis Bader) not record a three-pointer was December 30, 2011, when he was 0–3 in three-point FGs against South Dakota State. Bader was named Horizon League co-Player of the Week for the week of December 16–22. Bader made 21 three-point field goals in three games. He recorded the first double-double of his career against Illinois State and made 10 of 15 three-pointers in a loss to Eastern Michigan. He averaged 26 points per game for the week and made 58.3% of this three-pointers while Oakland went 2–1. He shared the award with Green Bay's Alec Brown. On December 27, Bader passed the Document [36] (Title: Jon Diebler) 13, 2010, Diebler surpassed Jamar Butler for the Ohio State record for 3-point field goals made. Diebler finished the 2009–10 season averaging 37.2 minutes per game. On March 1, 2011, he made 10 3-pointers in a row while finishing 10 for 12, breaking the Ohio State record for most 3-pointers in a game. On March 6, 2011, during Ohio State's senior day, Diebler made 7 3-pointers, finishing with 27 points against Wisconsin. Diebler started 115 games during his time at OSU, including every game since the start of his sophomore year. On June 6, 2011, Diebler traveled to Portland, to Document [37] (Title: Stephen Curry) 2, he hit his 200th three-pointer of the season in the Warriors' 133–120 win over the Los Angeles Clippers, making him the first player in NBA history to have 200 or more three-pointers in five consecutive seasons. On March 5, he scored 31 points and moved into the top 10 on the NBA's career three-point list in a 112–105 win over the New York Knicks. Curry hit five three-pointers, passing Chauncey Billups for 10th place. Curry helped the Warriors sweep through the first two rounds of the playoffs. In Game 1 of the Western Conference Finals against the San Antonio Document [38] (Title: Bradley Beal) despite Beal's 32 points in a 102–92 loss in Game 6. On October 20, 2018, Beal scored 32 points, going 6 for 11 on 3-pointers, in a 117–113 loss to the Toronto Raptors. He broke Washington's franchise record for most 3-pointers in a career, surpassing Gilbert Arenas (868) by making his 869th during the fourth quarter. On November 14, he scored 20 points and hit three 3-pointers in a 119–95 win over the Cleveland Cavaliers. Beal hit his 900th career 3-pointer in the first quarter, becoming the youngest player in NBA history to reach 900. On November 26, he equaled Document [39] (Title: Baloncesto Superior Nacional) 6,178. He also held the single-season rebound record with 380 in 1978, which stood until Lee Benson broke it in 2008. Currently, Neftalí Rivera holds the record for most points in a game in the Baloncesto Superior Nacional when he scored 79 points on May 22, 1974. In that game he achieve the record by making 34 field goals(all of them 2-pointers as the 3-pointers where not adopted back then) and 11 free throws. In 1989, Pablo Alicea of the Gigantes de Carolina established a record for most assists in one game with 25. The record stood for over two Document [40] (Title: Danny Green (basketball)) November 13, 2012, he hit a game-winner against the Los Angeles Lakers, finishing the game with 11 points. On February 6, 2013, Green recorded career-highs of 28 points and 8 three-pointers made in a win over the Minnesota Timberwolves. He was one three-pointer shy of Chuck Person's record for most three-pointers made in a single game as a Spur. In Game 2 of the 2013 NBA Finals, Green was perfect from the field, including 5–5 from the three-point line. However, the Spurs lost in a blowout to the Miami Heat, 103–84. In Game 3 of the NBA Finals, Green hit Document [41] (Title: Pau Gasol) rebounds and tied a career-high and franchise record with eight blocks on January 29 against the Sacramento Kings, and surpassed Shareef Abdur-Rahim as the franchise's all-time leader in free throw attempts on January 31 against the Dallas Mavericks. He became the all-time franchise leader in field goals made on February 6 against the Houston Rockets, and became the all-time franchise leader in minutes played on February 7 at Dallas. He surpassed Shareef Abdur-Rahim (7,801 points) as the Grizzlies' all-time leading scorer on March 7, 2007, against the Toronto Raptors (7,809 points at the time). On January 24, 2007, Gasol recorded Document [42] (Title: Allan Caidic) consecutive freethrows made (76), and the most three-point field goals in a career (1,242 triples; later surpassed by Jimmy Alapag) . He has played with several PBA teams and won numerous championships. He played for the Philippine national basketball team including the 1998 Philippine Centennial Team. While in the league, he was considered one of the best three-point shooters in Asia. The vaunted Chinese national basketball team recognized his ability by always reminding their players to be on the lookout for "Philippine No. 8", referring to Caidic's regular jersey number while playing for the National Team. Caidic is from Paete, Document [43] (Title: Paul George) George made nine three-pointers en route to a career-high 37 points in a victory against the New Orleans Hornets. The nine 3-pointers broke the franchise record for most 3-pointers made in a single game, surpassing Hall of Famer Reggie Miller. George was named the NBA's Player of the Week for the first time in his career in December, winning three straight games against Cleveland, Philadelphia, and Detroit. He recorded his first career triple-double in a victory over the Charlotte Bobcats on February 13, 2013, finishing with 23 points, 12 rebounds, 12 assists and 2 steals. That same season, George was Document [44] (Title: Warren Isaac) Isaac broke Richie Guerin's record when he scored 50 points during a December 18, 1964 game against Bates, broken down into 21 field goals (also a new record) and 8 free throws, to which he added 27 rebounds. That record performance (still current record for Iona single game highs in points and field goals) is one of nine 30+ points efforts by Isaac, including one against Duquesne on January 7, 1965 that saw him score one basket from at least 35-feet with five seconds left to win the game for Iona, as he passed the 1,000 career points mark. He Document [45] (Title: Lega Basket All Star Game) 1986 edition, Oscar Schmidt is the record-holder with four wins, adding an unofficial title in December 2003 after beating the official winner Michele Mian in an extra contest. The latest (2015) edition saw the contestants try to score as many three-point field goals as possible from five shooting positions around the three-point line, with each position consisting of a rack with four balls worth three-points and a special "Money Ball" worth six, for a total of twenty five shots in one minute, with the highest score crowning the winner. The slam dunk contest (), known as the Openjobmetis Slam Dunk Document [46] (Title: Michael Mallory (basketball)) single season Michael had most points scored (720; 2016–17), 3-point field goals made (95; 2015–16), and 3-point field goals attempted (274; 2015–16) For individual career records Michael holds most points (2,515), Field goals made (882), Field goals attempted (2,035), 3-point field goals made (347), 3-point field goals attempted (934) and games played (125). Michael also holds the record for single game highs of 47 points vs. Bentley (1/30/16), 43 points vs. American International (11/24/15), and 40 points vs. St. Michael’s (1/4/17). After graduating, on August 3, 2017, Mallory signed with HKK Zrinjski Mostar of Bosnian League, but after two weeks, Document [47] (Title: Shanna Zolman) Throw Percentage (.916). Previously, Zolman was the sole holder for most 3-Pointers made with 266 before Angie Bjorklund became the 3 pointers record holder with 300. She is the 9th highest scorer in Tennessee Volunteers women's basketball history (1,806). Shanna wore a No. 1 jersey during most of her junior year in honor of her teammate and best friend, Sidney Spencer, who missed the majority of the season after tearing her ACL. Source On April 5, 2006, Zolman was drafted by the San Antonio Silver Stars in the second round (No. 16 overall) of the 2006 WNBA Draft. In her Document [48] (Title: Jamal Crawford) He joined Ray Allen, Reggie Miller, Jason Terry, Vince Carter and Paul Pierce in the 2000 club. During the game, Crawford also passed Eddie Johnson for No. 2 in career NBA bench scoring. Crawford's 9,572 bench points trails only Dell Curry's 11,147. He also passed Magic Johnson for 74th in career points scored. On February 11 against Charlotte, Crawford scored 22 points while going 5-of-8 on three-pointers. Crawford (2,009) subsequently passed Vince Carter (2,006) for fifth-most three-pointers made in NBA history. On July 6, 2017, Crawford was acquired by the Atlanta Hawks in a three-team trade involving the Clippers and Document [49] (Title: Kobe Bryant) surpassing Chamberlain. He continued his dominant clutch plays making yet another game-winning three-pointer against the Sacramento Kings, and what would be the game-winning field goal against the Boston Celtics. The following day, he surpassed West to become the all-time leading scorer in Lakers franchise history. After being sidelined for five games from an ankle injury, Bryant made his return and made another clutch three-pointer to give the Lakers a one-point lead with four seconds remaining against the Memphis Grizzlies. Two weeks later, he made his sixth game-winning shot of the season against the Toronto Raptors. On April 2, 2010, Bryant Document [50] (Title: Ray Allen) game while adding 4.5 rebounds and 4.1 assists per game. During his Seattle SuperSonics tenure, Allen achieved many individual accomplishments. On March 12, 2006, Allen became the 97th player in NBA history to score 15,000 points. On April 7, 2006, Allen moved into second place on the NBA's list of all-time 3-point field goals made, trailing only Reggie Miller. On April 19, 2006, Allen broke Dennis Scott's ten-year-old NBA record for 3-point field goals made in a season in a game against the Denver Nuggets. The record has since been broken by Stephen Curry. On January 12, 2007, Allen scored Document [51] (Title: Michael Bauer (basketball)) Gophers. He held the several Gophers records for three point shooting at the conclusion of his career. Bauer held marks of most three pointers made (71) and attempted (190) from the 2002-03 season, before being passed in each mark by Lawrence Westbrook. Currently, Bauer is second in Minnesota history with 191 three point field goals. Michael Bauer (basketball) Michael Bauer (born August 14, 1980) is an American former professional basketball player. Bauer most recently played for Belgian club Base Oostende. In 6 EuroChallenge appearances with Oostende, Bauer averaged 11.2 points per game. Previously, he has played professionally with Deutsche Bank Document [52] (Title: Mike Conley Jr.) Miller for the most three-pointers in franchise history with 845. On March 29, he matched his career high with seven three-pointers on his way to 36 points, helping the Grizzlies rout the Indiana Pacers 110–97. On April 22, 2017, Conley scored a franchise postseason record 35 points in a 110–108 overtime win over the San Antonio Spurs. The win tied the first-round series at 2–2. Conley appeared in 12 of the Grizzlies' first 13 games of the 2017–18 season before suffering a left Achilles injury. On January 27, 2018, he was ruled out for the rest of the season after Document [53] (Title: Carlos Delfino) hit at least one three-pointer in 19 of 24 games. In his first season with Skipper Bologna, he moved into the starting lineup in the third game of the season and averaged about 26 minutes. He scored 18 points, including shooting 3-of-5 from three-point range, versus Euro Roseto and posted double-doubles against Benetton Treviso (13 points, 13 rebounds), Oregon Scientific Cantù (15 points, 11 rebounds) and Pippo Milano (14 points, 11 rebounds). He suffered torn ligaments in his ankle late in the season, but returned in late May. Beginning in 2004, Delfino signed to play for the Detroit Pistons of Document [54] (Title: Donovan Mitchell) a 50 and 48 in the final round being the first rookie to win the contest since Zach LaVine. On March 1, 2018, Mitchell was named as the Western Conference rookie of the month for the 3rd time this season for games played in February. On April 10, he set a rookie record for most three-pointers in a season with 186 three-pointers during a 119–79 win over the Golden State Warriors. On April 12, at the end of the regular season, Mitchell was named Western Conference Rookie of the Month for March and April. In Mitchell's playoff debut against the Document [55] (Title: Richie Farmer) shooting in a 124–120 victory for the White team. After Kentucky's second game of the year – a 71–69 loss at Indiana – Pitino noted that Farmer, who had 4 points and 4 assists in the game, was benefiting from extra one-on-one coaching sessions with Donovan. In a December 19, 1989, victory against Furman, Farmer attempted 7 three-pointers – tied for second-most in the game – as the Wildcats set an NCAA record for most three-pointers attempted in a game with 47, besting their own record of 41 set earlier in the month against Tennessee Tech. A week later, Farmer Document [56] (Title: History of the Golden State Warriors) All-Stars since 1976. Green broke the Golden State franchise record of nine triple-doubles in a season. Curry broke numerous three-point records during the season, including his own NBA record for made three-pointers in a season of 286; he finished the season with 402 three pointers. He made a three-pointer in 151 consecutive games, which broke the NBA record of 127 set by Kyle Korver in 2014. On February 27, 2016, Curry also tied the NBA record of twelve three-pointers made in a single game, jointly holding it with Donyell Marshall and Kobe Bryant. On April 3, 2016, the Warriors won Document [57] (Title: Joe Fulks) scored 63 points on February 10, 1949. It remained the most in an NBA game until Elgin Baylor scored 64 points in a 1959 game. Fulks' 63-point outburst came during a Warriors 108-87 victory over the Indianapolis Jets. Fulks made 27 of 56 field goal attempts and nine of 14 free throws. Along the way he shattered the record for most points in one half (33), field goals, and field goal attempts. The 6'5" (1.96 m) Fulks was known both for his athletic drives to the basket as well as his shooting. He was perhaps most remembered as one of Document [58] (Title: Travis Bader) awards. In the 47-point game, Bader set an Oakland single-game record for three-point field goals made (11), scored the most points in a game in NCAA Division I that year to that point and tied the league record for most three-pointers in a game. The 47 points are the third-highest total in Oakland history. At the conclusion of the season, Bader was named All-League First Team along with being named to the Lou Hension All-American team. Bader was also named to the Academic All-League team. Bader led the NCAA Division I for three-point field goals per game, averaging 4.21 three-pointers Document [59] (Title: 2012 NBA Finals) an NBA Finals record for most 3-pointers in a game with 14. With three minutes remaining in the game, both teams took their starters out of the game, with the Heat still leading by more than 20 points. With their Game 5 win, the Heat won their second NBA championship in team history, and the first for several Heat players, including James, who was named the NBA Finals MVP after averaging 28.6 points, 10.2 rebounds and 7.4 assists in the finals, capping it all off with his first triple double of the season in the final game. For the Thunder, Document [60] (Title: Kemba Walker) game of his career, tying Glen Rice for the franchise record for 40-point games. Three days later, he scored 39 points, including the game-winning free throw with a half-second left, to lift the Hornets to a 113–112 win over the Miami Heat. During the game, he eclipsed the career 10,000-point mark. Walker set the NBA record for most three-point field goals through the first three games of a season with 19 (previously held by Danilo Gallinari with 18 in 2009–10) and became the first player in NBA history to make five or more three-point field goals in each of the Document [61] (Title: Kiefer Ravena) set a new record of most free throws taken by single player in a single game with 25 on their game against UE, he made 19 free throws out of that 25, the previous record was 19 set by another Blue Eagle Chris Tiu in 2008, where he only missed two freethrows. His 77.64 statistical points in season 77 is the highest recorded statistical points made by a single player in one season until it was surpassed by the 92.43 statistical points of La Salle's Mbala in season 79. His 11 assists in their second-round game against the Adamson Falcons Document [62] (Title: Mirza Teletović) win over the Los Angeles Lakers, Teletović set the Suns' single-season record for most three-pointers made off the bench, surpassing Danny Ainge's 150 made three-pointers during the 1992–93 season. On April 5, in a loss to the Atlanta Hawks, Teletović set an NBA single-season record for most three-pointers made off the bench, surpassing Chuck Person's 164 made three-pointers during the 1994–95 season with the San Antonio Spurs. His record was broken the following season by Eric Gordon. Teletović finished the season with a 181 three-pointers, with 179 made while coming off the bench. On July 8, 2016, Teletović signed a Document [63] (Title: Kobe Bryant) and praised for his performance in the 4th quarter of games, specifically the last 2 rounds of the playoffs. This cemented Bryant's reputation as a "clutch player". In the 2002–03 season, Bryant set an NBA record for three-pointers in a game on January 7, 2003, when he made 12 against the Seattle SuperSonics. He averaged 30 points per game and embarked on a historic run, posting 40 or more points in nine consecutive games while averaging 40.6 in the entire month of February. In addition, he averaged 6.9 rebounds, 5.9 assists, and 2.2 steals per game, all career-highs to that Document [64] (Title: Boston Celtics) Celtics became the second team to reach 3,000 victories, Paul Pierce became the third Celtic to score 20,000 points after Larry Bird and John Havlicek, and Ray Allen broke the NBA record for most three-pointers made in a career. The 2011 NBA Playoffs started with the Celtics sweeping the New York Knicks 4–0 in the opening round, but in the second round they were ousted by eventual Eastern champions Miami Heat in five games. Shaquille O'Neal, limited to 12 minutes in two games of the second round, retired at the end of the season. At the 2011 NBA draft, the Document [65] (Title: Carmelo Anthony) scored in one quarter in NBA history by scoring 33 points in the third quarter. Gervin had set the record when he was competing against David Thompson for the scoring title on the last day of the 1977–78 season. Anthony shot 12 of 15 (80%) in the third quarter and finished the game with 45 points, 11 rebounds, 3 assists and 4 steals. The record was broken in January 2015 by Klay Thompson of the Golden State Warriors. On January 4, 2009, Anthony broke a bone in his hand in a game against the Indiana Pacers. He opted to have Document [66] (Title: Joe Johnson (basketball)) Raptors. Three days later, he hit two three-pointers against the Detroit Pistons, thus surpassing Peja Stojaković for 11th on the career three-pointers list. On January 24, in a win over the Oklahoma City Thunder, he became the 31st player in NBA history to reach 40,000 minutes. On February 5, he recorded season highs of 27 points and 11 assists in a 128–119 win over the Sacramento Kings. On February 8, he recorded 12 points and 8 assists against the Denver Nuggets, and hit a buzzer-beating three-pointer to lift the Nets to a 105–104 win. In that game, he passed Scottie Document [67] (Title: Diana Taurasi) in WNBA history to make 1,000 3-pointers. On June 5, 2018, Taurasi became the first player in WNBA history to score 8,000 points in an 80–74 victory against the Liberty. On July 8, 2018, Taurasi became the league's all-time leader in field goals made in an 84–77 victory against the Connecticut Sun, surpassing Tina Thompson. Taurasi would also earn her ninth career all-star appearance after being voted into the 2018 WNBA All-Star Game. On August 1, 2018, Taurasi scored a season-high 37 points in a 104–93 victory against the Las Vegas Aces. The Mercury finished off the season 20–14 with Document [68] (Title: Nik Stauskas) to Stauskas. When he tweeted a Christmas Eve 2012 video of himself making 45 of 50 three-point shots, Dick Vitale replied 14 minutes later. On April 24, 2013, he posted a video of himself making 70 of 76 three-pointers in five minutes, and 8 hours later, Stephen Curry challenged him, via Twitter, to a three-point shooting contest. Curry had set the National Basketball Association single-season three-pointers made record one week earlier. The following morning ESPN retweeted the video and noted that Stauskas made 46 in a row. A few hours later, when Stauskas woke up, he said he would look Document [69] (Title: Anthony Morrow) 2009 NBA Summer League, where he scored 47 points for the Warriors in a game against the New Orleans Hornets – setting the record for the most points scored by an individual in a game at the NBA Summer League. In the 13th game of the 2009–10 NBA season, Morrow set a new career high with 6 three pointers in a victory over the Dallas Mavericks. On July 13, 2010, Morrow was traded to the New Jersey Nets for a future second-round draft pick. At the end of the 2010–11 NBA season, Morrow had the second highest 3-point percentage in Document [70] (Title: James Harden) Oklahoma City Thunder. He recorded the fourth highest 3-point percentage in NBA history (.375) for a player under the age of 21 (min. of 150 attempts) during the 2009–10 season. He connected on seven straight 3-point field goals over two games (November 18 and November 20), recording the most consecutive 3-point makes by a rookie since Houston guard Michael Dickerson made eight straight in May 1999. He posted a season-high 26 points against the Golden State Warriors on December 7, 2009. He was subsequently named to the NBA All-Rookie Second Team. During the 2010–11 season, he scored 10-plus points on Document [71] (Title: Dirk Nowitzki) Parish on the all-time scoring list at #20. He then passed Charles Barkley for 19th, and scored his 24,000th point on April 15, 2012 against the Lakers. Nowitzki blocked a shot by the Celtics' Avery Bradley, which was his 1,000th block. He became one of only 3 players in NBA history with at least 1,000 3-pointers and blocks, joining Clifford Robinson and Rasheed Wallace. Nowitzki made his 11th straight All-Star game appearance in Orlando. Nowitzki scored 31 points in the second half against Houston on April 18, 2012, including 21 in the fourth quarter. It marked the third-highest scoring half Document [72] (Title: Golden State Warriors) along with a future second-round pick, to the Dallas Mavericks in exchange for a future conditional second-round pick. Veteran power forward David West signed with the Warriors, as did free-agent center Zaza Pachulia. The Warriors posted many notable achievements during the 2016–17 regular season. On November 7, 2016, Stephen Curry set the NBA record for most 3-pointers in a game with 13, in a 116–106 win over the Pelicans. On December 5, 2016, Klay Thompson scored 60 points in 29 minutes, in a 142–106 victory over the Pacers. In doing so, Thompson became the first player in NBA history to Document [73] (Title: Klay Thompson) three-pointers in any of the contests, a career-worst seven-game drought for him. On October 29, 2018, against the Chicago Bulls, he hit an NBA-record 14 threes to break Curry's former mark of 13. Thompson scored 52 points in 27 minutes while making 14-for-24 of his threes and shooting 18-for-29 overall from the field. His 10 three-pointers in the first half tied Chandler Parsons' league record set in 2014, and Golden State made 17 threes in the first half to set the NBA record for a half. On November 24, he scored 31 points with five 3-pointers in a 117–116 win Document [74] (Title: 2017 NBA Finals) route to scoring 86 points for the first half, which was the most points scored in a half. They also hit 13 three-pointers in the first half, which broke the Finals record for most threes in a half set last game by the Warriors. The Cavaliers finished the game with 24 three-pointers, which easily broke the Finals record for the most threes in a game set by the Warriors in Game 2. Both the Cavaliers and Warriors combined to score a total of 154 points in the first half, which is another Finals record for most points by any two Document [75] (Title: Golden State Warriors) Other highlights of the 2014-2015 season included Stephen Curry breaking his own record for three-pointers made in a single season with 286. He and Klay Thompson made a combined 525 three-pointers, the most by a duo in NBA history. In the postseason, Curry shattered Reggie Miller's record of 58 made three-pointers in a single postseason with 98. On January 23, 2015, Klay Thompson broke an NBA record for points in a quarter with 37 in the third. Curry was also the leader in the voting polls for the 2015 NBA All-Star Game, won the 2014–15 NBA Most Valuable Player award Document [76] (Title: Kyle Korver) for fourth place on the career 3-pointers list with 2,143. Two days later, he hit four 3-pointers and had 19 points off the bench in a 127–99 loss to the Minnesota Timberwolves, passing Pierce for fourth place on the NBA's all-time list in 3-pointers made with 2,147. On February 9, 2018, he scored a season-high 30 points in a 123–107 win over the Atlanta Hawks. He made 7 of 13 from 3-point range and finished two points from matching his career high of 32. It was his first 30-point game since February 21, 2007. Korver went 794 games between 30-point Document [77] (Title: Kemba Walker) and broke the franchise career record for 3-pointers with 930, surpassing the record of 929 held by Dell Curry. On February 8, Walker was named as the replacement for the injured Kristaps Porziņģis in the 2018 NBA All-Star Game, marking his second consecutive All-Star selection. Later that day, he had a 40-point effort in a 109–103 overtime loss to the Portland Trail Blazers. On March 22, he scored 46 points with 10 3-pointers in a 140–79 win over the Memphis Grizzlies. It was his ninth 40-point game of his career and third-highest scoring game of his career, as he helped Document [78] (Title: JJ Redick) in the ACC Tournament and 12 in the NCAA Tournament to finish ahead of Clark. Redick finished his career with an NCAA-record 457 three-point field goals shooting 40.4% from three-point range. His career three-pointers record was broken on February 2, 2014, by Oakland University's Travis Bader. In the game after breaking Staples' record, Redick scored 30 points on February 19, 2006, against Miami to become the all-time leading scorer at Duke, with 2,557 points scored in his career. On February 25, 2006, in a game at Temple University, Redick passed Dickie Hemric's 51-year-old ACC scoring record of 2,587 points with Document [79] (Title: Shane Battier) NBA Finals is the highest three point shooting percentage ever recorded by a player who made 15 or more three-pointers in an NBA Finals series. During the 2012–13 regular season, Battier and the Heat won 27 consecutive games, establishing the NBA's second-longest winning streak (behind the 33 consecutive games won by the Lakers in the 1971–72 season). A speech given by Battier following the Super Bowl has been credited with sparking the 27-game win streak. The winning streak was snapped on March 27, 2013, when the Heat lost to the Chicago Bulls. The Heat surpassed the 22-game winning streak recorded Document [80] (Title: Wayne Ellington) career-high eight 3-pointers in a 113–101 win over the Dallas Mavericks. On March 21, 2018, in a 119–98 win over the New York Knicks, Ellington hit his 200th 3-pointer of the season, making him the third Heat player with that many in a season, joining Damon Jones (225) and Tim Hardaway Sr. (203). In the Heat's regular season finale on April 11, 2018, Ellington scored a career-high 32 points while setting Miami's single-season record for 3-pointers, as the Heat wrapped up the No. 6 seed in the Eastern Conference playoffs by beating the Toronto Raptors 116–109 in overtime. Ellington needed Document [81] (Title: Robert Horry) through the 2008 playoffs, having surpassed Kareem Abdul-Jabbar. Horry has held the record for three-pointers all-time in the NBA Finals with 53, having eclipsed Michael Jordan's previous record of 42. He set, and still holds today, the NBA Playoffs record for most three-point field goals made in a game without a miss (7) against the Utah Jazz in Game 2 of the 1997 Western Conference Semifinals. Horry has regular season career averages of 7.2 points, 4.9 rebounds and 2.2 assists per game. Horry and Steve Kerr, another famous reserve player and clutch shooter, alternated NBA Championships for a decade, and Document [82] (Title: Stephen Curry) did so in 2008–09. Curry also surpassed Kyle Korver's mark of 127 straight games with a three-pointer. In the following game two days later, the Warriors defeated the Oklahoma City Thunder in overtime thanks to a Curry three-pointer with 0.6 seconds remaining. Curry finished with 46 points as his winning shot was his 12th three-pointer, tying the NBA single-game record (with Kobe Bryant and Donyell Marshall). He also broke his own NBA record for threes in a season, leaving the new mark at 288. On March 7, in a win over the Orlando Magic, Curry scored 41 points and became Document [83] (Title: Eric Gordon) game in a 122–100 win over the New Orleans Pelicans. The Rockets made an NBA-record 24 three-pointers in the game, led by Gordon's 7-for-12 effort. On January 2, 2017, he scored a season-high 31 points in a 101–91 win over the Washington Wizards. On February 18, 2017, he edged out Kyrie Irving to win the Three-Point Contest during the NBA All-Star Weekend. On March 4, 2017, he scored 18 points and made six of Houston's 18 three-pointers in a 123–108 win over the Memphis Grizzlies. Gordon finished the game with 180 three-pointers; his 180 three-pointers in 49 games off the Document [84] (Title: R. J. Hunter) tournament, but hitting a shot like that was nothing new for him. In his sophomore year, Hunter scored a career-high 41 points against USTA, making a school single-game-record 12 3-pointers. The 12 3-pointers were also the most in the country during the year and set a new Sun Belt Conference record. In another game that year, he hit the game-winning shot with 11.1 seconds to play against Arkansas State. Another clutch shot came in a game in which Hunter scored 31 points including a huge 3-pointer with seven seconds left at UT Arlington to send the game to overtime. Hunter Document [85] (Title: George McCloud) most 3-point attempts in a season. In his NBA career, McCloud played in 766 games and scored a total of 6,925 points. McCloud was a productive three point shooter throughout his career. At NBA All-Star Weekend in 1996, he appeared in the Three-point Shootout but lost in the semifinal round. McCloud has the second-highest total for three-point attempts in an NBA game, with 20 (making seven of them) in a game for the Dallas Mavericks against the New Jersey Nets on March 5, 1996. George McCloud George Aaron McCloud (born May 27, 1967) is an American retired professional basketball player. Document [86] (Title: Luol Deng) being eliminated by the Cavs. On 1 November 2010, Deng scored a new career-high 40 points, hitting 14 of his 19 shots, along with 9 of 11 free throws, against the Portland Trail Blazers, scoring a point a minute. On 24 February 2011, Deng scored 20 points, 10 rebounds, and hit the game winning 3-point shot with 16 seconds left on the clock in a game against the Miami Heat. Throughout the season, Deng significantly improved his 3-point shooting after coach Tom Thibodeau asked him to. In the past four seasons, Deng attempted 132 3-point shots, whereas this season he Document [87] (Title: Christian Steinmetz) points in a game (50 points against Sparta), most points in a season (462 points in 18 games), most free throws in a game (26 against Two Rivers), most free throws in a season (238), and most free throw attempts in a season (317). Steinmetz's single-game, free-throw record, set at a time when one player took all of the team's free throws, has never been broken. He scored 20 field goals in a game against Beloit College, falling one basket short of the national record. He later recalled, "The game was stopped five minutes early so Beloit could catch a Document [88] (Title: Karl Tilleman) allowed him to take games "into his own hands," as he did when he scored 22 points in the second half against Puerto Rico in the 1983 Pan American Games, and when he drained 23 points in one quarter in the 1988 Utah Summer Games. Tilleman set his personal three-point record in 1986 against the Montana State Bobcats, who won the Big Sky Conference and went undefeated at home that season. Tilleman scored 50 points - on the Cats' home court - hitting 13 three pointers and setting a record for the most points in a men's basketball game at Document [89] (Title: Dennis Scott (basketball)) leading scorers for the Magic. In 1995–96 Scott set an NBA single-season three-point field goal tally with 267 (which was broken ten years later by Ray Allen). He also set the NBA record for most three pointers made in a single game with 11 on April 18, 1996. On his record breaking shot the assist came from teammate and the holder of the record, Brian Shaw (he made 10 three pointers on April 8, 1993). This record has also since been broken by Kobe Bryant who made 12 three pointers on January 7, 2003, Donyell Marshall who made 12 three Document [90] (Title: Dirk Nowitzki) with 40 points in a 132–120 overtime win over the Portland Trail Blazers. His 20th career 40-point game was his first since January 2014, and the first by a 37-year-old since Karl Malone in 2000–01. On April 11, in a win over the Utah Jazz that clinched the Mavericks a spot in the playoffs for the 15th time in 16 years, Nowitzki hit four three-pointers, becoming the 15th player in NBA history with at least 1,700 career triples. In Game 4 of the Mavericks' first-round playoff series against the Oklahoma City Thunder, Nowitzki passed Elgin Baylor (3,623 points) for 15th Document [91] (Title: Isaiah Thomas (basketball)) on February 27, Thomas' franchise-record streak of consecutive 20-point games ended at 43. It was just the second time this season he did not register at least 20 points in a game. On March 12 against Chicago, Thomas hit his 200th three-point shot of the season, becoming the third Celtics player all-time to reach that mark along with Antoine Walker and Paul Pierce. With 32 points against the Milwaukee Bucks on March 29, Thomas became just the sixth Celtic ever to score 2,000 points in a single season. He also extended his streak with at least one three-pointer to a Document [92] (Title: Renee Montgomery) Houston Comets for most championship titles. On February 1, 2018, Montgomery signed a multi-year contract with the Atlanta Dream. She would be the starting point guard for the team. On August 12, 2018, Montgomery scored a season-high 30 points along with a career-high 8 three-pointers in a 86-77 victory over the New York Liberty, tying the regular season record for most three-pointers in a game. She also hit 7 of her 8 three pointers in the second half, breaking the WNBA record for most three-pointers in a half. By the end of the season, Montgomery set the franchise record for Document [93] (Title: Kyrie Irving) a half. On March 12, 2015, Irving scored a career-high 57 points, including a buzzer-beating three-point shot to send the Cavaliers into overtime, in a 128-125 win over the San Antonio Spurs. It was the most points for a player in a regular-season game against the defending champion since January 14, 1962, when Wilt Chamberlain scored 62 points for the Philadelphia Warriors in a loss to the Celtics. The effort also surpassed the Cavaliers' franchise single-game scoring mark of 56 points, set by LeBron James against the Toronto Raptors on March 3, 2005. Irving helped the Cavaliers win 34 of Document [94] (Title: Nick Paulos) 3-pointers made, and second all-time in UNCG history, with 125 games played. He scored a career-high 30 points at Chattanooga, against the Mocs, and he set a UNCG single-game record with 10 three-pointers made off the bench, as he was 10-of-12 (83.3%) from long range, in just 21 minutes of action. He hit his first four three-pointers of the game, before hitting six straight, on consecutive possessions in the second half, for the single-game record. As a junior, he scored a season-high 27 points against Davidson, and set a UNCG record with a perfect 9-of-9 shooting from long range. As Document [95] (Title: Kaleena Mosqueda-Lewis) Division I record for career 3-pointers, during UConn's 91-70 regional final win against Dayton. She is now the NCAA Division I record-holder for made three-point attempts,ending the season with 398 threes, and surpassing the prior record of 392, held jointly by Laurie Koehn and Heather Butler. Kaleena Mosqueda-Lewis Kaleena Jordan Mosqueda-Lewis (born Kaleena Jordan Lewis, November 3, 1993) is an American basketball player for the Seattle Storm of the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA). She plays for the Seattle Storm. Prior to enrolling at UConn she played for Mater Dei High School in Santa Ana, California. She played on the Document [96] (Title: Stephen Curry) the first player in NBA history to make 300 regular-season three-pointers. On April 1, Curry missed a three-pointer to tie the game against the Celtics with 5.3 seconds left, as the Warriors suffered their first home defeat since January 27, 2015, snapping an NBA-record 54-game winning streak in the regular season at Oracle Arena. On April 7, Curry scored 27 points to help the Warriors become the second team in NBA history to win 70 games in a season with a 112–101 win over the San Antonio Spurs. In the Warriors' regular-season finale on April 13 against the Memphis Grizzlies, Document [97] (Title: Golden State Warriors) Portland Trail Blazers, Wright then broke another NBA record, becoming the first player to have scored more points in his seventh season than in all his first six seasons combined. Wright ended the season with the most three-pointers made in the NBA that season with 194, as well as the most three-pointers attempted with 516; each mark set a new Warriors franchise record. Following the season, Curry received the NBA Sportsmanship Award. Coach Smart was dismissed on April 27, 2011 due to the change in ownership. Seventeen-year NBA veteran and former ABC and ESPN commentator Mark Jackson replaced Smart as Document [98] (Title: Stephen Curry) Year and set the all-time scoring record for both Davidson and the Southern Conference. During his sophomore year, he also set the single-season NCAA record for three-pointers made. During the 2012–13 season, Curry set the NBA record for three-pointers made in a regular season with 272. He surpassed that record in 2015 with 286, and again in 2016 with 402. Curry is currently fifth in all-time made three-pointers in NBA history. During the 2013–14 season, he and teammate Klay Thompson were nicknamed the Splash Brothers en route to setting the NBA record for combined three-pointers in a season with 484, Document [99] (Title: Vince Carter) became known for his 3-point shooting with the Mavericks. On February 13, 2013, in a 123–100 win over the Sacramento Kings, Carter scored 26 points to pass Larry Bird on the NBA's career scoring list, moving him into 29th place. Carter turned aside a Sacramento rally in the third quarter by going 5 of 7 from long range and scoring 17 of Dallas' last 21 points in the period. He ended the night with 21,796 career points for 29th on the all-time list, five ahead of Bird. He also became the 11th NBA player with at least 1,600 3-pointers. He Document [100] (Title: Josh Akognon) the season with the longest current streak in the nation of 44 games with a made three pointer. He finished his college career with 1,805 points and 335 three pointers. Josh also set a Big West Tournament scoring record with 37 points in a first round win over UC Riverside that included 9 three pointers. Akognon reached double figures in 36 of 37 games, reached the 20 point mark twenty-two times, the 30+ point mark 6 times, and has had two 41 point games. He was also one of 50 players on the early season watch list for the James Document [101] (Title: History of the Golden State Warriors) Curry breaking his own record for three-pointers made in a single season with 286. He and Klay Thompson made a combined 525 three-pointers, the most by a duo in NBA history. In the postseason, Curry shattered Reggie Miller's record of 58 made three-pointers in a single postseason with 98. On January 23, 2015, Klay Thompson broke an NBA record for points in a quarter with 37 in the third. Curry was also the leader in the voting polls for the 2015 NBA All-Star Game, won the 2014–15 NBA Most Valuable Player award and the 2015 ESPYs Best Male Athlete award. Document [102] (Title: Splash Brothers) the Warriors rallied from a 3–1 deficit in the Western Conference Finals to defeat Oklahoma City, 4–3. Thompson scored 41 points and made an NBA playoff record 11 three-pointers in Game 6, and the Splash Brothers were the first NBA players to finish with at least 30 three-pointers in a playoff series. Their 62 combined makes exceeded the Thunders' series total of 55. In 2016–17, Curry and Thompson became the first two players in NBA history to make at least 200 three-pointers in five consecutive seasons. Curry broke the NBA record for most three-pointers made in a single game with Document [103] (Title: C. J. Wilcox) amongst guards at UW. He is also the Washington record holder for most career three-pointers made with 301, which also ranks sixth in Pac-12 history; is one of three players in Pac-12 history to record 1,700 career points, 275 career three-pointers and 400 career rebounds (Jason Kapono, UCLA, 1999–03; Jason Gardner, Arizona, 1999–03); and set Washington's single-season made three-point field goals record with 90 in 2013–14. In May 2014, Wilcox was invited to the 2014 NBA Draft Combine where he performed well in athletic tests and was ranked one of the top shooters. On June 26, 2014, Wilcox was selected Document [104] (Title: Alex Owumi) assists, and 3 steals in a win over the Newcastle Eagles. On October 24, he scored a season-high 33 points, making all 6 of his three-point attempts, to beat the Leeds Force, 98–69. Owumi became his team's all-time leader in three-pointers, passing Daniel Gilbert for a total of 169. He collected 5 three-pointers in another 30-point game on December 14, as Worcester fell to the Cheshire Phoenix. On April 26, 2015, in the BBL Play-off quarterfinals, Owumi posted a double-double of 18 points and ten rebounds, but the London Lions eliminated his team with a 106–67 win. He capped the Document [105] (Title: 2015–16 Golden State Warriors season) win the biggest upset in NBA history. On March 7, the Warriors won their 45th-straight regular season home game over the Orlando Magic, eclipsing the 1995–96 Chicago Bulls 44 wins in a row, to claim the NBA record. Stephen Curry became the first player in NBA history to score 300 three-pointers in a single season. In a 128–112 win over the Portland Trail Blazers on March 11, both teams combined for 37 made three-pointers (18 by the Warriors, 19 by the Blazers), an all-time NBA record. With a Los Angeles Clippers' loss to the Cleveland Cavaliers on March 13, the Document [106] (Title: Klay Thompson) David Thompson's (no relation) record for a quarter. On January 29, 2015, Thompson was named a reserve for the 2015 Western Conference All-Star team for the first time in his career. On March 8, 2015, Thompson hit 3 three-pointers against the Los Angeles Clippers to pass head coach Steve Kerr (726) on the NBA's all-time list. On March 17, he was ruled out for 7–10 days with a sprained ankle. That season, Curry broke his own record for three-pointers (286), and Thompson again finished second in the league (239) as the two combined to make 525 threes, surpassing their previous Document [107] (Title: Splash Brothers) selected to compete in the Three-Point Contest, and Curry was a heavy favorite to win; the betting site, Bovada, listed Curry as the favorite to win with 10–11 odds, while Thompson was second at 9–2. Once more, the two advanced to the final round, but Thompson prevailed while Curry was the runner-up, outscoring him 27–23. With 24 games remaining in the season, Curry again surpassed his NBA record for three-pointers, reaching 288 against the Oklahoma City Thunder in a 121–118 win. He also tied an NBA record with 12 three-pointers in the game, including the game-winner from beyond in the Document [108] (Title: Kyle Korver) made at least one three-pointer in his final 73 games of the season, the longest active streak in the NBA at the time, a career-best and the fourth longest streak in league history (Dana Barros 89, Michael Adams 79, Dennis Scott 78). In addition, his 189 made threes was the fourth-best single season total in franchise history. On July 12, 2013, Korver re-signed with the Hawks to a four-year, $24 million contract. On December 6, 2013, Korver passed the NBA record for most consecutive games with a made three-pointer (90) originally set by Dana Barros (89). The streak eventually ended Document [109] (Title: 2016–17 Golden State Warriors season) win 30 road games in back-to-back seasons, joining the 1995–96 and 1996–97 Chicago Bulls. Stephen Curry set numerous three-point NBA records this season; including most three-pointers made in a single game with 13 and most consecutive games (regular-season and postseason combined) with a made three-pointer with 196. Curry also surpassed 300 three-pointers in the regular-season for the second time in NBA history; he finished with 324. Draymond Green won the Defensive Player of the Year Award at the NBA Awards, the first time a Warrior has won it. Kevin Durant won the NBA Finals MVP award, the third time a Document [110] (Title: Naz Mitrou-Long) finishing fourth in the Big 12 in 3-point field goal percentage (40.0) and seventh in 3-pointers made (1.8). His 64 3-pointers ranks as the 17th-most by a Cyclone in a single season. He made at least four 3-pointers in seven games. He hit a 30-foot three at the buzzer to send the Cyclones to overtime against Oklahoma State and in ISU's game at Oklahoma State earlier in the season, Long drilled a three to send the game to triple-OT. He earned Phillips 66 Big 12 Player of the Week honors after hitting 8-of-11 3-pointers in the Cyclones' season-opening win against Document [111] (Title: Sasha Vujačić) on November 29, 2007. In the 2007–08 season, Vujačić made 118 of his 270 three-point field goal attempts, setting the Los Angeles Lakers single-season record for the best three-point field goal percentage (.437). During Game 3 of the 2008 NBA Finals, Vujačić scored a career playoff-high 20 points off the bench and was the only Laker, with the exception of Kobe Bryant, to score in double figures. The Lakers went on to lose the series in 6 games to the Boston Celtics. On July 28, 2008, Vujačić re-signed with the Lakers to a multi-year deal. Los Angeles made it back Document [112] (Title: Splash Brothers) last second in overtime. Curry and Thompson broke their combined record for three-pointers in a season after just 66 games, when the Warriors (60–6) became the fastest team in league history to ever reach 60 wins in a season. Golden State finished the season with an NBA-record 73 wins. Curry finished the season with 402 three-point shots made, and Thompson was second in the NBA with 276. Their combined total of 678 shattered their previous record by 153 shots made. They were also the highest-scoring duo in the NBA with an average of 52.2 points per game. In the playoffs, Document [113] (Title: Chris Lofton) Illustrated picked Tennessee 3rd in the country and Lofton as a 1st Team All-American. On December 19, 2007, Lofton passed Allan Houston to become first on Tennessee's list for most three point field goals made. Houston had held the record with 346 three pointers made. On January 22, 2008, Lofton passed Pat Bradley of the University of Arkansas to capture the record for the most career three pointers in the Southeastern Conference with 367.His final three pointer came vs. Louisville in the Sweet 16 of the 2008 NCAA Tournament, a game which Tennessee lost 79-60. Lofton was also selected to Document [114] (Title: History of the Miami Heat) Sacramento, Mario Chalmers had a career-high 10-triples, tying Brian Shaw's record for most three pointers in a single game. Four days later against Golden State, LeBron James became the youngest player in NBA history to score 20,000 career-points and made his 5,000th career assist. On February 3, 2013 (Day of Super Bowl XLVII), the Heat embarked on a winning streak, after winning over the Toronto Raptors. Eight days later against Portland, LeBron James broke Moses Malone and Adrian Dantley's record of six straight 30 point games on 60% shooting. The 117-104 win was also the Heat's 1000th regular season win Document [115] (Title: Kelli Johnson) were the third most in school history. As a junior, she set the record for the most three-point field goals in a game (seven) against the University of North Texas. That season, she also broke the career 3-point school record. By the end of her college career, Kelli had made 207 3-pointers – 81 more than the nearest contender. These records stood for 19 and 17 years, respectively. Johnson graduated in 1998 from Idaho with a degree in Broadcast Journalism. She joined her father in the Idaho Vandals Hall of Fame in 2016. Johnson's first job was as a sports Document [116] (Title: Keydren Clark) Division I in scoring at 5 ft 11 (1.80 m), doing so twice. A guard at Saint Peter's College from 2002 to 2006, Clark scored 435 three-pointers in his college career, briefly holding the record for the most three-point shots made in NCAA history during the end of his senior season. Clark finished as the career leader at the end of the 2006 MAAC tournament, but was soon passed by J. J. Redick, who held the NCAA record for three point field goals made with 457 until 2014 when Oakland's Travis Bader (461+) surpassed him. Clark finished his career as Document [117] (Title: Chauncey Billups) defeated the New Orleans Hornets in 5 games, which included a record-equaling 58-point margin-of-victory. Billups also set a Nuggets franchise record with the most 3 pointers in a playoff game with 8, and his 19 3-pointers in total is also a Nuggets record for threes made in a playoff series. In his first year with the Nuggets, Billups led them back to the NBA Conference Finals for the first time since 1985. They would play the Lakers for the second straight year (the Lakers had swept them in the first round the year before). The Nuggets would ultimately lose the Document [118] (Title: Kyle Korver) at 127 games on March 5, 2014. Korver finished the 2013–14 season with a 47.2 percent three-point shooting percentage which led the NBA. On December 15, 2014, Korver passed Jason Richardson for 15th all-time in three-pointers made. Five days later, in the Hawks' 104–97 win over the Houston Rockets, Korver scored a game-high 22 points and made all four of his free-throw attempts. This gave him 49 consecutive made free-throws on the season to set a new Hawks franchise record. The streak ended at 50 in the Hawks' next game against the Dallas Mavericks. On February 10, 2015, Korver received Document [119] (Title: Frank Young (basketball)) broke the team-record for most three-points in a season in the NC State game in the NIT Tournament of Young's 06-07 season, breaking Chris Leonard's record of 101 treys with his 107 treys after the NC State game. Young is also noted for his rebounding skills, grabbing 337 career rebounds. Young finished with the 10th best career 3-point shooting percentage (37.5%) and the 9th most games played (122) in school history. 2007 Frank Young signed with the EnBW Ludwigsburg Team in Ludwigsburg, Germany. EnBW Ludwigsburg plays in the Basketball Bundesliga, Germany's highest level of club basketball where play determines the Document [120] (Title: Robert Covington) against the New York Knicks. On April 12, in a loss to the Toronto Raptors, Covington had his seventh game of the season with six or more three-pointers, joining Stephen Curry, Klay Thompson and J. R. Smith as the only players to do so in 2015–16. In the team's season finale the following day, Covington scored 27 points and again hit six three-pointers in a 115–105 loss to the Chicago Bulls. On December 14, 2016, Covington had season highs of 26 points and 12 rebounds in a 123–114 loss to the Raptors. On January 20, 2017, he scored 22 points Document [121] (Title: Stephen Curry) he returned from injury against Portland. Still, he broke Danny Green's record of 27 three-pointers made in a Finals. However, the Warriors, despite being up 3–1 in the series, were defeated by the Cleveland Cavaliers in seven games and became the first team in NBA Finals history to lose a series after leading 3–1. In the game seven loss, Curry scored 17 points on 6-of-19 shooting. On October 28, 2016, Curry hit four three-pointers against the New Orleans Pelicans to reach 1,600 for his career, becoming the 19th player to do so, as well as the fastest to reach the Document [122] (Title: 2014–15 Golden State Warriors season) 23, 2015, Klay Thompson broke the NBA record for most points scored in a quarter with 37; he finished the game with a career high 52 points. On April 15, head coach Steve Kerr won his 63rd game with the Warriors and broke the NBA record for most wins by a rookie head coach. Curry and Thompson, dubbed the "Splash Brothers", broke the single-season record for most three-pointers made by a pair of teammates. Both also made the All-Star team, Curry as a starter and Thompson as a reserve. Together, they sank 525 three-pointers over the course of the season, Document [123] (Title: Blake Hoffarber) of 10 in an 89-48 win against Northern Illinois University. Hoffarber set a single season record at the University of Minnesota for three pointers made during his junior season in 2009-10 with 85. He currently holds the record at Minnesota for the most made three-pointers in school history with 279. Hoffarber ended his career 18th on Minnesota's All-Time Scoring List with 1,267 points. On February 22, 2011, he was named as a second team Academic All-American, the first Gopher basketball player to be named an Academic All-American. After college, Hoffarber was invited to the Portsmouth Invitational Tournament NBA pre-draft camp, Document [124] (Title: DeMar DeRozan) Philadelphia 76ers. He also set a career high with six 3-pointers in nine attempts. On January 1, 2018, DeRozan scored a franchise-record 52 points to help the Raptors beat the Milwaukee Bucks 131–127 in overtime, matching the team record with their 12th consecutive home victory. DeRozan became the third player in Raptors history to score 50 or more in a single game—the others being Vince Carter and Terrence Ross, who each had 51. On January 8, 2018, he scored 35 points, including a go-ahead three-point play with 26.1 seconds left in overtime, to lift the Raptors to a 114–113 win Document [125] (Title: Jeremy Senglin) in 3-pointers made with 345. Set a school and Big Sky single-season record by making 132 3-pointers during his senior year, the most 3-pointers of any player in the country. Finished second in the nation in 3-pointers per game at 3.9, and was sixth in the country in 3-point percentage at 44.7 percent. Led the Wildcats in points, field goals made, 3-pointers made, free throws made, minutes played, assists and steals. He was twice a part of Big Sky regular season and tournament championship teams and twice played in the NCAA Tournament. Following the close of his college career, Senglin Document [126] (Title: J. R. Smith) the Washington Wizards. Two days later, in a 102–91 loss to the Miami Heat, Smith broke an NBA record of 21 three-pointers taken in a single game, a mark set in 2005 by Damon Stoudamire. Smith hit 10 of 22 3-point shots against the Heat, setting a franchise record for 3-pointers made and finishing with 32 points for the second straight game. On January 5, 2015, Smith was acquired by the Cleveland Cavaliers in a three-team trade that also involved the Knicks and the Oklahoma City Thunder. On April 27, 2015, Smith was suspended for the first two games of Document [127] (Title: 2015–16 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team) their single-season record for three-pointers in a season to 326. With five assists in the game, Walton is now tied for third-most assists in a single Big Ten Tournament with 22, with Brent Darby (2003). Robinson recorded his 90th three-pointer of the season, becoming just the fifth Wolverine in history to reach the milestone in a single season. Irvin was selected to the All-Tournament Team. On March 13, Michigan received an at-large bid to the 2016 NCAA Tournament. The Wolverines are the No. 11 seed in the East Region and faced No. 11 Tulsa in the First Four on March Document [128] (Title: Randy Foye) 3-pointers made in a year, making 178 out of 434 shots (with a shooting percentage of 41%). On July 10, 2013, Foye was traded to the Denver Nuggets as part of a three-team trade involving the Jazz and the Golden State Warriors. On February 3, 2014, Foye hit the first game-winning shot of his eight-year NBA career, making a 30-foot three-pointer as time expired to claim a 116–115 win over the Los Angeles Clippers. On December 23, 2015, Foye scored a season-high 31 points and made seven three-pointers in a 104–96 win over the Phoenix Suns. On February 18, 2016, Document [129] (Title: Mark Gottfried) started 98 consecutive games, and Alabama advanced to the Sweet Sixteen in all three seasons he played. He holds the school records for most 3-point shots made in a single game with eight in a 1987 game against Vanderbilt, and for career 3-point field goal percentage (.485, 81–167). Gottfried graduated with a Bachelor of Arts & Sciences in Communications from the University of Alabama in 1987, after winning both the school's Hayden Riley Top Scholar Award and the Bryant Award as the school's top scholar-athlete during his senior year. He was selected by the Detroit Pistons in the seventh round Document [130] (Title: Jamal Crawford) a win over the Phoenix Suns, Crawford became the third shooting guard in NBA history to reach 16,000 points. On November 14, he scored a game-high 37 points in a 101–96 win over the Detroit Pistons. On January 10, 2016, he recorded his 46th four-point play of his career in a 114–111 overtime win over the New Orleans Pelicans. On April 8, 2016, he made a three-pointer with 0.2 seconds left and finished with 30 points in the Clippers' 102–99 overtime victory over the Utah Jazz. On April 19, he was named NBA Sixth Man of the Year for the Document [131] (Title: Dennis Scott (basketball)) pointers on March 12, 2005, and Stephen Curry who made 12 three pointers on February 27, 2016; Curry now owns the record by himself following 13 baskets from behind the arc against the New Orleans Pelicans on November 7, 2016. Scott was honored by the Magic on March 26, 2006 as part of their "Remember the Past Nights" program, where the Magic remembers past players for their accomplishments. Other players to be honored so far were Nick Anderson and Scott Skiles. In 2008, Jay Bilas ranked his personal top 25 three point shooters in NCAA history and Scott was #1 Document [132] (Title: Kyle Korver) 10-of-12 from the field and 8-of-9 from the three-point line in a 132–117 win over the Indiana Pacers. He subsequently passed Jason Kidd (1,988) for seventh on the all-time three-pointers made list. A week later, on February 15, also against the Pacers, Korver became the seventh player in NBA history to make 2,000 career three-pointers, joining Ray Allen, Reggie Miller, Jason Terry, Paul Pierce, Vince Carter, and Jamal Crawford. On April 4, 2017, he returned after missing 11 games with a sore left foot and scored 11 points in 12 minutes in a 122–102 win over the Orlando Magic. Korver Document [133] (Title: 2015–16 Golden State Warriors season) Mavericks on March 25, both teams combined for 39 made three-pointers (21 by the Warriors, 18 by the Mavericks), an all-time NBA record, which beat the 37 set by the Warriors and Blazers two weeks earlier. Golden State also eclipsed the previous record for most three-pointers in a single season by a team in NBA history (933) that had been set by the Houston Rockets the previous year. The Warriors dished out 32 assists against the Philadelphia 76ers on March 27, the 39th time this season the team has had a 30-assist game; the most in the NBA since the Document [134] (Title: 2016 NBA Playoffs) in 2014. This was the 12th playoff meeting between these two teams, with the Celtics winning ten of the first eleven meetings. In Game 2, the Cavaliers made history by hitting 18 three-pointers in the first half and 25 overall to break the record for most three-point field goals made by a team in a game. During Game 3's final minute, Jeff Teague pushed LeBron James really hard into a Hawks fan. He would later claim that he was still OK. In Game 4, both teams were locked in battle until in the final seconds, a jump ball was called Document [135] (Title: Jodie Meeks) against Tennessee State University. Meeks and teammate Patrick Patterson are among UK's more productive pairs of teammates since the days of Dan Issel and Mike Pratt in the early 1970s. On January 13, 2009, Meeks broke Kentucky's single-game scoring record (formerly held by Dan Issel) by scoring 54 points in a 90–72 win against rival Tennessee. In that game he also broke Tony Delk's single-game record, which he had shared, for three pointers by making 10 of 15 attempts and was 14 of 14 from the free throw line. On February 11, 2009, Meeks made the game-winning three point shot Document [136] (Title: 2015–16 Golden State Warriors season) of 114–81, winning the series 4–1 and progressing to the Western Conference Semi-finals to face the Portland Trail Blazers. Klay Thompson became the first player in NBA history to make at least seven three-pointers in consecutive playoff games. On May 9, a 132–125 OT win over the Portland Trail Blazers put Golden State up 3–1 in the series, Steph Curry scored 40 points in his first game back after being out injured for 15 days with an MCL sprain. He scored 17 of his points in overtime, which broke the NBA record of 16 held by Gilbert Arenas for most Document [137] (Title: Brian Merriweather) three-point field goals in 819 attempts, both of which are UTPA records; he also made at least 7 three-pointers in a game on seven times, with a school-record career high of 9 made. In his first two seasons, Merriweather led NCAA Division I in three-pointers made per game with 4.07 each year. He finished fourth in the nation in scoring his freshman year as well. In only three collegiate seasons Merriweather amassed 1,738 points, the third-most in school history as of the end of the 2012–13 season. Merriweather played professionally, including time spent in Italy, although he never made the Document [138] (Title: Jobey Thomas) single-season three-pointers made and single-season three-pointers in league games (60), while averaging 13.4 points per game. He took part in ESPN's Three-Point Shooting Contest on 24 March 2002, and on the 2002 NBA Pre-Draft summer camp in Chicago. After not being drafted, he moved to Europe and joined Queluz in the Portuguese Basketball League, playing only 18 games with an average of 24 points per game. He soon joined the Serie A in Italy, and in a five-year period, Thomas average more than 17 points per game in 163 games, representing three different teams. After arriving at Olimpia Milano in Document [139] (Title: Stephen Curry) the Denver Nuggets, thus moving past Paul Pierce for sixth place on the NBA's career three-point list. Three days later, he scored 51 points with 11 3-pointers in only three quarters in a 144–122 win over the Washington Wizards. He scored 31 in the first half and finished with his sixth career 50-point game and made 10 or more 3s for the 10th time. Curry's third 3-pointer of the night moved him past Jamal Crawford (2,153) for fifth place on the NBA's career list. On October 28, he made seven 3-pointers and finished with 35 points in a 120–114 win Document [140] (Title: Patty Mills) joined Manu Ginóbili and Matt Bonner as the only reserves in franchise history to make 500 3-pointers. On 18 December 2017, in a 109–91 win over the Los Angeles Clippers, Mills joined Ginóbili and Malik Rose as the only Spurs in franchise history to score 3,000 points off the bench. On 25 February 2018 against the Cleveland Cavaliers, Mills climbed into fourth all-time on the Spurs' 3-pointers made list. In 2007, Mills made his senior national team debut for the Boomers at the FIBA Oceania Championship. The following year, he played for Australia at the FIBA Diamond Ball tournament and Document [141] (Title: Jack Taylor (basketball)) 39 three-pointers in the second half, including seven consecutive in 1 minute 57 seconds. During one stretch, he scored a Division III-record 28 consecutive points. He also set NCAA single-game records for most three-point field goals, three-point field goals attempted, field goals, and field goals attempted. His 80 points in a half were also a record. Arseneault said the team "left open the possibility [for Taylor setting a record] if he got to off to a great start." Occasionally, Grinnell designated a game for pursuing a record. At halftime, Taylor thought he only had 30 points, not the actual 58. Document [142] (Title: Mario Chalmers) 34 minutes of action as he helped the Heat win the 2012 NBA championship. It was Chalmers' first NBA title. On January 12, 2013, Chalmers scored a career-high 34 points against the Sacramento Kings, making 10 three-pointers. He tied the Heat's record for most three-pointers in a game. On June 9, 2013, during Game 2 of the NBA Finals against the San Antonio Spurs, Chalmers led all scorers with 19 points as the Heat tied the series 1-1 with a 103-84 victory. In the sixth game of the series, on June 18, he scored 20 points to help the Heat Document [143] (Title: Stephen Curry) points in three quarters. On January 25, he scored 25 points in a 126–113 win over the Minnesota Timberwolves. Curry became the fifth player in Warriors history to score 14,000 points, ending the game with 14,023 and joining Wilt Chamberlain (17,783), Rick Barry (16,447), Paul Arizin (16,266) and Chris Mullin (16,235) on the franchise list. On January 27, he scored 49 points—with 13 of those over the final 1:42—and hit eight 3-pointers, lifting the Warriors past the Boston Celtics 109–105. On February 22, he had a 44-point effort with eight 3-pointers in a 134–127 win over the Los Angeles Clippers. Document [144] (Title: Stephen Curry) It was his third 40-point game of the season. On March 2, in a 114–109 win over the Atlanta Hawks, Curry made his 200th 3-point field goal of the season, becoming the first player in NBA history with at least 200 3-pointers in six seasons, having reached the mark in every season since 2012–13. Four days later, in a 114–101 win over the Nets, Curry became the seventh player in Warriors history to make 5,000 career field goals, joining Chamberlain, Barry, Mullin, Arizin, Jeff Mullins and Nate Thurmond. On March 23, against the Hawks, Curry suffered a Grade 2 medial Document [145] (Title: Golden State Warriors) and Klay Thompson were all named to the 2016 All-Star Game. Green broke the Golden State franchise record of nine triple-doubles in a season. Curry broke numerous three-point records during the season, including his own NBA record for made three-pointers in a season of 286; he finished the season with 402 three pointers. He made a three-pointer in 151 consecutive games, which broke the NBA record of 127 set by Kyle Korver in 2014. On February 27, 2016, Curry also tied the NBA record of twelve three-pointers made in a single game, jointly holding it with Donyell Marshall and Kobe Document [146] (Title: Danny Green (basketball)) 7–9 from three-point range, including the one to set a Finals record for most three-pointers in a game by a team. He notched 27 total points in the Spurs' blowout 113–77 victory as the team took a 2–1 series lead in the process. On June 16 in Game 5, Green made six three pointers for a total of 25 in the series to that point, breaking the record for an NBA Finals series previously held by Ray Allen, who made 22 in six games with the Boston Celtics in 2008. By the end of the series, Green had made 27 Document [147] (Title: Corey Allmond) the opponent record of 8 threes at Rupp Arena, which was set by the Miami RedHawks' Nick Winbush three days prior. His shots included an off-balance three-pointer past John Wall and a corner trey over Patrick Patterson. However, the opposing Wildcats won the game, 102–92, behind 27 points and 18 rebounds from DeMarcus Cousins. The Bearkats toppled Auburn on December 20, as Allmond poured 25 points and 6 three-pointers. He also played a major role in Sam Houston State's 90–63 win over Lamar on January 27, 2010, scoring 24 points for his team, which was missing impact player Gilberto Clavell. Document [148] (Title: Stephen Curry) mark. On November 4, Curry's NBA-record streak of 157 straight games with at least one made three-pointer was snapped during the Warriors' 117–97 loss to the Los Angeles Lakers after he went 0-of-10 from three-point range. He had hit a three-pointer in every regular-season game since November 11, 2014. Three days later, he hit 13 three-pointers against New Orleans, setting an NBA record for most three-pointers made in a regular-season game. Curry shot 16-of-26 overall against the Pelicans for his first 40-point game of the season, finishing with 46 in a 116–106 win. On December 11, Curry hit two three-pointers Question: who has scored the most 3 pointers in a game

Answer: Stephen Curry Long Answer: 13 by Stephen Curry, Golden State Warriors (vs. New Orleans Pelicans) on November 7, 2016 (13 / 17) Gold Document ID: 131

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Civil Rights Act of 1964) his television address to the nation that evening. Two days later, Senate Minority Leader Everett Dirksen and Senate Majority Leader Mike Mansfield both voiced support for the president's bill, except for provisions guaranteeing equal access to places of public accommodations. This led to several Republican Representatives drafting a compromise bill to be considered. On June 19, the president sent his bill to Congress as it was originally written, saying legislative action was "imperative". The president's bill went first to the House of Representatives, where it was referred to the Judiciary Committee, chaired by Emanuel Celler, a Democrat from New York. Document [2] (Title: Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.) Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co. Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co., 392 U.S. 409 (1968), is a landmark United States Supreme Court case, which held that Congress could regulate the sale of private property to prevent racial discrimination: "<nowiki>[</nowiki><nowiki>]</nowiki> bars all racial discrimination, private as well as public, in the sale or rental of property, and that the statute, thus construed, is a valid exercise of the power of Congress to enforce the Thirteenth Amendment." The Civil Rights Act of 1866 (passed by Congress over the veto of Andrew Johnson) provided the basis for this decision as embodied by Document [3] (Title: Report to the American People on Civil Rights) by vigorous legislative activity as the Justice Department worked on finishing Kennedy's proposals while Democratic leadership discussed strategies for enacting them. On June 19, Kennedy sent his civil rights bill to Congress. In addition to his proposals made in February, the bill called for equal accommodations in public facilities, provisions for the Attorney General to initiate school desegregation suits, new programs to ensure fair employment practices such as support of a Fair Employment Practice Committee, the establishment of a Community Relations Service, and the granting of authority to the federal government to withhold funds from programs and activities in which Document [4] (Title: Voting Rights Act of 1965) Voting Rights Act of 1965 The Voting Rights Act of 1965 is a landmark piece of federal legislation in the United States that prohibits racial discrimination in voting. It was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson during the height of the Civil Rights Movement on August 6, 1965, and Congress later amended the Act five times to expand its protections. Designed to enforce the voting rights guaranteed by the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution, the Act secured the right to vote for racial minorities throughout the country, especially in the South. According to the Document [5] (Title: Civil Rights Act of 1964) margin, the final tally stood at 71 to 29. Never in history had the Senate been able to muster enough votes to cut off a filibuster on a civil rights bill. And only once in the 37 years since 1927 had it agreed to cloture for any measure. On June 19, the substitute (compromise) bill passed the Senate by a vote of 73–27, and quickly passed through the House–Senate conference committee, which adopted the Senate version of the bill. The conference bill was passed by both houses of Congress, and was signed into law by President Johnson on July 2, Document [6] (Title: Jimmy Quillen) Fourteenth Amendment, and its duty to protect voting rights under the Fifteenth Amendment. The final version of Civil Rights Act of 1964 was signed into law later on that same day by President Lyndon B. Johnson on July 2, 1964, at the White House. In April 1971, U.S. Representative Olin Teague of Texas introduced a bill to create five medical schools in conjunction with established VA hospitals and U.S. Senator Alan Cranston of California introduced a companion bill within the U.S. Senate. Known as the Teague-Cranston Act, the federal legislative proposal called for the creation of five new medical schools Document [7] (Title: Civil Rights Cases) they wished with the black people in their midst. The decision that the Reconstruction-era Civil Rights Acts were unconstitutional has not been overturned; on the contrary, the Supreme Court reaffirmed this limited reading of the Fourteenth Amendment in "United States v. Morrison", , in which it held that Congress did not have the authority to enact parts of the Violence Against Women Act. The Court has, however, upheld more recent civil rights laws based on other powers of Congress. Title II of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 generally revived the ban on discrimination in public accommodations that was in Document [8] (Title: Civil Rights Act of 1957) to vote and from voting, established record-keeping and oversight, and provided for federal enforcement in areas with documented patterns of discrimination or low voter turnout. Civil Rights Act of 1957 The Civil Rights Act of 1957, , a federal voting rights bill, was the first federal civil rights legislation passed by the United States Congress since the Civil Rights Act of 1875. Its purpose was to show the federal government's support for racial equality after the US Supreme Court's 1954 decision in "Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka". Opposition to the Act, including the longest one-person filibuster in U.S. Document [9] (Title: George Simkins Jr.) a petition to the U.S. Supreme Court. Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy filed a brief for Simkins and the other plaintiffs, but the Supreme Court denied the case. According to Karen Kruse Thomas, the "Simkins v. Cone" (1963) "decision marked the first time that federal courts applied the Equal Protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to prohibit racial discrimination by a private entity" (Encyclopedia of N.C., p. 1038). The year after the Simkins decision, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964, officially prohibiting private discrimination in public places. Heralded by many as a landmark case, Simkins became the Brown Document [10] (Title: Civil Rights Act of 1964) in New York City had reached the opposite conclusion, finding that Title VII sex discrimination does not include claims based on sexual orientation. Despite its lack of influence during its time, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 had considerable impact on later civil rights legislation in the United States. It paved the way for future legislation that was not limited to African American civil rights. The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990—which has been called "the most important piece of federal legislation since the Civil Rights Act of 1964"—was influenced both by the structure and substance of the previous Civil Document [11] (Title: Civil Rights Act of 1964) the list of public accommodations covered." The Americans with Disabilities Act extended "the principle of nondiscrimination to people with disabilities", an idea unsought in the United States before the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The Act also influenced later civil rights legislation, such as the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and the Civil Rights Act of 1968, aiding not only African Americans, but also women. Civil Rights Act of 1964 The Civil Rights Act of 1964 () is a landmark civil rights and U.S. labor law in the United States that outlaws discrimination based on race, color, Document [12] (Title: Voting Rights Act of 1965) federal government to protect the voting rights of racial minorities. In 1957, Congress passed the first civil rights legislation since Reconstruction: the Civil Rights Act of 1957. This legislation authorized the Attorney General to sue for injunctive relief on behalf of persons whose Fifteenth Amendment rights were denied, created the Civil Rights Division within the Department of Justice to enforce civil rights through litigation, and created the Commission on Civil Rights to investigate voting rights deprivations. Further protections were enacted in the Civil Rights Act of 1960, which allowed federal courts to appoint referees to conduct voter registration in jurisdictions Document [13] (Title: Jimmy Quillen) workplace and by facilities that served the general public (known as "public accommodations"). Quillen first voted against the Civil Rights Act of 1964 on February 10, 1964, and again on July 2, 1964 when the bill came back to the U.S. House of Representatives for a final vote with an amendment attached to the original bill by the U.S. Senate. Congress asserted its authority to legislate under several different parts of the United States Constitution, principally its power to regulate interstate commerce under Article One (section 8), its duty to guarantee all citizens equal protection of the laws under the Document [14] (Title: Civil Rights Act of 1964) and property without due process". In "Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States" (1964), the Supreme Court held that Congress drew its authority from the Constitution's Commerce Clause, rejecting Rolleston's claims. Resistance to the public accommodation clause continued for years on the ground, especially in the South. When local college students in Orangeburg, South Carolina attempted to desegregate a bowling alley in 1968, they were violently attacked, leading to rioting and what became known as the "Orangeburg massacre." Resistance by school boards continued into the next decade, with the most significant declines in black-white school segregation only occurring at the Document [15] (Title: Voting Rights Act of 1965) in Congress on March 17, 1965 as S. 1564, and it was jointly sponsored by Senate Majority Leader Mike Mansfield (D-MT) and Senate Minority Leader Everett Dirksen (R-IL), both of whom had worked with Attorney General Katzenbach to draft the bill's language. Although Democrats held two-thirds of the seats in both chambers of Congress after the 1964 Senate elections, Johnson worried that Southern Democrats would filibuster the legislation, as they had opposed other civil rights efforts. He enlisted Dirksen to help gain Republican support. Dirksen did not originally intend to support voting rights legislation so soon after supporting the Civil Document [16] (Title: Civil rights movement) almost all of whomblack and whitestill consider it to have been one of the defining periods of their lives. Although President Kennedy had proposed civil rights legislation and it had support from Northern Congressmen and Senators of both parties, Southern Senators blocked the bill by threatening filibusters. After considerable parliamentary maneuvering and 54 days of filibuster on the floor of the United States Senate, President Johnson got a bill through the Congress. On July 2, 1964, Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which banned discrimination based on "race, color, religion, sex or national origin" in employment practices and Document [17] (Title: Civil Rights Act of 1964) The prohibition on sex discrimination was added to the Civil Rights Act by Howard W. Smith, a powerful Virginia Democrat who chaired the House Rules Committee and who strongly opposed the legislation. Smith's amendment was passed by a teller vote of 168 to 133. Historians debate Smith's motivation, whether it was a cynical attempt to defeat the bill by someone opposed to civil rights both for blacks and women, or an attempt to support their rights by broadening the bill to include women. Smith expected that Republicans, who had included equal rights for women in their party's platform since 1944, Document [18] (Title: Anti-discrimination law) of discrimination, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was much broader, providing protections for race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in the areas of voting, education, employment, and public accommodations. This landmark legislation led the way for other federal legislation, which expanded upon the protected classes and forms of discrimination prohibited under federal legislation, such as the Fair Housing Act or the Americans with Disabilities Act. These protections have also been expanded through the courts interpretation of these pieces of legislation. For example, the 7th and 2nd circuit courts have both ruled that employment discrimination based on sexual orientation Document [19] (Title: Civil Rights Act of 1964) the bill came before the full Senate for debate on March 30, 1964, the "Southern Bloc" of 18 southern Democratic Senators and one Republican Senator led by Richard Russell (D-GA) launched a filibuster to prevent its passage. Said Russell: "We will resist to the bitter end any measure or any movement which would have a tendency to bring about social equality and intermingling and amalgamation of the races in our (Southern) states." Strong opposition to the bill also came from Senator Strom Thurmond (D-SC): "This so-called Civil Rights Proposals, which the President has sent to Capitol Hill for enactment into Document [20] (Title: Civil Rights Cases) Act of 1964. Black American plaintiffs, in five cases from lower courts, sued theaters, hotels and transit companies that refused to admit them, or had excluded them from "white only" facilities. The Civil Rights Act of 1875 had been passed by Congress and entitled everyone to access accommodation, public transport, and theatres regardless of race or color. This followed the American Civil War (1860–1865), President Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation (1 January 1863) to end slavery, and the Fourteenth Amendment to the US Constitution (9 July 1868) which reads "No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the Document [21] (Title: Voting Rights Act of 1965) out of committee. The House approved this conference report version of the bill on August 3 by a 328-74 vote (Democrats 217-54, Republicans 111-20), and the Senate passed it on August 4 by a 79-18 vote (Democrats 49-17, Republicans 30-1). On August 6, President Johnson signed the Act into law with King, Rosa Parks, John Lewis, and other civil rights leaders in attendance at the signing ceremony. Congress enacted major amendments to the Act in 1970, 1975, 1982, 1992, and 2006. Each amendment coincided with an impending expiration of some or all of the Act's special provisions. Originally set to Document [22] (Title: Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States) blacks. The opinion of the court, announced on December 14, 1964, was delivered by Justice Tom C. Clark, with concurring opinions by Justice Arthur Goldberg, Justice Hugo Black, and Justice William O. Douglas. The U.S. Supreme Court held that Congress acted well within its authority under the Commerce Clause in passing the Civil Rights Act of 1964, thereby upholding the act's Title II in question. While it might have been possible for Congress to pursue other methods for abolishing racial discrimination, the way in which Congress did so, according to the Court, was perfectly valid. It found no merit in Document [23] (Title: Civil Rights Act of 1960) a vote of 311-109. 179 Democrats and 132 Republicans voted Aye. 93 Democrats, 15 Republicans, and 1 Independent Democrat voted Nay. 2 Democrats and 1 Republican voted present. The Senate's Judiciary Committee also faced attempts to dislodge the bill. Southern Democrats had long acted as a voting bloc to resist or reject legislation to enforce constitutional rights in the South and made it difficult for proponents of civil rights to add strengthening amendments. After amendments in the Senate, H.R. 8601 was approved by the Senate on April 8, 1960 by a vote of 71-18. The House of Representatives approved the Document [24] (Title: Civil Rights Act of 1964) law, are unconstitutional, unnecessary, unwise and extend beyond the realm of reason. This is the worst civil-rights package ever presented to the Congress and is reminiscent of the Reconstruction proposals and actions of the radical Republican Congress." After 54 days of filibuster, Senators Hubert Humphrey (D-MN), Mike Mansfield (D-MT), Everett Dirksen (R-IL), and Thomas Kuchel (R-CA), introduced a substitute bill that they hoped would attract enough Republican swing votes in addition to the core liberal Democrats behind the legislation to end the filibuster. The compromise bill was weaker than the House version in regard to government power to regulate the Document [25] (Title: Civil Rights Act of 1964) did not have the constitutional authority to ban segregation in public accommodations. For example, Moreton Rolleston, the owner of a motel in Atlanta, Georgia, said he should not be forced to serve black travelers, saying, "the fundamental question [...] is whether or not Congress has the power to take away the liberty of an individual to run his business as he sees fit in the selection and choice of his customers". Rolleston claimed that the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was a breach of the Fourteenth Amendment and also violated the Fifth and Thirteenth Amendments by depriving him of "liberty Document [26] (Title: Civil Rights Act of 1960) those discriminated against for national origin, although Eisenhower had called for it in his message to Congress. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965 worked to fulfill the seven goals suggested by President Eisenhower in 1959. The two satisfied proponents of the civil rights movement to end racial discrimination and protect legal equality in the United States. Civil Rights Act of 1960 The Civil Rights Act of 1960 () is a United States federal law that established federal inspection of local voter registration polls and introduced penalties for anyone who obstructed someone's attempt to register Document [27] (Title: Civil Rights Act of 1964) citizenship. Outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, or national origin in hotels, motels, restaurants, theaters, and all other public accommodations engaged in interstate commerce; exempted private clubs without defining the term "private". Prohibited state and municipal governments from denying access to public facilities on grounds of race, color, religion, or national origin. Encouraged the desegregation of public schools and authorized the U.S. Attorney General to file suits to enforce said act. Expanded the Civil Rights Commission established by the earlier Civil Rights Act of 1957 with additional powers, rules and procedures. Prevents discrimination by programs and activities that receive Document [28] (Title: Civil Rights Act of 1964) the bill to pass through the Rules Committee. Lobbying support for the Civil Rights Act was coordinated by the Leadership Conference on Civil Rights, a coalition of 70 liberal and labor organizations. The principal lobbyists for the Leadership Conference were civil rights lawyer Joseph L. Rauh Jr. and Clarence Mitchell, Sr. of the NAACP. Johnson, who wanted the bill passed as soon as possible, ensured that the bill would be quickly considered by the Senate. Normally, the bill would have been referred to the Senate Judiciary Committee, chaired by Senator James O. Eastland, Democrat from Mississippi. Given Eastland's firm opposition, Document [29] (Title: Civil Rights Act of 1957) the Senate Judiciary Committee, led by Democrat Senator James Eastland of Mississippi, who drastically altered the bill. Democrat Senator Richard Russell, Jr., of Georgia had denounced the bill as an example of the federal government seeking to impose its laws on states. Johnson sought recognition from civil rights advocates for passing the bill as well as recognition from the anti-civil rights Democrats for weakening the bill so much as to make it toothless. The bill passed 285-126 in the House of Representatives with a majority of both parties' support (Republicans 167–19, Democrats 118–107) It then passed 72-18 in the Senate, Document [30] (Title: Civil Rights Act of 1866) a two-thirds majority in each chamber overcame the veto to become law without presidential signature. John Bingham and other congressmen argued that Congress did not yet have sufficient constitutional power to enact this law. Following passage of the Fourteenth Amendment in 1868, Congress ratified the 1866 Act in 1870. The author of the Civil Rights Act of 1866 was Senator Lyman Trumbull. Congressman James F. Wilson summarized what he considered to be the purpose of the act as follows, when he introduced the legislation in the House of Representatives: During the subsequent legislative process, the following key provision was deleted: Document [31] (Title: Civil Rights Act of 1964) it seemed impossible that the bill would reach the Senate floor. Senate Majority Leader Mike Mansfield took a novel approach to prevent the bill from being relegated to Judiciary Committee limbo. Having initially waived a second reading of the bill, which would have led to it being immediately referred to Judiciary, Mansfield gave the bill a second reading on February 26, 1964, and then proposed, in the absence of precedent for instances when a second reading did not immediately follow the first, that the bill bypass the Judiciary Committee and immediately be sent to the Senate floor for debate. When Document [32] (Title: Voting Rights Act of 1965) voting rights act that you can". However, Johnson did not publicly push for the legislation at the time; his advisers warned him of political costs for vigorously pursuing a voting rights bill so soon after Congress had passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and Johnson was concerned that championing voting rights would endanger his Great Society reforms by angering Southern Democrats in Congress. Following the 1964 elections, civil rights organizations such as the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) pushed for federal action to protect the voting rights of racial minorities. Their efforts Document [33] (Title: Archibald Cox) 1964 the public accommodations bill passed as the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The obvious constitutional attack on the legislation was its constitutionality under the Fourteenth Amendment because it sought to regulate conduct that was not "state action." Cox and Assistant Attorney General and Head of the Civil Rights Division Burke Marshall, however founded the legislation on Congress's power to regulate interstate commerce. Although both John and Robert Kennedy questioned the optics of using the Commerce Clause, they did not object. Cox had no difficulty having the Court uphold the statute on that basis when he argued the cases in Document [34] (Title: Civil Rights Act of 1964) Rights Act of 1964. The act was arguably of equal importance, and "draws substantially from the structure of that landmark legislation [Civil Rights Act of 1964]". The Americans with Disabilities Act paralleled its landmark predecessor structurally, drawing upon many of the same titles and statutes. For example, "Title I of the ADA, which bans employment discrimination by private employers on the basis of disability, parallels Title VII of the Act". Similarly, Title III of the Americans with Disabilities Act, "which proscribes discrimination on the basis of disability in public accommodations, tracks Title II of the 1964 Act while expanding upon Document [35] (Title: Civil Rights Act of 1866) was the Senate sponsor of the Civil Rights Act of 1866, and he argued that Congress had power to enact it in order to eliminate a discriminatory "badge of servitude" prohibited by the Thirteenth Amendment. Representative John Bingham, principal author of the first section of the Fourteenth Amendment, was one of several Republicans who believed (prior to that Amendment) that Congress lacked power to pass the 1866 Act. In the 20th century, the U.S. Supreme Court ultimately adopted Trumbull's Thirteenth Amendment rationale for congressional power to ban racial discrimination by states and by private parties, in view of the fact Document [36] (Title: Civil Rights Act of 1964) After a series of hearings on the bill, Celler's committee strengthened the act, adding provisions to ban racial discrimination in employment, providing greater protection to black voters, eliminating segregation in all publicly-owned facilities (not just schools), and strengthening the anti-segregation clauses regarding public facilities such as lunch counters. They also added authorization for the Attorney General to file lawsuits to protect individuals against the deprivation of any rights secured by the Constitution or U.S. law. In essence, this was the controversial "Title III" that had been removed from the 1957 Act and 1960 Act. Civil rights organizations pressed hard for Document [37] (Title: Congressional power of enforcement) such as inns and theaters. The Court stated that since the Fourteenth Amendment only restricted state action, Congress lacked power under this amendment to forbid discrimination that was not sponsored by the state. This ruling has not been overturned, although in modern times, similar civil rights legislation has been upheld under Congress's power to regulate interstate commerce under Article One, Section 8 of the Constitution. See Civil Rights Act of 1964. In the "Katzenbach v. Morgan" case, decided in 1966, the Supreme Court concluded that Congress can forbid practices that are not themselves unconstitutional, if the law is aimed at Document [38] (Title: Civil Rights Act of 1957) Civil Rights Act of 1957 The Civil Rights Act of 1957, , a federal voting rights bill, was the first federal civil rights legislation passed by the United States Congress since the Civil Rights Act of 1875. Its purpose was to show the federal government's support for racial equality after the US Supreme Court's 1954 decision in "Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka". Opposition to the Act, including the longest one-person filibuster in U.S. history, limited its immediate impact. The Act, however, paved the way for a series of more effective civil rights bills in the 1960s. Following the Document [39] (Title: Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era) It was the first time that Southern senators had failed to win with such tactics against civil rights bills. On July 2, President Johnson signed into law the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The Act prohibited segregation in public places and barred unequal application of voter registration requirements. It did not explicitly ban literacy tests, which had been used to disqualify blacks and poor white voters. As the United States Department of Justice has stated: By 1965 concerted efforts to break the grip of state disenfranchisement (sic) had been under way for some time, but had achieved only modest success Document [40] (Title: Civil Rights Act of 1964) to move the bill to the floor. Initially Celler had a difficult time acquiring the signatures necessary, with many Representatives who supported the civil rights bill itself remaining cautious about violating normal House procedure with the rare use of a discharge petition. By the time of the 1963 winter recess, 50 signatures were still needed. After the return of Congress from its winter recess, however, it was apparent that public opinion in the North favored the bill and that the petition would acquire the necessary signatures. To avert the humiliation of a successful discharge petition, Chairman Smith relented and allowed Document [41] (Title: Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution) their disenfranchisement. In 1865, Congress passed what would become the Civil Rights Act of 1866, guaranteeing citizenship without regard to race, color, or previous condition of slavery or involuntary servitude. The bill also guaranteed equal benefits and access to the law, a direct assault on the Black Codes passed by many post-war states. The Black Codes attempted to return ex-slaves to something like their former condition by, among other things, restricting their movement, forcing them to enter into year-long labor contracts, prohibiting them from owning firearms, and preventing them from suing or testifying in court. Although strongly urged by moderates Document [42] (Title: Second Emancipation Proclamation) and months afterwards introduced an omnibus civil rights bill to Congress after his civil rights address on national television and radio. The fulfillment of the vision of King and the Civil Rights Movement against segregation came with the landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964 which was pushed through a bitterly divided Congress and signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964. In his acceptance speech for the Nobel Peace Prize in December 1964 King spoke of the Civil Rights Act, saying "Then came that glowing day a few months ago when a strong Civil Rights bill became the law of Document [43] (Title: Civil Rights Act of 1964) clause, thus paving the way for the Federal government to enact civil rights laws prohibiting both public and private sector discrimination on the basis of the commerce clause. After the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed, the Supreme Court upheld the law's application to the private sector, on the grounds that Congress has the power to regulate commerce between the States. The landmark case "Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States" established the constitutionality of the law, but it did not settle all of the legal questions surrounding the law. In "Phillips v. Martin Marietta Corp.", a 1971 Supreme Document [44] (Title: Civil Rights Act of 1957) mark their cause. Now president, John F. Kennedy, called for a new bill in his televised Civil Rights Address of June 11, 1963, in which he asked for legislation "giving all Americans the right to be served in facilities which are open to the public—hotels, restaurants, theaters, retail stores, and similar establishments" as well as "greater protection for the right to vote." Kennedy delivered the speech after a series of civil rights protests, most notably the Birmingham campaign, which concluded in May 1963. In the summer of 1963, various parts of the civil rights movement collaborated to run voter education Document [45] (Title: Amendments to the Voting Rights Act of 1965) family members of Martin Luther King Jr. and Rosa Parks, the reverends Al Sharpton and Jesse Jackson, NAACP Chairman Julian Bond, and other civil rights leaders. Amendments to the Voting Rights Act of 1965 Congress enacted major amendments to the Voting Rights Act of 1965 in 1970, 1975, 1982, 1992, and 2006. Each of these amendments coincided with an impending expiration of some of the Act's special provisions, which originally were set to expire by 1970. However, in recognition of the voting discrimination that continued despite the Act, Congress repeatedly amended the Act to reauthorize the special provisions. In each Document [46] (Title: Civil Rights Act of 1968) the 1866 act via section 1983 to seek redress. The 1968 act provides for federal solutions while the 1866 act provides for private solutions (i.e., civil suits). Titles II through VII comprised the Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968, which applies to the Native American tribes of the United States and makes many, but not all, of the guarantees of the Bill of Rights applicable within the tribes (that Act appears today in Title 25, sections 1301 to 1303 of the United States Code). A rider attached to the bill makes it a felony to "travel in interstate commerce...with the Document [47] (Title: Civil Rights Act of 1964) mathematical ratios of students by busing. The bill divided and engendered a long-term change in the demographic support of both parties. President Johnson realized that supporting this bill would risk losing the South's overwhelming support of the Democratic Party. Both Attorney General Robert Kennedy and Vice President Johnson had pushed for the introduction of the civil rights legislation. Johnson told Kennedy aide Ted Sorensen that "I know the risks are great and we might lose the South, but those sorts of states may be lost anyway." Senator Richard Russell, Jr. later warned President Johnson that his strong support for the Document [48] (Title: Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968) Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968 Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968 applies to the Indian tribes of the United States and makes many, but not all, of the guarantees of the Bill of Rights applicable within the tribes. The Act appears today in Title 25, sections 1301 to 1303 of the United States Code. The H.R. 2516 legislation was passed by the 90th U.S. Congressional session and endorsed by the 36th President of the United States Lyndon Johnson on April 11, 1968. The US Supreme Court had made clear that tribal internal affairs concerning tribal members' individual rights were Document [49] (Title: Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution) in Congress to sign the bill, President Andrew Johnson vetoed it on March 27, 1866. In his veto message, he objected to the measure because it conferred citizenship on the freedmen at a time when 11 out of 36 states were unrepresented in the Congress, and that it discriminated in favor of African-Americans and against whites. Three weeks later, Johnson's veto was overridden and the measure became law. Despite this victory, even some Republicans who had supported the goals of the Civil Rights Act began to doubt that Congress really possessed constitutional power to turn those goals into laws. The Document [50] (Title: Harold Washington) in the federal Civil Rights Act of 1964. In his first session, all of his bills were sent to committee or tabled. Like his time in Roosevelt College, Washington relied on parliamentary tactics (e.g., writing amendments guaranteed to fail in a vote) to enable him to bargain for more concessions. Washington also passed bills honoring civil rights figures. He passed a resolution honoring Metcalfe, his mentor. He also passed a resolution honoring James J. Reeb, a Unitarian minister who was beaten to death in Selma, Alabama by a segregationist mob. After the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr., he introduced Document [51] (Title: Voting Rights Act of 1965) racial gerrymandering. Voting Rights Act of 1965 The Voting Rights Act of 1965 is a landmark piece of federal legislation in the United States that prohibits racial discrimination in voting. It was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson during the height of the Civil Rights Movement on August 6, 1965, and Congress later amended the Act five times to expand its protections. Designed to enforce the voting rights guaranteed by the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution, the Act secured the right to vote for racial minorities throughout the country, especially in the South. According Document [52] (Title: Civil Rights Act of 1964) Title VII and gave EEOC authority to initiate its own enforcement litigation. The EEOC now played a major role in guiding judicial interpretations of civil rights legislation. The commission was also permitted for the first time to define "discrimination," a term excluded from the 1964 Act. The Constitutionality of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was, at the time, in some dispute as it applied to the private sector. In the landmark "Civil Rights Cases" the United States Supreme Court had ruled, in 1883, that Congress did not have the power to prohibit discrimination in the private sector, thus stripping Document [53] (Title: Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution) measure became law. This was the first time in American history that Congress was able to muster the votes necessary to override a presidential veto. Despite this victory, even some Republicans who had supported the goals of the Civil Rights Act began to doubt that Congress possessed the constitutional power to turn those goals into laws. The experience encouraged both radical and moderate Republicans to seek Constitutional guarantees for black rights, rather than relying on temporary political majorities. On June 18, 1866, Congress adopted the Fourteenth Amendment, which guaranteed citizenship and equal protection under the laws regardless of race, and Document [54] (Title: Civil Rights Act of 1957) had the right to establish rules for voter registration and elections, the federal government found an oversight role in ensuring that citizens could exercise the constitutional right to vote for federal officers: electors for president and vice president and members of the US Congress. The Democratic Senate Majority Leader, Lyndon B. Johnson of Texas, realized that the bill and its journey through Congress could tear apart his party, as southern Democrats opposed civil rights, and its northern members were more favorable. Southern Democrat senators occupied chairs of numerous important committees because of their long seniority. Johnson sent the bill to Document [55] (Title: Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution) the previous Three-Fifths Compromise, the Southern states would dramatically increase their power in the population-based House of Representatives. Republicans hoped to offset this advantage by attracting and protecting votes of the newly enfranchised black population. In 1865, Congress passed what would become the Civil Rights Act of 1866, guaranteeing citizenship without regard to race, color, or previous condition of slavery or involuntary servitude. The bill also guaranteed equal benefits and access to the law, a direct assault on the Black Codes passed by many post-war Southern states. The Black Codes attempted to return ex-slaves to something like their former condition Document [56] (Title: Presidency of John F. Kennedy) amendments that critically endangered any prospects for its passage. An outraged president called congressional leaders to the White House and by the following day the original bill, without the additions, had enough votes to get it out of the House committee. Gaining Republican support, Senator Everett Dirksen promised the legislation would be brought to a vote, preventing a Senate filibuster. The following summer, on July 2, the guarantees Kennedy proposed in his June 1963 speech became federal law, when President Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964. In the aftermath of the Soviet launch of "Sputnik 1", the first Document [57] (Title: Civil Rights Act of 1866) Civil Rights Act of 1866 The Civil Rights Act of 1866, , enacted April 9, 1866, was the first United States federal law to define citizenship and affirm that all citizens are equally protected by the law. It was mainly intended, in the wake of the American Civil War, to protect the civil rights of persons of African descent born in or brought to the United States. This legislation was passed by Congress in 1865 and vetoed by U.S. President Andrew Johnson. In April 1866 Congress again passed the bill to support the Thirteenth Amendment. Johnson again vetoed it, but Document [58] (Title: Civil Rights Act of 1964) the Civil Rights Act of 1875 of much of its ability to protect civil rights. In the late 19th and early 20th century, the legal justification for voiding the Civil Rights Act of 1875 was part of a larger trend by members of the United States Supreme Court to invalidate most government regulations of the private sector, except when dealing with laws designed to protect traditional public morality. In the 1930s, during the New Deal, the majority of the Supreme Court justices gradually shifted their legal theory to allow for greater government regulation of the private sector under the commerce Document [59] (Title: Civil Rights Act of 1964) citizens equal protection of the laws under the Fourteenth Amendment, and its duty to protect voting rights under the Fifteenth Amendment. The legislation had been proposed by U.S. President John F. Kennedy in June 1963, but opposed by filibuster in the Senate. After Kennedy was assassinated in November 1963, U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson pushed the bill forward, which in its final form was passed in the U.S. Congress by a Senate vote of 73–27 and House vote of 289–126. The Act was signed into law by U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson on July 2, 1964, at the White House. Document [60] (Title: Civil Rights Act of 1964) The bill was called for by U.S. President John F. Kennedy in his Report to the American People on Civil Rights of June 11, 1963, in which he asked for legislation "giving all Americans the right to be served in facilities which are open to the public—hotels, restaurants, theaters, retail stores, and similar establishments"—as well as "greater protection for the right to vote". Kennedy delivered this speech in the aftermath of the Birmingham campaign and the growing number of demonstrations and protests throughout the southern United States. Kennedy was moved to action following the elevated racial tensions and wave of Document [61] (Title: United States Commission on Civil Rights) become a majority of 52%. The change in views about the desirability of a federal law was even more dramatic. As late as July 1963, 49 percent of the total population favored a federal law that would give "all persons, Negro as well as white, the right to be served in public places such as hotels, restaurants, and similar establishments," and 42 percent were opposed. By September of the same year, a majority of 54 percent was in favor, and 38 percent opposed. In February 1964, support had climbed to 61 percent and opposition had declined to 31 percent. In Document [62] (Title: Report to the American People on Civil Rights) discrimination occurred. In a speech before a joint session, Kennedy implored Congress to pass it, warning that legislative inaction would result in "continued, if not increased, racial strife—causing the leadership on both sides to pass from the hands of reasonable and responsible men to the purveyors of hate and violence, endangering domestic tranquility, retarding our Nation's economic and social progress and weakening the respect with which the rest of the world regards us." Vice-President Johnson had misgivings about the success of a civil rights bill, at least until appropriations were passed. Senate Majority Leader Mike Mansfield was convinced that mandating Document [63] (Title: Civil Rights Act of 1964) with Title IX of the Education Amendments Act of 1972, which prohibits sex discrimination in federally funded education programs and activities. Established the Community Relations Service, tasked with assisting in community disputes involving claims of discrimination. Title XI gives a defendant accused of certain categories of criminal contempt in a matter arising under title II, III, IV, V, VI, or VII of the Act the right to a jury trial. If convicted, the defendant can be fined an amount not to exceed $1,000 or imprisoned for not more than six months. There were white business owners who claimed that Congress Document [64] (Title: Civil Rights Act of 1964) Civil Rights Act of 1964 The Civil Rights Act of 1964 () is a landmark civil rights and U.S. labor law in the United States that outlaws discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. It prohibits unequal application of voter registration requirements, racial segregation in schools, employment, and public accommodations. Powers given to enforce the act were initially weak, but were supplemented during later years. Congress asserted its authority to legislate under several different parts of the United States Constitution, principally its power to regulate interstate commerce under Article One (section 8), its duty to guarantee all Document [65] (Title: Howard W. Smith) Civil Rights Act of 1964. One of Rayburn's reforms was the "Twenty-One Day Rule" that required a bill to be sent to the floor within 21 days. Under pressure, Smith released the bill. Two days before the vote, Smith offered an amendment to insert "sex" after the word "religion" as a protected class of Title VII of the Act. The "Congressional Record" shows Smith made serious arguments, voicing concerns that white women would suffer greater discrimination without a protection for gender. Liberals, who knew Smith was hostile to civil rights for blacks, assumed that he was doing so to defeat Document [66] (Title: Civil Rights Act of 1960) by President Dwight D. Eisenhower and served to eliminate certain loopholes left by the Civil Rights Act of 1957. By the late 1950s, the Civil Rights Movement had been pressuring Congress to enact legislation to protect the constitutional civil rights of African Americans. The first major piece of civil rights legislation passed by Congress was the Civil Rights Act of 1957. While enforcing the voting rights of African Americans set out in the Fifteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution, the act had several loopholes. Southern states continued to discriminate against African Americans in application of voter registration and electoral Document [67] (Title: Earl Warren) empowered the federal government to prohibit racial segregation in public accommodations like hotels. The ruling effectively overturned the 1883 "Civil Rights Cases", in which the Supreme Court had held that Congress could not regulate racial discrimination by private businesses. The Court upheld another landmark civil rights act, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, holding that it was valid under the authority provided to Congress by the Fifteenth Amendment. Warren wrote the majority opinion in the case of "Loving v. Virginia", in which the Court struck down state laws banning interracial marriage. Warren was particularly pleased by the ruling in "Loving", Document [68] (Title: School desegregation in Boston) guaranteeing equal treatment of every American regardless of race. Soon after, Kennedy proposed that Congress consider civil rights legislation that would address voting rights, public accommodations, school desegregation, nondiscrimination in federally assisted programs, and more. Despite Kennedy’s assassination in November 1963, his proposal culminated in the Civil Rights Act of 1964, signed into law by President Lyndon Johnson just a few hours after House approval on July 2, 1964. The act outlawed segregation in businesses such as theaters, restaurants, and hotels. It banned discriminatory practices in employment and ended segregation in public places such as swimming pools, libraries, and public Document [69] (Title: Civil Rights Act of 1964) black riots in the spring 1963. Emulating the Civil Rights Act of 1875, Kennedy's civil rights bill included provisions to ban discrimination in public accommodations, and to enable the U.S. Attorney General to join in lawsuits against state governments which operated segregated school systems, among other provisions. However, it did not include a number of provisions deemed essential by civil rights leaders, including protection against police brutality, ending discrimination in private employment, or granting the Justice Department power to initiate desegregation or job discrimination lawsuits. On June 11, 1963, President Kennedy met with Republican leaders to discuss the legislation before Document [70] (Title: Civil Rights Act of 1960) laws, in segregation of school and public facilities, and in employment. The new legislation was proposed by President Dwight D. Eisenhower in his message to the 86th Congress on February 5, 1959, when he stated "that every individual regardless of his race, religion, or national origin is entitled to the equal protection of the laws." Toward the end of his presidency, President Eisenhower supported civil rights legislation. In his message to Congress, he proposed seven recommendations for the protection of civil rights: The bill, H.R. 8601, began in the House of Representatives under jurisdiction of the House Judiciary Committee. The Document [71] (Title: Barry Goldwater) the 1957 Civil Rights Act H.R. 6127 and the 1960 Civil Rights Act H.R. 8601 and had supported the original Senate version of the bill, Goldwater made the decision to oppose the Civil Rights Act of 1964. His stance was based on his view that Article II and Article VII of the Act interfered with the rights of private persons to do or not to do business with whomever they chose, and believed that the private employment provisions of the Act would lead to racial quotas. In the segregated city of Phoenix in the 1950s, he had quietly supported civil Document [72] (Title: Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson) the Civil Rights Act of 1964 into law on July 2. Legend has it that as he put down his pen Johnson told an aide, "We have lost the South for a generation", anticipating a coming backlash from Southern whites against Johnson's Democratic Party. The act banned racial segregation in public accommodations, banned employment discrimination on the basis of race or gender, and strengthened the federal government's power to investigate racial and gender employment discrimination. The law later upheld by the Supreme Court in cases such as "Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States". Biographer Randall B. Woods has Document [73] (Title: Birmingham campaign) Tee Walker pointed to its influence on national affairs as its true impact. President Kennedy's administration drew up the Civil Rights Act bill. After being filibustered for 75 days by "diehard southerners" in Congress, it was passed into law in 1964 and signed by President Lyndon Johnson. The Civil Rights Act applied to the entire nation, prohibiting racial discrimination in employment and in access to public places. Roy Wilkins of the NAACP, however, disagreed that the Birmingham campaign was the primary force behind the Civil Rights Act. Wilkins gave credit to other movements, such as the Freedom Rides, the integration Document [74] (Title: Civil Rights Act of 1964) this provision because it could be used to protect peaceful protesters and black voters from police brutality and suppression of free speech rights. Kennedy called the congressional leaders to the White House in late October 1963 to line up the necessary votes in the House for passage. The bill was reported out of the Judiciary Committee in November 1963 and referred to the Rules Committee, whose chairman, Howard W. Smith, a Democrat and staunch segregationist from Virginia, indicated his intention to keep the bill bottled up indefinitely. The assassination of John F. Kennedy on November 22, 1963, changed the political Question: congress passed the civil rights act of 1964 under its power to Answer: regulate interstate commerce under Article One (section 8) Long Answer: Powers given to enforce the act were initially weak, but were supplemented during later years . Congress asserted its authority to legislate under several different parts of the United States Constitution, principally its power to regulate interstate commerce under Article One (section 8), its duty to guarantee all citizens equal protection of the laws under the Fourteenth Amendment and its duty to protect voting rights under the Fifteenth Amendment. Gold Document ID: 64

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: Civil Rights Act of 1964) his television address to the nation that evening. Two days later, Senate Minority Leader Everett Dirksen and Senate Majority Leader Mike Mansfield both voiced support for the president's bill, except for provisions guaranteeing equal access to places of public accommodations. This led to several Republican Representatives drafting a compromise bill to be considered. On June 19, the president sent his bill to Congress as it was originally written, saying legislative action was "imperative". The president's bill went first to the House of Representatives, where it was referred to the Judiciary Committee, chaired by Emanuel Celler, a Democrat from New York. Document [2] (Title: Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.) Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co. Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co., 392 U.S. 409 (1968), is a landmark United States Supreme Court case, which held that Congress could regulate the sale of private property to prevent racial discrimination: "<nowiki>[</nowiki><nowiki>]</nowiki> bars all racial discrimination, private as well as public, in the sale or rental of property, and that the statute, thus construed, is a valid exercise of the power of Congress to enforce the Thirteenth Amendment." The Civil Rights Act of 1866 (passed by Congress over the veto of Andrew Johnson) provided the basis for this decision as embodied by Document [3] (Title: Report to the American People on Civil Rights) by vigorous legislative activity as the Justice Department worked on finishing Kennedy's proposals while Democratic leadership discussed strategies for enacting them. On June 19, Kennedy sent his civil rights bill to Congress. In addition to his proposals made in February, the bill called for equal accommodations in public facilities, provisions for the Attorney General to initiate school desegregation suits, new programs to ensure fair employment practices such as support of a Fair Employment Practice Committee, the establishment of a Community Relations Service, and the granting of authority to the federal government to withhold funds from programs and activities in which Document [4] (Title: Voting Rights Act of 1965) Voting Rights Act of 1965 The Voting Rights Act of 1965 is a landmark piece of federal legislation in the United States that prohibits racial discrimination in voting. It was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson during the height of the Civil Rights Movement on August 6, 1965, and Congress later amended the Act five times to expand its protections. Designed to enforce the voting rights guaranteed by the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution, the Act secured the right to vote for racial minorities throughout the country, especially in the South. According to the Document [5] (Title: Civil Rights Act of 1964) margin, the final tally stood at 71 to 29. Never in history had the Senate been able to muster enough votes to cut off a filibuster on a civil rights bill. And only once in the 37 years since 1927 had it agreed to cloture for any measure. On June 19, the substitute (compromise) bill passed the Senate by a vote of 73–27, and quickly passed through the House–Senate conference committee, which adopted the Senate version of the bill. The conference bill was passed by both houses of Congress, and was signed into law by President Johnson on July 2, Document [6] (Title: Jimmy Quillen) Fourteenth Amendment, and its duty to protect voting rights under the Fifteenth Amendment. The final version of Civil Rights Act of 1964 was signed into law later on that same day by President Lyndon B. Johnson on July 2, 1964, at the White House. In April 1971, U.S. Representative Olin Teague of Texas introduced a bill to create five medical schools in conjunction with established VA hospitals and U.S. Senator Alan Cranston of California introduced a companion bill within the U.S. Senate. Known as the Teague-Cranston Act, the federal legislative proposal called for the creation of five new medical schools Document [7] (Title: Civil Rights Cases) they wished with the black people in their midst. The decision that the Reconstruction-era Civil Rights Acts were unconstitutional has not been overturned; on the contrary, the Supreme Court reaffirmed this limited reading of the Fourteenth Amendment in "United States v. Morrison", , in which it held that Congress did not have the authority to enact parts of the Violence Against Women Act. The Court has, however, upheld more recent civil rights laws based on other powers of Congress. Title II of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 generally revived the ban on discrimination in public accommodations that was in Document [8] (Title: Civil Rights Act of 1957) to vote and from voting, established record-keeping and oversight, and provided for federal enforcement in areas with documented patterns of discrimination or low voter turnout. Civil Rights Act of 1957 The Civil Rights Act of 1957, , a federal voting rights bill, was the first federal civil rights legislation passed by the United States Congress since the Civil Rights Act of 1875. Its purpose was to show the federal government's support for racial equality after the US Supreme Court's 1954 decision in "Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka". Opposition to the Act, including the longest one-person filibuster in U.S. Document [9] (Title: George Simkins Jr.) a petition to the U.S. Supreme Court. Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy filed a brief for Simkins and the other plaintiffs, but the Supreme Court denied the case. According to Karen Kruse Thomas, the "Simkins v. Cone" (1963) "decision marked the first time that federal courts applied the Equal Protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to prohibit racial discrimination by a private entity" (Encyclopedia of N.C., p. 1038). The year after the Simkins decision, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964, officially prohibiting private discrimination in public places. Heralded by many as a landmark case, Simkins became the Brown Document [10] (Title: Civil Rights Act of 1964) in New York City had reached the opposite conclusion, finding that Title VII sex discrimination does not include claims based on sexual orientation. Despite its lack of influence during its time, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 had considerable impact on later civil rights legislation in the United States. It paved the way for future legislation that was not limited to African American civil rights. The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990—which has been called "the most important piece of federal legislation since the Civil Rights Act of 1964"—was influenced both by the structure and substance of the previous Civil Document [11] (Title: Civil Rights Act of 1964) the list of public accommodations covered." The Americans with Disabilities Act extended "the principle of nondiscrimination to people with disabilities", an idea unsought in the United States before the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The Act also influenced later civil rights legislation, such as the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and the Civil Rights Act of 1968, aiding not only African Americans, but also women. Civil Rights Act of 1964 The Civil Rights Act of 1964 () is a landmark civil rights and U.S. labor law in the United States that outlaws discrimination based on race, color, Document [12] (Title: Voting Rights Act of 1965) federal government to protect the voting rights of racial minorities. In 1957, Congress passed the first civil rights legislation since Reconstruction: the Civil Rights Act of 1957. This legislation authorized the Attorney General to sue for injunctive relief on behalf of persons whose Fifteenth Amendment rights were denied, created the Civil Rights Division within the Department of Justice to enforce civil rights through litigation, and created the Commission on Civil Rights to investigate voting rights deprivations. Further protections were enacted in the Civil Rights Act of 1960, which allowed federal courts to appoint referees to conduct voter registration in jurisdictions Document [13] (Title: Jimmy Quillen) workplace and by facilities that served the general public (known as "public accommodations"). Quillen first voted against the Civil Rights Act of 1964 on February 10, 1964, and again on July 2, 1964 when the bill came back to the U.S. House of Representatives for a final vote with an amendment attached to the original bill by the U.S. Senate. Congress asserted its authority to legislate under several different parts of the United States Constitution, principally its power to regulate interstate commerce under Article One (section 8), its duty to guarantee all citizens equal protection of the laws under the Document [14] (Title: Civil Rights Act of 1964) and property without due process". In "Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States" (1964), the Supreme Court held that Congress drew its authority from the Constitution's Commerce Clause, rejecting Rolleston's claims. Resistance to the public accommodation clause continued for years on the ground, especially in the South. When local college students in Orangeburg, South Carolina attempted to desegregate a bowling alley in 1968, they were violently attacked, leading to rioting and what became known as the "Orangeburg massacre." Resistance by school boards continued into the next decade, with the most significant declines in black-white school segregation only occurring at the Document [15] (Title: Voting Rights Act of 1965) in Congress on March 17, 1965 as S. 1564, and it was jointly sponsored by Senate Majority Leader Mike Mansfield (D-MT) and Senate Minority Leader Everett Dirksen (R-IL), both of whom had worked with Attorney General Katzenbach to draft the bill's language. Although Democrats held two-thirds of the seats in both chambers of Congress after the 1964 Senate elections, Johnson worried that Southern Democrats would filibuster the legislation, as they had opposed other civil rights efforts. He enlisted Dirksen to help gain Republican support. Dirksen did not originally intend to support voting rights legislation so soon after supporting the Civil Document [16] (Title: Civil rights movement) almost all of whomblack and whitestill consider it to have been one of the defining periods of their lives. Although President Kennedy had proposed civil rights legislation and it had support from Northern Congressmen and Senators of both parties, Southern Senators blocked the bill by threatening filibusters. After considerable parliamentary maneuvering and 54 days of filibuster on the floor of the United States Senate, President Johnson got a bill through the Congress. On July 2, 1964, Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which banned discrimination based on "race, color, religion, sex or national origin" in employment practices and Document [17] (Title: Civil Rights Act of 1964) The prohibition on sex discrimination was added to the Civil Rights Act by Howard W. Smith, a powerful Virginia Democrat who chaired the House Rules Committee and who strongly opposed the legislation. Smith's amendment was passed by a teller vote of 168 to 133. Historians debate Smith's motivation, whether it was a cynical attempt to defeat the bill by someone opposed to civil rights both for blacks and women, or an attempt to support their rights by broadening the bill to include women. Smith expected that Republicans, who had included equal rights for women in their party's platform since 1944, Document [18] (Title: Anti-discrimination law) of discrimination, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was much broader, providing protections for race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in the areas of voting, education, employment, and public accommodations. This landmark legislation led the way for other federal legislation, which expanded upon the protected classes and forms of discrimination prohibited under federal legislation, such as the Fair Housing Act or the Americans with Disabilities Act. These protections have also been expanded through the courts interpretation of these pieces of legislation. For example, the 7th and 2nd circuit courts have both ruled that employment discrimination based on sexual orientation Document [19] (Title: Civil Rights Act of 1964) the bill came before the full Senate for debate on March 30, 1964, the "Southern Bloc" of 18 southern Democratic Senators and one Republican Senator led by Richard Russell (D-GA) launched a filibuster to prevent its passage. Said Russell: "We will resist to the bitter end any measure or any movement which would have a tendency to bring about social equality and intermingling and amalgamation of the races in our (Southern) states." Strong opposition to the bill also came from Senator Strom Thurmond (D-SC): "This so-called Civil Rights Proposals, which the President has sent to Capitol Hill for enactment into Document [20] (Title: Civil Rights Cases) Act of 1964. Black American plaintiffs, in five cases from lower courts, sued theaters, hotels and transit companies that refused to admit them, or had excluded them from "white only" facilities. The Civil Rights Act of 1875 had been passed by Congress and entitled everyone to access accommodation, public transport, and theatres regardless of race or color. This followed the American Civil War (1860–1865), President Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation (1 January 1863) to end slavery, and the Fourteenth Amendment to the US Constitution (9 July 1868) which reads "No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the Document [21] (Title: Voting Rights Act of 1965) out of committee. The House approved this conference report version of the bill on August 3 by a 328-74 vote (Democrats 217-54, Republicans 111-20), and the Senate passed it on August 4 by a 79-18 vote (Democrats 49-17, Republicans 30-1). On August 6, President Johnson signed the Act into law with King, Rosa Parks, John Lewis, and other civil rights leaders in attendance at the signing ceremony. Congress enacted major amendments to the Act in 1970, 1975, 1982, 1992, and 2006. Each amendment coincided with an impending expiration of some or all of the Act's special provisions. Originally set to Document [22] (Title: Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States) blacks. The opinion of the court, announced on December 14, 1964, was delivered by Justice Tom C. Clark, with concurring opinions by Justice Arthur Goldberg, Justice Hugo Black, and Justice William O. Douglas. The U.S. Supreme Court held that Congress acted well within its authority under the Commerce Clause in passing the Civil Rights Act of 1964, thereby upholding the act's Title II in question. While it might have been possible for Congress to pursue other methods for abolishing racial discrimination, the way in which Congress did so, according to the Court, was perfectly valid. It found no merit in Document [23] (Title: Civil Rights Act of 1960) a vote of 311-109. 179 Democrats and 132 Republicans voted Aye. 93 Democrats, 15 Republicans, and 1 Independent Democrat voted Nay. 2 Democrats and 1 Republican voted present. The Senate's Judiciary Committee also faced attempts to dislodge the bill. Southern Democrats had long acted as a voting bloc to resist or reject legislation to enforce constitutional rights in the South and made it difficult for proponents of civil rights to add strengthening amendments. After amendments in the Senate, H.R. 8601 was approved by the Senate on April 8, 1960 by a vote of 71-18. The House of Representatives approved the Document [24] (Title: Civil Rights Act of 1964) law, are unconstitutional, unnecessary, unwise and extend beyond the realm of reason. This is the worst civil-rights package ever presented to the Congress and is reminiscent of the Reconstruction proposals and actions of the radical Republican Congress." After 54 days of filibuster, Senators Hubert Humphrey (D-MN), Mike Mansfield (D-MT), Everett Dirksen (R-IL), and Thomas Kuchel (R-CA), introduced a substitute bill that they hoped would attract enough Republican swing votes in addition to the core liberal Democrats behind the legislation to end the filibuster. The compromise bill was weaker than the House version in regard to government power to regulate the Document [25] (Title: Civil Rights Act of 1964) did not have the constitutional authority to ban segregation in public accommodations. For example, Moreton Rolleston, the owner of a motel in Atlanta, Georgia, said he should not be forced to serve black travelers, saying, "the fundamental question [...] is whether or not Congress has the power to take away the liberty of an individual to run his business as he sees fit in the selection and choice of his customers". Rolleston claimed that the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was a breach of the Fourteenth Amendment and also violated the Fifth and Thirteenth Amendments by depriving him of "liberty Document [26] (Title: Civil Rights Act of 1960) those discriminated against for national origin, although Eisenhower had called for it in his message to Congress. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965 worked to fulfill the seven goals suggested by President Eisenhower in 1959. The two satisfied proponents of the civil rights movement to end racial discrimination and protect legal equality in the United States. Civil Rights Act of 1960 The Civil Rights Act of 1960 () is a United States federal law that established federal inspection of local voter registration polls and introduced penalties for anyone who obstructed someone's attempt to register Document [27] (Title: Civil Rights Act of 1964) citizenship. Outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, or national origin in hotels, motels, restaurants, theaters, and all other public accommodations engaged in interstate commerce; exempted private clubs without defining the term "private". Prohibited state and municipal governments from denying access to public facilities on grounds of race, color, religion, or national origin. Encouraged the desegregation of public schools and authorized the U.S. Attorney General to file suits to enforce said act. Expanded the Civil Rights Commission established by the earlier Civil Rights Act of 1957 with additional powers, rules and procedures. Prevents discrimination by programs and activities that receive Document [28] (Title: Civil Rights Act of 1964) the bill to pass through the Rules Committee. Lobbying support for the Civil Rights Act was coordinated by the Leadership Conference on Civil Rights, a coalition of 70 liberal and labor organizations. The principal lobbyists for the Leadership Conference were civil rights lawyer Joseph L. Rauh Jr. and Clarence Mitchell, Sr. of the NAACP. Johnson, who wanted the bill passed as soon as possible, ensured that the bill would be quickly considered by the Senate. Normally, the bill would have been referred to the Senate Judiciary Committee, chaired by Senator James O. Eastland, Democrat from Mississippi. Given Eastland's firm opposition, Document [29] (Title: Civil Rights Act of 1957) the Senate Judiciary Committee, led by Democrat Senator James Eastland of Mississippi, who drastically altered the bill. Democrat Senator Richard Russell, Jr., of Georgia had denounced the bill as an example of the federal government seeking to impose its laws on states. Johnson sought recognition from civil rights advocates for passing the bill as well as recognition from the anti-civil rights Democrats for weakening the bill so much as to make it toothless. The bill passed 285-126 in the House of Representatives with a majority of both parties' support (Republicans 167–19, Democrats 118–107) It then passed 72-18 in the Senate, Document [30] (Title: Civil Rights Act of 1866) a two-thirds majority in each chamber overcame the veto to become law without presidential signature. John Bingham and other congressmen argued that Congress did not yet have sufficient constitutional power to enact this law. Following passage of the Fourteenth Amendment in 1868, Congress ratified the 1866 Act in 1870. The author of the Civil Rights Act of 1866 was Senator Lyman Trumbull. Congressman James F. Wilson summarized what he considered to be the purpose of the act as follows, when he introduced the legislation in the House of Representatives: During the subsequent legislative process, the following key provision was deleted: Document [31] (Title: Civil Rights Act of 1964) it seemed impossible that the bill would reach the Senate floor. Senate Majority Leader Mike Mansfield took a novel approach to prevent the bill from being relegated to Judiciary Committee limbo. Having initially waived a second reading of the bill, which would have led to it being immediately referred to Judiciary, Mansfield gave the bill a second reading on February 26, 1964, and then proposed, in the absence of precedent for instances when a second reading did not immediately follow the first, that the bill bypass the Judiciary Committee and immediately be sent to the Senate floor for debate. When Document [32] (Title: Voting Rights Act of 1965) voting rights act that you can". However, Johnson did not publicly push for the legislation at the time; his advisers warned him of political costs for vigorously pursuing a voting rights bill so soon after Congress had passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and Johnson was concerned that championing voting rights would endanger his Great Society reforms by angering Southern Democrats in Congress. Following the 1964 elections, civil rights organizations such as the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) pushed for federal action to protect the voting rights of racial minorities. Their efforts Document [33] (Title: Archibald Cox) 1964 the public accommodations bill passed as the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The obvious constitutional attack on the legislation was its constitutionality under the Fourteenth Amendment because it sought to regulate conduct that was not "state action." Cox and Assistant Attorney General and Head of the Civil Rights Division Burke Marshall, however founded the legislation on Congress's power to regulate interstate commerce. Although both John and Robert Kennedy questioned the optics of using the Commerce Clause, they did not object. Cox had no difficulty having the Court uphold the statute on that basis when he argued the cases in Document [34] (Title: Civil Rights Act of 1964) Rights Act of 1964. The act was arguably of equal importance, and "draws substantially from the structure of that landmark legislation [Civil Rights Act of 1964]". The Americans with Disabilities Act paralleled its landmark predecessor structurally, drawing upon many of the same titles and statutes. For example, "Title I of the ADA, which bans employment discrimination by private employers on the basis of disability, parallels Title VII of the Act". Similarly, Title III of the Americans with Disabilities Act, "which proscribes discrimination on the basis of disability in public accommodations, tracks Title II of the 1964 Act while expanding upon Document [35] (Title: Civil Rights Act of 1866) was the Senate sponsor of the Civil Rights Act of 1866, and he argued that Congress had power to enact it in order to eliminate a discriminatory "badge of servitude" prohibited by the Thirteenth Amendment. Representative John Bingham, principal author of the first section of the Fourteenth Amendment, was one of several Republicans who believed (prior to that Amendment) that Congress lacked power to pass the 1866 Act. In the 20th century, the U.S. Supreme Court ultimately adopted Trumbull's Thirteenth Amendment rationale for congressional power to ban racial discrimination by states and by private parties, in view of the fact Document [36] (Title: Civil Rights Act of 1964) After a series of hearings on the bill, Celler's committee strengthened the act, adding provisions to ban racial discrimination in employment, providing greater protection to black voters, eliminating segregation in all publicly-owned facilities (not just schools), and strengthening the anti-segregation clauses regarding public facilities such as lunch counters. They also added authorization for the Attorney General to file lawsuits to protect individuals against the deprivation of any rights secured by the Constitution or U.S. law. In essence, this was the controversial "Title III" that had been removed from the 1957 Act and 1960 Act. Civil rights organizations pressed hard for Document [37] (Title: Congressional power of enforcement) such as inns and theaters. The Court stated that since the Fourteenth Amendment only restricted state action, Congress lacked power under this amendment to forbid discrimination that was not sponsored by the state. This ruling has not been overturned, although in modern times, similar civil rights legislation has been upheld under Congress's power to regulate interstate commerce under Article One, Section 8 of the Constitution. See Civil Rights Act of 1964. In the "Katzenbach v. Morgan" case, decided in 1966, the Supreme Court concluded that Congress can forbid practices that are not themselves unconstitutional, if the law is aimed at Document [38] (Title: Civil Rights Act of 1957) Civil Rights Act of 1957 The Civil Rights Act of 1957, , a federal voting rights bill, was the first federal civil rights legislation passed by the United States Congress since the Civil Rights Act of 1875. Its purpose was to show the federal government's support for racial equality after the US Supreme Court's 1954 decision in "Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka". Opposition to the Act, including the longest one-person filibuster in U.S. history, limited its immediate impact. The Act, however, paved the way for a series of more effective civil rights bills in the 1960s. Following the Document [39] (Title: Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era) It was the first time that Southern senators had failed to win with such tactics against civil rights bills. On July 2, President Johnson signed into law the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The Act prohibited segregation in public places and barred unequal application of voter registration requirements. It did not explicitly ban literacy tests, which had been used to disqualify blacks and poor white voters. As the United States Department of Justice has stated: By 1965 concerted efforts to break the grip of state disenfranchisement (sic) had been under way for some time, but had achieved only modest success Document [40] (Title: Civil Rights Act of 1964) to move the bill to the floor. Initially Celler had a difficult time acquiring the signatures necessary, with many Representatives who supported the civil rights bill itself remaining cautious about violating normal House procedure with the rare use of a discharge petition. By the time of the 1963 winter recess, 50 signatures were still needed. After the return of Congress from its winter recess, however, it was apparent that public opinion in the North favored the bill and that the petition would acquire the necessary signatures. To avert the humiliation of a successful discharge petition, Chairman Smith relented and allowed Document [41] (Title: Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution) their disenfranchisement. In 1865, Congress passed what would become the Civil Rights Act of 1866, guaranteeing citizenship without regard to race, color, or previous condition of slavery or involuntary servitude. The bill also guaranteed equal benefits and access to the law, a direct assault on the Black Codes passed by many post-war states. The Black Codes attempted to return ex-slaves to something like their former condition by, among other things, restricting their movement, forcing them to enter into year-long labor contracts, prohibiting them from owning firearms, and preventing them from suing or testifying in court. Although strongly urged by moderates Document [42] (Title: Second Emancipation Proclamation) and months afterwards introduced an omnibus civil rights bill to Congress after his civil rights address on national television and radio. The fulfillment of the vision of King and the Civil Rights Movement against segregation came with the landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964 which was pushed through a bitterly divided Congress and signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964. In his acceptance speech for the Nobel Peace Prize in December 1964 King spoke of the Civil Rights Act, saying "Then came that glowing day a few months ago when a strong Civil Rights bill became the law of Document [43] (Title: Civil Rights Act of 1964) clause, thus paving the way for the Federal government to enact civil rights laws prohibiting both public and private sector discrimination on the basis of the commerce clause. After the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed, the Supreme Court upheld the law's application to the private sector, on the grounds that Congress has the power to regulate commerce between the States. The landmark case "Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States" established the constitutionality of the law, but it did not settle all of the legal questions surrounding the law. In "Phillips v. Martin Marietta Corp.", a 1971 Supreme Document [44] (Title: Civil Rights Act of 1957) mark their cause. Now president, John F. Kennedy, called for a new bill in his televised Civil Rights Address of June 11, 1963, in which he asked for legislation "giving all Americans the right to be served in facilities which are open to the public—hotels, restaurants, theaters, retail stores, and similar establishments" as well as "greater protection for the right to vote." Kennedy delivered the speech after a series of civil rights protests, most notably the Birmingham campaign, which concluded in May 1963. In the summer of 1963, various parts of the civil rights movement collaborated to run voter education Document [45] (Title: Amendments to the Voting Rights Act of 1965) family members of Martin Luther King Jr. and Rosa Parks, the reverends Al Sharpton and Jesse Jackson, NAACP Chairman Julian Bond, and other civil rights leaders. Amendments to the Voting Rights Act of 1965 Congress enacted major amendments to the Voting Rights Act of 1965 in 1970, 1975, 1982, 1992, and 2006. Each of these amendments coincided with an impending expiration of some of the Act's special provisions, which originally were set to expire by 1970. However, in recognition of the voting discrimination that continued despite the Act, Congress repeatedly amended the Act to reauthorize the special provisions. In each Document [46] (Title: Civil Rights Act of 1968) the 1866 act via section 1983 to seek redress. The 1968 act provides for federal solutions while the 1866 act provides for private solutions (i.e., civil suits). Titles II through VII comprised the Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968, which applies to the Native American tribes of the United States and makes many, but not all, of the guarantees of the Bill of Rights applicable within the tribes (that Act appears today in Title 25, sections 1301 to 1303 of the United States Code). A rider attached to the bill makes it a felony to "travel in interstate commerce...with the Document [47] (Title: Civil Rights Act of 1964) mathematical ratios of students by busing. The bill divided and engendered a long-term change in the demographic support of both parties. President Johnson realized that supporting this bill would risk losing the South's overwhelming support of the Democratic Party. Both Attorney General Robert Kennedy and Vice President Johnson had pushed for the introduction of the civil rights legislation. Johnson told Kennedy aide Ted Sorensen that "I know the risks are great and we might lose the South, but those sorts of states may be lost anyway." Senator Richard Russell, Jr. later warned President Johnson that his strong support for the Document [48] (Title: Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968) Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968 Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968 applies to the Indian tribes of the United States and makes many, but not all, of the guarantees of the Bill of Rights applicable within the tribes. The Act appears today in Title 25, sections 1301 to 1303 of the United States Code. The H.R. 2516 legislation was passed by the 90th U.S. Congressional session and endorsed by the 36th President of the United States Lyndon Johnson on April 11, 1968. The US Supreme Court had made clear that tribal internal affairs concerning tribal members' individual rights were Document [49] (Title: Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution) in Congress to sign the bill, President Andrew Johnson vetoed it on March 27, 1866. In his veto message, he objected to the measure because it conferred citizenship on the freedmen at a time when 11 out of 36 states were unrepresented in the Congress, and that it discriminated in favor of African-Americans and against whites. Three weeks later, Johnson's veto was overridden and the measure became law. Despite this victory, even some Republicans who had supported the goals of the Civil Rights Act began to doubt that Congress really possessed constitutional power to turn those goals into laws. The Document [50] (Title: Harold Washington) in the federal Civil Rights Act of 1964. In his first session, all of his bills were sent to committee or tabled. Like his time in Roosevelt College, Washington relied on parliamentary tactics (e.g., writing amendments guaranteed to fail in a vote) to enable him to bargain for more concessions. Washington also passed bills honoring civil rights figures. He passed a resolution honoring Metcalfe, his mentor. He also passed a resolution honoring James J. Reeb, a Unitarian minister who was beaten to death in Selma, Alabama by a segregationist mob. After the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr., he introduced Document [51] (Title: Voting Rights Act of 1965) racial gerrymandering. Voting Rights Act of 1965 The Voting Rights Act of 1965 is a landmark piece of federal legislation in the United States that prohibits racial discrimination in voting. It was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson during the height of the Civil Rights Movement on August 6, 1965, and Congress later amended the Act five times to expand its protections. Designed to enforce the voting rights guaranteed by the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution, the Act secured the right to vote for racial minorities throughout the country, especially in the South. According Document [52] (Title: Civil Rights Act of 1964) Title VII and gave EEOC authority to initiate its own enforcement litigation. The EEOC now played a major role in guiding judicial interpretations of civil rights legislation. The commission was also permitted for the first time to define "discrimination," a term excluded from the 1964 Act. The Constitutionality of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was, at the time, in some dispute as it applied to the private sector. In the landmark "Civil Rights Cases" the United States Supreme Court had ruled, in 1883, that Congress did not have the power to prohibit discrimination in the private sector, thus stripping Document [53] (Title: Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution) measure became law. This was the first time in American history that Congress was able to muster the votes necessary to override a presidential veto. Despite this victory, even some Republicans who had supported the goals of the Civil Rights Act began to doubt that Congress possessed the constitutional power to turn those goals into laws. The experience encouraged both radical and moderate Republicans to seek Constitutional guarantees for black rights, rather than relying on temporary political majorities. On June 18, 1866, Congress adopted the Fourteenth Amendment, which guaranteed citizenship and equal protection under the laws regardless of race, and Document [54] (Title: Civil Rights Act of 1957) had the right to establish rules for voter registration and elections, the federal government found an oversight role in ensuring that citizens could exercise the constitutional right to vote for federal officers: electors for president and vice president and members of the US Congress. The Democratic Senate Majority Leader, Lyndon B. Johnson of Texas, realized that the bill and its journey through Congress could tear apart his party, as southern Democrats opposed civil rights, and its northern members were more favorable. Southern Democrat senators occupied chairs of numerous important committees because of their long seniority. Johnson sent the bill to Document [55] (Title: Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution) the previous Three-Fifths Compromise, the Southern states would dramatically increase their power in the population-based House of Representatives. Republicans hoped to offset this advantage by attracting and protecting votes of the newly enfranchised black population. In 1865, Congress passed what would become the Civil Rights Act of 1866, guaranteeing citizenship without regard to race, color, or previous condition of slavery or involuntary servitude. The bill also guaranteed equal benefits and access to the law, a direct assault on the Black Codes passed by many post-war Southern states. The Black Codes attempted to return ex-slaves to something like their former condition Document [56] (Title: Presidency of John F. Kennedy) amendments that critically endangered any prospects for its passage. An outraged president called congressional leaders to the White House and by the following day the original bill, without the additions, had enough votes to get it out of the House committee. Gaining Republican support, Senator Everett Dirksen promised the legislation would be brought to a vote, preventing a Senate filibuster. The following summer, on July 2, the guarantees Kennedy proposed in his June 1963 speech became federal law, when President Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964. In the aftermath of the Soviet launch of "Sputnik 1", the first Document [57] (Title: Civil Rights Act of 1866) Civil Rights Act of 1866 The Civil Rights Act of 1866, , enacted April 9, 1866, was the first United States federal law to define citizenship and affirm that all citizens are equally protected by the law. It was mainly intended, in the wake of the American Civil War, to protect the civil rights of persons of African descent born in or brought to the United States. This legislation was passed by Congress in 1865 and vetoed by U.S. President Andrew Johnson. In April 1866 Congress again passed the bill to support the Thirteenth Amendment. Johnson again vetoed it, but Document [58] (Title: Civil Rights Act of 1964) the Civil Rights Act of 1875 of much of its ability to protect civil rights. In the late 19th and early 20th century, the legal justification for voiding the Civil Rights Act of 1875 was part of a larger trend by members of the United States Supreme Court to invalidate most government regulations of the private sector, except when dealing with laws designed to protect traditional public morality. In the 1930s, during the New Deal, the majority of the Supreme Court justices gradually shifted their legal theory to allow for greater government regulation of the private sector under the commerce Document [59] (Title: Civil Rights Act of 1964) citizens equal protection of the laws under the Fourteenth Amendment, and its duty to protect voting rights under the Fifteenth Amendment. The legislation had been proposed by U.S. President John F. Kennedy in June 1963, but opposed by filibuster in the Senate. After Kennedy was assassinated in November 1963, U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson pushed the bill forward, which in its final form was passed in the U.S. Congress by a Senate vote of 73–27 and House vote of 289–126. The Act was signed into law by U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson on July 2, 1964, at the White House. Document [60] (Title: Civil Rights Act of 1964) The bill was called for by U.S. President John F. Kennedy in his Report to the American People on Civil Rights of June 11, 1963, in which he asked for legislation "giving all Americans the right to be served in facilities which are open to the public—hotels, restaurants, theaters, retail stores, and similar establishments"—as well as "greater protection for the right to vote". Kennedy delivered this speech in the aftermath of the Birmingham campaign and the growing number of demonstrations and protests throughout the southern United States. Kennedy was moved to action following the elevated racial tensions and wave of Document [61] (Title: United States Commission on Civil Rights) become a majority of 52%. The change in views about the desirability of a federal law was even more dramatic. As late as July 1963, 49 percent of the total population favored a federal law that would give "all persons, Negro as well as white, the right to be served in public places such as hotels, restaurants, and similar establishments," and 42 percent were opposed. By September of the same year, a majority of 54 percent was in favor, and 38 percent opposed. In February 1964, support had climbed to 61 percent and opposition had declined to 31 percent. In Document [62] (Title: Report to the American People on Civil Rights) discrimination occurred. In a speech before a joint session, Kennedy implored Congress to pass it, warning that legislative inaction would result in "continued, if not increased, racial strife—causing the leadership on both sides to pass from the hands of reasonable and responsible men to the purveyors of hate and violence, endangering domestic tranquility, retarding our Nation's economic and social progress and weakening the respect with which the rest of the world regards us." Vice-President Johnson had misgivings about the success of a civil rights bill, at least until appropriations were passed. Senate Majority Leader Mike Mansfield was convinced that mandating Document [63] (Title: Civil Rights Act of 1964) with Title IX of the Education Amendments Act of 1972, which prohibits sex discrimination in federally funded education programs and activities. Established the Community Relations Service, tasked with assisting in community disputes involving claims of discrimination. Title XI gives a defendant accused of certain categories of criminal contempt in a matter arising under title II, III, IV, V, VI, or VII of the Act the right to a jury trial. If convicted, the defendant can be fined an amount not to exceed $1,000 or imprisoned for not more than six months. There were white business owners who claimed that Congress Document [64] (Title: Civil Rights Act of 1964) Civil Rights Act of 1964 The Civil Rights Act of 1964 () is a landmark civil rights and U.S. labor law in the United States that outlaws discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. It prohibits unequal application of voter registration requirements, racial segregation in schools, employment, and public accommodations. Powers given to enforce the act were initially weak, but were supplemented during later years. Congress asserted its authority to legislate under several different parts of the United States Constitution, principally its power to regulate interstate commerce under Article One (section 8), its duty to guarantee all Document [65] (Title: Howard W. Smith) Civil Rights Act of 1964. One of Rayburn's reforms was the "Twenty-One Day Rule" that required a bill to be sent to the floor within 21 days. Under pressure, Smith released the bill. Two days before the vote, Smith offered an amendment to insert "sex" after the word "religion" as a protected class of Title VII of the Act. The "Congressional Record" shows Smith made serious arguments, voicing concerns that white women would suffer greater discrimination without a protection for gender. Liberals, who knew Smith was hostile to civil rights for blacks, assumed that he was doing so to defeat Document [66] (Title: Civil Rights Act of 1960) by President Dwight D. Eisenhower and served to eliminate certain loopholes left by the Civil Rights Act of 1957. By the late 1950s, the Civil Rights Movement had been pressuring Congress to enact legislation to protect the constitutional civil rights of African Americans. The first major piece of civil rights legislation passed by Congress was the Civil Rights Act of 1957. While enforcing the voting rights of African Americans set out in the Fifteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution, the act had several loopholes. Southern states continued to discriminate against African Americans in application of voter registration and electoral Document [67] (Title: Earl Warren) empowered the federal government to prohibit racial segregation in public accommodations like hotels. The ruling effectively overturned the 1883 "Civil Rights Cases", in which the Supreme Court had held that Congress could not regulate racial discrimination by private businesses. The Court upheld another landmark civil rights act, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, holding that it was valid under the authority provided to Congress by the Fifteenth Amendment. Warren wrote the majority opinion in the case of "Loving v. Virginia", in which the Court struck down state laws banning interracial marriage. Warren was particularly pleased by the ruling in "Loving", Document [68] (Title: School desegregation in Boston) guaranteeing equal treatment of every American regardless of race. Soon after, Kennedy proposed that Congress consider civil rights legislation that would address voting rights, public accommodations, school desegregation, nondiscrimination in federally assisted programs, and more. Despite Kennedy’s assassination in November 1963, his proposal culminated in the Civil Rights Act of 1964, signed into law by President Lyndon Johnson just a few hours after House approval on July 2, 1964. The act outlawed segregation in businesses such as theaters, restaurants, and hotels. It banned discriminatory practices in employment and ended segregation in public places such as swimming pools, libraries, and public Document [69] (Title: Civil Rights Act of 1964) black riots in the spring 1963. Emulating the Civil Rights Act of 1875, Kennedy's civil rights bill included provisions to ban discrimination in public accommodations, and to enable the U.S. Attorney General to join in lawsuits against state governments which operated segregated school systems, among other provisions. However, it did not include a number of provisions deemed essential by civil rights leaders, including protection against police brutality, ending discrimination in private employment, or granting the Justice Department power to initiate desegregation or job discrimination lawsuits. On June 11, 1963, President Kennedy met with Republican leaders to discuss the legislation before Document [70] (Title: Civil Rights Act of 1960) laws, in segregation of school and public facilities, and in employment. The new legislation was proposed by President Dwight D. Eisenhower in his message to the 86th Congress on February 5, 1959, when he stated "that every individual regardless of his race, religion, or national origin is entitled to the equal protection of the laws." Toward the end of his presidency, President Eisenhower supported civil rights legislation. In his message to Congress, he proposed seven recommendations for the protection of civil rights: The bill, H.R. 8601, began in the House of Representatives under jurisdiction of the House Judiciary Committee. The Document [71] (Title: Barry Goldwater) the 1957 Civil Rights Act H.R. 6127 and the 1960 Civil Rights Act H.R. 8601 and had supported the original Senate version of the bill, Goldwater made the decision to oppose the Civil Rights Act of 1964. His stance was based on his view that Article II and Article VII of the Act interfered with the rights of private persons to do or not to do business with whomever they chose, and believed that the private employment provisions of the Act would lead to racial quotas. In the segregated city of Phoenix in the 1950s, he had quietly supported civil Document [72] (Title: Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson) the Civil Rights Act of 1964 into law on July 2. Legend has it that as he put down his pen Johnson told an aide, "We have lost the South for a generation", anticipating a coming backlash from Southern whites against Johnson's Democratic Party. The act banned racial segregation in public accommodations, banned employment discrimination on the basis of race or gender, and strengthened the federal government's power to investigate racial and gender employment discrimination. The law later upheld by the Supreme Court in cases such as "Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States". Biographer Randall B. Woods has Document [73] (Title: Birmingham campaign) Tee Walker pointed to its influence on national affairs as its true impact. President Kennedy's administration drew up the Civil Rights Act bill. After being filibustered for 75 days by "diehard southerners" in Congress, it was passed into law in 1964 and signed by President Lyndon Johnson. The Civil Rights Act applied to the entire nation, prohibiting racial discrimination in employment and in access to public places. Roy Wilkins of the NAACP, however, disagreed that the Birmingham campaign was the primary force behind the Civil Rights Act. Wilkins gave credit to other movements, such as the Freedom Rides, the integration Document [74] (Title: Civil Rights Act of 1964) this provision because it could be used to protect peaceful protesters and black voters from police brutality and suppression of free speech rights. Kennedy called the congressional leaders to the White House in late October 1963 to line up the necessary votes in the House for passage. The bill was reported out of the Judiciary Committee in November 1963 and referred to the Rules Committee, whose chairman, Howard W. Smith, a Democrat and staunch segregationist from Virginia, indicated his intention to keep the bill bottled up indefinitely. The assassination of John F. Kennedy on November 22, 1963, changed the political Question: congress passed the civil rights act of 1964 under its power to

Answer: regulate interstate commerce under Article One (section 8) Long Answer: Powers given to enforce the act were initially weak, but were supplemented during later years . Congress asserted its authority to legislate under several different parts of the United States Constitution, principally its power to regulate interstate commerce under Article One (section 8), its duty to guarantee all citizens equal protection of the laws under the Fourteenth Amendment and its duty to protect voting rights under the Fifteenth Amendment. Gold Document ID: 64

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: CNN Millennium) housing) 3. The stirrup moves the 13th century 4. The scythe wreaked havoc in the 14th century, due to plague outbreaks and bad weather 5. The sail assisted explorers in the 15th century, from China to Spain 6. The compass was the colonizers’ tool in the 16th century 7. The telescope fueled expanding knowledge about earth and universe in the 17th century 8. The furnace sparked industrial and human revolutions in the 18th century 9. The machine age began with the 19th century 10. The series concluded with the 20th, the Century of the Globe To complement the series, CNN Document [2] (Title: Post-classical history) the conquest of Malacca in modern-day Malaysia from 1511. Other Explorers such as the Spanish sponsored Italian Christopher Columbus intended to engage in trade by traveling on unfamiliar routes west from Europe. The subsequent European discovery of the Americas in 1492 resulted in the Colombian exchange and the world's first globalization. Spanish Explorer Ferdinand Magellan performed the first known circumnavigation of Earth in 1521. The transfer of goods and diseases across oceans was unprecedented in creating a more connected world. From developments in navigation and trade modern history began. "The History of the Medieval World: From the Conversion of Constantine Document [3] (Title: 1500) the Modern Era. <onlyinclude> </onlyinclude> 1500 Year 1500 (MD) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The year was seen as being especially important by many Christians in Europe, who thought it would bring the beginning of the end of the world. Their belief was based on the phrase "half-time after the time", when the apocalypse was due to occur, which appears in the Book of Revelation and was seen as referring to 1500. Historically, the year 1500 is also often identified, somewhat arbitrarily, as marking the end of the Document [4] (Title: Early modern Europe) the start of the Protestant Reformation in 1517. The precise dates of its end point also vary and are usually linked with either the start of the French Revolution in 1789 or with the more vaguely defined beginning of the Industrial Revolution in late 18th century England. Some of the more notable trends and events of the early modern period included the Reformation and the religious conflicts it provoked (including the French Wars of Religion and the Thirty Years' War), the rise of capitalism and modern nation states, widespread witch hunts and European colonization of the Americas. The early modern Document [5] (Title: Dark Ages (historiography)) wish you will live long after me, there will follow a better age. This sleep of forgetfulness will not last forever. When the darkness has been dispersed, our descendants can come again in the former pure radiance." In the 15th century, historians Leonardo Bruni and Flavio Biondo developed a three-tier outline of history. They used Petrarch's two ages, plus a modern, 'better age', which they believed the world had entered. Later the term 'Middle Ages' - Latin "media tempestas" (1469) or "medium aevum" (1604) - was used to describe the period of supposed decline. During the Reformations of the 16th Document [6] (Title: 20th century) 20th century The 20th (twentieth) century was a century that began on January 1, 1901 and ended on December 31, 2000. It was the tenth and final century of the 2nd millennium. It is distinct from the century known as the 1900s which began on January 1, 1900 and ended on December 31, 1999. The 20th century was dominated by a chain of events that heralded significant changes in world history as to redefine the era: flu pandemic, World War I and World War II, nuclear power and space exploration, nationalism and decolonization, the Cold War and post-Cold War conflicts; Document [7] (Title: 2nd millennium) while the beginning date is based on the Julian calendar (or occasionally the proleptic Gregorian calendar). In 1999, there was some public debate as to whether the millennium should be taken to end on December 31, 1999, or December 31, 2000. Stephen Jay Gould at the time argued there is no objective way of deciding this question. Associated Press reported that the third millennium began on 1 January 2001, but also reported that celebrations in the US were generally more subdued at the beginning of 2001, compared to the beginning of 2000. Many public celebrations for the end of the Document [8] (Title: Middle Ages) Eckhart and Johannes Tauler (d. 1361). Theatre also developed in the guise of miracle plays put on by the Church. At the end of the period, the development of the printing press in about 1450 led to the establishment of publishing houses throughout Europe by 1500. In the early 15th century, the countries of the Iberian peninsula began to sponsor exploration beyond the boundaries of Europe. Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal (d. 1460) sent expeditions that discovered the Canary Islands, the Azores, and Cape Verde during his lifetime. After his death, exploration continued; Bartolomeu Dias (d. 1500) went around Document [9] (Title: Europe) Protestant Reformation (1517–1648), initially sparked by the works of German theologian Martin Luther, an attempt to start a reform within the Church. The Reformation also damaged the Holy Roman Emperor's influence, as German princes became divided between Protestant and Roman Catholic faiths. This eventually led to the Thirty Years War (1618–1648), which crippled the Holy Roman Empire and devastated much of Germany, killing between 25 and 40 percent of its population. In the aftermath of the Peace of Westphalia, France rose to predominance within Europe. The 17th century in southern, central and eastern Europe was a period of general decline. Document [10] (Title: Reformation Europe, 1517-1559) Reformation Europe, 1517-1559 Reformation Europe, 1517-1559 is a 1963 book written by Geoffrey Elton. The book is an analysis of the religious, economic, cultural and political history of Europe during the period of the Reformation. He examines the history of the period through the interrelationships between different forces in Europe at the time, such as the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, the Papacy, reformers such as Martin Luther, John Calvin, Martin Bucer and Zwingli, and explores the resultant Counter-Reformation and the beginnings of European colonisation of other parts of the world such as South America. Its central focus is upon Document [11] (Title: Decades of the New World) had previously sent as letters describing the voyages of Columbus, to Cardinal Ascanius Sforza in 1493 and 1494. In 1501 Martyr, as requested by the Cardinal of Aragon, added eight chapters on the voyage of Columbus and the exploits of Martin Alonzo Pinzón. In 1511 he added a supplement giving an account of events from 1501 to 1511. By 1516 he had finished two other "Decades": In 1530 the eight "Decades" were published together for the first time at Alcalá. Later editions of single or of all the "Decades" appeared at Basel (1533), Cologne (1574), Paris (1587), and Madrid (1892). Document [12] (Title: Universal history) love set rules for proper European behavior, while the European Scholastic philosophers attempted to reconcile Christian faith and reason. During the Late medieval history in Europe, the centuries of prosperity and growth came to a halt. The close of the medieval history is also variously fixed; some make it coincide with the rise of Humanism and the Renaissance in Italy, in the 14th century; with the Fall of Constantinople, in 1453; with the discovery of America by Columbus in 1492; or, again, with the great religious schism of the 16th century. A series of famines and plagues, such as the Document [13] (Title: 2nd millennium) second millennium were held on December 31, 1999 – January 1, 2000—with a few people marking the end of the millennium a year later. 2nd millennium The second millennium was a period of time spanning the years AD 1001 to 2000 (11th to 20th centuries). It encompassed the High and Late Middle Ages of the Old World, followed by the Early Modern period, characterized by the Wars of Religion in Europe, the Age of Enlightenment, the Age of Discovery and the colonial period. Its final two centuries coincide with Modern history, characterized by industrialization, the rise of nation states, the Document [14] (Title: Middle Ages) dates are sometimes used in the outer parts of Europe. For Europe as a whole, 1500 is often considered to be the end of the Middle Ages, but there is no universally agreed upon end date. Depending on the context, events such as the conquest of Constantinople by the Turks in 1453, Christopher Columbus's first voyage to the Americas in 1492, or the Protestant Reformation in 1517 are sometimes used. English historians often use the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485 to mark the end of the period. For Spain, dates commonly used are the death of King Ferdinand II Document [15] (Title: 1550–1600 in Western European fashion) of the period was the ruff, which began as a modest ruffle attached to the neckband of a shirt or smock and grew into a separate garment of fine linen, trimmed with lace, cutwork or embroidery, and shaped into crisp, precise folds with starch and heated irons. Charles V, king of Spain, Naples, and Sicily and Holy Roman Emperor, handed over the kingdom of Spain to his son Philip II and the Empire to his brother Ferdinand I in 1558, ending the domination of western Europe by a single court, but the Spanish taste for sombre richness of dress would Document [16] (Title: European Union law) fair dealing through their business. In 1517, the Protestant Reformation triggered a hundred years of crisis and instability. Martin Luther nailed a list of demands to the church door of Wittenberg, King Henry VIII declared a unilateral split from Rome with the Act of Supremacy 1534, and conflicts flared across the Holy Roman Empire until the Peace of Augsburg 1555 guaranteed each principality the right to its chosen religion ("cuius regio, eius religio"). This unstable settlement unravelled in the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648), killing around a quarter of the population in central Europe. The Treaty of Westphalia 1648, which brought Document [17] (Title: History of Europe) antiquity, and through novel approaches to thought—the immediate past being too "Gothic" in language, thought and sensibility. During this period, Spain experienced the greatest epoch of cultural splendor in its history. This epoch is known as the Spanish Golden age and took place between the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Toward the end of the period, an era of discovery began. The growth of the Ottoman Empire, culminating in the fall of Constantinople in 1453, cut off trading possibilities with the east. Western Europe was forced to discover new trading routes, as happened with Columbus' travel to the Americas in 1492, Document [18] (Title: Medievalism) Latin term "media tempestas" (middle time) first appears in 1469. The term "medium aevum" (Middle Ages) is first recorded in 1604. "Medieval" first appears in the nineteenth century and is an Anglicised form of "medium aevum". During the Reformations of the 16th and 17th centuries, Protestants generally followed the critical views expressed by Renaissance Humanists, but for additional reasons. They saw classical antiquity as a golden time, not only because of the Latin literature, but because it was the early beginnings of Christianity. The intervening 1000 year Middle Age was a time of darkness, not only because of lack of Document [19] (Title: Gregorian calendar) and celebrated as such, but from the 12th century until 1751 the legal year in England began on 25 March (Lady Day). So, for example, the Parliamentary record lists the execution of Charles I on 30 January as occurring in 1648 (as the year did not end until 24 March), although later histories adjust the start of the year to 1 January and record the execution as occurring in 1649. Most Western European countries changed the start of the year to 1 January before they adopted the Gregorian calendar. For example, Scotland changed the start of the Scottish New Year Document [20] (Title: 15th century) the Americas (the New World) and the sea passage along Cape of Good Hope to India, in the last decade of the century. These expeditions ushered in the era of the Portuguese and Spanish colonial empires. The fall of Constantinople led to the migration of Greek scholars and texts to Italy, while Johannes Gutenberg's invention of the mechanical movable type began the Printing Press. These two events played key roles in the development of the Renaissance. The Spanish Reconquista leads to the final fall of the Emirate of Granada by the end of the century, ending over seven centuries of Document [21] (Title: Julian calendar) during the 16th century. The following table shows the years in which various countries adopted 1 January as the start of the year. Eastern European countries, with populations showing allegiance to the Orthodox Church, began the year on 1 September from about 988. The Rumi calendar used in the Ottoman Empire began the civil year on 1 March until 1918. The Julian calendar has been replaced as the civil calendar by the Gregorian calendar in all countries which officially used it. Turkey switched (for fiscal purposes) on 16 February/1 March 1917. Russia changed on 1/14 February 1918. Greece made the Document [22] (Title: Westminster Conference 1559) Sir Thomas Tresham. The conference started on 31 March 1558/9; the disputation began, and was stopped because of disagreement on rules, and was adjourned (as it turned out, permanently), on April 3 (a Monday). The timing coincided with the Easter recess of Parliament. It has been argued that the event was staged to discredit the Catholic position on reform, and Patrick Collinson states that the disputation was manipulated to that end. It took place in Westminster Hall. There were three articles at issue in the disputation (on the liturgical language, church authority over forms of worship, and scriptural warrant for Document [23] (Title: Italian literature) of style. This period lasted from about 1494 to about 1560—1494 being when Charles VIII descended into Italy, marking the beginning of Italy's foreign domination and political decadence. The famous men of the first half of the 16th century had been educated in the preceding century. Pietro Pomponazzi was born in 1462, Marcello Adriani Virgilio in 1464, Baldassare Castiglione in 1468, Niccolò Machiavelli in 1469, Pietro Bembo in 1470, Michelangelo Buonarroti and Ariosto in 1474, Jacopo Nardi in 1476, Gian Giorgio Trissino in 1478, and Francesco Guicciardini in 1482. Literary activity that appeared from the end of the 15th century Document [24] (Title: History of Earth) centuries until the Mongol sack of Baghdad in 1258 AD. In 1054 AD the Great Schism between the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church led to the prominent cultural differences between Western and Eastern Europe. In the 14th century, the Renaissance began in Italy with advances in religion, art, and science. At that time the Christian Church as a political entity lost much of its power. In 1492, Christopher Columbus reached the Americas, initiating great changes to the new world. European civilization began to change beginning in 1500, leading to the scientific and industrial revolutions. That continent began Document [25] (Title: Christianity in the 16th century) intermittent conflicts, known as the Wars of Religion. The civil wars were helped along by the sudden death of Henry II in 1559, which saw the beginning of a prolonged period of weakness for the French crown. and outrage became the defining characteristic of the time, illustrated at its most intense in the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre of August 1572, when the Catholic Church annihilated between 30,000 and 100,000 Huguenots across France. The wars only concluded when Henry IV, a former Huguenot, issued the Edict of Nantes, promising official toleration of the Protestant minority but under highly restricted conditions. Catholicism Document [26] (Title: Spain) this period. Spain's 16th century maritime supremacy was demonstrated by the victory over the Ottomans at Lepanto in 1571, and then after the setback of the Spanish Armada in 1588, in a series of victories against England in the Anglo-Spanish War of 1585–1604. However, during the middle decades of the 17th century Spain's maritime power went into a long decline with mounting defeats against the United Provinces and then England; that by the 1660s it was struggling grimly to defend its overseas possessions from pirates and privateers. The Protestant Reformation dragged the kingdom ever more deeply into the mire of Document [27] (Title: Renaissance in the Low Countries) remained loyal to the church. However, the spread of the Protestant Reformation, started by Martin Luther in 1517, eventually led to outright war. The Reformation, particularly the ideas of John Calvin, gained significant support in the Low Countries, and following the 1566 iconoclastic outbreaks Spain attempted to quell the tide and maintain the authority of the post-Tridentine Church through force by installing Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alba. The repression that followed led to the Dutch Revolt, the beginning of the Eighty Years War, and the establishment of the Dutch Republic in the northern provinces. Subsequently, the Southern Netherlands Document [28] (Title: Park of Reformation) the 16th century, period of time in Europe when the dark Middle Ages were ended by restoring the value of human life and freedom of speech. The term "reformation" translated from Latin means "restoration to proper condition." Reformation in the 16th century happened in Germany, Switzerland, Netherlands, UK, Scandinavian countries. Across the Atlantic Ocean, Principles of Reformation played a significant role in formation of such countries as United States of America and Canada . In 2017, Ukraine, according to the decree of the president, together with the Western world celebrates the 500th anniversary of the Reformation, sharing the values that Document [29] (Title: History of Western civilization) making Portugal wealthy. In 1492, a Spanish expedition of Christopher Columbus discovered the Americas during an attempt to find a western route to East Asia. From the East, however, the Ottoman Turks under Suleiman the Magnificent continued their advance into the heart of Christian Europe — besieging Vienna in 1529. The 16th century saw the flowering of the Renaissance in the rest of the West. In the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus deduced that the geocentric model of the universe was incorrect, and that in fact the planets revolve around the sun. In the Netherlands, the invention of the telescope Document [30] (Title: Spanish era) Domini" year. A date in the Spanish era was written thus: "Era CMXLI" for "anno domini 903". The use of the Caesar Era probably began in Iberia in the 3rd century. The reason for its particular popularity is unknown. Official usage ceased in different parts of the Iberian peninsula at different times: in Aragon in 1349, Valencia 1358, Castile 1383 and Portugal 1422. While the year officially began on 1 January under the Spanish era, that was changed to 25 December when the "Anno Domini" system was adopted. (The church, however, used 11 January.) Spanish era The Spanish era or Document [31] (Title: French Wars of Religion) of rebellious activity leads some to believe the Peace of Alais in 1629 is the actual conclusion. However, the agreed upon beginning of the wars is the Massacre of Vassy in 1562, and the Edict of Nantes at least ended this series of conflicts. During this time, complex diplomatic negotiations and agreements of peace were followed by renewed conflict and power struggles. Humanism, which began much earlier in Italy, arrived in France in the early sixteenth century, coinciding with the beginning of the French Protestant Reformation. The Italian revival of art and classical learning interested Francis I, who established royal Document [32] (Title: Christendom) are usually taken to have ended with the Treaty of Westphalia (1648), or arguably, including the Nine Years' War and the War of the Spanish Succession in this period, with the Treaty of Utrecht of 1713. In the 18th century, the focus shifts away from religious conflicts, either between Christian factions or against the external threat of Islamic factions. The European Miracle, the Age of Enlightenment and the formation of the great colonial empires together with the beginning decline of the Ottoman Empire mark the end of the geopolitical "history of Christendom". Instead, the focus of Western history shifts to Document [33] (Title: 1500) 1500 Year 1500 (MD) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The year was seen as being especially important by many Christians in Europe, who thought it would bring the beginning of the end of the world. Their belief was based on the phrase "half-time after the time", when the apocalypse was due to occur, which appears in the Book of Revelation and was seen as referring to 1500. Historically, the year 1500 is also often identified, somewhat arbitrarily, as marking the end of the Middle Ages and beginning of Document [34] (Title: Early modern Europe) and Thomas More's "Utopia" (1515). The Protestant Reformation was a reform-oriented schism from the Roman Catholic Church initiated by Martin Luther and continued by John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli, and other early Protestant Reformers. It is typically dated from 1517, lasting until the end of the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) with the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. It was launched on 31 October 1517 by Martin Luther, who posted his 95 Theses criticizing the practice of indulgences to the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg, Germany, commonly used to post notices to the University community. In was very widely publicized Document [35] (Title: Italian Renaissance painting) as real versus ideal, movement versus rest, freedom versus law, space versus plane, and line versus colour. Most art historians state that the High Renaissance started around 1495 or 1500 and ended in 1520 with the death of Raphael, although some say the High Renaissance ended about 1525 or in 1527 with the Sack of Rome by the army of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, or about 1530. Many cite Leonardo da Vinci's the "Last Supper", started in 1495 and completed in 1498, as being the first work of the High Renaissance. In his book, "A History of Art: Painting, Document [36] (Title: Day-year principle) end of the Papacy in 2016: Of the five areas of the Bible which mention this timeline, only Revelation 11:9-12 adds a brief 3½ more years to the end of this 1260-year period. If added to 2016, this would bring us to autumn of 2019 or spring of 2020 for the commencement of the Eternal Kingdom. However, far more attention is paid by historicists to 2016 as the final end of the Papacy and the commencement of the Millennial rule than there is to 2019. This may be due in part, to uncertainty as to who or what the two Document [37] (Title: 16th century) by religious conflicts, with the groundwork for the epochal Thirty Years' War being laid towards the end of the century. In Italy, Luca Pacioli published the first work ever on accounting and Galileo Galilei made the first thermometer. In England, the Italian Alberico Gentili wrote the first book on public international law and divided secularism from canon law and Roman Catholic theology. In the Middle East, the Ottoman Empire continued to expand, with the Sultan taking the title of Caliph, while dealing with a resurgent Persia. Iran and Iraq were caught by major popularity of the Shiite sect of Islam Document [38] (Title: Late Middle Ages) The Catholic Church met the challenges of the reforming movements with what has been called the Catholic Reformation, or Counter-Reformation. Europe became split into northern Protestant and southern Catholic parts, resulting in the Religious Wars of the 16th and 17th centuries. The increasingly dominant position of the Ottoman Empire in the eastern Mediterranean presented an impediment to trade for the Christian nations of the west, who in turn started looking for alternatives. Portuguese and Spanish explorers found new trade routes – south of Africa to India, and across the Atlantic Ocean to America. As Genoese and Venetian merchants opened up Document [39] (Title: Peter Martyr d'Anghiera) chapters on the voyage of Columbus and the exploits of Martin Alonzo Pinzón. In 1511 he added a supplement giving an account of events from 1501 to 1511. Jointly with this "Decade", he published a narrative of his experiences in Egypt with a description of the inhabitants, their country, and history. By 1516 he had finished two other "Decades": In 1530 the eight "Decades" were published together for the first time at Alcalá. Later editions of single or of all the "Decades" appeared at Basel (1533), Cologne (1574), Paris (1587), and Madrid (1892). A German translation was published in Basle Document [40] (Title: Renaissance) 16th-century Renaissance in France as a period in Europe's cultural history that represented a break from the Middle Ages, creating a modern understanding of humanity and its place in the world. In stark contrast to the High Middle Ages, when Latin scholars focused almost entirely on studying Greek and Arabic works of natural science, philosophy and mathematics, Renaissance scholars were most interested in recovering and studying Latin and Greek literary, historical, and oratorical texts. Broadly speaking, this began in the 14th century with a Latin phase, when Renaissance scholars such as Petrarch, Coluccio Salutati (1331–1406), Niccolò de' Niccoli (1364–1437) and Document [41] (Title: January 1) Nativity of Jesus), March 1, March 25 (the Annunciation), or even Easter. The Byzantine Empire began its numbered year on September 1. In England, January 1 was celebrated as the New Year festival, but from the 12th century to 1752 the year in England began on March 25 (Lady Day). So, for example, the Parliamentary record notes the execution of Charles I as occurring on January 30, 1648, (as the year did not end until March 24), although modern histories adjust the start of the year to January 1 and record the execution as occurring in 1649. Most western European Document [42] (Title: 19th century) 19th century The 19th (nineteenth) century was a century that began on January 1, 1801, and ended on December 31, 1900. It is often used interchangeably with the 1800s, though the start and end dates differ by a year. The 19th century saw large amounts of social change; slavery was abolished, and the Second Industrial Revolution led to massive urbanization and much higher levels of productivity, profit and prosperity. European imperialism brought much of Asia and almost all of Africa under colonial rule. It was marked by the collapse of the Spanish, Napoleonic, Holy Roman and Mughal empires. This paved Document [43] (Title: 15th century) 1450s 1460s 1470s 1480s 1490s-1500 See links above for Italian Renaissance painting and Renaissance sculpture. List of 15th century inventions ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 15th century The 15th century was the century which spans the Julian years 1401 to 1500. In Europe, the 15th century is seen as the bridge between the Late Middle Ages, the Early Renaissance, and the Early modern period. Many technological, social and cultural developments of the 15th century can in retrospect be seen as heralding the "European miracle" of the following centuries. In religious history, the Roman Papacy was split in two parts in Europe for decades (the Document [44] (Title: Counter-Reformation) occurring during the pontificate of Pius V; the construction of the Gregorian observatory, the adoption of the Gregorian calendar, and the Jesuit China mission of Matteo Ricci under Pope Gregory XIII; the French Wars of Religion; the Long Turkish War and the execution of Giordano Bruno in 1600, under Pope Clement VIII; the birth of the Lyncean Academy of the Papal States, of which the main figure was Galileo Galilei (later put on trial); the final phases of the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) during the pontificates of Urban VIII and Innocent X; and the formation of the last Holy League Document [45] (Title: 16th century in literature) 16th century in literature This article presents lists of literary events and publications in the 16th century. 1501 1502 1507 1508 1509 1510 1510–1511 1512 1513 1514 1515 1516 1519 1521 1522 1522–24 1524 1526 1530 1533 1534 1535 1536 1537 1538 1539 1540 1541 1542 1550 1551 1552 1554 1565 1567 1571 1572 1575 1576 1586 1590 1596 1597 1598 1599 1500 1501 1502 1503 1505 1508 1509 1510 1511 1512 1513 1514–15 1516 1517 1518 1519 1520 1521 1522 1523 1524 1525 1526 1527 1528 1530 1531 1532 1533 1534 1535 1536 1538 1539 1540 1541 1542 1543 Document [46] (Title: Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas) into books, and each book into chapters. The first part covers the years from 1559 to 1574 (although it begins with the marriage of Philip II, before his accession, to Mary I of England in 1554) and was published in Madrid in 1601 and in Valladolid in 1606, after which an improved second edition appeared. The second part covers the period from 1575 to 1585 and was published at the same time as the first, also appearing in a later second edition. Finally, the third part was published in Madrid in 1612, and covers the period from 1585 to 1598, Document [47] (Title: Reformation) to restore unity in the Catholic Church. This effort concluded in 1648, as did the Reformation itself. Common historical consensus holds that the Reformation and the Counter-Reformation both ended in 1648, when the Thirty Years' War concluded with the Peace of Westphalia. There is no universal agreement on the exact or approximate date the Reformation ended. Various interpretations emphasize different dates, entire periods, or argue that the Reformation never really ended. However, there are a few popular interpretations that are used by large groups of observers. The Reformation led to a series of religious wars that culminated in the Thirty Document [48] (Title: Entertainment in the 16th century) stocks. Another popular public event with spectators, was the witch trial by use of water trial.(Lambert, 2007). Entertainment in the 16th century British Entertainment in the 16th century included art, fencing, painting, the stocks and even executions. While the 16th century and early 17th century squarely fall into the Renaissance period in Europe, that period was not only one of scientific and cultural advance, but also involved the development of changing forms of entertainment – both for the masses and for the elite. Despite the great breadth of advancements in the arts during this time, the economic conditions of this Document [49] (Title: 20th-century events) 20th-century events The 20th-century events include many notable events which occurred throughout the 20th century, which began on January 1, 1901, and ended on December 31, 2000, according to the Gregorian calendar. In Europe, the British Empire achieved the height of its power. Germany and Italy, which came into existence as unified nations in the second half of the 19th century, grew in power, challenging the traditional hegemony of Britain and France. With nationalism in full force at this time, the European powers competed with each other for land, military strength and economic power. On the very first day of Document [50] (Title: Spanish Empire) French opposition, Spain attained the apogee of its might and territorial reach in the period 1559–1643. The time for rejoicing in Madrid was short-lived. In 1566, Calvinist-led riots in the Netherlands prompted the Duke of Alba to march into the country to restore order. On February 16, 1568, a sentence of the Inquisition condemned all the inhabitants of the Netherlands to death as heretics. Incapable of carrying out the full sentence, Alba created a special court, the 'Council of Troubles', to determine who shall die. In 1568, William of Orange, better known as William the Silent, led a failed attempt Document [51] (Title: Donald Gregory) the measures employed at first for their coercion, and afterwards for their advancement in civilization, came naturally to be separate from those directed to the subjugation (if I may use the phrase) and improvement of the Eastern tribes. He attributed his focus on the years between 1493 and 1625 to the sparseness of previous historical treatment of the period - describing it "as nearly as possible a perfect blank" - and added:...when I discovered that our national records and other sources of authentic information were full of interesting and important matter bearing upon this portion of the history of the Document [52] (Title: Spain) century and most of the 17th century, a position reinforced by trade and wealth from colonial possessions and became the world's leading maritime power. It reached its apogee during the reigns of the first two Spanish Habsburgs—Charles I (1516–1556) and Philip II (1556–1598). This period saw the Italian Wars, the Schmalkaldic War, the Dutch Revolt, the War of the Portuguese Succession, clashes with the Ottomans, intervention in the French Wars of Religion and the Anglo-Spanish War. Through exploration and conquest or royal marriage alliances and inheritance, the Spanish Empire expanded to include vast areas in the Americas, islands in the Document [53] (Title: Modern history) In England the modern period is often dated to the start of the Tudor period with the victory of Henry VII over Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485. Early modern European history is usually seen to span from the start of the 15th century, through the Age of Enlightenment in the 17th and 18th centuries, until the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the late 18th century. Russia experienced territorial growth through the 17th century, which was the age of Cossacks. Cossacks were warriors organized into military communities, resembling pirates and pioneers of the New World. The Document [54] (Title: English Renaissance) first published in 1549, and at the end of the period the Authorised Version ("King James Version" to Americans) of the Bible (1611) had enduring impacts on the English consciousness. England was very slow to produce visual arts in Renaissance styles, and the artists of the Tudor court were mainly imported foreigners until after the end of the Renaissance; Hans Holbein was the outstanding figure. The English Reformation produced a huge programme of iconoclasm that destroyed almost all medieval religious art, and all but ended the skill of painting in England; English art was to be dominated by portraiture, and Document [55] (Title: Italian War of 1542–1546) Battle of Mühlberg. As for Suleiman, the conclusion of the Truce of Adrianople in 1547 brought his own struggle against the Habsburgs to a temporary halt. Henry VIII died on 28 January 1547; on 31 March, Francis followed. Henry's successors continued his entanglements in Scotland. When, in 1548, friction with the Scots led to the resumption of hostilities around Boulogne, they decided to avoid a two-front war by returning the city four years early, in 1550. The causes of the war themselves—chiefly, the contested dynastic claims in Italy—remained unresolved until the Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis ended the Italian War of 1551–59 Document [56] (Title: 15th century) 15th century The 15th century was the century which spans the Julian years 1401 to 1500. In Europe, the 15th century is seen as the bridge between the Late Middle Ages, the Early Renaissance, and the Early modern period. Many technological, social and cultural developments of the 15th century can in retrospect be seen as heralding the "European miracle" of the following centuries. In religious history, the Roman Papacy was split in two parts in Europe for decades (the so-called Western Schism), until the Council of Constance. The division of the Catholic Church and the unrest associated with the Hussite Document [57] (Title: Legacy of the Roman Empire) Empire began with the months Ianuarius (January), Februarius (February), and Martius (March). The common tradition to begin the year on 1 January was a convention established in ancient Rome. Throughout the medieval period, the year began on 25 March, the Catholic Solemnity of the Annunciation. Roman monk of the 5th-century, Dionysius Exiguus, devised the modern dating system of the Anno Domini (AD) era, which is based on the reckoned year of the birth of Jesus, with AD counting years from the start of this epoch, and BC denoting years before the start of the era. The modern seven-day week follows Document [58] (Title: Chieri) into the area by rich city merchants. The 16th century covered a period of succeeding plagues, epidemics, and wars, and (from 1551 to 1562) also brought French domination. During this period some of its citizens became followers of the Protestant Reformation started by Martin Luther, but this was quashed by strong opposition from Duke Emmanuel Philibert: it was in order to honour him, along with Charles Emmanuel I of Savoy, that the city towards the end of this century constructed a triumphal arch, still present on the main street (currently Via Vittorio Emanuele II). The year 1630 saw a terrible Document [59] (Title: 20th-century events) and sign the Kyoto treaty, which set mandatory limits on carbon dioxide emissions. The celebration of the ending of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century was at New Year's Day, 2000. 20th-century events The 20th-century events include many notable events which occurred throughout the 20th century, which began on January 1, 1901, and ended on December 31, 2000, according to the Gregorian calendar. In Europe, the British Empire achieved the height of its power. Germany and Italy, which came into existence as unified nations in the second half of the 19th century, grew in power, challenging Document [60] (Title: Anno Domini) used an era beginning with the birth of Abraham, dated in 2016 BC (AD 1 = 2017 Anno Abrahami). Spain and Portugal continued to date by the Era of the Caesars or Spanish Era, which began counting from 38 BC, well into the Middle Ages. In 1422, Portugal became the last Catholic country to adopt the "Anno Domini" system. The Era of Martyrs, which numbered years from the accession of Diocletian in 284, who launched the last yet most severe persecution of Christians, was used by the Church of Alexandria and is still used, officially, by the Coptic Orthodox and Document [61] (Title: Kingdom of England) down. By 1588, her new navy was strong enough to defeat the Spanish Armada, which had sought to invade England to put a Catholic monarch on the throne in her place. The House of Tudor ended with the death of Elizabeth I on 24 March 1603. James I ascended the throne of England and brought it into personal union with the Kingdom of Scotland. Despite the Union of the Crowns, the kingdoms remained separate and independent states: a state of affairs which lasted for more than a century. The Stuart kings overestimated the power of the English monarchy, and were Document [62] (Title: Six Ages of the World) 500 years would mark the end of the world. An alternative scheme had set the date to the year 202, but when this date passed without event, people expected the end in the year 500. By the 3rd century, Christians no longer believed the "End of the Ages" would occur in their lifetime, as was common among the earliest Christians. Six Ages of the World The Six Ages of the World (Latin: "sex aetates mundi"), also rarely Seven Ages of the World (Latin: "septem aetates mundi"), is a Christian historical periodization first written about by Saint Augustine "circa" A.D. 400. Document [63] (Title: Bartolomé de las Casas) It found its final form in 1561, when he was working in the Colegio de San Gregorio. Originally planned as a six-volume work, each volume describes a decade of the history of the Indies from the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1492 to 1520, and most of it is an eye-witness account. It was in the "History of the Indies" that Las Casas finally regretted his advocacy for African slavery, and included a sincere apology, writing, "I soon repented and judged myself guilty of ignorance. I came to realize that black slavery was as unjust as Indian slavery... and I Document [64] (Title: Warfare in Medieval Poland) is no definite turning point in the history of Poland, parallel to events such as the Fall of Constantinople (1453), the discovery of America by Cristopher Columbus (1492), or the beginning of the Reformation (1517) in Western and Southern Europe. Most historians agree, that the end of the medieval age and the beginning of the Renaissance in Poland took place during the rule of the Jagiellon dynasty, probably in its waning period (times of Sigismund I the Old). It is much more difficult to establish a single unique battle of that period that can be considered a "final one." In Document [65] (Title: Reformation) the Reformation occurred at some point between 1545 and 1620. In 1545, it was first considered a serious threat to the Catholic Church and the Papacy at the Council of Trent, prompting counterreformational measures by Catholic religious hierarchy. In 1620, the Battle of White Mountain put an end to Protestantism in Bohemia (now the Czech Republic). The Thirty Years' War began in 1618 and brought a drastic territorial and demographic decline when the House of Habsburg introduced counterreformational measures throughout their vast possessions in Central Europe. In 1545, the Council of Trent officially launched the Counter-Reformation against Protestantism in Europe Document [66] (Title: Habsburg Spain) and populations began to explode. Seville, which was home to 60,000 people in 1500 burgeoned to 150,000 by the end of the century. There was a substantial movement to the cities of Spain to capitalize on new opportunities as shipbuilders and merchants to service Spain's impressive and growing empire. The 16th century was a time of development in Spain as both agriculture and trade burgeoned. Throughout the harsh interior of Castile grain and wool production grew. The former fed an expansion of the population. The latter fed both local textile manufacturing and a lucrative trade with the Netherlands. The Castilian Document [67] (Title: History of Western civilization) scientific revolution, which emphasized experimentation. The other major movement in the West in the 16th century was the Reformation, which would profoundly change the West and end its religious unity. The Reformation began in 1517 when the Catholic monk Martin Luther wrote his 95 Theses, which denounced the wealth and corruption of the church, as well as many Catholic beliefs, including the institution of the papacy and the belief that, in addition to faith in Christ, "good works" were also necessary for salvation. Luther drew on the beliefs of earlier church critics, like the Bohemian Jan Hus and the Englishman Document [68] (Title: Spanish Renaissance literature) if the uncivilized nations refused to be voluntarily subjugated, the war was morally legitimate. With Erasmus, the spirit of tolerance dies in Spain, as no reconciliation or commitment between Protestants and Catholics was reached, and the Counterreformation began; religious unity was persecuted, even within Christianity itself, so the Renaissance had finished. Nevertheless, the Spanish religiousness maintained its own parameters thanks to a new order, the Company of Jesus, founded by San Ignacio de Loyola (1491-1556). Also Neoplatonism arrived in Spain, coming from Italy. The poetry of this period is divided in two schools: the Salmantine (e.g. Fray Luis de León) Document [69] (Title: Christianity in the 16th century) of the Church of England was established unequivocally in doctrinal terms. Yet, at a popular level, religion in England was still in a state of flux. Following a brief Roman Catholic restoration during the reign of Mary 1553–1558, a loose consensus developed during the reign of Elizabeth I, though this point is one of considerable debate among historians. Yet it is the so-called "Elizabethan Religious Settlement" to which the origins of Anglicanism are traditionally ascribed. The political separation of the Church of England from Rome, beginning in 1529 and completed in 1536, brought England alongside this broad Reformed movement. However, Document [70] (Title: Late Middle Ages) built and an Office of Revels established in 1545. The end of medieval drama came about due to a number of factors, including the weakening power of the Catholic Church, the Protestant Reformation and the banning of religious plays in many countries. Elizabeth I forbid all religious plays in 1558 and the great cycle plays had been silenced by the 1580s. Similarly, religious plays were banned in the Netherlands in 1539, the Papal States in 1547 and in Paris in 1548. The abandonment of these plays destroyed the international theatre that had thereto existed and forced each country to develop Document [71] (Title: History of Western civilization) century), Belgrade, and Athens – though Athens was to be recaptured and held until 1829. The 16th century is often called Spain's "Siglo de Oro" (golden century). From its colonies in the Americas it gained large quantities of gold and silver, which helped make Spain the richest and most powerful country in the world. One of the greatest Spanish monarchs of the era was Charles I (1516–1556, who also held the title of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V). His attempt to unite these lands was thwarted by the divisions caused by the Reformation and ambitions of local rulers and rival Document [72] (Title: Middle Ages) in 1516, the death of Queen Isabella I of Castile in 1504, or the conquest of Granada in 1492. Historians from Romance-speaking countries tend to divide the Middle Ages into two parts: an earlier "High" and later "Low" period. English-speaking historians, following their German counterparts, generally subdivide the Middle Ages into three intervals: "Early", "High", and "Late". In the 19th century, the entire Middle Ages were often referred to as the "Dark Ages", but with the adoption of these subdivisions, use of this term was restricted to the Early Middle Ages, at least among historians. The Roman Empire reached its Document [73] (Title: Modern history) international balance of power that held at bay a great conflagration until years later. The end date of the early modern period is usually associated with the Industrial Revolution, which began in Britain in about 1750. Another significant date is 1789, the beginning of the French Revolution, which drastically transformed the state of European politics and ushered in the Prince Edward Era and modern Europe. The French and Indian Wars were a series of conflicts in North America that represented the actions there that accompanied the European dynastic wars. In Quebec, the wars are generally referred to as the Intercolonial Document [74] (Title: 16th century) 16th century The 16th century begins with the Julian year 1501 and ends with either the Julian or the Gregorian year 1600 (depending on the reckoning used; the Gregorian calendar introduced a lapse of 10 days in October 1582). The 16th century is regarded by historians as the century in which the rise of the West occurred. During the 16th century, Spain and Portugal explored the world's seas and opened worldwide oceanic trade routes. Large parts of the New World became Spanish and Portuguese colonies, and while the Portuguese became the masters of Asia's and Africa's Indian Ocean trade, the Document [75] (Title: Christianity in the 15th century) Christianity in the 15th century The 15th century is part of the High Middle Ages, the period from the coronation of Charlemagne in 800 to the close of the 15th century, which saw the fall of Constantinople (1453), the end of the Hundred Years War (1453), the discovery of the New World (1492), and thereafter the Protestant Reformation (1515). It also marked the later years of scholasticism and the growth of Christian humanism and other developments of the early Renaissance. The eastern Emperor John VIII Palaeologus, pressed hard by the Ottoman Turks, was keen to ally himself with the West, Document [76] (Title: Early modern Britain) to the operation of the government gave this new class great power, but power that was not reflected in the government structure. This would lead to a long contest during the 17th century between the forces of the monarch and parliament. The Elizabethan Era is the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (1558–1603) and is known to be a golden age in English history. It was the height of the English Renaissance and saw the flowering of English literature and poetry. This was also the time during which Elizabethan theatre was famous and William Shakespeare, among others, composed plays that broke Document [77] (Title: Rome) Constance settled the Western Schism, and a Roman pope, Martin V, was elected. This brought to Rome a century of internal peace, which marked the beginning of the Renaissance. The ruling popes until the first half of the 16th century, from Nicholas V, founder of the Vatican Library, to Pius II, humanist and literate, from Sixtus IV, a warrior pope, to Alexander VI, immoral and nepotist, from Julius II, soldier and patron, to Leo X, who gave his name to this period ("the century of Leo X"), all devoted their energy to the greatness and the beauty of the Eternal Document [78] (Title: Historicism (Christianity)) occur in 1794, based on his analysis of the Book of Revelation. Adam Clarke, whose commentary was published in 1831, proposed a possible date of 2015 for the end of the papal power. In 19th-century America, William Miller proposed that the end of the world would occur on October 22, 1844, based on a historicist model used with Daniel 8:14. Miller’s historicist approach to the Book of Daniel spawned a national movement in the United States known as Millerism. After the Great Disappointment some of the Millerites eventually organized the Seventh-day Adventist Church, which continues to maintain a historicist reading Document [79] (Title: History of Europe) and Spanish trade routes into the Pacific Ocean, reaching Australia in 1606 and New Zealand in 1642. With the development of the printing press, new ideas spread throughout Europe and challenged traditional doctrines in science and theology. Simultaneously, the Protestant Reformation under German Martin Luther questioned Papal authority. The most common dating of the Reformation begins in 1517, when Luther published "The Ninety-Five Theses", and concludes in 1648 with the Treaty of Westphalia that ended years of European religious wars. During this period corruption in the Catholic Church led to a sharp backlash in the Protestant Reformation. It gained many Document [80] (Title: History by period) and CE is Common Era. This is done in order to standardize time periods across the world (ISO 8601). The Postclassical Era, also referred to as the Medieval period or, for Europe, the Middle Ages, begins around 500 CE after the fall of major civilizations, covering the advent of Islam. The period ends around 1450–1500, with events like the rise of moveable-type printing in Europe, the voyages of Christopher Columbus, and the Ottoman Empire's conquest of Constantinople. The Modern Period covers human history from the creation of a more global network (i.e. the colonization of the Americas by Europeans) to Document [81] (Title: La Celestina) Spain. Three major events in the history of Spain took place during the union of the kingdoms of Castile and Aragon in 1492. These events were the discovery of the Americas, the conquest of Granada and the expulsion of the Jews. It is also the year that Antonio de Nebrija published the first grammar of the Spanish language, together with Nebrija’s own teachings at the University of Salamanca, where Fernando de Rojas studied, favoring the emergence of Renaissance humanism in Spain. Thus, 1492 began the transition between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. It is precisely in the 1490s when Document [82] (Title: Universal history) around the start of the 16th century, starting with the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, the fall of Muslim Spain and the discovery of the Americas in 1492, and Martin Luther's Protestant Reformation in 1517. In England the modern period is often dated to the start of the Tudor period with the victory of Henry VII over Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485. Early modern European history is usually seen to span from around the start of the 15th century, through the Age of Reason and the Age of Enlightenment in the 17th and 18th centuries, until Document [83] (Title: Late Middle Ages) Ottoman Empire cut off trading possibilities with the East. Europeans were forced to seek new trading routes, leading to the Spanish expedition under Christopher Columbus to the Americas in 1492 and Vasco da Gama’s voyage to Africa and India in 1498. Their discoveries strengthened the economy and power of European nations. The changes brought about by these developments have led many scholars to view this period as the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of modern history and of early modern Europe. However, the division is somewhat artificial, since ancient learning was never entirely absent from European society. Document [84] (Title: Late Middle Ages) These two things would lead to the Protestant Reformation. Europeans also discovered new trading routes, as was the case with Columbus’ travel to the Americas in 1492, and Vasco da Gama’s circumnavigation of Africa and India in 1498. Their discoveries strengthened the economy and power of European nations. By the end of the 15th century the Ottoman Empire had advanced all over Southeastern Europe, eventually conquering the Byzantine Empire and extending control over the Balkan states. Hungary was the last bastion of the Latin Christian world in the East, and fought to keep its rule over a period of two Document [85] (Title: Early modern Europe) 1558–1603. The Elizabethan Era is the period associated with the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (1558–1603) and was a golden age in English cultural history. It was the height of the English Renaissance, and saw the flowering of English literature and poetry. This was also the time during which Elizabethan theatre grew. William Shakespeare, among others, composed highly innovative and powerful plays. It was an age of expansion and exploration abroad. At home the Protestant Reformation was established and successfully defended against the Catholic powers of Spain and France. The "Jacobean era" was the reign James I of England (1603–1625). Document [86] (Title: Western world) (1568-1648) and Thirty Years War (1618-1648) between various Protestant and Catholic states of the Holy Roman Empire (and emergence of religiously diverse confessions). In this context, the Protestant Reformation (1515) may be viewed as a schism within the Catholic Church. German monk Martin Luther, in the wake of precursors, broke with the pope and with the emperor by the Catholic Church's abusive commercialization of indulgences in the Late Medieval Period, backed by many of the German princes and helped by the development of the printing press in an attempt to reform corruption within the church. Both these religious wars ended Document [87] (Title: Reformation) 1510s and the 1520s. It did not became an international issue until the 1530s. In 1517, the Reformation began with Luther and caught on instantly. Different reformers arose independently of Luther in 1518 (for example Andreas Karlstadt, Philip Melanchthon, Erhard Schnepf, Johannes Brenz and Martin Bucer), 1519 (for example Huldrych Zwingli, Nikolaus von Amsdorf, Ulrich von Hutten) and so on. Each year drew new theologians to embrace the Reformation and participate in the ongoing, European-wide discussion about faith. The early Reformation in Germany mostly concerns the life of Martin Luther until he was excommunicated by Pope Leo X on 3 Document [88] (Title: 17th century) 17th century The 17th century was the century that lasted from January 1, 1601, to December 31, 1700, in the Gregorian calendar. It falls into the Early Modern period of Europe and in that continent (whose impact on the world was increasing) was characterized by the Baroque cultural movement, the latter part of the Spanish Golden Age, the Dutch Golden Age, the French "" dominated by Louis XIV, the Scientific Revolution, and according to some historians, the General Crisis. The greatest military conflicts were the Thirty Years' War, the Great Turkish War, and the Dutch-Portuguese War. It was during this Document [89] (Title: Renaissance in the Low Countries) start of the religious war. By the end of the 16th century the northern and Southern Netherlands were effectively split. While this fracture was reflected in the visual arts by the Dutch Golden Age in the north and the Flemish Baroque in the south, other areas of thought remained associated with 16th-century currents of Renaissance thought. Gradually, the balance of power shifted away from the Southern Netherlands, which remained under Spanish authority, to the emerging Dutch Republic. Two factors determined the fate of the region in the 16th century. The first was the union with the kingdom of Spain through Document [90] (Title: 16th century in North American history) mica, which finally served as road building material. Richard Eden published "The history of travayle in the West and East Indies" in 1577—this is not a reprint of the 1555 edition, although, like that, the larger portion is taken up with Peter Martyr d'Anghiera's "Decades of the New World", the first formal history of the Americas, and Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés (Oviedo)' "History of the West Indies". It contains a number of important additions not to be found in the earlier edition and appeared after the death of Eden. This is the earliest collection of voyages in the Document [91] (Title: Tudor period) as good works. In 1547 a new law closed down 2,374 chantries and seized their assets. Although the Act required the money to go to "charitable" ends and the "public good," most of it appears to have gone to friends of the Court. Historian A.G. Dickens has concluded: The new Protestant orthodoxy for the Church of England was expressed in the Forty-Two Articles of Faith in 1553. But when the king suddenly died, Dudley's last-minute efforts to make his daughter-in-law Lady Jane Grey the new sovereign failed. Queen Mary took over and had him beheaded. Mary was the daughter of Document [92] (Title: The Great Wave (book)) during the early Renaissance, 1400-1470 This began with the ‘price revolution of the 16th century’, in fact lasting from about 1470-1590. Crisis followed; depression, famine, the Thirty Years’ war (1618–1648), English civil war, Dutch revolt and other conflicts. According to Fischer the Enlightenment equilibrium which followed lasted from 1660-1730. The price revolution of the 18th century began about 1729, says Fischer. Commodity prices rose in England (sic), France and the United States (sic!). large population increases occurred in most of Europe. Wage rates failed to keep pace with grain price rises, and wealth inequality increased. A rising spirit of rebellion Document [93] (Title: Harmonic Convergence) thirteen "heaven" cycles, which began in AD 843 and ended in 1519, when the nine "hell" cycles began, ending 468 years later in 1987. The very beginning of the nine "hell" cycles was precisely the day that Hernán Cortés landed in Mexico, April 22, 1519 (coinciding with "1 Reed" on the Aztec/Mayan calendar, the day sacred to Mesoamerican cultural hero Quetzalcoatl). The 9 hell cycles of 52 years each ended precisely on August 16–17, 1987. Shearer introduced the dates and the prophecy to Arguelles in 1970, and he eventually co-opted them and created the name Harmonic Convergence as the public Document [94] (Title: History of Western civilization) and sought national unity, religious wars erupted throughout Europe, especially in the Holy Roman Empire. Emperor Charles V was able to arrange the Peace of Augsburg between the warring Catholic and Protestant nobility. However, in 1618, the Thirty Years' War began between Protestants and Catholics in the empire, which eventually involved neighboring countries like France. The devastating war finally ended in 1648. In the Peace of Westphalia ending the war, Lutheranism, Catholicism and Calvinism were all granted toleration in the empire. The two major centers of power in the empire after the war were Protestant Prussia in the north and Document [95] (Title: Early modern France) took place in a radical time suppression of administrative incoherence. The Peace of Etaples (1492) marks, for some, the beginning of the early modern period in France. After the Hundred Years' War (1337–1453) and the Treaty of Picquigny (1475) – its official end date – in 1492 and 1493, Charles VIII of France signed three additional treaties with Henry VII of England, Maximilian I of Habsburg, and Ferdinand II of Aragon respectively at Étaples (1492), Senlis (1493) and in Barcelona (1493). As the 15th century drew to a close, French kings could take confidence in the fact that England had Document [96] (Title: Era) Latin word use in chronology seems to have begun in 5th century Visigothic Spain, where it appears in the "History" of Isidore of Seville, and in later texts. The Spanish era is calculated from 38 BC, perhaps because of a tax (cfr. indiction) levied in that year, or due to a miscalculation of the Battle of Actium, which occurred in 31 BC. Like epoch, "era" in English originally meant "the starting point of an age"; the meaning "system of chronological notation" is c.1646; that of "historical period" is 1741. In chronology, an era is the highest level for the organization Document [97] (Title: Lilliput and Blefuscu) to "six rebellions... wherein one Emperor lost his life, and another his crown". The Lilliputian religion says an egg should be broken on the convenient end, which is now interpreted by the Lilliputians as the smaller end. The Big-Endians gained favour in Blefuscu. The Big-Endian/Little-Endian controversy reflects, in a much simplified form, British quarrels over religion. England had been, less than 200 years previously, a Catholic (Big-Endian) country; but a series of reforms beginning in the 1530s under King Henry VIII (ruled 1509–1547), Edward VI (1547–1553), and Queen Elizabeth I (1558–1603) had converted most of the country to Protestantism (Little-Endianism), Document [98] (Title: 20th century) research and practice of science led to advancement in the fields of communication, engineering, travel, medicine, and war. 20th century The 20th (twentieth) century was a century that began on January 1, 1901 and ended on December 31, 2000. It was the tenth and final century of the 2nd millennium. It is distinct from the century known as the 1900s which began on January 1, 1900 and ended on December 31, 1999. The 20th century was dominated by a chain of events that heralded significant changes in world history as to redefine the era: flu pandemic, World War I and Document [99] (Title: 1582 in science) December 20. Other countries switch in later years. 1582 in science The year 1582 in science and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed here. This year sees the introduction of the Gregorian calendar, promulgated by Pope Gregory XIII in the Papal bull "Inter gravissimas" on February 24 and based largely on the work of Christopher Clavius. Under the Habsburg Monarchy in Spain, Portugal and Italy, together with the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the year continues under the Julian calendar as normal until Thursday October 4, the next day becoming Friday October 15; France follows two months later, Document [100] (Title: Huguenots) summer of 1561. In 1561, the Edict of Orléans declared an end to the persecution, and the Edict of Saint-Germain of January 1562 formally recognised the Huguenots for the first time. However, these measures disguised the growing tensions between Protestants and Catholics. These tensions spurred eight civil wars, interrupted by periods of relative calm, between 1562 and 1598. With each break in peace, the Huguenots' trust in the Catholic throne diminished, and the violence became more severe, and Protestant demands became grander, until a lasting cessation of open hostility finally occurred in 1598. The wars gradually took on a dynastic Document [101] (Title: 15th century) movement would become factors in the rise of the Protestant Reformation in the following century. Constantinople, in what is today Turkey, then the capital of the Christian Byzantine Empire, falls to the emerging Muslim Ottoman Turks, marking the end of the tremendously influential Byzantine Empire and, for some historians, the end of the Middle Ages. The event forced Western Europeans to find a new trade route, adding further momentum to what was the beginning of the Age of Discovery, which would lead to the global mapping of the world. Explorations by the Portuguese and Spanish led to European sightings of Document [102] (Title: Christianity in the 16th century) Christianity in the 16th century In 16th-century Christianity, Protestantism came to the forefront and marked a significant change in the Christian world. During the age of discovery the Roman Catholic Church established a number of missions in the Americas and other colonies in order to spread Christianity in the New World and to convert the indigenous peoples. At the same time, missionaries such as Francis Xavier as well as other Jesuits, Augustinians, Franciscans and Dominicans were moving into Asia and the Far East. Under the Padroado treaty with the Holy See, by which the Vatican delegated to the kings the Document [103] (Title: High Renaissance) by da Vinci’s "Adoration of the Magi" of 1481, for which only the underpainting was completed. As far as the end of the High Renaissance is concerned Hartt, Frommel, Piper, Wundrum and Winkelman all state that the High Renaissance ended in 1520 with the death of Raphael. Honour and Fleming stated the High Renaissance was the first quarter of the 16th century meaning it would have ended in 1525. By contrast, Luigi Lanzi, in his "History of Italian Painting", 1795-96, stated it ended with the Sack of Rome in 1527. when several artists were killed and many other dispersed from Document [104] (Title: 1500–1550 in Western European fashion) cuffed, and turned back to reveal contrasting linings. Henry VIII of England (ruled 1509–1547) and Francis I of France (ruled 1515–1547) strove to host the most glittering renaissance court, culminating in the festivities around the Field of Cloth of Gold (1520). But the rising power was Charles V, king of Spain, Naples, and Sicily from 1516, heir to the style as well as the riches of Burgundy, and Holy Roman Emperor from 1530. The inflow of gold and silver from the New World into recently united Spain changed the dynamics of trade throughout Western Europe, ushering in a period of Document [105] (Title: Habsburg Spain) the other European rulers) had plans for when Charles II's death came, as it was clear that he would produce no children and the Habsburg line in Spain would die with him. The end came with Charles' passing at the age of 39 on November 1, 1700. The Spanish Inquisition was formally launched during the reign of the Catholic Monarchs, continued by their Habsburg successors, and only ended in the 19th century. Under Charles I the Inquisition became a formal department in the Spanish government, hurtling out of control as the 16th century progressed. Philip II greatly expanded the Inquisition Document [106] (Title: Chronology of the Bible) increasing fear that the end of the world was nigh, until the Venerable Bede made his own calculations and found that Christ's birth took place in AM 3592, allowing several more centuries to the end of time. Martin Luther (1483–1546) switched the point of focus from Christ's birth to the Apostolic Council of Acts 15, which he placed in the year AM 4000, believing this marked the moment when the Mosaic Law was abolished and the new age of grace began. This was widely accepted among European Protestants, but in the English-speaking world, Archbishop James Ussher (1581–1656) calculated a date Document [107] (Title: 16th century in literature) 1597 1598 1599 16th century in literature This article presents lists of literary events and publications in the 16th century. 1501 1502 1507 1508 1509 1510 1510–1511 1512 1513 1514 1515 1516 1519 1521 1522 1522–24 1524 1526 1530 1533 1534 1535 1536 1537 1538 1539 1540 1541 1542 1550 1551 1552 1554 1565 1567 1571 1572 1575 1576 1586 1590 1596 1597 1598 1599 1500 1501 1502 1503 1505 1508 1509 1510 1511 1512 1513 1514–15 1516 1517 1518 1519 1520 1521 1522 1523 1524 1525 1526 1527 1528 1530 1531 1532 1533 1534 1535 1536 1538 1539 1540 Document [108] (Title: Early modern period) Early modern period The early modern period of modern history follows the late Middle Ages of the post-classical era. Although the chronological limits of the period are open to debate, the timeframe spans the period after the late portion of the post-classical age (c. 1500), known as the Middle Ages, through the beginning of the Age of Revolutions (c. 1800) and is variously demarcated by historians as beginning with the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, with the Renaissance period, and with the Age of Discovery (especially with the voyages of Christopher Columbus beginning in 1492, but also with Vasco da Document [109] (Title: Art of the Low Countries) ends with Gerard David about 1520. Other major figures include Rogier van der Weyden, Hugo van der Goes, and Petrus Christus. The 16th century was a period of response to Italian Renaissance art and the development of several distinctly Netherlandish themes. At the start of the century Hieronymus Bosch painted fantastic images, often for courtly viewers, that left a long legacy. Jan Mabuse, Maarten van Heemskerck and Frans Floris were all instrumental in adopting Italian models and incorporating them into their own artistic language. The spread of Mannerism throughout Europe produced important forms of Northern Mannerist art in the Low Document [110] (Title: 16th century in North American history) 16th century in North American history The historical record in North America begins in the second half of the 16th century, with ongoing European exploration. Giovanni da Verrazzano explored the East Coast of North America from Florida to presumably Newfoundland in 1524. Jacques Cartier made a series of voyages on behalf of the French crown in 1534 and explored the St. Lawrence River. André Thevet's "The new found worlde, or Antarctike" is an English translation of Thevet's "Les singularitez de la France antarctique", first published in 1558. André Thevet was a Franciscan friar who accompanied Villegagnon in 1555 when he Document [111] (Title: 11th century) of North America. In European history, the 11th century is regarded as the beginning of the High Middle Ages, an age subsequent to the Early Middle Ages. The century began while the "translatio imperii" of 962 was still somewhat novel and ended in the midst of the Investiture Controversy. It saw the final Christianisation of Scandinavia and the emergence of the Peace and Truce of God movements, the Gregorian Reforms, and the Crusades which revitalised a church and a papacy that had survived tarnished by the tumultuous 10th century. In 1054, the Great Schism rent the church in two, however. Document [112] (Title: Europe) Empire in 476 AD and the subsequent Migration Period marked the end of ancient history and the beginning of the Middle Ages. Renaissance humanism, exploration, art and science led to the modern era. Since the Age of Discovery started by Portugal and Spain, Europe played a predominant role in global affairs. Between the 16th and 20th centuries, European powers controlled at various times the Americas, almost all of Africa and Oceania and the majority of Asia. The Age of Enlightenment, the subsequent French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars shaped the continent culturally, politically and economically from the end of the Document [113] (Title: Renaissance) Francis Bacon. The new scientific method led to great contributions in the fields of astronomy, physics, biology, and anatomy. Applied innovation extended to commerce. At the end of the 15th century Luca Pacioli published the first work on bookkeeping, making him the founder of accounting. During the Renaissance, extending from 1450 to 1650 , every Continent was visited and mostly mapped by Europeans, except the south polar continent now known as Antarctica. This development is depicted in the large world map "Nova Totius Terrarum Orbis Tabula" made by the Dutch cartographer Joan Blaeu in 1648 to commemorate the Peace of Document [114] (Title: Modern history) the end of this period, but many scholars agree that the process began with the end of Napoleonic rule and the Congress of Vienna in 1815, and approximately ended with the Franco-Prussian War in 1871, though the last "città irredente" did not join the Kingdom of Italy until after World War I. Toward the end of the early modern period, Europe was dominated by the evolving system of mercantile capitalism in its trade and the New Economy. European states and politics had the characteristic of Absolutism. The French power and English revolutions dominated the political scene. There eventually evolved an Document [115] (Title: Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)) 1597 respectively. Two further Spanish armadas were sent in 1596 and 1597 but were frustrated in their objectives mainly because of adverse weather and poor planning. The war became deadlocked around the turn of the 17th century during campaigns in the Netherlands, France and Ireland. It was brought to an end with the Treaty of London, negotiated in 1604 between representatives of the new King of Spain, Philip III, and the new King of England, James I. England and Spain agreed to cease their military interventions in the Spanish Netherlands and Ireland, respectively, and the English ended high seas privateering. Document [116] (Title: Dark Ages (historiography)) Renaissance humanists saw the preceding 900 years as a time of stagnation, with history unfolding not along the religious outline of Saint Augustine's Six Ages of the World, but in "cultural" (or secular) terms through progressive development of classical ideals, literature, and art. Petrarch wrote that history had two periods: the classic period of Greeks and Romans, followed by a time of darkness in which he saw himself living. In around 1343, in the conclusion of his epic "Africa", he wrote: "My fate is to live among varied and confusing storms. But for you perhaps, if as I hope and Document [117] (Title: 16th century) of the 1572 appearance of a Milky Way supernova. These events directly challenged the long-held notion of an immutable universe supported by Ptolemy and Aristotle, and led to major revolutions in astronomy and science. 16th century The 16th century begins with the Julian year 1501 and ends with either the Julian or the Gregorian year 1600 (depending on the reckoning used; the Gregorian calendar introduced a lapse of 10 days in October 1582). The 16th century is regarded by historians as the century in which the rise of the West occurred. During the 16th century, Spain and Portugal explored the Document [118] (Title: Subatlantic) 1350, and by the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages. Many settlements were abandoned and left deserted. As a consequence, the population in Central Europe drastically receded by as much as 50 percent. After a short warming pulse around 1500, the Little Ice Age followed, lasting from c. 1550 until 1860. The Northern Hemisphere snow line descended by 100 to 200 meters. Human history during this time includes the Renaissance and the Age of Enlightenment, and also major rebellious events like the Thirty Years War and the French Revolution. The beginning of the Industrial Revolution also dates back to this Document [119] (Title: Early modern period) "Renaissance man". During the Baroque period the Thirty Years' War in Central Europe decimated the population by up to 20%. In 1648, the Peace of Westphalia, consisting of the treaties of Osnabrück and Münster, signed on May 15 and October 24, respectively, ended several wars in Europe and established the beginning of sovereign states. The treaties involved the Holy Roman Emperor, Ferdinand III (Habsburg), the Kingdoms of Spain, France and Sweden, the Netherlands and their respective allies among the princes and the Republican Imperial States of the Holy Roman Empire. The Peace of Westphalia resulted from the first modern diplomatic Document [120] (Title: Northern Renaissance) of European history. Many scholars see it as a unique time with characteristics all its own. A second group views the Renaissance as the first two to three centuries of a larger era in European history usually called early modern Europe, which began in the late fifteenth century and ended on the eve of the French Revolution (1789) or with the close of the Napoleonic era (1815). Some social historians reject the concept of the Renaissance altogether. Historians also argue over how much the Renaissance differed from the Middle Ages and whether it was the beginning of the modern world, Document [121] (Title: Counter-Reformation) from December 13, 1545, to December 4, 1563, to reform many parts of the Catholic Church. The 22nd session of the council, which met in 1562, dealt with church music in Canon 8 in the section of "Abuses in the Sacrifice of the Mass" during a meeting of the council on September 10, 1562. Canon 8 states that "Since the sacred mysteries should be celebrated with utmost reverence, with both deepest feeling toward God alone, and with external worship that is truly suitable and becoming, so that others may be filled with devotion and called to religion: ... Everything should Document [122] (Title: 18th century) 18th century The 18th century lasted from January 1, 1701 to December 31, 1800 in the Gregorian calendar. During the 18th century, elements of Enlightenment thinking culminated in the American, French, and Haitian revolutions. This was an age of violent slave trading, and global human trafficking. The reactions against monarchical and aristocratic power helped fuel the revolutionary responses against it throughout the century. In continental Europe, philosophers dreamed of a brighter age. For some, this dream turned into a reality with the French Revolution of 1789, though later compromised by the excesses of the Reign of Terror (1793–1794) under Maximilien Document [123] (Title: Christianity in the 14th century) Christianity in the 14th century Christianity in the 14th century consisted of an end to the Crusades and a precursor to Protestantism. King Philip IV of France created an inquisition for his suppression of the Knights Templar during the 14th century. King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella formed another in 1480, originally to deal with distrusted ex-Jewish and ex-Muslim converts. Over a 350-year period, this Spanish Inquisition executed between 3,000 and 4,000 people, representing around two percent of those accused. The inquisition played a major role in the final expulsion of Islam from the kingdoms of Sicily and Spain. In 1482, Document [124] (Title: Dark Ages (historiography)) but by the 18th century it tended to be confined to the earlier part of this period. The earliest entry for a capitalized "Dark Ages" in the "Oxford English Dictionary" is a reference in Henry Thomas Buckle's "History of Civilization in England" in 1857. Starting and ending dates varied: the Dark Ages were considered by some to start in 410, by others in 476 when there was no longer an emperor in Rome, and to end about 800, at the time of the Carolingian Renaissance under Charlemagne, or alternatively to extend through to the end of the 1st millennium. In Document [125] (Title: Bosporus) and surrounding waterways. The final 53-day campaign, which resulted in Ottoman victory, constituted an important turn in world history. Together with Christopher Columbus's first voyage to the Americas in 1492, the 1453 conquest of Constantinople is commonly noted as among the events that brought an end to the Middle Ages and marked the transition to the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery. The event also marked the end of the Byzantines—the final remnants of the Roman Empire—and the transfer of the control of the Bosporus into Ottoman hands, who made Constantinople their new capital, and from where they expanded their Document [126] (Title: Spain in the 17th century) all contributed to the decline of the Habsburg rule of Spain. The end of the 17th century also brought the end of Habsburg rule. The 18th century began with the War of the Spanish Succession, which concluded in the establishment of the Bourbon dynasty in Spain. In 1469, Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile united the Crowns of Aragon and Castile into one, creating the early modern Spanish state. Although this ensured future Spanish rulers would rule over both Aragon and Castile, both regions had their own administration and legal systems. In addition, Aragon itself was divided Document [127] (Title: Piracy in the Caribbean) instead he usually accepted their lucrative bribes. The first third of the 17th century in the Caribbean was defined by the outbreak of the savage and destructive Thirty Years' War in Europe (1618–1648) that represented both the culmination of the Protestant-Catholic conflict of the Reformation and the final showdown between Habsburg Spain and Bourbon France. The war was mostly fought in Germany, where one-third to one-half of the population would eventually be lost to the strains of the conflict, but it had some effect in the New World as well. The Spanish presence in the Caribbean began to decline at Document [128] (Title: Holy Roman Empire) Charles V. Before Charles's reign in the Holy Roman Empire began, in 1517, Martin Luther launched what would later be known as the Reformation. At this time, many local dukes saw it as a chance to oppose the hegemony of Emperor Charles V. The empire then became fatally divided along religious lines, with the north, the east, and many of the major cities – Strasbourg, Frankfurt, and Nuremberg – becoming Protestant while the southern and western regions largely remained Catholic. Charles V continued to battle the French and the Protestant princes in Germany for much of his reign. After his Document [129] (Title: Spanish Empire) of Columbus, however, litigated against the Crown until 1536 for the fulfillment of the Capitulations of Santa Fe in the "pleitos colombinos". In metropolitan Spain, the direction of the Americas was taken over by the Bishop Fonseca between 1493 and 1516, and again between 1518 and 1524, after a brief period of rule by Jean le Sauvage. After 1504 the figure of the secretary was added, so between 1504 and 1507 Gaspar de Gricio took charge, between 1508 and 1518 Lope de Conchillos followed him, and from 1519, Francisco de los Cobos. In 1511, the Junta of The Indies was Document [130] (Title: Tudor London) Tudor kingdom had long-term effects on the city, which grew rapidly during the 16th century. The nobility found that power and wealth were now best won by competing for favour at court, rather than by warring amongst themselves in the provinces as they had so often done in the past. The Tudor period is considered to have ended in 1603 with the death of Queen Elizabeth. Nonetheless Tudor London was often tumultuous by modern standards. In 1497 the pretender Perkin Warbeck, who claimed to be Richard, Duke of York, the younger brother of the boy monarch Edward V, encamped on Document [131] (Title: Medieval India) lasted from the 13th to the 16th century, ending with the start of the Mughal Empire in 1526. The Mughal era, from the 16th century to the 18th century, is often referred to as the early modern period, but is sometimes also included in the 'late medieval' period. An alternative definition, often seen in those more recent authors who still use the term at all, brings the start of the medieval period forward, either to about 1000 CE, or to the 12th century. The end may be pushed back to the 18th century, making the period in effect that between Document [132] (Title: Middle Ages) two. The "Middle Ages" first appears in Latin in 1469 as "media tempestas" or "middle season". In early usage, there were many variants, including "medium aevum", or "middle age", first recorded in 1604, and "media saecula", or "middle ages", first recorded in 1625. The alternative term "medieval" (or occasionally "mediaeval" or "mediæval") derives from "medium aevum". Tripartite periodisation became standard after the German 17th-century historian Christoph Cellarius divided history into three periods: ancient, medieval, and modern. The most commonly given starting point for the Middle Ages is around 500, with the date of 476 first used by Bruni. Later starting Document [133] (Title: Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)) In the 1560s, Philip II of Spain was faced with increasing religious disturbances as Protestantism gained adherents in his domains in the Low Countries. As a defender of the Catholic Church, he sought to suppress the rising Protestant heresy in his territories, which eventually exploded into open rebellion in 1566. Meanwhile, relations with the regime of Elizabeth I of England continued to deteriorate, following her restoration of royal supremacy over the Church of England through the Act of Supremacy in 1559; this had been first instituted by her father Henry VIII and rescinded by her sister Mary I. The Act Document [134] (Title: Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church) considered the pontificate of Gregory the Great in 590, or, more generally, the end of the 6th and the middle of the 7th century as the close of the first period; others, took the Sixth General Council in 680, or the Trullan synod of 692, or the end of the 7th century; others again close the first period with St. Boniface, or with the Iconoclasts, or with Charlemagne. For the West, Kraus regards the beginning of the 7th century as the close of the first period; for the East, the end of the same century. Similarly, along the line of Document [135] (Title: 16th century in Wales) 16th century in Wales This article is about the particular significance of the century 1501 - 1600 to Wales and its people. 1501 1502 1503 1504 1505 1506 1507 1508 1509 1510 1512 1516 1517 1519 1524 1525 1531 1534 1536 1537 1538 1539 1540 1541 1542 1546 1550 1551 1553 1557 1558 1559 1563 1565 1566 1568 1570 1571 1573 1574 1576 1577 1578 1584 1587 1588 1589 1595 1596 1597 1502 1540 1542 1546 1547 1550 1556 1559 1564 1567 1568 1573 1584 c.1586-7 1587 1589 1594 1595 1600 1504 1505 1511 1512 1515 1527 1528 1534 1546 Document [136] (Title: Universal history) assumed according to the point of view adopted. Any hard and fast line drawn to designate either the beginning or close of the period in question is arbitrary. The widest limits given, viz., the irruption of the Visigoths over the boundaries of the Roman Empire, for the beginning, and the Middle Ages of the 16th century, for the close, may be taken as inclusively sufficient, and embrace, beyond dispute, every movement or phase of history that can be claimed as properly belonging to the medieval history. In Europe, the period saw the large-scale European Migration and fall of the Western Document [137] (Title: Spanish Inquisition) by members of the royal family, and around 100 executions took place. The "autos-da-fé" of the mid-century virtually put an end to Spanish Protestantism, which was, throughout, a small phenomenon to begin with. After 1562, though the trials continued, the repression was much reduced. About 200 Spaniards were accused of being Protestants in the last decades of the 16th century. Most of them were in no sense Protestants ... Irreligious sentiments, drunken mockery, anticlerical expressions, were all captiously classified by the inquisitors (or by those who denounced the cases) as "Lutheran." Disrespect to church images, and eating meat on forbidden Document [138] (Title: 6th century) 6th century The 6th century is the period from 501 to 600 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Common Era. In the West, this century marks the end of Classical Antiquity and the beginning of the Middle Ages. Following the collapse of the Western Roman Empire late in the previous century, Europe fractured into many small Germanic Kingdoms, which competed fiercely for land and wealth. From this upheaval the Franks rose to prominence, and carved out a sizeable domain encompassing much of modern France and Germany. The surviving Eastern Roman Empire began to expand under the emperor Justinian, Document [139] (Title: Paris in the 16th century) the church of Saint-Germain, or Saint-Germain-l'Auxerois. She began building a new palace on rue de Viarmes, near Les Halles, but it was never finished, and all that remains is a single column. The second part of the 16th century in Paris was largely dominated by what became known as the French Wars of Religion (1562-1598). During the 1520s the writings of Martin Luther began to circulate in the city, and the doctrines known as Calvinism attracted many followers, especially among the French upper classes. The Sorbonne and University of Paris, the major fortresses of Catholic orthodoxy, fiercely attacked the Protestant Document [140] (Title: Christianity in the 16th century) life in England came to an abrupt end with Dissolution of the Monasteries during the reign of King Henry VIII. The property and lands of the monasteries were confiscated and either retained by the king or given to loyal protestant nobility. Monks and nuns were forced to either flee for the continent or to abandon their vocations. For around 300 years, there were no monastic communities within any of the Anglican churches. All of Scandinavia ultimately adopted Lutheranism over the course of the 16th century, as the monarchs of Denmark (who also ruled Norway and Iceland) and Sweden (who also Document [141] (Title: Early modern Europe) Church responded with a Counter-Reformation initiated by the Council of Trent. Much work in battling Protestantism was done by the well-organised new order of the Jesuits. In general, Northern Europe, with the exception of most of Ireland, came under the influence of Protestantism. Southern Europe remained Roman Catholic, while Central Europe was a site of a fierce conflict, culminating in the Thirty Years' War, which left it devastated. The Reformation reshaped the Church of England decisively after 1547. The separation of the Church of England (or Anglican Church) from Rome under Henry VIII, beginning in 1529 and completed in 1537, Document [142] (Title: Early modern Britain) Renaissance. Other cultural historians have countered that, regardless of whether the name "renaissance" is apt, there was undeniably an artistic flowering in England under the Tudor monarchs, culminating in Shakespeare and his contemporaries. Some scholars date the beginning of Early Modern Britain to the end of the Wars of the Roses and the crowning of Henry Tudor in 1485 after his victory at the battle of Bosworth Field. Henry VII's largely peaceful reign ended decades of civil war and brought the peace and stability to England that art and commerce need to thrive. A major war on English soil would Document [143] (Title: History by period) present day. The Early Modern Period is the first third of the Modern Period and is often used with the parent categorization. It starts with the invention of the printing press, covering the voyage of Christopher Columbus in 1492 and, more generally, the establishment of a more global network. It ends in 1750 with the beginning of British industrialization. The Age of Revolution is a less commonly used period, but appropriately covers the time between the early modern and contemporary. It begins around 1750 with European industrialization and is marked by several political revolutions. It ends around 1945, with the Document [144] (Title: Late Middle Ages) was captured from the Moors, thereby completing the Reconquista. Portugal had during the 15th century – particularly under Henry the Navigator – gradually explored the coast of Africa, and in 1498, Vasco da Gama found the sea route to India. The Spanish monarchs met the Portuguese challenge by financing the expedition of Christopher Columbus to find a western sea route to India, leading to the discovery of the Americas in 1492. Around 1300–1350 the Medieval Warm Period gave way to the Little Ice Age. The colder climate resulted in agricultural crises, the first of which is known as the Great Document [145] (Title: 16th century in Wales) 1558 1560 1575 1582 1587 1592 1500 1502 1503 1505 1509 1510 1512 1513 1514 1521 1523 1525 1526 1543 1549 1554 1555 1558 1559 1560 1564 1570 1574 1581 1584 1585 1586 1589 1590 1591 1592 1593 1595 1596 1597 1598 16th century in Wales This article is about the particular significance of the century 1501 - 1600 to Wales and its people. 1501 1502 1503 1504 1505 1506 1507 1508 1509 1510 1512 1516 1517 1519 1524 1525 1531 1534 1536 1537 1538 1539 1540 1541 1542 1546 1550 1551 1553 1557 1558 1559 1563 1565 1566 1568 Document [146] (Title: Late Middle Ages) including – the 16th century, is rather seen as characterized by other trends: demographic and economic decline followed by recovery, the end of western religious unity and the subsequent emergence of the nation state, and the expansion of European influence onto the rest of the world. The limits of Christian Europe were still being defined in the 14th and 15th centuries. While the Grand Duchy of Moscow was beginning to repel the Mongols, and the Iberian kingdoms completed the Reconquista of the peninsula and turned their attention outwards, the Balkans fell under the dominance of the Ottoman Empire. Meanwhile, the Document [147] (Title: 16th century in literature) 1544 1545 1546 1547 1548 1549 1550 1552 1553 1554 1559 1560 1562 1563 1564 1565 1567 1569 1571 1572 1576 1577 1578 1579 1581 1582 1583 1584 1585 1586 1588 1590 1592 1594 1595 1596 1597 1598 1599 1502 1504 1508 1509 1513 1517 1522 1523 1524 1525 1531 1536 1538 1541 1551 1553 1562 1566 1567 1568 1573 1582 1584 1588 1589 1590 1591 1592 1594 1595 1597 1598 1599 1505 1514 1516 1527 1528 1530 By 1534 1550 1557 1562 1563 1567 1572 1573 1575 1576 1577 1579 1581 1582 1590 1591 1592 1593 1594 1595 1596 Document [148] (Title: Early modern period) of the Spanish Succession turned en masse to piracy in the Caribbean, the American eastern seaboard, the West African coast, and the Indian Ocean. The 15th to 18th century period is marked by the first European colonies, the rise of strong centralized governments, and the beginnings of recognizable European nation states that are the direct antecedents of today's states. Although the Renaissance included revolutions in many intellectual pursuits, as well as social and political upheaval, it is perhaps best known for European artistic developments and the contributions of such polymaths as Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, who inspired the term Document [149] (Title: 17th century) period also that European colonization of the Americas began in earnest, including the exploitation of the silver deposits, which resulted in bouts of inflation as wealth was drawn into Europe. In the Islamic world, the Ottoman, Safavid Persian and Mughal empires grew in strength. In India The Marathas dominated the political scene from the middle of the 17th century to the early 19th century as the Maratha Empire founded by Chatrapati Shivajiraje Bhosale. In Japan, Tokugawa Ieyasu established the Tokugawa shogunate at the beginning of the century, beginning the Edo period; the isolationist Sakoku policy began in the 1630s and Document [150] (Title: History of the Caribbean) elsewhere, forcing the French Crown to surrender in 1526 and again in 1529. The Italian Wars, as the French-Spanish wars came to be known, reignited in 1536 and again in 1542. Intermittent warring between the Valois monarchy and the Habsburg Empire continued until 1559. French corsair attacks began in the early 1520s, as soon as France declared war on Spain in 1521. At the time, prodigious treasures from Mexico began to cross the Atlantic en route to Spain. French monarch Francis I challenged Spain’s exclusivist claims to the New World and its wealth, demanding to see “the clause in Adam’s Document [151] (Title: Black Legend of the Spanish Inquisition) great historian of the Inquisition, was a Remonstrant and Gilbert Brunet, an English historian of the Reformation was a Latitudinarian. Towards the end of the 16th century the religious wars in Europe had made it clear that any attempt to make religiously uniform states were bound to fail. Intellectuals, starting in Holland and France, affirmed that the State should occupy itself with the well-being of its citizens even if this allowed the growth of the heresy of allowing tolerance in exchange for social peace. By the end of the 17th century these ideas had spread to Central Europe and diversity Document [152] (Title: History of Europe) was stopped after the intervention of the Bulgarian Empire (see Han Tervel). The Middle Ages are commonly dated from the fall of the Western Roman Empire (or by some scholars, before that) in the 5th century to the beginning of the early modern period in the 16th century, marked by the rise of nation states, the division of Western Christianity in the Reformation, the rise of humanism in the Italian Renaissance, and the beginnings of European overseas expansion which allowed for the Columbian Exchange. Many consider Emperor Constantine I (reigned 306–337) to be the first "Byzantine Emperor". It was he Document [153] (Title: History of France) monarchy then sought for allies and found one in the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Admiral Barbarossa captured Nice in 1543 and handed it down to Francis I. During the 16th century, the Spanish and Austrian Habsburgs were the dominant power in Europe. The many domains of Charles V encircled France. The Spanish Tercio was used with great success against French knights. Finally, on 7 January 1558, the Duke of Guise seized Calais from the English. Economic historians call the era from about 1475 to 1630 the "beautiful 16th century" because of the return of peace, prosperity and optimism across the Document [154] (Title: History of Europe) by the House of Habsburg. Russia continued to expand southward and eastward into former Mongol lands. In the Balkans, the Ottoman Empire overran Byzantine lands, culminating in the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, which historians mark as the end of the Middle Ages. Beginning in the 14th century in Florence and later spreading through Europe, a Renaissance of knowledge challenged traditional doctrines in science and theology. The rediscovery of classical Greek and Roman knowledge had an enormous liberating effect on intellectuals. Simultaneously, the Protestant Reformation under German Martin Luther questioned Papal authority. Henry VIII seized control of the English Church Document [155] (Title: Christendom) and England were able to raise enough money through taxation to create independent standing armies. In the Wars of the Roses, Henry Tudor took the crown of England. His heir, the absolute king Henry VIII establishing the English church. In modern history, the Reformation and rise of modernity in the early 16th century entailed a change in the "Corpus Christianum". In the Holy Roman Empire, the Peace of Augsburg of 1555 officially ended the idea among secular leaders that all Christians must be united under one church. The principle of "cuius regio, eius religio" ("whose the region is, his religion") Document [156] (Title: Elizabethan era) of Europe. The Italian Renaissance had come to an end under the weight of Spanish domination of the peninsula. France was embroiled in its own religious battles that were (temporarily) settled in 1598 by a policy of tolerating Protestantism with the Edict of Nantes. In part because of this, but also because the English had been expelled from their last outposts on the continent by Spain's tercios, the centuries-long conflict between France and England was largely suspended for most of Elizabeth's reign. The one great rival was Spain, with whom England clashed both in Europe and the Americas in skirmishes Document [157] (Title: Habsburg Spain) any previous period. It was during this last decade when Castile began to suffer crop failures and was struck by a plague from 1596 that brought about the first serious reversal in population numbers; a cycle that would repeat itself a number of times in different parts of the country through the 17th century. As the 16th century had worn on, inflation in Spain (a result of state debt and, more importantly, the importation of silver and gold from the New World) triggered hardship for the peasantry. The average cost of goods quintupled in the 16th century in Spain, led Document [158] (Title: Early modern period) Peace of Augsburg (1555), which formalized the law that the rulers of a land decide its religion. Of the late Inquisitions in the modern era, there were two different manifestations: This Portuguese inquisition was a local analogue of the more famous Spanish Inquisition. The Roman Inquisition covered most of the Italian peninsula as well as Malta and also existed in isolated pockets of papal jurisdiction in other parts of Europe, including Avignon. The Catholic Reformation began in 1545 when the Council of Trent was called in reaction to the "Protestant Rebellion". The idea was to reform the state of worldliness Document [159] (Title: Friedrich Lütge) the ensuing changes in economic and political power balances that ensued as a result of depopulation, made 1350 a much more plausible starting point for "Modern history" than 1500 which then (as now) was widely - often unquestioningly - identified as the starting point for the modern era in European history. The next year he set out the contention in greater detail in the newly redesigned and relaunched . He challenged another historians' shibboleth in 1958 when he argued that the decades directly preceding the Thirty Years' War had not been a period of slow decline, marked by a succession Question: when did the 16th century begin and end Answer: begins with the Julian year 1501 and ends with either the Julian or the Gregorian year 1600 Long Answer: The 16th century begins with the Julian year 1501 and ends with either the Julian or the Gregorian year 1600 (depending on the reckoning used; the Gregorian calendar introduced a lapse of 10 days in October 1582). Gold Document ID: 117

Write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Document [1] (Title: CNN Millennium) housing) 3. The stirrup moves the 13th century 4. The scythe wreaked havoc in the 14th century, due to plague outbreaks and bad weather 5. The sail assisted explorers in the 15th century, from China to Spain 6. The compass was the colonizers’ tool in the 16th century 7. The telescope fueled expanding knowledge about earth and universe in the 17th century 8. The furnace sparked industrial and human revolutions in the 18th century 9. The machine age began with the 19th century 10. The series concluded with the 20th, the Century of the Globe To complement the series, CNN Document [2] (Title: Post-classical history) the conquest of Malacca in modern-day Malaysia from 1511. Other Explorers such as the Spanish sponsored Italian Christopher Columbus intended to engage in trade by traveling on unfamiliar routes west from Europe. The subsequent European discovery of the Americas in 1492 resulted in the Colombian exchange and the world's first globalization. Spanish Explorer Ferdinand Magellan performed the first known circumnavigation of Earth in 1521. The transfer of goods and diseases across oceans was unprecedented in creating a more connected world. From developments in navigation and trade modern history began. "The History of the Medieval World: From the Conversion of Constantine Document [3] (Title: 1500) the Modern Era. <onlyinclude> </onlyinclude> 1500 Year 1500 (MD) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The year was seen as being especially important by many Christians in Europe, who thought it would bring the beginning of the end of the world. Their belief was based on the phrase "half-time after the time", when the apocalypse was due to occur, which appears in the Book of Revelation and was seen as referring to 1500. Historically, the year 1500 is also often identified, somewhat arbitrarily, as marking the end of the Document [4] (Title: Early modern Europe) the start of the Protestant Reformation in 1517. The precise dates of its end point also vary and are usually linked with either the start of the French Revolution in 1789 or with the more vaguely defined beginning of the Industrial Revolution in late 18th century England. Some of the more notable trends and events of the early modern period included the Reformation and the religious conflicts it provoked (including the French Wars of Religion and the Thirty Years' War), the rise of capitalism and modern nation states, widespread witch hunts and European colonization of the Americas. The early modern Document [5] (Title: Dark Ages (historiography)) wish you will live long after me, there will follow a better age. This sleep of forgetfulness will not last forever. When the darkness has been dispersed, our descendants can come again in the former pure radiance." In the 15th century, historians Leonardo Bruni and Flavio Biondo developed a three-tier outline of history. They used Petrarch's two ages, plus a modern, 'better age', which they believed the world had entered. Later the term 'Middle Ages' - Latin "media tempestas" (1469) or "medium aevum" (1604) - was used to describe the period of supposed decline. During the Reformations of the 16th Document [6] (Title: 20th century) 20th century The 20th (twentieth) century was a century that began on January 1, 1901 and ended on December 31, 2000. It was the tenth and final century of the 2nd millennium. It is distinct from the century known as the 1900s which began on January 1, 1900 and ended on December 31, 1999. The 20th century was dominated by a chain of events that heralded significant changes in world history as to redefine the era: flu pandemic, World War I and World War II, nuclear power and space exploration, nationalism and decolonization, the Cold War and post-Cold War conflicts; Document [7] (Title: 2nd millennium) while the beginning date is based on the Julian calendar (or occasionally the proleptic Gregorian calendar). In 1999, there was some public debate as to whether the millennium should be taken to end on December 31, 1999, or December 31, 2000. Stephen Jay Gould at the time argued there is no objective way of deciding this question. Associated Press reported that the third millennium began on 1 January 2001, but also reported that celebrations in the US were generally more subdued at the beginning of 2001, compared to the beginning of 2000. Many public celebrations for the end of the Document [8] (Title: Middle Ages) Eckhart and Johannes Tauler (d. 1361). Theatre also developed in the guise of miracle plays put on by the Church. At the end of the period, the development of the printing press in about 1450 led to the establishment of publishing houses throughout Europe by 1500. In the early 15th century, the countries of the Iberian peninsula began to sponsor exploration beyond the boundaries of Europe. Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal (d. 1460) sent expeditions that discovered the Canary Islands, the Azores, and Cape Verde during his lifetime. After his death, exploration continued; Bartolomeu Dias (d. 1500) went around Document [9] (Title: Europe) Protestant Reformation (1517–1648), initially sparked by the works of German theologian Martin Luther, an attempt to start a reform within the Church. The Reformation also damaged the Holy Roman Emperor's influence, as German princes became divided between Protestant and Roman Catholic faiths. This eventually led to the Thirty Years War (1618–1648), which crippled the Holy Roman Empire and devastated much of Germany, killing between 25 and 40 percent of its population. In the aftermath of the Peace of Westphalia, France rose to predominance within Europe. The 17th century in southern, central and eastern Europe was a period of general decline. Document [10] (Title: Reformation Europe, 1517-1559) Reformation Europe, 1517-1559 Reformation Europe, 1517-1559 is a 1963 book written by Geoffrey Elton. The book is an analysis of the religious, economic, cultural and political history of Europe during the period of the Reformation. He examines the history of the period through the interrelationships between different forces in Europe at the time, such as the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, the Papacy, reformers such as Martin Luther, John Calvin, Martin Bucer and Zwingli, and explores the resultant Counter-Reformation and the beginnings of European colonisation of other parts of the world such as South America. Its central focus is upon Document [11] (Title: Decades of the New World) had previously sent as letters describing the voyages of Columbus, to Cardinal Ascanius Sforza in 1493 and 1494. In 1501 Martyr, as requested by the Cardinal of Aragon, added eight chapters on the voyage of Columbus and the exploits of Martin Alonzo Pinzón. In 1511 he added a supplement giving an account of events from 1501 to 1511. By 1516 he had finished two other "Decades": In 1530 the eight "Decades" were published together for the first time at Alcalá. Later editions of single or of all the "Decades" appeared at Basel (1533), Cologne (1574), Paris (1587), and Madrid (1892). Document [12] (Title: Universal history) love set rules for proper European behavior, while the European Scholastic philosophers attempted to reconcile Christian faith and reason. During the Late medieval history in Europe, the centuries of prosperity and growth came to a halt. The close of the medieval history is also variously fixed; some make it coincide with the rise of Humanism and the Renaissance in Italy, in the 14th century; with the Fall of Constantinople, in 1453; with the discovery of America by Columbus in 1492; or, again, with the great religious schism of the 16th century. A series of famines and plagues, such as the Document [13] (Title: 2nd millennium) second millennium were held on December 31, 1999 – January 1, 2000—with a few people marking the end of the millennium a year later. 2nd millennium The second millennium was a period of time spanning the years AD 1001 to 2000 (11th to 20th centuries). It encompassed the High and Late Middle Ages of the Old World, followed by the Early Modern period, characterized by the Wars of Religion in Europe, the Age of Enlightenment, the Age of Discovery and the colonial period. Its final two centuries coincide with Modern history, characterized by industrialization, the rise of nation states, the Document [14] (Title: Middle Ages) dates are sometimes used in the outer parts of Europe. For Europe as a whole, 1500 is often considered to be the end of the Middle Ages, but there is no universally agreed upon end date. Depending on the context, events such as the conquest of Constantinople by the Turks in 1453, Christopher Columbus's first voyage to the Americas in 1492, or the Protestant Reformation in 1517 are sometimes used. English historians often use the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485 to mark the end of the period. For Spain, dates commonly used are the death of King Ferdinand II Document [15] (Title: 1550–1600 in Western European fashion) of the period was the ruff, which began as a modest ruffle attached to the neckband of a shirt or smock and grew into a separate garment of fine linen, trimmed with lace, cutwork or embroidery, and shaped into crisp, precise folds with starch and heated irons. Charles V, king of Spain, Naples, and Sicily and Holy Roman Emperor, handed over the kingdom of Spain to his son Philip II and the Empire to his brother Ferdinand I in 1558, ending the domination of western Europe by a single court, but the Spanish taste for sombre richness of dress would Document [16] (Title: European Union law) fair dealing through their business. In 1517, the Protestant Reformation triggered a hundred years of crisis and instability. Martin Luther nailed a list of demands to the church door of Wittenberg, King Henry VIII declared a unilateral split from Rome with the Act of Supremacy 1534, and conflicts flared across the Holy Roman Empire until the Peace of Augsburg 1555 guaranteed each principality the right to its chosen religion ("cuius regio, eius religio"). This unstable settlement unravelled in the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648), killing around a quarter of the population in central Europe. The Treaty of Westphalia 1648, which brought Document [17] (Title: History of Europe) antiquity, and through novel approaches to thought—the immediate past being too "Gothic" in language, thought and sensibility. During this period, Spain experienced the greatest epoch of cultural splendor in its history. This epoch is known as the Spanish Golden age and took place between the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Toward the end of the period, an era of discovery began. The growth of the Ottoman Empire, culminating in the fall of Constantinople in 1453, cut off trading possibilities with the east. Western Europe was forced to discover new trading routes, as happened with Columbus' travel to the Americas in 1492, Document [18] (Title: Medievalism) Latin term "media tempestas" (middle time) first appears in 1469. The term "medium aevum" (Middle Ages) is first recorded in 1604. "Medieval" first appears in the nineteenth century and is an Anglicised form of "medium aevum". During the Reformations of the 16th and 17th centuries, Protestants generally followed the critical views expressed by Renaissance Humanists, but for additional reasons. They saw classical antiquity as a golden time, not only because of the Latin literature, but because it was the early beginnings of Christianity. The intervening 1000 year Middle Age was a time of darkness, not only because of lack of Document [19] (Title: Gregorian calendar) and celebrated as such, but from the 12th century until 1751 the legal year in England began on 25 March (Lady Day). So, for example, the Parliamentary record lists the execution of Charles I on 30 January as occurring in 1648 (as the year did not end until 24 March), although later histories adjust the start of the year to 1 January and record the execution as occurring in 1649. Most Western European countries changed the start of the year to 1 January before they adopted the Gregorian calendar. For example, Scotland changed the start of the Scottish New Year Document [20] (Title: 15th century) the Americas (the New World) and the sea passage along Cape of Good Hope to India, in the last decade of the century. These expeditions ushered in the era of the Portuguese and Spanish colonial empires. The fall of Constantinople led to the migration of Greek scholars and texts to Italy, while Johannes Gutenberg's invention of the mechanical movable type began the Printing Press. These two events played key roles in the development of the Renaissance. The Spanish Reconquista leads to the final fall of the Emirate of Granada by the end of the century, ending over seven centuries of Document [21] (Title: Julian calendar) during the 16th century. The following table shows the years in which various countries adopted 1 January as the start of the year. Eastern European countries, with populations showing allegiance to the Orthodox Church, began the year on 1 September from about 988. The Rumi calendar used in the Ottoman Empire began the civil year on 1 March until 1918. The Julian calendar has been replaced as the civil calendar by the Gregorian calendar in all countries which officially used it. Turkey switched (for fiscal purposes) on 16 February/1 March 1917. Russia changed on 1/14 February 1918. Greece made the Document [22] (Title: Westminster Conference 1559) Sir Thomas Tresham. The conference started on 31 March 1558/9; the disputation began, and was stopped because of disagreement on rules, and was adjourned (as it turned out, permanently), on April 3 (a Monday). The timing coincided with the Easter recess of Parliament. It has been argued that the event was staged to discredit the Catholic position on reform, and Patrick Collinson states that the disputation was manipulated to that end. It took place in Westminster Hall. There were three articles at issue in the disputation (on the liturgical language, church authority over forms of worship, and scriptural warrant for Document [23] (Title: Italian literature) of style. This period lasted from about 1494 to about 1560—1494 being when Charles VIII descended into Italy, marking the beginning of Italy's foreign domination and political decadence. The famous men of the first half of the 16th century had been educated in the preceding century. Pietro Pomponazzi was born in 1462, Marcello Adriani Virgilio in 1464, Baldassare Castiglione in 1468, Niccolò Machiavelli in 1469, Pietro Bembo in 1470, Michelangelo Buonarroti and Ariosto in 1474, Jacopo Nardi in 1476, Gian Giorgio Trissino in 1478, and Francesco Guicciardini in 1482. Literary activity that appeared from the end of the 15th century Document [24] (Title: History of Earth) centuries until the Mongol sack of Baghdad in 1258 AD. In 1054 AD the Great Schism between the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church led to the prominent cultural differences between Western and Eastern Europe. In the 14th century, the Renaissance began in Italy with advances in religion, art, and science. At that time the Christian Church as a political entity lost much of its power. In 1492, Christopher Columbus reached the Americas, initiating great changes to the new world. European civilization began to change beginning in 1500, leading to the scientific and industrial revolutions. That continent began Document [25] (Title: Christianity in the 16th century) intermittent conflicts, known as the Wars of Religion. The civil wars were helped along by the sudden death of Henry II in 1559, which saw the beginning of a prolonged period of weakness for the French crown. and outrage became the defining characteristic of the time, illustrated at its most intense in the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre of August 1572, when the Catholic Church annihilated between 30,000 and 100,000 Huguenots across France. The wars only concluded when Henry IV, a former Huguenot, issued the Edict of Nantes, promising official toleration of the Protestant minority but under highly restricted conditions. Catholicism Document [26] (Title: Spain) this period. Spain's 16th century maritime supremacy was demonstrated by the victory over the Ottomans at Lepanto in 1571, and then after the setback of the Spanish Armada in 1588, in a series of victories against England in the Anglo-Spanish War of 1585–1604. However, during the middle decades of the 17th century Spain's maritime power went into a long decline with mounting defeats against the United Provinces and then England; that by the 1660s it was struggling grimly to defend its overseas possessions from pirates and privateers. The Protestant Reformation dragged the kingdom ever more deeply into the mire of Document [27] (Title: Renaissance in the Low Countries) remained loyal to the church. However, the spread of the Protestant Reformation, started by Martin Luther in 1517, eventually led to outright war. The Reformation, particularly the ideas of John Calvin, gained significant support in the Low Countries, and following the 1566 iconoclastic outbreaks Spain attempted to quell the tide and maintain the authority of the post-Tridentine Church through force by installing Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alba. The repression that followed led to the Dutch Revolt, the beginning of the Eighty Years War, and the establishment of the Dutch Republic in the northern provinces. Subsequently, the Southern Netherlands Document [28] (Title: Park of Reformation) the 16th century, period of time in Europe when the dark Middle Ages were ended by restoring the value of human life and freedom of speech. The term "reformation" translated from Latin means "restoration to proper condition." Reformation in the 16th century happened in Germany, Switzerland, Netherlands, UK, Scandinavian countries. Across the Atlantic Ocean, Principles of Reformation played a significant role in formation of such countries as United States of America and Canada . In 2017, Ukraine, according to the decree of the president, together with the Western world celebrates the 500th anniversary of the Reformation, sharing the values that Document [29] (Title: History of Western civilization) making Portugal wealthy. In 1492, a Spanish expedition of Christopher Columbus discovered the Americas during an attempt to find a western route to East Asia. From the East, however, the Ottoman Turks under Suleiman the Magnificent continued their advance into the heart of Christian Europe — besieging Vienna in 1529. The 16th century saw the flowering of the Renaissance in the rest of the West. In the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus deduced that the geocentric model of the universe was incorrect, and that in fact the planets revolve around the sun. In the Netherlands, the invention of the telescope Document [30] (Title: Spanish era) Domini" year. A date in the Spanish era was written thus: "Era CMXLI" for "anno domini 903". The use of the Caesar Era probably began in Iberia in the 3rd century. The reason for its particular popularity is unknown. Official usage ceased in different parts of the Iberian peninsula at different times: in Aragon in 1349, Valencia 1358, Castile 1383 and Portugal 1422. While the year officially began on 1 January under the Spanish era, that was changed to 25 December when the "Anno Domini" system was adopted. (The church, however, used 11 January.) Spanish era The Spanish era or Document [31] (Title: French Wars of Religion) of rebellious activity leads some to believe the Peace of Alais in 1629 is the actual conclusion. However, the agreed upon beginning of the wars is the Massacre of Vassy in 1562, and the Edict of Nantes at least ended this series of conflicts. During this time, complex diplomatic negotiations and agreements of peace were followed by renewed conflict and power struggles. Humanism, which began much earlier in Italy, arrived in France in the early sixteenth century, coinciding with the beginning of the French Protestant Reformation. The Italian revival of art and classical learning interested Francis I, who established royal Document [32] (Title: Christendom) are usually taken to have ended with the Treaty of Westphalia (1648), or arguably, including the Nine Years' War and the War of the Spanish Succession in this period, with the Treaty of Utrecht of 1713. In the 18th century, the focus shifts away from religious conflicts, either between Christian factions or against the external threat of Islamic factions. The European Miracle, the Age of Enlightenment and the formation of the great colonial empires together with the beginning decline of the Ottoman Empire mark the end of the geopolitical "history of Christendom". Instead, the focus of Western history shifts to Document [33] (Title: 1500) 1500 Year 1500 (MD) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The year was seen as being especially important by many Christians in Europe, who thought it would bring the beginning of the end of the world. Their belief was based on the phrase "half-time after the time", when the apocalypse was due to occur, which appears in the Book of Revelation and was seen as referring to 1500. Historically, the year 1500 is also often identified, somewhat arbitrarily, as marking the end of the Middle Ages and beginning of Document [34] (Title: Early modern Europe) and Thomas More's "Utopia" (1515). The Protestant Reformation was a reform-oriented schism from the Roman Catholic Church initiated by Martin Luther and continued by John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli, and other early Protestant Reformers. It is typically dated from 1517, lasting until the end of the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) with the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. It was launched on 31 October 1517 by Martin Luther, who posted his 95 Theses criticizing the practice of indulgences to the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg, Germany, commonly used to post notices to the University community. In was very widely publicized Document [35] (Title: Italian Renaissance painting) as real versus ideal, movement versus rest, freedom versus law, space versus plane, and line versus colour. Most art historians state that the High Renaissance started around 1495 or 1500 and ended in 1520 with the death of Raphael, although some say the High Renaissance ended about 1525 or in 1527 with the Sack of Rome by the army of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, or about 1530. Many cite Leonardo da Vinci's the "Last Supper", started in 1495 and completed in 1498, as being the first work of the High Renaissance. In his book, "A History of Art: Painting, Document [36] (Title: Day-year principle) end of the Papacy in 2016: Of the five areas of the Bible which mention this timeline, only Revelation 11:9-12 adds a brief 3½ more years to the end of this 1260-year period. If added to 2016, this would bring us to autumn of 2019 or spring of 2020 for the commencement of the Eternal Kingdom. However, far more attention is paid by historicists to 2016 as the final end of the Papacy and the commencement of the Millennial rule than there is to 2019. This may be due in part, to uncertainty as to who or what the two Document [37] (Title: 16th century) by religious conflicts, with the groundwork for the epochal Thirty Years' War being laid towards the end of the century. In Italy, Luca Pacioli published the first work ever on accounting and Galileo Galilei made the first thermometer. In England, the Italian Alberico Gentili wrote the first book on public international law and divided secularism from canon law and Roman Catholic theology. In the Middle East, the Ottoman Empire continued to expand, with the Sultan taking the title of Caliph, while dealing with a resurgent Persia. Iran and Iraq were caught by major popularity of the Shiite sect of Islam Document [38] (Title: Late Middle Ages) The Catholic Church met the challenges of the reforming movements with what has been called the Catholic Reformation, or Counter-Reformation. Europe became split into northern Protestant and southern Catholic parts, resulting in the Religious Wars of the 16th and 17th centuries. The increasingly dominant position of the Ottoman Empire in the eastern Mediterranean presented an impediment to trade for the Christian nations of the west, who in turn started looking for alternatives. Portuguese and Spanish explorers found new trade routes – south of Africa to India, and across the Atlantic Ocean to America. As Genoese and Venetian merchants opened up Document [39] (Title: Peter Martyr d'Anghiera) chapters on the voyage of Columbus and the exploits of Martin Alonzo Pinzón. In 1511 he added a supplement giving an account of events from 1501 to 1511. Jointly with this "Decade", he published a narrative of his experiences in Egypt with a description of the inhabitants, their country, and history. By 1516 he had finished two other "Decades": In 1530 the eight "Decades" were published together for the first time at Alcalá. Later editions of single or of all the "Decades" appeared at Basel (1533), Cologne (1574), Paris (1587), and Madrid (1892). A German translation was published in Basle Document [40] (Title: Renaissance) 16th-century Renaissance in France as a period in Europe's cultural history that represented a break from the Middle Ages, creating a modern understanding of humanity and its place in the world. In stark contrast to the High Middle Ages, when Latin scholars focused almost entirely on studying Greek and Arabic works of natural science, philosophy and mathematics, Renaissance scholars were most interested in recovering and studying Latin and Greek literary, historical, and oratorical texts. Broadly speaking, this began in the 14th century with a Latin phase, when Renaissance scholars such as Petrarch, Coluccio Salutati (1331–1406), Niccolò de' Niccoli (1364–1437) and Document [41] (Title: January 1) Nativity of Jesus), March 1, March 25 (the Annunciation), or even Easter. The Byzantine Empire began its numbered year on September 1. In England, January 1 was celebrated as the New Year festival, but from the 12th century to 1752 the year in England began on March 25 (Lady Day). So, for example, the Parliamentary record notes the execution of Charles I as occurring on January 30, 1648, (as the year did not end until March 24), although modern histories adjust the start of the year to January 1 and record the execution as occurring in 1649. Most western European Document [42] (Title: 19th century) 19th century The 19th (nineteenth) century was a century that began on January 1, 1801, and ended on December 31, 1900. It is often used interchangeably with the 1800s, though the start and end dates differ by a year. The 19th century saw large amounts of social change; slavery was abolished, and the Second Industrial Revolution led to massive urbanization and much higher levels of productivity, profit and prosperity. European imperialism brought much of Asia and almost all of Africa under colonial rule. It was marked by the collapse of the Spanish, Napoleonic, Holy Roman and Mughal empires. This paved Document [43] (Title: 15th century) 1450s 1460s 1470s 1480s 1490s-1500 See links above for Italian Renaissance painting and Renaissance sculpture. List of 15th century inventions ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 15th century The 15th century was the century which spans the Julian years 1401 to 1500. In Europe, the 15th century is seen as the bridge between the Late Middle Ages, the Early Renaissance, and the Early modern period. Many technological, social and cultural developments of the 15th century can in retrospect be seen as heralding the "European miracle" of the following centuries. In religious history, the Roman Papacy was split in two parts in Europe for decades (the Document [44] (Title: Counter-Reformation) occurring during the pontificate of Pius V; the construction of the Gregorian observatory, the adoption of the Gregorian calendar, and the Jesuit China mission of Matteo Ricci under Pope Gregory XIII; the French Wars of Religion; the Long Turkish War and the execution of Giordano Bruno in 1600, under Pope Clement VIII; the birth of the Lyncean Academy of the Papal States, of which the main figure was Galileo Galilei (later put on trial); the final phases of the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) during the pontificates of Urban VIII and Innocent X; and the formation of the last Holy League Document [45] (Title: 16th century in literature) 16th century in literature This article presents lists of literary events and publications in the 16th century. 1501 1502 1507 1508 1509 1510 1510–1511 1512 1513 1514 1515 1516 1519 1521 1522 1522–24 1524 1526 1530 1533 1534 1535 1536 1537 1538 1539 1540 1541 1542 1550 1551 1552 1554 1565 1567 1571 1572 1575 1576 1586 1590 1596 1597 1598 1599 1500 1501 1502 1503 1505 1508 1509 1510 1511 1512 1513 1514–15 1516 1517 1518 1519 1520 1521 1522 1523 1524 1525 1526 1527 1528 1530 1531 1532 1533 1534 1535 1536 1538 1539 1540 1541 1542 1543 Document [46] (Title: Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas) into books, and each book into chapters. The first part covers the years from 1559 to 1574 (although it begins with the marriage of Philip II, before his accession, to Mary I of England in 1554) and was published in Madrid in 1601 and in Valladolid in 1606, after which an improved second edition appeared. The second part covers the period from 1575 to 1585 and was published at the same time as the first, also appearing in a later second edition. Finally, the third part was published in Madrid in 1612, and covers the period from 1585 to 1598, Document [47] (Title: Reformation) to restore unity in the Catholic Church. This effort concluded in 1648, as did the Reformation itself. Common historical consensus holds that the Reformation and the Counter-Reformation both ended in 1648, when the Thirty Years' War concluded with the Peace of Westphalia. There is no universal agreement on the exact or approximate date the Reformation ended. Various interpretations emphasize different dates, entire periods, or argue that the Reformation never really ended. However, there are a few popular interpretations that are used by large groups of observers. The Reformation led to a series of religious wars that culminated in the Thirty Document [48] (Title: Entertainment in the 16th century) stocks. Another popular public event with spectators, was the witch trial by use of water trial.(Lambert, 2007). Entertainment in the 16th century British Entertainment in the 16th century included art, fencing, painting, the stocks and even executions. While the 16th century and early 17th century squarely fall into the Renaissance period in Europe, that period was not only one of scientific and cultural advance, but also involved the development of changing forms of entertainment – both for the masses and for the elite. Despite the great breadth of advancements in the arts during this time, the economic conditions of this Document [49] (Title: 20th-century events) 20th-century events The 20th-century events include many notable events which occurred throughout the 20th century, which began on January 1, 1901, and ended on December 31, 2000, according to the Gregorian calendar. In Europe, the British Empire achieved the height of its power. Germany and Italy, which came into existence as unified nations in the second half of the 19th century, grew in power, challenging the traditional hegemony of Britain and France. With nationalism in full force at this time, the European powers competed with each other for land, military strength and economic power. On the very first day of Document [50] (Title: Spanish Empire) French opposition, Spain attained the apogee of its might and territorial reach in the period 1559–1643. The time for rejoicing in Madrid was short-lived. In 1566, Calvinist-led riots in the Netherlands prompted the Duke of Alba to march into the country to restore order. On February 16, 1568, a sentence of the Inquisition condemned all the inhabitants of the Netherlands to death as heretics. Incapable of carrying out the full sentence, Alba created a special court, the 'Council of Troubles', to determine who shall die. In 1568, William of Orange, better known as William the Silent, led a failed attempt Document [51] (Title: Donald Gregory) the measures employed at first for their coercion, and afterwards for their advancement in civilization, came naturally to be separate from those directed to the subjugation (if I may use the phrase) and improvement of the Eastern tribes. He attributed his focus on the years between 1493 and 1625 to the sparseness of previous historical treatment of the period - describing it "as nearly as possible a perfect blank" - and added:...when I discovered that our national records and other sources of authentic information were full of interesting and important matter bearing upon this portion of the history of the Document [52] (Title: Spain) century and most of the 17th century, a position reinforced by trade and wealth from colonial possessions and became the world's leading maritime power. It reached its apogee during the reigns of the first two Spanish Habsburgs—Charles I (1516–1556) and Philip II (1556–1598). This period saw the Italian Wars, the Schmalkaldic War, the Dutch Revolt, the War of the Portuguese Succession, clashes with the Ottomans, intervention in the French Wars of Religion and the Anglo-Spanish War. Through exploration and conquest or royal marriage alliances and inheritance, the Spanish Empire expanded to include vast areas in the Americas, islands in the Document [53] (Title: Modern history) In England the modern period is often dated to the start of the Tudor period with the victory of Henry VII over Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485. Early modern European history is usually seen to span from the start of the 15th century, through the Age of Enlightenment in the 17th and 18th centuries, until the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the late 18th century. Russia experienced territorial growth through the 17th century, which was the age of Cossacks. Cossacks were warriors organized into military communities, resembling pirates and pioneers of the New World. The Document [54] (Title: English Renaissance) first published in 1549, and at the end of the period the Authorised Version ("King James Version" to Americans) of the Bible (1611) had enduring impacts on the English consciousness. England was very slow to produce visual arts in Renaissance styles, and the artists of the Tudor court were mainly imported foreigners until after the end of the Renaissance; Hans Holbein was the outstanding figure. The English Reformation produced a huge programme of iconoclasm that destroyed almost all medieval religious art, and all but ended the skill of painting in England; English art was to be dominated by portraiture, and Document [55] (Title: Italian War of 1542–1546) Battle of Mühlberg. As for Suleiman, the conclusion of the Truce of Adrianople in 1547 brought his own struggle against the Habsburgs to a temporary halt. Henry VIII died on 28 January 1547; on 31 March, Francis followed. Henry's successors continued his entanglements in Scotland. When, in 1548, friction with the Scots led to the resumption of hostilities around Boulogne, they decided to avoid a two-front war by returning the city four years early, in 1550. The causes of the war themselves—chiefly, the contested dynastic claims in Italy—remained unresolved until the Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis ended the Italian War of 1551–59 Document [56] (Title: 15th century) 15th century The 15th century was the century which spans the Julian years 1401 to 1500. In Europe, the 15th century is seen as the bridge between the Late Middle Ages, the Early Renaissance, and the Early modern period. Many technological, social and cultural developments of the 15th century can in retrospect be seen as heralding the "European miracle" of the following centuries. In religious history, the Roman Papacy was split in two parts in Europe for decades (the so-called Western Schism), until the Council of Constance. The division of the Catholic Church and the unrest associated with the Hussite Document [57] (Title: Legacy of the Roman Empire) Empire began with the months Ianuarius (January), Februarius (February), and Martius (March). The common tradition to begin the year on 1 January was a convention established in ancient Rome. Throughout the medieval period, the year began on 25 March, the Catholic Solemnity of the Annunciation. Roman monk of the 5th-century, Dionysius Exiguus, devised the modern dating system of the Anno Domini (AD) era, which is based on the reckoned year of the birth of Jesus, with AD counting years from the start of this epoch, and BC denoting years before the start of the era. The modern seven-day week follows Document [58] (Title: Chieri) into the area by rich city merchants. The 16th century covered a period of succeeding plagues, epidemics, and wars, and (from 1551 to 1562) also brought French domination. During this period some of its citizens became followers of the Protestant Reformation started by Martin Luther, but this was quashed by strong opposition from Duke Emmanuel Philibert: it was in order to honour him, along with Charles Emmanuel I of Savoy, that the city towards the end of this century constructed a triumphal arch, still present on the main street (currently Via Vittorio Emanuele II). The year 1630 saw a terrible Document [59] (Title: 20th-century events) and sign the Kyoto treaty, which set mandatory limits on carbon dioxide emissions. The celebration of the ending of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century was at New Year's Day, 2000. 20th-century events The 20th-century events include many notable events which occurred throughout the 20th century, which began on January 1, 1901, and ended on December 31, 2000, according to the Gregorian calendar. In Europe, the British Empire achieved the height of its power. Germany and Italy, which came into existence as unified nations in the second half of the 19th century, grew in power, challenging Document [60] (Title: Anno Domini) used an era beginning with the birth of Abraham, dated in 2016 BC (AD 1 = 2017 Anno Abrahami). Spain and Portugal continued to date by the Era of the Caesars or Spanish Era, which began counting from 38 BC, well into the Middle Ages. In 1422, Portugal became the last Catholic country to adopt the "Anno Domini" system. The Era of Martyrs, which numbered years from the accession of Diocletian in 284, who launched the last yet most severe persecution of Christians, was used by the Church of Alexandria and is still used, officially, by the Coptic Orthodox and Document [61] (Title: Kingdom of England) down. By 1588, her new navy was strong enough to defeat the Spanish Armada, which had sought to invade England to put a Catholic monarch on the throne in her place. The House of Tudor ended with the death of Elizabeth I on 24 March 1603. James I ascended the throne of England and brought it into personal union with the Kingdom of Scotland. Despite the Union of the Crowns, the kingdoms remained separate and independent states: a state of affairs which lasted for more than a century. The Stuart kings overestimated the power of the English monarchy, and were Document [62] (Title: Six Ages of the World) 500 years would mark the end of the world. An alternative scheme had set the date to the year 202, but when this date passed without event, people expected the end in the year 500. By the 3rd century, Christians no longer believed the "End of the Ages" would occur in their lifetime, as was common among the earliest Christians. Six Ages of the World The Six Ages of the World (Latin: "sex aetates mundi"), also rarely Seven Ages of the World (Latin: "septem aetates mundi"), is a Christian historical periodization first written about by Saint Augustine "circa" A.D. 400. Document [63] (Title: Bartolomé de las Casas) It found its final form in 1561, when he was working in the Colegio de San Gregorio. Originally planned as a six-volume work, each volume describes a decade of the history of the Indies from the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1492 to 1520, and most of it is an eye-witness account. It was in the "History of the Indies" that Las Casas finally regretted his advocacy for African slavery, and included a sincere apology, writing, "I soon repented and judged myself guilty of ignorance. I came to realize that black slavery was as unjust as Indian slavery... and I Document [64] (Title: Warfare in Medieval Poland) is no definite turning point in the history of Poland, parallel to events such as the Fall of Constantinople (1453), the discovery of America by Cristopher Columbus (1492), or the beginning of the Reformation (1517) in Western and Southern Europe. Most historians agree, that the end of the medieval age and the beginning of the Renaissance in Poland took place during the rule of the Jagiellon dynasty, probably in its waning period (times of Sigismund I the Old). It is much more difficult to establish a single unique battle of that period that can be considered a "final one." In Document [65] (Title: Reformation) the Reformation occurred at some point between 1545 and 1620. In 1545, it was first considered a serious threat to the Catholic Church and the Papacy at the Council of Trent, prompting counterreformational measures by Catholic religious hierarchy. In 1620, the Battle of White Mountain put an end to Protestantism in Bohemia (now the Czech Republic). The Thirty Years' War began in 1618 and brought a drastic territorial and demographic decline when the House of Habsburg introduced counterreformational measures throughout their vast possessions in Central Europe. In 1545, the Council of Trent officially launched the Counter-Reformation against Protestantism in Europe Document [66] (Title: Habsburg Spain) and populations began to explode. Seville, which was home to 60,000 people in 1500 burgeoned to 150,000 by the end of the century. There was a substantial movement to the cities of Spain to capitalize on new opportunities as shipbuilders and merchants to service Spain's impressive and growing empire. The 16th century was a time of development in Spain as both agriculture and trade burgeoned. Throughout the harsh interior of Castile grain and wool production grew. The former fed an expansion of the population. The latter fed both local textile manufacturing and a lucrative trade with the Netherlands. The Castilian Document [67] (Title: History of Western civilization) scientific revolution, which emphasized experimentation. The other major movement in the West in the 16th century was the Reformation, which would profoundly change the West and end its religious unity. The Reformation began in 1517 when the Catholic monk Martin Luther wrote his 95 Theses, which denounced the wealth and corruption of the church, as well as many Catholic beliefs, including the institution of the papacy and the belief that, in addition to faith in Christ, "good works" were also necessary for salvation. Luther drew on the beliefs of earlier church critics, like the Bohemian Jan Hus and the Englishman Document [68] (Title: Spanish Renaissance literature) if the uncivilized nations refused to be voluntarily subjugated, the war was morally legitimate. With Erasmus, the spirit of tolerance dies in Spain, as no reconciliation or commitment between Protestants and Catholics was reached, and the Counterreformation began; religious unity was persecuted, even within Christianity itself, so the Renaissance had finished. Nevertheless, the Spanish religiousness maintained its own parameters thanks to a new order, the Company of Jesus, founded by San Ignacio de Loyola (1491-1556). Also Neoplatonism arrived in Spain, coming from Italy. The poetry of this period is divided in two schools: the Salmantine (e.g. Fray Luis de León) Document [69] (Title: Christianity in the 16th century) of the Church of England was established unequivocally in doctrinal terms. Yet, at a popular level, religion in England was still in a state of flux. Following a brief Roman Catholic restoration during the reign of Mary 1553–1558, a loose consensus developed during the reign of Elizabeth I, though this point is one of considerable debate among historians. Yet it is the so-called "Elizabethan Religious Settlement" to which the origins of Anglicanism are traditionally ascribed. The political separation of the Church of England from Rome, beginning in 1529 and completed in 1536, brought England alongside this broad Reformed movement. However, Document [70] (Title: Late Middle Ages) built and an Office of Revels established in 1545. The end of medieval drama came about due to a number of factors, including the weakening power of the Catholic Church, the Protestant Reformation and the banning of religious plays in many countries. Elizabeth I forbid all religious plays in 1558 and the great cycle plays had been silenced by the 1580s. Similarly, religious plays were banned in the Netherlands in 1539, the Papal States in 1547 and in Paris in 1548. The abandonment of these plays destroyed the international theatre that had thereto existed and forced each country to develop Document [71] (Title: History of Western civilization) century), Belgrade, and Athens – though Athens was to be recaptured and held until 1829. The 16th century is often called Spain's "Siglo de Oro" (golden century). From its colonies in the Americas it gained large quantities of gold and silver, which helped make Spain the richest and most powerful country in the world. One of the greatest Spanish monarchs of the era was Charles I (1516–1556, who also held the title of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V). His attempt to unite these lands was thwarted by the divisions caused by the Reformation and ambitions of local rulers and rival Document [72] (Title: Middle Ages) in 1516, the death of Queen Isabella I of Castile in 1504, or the conquest of Granada in 1492. Historians from Romance-speaking countries tend to divide the Middle Ages into two parts: an earlier "High" and later "Low" period. English-speaking historians, following their German counterparts, generally subdivide the Middle Ages into three intervals: "Early", "High", and "Late". In the 19th century, the entire Middle Ages were often referred to as the "Dark Ages", but with the adoption of these subdivisions, use of this term was restricted to the Early Middle Ages, at least among historians. The Roman Empire reached its Document [73] (Title: Modern history) international balance of power that held at bay a great conflagration until years later. The end date of the early modern period is usually associated with the Industrial Revolution, which began in Britain in about 1750. Another significant date is 1789, the beginning of the French Revolution, which drastically transformed the state of European politics and ushered in the Prince Edward Era and modern Europe. The French and Indian Wars were a series of conflicts in North America that represented the actions there that accompanied the European dynastic wars. In Quebec, the wars are generally referred to as the Intercolonial Document [74] (Title: 16th century) 16th century The 16th century begins with the Julian year 1501 and ends with either the Julian or the Gregorian year 1600 (depending on the reckoning used; the Gregorian calendar introduced a lapse of 10 days in October 1582). The 16th century is regarded by historians as the century in which the rise of the West occurred. During the 16th century, Spain and Portugal explored the world's seas and opened worldwide oceanic trade routes. Large parts of the New World became Spanish and Portuguese colonies, and while the Portuguese became the masters of Asia's and Africa's Indian Ocean trade, the Document [75] (Title: Christianity in the 15th century) Christianity in the 15th century The 15th century is part of the High Middle Ages, the period from the coronation of Charlemagne in 800 to the close of the 15th century, which saw the fall of Constantinople (1453), the end of the Hundred Years War (1453), the discovery of the New World (1492), and thereafter the Protestant Reformation (1515). It also marked the later years of scholasticism and the growth of Christian humanism and other developments of the early Renaissance. The eastern Emperor John VIII Palaeologus, pressed hard by the Ottoman Turks, was keen to ally himself with the West, Document [76] (Title: Early modern Britain) to the operation of the government gave this new class great power, but power that was not reflected in the government structure. This would lead to a long contest during the 17th century between the forces of the monarch and parliament. The Elizabethan Era is the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (1558–1603) and is known to be a golden age in English history. It was the height of the English Renaissance and saw the flowering of English literature and poetry. This was also the time during which Elizabethan theatre was famous and William Shakespeare, among others, composed plays that broke Document [77] (Title: Rome) Constance settled the Western Schism, and a Roman pope, Martin V, was elected. This brought to Rome a century of internal peace, which marked the beginning of the Renaissance. The ruling popes until the first half of the 16th century, from Nicholas V, founder of the Vatican Library, to Pius II, humanist and literate, from Sixtus IV, a warrior pope, to Alexander VI, immoral and nepotist, from Julius II, soldier and patron, to Leo X, who gave his name to this period ("the century of Leo X"), all devoted their energy to the greatness and the beauty of the Eternal Document [78] (Title: Historicism (Christianity)) occur in 1794, based on his analysis of the Book of Revelation. Adam Clarke, whose commentary was published in 1831, proposed a possible date of 2015 for the end of the papal power. In 19th-century America, William Miller proposed that the end of the world would occur on October 22, 1844, based on a historicist model used with Daniel 8:14. Miller’s historicist approach to the Book of Daniel spawned a national movement in the United States known as Millerism. After the Great Disappointment some of the Millerites eventually organized the Seventh-day Adventist Church, which continues to maintain a historicist reading Document [79] (Title: History of Europe) and Spanish trade routes into the Pacific Ocean, reaching Australia in 1606 and New Zealand in 1642. With the development of the printing press, new ideas spread throughout Europe and challenged traditional doctrines in science and theology. Simultaneously, the Protestant Reformation under German Martin Luther questioned Papal authority. The most common dating of the Reformation begins in 1517, when Luther published "The Ninety-Five Theses", and concludes in 1648 with the Treaty of Westphalia that ended years of European religious wars. During this period corruption in the Catholic Church led to a sharp backlash in the Protestant Reformation. It gained many Document [80] (Title: History by period) and CE is Common Era. This is done in order to standardize time periods across the world (ISO 8601). The Postclassical Era, also referred to as the Medieval period or, for Europe, the Middle Ages, begins around 500 CE after the fall of major civilizations, covering the advent of Islam. The period ends around 1450–1500, with events like the rise of moveable-type printing in Europe, the voyages of Christopher Columbus, and the Ottoman Empire's conquest of Constantinople. The Modern Period covers human history from the creation of a more global network (i.e. the colonization of the Americas by Europeans) to Document [81] (Title: La Celestina) Spain. Three major events in the history of Spain took place during the union of the kingdoms of Castile and Aragon in 1492. These events were the discovery of the Americas, the conquest of Granada and the expulsion of the Jews. It is also the year that Antonio de Nebrija published the first grammar of the Spanish language, together with Nebrija’s own teachings at the University of Salamanca, where Fernando de Rojas studied, favoring the emergence of Renaissance humanism in Spain. Thus, 1492 began the transition between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. It is precisely in the 1490s when Document [82] (Title: Universal history) around the start of the 16th century, starting with the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, the fall of Muslim Spain and the discovery of the Americas in 1492, and Martin Luther's Protestant Reformation in 1517. In England the modern period is often dated to the start of the Tudor period with the victory of Henry VII over Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485. Early modern European history is usually seen to span from around the start of the 15th century, through the Age of Reason and the Age of Enlightenment in the 17th and 18th centuries, until Document [83] (Title: Late Middle Ages) Ottoman Empire cut off trading possibilities with the East. Europeans were forced to seek new trading routes, leading to the Spanish expedition under Christopher Columbus to the Americas in 1492 and Vasco da Gama’s voyage to Africa and India in 1498. Their discoveries strengthened the economy and power of European nations. The changes brought about by these developments have led many scholars to view this period as the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of modern history and of early modern Europe. However, the division is somewhat artificial, since ancient learning was never entirely absent from European society. Document [84] (Title: Late Middle Ages) These two things would lead to the Protestant Reformation. Europeans also discovered new trading routes, as was the case with Columbus’ travel to the Americas in 1492, and Vasco da Gama’s circumnavigation of Africa and India in 1498. Their discoveries strengthened the economy and power of European nations. By the end of the 15th century the Ottoman Empire had advanced all over Southeastern Europe, eventually conquering the Byzantine Empire and extending control over the Balkan states. Hungary was the last bastion of the Latin Christian world in the East, and fought to keep its rule over a period of two Document [85] (Title: Early modern Europe) 1558–1603. The Elizabethan Era is the period associated with the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (1558–1603) and was a golden age in English cultural history. It was the height of the English Renaissance, and saw the flowering of English literature and poetry. This was also the time during which Elizabethan theatre grew. William Shakespeare, among others, composed highly innovative and powerful plays. It was an age of expansion and exploration abroad. At home the Protestant Reformation was established and successfully defended against the Catholic powers of Spain and France. The "Jacobean era" was the reign James I of England (1603–1625). Document [86] (Title: Western world) (1568-1648) and Thirty Years War (1618-1648) between various Protestant and Catholic states of the Holy Roman Empire (and emergence of religiously diverse confessions). In this context, the Protestant Reformation (1515) may be viewed as a schism within the Catholic Church. German monk Martin Luther, in the wake of precursors, broke with the pope and with the emperor by the Catholic Church's abusive commercialization of indulgences in the Late Medieval Period, backed by many of the German princes and helped by the development of the printing press in an attempt to reform corruption within the church. Both these religious wars ended Document [87] (Title: Reformation) 1510s and the 1520s. It did not became an international issue until the 1530s. In 1517, the Reformation began with Luther and caught on instantly. Different reformers arose independently of Luther in 1518 (for example Andreas Karlstadt, Philip Melanchthon, Erhard Schnepf, Johannes Brenz and Martin Bucer), 1519 (for example Huldrych Zwingli, Nikolaus von Amsdorf, Ulrich von Hutten) and so on. Each year drew new theologians to embrace the Reformation and participate in the ongoing, European-wide discussion about faith. The early Reformation in Germany mostly concerns the life of Martin Luther until he was excommunicated by Pope Leo X on 3 Document [88] (Title: 17th century) 17th century The 17th century was the century that lasted from January 1, 1601, to December 31, 1700, in the Gregorian calendar. It falls into the Early Modern period of Europe and in that continent (whose impact on the world was increasing) was characterized by the Baroque cultural movement, the latter part of the Spanish Golden Age, the Dutch Golden Age, the French "" dominated by Louis XIV, the Scientific Revolution, and according to some historians, the General Crisis. The greatest military conflicts were the Thirty Years' War, the Great Turkish War, and the Dutch-Portuguese War. It was during this Document [89] (Title: Renaissance in the Low Countries) start of the religious war. By the end of the 16th century the northern and Southern Netherlands were effectively split. While this fracture was reflected in the visual arts by the Dutch Golden Age in the north and the Flemish Baroque in the south, other areas of thought remained associated with 16th-century currents of Renaissance thought. Gradually, the balance of power shifted away from the Southern Netherlands, which remained under Spanish authority, to the emerging Dutch Republic. Two factors determined the fate of the region in the 16th century. The first was the union with the kingdom of Spain through Document [90] (Title: 16th century in North American history) mica, which finally served as road building material. Richard Eden published "The history of travayle in the West and East Indies" in 1577—this is not a reprint of the 1555 edition, although, like that, the larger portion is taken up with Peter Martyr d'Anghiera's "Decades of the New World", the first formal history of the Americas, and Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés (Oviedo)' "History of the West Indies". It contains a number of important additions not to be found in the earlier edition and appeared after the death of Eden. This is the earliest collection of voyages in the Document [91] (Title: Tudor period) as good works. In 1547 a new law closed down 2,374 chantries and seized their assets. Although the Act required the money to go to "charitable" ends and the "public good," most of it appears to have gone to friends of the Court. Historian A.G. Dickens has concluded: The new Protestant orthodoxy for the Church of England was expressed in the Forty-Two Articles of Faith in 1553. But when the king suddenly died, Dudley's last-minute efforts to make his daughter-in-law Lady Jane Grey the new sovereign failed. Queen Mary took over and had him beheaded. Mary was the daughter of Document [92] (Title: The Great Wave (book)) during the early Renaissance, 1400-1470 This began with the ‘price revolution of the 16th century’, in fact lasting from about 1470-1590. Crisis followed; depression, famine, the Thirty Years’ war (1618–1648), English civil war, Dutch revolt and other conflicts. According to Fischer the Enlightenment equilibrium which followed lasted from 1660-1730. The price revolution of the 18th century began about 1729, says Fischer. Commodity prices rose in England (sic), France and the United States (sic!). large population increases occurred in most of Europe. Wage rates failed to keep pace with grain price rises, and wealth inequality increased. A rising spirit of rebellion Document [93] (Title: Harmonic Convergence) thirteen "heaven" cycles, which began in AD 843 and ended in 1519, when the nine "hell" cycles began, ending 468 years later in 1987. The very beginning of the nine "hell" cycles was precisely the day that Hernán Cortés landed in Mexico, April 22, 1519 (coinciding with "1 Reed" on the Aztec/Mayan calendar, the day sacred to Mesoamerican cultural hero Quetzalcoatl). The 9 hell cycles of 52 years each ended precisely on August 16–17, 1987. Shearer introduced the dates and the prophecy to Arguelles in 1970, and he eventually co-opted them and created the name Harmonic Convergence as the public Document [94] (Title: History of Western civilization) and sought national unity, religious wars erupted throughout Europe, especially in the Holy Roman Empire. Emperor Charles V was able to arrange the Peace of Augsburg between the warring Catholic and Protestant nobility. However, in 1618, the Thirty Years' War began between Protestants and Catholics in the empire, which eventually involved neighboring countries like France. The devastating war finally ended in 1648. In the Peace of Westphalia ending the war, Lutheranism, Catholicism and Calvinism were all granted toleration in the empire. The two major centers of power in the empire after the war were Protestant Prussia in the north and Document [95] (Title: Early modern France) took place in a radical time suppression of administrative incoherence. The Peace of Etaples (1492) marks, for some, the beginning of the early modern period in France. After the Hundred Years' War (1337–1453) and the Treaty of Picquigny (1475) – its official end date – in 1492 and 1493, Charles VIII of France signed three additional treaties with Henry VII of England, Maximilian I of Habsburg, and Ferdinand II of Aragon respectively at Étaples (1492), Senlis (1493) and in Barcelona (1493). As the 15th century drew to a close, French kings could take confidence in the fact that England had Document [96] (Title: Era) Latin word use in chronology seems to have begun in 5th century Visigothic Spain, where it appears in the "History" of Isidore of Seville, and in later texts. The Spanish era is calculated from 38 BC, perhaps because of a tax (cfr. indiction) levied in that year, or due to a miscalculation of the Battle of Actium, which occurred in 31 BC. Like epoch, "era" in English originally meant "the starting point of an age"; the meaning "system of chronological notation" is c.1646; that of "historical period" is 1741. In chronology, an era is the highest level for the organization Document [97] (Title: Lilliput and Blefuscu) to "six rebellions... wherein one Emperor lost his life, and another his crown". The Lilliputian religion says an egg should be broken on the convenient end, which is now interpreted by the Lilliputians as the smaller end. The Big-Endians gained favour in Blefuscu. The Big-Endian/Little-Endian controversy reflects, in a much simplified form, British quarrels over religion. England had been, less than 200 years previously, a Catholic (Big-Endian) country; but a series of reforms beginning in the 1530s under King Henry VIII (ruled 1509–1547), Edward VI (1547–1553), and Queen Elizabeth I (1558–1603) had converted most of the country to Protestantism (Little-Endianism), Document [98] (Title: 20th century) research and practice of science led to advancement in the fields of communication, engineering, travel, medicine, and war. 20th century The 20th (twentieth) century was a century that began on January 1, 1901 and ended on December 31, 2000. It was the tenth and final century of the 2nd millennium. It is distinct from the century known as the 1900s which began on January 1, 1900 and ended on December 31, 1999. The 20th century was dominated by a chain of events that heralded significant changes in world history as to redefine the era: flu pandemic, World War I and Document [99] (Title: 1582 in science) December 20. Other countries switch in later years. 1582 in science The year 1582 in science and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed here. This year sees the introduction of the Gregorian calendar, promulgated by Pope Gregory XIII in the Papal bull "Inter gravissimas" on February 24 and based largely on the work of Christopher Clavius. Under the Habsburg Monarchy in Spain, Portugal and Italy, together with the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the year continues under the Julian calendar as normal until Thursday October 4, the next day becoming Friday October 15; France follows two months later, Document [100] (Title: Huguenots) summer of 1561. In 1561, the Edict of Orléans declared an end to the persecution, and the Edict of Saint-Germain of January 1562 formally recognised the Huguenots for the first time. However, these measures disguised the growing tensions between Protestants and Catholics. These tensions spurred eight civil wars, interrupted by periods of relative calm, between 1562 and 1598. With each break in peace, the Huguenots' trust in the Catholic throne diminished, and the violence became more severe, and Protestant demands became grander, until a lasting cessation of open hostility finally occurred in 1598. The wars gradually took on a dynastic Document [101] (Title: 15th century) movement would become factors in the rise of the Protestant Reformation in the following century. Constantinople, in what is today Turkey, then the capital of the Christian Byzantine Empire, falls to the emerging Muslim Ottoman Turks, marking the end of the tremendously influential Byzantine Empire and, for some historians, the end of the Middle Ages. The event forced Western Europeans to find a new trade route, adding further momentum to what was the beginning of the Age of Discovery, which would lead to the global mapping of the world. Explorations by the Portuguese and Spanish led to European sightings of Document [102] (Title: Christianity in the 16th century) Christianity in the 16th century In 16th-century Christianity, Protestantism came to the forefront and marked a significant change in the Christian world. During the age of discovery the Roman Catholic Church established a number of missions in the Americas and other colonies in order to spread Christianity in the New World and to convert the indigenous peoples. At the same time, missionaries such as Francis Xavier as well as other Jesuits, Augustinians, Franciscans and Dominicans were moving into Asia and the Far East. Under the Padroado treaty with the Holy See, by which the Vatican delegated to the kings the Document [103] (Title: High Renaissance) by da Vinci’s "Adoration of the Magi" of 1481, for which only the underpainting was completed. As far as the end of the High Renaissance is concerned Hartt, Frommel, Piper, Wundrum and Winkelman all state that the High Renaissance ended in 1520 with the death of Raphael. Honour and Fleming stated the High Renaissance was the first quarter of the 16th century meaning it would have ended in 1525. By contrast, Luigi Lanzi, in his "History of Italian Painting", 1795-96, stated it ended with the Sack of Rome in 1527. when several artists were killed and many other dispersed from Document [104] (Title: 1500–1550 in Western European fashion) cuffed, and turned back to reveal contrasting linings. Henry VIII of England (ruled 1509–1547) and Francis I of France (ruled 1515–1547) strove to host the most glittering renaissance court, culminating in the festivities around the Field of Cloth of Gold (1520). But the rising power was Charles V, king of Spain, Naples, and Sicily from 1516, heir to the style as well as the riches of Burgundy, and Holy Roman Emperor from 1530. The inflow of gold and silver from the New World into recently united Spain changed the dynamics of trade throughout Western Europe, ushering in a period of Document [105] (Title: Habsburg Spain) the other European rulers) had plans for when Charles II's death came, as it was clear that he would produce no children and the Habsburg line in Spain would die with him. The end came with Charles' passing at the age of 39 on November 1, 1700. The Spanish Inquisition was formally launched during the reign of the Catholic Monarchs, continued by their Habsburg successors, and only ended in the 19th century. Under Charles I the Inquisition became a formal department in the Spanish government, hurtling out of control as the 16th century progressed. Philip II greatly expanded the Inquisition Document [106] (Title: Chronology of the Bible) increasing fear that the end of the world was nigh, until the Venerable Bede made his own calculations and found that Christ's birth took place in AM 3592, allowing several more centuries to the end of time. Martin Luther (1483–1546) switched the point of focus from Christ's birth to the Apostolic Council of Acts 15, which he placed in the year AM 4000, believing this marked the moment when the Mosaic Law was abolished and the new age of grace began. This was widely accepted among European Protestants, but in the English-speaking world, Archbishop James Ussher (1581–1656) calculated a date Document [107] (Title: 16th century in literature) 1597 1598 1599 16th century in literature This article presents lists of literary events and publications in the 16th century. 1501 1502 1507 1508 1509 1510 1510–1511 1512 1513 1514 1515 1516 1519 1521 1522 1522–24 1524 1526 1530 1533 1534 1535 1536 1537 1538 1539 1540 1541 1542 1550 1551 1552 1554 1565 1567 1571 1572 1575 1576 1586 1590 1596 1597 1598 1599 1500 1501 1502 1503 1505 1508 1509 1510 1511 1512 1513 1514–15 1516 1517 1518 1519 1520 1521 1522 1523 1524 1525 1526 1527 1528 1530 1531 1532 1533 1534 1535 1536 1538 1539 1540 Document [108] (Title: Early modern period) Early modern period The early modern period of modern history follows the late Middle Ages of the post-classical era. Although the chronological limits of the period are open to debate, the timeframe spans the period after the late portion of the post-classical age (c. 1500), known as the Middle Ages, through the beginning of the Age of Revolutions (c. 1800) and is variously demarcated by historians as beginning with the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, with the Renaissance period, and with the Age of Discovery (especially with the voyages of Christopher Columbus beginning in 1492, but also with Vasco da Document [109] (Title: Art of the Low Countries) ends with Gerard David about 1520. Other major figures include Rogier van der Weyden, Hugo van der Goes, and Petrus Christus. The 16th century was a period of response to Italian Renaissance art and the development of several distinctly Netherlandish themes. At the start of the century Hieronymus Bosch painted fantastic images, often for courtly viewers, that left a long legacy. Jan Mabuse, Maarten van Heemskerck and Frans Floris were all instrumental in adopting Italian models and incorporating them into their own artistic language. The spread of Mannerism throughout Europe produced important forms of Northern Mannerist art in the Low Document [110] (Title: 16th century in North American history) 16th century in North American history The historical record in North America begins in the second half of the 16th century, with ongoing European exploration. Giovanni da Verrazzano explored the East Coast of North America from Florida to presumably Newfoundland in 1524. Jacques Cartier made a series of voyages on behalf of the French crown in 1534 and explored the St. Lawrence River. André Thevet's "The new found worlde, or Antarctike" is an English translation of Thevet's "Les singularitez de la France antarctique", first published in 1558. André Thevet was a Franciscan friar who accompanied Villegagnon in 1555 when he Document [111] (Title: 11th century) of North America. In European history, the 11th century is regarded as the beginning of the High Middle Ages, an age subsequent to the Early Middle Ages. The century began while the "translatio imperii" of 962 was still somewhat novel and ended in the midst of the Investiture Controversy. It saw the final Christianisation of Scandinavia and the emergence of the Peace and Truce of God movements, the Gregorian Reforms, and the Crusades which revitalised a church and a papacy that had survived tarnished by the tumultuous 10th century. In 1054, the Great Schism rent the church in two, however. Document [112] (Title: Europe) Empire in 476 AD and the subsequent Migration Period marked the end of ancient history and the beginning of the Middle Ages. Renaissance humanism, exploration, art and science led to the modern era. Since the Age of Discovery started by Portugal and Spain, Europe played a predominant role in global affairs. Between the 16th and 20th centuries, European powers controlled at various times the Americas, almost all of Africa and Oceania and the majority of Asia. The Age of Enlightenment, the subsequent French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars shaped the continent culturally, politically and economically from the end of the Document [113] (Title: Renaissance) Francis Bacon. The new scientific method led to great contributions in the fields of astronomy, physics, biology, and anatomy. Applied innovation extended to commerce. At the end of the 15th century Luca Pacioli published the first work on bookkeeping, making him the founder of accounting. During the Renaissance, extending from 1450 to 1650 , every Continent was visited and mostly mapped by Europeans, except the south polar continent now known as Antarctica. This development is depicted in the large world map "Nova Totius Terrarum Orbis Tabula" made by the Dutch cartographer Joan Blaeu in 1648 to commemorate the Peace of Document [114] (Title: Modern history) the end of this period, but many scholars agree that the process began with the end of Napoleonic rule and the Congress of Vienna in 1815, and approximately ended with the Franco-Prussian War in 1871, though the last "città irredente" did not join the Kingdom of Italy until after World War I. Toward the end of the early modern period, Europe was dominated by the evolving system of mercantile capitalism in its trade and the New Economy. European states and politics had the characteristic of Absolutism. The French power and English revolutions dominated the political scene. There eventually evolved an Document [115] (Title: Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)) 1597 respectively. Two further Spanish armadas were sent in 1596 and 1597 but were frustrated in their objectives mainly because of adverse weather and poor planning. The war became deadlocked around the turn of the 17th century during campaigns in the Netherlands, France and Ireland. It was brought to an end with the Treaty of London, negotiated in 1604 between representatives of the new King of Spain, Philip III, and the new King of England, James I. England and Spain agreed to cease their military interventions in the Spanish Netherlands and Ireland, respectively, and the English ended high seas privateering. Document [116] (Title: Dark Ages (historiography)) Renaissance humanists saw the preceding 900 years as a time of stagnation, with history unfolding not along the religious outline of Saint Augustine's Six Ages of the World, but in "cultural" (or secular) terms through progressive development of classical ideals, literature, and art. Petrarch wrote that history had two periods: the classic period of Greeks and Romans, followed by a time of darkness in which he saw himself living. In around 1343, in the conclusion of his epic "Africa", he wrote: "My fate is to live among varied and confusing storms. But for you perhaps, if as I hope and Document [117] (Title: 16th century) of the 1572 appearance of a Milky Way supernova. These events directly challenged the long-held notion of an immutable universe supported by Ptolemy and Aristotle, and led to major revolutions in astronomy and science. 16th century The 16th century begins with the Julian year 1501 and ends with either the Julian or the Gregorian year 1600 (depending on the reckoning used; the Gregorian calendar introduced a lapse of 10 days in October 1582). The 16th century is regarded by historians as the century in which the rise of the West occurred. During the 16th century, Spain and Portugal explored the Document [118] (Title: Subatlantic) 1350, and by the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages. Many settlements were abandoned and left deserted. As a consequence, the population in Central Europe drastically receded by as much as 50 percent. After a short warming pulse around 1500, the Little Ice Age followed, lasting from c. 1550 until 1860. The Northern Hemisphere snow line descended by 100 to 200 meters. Human history during this time includes the Renaissance and the Age of Enlightenment, and also major rebellious events like the Thirty Years War and the French Revolution. The beginning of the Industrial Revolution also dates back to this Document [119] (Title: Early modern period) "Renaissance man". During the Baroque period the Thirty Years' War in Central Europe decimated the population by up to 20%. In 1648, the Peace of Westphalia, consisting of the treaties of Osnabrück and Münster, signed on May 15 and October 24, respectively, ended several wars in Europe and established the beginning of sovereign states. The treaties involved the Holy Roman Emperor, Ferdinand III (Habsburg), the Kingdoms of Spain, France and Sweden, the Netherlands and their respective allies among the princes and the Republican Imperial States of the Holy Roman Empire. The Peace of Westphalia resulted from the first modern diplomatic Document [120] (Title: Northern Renaissance) of European history. Many scholars see it as a unique time with characteristics all its own. A second group views the Renaissance as the first two to three centuries of a larger era in European history usually called early modern Europe, which began in the late fifteenth century and ended on the eve of the French Revolution (1789) or with the close of the Napoleonic era (1815). Some social historians reject the concept of the Renaissance altogether. Historians also argue over how much the Renaissance differed from the Middle Ages and whether it was the beginning of the modern world, Document [121] (Title: Counter-Reformation) from December 13, 1545, to December 4, 1563, to reform many parts of the Catholic Church. The 22nd session of the council, which met in 1562, dealt with church music in Canon 8 in the section of "Abuses in the Sacrifice of the Mass" during a meeting of the council on September 10, 1562. Canon 8 states that "Since the sacred mysteries should be celebrated with utmost reverence, with both deepest feeling toward God alone, and with external worship that is truly suitable and becoming, so that others may be filled with devotion and called to religion: ... Everything should Document [122] (Title: 18th century) 18th century The 18th century lasted from January 1, 1701 to December 31, 1800 in the Gregorian calendar. During the 18th century, elements of Enlightenment thinking culminated in the American, French, and Haitian revolutions. This was an age of violent slave trading, and global human trafficking. The reactions against monarchical and aristocratic power helped fuel the revolutionary responses against it throughout the century. In continental Europe, philosophers dreamed of a brighter age. For some, this dream turned into a reality with the French Revolution of 1789, though later compromised by the excesses of the Reign of Terror (1793–1794) under Maximilien Document [123] (Title: Christianity in the 14th century) Christianity in the 14th century Christianity in the 14th century consisted of an end to the Crusades and a precursor to Protestantism. King Philip IV of France created an inquisition for his suppression of the Knights Templar during the 14th century. King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella formed another in 1480, originally to deal with distrusted ex-Jewish and ex-Muslim converts. Over a 350-year period, this Spanish Inquisition executed between 3,000 and 4,000 people, representing around two percent of those accused. The inquisition played a major role in the final expulsion of Islam from the kingdoms of Sicily and Spain. In 1482, Document [124] (Title: Dark Ages (historiography)) but by the 18th century it tended to be confined to the earlier part of this period. The earliest entry for a capitalized "Dark Ages" in the "Oxford English Dictionary" is a reference in Henry Thomas Buckle's "History of Civilization in England" in 1857. Starting and ending dates varied: the Dark Ages were considered by some to start in 410, by others in 476 when there was no longer an emperor in Rome, and to end about 800, at the time of the Carolingian Renaissance under Charlemagne, or alternatively to extend through to the end of the 1st millennium. In Document [125] (Title: Bosporus) and surrounding waterways. The final 53-day campaign, which resulted in Ottoman victory, constituted an important turn in world history. Together with Christopher Columbus's first voyage to the Americas in 1492, the 1453 conquest of Constantinople is commonly noted as among the events that brought an end to the Middle Ages and marked the transition to the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery. The event also marked the end of the Byzantines—the final remnants of the Roman Empire—and the transfer of the control of the Bosporus into Ottoman hands, who made Constantinople their new capital, and from where they expanded their Document [126] (Title: Spain in the 17th century) all contributed to the decline of the Habsburg rule of Spain. The end of the 17th century also brought the end of Habsburg rule. The 18th century began with the War of the Spanish Succession, which concluded in the establishment of the Bourbon dynasty in Spain. In 1469, Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile united the Crowns of Aragon and Castile into one, creating the early modern Spanish state. Although this ensured future Spanish rulers would rule over both Aragon and Castile, both regions had their own administration and legal systems. In addition, Aragon itself was divided Document [127] (Title: Piracy in the Caribbean) instead he usually accepted their lucrative bribes. The first third of the 17th century in the Caribbean was defined by the outbreak of the savage and destructive Thirty Years' War in Europe (1618–1648) that represented both the culmination of the Protestant-Catholic conflict of the Reformation and the final showdown between Habsburg Spain and Bourbon France. The war was mostly fought in Germany, where one-third to one-half of the population would eventually be lost to the strains of the conflict, but it had some effect in the New World as well. The Spanish presence in the Caribbean began to decline at Document [128] (Title: Holy Roman Empire) Charles V. Before Charles's reign in the Holy Roman Empire began, in 1517, Martin Luther launched what would later be known as the Reformation. At this time, many local dukes saw it as a chance to oppose the hegemony of Emperor Charles V. The empire then became fatally divided along religious lines, with the north, the east, and many of the major cities – Strasbourg, Frankfurt, and Nuremberg – becoming Protestant while the southern and western regions largely remained Catholic. Charles V continued to battle the French and the Protestant princes in Germany for much of his reign. After his Document [129] (Title: Spanish Empire) of Columbus, however, litigated against the Crown until 1536 for the fulfillment of the Capitulations of Santa Fe in the "pleitos colombinos". In metropolitan Spain, the direction of the Americas was taken over by the Bishop Fonseca between 1493 and 1516, and again between 1518 and 1524, after a brief period of rule by Jean le Sauvage. After 1504 the figure of the secretary was added, so between 1504 and 1507 Gaspar de Gricio took charge, between 1508 and 1518 Lope de Conchillos followed him, and from 1519, Francisco de los Cobos. In 1511, the Junta of The Indies was Document [130] (Title: Tudor London) Tudor kingdom had long-term effects on the city, which grew rapidly during the 16th century. The nobility found that power and wealth were now best won by competing for favour at court, rather than by warring amongst themselves in the provinces as they had so often done in the past. The Tudor period is considered to have ended in 1603 with the death of Queen Elizabeth. Nonetheless Tudor London was often tumultuous by modern standards. In 1497 the pretender Perkin Warbeck, who claimed to be Richard, Duke of York, the younger brother of the boy monarch Edward V, encamped on Document [131] (Title: Medieval India) lasted from the 13th to the 16th century, ending with the start of the Mughal Empire in 1526. The Mughal era, from the 16th century to the 18th century, is often referred to as the early modern period, but is sometimes also included in the 'late medieval' period. An alternative definition, often seen in those more recent authors who still use the term at all, brings the start of the medieval period forward, either to about 1000 CE, or to the 12th century. The end may be pushed back to the 18th century, making the period in effect that between Document [132] (Title: Middle Ages) two. The "Middle Ages" first appears in Latin in 1469 as "media tempestas" or "middle season". In early usage, there were many variants, including "medium aevum", or "middle age", first recorded in 1604, and "media saecula", or "middle ages", first recorded in 1625. The alternative term "medieval" (or occasionally "mediaeval" or "mediæval") derives from "medium aevum". Tripartite periodisation became standard after the German 17th-century historian Christoph Cellarius divided history into three periods: ancient, medieval, and modern. The most commonly given starting point for the Middle Ages is around 500, with the date of 476 first used by Bruni. Later starting Document [133] (Title: Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)) In the 1560s, Philip II of Spain was faced with increasing religious disturbances as Protestantism gained adherents in his domains in the Low Countries. As a defender of the Catholic Church, he sought to suppress the rising Protestant heresy in his territories, which eventually exploded into open rebellion in 1566. Meanwhile, relations with the regime of Elizabeth I of England continued to deteriorate, following her restoration of royal supremacy over the Church of England through the Act of Supremacy in 1559; this had been first instituted by her father Henry VIII and rescinded by her sister Mary I. The Act Document [134] (Title: Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church) considered the pontificate of Gregory the Great in 590, or, more generally, the end of the 6th and the middle of the 7th century as the close of the first period; others, took the Sixth General Council in 680, or the Trullan synod of 692, or the end of the 7th century; others again close the first period with St. Boniface, or with the Iconoclasts, or with Charlemagne. For the West, Kraus regards the beginning of the 7th century as the close of the first period; for the East, the end of the same century. Similarly, along the line of Document [135] (Title: 16th century in Wales) 16th century in Wales This article is about the particular significance of the century 1501 - 1600 to Wales and its people. 1501 1502 1503 1504 1505 1506 1507 1508 1509 1510 1512 1516 1517 1519 1524 1525 1531 1534 1536 1537 1538 1539 1540 1541 1542 1546 1550 1551 1553 1557 1558 1559 1563 1565 1566 1568 1570 1571 1573 1574 1576 1577 1578 1584 1587 1588 1589 1595 1596 1597 1502 1540 1542 1546 1547 1550 1556 1559 1564 1567 1568 1573 1584 c.1586-7 1587 1589 1594 1595 1600 1504 1505 1511 1512 1515 1527 1528 1534 1546 Document [136] (Title: Universal history) assumed according to the point of view adopted. Any hard and fast line drawn to designate either the beginning or close of the period in question is arbitrary. The widest limits given, viz., the irruption of the Visigoths over the boundaries of the Roman Empire, for the beginning, and the Middle Ages of the 16th century, for the close, may be taken as inclusively sufficient, and embrace, beyond dispute, every movement or phase of history that can be claimed as properly belonging to the medieval history. In Europe, the period saw the large-scale European Migration and fall of the Western Document [137] (Title: Spanish Inquisition) by members of the royal family, and around 100 executions took place. The "autos-da-fé" of the mid-century virtually put an end to Spanish Protestantism, which was, throughout, a small phenomenon to begin with. After 1562, though the trials continued, the repression was much reduced. About 200 Spaniards were accused of being Protestants in the last decades of the 16th century. Most of them were in no sense Protestants ... Irreligious sentiments, drunken mockery, anticlerical expressions, were all captiously classified by the inquisitors (or by those who denounced the cases) as "Lutheran." Disrespect to church images, and eating meat on forbidden Document [138] (Title: 6th century) 6th century The 6th century is the period from 501 to 600 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Common Era. In the West, this century marks the end of Classical Antiquity and the beginning of the Middle Ages. Following the collapse of the Western Roman Empire late in the previous century, Europe fractured into many small Germanic Kingdoms, which competed fiercely for land and wealth. From this upheaval the Franks rose to prominence, and carved out a sizeable domain encompassing much of modern France and Germany. The surviving Eastern Roman Empire began to expand under the emperor Justinian, Document [139] (Title: Paris in the 16th century) the church of Saint-Germain, or Saint-Germain-l'Auxerois. She began building a new palace on rue de Viarmes, near Les Halles, but it was never finished, and all that remains is a single column. The second part of the 16th century in Paris was largely dominated by what became known as the French Wars of Religion (1562-1598). During the 1520s the writings of Martin Luther began to circulate in the city, and the doctrines known as Calvinism attracted many followers, especially among the French upper classes. The Sorbonne and University of Paris, the major fortresses of Catholic orthodoxy, fiercely attacked the Protestant Document [140] (Title: Christianity in the 16th century) life in England came to an abrupt end with Dissolution of the Monasteries during the reign of King Henry VIII. The property and lands of the monasteries were confiscated and either retained by the king or given to loyal protestant nobility. Monks and nuns were forced to either flee for the continent or to abandon their vocations. For around 300 years, there were no monastic communities within any of the Anglican churches. All of Scandinavia ultimately adopted Lutheranism over the course of the 16th century, as the monarchs of Denmark (who also ruled Norway and Iceland) and Sweden (who also Document [141] (Title: Early modern Europe) Church responded with a Counter-Reformation initiated by the Council of Trent. Much work in battling Protestantism was done by the well-organised new order of the Jesuits. In general, Northern Europe, with the exception of most of Ireland, came under the influence of Protestantism. Southern Europe remained Roman Catholic, while Central Europe was a site of a fierce conflict, culminating in the Thirty Years' War, which left it devastated. The Reformation reshaped the Church of England decisively after 1547. The separation of the Church of England (or Anglican Church) from Rome under Henry VIII, beginning in 1529 and completed in 1537, Document [142] (Title: Early modern Britain) Renaissance. Other cultural historians have countered that, regardless of whether the name "renaissance" is apt, there was undeniably an artistic flowering in England under the Tudor monarchs, culminating in Shakespeare and his contemporaries. Some scholars date the beginning of Early Modern Britain to the end of the Wars of the Roses and the crowning of Henry Tudor in 1485 after his victory at the battle of Bosworth Field. Henry VII's largely peaceful reign ended decades of civil war and brought the peace and stability to England that art and commerce need to thrive. A major war on English soil would Document [143] (Title: History by period) present day. The Early Modern Period is the first third of the Modern Period and is often used with the parent categorization. It starts with the invention of the printing press, covering the voyage of Christopher Columbus in 1492 and, more generally, the establishment of a more global network. It ends in 1750 with the beginning of British industrialization. The Age of Revolution is a less commonly used period, but appropriately covers the time between the early modern and contemporary. It begins around 1750 with European industrialization and is marked by several political revolutions. It ends around 1945, with the Document [144] (Title: Late Middle Ages) was captured from the Moors, thereby completing the Reconquista. Portugal had during the 15th century – particularly under Henry the Navigator – gradually explored the coast of Africa, and in 1498, Vasco da Gama found the sea route to India. The Spanish monarchs met the Portuguese challenge by financing the expedition of Christopher Columbus to find a western sea route to India, leading to the discovery of the Americas in 1492. Around 1300–1350 the Medieval Warm Period gave way to the Little Ice Age. The colder climate resulted in agricultural crises, the first of which is known as the Great Document [145] (Title: 16th century in Wales) 1558 1560 1575 1582 1587 1592 1500 1502 1503 1505 1509 1510 1512 1513 1514 1521 1523 1525 1526 1543 1549 1554 1555 1558 1559 1560 1564 1570 1574 1581 1584 1585 1586 1589 1590 1591 1592 1593 1595 1596 1597 1598 16th century in Wales This article is about the particular significance of the century 1501 - 1600 to Wales and its people. 1501 1502 1503 1504 1505 1506 1507 1508 1509 1510 1512 1516 1517 1519 1524 1525 1531 1534 1536 1537 1538 1539 1540 1541 1542 1546 1550 1551 1553 1557 1558 1559 1563 1565 1566 1568 Document [146] (Title: Late Middle Ages) including – the 16th century, is rather seen as characterized by other trends: demographic and economic decline followed by recovery, the end of western religious unity and the subsequent emergence of the nation state, and the expansion of European influence onto the rest of the world. The limits of Christian Europe were still being defined in the 14th and 15th centuries. While the Grand Duchy of Moscow was beginning to repel the Mongols, and the Iberian kingdoms completed the Reconquista of the peninsula and turned their attention outwards, the Balkans fell under the dominance of the Ottoman Empire. Meanwhile, the Document [147] (Title: 16th century in literature) 1544 1545 1546 1547 1548 1549 1550 1552 1553 1554 1559 1560 1562 1563 1564 1565 1567 1569 1571 1572 1576 1577 1578 1579 1581 1582 1583 1584 1585 1586 1588 1590 1592 1594 1595 1596 1597 1598 1599 1502 1504 1508 1509 1513 1517 1522 1523 1524 1525 1531 1536 1538 1541 1551 1553 1562 1566 1567 1568 1573 1582 1584 1588 1589 1590 1591 1592 1594 1595 1597 1598 1599 1505 1514 1516 1527 1528 1530 By 1534 1550 1557 1562 1563 1567 1572 1573 1575 1576 1577 1579 1581 1582 1590 1591 1592 1593 1594 1595 1596 Document [148] (Title: Early modern period) of the Spanish Succession turned en masse to piracy in the Caribbean, the American eastern seaboard, the West African coast, and the Indian Ocean. The 15th to 18th century period is marked by the first European colonies, the rise of strong centralized governments, and the beginnings of recognizable European nation states that are the direct antecedents of today's states. Although the Renaissance included revolutions in many intellectual pursuits, as well as social and political upheaval, it is perhaps best known for European artistic developments and the contributions of such polymaths as Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, who inspired the term Document [149] (Title: 17th century) period also that European colonization of the Americas began in earnest, including the exploitation of the silver deposits, which resulted in bouts of inflation as wealth was drawn into Europe. In the Islamic world, the Ottoman, Safavid Persian and Mughal empires grew in strength. In India The Marathas dominated the political scene from the middle of the 17th century to the early 19th century as the Maratha Empire founded by Chatrapati Shivajiraje Bhosale. In Japan, Tokugawa Ieyasu established the Tokugawa shogunate at the beginning of the century, beginning the Edo period; the isolationist Sakoku policy began in the 1630s and Document [150] (Title: History of the Caribbean) elsewhere, forcing the French Crown to surrender in 1526 and again in 1529. The Italian Wars, as the French-Spanish wars came to be known, reignited in 1536 and again in 1542. Intermittent warring between the Valois monarchy and the Habsburg Empire continued until 1559. French corsair attacks began in the early 1520s, as soon as France declared war on Spain in 1521. At the time, prodigious treasures from Mexico began to cross the Atlantic en route to Spain. French monarch Francis I challenged Spain’s exclusivist claims to the New World and its wealth, demanding to see “the clause in Adam’s Document [151] (Title: Black Legend of the Spanish Inquisition) great historian of the Inquisition, was a Remonstrant and Gilbert Brunet, an English historian of the Reformation was a Latitudinarian. Towards the end of the 16th century the religious wars in Europe had made it clear that any attempt to make religiously uniform states were bound to fail. Intellectuals, starting in Holland and France, affirmed that the State should occupy itself with the well-being of its citizens even if this allowed the growth of the heresy of allowing tolerance in exchange for social peace. By the end of the 17th century these ideas had spread to Central Europe and diversity Document [152] (Title: History of Europe) was stopped after the intervention of the Bulgarian Empire (see Han Tervel). The Middle Ages are commonly dated from the fall of the Western Roman Empire (or by some scholars, before that) in the 5th century to the beginning of the early modern period in the 16th century, marked by the rise of nation states, the division of Western Christianity in the Reformation, the rise of humanism in the Italian Renaissance, and the beginnings of European overseas expansion which allowed for the Columbian Exchange. Many consider Emperor Constantine I (reigned 306–337) to be the first "Byzantine Emperor". It was he Document [153] (Title: History of France) monarchy then sought for allies and found one in the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Admiral Barbarossa captured Nice in 1543 and handed it down to Francis I. During the 16th century, the Spanish and Austrian Habsburgs were the dominant power in Europe. The many domains of Charles V encircled France. The Spanish Tercio was used with great success against French knights. Finally, on 7 January 1558, the Duke of Guise seized Calais from the English. Economic historians call the era from about 1475 to 1630 the "beautiful 16th century" because of the return of peace, prosperity and optimism across the Document [154] (Title: History of Europe) by the House of Habsburg. Russia continued to expand southward and eastward into former Mongol lands. In the Balkans, the Ottoman Empire overran Byzantine lands, culminating in the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, which historians mark as the end of the Middle Ages. Beginning in the 14th century in Florence and later spreading through Europe, a Renaissance of knowledge challenged traditional doctrines in science and theology. The rediscovery of classical Greek and Roman knowledge had an enormous liberating effect on intellectuals. Simultaneously, the Protestant Reformation under German Martin Luther questioned Papal authority. Henry VIII seized control of the English Church Document [155] (Title: Christendom) and England were able to raise enough money through taxation to create independent standing armies. In the Wars of the Roses, Henry Tudor took the crown of England. His heir, the absolute king Henry VIII establishing the English church. In modern history, the Reformation and rise of modernity in the early 16th century entailed a change in the "Corpus Christianum". In the Holy Roman Empire, the Peace of Augsburg of 1555 officially ended the idea among secular leaders that all Christians must be united under one church. The principle of "cuius regio, eius religio" ("whose the region is, his religion") Document [156] (Title: Elizabethan era) of Europe. The Italian Renaissance had come to an end under the weight of Spanish domination of the peninsula. France was embroiled in its own religious battles that were (temporarily) settled in 1598 by a policy of tolerating Protestantism with the Edict of Nantes. In part because of this, but also because the English had been expelled from their last outposts on the continent by Spain's tercios, the centuries-long conflict between France and England was largely suspended for most of Elizabeth's reign. The one great rival was Spain, with whom England clashed both in Europe and the Americas in skirmishes Document [157] (Title: Habsburg Spain) any previous period. It was during this last decade when Castile began to suffer crop failures and was struck by a plague from 1596 that brought about the first serious reversal in population numbers; a cycle that would repeat itself a number of times in different parts of the country through the 17th century. As the 16th century had worn on, inflation in Spain (a result of state debt and, more importantly, the importation of silver and gold from the New World) triggered hardship for the peasantry. The average cost of goods quintupled in the 16th century in Spain, led Document [158] (Title: Early modern period) Peace of Augsburg (1555), which formalized the law that the rulers of a land decide its religion. Of the late Inquisitions in the modern era, there were two different manifestations: This Portuguese inquisition was a local analogue of the more famous Spanish Inquisition. The Roman Inquisition covered most of the Italian peninsula as well as Malta and also existed in isolated pockets of papal jurisdiction in other parts of Europe, including Avignon. The Catholic Reformation began in 1545 when the Council of Trent was called in reaction to the "Protestant Rebellion". The idea was to reform the state of worldliness Document [159] (Title: Friedrich Lütge) the ensuing changes in economic and political power balances that ensued as a result of depopulation, made 1350 a much more plausible starting point for "Modern history" than 1500 which then (as now) was widely - often unquestioningly - identified as the starting point for the modern era in European history. The next year he set out the contention in greater detail in the newly redesigned and relaunched . He challenged another historians' shibboleth in 1958 when he argued that the decades directly preceding the Thirty Years' War had not been a period of slow decline, marked by a succession Question: when did the 16th century begin and end

Answer: begins with the Julian year 1501 and ends with either the Julian or the Gregorian year 1600 Long Answer: The 16th century begins with the Julian year 1501 and ends with either the Julian or the Gregorian year 1600 (depending on the reckoning used; the Gregorian calendar introduced a lapse of 10 days in October 1582). Gold Document ID: 117